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NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 FATHER KNICKERBOCKER. 
 
NEW YORK, 
 THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ITS NOTED BUSINESS AND PROEESSIONAL MEN 
 
 
 PART I_ 
 
 \. 
 
 HISTORICAL-ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Coi'YRlGHTED. iSoi. 
 
 THE NEW YORK RECORDER. 
 
 .'^^ 
 
 OT C0.\ 
 
 c^OCT 6 1893. 
 
 '/,. 
 
 OF WASW-' 
 
 \v^ \\^ \\\. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 NEW YORK, the Metropolis of the world of the future, the Metropolis of free America of the past, 
 incomparalile and cosmopolitan in its characteristics, of all cities is the one most worthy of study, not 
 merely on its own account, but for the future of mankind, and especially that of self-governed people. No 
 history will ever do justice to this phenomenon among all human settlements. No forecast can adequately 
 describe what its expansion will be. 
 
 It is one of the purposes of this work to outline by description, and to pictorially represent, the 
 institutions that have marked the development ()f the chief city of the Western Hemisphere, and which indicate 
 its hereafter. But men, more than the institutions they create or maintain, make a city, and it is necessary, 
 in order to understand New York, to speak of the distinguished individualities that have marked the eras in its 
 progress, and also of those now surviving who are shaping the destinies of the world's future greatest city. 
 Their work will survive them, and this is particularly true of the leading merchants, manufacturers, financiers, 
 and men of literature and of art who labor for posterity without heed of current record of what they do. 
 
 Nature marked out New York for a Metropolis When Manhattan Island was acquired from the 
 Indians, the New World took position in competition with the Old World. When the time came for North 
 American colonies to sever their relations with the British Crown, the possession of New York was the great 
 prize of the contest. When the British troops evacuated New York, the .struggle between the monarchy of 
 England and the young Republic of the West was definitely ended, and, appropriately to the colonial and 
 revolutionary hi.story of the union of States, it was in New York, the chief American city, that George 
 Washington was inaugurated as first President. 
 
 Certain to be the greatest commercial city of the world, as already it is by far the greatest in the 
 Western Hemisphere, New York is now the largest manufacturing centre on the American side of the Atlantic. 
 Were its municipal area extended so as to cover its intertwined interests, as is that of London and that of 
 Paris, it would be the largest of all the world's cities in the value of products of its industries, as well as in 
 its population. 
 
 The history of New York may be divided into four eras, as determined by the material development and 
 growth of the city: First, there was the old town below Wall Street, with small suburbs above the limited lines 
 of the original "New Amsterdam." Then came the extension to Houston vStreet, Then, in 1817, occurred 
 the planning of upper New York by a commission of eminent men, which, strangely enough, included no 
 resident of the city as it at that time existed. After that followed the era of development of the northern 
 city, with the foimdation of Central Park and the formation of the Park Department, with authority to lay out 
 the new parts of the Metropolis, destined to be its most beautiful sections. That is the era in which we are still 
 living, with a city extending from the Battery, at the head of New York Bay, to the Bronx River, on the 
 dividing line from Westchester County, with a population of nearly two millions, and with room for more than 
 threefold that number. 
 
 There is another era in sight — not in the dim distance, but close at hand — when the American Metropolis 
 will be naturally consolidated with its offshoots, as London has been, and when the "Greater New York" will 
 be at once, by the mere taking to itself of what has sprung from it and belongs to it in the current of daily life, 
 incomparably the most important of the world's municipalities. 
 
 The great city is not merely metropolitan, but cosmopolitan in characteristics, history, and development 
 that interest students of human progress and civilization. Early in its career it became the focus for the 
 energies of many nations. Now not even in London and Paris are there to be found so many illustrations of 
 the habits and characteristics of different peoples as in New York. 
 
 The picture of New York, as it lives to-day, is chiefly drawn in biographical sketches of professional and 
 business men whose careers tell how and why the city continues to grow in wealth and general prosperity. 
 Their portraits show what manner of men they are who have achieved great results already, and upon whose 
 effort, as well as example, the future welfare of the city must depend. 
 
 While this work does not pretend to be a history of New York in the more extended meaning of the 
 word, it furnishes a retrospective view of its past, a full portrait of its present, and that glimpse into its future 
 to which the lives of many of its most eminent citizens serve as sign posts. That the men whose biographical 
 sketches are given are fairly representative of the city's progress, socially, commercially and politically, is 
 beyond question. Not a few of them belonged to the generation which laid the foundations of the city's 
 supremacy, all are part of its present life, and many of its future hope. The sketches of these men will be of 
 service to the historian of the future, on whom will devolve the more ambitious task of giving to the world a 
 work commensurate with the more majestic city now looming in the distance — the Greater New York. _:, 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 r^. 
 
 l iaajfeattfe ;- 
 
 X"-^- 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 
 
 New York, the Metmpolis of the ^Vestern Hemisphere, is tile tliird -reatesl city in the world. It takes 
 rank immediately after Paris, and when the movement now yoini;- on for its ecjnsolidation with Brooklyn and 
 other cities and towns adjacent has taken legislative shape, and the <",reater New York has become an 
 accomplished fact, it will be the second city in the world, with London onl_\- as its superior in wealth, population 
 and status generally. It is therefore reasonable to assume that befi>re the end of another decade the 
 consolidated New York will contain within its limits upwards of 3,000,000 souls. But even this will not 
 satisfy the legitimate ambition of New York, or indeed of the United .States, of which it is the commercial 
 capital. It must be the great city, with no rival, and there are those who predict — statists and political 
 econtimists among them — that long before the close of the next century New York will be the great 
 cosmopolitan cit}' of the globe, with a population of 10,000,000; in other words, it will be unique in authentic 
 history. There is nothing in the past which forbids such an assumption regarding the future when it is 
 considered that a hundred years ago this city had a population of only 55,000. Of course it cannot be expected 
 that this rate of what we may almost term arithmetical progression will go on, or that the close of the next 
 century will show a like increase, for if it should the estimate of 10,000,000 would be far exceeded. 
 Nevertheless, taking into account the genesis and progress of the world's great cities, and that New York 
 has not )'et outgrown even its Knickerbocker stage, a population of ten millions in 199,5 '^ by no means an 
 exaggerated approximation. The geographical .situation of New York, through which the wonderful resources 
 of the countrv must flow, warrant the prophecy that it will become the cosmopolitan, the universal city, and in 
 growing as .she does she is merely fulfilling her manifest destiny. 
 
 New York City is situated on New York Bay, at the junction of the North and East Rivers. Its latitude 
 at the City Hall is 40° 42' 4.5, and its longitude west of Greenwich 74° o 3 • It is eighteen miles distant 
 from the ocean in a straight line. It is 205 miles from Washington, the national Capital, and 145 from Albany, 
 the capital of the (State of New York. The territory of the city comprises all of Manhattan Island, so much 
 of Westchester County as lies between the city of Yonkers, the Bronx, Harlem and East Rivers, Spuyten 
 Du\'\-il Creek and the North River, and takes in Blackwell's, Ward's, Randall's, Governor's, Ellis and Lilierty 
 Islands. The total area of the city is 41,'.- square miles, its length from north to south 16 miles, and its greatest 
 width 4'j miles. The singular topography of New York has resulted in an extraordinary density of 
 population, rising as high as 200,000 to the square inile in the old part of the city, and the problem of street 
 transportation has become a serious one. This problem has been partially solved by the Elevated Railroad 
 svstem and now the citv is calling for a still more extended and better system. Meanwhile, as the population 
 increases in a greater ratio than transport facilities, the condition of things is favoring the development of many 
 
 adjacent towns, while hundreds of thousands of people, chiefly heads of families, 
 who do l)usiness u\\ ^lanhattan Island, avail themselves of the East River 
 bridge and the various ferries to make their homes in Brooklyn, Jerse}- City 
 and many (ither places away from the clamor and hi,gh rents of Gotham. 
 
 ■•Manhattan" was the original name of New York, a word signifying 
 in the Indian language of the jMohicans, Chippewas and other tribes, an island, 
 or a small island. The first European visitor to Manhattan was ^'errazano, a 
 Florentine in the French service, who sailed from Brittany as a Corsair in the 
 •'Dauphine. " The "Datiphine" cruised about the coast and in New York 
 Bav. and sent boats up to Manhattan (Menatan). where the natives received 
 them kindly. 
 
 But the first discoverer of New York was really Henry Hudson, an Eng- 
 lish navigator in the service of the Dtttch East India Company, who entered 
 the harbor in 1609 in his small craft the " Halve-M;en. " Hudson ascended 
 the river to which he has given a name and sailed as far as Albany, in the 
 hope that he was about to discover a northwest passage to the Indies, but he 
 soon found out his error and, returning to Europe, reported the progress he 
 had made. The next visitor to Manhattan was Adrien Black, a Hollander, 
 who came in 161 1 and again in 1613. this time with Captain Hendrik Chris- 
 tiaensen. They brought with them a number of veterans as settlers in the 
 " Tiger " and " Fortune." with a carg<i of merchandise for trading purposes, and 
 erected a redoubt containing four small houses on the site of the present No. 
 39 Broadway. The venture proving successful, other settlers were added year 
 after year to the little colony, the merchants who bore the original expense 
 of the enterprise organizing themselves into the " United New Netherlands 
 Company," and subsequently procuring from the .States-General of Holland a 
 charter granting them a monopoly of the trade, which was chiefly in furs, 
 between "the 40th and 45th parallel's, north latitude. This was known as the 
 CENTK.^L p.\RK-THE piLGRDi. Dutch West India Company. The favoralile rei^orts from the Colony which 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 reached Europe intensely interested the En^rlish Puritans residing in Holland, then looking around for a region 
 in which thev might settle and have free scope for the exercise of their political and religious tenets, and a 
 committee acting^in their behalf requested permission to settle in the new province. _ The States-General 
 however did not oive them any encouragement. Holland was at that time the colonial and naval rival ot 
 England' and its Government looked to North America as an acquisition of the very greatest importance, both 
 from a colonial and commercial point of view. Hence they gave the Dutch West India Company a charter 
 conferring upon them exclusive rights over the New Netherlands for twenty years, the company agreeing to 
 return to^;olonize the province within a reasonable time. In accordance with this agreement, they sent hither, 
 in i6-'4 thirty families, composed chiefly of French Huguenots. By 1626 the colony had increased to over 
 200 persons and in that year Peter Minuit, the Director-General, purchased Manhattan Island from the savages 
 for sixty o-uilders, or about twenty-four dollars of our present money. Henceforth emigrants came pouring m 
 encouraged by the company, whi'ch furnished cheap transportation, gave free grants of land and estabhshed 
 universal religious toleration. , , ,, 
 
 In 1633 Wouter Van Twiller succeeded Minuit as Director-General, erected a church and schoolhouse, 
 imported negro slaves and called the growing village New Amsterdam. At this time bears, wolves, deer and 
 panthers frequented the dense fore&^t covering the island of Manhattan, and it is not improbable that at one 
 time or another some enterprising panther may have carried off one of the New Netherland settlers' fat sheep 
 from the site of the present Equitable building. It may be a little disappointing to learn that Jean Vigne, the 
 
 VIEW CORNER EXCHANGE PLACE AND BROAD STREET 1690.— SITE OF THE PRESENT MILLS BUILDING. 
 
 first white child ever born on the island (1614) left no descendant, although the first "New York girl," Sarah 
 Rapaelje (1625), possibly did. Sarah was styled the "first born Christian daughter" in the colony.' 
 The Dutch authorities, recognizing what an honor this was, granted the girl a large tract of land at the 
 Wallabout. She married in 1647. Meantime the colony prospered to such an extent that in the fiscal 
 year 1629-30 good.s to the value of 130,000 guilders were sent to Holland, showing a decided balance of 
 trade in favor of the colony, and in 1631 the ship "New Netherlands," 800 tons and carrying 30 guns, 
 was built. Van Twiller, who succeeded Minuit in 1633, brought with him from Holland 100 Dutch soldiers, 
 whom he placed in garrison at Fort Amsterdam, and a still more pleasing sign of civilization, in the persons 
 of Dominie Everardus Bogardus and Adam Roelandsen, a professional schoolmaster. 
 
 Van Twiller was covetous and looked after his own interests with much anxiety, but he was also 
 shrewd and conducted the affairs of the colony successfully. He erected a brewery, and the settlers 
 enjoyed themselves immensely drinking the beer he had brewed for them out of huge pewter tankards 
 they had brought with them from the Netherlands. William Kieft, who succeeded Van Twiller, ruled from 
 1638 to 1647. He built a distillery and a stone tavern near Coenties Slip, and erected the St. Nicholas church 
 in Fort Amsterdam. He was exceedingly avaricious, and by his arbitrary and arrogant manner retarded the 
 progress of the settlement. Nevertheless the colony in his time was augmented by hundreds of settlers, 
 and, were it not for the reign of disorder fostered by the avaricious Kieft, New Amsterdam would have 
 become exceedingly prosperous, even at that early stage of its existence. His exorbitant system of 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 taxation so angered the Burg-hers that they rose in revolt and established the Patroon system, which closely 
 resembled an oligarchy. Kieffs Indian policy, under which the natives were slaughtered without reason or 
 mercy, caused trade and commerce to dwindle almost to nothing, and reduced the colony to a pitiable condition. 
 In 1636 appears the first real estate transaction, when the propertv now owned by Trinity Church 
 consisting of sixty-two acres, was conveyed to Roelof Jans by Van TwillJr. It runs along the North River 
 between Fulton and Christopher Streets, and reaches as far as Broadwav near Fulton. Jans' heirs sold this 
 property to Governor Lovelace and it was incorporated with the King's Farm. The King's Farm was 
 presented to Trinity Church by Queen Anne in 1703, and is now of immens^e value, as no part of it may be sold, 
 nor a longer lease given of any of it for a period exceeding ninetv-nine vears. In 1638, Long Island was 
 connected with new Amsterdam by ferry, and the Burghers and Patroons, in the intervals of slauglitering 
 more or less harmless and unarmed Indians, began to fight among themselves for pelf and power. The States- 
 General on learning of this condition of things curtailed the privileges of the company, and Petrus 
 Stuyvesant, a stern soldier and narrow minded bigot, but a vigorous ruler, was sent out as Director-General. 
 Washington Irving has made this last Dutch Ruler of the Colony immortal in his " Knickerbocker Historv of 
 New York." Stuyvesant dominated the Burghers, Patroons and Colonists generallv, and even ignored 'the 
 States-General, in the interest of his masters, the company. He kept the aspiring Van Rensselaers, Van der 
 Doncks and Schuylers down with a strong hand, persecuted Baptists, Quakers and other dissenters, and went 
 tearing around through the colony with his wooden leg banded witir silver, in a manner that was at once 
 grotesque and awe inspiring. His arrival dates from 1647, and in 1653 we find this veteran girding the town 
 with ditches, palisades, block houses and a wall running from the East to the North River. The State House 
 
 T°P*-;^ . ' ;y,ii^y .<wj»i i-""rw 
 
 ANCIENT VIEW OF CHATHAM SQUARE. 
 
 A, Catiemuts Hill; B, The Fre.-^h Water; C, The Fresh Water Bridge; D. The .Tews' Bur.viup Grcuiid; E. Rut^^ers Fann House; F. The Bowery 
 Ruaii: r[. Ferry Road (present Pearl Street]; H. Road tu the City; I. Ri.ad to Rjilph Pond; .1. Commons; K, .Meadow. 
 
 in which StU3wesant lived and reigned had a gallows in front of it which was not always without a pendant. 
 The State House stood on the site of the present 73 Pearl Street, and it was here the Burghers, with their 
 wives and daughters, assembled for recreation, as many of their descendants assembled in after years at the 
 Battery. Pearl Street was then known as the road to the Brooklyn ferry and passed through the wall at the 
 water gate, which was defended by a two gun battery, 
 
 England, meanwhile, was spreading her dominions north and south of them, and the Dutch, knowing 
 what a very acquisitive country it was, and what little excuse the New Englanders, then becoming numerous 
 in Massachusetts, would require to pay them a hostile visit, neglected nothing in the way of fortified readiness 
 for such an emergency. In fact, England, at a period far anterior to this, had laid claim to Manhattan Island, 
 alleging that its purchase for five pounds sterling was a swindle and a hollow mockery, and if she did not send 
 an armed force to protect the aborigines it was because she was too busy elsewhere. Old Stuyvesant had 
 become well acquainted with the English in the West Indies and mistrusted them. He therefore fortified New 
 Amsterdam as well as his means allowed him, and not satisfied with that concluded it would be good policy to 
 clear his outskirts of neutrals or doubtful friends. In 1638 the Swedes had planted a colony on the Delaware 
 River and reinforced it from time to time, until in 1655, when old Peter Stu3'vesant, proclaiming that his 
 masters, the Dutch West India Company, had a prior right to the territory, assembled a naval and military force 
 of about 1. 000 men, and attacking the Swedish force put an end to any dreams that might have been entertained 
 by Queen Christiana as regarded a new Sweden in North America. In the absence of the expedition against 
 the Swedes 1,000 Indians attacked the town, killed 100 of its defenders, captured 150 others, and did a good 
 
JV£fV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 M- 1, 'a' 
 
 
 j»* 
 
 \ 
 
 
 TRINITY CHURCH. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METKOPOLfS. 
 
 xt 
 
 deal of pillaging-, burning and murdering generally. The expenditure of blood and money involved in the 
 expedition against the Swedes and repelling the Indians so weakened the colonv that it invited an attaek from 
 the English. England had never yielded up the title she claimed to the Hudson River territory by virtue of the 
 early discovery of the region by Cabot in 1497, and now and then, by way of renn'nder, entered formal protests 
 against its occupation by the Duteli. In 7664, liaving previously obtained a grant of the land from his brother, 
 Charles II,,^the Duke of York sent out a lleet, which seized it subject to ne-gotiations between the Briti.sh ;md 
 the Dutch Governments, thus furthering the policy which has always been followed by the English Govern- 
 ment of first taking anything they claim and then entering into negotiations. The brave old Governor 
 Stuyvesant, answering the summons to surrender, said he would ratjier be carried out dead, and prepared to give 
 battle, but his people seeing the futility of resistance to so im]3osing a force gave up the forts, and the Dutch 
 garrison marched out with the honors of war. The British to. >k ])ossessioii of New ^\.msterdam, changed its 
 name to New York, and the Veteran Director-General retired to his farm, now the Bowery, where he lived in 
 quiet dignity for eighteen years and died universally respected. In tlie year following the surrender of New 
 Amsterdam, Holland made the unjustifiable seizure a casus belli, and in the naval struggle that ensued the 
 Dutch Republic nearly wrested the supremacy of the seas from England, but by the peace of Breda (1667) the 
 New Netherland, among other concessions, was ceded by the States-General to England, and thus ended the 
 Dutch regime in New Amsterdam, to be known in future as New York, excepting for one ^-ear when it was 
 christened New Orange, the Dutch having again taken possession. When New York passed into English 
 possession its p<ipulation was almo.st as cosmopolitan as it is now. Eighteen languages were spoken on its 
 streets, but the three principal elements were Dutch, British, and French Huguenots. The population was 
 between 1,800 and 1,900, but henceforth it received annual augmentations from New England settlements, and 
 its trade kept pace with its population. Tlie first British governor was Colonel Richard Nicolls, who was wise 
 and conciliating and did much towards pr(jducing a degree 
 
 of homogeneity among the various elements over which " - - 
 
 he ruled. He was installed in 1664 and in 1665 he 
 
 granted the city its first charter, which placed the execu- - .^ -'- 
 
 tive power in the hands of a mayor, a sheriff, and five 
 aldermen, who were to be appointees of the governor =-: ;^ 
 
 for the time being. He was succeeded in 166S by Colonel 
 Francis Lovelace, a rampant English ttn-y, who purchased 
 Staten Island from the Indians and established a monthly 
 mail route between New York and Boston. He also 
 founded the Merchants' Exchange, and thcnigh arbitrary 
 in his rule effected many improvements. The Merchants' 
 E.xchange, an institution of historic importance, was estab- 
 lished on March 24, 1670. during the term of Thomas 
 Willet, first mayor of New York. In 1673, war having 
 once more broken out between the parent countries, a 
 Dutch fleet entered the harbor and landed a force of 600 
 soldiers and marines. This force joined by 400 Dutch 
 Burghers caused the fort to surrender, hoisted the Dutch 
 flag once more over city and harbor, and Iicgan a chain 
 of fortifications so strong that, had not another peace 
 been established by the belligerents in Europe, and the 
 Dutch Government finally yielded up all its claims, it 
 would have taken a very strong force to recapture New 
 York, or " New ( )range, " as the Dutch had reehristened it. 
 
 In 1674. Edmund Andrews, known long after as 
 Governor. He refused the petition of the people for a ^. 
 
 succeeded him, granted a like petition almost immediately upon his acces.sion (October 17, 1683), and m 
 granted the Dongan charter, which has ever since been the basis of New York City's municipal rights, 
 charter conferred upon the municipality jurisdiction over the entire Island 
 the bays and rivers around it, but vested 
 
 \-IF.\V OF TK1-: SrrE of the PRESE.NT B.\TTERV 1656. 
 
 the " Tyrant of New 
 Leuislative Asseniblv, 
 
 l-.n;j 
 but 
 
 land." was installed as 
 Governor Dongan, who 
 1686 
 This 
 f Manhattan to low-water mark of 
 or rather retained in the hands of the Governor the appointment of 
 Mayor Recorder, Sherifl', Town Clerk, High Constable and Market Clerk, and provided for the annual election 
 of Aldermen, Assistant AUlermen. and Pettv Constables. This charter also granted a new seal to the city, 
 bearing the beaver of the Dutch numicipalitv with a flour barrel and the arms of a windmill, supported by two 
 Indian" chiefs. The staple export trade of New York at this period was flour, which may account tor the 
 prominence of the flour barrels in the coat-of-arms. Governor Dongan was an Irish .soldier, andthtnigh New 
 York has not erected a monument to his memory he fills a very creditable place m her history, and is 
 remarkable as the first of her rulers who proclaimed genuine religious toleration. In 1689, after the expulsion 
 of Tames the Second from the English throne and the accessirm of AVilliam and Mary, Governor NichoLson, who 
 had succeeded Dongan, was disposed to hold the colonv f.u' ]ames. ^lany leading citizens of English birth 
 were with Nicholson, but Jacob Leislcr, a popular Dutch Burgher holding Williamite proclivities, aided by 
 what was known as the popular partv. seized the fort in the name of his royal countryman, expelled the 
 Jacobites from the citv and installed himself as Governor. Soon after this Colonel Slaughter, who had been 
 appointed bv William'and :\Iary to succeed Nicholson, arrived in the colony, arrested Leisler and had him tried 
 for hio-h treason He was found guilty and with his son-in-law executed, and the colonists were thus taught 
 the lesson that much as Kings may dift'er among themselves they will not tolerate insurrection, even against 
 their foes wearing the purple. The judgment was 
 
 afterward reversed by the English Government and Leisler's 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 estates restored to his children. The execution took place 
 on the spot now occupied by the New York Su)i building. 
 In 1696 the first Trinity Church was erected and the 
 Reverend William Vesey installed as its pastor. During- 
 the rule of Benjamin Fletcher, a courtier and soldier of 
 fortune (1692-1696), a nest of pirates flourished in the 
 city and made of it a base for operations against merchant- 
 men in West Indian waters and on the high seas generally. 
 Governor Fletcher was not only aware of the existence of 
 the pirates in New York, but is said to have connived at 
 their practices and obtained a share of the profits. Cap- 
 tain Kidd, a name well known to readers of romances, 
 was at the head of the pirates, and being an accom- 
 plished man of the period, mixed in good society. He was 
 originally commissioned to extirpate the West Indian buc- 
 caneers lay the Government, but, as evil commimications 
 are said to corrupt good manners, so contact with pirates 
 made the captain one himself, and a very bold and suc- 
 cessful one at that. After a prosperous cruise, during 
 which the black flag flew defiantly from his vessel — the 
 San Antonio — Kidd arrived in New York rich with booty, 
 and walked about, not onh* unmolested, but in high favor. 
 Lord Bellomont, Fletcher's successor, exterminated the 
 pirates wherever he found them, and Kidd, arrested in 
 Boston, was sent to England in chains and there executed. 
 It must be said that he protested his innocence to the last, and that many influential people, both in England 
 and America, were of the opinion that he was unjustly dealt with. With Captain Robert Kidd the reign of 
 piracy in New York came to an end, much to the disgust and loss of a certain class of merchants who derived 
 large profits, trading with their strongholds in the West Indies. Lord Bellomont made an excellent Governor, 
 and under his able administration the colony prospered and increased largely in wealth and population. He 
 was succeeded b)' Lord Cornbury, nephew of Oueen Anne, a man as weak and vicious as his predecessor was 
 wise and virtuous. 
 
 And now let us pause to take a passing glance at New York as it entered into the eighteenth century, 
 with a population of a little more than 5,000, but withal a very prosperous community. Early in the century 
 the first slave was introduced, and a regular slave mart was established at the foot of Wall street slip. Paper 
 money was also put in circulation about this time, a city hall was erected on the corner of Wall and Broad 
 streets, the Church of England people laid the foundation of Trinity Church, and the Dutch Burghers, who 
 were mostly Presbyterians, as well as the French Huguenots, established churches which were the precursors 
 of the magnificent buildings we see on Fifth avenue to-day. The city limits were extended by the cutting up of 
 the clover pastures and the laying out of Pine, Cedar and other streets, and what are now Washington and 
 Greenwich streets were reclaimed from the swamps and morasses of the North River. Anterior to this a town 
 crier, dressed in livery, had been appointed, and a bridge was thrown across vSpuyten Dtn^'il creek, quite an 
 engineering feat in those days; the night watch was called into existence to patrol the streets, one part of their 
 duty being to call out the hour during the night and proclaim the state of the weather to honest Burghers 
 within doors. Dark streets were lighted with lanterns suspended from poles, and the cage, the whipping post 
 
 GOV. STUVVES.\NT-S liOlSE, ERECTED 165S, AFTERWARDS 
 CALLED "THE WHITE HALL." 
 
 and the pillory stood in front of the City Hall for the benefit 
 too, the sum of twenty pounds was voted for street clean- 
 ing purposes, and economists declaimed against such out- 
 rageous expenditure. There was not much fear of the 
 press raising its powerful voice against such a reckless 
 waste of the people's money in those days, for the only 
 approach to a newspaper in existence was that issued semi- 
 occasionally by William Bradford, the official printer whom, 
 as earl}' as 1693, the Council had invited to settle in the 
 city " for £,^0 a year and half the benefit of his printing, 
 besides what served the public. " It was not until 1725 
 that the Ncxv York Ga::cttc was issued as a regular weekly 
 paper and semi-ofificial organ of the Governor of the time. 
 vSuch, in brief, was New York in the days of Queen Anne, 
 when every good subject of Her Majesty in the city was 
 enjoined to sweep in front of his own door. 
 
 Henceforth until the shadow of the coming revolu- 
 tion fell on the city the history of New York is the record 
 of a steady march onward through prosperous and ever 
 expanding decades of time, broken now and then by such 
 tragic incidents as the negro insurrection. In 17 12 the 
 negroes conspired to seize the city government, and, 
 breaking into open rebellion, murdered nine whites on 
 Maiden lane. The rctaliaticjn was fearful, but it was 
 
 >f thieves, scolds and vagrants. About this time. 
 
 OLD STONE BRIDGE.-BROADVVAV AND CANAL STREET. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 xui 
 
 necessary in order to overawe a constantly increasini^- slave population sniartins;- under opjircssion 
 After the insurrection had been suppressed by the militia and regular garrison tweiity-onc negroes were 
 executed, some by hanging, others by burning at the stake, while one was permitted 'to hang in chains 
 until he starved to death. Six others committed suicide rather than undergo such torture. The Howling 
 Green was the first public park established. In March, 1733, it was resolved by the Common Council that the 
 piece of land lying at the lower end of Broadway, fronting the fort, be leased to some of the inhabitants 
 of Broadway, in order to be inclosed to make a bowling green, with walks therein, for the beauty and orna- 
 ment of said street, as well as for the recreation and delight of the inhabitants of this city, leaving the street on 
 each side fifty feet wide; and in October of the following year it was resolved that the Bowling Green, as now 
 fenced, be leased to Frederick Philipse, John Chambers and John Roosevelt for ten years for a 'bowling 
 green only. These lessees were public-spirited gentlemen, who had inclosed the square and engaged to 
 keep it in repair for the piiblic enjoyment. The establishment of this ornamental park served to improve 
 
 the character of the buildings fronting it on the 
 line of the street in that locality (which was 
 Augustus Ja)- (near Morris street) and the house 
 street), and that Mr. William Smith, who 
 conform their lines thereto. In 1747, it was 
 so much of the street around the Fiowling Crreen 
 might see proper ; and it is probable that no 
 A few years previoiis to the Revolution, 
 England a statue of the King ((.ieorge 
 and, by consent of the Common Council, 
 This was a period of intense excitement 
 events which finall}- brought about the 
 Although riots were of frequent 1 ]ccurrence 
 the erection of the statue, notwithstanding 
 significance. After its erection (in May, 
 that, "Whereas, the General Assembly 
 from England a statue of his Majesty 
 and the Board considering that, unless 
 become the receptacle of all the filth 
 ordered that an iron railing be erected 
 hundred pounds. " After the peace a 
 Green, and it was leased to Chancellor 
 expense. In 1741, almost a generation 
 and Fort George, which were attributed 
 In the popular fury, based upon such 
 fourteen burned at the stake and seventy- 
 Another episode of interest was the 
 began early in the century, when the 
 Government, and Zeuger, its editor, was 
 the official organ and supported the 
 ence nine j^ears, was unpopular, and 
 did not spare his rival editors. After a 
 was brought to trial and triumphantly 
 whose champion he was. The 
 early in the century, a packet 
 twice a week in 1755, 
 was opened in 1763, and 
 boken, thus connecting 
 great tributaries. In 
 merie granted a new 
 the jurisdiction of the 
 the Bay and East River, 
 established in 1734, the 
 the Royal Exchange in 
 College, now Columbia 
 and on March 13, 1770, 
 
 ST.\Tl'E OF LIBERTY. 
 
 west side. In May, 1745, it was ordered that the 
 
 irregular) be straightened between the houses of 
 
 nf Archibald Kennedy (corner of Marketfield 
 
 proposed to build, and others who might build, 
 
 ordered that a committee be appointed to have 
 
 and along the fence of the fort ]5aved as thev 
 
 )revious paving existed in that locality. 
 
 the Colonial Assembly resolved to procure from 
 
 III.). In 1770, the statue arrived here, 
 
 it was erected in the Bowling Green. 
 
 in the city, ari.sing out of the political 
 
 war. The King was extremely unpo]nilar. 
 
 no opposition seems to have been made to 
 
 its importation was felt to have a political 
 
 1771), the Common Council resolved 
 
 have been at great expense in bringing 
 
 and erecting it nn the Bowling Green, 
 
 said Green be fenced in it will soon 
 
 and dirt from the neighborhood, it is 
 
 around the (ireen at an expense of eight 
 
 new iron fence was raised around the 
 
 Li\'ingston, who ornamented it at his own 
 
 later, great fires broke out in the Battery 
 
 to incendiary negroes in the pa)' of vSpain. 
 
 belief, eighteen negroes were hanged, 
 
 one transported to the West Indies. 
 
 struggle for freedom of the press that 
 
 Weekly J our mil was started to resist the 
 
 imprisoiiied. The Gazette, which was 
 
 aristocratic party, and had been in exist- 
 
 Zeuger, in his onslaught on the officials, 
 
 confinement of nearly a year, Zeuger 
 
 acquitted, amid the plaudits of the people 
 
 Brooklyn ferry was established 
 
 v^_ ^ began running to Staten Island 
 
 '•^ ** ' the Jersey City ferry 
 
 in 1774 a ferry to Ho- 
 
 New York with its future 
 
 1730 Governor Montgo- 
 
 charter, which extended 
 
 city over the islands in 
 
 The first almshouse was 
 
 first theatre in 1750 and 
 
 1752. In 1754 King's 
 
 College, was founded, 
 
 while revolutionary 
 
 rumblings were making themselves heard and felt, the Chamber of Cummerce was chartered, a fact which, 
 speaking in a municipal sense, may be said to close the Colonial or pre-Revolutionary period. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 
 
 WHEN the first battle of the Revolution was fought at Lexington on April 19, 1775, the population of New 
 York was between twenty-two and twenty-three thousand, or a little inferior to that of Boston. It was, 
 however, superior to any other city in commercial importance, and its merchants already saw the Empire City 
 in view. ' The people were divided into Loyalists and Patriots as in other cities, but the latter were largely in 
 the majority. The Sons of Liberty organized themselves in behalf of popular rights, and numerous skirmishes 
 took place between them and the military. During the excitement preceding the actual outbreak of hostilities, 
 Livino-ston, Hamilton and other popular leaders delivered fiery addresses from the steps of the City Hall and 
 kept the patriotic feeling at fever heat, while strong detachments of the military were held in leash in the 
 barracks within pistol shot. At one time the populace marched to the Fort with lighted torches, spiked the 
 Batterv o-uns and battered its gates, but were repulsed by the soldiers who made a sortie. They then set up a 
 Liberty Pole on the commons, which the Twenty-fourth Regiment (British) thrice cut down. It was erected 
 for the fourth time, and upon the military again overturning it a battle on a small scale was fought, on John 
 Street (then Golden Hill), between the Sons of Libery and a detachment of the Sixteenth Regiment (British), in 
 which the latter were wor.sted. When the " London " arrived in the harbor with taxed tea the people, following 
 
 cargo into the North River, and 
 "Nancy," laden with the same 
 England. On the Sunday succeed- 
 citizens seized the government, 
 hundred and enthusiastically wel- 
 tothe Continental Congress. The 
 to the city which did much damage 
 vincial Congress, fearing an assault 
 which might arrive at any moment. 
 In answer to their recjuest General 
 with 1,800 Connecticut Militia and 
 with the most aggressive of the 
 tions against the common enemy, 
 warlike aspect when the Sons of 
 at Greenwich village, and Turtle 
 Street) and removed thirty cannon 
 "f the leading New York Patriots, 
 the head of a body of light horse- 
 Gazcttcer, the official and pro- 
 into good patriotic bullets. Soon 
 one of the newly made Continental 
 with I, 200 troops from Connecticut, 
 armed the Tories, who consisted 
 late arrivals from England and the 
 aristocracv. Lord Stirlina^ suc- 
 
 the example of Boston, threw her 
 a few weeks later compelled the 
 obnoxious article, to put back to 
 ing the Battle of Lexington, the 
 elected a committee of one 
 corned the New England delegates 
 Frigate "Asia" fired a broadside in- 
 to life and property, and the Pro- 
 by Royalist troops from Britain, 
 summoned aid from New England. 
 Wooster encamped in Harlem 
 thus New York threw in her lot 
 revolted colonies, and began opera- 
 Affairs assimied a still more 
 Liberty seized the Royalist depot 
 Bay (now foot of Forty-seventh 
 from the Battery. Isaac vSears, one 
 rode down from Connecticut at 
 men, seized the plant of the Royal 
 British organ, and turned the type 
 after this General Charles Lee, 
 commanders, marched into the city 
 encamped on the Commons, dis- 
 chiefly of officials. Episcopalians, 
 rag-tag and bobtail of the local 
 ceeded General Lee as militarv commander of 
 
 W.ASHINGTON STATUE, UNION SQUARE. 
 
 the city, and he was in turn succeeded by General Israel Putnam, 
 the Patriotic forces being at the same time reinforced by the Third New Jersey Regiment and detachments 
 from Pennsylvania and Western New York. Governor Tryon, at this stage of the contest, took refuge on 
 board the British fleet, the British regiment that formed the garrison was sent to Boston, and, on Jul}' 9th, 1776, 
 General Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental army, entered the city, having first driven the 
 enemy from Boston. On that memorable July day the Continental troops were formed in a hollow square on 
 the Commons, with Washington on horseback in the centre, and the Declaration of Independence was read out 
 to them by the General's aide-de-camp. After the square was broken up and the troops dismissed to their 
 quarters, the citizens pulled down a leaden statue of George III., which the Loyalists had put up in 1770, and 
 sent it to Connecticut, where it was converted into 48,000 patriotic bullets. This occupation of the city by 
 American forces did not last long, for in the middle of the August following there assembled in New York Bay 
 a fleet of 427 sail, consisting of men-of-war, transports and tenders, bearing the armies of Clinton, Howe, 
 Cornwallis, the Royal Guard, and the Hessians under DeHeister, numbering 31,000 all told. The "Rose" 
 and "Phoenix," which, pending the landing of the formidable force, had sailed up the North River firing 
 shells into the city as they passed, returned a few days later and amused themselves in the same fashion, 
 destroying several buildings and wounding and killing many persons. To resist this army there were the 
 forces already mentioned, with others General Washington had brought with him, while the defences 
 consisted of Fort George and the Grand Battery, with twenty-four guns; the Whitehall Battery, the field 
 works at Coenties Slip, Catharine, Madison, Pike, Clinton, Broome and Pitt streets, and barricades on 
 the streets. General Putnam was encamped on Brooklyn Heights with 9,000 men, and was therefore, from 
 a strategic point of view, in a position to assist the defenders of New York, but the British army 
 and navy forces turned out to be simply overwhelming. Before meddling with New York, except in the 
 instances mentioned, the British landed 21,000 men at Gravesend, and on August 27th defeated the 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 '^t 
 
 
 f^^mi '^„-v "■'-*■, -TT-^ — ""^'V* 
 
 
 :.i'F> 
 
 ^^^'^i^ '^'^ 
 
 K*if, 
 
 2\t ^ 
 
 
 -• «l *^ ^ t^ 
 
 BARGE OFFICE— BATTERY PLACE. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 American army under Washington and Putnam at the battle of Brooklyn Heights, and a fortnight later five 
 English frigates, opening fire on the American works at Kip's Bay (now foot of Thirty-fourth street), destroyed 
 ancf put their defenders to flight in wild confusion, and the troops, having eii'ected a landing, Putnam under 
 Washington retreated by the Bloomingdale road, and, making a stand on Harlem Heights, defeated the enemy 
 in several minor engagements and retreated to Westchester. It was a question discussed by American officers 
 whether or not the city should be burned to prevent it being used as a base of supplies by the British, but this 
 the Continental Congress would not hear of, and so the matter dropped. A fire did break out on the 21st of 
 September, which destroyed nearly 500 houses, and the British autht>rities, now in full possession of the city, 
 believing, or pretending to believe, this was a result of the discussion, murdered a number of citizens by 
 bayoneting them or throwing them into the fire. In the middle of November following. General Howe, with 
 9,000 meii. stormed the outer works of Fort Washington, obliged the garrison to surrender, and, that strong 
 position taken, the last American post on Manhattan Island was gone. Henceforth, until on November 25th, 
 1783, when General Sir Guv Carleton embarked at the Battery with the rear guard of the British army. New 
 York g-roaned under British rule and martial law. It was the chief depot for British soldiers and supplies. 
 
 dissenting churches were converted into 
 Dutch Church became a cavalry riding 
 River American captured soldiers and 
 were simply pest holes, and it is recorded 
 was a permanent prison, 10,000 prisoners 
 years of the occupation. But it was a 
 American nation when, on the November 
 rear guard marched down the Bowery 
 Washington, with his staff, the City 
 generals, marched in. In December of 
 to his generals at Faunce's tavern, comer 
 so affecting as to be worthy, as a great 
 and the brush of the painter, both of 
 justice. In 1784 New York was the Na- 
 It was in this city Washington 
 of a Republic the mightiest the world 
 monies were conducted on a magnifi- 
 were full of love and gratitude for the 
 carried away by their emotions that they 
 to Federal Hall, the site of the present 
 tered perfumes from the flowers that 
 .shippers of the Father of his Coimtry. 
 ses,sion in New York, and the most illus- 
 beautiful women graced the occasion with 
 place on April 30th, 1789. For some 
 dent Washington occupied a house owned 
 but removed to No. 39 
 spot on which the first 
 settlers. It was acci- 
 prevented New York 
 ing the first session of 
 government should as- 
 ing the war by the 
 incurred by the several 
 $25,000,000. As New 
 Georgia were compar- 
 proposition and the majority of 
 
 W.^SHINGTON ST.\TUE, SL'B-TRE.\SURY BUILDING. 
 
 hospitals and prisons, and the Middle 
 school. In the prison ships on the East 
 seamen died by the thousand. They 
 that on one of them, the " Jersey," which 
 of war perished miserably during the 
 jo3-ful sight for New York and the new 
 day above referred to, Carleton and his 
 and Broadway to their ships, and General 
 Council and a group of historic American 
 the same year Washington bade farewell 
 of Broad and Pearl streets, in a manner 
 historic scene, the pen of the historian 
 which have, in fact, attempted to do it 
 tional Capital, and so continued until 1790. 
 was inaugurated as the first President 
 has ever seen. The inauguration cere- 
 cent scale for the time ; men's hearts 
 saviour of the country, women were so 
 swooned at sight of him, and as he rode 
 Sub-Treasury building, his horse scat- 
 had been piled on the roadway by wor- 
 The United vStates Congress was then in 
 trious men in the country and the most 
 their presence. The inauguration took 
 time after this momentous event Presi- 
 by Samuel Osgood, No. i Cherry Street, 
 Broadway subsequently, the identical 
 building was erected by the early Dutch 
 dent combined with State jealousy that 
 from being the National Capital. Dur- 
 Congress it was proposed that the general 
 sume not only the debts contracted dur- 
 Continental Congress, but also the debts 
 States, which debts amoimted to about 
 Hampshire, Maryland, Virginia, and 
 atively free from debt they resisted this 
 sided with them. Finally, through the 
 
 the members from Pennsylvania 
 argument and influence of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, it was agreed that the seat of govern- 
 ment should be permanently located in the District of Columbia, but that until this was accomplished, 
 Philadelphia should be the National Capital. The compromise deprived New York of the honor and 
 any other advantage attaching to the possession of the Capital, and built up Washington, the most beautiful 
 residential city in the world. Another thing that militated against New York was that its council wisely 
 refused to cede the city to the nation, though it is thought this could be obviated were other conditions 
 favorable. It remained the State Capital until 1797, when Albany was selected instead by the legislature. 
 Nothing, however, could prevent it becoming what it is, the Metropolis of the New World by situation, intrinsic 
 merit, and the genius of its citizens. 
 
 From this time forth New York grew and flourished wonderfully. The Barge Office became the gateway 
 through which entered into the New World the oppressed of the Old, and though immigration did not assume 
 the enormous proportions of later j-ears, those who did come were of a superior quality. They were, in fact, 
 from among those energetic and liberty loving people of Western Europe, who, hating monarchy and despising 
 kings, found refuge here under a republican form of government, and had ample scope in its' great expanse 
 for their abilities. New York retained her share of such immigrants, who aided the native bom to create new 
 industries and extend its limits to their present majestic proportions. In the beginning of this century the city 
 may be said to have been fairly launched on the sea of prosperity. The citv limits in i'8oo extended to Anthony 
 Street and Harrison Street on the North River. Broadway was'graded up to Canal Street, where a stone bridge 
 
 I I 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 spanned a canal leading- from the Collect Pond to the North River. The houses were numbered and man\' of 
 them furnished with brick sidewalks. The fa.shionablc streets were Pearl, Nassau and Pine. Hanover Square 
 was the residence of the aristocracy, while the Battery was the resort of wealtli, beauty and fashion. Tlie finest 
 house in the city, erected in 1790 as the official residence of President W;.shington, and afterwards occupied in 
 succession bvGovernors Clinton and Jay, was located on the site of the Old Fort, and was subsequently reijlaced 
 by the Bowling- Green block. Broadway ran north two miles, but it must be said that, after leaving Canal 
 Street, the houses on either .side were mostly wooden slianties, few and far between, while ponds and quao-mires 
 made travel dangerous. The City Hall was on Nassau and Wall Streets, and the almshouse, Bridewell and 
 prison occupied portions of the present City Hall Park. Pottci-'s Field was on tlie present Washington Square. 
 Mayor Edward Livingston laid the cornerstone of the present City Hall in 1S03, and it was finished in 1812, at 
 
 a cost of $500,000, a sum tliat represented a good deal 
 
 th. 
 
 days. The front and sides of the buildini 
 
 were of Massachusetts marble, and the northern or back part of red sandstone. This n-iore humlile material was 
 adopted because it was thought the ]Kirt of New York likely to be north of the Cit_\- Hall would never amount to 
 much, from which it would seem that while our grandfathers were brave and patriotic they were not far seeiu"-. 
 They did not dream of Yonkers as a suburb, or elevated railroads as a means of rapid transit. The invention 
 of steam as a locomotive power aided materially in the rapid develi;pment of New York. It enabled this city to 
 forge ahead of Philadelphia and all other competitors for the name of Empire City and the title of the New 
 World's Metropolis. Indeed New York may lay claim to be the cradle of steam navigation, for it was here the 
 first practical test of its utility was made, when in 1807 the "Clermont," constructed from designs by Robert 
 
 Fulton and capital furnished 
 Livingston, made the trip 
 in thirty-two hours, while 
 boats from four to six days 
 successful trial introduced 
 gation on the Hudson, on 
 New York to New Haven 
 London, and in i S 2 2 a 
 New York and Providence 
 that undertook an ocean 
 built by Colonel John Ste- 
 sailed from New York to 
 same enterprising Colonel 
 ferry line between New 
 first of its kind in the world 
 by lines to Jersey City and 
 frigate, built for the Na- 
 pense of $320,000 by Fulton, 
 Sandy Hook, in 1814. The 
 York in 18 19, plied between 
 In 1 8 10, lower New 
 gested, the city was extend- 
 and many roads and streets 
 missioners, much to the dis- 
 strove by force, but un.suc- 
 workmen in their opera- 
 ren, Brevoort, Spingler and 
 and above Hoirston street 
 
 CORNER OF BRO.\DW.\Y .•\ND MURRAY STREET, 1S20. 
 
 h\ Chancellor Robert R. 
 from New York to Albany 
 it took the ordinary packet 
 to cover the distance. This 
 and established steam navi- 
 L(.ing Island Sound from 
 in I Si 8, a third to New 
 fourth, consisting of the 
 Line. The first steamer 
 voyage was the " Phoenix," 
 vens, of Hoboken, which 
 Philadelphia in 1807. This 
 Stevens opened a steam 
 York and Hoboken — the 
 — in iSii, followed in 181 2 
 Brooklyn. The first steam 
 tional (iovernment at an ex- 
 made a successful trip to 
 " Savannah," built in New 
 this city and Liverpool. 
 York having become con- 
 ed in a northerly direction, 
 laid out by the City Com- 
 gust of estate owners, who 
 cessfull)', to ob.struct the 
 tions. In this wa-s' the War- 
 
 Bayard farms were invaded 
 hills were levelled, quagmires filled in and the new section mapped out into 
 numerical streets and avenues. The citv's trade and commerce suffered much from President Jefferson's 
 non-intercourse proclamation in 1807, and in 1S12 she sent forth twenty-six amied privateers to destroy 
 British shipping, after first fortifying herself, as well as she coidd under short notice, from hostile 
 landing. The British in turn blockaded the harbor, effected a landing on the east of Long Island, and 
 there established their naval headrpiarters. To guard against surprise, the citizens came forward and worked 
 vokmtarily on the fortifications, besides enrolling themselves as militia for defence to the number of 23.000. 
 Although the war of iS 12-14 caused a stagnation of trade, it enhanced New York's reputation and status 
 throughout the woidd, and henceforth the tide of emigration rolled hither almost exelnsively, instead of dividing 
 itself among many other Atlantic cities. In those days an immigrant was really W(.>rth $1,000 to the country, 
 and rt /It/A;;-/ to the city. Consequently the population increased so rapidly that in 1S30 it reached 200,000. 
 By a parity of reasoning, the introduction of railroads was of incalculable benefit to New York. The first 
 railroads built in the State were the Albany & Schenectady in 1831, and in 185 1 the Hudson River, from New 
 York to Albany, both of which are now included in the New York Central sj'stem. 
 
 LTntil tlie war of 1861 gave a temporary check, the history of New York City is one of uninterrupted 
 progress and prosperity. Each year added to its population and gave it more of a metropolitan aspect. It took 
 the lead in trade and commerce with every invention and improvement that aided their development, and 
 towards the close of the half century ending with 1850 its .supremacy was acknowledged all over the coimtry. 
 The first horse car line was opened in 1832, -Cvhen the Fourth avenue cars began running from Prince street to 
 Murray Hill. Illuminating gas was introduced in 1825, with pipes traversing Broadway from the Battery to 
 Canal street. The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, also conduced very materially to the growth of the city. To 
 Governor Clinton, a name that will always be revered in New York City and State, is due the honor of having 
 this wonderful ditch dug and utilized in a manner that was appreciated more even half a century ago than it is 
 
JV£W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JUNCTION OF BROADWAY AND BOWERY ROAD. 1S2S. 
 
 now. This canal brought into our docks the produce 
 of the great West and took back our manufactures to 
 the farmers of Indiana, Michigan and Illinois before 
 railroads were i-unning, or even dreamed of in a prac- 
 tical way. The originators of the scheme realized 
 its importance, and, in order that the people most 
 interested and concerned might receive news of the 
 opening as soon as possible, in times when telegraphy 
 was almost tmknown, it was announced by the firing of 
 cannon. The distance between Buffalo and vSandy 
 Hook is 550 miles, and 3'et intelligence of the opening 
 of the Erie Canal was transmitted in eighty-one minutes. 
 It was done by sound, and cannon placed at intervals of 
 ten miles betw^een the two points was the mode of 
 conveying it, Governor Clinton, with a large party of 
 State officials and scientists, being at Sandy Hook, where 
 he emptied a keg of Lake Erie water into the ocean, 
 which was symbolical of the union of the two bodies 
 of water, one fresh, the other salt. The opening of 
 the Erie Canal really marked the beginning of the era 
 of New York's present status and imexainpled prosperity. 
 Up to that time she had competed on comparatively 
 equal terms with Boston and Philadelphia, but in the 
 Erie she foimd a gateway to the rapidly growing West 
 which enabled her to set all competition at defiance. 
 Then, when railroads were introduced. New York enjoyed such control over the commerce between the East 
 and West as to make her the unquestioned railway centre of the country — the point from which all 
 trunk lines should radiate if they would command a just proportion of traffic. In 1S34 Cornelius W. 
 Lawrence was elected Maj'or of the city. He was the first to fill that position by the vote of the people, 
 and an amendment to the State constitution was enacted to bring about such a consummation. The same 
 year the construction of the Croton aqueduct was begun, and in 1842 it was finished. The length of the 
 aqueduct is forty miles, the cost of construction was $9,000,000, a cheap enterprise when it is remembered that 
 a fire which broke out in 1835 consumed $18,000,000 worth of property. Had the Croton aqueduct been in 
 existence at the time it is probable that the damage would not have been a tithe of what it actuallv was. It 
 was a lack of water that prevented the firemen bringing a conflagration under control which resulted in the 
 destruction of 643 stores and dwelling houses. 
 
 Increasing commerce and immigration necessitated a proportionate increase in the jMerchant Marine. In 
 1 84 1 the great Atlantic lines began to ply between this city and Liverpool, gradually superseding the famous 
 clipper ships of such lines as the Black Ball and the Red vStar, which had "carried the fame of the new city 
 growing up in the Western World, even to the remote confines of Asia. The ' ' Sirius " and the ' ' Great Western " 
 arrived in port on April 23d, 1841, and four years later (1845) the telegraph line connecting New York with the 
 National Capital was opened, followed by lines to Boston, Pliiladelphia, Albany and other "centres of population 
 in rapid succession. With the growth of New York great newspapers came into existence and great editors 
 took their places among the country's men of affairs. The University of the City of New York was founded in 
 1 83 1, the Astor Library in 1848, and the World's Fair 
 opened in the Crystal Palace in 1853. In 1849 occurred 
 
 what is known as the Astor Place Riot. Ed\vin Forrest ._ ,_j^ 
 
 had been playing in England a few years before and had .,1. -J:#fc,==i. l?nait;- 
 
 met with a poor reception, as was supposed, because of ' -^=- -^_- -nbijas ,„=ay^t^- ^ 
 
 his being an American. When, therefore, the English ":. 
 
 actor Macready appeared in the Astor Place Opera 
 House in the role of Macbeth, the populace 20,000 
 strong wrecked the theatre. The Seventh Regiment 
 was called out, and in the sti'uggle that ensued a large 
 number of the police, the mob, and the militia were 
 killed and wounded. In this riot was also interjected 
 a little of the Know-Nothing spirit that, in 1852, led 
 to still more bloodshed in the troubles that history 
 connects with the name of a new and short lived 
 political party, sometimes known as the American. 
 And now approaches the dread shadow of a civil war 
 which commercial New York beheld with fear and 
 trembling, but which patriotic New York braced itself 
 to meet in a manner commensurate with its dignity as 
 the greatest American city. 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 PARK AND BROADWAY, 1830. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 o 
 
 (J 
 
 1- 
 < 
 
 1- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD. 
 
 WHEN South Carolina passed its secession ordinance Fernando Wood was Mayor of New York. He was a 
 Copperhead and when he outlined a plan to make this a free city or port, like Bremen and Hamburg, 
 with merely nominal duties, so as to attract the commerce of the world, he thought he was giving birth to a 
 great and original idea. But he reckoned without the people who elected hmi. And when the first gun was 
 fired on Fort Sumter it woke the people to a sense of their duty as Americans, and set their hearts beating 
 wildly in the National cause, so wildly and so loyally that had Fernando Wood tried to put his theory into 
 practice the men of New York City might haye suspended him from a telegraph pole. When the first call for 
 troops was issued by President Lincoln, New York sent 8,000 men to the front, among whom were the Sixth, 
 Seventh, Eleventh, Twelfth and vSixty-ninth Regiments, and from that time till the close of the Rebellion this 
 city alone placed 116 000 men in the field for the Union. Wall Street furnished the sinews of war and here 
 were organized such important and useful 
 
 auxiliary societies as the ^-^:. =2P--- ^---j- .,'_—- =. _. United States Sanitary 
 
 Commis'sion, the United _ ^ -^J^B^^S?", -» ^rfS=si- = ^^^"^^^ Christian Com- 
 
 through whose efforts ■-"^^SS^^Ii^^'l^^i^Jf if t--*=^^^^^fe^ upwards of 40,000 men 
 were placed in the field. -^^"^V^ IHSS k« .^H^l ' I --i*C^W^--^-ia!te# - The Union League 
 Club, called into exist- -.^r.^ li^^^W^^M# ^ \<r\ ~ ^*^sJ ence for the express 
 purpose, also did nobly ^^H^^H VV-'N Pff -^ g^ "'"^ m supplying men and 
 money to the National ^^^m'^^^^Wl VT" lijL^rSV -"'" Government and other- 
 wise keeping the Union t^^lP^K^^ ^^W'^h ^^^'^ flag flying until It would 
 once more wave majes- t^i M^ M'W^P^-^In ^^'A^¥^. tically over Fort Sumter. 
 In 1S63 thecitywas dis- \ M^ ^B^^^!^^¥ri~^^^^^(^\'^ sc. graced by the draft 
 riots, during which l^ infry^rlSliF Me^^|!^'^^W^^ IH 1,000 men were killed 
 and wounded and fe^fflMi ^"liii f^ijTl44^- 1 f [,i%f^'~^^^^ --I $2,000,000 worth of 
 property was destroyed. 'v'^If^ ^'^''^-^^s^^^^'^'^^ '^'^^ foreign born 
 citizens who took little \P^K^^h^^^^^mir-^f^^^^S>3]':W'-^^ interest in the suppres- 
 sion of the rebellion lfe--t^^n^Mi» H 1'?^^^^^l:MJt?Mlil resisted the draft, while 
 certain newspapers ^P=^^^-i| f ra^ [ ' I ^ . EJ tl^ii WMf PW^!^^tll-|PL f^irther inflamed their 
 passions by telling them ^''fff'tt 4^^' li - 1^ IF^ ^ ' H l?i^M-"^lliNff it was illegal and point- 
 ing out, what was Ip JP -^'f pS. k^ Ml « j r%i M ' ' " F'V^m^ strictly true, that while 
 the rich could purchase :© ^ ^ f0A (ii| \W^, =~^ 'iiJ V J Hi ' Imi immunity by paying so 
 many dollars for a .sub- t 1 (m ^ 1^ fiffl ' !F1 tlf 'Li &lb>^^f ^^itute, the poor had to 
 go and bear the brunt g 3 \m fff] nn |||LI: «■ -J \ W\ h'W Jil|Si| of what was to many of 
 them an unpopular H W , | [J 1 S U iiJML^J-_i 11 l! 'il [l Mil N' I '-^'''™P''iig"- ^^^^ ^'^s 
 not good logic, but it iL ^ gJi^^ii^^^feiy ^^L^^ '!Si_ 1 '- ' Ij'"' M 11 was good enough for the 
 rioters, who, accusing Jyyf^^^^^^^i ^>^\)ii4— jt^JT'^' B ^'^"^ "niggers" as the 
 prime cause of all their ;pB|rt&S troubles, proceeded to 
 hang them wherever iElMlglB^ n ^"f " 1 ||gp*" B^ 1^5 ^r^ '^""P^l^^w^i^mJil they were to be found, 
 
 three days dominated 'ifSJIililiS ■ Jiii iibf RWP Ftlg the city. All the roughs 
 
 and thugs of the slums _ 1'"'il""1Mr |iil|Tp ' ^^ ,.--—- imng in the wake of the 
 
 mob and committucl '""''""^^__,^___ , ....inggarT'g^'^ - '^r^ fearful outrages. The 
 
 rioters were finally ' ^^^^^^^^ ^ -^_^^^m!r':<r'''' f^'""'' r=^.-— -"r-^-^v^^ -- ^:-^=- dominated, but not 
 
 before an army was unkjn lla^.i 1; u.ii, found necessary to 
 
 accomplish the task. During the riot the 
 
 Provost Marshal's Office was sacked, the grain elevators on the Atlantic docks were burned and the Tribune 
 office almost destroyed. Governor Seymour, who at first was indifferent to the action of the mob, became 
 alarmed as the riot progressed and did his best in person to disperse it, as did the Mayor and Archbishop Hughes. 
 After the war, the era of prosperity which it had interrupted was resumed and the wave of immigration 
 increased in volume, the German taking the place of the Irish as its principal stream. The next great 
 disturbing element of this pro.sperity was the Tweed operations, by which the city was robbed of upwards of 
 $20,000,000 and its good name tarnished. William Tweed was simply on evolution from the elements that 
 governed New York at this period. He was a ward politician, possessed of great shrewdness and cunning, 
 utterly without scruple or principle, who was generous enough, at the city treasury's expense, to attract a large 
 following. He bribed every one open to bribery, intimidated others, and was ultimately crushed by some of the 
 best elements in his own party, including Governor Tilden and other distinguished men. To the AVic York 
 Titiics, however, must be attributed the chief credit of exposing his methods, after which the other city papers 
 took part in the crusade against the greatest scoundrel that ever disgraced the city. " Boss " Tweed was City 
 Chamberlain when he began his system of wholesale robbery, and it is estimated that the contract for the 
 County Court House alone gave an opportunity for the robbery of $7,000,000. At first the malefactor assumed 
 an impudent attitude and inquired of his accusers, " What are you going to do about it ? " But as the meshes of 
 the law closed around him, and the committee of seventy distinguished citizens, appointed for investigating 
 purposes, stirred up popular feeling against him, he grew frightened and fled to Spain, but was extradited, 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 imprisoned, escaped, was recaptured, and finally died in prison. The financial panic on IJlack Friday, 
 September 24th, i86g, shook not only the commerce of New York, Init of the whole country, very severely. 
 This panic was brouj^ht about through the machinations of a ring of unscrupulous financiers, whose object was 
 to run gold up as high as possible and then sell in an open market. The United States Treasury frustrated this 
 plan, but not before a financial panic had been produced that ruined thousands of people. Another panic 
 occurred in 1873, but this time the cause was too much expansion. The establishment of the Clearing House, 
 though it does not prevent panics, dimini.shes the liability for their occasion and the danger arising from them, 
 and helps those whose embarrassment should be only temporary. The Brooklyn or East River Bridge, begun 
 in Jannar}', 1870, and opened for traffic in May, 1884, was the next imijortant enterprise, in which the cities of 
 New York and Brooklyn became conjointly engaged. As the great volume of European immigration rolled in, 
 the city became congested. Tens of thousands of men who did bu.siness in New York were obliged to live in 
 Brooklyti and cities adjacent. Notwithstanding the nimierous ferries connecting the two cities, those ferries 
 were found inadequate, and the problem oi transport in the murnings and evenings presented itself in a 
 pressing manner for solution. As earl}- as 1S19 Mr. Pope, a civil engineer, advocated a Suspension Bridge 
 across the East River. He hardly succeeded in obtaining a hearing, and when in 1829 a corporation proposed 
 
 to throw a bridge from Maiden Lane 
 was not received with the favor it 
 t)utlined a plan which he submitted 
 the Civil "War interfered with its 
 Waiting imtil the war was over he 
 this time a private company was 
 Henry C. Murphy, Mayor of Brooklyn, 
 Shipbuilder, Henry E. Pierrepont, 
 work was begun, with Mr. Roebling 
 ington A. Roebling, as assistant 
 1869, but actual work was begmi and 
 years of hard work and encountering 
 deemed insurmountable, he and his 
 tific interest in the grand enterprise, 
 brought to a glorious and successful 
 had, through exposure, become an 
 gress, and was forced from that 
 It is one of the wonders of the world, 
 takes rank after the Suez Canal, it 
 nand de Lesseps partakes more of 
 struction cost i$ 15, 000, 000, and the 
 New York contributed one-third 
 Brooklyn assumed the other two- 
 riot broke out, consequent on the 
 anniversary of the battle of Aghrim, 
 the armies of King James II. and 
 have always resented this parade, 
 their national and religious feelings, 
 ever they find themselves in a 
 on the occasion in large numbers 
 vigor. The militia were called out 
 melee that ensued t w e n t y-n i n e 
 and wounded, as well as 104 of the 
 last of the big riots that have 
 to be hoped it will remain the last, 
 more pleasant event, which was the 
 Statue on Bedloe's Island, since 
 tholdi is a French sculptor of 
 our Revolutionary war imder 
 patriotic Frenchmen conceived the 
 
 "Libertv enlightening the World" at the entrance of New York Harbor 
 ship that exists, or .should exist, between the world's two great Republics 
 
 ADMlk.^LFARRAOUT— MADISON SyUAKE. 
 
 to Brooklyn Heights the scheme 
 deserved. In i860 John A. Roebling 
 to the mayors of the two cities, but 
 execution. Still he did not despair, 
 brought it forward once more, and 
 formed, consisting of Mr. Roebling, 
 John T. Hoffman, John Roach, the 
 W. C. Kingsley and others, and the 
 as chief engineer, and his son. Wash- 
 engineer. Mr. Roebling died in 
 his son took his place. After thirteen 
 obstacles that were at one time 
 mother, who took a keen and scien- 
 had the satisfaction of seeing it 
 termination. The younger Roebling 
 invalid while the work was in pro- 
 time out to direct it from his window, 
 and if, as an engineering feat, it 
 is because the great work of Ferdi- 
 a cosmopolitan character. Its con- 
 original estimate was $8,000,000. 
 towards the cost of construction and 
 thirds. In 1871, onjuly 12th, another 
 celebration by the Orangemen of the 
 fought as long ago as in 1690, by 
 William III. The Irish Catholics 
 which they consider an insult to 
 and prevent it whenever and wher- 
 position to do so. They assembled 
 and attacked the procession with 
 to protect the procession, and in the 
 policemen and soldiers weie killed 
 rioters and paraders. It was the 
 disgraced New York City, and it is 
 In 1886 we have to chronicle a 
 unveiling of the great Bartholdi 
 then called Liberty Island. Bar- 
 renown, whose ancestors fought in 
 Lafayette, and he and a few other 
 idea of placing the statue of 
 as a lasting monument to the friend- 
 The statue was presented to the 
 
 City of New York, and the people subscribed for a pedestal on which to place it. The French built the statue 
 at a cost of |l20o,ooo, and the Americans the pedestal, at a cost of $250,000. It is one of the world's greatest 
 colossi, and is certainly the largest since the colossus of Rhodes was destroyed. Its proportions are mag- 
 nificent in the extreme. This statue weighs twenty-five tons of bronze, and is 151 feet in height. Its right 
 forefinger alone is eight feet in length. The pedestal is of granite and is 155 feet high. The statue is lighted 
 at nighl; by electricity, the illumination coming from the torch it holds upright to enlighten the world. It may 
 be stated here, incidentally, that the spot on which the statue stands was formerly dedicated to the execution of 
 pirates. It is' said that Bartholdi modelled the statue of Liberty from his mother, and, if so, he must be 
 credited with two qualities that do him credit — love of liberty and filial affection. 
 
 Somethin<r like an aftermath of Tweedism was discovered in 1886. Jake Sharp, a wealthy contractor, 
 who had for years been trying to obtain a charter from the city to build a surface railroad on Broadway, by 
 which he would realize enormously, spent half a million dollars 
 
 bribino- the Board of Aldermen, but the fraud 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 was discovered many of the aldermen arrested and a few of them convicted and sent to prison. Sharp was 
 also arrested, convicted, and died while awaiting the decision of the Court for a new trial. He had been seek- 
 ino- after theBroadwav'franchise for thirty years, and when he got it found it a fatal purchase. 
 
 " The city is crowing so rapidly as to make the demand for rapid transit one of vital importance. 
 740,000 people are Carried over the Brooklyn Bridge alone every day, and although the trustees are enlarging 
 its capacity each year, and the ferries are taxed to their utmost morning and evening, the necessity for more 
 accommodation grows 'with the growth of the city. Plans have been prepared for throwing a bridge across the 
 Hudson River from New York to Jersev City, and ground was broken for the work on December both m 
 Weehawken and New York (307 and 309 West 67th ^Street). Efforts are being made to obtain charters for 
 at least two other bridges over the East River, one from New York to Brooklyn, somewhere above Sixty-fourth 
 street, and another from New York to Long Island City, still higher up. There is no doubt but that the 
 increasing population of the city will make the construction of these proposed bridges an imperative necessity, 
 and that too at a very early date. And so with rapid transit, which is called for still more loudly. Because of 
 conflicting interests and divergent opinions as to utility and practicability, the commission appointed by Mayor 
 Grant are, as we write, negotiating with the Manhattan Elevated Company for a solution of the question that 
 has to be solved before the question of the Greater New York comes up for practical settlement. This Greater 
 New York is to take in Brooklyn and its dependencies, Yonkers, Long Island City, Astoria, and other 
 suburbs. The Legislature created a commission in 1890 to enquire into the expediency of consolidation, of 
 which Andrew H. Green, the father of the scheme, is President, and although the politicians and officials of the 
 districts to be annexed or amalgamated with New York are opposed to it, the people generally are in favor of 
 it, as a vote, when one shall have been taken on the subject, will in all probability conclusively show. Accord- 
 ing to the Federal census taken in 1890 the population of the city was 1,513,501 ; according to the enumeration 
 of the local police a few months later 1,710,715; and according to the State census of 1S92, i,8oo,8gi. 
 
 If, however, a census were taken of that New York of which the City Hall is the centre and were made 
 to include the population who do business in the city, but a portion of which sleep outside, even now New York 
 would, so far as population is concerned, outrank Paris and come next to London in importance. 
 
 "Ml I Vi'Vii'T^. _ I r I I n 
 
 ^^#5j'yBi!iiiiiiiiiiQ|ffi 
 
 
 
 
 s-tkr^^-^ ^tJ^" Si^fc™"*! 
 
 B'l I 
 
 
 
 ENTR.\NCE TO CENTRAL P.\RK FIFTH AVENUE .\ND FIFTY-NINTH STREET. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 zrrzr 
 
 *^^>)»^1 
 
 « * ■ ■* 
 
 CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 as 
 
 "T^HE corporation of New York, the city and county being identical, is composed of the Mayor, Aldermen, 
 1 and Commonalty This corporation has charge of all local administration, and although the Mayor, a; 
 executive has had great power intrusted in him lately, the city is for more home rule and freedom from State 
 leoislative restriction The legislative department of the city is vested in the Board of Aldermen, which, 
 includino- a president and vice-president, consists of thirty-two members. The president receives a salary of 
 S^ ooo a\ear and all the others $2,000 each, and they are elected for two years. The Comptroller, Corporation 
 Counsel Commissioner of Public Works, and the President of the Board of Commissioners of each department 
 are entitled to participate in the discussions of the Board, but not to vote. Any resolution involving the 
 
 CITY H.\LL. 
 
 expenditure of money for celebrations, processions or formal ceremonies must have four-fifths majority, and a 
 three-fourths vote is necessary for money relating to real estate purchase, lease or franchise. The Mayor has 
 the power of vetoing any resolution or ordinance, but a two-thirds majority of the entire Board can override 
 the veto. The Mayor is elected for two years, and has a salary of $10,000. He is a magistrate, and by 
 virtue of his office one of the Commissioners of Immigration. By an act of the Legislature recenth' passed, he 
 has the power of appointing not only the heads of departments, but the four commissioners comprising the 
 Police Board, and the fifteen police justices. 
 
 The most important of the civic departments is naturally that of finance, and its head is the Comptroller, 
 with $10,000 a year salary. The department is divided into five bureaus, each having its own particular duties. 
 Two months before the election of charter officers the Comptroller publishes in the City Record, the official 
 journal, a full and detailed statement of the city's finances during the year ending the first day of the 
 preceding month. According to this statement the rate of taxation for 1892 was $1.90 per $100, upon a 
 valuation of real and personal estate of $1,707,868,828, and the rate upon the assessed valuation of such cor- 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. xxv 
 
 porations as are subject to local taxatimi was $1.68 per $100. The amount Ihus valued was $77,988,510. The 
 entire amount of taxes levied by the Board of x\ldermen for the year was $33,764,394. The total funded debt 
 of the city and county, on December 31, 1891, was §150,298.870, wJiich, "deducting cash and .sinking fund 
 investments, amounting to $52,783,424, leaves a funded debt of $97,5 15,436. The general tax rate for 1892 was 
 $1.85, which is lower than that of any other city in the United State's. The sum voted for taxation purposes in 
 1892 was $33,725,556, besides which the city has an income $3,000,000 from fees, licen.ses and other .sources. 
 The total valuation of the city, real and personal, was $1,828,264,275, an increase of $42,000,000 over 1891, of 
 which amount $71,306,402 is corporation property exempt from State taxes and paying a city rate of $1.71 on 
 the $100. For the general expense of the city the amount paid out in 1S92 was over $35,000,000. The revenue 
 derived from taxes for 1891 was $32,861,779, from other sources $6,656,255, money borrowed $27,289,497, total 
 receipts $66, 849,769, which is a larger revenue than that of the Sultan of Turkey, with dominions on three 
 continents. For 1892 the final estimate of appropriations allowed amounted to $35,881,205. Of that sum 
 $3,000,000 is provided for by receipts from miscellaneous sources, leaving $32,881,205 to be raised by taxation. 
 Of this $5,151,771 was for interest on the city debt. §1.190.428 for the redemption and installments of the 
 principal of the city debt, $2,398,505 for vState taxes and public schools, $3,148,770 for Department of Public 
 Works, $1,003,150 for public parks, $2,170,125 for public charities and correction, $5,045,468 for the police 
 department, $1,978,540 for department of street cleaning, $2,301,282 for fire department, $4,448,356 for Board 
 of Education. $1,098,810 for judiciary salaries and $1,232,716 for charitable institutions. 
 
 The Department of Public Works is next in importance, at all events it spends the most money and is 
 divided into eight bureaus, each having its own duties, such as the water supply, altering, paving and lighting 
 the streets, and taking care of sewerage and drainage. This department spends millions of dollars annually in 
 improvements. The other departments are Public Parks, Police, Docks, .Street Cleaning, Excise Law and 
 Health. The Health Department has its hands full always, from tenement house districts, and ships bringing 
 cholera and other contagious diseases into port from Europe. Last year (1892) was an unusually busy one for 
 its officers, but they were equal to the occasion and were very successful in their efforts to keep the cholera out- 
 side the city. The department recorded for 1892 43,659 deaths, 46,904 births and 15,764 marriages. The 
 Police Department is another important one and efficiently handled. The police of New^ York number 3,654 all 
 told, and physically fully deserve the title of " Finest" which they have received. While it is true that politics 
 has a good deal to do with police appointments, it is also true that they make Xew York, for a large city, one of 
 the safest places, as regards life and property, in the world. They are well paid patrolmen, the lowest grade 
 receiving from $800 to $1200 and so on upwards. During 1S92 the ^letropoliLan police made 89,920 arrests. 
 
 In politics New York City is strongly Democratic, and always has been. The Democrats have a better 
 organization than the Republicans. Tammany Hall, the great Democratic society, is said to be the most per- 
 fect political organization of the country, and, although sometimes beaten at the polls by a combination, it has 
 generally been found triumphant. It is just now completely in control of the city. The patronage at the dis- 
 posal of Tammany is enormous. An organization that has the handling of $35,000,000 every year can afford to 
 be independent. The city sends ten members to Congress. As regards the .Sixteenth Congressional District, 
 however, part of it is outside the city limits, in Westchester County. It sends nine Senators to Albany, or rather 
 eight and a half, for Westchester and Putnam counties, as well as the Twenty-fourth Ward, have claims on the 
 Senator from the Fifteenth District. The last apportionment provides for thirty Assembly districts in the city. 
 The elected judges of the city are: Supreme Court, seven, at a salary of $1 1,500 each ; Superior Court, .six, 
 salary $15,000 each; Common Pleas, six, at $10,000 each; General Sessions, four, at $12,000 each ; Surrogate, 
 two, one at $15,000, the other at $10,000; Sheriff, one, $12,000; District Attornev, one, $12,000. The appointed 
 judges are Police Justices, fifteen in all, at $8,000 each. 
 
 The Federal Government has very important interests in New York. Here is the main port of entry for 
 the foreign trade of the whole c<.iuntry. and the Custom House returns for i8go show the following 
 figures: Dutiable imports, $349.2 i 7. 107 ; free imports. $193, 155,771 ; specie, $20,369,499; total, $562,735,987. 
 (m these imports a duty of $163,238,278 was collected. In the same year the exports were : Domestic goods, 
 $339,458,578; foreign goods. $8. 184,783 ; specie, $41,646.121 ; making a total of $389,289,482. The receipts from 
 all sources by the Sub-Trea.sury (in 1890) were $1,227,000,000. The immigration department is also under 
 Federal control, with offices and an executive on Ellis Island, where all immigrants are now landed. From 1881 
 to 1891, both years inclusive, 4,107,250 immigrants entered the port of New York, and 824,008 cabin passengers 
 were Americans who had been travelling- in Europe, and who in all probability had spent a billion dollars abroad 
 in the eleven years. Owing to the cholera scare and the restrictions on immigration, recently imposed, the num- 
 ber of arrivals, cabin and steerage, last year was comparatively small. The Federal, Naval and Military depart- 
 ments of this citv are also important. The Brooklyn Navy Yard, which employs 2,000 men, maybe said to be 
 part of the Greater New York. The Custom House, the Assay Office, the Sub-Treasury Office, and the Barge 
 Office are Federal buildings, and the Post Office, already referred to, is an immense structure between Broadway 
 and Park Row. This building is after the manner of the Italian Renaissance, and cost from six to seven mil- 
 lions in construction. Upwards of 3,000 people are employed in it. In 1892 it received nearly 400,000,000 
 pieces of mail matter, and the business of the money order department alone reaches a total of nearly 
 $120,000,000. The Post Office receipts for the fiscal year of 1S92 were $6,783,202. and the expenditures 
 $2,568,700, leaving a net revenue of $4,214,502. 
 
 After the Brooklyn Bridge, and before it in importance if imperative necessity be considered, is the 
 great Croton Aqueduct 'which supplies the city with water. It is the greatest and costliest tunnel m the world. 
 It is thirty-three miles in length, took ten years to construct, and cost $19,612,000. 
 
 The Croton River, a small stream in Westchester County, about forty miles from the city, with a number 
 of small lakes in the vicinity, is tlie source of the supply. In "1842 an aqueduct was constructed from the lake 
 to the city, built of stone, brick and cement, arched above and below so as to form an ellipse, measuring 8>2 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ■X-SP 
 
 u |\ % 
 
 .^ 
 
 JUSTICE. 
 
NE]V YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 feet perpendicularly and 71^ horizontally. It slopes about 13 inches to the mile, and now carries 75,000,000 
 oallons a day. It runs to New York in a southeasterly direction, and across the Harlem River on the Hi.^h 
 l>ridg-e. In the Central Park, four miles or so below High Bridi,re, is the retaininjr reservoir, with a capaeity''()f 
 1,030,000,000 gallons, and immediately below this is located the receiving reservoir, which licilds 150,000,000 
 more. This supply as the city increased in population was found to l)e altogether inadecjuatc, and in iSS^ a 
 commission was appointed by the Legislature to construct the new acpieduct, which starts from Croton Lake, 
 350 feet above the dam, and follows a general southerly course through Westchester County and the Twenty- 
 fourth Ward to a point 7,000 feet north of Jerome Park. The estimated capacity is 318,000.000 gallons eveiy 
 twenty-four himrs. Under the new system the estimated capacity of the largx> reservoir in Cemtral Park is 
 1,000,000,000, and at Jcmme Park 1,300,000,000. The new aqueduct, first used on July 15, f.Sfjo, was closed for 
 repairs from August 6th tn :!5th, and was then put into permanent use. Down to June of this year (1S93) the 
 estimated cost will have been upwards of $30,000,000. It is calculated that" the present reservoir when 
 completed will be good for seventy-five years. The water revenue from all sources amounts to over four mil- 
 lion dollars annually. 
 
 The Parks are another of the grand features of New York, and Central Park one of the most lieautiful 
 in the world. It is bounded by Fifth and Eighth avenues and 59th and iioth streets, is two and a half miles in 
 length by a half mile in width, and contains an area of 862 acres. The Park, of which New Yorkers are justly 
 proud, was begun in 1857, under the mayoralty of Fernando Wood, and has cost, including repairs and salaries. 
 $17,100,000. It is exceeded in size by the Phcenix Park of Dublin, the Gardens of Yersaillcs, the Bois de 
 Bologne in Paris, the Prater of \'icnna, Windsor Great Park, and the historic grounds of Richmond, near Lon- 
 don ; while in beauty it is the ecpial of them all. There are thirty buildings of various kinds in the Park, seats 
 provided for over 10,000 people, 600 of the seats being in vine covered arbors or wooded groves. There are 
 forty-eight bridges, archways and tunnels, all of them of carved stone and highly ornamental. Close to Fifty- 
 ninth vStreet is the Ball Ground, the boys' paradise. It is an immense lawn of ten acres, devoted to baseball, 
 cricket, croquet and lawn tennis. The entrance is through the Seventh Avenue gate. Close b_v is the Dairv, 
 where the tired urchin can refresh himself with cool drinks. Just to the northeast is the Carrousel, with 
 swings, roundabouts and amusements for girls and little children, and the nearest entrance through the vSixth 
 Avenue gate. Adjoining there are .sixteen acres of Common or Green, with good pasturage for a fine flock 
 of sheep, which are kept in admirable discipline by a clever " collie" dog. At Fifth Avenue and Sixty-fourth 
 Street, on the extreme east, is a favorite lounging place and rendezvous, the Menagerie, in which is included the 
 old Arsenal, and which contains a large and varied zoological collection, including elephants, lions, hippopotami, 
 tigers, camels, bears, monkevs, seals, birds and wild animals of all kinds. Another favoi-ite resort is the Mall, 
 a path 200 feet wide, extending from the Marble Arch to the Terrace, a distance of about one-third of a mile, 
 and bordered by a dovable row (jf magnificent elm trees. At the northern end is a large music pavilion, where 
 concerts are given every Saturday and Sunda}' afternoons during the summer months. It is estimated that 
 often over 100,000 people throng this beautiful promenade to listen to the inspiriting strains of the band, and to 
 drink in the balmy and health giving breezes. Opposite the band pavilion the goat carriages are kept, and 
 they are a soiirce of enjoyment and delight to the little ones. Ascending the clilT on the left, the Arbor is 
 reached; this is covered with a splendid wistaria vine, whose purple blossoms make a fine show in the spring 
 time. Close bv is the Casino, an excellent restaurant, where the weary traveller can be refreshed and rested. 
 
 The northern termination of the Mall is the Terrace, the principal architectural beauty of the Park. It 
 is built of light-brown freestone, elaborately carved with birds and animals. On the shore of the Lake is an 
 esplanade, beneath which is a tiled hall, with arched roof and handsome flights of steps leading to the 
 Bethesda fountain. This brings the traveller to the Lake. The total area of water in the Park is 
 forty-three and a quarter acres. The Lake covers twenty acres, and is divided by a small strait. It is cov- 
 ered with pleasure boats in summer, and myriads of agile skaters in winter. The Lily Pond is full of beautiful 
 and rare specimens of water flowers, including the Egyptian Lotus and tropical plants. The Conservatory Lake, 
 of two and one-half acres, is at Seventy-fourth vStreet, and is used for miniature yacht races; the Pool is at One 
 Hundredth Street and Eighth Avenue, and Harlem Meer, covering twelve and one-half acres, is at the extreme 
 northeast. The Loch is the smallest sheet of water, and is northeast of the Pool. Beyond the Lake is the 
 Ramble, then the Receiving Reservoir for the city water, and the highest point of the Park is reached at the 
 Belvedere, with its picturesque tower, fifty feet high The new Croton Reservoir divides the North from the 
 South Park. In the northern part nature has not yet been improved upon by the landscape gardener and archi- 
 tect, and this section is both picturesque and historical. The features are Great Hill, the Carriage Circle, Har- 
 lem ]\Ieer, and McGown's Pass Taveni, the scene of many skirmishes between British and Continental troops in 
 1776. It is estimated that 15,000,000 people visit Central Park in a year. 
 
 Riverside Park has an area of 17S acres; it extends along the east bank of the Hudson, from Seventy- 
 second Street to 130th Street, a distance of three miles. Its salient attractions are the shrine of the late General 
 U. S. Grant, a magnificent drive, and the splendid residences of some New York millionaires. The other 
 parks, which arc sinall and scattered through the city, are Morningside, Madison Square, Union Square, Wash- 
 ington Square, City Hall, Bryant, East River, High Bridge, Manhattan, Mount Morris, Gramercy, Stuyvesant 
 Square, and :Mulbe'rry Bend. Pelham Bay Park, outside the city limits, in Westchester County, contains 1,756 
 acres on Long Island Sound, and Van Courtlandt Park, also outside the city, contains 1,132 acres. Bronx 
 Park, of 660 'acres, situated also in Westchester County, is a favorite resort of New York artists. There are 
 numerous other parks in the city, many of them so small as to be merely flower gardens and shrubberies. 
 
 The bridges, apart from the East River or Brooklyn Bridge, which connect the Island of Manhattan with its 
 outlying offshoots and tributaries, are : The Washington, a noble structure spanning the Harlem River, connecting 
 Washington Heights with what is known as the Annexed District; much admired for its architectural beauty 
 and proportion. High Bridge, which also spans the Harlem River at 175th street and Tenth avenue, a third of 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 a mile below Washington Bridge. It was built to carry the old Croton Aqueduct across the Harlem, and is 
 1,460 feet long from bluff to bluff. The McComb's Dam Bridge, an old wooden .structure spanning the Hudson 
 at the northern terminus of Seventh avenue, is a drawbridge, and is soon to be replaced by a structure which 
 will cost $2,000,000. There are many other bridges over the Harlem, but, although all are highly useful, none 
 is of importance in comparison with those named. The bridges in contemplation or already begun are the 
 
 HIGH BRIDGE. 
 
 North River Bridge between New Jersey and New York, the Citizens' Bridge between New York and Brook- 
 lyn, the Corbin Bridge from New York to Long Island City, the Blackwell's Island Bridge, and the Astoria 
 Suspension Bridge. Two tunnels are also projected, one under the Narrows between Staten Island and Brook- 
 lyn, and the Hudson River Tunnel between Jersey City and New York, which, begun in 1874, has been sus- 
 pended many times for lack of funds. Its last suspension was in 1892, still 1,750 feet of the tunnel have 
 been bored, and no doubt it will ultimately be finished. 
 
NEW YORK, THE AIETROPOLIS. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 1'HERE was a time when Boston competed with New York for commercial siipremacy, and the c]iiestion of 
 superiority in ethical culture is still in dispute. Boston is called the American Athens, and until of late it was 
 the centre, if not of American, certainly of New En,i;iand culture. The colleg'es, the newspapers, the theatres, 
 the conservation of wealth generally, in this city, have drawn hither as permanent residents famous authors, 
 painters, journalists, sculptors, dramatic writers, and professors and ]3reachers. And a_t,^ain, in New York 
 talent and genius lind a better market than is to be found anywhere else in the countr\-. Even though such 
 great Universities as Harvard, Yale and Princeton are not in New York, it is to the Metropolis their dis- 
 tingtiished graduates gravitate in the search for tields of fame and emolument. 
 
 New York possesses two noble Universities, namely, Cohtmbia College and the University of the City of 
 New York. From the Law vSchool of Columbia College the majoritv of the city's lawyers have received their 
 diplomas, while in the college itself many of the city's most famous men of all (le])artments have been trained and 
 educated. Columbia College is the legitimate offspring of King's College, chartered in 1754, with the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury as one of the Governors. From the beginning. Trinity Chtirch was its friend and 
 benefactor, and made it many grants of great value. Its first President was Dr. Samuel Johnson, of 
 
 UNivKRsrrv of the city of nf,w vork. 
 
 Connecticut, who was succeeded in 1763 1)V the Reverend Mylcs Coo]ier, an ardent Royalist, sent over by the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, and instructed to have the Episcopalian religion and loyalty to the reigning monarch 
 inculcated in the minds of the students. The Reverend Doctor faithfully carried out those instructions, and 
 when the Revolutionary cloud began to lower busied himself more in writing tirades against rebels than 
 teaching classics. In ^ 775 a mob attacked his lodgings in the College, and he escaped to England with 
 ditfieultv. vSuch famous men as Alexander Hamilton", Gouverneur Morris, John Jay and Robert R. Livingston 
 were educated in King's College. During the war that followed, the college building, then located on a height 
 overlooking the Hudson River", served as military hr.spital and its library and furniture was scattered to the winds. 
 After the war the institution was revived under the more American title of Columbia College, and has gone 
 on prospering and flourishing, until now it has J26 professors and 1,600 students, with a library (>f 120,000 
 volumes. ft is one of the "most thoroughly ecpiipped universities in the world. During the presideiiey of 
 Charles King, from 1S49 to 1864, the institution was removed from College Place to its present location on 
 Madison Avenue and Forty-ninth Street, and the Law School was founded and the School of Mines established. 
 In i8i4the State had granted to the college what is known as the Elgin estate, now yielding it princely 
 revenues. It was at one time the intention to build a new college on the Elgin estate, but after plans were 
 submitted by the celebrated architect Upjohn, the breaking out of the war caused the idea to be abandoned. 
 But although the Elgin estate location has been abandoned the University is to have a new site, and a piece of 
 ground covering seventeen and a half acres at Bloomingdale has been selected. The land has been purchased, 
 and Charles A.^McKim, Charles C. Haight and Richard M. Hunt, well known architects, have been appointed 
 commi.s.sioners to plan the new building.s. The faculties of law, medicine, mines, political science and political 
 economy constitute the University. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 The University of the City of New York was called into existence in 1830 by public spirited citizens, com- 
 posed of merchants, lawyers, manufacturers and clergymen. Notwithstanding the Revolution Episcopalianism 
 still in a measure permeated Columbia College; a non-denominational college was wanted, and the University 
 was established with this object in view. Until 1883 part of the Council was elected by the City Legislature, 
 and it was forbidden that any religious denomination should have a majority. Since then Columbia has broad- 
 ened out in its views, but nevertheless the establishment of the University was a necessity. New York needs 
 two .such institutions, as the number of students in the University, as well as in its co-laborer, go to show. The 
 University has 1,400 students. The buildings of the corporation are located in two different places, Washing- 
 ton Square East, between Washington and Waverley Places, and East Twenty-sixth vStreet, between First Ave- 
 nue and the East River. The Wa.shington Square building contains the Council room, the class rooms, labora- 
 tories, society rooms, museum, and the observatory belonging to the department of Arts and Science, also the 
 lecture roomand library of the department of law. This building is a handsome Gothic structure, which was 
 erected between 1832 and 1835, and for years was the resort of many celebrated artists and literati, who had 
 their chambers in the building. The Twenty-sixth Street building was erected in 1879, and an addition in the 
 shape of a West wing added the year following. The East wing was put up in 18S7. In this building is located 
 
 .Ml .sl'A.M Ul' X.M LK.^I, HihloRV. 
 
 the department of Medicine, the administrative offices, the professors' private rooms, the dissecting rooms, and 
 the upper and lower amphitheatres, each of which seats about 500 students. The East wing, or Laboratory 
 building, contains on its five floors the laboratories of Chemistry, Physiology, Pathology, Biology and Materia 
 Mcdica. An unknown friend donated $100,000 for the erection of the laboratory, with the proviso' that his name 
 was to be kept a secret, and that the wing was to be known as the " Loomis Laboratory." It was through the 
 hands of Dr. Loomis this donation came to the University. The West wing is the Clinical building, and cimtains 
 a dispensary which treats nine or ten thousand patients each year gra'tuitously. The Bellevue Hospital is 
 where the students receive much of their instruction. The total value of the buildings and grounds belonging 
 to the University is about $750,000, and its wealth altogether nearly $2,000,000. Like Columbia College, it 
 will soon remove to a new location, on the east side of the Harlem River, between Morris Dock and Kings- 
 bridge. The intention at present is take the Washington Square building to pieces and reconstruct them on 
 the new site. 
 
 The first faculty of the University was that of Arts and Science, which is coeval with the college, but in 
 1866 regular University work was begun by twelve chairs, all of which but one enrolled members. This work 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 
 MEDICAL. 
 
JV£ll^ YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 was expected to equal in magnitude that for undergraduate students ; but University work, so far as it aims to 
 diffuse knowledge, has been achieved by this faculty in a great degree from the beginning. Fourteen pro- 
 fessors are engaged in undergraduates' work, but are not so closely occupied as to prevent them giving much time 
 to advanced students. It was in a room of this department that Samuel F. B. Morse invented the recording 
 telegraph, and that Dr. John W. Draper first invented the art of utilizing photography in taking a likeness of 
 the human countenance. 
 
 The facult}" of Medicine was organized in 1841 with a corps of six professors, of whom Drs. Valentine 
 Mott and John W. Draper are the best known. In 18S9-90 633 students were enrolled, nearly a hundred of 
 whom were foreigners. The faculty of Law was planned in 1S35 by the Hon. B. F. Butler, Attorney General of 
 the United States, but a quarter of a century elapsed before it took definite shape. It has now about 150 law 
 students. The University of the City of New York may be said, speaking very roughl}', to partake of a medical 
 character, while Columbia is more legal in its scope. 
 
 Neither in Columbia College nor in the University are there any dormitories or accommodation for resi- 
 dents. It is thought that the new buildings of both institutions will have such dormitories, but not to any 
 
 -»*^"5^^^" 
 
 NORMAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 
 
 great extent. Connected with Columbia College in one way or another, although not forming an integral 
 part of it, are the School of Arts on Madison Avenue, with 50 professors and 300 students; the School of Mines, 
 founded in 1864; the School of Law, of which the late Professor Dwight was for so many years the President; 
 the School of Political Science, an outgrowth of the School of Law; the School of Philosophy, founded in 1S90; 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which is the medical department of the college, and was chartered in 
 1807, the School of Medicine having been united with it in late years. William H. Vanderbilt donated half a 
 million dollars to this department in 1884, and with this gift a building on Fifty-ninth Street and Tenth Avenue 
 was erected. A few months later Mrs. William D. Sloane, daughter of Mrs. Vanderbilt, conjointly with her 
 husband, presented $250,000 towards the construction of a Sloane Maternity Hospital, and still later Mr. Van- 
 derbilt's four sons gave a like sum towards the erection of a Vanderbilt Clinic and Dispensary. Barnard Col- 
 lege, 343 Madison Avenue, has professors approved by Columbia College, and has the same privilege as regards 
 granting a degree as a parent or sponsor. Another offshoot of Columbia is the New York College for the train- 
 ing of teachers, the first of its kind ever established in America. It has students from eighteen different States. 
 Its object is to bring modern life and the modern school more in touch with each other by organization, practice 
 
iV/f//- ro'/v'A', run M I'/rKoroLis. 
 
 
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 c^ACE (;hu,^(:h. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 and observation. This college is empowered to confer the degrees of Bachelor, Master and Doctor of Peda- 
 gogy. The two great collegiate institutions of New York have comparatively little undergraduate work, and 
 concentrate themselves mostly on high academic studies and professional work. Oiit of the 3,000 or more stu- 
 dents not more than 550 are undergraduates, and more than one-fourth are graduates of other colleges. They 
 are more utilitarian than Harvard and Yale and, perhaps, more cosmopolitan in their character. 
 
 The College of the City of New York, located on Lexington Avenue and Twenty-third iStreet, takes 
 the place of a high school really, though its range of studies is higher than that of the high school generally. 
 It was established in 1848 under the name of Free Academy, but in 1868 received its present name, with the 
 powers and privileges of a college. It contains a large workshop, engineering facilities, and a library of 28,000 
 volumes. The city grants $160,000 a year towards its maintenance. 
 
 The Normal College for Women is also supported by a grant from the city of $100,000 a year. The 
 building, which cost $500,000 in construction, stands between Park and Lexington Avenues, and Sixty-eighth and 
 Sixty-ninth Streets. It has a large hall, three lecture rooms and thirty recitation rooms. It has generally 
 2,500 to 3,000 students, and about 80 per cent, of its graduates have become teachers in the public schools. 
 
 The Cooper Union, founded by the late Peter Cooper, is one of New York's free educational establish- 
 ments, of which an}- city in the world might be proud. The scope of this institution takes in free schools of 
 Science and Art, a free reading room and library, all of which are taken advantage of by those anxious for an 
 education, but who cannot afford to pay for it in the regular college. It is chiefly, however, dedicated to the 
 teaching of technique. It has evening schools of Science and Art, having an average annual attendance of 
 3,500 students. The qualification for admission are a rudimentary education and an age above fifteen. Women 
 are admitted to the lectures and scientific classes, and a special art school is provided for them in the day. The 
 regular course of five years' study includes algebra, geometry, trigonometry, analytical and descriptive geom- 
 etry, differential and integral calculus, natural philosophy, elementary and anah-tical chemistr)', mechanical 
 drawing and mechanics. Many annual prizes are given by individuals, and the institution confers medals and 
 diplomas. There is an English department with Belles Lettres, rhetoric and elocution, a department fcir 
 instructing women in telegraphy, phonography and typewriting. The Art School is divided into classes in 
 drawing, photo-crayon, photo-color, painting, retouching, wood engraving and pattern painting. While still 
 under instruction many of the students in these departments earn such good wages, and the pres-sure for admis- 
 sion is consequently so great, that an amateur class has been formed, for which admission fee for the course is 
 charged. 
 
 There are man}^ Catholic educational institutions in and around New York devoted to higher education, 
 chief among them being St. John's College, in Fordham, founded in 1841 by Archbishop Hughes. It is now 
 under the control of the Jesuits, and has turned out many clever young men who have made names for them- 
 selves in the various professions. The College of St. Francis Xavier, also under the Jesuits, is in possession of 
 an imposing pile of buildings on Fifteenth and .Sixteenth Streets, near Sixth Avenue. ^Manhattan College is 
 another great Catholic institution, in control of the Christian Brothers, with extensive buildings in Manhattan- 
 ville. The College of St. Francis Xavier has 300 students, St. John's College 350, and Manhattan about 300. 
 The Academy of the Sacred Heart, in charge of the .Sisters of that name, has 250 pupils, and there are numer- 
 ous other Catholic educational establishments scattered through the city, mostly in the suburbs. 
 
 As regards higher education the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church stands 
 in the front rank of colleges for religious thought and training. Its existence is a blessing to civilization. It 
 was established in 181 7 and incorporated in 1822, since which year it has graduated 1,200 men, thirty-four of 
 whom became bishops. It has twelve professors and instructors and 125 students in holy orders, ninety-two of 
 whom are college graduates, many of them from Canadian, Swedish, Persian and Turkish Colleges. Its hand- 
 some row of buildings is on Chelsea Square, and it has a library of 22,000 volumes. The Union Theological 
 .Seminary, an institution of similar character, is situated on Lenox Hill along Park Avenue, between Sixty-ninth 
 and Seventieth .Streets. This seminary was founded in 1836 under Presbyterian auspices, and has a library of 
 60,000 volumes and 50,000 pamphlets. It has seven professors, 160 students, and the course of study covers three 
 years. 
 
 The Jewish element, now so numerous and so influential in New York City life, is fully abreast of the 
 times as respects higher education, and though naturally many of the youth are sent to the secular colleges, 
 where they hold their own, they have a Theological Seminary on Lexing'ton Avenue for the training of Jewish 
 rabbles and teachers. This seminary is maintained for the most part by the New York. Philadelphia and Balti- 
 more Synagogues. It has at present three preceptors and fifteen students. 
 
 Chief among the private schools of New York are the Audubon Institute. Berkeley School, Berlitz School 
 of Languages, Collegiate Institute, Collegiate School, Columbia Grammar School, Columbia Military Institute, 
 Dahn's Institute, De la Salle Institute, Friends Seminary, Heywood Institute, Lenox Institute, Model Kinder- 
 garten, New York School of Languages, New York School' of Oratorv, New York Trade Schools, Rutgers 
 Female Institute, Packard's Business College and the West End Avenue .School. When it is stated that New 
 York spends nearly five million dollars a year on the education of its youth, that all the public schools are free 
 and^ that^children can pass from their ABC Class, grade by grade, 'until they go into the College of the City 
 of New York, where a finished education may be had, the importance of this branch of the city's government 
 can be appreciated. The public school teachers number 4,206. The number of public schools under charge of 
 the Commissioners of Education are 306, which are attended by 250,000 pupils. The attendance of children 
 between eight and fourteen is compulsory, and twelve truancy agents are paid to see that the statute is observed. 
 Besides the public schools many corporate schools participate in the benefits of the school fund. French and 
 German are taught in the highest grades, so is music, and such a system carried out that the poorest child in the 
 city may obtain an education at the public expense. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 TrjfjTnfr^F^^ f-^ ' ' ~^%^ 
 
 COOl'HR UNION. 
 
 # 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
JVEJV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 IT is a trite saying that you can tell a city by its architecture, in the same way as you can judge a man by the 
 1 friends he keeps. This wise saw may be true so far as the old Contineutal cities of Ijygone centuries are 
 concerned, when each country has its distinctive style and each century its peculiar fashion. " l:!iit in a cit\' like 
 New York, the Metropolis of the Western Hemisphere, and the gateway of this great Rci)iil)lic, the old aphorism 
 is blown to the winds. Every nationality on the face of the globe comes to New York, and the majority of the 
 strangers comes to stay, and stay long enough to leave some impression of their manners and customs. Hence, 
 with a great, throbbing, ever increasing, cosmopolitan population and a conglomeration of races and ideas, a 
 diversity in the architecture is a natural result. 
 
 Every great city has its principal thoroughfare, its main arter)-, as it were. New York, ho\vev(.-r, has 
 Broadway, which is cpioted as a great street all over the world, liroadway is, in fact, the spinal column of the 
 
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 ACADEMY OF DESIGN. 
 
 Metropolis It is more to New Y.irk than Regent Street is to London, than Unter den Linden is to Berlin, 
 than the Prader is to \'ienna \\\ fact, Broadwav is i .nc of the longest and grandest busmess thoroughfares m the 
 world and diversified and ever changing as it is, it is the pride of every good American, and justly so. While it 
 is not imposing to the eve from a iDird's eye view, it is mighty interesting and impressive from its busme-ss 
 aspect and peculiarly entertaining from its uptown social and society point of view. There are no loiterers 
 downtJ.wn, cvervbodv rushes along lor dear life, the .streets are crowded with a ceaseless procession ot wagons, 
 trucks, cars, and everv kind and stvle of vehicle. All is business, bustle, and a race tor wealth.^ Half^yay 
 uptown there is the antithesis to all this hurrv, in the loiterers ot the .squares, the deliberative laziness of the 
 nurse girls and the sleepv beatitude of the babies. Higher up. again, come the sauntermg actor, out of work 
 and the pert actress with flashing eyes, setting traps for the susceptible and easily victimized stage masher; and 
 lastly come the dolce-far-niente manner of the society swell, the drawl and crawl ot the chappie, and the self- 
 satisfied amble of the unconscious lovers strolling around the Park. 1 , .• , 
 But t,- return to Broadwav and its great buildings. It is a perfect chaos of style, color and matenal 
 Every State, countrv and territofy on earth has contributed to its makeup. Tliere are marb e from W estchcs ei 
 County, Vermont and Penn.sylvania; stone from France and N.,va Scotia ; granite Irom Scotland and New England; 
 
NEW YOBK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 brownstone from New York and surrounding States ; timber from the ' ' Sunny South " and West ; firebricks from 
 New Jersey ; brick from Philadelphia and Milwaukee, and iron from Pennsylvania. For variety of style every taste 
 can be accommodated. There are Greek, Doric. Ionic, Gothic, Corinthian, Roman, Italian, Tudor, Renaissance, 
 modern French, Early English and our own Colonial. A walk up Broadway is a great object lesson. Beginning 
 at the Battery, there is \he representative of New York's callow days of youth in old Castle Garden, a 
 nondescript building without form or beauty. Then there is the more modern and picturesque Barge Office, 
 with solid granite front and fantastic campanile. 
 
 Crossing Battery Park the traveller comes to the first great building of Broadway proper, in the great 
 Washington Building, one of the finest structures in America. It is built on a historic site, and commands a 
 grand view of the harbor. The building contains 348 offices. On the opposite side of the road are the Foreign 
 Consul and vShipping offices, and then there is the Produce Exchange, one of the largest and finest structures in 
 the world, and cost for land, building and fittings over $3,000,000. Proceeding northward, there are the Welles 
 Building, the Standard Oil Company's palatial offices, Aldrich Court, built on the spot where the first habitation 
 of a white man was ever erected on Manhattan Island; the Columbia Building, thirteen stories high; the Tower 
 Building, the New Manhattan Life Insurance Building ; the Cimsolidated vStock & Petroleum Exchange, the Union 
 Trust Companv, and then the stately Gothic Trinity Church, with its graceful spire and melodious chime of bells. 
 
 Crossing over to the corner of Wall Street, there are the United Bank Building, containing the National 
 Bank of the Republic and the First National Bank ; the Equitable Life Assurance Society, in which is the office 
 
 l'.KiMiKL\.S l;Rlln,l'.. 
 
 of the Department of Agriculture's Bureau for Meteorological Observations ; the Boreel Building ; the Western 
 Union Telegraph offices, the Corbin Building and Mercantile National Bank Building; the handsome new 
 Mail & Express Building, built by the late Elliott F. Shepard; the National Park Bank (an illustration of which 
 is on another page); the fine old and historic St. Paul's Church; the old Herald office building, soon to be 
 replaced by a magnificent pile of iron and brick; and opposite the well known hostlery, dear to the hearts of all 
 country folk, the Astor House (see description on another page). 
 
 Then on the angle of Park Row and Broadway is the Post Office, completed in 1875 at a cost of nearly 
 $7,000,000. Next the pedestrian comes to an imposing edifice at the corner of Murray Street, built by the 
 Postal Telegraph & Cable Company. It is of Indiana limestone, brick and terra-cotta trimmings, and is 
 considered one of the handsomest buildings in the city. Joining the Postal Telegraph Cable Company's building 
 is the building of the Home Life Insurance Company, and it is purely early Italian Renaissance in its architec- 
 ture. Then comes the conspicuously red office of the United States Life. At the corner of Chambers Street 
 is the new home of the National Shoe and Leather Bank, also a grand specimen of modern architecture. 
 
 Crossing Broadway once more, the objects of interest architecturally are the City Hall, the municipal 
 offices and Law Courts and the City Hall Park, one of the lower lungs of the city. Proceeding onward there is 
 the great Stewart Building, at the northeast corner of Chambers Street, an immense pile of marble and iron. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
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xl NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Then comes another new and lofty edifice in the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association, at the northwest 
 corner of Duane Street. It is fourteen stories high and a, most massive and imposing- building. On the opposite side 
 of the street is an old friend in the handsome home of the New York Life Insurance Company, a fine marble 
 edifice, as solid as the corporation that owns it. vStill moving northward, the traveller arrives at the Ninth National 
 Bank ; the great Rouss Building, a splendid monument of one man's pluck, push and perseverance ; the solid 
 Metropolitan Hotel and old Niblo's Garden, originally kept by the Lelands. Then on the west side is the 
 massive stone and granite enclosure for machinery called the Power House of the New York Cable Company, 
 and at the corner of Bleecker Street is the handsome and ornate office of the Manhattan Savings Institution. 
 Proceeding onward, the newly constructed and arranged Broadway Central Hotel is arrived at, and then one of the 
 landmarks of the great thoroughfare, in A. T. Stewart's great iron drygoods store, occupying an entire block. 
 
 Lower Broadway ends just here, and it is ornamentally and gracefully concluded by the beautiful, 
 decorated Gothic erection of Grace Church, with its absolutely perfect spire and prett}- groups of buildings, 
 built through the benevolence of Miss Catharine L. Wolfe and the Hon. Levi P. Morton. Opposite is the well 
 known caravansary, the vSt. Denis Hotel; and then the old and favored Star Theatre, made bright by the 
 genius of Lester Wallack, brings the rover to Union Scjuare which is surroimded by large buildings and 
 handsome stores. At the northwest comer of Fourteenth vStreet is the handsome Lincoln Office Building, and on 
 the opposite side of the square the Hotel Dam and Union »Square Hotel. Then the historic and world-famed 
 Tiffan3-'s, with its millions upon millions' worth of precious stones and ornamental bric-a-brac. The new 
 emporium for pianos of Decker Brothers towers above the surrounding buildings, and on the opposite comer 
 is the conspicuously handsome and solid Centur)' Building, from whence the well known Century ]\Iagazinc is 
 edited and published. 
 
 Proceeding now through the more fashionable business portion of Broadway, the great stores of Arnold 
 &' Constable and J. W. Sloane loom up grandly, almost obliterating the more modest but solid Aberdeen and 
 Continental Hotels. Three blocks more and Madison Square is reached, the most beautiful, popular, and ornate 
 breathing place of this city. At the southeast corner of Broadway and Twenty-third Street is the Bartholdi 
 Hotel, and a few doors eastward is the magnificent white marble hoine of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Com- 
 pany, one of the most expensive and conspicuous buildings in the city. Another great pile of brick and terra 
 cotta is the Madison Square Garden, the largest amusement building in America, architecturally magnificent, 
 yet simple in construction, and erected at a cost of about $3,000,000. Crossing Madison Square there comes a 
 list of hotels, all of them known all over the world — the Fifth Avenue, Albemarle, Hoffman House, St. James, 
 Delmonico's, the Victoria, the Sturtevant and Gilsey House. There is the vast Gilsey building, which is the 
 only building in the world with two theatres tmder the one roof; these are the Fifth Avenue and Herrmann's 
 Theatres. Then a batch of amusement palaces is dotted on each side of the way. Palmer's, Daly's, the Bijou, 
 and the Standard a little way up. 
 
 vStill moving upward, there are the comfortable Grand Hotel and the stately Imperial, and at the angle of 
 Broadway and Sixth Avenue is the Union Dime .Savings Bank, conspicuous for its white fagade and illuminated 
 clock. At the opposite angle, where Sixth Avenue intersects Broadway, is an important factor in the ornament- 
 ation of Upper Broadway in the new Herald Building, which is as beautiful as it is unique. It does not soar 
 to the skies, but is only two stories high, and is exclusively for the use of one of America's great journals. 
 
 Moving on, another batch of hotels and theatres strikes the eye of the passer by. There are the hand- 
 some hostelries, the Marlborough, the Normandie, the ( )riental, the Gedney House, the Vendome, the Metro- 
 pole, the St. Cloud, and the Barrett House, and the new and pretty playhouses, including the fire-scarred 
 Metropolitan Opera House, Abbey's new Theatre, the Casino, the Empire, and the Broadway Theatre. Above 
 Forty-second Street nothing of importance is to be seen until the park is reached, and the Gladstone at Fifty- 
 ninth Street ends the long list of big and handsome buildings on New York's greatest thoroughfare. 
 
 All around Central Park and along the fine Boulevard, which is really an extension of Broadway, are a 
 number of fine specimens of Gotham's latest fad, the flat and apartment houses. These monumental structures 
 tower their lofty heads above everything else, and some of them are as splendid and lavish in their appoint- 
 ments as they are expensive and alarming in the rentals asked. Every day adds to these enormous residential 
 palaces, and to give a full list would be impossible in these limited pages. The most important and splendid 
 of them, however, are the Dakota, at Central Park West and Seventy-second Street, built in the style of a 
 French chateau; the Navarro Flats, at Fifty-ninth Street and Seventh Avenue, which cost $7,000,000 to erect, 
 and comprise in one great group of handsome homes, the Madrid, the Granada, the Lisbon, the Cordova, the 
 Barcelona, the Valencia, the Salamanca, and the Tolosa. 
 
 Scattered along Upper Broadway and the West Side of the Park are the Strathmore, Windsor, Rutland, 
 Albany, Pocantico, Osborne, Grenoble, Wyoming, and Van Colaer; the Beresford, San Remo, La Grange, 
 Endicott and Rutledge in Central Park West, and the splendid Nevada, high up on the Boulevard. Mention 
 must be made of the high class establishments on Madison Avenue, known as the Earlscourt, St. Catharine, St. 
 Honore, Hoffman Arms, and Santa Marguerita; on Columbus Avenue are the Brockholst and Greylock ; on 
 Fifth Avenue the Hamilton and the Knickerbocker; and in the central part of the city the Gramercy Park, 
 Anglesea, Chelsea, Florence, Westmoreland, Douglas, Beechwood, etc., and last, but not least in size or beauty, 
 the bachelor apartment houses Croisie, Benedict and Alpine. 
 
 The Tenement Houses, which tell of the dark side of New York City, are dotted on nearly all the streets 
 below Fourteenth Street. They hang on to the edges of both rivers, east and west, and reach up^as far as Fifty- 
 ninth Street. In these cheaply constructed buildings, the squalor and misery inseparable to a great city are 
 hidden, and in some sections the tenants are packed together at the rate of many thousands to the square. 
 
 Having taken the explorer through principal business and amusement thoroughfares of the city, and ten- 
 derly guided him over the abodes of poverty and vice, it will be well to return once more to all that is bright 
 and pleasing. Fifth Avenue, the .splendid residence street of the citv, the abode of the aristocrat and the mil- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 xli 
 
xlii 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 lionaire, is pre-eminently the finest avenue in the country ; it rivals Broadway in big hotels, and it far outvies it in 
 clubs, churches, and the residences of wealth and luxury. Fifth Avenue extends from Washington vSquare 
 for four miles northward. Taking its public buildings and beginning at the Park, there are the splendid Metro- 
 politan Museum of Art, containing a magnificent collection of paintings, statues, and ancient relics loaned and 
 presented by prominent and wealthy citizens, the Lenox Library, St. Luke's Hospital, the Roman Catholic 
 Orphan Asylum, and lower down Chickering Hall. The most recently erected structures are the Judge Build- 
 ing, Methodist Book Concern, and the Mohawk Building. 
 
 The private residences and millionaires" palaces are unsurpassed by any other avenue in the world. 
 Among them are Robert L. vStuart's mansion, the .splendid homes of Henry O. Havemeyer, William Rocke- 
 feller, thauncey M. Depew, Russell Sage, Ogden Goelet, Henry M. Flagler, Darius (). Mills, R. F. Cutting, 
 Robert Goelet, and the C. P. Huntington mansion. The Stevens house, owned and occupied by ex-Secretary 
 of the Navy William C. Whitney, and the series of splendid edifices occupied by Cornelius Vanderbilt, William 
 K. Vanderbilt, Mrs. William H' Vanderbilt, William D. Sloane, and Mrs. Elliott F. Shepard. The avenue is 
 the pi-incipal resort of the clubs, among them being the Progress, at Sixt>'-third Street; the Metropolitan and 
 the New, at Fifty-eighth Street; the Democratic, near Fiftieth Street; the Republican, at Fortieth; the Union 
 League and the Delta Kappa Epsilon, at Thirty-ninth Street ; the St. Nicholas, at Thirty-sixth Street ; the New 
 
 »«, 
 
 >.rtn. 
 
 
 "'^«'*>*, 
 
 
 mm 
 
 jr. 
 
 ^'' %,^^^^;-JtU 
 
 
 CRIMINAL rOURT. 
 
 York, at Thirty-fifth Street ; the Manhattan, at Thirty-fourth Street, the late A. T. Stewart's residence ; the 
 Knickerbocker, at Thirty-second Street; the Calumet, at Twenty-ninth Street; the Reform, at Twenty-seventh 
 Street; the Sorosis, near Twenty-fifth Street, and the Lotus and Union, at Twenty-first Street. Among the 
 other important clubs in the city are the Century, 7 West Forty-third vStreet ; the University, Madison Avenue 
 and Twenty-sixth Street ; the Colonial, Seventy-second vStreet and Boulevard ; the Harmonic, 45 West Forty-second 
 Street; the Grolier, 29 East Thirty-second Street ; the Players', Gramercy Park, and the Press Club, Nassau Street. 
 But it is in magnificent and luxurious hotels that Fifth Avenue is especially favored, big millionaires 
 vying with each other in their efforts to erect the loftiest and most splendid buildings. At the Plaza is, per- 
 haps, the most perfect, and certainly the newest, in W. W. Astor's beautiful structure, the New Netherland, 
 erected at a cost of $3,000,000. On the opposite corner of Fifty-ninth Street is the Savoy, another palace of 
 steel and limestone, built by Judge Dugro, at a cost of over $2,000,000. The " Plaza " is at the Fifty-ninth 
 Street and Fifth Avenue entrance of Central Park. It contains 400 rooms, and is owned by the New York Life 
 Insurance Company. The Langham is at Fifty-second Street; the Buckingham, at Fiftieth Street; the 
 Windsor, at Forty-sixth Street; the Sherwood, at Forty-fourth Street; the Hamilton and Bristol, at Forty-second 
 Street; the St. Marc at Thirtv-ninth Street. 
 
JV£IJ' YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 xliii 
 
 )PSERVAToRY-CENTRAL PARK. 
 
xliv 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 At Thirty-third Street is another splendid palace in the Waldorf, built by William Waldorf Astor, on the 
 site of the old Astor mansion. It contains over 500 rooms and is said to be the finest hotel in the world for com- 
 fort and appointments. The Cambridge is also at Thirty-third vStreet ; the Holland, at Thirtieth Street ; the Vic- 
 toria, at Twenty-seventh Street; the Brunswick, at Twenty-fifth Street, and Delmonico's opposite. Crossing 
 Madison Square, the rover comes to the Glenham, at Twenty-second Street; the Logerot, at Twentieth Street; 
 the Lenox, at Twelfth Street, the Berkeley, at Ninth Street, and the popular old fashioned Brevoort House, at 
 Clinton Place. 
 
 Fifth Avenue is a thoroughfare of magnificent churches, which are considered as numerous and as splen- 
 did as in any other street in the world. First comes the fine Jewish Temple Bethel, at Seventy-sixth Street; 
 then the splendid Gothic structure, the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian, at Fifty-sixth Street, whose pastor is the 
 popular Dr. John Hall; St. Thomas (Episcopal), at Fifty-third Street. The magnificent Roman Catholic 
 Cathedral of St. Patrick, occupying a whole block between Fiftieth and Fifty-first Streets, one of the finest 
 ecclesiastical buildings in the country. Then comes the Collegiate Reformed, at Forty-fifth Street; the Heav- 
 enly Rest (Episcopal), near Forty-fifth Street; the Divine Paternity (Universalist), at Forty-fifth Street; the 
 Jewish Temple Emanuel, at Forty-third Street; the Brick Presbyterian, at Thirty-seventh Street; the Collegiate 
 Reformed, at Twenty-ninth Street, the First Presbyterian, at Twelfth Street, and the Church of the Ascension 
 (Episcopal), at Tenth Street. 
 
 Madison Avenue from an architectural and residential point of view cannot be passed over without a few 
 words. It contains many fine mansions, the handsomest being those of Charles F. Clark and John King, at 
 
 aa^gss!«&-- 
 
 ^ 
 
 \b\ m 'iMi'niiiii 
 
 ^^ II II 11 II 
 
 
 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART-CENTR.\L PARK. 
 
 Sixty-ninth Street; Whitelaw Reid's beautiful Florentine palace ; and the picturesque Tiff^any liouse. The 
 churches are also numerous, the finest being St. James (Protestant Episcopal), at Seventy-first Street ; All Souls' 
 (Episcopal), at Sixty-sixth Street ; Madison Avenue (Methodist Episcopal), at Sixtieth Street ; St. Bartholomew's, 
 at Forty-fourth Street ; the Church of the Holy Trinity, at Forty-second vStreet ; the Church of the Incarnation, 
 at Thirty-fifth Street ; iladison Avenue Baptist Church, at Thirty-first Street, and the Madison Square Presby- 
 terian Church, at Twenty-fourth Street. The popular Church of the Transfiguration, known as "The Little 
 Church around the Corner," nestles quietly and modestly on Twenty-ninth Street, between Fifth and Madison 
 Avenues. 
 
 Among the other prominent architectural adornments of the Metropolis scattered over the Northern and 
 Eastern part of the city are, the magnificent Cathedral of St. John the Divine (Protestant Episcopal), now in 
 course of erection, which will cost, when finished, over $6,000,000. It will be the highest building in the world 
 next to the Eifirel Tower, and the noblest fane in America. It is splendidly situated on Morningside Park, 
 between iioth and 113th Streets. Then there are Mount St. Vincent Academy, at Riverdale ; the Convent of the 
 Sacred Heart, St. Nicholas Avenue and 130th Street ; New York Cancer Hospital, Central Park West and io6th 
 Street ; the Grant Monument, now being erected at Riverside Park ; the Columbia College buildings, at River- 
 dale ; the Carnegie Music Hall, at Fifty-seventh Street ; the Normal College, at Lexington Avenue and Sixty- 
 ninth Street ; the American Fine Arts Building, on Fifty-eighth vStreet ; the American ^Museum of Natural 
 History, at Seventy-seventh Street, and the Union Theological Seminary, on Park Avenue. 
 
NEW YOJ^K, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 xlv 
 
 NEW YORK Hi.)SPITAL. 
 
xlvi 
 
 NEW .YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Working downtown the explorer of the architectural beauties will find the College of the Cit}- of New 
 York, at Lexington Avenue and Twenty-third Street ; the Academy of Design, also on Twenty-third Street ; the 
 Masonic Hall, on Twenty-third Street; the Jefferson ^larket Court House, on Sixth Avenue. Then crossing to 
 the Bowery, there are the dear old Cooper Union, the Astor Library Building, the Tombs and the new Criminal 
 Court House adjoining. With a jump to Nassau, the great office buildings loom up again, and there are the 
 great iron and brick piles known as the Vanderbilt, the Mutual Life Insurance Building and the Clearing House ; 
 "on Wall Street, are the Sub-Treasury, the Assay Ofhce and the Custom House, also some magnificent office 
 buildings, including the Schermerhom, the Astor, the Manhattan Company and Merchants' National Bank, the 
 
 WASHINGTON ARCH. 
 
 Bank of America, the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company, the Central Trust Company, the Gallatin 
 Bank Building and Drexel's. On Broad Street, the Mills, the Edison, the Morris and the Stock Exchange. 
 
 The last but certainh- not the least important in the li.st of big buildings are collected along Newspaper 
 (or Park) Row and Printing House Square, at the north end of Nassau Street. There will be found the magni- 
 ficent working abodes of the World, the Sun, the Tribune, the Times and the Press, and the fine office buildings, 
 the Morse, the Potter and Temple Court. The New York Reeorder has a substantial eight storj- building on 
 Spruce Street. On the West side mention should be made of the great Havemeyer Building on Cortlandt 
 vStreet, the Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Building, the Coal and Iron Exchange, and the Offices of the 
 Central Railroad of New Jersey. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 xlvn 
 
 ORNAMENTAL STRUCTURES AND STATUARY. 
 
 /'^( )XvSIDERING its age, Gotham is well t'avdreil in Slatnar}-, iMiuntaiiis, Memorial Arehes, and Obelisks. 
 v> The heads of the Cit}' Government have wisely fnlldwcd tin; French models in their selcetions of objects to 
 please the public eye, and vary the monotony of dwellinL;- houses and factories. As a rule the statues .are artistic, 
 and they represent nnt 1 inly local celebrities, but the i^reat men of llie world, and the vaiiety of nationalities 
 represented amply proves the cosmopolitan character of the eit\'. The collection, taken as a whole, rellects 
 
 credit on the designers and compares favorably with any other city in the world for its a 
 
 all about sixty statues, __^ —^ 
 
 of sculpture, two 
 
 obelisks and a 
 
 every park or square. 
 
 most important and 
 
 creation which greets 
 
 floats up the liay is 
 
 cent m o n u m e n t to 
 
 Enlightening the 
 
 situated on Bedloe's 
 
 bor. The figure is 
 
 page xxi of this work. 
 
 tery the first statue 
 
 John Ericsson, finely 
 
 Scott Hartley ; the 
 
 and three inches in 
 
 J. y. A. Ward's colossal 
 
 ington, at the entrance 
 
 Wall St., on the actual 
 
 took the oath of office 
 
 the United States in 
 
 wav is the earliest 
 
 art in the city. It is 
 
 of Governor Peter 
 
 timber leg and austere 
 
 ler arrives at Printing 
 
 Benjamin Franklin is 
 
 and Horace Greeley 
 
 smiles down upon the 
 
 the rnbnnc Fhiilding 
 
 City Hall Park 'is 
 
 Nathan Hale, presentei 1 
 
 Sons of the Revolution, 
 
 building are Gutenberg 
 
 ing the march uptown 
 
 Astor Place, where the 
 
 Congressman Samuel 
 
 arm over the populace. 
 
 Miss Louisa Lawson, 
 
 Washington Scpiare. 
 
 morial arches forms 
 
 Avenue. It is the 
 
 ere c ted in i8.Sc; to 
 
 nial of the inauguration 
 
 President of theUnited .,,.,- ,-,-xto>t vsw 
 
 designed bv Stanford 
 
 marble. It is considered the handsomest structure of its kind i\\ the country. .,.■■, n- i a 1 ..-.^ri,.,- 
 
 ni bronze ot Garibaldi and Alex.ander 
 
 and size. There are in 
 busts and i(l(.-al works 
 trininplial arches, two 
 handsome fountain in 
 To begin with, the 
 best known artistic 
 e V e r y visitor who 
 Barth(ddi's inagnifi- 
 freedom. "Li 1> e r t y 
 ^^' o r 1 d," s])lendidly 
 Island, New \'ork Ilar- 
 fully d esc r i b e d on 
 Landing at the Bat- 
 is a bronze effigy of 
 modelled by Julian 
 figure is eight feet 
 height. Next comes 
 bronze statue of Wash- 
 of the Siib-Trea.sury on 
 site w here Washington 
 as lirst President of 
 17.S9. At 165 Broad- 
 example of statuary 
 the wooden i m a g e 
 vStuyvesant, with his 
 mien. Then the travel- 
 House vStjuare, where 
 in heroic size in bronze, 
 seated in an arm chair 
 thousands passing 
 Crossing t o t h e 
 MeMonnie's statue of 
 to the City by the 
 ( In the Staats Zcitung 
 and Franklin. Continu- 
 the traveller arrives at 
 'cttcr carrier's friend, 
 S. Cox, lifts his right 
 This is the work of 
 Next in orilcr comes 
 where one of the me- 
 the entrance to Fifth 
 Washington Arch, 
 celebrate the centen- 
 of Washington as first 
 States. The arch was 
 White and is of white 
 It was completed in 1892 and cost 
 
 $128,000. Wa.shington Square is also adorned with heroic representations 'n.^vf. ;.; 
 
 L. HoUev, On reac^iing Union Square the wanderer has a feast of art, patriotism and beauty beto, eh 1^ 1 1 eie is 
 a pretty fountain and a handsome drinking fountain surmounted by a woman and two children. ^^ ^hc jijiittion 
 of Fourth Avenue and Fourteenth Street is the finest of the Washington statues, ^V^^ Tm nediateh 
 
 his Country " on horseback. It is of heroic size and was finely sculptured by Henry k .^lo "c^ mediat^^^^^ 
 
 opposite is a bronze figure of Lafavette, beautifully executed by Bartholdi '-^l^^M^^^f^ted b> he Fi u eh 1 es^^^^^^^ 
 of- New York. At the Broadway' angle of the square is a fine representation of the mai ty ? f ^^" L";^*^ ^^ 
 It is surrounded bv a low curb of granite, on which are chiselled hi.s famous '^^l}^'^}'^^^^^^}^^'^^^^^^^^ 
 toward none, with charity for alb '' Then Madison Square is arrived at and ^"^^h^^^ 8^^H^'^> , '^,^^ , .^^^,^^^^ 
 eye of the visitor First ind foremost is the handsome granite obelisk to perpetuate the inemoi> of General 
 
xlviii 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Worth; it is finely adorned with bronze ornaments and was erected b}- the city in 1857. (Opposite is the finest 
 example of American sculpture art in the country. It is the Farragut statue, by Augustus vSt. Gaudens, and was 
 presented to the city by the Farragut Memorial Association. The great naval hero is represented as standing on 
 the deck of his vessel, field glass in hand. A heavy curved pedestal forms a seat and it is adorned with appro- 
 priate marine emblems. The William H. Seward Statue is a heroic bronze representation of the famous vSecre- 
 tary of State seated. It was designed by Randolph Rogers. There are also some handsome ornamental and 
 drinking foimtains. -Moving further northward the pedestrian comes to the Dodge Statue, at the junction of 
 Broadway, Sixth Avenue and Thirty-fifth vStreet, and at Bryant Park are found handsome representations of 
 Washington Irving and William CuUen Bryant. 
 
 The last and most fertile field of statuary art is Central Park. At the Eighth Avenue and Fifty- 
 ninth Street entrance is the new and beautiful monument to Columbus, unveiled at the quadricentennial 
 
 and presented by the 
 Columbus is finely 
 stands upon a tall 
 with bronze marine 
 some fine bronze 
 It has been fittingly 
 blest work of art " mid 
 tures. Walking along 
 of fine examples are 
 about under the stately 
 thoven, Robert Burns, 
 Greene Halleck, the 
 Sunol Statue of 
 Hunter, and the Eagles 
 the Mall is the beautiful 
 finest in the country, 
 Emma vStebbins, and 
 angel blessing the 
 Bethesda, the basin 
 figures symbolizing 
 Health and Peace. The 
 works of art. An 
 Gen. Simon Bolivar, 
 America, is at Eighty- 
 Webster is in heroic 
 Mazzini, the handsome 
 bers of the Seventh 
 during the civil war, 
 figure. The Falconer, 
 works all over the 
 will find an allegorical 
 Commerce in bronze, 
 ander Hamilton, in 
 B. Morse, the Pilgrim, 
 boldt, Thomas Moore, 
 the Tigress and Young, 
 Statue, in marble, in 
 The oldest and most 
 Egyptian Obelisk, 
 Art, presented in 1877 
 dive of Egypt. It was 
 immense expense bv 
 placed by him in its 
 said to be about 4,000 
 nolith is of granite, 
 it weighs 200 tons. 
 
 f — ^ 
 
 'vi/ 
 
 COLUMliUb CULU.M.N— CENTR.^L PARK. 
 
 Italian Government, 
 carved in marble and 
 column ornamented 
 emblems, and with 
 figures at the base, 
 described as "the no- 
 Ncw York's many sculp- 
 to the Mall, a number 
 discovered, dotted 
 elms. There are Bee- 
 Sir Walter Scott, Fitz- 
 poet : Shakespeare, the 
 Columbus, the Indian 
 and Goat. North of 
 Bethesda Fountain, the 
 d e s i g n e d by Miss 
 representing a winged 
 waters of the Pool of 
 being supported by four 
 Temperance, Purity, 
 West Drive is rich in 
 equestrian statue of 
 the Liberator of South 
 first vStreet ; Daniel 
 bronze; then there are 
 memorial to the mem- 
 Regiment who fell 
 and an ideal bronze 
 In various picturesque 
 Park, the wanderer 
 representation of 
 by Bosquet ; A 1 e x- 
 granite. Professor S. F. 
 Alexander Von Hum- 
 Schiller, the Still Hunt, 
 and another Columbus 
 tile Arsenal Building, 
 artistic relic is the 
 near the Museum of 
 by Ismail Pasha, Khe- 
 brought over at an 
 W. H. \'anderbilt and 
 I iresent position, and is 
 \cars old. The mo- 
 seventy feet high, and 
 The heroic bronze 
 
 statue of Archbishop Hughes, in the ground of St. John's College, Fordham, is the last artistic example to be 
 met with. At least fifteen new and costly statues will be erected in public places around this city 
 during the next few months. They will aid greatly to adorn the Greater New York of the future. The 
 recently formed Municipal Art Society of this city is now planning several new statues to be erected in 
 Central Park by public spirited citizens and local societies. The Municipal Art Society, which is 
 composed of prominent architects and artists, will act as an advisory council of experts in the matter 
 of selecting designs. 
 
 Among them will be an equestrian statue of General W. T. Sherman, the Sunol bronze statue of 
 Columbus, and replicas in bronze of Robert Fulton, Valentine Mott and John Jay, General Bolivar of Vene- 
 zuela, Roscoe Conkling, Thorwaldsen, the famous Danish sculptor, Chester A. Arthur, Louis Kossuth, Ouecn 
 Isabella of Spain, and the Holland Society are about to erect three statues in memory of the early Dutch 
 settlers, the plans for which are not yet given out. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 xlix 
 
 ART. luerature and thf drama. 
 
 NEW YORK has reason to be proud of her advances in Art, .Science, and Literature, altliou.nh it is not to be 
 expected she can rival London or Paris for some time to come, l)ut its extraordinar\- pn'n^n-ess u]) to this 
 warrants the hope that before the close of the next century New York will etpuU the i^rea't cities of Europe in 
 many respects. It is true that, while a great city, or even an empire, may, through favorable circumstances or 
 the genius of man, be founded in a few years, relatively, it takes many centuries to collect a library like the 
 Bibliothcquc Xationalc of Paris, the Vatican collection in Rome, or the British Museum and National (lallerv of 
 London, which are simply stupendous in scope and size. Great conquerors, rulers of mightv empires, have' for 
 many centuries contributed to the founding and swelling of those Old World institutions' European monarchs 
 have vied with one another in attracting men of genius to their capitals, almost as strongly as they have con- 
 tended for victory on the battlefield, and the result is what the world beholds and admires. New York is not 
 even the capital of this grand Republic, though it is its commercial Jletropolis, and the National treasury has 
 never expended a dollar for its artistic or literary enrichment. Within the past quarter of a century private 
 citizens have, of their own free will, done as much for this city in the way of art encouragement as ever did in 
 the same time, any imperial ruler for London, Paris, Berlin, Rome, or Vienna. W\> have only to mention the 
 Astors, the Vanderbilts, James Lenox, the late A. T. Stewart, Henry G. Marquand, Jliss Ca'tharine Lorillard 
 Wolfe, Peter Cooper, and others. 
 
 It has been said recently, by a periodical, that to-day New York's private citizens ])ossess some of the 
 finest art collections in the world. Not a summer passes that her millionaires do not bring with them from 
 Europe magnificent paintings, many of them by the great masters, purchased in art galleries,' at auctions, from 
 noblemen, whose ancestors collected them for generations, at great cost, and anywhere, in fact, where they are 
 to be had for money. In the nature of things, many of these paintings and sculptures will in time pas.s' into 
 the public galleries, and America will possess specimens of the works of such men as Michael Angelo, Raphael, 
 Guido, Rubens, Leonardo daVinci, and other great masters, which arc jealously stored away in the great galle- 
 ries and palaces of Europe. New York has made a good beginning, however. AVithout speaking of the public 
 collections as seen in the Lenox Library, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and elsewhere, man}- fine works of 
 art arc in the hands of private citizens. Included among such collections we may mention those of the Astors, 
 J. A. Bostwick, Samuel P. Avery, James B. Colgate, R. L. Cutting, Oswald ( )ttendorfcr, Sydney Dillon, W. B. 
 Dinsmore, George J. Gould, Charles A. Dana, Henry Hilton, |. Pierpont Morgan, C. P. Huntington, Mrs. 
 Paran Stevens, G. C. Haven, J. W. Pinehot, Mrs. W. H. Vanderbilt, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Heber R. Bishop, W. 
 K. Vanderbilt, Charles Stewart Smith, C. F. Woerischoffer, Darius O. Mills, Levi P. Morton, Mrs. JMarshal (). Rob- 
 erts, William Schaus, Thomas B. Clarke, and E. D. Adams. The Seney collection alone cost $650,000, that of 
 ilaryjane Morgan $1, 205, 153, A. T. Stewart's $575,000, Brayton Ives $275,000, from which it may be estimated 
 that the city contains alread}' vast treasures in art. All these treasures, however, have hitherto done very little 
 toward the creation of an American .School of .Vrt and Artists. To-day there is no American school, and there are 
 very few American artists, aspirants for fame, who do not go to Europe for education and training. American 
 students are to be seen in large numbers in all the galleries and schools of the Ci )ntinent. .Still the city is not with- 
 out artists, and good ones, too, such as J. O. A. W^ard, the sculptor, and Albert Bierstadt, the painter, while there 
 are many men and women of rare merit, whose names are daily becoming more familiar to the public. The Metro- 
 politan Museum of Art contains the best collection of art in America, of either a private or public nature. The 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in October, 1S69, and the Art Committee of the Union League Club 
 was mainly instrumental in calling it into existence. It was incorporated, and in 1872 its trustees purchased 
 from General P. di Cesnola the antiquities unearthed by him in the island of Cyprus. After this, gifts in money 
 and art came in very frequently. The Park Commissioners offered to erect a building in Central Park, if the 
 trustees would locate the museum there, which was accepted, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art was incor- 
 porated bv act of the Legislature. At first the Museum was opened tt) the people four days in the week free of 
 charge, but in 1890 the t'lnistees, in deference to public opinion, threw it open on Sundays, and made that day 
 also free, though the step involved a large pecuniary sacrifice, for out of 901,203 visitors, nearly 200,000 came 
 on Sundavs, from March 31st to December 31st. The collection in the museum is very fine and rare, and the 
 Cyprus department is particularly valuable, including, as it does, sarcophagi, inscriptions, alabasters, ivories, 
 pottery, statuarv, bronzes, jewelry, Assyrian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek and Roman objects in gold and 
 silver, from the 'earliest times to the Christian era.' The glass collection presented by Mr. Marquand is also 
 very costly and, taken with the collection of J. J. Jarves, is the most valuable in the country. There are also 
 collections of Assyrian and Babylonian cylinders, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Indian antiquities, the Coles 
 collection of tapestries and vases, the Laz'arus collection of miniatures, enamels and gems; the Drexel collection 
 of art objects in gold and silver; the King collection; ancient gems presented by John Taylor Johnston; S. P. 
 Avery's collection of Oriental Porcelain; Japanese swords from the Ives collection; musical instruments of all 
 nations, presented bv :\Irs. John Crosbie Brown, with a similar collection presented by J. W^ Drexel ; the Baker 
 collection of textile fabrics from Favoum ; Ericsson's model inventions; the McCullum, Stewart and Astor laces; 
 sculptured casts worth $100,000, bequeathed by the late Levi H. Willard; a collection of Renaissance iron work; 
 the Delia Robbia altar-piece; metallic reproductions of gold and silver objects in the Imperial Russian Museum, 
 and a very valuable collection from the Dutch and Flemish masters, presented by ilr. Marcpiand, who has done 
 more for the museum than any other person ; drawings from the old masters, presented l)y Cornehus \ ander- 
 bilt ; a collection of the same 'class, the gift of Cephas G. Thompson; a collection of English paintings, also 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METRO TO [.IS. 
 
 j,aven by Mr. Maniuaiul ; a splendid collection, presented bv Miss Wolfe; Rosa ISonheiir's inasicnjieee "The 
 Horse Fair," presented by Cornelui.s Vanderbilt, and some works of Meissonier the -ift of Ilenrv Hilton The 
 building containino- this magnificent collection, as well as the American Musenni of ■^Natural History in Central 
 Park, are themselves models of architectural beauty, Central Park with its inestimable treasures will in time 
 be looked upon with wonder, as embodying democratic America's aspirations after the artistic and beautiful 
 
 The National Academy of Design, on Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, was f.mnded in i,S>r, and 
 incorporated m 1828. It is the foremost institution <.f its kind in America. Members of the Academy 
 consist of the Academicians, whn are a corporate Ix.dv, and the A.ssociatcs, all of necessity artists The 
 National Academy of Design is modelled after the English Royal Academv, chicdv, and the Paris Saion hut 
 in respect of government, di.scipline and curriculum, it is entirely original and American. Amon<.- inanv 
 other aids to art in the city are the Art Students' League, (jrganized in' 1878 ; the Kit-k'at Club founded in 
 1S81, composed of a working club of artists ; the American Water Color -Societv, organized in 1866 ■ the new 
 Etching Club, the American Fine Arts Society, the Architectural League, Societv of' American Artists, Society 
 of Decorative Art, and the American Art A.ssociation, founded bv lames F. Sutton, Thomas li. Kirby and R 
 Austin Robinson, all business men with a broad artistic spirit. The galleries of this association are filled with 
 pictures by American artists, and, altogether, it is the best art gallerv on this continent. Here m;iy be met 
 the artists and literati of the United States, with a good many, also, from Europe and the South and Central 
 American Republics, who make of it a headquarters, or rendezvous for the discussion of (juestions alTecting 
 their craft, as well as to see what is new in American painting and sculpture, and here also are found, now 
 and then, the millionaire, the e(mnoisseur, the philosopher, the scientist and poet ; in a W(jrd, men celebrated 
 in all departments of the literary or artistic world. 
 
 AMUSEMENTS-LIBRARIES. 
 
 NICW Y( )RK as a theatrical city ranks very hi-h. It is the great clearing house for the theatrical enterprises 
 of the entire country, and in season brings f(irward as many new plays as either Paris or London. 
 Anything successful and bright in either of these cities is eagerly caught up, and, besides, the managers ha\-e 
 lots of American talent to as.sist them. Tliere are in the city thirty-eight regular theatres. The people of New 
 York pay upwards of ,'5!5,ooo.ooo a _\-ear to be amused in the theatres, and the theatrical managers pay to the 
 newspapers $400,000 out of this sum for advertisements. Besides amusing New York, the managers drill and 
 ecpiip hundreds of theatrical companies, which they send over the country to entertain those people of the 
 United States who have not the good fortune to live in this cit_\'. 
 
 The first theatre erected in New York, as a theatre, was on Nassau vStreet, between John .Street and 
 ^Lliden Lane, and was opened on March 5, 1750. It was a wooden structure, in which the elder Kean played 
 Richard III. twice a week during a live months' sea.son. In 1761 a theatre was raised on the site of the present 
 Temijle Court at an expense of $1,625. The next, the John Street Theatre, near Broadway, constructed in 
 1767, was New York's leading theatre for thirty years, followed, in 1798, by the Park Theatre, which was the 
 first to open every night excepting vSunday. As the city grew in importance s(j did its theatres, and we find the 
 Castle Garden Theatre, which had once lieen a fortress, with a capacity for 6,000 people, though it often 
 contained 10,000. It was here the famous Jenny Lind made her first appearance in this country, which event 
 took place in 1850, under the auspices of the equally famous P. T. Barnum, who advertised her as no man or 
 woman had ever been advertised before. The Castle Garden Theatre was essentially the home of opera, and it 
 was here, in 1847, the Havana company gave " Ernani," "Norma" and " La Sonnambula." It was turned into 
 an immigrant depot in 1855. The Old' Bowery Theatre was erected in 1S26, and was the first in the city lighted 
 with gas. Burton's Chambers Street Theatre' was opened in 1844, and was (X'cupied by the Christie Minstrels 
 during the season of 1846. It was sold to the American News Company in 1S76. Barnum's, or the great 
 " Moral Lecture Room," was successful for man_\- years, and was destroyed by fire in 1865. Barnum, after this, 
 opened out in three different places, but thev we're all burned down in succession, whereupon he organized his 
 Great Moral Show. The Astor Place Opera House, memoralde as the scene of the fierce riots^ of 1849, 
 was opened in 1847, and in 1854 sold to the Mercantile Library Association. More than thirty New York 
 theatres have been burned down since the opening of the present century. So frequent ha\-e these fires been, 
 and so destructive of life, that verv stringent laws have been enacted guarding against them, or, that being 
 impossible, providing that, in casJ a fire does break out, there shall be ample avenues of escape. Thus, 
 according to law, a fiVeman in the citv's employ is now detailed to stay behind the scenes of every theatre, so as 
 to give proper alarm, or to report t" his department anything which, in his opinion, may be negligence likely to 
 cause a conflagration. The principal theatres in New York to-day are, Madison Siiuare Garden, the largest 
 in America, the Mu.sic Hall, on Seventh Avenue, the Metropolitan Opera House, the Academy of Music, the 
 Star, the People's, the Ca.sino, Palmer's, Fifth Avenue, Dalv's, the Standard, Empire, Bro.adway, American, 
 Bijou, Proctor's, Harrigan's, the (xrand Opera House, Union Square, Lyceum, Abbey's, Niblo's and the 
 .Manhattan, while as for^^^inor theatres, halls and places of music generally, they are almost innumerable. 
 
 Before closing this chapter it mav be appropriate to say something about the city's libraries, m which 
 respect— taking its Vt-'-eniinence in trade, commerce, art and literature into consideration— it is somewhat 
 deficient. The Astor Librarv. the largest and best in the citv, contains 238,000 volumes. It is the most select 
 library in New York, although anv respectable person is at perfect liberty to enter, ask tor what books he 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 1HI-. i.KANl M(JNUMhNr— RIVERSIDE I'ARK. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Hii 
 
 pleases, and he is served with oreat civility and promptness. Its Iiabitiit's are mostly students, who ^u there 
 for reference, and it is noticeable that ani<m<>- such students are many youn«- women. It is a 'model' library, 
 perfect in all its departments. It is a .splendid place in which to study ; the silence is profound, and everything- 
 is in harmony with the place as a o-reat lilirary. The alco\-es are fre<iuented all day with silent students, bu.sy 
 taking notes. Among- such students and alcove frequenters many of the distinguished literati of the day may 
 be noticed. The Lenox Library is an art gallery as well. It is necessary to 'have a ticket in order to gain 
 admission, but tickets can be easily obtained. The building, which is of white stone, with two projecting wi'ngs, 
 is .situated on Fifth Avenue, between vSeventieth and Seventy-first Streets, opjiosite (\-ntral I'ark. It is'^as 
 beautiful and as durable a structure as money and architectural genius eonld miikc it, ;ind cost, with the site, 
 upwards of i5;i, 000,000. Mr. Lenox, its founder, was rather a singular man. He was passionately fond oi' 
 books — a bibliomaniac, in fact — and dedicated his great wealth for many years to the gathering in of rare books, 
 manuscripts and pictures, sculpture and ceramics, until he had one of the' finest private collections in the world' 
 He was a veritable miser in regard to this collection. He guarded it with such extreme jealousy that he refused 
 to let the historian Prescott glance over his Mexican MSS." When the public heard of this it waxed angry, and 
 the press of the time abused him roundly for his selfish conduct. One day, however, he treated the same press 
 to a pleasant sensation by presenting his priceless library and colleetiim to the public, and building a palace 
 in which to receive them when they had a mind to inspect their property. Besides the book.s — most of them 
 rare, many of them, as time wears on, growing simply inestimable — there are ceramics, glassware, paintings 
 by Reynolds, Turner, Landseer, Bierstadt, Delaroche, Stuart, Munkacsy, Peale, Ruysdael, Horace X'ernct and 
 Gilbert Stuart. There is one manuscript ahiue worth §12,000, ccmtaining, as it does, six su])erb paintings b\- 
 Giulio Clovia. 
 
 The Cooper Union, founded by the well-known philanthropist of that name, is at the junction of Third 
 and Fourth Avenues, and is a massive stone structure of in-iposing appearance. It is essentially the popular 
 library of the city, and its free reading room is always full. It has upwards of five hundred newspapers on file, 
 printed in many languages. Its catalogues are simple, and the books, mostly suitable for the n-iasses, are very 
 accessible. Peter Cooper dtjnated !5;6,5,ooo towards the building and the purchase of books, and half that sum 
 as an endowment fund, which, with the rental of offices in the l)uilding, yield a revenue of $50,000. Sixteen 
 hundred persons avail themselves of the advantages of the library and reading room daily. 
 
 The Mercantile Library charges five dollars annual dues for member.shi]), and is in most resix'cts like the 
 Cooper Union. It has 50,000 volui"nes, and takes in a reading roon-|. The New York Librai-y is the oldest in 
 the city. It was founded in 1700, during the rule of Lord Bellomont. It was presented to the city, but owing 
 to bad management was, in 1754, consolidated with a few other libraries, the gift of public-spirited citizens, and 
 placed in charge of trustees. The library is really the property of a stock conipany, in which a great number 
 of the city's old families have shares. It is not open to the general public. The Apprentice Library, on 
 East Sixteenth Street, is also an old institution, and is free. It has 93,000 viilmnes, and lends out 250,000 
 yearly. The New York Historical Society, on Second Avenue, has 75,000 volumes besides a number of 
 pamphlets and manuscripts. Among other fine libraries are those of the Young Men's Christian iXssociation ; 
 the Maimonides Library, East Fifty-seventh street, 40,000 vohnnes ; the Free Circulating Library, 75,000 
 volumes ; the Columbia College, 145,000 volumes ; the Law Library, 38,000 vohnnes ; Theological Seminary, 
 88,000 volumes ; medical libraries, 30,000 volumes, and the special libraries of the Numismatic and Archa;o- 
 logical Societies, the Geographical Society (20,000 volumes), (kielic Society, Biographical and Genealogical 
 Society, the Masonic, Seamen's Libraries, and hundreds of othei-s of a less pretentious nature. 
 
 T 
 
 CLUBS AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION.S. 
 
 HE Clubs of New York constitute an interesting feature in its histor\-. The first social 
 communities mentioned in the records of New Amsterdam were held in taverns, and an 
 early meeting place was the brewery of old Wouter Van Twiller, where the ruling spirits of 
 Manhattan Island would meet to cmiHy the huge tankards of foaming ale, and discuss the leading 
 topics of the day. His successor William Kieft built a tavern near Coenties Sli]!, which was afterwards 
 the clubhouse of the early settlers. Then the records come down to after the Revolution, when 
 "Old Tom's" was the favorite meeting place of the poets of the day, and at the "Pewter Mug" the 
 prominent politicians would congregate and plot and plan for the good of themselves and the public. 
 The next recorded house of meeting was called the Bank Coffee House, kept by William Niblo, where 
 prominent officials met to discuss the city politics. Niblo made a fortune, which he afterwards bequeathed 
 to the Young Men's Christian Association to form a library. About 1812, a refugee Frenchman 
 Jerome Cressac de Villagrand, kept a hotel in College Place, which was a tavonte rendezvou.s^ and 
 place for discussion. It was here that Fitz-Greene Halleck, representing the Astor family, received and 
 entertained Prince Louis Napoleon. In .S24 the literary lights of the day met for consultation and chatter 
 at No. ^, Beach Street, and James Fenimore Cooper, Halleck, Bryant, Chancellor Kent, _ Francis and \ er- 
 planck founded the Bread and Cheese Club, which soon became famous, both politica ly and from a 
 literary standpoint. The rooms of this ancient organization were so small that when \\ ashington 
 Irving was entertained, the club hired Washington Hall, at the corner ot Chambers Street and Broadway. 
 Coming down to 1836 the next .social organization that has made its mark m history is the H<me Club, 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 named after Mayor Philip Hone, the rules of which were that each member should entertain the others 
 at his own house in turn. Daniel Webster was a favorite guest of this Club. From that period the 
 fleeting phantasmagoria of time has seen many peculiar and popular organizations appear and disappear. 
 Thosethat are most likely to linger on the memory of the oldest inhabitant are the famous "Bohemians." 
 This club met at Pfaff's,' on Twenty-fifth Street, and its members were journalists, actors and the 
 real Bohemians of society. Pfaff made his fortune through the conviviality of the Bohemians, but the 
 club died with him. Then there was the "Arcadians," which was almost exclusively for artists. It belied 
 its name by building a very costly clubhouse, and then it disappeared along "the corridors of time." 
 The Fellowcraft Club was an olTshoot of the present Press Club, but its usefulness soon faded and it died 
 very young. The Tile Club was both literary and artistic, and its doings will be handed down to 
 posterity through the imperishable work of the pens and pencils of its members. 
 
 But to come down to the present day New York has rivalled all its European sisters in the 
 rapidity with which it has accumulated social organizations in every vocation of life and to represent 
 everv class, profession, trade, art, or religion. There are to-day in the Metropolis over 130 regularly 
 organized and chartered clulis, besides over 300 social organizations and fraternities that are more per- 
 sonal than public. But all the same they are for the delight and recreation of man, as well as for the 
 
 
 THE PROGRESS CLUB HOUSE. 
 
 instruction and enlightenment of youth. In these progressive times, of course, the ladies have not been 
 forgotten, although it is entirely due to their own energy that there exist such clubs as the »Sorosis, the 
 Ladies' New York Club, the Women's Press Club, the Berkeley Ladies' Athletic Club, and the Professional 
 Woman's League. The oldest and one of the most influential of the regularly organized clubs is the 
 Union Club, on Fifth Avenue, organized in 1836 and having for its charter members such names as 
 Astor, Beekman, Schuyler, Livingston, Stuyvesant, Griswold and Van Buren. The membership amounts 
 to 1,500 of the noblest and wealthiest in the land. The Union League Club, at the corner of Fifth 
 Avenue and Thirty-ninth Street, was incorporated in 1865. The President is Chauncey M. Depew and 
 there are 1,500 members. The clubhouse is a magnificent specimen of Queen Anne architecture and 
 contains a most valuable library and a superb art gallery. The income of this club is over $300,000 
 a year. It is strongly Republican in its proclivities, and was organized in the darkest days of the Republic 
 to give aid and assistance to the Union cause. The Manhattan Club, at Fifth Avenue' and Thirty-fourth 
 Street, was organized in 1865, "to advocate Democratic principles, to promote social intercourse among 
 its members, and to provide them with the convenience of a clubhouse." It has palatial quarters in 
 the splendid marble mansion of the late A. T. Stewart. It is celelDrated for its cuisine and has 1,200 
 
JV£JF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 members. The President is Frederic R. Coudert, 
 and the income is between $400,000 and $500,000 
 a year. The Progress Club, at Fifth Avenue and 
 Sixty-third vStreet, was organized in 1.S64. It is com- 
 posed entirely of Hebrews. The beautiful clubhnuse 
 is in the style of the Italian Renaissance and was 
 inaugurated in ]\Iarch, 1S90. This club has a power- 
 ful and widespreading influence. The Metropolitan 
 Club has its home in the mansion formerly belong- 
 ing to the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough; it has 
 a Ladies' Annex, organized in iSgi, and isknown as 
 the Millionaires' Club, The New York Club was 
 organized in 1845 and is on Fifth Avenue at the 
 corner of Thirty-fifth Street. The rest of tiie Fifth 
 Avenue clubs are, the Knickerbocker, the St. Nicholas, 
 the Calumet, the New, the Century and the Lotus. 
 Mention must also be made of the Gotham Club, on 
 Madison Avenue, the West End, the Authors', the 
 Harlem, the University and the Coh.inial, with a 
 splendid clubhouse on the Puulevard and Seventy- 
 second Street. 
 
 The Germans are noted for the number and 
 splendor of their social chilis. In addition to the 
 Progress, alread)- mentioned, there are the Har- 
 monic, the Deutscher-W-rein, the I''reundschaft-\'erein 
 and the Fidelio. Among the literary and artistic 
 organizations may be mentioned the Press Club (a 
 history of which is given on another page); the Lambs, 
 for actors and musicians; the Salmagundi, the St. Anthony, tlie Ouill, the Grolier, the Cosmos, the Shake- 
 speare Society, the Holland Society and the Players', which owes its prosperitv to the generosity of the 
 late Edwin Booth. To conclude, there are a number of political, religious, university, athletic and 
 sporting organizations for the delectation and comfort of every class, the more iirominent being the 
 Catholic Club, the New York liar Association, the Down Town Association, the ( )ld (niard, Tamman)', 
 the Sagamore, the Repulilican, the New Y(jrk Athletic Clul), the Racquet and Tennis Clul), the New 
 York Turn-Verein, the New York Yacht Club, the League of American Wheelmen, the Thirteen Club 
 and the American Actors' Amateur Athletic Association, known as tlie Five A's. 
 
 THE M..\NH.ATT.\N rlA'I! HOUSE. 
 
 SOCIETIES. 
 
 NEW YORK has several societies whose main objects are to perpetuate the names and acts of the ancestors 
 of their members. Those societies hold regular meetings and reunions and keep alive the patriotism of their 
 forefathers. Many of them have contril)utcd largely to the support of indigent members, and others devote 
 considerable time and expense in collecting and preserving old relics of former times. Nearly every promi- 
 nent philanthropist, our leading jurists and lawyers, our school advocates and bank officers are 
 members of one or more of these organizations. The oldest, and perhaps the first in importance is the vSociety of 
 the Cincinnati, formed in 17S3 by officers who had fought on the American side in the great Revolutionary 
 War; the great financier, General Alexander Hamilton, being one of the leading .spirits in its organization. It 
 is certainly the most exclusive society of the coimtry, as no one is admitted to membership unless he is the 
 eldest male descendant of an American Officer of the Revolution who had also lieeome a member of this 
 Society. The Hon. Hamilton Fish, Ex-President Grant's Secretary of State, has been the President of the 
 New York Societ\- since i.'^54, and Mr. John Schuyler, the well known civil engineer, is Secretary and Treasurer- 
 General. 
 
 '•The St. Nicholas Society of the City of New York" is composed of gentlemen "in respectable 
 standing in societv and of good moral character who were natives or residents of the City of New York 
 prior to the vear' 17S5, or who are descendants of members of this Association." In other words, it is 
 the Society of' the " Knickerbockers"— the old New Yorkers, who are proud to say they are nothing but New 
 Yorkers, audit counts among its members very many of the brightest and foremost men of this great city. 
 A glance over its roster at 'once dispels the impression that the Knickerbockers are lost or in danger of 
 being lost in the immense and thoroughly Cosmopolitan City, for here we see the names of the greatest and 
 most honored financiers, the leading railroad magnates, the most learned judges, the most brilliant lawyers and 
 the brightest spirits in other professions and commercial circles. The schools, the libraries, the well-conducted 
 savings banks, the dispensaries, the hospitals, the leading benevolent and charitable institutions of the city are 
 in a srreat measure controlled bv them, and very much of the substantial prosperity of the city in every worthy 
 particular is due to the intelligent and al)le management and direction of those "to the manor born." 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Yet it was the thought that the old New Yorkers might be lost sight of in the rapid growth of the city 
 which led to the formation of this society in 1835 by such men as Abraham Bloodgood, Peter Schermerhorn, 
 Washington Irving, A. R. Wyckoff, Hamilton Fish, Ogden Hoffman, General Laight, Cornelius Heyer, 
 General Jones and others. The Society was incorporated in 1841, and its permanent fund has steadily grown 
 until it now reaches nearly $50,000, notwithstanding its annual dinners and festivals, the large amount paid 
 out in affording pecuniary relief to indigent or reduced members and their widows and children, and money 
 expended "in collecting and preserving information respecting the histor}^ settlement, manners and such 
 other matters relating thereto of the City of New York." It has on its roll many of the wealthiest citizens, but 
 it is by no means an exclusive society of rich men, but an association of old New Yorkers, rich and otherwise, 
 who are honored for their ancestry and their own good moral character and integrity. Within its confines no 
 distinction is made on account of financial standing, the rich and poor sit down together in common brother- 
 hood and all unite in keeping fresh the memories of their respected forefathers, without whose patient labor, 
 persistent energy, heroic endurance and brave patriotism the great City of New York as we know it to-day 
 would have had no existence. Peter G. fStuyvesant was its first President, and Hamilton Fish its first Secre- 
 tary, the first serving two years and the latter nine years. Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster was elected President 
 in 1892 and again in 1893, having served during the five preceding years as a Vice-President and four years, 
 prior to his first election as a Vice-President, as a Steward. He was also Assistant Secretary for two years. 
 Mr. George G. Dewitt, the present Secretary, was elected in 1892 and again in 1893, having previously served 
 on the Board of Managers two years, and as a Steward for three years. Mr. Charles A. Schermerhorn, the 
 present Treasurer, has served in that capacit}' f()r five years, as vSecretary for eight years. Mr. Chauncey 
 M. Depew is the present First Vice-President, and it is his sixth year as a Vice-President. Previous to his 
 first election as such he served three years on the Board of Managers and five years as a Steward. Mr. 
 Edward King, Second Vice-President, is serving his fourth year as a Vice-President, and was a Steward 
 three years. Mr. S. Franklin Stanton, Third Vice-President, has been a Vice-President three years and was a 
 Steward three years. Mr. Frederick de Pey.ster Foster, Fourth Vice-President, is serving his second year as 
 such, after three years a Steward. Mr. E. Benedict Oakley, Assistant Secretary, has held that position 
 five years, was of the Board of Managers one year, and Steward six years. Rev. Thomas E. Vermilye, D.D., 
 was Chaplain continuously from 1842 to 1893, a period of fifty-two years, and the Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, D.D., 
 is now filling his eighth vear in the same office. The present Physicians and Consulting Phy.sicians, Stuyve- 
 sant Fish Morris, M.D., has served four years, Edward Quintard, M.D., two years, Stephen V. R. Bogert, 
 M.D. , twelve years and Gouverneur M. Smith, M.D., seven years. 
 
 The Holland Society of New York was formed February 21, 1885, to gather together the representatives 
 of the men who lived in New Netherland imder the dominion (jf the Dutch, or, in other words, who were citizens 
 of New York and vicinity prior to 1675, when the English gained the ascendency over this territory. The 
 desire to' prove eligibility to membership has stimulated researches into family history that might never have 
 been made if the society had not been formed ; and in establishing his right to belong thereto, a member proves 
 that from the very dawn of our country's existence his forefathers have been identified with its steady growth. 
 America derives from Holland the three ideas which have made this country the most prosperous of nations : 
 Liberty of Conscience, the free School System and the expediency of giving a warm welcome to the exile and 
 the stranger. It is no wonder, then, that the Holland vSociety has grown as rapidly as it has, the original six of 
 February, 1885, now having increased to over six hundred. The object of the vSociety is to collect and preserve 
 information respecting the early history and settlement of the City and State of New York by the Dutch and to 
 discover, collect and preserve all existing documents, monuments, etc., relating to their genealog}' and history, 
 to perpetiiate the memory and foster and promote the principles and virtues of the Dutch Ancestors of its 
 members and to promote Social intercourse among the latter, and to gather by degrees a library for the use of 
 the Society, composed of all obtainable books, monographs, pamphlets, manuscripts, etc., relating to the Dutch 
 in America, etc., etc. Judge Augustus Van Wyck is now President, and Theodore Melvin Banta, Secretary of 
 the Society. 
 
 The New England Society of the City of New York was organized May 6, 1805, to commemorate the 
 landing of the Pilgrim Fathers on Plymouth Rock; to promote friendship, charity and mutual assistance, and 
 for literary purposes. It was incorporated April 15, 1833. Any descendant of a New Englander, of good moral 
 character, from and after the age of 18, is eligible, wherever he may reside. The widow or child of a member, 
 if in need of it, is entitled to five times as much as he may have paid the society. Such well known citizens as 
 Ebenezer Stevens, Moses H. Grinnell, Senator William M. Evarts, Geo. E. D. Morgan, Joseph H. Choate, 
 Daniel F. Appleton, Jas. C. Carter, Josiah M. Fiske, Marvelle W. Cooper, Stewart L. Woodford, Horace Russell, 
 Cornelius M. Bliss and J. Pierrepont Morgan have been presidents of this Society. The ofificers for the past two 
 years are, Hon. Daniel G. Rollins, President, Elihu Root, Vice-President, and Luther Prescott Hubbard, Secretar3^ 
 
 The Society of the Colonial Wars was established in October, 1892, Mr. S. Victor Constant and Howland 
 Pell being the first active promoters thereof. The object of this society is to collect and preserve data of the 
 American wars prior to the Revolution, and revere the memory of participants therein. Only those who can 
 show themselves to be descendants of men who served in the Colonial Militia or the English Army or Navy of 
 the American Colonics prior to the Revolution are eligible to membership, yet in less than a year this organi- 
 zation has grown so wonderfully in numbers that it already takes high rank among the societies who take pride 
 in their American ancestry. Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster is its Governor ; James M. Varnum, Deputy Governor ; 
 T. J. Oakley Rhinelander, Lieutenant-Gcn'ernor ; S. Victor Constant, Treasurer; Howland Pell, Secretary; R. 
 Horace Gallatin, Deputy .Secretary; Thomas Ludlow Ogden, Historian; Rev. Maunsell Van Rensselaer, 
 Chaplain ; and Fred. E. Haigh, Registrar. 
 
 The Sons of the Revolution of the State of New York was reorganized December 4, 1883, by John 
 Austin Stevens, John Cochrane, Fred. S. Talmadge, and others, and was incorporated under the laws of the 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. hii 
 
 State on May 3, 18S4. The objects of the society are social and patriotic, and exists for the purpose of 
 perpetuating^ among their descendants the memory of the brave men wlio perilled their lives and interests 
 in the war of the Revoluticm to wrest the American Colonics from IJritish dominion. Since its reortranization 
 it has extended a cordial welcome to every one who was qtialilicd by pedi.c;Tce, and the result up to the 
 beginning of the present year (iSq.V) has been a membership of 2,364 in ten State societies, of which this society 
 in the State of New York has an aggregate of r, 144. It has celebrated events of the Revolution ; has ijublished 
 addresses on Revolutionary topics ; has erected at large expense memorial tablets to the nu-morv of the men 
 and events of 1776; has held commemorative church services (in Washington's l!irthda\- and erected in the City i f 
 New York a statue in bronze to the memory of t\i])tain Nathan Hale. It has also accumulated a large fund 
 for the development of the general purposes of the society. Any male descendant of a Military, Naval or 
 Marine Officer, Soldier, Sailor or Marine or Official in the service of' any one of the thirteen original Colonics or 
 States, or of the Natiimal Government, who assisted in establishing American Indci)endenec diiring the war of 
 the Revolution, is eligible to membership, provided he is of good moral character and judged woiiln- to receive 
 fellowship. Service in the ordinary duties of a civil office, the performance of which did not clTcctively aid the 
 xVmerican cause, does not constitute eligibility. The present officers are, Frederick S. T.almadgc, President; 
 Floyd Clarkson, Vice-President ; James M. Montgomerv, Secretary. 
 
 The Sons of the American Revolution is similar to the Sons of the Revolntion, having the same objects 
 and the same qualifications for membership. It is said to be more liberal in its i-e(iuirements regarding the 
 pedigree of applicants, admitting descendants in collateral lines which arc not recognized by the other society. 
 An effort was made in 1S92 to consolidate the two organizations, Init failed of effect for this reason. It is 
 probable, however, that the two will lie united njion an ccpntable ami satisfactorv basis in the near future. 
 
 CHURCHES, HOSPITALS, FTC. 
 
 TIIh> number of hospitals, clinrches aiid charitable institutions in New York is commensurate with its 
 character as the 'Metropolis of a great country. Its hospitals and its medical schools shed lustre on 
 the citv on account of their magnitude and the \ast opportunities they alTord for imparting a practical 
 education. Hundreds of America's leading ])hysicians live in New York, and as a conse(|uenee thousands 
 of patients re([uiring the care of specialists come hither foi- attendance from all ]xirts of the country. 
 Every religious denomiiuition, almost, lias a lios]iital of its own where patients may be treated, free of charge. 
 Bellevue Hospital, on Twenty-sixth Street, near the East River, is essentially a public institution and 
 is under the supervision of the Commissioners of Charities and Correction. The Medical staff of Belle- 
 vue is composed of thirty-two surgeons and physicians, including assistants. In the free dispensary con- 
 nected with Bellevue, 100,000 patients are treated every year. The New York IIos])ital, the oldest 
 institution (}f its kind in the citv, is also a free institution, and is said to be the most thoroughly equippctl 
 in the country. The Roosevelt, the Presbyterian, the Mount Sinai (Jewish), St. Euke's ( Protestant E]5is- 
 copal), St. \'incenfs (Roman Catholic), the Hahnemann, the Cicrman Hos]utal, St. Josc|)h's, St. Francis, 
 and scores of others in various parts of the city, arc noble monuments to public and jirivate 
 philanthropy. There are man\- insane asylums in the city or under its jurisdiction, asylums for the 
 blind, for the deaf and dumb, ori.ihan asylums, cancer hos|>itals, and in effect, hospitals and as)lums 
 for every conceivable suffering or misfortune. The purely ciiaritable institutions of the city are very 
 numerous. There are altogx-thcr upwards of five hundred of such institutions, all under control, 
 directlv or indirectlv, of the Commissioners of Charities and Correction, who annually disburse among 
 them more than .<f^j,ooo,ooo of the public moneys. In order to give an intelligent direction to such a 
 large expenditure, as well as bir benevolent i)ur]joses, the Charity Organization Society of the City of 
 New York was established in iSSj. The Roman Catholics have their own .sy.stem and methods of 
 relief, altogether distinct from the workings of the central organization. And so, in fact, with 
 religious bodies, such as the h'liiscojxdians, the Presbyterians, and the Jews. The _" King's Daughters," 
 an "association of comparativel v recent growth, is doing an immense amount of good in this field. 
 The wealthy men and women of (iotham do much fowai'ds supporting the five hundred charitable 
 institutions of the citv. The fresh air funds raised 1)\- a few of the Metropolitan daily papers for 
 the benefit of poor children in the h(jt season show the trend of public .sympathy. 
 
 ( )f the various denominations the Roman Catholics are the mo.st numerous, though the Protestants 
 possess the most churches. Within the iiast decade the Hebrew element has increased in a marked 
 manner. There are manv noble churches in the citv, of which St. Patrick's Cathedral, already mentioned, 
 is one, and Grace Church, Protestant Episcopal, is another. The Cathedral of St. John the Divme, also 
 Protestant Episcopal now in course of erection, will, it is said, when completed, be the grandest church 
 in America. It is situated on Morningside Park. It is estimated to cost $0,000,000, of which sum 
 ,*2oo 000 or more will be expended vearlv until it is finished. 
 
 A fine church already in existence is the First Presbvterian on I'lfth Avenue, between West 
 Eleventh and Twelfth Strc'cts, and other noble edifices dedicated to Presbytenan worship are the 
 Scotch Presbvterian, on West Fourteenth Street ; the Brick Presbyterian Church, i.n Fifth Avenue and 
 the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, founded in 180.S. The historic churches ot 1 rmity and St. 
 Paul's are monuments to Protestant Episcopal zeal, while the Methodists and Baptists have been equa ly 
 liberal in rai.sing maonificent churches all over the city. The Church (,f the I ranshguration, m Twenty- 
 ninth Street, I)etwcen Fifth and Madison Avenues, better known as the "Little Church Around the 
 Corner," opens its d<iors to all and is well worthy of mention. 
 
Ivii 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 FINANCIAL. 
 
A'Eir VOA'A: the metropolis. lix 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 'pHERE is no feature of the on.wth and development of New York Citv more noteworthy tlian 
 I that It has for so loni;- a period been the reco,<;nized financial centi-e of the nations. Manv 
 
 causes have contribnted to this, and foremost among- them the ability, encr^-y and enterprise of the 
 financial commnnity. "Wall Street," as the latter is known throuj^hoiit the 'world, is a power in the 
 land, and a jjotent factor in the development of the country's resources. Intricate as is the science of 
 banking-, the New York financier of to-day, by a strict and rigid adherence to its fundamental jjrinciples, 
 demonstrates his ability to meet its every requirement. IM'ie typical New York banker is a man of 
 more than ordinary culture and attainments and blends suavity of manner with fixedness of purpose 
 In him there must needs be a complete suppression of all sentiment which would tempt one to help 
 one's friend merely because he is a friend. He needs the cool and matured judgment to discriminate 
 without prejudice ; the patient attention to details and the power to weigh facts and measure surround- 
 ing conditions ; the clear insight into affairs which penetrates veneer and enables him to exercise an 
 intelligent appreciation of events and of causes as well as results. He possesses the tact to refuse 
 without giving offense and the calculating power which is cautious because born of experience, never 
 too doubtful nor too hopeful, confident in times of cri.sis, cautious when others are reckless. Credit 
 and its development are the prime objects of his solicitude and study. He discourages speculation 
 while aiding legitimate enterprise. In him conservatism involving general scepticism is tempered with 
 the liberality insuring progress. These are the predominant traits of our bankers, and upon such 
 traits rests the foundation of our financial concerns. The careful selection of officials has placed men 
 at the helm of the ship of finance whose reputations are unblemished, whose records are unstained 
 and whose names are synonyms for honor and probity. With such sponsors the banking interests of 
 the Metropolis have grown and flourished and their solidity to-day is unexcelled by that of any other 
 city in the world. In history they stand coeval with the Republic itself. The financial importance 
 of New York has kept pace from year to year with the country's growth and general improvement. 
 It is to New York that all new enterprises look for encouragement and practical assistance and its 
 coft'ers are always ready and willing in response. Thirty years ago, when the government in its 
 darkest hour of peril and dire necessity demanded the reconstruction of the banking system and the 
 establishment of National Banks, New York was the first to come forward, a step which assured the 
 complete success of Chase's plan. And so down to the present day, the high and unassailable posi- 
 tion of the banking interests of New York has always been maintained. There have been times of 
 trouble and cloud, but the dangers have been averted and the storms ridden out safely. 
 
 The proportionate amount of capital invested in banking in this city is unusually great, and 
 divided as it is among a large number of subscribers, it demonstrates the fact that we are essentially 
 a financial community. 
 
 Not only does the influence of New York extend over the United States, but in the unprecedented 
 development of the country, the increasing demand from foreign countries for its securities, the 
 opportunities offered for investments nowhere else to be found, the prediction is made that before 
 many decades the pre-eminence held by London as the chief financial centre of the world must yield to York. 
 
 The first incorporated bank in New York was chartered in 1788. In the year iSoo New York 
 had a banking capital of 113,000,000. In 1816 after the close of the war the banking capital 
 emploj-ed was about $16,000,000. The Stock Exchange was organized in 1817. As a result of the 
 reckless speculation preceding the year of 1837, the banks of New York for the first time suspended 
 specie payments. This disastrous result was followed in 1838 by the enacting of the celebrated "Free 
 Banking Act," placing the banks under supervision of State authorities and surrounding them with 
 safeguards for the protection of the holders of issues of notes. Upon this act the present National 
 Banking Act was modelled. In 1857 overtrading and intense speculation again led to a suspension of 
 specie payments from October 16 to December 14. In i860 the banks of New York numbered fifty, 
 with a capital of about $65,000,000, deposits $80,000,000 and circulation $70,000,000 to $80,000,000. 
 
 The pending outbreak of the civil war fell with a crushing blow upon the finances of New 
 York, and in December, i860, specie payments were suspended. The enactment of the National Banking 
 Act in 1865, the resumption of specie' payments in 1879, are too well known historical facts to need 
 comment. 
 
 In 1892 there were forty-eight National Banks in New York, with a capital of $49,600,000, 
 .surplus and undivided profits $57,220,098, total resources $646,293,187, deposits $534,393,273, circulation 
 $5,824,658; of State Banks, theVe were forty-five, with a capital of $17,372,000, surplus and undivided 
 profits $15,309,837, total resources $181,427,744, deposits $148,218,863, 
 
 The financial operations of New Y.irk are conducted through many channels, dependent upon each 
 other and working harmoniously for the same end. The banks are intimately connected with the 
 operations of the Sub-Treasury of the United States. The foreign banking houses conduct the 
 operations of the New and Old Worlds. The great Trust Companies are repositories of immense wealth 
 and institutions of enormous power. Through the stock exchanges the investing power of the country 
 is brought to the support of all the great enterprises. Private bankers and brokers without number 
 deal in" all classes of securities as well as commercial paper. 
 
IX 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, 
 
N£ir yOA'A', rHR ArF.TROrOL/S. 
 
 The Clearing;- House AssDciutiun, at 14 I'iiic Street, is the medium throii.t;'!! which city banks 
 exchange the amount of checks and bills which each holds aj^ainst all the others for the amount of 
 those which all the others hold against it. Every morning at "ten o'clock the United States Assistant 
 Treasurer, with representatives of forty-four National and nineteen State lianks, meet in the Clearing 
 House, and there exchange bills and checks, upon which the Clearing House makes uj) the balances 
 during the day and notifies the lianks. In the afternoon, the bank representatives meet once more, 
 pay the balance against them, in gold or legal tenders, or receive their credits as the case may be. 
 This, of course, obviates the labor and risks involved in ser.ding those notes and checks out for 
 collection In' messengers. The Clearing House first began operations on October 11, 185^^, with a 
 membership of fifty-two banks, representing a capital of $46,721,262. 'I'here are in the city thirty 
 banks not members of the Association, which clear through banks that are, but of these four are 
 National. The first day's transactions amounted to $23,938,6cS2, and the highest daily average for any 
 one year was for that ending October i, iSSi, which was $165,055,201. The total transactions for that 
 year were $50,341,836,373, and the largest amount for any one day was the last day of I'Y-bruary, 
 1881, when the sums passed from bank to bank aggregated $295,821,422. The largest balance paid to 
 any bank was $10,385,471, and the largest amount ever paid the Clearing House by one bank was 
 $4,774,039, which was on April 5, 1872. In 1891 exchanges reached .$33,749,322,211, and balances 
 $1,641,331,027. 
 
 It is estimated that the New York Sub-Treasury conducts fully two-thirds of the money dealings 
 of the Government with the people of the United .States. In the vear ending [nne 30, 1891, the 
 total fiscal movement of the office was $2,800,000,000, and the actual cash handled in the same period 
 $1,900,000,000. It receives the money paid into the New York Custom lluuse and the money from 
 other Government officials, such as postmasters, and pays the interest on the (Government debt as well 
 as pensions and Government payments of all kinds. It also receives and redeems mutilated pa]jer 
 from the banks of the city in gold or notes. Tliere is often as much as ,'t!2 2 5,ooo,ooo in gold and 
 currency stored in its vaults at one time. 
 
 The New York Stuck k>xchange is aunthcr great financial institution. It opens at 10 A.M. 
 and closes at 3 1'. M., and members are forbidden to transact business in or near the ]C.\change 
 excepting within those hours. The price of a seat at present is $20,000, and when a nn. tuber dies 
 his family or heirs receive $10,000. Any memlier who becomes insolvent or fails to meet his 
 contracts is suspended and cannot lie readmitted until he has settled with his creditm-s, failing which 
 his seat is sold for their benefit. The t<ital transactions on the Stock Exchange during 1891 
 aggregated 66,000,000 shares, of an estimated value of nearly ,$4,000,000,000, but in 1882 the total 
 was 113,000,000 shares, valued at .$7,000,000,000. The heaviest transaction of any day was in February 
 II, 1892, wdien 1,446,915 shares of .stock changed hands. The greatest .s:de of bonds took place on 
 February 20, 1893. The Exchange is a voluntary Association and is not incorporated. It has a 
 membership of 1,100. The tremendous amount of bu.siness done by the Iv\change being altogether 
 by winxl of mouth, \eracity becomes an absolute necessity, and any deviatinu from it as between one 
 member and another involves expulsion. As a matter of fact, there is not in the world a spot on 
 which personal honoris taken more into account than (ju the New York Stock Exchange. 
 
 The wealth concentrated in New York City is almost impossilile to conceive. The forty-eight 
 National Banks have a capital of $501,000,000; the State Ikuiks, $17,372,000: the Saving.s Banks, 
 $324,000,000; the Trust Companies, $19,650,000; while vast fortunes rest in the hands of private 
 individuals. A recent and generally accepted estimate of New York's rich men show that 
 one of them is worth more than $100,000,000, one $75,000,000, .six above $50,000,000, thirty between 
 $20,000,000 and $40,000,000 and 325 between $2,000,000 and $12,000,000. 
 
 T 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 HE forei^m commerce of the port of New York amounted in 1S91 to $1,040,667,425, and the 
 Custom^ House receipts varied from $500,000 to $1,000,000 per day. The largest class ot import- 
 ations is drygoods, and the next is groceries. (Jther important articles imported are wool, sUk, 
 manufactured cotton goods, Hax, leather, hides, skins and tin, raw and manntacturcd hemp jute, 
 furs and crockery. the chief exports consist of cott..n, lireadstuffs, provisions, mineral oils, tobacco 
 
 Although a verv large proportion of the business <;f New York, notably in the clothing and 
 drygoods trades, is transacted in separate stores and by a system of public auctions, the transactions 
 in grain, provisions, cotton, oil. etc., are made in the various Exchanges, where buyers and sellers 
 of cx^mmodities meet in person or through their brokers, and prices are fixed by the constant fluctua- 
 tion of supplv and demand. Those Exchanges are the Petroleum, an mstitution daily growing m 
 importance ihe Produce Exchange, claimed to be the largest organization ,.t is kind in the world 
 the Cotton Exchange, the Coffee Exchange, the Metal, M.aritime. Building, Real Estate, and Mercan- 
 tile Exchanges, which do business in a measure for the whole country. 
 
Ixii 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 
 
 THE NEW YORK PRODUCE EXCHANGE. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOT.I^. ixiii 
 
 e 
 
 To the New Yc.rk Chamber (;t Commerce miich of the credit for New Y.irk's commercial 
 supremacy is due. It is one of the most powerful of the world's corpoi'ate liodies and was ort^'-ani/xd 
 on April 5th, 1768. The language convening the meeting to <n-ganize, couched as it was 'In the 
 style of the last century, is worth quoting: 
 
 "Whereas, mercantile societies have been formed very useful in trading cities for jiromoting and 
 encouragmg commerce, adjusting disputes relative to trade, and procuring such laws and regulations as 
 may be found necessary for the benefit of trade in general; for such ' jnirpose and to establish such 
 a society in the City of New York the following persons convened on the 5th of April, 1768." 
 
 And so the Chamber of Commerce was organized and a president, John Cruger, elected. New 
 York City had then a population of only 20,000 and the body just "called into ' existence little 
 dreamed that a century from then it would have increased to nearly a million and a half, that 20,000 
 immigrants would enter through its gates in a single week, and that their successors of 1868 would' be 
 recognized as rci)resenting the commercial interests of one of the richest nations on the face of the 
 globe. 
 
 The .simplicity of the times characterized the fir.st Chamlicr of Commerce, and, judging from 
 names, the Knickerbocker element prevailed at its Council board. Thus wc have Van ' Zandt, Kort- 
 right, A'an Dam, Heekman, Roosevelt and Hoffman. The admission fee was five vSpanish dollars, and 
 the quarterly dues were one Spanish dollar. The treasurer paid ^20 a year rent for its first meet- 
 ing room in the Exchange, and business was transacted in a manner at once modest and methodical. 
 A member absent from meeting was fined unless he could give such a valid excuse as, for instance, 
 "on bu.sincss in Connecticut." The original charter number of twenty was rajiidlv increa.sed to one 
 hundred and nineteen, but the Chamber was checked in its expansion by the ajjproaching Revolu- 
 tionary storm. At a meeting held on March 7th, 1769, the Secretary read a communication which 
 began, "I have it in charge from the (General Assembly to give the merchants of this city and 
 Colony thanks for their public spirited and patriotic conduct in declining the imposts on the 
 receiving of goods from Creat Britain until such act of Parliament as the Ceneral Assembly had 
 declared unconstitutional and subversive of the rights of the Colony shall be repealed." 
 
 When the cpiarrel between England and the Colonics had assumed a fighting aspect, however, 
 the Chamber of Commerce, the majority of which was composed of Eovalists, drew u]) resolutions 
 now and then condemning the attitude of the " rebels," and kept itself in touch with the Crown, for 
 which it professed warm attachment. (Jf the one hundred and thirty-five members of the Chamber 
 when the war of Independence began twenty-six were patriots, nineteen had no opinions. twent\--two 
 were neutral and sixty-five were Loyalists, more or less pronoimced. President Cruger was one of the 
 great Revolutionary leaders, and Francis Lewis, an(.)ther chartered member, a signer of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence. 
 
 Soon after the war had commenced the British took possession of New York, proclaimed 
 martial law and held the city until nearly the close as a base of supplies. Orders forbidding the 
 Chamber of Commerce to meet were issued in April, 1775, and we hear no more of that Ijody until 
 June, 1779, when the Commandant graciously granted its Loyalist niemliers permission to convene. 
 After the Evacuation, such a step being deemed necessary, the Chamber obtained a new charter 
 from the State Legislature. Since then that remarkable body has gone on expanding and progress- 
 ing until to-da}- it has grown to majestic proportions, with a membership which is up to its statu- 
 tory limit of 1,000. It is no exag,geration to say that it is one of the foremost commercial corpora- 
 tions in the world, and from its humble function of pronouncin.g, as it did in 1770, that a barrel 
 .should be of such and such capacity, it now measures the ocean itself. It has taken the initiative 
 in all great commercial enterprises. As early as T786 it suggested the construction of the Erie 
 Canal. Through its instrumentality New York has grown in trade to a greater degree, proportionately, 
 than the rest of the countrv, and has gained and maintained its supremacy as the greatest emporium 
 of Commerce on this Continent. In 1790 the total exports of the United States were $20,205,156, and 
 the imports $15,388,308. Of the latter $3,231,712 were entered at New York. In 1890 the imports 
 of the whole country were $823,390,201, and the exports $857,623,677, of which this city had of the 
 import trade (exclusive of specie and bullion) $542,366,488, or 65.8 per cent., and of the exports 
 $347,643,361, which was nearly 53 iK'r cent, of the total trade of the United States. This marvellous 
 increase is a glowing eulogi'uni on the energy, enterprise and foresight of the members of New 
 York's Chamber of Commerce. Its ])residents,' from John Cruger to Charles S. Smith, the present 
 incumbent, have been men of national reputation, and' among its honorary members to-day are such 
 men as John liigclow, Ex-:Minister to France; Ex-Pre.sident Grover Cleveland, Ex-United States 
 Senator William M. Evarts, Thomas A. Edison, the famous inventor; John Sherman and Carl 
 Sehurz. The history of the Chamber of Commerce is, apart from its political and military chapters, 
 the historv of the countrv, certainly of the country as viewed from a commercial standpoint. An 
 excerpt from a speech bv President Smith in this connection is worth quoting: 
 
 "No matter which' of the great political parties held for the time being the rems of government 
 this association was bound bv its traditions and precedents in all matters of State and National 
 Legislation relating to commerce and industrv, to promote good laws, to amend imperfect, to defeat 
 bad ones In the matter ot relief to sufferers bv fire, flood or famine, more than two^ millions 
 charity have passed through the hands of oui- treasurer for these commendable objects withm the 
 
 m cr 
 
 last cpiarter of a century. ., , , ,. t,--, .- ^ 
 
 This is a proud thing to be able to .sav. but the statistics compiled by George A\ il.son. Secretary 
 to the Chamber for the past thirty years, published in b..,ok form by that brilliant statist, are simply 
 
Ixiv 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 astonishing. Imagine, for instance, 181,000 tons of coffee and 81,000,000 pounds of tea unloaded at 
 this port in 1890! The statement reads like a romance, but if President Smith and Secretary Wilson 
 live until the beginning of the next century they will have to record figures yet more astounding. 
 
 AVhile we are accustomed to look upon New York as a commercial centre, pure and simi^le, 
 we should not lose sight of the fact that in manufactures its importance is as marked as it is in any 
 other line, for while Philadelphia may be superior in one branch, and Boston in another, New York's 
 output is greater than that of any other city in the United States. According to the census of 1880, 
 there were in this city 11,000 factories, in which 227,342 persons found employment. The capital 
 invested in those manufactures was ;$iSi,2o6,356, and the wages paid were §97,030,121. The value of 
 the materials used was 11288,441,691, and the value of products turned out $472,926,437. The most 
 extensivelv manufactured article is clothing, on which upw irds of 60,000 person.-; are employed. 
 
 NEW YORK CE.N'TR.^L K. R. DlCl'nl. 
 
 Printing and publishing take in nearly 10,000, with a productive value of $21,000,000. At the present 
 time New York has 12,000 factories, which give employment to 500,000 operatives, and show a productive 
 value of $600,000,000. 
 
 The wholesale jobbers in the drygoods trade occupy both sides of Broadway, from a half to a 
 quarter of a mile above the City Hall; the grocery trade is carried on between Broadway and the 
 North River, downtown, mostly, and operations in fruit, butter and provisions are beyond and below 
 the grocery cjuarters. Heavy hardware and metals are handled on the east side near' John and Cliff 
 Streets, while light hardware is sold on Chambers and Reade Streets, and leather in the Swamp, a 
 district east of the City Hall running down towards the East River, which was formerly a Swamp, 
 as the name implies. 
 
 •^ 
 
NFAV YORK, TJUi METROPOLIS. 
 
 AVENUES OE COMMERCE. 
 
 npHERE is no city on the olobc better situated for commerce than New York. It is naturally 
 1 the entrance gate from the Old World, and it is the entrepot of the New, the halfway house 
 between Liverpool and San Francisco. Nature has yiven it this magniiicent position, and the ener-y of 
 its citizens, g-eneration after generation, has taken advantao-e of the situation and prepared the way' for 
 its unrivalled commercial supremacy in the future. It may he useful to glance over the water 
 boundaries of the city and see what has been done in that direction since New York began to 
 develop itself as a great commcrcicd centre. And first a few words ahnut the boundaries, whit-h are 
 ocean and river. 
 
 The Lower Bay, and its tributary Raritan liay, are formed bv a triangular indentation of the 
 coast, between ^Monmouth County. N. J.. Staten 'and Long Islands, j.iartlv buttressed from the 
 onslaught of the sea by Sandy Hook and Coney I.sland, and" the shoals and bar c.\tending between 
 them. At the head of the Lower Bay the maritime route .goes through the Narrows, "a splendid 
 Watergate a mile wide, hemmed in between the hills of Long Island and Staten Island. Bevond 
 this opens out the Lower Bay, commonly called New York Harl)or, a landlocked sheet of water, 
 eight miles long and five miles wide. The water front of Manhattan Island available for vessels i.s 
 twenty-five miles in length, of which thirteen are on the North River, nine on the East River, 
 and three on the Harlem. There arc seventy-three piers on the l':ast River, below East Eleventh Street, 
 and seventy on the North River below Twelfth Street. On one side of the Harbor is the Hud.son 
 River, flowing down from the Adirondack ]\Iountains, and, through its connections with the Erie Canal, 
 bringing immense supplies of grain from the West: on the other side, the entrance to Long Island 
 Sound, furnishing an ocean route to New England. The East River is a deep tidal strait, 
 twenty miles in length, connecting New York Harbor with Long Island Sound at the 
 Battery. Brooklyn occupies the East Shore of the vSound. Until 1885, when General John Newton 
 blew up Hell Gate, that ]iart of the Sound between Harlem and Astoria, L. I., was a 
 terror to mariners, but it is now, after an expenditure of many millions of dollars, very much less 
 perilous. The wharves and docks on both the East and North Rivers are composed of wooden 
 materials and their aspect is not beautiful. It was proposed some few \'ears ago to substitute stone, 
 but the cost was found to be too great. It is, however, only a question of time when the docks 
 of New York will rival those of vSt. Catherine in Liverpool or the Yietoria Docks of London. 
 Meanwhile they are very ugh", very quaint and ver)- useful. Moored to those piers are steamers 
 from all parts of the world, with occasionally a ship of war. They come from far off Hong Kong 
 and Melbourne, as well as from Coney Island, whose traffic in summer is by no means to be despised. 
 There are piers for the famous Inman liners, those ocean greyhounds from whose mastheads now 
 float the Stars and Stripes instead of the Union Jack, and which in case of war will become, without 
 changing anything but the v)osition of the flag, fighting vessels (.f the American Navy. The stranger 
 doing the sights may see along the North River the big ships of the Cunard, Inman, Guion, White 
 Star, French and Hamburg lines, as well as hundreds of vessels from New Orleans and Cuba, 
 steamers that plv between New York and Boston as well as steamers from the principal European 
 ports, while on the Brooklyn side of the l':;ast River he will find a countless array of the tall masts 
 of sailing vessels laden with fruits from the West Indies and Europe, teas from China, hides and 
 coffee from South America, and indigo and spices from Calcutta. During a single )-e:u- more than 
 2,000 grain and bread-stuff laden ships alone sail from this city for Europe. The Port has a .storage 
 eapacitv of 26,000,000 bushels in two stationary with thirty-one floating elevators, and grain ships can 
 be loaded at the rate of 458,000 l)ushels an hour. Apart from the regular Ocean liners upwards^ of 
 200 tramp steamers visit this port every year, 136 from Transatlantic and the rest from American 
 ports. Thirty great 'I'ransatlantic steamshi]i.s' now run regularly between here and Europe, and eighty- 
 five passeng'er steamships, which bring 100,000 cabin jxissengers, mostly returning Americans who 
 have been seeing the outside world. The capital invested in those vessels is^ upward of $500,000,000. 
 Their European ' ports are Liverpool, London, Southampton, Oueenstown, New Castle. Londonderry, 
 Glasgow, Havre, Bordeaux, ISoulogne, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Anrsterdam, Copenhagen, Stettin, Hamliurg 
 and "Bremen; as well as manv Alediterrancan and the Scandinavian ports of Christiana and Christian- 
 sund. ()f the great ocean lines the Inman is the most important and the Cunard comes next. Those 
 splendid twin vessels, the Paris and the New York, belong to the Inman line. They were built m 
 1887, possess each iS,ooo horse power and a displacement of 10,500 tons. The Pans has made the 
 fastest vovage across the Atlantic Ocean on record and her sister is almost equally fast. The New 
 York made "her first v.)vage in 188S and the Paris in i88g. Both vessels were admitted to American 
 registrv in 1892, and are looked upon as the beginning of a great merchant navy. There is no 
 doubt "that from motives of patriotism as well as accommodation the Inman Line will in future be 
 more extensivelv patronized bv Americans. The White Star line, al.so, has some ma.gmhccnt ocean 
 steamers, notabl'v the Majestic' and the Teutonic, the former being a keen rival ot the fans, while 
 the Etruria of ' the Cunard Line is likewise a c.mipetitor for fame. Among other ocean .steainship 
 companies which run their vessels between New York and European points are the Anchor, Allan-State 
 Line, Wilson, mainlv freight steamers, the National, Atlantic Transport Line, running between New 
 
Ixvi 
 
 N-EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
JVEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. Ixvii 
 
 York and Lonclun, dedicated cxehisively U> tVciylit, the French Line, or C(ini]ia«inic (lenerale Traiisal- 
 lantique, which owns sucli splendid ships as La Tniiraine, La Normandie, La l!uurL;o-nc, La Chanipa-ne, 
 La Bretag-ne and La GascoM-ne: the P.nrdeanx Line, the Netherlands, North (k-nnan I'.loyd, ILamlmrii- 
 American Packet Company, Union Line, the H am hur^- American Companv's IJaltie Line, ' tlie Red Star 
 Line between Jersey City and Europe direct, Netherlands Ocean Steam' Navii;ation Company, White 
 Cross Line, the Thinj^-valla, rnnnin.i;- between New York and Scandinavia, the hisnlar Na'vij^ation 
 Company, between New York and the Azores, Peabodv's Australasian Line, North C.crman, the 
 Italian-Florio-Rubattino Line, and the Fabre, running between ISrooklyn and Na])les and IVIarseilles. 
 
 There are also great numbers of steamshiij lines trading between New York and the different 
 ports of the two Americas, of which the princijial are the Red Cross Steamships, between this citv 
 and Halifax and Newfoundland; the Mallory, which takes in Maine; the RLiine Steamship Line, running 
 to Portland; the Metropolitan Line, to Boston ; the Clyde Steamship Company, whose steamers tl\-' lul ween 
 Boston, New York, Philadelphia and other cities on the Atlantic Coast as well as Hayti and San 
 Domingo; Old Dominion Steamship Company, with a fleet of eight steamers running to ( )ld Point Comfort, 
 Newport News, Norfolk and other Southern ports; tlie Savannah, between tliis eitv and Savaniiali; 
 Cromwell Steamship Company, to New Orleans; the Morgan Freight Line, trading with New Orleans, 
 Galveston, Mexico; the New York and Cuba (Ward Line Company), the Compania Transatlantica, Onebec 
 Steamship Company, the New York and Porto Rico, the Trinidad Line, Clyde West India LincT Atlas 
 Steamship Company, trading with the West Indies and Spanish Main; "the Honduras and Central 
 American Company, to Jamaica and other tropical ports; the Fall River Line, the Providence, Nor 
 wich, Stonington and scores of others of minor importance. Those lines of steamshiji liring the 
 world's people and produce to the Empire City and take away American gr.iin. brcadstuffs, raw 
 material and manufactures away in exchange. Their presence, their coming, their going, and, above 
 all, their numbers, point to New York as a great imperial city. Besides those above mentioned there 
 are lines to every place of note on the Atlantic Coast, to all points of T>ong Island, New jersey; 
 lines to Troy and Albany up the Hudson, and to intermediate places on the river; lines, in fine, to 
 all points, as may be seen by those j^atient enough to stand for a few liours on tlie roof of the 
 Equitable Building, and glancing around the hori/.on, gaze in admiration over sea and river far as 
 the eve can reach, dotted with steamers and sailing craft coming from oi- going to New York. 'i'he 
 ferry boats running Ijetwecn New York and Brooklyn, Jerse\- City, Hoboken, Statcn Island and other 
 points constitute a large fleet in themselves. It goes without the saying that communication, not only 
 between New York and what must be termed her suburbs, such as Brooklyn, Jersey City, Hoboken, 
 and Long Island Citv, is a matter of paramount importance, but as already remarked intercommunica- 
 tion, or rapid transit, is a great problem crying out for solution in a voice that is becoming strident. 
 The numerous horse-car lines, supplemented or superseded in recent years liy electric cars and the 
 Manhattan F^levated System, which carries half a million each day, are not sufficient for the busy millions 
 of a growing city, and' rapid transit is the prolilcni of the hour. As regards connections with the outer 
 world thev are ample. iVll railroads lead to New York, and the traveller has not to wait many 
 hours before he can start for San Francisco, (Salvcston, St. Paul, Ouebee, New ( )i-lcans, or Boston. 
 The New York Central, essentially a New York road, is considered one of the best equipped and most 
 remunerative institutions in the world. Its trunk line with four parallel tracks runs from the city to 
 Buffalo, a distance of 444 miles. The conqjany controls more than ,:;,ooo miles of steel rail tr.iek, 
 1,130 locomotives, 42,000 freight and passenger cars, and 120 steamboats and sailing vessels. Its 
 capital stock has rcccntlv been raised from $90,000,000 to $100,000,000 and its funded debt is 
 $65,000,000. Upwards of 50,000 persons arrive at or depart from its Grand Central Depot every day. 
 The route traversed liy the road is rich and historic. On the way the traveller may feast his eves 
 upon the noble Hudsiin River and catch occasional glimpses of the famous Catskill Mountains, with 
 many a village, town and citv (.if interest to jxitriotic Americans. The Empire State Express on this road 
 does' the trip to Buffalo in 'eight hours and forty minutes, or at the rate of fifty-two miles an hour. 
 
 The New York & HarJcm Railway is also controlled by the New York Central, and is ixirt of 
 its system. It runs from the Grand Central Depot, a distance of 127 miles, and at Chatham connects 
 with the Boston & Albany Line. The West Shore Railroad, which in 1S85 was leased to the New 
 York Central for a period of 475 years, follows the Western Bank of the Hudson River to a point 
 near Albany, and thence crosses 'the Midland Counties to Buffalo on a route almost parallel with the 
 New York Central. Still another line absorbed by the Vanderbilt system is the Rome, Watertown 
 cS: Ogden, which has been equipped in the same style as all the New York Central branches, and 
 does an immense amount of summer travel. , , 
 
 The Pennsjdvania Railroad, when the tunnel now in progress under the North River has been 
 completed will take the traveller from New York City to Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Chicago, Indiana- 
 polis and' St Louis If he wishes to connect with the South, say New Orleans, he will cross the 
 State of New Jersey to Philadelphia, then on to Baltimore, and to W^ashmgton, where he changes tor 
 the South or West.' This road has no superior in the world for accommodation. In its parlors^ tlie 
 traveller can live his life of a Sybarite. The Central Railroad of New Jersey belongs to the Read- 
 ing system, operates over 1.500 'miles of track, and carries the New \ orker to some of the mos 
 beautiful suburban and rural spots in the middle Atlantic States. Thc>^ Central ot New Jersey is part 
 of the Royal Blue Line running from New York to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and 
 from there to the South and West. The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad is also a laigc 
 New York feeder. This line connects New York City with Lake Ontario and Lake Erie on the one 
 side, and with the coal regions of Pennsylvania on the other. 
 
Ixviii NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 There are also the Baltimore & Ohio, the New York, Ontario cS: Western Railway, the New 
 York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad, which connects with all the g-reat transcontinental lines, the 
 Richmond & Danville, the chief link between New York and the Gulf States through its Piedmont 
 Air Line, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, the New York & New England Railroad, 
 the New' York & Northern Railway, and the Long Island Railroad, which permits Gothamite men of 
 business to live outside the roar of the city. Then there are many local lines doing most of their 
 business in summer, carrying excursionists to and from the city, such as the New York & Sea Beach 
 Railroad, Brooklyn, Bath' & West End, Brooklyn & Brighton Beach, Staten Island Rapid Transit and 
 Brooklyn's two elevated lines, the Kings Coiinty and Union, all of which waft people who live out- 
 side the city, but work in New York, to their homes when the day's toil is done, or, mayhap, carry 
 them for recreation to the sea and shore in the hot season. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 
 
 To write a complete history of the newspapers of the iletropolis would take three or four big 
 volumes, and it is almost impossible to do justice to such an important subject in these limited 
 pages. Nevertheless it is an acknowledged fact that newspapers, news bureaux and cable news com- 
 panies are peculiar American institutions which have made themselves a power all over the civilized 
 world. As New York, "the Metropolis," was the first city of the country, it nattirally follows that 
 it published the first newspaper. In 1725 William Bi^adford printed and published the Gazette, which 
 boasted a daily circulation of 500, and which lasted until 1741. In 1733 the Weekly Journal was born, 
 and it became historically famous through John Peter Zcnger, who suffered as a martyr in his noble 
 efforts to champion the liberty of the press. 
 
 As the "Metropolis" increased in size and importance so the newspapers increased in volume and 
 power, until coming down to the present day it is found that there are the United Press, the 
 Associated Press, the American Press Association, the International Telegram Company, the Dalziel 
 Cable News Company, and four cit}' press syndicates, continual!}' supiDlying 735 daily papers and 
 periodicals. Of this enormous nmiiber, 658 are printed in English, fifty-one in German, nine in Spanish, 
 four in Italian, four in French, two in Swedish, five in Bohemian, one in Hungarian, and one in 
 Armenian. Then again there are 160 trade papers, sixteen art papers, thirty-nine scientific papers 
 and ten .sporting papers. Of the religious papers and magazines there are about sixty, including the 
 Cliurelnnan, perhaps the finest religious paper in the world, and the powerful champion of the Episcopal 
 Church ; the Freeman's Journal, the Tablet, and five Roman Catholic papers, and that fine magazine, the 
 Catholu World, rhe Aiiieriean Hebrav, and seven Jewish papers; the Examiner, founded in 1823, as 
 the organ of the Baptists; the Observer and the Evangelist; devoted to the Presbyterians; the well 
 known Methodist Christian Advocate; the Christ inn Intelligencer, representing the Reformed Church; 
 the Independent and the Christian Union. 
 
 But it is to the seven great dailies of New York, and the evening journals, that the great 
 public looks for its news, its entertainment, and advice on almost every matter under the sun. The 
 men who conduct these journals are conversant with all branches of commerce, art, science and 
 politics, and they have been truthfully termed "moulders of public opinion." 
 
 The Herald is the elder if not the leader of all the New York journals, and it is international in 
 its work, having editions printed and published in both London and Paris. It is independent and fearless. 
 It was founded in 1835 by James Gordon Bennett, the elder, and its career has been an uninterrupted 
 success. The present heads of departments are James Gordon Bennett, son of the founder; AVilliam 
 C. Reick, who leads the editorial office, and G. G. Howland, manager of the business department. 
 
 The Sun is a close rival of the Herald both in accuracy and circulation. The motto of this 
 great paper is, "If you see it in the Sun, it's so," and so it is. It was founded in 1S33 by Moses Y. 
 Beach as a religious daily. In 1868 Charles A. Dana took the helm and he has succeeded in making 
 it one of the great journals of the country. Mr. Dana is ably assisted in his great work by his only 
 son. Major Paul Dana, and Chester Satmders Lord, the managing editor. 
 
 The New York Tribune is the leading Republican organ of the city. It is a sound counsellor, 
 forceful, dignified and scholarly, and it has a strong influence on all who read it. The Tribune was 
 founded by Horace Greeley in 1841, and he guided its fortunes in a masterly manner imtil 1872, when 
 Whitelaw Reid took the command. Mr. Reid is highly considered as an adviser in the Councils of 
 the Nation. He was United States Minister to France, and the last Republican candidate for Vice- 
 President. The Tribune Association is owned by Whitelaw Reid, Darius O. Mills and Ogden Mills 
 Donald Nicholson is the managing editor, and Arthur F. Bowers, city editor. 
 
 The Times comes next in chronological order. It is thoroughly independent in politics, although it 
 was formerly Republican, and now supports President Cleveland and his policy. It is a scholarly 
 journal, courageous and sincere. The Times was founded in 185 1 by George Jones and Henry J. 
 Raymond. It started in very humble cpiarters in Nassau Street, and now occupies one of the hand- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 somcst builclinj;-.s in the city, ;it tlie corner of Park Row, vSjinicc and 
 executive of this solid and reliable journal consists of Henrv M. t'arv 
 Miller, President of the New York Times I'ublishini;- Company^ and' C.c 
 
 Nassau Streets. The ])rcsent 
 
 manag-iuj^- editor; Charles R. 
 
 Spinney, Sccretarv- 
 
 on 
 
 F. 
 
 President 
 Treasurer and Business Manager 
 
 The World can perhaps boast of the most remarkable career of any journal in New York 
 founded in June, i860, as a religious journal. Subsequently, Tliurlow Weed, Auii'u.st Belmont anc 
 L. M. Barlow were the owners. In 1869 Manton Marble was in control, and then 
 thumb of Jay Gould, with a leaning toward England. Finally, it 
 and then tire / 1 VA/ became a power. It gave to its wonderful owner " th 
 
 I few words. In i.SS 
 
 It was 
 
 S;imuel 
 
 it was under the 
 
 was purchase<l by Joseph I'ulit/.er, 
 
 , , , , , , . - .. owner "the potentiality of ama.ssing 
 
 wealth beyond the dreams of avarice." The storv of the ]\'oil<l is told in a few words. In 
 
 daily average circulation was :;_:;, 521, in iSqj 
 it is 375,000. This decade of prosperity speaks 
 for itself. Mr. Pulitzer's present staff is headed 
 by Edward Farrelly, managing editor, and Jnhn 
 Norris, business manager. 
 
 The Press was founded in 1887 1n- 
 Rol.iert P. Porter, the great advocate of the 
 tariff. It is a strong Republican paper and 
 has much influence in the part}-. It was the 
 first penny Republican paper in the city, and 
 it has been a success from the start. Its 
 present circulation is over 100,000 daily. James 
 Phillips, Jr., now owns and controls the policy 
 of the paper. Mr. R. P. Porter recently re- 
 signed the position of U. S. Census Commis- 
 sioner, to which he was app(.)inted by Presi- 
 dent Harrison, and has again assumed charge 
 of the editorial department f)f the Press. 
 
 The iAVii' York Recorder is the baby of 
 the seven great dailies. It is only two years 
 old, but it is a most vigorous bantling, and it 
 has made its juvenile lungs heard all through 
 the city, and even to the most remote confines 
 of the nation. It was founded in 1891, and 
 took its place as one of the big city journals 
 at once. It is the pioneer in all suggestions 
 for the benefit of the peo]3le, and it has broken 
 all newspaper records by building itself a 
 handsome set of oflices on Spruce vStreet, and 
 that within two years of its birth. The suc- 
 cess of the Recorder is primarily due to the 
 push, industry and genius of George W. Turner, 
 who is ably assisted by John \V. Keller as 
 managing editor. 
 
 These are the seven great dailies, and 
 to them must be added the great German 
 journal the .Staats-ZeitunL:;, which was founded 
 in 1S34, and is a splendid monument to the 
 ability and industry of Oswald Ottendorfer. 
 The other morning dailies are the lifonii/ii^ 
 Journal, the Morini!>^^ Ad-eertiser, the Mereiiry, 
 and the latest of all, the Daily America. 
 
 Of the evening papers, besides the edi- 
 tions published by the World, the Sun, the 
 Advertiser and the Telegram, which is the child 
 of the Herald, there are three distinctively and 
 purely evening journals, all of them solid and 
 firmly established : The Commercial Adver- 
 tiser, founded in 1797, and claiming the proud title of the 
 John A. Cockcrill, assisted l>y Foster Coatcs and Charles 
 1 80 1, at one time conducted by Carl 
 Seymour, business manager, and W. A 
 
 Field in 1882. 
 managed by 
 
 thL 
 
 of two journals by Cyrus W. 
 and is at present admirably 
 business manager. 
 
 There are also other 
 Conrrier des Jitats- Puis 
 Neu's, founded in 1S67, 
 more or less influence. 
 
 daily papers 
 L' Eco d' Italia, the 
 by Benjamin Wood 
 
 llclR.XCIC GRl•:EI,E^■. 
 
 oldest paper in New York: ably edited by 
 
 Hasbrook. The Evening Post, started in 
 
 Schurz, and now successfully piloted by \l. L. Godkin, J. S. 
 
 Linn, managing editor. The Mail and El.vpress. a consolidation 
 
 by the late Elliott F. Shepard, 
 . Dorr, and A. B. De Freecc, 
 
 the Journal of Commerce, the 
 last but not least the Evening 
 financial and hotel journals of 
 
 Subsecpiently it was owned 
 John A. Sleischer, R. E. A. 
 
 worthy of mention, such as 
 Yezo-Yorker Zcitinig, and 
 besides a host of legal, 
 
Ixx NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Of the weeklies, dramatic, illustrated and sporting-, there are, the Ledger, founded by Robert 
 Bonner in 1844; the A'ation, the Spirit of the Times, founded in 1S31 ; the Clipper, the Home Journal, 
 Forest and Stream, the Critic, Life, Bradstreet's, Harper's Weekly, Harper's Bazaar, Harper's Young 
 People, Frank Leslie's Illustrated, and the German edition of the same; the Dramatic Mirror, Truth, 
 and those great comic weeklies, which are unequalled in any part of the world, Puck and Judge. 
 
 These two great journals are unique of their class and are easily the best of the kind in any 
 country or in any language. Pnck is the older of the two. It was founded in 1876 by Joseph Keppler 
 and Adolph Schwarzmann, and was at first printed only in German, but its success necessitated an 
 English edition, which has since become famous. The principal feature is the beautifully colored 
 cartoons bv Joseph Keppler and his assistants. The editorial department is under the control of H. 
 C. Bunner. Piiek is an ardent supporter of President Cleveland. Judge was founded in 1881. It is as 
 strongly Republican as its rival is Democratic, and the}' wage a merry war in consequence. Judge is 
 run by a corporation entitled the Judge Publishing Company, of which the Brothers Arkell are the 
 leaders. 
 
 America is justly noted for its monthly magazines, and they lead the world for their excellence, 
 pictoriallv, typographically, and for the value of the information to be acquired. London has for 
 years tried to compete witli the New York magazines, but without success, although the English 
 capital is far ahead of the Metropolis in the st3ie and make up of its weekly illustrated papers. 
 
 At the head of the long list are: Harper's N^ezu Monthly, the Century, Scribner's and the Cosmo- 
 politan, the North American Revinc, the Forum, the Art Amateur, Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, 
 the Magazine of American History, the Popular Science Monthly, St. Nicholas, and a host of others too 
 numerous to mention. 
 
 The American News Compan}- is the greatest agent in America for the dissemination of all 
 these newspapers, journals and periodicals. It is one of the busiest corporations in the city and dis- 
 tributes millions of publications a year. The United vStates Book Company is also a great disperser of 
 knowledge to the masses. It was formed in 1890 by John W. Lovell & Company, and its capital 
 stock is $5,000,000. It publishes standard and miscellaneous books in cheap form and is of immense 
 advantage to the public generally. 
 
 The 160 trade papers have a peculiar influence upon those who read journals of any kind, and 
 some of them are very powerful advocates of the particular trades they represent. The most prom- 
 inent are : The Iron Age, devoted to railroads, mining and iron interests generally. The American 
 Agriculturist, for farmers. The Dry Goods Feonomist, American Grocer; the Confectioners' Journal; 
 Demorest's family and fashion publications ; the Druggist's Circular ; the Jczvelers' Weekly ; the Leather 
 Manufacturer ; the Manufacturer and Builder; Music Trades; Shoe and Leather Reporter; United States 
 Tobacco Journal, etc., etc., all of them with circulations corresponding to the importance of the busi- 
 ness they represent. 
 
 In this brief sketch the reader can well appreciate that the residents of the Metropolis are 
 well supplied with news daily, and they have food for the mind and delights for the eye furnished 
 liberally, weekly and monthly. In fact, it can be asserted without fear of contradiction that, notwith- 
 standing its great .size and marvellous growing power, New York is really the most wonderfully news- 
 papered and magazined city in the world. Every possible taste in literature is provided for, there is no 
 class that cannot get what they want to read, and no language that is not represented by a publi- 
 cation of some sort. The Chinese have their organ printed in the Celestial symbols, the Hebrews are 
 supplied with their ancient Biblical characters, and there are even publications in Hindostan and 
 vSanskrit, so that all the various nationalities that have collected together to form and consolidate this 
 great Republic can, thanks to the enterprise of New York citizens, read the news of the day in 
 whatever language they are accustomed to, and, thanks to the cable and news bureaux, can be in- 
 formed of what is going on in their own far off native towns, as they enjoy their early breakfast, 
 i>r before half the world is awake. The system of news gathering and distribution to the hungry 
 crowds craving for information is almost perfect in New York Cit}', and it is the source of employ- 
 ment for many thousands of working men and women in this great ^Metropolis. 
 
NEW YORK, 
 THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Part 11. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Copyrighted, 1892, by 
 
 THE NEW YORK RECORDER. 
 1893. 
 
NEir YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 CHANCELLOR JAMES KENT. 
 Born July 31, 1705. Djed December 12, 1S47. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 T 
 
 DORMAN BRIDGMAN EATON. 
 
 HE Hon. Dorman Bridgman Eaton, LL.D., ijolitical 
 reformer and legal author, was born in Hardwick, 
 Vermont, on June 27, 1S23. His father was the Hon. 
 Nathaniel Eaton, a prominent Vermonter of his time, and 
 his mother Ruth Eaton, nee Bridgman, belonged to an old 
 Caledonia County family of that State. He was graduated 
 from the University of Vermont in 1848, and from the 
 Harvard University Law School in 1850, taking the principal 
 prize for a legal essay. He delivered a Commencement 
 address before the Vale Law School in 1882, and was 
 subsequently made Doctor of Laws by his Alma Alatcr. 
 He was called to the bar of New York in 1851, and soon 
 after became associated in a law partnership with Judge 
 William Kent, whom he assisted in editing that well known 
 legal work " Kent's Commentaries." In 1S52, he prepared 
 an edition of "' Chijiman on Contracts |)ayable in Specific 
 Article." He practised successfully at the bar of New York 
 for many vears. In 1865, he aided in preparing and 
 promoting the jiassage of the paid fire department bill. 
 
 In 1866, he draughted the 
 law creating the Metropolitan 
 Board of Health. Next year he 
 draughted its sanitary code, and 
 it was he, also, who draughted 
 the law under which the Police 
 Courts of New York City are 
 now organized. He was made 
 chairman of the committee on 
 political reform of the Union 
 League Club, and held that posi- 
 tion for many years. Mr. Eaton 
 spent from 1870 to 1873 in 
 Europe, where he studied the 
 civil service systems of Great 
 Britain and other European 
 countries. Upon his return to 
 .\merica, President drant ap- 
 pointed him upon the Civil 
 Service Commission to succeed 
 Mr. Curtis, who had resigned, of 
 which he was made chairman. 
 With the approval of President 
 Hayes, Mr. Eaton went to 
 Europe in 1877, where he 
 studied the Civil Serxice svstem 
 of Creat Britain, u|jon which he 
 wrote a volume published by 
 Congress, and also by Harper 
 Brothers. He draughted the 
 Civil Service law enacted in 
 1883, under whi( h the National 
 Civil Service Commission was 
 organized, and was the first 
 
 Commissioner appointed by President .\rthur under this 
 law. In fact, he has been closely connected with Civil 
 Service Reform since the idea was originally conceived, 
 and, no doubt, history will give him the credit of having 
 done much in a ])ractical way to abolish the s])oils system. 
 He is naturally a reformer, hating injustice and loving the 
 institutions of his country intelligently, but not blindly. 
 
 Mr. Eaton is a vigorous writer of English, with a free, 
 flowing style for a man who has necessarily to confine him 
 self to the legal aspects of the case lie is arguing. His 
 articles in the North American Revieiv, upon what jiartisan 
 papers called his hobby, were keen, trenchant, and logical. 
 They have done much to educate the country. Among 
 other articles and essays in leading periodicals which he 
 wrote were: "The Indeiiendent Movement in New- 
 
 York— 1S80," "Civil Service Reform in (Irent liritain — 
 1880," "Spoils System and Civil Service Reform in the 
 New York Custom House and Post Office," " 'i'erm and 
 Tenure of Office," and "Secret Sessions U. S. Senate." 
 .\t the re(|uest of a Joint Committee of both houses of 
 Congress in 1874, he draughted a code for the Covernment 
 of the District of Columbia. He also wrote nine or ten 
 articles — those relating to Administrative Reform and some 
 other subjects — in l.alors C\ti<>pailia of J'olitical Science. 
 He is a member of the Century, Union League, Com- 
 monwealth, City Reform, Unitarian, and XiX. Century Clubs 
 of New York, and of the Bar Association and the Citizens' 
 Municipal League, Civil Service Reform and E.xcise Reform 
 Associations of that city, and also of the Reform Club of 
 Boston. 
 
 MILES BEACH. 
 
 The Hon. Miles Beach, Judge in the Court of Couunon 
 Pleas, known by his legal brothers as the Chesterfield of the 
 Bench, was born in Saratoga County, State of New York, 
 
 in 1840. His father, William 
 A. Beach, a friend and contem- 
 porary of Charles O'Conor and 
 James T. Brady, was himself a 
 prominent lawyer in his time 
 and a very successful one. The 
 son received an elementary edu- 
 cation in his native place, and 
 afterwards took a classical 
 course in Union College, from 
 which institution he graduated 
 with high honors. While still 
 young he was taken by his 
 parents to Troy, N. Y., and 
 after being called to the bar 
 associated himself with his father 
 in the law firm of Beach & Smith, 
 which conducted at that period 
 ])robably the most extensive law 
 business in the northern or 
 western part of the State. Judge 
 Beach seems to have inherited 
 >i^ / legal ability from his father, but 
 
 I ^H^ .->''' / he was a hard worker besides, 
 
 and soon established for him- 
 self a re])utation in his ])rofes- 
 sion. He imbibed a taste for 
 politics at an early age, and, 
 joining the Democratic party in 
 Troy, was elected Mayor of that 
 citv, and served tw-o terms with 
 distinction. Meanwhile the law- 
 business of the firm grew to 
 such an extent that in 1867 the 
 Beaches, father and son, were obliged to come to New York, 
 w-here they would occupy a more central and accessible 
 ]iosition as regards their clients. 
 
 Upon the" election of Judge Rapallo to the Court of 
 Aiipeals, the law firm of" Rajiallo, Daly & Brown was 
 changed to Beach, Daly ^: Brown, the Trojans taking 
 place's at the head of the reconstructed firm. Mr. 
 Daly having retired, the firm became Beach & Brown, 
 and'assumed entire control of the legal affairs of the Van- 
 derbilts, which, with the interests of Jay Gould they also 
 had charge of, constituted the largest railroad business done 
 by any New York law firm. 
 
 \\'hen Judge Robinson died, Mr. Miles Beach was 
 appointed "by Governor Robinson to fill the vacancy 
 caused thereby on the bench of the Court of Common 
 
 l.\N KATdN. 
 
JV£ir YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Pleas, and in the autumn following was elected to the same 
 position. His opponents were the present Recorder Smythe 
 and Elihu Root. Since then Judge Beach has been identi- 
 fied with the Supreme Court, each succeeding Governor 
 appointing him to do duty there. 
 
 New York is proud of Judge Beach. Besides being an 
 ornament to her bench he is one of her most distinguished 
 citizens, stately, without being pompous, and, while firmly 
 upholding the dignity of the bench, one of the most sociable 
 men to be found in the clubs. He is a man of fine 
 scholastic attainments and a connoisseur in art and 
 literature, which factors to our civilization he would go 
 
 MILES BE.\CH. 
 
 far out of his way to encourage and foster. A leading 
 Republican newspaper, speaking of him, says : 
 
 " Of his prominent characteristics absolute imperturba- 
 bility is most salient. There is no lawyer living who 
 ever saw Judge Beach lose his remarkable repose of 
 manner, or who ever saw him disturbed, or ' rattled,' as 
 the vernacular has it, by the most involved or incomprehen- 
 sible argument." 
 
 The Judge is a tall man, who looks much younger than 
 his age. After leaving court he walks all the way uptown, 
 to the Union or Manhattan Club, of both of which he is a 
 member, appearing as cool as if he had not finished many 
 hours of hard work. 
 
 JOSEPH E. JANVRIN, M.D. 
 
 Joseph E. Janvrin, M.D., one of New York's distinguished 
 physicians, was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, on January 
 13, 1839. His parents were Joseph Adams Janvrin and 
 Lydia Colcord Janvrin. He is a graduate of Phillips' Aca- 
 demy, Exeter. Soon after leaving college he began the study 
 of Medicine at Exeter, but on the breaking out of the war 
 joined the Army as Assistant Surgeon, and was in the field 
 from June, 1861, until August, 1863, part of the time 
 attached to the Army of the Potomac, and the rest in the 
 
 Department of the Gulf. Going to New York in the fall 
 of 1863, he resumed his medical studies. He graduated 
 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in March, 1864, 
 and was immediately appointed Executive Officer, with the 
 rank of Assistant Surgeon, to Emory Hospital, Washing- 
 ton, D. C. After serving a year in that institution. Dr. 
 Janvrin came to New York and began a career which has 
 placed him in the front rank of his profession in this city. 
 He was Assistant Surgeon in the Women's Hospital from 
 1872 until 1882, resigning to take the position of Gyneco- 
 logist to the Skin and Cancer Hospital, which he still holds. 
 For the ])ast two years he has been President of the New 
 York Obstetrical Society. He is also a member of the New 
 York Academy of Medicine, the New York County Medical 
 Society, the County Medical Association, the American 
 Medical Association, and the American Gynecological 
 Association. He is Consulting Surgeon to St. Elizabeth's 
 Hospital. His writings have been principally confined to 
 his specialty, which is gynecology. 'I'he most imjiortant of 
 them are : 
 
 1. "A Case of Tubal Pregnancy of unusual interest, with 
 some remarks as to the treatment in such cases." 
 
 2. " On the Indications for Primary Laparotomy in cases 
 of Tubal Pregnancy." 
 
 3. ".\ Clinical Study of Primary Carcinomatous and 
 Sarcomatous Neoplasms between the Folds of the Broad 
 Ligaments." 
 
 4. " The Limitations for Vaginal Hysterectomy in Malig- 
 nant Diseases of the Uterus." 
 
 5. "Vaginal Hysterectomy for Malignant Diseases of the 
 LUerus and its Appendages," and several others. 
 
 The practice of Dr. Janvrin is more particularly devoted 
 to malignant diseases in the field of gynecology and its 
 special study in surgical work. He married Miss Laura L. 
 La Wall, the daughter of Cyrus La Wall, of Easton, Pa. 
 
 THOMAS C. PLATT. 
 
 Capacity for doing simultaneously a phenomenal amount 
 of work in different lines of effort is one of the explanations 
 of the success achieved by Mr. Piatt, in public life as well as 
 in private and corporate business. Occupied with politics 
 at least as much as any other living American, Mr. Piatt 
 never for a day, even during the stress and strain of great 
 election contests, neglects his duties as executive head of 
 one of the largest transportation institutions of North 
 America, also President of the Tennessee Coal, Iron 
 and Railroad Company, a corporation with a capital of 
 1520,000,000. In addition to the supervision of those great 
 enterprises Mr. Piatt has many other business cares, every 
 one of which receives his systematic and masterful attention 
 from day to day. A mind keen in instantly analyzing a 
 situation or a business statement, and jjossessed in 
 remarkable degree of the synthetical faculty of grouping 
 and utilizing details, enables him to accomplish with 
 apparent ease work that would exhaust a dozen men of 
 even more than ordinary ability and energy. 
 
 Thomas C. Piatt was born in the village of Owego, 
 Tioga County, in this State, on July 15, 1833. His father, 
 William Piatt, a successful lawyer and land agent, gave 
 Thomas a good academic education, and sent him to Yale 
 College when sixteen years of age. Ill health compelled him 
 to withdraw from Yale in the junior year of his course, and 
 for the same reason he preferred the active life of a lumber- 
 man and merchant to a professional career. When cpiite 
 young, he became a Bank President in Owego, a director in 
 the Southern Central Railroad, and was at the same time 
 concerned in a number of other local and general enter- 
 prises. In 1859, he filled his first political office as County 
 Clerk of Tioga, and, in conjunction with Alonzo B. Cornell, 
 
NRW YORk\ y///'. ArETRO/'O/./S. 
 
 THOMAS C. PLATT. 
 
 was instrumental in the nominations uf (leneral (Irant 
 for President and in advancing the pohtical fortunes of 
 Roscoe Conkling through the influence of the Congressional 
 District, which included Tompkins County, the home of Mr. 
 Cornell, as well as 'I'ioga. Declining a Congressional nomi- 
 nation in 1870, tendered to him while looking after his 
 lumber business in Michigan, Mr. Piatt was elected in 1872 
 and again in 1874. C'hairman of the Republican State 
 Convention of 1877, and thenceforth a Republican political 
 leader in the State, Mr. Piatt was made Quarantine Com- 
 missioner in 1880, and elected to the United States Senate 
 by the Legislature of 1881. (Jn January i8th of that year 
 his term of service was cut short by his resignation, 
 together with Senator Conkling, on May 14, 1881, in con- 
 secpience of the issue raised by the nomination of Hon. 
 'William H. Robertson for the CoUectorshi]) of New York. 
 Since the retirement of Roscoe Conkling from active 
 politics, which preceded by some years his death in 1888, 
 Mr. Piatt has been the acknowledged head of the Repidjlican 
 organization in the State of New York, and one of the 
 leading and most influential, although least obtrusive, of the 
 party managers in the country. His characteristics as a 
 director of political affairs are : wonderful knowledge of 
 public men as to their individual capacities, their relations 
 to general issues and local questions and interests ; tenacity 
 that acknowledges no defeat except as incitement to future 
 victory ; a power of discipline, firmly but gently exercised, 
 largely through wonderful personal magnetism, which first 
 attracts and then firmly fastens to him the devotion of those 
 whose service or co-o])eration he desires. 
 
 In personal a])]jearance, Mr. Piatt is rather tall, slight, 
 wiry, sinewy, and vigorous, with nerves like steel and iron 
 determination, manifest in energetic movement, restrained 
 and made more effective by patient and courteous habit in 
 intercourse of business, politics, or society. His health is so 
 excellent as to promise long years of continued busy life. 
 His speech is slower than his action, and, a terse and direct 
 talker, he is a better listener. 
 
 In domestic life. Senator Piatt has the great advantage of 
 a wife who is by nature fitted to modestly lead in everything. 
 There are few American ladies who have attained such 
 excellence in intellectual sjjecialties to which her leisure is 
 devoted. The congenial couple have three sons, all of whom 
 are already young men of mark in their respective profes- 
 sions and ]nirsuits. 
 
 WALTER S. LOGAN. 
 
 Walter S. Logan, one of New York's most brilliant 
 lawyers, was born in Washington, Litchfield County, Con- 
 necticut, on April 15, 1847, His ancestors were among the 
 first settlers of Washington, originally a jiart of ancient 
 Woodbury, and formed a jiortion of the migrating parties 
 which went from place to |)lace through Massachusetts and 
 Connecticut, until they finally settled down in Litchfield 
 County. The causes of these migrations were religious : it 
 was a time of acute differences on doctrinal points, and after 
 awhile so nvnnerous were these points that nearly every 
 family had a creed of its own. Among other wanderers in 
 search of a spot where they could |)ractise their own forms 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 of worship in peace and prescribe those of others, were the 
 ancestors of General Sherman and the Ohio Senator, his 
 brother, w^iose names are to be seen to- day in the old 
 Woodbury Cemetery. 
 
 Mr. Logan's father, Seth S. T.ogan, who died in i<SS7, 
 was a prominent Democrat. He held various State offices 
 in his time, and was for twenty years a member of the 
 Connecticut Legislature, sometimes in one house, sometimes 
 in the other. His distinguished son is also a Democrat, and, 
 though frequently called a Mugwump, he refuses to accept 
 what he considers an imputation on his political character. 
 In fact, Mr. Walter S. Logan thinks, were he anything else 
 than a genuine Democrat, the bones of his forefathers would 
 enter a protest against his apostasy from their political faith 
 by rattling in their graves. He inherits his politics. For 
 many generations his ancestors were the only Democrats in 
 Litchfield County, and, although Mr. Logan is not anything 
 like a Machine Democrat, he is always loyal to the party on 
 
 W.^.LTER S. LOGAN. 
 
 great issues. His mother was a Hollistcr, a corruption of 
 the name of the famous Scottish Clan McAllister. She is 
 descended directly from the Reverend John Hollister of 
 Wethersfield, who in the early days of Connecticut was 
 convicted of doubting some Calvinistic dogmas and excom- 
 municated. As Mr. Logan is often charged with being a 
 free-thinker, he pleads that both his Democracy and his creed 
 — or lack of it — are hereditary. He rubbed skirts with 
 Democrats of national reputation almost from infancy. The 
 two Seymours, Thomas H. and Origen S., E.x-Governors 
 \\'illiam A. Buckingham and James E. English, Ex-Vice- 
 President Lafayette S. Foster, Minot A. Osborn, of the 
 New Haven Register, Ex-Senator William A. Eaton, William 
 H. Barnum, and Charles M. Pond, of Hartford, and, later, 
 the younger Charles F. Pond, and Ex-Governor 'I'homas 1\L 
 Waller, now of New York — all these celebrities were frequent 
 visitors at his father's house, and he grew up, as it were, in 
 their shadow. 
 
 Mr. Logan has the singular, perhaps the unique, distinc- 
 tion of holding a piece of sheepskin from each of the three 
 great American Universities of Yale, Harvard, and Columbia. 
 He graduated from Yale in the class of 1870, from Harvard 
 Law School in 1871, and from Columbia College the year 
 following. 
 
 The turning point of his life was in September, 1871, 
 when at Cambridge, in whose Law School, soon after 
 graduating, he was beginning a post-graduate year course. 
 During the previous year he had enjoyed the special friend- 
 ship of Professor C. C. Langdell, Dean of the Law School. 
 Professor Langdell had been a distinguished practising 
 lawyer in New York, and an associate in business of James 
 C. Carter. Mr. Carter wanted a young man to fill a certain 
 delicate position in his office in connection with the historic 
 Jumel case, and requested the Professor to select one from 
 among the graduates. He selected Mr. Logan, and it was 
 the dead of night when that fortunate graduate left Cam- 
 bridge, and nine o'clock next morning when he called upon 
 Mr. Carter and was engaged. Here he was thrown into 
 contact with Charles O'Conor, and, of course, with his own 
 principal, James C. Carter ; and his close personal friendship 
 with Mr. O'Conor terminated only with his death, wliile that 
 of Mr. Carter he hopes long yet to retain. Had Mr. Logan 
 before this episode been in a position to express one wish 
 with the certainty that it would be gratified, it is the friend- 
 ship of Charles O'Conor and James C. Carter he would have 
 asked. Since then he has been a diligent practitioner, and 
 has had his successes at the New Y'ork bar. Brilliant suc- 
 cesses they were, too, many of them. Among the most 
 imi)ortant of the cases he handled have been the Cheese- 
 brough Estate, the Wirt Fountain Pen case, the Phelps 
 Estate litigation, and the Water Right controversies growing 
 out of irrigation in the Southwest. His ]jresent law partners 
 are Salter S. Clark and Charles M. Demond, and the firm 
 name is Logan, Clark & Demond. 
 
 Mr. Logan has had a good deal to do with Mexico in 
 law affairs. He is at present engaged writing a book on 
 that country, and, as he is possessed of a splendid, concise 
 literary style of his own, and has a way of placing facts and 
 figures, it will, we \enture to predict, have a large, popular 
 sale. 
 
 Mr. Logan was married in 1875 to Eliza Preston Kenyon, 
 of Brooklyn, and has three children. He is a member of the 
 Manhattan, Lotos, Democratic, and New York Athletic 
 Clubs, and a member and one of the founders of both 
 the Reform and the Lawyers' Club. 
 
 NAPOLEON LE BRUN. 
 
 Napoleon Le Brun, the well-known architect, was born 
 in Philadelphia. Pa , on January 2, 1821. His grandparents 
 on the maternal side arrived in the United States in 1792, 
 having left Paris at the beginning of the French Revolution. 
 His parents destined him at an early age to be an architect, 
 and he was sent in 1836 to make his professional studies 
 under the direction of the celebrated architect of the LT. S. 
 Capitol, Thomas U. Walter. 
 
 He commenced active practice as an architect in April, 
 1842, and before two decades elapsed designed, and had 
 erected under his direction, many prominent public and 
 private edifices in his native city, among the most noted of 
 which are the Seventh Presbyterian Church {1842), the 
 Cathedral of Philadelijhia, the American Academy of Music, 
 and the Girard Estate Buildings. 
 
 About 1868, Mr. Le Brun decided to make New York 
 City his permanent home, and has there successfully con- 
 tinued the practice of his profession. Among the buildings 
 erected by him in that city and vicinity may be mentioned 
 
NEW YORK, THE MET/WFO/./S. 
 
 the Masonic Temple, several large and elegant churches, 
 the New York Foundling Asylum, Savings Banks, and many 
 buildings for the New York Fire Department and for pri- 
 vate indi\iduals. In partnership with his sons, Pierre L. and 
 Michel M. Le Brun, he last year erected the splendid build- 
 ing for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company at Madi- 
 son Square, New York. 
 
 He is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects, 
 and a member of its New York Chaj^ter, whose representa- 
 tive he is in the Board of Examiners of the Bureau of Build- 
 ings ; he is also President of the Willard Architectural 
 Commission. His long, varied, and practical ex])erience 
 has caused him to be frequently consulted as an expert and 
 adviser in many important building enterprises throughout 
 the country. 
 
 Smith has exerted a great and beneficial influence. He has 
 taken a special interest in the relations of railroads to our 
 commercial affairs, and in the great metropolitan transit 
 problem. Papers and addresses on these subjects, of which 
 he is the author, are models of foresight, com|)rehensiveness, 
 and terse and lucid statement. It is remarkable that one 
 
 CHARLES STEWART SMITH. 
 
 The number of merchants of Connecticut stock who 
 have become prominent in New York, especially in the great 
 drygoods business, is remarkable. Among them, none has 
 attained a higher position than Charles Stewart Snn'th, who 
 has filled, with great credit and dignity, the Presidency of 
 the Chamber of Commerce, universally recognized as the 
 most influential, as it is the most venerable, of metropolitan 
 mercantile associations. 
 
 The ancestors of Mr. Smith were English ])eople who 
 settled in Connecticut in the early Colonial days. His 
 father was pastor of a Congregational Church at Exeter, 
 New Hampshire, and there Charles was born on March 
 2, 1832. Receiving a good elementary education, young 
 Smith, when fifteen years of age, came to New York, and 
 found employment in a drygoods jobbing house. On 
 reaching his majority, he l)ecame associated in the famous 
 firm of S. B. Chittenden & Co., and during several years 
 was their European buyer. Thereafter he continued 
 jjrominently identified with the drygoods business of this 
 city and of Boston, and acivnnulated the handsome fortune 
 with which he retired from active work in that line of 
 endeavor in 1887. 
 
 Mr. Smith is, however, far from having retired from 
 useful activity. In literary, charitable, patriotic, and com- 
 mercial movements he continued to take a leading part, and 
 there are few New Yorkers connected with so many large 
 and excellent institutions as he is. In leaving his personal 
 business in the textile traffic, Mr. Smith only entered upon 
 a field of wider usefulness to his fellow citizens. Of art he 
 is a liberal patron, and, although his instruction comes 
 mainly through personal observation, he ranks high among 
 the metropolitan connoisseurs of painting and sculpture. 
 Mr. Smith was married in 1856 to Miss Eliza Bradish, 
 daughter of Wheaton Bradish, of this city. This lady died 
 in 1863. His second wife, Henrietta, whom he married in 
 1869, was the daughter of the late John Caswell, of New- 
 York. Mr. Smith has two sons now^ living, who exhibit their 
 father's broad-minded, energetic, and spirited characteristics. 
 
 Among the institutions with which Charles Stewart 
 Smith has been jjrominently connected are, the Fifth .Avenue 
 Bank, of which he was one of the founders, the German 
 American Fire Insurance Company, the Fourth and Mer- 
 chants' National Banks, the Board of Trustees of the Sailor's 
 Snug Harbor, the Equitable Life Insurance Company, the 
 Woodlawn Cemetery, the Union League Club, of which he 
 has been Y'ice- President, and similar institutions. As a 
 Trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Mr. Smith has 
 found a field for the exercise of his fine artistic taste, to the 
 great advantage of our peojjle. 
 
 In public affairs, wdiile avoiding office holding, and 
 declining such ])ositions as the Mayoralty of the city, when 
 nominations tendered him im]ilied election, Charles S. 
 
 CH.>\RLES STEWART SMITH. 
 
 relying upon his own resources from boyhood, and able to 
 sjiare so little time for studying from the demands of a very 
 busy life, should have attained so high a standard of 
 accomplishment and influence in matters beyond the strictly 
 commercial sphere. 
 
 JAMES RENWICK. 
 
 James Renwick, conceded on all sides to be in the very 
 front rank of America's ablest architects, was born in the 
 city of New York, on November 3, 1819, and graduated 
 from Columbia College when seventeen years old. He 
 manifested talents and a liking for architecture at an early 
 age, which were sedulousy fostered by his father, James 
 Renwick, who was jjrofessor of Exact Sciences in the college, 
 and was himself skilled as an architectural designer. 
 It was he who planned the alterations in old Columbia 
 College on Park Place In order to gain practical know- 
 ledge of a profession he loved so well, young Renwick, after 
 lea\ing college, obtained an ajipointment as engineer on the 
 Western DivTsion of the Erie Railroad, but, finding he was 
 not getting there the experience he required, he offered his 
 services to the city, was appointed Assistant Engineer of 
 the Croton Aqueduct, engaged for four years on the work, 
 and finished by superintending the construction of the dis- 
 tributing reservoir. He v/as only twenty-three when he 
 ( om])eted for and was selected as the architect of Crace 
 Church, by the vestry. Every one who has seen Grace 
 Church is at once struck with its airy architectural beauty 
 and elegance of design. Soon after he was selected archi- 
 tect of Calvary Church and the Church of the Puritans, in 
 succession, and he made a local reputation. Four years 
 later — he was then twenty-seven — he was chosen by the 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JAMES RENWICK, F.A.I. .A. 
 
 Regent.s of the Smithsonian Institution as one of the com- 
 petitors for their jiroposed building, and his designs were 
 adopted. We next hear of him as architect for the N. Y, 
 Charities and Corrections Board of Governors. 
 
 The building of Grace Church gave Mr. Renwick a na- 
 tional reputation ; St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral, 
 designed by him in 1853, on Fifth Avenue, made him famous. 
 It is considered the finest and most beautiful structure on 
 this continent, sacred or profane. During the construction 
 of this monument to the genius of Mr. Renwick, he made 
 several trips to Europe, and while there made the contracts 
 for its high altar and stained glass windows. Archbishoja 
 Hughes, Cardinal McCloskey, and Archbishop Corrigan had 
 great respect for Mr. Ren wick's talents, and a great liking 
 for the architect personally. After this, notwithstanding 
 that he took on assistant after assistant he found it difficult 
 to keep up with his business, so large had it become. Among 
 the principal buildings he has jilanned since are the Churches 
 of St. Bartholomew, St. Stephen's, the Covenant, the Second 
 Presbyterian, on Fifth Avenue and 21st Street, all in this 
 city ; the Vassar Female College in Poughkeepsie, the Cor- 
 coran Art Gallery and Corcoran Building in Washington, 
 U. C, the old Tontine Building, the Fulton Bank, the 
 Bank of the State of New York, the alterations and 
 new front of the Stock Exchange, also in New York. A few 
 of the fine private houses he is architecturally the author 
 of are those of Frederick Gallatin, L). Willis James, Charles 
 Morgan, Cortlandt Palmer, and Robert Remsen, of New 
 York, the country houses of W . H. Townsend and David 
 Thompson of Staten Island, Renwick Castle at Syracuse, 
 and many others at Tarrytown, Doblis Ferry, Lennox, New 
 London, and Newport. He is architect of the Albemarle, 
 
 Clarendon, St. Denis, and many others in the city, as well as 
 hotels and churches all over the country. He designed St. 
 Ann's Church in Ikooklyn, and the Y. M. C. A. Building in 
 New York City. 
 
 The last and one of the most splendid works of this 
 great architect is All Saints' Roman Catholic Church, 
 Madison Avenue and 129th Street. This edifice, so full of 
 grace and what appears spiritual beauty, is a coinbination of 
 the Italian and Gothic styles, and is pronounced by compe- 
 tent critics to be one of the finest churches, from an artistic 
 view, this country has ever seen. It is said that, after St. 
 Patrick's Cathedral, Mr. Renwick is prouder of Grace 
 Cluirch, the Corcoran Art Gallery, and the Smithsonian 
 Institution than any other of his conceptions. 
 
 Mr. Renwick has been a member of the American Insti- 
 tute of Architects from its foundation, as well as a practising 
 member of its New York Chapter. He has many assistants, 
 all of whom ha\ e been trained in his office. His present 
 [lartners are [. Lawrence Aspinwall and W. W. Renwick. 
 
 HORACE SEE. 
 
 Horace See, one of America's famous engineers, was 
 born in Philadel|ihia, on July 16, 1835. He is the son of 
 R. Calhoun See. the well-known silk importer of that city, 
 and was educated in the Episcopal Academy and the Acad- 
 emy of H. D. Gregory. At the age of seventeen, he was 
 apprenticed to I. P. Morris, proprietor of the Port Richmond 
 Iron Works of Philadelphia, spending two years in their 
 machine shops, and two more in their draughting rooms, 
 after which he secured an engagement with the Messrs. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Ill lUALK SHK 
 
 Neafle & Levy, sliipbuilders of Philadelphia, first as chief 
 drauglitsman, and subsequently as Superintending lingineer. 
 Mr. See was fortunate in entering upon his career during the 
 period when shipbuilding was in a state of transition, and 
 wood was slowly but surely giving [ilace to iron, and wind 
 as a propeller was ceding its way to steam. He was no con- 
 vert to the new system ; he was educated in it. and was soon 
 recognized as one of the most progressive of the new school 
 of American engineers. He was possessed of ideas, too, 
 which he had no difficultv in carrying out, as it became evi- 
 dent to Messrs. Neafle iv: Levy that their new Superintendent 
 was as safe as he was original. It was during his connection 
 with them that the Sa.xon and the Norman of the Winsor 
 Line, the Liberty of the Havana Line, the Fontiac of the 
 United States Na\ w and other \ essels afterwards used as 
 transports during the war, as well as the Nuevitas. 
 the Oriental, and others, were constructed. 
 
 Mr. See next engaged himself with the National Iron 
 Armor and Shipbuilding Company, of Camden, first as 
 Assistant, and afterward as Suijerintendent, and superxised 
 the building of the U. S. Monitor Koko and the steam- 
 ships Pioneer antl Sheridan. This was in i S66, and 
 two years later Mr. See, always enlarging his lleld of opera- 
 tions, connected himself successively with George W . 
 Snyder, of Pottsville, Pa., and Messrs. Cram]) &: Sons, the 
 celebrated Philadelphia shipbuilders. Here he was in his 
 element, and found ample scope tor his inventive genius. 
 He was chief draughtsman for the Cramps. In iXycS he was 
 made Su])erintending Engineer for the firm, and in this 
 capacity the construction of the nuichinery in the shops 
 and its erection in the vessels came under his superxision, 
 in addition to the original conception and design of the 
 work. During his connection with the Cramps, he built 
 machinery of every conceivable kind for a modern vessel, 
 from the smallest steam launcli up to the great L'nited 
 States Cruiser Philadeljihia, as the subjoined list will sliow : 
 Vachts .\tlantT, Cursair, Stranner, and Peerless : Steam- 
 
 shijis Chalmette, El Mar, El Monte and class, of the Morgan 
 Line ; (^ueen, of tlie Pacific Steamship Company ; Mariposa 
 and Alameda, Sandwich Island Line ; the 'I'acoma, San 
 Pedro, and San Pabh), of the Central R. R. Co.; the H. K. 
 nimock, Herman Winter, and II. M. Whitney, Metropolitan 
 Line ; the Caracas, Valencia, Philadelphia, and Venezuela, of 
 the Red I) Line; the Mascotte and Olivette, of ihe Plant 
 Line; the Cherokee, SeminoK-, and 1 roipiois, Clyde's Line, 
 New \(.rk ; the Monmouth, of the N. J. C. K. k. Co., and 
 also the U. S. N. c misers Philadelphia and Newark ; 'gun- 
 boats Yorktown, Concord, and Bennington; dynamite cruiser 
 X'esuvius ; and < ruiser Philadelphia. 
 
 Among the many iniproveineiu , introdiu ed by Mr. See 
 are the fitting u|i of the crank shaft and the emijloyment 
 of the triple ex|)ansion engine. He also look the ground that 
 the steam jacket was not a necessity in an engine with a 
 moderate revolution speed, and this idea has been endorsed 
 uenerally by the profe.'-sion. He introducetl many changes 
 in the C. S. Navy Cruiser IJaltimore, all attended with 
 happy results. In fine, he has so identified himself with 
 shipbuilding in the United States, that to-day it would be 
 impossible to write an accurate history of that industrv 
 uithout giving prominence to him, his inventions, his im- 
 provements, and his achiexements generally. He holds 
 patents for such inventions as the improvements in the 
 triple expansion and ciuadruiile expansion engines, an 
 ejector for discharging by a jet of water ashes from the 
 fireroom of a vessel, a filter for extracting under pressure 
 grease trom the feed water of a surface condensing engine, 
 with many others. 
 
 Li an e<litorial entitled the " Vesuvius and its Builders," 
 the Philadcll'hid Iiitjiiiitr, of January 4, 1889, said, and its 
 opinion was endorsed all over the Lhiited States : 
 
 " If the engineer who designed, and the head of the 
 firm that Iniilt, the Vesuvius had been subjects of one of 
 the great Euro])ean powers, they woulcl probably be 
 knighted, or receive some other substantial proof of favor, 
 in recognition of their magnificent genius." 
 
 While this is no doubt true, it is highly probable that 
 neither .Mr. Cramp, who built, nor Mr. See, who designed 
 the Vesuvius would give three straws for the honor of 
 knighthood. That they have, as American citizens, done 
 much towards the renaissance of an .American Navy, 
 surely will be an honor they can transmit to their children. 
 Mr. See has an honorable record apart from his profession. 
 He was a member of the "(jiay Reserves," and of the 
 Seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania Militia, during the Rebel- 
 lion, was .\djutant of the Twentieth Regiment, during the 
 luly riots of 1877, anil was Captain of Comi)any K, Eirst 
 Regiment, N. (i. P. In 1879, he married Ruth Ross, 
 daughter of William Ross Maffet, of VVilkes-Rarre, an eminent 
 civil engineer, prominently connected with the Wyoming 
 Vallev improvements. Mr. Maffet was a gieat-grandson of 
 (ieneral U'llliam Ross, who bore so distinguished a part in 
 the trarh liistor\- of the Vallev. 
 
 Mr. See, until quite recently, held the position of Engi- 
 neer in the Board of the Pneumatic Dynamite Cun Company, 
 which controls the patent of Captain Zalinski, U. S. A. 
 He is Past President of the American Society of Mechanical 
 Engineers, Fellow of the American Society for the Advance- 
 ment of Science, Member of the Franklin Institute of 
 Pennsylvania, .Associa'e Member of the LL S. Naval Insti- 
 tute, Member of the Penn Club, of the Engineers' Club 
 and .Vmerican \'a( lit Club of New York, Institution 
 of Naval .Architects, England, American Society of Civil 
 F'.ngineers, and American Institute of Mining Engineers. 
 He resigned his position with the Cramps' in August. 18S9, 
 aiul IS now lo( ated in this c ity as Consulting F-ngineer of 
 the Newport News .Shipbuilding and Dry Docks Company. 
 
lo 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 He is also Superintending Engineer of the Morgan Line, 
 and Consulting Engineer for various other companies. 
 
 The See family is of French origin in common with the 
 Naudains, Bayards, and others, who settled in Delaware 
 after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes The Sees 
 located in St. George's Hundred of that State. Mr. See's 
 mother was Margaretta Eber, daughter of Hilyard, origin- 
 ally of Burlington County, N. J., who built Fort Jay in this 
 harbor, and the Original Fort on the Pea Patch in the 
 Delaware River. At the latter point he sank the first 
 artesian well in this country. Eber Hilyard's ancestors 
 were members of the Society of Friends who came from 
 England with William Penn. 
 
 CHARLES L. BUCKINGHAM. 
 
 The State of Ohio, besides being the mother of Presi- 
 dents, is accustomed to send many of her brightest young 
 men to the great cities, East and West, North and South, 
 to make fame and fortune for themselves, and to do her 
 honor, and they generally succeed. Who has not heard of 
 the Ohio Society of New York, for instance, which has 
 among its members many of the city's most distinguished 
 lawyers, physicians, bankers, and men of affairs, and com- 
 pete with the foremost of those to the manor born ? Promi- 
 nent among such Ohio men, who have come to the front in 
 
 l_H.\RLES L. BUCKINGHAM!. 
 
 the Metropolis, is Charles L. Buckingham, the well-known 
 patent and corporation lawyer. 
 
 Mr. Buckingham was born in Berlin Heights, Ohio, in 
 1852, and was educated at the University of Michigan as a 
 Civil Engineer, graduating with honors in the class of 1875. 
 He subsequently entered the Columbia Law University, at 
 Washington, D. C, from which institution he was graduated 
 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and immediately began 
 active practice, devoting his attention to the laws as apjdied 
 to patents and corporation matters, two departments of the 
 
 legal field in which he has since gained distinction. No 
 little of his success is attributable to his thorough scientific 
 training in civil engineering, and his reputation as an 
 engineer is only secondary to that he holds in legal circles. 
 .^mong the valuable contributions published in Scribner'a 
 Afas;azine, during 1889 and i8go, was a series of articles 
 treating upon the question of electricity, and those appearing 
 under this gentleman's signature received much favorable 
 comment in and out of scientilic circles, being classed with 
 the views of such eminent men as President Morton, of 
 Stevens Institute, and Professor Brackett, of Princeton 
 College. Mr. Buckingham's clientHe includes manv of the 
 leading electrical corporations of this country, and his 
 [jractice is confined e.xclusively to the Federal Courts, where 
 his name is respected by both the Bench and Bar. Among 
 the recent patent suits in which he has figured as lead- 
 ing counsel were the following : The American District 
 Telegraph, the Schuyler Electric Light (of Conn ), the Dela- 
 ware and Atlantic Telegraph and Telephone, the Western 
 Union, the Gold and Stock, the American Speaking Tele- 
 phone, the Edison and the Thomson-Houston Electric 
 Light companies, and the Magnetic Ore Separator Co. 
 Aside from his legal duties, he is a student of scientific sub- 
 jects, and has done much to encourage others in this con- 
 nection, being an active member of the American Associa- 
 tion f c r the Advancement of Science, American Academy of 
 Political and Social Science, and the American Listitute of 
 Electrical Engineers. He likewise belongs to many of the 
 prominent social clubs, among which are the Union and 
 Metropolitan of Washington, and the Electric and Uni- 
 versity Clubs and the Ohio Society of New York. Mr, 
 Buckingham's jioiitical views are of the progressive free 
 tr.ide or low tariff Republican type. His political expres- 
 sions command attention wherever expressed. 
 
 EDWARD H. KENDALL. 
 
 Edward H. Kendall was born in Boston, Mass., and was 
 educated in the Latin School in that city. He traveled in 
 Klurope in 1858-9 and studied languages, art and archi- 
 tecture under special tutorship. He designed the original 
 Eijuitable Building, the Seaman's Savings Bank, the Wash- 
 ington Building, and the Methodist Book Concern, all in 
 the City of New York. He was elected President of the 
 New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects 
 in 1884, and held the office during the five succeeding 
 years. He was elected President of the Institute in i8gi 
 and re-elected in 1892. 
 
 J. EDWARD SIMMONS. 
 
 .\lthough every one entertains ideas of his own as to 
 what constitutes greatness and leading citizenship, the 
 probabilities are, if a hundred intelligent Gothamites were 
 asked who, in their opinion, were the six most prominent 
 men of New York City, that, while each would advance a 
 different list, the name of J. Edward Simmons would be 
 mentioned in all of them. And, in fact, it could not be 
 otherwise, for, without at all seeking such distinction, it 
 hap]iens that Mr. Simmons has during the past quarter of 
 a century occupied a foremost place in the life of the city, 
 whether as a banker, a President of the Board of Education, 
 President of the Stock Exchange, or as a man of affairs 
 generally. Hence a history like " New York, the Metro- 
 polis " would not be complete without a sketch, however 
 brief, of so eminent a citizen. 
 
 Mr. Simmons was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1841, of 
 l^arents who claimed distinguished American ancestry. 
 His great-grandfather, who came from Holland, settled in 
 this State in the early part of the last century, and one of 
 his mother's grandfathers fought on the right side in the 
 
NEW YORK, THE M ETROPOUS. 
 
 II 
 
 war of the Revolution. He — Mr. Simmons — received an 
 elementary education, first in the old Troy Academy, and 
 subsequently in a Sandlake boarding-school, where he was 
 prepared for a college course. Entering Williams College 
 in 1858, he graduated in the class of 1862, and at once began 
 the study of law in the Albany Law School. He received 
 the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1863, was called to the 
 bar the same year, and practised in Troy until 1867. wlien 
 he came to this city, and engaged in business as a banker 
 and broker. Retiring because of ill health in 1872, Mr. 
 Simmons went to Florida to recuperate, liut resumed his 
 business on Wall Street in 1874. The character fur 
 ability, integrity, and honorable methods he established for 
 himself in the ten years following forms one of the brightest 
 chapters in the history of the Stock Exchange, and resulted 
 in his being elected its I'resident on June 2, 1884. l''or 
 some time previous to this the E.xchange had been in a 
 state of chaos. The recently elected President had become 
 disqualified on account of the suspension of his firm, and 
 
 m Republic, and enunciated on many national i)latfornis since 
 the days of Jefferson. lie has' rendered very material 
 assistance to his party in Presidential and other important 
 contests. When the Democrats took office in i88s, for the 
 first time in a ipiarler of a i unfury, the late Samuel' 'i'ilden, 
 and other leaders of the party, sought, altogether without 
 consulting hnn, to have Mr.' Simmons ai)pointed to the 
 Collectorship of the Tort of New York. He refused, how- 
 ever, to press his claims to a post whii h cirried large 
 patronage and emoluments, and so tlie matter drop])ed. 
 The position he could and <lid ac eepi, because there is no 
 salary attached to it, but is hoiked upon as a great honor, 
 was that of President ol the ISoard of Education, to which 
 he was elected in i.SHO, after his return from luirope. He 
 was a]ipointed Commissioner of the Hoard in 1881, and 
 served as its President for nine years It was while travel- 
 ing on the Euro|)ean continent that the l)\isiness men of 
 New \'ork unanimously pressed tlie nomination for .Mayor 
 of Mr. Simmons. 
 
 J. I'.DWAKI) SIMMON'S 
 
 from this and other grave causes the financial system of the 
 country had received a shock which might lead to disastrous 
 results. In this crisis the character of the man in the chair 
 of the Exchange was a matter of vital importance, and all 
 eyes were turned instinctively, and almost simultaneously, 
 in the direction of J. E^dward Simmons. He was elected 
 by an unprecedentedly large vote, confidence was restored, 
 and next year he was unanimously re-elected for a second 
 term. He declined a third nomination, in the same spirit 
 and for almost the same unselfish reasons that have 
 prompted him more than once to decline the nomination 
 for Mayor of New York City, wdien such nomination was all 
 but equivalent to election. 
 
 And speaking of the Mayoralty reminds us of the fact 
 that Mr Simmons is a Democrat, not a 'I'ammany Hall Demo- 
 crat or a County Democracy Democrat, or a local partisan in 
 any way, but one of broad mind, who believes in the Demo- 
 cracy made precious and \alualile l)\ the founders ol the 
 
 He proved an ideal President of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, and during his incumbency wrought many beneficent 
 changes, and expanded and extended the Public School 
 system. It was mainly through his personal influence that, 
 in iS<S8, the Legislature passed a bill conferring collegiate 
 rank and powers upon the New York Normal College. He 
 also laliored hard and successfully in the development of 
 the College of New York, an institution in which he has 
 always taken the keenest interest. 
 
 In January, 188S, he succeeded Mr. O. D. Baldwin as 
 President of the Fourth National Bank. Mr. Simmons did 
 not own a dollar's worth of stock in the hank, was not 
 IJcrsonally acquainted with a single member of the Board 
 of Directors, and vet, such is the force and value of a high 
 reputation, he was unanimously called to preside over the 
 destinies of one of the country's leading monetary institu- 
 tions, having gross deposits of upwards of $30,000,000. 
 Mr. Simmons has made a brilliant bank president, and under 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 his direction the Fourth National Bank has gained in prestige. 
 It is not long ago since he was appointed Receiver of the 
 American Loan and Trust Company of New York, and his 
 management of this important affair has given satisfaction 
 to all parties concerned, and, if possible, added to his ability 
 as a financier. 
 
 Mr. Simmons has obtained high rank and station in the 
 Masonic order, which he joined in 1864. He was in 1883 
 chosen Grand Master of the Grand I^odge of New York 
 State, and he is a inember of the Jerusalem, No. 8, Royal 
 Arch Masons, also of Coeur de Lion Commandery, No. 23, 
 Knights Templar. His elevation to the 33d, the highest 
 degree in the craft, took place in September, 1S85, and m 
 June, 1888, the University of Norwich, Vermont, confeired 
 upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. He is a member 
 of the Manhattan, Lawyers', Players', Metropolitan, and 
 University Clubs, and of the St. Nicholas and New England 
 Societies, also of St. Thomas' Episcopal Church. 
 
 It is needless to state here that Mr. Simmons is a 
 polished and eloquent speaker. His summer residence is 
 known as the " Stag's Head," located near Lake George. 
 
 Such is an altogether too brief sketch of one of New 
 York's most illustrious citizens, with a national reputation 
 for high character and ability. 
 
 WILLIAM WOOD. 
 
 Few peo])le are aware of the vast, the almost incredible 
 amount of money invested in the fire insurance business in 
 this country. According to official returns, sixteen billion 
 dollars ($16,000,000,000) on fire insurance were in force last 
 
 trilnition of intellect, so to speak, for, while a generation or 
 so ago young men of talent and education directed their 
 ambition toward the Army or Navy, the bar, or the practice 
 of medicine, it has been observed that of late the insurance 
 ofiices are competing with the professions for the employ- 
 ment of brains, with a good deal of success. 
 
 Among the great English companies with branches in 
 America is the Palatine Fire Insurance Company of Man- 
 chester, which does a large amount of business here. Mr. 
 William Wood, who is a very fine representative not only 
 of the English Insurance Company, but of the English 
 gentleman, is manager of the American branch of this com- 
 pany. Mr. Wood was born in Scotland, in 1847, and studied 
 law in Glasgow, but doubting that he possessed tastes for 
 the legal profession, and at all events conscious that 
 he would reach the goal of his ambition by a shorter 
 route, he accepted the position of Chief Clerk in the National 
 Board of Fire Underwriters in 1872, and held this post 
 until 1877, when he engaged with the Queen Insurance 
 Company, first in the agency department, and subsequently 
 in charge of the Metropolitan (New York) branch or dis- 
 trict. During those years Mr. Wood manifested nruch 
 energy and executive ability, and had made such a name for 
 himself on both sides of the Atlantic that in 1882 he was 
 appointed assistant manager of the LInited Fire Insurance 
 Company, and in 1S84 its American head. In January last, 
 the Palatine Company of M.mchester, England, after absorb- 
 ing the L'nited Fire Insurance Company, took in, also, the 
 Manufacturers and Builders' Insurance Company of New 
 York, and appointed Mr. Wood President of the con- 
 solidated compinies. The Palatine's American trustees 
 are General Louis Fitzgerald, Chauncey M. Depew, and 
 .A.shbel Green. Among its English directors are some of 
 the leading mill owners in Great Britain. 
 
 Mr. Wood is well known and respected in New York. 
 He is a meinber of the Union Club, was for many years 
 Secretary of the New York Athletic Club, and is connected 
 with many other of our leading organizations. 
 
 WILLI.\W WOOD. 
 
 year not including many districts on th.e Pacific Coast not 
 heard from. This, of course, means the employment of large 
 numbers of people, the erection of great buildings, many of 
 them of a style that may lie termed magnificent, and, as a 
 corollary, the distribution of wealth. It also means the dis- 
 
 GEORGE B. POST. 
 
 One of America's great arihitects and New York's most 
 distinguished citizens is George B. Post. In his profession 
 it is doubtful if he has any superior in this country, and 
 certainly very few equals. The architect of the Equitable 
 Building needs no eulogy : it stands as a monument to his 
 genius, while the N. Y. Times building, by no means de- 
 signed for architectural display, has solved a difficult prob- 
 lem. The Times, though st.inding within a stone's throw 
 of the gr at public edifices, and surrounded by imposing 
 sky scraping structures, is remarkable as containing not a 
 single dark room, and it was the architect's cunning that 
 devised this solution of a difficulty that had hitherto puz- 
 zled and baffled many wise men 
 
 Mr. Post was born in New York City, on December 15, 
 1837. He was educated in Churchill's Military School at 
 Sing Sing, and graduated in civil engineering in the class of 
 1858 from the New York University. Immediately after 
 leaving the University, he entered the .Xrchitectural School 
 presided over by Richard M. Hunt, a man well-known as 
 having turned out some of the most eminent architects in 
 the LInited States. In Mr. Post's class, for instance, and 
 among his contemporaries in this school, were William R. 
 Ware, the present distinguished Professor of Columbia 
 College, Henry Van Brunt, now of Kansas City, Frank 
 Furness, Philadelphia's leading architect, and the equally 
 famous Charles P. Gambrill, all young men destined to 
 achieve a national reputation 
 
 Mr. Post and Mr. Gambrill left the school together and 
 formed a business partnership. This was in 1861, when the 
 
/^£l!- YORK, TffE MRTROPOI.IS. 
 
 tocsin of war was sounding through the land, and Mr. Post 
 was one of many other young men of high social standing 
 and bright professional prosi^ects wliu responded to tin- 
 martial appeal. He went to the front as Cajitain in thi' 
 Twenty-second New York Regiment, and was promoted 
 successfully to the rank of Major, Lieut. -Colonel, and Colo- 
 nel. He was present at the disastrous battle (if Fredericks- 
 burg, and was during the action an aide on the staff of 
 Ceneral Burnside, commanding the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 After the war he resumed his professional career, and 
 met with instant recognition and brilliant success. Step by 
 step he climbed up, until now, after thirty years of success- 
 ful endeavor, he stands on the very top rung of the ladder. 
 During those years he has erected so many buildings of the 
 first-class, of almost every conceivable order of architecture, 
 that the naming of them would recpiire more of the s|jace in 
 this work than we can afford. ,\mong his achievements of 
 late years have been the Etpiitable Building, already men- 
 tioned, which is said to have cost thirteen millions in con- 
 struction, the New York Hospital, the Times Building, the 
 World Building, the Mill's Building, Williamsburg, L. I. 
 Savings Bank, and the Long Island Historical Society Build 
 ing, of Brooklyn, the Produce and Cotton Exchanges, 
 Chickering Hall, the Prudential Insurance Comjiany's 
 Building, Newark, the Havemeyer Building on Cortlandt 
 Street, C. P. Huntington's Fifth Avenue residence, eti . 
 
 Mr. Post was married in 186,5 to Miss Alice M., daughter 
 of William W. St(jne. a prominent mere hant of New York 
 and Boston. 
 
 W. P. STYMUS. 
 
 Chief among the decorati\e tiuniture manufacturers of 
 this city is W. Pierre Stymus, of the celebrated firm of 
 Pottier, Stymus & Co., Lexingtoii .A\enue. Mr. Stymus has 
 the heart and the intellect ot a true artist, and, apart from 
 the money there is in it, he loves the profession for its own 
 sake. He was born in this city, on A])ril 6, 1830, and comes 
 of an old Dutch family that settled in Westchester County. 
 They took an active part in tlie war of the Revolution, also 
 in the war of 1812-14. always, of course, on the American 
 side. Young Stymus was educated in the public schools, and 
 graduated from Old Fourteen. When sixteen years of 
 age, he entered the decorative establishment of Rochefort 
 & Skarren, 623 Broadway, and there began the study of 
 decorative art, and mastered it so thoroughly that, while 
 still a young man, he took high rank in the profession. He 
 is to-day |ire-eminent in the trade. In order to confirm the 
 truth of this statement, it is only necessary to enter a few- 
 Fifth Avenue [jalaces and judge for one's self. In fact, to 
 him, more than to any other living American, must be given 
 the credit of bringing decorative art in this city to its 
 present high plane. 
 
 While traveling in Europe, he has taken pains to study 
 the noble emanations from the Renaissance period in Rome 
 and other Italian cities. He was in Paris during the Third 
 Empire, when Baron Haussmann was effecting such splendid 
 improveinents, and making of the French Cajiital the most 
 beautiful city in the world, and watched those improvements 
 with a view to extending his own knowledge. 
 
 Mr. Stymus was married on January 6, 1855, liy the 
 Reverend Dr. Sawyer, in the old Universalist Church, in 
 Orchard Street. He was a member of the Old Ninth 
 Regiment, in which he served as engineer on the staff of 
 Col. Wilcox, with the grade of Captain, and was com- 
 missioned by Ciovernor Fenton. 
 
 WILLIAM POPE ST. JOHN. 
 William Pope St. John, the well known banker, was born 
 in Mobile, Ala., F'ebruary 19, 1849. He is the son of New- 
 ton St. John, banker, of the firm of St. John, Powers & Co., 
 
 of Mobde, fortwenty-fiveyearsagentsin the South for Messr>. 
 B.iinig Brothers \- K_\i., of London, and ranking A i fioni 
 1S3.' to 180 1. His great-great-grandfather, I'.enjamin St. 
 John, was one of twenty-five persons who [jurchased 
 the 'i'ownship of kidgefield, Fairfield County, Connectic ut, 
 September 30, i 708. Mr. St. John's mother was a daughter 
 of Alexander Pope, of Delaware, and Dorothy Bibb, of 
 Georgia, the latter, a sister of Thomas Bibb, the first Gov- 
 ernor of Alabama, after whose family Bibb County, Georgia, 
 was named One nf his ]>aternal ancestors was or.e of the 
 two brothers St. John nienliimed in 'Trumbull's ('onnecti- 
 cut"(i654). 
 
 \ oung St. Jiihn began his education in Mobile, con- 
 tinued it \\\ Europe, and on his rt-turn passed one \'ear at 
 .\ndiiver, Mass. I lis first business employment was in a 
 banking house on Wall Street, New York. In the same 
 city he sulisetiuently filled clerkshijis in several distini tly 
 different kinds of Inisiness, and always with houses promi- 
 nent in tiieir line, having under his control and manage- 
 
 WM. I^ ST. JOHN. 
 
 meiit, during a jieriod of four years, the sales, ])rices, and 
 credits for the leading firm of sugar refiners in the Ifnited 
 States. His yearly sales were said to exceed the sum of 
 fifty million dollars. 
 
 In January, 1881, he was elected cashier of the Mercantile 
 National Bank, of New York City, and two years later was 
 made its |)resident, a position he still holds. During his 
 incumbency of this office the Mercantile National Bank 
 dejiosits ha\e increased in the ten years from an average 
 of three and a half millions to more than eleven millions of 
 dollars, while more than one million dollars have lieen 
 accumulated of the earnings after constant payments of 
 semi-annual dividends, and the market price of the ca])ital 
 stock has advanced from eighty-five cents to two dollars and 
 a i]uarter on the dollar. Mr. St. John is :dso a director in 
 other banks and a trustee in several financial organizations. 
 He has been a member of the Executive Committee of the 
 
14 
 
 A^£IF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 American Bankers' Association, and of the Finance Com- 
 mittee of the New York Chamber of Commerce. Mr. St. 
 John has been a frequent and valued contributor to financial 
 newspapers, magazines and other literary publications, and 
 has published important original pamphlets on economic 
 topics. He has been conspicuous among bankers for his 
 earnestness in urging the historic basis for the argument in 
 behalf of the equally free and unlimited coinage of gold and 
 silver in the United States, disputing as unhistoric the an- 
 tagonistic statements of Senator Sherman and others. He 
 has been called the ".Apostle of Free Coinage for Silver." 
 Williams College has conferred upon him the recognition 
 of the honorary degree of M.A. 
 
 WILLIAM J. LARDNER. 
 
 Deputy Attorney-General William J. Lardner, who 
 enjoys distinction as one of the most successful of the 
 younger members of the bar of the Metropolis, was born in 
 the i8th Ward of this city on Oct. 22, 1858. He received 
 his preparatoiv education in the public schools and then in 
 St. Francis Xavier College. It was his intention to enter the 
 Priesthood, but circumstances at home compelled him to re 
 linquish that purpose. Before reaching the age of nineteen, 
 he graduated with honors from the Law School of the Uni 
 varsity of New York, and studied law in the office of the 
 
 U . J. L.VRD.NER, 
 
 late Du Plessis M. Helm, and at the remarkably early age 
 of twenty-one was admitted to the New York bar. He im- 
 mediately began the ])ractice of law and showed marked 
 ability and thorough aptitude for his profession. Through 
 the death of his father he was thrown upon his own resources 
 at a very early age, but with rare pluck and energy he sur- 
 mounted all obstacles that stood in the way of securing an 
 education and chose the profession of law as the field for 
 his future career. Mr. Lardner is a self-made man, and owes 
 his advancement to his intellectual attainments. Through- 
 
 out his busy life he has been the support of his widowed 
 mother, and has acted a father's part to his brothers and 
 sisters. 
 
 He is deputy Attorney-General of New York State, hav- 
 ing been appointed in 1887 by Attorney-General Tabor, the 
 law partner of Lieutenant-Governor Sheehan. Mr. Lardner 
 performed the difficult duties of his |iosition with such 
 ability that he was reappointed for a second term by the 
 same gentleman. He was the youngest lawyer ever a|)|)ointed 
 to that position. In 1891 the present Attnrney-Gentral S. 
 W. Rosendale, further endorsed Deputy Lardner's adminis- 
 tration by requesting him to remain for a third term. During 
 those years he has come in contact with the most learned 
 members of the Bench and Bar, and has won many high 
 encomiums from judges and representative lawyers. He 
 has been associated, in many cases, with such men as 
 Frederick R. Coudert, George Bliss, E. P. Wheeler and the 
 late Algernon S. Sullivan. Mr. Lardner devotes his atten- 
 tion exclusively to civil practice, making a specialty of 
 equity and surrogate cases, his clientele including many 
 notable persons. For the past eight years he has been 
 counsel for the Archbishop of New York, and for many 
 years has acted in a similar capacity for most all the pastors 
 and Catholic institutions of the city, also the Rt. Rev. 
 Chas. E. McDonnell, of Brooklyn. 
 
 He is the senior member of Lardner & McAdam, his 
 partner being Thos. McAdam, eldest son of Judge McAdam 
 of the Superior Court. Mr. Lardner is a member of the 
 State and City Bar .Association, the Manhattan and Lawyers' 
 Clubs, and also of Tammany Hall. On May lo, 1887, he 
 married Miss Agnes C. O'Brien, the daughter of Jas. A. 
 O'Brien, deceased, a former merchant of this city, and has 
 a family of three bright children. 
 
 JOHN A. McCALL. 
 
 In the biograi^hy of the business men of New York, no 
 one more prominent can be named among those who have 
 achieved success in life and the highest position attainable 
 in the line of work which he adopted, than Mr. McCall, 
 President of the New York Life Insurance Company. Mr. 
 McCall was born in the year 1849, in the city of Albany, N. Y. 
 His father, John McCall, Sr., who was a prominent citi- 
 zen of .Albany and died there in 1887, lived in that city for 
 half a century in the esteem of the people, who on various 
 occasions elected him to important offices. The younger 
 Mr. McCall, subject of this sketch, was educated in the 
 Albany Academy and graduated from the Commercial Col- 
 lege in that city in 186S. His career has been remarkable, 
 and the wisdom of the management of the New York 
 Life Insurance Company in selecting him as President 
 has not only had the hearty approval of the stockholders, 
 but has received the commendation of the public and all 
 interested in the management of life insurance. No one in 
 the State ranks more highly as a safe and conscientious ex- 
 pert in life insurance matters. His success in life has been 
 achieved without adventitious aids, and solely by his indus- 
 try and immense application to the work for which he has 
 a genius. Starting in life as a clerk in an Albany assorting 
 house, he became a bookkeeper in the Connecticut Mutual 
 Life Insurance Co.'s General Agency for New York at 
 Albany. This was the first association with the insurance 
 business for which he has ever since displayed peculiar apti- 
 tude. After this he was interested in the real estate and 
 insurance business in .Albany, until he was offered a clerk- 
 ship in the Insurance Department, of which the Hon. Geo. 
 W. Miller was then the head, and served in the actuarial 
 branch from March, 1870, until Mr. Miller's resignation in 
 May, 1872, when he was placed in charge of the statistical 
 work of the department reports by the acting siq:)erintend- 
 
JVF.IV YORK, TflR .\r h.TRO I'D I.fi 
 
 '5 
 
 JOHN A, MtCAr.L. 
 
i6 
 
 iVi?;F YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ent, Hon. Geo. B. Church. Mr. McCall's splendid work was 
 followed by rapid promotion, and in the fall of 1872 he was 
 appointed examiner of companies by the Hon. O. W. 
 Chapman, on whose resignation in 1S76 the deputy super- 
 intendent, William Smyth of Oswego, becoming acting 
 superintendent, at once made Mr. McCall his deputy, and it 
 is a matter worthy of notice that he remained in this 
 responsible position through the administration of the Re- 
 pul)lican Superintendents John F. Smyth and Charles G. 
 Fairman. It was while in this position that the exposure of 
 gross frauds and irregularity in life and fire insurance com- 
 panies, which attracted universal attention, was made, and 
 it was his success in unravelling those frauds and exposing 
 them to the public that also attracted the attention of the 
 greatest and best insurance managers of the country. His 
 reports showing up the shortcomings of companies were 
 everywhere received with the highest praise. Under his 
 investigation frauds were laid low and the iniquity of man- 
 agers brought to public contempt. Many fire insurance 
 companies and eighteen life insurance companies in New 
 York and fifteen in other States were closed by the strong 
 hand of the law, and prevented by his reports and recom- 
 mendations from the issuance of policies. 
 
 This result, too, was achieved in the face of opposition 
 from political and capitalistic pressure before which many 
 another man would have quailed and given up the fight. 
 But not satisfied with the mere exposure of the companies 
 which had grown fat on the credulity of the public, he 
 followed the officers of the same to the extent of the law, 
 and as a result two high officials were tried and sentenced 
 to State's prison for five years, and another to one year's 
 imprisonment in the penitentiary. The effect of this action 
 has had a wholesome influence. 
 
 In January, 1883, Mr. McCall was appointed by Ciovernor 
 Cleveland, at the request of the managers of the large and 
 well-conducted insurance companies, head of the Insurance 
 Department of the State. During his administration of 
 the office no policyholder suffered a loss by the failure of 
 any company in the State. His certificate of examination 
 was honored in every State of the Union. He abolished 
 the fee system for making examinations, and permitted no 
 fees to be collected from companies of the State on any 
 account. Yet, during his administration there was paid into 
 the State Treasury $76,000 from the legal income of the 
 office in excess of the exptnditures of the Department. 
 Governor Hill, coming into the Executive chair, tendered 
 Mr. McCall a reappointment as Superintendent of Insurance, 
 which he declined, having accepted the Comptrollership of 
 the Equitable Life Assurance Society. As in all other 
 positions, so in this, he gained in reputation for ability and 
 integrity. 
 
 The New York Life has entered upon a new career of pros- 
 perity, and under his businesslike administration will continue 
 to grow in popular favor. From every section of this countr)-, 
 as well as from abroad, all expressions of opinion have been 
 highly favorable to Mr. McCall's appointment to the Presi- 
 dency of the New York Life. And now let it be stated that the 
 business of the New York Life is world wide, and its policies 
 are held in every country and every clime. During the single 
 year of Mr. McCall's administration the new business exceed- 
 ed by twenty millions that of any other year in the Company's 
 history, the total new policies amounting to $173,000,000. 
 Mr. McCall's ideas of management have been heartily 
 endorsed by the Board of Trustees, and all the old officials 
 and agents have adopted with singular unanimity the Pres- 
 ident's views as to the course the Company should pursue. 
 With an official certificate of investigation and surplus from 
 the State Insurance Department, such as is possessed by 
 no other company, the New York Life, under Mr. McCall's 
 direction, must thrive and profit. 
 
 J. VAN VECHTEN OLCOTT. 
 
 J. Van Vechten Olcott, one of the talented and success- 
 ful members of the Bar of the Metropolis, was born in this 
 city on May 17th, 185'i, and is sprung from good old Colo- 
 nial and Knickerbocker ancestry. The first of the Olcott 
 family in America came to this country early in the seven- 
 teenth century, and was one of the original founders of the 
 city of Hartford, Conn. John N. Olcott, the father of the 
 subject of this sketch, was born in Connecticut, came to New 
 York City in childhood, and for years was engaged in business 
 as a commission merchant. He married Miss Euphemia H. 
 Knox, daughter of the Rev. Dr. John Knox, pastor of the 
 Collegiate Dutch Reformed Church of this city. The wife 
 of Rev. John Knox was Miss Euphemia Mason, daughter 
 of Rev. John M. Mason, who was the son of Rev. John 
 Mason, chaplain of \Vest Point during Washington's time, 
 and an enthusiastic Revolutionist J. Van Vechten Olcott 
 received his |)reliminarv education in the public schools and 
 
 J. VAN VECHTEN OLCOTT. 
 
 the New York College, entered Columbia Law School, and 
 was graduated in the class of 1877. Upon attaining his ma- 
 jority he was admitted to the bar, and at once entered the 
 law office of Messrs. Anderson & Man, where he after- 
 ward became managing clerk. On November ist, 1881, he 
 resigned his position in order to establish the firm of Liv- 
 ingston & Olcott, his partner being Robert A. Livingston, 
 who was Assemblyman from Putnam County, this State, in 
 1882 and 1885. The firm was dissolved on January ist, 1889, 
 and Mr. Olcott continued practice unassociated until May, 
 1891, when the present well-known firm of Messrs. Olcott 
 & Olcott was founded, the other member of which is his 
 brother, William M. K. Olcott. Mr. Olcott has devoted his 
 attention entirely to civil practice, and makes a specialty of 
 real estate and surrogate matters in which departments of 
 the law he is recognized as one of the most thoroughly 
 versed and practically experienced counsels at the bar. His 
 
NEW YORK. TllR METROPOLIS. 
 
 •7 
 
 clientUe is of the most desirable character and includes 
 many prominent real estate men, large estates and mercan- 
 tile concerns, while his practice extends from the city and 
 State to the Federal Courts. Mr. Olcott not only enjoys 
 the respect and esteem of the Bench and Bar, but is 
 e(|uaUy jjopular outside of jjrofessional circles, being 
 a well known clubman and holding membershii) in 
 the Union League, Republican, .Alpha Delta Phi, Church 
 and Colonial Clubs, of the last of which he is the Secre- 
 tary. He belongs to the Sons of the American Revolu- 
 tion, as well as the City and State Bar .Associations. In 
 1882 Mr. Olcott was married to Miss Laura L Hofl'man, 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Chas. F. Hoffman, the eminent Epis- 
 copal divine, and resides in 2,?i ^^'est Seventy-second Street. 
 While a hard-working and enthusiastic Republican^ Mr. 
 Olcott has never sought or desired political honors, i)refer- 
 ring his more lucrative professional career. He is President 
 of the Bridgeport Land and Imjirovement Company, one of 
 the examining counsel of the Lawyers'Title Insurance Com- 
 pany, and is interested in other important enterprises. 
 
 GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 
 
 George Brinton McClellan, only son of the illustrious 
 .American General of that name, was born in Germany on 
 November 23, 1865, while his parents were on a visit to 
 Europe. He is of Scottish extraction and descended from 
 the McClellans of Kircudbright. Through his mother 
 Colonel McClellan is grandson of Major General Randolph 
 B. Marcy, who was Inspector-General of the L'. S. Army 
 and Chief-of-Staff to its Commander in Chief. General 
 George Brinton McClellan, during the campaign that 
 culminated in the great Union victory of .Antietam. Mrs. 
 McClellan was a noted Washington belle before and 
 during the war, and survives her husl)and. -She is grand- 
 niece of the celebrated statesman William L. Marcy, and 
 is of Irish extraction. The record of Colonel McClellan's 
 father is part of the history of the United States. As above 
 stated he was descended from a liranch of the McClellans 
 that came to this country from Scotland in the middle of 
 the seventeenth century. The famous General was born 
 in Philadelphia, and was the son of Dr. George McClellan 
 of that city. President of the Jefferson Medical College and 
 its founder. His grandfather was James McClellan of 
 Woodstock, Connecticut, and his great-grandfathei', 
 General Samuel McClellan of the Continental Army, who 
 was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General at the close 
 of the war. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was educated in Princeton 
 and was graduated from that college in the class of 1886 
 Upon the death of his father, the vear previous, it was 
 found that his estate did not come up to the expectations 
 of his friends, and young George realized that his future 
 would have to depend upon his exertions. He entered 
 the field of journalism for a career, and was through his 
 own seeking engaged on the staff of the Morning Joiirna!. 
 from which he transferred his services to the N. A'. World 
 as Assistant City Editor, which was good for a young 
 man of twenty-three. While on the World he rendered 
 material aid to the Democratic party in the cami)aign of 
 1888. We next find him in the responsible ijosition of 
 .Assistant Financial Editor of the Herald. In 1889 he 
 was appointed Treasurer of the Brooklyn Bridge, and 
 while faithfully ijerforniing the duties of the office he 
 entered himself as a student in the Columbia College Law 
 School, irom which he graduated and was called to the bar. 
 He was First-Lieutenant in the Eighth Regiment, N. \'. 
 State Militia, from 1885 to 188S, but resigned to become 
 Colonel and Aide-de-Camp on the Staff of Governor Hill. 
 (January, 1889). In the fall of 1892, Colonel McClellan 
 
 was elected President of the Board of Aldermen on the 
 Tannnany lick< t by 78,210 ])lurality, the largest plurality 
 ever received by any candidati: for any office in New York 
 (hty. He is a member of the Loyal Legion cf Lafayette 
 Camp, Sons of Veterans, the Aztec Society, Sons of the 
 Revolution, Honorary Member of the Irish Brigade, of 
 the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, and of the Manhattan and 
 Union Clubs. Hl- is member, also, of the Tammany 
 Committee on organization and of the Columbian Order. 
 
 It is the hope and belief of his friends th,^t a bright 
 career lies before George Brinton McClellan, as nuuhon 
 his own account as because he is the son of his father. 
 
 CHAUNCEY B. RIPLEY. 
 
 Chauncey B. Ripley, though he is distinguished in his pro- 
 fession as a lawyer and otherwise, is especially well known 
 to the lawyers of this city, now numbering seven or eight 
 thousand, for a large ])art of them have passed through his 
 hands, and many of them have trembled before him, with 
 or without sufficient cause. This will be understood when 
 it is stated that during the past quarter of a century Dr. 
 Ripley has been a member of the committees of the New 
 York University Law School for examining candidates for 
 diijlomas and degrees and awarding prizes. Dr. Ripley was 
 
 CHAl'.SCEV H. RIPLEY. 
 
 born at the Riplev Mill Homestead, South Coventry, Conn., 
 on May 14, 1S35. His paternal grandfather. Jeremiah 
 Ripley, who \)\\\\( Rijiley Hill, served as an officer under 
 General Washington during the Revolutionary War, and his 
 father, Chauncev Ripley, born in the same place and edii- 
 cated at Yale College, was also a well-known man of his 
 time. His preparatory course was taken partly at the Con- 
 necticut Literary Institution, at Suftield, Conn., and was partly 
 conducted by the Rev. James Fuller Brown, D.D., a life- 
 long friend who subsecpiently became Chancellor of Bucknell 
 
i8 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 University, of which institution Dr. Ripley afterwards de- 
 clined the candidature for ])resident in 1888 on the retire- 
 ment of Dr. David J. Hill. In i860 he entered the Univer- 
 sity of Rochester, where he took the first two years of his 
 college course. In his junior year he held the chair of 
 Mathematics in Flushing (L. I.) Institute, in the meantime 
 pursuing his college studies and entering the senior class of 
 Bucknell University, whence he was graduated as an " honor 
 man " with the degree of A.B. in the class of 1864. He was 
 graduated at the University Law School in 1865, valedic- 
 torian of his class, and admitted to the bar of the State of 
 New York the same year and has since practised at the bar 
 of New York City. Oi his legal career it is unnecessary to 
 speak. It has been a success ; and his clients are of the 
 most desirable character. His knowledge of the law is pro- 
 found, hence his opinions carry their proper weight with the 
 judges. He has obtained a national reputation as a univer- 
 sitvman. His Alma Mater gave him the Master's Oration 
 with the degree of A.M. in 1867, and in 1888 the degree 
 of LL.D. for "distinguished attainments in legal learn- 
 ing." The Trustees of Rutgers Female College, of the 
 city of New York, conferr d upon him the degree of Doctor 
 of Literature, in 1892. He delivered the valedictory address 
 to Dr. David J- Hill on his retirement from the presidency 
 of Bucknell and the salutatory to his successor. Dr. John 
 H. Harris. He was for two terms president of the Alumni 
 Association of Buckne'l University in New York City, and 
 his name is on the roll of the Alumni Association of the 
 University of Rochester, in New York City. Among his 
 other university honors is membership in the Sigma Chi 
 Fraternity. He was twice elected consul or president of its 
 post-graduate chapter in New York, and was designated to 
 initiate Grover Cleveland into the Sigma Chi Fraternity, by 
 the members of Theta Theta Chapter of the LTniversity of 
 Michigan. In October, 1890, he was designated by the 
 National Grand Council of Sigma Chi Fraternity to preside 
 at the banquet given by the initiates of Alpha Phi Chapter 
 of Sigma Chi at Cornell University. He was elected an 
 honorary member of Delta Chi, a legal Greek Letter Frater- 
 nity, in 1S92. 
 
 Dr. Ripley lives at Westfield, Union County, N. J., and 
 owns about 400 acres of land there. He is famous as the 
 great improver of public roads, and out of his own means 
 has expended $100,000 in road improvements. In 1891, he 
 addressed, by special invitation, the State Board of Agri- 
 culture at the State House, in Trenton, N. J., on the sub- 
 ject of Improved Roads, and in 1892 the N. J. State Road 
 Board on the same subject. The addresses were published 
 in pamphlet form by the State and had a wide cin ulation. 
 He was one of the organizers of the National League for 
 Good Roads, and delivered an address before the Conven- 
 tion at Chicago in 1892. He was elected one of the Execu- 
 tive Committee of the League and also Counsel to the 
 League. He addressed the League at Washington during 
 the Convention held in December, 1892. He married in 
 1865 Cornelia Ross, daughter of the late Honorable 
 Gideon Ross, of Westfield, N. J. To sum up, he is a well- 
 known advocate of university education, a scholar,a law- 
 yer in the highest sense of the word, a polished orator, and 
 a citizen of much public spirit. In these regards. Dr. Ripley 
 has a national reputation. 
 
 HENRY WHITE CANNON. 
 
 A historical work such as New York, The Metropolis, 
 would not be complete without a sketch, however brief, of 
 the Honorable Henry White Cannon, ex Comptroller of the 
 U. S. Currency, lately .\merican Commissioner at the Inter- 
 national Monetary Conference, President of " The Chase 
 National Bank, of the City of New York," and one of 
 
 the country's ablest financiers. Even a brief sketch of 
 his career will afford a glance at some of the most delicate 
 financial situations which the business interests of the nation 
 have encountered, and will reveal the wise and strong hand 
 with which he guided these interests through dangerous 
 straits, and thus earned the gratitude of the country. 
 
 Henry White Cannon was born in Delhi. Delaware 
 County, State of New York, on the 27lh of September, 
 1850. This county, so sterile in an agricultural sense, 
 has been prolific of great men, and it is singular that Jay 
 Gould's first bow before the public was as the author of 
 a " History of Delav.'are County." Mr. Gould himself was 
 a native of Delaware County. 
 
 Henry White Cannon attended private schools and 
 completed his education in the Delaware Literary Institute. 
 His earliest business experience was in the First National 
 Bank of F)elhi, of which he became teller before he was 
 twenty years old. In 1870, feeling that finance was his 
 forte, and seeing his native horizen too small, he went West 
 and obtained a position in the Second National Bank of 
 St. Paul, Minn. The year following (1871) we find 
 him in Stillwater, Minn., organizing the Lumbermen's 
 National Bank to such purpose and on so intelligent and 
 solid a base that it serenely stood the financial storm of 
 1873 (the Black Friday panic), which swept away so many 
 similar and older institutions. The bank was remarkable 
 at this period for paying all demands upon it in currency. 
 We cannot afford even mere mention in this volume for all 
 Mr. Cannon's achievements in Minnesota. His reputation 
 by 1884 had become national, and in that year at the earnest 
 solicitat'on of the Congressional delegation from Minnesota 
 and the leading banks of New York and Chicago he was 
 appointed Comptroller of the Currency to succeed the 
 Hon. John Jay Knox, a man of extraordinary ability. Mr. 
 Cannon was hardly installed in office when the crisis of 
 1884 began and swept over the country. ^\'eakness, 
 defalcations and gross dishonesty were found in the most 
 unexpected quarters at this time and it was Mr. Cannon's 
 duty to grapple with the evil. The task was beset with 
 obstacles. He appointed all the receivers, employed an 
 extra staff of bank examiners and by his timely and skillful 
 mastery of a most difficult situation restored confidence 
 and saved many institutions from financial wreck. During 
 this crisis he appeared before a Committee composed 
 with others of Senators Sherman, Morrill, Bayard, Beck, 
 and Aldrich, and gave such eviderce as tended to allay 
 anxiety. He counselled no unnecessary publicity as to 
 the state of the New York banks and their relations to the 
 Clearing House, stated that it was not politic to resort to 
 the extraordinary measure contemplated by Congress, that 
 the banks were daily increasing their cash reserve, and 
 finally that legislation would do more harm than good. 
 The Committee took his advice and finance righted itself. 
 In 1885 another problem involving much work and dis- 
 crimination ]jresented itself to Comptroller Cannon for 
 solution. The charters of 800 banks expired and before 
 they could be renewed it was necessary to have a thorough 
 examination of their accounts by experts and advised that 
 charters be refused them unless such accounts were found 
 satisfactory. In his subsequent report to the President he 
 offered suggestions on the state of the bank and monetary 
 affairs, generally, which were adopted and their adojjtion was 
 of incalculable service 10 the country. Though Mr. Cannon 
 is a Republican and was appointed by a Republican 
 administration the advent to power of President Cleveland 
 did not affect him, as Comptroller Cannon was too useful 
 an ofifici il. Mr. Cleveland invited him to remain until the 
 end of the six year term. As, however, the financial policy 
 he advocated was not carried out by Secretary Manning, 
 he resigned in 1S86 and returned to active life and accepted 
 
NF.]]- YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 19 
 
 the Vice-Presidency of the National Bank of the Repuljlic 
 in New York City, of which his friend and predecessor in 
 office — John Jay Knox — was the President. Soon after he 
 accei)ted the Presidency of the Chase National Bank, a 
 ]iosition he now holds. Mayor Grant appointed him an 
 Aqueduct Commissioner, and the a|)pointnient was met 
 with universal approval, for Mr. Cannon is very ]K)pular in 
 New York. He is also a memljer of the Clearing House 
 Executive Committee and in January, 1891, was made by 
 President Harrison a member of the Assay Commission. 
 He is member of the Union Lea;jue Clul), the Century 
 Club, Sons of the Revolution, the New England Society, 
 Royal Statistical Society, be- 
 longs to the Kane Masonic 
 Lodge, and is conne ted with 
 many social, Benevolent. Scien- 
 tific and Art Associations. 
 
 The latest service rendered 
 his country by Mr. Cannon has 
 been in connection with the 
 International Monetary Con- 
 ference, convened on Novem- 
 ber 23, 1892, in Brussels. It 
 was, in fact, mainly on the 
 suggestion of Mr. Cannon 
 that many of the negotiations 
 with foreign governments, pre- 
 liminary to the Conference, 
 were conducted. His appoint- 
 ment by President Harrison 
 as one of the American Com- 
 missioners was endorsed by the 
 press of the United States, 
 regardless of party, and many 
 of the Eurojjean papers con- 
 tained complimentary refer- 
 ences to his ability. That 
 he has done credit to his 
 country and to the states- 
 man who appointed him, and 
 answered the expectations of 
 his friends and admirers while 
 in contact with some of the 
 keenest financial intellects of 
 Europe, is now a matter ol 
 current history. 
 
 AT^/'t^Ct^ 
 
 EDWARD B. HARPER. 
 
 The gigantic forward strides 
 taken by the Mutual Reserve 
 Fund Life Association of New 
 York within a comparatively 
 recent period are among the 
 industrial phenomena of the 
 age. Without going into de- 
 tails, for which we cannot find 
 space, it may be stated that " ^ — 
 
 the system perfected by the 
 company has brought insur- 
 ance within reach of every one. 
 
 Before this system was introduced, it was really only the 
 comparatively wealthy who could insure their lives without 
 straining their resources and running the risk of lapse and 
 forfeiture ; now. under the system presented by the Mutual 
 Reserve, the man who does day labor with his hands is in 
 a position to secure his family from want in case of death, 
 which comes to all, and comes like a thief in the night, 
 unexpected. 
 
 The subjoined figures will gi\e some idea of the strides 
 taken In 1882 the business of the Mutual Reserve Fund 
 
 Life Association was ,$10,000 a day, the membership 1,000, 
 and one mortuary assessment produced only about $4,000. 
 At present the membership is over 75,000, and is const :nt!y 
 swelling, and the business done represents $200,000 a day. 
 The company has now a reserve fund of $3,500,000, against 
 none in 1882, a total insurance business of nearly 
 $250, 000, 000, while n single assessment producingonly $4,000 
 in 1882 now ])roduces the enormous return of over $525,000. 
 The report for 1892, furnished Iiy the company to the New 
 York State Su])erintendent of Insurance, shows that the as- 
 sociation has already jiaitl to the widows and orphans and 
 other heneficiaries of its deceased members more than 
 
 ,$15,000,000, and is now pay- 
 ing to them nearly ,$3,000 000 
 yearly, while its new annual 
 business foots uji more than 
 $50,000,000. Science shows 
 that there is no cause without 
 an effect, and no effect without 
 a cause. The cause of the 
 foregoing colossal effect is 
 Edward Bascomb Harper, one 
 of those men of creative genius 
 who appear in the world from 
 time to time to remedy the 
 evils wrought by the genius 
 of warriors who kill, burn and 
 destroy. It is quite possible 
 that in accomplishing this great 
 work Mr. Harper was merely 
 actuated by his own and the 
 company's interests, but if he 
 was at the same time render- 
 ing humanity a service, why 
 so much the better. 
 
 Mr. Harper was born in the 
 town of Leipsic. near Dover, 
 Kent County, Delaware, on 
 September 14, 1842, and is de- 
 scended from a good old FJng- 
 lish family. An ancestor of 
 his was Lord Mayor of Lon- 
 don in 1561, and many of his 
 progenitors figured honorably 
 in seventeenth and eighteenth 
 I entury annals. At the age of 
 thirteen he found himself an 
 orijhan, and entered the store 
 of lohn W. Cullen in his native 
 town as clerk. Thus he was 
 obliged to earn his own living 
 at an age when other boys are 
 at school. From the very be- 
 ginning he displayed a capacity 
 for business and an iron will. 
 His great ambition was a com- 
 
 -/^ — — ^_^^— ^^ -— ^ mercial college course, and in 
 
 ^^ ~^ 37^^ order to obtain it he practised 
 such rigid economy that at the 
 age of twenty he had saved 
 money enough to satisfy his ambition. In the college his 
 success was" marvellous. He devoured evervthing. so to 
 speak, and graduated from it at the head of his class, taking 
 with him the good wishes and admiration of its professors. 
 After leaving^college, he was fortunate in obtaining a minor 
 clerkship in 'a Philadelphia banking house. Here, as in the 
 commercial institution, he rapidly mastered the details of 
 the business and was promoted step by stej) until he be- 
 came its chief manager. Arrived at a station that would 
 satisfv the ambition of most young men of his age, Mr. 
 
 £^ 
 
Ar£U' YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Harper retired from the management of the bank and be- 
 came a student of the insurance business. That he studied 
 to some purpose, his life since then goes to show. It was 
 in 1868 he retired from the banking house, and the year 
 following we find him Western Manager of the Common- 
 wealth Life Insurance Company of New York City. Here 
 as elsewhere success followed in his tracks and promotion 
 was rapid. He doubled the company's business, was ap- 
 ]iointed General Superintendent, and when the Common- 
 wealth retired from the field, after consolidating business 
 with the National, the closing of all outstanding business 
 was entrusted to Mr. Harper. In 1875, after having estab- 
 lished for liimself a national reputation, he assumed the 
 New York management of the John Hancock Company of 
 Boston. It was here he first tried what is now known as the 
 " Prudential Plan," and thus became one of the founders of 
 a system of life insurance in America which, as now ad- 
 mitted by all, has conferred incalculable benefits on the 
 frugal, industrious laboring classes of the country, and has 
 brought peace to the minds of thousands of wives and 
 mothers who heretofore had been asking themselves the 
 melancholy question, " What will become of us when the 
 head of our family dies ? " 
 
 Disposing of his interests in the John Hancock Com- 
 pany in 1880, Mr. Harper assumed the Presidency and full 
 control of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association in 
 1881, and by a succession of bold strokes collected the scat- 
 tered and disorganized assessment associations into one 
 homogeneous whole ; in a word, he inaugurated a new sys- 
 tem in life insurance. But he did not accomplish this with- 
 out fierce resistance. The old system rose in arms against 
 the innovation. But it was of no avail ; the revolution 
 swept on, with the results already mentioned, and to-day 
 Mr. E. B. Harper's name is a household word in America. 
 It must be borne in mind that although the changes wrought 
 by this one master mind appear sudden and dazzling, they 
 are really the result of long and painful study. 
 
 Personally Mr. Harper is a fine-looking man of young 
 middle age, with bright eyes, a pleasant smile and well cut 
 features. The lower part of his face indicates great strength 
 of will. He is polished in his manners, suave in conversa- 
 tion, is a member of many high social clubs, organizations, 
 charities, etc., and commands the respect and esteem of 
 thousands of friends. 
 
 WALTER S. HARRISON. 
 
 There is no profession follows the law of evolution more 
 closely than that of an architect or builder. In a city where 
 nothing in the way of elegant architecture or a fine class of 
 buildings, is called for, mediocrity will answer all purposes ; 
 but in New York, where the era of magnificent public 
 buildings and grand private mansions has begun, architects 
 and builders of talent and ability are required. If. in the 
 future, something novel and extraordnary in this line is 
 demanded, the law of evolution will supply it, but mean- 
 time the present can take care of itself while we have such 
 builders and contractors among us as W. S. Harrison, the 
 man who constructed the Aldrich Court liuilding on Broad- 
 way. 
 
 Mr. Harrison was Ijorii in the Island of Guernsey in the 
 year 1845. Early in life he was connected with the 
 National Guard of this State, and while serving in it as both 
 private and commissioned officer saw some very arduous 
 servite indeed. He joined the Thirty-second Regiment as 
 private in 1870, and took an active part in the suppression 
 of what is called the " Orange riots." Mr. Harrison was 
 always partial to service as a mounted man. and in 1872 his 
 ambition was satisfied by being transferred to the Washing- 
 ton Grey Troop, wliere he displayed such soldierly ability 
 that he was promoted to a first lieutenancy. He was doing 
 
 duty where the officers of the troop organized a Gattling bat- 
 tery of artillery. Lieutenant Harrison was second in com- 
 mnnd of the battery, and when, two years later, Captain Baker 
 resigned, he assumed command, and brought the battery to 
 a degree of almost absolute perfection as regards discipline 
 and general usefulness. By this time his business called 
 imperatively for his personal supervision, and Lieutenant 
 Harrison left his command with regret, though tendered the 
 rank of captain. He still entertains a kindly feeling for 
 his old comrades, and is as fond of riding a horse as ever. 
 His increasing business, however, means a peremptory order 
 to give up the military idea. 
 
 He is at the head of the firm doing busin ss as builders 
 and contractors under the style of W S. Harrison & Co., 
 successors to Masterson c^v: Harrison. He has erected a 
 large number of buildings in New York, many of them 
 very expensive and with just claims to great magnitude 
 and a high order of architectural beauty. The Aldrich 
 Court Building has been already mentioned, and among 
 the many others claiming attention as being out of the com- 
 mon run, the construction of which has been personally 
 supervised, are the handsome private residences of Ex- 
 Governor Hoadley, of Ohio, the Hon. Edward Mitchell 
 and J. Hampden Robb. These buildings alone, because 
 of their beauty and finish, would be sufficient to establish 
 Mr. Harrison's reputation ; but there are besides, the 
 Columbia Building, the Haight Building, Cohnfield Building, 
 the Staten Island Flour Mills, the large and solid stores on 
 545, 600 and 602 Broadway, the Trinity Corporation store- 
 houses and warehouses on the corner of Vestry and 
 Greenwich streets, the Morris Building on Broad Street, and 
 St. Stephen's College at Annandale. The Aldrich Court 
 Building was to be erected within a year, according to 
 contract, but a strike occurred while it was in progress, and 
 the impression went abroad that Mr. Hirrison would not 
 succeed in finishing it within the prescribed term. But 
 they did not reckon upon the great energy of the man. He 
 handed it over to the proprietors within the year, much to 
 the surprise even of his friends. .Another difficulty almots 
 as great presented itself in connection with the Columbia 
 Building, 29 Broadway, Before completing the structure, 
 the tedious operation of "needling the adjoining buildings " 
 WIS thought to be necessary, but Mr. Harrison overcame 
 this obstacle to a speedy fulfillment of his contract by 
 sinking coffer dams below the foundations of the adjoining 
 buildings. From this it will be seen that he is a man of 
 resources. Mr. Harrison has the reputation of being a firm 
 friend, a man of his word, with a kind heart, capable of 
 doing generous acts and saying nothing about them. He 
 is a member of the Mechanics and Traders' Exchange, also 
 the Mason Builders' Association. 
 
 NORTON P. OTIS. 
 
 The Hon. Norton P. Otis, ex-Mayor of Yonkers, ex- 
 Assemblyman, president of Otis Bros. & Co., who placed 
 American elevators in the famous Eiffel Tower, was born in 
 HalifaXjWindham County,Vermont, on the 1 8th day of March, 
 1840. His career is a good illustration of the aggressive 
 .American character, which does not acknowledge impossi- 
 bilities and encounters obstacles only to surmount them. 
 He attended school in Halifax, Vt.; Albany, N. Y.; Hud- 
 son City, N. J., and graduated from District School No. 2 
 in Yonkers, In his eighteenth year he entered his father's 
 elevator factory, and when the elder Mr. Otis died in 1861, 
 he, with his brother Charles, assumed control of the business, 
 which business, owing to th- financial depression attending 
 the lowering cloud of Civil War, on the death of Mr. Otis, 
 was almost )3aralyzed and certainly very heavily encum- 
 bered. The two brothers, full of hope and courage, made 
 
NEW YORK, ■/■///■: Miri Roroi.is. 
 
 an attempt to revive it and succeeded, tliough at first very 
 slowly. They began with the small cajjital of 4!2,ooo, their 
 personal savings. Hut though their capital was small, their 
 capacity for work was large and their industry unremitting. 
 They devoted all their energy to the designing and manu- 
 facturing of elevator machinery. In 1862 the trade of the 
 country began to revive and the Ot s Brothers felt a little 
 of the effect. The first two orders they received amounted 
 to the magnificent sum of $70. The principal object of the 
 firm this time, as indeed it has been always, was to insure 
 safety in their elevators, and they took out a number of 
 patents with that jjurpose in view and introduced many val- 
 uable devices which after awhile commenced to tell in 
 
 everywhere, but a number of special orders have been ex- 
 ecuted, prominent among which is the elevator in the 
 Washington Monument, and the three largest in the world, 
 built for the iNorth Hudson County Railroad in Weehaw- 
 ken, N. J., each of which carries 135 persons up the heights 
 at the rate of 200 feet per minute. .Another of the company's 
 great elevators is the Otis Elevating Railroad in the C'atskill 
 Mountains, which carries passengers up 7, coo feet of an 
 incline to the top in ten minutes, thus saving a stage jour- 
 ney of four hours. Of course the greatest achievement of 
 all was the plac ing of elevators in the Rillel Tower at I'aris, 
 which made the name of Otis almost as famous and 
 po|)ular as the sky-scraping building itself. 
 
 their favor. In 1862 they did a business of ^15,000, which 
 has since then gone on increasing until to-day it is away up 
 in the millions. 
 
 Like his brother, as already stated, Mr. Norton P. Otis 
 invested his all in the enterjirise, and during the ten years 
 lietween 1861 and 1871 a large part of his time was spent 
 visiting the chief cities and towns in the Ignited States 
 introducing the Otis elevators. When the company was 
 incorporated in 1867 he was elected treasurer and was 
 therefore obliged to stay at home more, but that did not 
 mean a cessation of hard work by any means. On the 
 retirement of his brother Charles in i8go he was elected 
 president of the com])anv, which [lositicni he now holds. 
 The Otis elevators have lieen ijlaced in large Iniildings 
 
 -\nd thus has human energy and skill directed by genius 
 wrought out of a capital of %2 000 such vast rtsults. 
 Thirty-seven years ago, when the elder Mr. Otis founded 
 the elevator factory, it was a small affair indeed ; now the 
 buildings in Vonkers cover many acres. Six hundred men 
 are employed there and in erecting ele\ators in other parts 
 of the country. 
 
 In the spring of j88o the Republican juirty nominated 
 Mr. Otis for Mayor of Vonkers and he was elected by a 
 handsome major ty. His administration was so successful 
 and so beneficial to the interests of the people at large as to 
 gain him the approbation, not only of his own party, but 
 The confidence and esteem of the men who Iiad opposi d him 
 at the [jolls. The fire department was reorganized during 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 his term, the entire plan of school management changed for 
 the better, as conceded by all parties, and other improve- 
 ments effected, although at the same time the city's debt 
 was largely reduced. In the Fall of 1 883 he was nom- 
 inated for the Assembly, and again elected by a good 
 majority, notwithstanding that the district is overwhelmingly 
 Democratic. He made an excellent record in the Assembly. 
 He is a member of many social and benevolent organiza- 
 tions, and it is doubtful if any citizen of Yonkers is 
 more respected. He was married in 1877 to Miss 
 Lizzie A. Fahs, cf York, Pa., a most estimable and 
 accomplish-.d lady, and has six children living, namely, 
 Charles Edwin, Sidney, Arthur Houghton, Norton P., Jr., 
 Katherine Lois, and Ruth Adelaide. 
 
 The Otis family is one of the oldest in the country and 
 traces its American origin to John Otis, who with his 
 children came from Hingham, in Norfolk, England, in 
 1635. He is mentioned in the records of Hingham, Mass., 
 as being a landholder there in 1668, and it was doubtless 
 he who bestowed the old Norfolk name to the locality he 
 settled in the new country. From this John Otis have 
 descended many well-known American soldiers, patriots 
 and statesmen, among them James Otis of Revolutionary 
 fame ; his nephew, Harrison Gray Otis, one of Boston's 
 most prominent and well-remembered mayors ; Stephtn 
 Otis, member of the Vermont Legislative Assembly, and 
 Elisha Otis, founder of the Otis elevators, father of the 
 subject of this sketch. 
 
 OLIVER W. BARNES. 
 
 Oliver W. Barnes, one of the well-known engineers of 
 this country, is a resident of New York, and was born near 
 Hartford, Conn., on May 15, 1823. His father's family 
 came from Marlboro, Mass., and were residents of that 
 town a hundred years before the Revolution. In 1825 they 
 moved to Philadelphia, where Mr. Barnes was brought up 
 and attended school until 1846, when he was sent to Europe 
 to complete his education as an engineer. Returning the 
 year following, he was appointed Assistant Engineer on the 
 Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He soon 
 became Principal Assistant Engineer, and in charge of the 
 field parties made the final location of the bold lines that 
 have distinguished that division as the first engineering work 
 on this continent at the time, and completed their con- 
 struction. 
 
 In 1854 he was ap])ointed Chief Engineer of the Pitts- 
 burg and Connellsville Railroad, and in 1858 completed the 
 last eighty-four miles of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chi- 
 cago Railroad, which brought that line into Chicago. He 
 then came to New York and built the Dutchess and Colum- 
 bia Railroad. In 1870 he took charge of the New York 
 City Underground Railroad, saved the charter of the com- 
 pany by commencing the w-ork in time to prevent a forfeit 
 ure, and advanced the money from his own funds for that 
 purpose The charter is now the only one in existence 
 under which an underground railroad can be built; in 1891 
 he submitted the plans for its construction to the Rapid 
 Transit Commission ; if they should be adopted they would 
 solve the problem of rapid transit. 
 
 From this time out Mr. Barnes was connected one way or 
 another with most of the great enterprises of the day. In 
 1878 he designed and carried out a bold and original plan 
 of crossing a deep and wide valley in the Alleghany 
 Mountains by an iron and steel viaduct. The structure 
 is calltd the Ki-nzua viaduct ; its height above the 
 stream is 301 feet, and its length 2,050 feat. In 1885 
 he was appointed one of the Commissioners of the new 
 Croton Aqueduct and Chairman of the Construction Com- 
 mittee, 'i'his position he held until 1888, when the ex- 
 
 igencies of politics rendered a change nece^^sary. In 1887 
 he was appointed Chief Engineer of the New York and 
 Long Island Railroad Company, and directed the construc- 
 tion of a tunnel from the west side of the city under Forty- 
 second street and the East River so as to connect the New 
 \'ork Central with the Long Island Railroad in Long Island 
 City. 
 
 Mr. Barnes is now the President and Chief Engineer of 
 the Connecting Railroad Company. He is about to build a 
 railway and viaduct line from a point on the Port Morris 
 branch of the Harlem Railroad, in the 23d Ward of New- 
 York City, southwardly to the east side of Brooklyn. The 
 railroad will cross the East River at Hell Gate on a canti- 
 lever bridge of Soo feet span; the length of the new railroad 
 will be but seven miles and will connect the whole railroad 
 system of the LTnited States with the 800,000 population of 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 JAMES C. SPENCER. 
 
 Hon. James C. Spencer, ex-Judge of the Supreme Court, 
 was born in Franklin County, of this State. Although con- 
 nected with one of the best and oldest families in the 
 country, he was, at an early age, through adverse circum- 
 stances, thrown upon his own resources and acquired his 
 education and legal training, altogether, through his personal 
 exertions and inherent force of character. He was called 
 to the bar of his native county in 1S50, but in 1854 removed 
 
 JAMES 
 
 NCEk. 
 
 to Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence County, where, with Judge 
 William C. Brown, he form d the firm of Brown &: Spencer. 
 In Ogdensburg, Mr. Spencer manifested so much ability 
 that in 1857 he was a])pointed United States District At- 
 torney for the Northern District of New York. But Mr. 
 Spencer, conscious of his ability, was ambitious of a wider 
 field for its display and came to New York, where his reputa- 
 tion and talents placed him at once in the front rank of a 
 profession which at that particular time was full of brilliant 
 
NEW YORK, THE METRO POL/S. 
 
 n 
 
 advocates, among them Charles O'Conur, James C. Carter, 
 James T. Brady, Roscoe Conkling, and many others of 
 national celebrity. In 1867 he entered into partnership with 
 Charles A. Rapallo and other lawyers under the firm name 
 of Rapallo & Spencer. It was one of the most famous legal 
 firms in the city and handled famous cases, amongst others 
 the Erie case, made familiar to the public through the 
 press and recliaiiffcd u])on the death of Jay Gould in 
 December last. The firm was dissolved on tiie elevation of 
 Mr. Rapallo to the bench of the Court of Appeals and Mr. 
 Spencer to the Superior Court of New York. During its 
 existence Rajjallo lV- Spencer were counsel for or against 
 great railroad comjianies and steamship lines, and fudge 
 Spencer will be always connected in men's memories with 
 the Erie Railroad, for which, when it passed into the hands 
 of a receiver, he was appointed referee. In June, 1883, he 
 was appointed member of the Commission for budding the 
 new aqueduct, and served with distinction as President 
 thereof. He is at present the attorney and counsel for the 
 State Insurance Department, in Real Estate titles. 
 
 Mr. Spencer's father, the late Judge James Sijencer, also 
 a native of Franklin County, was one of its earliest settlers. 
 When a young man he distinguished himself in the war 
 (1812-14) against England, and fought in the battle of 
 Plattsburg. He was a close personal friend of Silas Wright, 
 and with that eminent statesman took part in the long and 
 successful struggle to secure and perpetuate Democratii 
 ascendenc)' in the State. The Spencers settled originally in 
 Connecticut, the first of them in this country being William, 
 who arrived in Cambridge, Mass., before or early in 1631. 
 He finally settled in Hartford, Conn. From him the subject 
 of the sketch is descended in an unbroken line through six 
 generations, as shown by the records of the State of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 LOUIS ETTLINGER. 
 
 Some idea of the advances made by lithograijhv in New 
 York may be formed from the statement that when a ([uarter 
 of a century ago Schumacher & Ettlinger began business 
 in that line on Murray street with two handpresses upon 
 which they turned out five hundred sheets per day, while at 
 the time of consolidation with the American Lithographic 
 Company, the same firm had twenty-two steam i)resses 
 running which threw off 100 000 sheets per day. 
 
 Mr. Schumacher has retired from business, and the head 
 of the firm controlling the immense lithographic works on 
 Bleecker street and on Mott street is Mr. Louis Ettlinger. 
 
 Mr. Ettlinger was born in Carlsruhe, Germany, in July, 
 1845, so that he is still comparatively a young man in the 
 very prime of life. He was educated in a private college, 
 after leaving which he entered a mercantile house as clerk. 
 In 1866 he came to this country to try his fortune, and set- 
 tling down in New York met his countryman Mr. Schumacher, 
 with whom he started a business that has yielded such 
 large results. Mr. Schumacher was a lithograi^her by trade, 
 Mr. Ettlinger an excellent business manager, and between 
 them they commenced in the modest fashion referred to 
 in Murray street. From there, when their trade grew ton 
 large for the premises, the firm removed to Nos. 13 and 15 
 on the same street, and ultimately to Bleecker and Mott, 
 where they have a building of their own erected by them- 
 selves. This building is absolutely fireproof. 
 
 This firm was the first in the United States to introduce 
 what is known as the Stipple System, which gives such 
 splendid results, and to which, apart from its own energy, 
 skill and perseverance, it owes much of its great success. 
 He is known in the cit\' as a man of irreproachable 
 character whose credit stands high in the commercial 
 world. 
 
 CHARLES ELIOT MITCHELL. 
 
 The Hon. Charles Eliot Mitchell, ex-C:onimi.ssioner of 
 Patents and lawyer, was born in Bristol, Connecticut, in 
 i837,of old Colonial ancestry. He was prei)ared for college 
 in Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Mass., and graduated 
 from Brown University in 1861, and from the Albany Law 
 School in 1863. He was admitted to the bar and practised 
 law in New Britain with success. He was the first city 
 attorney of New Britain. As a specialty, he selected the 
 patent branch of the law, which brought him into the United 
 States Courts a good deal. He was ele<te(l ti> the G<-neral 
 Assembly of Connecticut in 1880, and as Chairman of the 
 House Committee on Corporations redraughted the joint 
 Stock Laws of the Stale in conjunction with John R. Buck, 
 who was Senate Chairman of the same t'ommittee. He was 
 also elected to the Cleneral Assembly of 1881, serving uiion 
 the Judiciary Conmiittee, after which he withdrew from 
 iiolitics. 
 
 CHARLES ELICIT .MLrCHELL. 
 
 Finding in New York a wider field for his abilities, he 
 came here and was admitted to membership in the Bar 
 Association. In 1S89, at the earnest solicitation of 
 many Patent lawyers, he accepted the office of Com- 
 missioner of Patents, which was tendered him by Presi- 
 dent Harrison. Mr. Mitchell's administration of the 
 office was highly successful and demonstrated his eminent 
 fitness for the position. In 1891 he resigned in order to 
 resume the practice of his chosen profession and devote his 
 entire attention to his large clientage. At the great Patent 
 Centennial of 1891, Mr. Mitchell delivered an address on the 
 " Birth and Growth of the American Patent System," which 
 received much favorable comment, other well-known 
 speakers on the occasion being Hon. Carroll D. Wright, 
 Hon. Samuel Blatchford of the LT. S. Supreme Court, and 
 Senators Daniel of Virginia, and Piatt of Connecticut. Mr. 
 Mitchell is a gentleman who would make his mark in any 
 line or profession, owing to his versatile talents, while as to 
 
24 
 
 JV£1I- YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 his character and standing in the community there are no 
 two opinions. Mr. Mitchell has been engaged in many 
 important and prominent patent litigations during his 
 twenty years' practice in the U. S. Courts, and as a patent 
 lawyer he has few equals. 
 
 ROBERT C. ALEXANDER. 
 
 Robert Carter Ale.xander was born thirty-four years 
 ago at West Charlton, Saratoga County, New York, of 
 Scotch parentage. He worked on his father's farm till 
 seventeen years of age. In 1876 he entered Union College 
 and was graduated in iSSo in the classical course at the 
 head of his class. 
 
 He took one of the prizes at the Sophomoie Prize 
 Speaking Contest, and at graduation took the first Blatch- 
 ford oratorical prize and the Ingham essay jirize. He was 
 also first on the list of Phi Beta Kappa members elected 
 from the class. He was elected president of the class in 
 1880 in the Senior year, and held the office till 1890, when 
 he declined a unanimous re-election. At the decennial 
 reunion of his class in June, 1890, he was presented by his 
 
 ROBERT C. ALEX.-^NDER. 
 
 classmates with a gold watch and chain carrying a unique 
 pendant in massive gold, representing the Chinese idol 
 which stands on the college campus. 
 
 After graduation Mr. Alexander attended the law depart- 
 ment of Union University at Albany and was graduated in 
 1 88 1 with the degree of LL.B., being admitted to the Bar 
 the same yea ■. Two years later Union gave him the degree 
 of Master of Arts. Shortly after he entered the law office 
 of Lucius and D. C. Robinson, at Elmira, N. Y., becoming, 
 a year later, managing clerk of the firm. In 1884 he came 
 to New York and engaged in the practice of his profession. 
 Previous to 1888 he had become the personal counsel to 
 Col. Elliott F. Shepard, and on the purchase by the latter 
 of the New York Mail and Express became the attorney 
 for that newspaper and one of the directors and the Secre- 
 
 tary of the Mai! and Express Publishing Company. He was 
 subsequently elected Treasurer of the company, and in 
 ■addition to his connection witli the Mail and hxpress as 
 counsel and official is a frequent contributor to its editorial 
 columns. After the death of Col. Shepard in March, 1893, 
 he was made financial manager of the Mail and Express. 
 
 Mr. Alexander has made a special study of the law of 
 corporations and has organized corporations in several 
 different States. He recently organized the International 
 Boiler Company, of New York, and the Stirling Manufac- 
 turing Company, of Illinois, and was for a time a director 
 and the attorney for both. He is a director and Presi- 
 dent of the Fifth Avenue Transportation Company, of New 
 York. He also organized the Adirondack League Club, 
 a sporting association owning i)o,coo acres of forest lands 
 in the Adirondacks, and is a trustee and the Secretary of 
 the clul). 
 
 Mr. Alexander is a life member of the New York State 
 Bar Association, a member of the Association of the Bar 
 of the City of New York, and of the Lawyers' Club. He is 
 a Director and President of the Club Publishing Company; 
 Treasurer of the New York Express Co.; Director of the 
 Burgess dun Co. of Buffalo, and the Justin Projectile Co. 
 of New Jersey; and a director of the Associated Banking 
 and Trust Co. of Portland, Oregan. 
 
 He was one of the Committee of 100 in charge of the 
 Judiciary Centennial in February, 1889, and the Secretary 
 of the Reception and Entertainment Committee on that 
 occasion. Mr. Alexander exhibited his ability as an organ- 
 izt;r when he brought together the graduates of Union 
 College resident in New York City, in the form of an Alumni 
 Association. He was for three jears Secretary of the 
 Association, until he declined a reelection. At the Com- 
 mencement of LTnion College in 1890 he was chosen by the 
 Board of Trustees of LTnion College a life member of 
 the Board, succeeding the late Judge Van Vorst. Be- 
 sides the Lawyers' Club and the Adirondack League, 
 Mr. Alexander is a member of the University Club, the 
 Press Club, University Athletic, Oval Country, Lake George 
 Yatht (where he has a summer residence), the Colonial and 
 the Patria clubs, American Canoe .Association, Riverside 
 Wheelmen, American Geographical Society and St An- 
 drew's Societv. In iiolitics he is a Republican 
 
 ROBERT A. VAN WYCK. 
 
 Judge Robert A. Van Wyck, of the City Court of New 
 York, is one of the younger generation of jurists, who has 
 won great respect from members of the profession both as 
 a man and as a judge. His keen perception and the in- 
 stinctive faculty he has of sifting the grain of an argument 
 from the chaff of verbiage, with wliich it is too often 
 accompanied, excite universal admiration, while his untiring 
 zeal in his work, and the care and thought he devotes to an 
 opinion, lead lawyers to submit their causes to his hands 
 with confidence and with the knowledge that there will be 
 fair play. Judge Van Wyck's elevation to the Bench was 
 Init the just reward of the earnestness and energy 
 with which he actpiired his legal education and forced 
 riis way to the front in practice. This is a recognized 
 fact among those who have tried cases before him. 
 Judge Van Wyck was born in the old Van Wyck man- 
 sion, in Lexington Avenue, this city, forty-three years ago. 
 His taste for the law may be, in a measure, inherited from 
 his father, the late \Villiam Van Wyck, who was a 
 distinguished lawyer, and a conspicuous man of affairs in 
 New York sixty years ago. From his father he also in- 
 herited his Democratic politics for William Van Wyck was, 
 until his death, prominent in t'ne councils of the Democratic 
 party, being in his early manhood an admirer and con- 
 
A'£ir YORK, ri/E METROPOLIS. 
 
 fidential friend of Presidents Andrew Jaekson and Martin 
 Van Buren. Judge Van W'yck was not alone in his heritaiie, 
 for Judge Augustus Van W'yck, his brother, also adhered to 
 the family tradition in the choice of his profession, and 
 has received recognition in his elevation to the Bench in 
 Brooklyn. 'I'he subject of this sketch is a descendant on the 
 paternal side in the seventh generation from (.'ornelius 
 Barents Van Wyck, who came to New Netherlands in 
 1650 from the town of Wyck, Holland, and married in 
 1660, at Flatbush, Kings County, New York, Ann, daughter 
 of Rev. Johannes Theodorus Folhemus, the first Dutch 
 Reformed Minister in that county. All the American 
 Van Wycks are descendants of this couple. Though 
 it is not a very numerous family, yet many of them 
 have been prominent and conspicuous in the profes- 
 sions and in the public service as judges, legislators, con- 
 gressmen, senators and soldiers in all the wars of our 
 country, including that for American Independence, ihe 
 Van Wycks of Holland are an aristocratic family, and con- 
 tinue to use the same coat of arms as that brought here by 
 the American Van Wycks upward of two centuries ago. 
 They are connected by intermarriage with all the old 
 notable families throughout this State, viz., Van Rensselaer, 
 Van ("ortlandt. iieekman, (lardiner. Van Vechten, Living- 
 ston, Hamilton, Seymour, and others. Judge Van Wyck is 
 a worthy representative of this distinguished family- He is 
 a lawyer of the highest ability as well as an efticient judge, 
 and the excellence of his decisions is best evidenced by 
 the fact that over 90 per cent, of his opinions, written 
 in General Term, are to be found in the law reports 
 which are pid^lished for the guidance of the Bench and Bar. 
 He is a member of the Holland Society, which is the true 
 home of the Knickerbockers, being composed of only 
 the descendants of Hollanders, settling in America ])rior to 
 1675, over one hundred years l)efore the l.')eclaration of 
 American Independence, and also of the St. Nicholas, the 
 Manhattan, the 1 )eniocratit-, and other leading clubs of New 
 York. 
 
 CHARLES A. TRUAX. 
 
 Charles A. Truax, Judge of the Superior Court, was born 
 in Durhamville, Oneida Co., State of New York, on the 31st 
 of October, 1846, so that he is now in his forty-seventh year. 
 He looks much younger, however, and one of the cjuestions 
 put to him by his friends is, " Judge, how long are you going 
 to remain looking thirty-five?" To which the invariable 
 answer is, " Just as long as I can." Like the majority of 
 our successful public men. Judge Truax is a farmer's son, 
 and to the physical development given by his early life in 
 the country may be attributed his fine constitution and 
 capacity for hard work and the close study that characterizes 
 him in city life. He received a common school education 
 in his native tovvn, and was afterwards graduated from 
 Hamilton College in the class of 1867, from which Alma 
 Mater, always watchful of its distinguished sons, he obtained 
 the degree of A.M. in 1875 and that of LL.D. in 1890. 
 
 Apart from his judicial duties. Judge Truax is a student 
 and always has been. He was admitted to the bar in 1SO8, 
 and the year following began to practise in an office of his 
 own. He handled many cases of more than local prominence 
 and did a solid law business. In 1880 he was elected 
 Judge of the Superior Court, one of the highest gifts at the 
 disposal of his fellow citizens. He is among the most highly 
 esteemed of judge.s, and on the bench, though firm and 
 dignified, is always conciliatory. .\ friend of his who also 
 occupies an exalted judicial position said of him recently: 
 "Judge Truax is remarkable for thiee qualities seldom 
 found in the same man, namely, a deep knowledge of good 
 law, good literature, and good living." He is descended 
 from the Duti h Knickerbockers, and is a membei of the St. 
 
 Nicholas and Holland Clubs. He belongs also to the Harlem 
 Club, the Harlem Democratic Club, as well as the Manhat- 
 tan, which implies that when off the bench he is a Democrat 
 in politics. 
 
 Though elected to be Superior (,'ourt Judge, he has 
 sin( e been assigned to the Supreme Court, and the assign- 
 ment or promotion was a compliment to his legal ahilit)' and 
 judicial aixjuirements. 
 
 EDWARD S. RENWICK. 
 
 Ldward S. Renwick, the well-kncjwn expert in patent 
 causes, was born in this city, January 3, 1823, and is a son 
 of James Renwick, LL.D., late professor of Columbia Col- 
 lege. Mr. Renwick was educated as a ( ivil and mechanical 
 engineer, and began his career in the iron manufacture, 
 which he relin<|uished owing to the unfavorable tariff of 
 1846. in April, 1849, he established himself as a solicitor 
 of ])atents and expert in patent causes at Washington, D. C, 
 being associated with Peter H. Watson under the firm name 
 of Watson & Renwick. His partner afterwards became 
 Assistant Secretary of War under President Lincoln. Mr. 
 Renwick returned to New \ork in 1855, and has since so 
 successfully conducted his practi( e that he is recognized as 
 
 Ernv.AKi) s. Ki-:\wicK 
 
 one of the most representati\e men in his profession. His 
 reputation as a skilled and practical expert engineer extends 
 throughout the professional and scientific circles of both 
 continents, while his record as a successful solicitor and ex- 
 pert in patent causes is unsurpassed. Mr. Renwick enjoys 
 the high distinction of having been engaged as an ex|.ert in 
 a greater number of important patent causes than any man 
 now living. ( >n May 13. 1851, he, associated with Peter H. 
 Watson, took out ihe first patent for the Self-Binding 
 Reaper, and on December 6, 1853, a second patent was 
 taken out by them covering improvements upon the same 
 machine. At that day and date public enterprise was not 
 (piii k enough to grasp the merits of such a machine, and 
 
26 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 for twenty years longer the farmer went on sweating and 
 groaning in the old laborious and narrow-minded style. 
 Twenty years after the granting of the Watson & Renwick 
 patents, self-binding reaping machines came into use, and 
 all machines of this order of to-day embody in a modi- 
 fied form the inventions patented in 1851 and 185,5. Among 
 the other many important and useful inventions of Mr. 
 Renwick were incubators, brooders and ii provenients on 
 steam engines and furnaces. Probably, the most noteworthy 
 engineering achievement of this gentleman consisted in re- 
 pairing the steamship Great Eastern, in which work he was 
 assisted by his brother, H. B. Renwick, a well-known me- 
 chanical engineer and expert. Mr. Renwick was married 
 to Miss Alice Brevoort in 1862, and has a family of two sons 
 and one daughter. Edward B., the elder son, is a member 
 of the firm of Pirsson & Renwick, while Wm. W., the 
 younger son, is junior partner in the firm of Renwick, .As- 
 pinwall & Renwick, one of the most highly celebrated firms 
 of architects in this country, of which house James Ren- 
 wick, his uncle, and a brother to the subject of this sketch, 
 is the head. Edward S. Renwick's career has not only been 
 one of success, but has been marked by unsullied honor and 
 strict integrity. 
 
 J. M. SCHLEY, M.D. 
 
 As one having a profound knowledge of medicine and a 
 splendid practice. Dr. J. M. Schley takes high rank in the 
 profession in this city of New York. He is a close student, 
 his life is a continuous study, and he shows good fruit as a 
 resiilt. 
 
 J. M. SCHLEY, M.D. 
 
 Dr. Schley was born in Savannah, Ga., on .April i, 1852. 
 His father, also a physician, was a pupil of the late Dr. 
 Gray, one of the best known homoeopathic physicians in New 
 York. Up to the breaking out of the war. Dr. Schley 
 attended the public schools of his native city, but was then 
 sent abroad 10 study. He visited England and attended 
 Dr. Steele's celebrated school in the Isle of Man for one 
 
 year. From the Isle of Man he went to France and spent 
 eighteen months in the Lycee in Paris, after which he com- 
 pleted his classical studies in Sa.xe-Weimar, Germany. He 
 graduated at Sa.xe-Weimar after a three years' course, and 
 returned to this country to study medicine. He received 
 his diploma in Savannah and started for Europe once more 
 to obtain practical knowledge of the profession in the 
 hospitals of Vienna. He began practice for himself in 
 Savannah in 1873, but upon the death of his father, some 
 months later, removed to New York and made it his home 
 and the scene of his professional labors ever since. In 
 October, 1874, he married Miss Margaret T., daughter of 
 Henry F. Spaulding, and has four children. 
 
 Dr. Schley is recognized as one of the best medical 
 writers in the country, and among his contributions to med- 
 ical literature may be mentioned the subjoined : 
 
 " ()rganic Heart Disease as a Preventive of Phthisis 
 Puhiionum." 
 
 "The Danger New York City is Constantly E.xposed to 
 by the Importation of Unrecognized Cases of Leprosy 
 (with case)." 
 
 " A Case of Myxodema." 
 
 "A Case of Hydatids of the Liver, Spleen and Kidney, 
 Repeated Evacuation, Laparotomy and Recovery." 
 
 CHARLES NEWHALL TAINTOR. 
 
 Charles Newhall Taintor, police justice and man of 
 affairs generally, was born in Pomfret, Conn., in November, 
 1840. When ([uite young he removed with his father's 
 family to Colchester in the same State, where he attended 
 school at Bacon Academy. In 1859 he left Colchester and 
 was for two years associated with Robert P. Smith, of Phila- 
 delphia, in selling French's map and gazetter of the State 
 of New York. Subsequently he was connected with the 
 publication and sale of the large and valuable Washington 
 ma]) of the LTnited States. 
 
 In 1861 Mr. Taintor entered Vale, and graduated with 
 honors from that university, the Alma Mater of so many 
 renowned Americans of to-day. Immediately after leaving 
 college he engaged for a few months with the New York 
 State Temperance League, in aiding that organization in the 
 enforcement of the excise laws in Livingston County. In 
 1866 he formed a co-partnership with his brother in the 
 publication of the Washington map of the United States, 
 and the year following came to New York and with his 
 brother, Joseph L. Taintor, began the publication of books 
 imder the firm name of Taintor Brothers. In 1870 they be- 
 gan to publish school books, and have continued in the 
 l)usiness up to the present time, changing the firm name, 
 however, to Taintor Brothers &: Company. Their publica- 
 tions have reached a sale of more than a million copies a 
 year. In May, 18S8, the co-partnership was changed into 
 a corporation and Mr. Taintor was elected its president, 
 which i^osition he holds to-day. 
 
 In May, 1S81, Governor Cornell appointed him a mem- 
 ber of the New York State Board of Emigration. Although 
 there was neither salary nor emolument attached to the 
 jjosition, Mr. Taintor gave his time and labor to it as freely 
 and conscientiously as if there were, and when it is con- 
 sidered that during his term of office, from 1881 to 1889, 
 emigration at this port had reached an extraordinary vol- 
 ume, in fact had attained the largest proportions in its 
 history, it may be assumed the place was one involving 
 great labor and intelligence. In those eight years three 
 millions of emigrants entered the gates of New York. In 
 1888 he was elected President of the Board of Emigr tion 
 Commissioners, which position he resigned in Mav, 1889, 
 to accept the office of Police Justice, tendered him l)y Mayor 
 Grant. 
 
iVElV YORK, THE MF.TROPOIJS. 
 
 27 
 
 Justice Taintor is a Repul)lican, and has on various 
 occasions represented his party in County, State and Na- 
 tional Conventions. He was delegate at Chicago when Mr, 
 Blaine was nominated in 1884 and again in 1888 when Mr. 
 Harrison was nominated. In 1888 he was nominated to 
 Congress for the Seventh District, and though defeateil by 
 Edward J. Dunphy, received an astonishing vote for a Re- 
 publican, the largest ever polled in that district, in fact. 
 He is a director of the Riverside Bank, and was one of the 
 organizers and is now a director of the Astor Place P!ank. 
 He is a meml)er of the University, the Union League and 
 the Reiuiblican Clubs, and is President of the West Side 
 Republican Club, which is a growing and influential political 
 organization. He is a prominent member of the Fourth 
 Avenue Presbyterian Church, of which the late Dr. Crosby 
 was pastor, and is a trustee of the (Irant Monument Asso 
 ciation. 
 
 JOHN BOGGS GARRISON, M.D. 
 
 Dr. John Boggs Garrison, M.D., one of New \'ork's 
 leading homeopathic physicians who have made a specialty 
 of laryngology, was born in Somerset Co., N. J., on January 
 8, 1849. His father, Peter Sutphin Garrison, who is still 
 living at the good old age of seventy-six, is a prosperous farmer 
 in that section of the country. Young (Harrison received 
 his earlier education in the public schools of his native place, 
 and completed his classical studies in Hopwell Seminary, 
 receiving a diploma on graduating. Owing to his delicate 
 health and the hope that open air agricultural pursuits 
 would benefit him physically, it was at first decided to make 
 a farmer of the young graduate. With that object in view 
 he was entered in the American Veterinary College, there to 
 study the best means of improving stock from a scientific 
 standpoint. While studying veterinary surgery young 
 Garrison imbibed a taste for general medicine and soon 
 entered the Homcropathic Medical College of this city. He 
 graduated in 1882 and at once began to i^ractise. Imme- 
 diately after entering the field of practical medicine he was 
 a|jpointed to the dispensary department of the New York 
 Homd'opathic Medical College, and served on both the 
 surgical clinic and general medical clinic, with the additional 
 duties of attending outside patients. The year following 
 he opened an office on East Seventy-second street. His 
 practice established. Dr. Garrison married Miss Emma J. 
 Hill, daughter of the Reverend Levi Hill, of Kingston, New 
 York, who has the distinction of being the inventor of the 
 process of printing pictures in their natural colors. From 
 this union sprang three children, of whom only one, Hilda 
 (aged 5) survives. Dr. Garrison removed to his present 
 location on East Seventieth street five years ago, where he 
 is popular and has a splendid practice. 
 
 He has been active in all charitable works connected 
 with his Alma ALaler. .\t present he holds the position of 
 visiting physician in the Ward Island Hospital. He is 
 assistant surgeon of the department of laryngology at the 
 Ophthalmic Hospital, Corresponding Secretary of the Alumni 
 Association of the Homoeopathic Medical College, Secretary 
 and Treasurer of the N. Y. Homoeopathic Psdological 
 Society, President of the Meissen Club, also the Medical 
 Social Club. His practice is a general family one with n 
 special leaning toward laryngology. 
 
 He was born on October 3, 1846, and comes of good 
 old .American stock. Revolutionary and Ante- Revolutionary. 
 His grandfather, Charles Willoughby Dayton, a native of 
 Stratford, Conn., subsecjuently a leading New York mer- 
 chant, married a daughter of Francis Child, a gentleman of 
 Huguenot extraction, and their son, .Abraham Child Day- 
 ton, father of the subject of this sketch, was born in New 
 York City and eilucated in Europe. He was the author of 
 " Last Days of Knickerbocker Life in New A'ork," and was 
 member of New York Stock E.xchangc. His wife was a 
 daughter of David Tomlinson, M.I)., and Cornelia Adam.s, 
 both of Connecticut. Dr. 'i'omlinson w\as a man of dis- 
 tinction in his [jrofession ; was a member of the New 
 A'ork Legislature, and his wife was grand-daughter of 
 
 CHARLES W. DAYTON. 
 
 Charles Willoughby Dayton, who has from his youtli 
 been a prominent Democrat, has recently come forward 
 into the front rank of party. leaders and the place is cheer- 
 fully accorded him because of eminent ability and loyal 
 |.iarty services. 
 
 (.H.\RI-i:s \V. D.WTIIX. 
 
 Andrew .Adams. Colimel in the (/ontinental Army, Spieaker 
 of Congress in 1779-S0 and later on Chief Justice of the 
 State of Connecticut. 
 
 Mr. Dayton entered the College of the Citv of New- 
 York, attended the Columbia College Law School, and 
 was called to the bar. He has since been practising continu- 
 ously and with smicess. His oflice is in the Dre.xel Building. 
 In 1874 Mr. Dayton married Laura A. Newman, daughter of 
 lohn B. Newman, M.D., and has three children. At the age of 
 "eighteen he took thestumji for General George B. McClellan. 
 He was meml)erof the Assembly in 1S81 during the famous 
 balloting scenes for Senators in the place of Messrs. Conkling 
 and Piatt In 18S2 he organized the Harlem Democratic 
 Club, was secretary of the Citizens" Reform movement 
 that gave Allen Campbell 78,000 votes for mayor after a 
 shortpreparatory campaign of ten days, and in 1881-2-3 
 was delegate to Democratic State Conventions, and again 
 in 1892."" In 1884 he was member and secretary of the 
 Electoral College that elected Mr. Cleveland, and in 1888 de- 
 livered a speech in Burlington, Iowa, on campaign issues 
 which was printed by the National Democratic Committee 
 as a campaign document. 
 
28 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Mr. Dayton is member of City and State Bar Associa- 
 tions, Harlem Democratic Club, Sagamore, Manhattan and 
 Players' Clubs and the Sons of the Revolution. He resides 
 at No. 13 Mount Morris Park, West. 
 
 VINCENT M. WILCOX. 
 Very few New Yorkers can show a brighter record than 
 Colonel Vincent Meigs Wilcox, whether as regards a military 
 or civic career, or both combined. He was born in Madi- 
 son, New Haven County, Ct., on October 17, 1828, and 
 belongs to one of the oldest families in New England. The 
 annals of Bury St. Edmonds in the county of Suffolk, 
 England, show the Wilcox family to have flourished in 
 Britain even before the Norman Conquest. William Wil- 
 cox, a lineal descendant of the renowned Sir John Wilcox, 
 settled in Stratford, Ct., as early as 1639, and is recorded 
 in the history of the period as a representative in the 
 General Court of Hartford The Colonel's maternal 
 grandmother was Miss Mary Field Meigs, sister of Dr. 
 David Field and daughter of Timothy Field, a distinguished 
 
 V. M. WILCOX. 
 
 officer in the Revolutionary war, ancestor of the present 
 celebrated family of that name, which includes Cyrus W. 
 and David Dudley Field. 
 
 Young Wilcox was educated in Lee's Academy in his 
 native place, and after leaving it taught school for three 
 years. He subsequently became a merchant and acquired 
 considerable prominence in local affairs. In i860 he went 
 to Scranton, Pa., and was conducting an extensive mercantile 
 business in that city when the war broke out and the North 
 was called to arms. Mr. Wilcox, who had received a military 
 training in the Connecticut Militia under General Hardee, 
 responded at once, and organizing a company, among the 
 young men of his acquaintance chiefly, many of whom as 
 officers were attached to the i32d Pennsylvania Regiment, 
 went to the front immediately as Titutenant-Colonel of 
 
 that organization, which has so splendid a war record in 
 the history of the war by Generals McClellan and Palfrey. 
 The deeds of Colonel Wilcox and what he did for the 
 Union in his generation are recorded in that widely cir- 
 culated work " Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania." He dis- 
 tinguished himself highly in the terrible battle of Antietam 
 and when Colonel Oakford fell mortally wounded Colonel 
 Wilcox assumed command and was promoted to a full 
 Colonelcy, the promotion to count from the date of that 
 memorable fight and great Union victory. As a bright 
 military career was about to open for Colonel Wilcox 
 he was stricken down by sickness and, before he had re- 
 covered again, offered himself for service. But the Exam- 
 ining Surgeon refused a man wrecked from months of 
 physical suffering, and much against his will Colonel Wil- 
 cox retired from active service. In November, 1862, 
 Colonel Albright of his regiment, writing to him, said : 
 " You are known to be a brave, capable and efficient officer, 
 beloved by all, and you can do nothing to make you more 
 so." 
 
 After this Colonel Wilcox came to New York, and when 
 his health permitted accepted a responsible position from 
 E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., doing an extensive business as 
 importers and manufacturers of photographers' supplies. 
 In 1870, Colonel Wilcox was admitted as partner and 
 when it was formed into a corporation was made Secretary, 
 Vice-President and President, successively, of this great and 
 famous house, the greatest of the kind in the world. 
 
 Colonel Wilcox is a man of splendid physiciueand a very 
 fine speaker. Many of the eloquent addresses deli\ered to 
 his old regiment have been published. He is an Elder in 
 the Phillips Presbyterian Church on Madison Avenue, and 
 one of the Executive Committee of the Presbyterian Union. 
 He is Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion 
 of the LInited States and member of the Lafayette Post, 
 G. A. R. In 1855 he married Miss Catherine Millicent 
 \Vebb, daughter of Dr. Reynold Webb. Dr. Reynold Webb 
 \Vilcox, well known as a physician and lecturer, is one of 
 their children ; the other died in infancy. His first wife 
 died in i860 and Colonel Wilcox married Miss Martha F. 
 Dowd, who died in 1873, leaving no children. In 1875 he 
 married his present wife. Miss Elizabeth Bogart Wells, by 
 whom he had one child, Francis Wells Wilcox. 
 
 CHARLES MILNE, M.D. 
 
 Charles Milne, M.D., was born of Scottish parents, on 
 April I, 1843, 'n Wellington County, Ontario, Canada, and 
 like many other leading members of the jjrofession in this 
 city is the son of a farmer. His father died a few months 
 before the doctor was born, leaving a widow in frail health 
 and several children ; she died two years later, and the 
 children, of whom Charles was the youngest, were dis- 
 tributed among their relatives, and Charles fell to an aunt. 
 
 At the age of twenty-one when his moral obligations to 
 his aunt had been fulfilled, young Milne went to Omaha, 
 Nebraska, to seek his fortune, but not finding it he drifted 
 to St. Paul, Minn., where he secured a position in one of 
 the leading drug stores of that city, and while in this 
 capacity became acquainted with Dr. Stewart, then Mayor 
 of St. Paul, who advistd him to study medicine. This, 
 under ordinary conditions would be rather singular advice, 
 l)ut Dr. Stewart knew what was in the young man. He 
 came to New York in 1871 and attended lectures in the 
 medical d' partment of the New Y'ork University, earning a 
 living meanwhile as clerk in a drug store. The year follow- 
 ing his graduation he was appointed warden of ard one of 
 the assistant physicians in the Hospital for the Ruptured 
 and Cripiiled, which he held until the Spring of 1874, when 
 he engaged in the general practice which he has continued 
 
NEIV YORK-, TJIR METROPOLIS. 
 
 ever since with brilliant results. His office is at the corner 
 of Lexington avenue and Forty fifth street, one of the most 
 desirable parts of New York, and he has an extensive 
 practice in this city and suburbs. 
 
 Dr. Milne was married in 1874 to Miss Harriett V.. 
 Miller, of Cooperstown, N. Y. This lady is grand-daughter 
 of the John Miller who, conjointly with the f.uher of 
 Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, owned the section afterwards 
 called Cooperstown. 
 
 Physically, Dr. Milne is a splendid looking man, while 
 as for his intellectual qualities they ha\'e raised hun from 
 the almost friendless orphan of a Canadian farmer to be one 
 of New York's foremost physicians. 
 
 He has no specialty, but his lines are obstetrics and the 
 diseases of women and children. He is a prominent Free- 
 mason, is trustee of the Medico-Legal Society of New "S'ork, 
 member of the Academy of Medicine, and also of all the 
 ])rincipal medical societies of this city. 
 
 WILLIAM F. MOORE. 
 
 William F. Moore, Judge of the Third Judii ial |)istrict 
 Court, is one of the ablest men appointed to the I'.em h in 
 this city of New York for many years. Hehasbeen elec ted, 
 too, as well as ap])ointed to the position, which goes to show 
 that while popidar with his fellow citizens he is also 
 esteemed by those in high |:ilaces who have the a])pointii-,g 
 power vested in them temporarily, which is something that 
 cannot be said of many \\ ho occupy similar jilaces of 
 trust. 
 
 judge Moore was born in Newburg, Orange Comity, and 
 is now thirty-seven years of age. He was educated in the 
 public schools and graduated Irom the Newburg Academy, 
 an institution in wliich many men now prominent in public 
 life received their education. He came to New York like 
 most young men of ambition and in i.SyG began the study 
 of law in the office of Fullerton, Knox & Crosby, a legal 
 firm which he!.l liigh rank among the lawyers of the Me- 
 tropolis. He s(jon displayed such application and ability 
 as to attract the notice of his ])rinci|)als and was jilaced in 
 charge of an imi)ort nit department. He was called to the 
 bar in 18S0, and three years later was admitted to member- 
 ship in the firm as a recognition of his capacity and success 
 in court practice. Since that lime he has associated with 
 Ex-Judge Fullerton in many important cases, among them 
 the famous trials of liuddensiek, Jake Sharp and Sheriff 
 Flack, in which he manifested marked ability. 
 
 When George B. Deane, Jr., died two vears ago Judge 
 Moore was appointed by (iovernor Hill to fill the unexpired 
 term, altogether without his solicitalion and although he was 
 in no sense of the word an active politician. This was in 
 June, 1890, and in the fall of 1891 he was nominated for 
 the same office and elected by a majority of 1,700, which 
 was all the more remarkable seeing that Judge Iiean had 
 won by a majority of 5,400 in 1S85 on the opposition 
 ticket. His present term will not expire until 1894. 
 
 Judge Moore is eminently fitted for the position he oc- 
 cupies. He is a sound lawyer and is gifted with the quali- 
 ties of patience, diligence and clear perception when 
 dealing with complicatid cases. Though u|)holding the 
 dignity of the bench in a manner that keeps interlo|iers at 
 a respectful distance he is known as the most genial and 
 kind hearted of men, with a ]jleasant word for all. He is a 
 member of the Iroquois Club 
 
 as a successful merchant, at first alone, but since 1S65 in 
 copartnership with Alfred Roelker. The business of 'the 
 firm consists of irn])orting and exporting on commission. 
 
 but it is as an organizer of successful institutions, finan- 
 cial and otherwise, that Mr. Windmiiller is more po])ularly 
 known. He has assisted in founding the Title (hiaran- 
 tee and Trust Company, the C.erman-American Insurance 
 Com])any. the Hide and Leather National Bank and the 
 Bond and Mortgage Cuaranlee C'oniiiany. He is director 
 in some of those companies. He is one of the founders of 
 the Reform Club, of whi( h he was elected Treasurer in 
 January. 1887, and has been instrumental in securing for 
 the club the comfortable home whii h it now occu])ies, there- 
 by contributing largely to its success and permanency. Mr. 
 ^\'indmuller is one of those reformers who are not content 
 merely with the name; his active efforts, especialb in the 
 
 LOUIS WINDMULLER. 
 
 Louis Windmiiller, merchant and reformer, was born in 
 Westphalia, and educated in a college in Miinster founded 
 by the F^mperor Charlemagne. In 1853 he emigrated to 
 New York, where he has since li\ ed and carried on business 
 
 I.OUI.S WINDMl'LLER. 
 
 cause of sound currency and tariff reform, have been made 
 known to the public from time to time through the press. 
 His life IS an active one, for apart from his business proper he 
 is always doing something which he thinks of benefit 10 the 
 community or the country at large. He is Chairman of the 
 Committee of the Chamber of Commerce on Internal Trade 
 and improvements, a life member of the New York Histor- 
 ical Society, treasurer of a fund for the erection of a monu- 
 ment to the great Cerman poet (ioethe, and of the German 
 Historical Society. 
 
 Mr. Windmiiller was also Chairman of the Committee 
 on Arrangements of the German jiortion of the Centennial 
 celebration of George Washington, and has contriluited 
 some articles of value on the subject to a work inililished by 
 Clarence H. Bowen, in which he describes the memorable 
 e\ent. In 1888 he arranged a collection of paintings for 
 the German Hospital Fair, by which over one hundred 
 thousand dollars were cleared for this charity. 
 
 Mr. Windmiiller is happily married and the father of 
 three children. He is a member of the Merchants', German, 
 
3° 
 
 I^EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Lotos, Reform, Insurance, Athletic and other clubs, and on 
 the whole about one of the busiest men in New York, and 
 one of the hardest workers and most prominent citizens. 
 
 Mr. Windmijller is more than a dilettante in literature, 
 having contributed to the Forum papers on the subject in 
 which he takes a special interest. He has a fine library and 
 art collection of his own. He is well known in Europe, 
 particularly in Germany. Artists coming from there to New 
 York are sure of a kindly reception from him. From Mr. 
 Windmiiller they receive advice and sympathy, and when 
 necessary something more tangible in the shape of material 
 assistance. As an illustration of his influence it may be 
 stated that he obtained a portrait of the present Emperor 
 of Germany painted by the Diisseldorf artist, Julius Gurtz, 
 for the German Club of New York City. He took an active 
 
 city about the beginning of the century, and died here in 
 1875, universally respected. The first American Andrews 
 was William, who was one of John Davenport's companions 
 in the settlement of New Haven in 1629. He built the first 
 church in that colony. Loring Andrews is still kindly 
 remembered as one of the merchants of the old school, 
 whose sterling (jualities made him influential, and have left 
 impressions which will long work for good in the com- 
 munity. The elder Mr. Andrews' fortune was made in the 
 ■' Swamp," in the leather trade. 
 
 His son Constant was educated primarily in the Columbia 
 College Grammar School, then in College Place ; and at 
 about sixteen years of age went abroad to complete his 
 studies in Germany. At the outbreak of our civil war, two 
 years later, he was recalled to this city ; and very shortly 
 
 CONSTANT A. ANDREWS. 
 
 part in the last political campaign in behalf of Grover 
 Cleveland, and was one of the founders of the German- 
 American Cleveland Union. 
 
 CONSTANT A. ANDREWS. 
 
 Constant A. Andrews, one of New York's leading 
 citizens, was born in Barclay street, when that now busy 
 commercial thoroughfare was considered the residential 
 centre of the city. He is essentially a New Yorker, and an 
 enthusiastic worker for whatever advances the well-being of 
 his native city. His father, Loring Andrews, a name well 
 known, belonged to that early group of merchants who laid 
 the foundation of the city's commercial supremacy. He 
 was born in Greene County, N. Y., in 1799, came to this 
 
 thereafter in connection with the late Col. Frank E. Howe, 
 the well-known scale manufacturer, and associates, estab- 
 lished a hospital on the corner of John street and Broad- 
 way, for the care of sick and wounded Union soldiers. Al- 
 though young, Mr. Andrews manifested much enthusiasm 
 in this humane cause, and rendered such efficient aid that 
 he was soon elected to a responsible position in the manage- 
 ment of the institution. 
 
 To those who do not remember the e.xciting incidents 
 of the war, a narrative of the personal sacrifices made by 
 the good men and women of this city in those anxious 
 days would read like a romance. The care of the sick and 
 wounded soldiers sent back from the " front," and passing 
 through this hospital, was voluntarily assumed by its 
 association of ladies and gentlemen ; and there is no 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 31 
 
 brighter record in the history of philanthropy than the un- 
 written story of the self-sacrificing personal ser\ices ren- 
 dered by these volunteers. 
 
 Later on, during one of those trying periods of our 
 struggle when through reverses of arms the sick and 
 wounded of several battles had accumulated so rai)idly on 
 the field as to overtax the resources of the army medical 
 staff, and the cry for volunteers to go to the front came 
 from Washington, Dr. Post and Mr. Andrews at once zeal- 
 ously offered their services and were detailed to join the 
 troops at White House, on the Pamunky River. It would 
 not be surprising if after all this medical service and expe- 
 rience Mr. Andrews' tastes and talents should lead him to 
 take up seriously the study of medicine ; but his career had 
 been marked out for him, and at the close of the war we 
 find him hard at work in his father's store learning the 
 leather trade. For ten years he assisted his father in the 
 management of his large commercial and real estate inter- 
 ests, and then, with his brother William, succeeded to the 
 business, mainly with a view to closing it up. 
 
 He retired from the leather business in 1879, and spent 
 a few years abroad visiting the hospitals and attending lec- 
 tures at the Sorbonne, and then returned to New York, 
 where he opened a [irivate banking office in the United 
 Bank Building. His career since has justified the early 
 promise of a useful life ; for a reference to our Charitable 
 Boards reveals that the societies with which Mr. Andrews 
 is now actively co operating, are those institutions which 
 the present generation of New Yorkers has most to be 
 thankful for. The New York City Mission and 'I'ract 
 Society, as well as the Charity Organization Society, look to 
 him not only as their Treasurer, but value him as an active 
 laborer in their res|)ective fiehls ; for his service with the 
 former began as early as i.Ssg, and he has been identified 
 with the latter from its very l)eginning. 
 
 He was one of the first members of the Manhattan Club, 
 and charter member and first treasurer of the Reform Club 
 of this city, but Mr. Andrews' habits being essentially 
 domestic, he is never seen inilulging in the social ])rivileges 
 of club life. 
 
 When the United States Savings P)ank was organized 
 several years ago, Mr, Andrews was elected its President, 
 and under his conservative management the institution has 
 steadily prospered. 
 
 As one of the prominent members of the Cliamber of 
 Commerce, his wide range of business experience and tried 
 conservatism calls him to freijuent service on standing and 
 special committees. Without ostentation he pursues his 
 steady course of loyalty to high ideals, and justly merits the 
 place he has won in the confidence and esteem of the 
 community. 
 
 EDWARD HOGAN. 
 
 Police Justice Edward Hogan was born in Bart lay street, 
 0|)posite old St. Peter's Church, on November 6, 1S34. He 
 was educated in Cirammar School No. 29, and he resided 
 in the First Ward, where he took an active part with the 
 Democratic Party until he moved from there in 1882. Mr. 
 Hogan is a member of the New York Bar, and is the oldest 
 and one of the most respected of the Police Magistrates. 
 In 1865 Mr. Hogan married Katharine, second daughter of 
 Thomas Byrne, Escp, of the First Ward. They have seven 
 children living. 
 
 In 1857 Capt. Isaiah Rynders, United Stales Marshal 
 for the Southern District of New York, ajipointed Mr. 
 Hogan a Deputy Marshal, which position he held for about 
 a year. He then engaged in the forwarding passenger busi- 
 ness, having agencies throughout the Western country. 
 
 In 1863 Mr. Hogan was nominated by Tammany and 
 Mozart Halls for Police Justice in the First Judicial r)is- 
 
 tnct, and was elected. President Rldridge, of the Eric 
 Radroad, in 1868, tendered Mr. Hogan the l-anigrant Agency 
 for that company, which he accepted and continued' with 
 the corporation until 1870 when he resigned. Subsequently 
 he renewed his connection with the Erie Railroad, and con- 
 tinued with that comjiany for over five years, during the ad- 
 ministration of Hon. Hugh J. Jewett. 
 
 In 1869 he was a candidate for the second time for the 
 office of Police Justi(e in the First Judicial District. He 
 was renominated by Tammany Hall. The Re|)ul)licans 
 met in Convention and adopted resolutions endorsing him, 
 and he was elected by acclamation. In 1873, Mr. Hogan, 
 with all the Police Justices elected in i869,"was legislated 
 out of office, and refused the appointment tendere<l him by 
 Mayor Haxemeyer, in whom such power was vested. 
 
 EDWARD HIJ(;AN. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. Hogan was an indei)endent candidate for 
 Congress in the Fifth Congressional District, the stronghold 
 of Democracy, against Edwin R. Meade, the Tammany 
 candidate. After a most exciting canvass, Mr. Meade was 
 declared elected by about 100 votes, and in 1877 he de- 
 feated Joseph Shannon, the Anti-Tammany candidate, by 
 over 10,000 majority for Senator in the Fourth District. 
 He was in 1879 elected Senator for the new Fifth District, 
 but was defeated by 300 votes in 1881. On May 22, 1889, 
 Mayor Hugh J. Grant appointed Mr. Hogan Police Justice 
 for a term of ten years. On the Bench he is kind and 
 lenient and just, an untiring worker, and conscientious in 
 the discharge of his duties. 
 
 GEORGE GOSMAN DE WITT. 
 
 Mr. George (Bosnian De Witt, Secretary of the St. 
 Nicholas Society, head of the well-known law firm of De 
 Witt, Lockman & De Witt, and one of New York's distin- 
 "uished lawyers, was liorn in Callicoon, Sullivan County, 
 of this State, on Ajiril 9, 1S45. He comes of an old 
 Knickerbocker family, one of the oldest in New York in 
 
32 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 fact, which even in the Mother Country, Holland, held a 
 historical position. The first of the family to arrive in this 
 country was Tjerck Claessen De Witt, who settled in New 
 Amsterdam in 1656, and next year moved to Wiltwyck, now 
 Kingston, New York. Since then this State and City of New 
 York have never been without members of the family 
 figuring prominently in social or political life. From the 
 founder of the American branch of the family Mr. George 
 Gosman De Witt is lineally descended in the seventh genera- 
 tion. His grandfather, Peter De Witt was in his time a 
 prominent lawyer, and founder of the well-known legal 
 firm of which the subject of this sketch is a member. He 
 practised law in New York from 1804 to 185 1, and intro- 
 duced the practice of giving his clients an "Abstract of 
 Title," now so generally followed. 
 
 Mr. De Witt was prepared for college in Columbia Gram- 
 mar School, graduated from Columbia College in the class 
 of 1867 with the degree of A.B., taking the degree of .A.M. 
 in 1870, and of LL.B. fr m the Law School in 1S69. He 
 
 GEO. G. De WITT. 
 
 was called to the bar in 1869, and entered the office of his 
 uncles, C. T. & E. DeVVitt, who succeeded their father when 
 he died in 1851. Edward De Witt died in 1872. and the 
 firm was reorganized under the title of De Witt, Lockman &; 
 Kip, the members being Cornelius J. De Witt, George G. 
 De Witt, Jacob K. Lockman, John T. Lockman and George 
 Goelet Ki]). In 1878 Cornelius J. De Witt died, and in 
 1874 Mr. Kip retired from practice, whereupon another 
 reorganization took place, the new firm becoming George 
 G. De \\'itt, Jacob K. Lockman, John T. Lockman and 
 William G. De Witt, brother of George. Mr. De Witt's 
 practice is confined to equity cases, trusts, real estate and 
 the administration of estates and wills. He has been 
 counsel in many important legal contests of this nature, 
 and among others the Hammersley, Strecker, Roosevelt, 
 Welton and Marx cases. 
 
 Apart from his law practice Mr. De Witt takes an active 
 interest in public affairs and is one of the city's representa- 
 tive men. He is Vice-President of the Columbia Alumni 
 
 Association, one of the committee on Athletic Grounds, 
 and was its Grand Marshal at the installation of President 
 Low. He is member of the L^nion, LTnion League. St. 
 Nicholas, Metropolitan, City, Tuxedo, and South Side 
 Clubs, Governor of the Union Club, also of the New York 
 Hospital, member of the Bar Association. Secretary of the. 
 St. Nicholas Society, Trustee of the Holland Society, also 
 for the Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chi'dren 
 and Animals, and of the Real Estate Loan and Trust Com- 
 pany and Eagle Insurance Company and Lawyer's Surety 
 Company. 
 
 WAUHOPE LYNN. 
 
 It is no exaggeration to say of Wauhope Lynn, successor 
 to the late Peter Mitchell as Judge of the First District 
 Court, that he is a man of talent. It is possible, too, that 
 before his career is closed he may be called a man of genius. 
 But be this as it may, his history is beyond all question as 
 remarkable as it is interesting and instructive. Twenty 
 years ago Mr. Lynn was a mechanic, ten years ago he was 
 a Docket Clerk in one of the civic departments, to-day he 
 is a Judge on the bench, while to-morrow — well, who knows 
 what to-morrow may bring forth ? 
 
 He was born in Hallymena, County Antrim, Ireland, the 
 same section of the Green Isle that produced the Sheridans, 
 and many other famous men whose records are to be found 
 in .\merica's most glorious annals. 
 
 Judge Lynn was born on December 14, 1856. His 
 father had been in the LInited for years, but went back to 
 the old land in 1846. Mr. Lynn made money in America, 
 but lost it in Ireland, and returned to New York in 1867. 
 He settled in the Eighth Ward, where young Wauhope grew 
 up, and was far more remarkable for play and pranks than 
 for love of lessons. At the age of twelve he went out to 
 earn his bread and help his mother. He obtained employ- 
 ment as a maker of philosophical and surgical instruments, 
 and at nineteen was promoted to the position of foreman. 
 In the interval young Lynn had lots of time to grieve over 
 lost opportunities and to regret with all his heart that he 
 had not attended school more. He was a member of the 
 Alexander Literary Society of the Eighth Ward, where his 
 eloquence surprised all who came in contact with him. 
 " What a pity it is that Lynn is not educated," was an ex- 
 pression he was often obliged to hear. Conscious of his 
 native talents he resolved to make up for lost time and edu- 
 cate himself. He attended the oratory class in the Cooper 
 Union, and in 1880 delivered the Washington birthday cele- 
 bration, for which he was complimented by the venerable 
 Peter Cooper himself. After this achievement he was at 
 once elected President of the class, which, by the way, con- 
 tained such celebrities as Judge Fitzgerald, County Clerk 
 Scully, Michael J. Mulqueen, Civil Justice Steckler and 
 John VV'. Goff, the last named holding opinions and possess- 
 ing a streak of genius not unlike his own. Goff, like Lynn, 
 was born in Ireland, entertained an intense love for her, 
 rendered im|jortant services to Parnell and his cause, be- 
 came Assistant District Attorney and is a born orator. 
 
 About this time Lynn was studying hard for the bar in 
 the New York LTniversity Law School. He had thrown the 
 surgical instruments behind him, but the question was how 
 he could maintain himself during the years of his training. 
 He graduated from the law school with honor and the degree 
 of LL.B. At this time a three years' clerkship before or 
 after the course was required before the aspirant was al- 
 lowed to practise, but this Lynn did not have, and so, with 
 his usual activity and firm resolve, he posted to Albany and 
 induced the Legislature to pass an act doing away with such 
 a restriction. Behold him now, a full fledged lawyer. 
 
 The career of Judge Lynn since then is well known. He 
 became one of the orators of the County Democracy, but 
 
,V£IF YORK. Till: METROPOLIS. 
 
 n 
 
 on the decline of that organization, Hke thousands of otliers, 
 joined Tammany Hall. Here he found a friend and ad- 
 mirer in Richard Croker. He had often heard Lynn in the 
 debating club, and prophesied great things of him. Mr. 
 Croker was largely instrumental in obtaining for him his 
 position in the District Attorney's office. When Mr. Croker 
 asked District Attorney Delancey NicoU to take him into 
 his office, that gentleman demurred and said he had never 
 heard of him before. He gave him a chance, however, at 
 $3,500 salary, after three months promoted him to one of 
 his chief assistants at $7,500, and told Mr. Croker the first 
 time he met him that his protege was the ablest inan he had. 
 On the whole, it will be universally admitted that in the 
 elevation of Judge Lynn to the bench no mistake has been 
 made. He is qualified for the place, eminently so, and is a 
 brilliant man. 
 
 REYNOLD WEBB WILCOX, M.D. 
 
 Reyr.old W. \\ilco.\, ^LA., M.D., LL.l )., was born in 
 Connecticut on March 2y, 1856. His father. Vincent 
 Weiss Wilco.x, president of the E. &: H. T. .Anthony Co., 
 served in the Civil War as Colonel of the i.pd Pennsylvania 
 Regiment, and is a Companion of the New York Com- 
 mandery of the Loyal Legion, Comrade of Lafayetie Post, 
 t;. A. R., and an elder of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 The Doctor was educated in Yale, whence he w-as 
 graduated as B..\. in 1878; he received the degree of M.A , 
 in i88i, from Hobart College, subsecjuently in the same 
 year that of M.D. from Harvard University, and in 1892 
 was honored with the degree of LL.D. l)y IVLiryville College. 
 After spending some time in Boston as house physician in 
 several of its hospitals, he travelled in Europe and visited 
 the hospitals of Vienna, Edinburgh, Heidelberg and Paris, 
 and returning home was ajspointed house surgeon to the 
 Woman's Hospital in New York. In 18S4 he was made 
 clinical assistant in the New York Post-Graduate Medical 
 School, and two years later instructor, followed in 1889 by 
 an appointment to ihe Professorship of Chnical Medicine, 
 which ])osition he still holds. 
 
 Dr. Wilco.x is member of the Clinical Society, Harvard 
 Medical Society, Leno.x Medical Society, New York .\cademy 
 of Medicine, and Fellow of the American Academy of Medi- 
 cine. He is also member of the New York Society of Sons 
 of the Revolution, of the General Society of the \Var of 
 1812, a Companion of the New York Comma dery. Military 
 Order of the Loyal Legion, a member of the Sons of Veter- 
 ans, of which organization he is the Surgeon-General. He 
 is also a member of the ^L^nhattan Club, and the Committee 
 on Organization of Tammany Hall. He is an eloquent 
 speaker and has delivered many addresses before various 
 societies and medical organizations. 
 
 Dr. Wilco-x is also assistant visiting physician to the 
 Bellevue Hospital, lecturer at the Post-Graduate Training 
 School for nurses, and attending physician to the Demilt 
 Dispensary. He is a voluminous writer and is very often 
 quoted as an authority on medical subjects. During the 
 last ten years he has published eighty different papers, in 
 which he has popularized such drugs as apomorphine, 
 naphthaline, hydrastis, cocillana and cactus, besides present- 
 ing careful studies of allied subjects. .A.s therapeutic editor 
 of the American [ouriial of the Medical Sciences lie has 
 obtained wide celebrity. He has edited Dr. Hale White's 
 " Materia Medica and Therapeutics," a book of six hundred 
 pages, which has been adopted as the text-book in many of 
 the leading medical schools ot this country. 
 
 CLARENCE W. MEADE. 
 Police Justice Clarence W- Meade was born in New 
 York City on November 27, 1841. Like many others of our 
 public men, including even tht'se who have achieved literary 
 
 di.stinction, he was educated in the public schools. In 1857, 
 being then sixteen years old, young .Meade went into the 
 drygoods business, but on the breaking out of the war, 
 seeing a prospect of making money, he went down and 
 joined the I'roduce l^xrhange, opening an office as broker. 
 After the war this business, which had been overdone, 
 shrank to something like its original proportions, and Mr. 
 Meade retired from the Exchange, of which he is still, how- 
 ever, a member. 
 
 He is of an energetic disijosition, and being a born New 
 Yorker it goes without saying that he cultivated a taste for 
 ])olitics. He is a Rejiublican and from the time he cast 
 his first ballot, which was in 1863, he took a hand in ward 
 ;m(l civic contests. His abilities soon brought him to the 
 surface and from 1866 until 1890, when he was apjiointed 
 to his present [)osition, he was one of the recognized leaders 
 of the Thirteenth Assembly District. He was appointed 
 .Xs-istant .Xjipraiser by President Johnson in 1866, and Post 
 
 CL,\RF,NXE W. ME.\DE. 
 
 U'arden by Governor Cornell in 1880, which latter place he 
 held untif made Police Justice by Mayor Hugh J. Grant. 
 His appointment by Mayor Grant was a tribute to his 
 ability appreciated by his friends, for while having, as a rule, 
 to adajit himself to party exigencies in the selection of a 
 Democrat to the bench it is only reasonable to assume that 
 in the appointment of a Republican he may enjoy the lux- 
 ury of being governed solely by a strict sense of public 
 duty. 
 
 Justice Meade's family is not unknown inNew\ork 
 City. His father, Abraham B. Meade, was appointed Ap- 
 praiser by General Jackson and filled that responsible 
 position for many years. Previous to this he was a member 
 of the wholesale firm of King & Meade, of whom A. T. 
 Stewart bought his first stock of drygoods when embarking 
 in business in this city. 
 
 Apart from his public life and duties Judge Meade is a 
 popular man. He is genial and witty and makes a point 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 of adapting himself to circumstances. He is a member of 
 the RepubHcan and other clubs, social and political, and 
 he lives in the block on Twenty-second street on which he 
 was born. _ 
 
 JOHN B. SNOOK. 
 
 Mr. fohn B. Snook may be considered the Nestor of 
 New York Architects. He certainly is the oldest practising 
 member of the profession in this city, and with his three 
 sons and his son-in-law, who are in partnership with him, 
 controls one of the largest architectural firms in the country. 
 
 Mr. Snook was born in England on July i6, 1815, and 
 was brought to this country by his parents in 1817. He 
 was educated and taught the trade of carpenter in New 
 York. From carpentering to building the transition is easy 
 and natural, and he was engaged in the latter business until 
 in 1842. Having studied architecture while pursuing his 
 business as a builder he became desirous of following it as 
 a profession and entered the office of Mr. Joseph Trench, 
 at No. 12 Chambers street, with whom two years later he 
 entered into partnership. Were Mr. Snook that way dis- 
 
 He married in this city on October 25, 1836, Miss Maria 
 A. AVeekes, the daughter of Captain Seaman Weekes, and 
 has had eleven children, nine of whom are living and all 
 married excepting one. The three sons in partnership with 
 him are James H., Samuel B. and Edward T. Snook. The 
 son-in-law is John W. Boylston. 
 
 JOHN B. SNOOK. 
 
 posed he could in 1892 have celebrated the golden jubilee 
 of that interesting old office on Chambers street, for he has 
 never left it since he entered it in 1842. Not only that, 
 but he still uses the same desk he took with him when i.e 
 moved in and it is pretty safe to assume will use it to the 
 end. 
 
 Mr. Snook erected among his other great works the 
 Stewart Building, Niblo's Garden Theatre, the Metropolitan 
 Theatre, the old St. Nicholas, tlie Metropolitan and the 
 Metropolis Hotels, the Hoffman House, Commodore Van- 
 derbilt's residence, W. H. Vanderbilt's two mansions, ihe 
 residences of his daughters, the Crand Central Depot, St. 
 John's Park Freight Dejjot, All Angels' Church, the present 
 Brooklyn Tabernacle, and many of New York and adjacent 
 cities' most famous ornate edifices, private and public. 
 
 ANDREW J. WHITE. 
 
 Police Justice Andrew J. White was born in New York 
 City, in June, 1846, and was educated in the public schools 
 and the De La Salle Institute. After leaving school he 
 joined his father, Patrick White, in business and remained 
 with him till he died. In 1870, with his brother Thomas F., 
 he began business as a manufacturer of fertilizers under the 
 name of "P. White's Sons." They conduct the business 
 now with profit. In 1872, when John Kelly reorganized 
 Tammany Hall, purging it of the Tweed element, Mr. White 
 with some young friends formed an association in the Second 
 .Assembly District, and he became active in politics for the 
 first time. He rendered material service to his party from 
 that year up to 1881, without taking office, though often 
 asked to do so. In 1881 he was appointed Police Justice, 
 and was soon after expelled from Tammany Hall by John 
 Kelly for refusing to act against his conscientious convic- 
 tions. Among others who were disciplined at the same time 
 was E.\-Fire Commissioner Purroy, and the recalcitrants at 
 once organized a new and rather formidable party known as 
 " Little Tammany." This society remained in existence 
 three years, and in 1884 was merged in the County Democ- 
 racy, of which William R. Grace was the head and Judge 
 White one of the ablest lieutenants. He was member of the 
 Executive Committee of the County Democracy until 1888, 
 when he resigned. In 1885 he opposed Hugh J. Grant for 
 the office of Sheriff, but though he polled a large vote he 
 was defeated. In 1889 he with many other leaders left 
 the County Democracy altogether and joined Tammany 
 Hall, of whose General Committee he was elected member 
 representing the Twenty-third Assembly District. He is on 
 the General Committee at present, and has been a member 
 of the Tammany Society (Columbian Order) since 1873, 
 
 Owing to his splendid record on the bench, he was in 
 1892 appointed by Mayor Grant, his old opponent, to a fur- 
 ther term of ten years. Judge White is a member of the 
 Stuyvesant, Catholic, the Manhattan and other prominent 
 clubs, and is President of the Sagamore. Nevertheless, he 
 IS not essentially a club man, being as he is domestic in his 
 nature and firmly held by home family ties. 
 
 He is a most energetic man, and on the bench clears off 
 a calendar of from seventy-five to a hundred with astonish- 
 ing rapidity. His long experience, knowledge of the 
 common law and keen insight into human nature enable 
 him to do this and at the same time render strict justice. 
 
 JOSIAH C. CADY. 
 
 Josiah Cleveland Cady, one of New York's leading archi- 
 tects, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1838, and is the son 
 of Josiah Cady of Killingly, Conn. After a preparatory 
 course in Bird's Collegiate Institute he entered Trinity Col- 
 lege and became a member of the class of i860 In 1880 
 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of M.A. in 
 recognition of his achievements in the profession of archi- 
 tecture. While at college he belonged to the Parthenon 
 Literary Society and the fraternity of Delta Psi. It was 
 afterwards Mr. Cady's pride and privilege to design the 
 beautiful home of that society at Trinity, and it is now a 
 monument to his taste and artistic skill. In fact, he is a 
 designer of College buildings and their branches and con- 
 nections, as the following amongst many other collegiate 
 
JVEU- YOJiA\ THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 35 
 
 institutions which his firm have carried out bear testimony : 
 Peabody Museum, North Shefiield Hall, Dwight Hall, 
 Chittendon Memorial Library, Berzelius Hall," Hall of 
 the Sheffield School, while at Williams College there 
 are Morgan Hall and the Lasell (lymnasium, at Trinity 
 College Jarvis Hall of Science, Epsilon Chajiter House for 
 Delta Psi, and at Wesleyan University a building for scien- 
 tific purposes. Of other buildings which he designed the 
 most noted are the New York City Metropolitan Opera 
 House, Museum of Natural History, Central Park, new 
 buildings connected with the Presbyterian Hospital, Gal- 
 latin National Bank, the I.oomis Laboratory, Protestant Half 
 Orphan Asylum, Young Women's Christian Association 
 Building, Brooklyn, Hartford Public Library, St. Andrew's 
 Church, Seventy-sixth street, New York Cit\-. New York 
 .Avenue Church in Brooklyn, the Manpiand Memorial 
 Church at Hampton, Va. 
 
 Mr. Cady is a member of the Centiirv, AKlinc, University 
 and ()uill Clubs, and is connected with the .American Science 
 Association, State Charities Aid Association, trustee of the 
 Skin and Cancer Hospital, the Demilt l)is|)ensary and New 
 York City Mission. 
 
 DAVID McADAM. 
 
 Hon. David McAdam, Judge of the Superior C'ourt, wa^^ 
 born in this city in 1838 of Scotch parents. His father was 
 a native of Glasgow, a tailor by trade, who, coming to New 
 V'ork in 1836, soon established himself ujitown as a success- 
 ful merchant tailor. David was educated in the common 
 schools, entered a law office as an office boy in 1849 and 
 commenced the study of the law. In 1855 he became 
 managing clerk for F. F. ALarbury, was admitted to the bar 
 in 1859. He started business for himself in i860, and 
 being intelligent and industrious, achieved a fair measure of 
 success from the start. He took a hand in Democratic 
 municipal politics while still quite young, and though not 
 known for what President Cleveland terms " pernicious 
 activity," his party services were so well appreciated, that 
 in 1873 he was nominated for Justice of the Marine Court 
 and elected by a handsome majoriiy. He was re-elected 
 in 1879 and again in 1885, having previously ( 1883) been 
 elected Chief Justice of the Court by his Associates. It was 
 mainly through his efforts that the jurisdiction of the court 
 was enlarged, and the name changed to its ])resent one 
 (City Court). In 1890 he was elected Judge of the Superior 
 Court. As a judge, it is universally conceded that he has been 
 faithful, intelligent, U|.)right, and an ornament to the bench. 
 
 Judge McAdam is a high legal authority on certain 
 branches of law, and four books he has written are 
 recognized by the legal profession as standard works. These 
 works are " Landlord and Tenant,' " Marine Court Prac- 
 tice," " The StiUwell Act," and " Terms of Court." He is 
 besides author of several important legislative enact- 
 ments : First, The act which prevents landlords dis])Ossess- 
 ing monthly tenants in the City of New York without giving 
 five days' previous notice of their intention to pursue the 
 
 summary remedy (Laws of iS82,ch. 
 
 This has proved 
 
 so beneficial in its effects that it has been extended toother 
 cities and adopted in several States. Second, The code 
 provision authorizing courts to discharge debtors detained 
 in civil process who were unable to endure the imprison- 
 ment. Third, The code provision authorizing courts to 
 grant new trials in cases in which the complaint was wrong- 
 fully dismissed at the trial — all of which ha\e proved 
 serviceable to the public and the legal profession. 
 
 Judge McAdam is an eloquent speaker and lecturer, and 
 is always ready to help a good cause on the platform. 
 Among the best known of his lectures are " (Jeorge Wash- 
 ington," " Lincoln and Grant," " Robert Burns." " Lawyers," 
 " Wise and Otherwise," and " Legal Chestnuts." 
 
 HENRY WOODWARD SACKETT. 
 
 The well-known New York lawyer, Henry Woodward 
 Sackett, was born in Enfield, N. Y., in 1853, and comes of 
 Revolutionary stock. His paternal great-grandfather. Major 
 Buell Sackett, one of the .American officers in command of 
 the detachment on duty at the execution of Major Andre, 
 was a member of an old Rhode Island family, and on his 
 mother's side his great-grandfather was Sir Benjamin Wood- 
 ward, a west of iMigland gentleman and well known naturalist 
 of his time. His father, \)x. Solon P. Sackett, was a physician 
 of Ithaca who married Lovedy K. Woodward, and of this 
 marriage the subject of our sketch was born. 
 
 Mr. Sackett was fitted for college by a preparatory course 
 in the celebrated Ithaca Academy, and graduated from 
 Cornell University in the class of 1875 with the degree of 
 A.B. He was for two terms president of the college's lead- 
 ing literary .society, was class essayist at graduation, attained 
 the highest rank in mathematics and w'on a Phi Beta Kajjpa 
 
 HRNRV WIXIDW.KRD S.ACKKTT. 
 
 key. After leaving c ollege he studied law and meanwhile 
 taught Greek and Latin in the Monticello Military Academy. 
 He came to New York ini876 to continue his studies at the 
 Columbia Law School, but soon found that the sittings 
 of the courts in this city aft'orded an opportunity for 
 a more advantageous study of the law than any law 
 school. He began writing for the Neiv York Tribune 
 reports of special cases adjudicated in the Supreme 
 Court of Appeals and United States courts, and continued 
 this method of supplementing his law studies until he was 
 admitted to the liar in 1879. He had in the meantime 
 been a law clerk in the office of the late Cornelius A. Runkle, 
 who was for many years the counsel for The Tribune. Soon 
 afterward he became associated in business with Mr. Runkle, 
 and when the latter died in 1888, Mr. Sackett succeeded him 
 as attorney for The Tribune and has since been its regular 
 counsel. For seven or eight years he has written the legal 
 editorials which have appeared in that paper, remarkable for 
 
JV£II' YOI^K, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 their point and clear reasoning. As a lawyer Mr. Sackett 
 has been very successful, and the firm of which he is the 
 head — Sackett & Bennett — does an extensive business, chiefly 
 for estates, corporations and syndicates. Hehas tried nearly 
 all Ihe libel suits against Tlie Tribune during the last seven 
 years and in no single instance has a larger judgment than 
 six cents been collected against that newspaper. 
 
 Mr. Sackett was married in 1866 to Miss Lizzie Titus, 
 daughter of the late Edmund Titus, of Brooklyn, and has a 
 summer residence at Riverdale-on-the Hudson. He is a 
 member of the University Club, the City Club, the County 
 Club, the New York Bar Association, Troop A, the Society 
 of Medical Jurisprudence, and many other social and scien- 
 tific organizations. 
 
 FRANK T. FITZGERALD. 
 
 Frank 'J'. Fitzgerald, Associate Surrogate, was born in 
 New York City in May, 1857. He was educated at the 
 public schools, at St. Francis Xavier College, the famous 
 Jesuit seat of learning, at St. Mary's College, Niagara Falls, 
 and at the Columbia College Law School. From the latter 
 institution he graduated in 1878, and in that year he was 
 admitted to the bar. While pursuing his legal studies Mr. 
 Fitzgerald was in the law office of Smith M. Weed and some 
 of his methods in profession- 1 and public affairs may be 
 traced to that master in law and ])olitics. Mr. Fitzgerald 
 
 the combination of the old and characteristically American 
 element in the Ninth District with more recent accessions to 
 New York's population in the First and Fifth. 
 
 In 18S9 Mr. Fitzgerald was elected Register of the 
 County as the Tammany Democratic nominee. He was 
 regarded as distinctively the '' young men's candidate," rep- 
 resenting the youthful and more vigorous element in Tam- 
 many Hall, and his popularity was demonstrated by the 
 very large vote cast for him. Representative Fitzgerald 
 thereupon resigned and assumed the duties of Register on 
 January ist, 1890. In the early prime of life, with a record 
 fre^ from the suspicion of a stain, of high standing profes- 
 sionally as well as politically, Frank T. Fitzgerald is one of 
 the men to whom New York has a right to look for a 
 brilliant future. 
 
 In the session of the Legislature before the last an act 
 was passed creating an additional Surrogate for the city of 
 New York, and in the fall election of 1892 Mr. Fitzgerald, 
 having been nominated by his party, w-as elected by an 
 overwhelming majority for the post. That he is qualified 
 for it has been already made manifest, and there is no doubt 
 that he will win the same meed of applause for ability and 
 conscientious performance of duties that he earned for the 
 carrying out of his duties as Register of New York City. 
 Indeed, considering all thmgs, he may without a breach of 
 tniih be said to have been New York's greatest Register. 
 
 FR.\NK T. FITZGERALD. 
 
 was for many years a member (.f the law firm of Mapes, 
 Kelly & Fitzgerald. 
 
 From early youth Mr. Fitzgerald took a lively interest 
 in political affairs, and he became ipiickly ]uominent in 
 movements designed to ameliorate the condition of the 
 laboring masses. In 1888 he was elected to Congress to 
 represent the Sixth Congressional District, which then con- 
 sisted of the First, Fifth and Ninth Assembly Districts, 
 including the largest settled portion of the city with its 
 greatest financial institutions, and a constituency typical of 
 
 JOHN B. McELFATRICK. 
 
 lohn B. McElfatrick was born in Harrisburg, Pa., in 1827, 
 and received the rudiments of his education in the public 
 s( hools. He studied engineering and railroad building in 
 Philadelphia, and in 185 1 started into business in his native 
 city. Since then Mr. McElfatrick has built more than a 
 hundred theatres in various parts of the United States, 
 many of them models of modern architectural beauty and 
 all of them solid and substantial. In fact he makes of 
 theatre building a specialty. 
 
 He removed tcr Cleveland, Ohio, in 1853, and then to 
 Fort Wayne, Chicago, Louisville and St. Louis in succession. 
 He has offices in St. Louis and New York, his son William 
 H. McElfatrick being in charge of the New York office. 
 He opened a branch of his great and ever growing business 
 in St. Louis in 1878 and placed it under the direction of his 
 son John M., who has since died. William H. McElfatrick 
 was admitted to partnership in 1883 and since 1876, when 
 lohn M. was admitted, the firm has been known by the title 
 of J. B. McElfatrick & Sons, architects and builders. Need- 
 less to state this firm has not confined itself to theatres 
 exclusively, as the subjoined list of the principal of its works 
 goes to show: Bank of Harlem, New York City; Broadway 
 Theatre, Harlem Opera House, Standard Theatre, Bijou. 
 Herrmann's, Star, Columbus, all of New York ; Amphion 
 Academy and Park Theatre, Brooklyn ; National Theatre, 
 Washington, D. C; Court Square Theatre, Springfield, 
 Mass.; Opera House, Detroit, Mich.; Opera House, Madi- 
 son, Wis ; Grand Theatre, Kansas City, Mo.; Theatre Ven- 
 dome, Nashville, Tenn.; Grand Opera House and Memphis 
 Theatre, Memphis, Tenn.; Metropolitan Opera House, St. 
 Paul, Minn.; Tremont Theatre, Boston; Park, Bijou, Ger- 
 man Opera and National Theatres, Philadelphia; Duquesne, 
 Grand Opera and Bijou in Pittsburg, Opera House and 
 People's Theatre in Chicago, Grand Opera, Robinson's Opera 
 and Havelin's, Cincinnati ; McAuley's Opera House, Ma- 
 sonic Temiile Theatre and Harris' Theatre in Louisville, 
 Olympic, " The Hagan," Grand Opera, Popes, Standard, 
 Music Hall in St. Louis, and many others all over the 
 country. 
 
 Mr. McElfatrick's father, Edward, was an eminent archi- 
 tect in his time. 
 
NEW YORK, TlflZ METROPOLIS. 
 
 37 
 
 CHARLES DEADY, M.D. 
 
 Charles Dead)', M.I >., (^. el A. Cliir., was liorn in New 
 York City on August 27, 1850, and received his primary 
 education in the public schools of New York and Brooklyn. 
 Having gone successfully through the grammar grades and 
 passed through the High School, he began the study of med- 
 icine in the New York Homceopathic Medical College in 
 
 KS73 and 
 
 graduated after a three years' course. Soon after 
 
 entering on the practice ot his jjrofession he was appointed 
 visiting physician to the Homieopathic College Dispensary, 
 which position he held for two years. Desiring to take up 
 ophthalmology as a specialty he entered the College of the 
 New York Ophthalmic Hospital and graduating from tlitre 
 in 1878 was at once made assistant surgeon of the institu- 
 tion. Two years later he was appointed house surgeon 
 and in 1880 received the degree of (^. et A. Chir. Since 
 then he has been among the foremost in advancing the 
 interests of the profession and especially the college witli 
 which he is so closely and so honorably connected. 
 
 In 1882 Dr. Deady was elected Secretary of the Homa>o- 
 pathic Medical Society of the County of New York, anil 
 in 1892 occupied the position of its X'kc- President. He 
 also served as Secretary-Treasurer of the American 
 Homoeopathic Ophthalmological and Otological Association. 
 In 1884 he was ajjpointed surgeon to the New York Oph- 
 thalmic Hospital and subsequently a governing surgeon and 
 executive officer of the board in rapid succession. He is 
 now Dem of the Faculty of the New York Ophthalmic 
 Hospital and is Professor of Ophthalmology in the College 
 of the New York Ophthalmic Hospital : alho Treasurer of 
 the HoiiKjeop'athic Medical Society of the State of New 
 York and Chairman of the E\ecutive Committee of the 
 .Miimni .\ssoiiation of the New York Homieojjathic Medical 
 College. 
 
 Among Dr. Deady's writings are many contributions to 
 the different medical journals, but more especially to the 
 foiiiiial pf Op/ii/uihiiiiloi;y, 0/c>/i>xytJ/!t/ Lf7/yfig<'/i>x}\ ol which 
 he has been chief editor since the death of its founder, 
 Ceorge S. Norton, M.D. He has at times been Chairman 
 of the Bureau of ()phthalmolog\-, of the State Society, the 
 County Society and the .\merican Institute of Homoeopathy. 
 
 During the first four years of his professional career Dr. 
 Deady was a general )iractitioner, but on March 1st, 1880, 
 he resigned his family practice and since that time has 
 confined himself exclusively to the treatment of diseases of 
 the eye and ear. In 1873 'le married Corinne Louise Ho])- 
 per, daughter of Henry G. Hopjier, of Hackensack, N. J.. 
 i)y whom he has had four ( hildren, two of whom, a son and 
 a daughter, are living. 
 
 T. J. OAKLEY RHINELANDER. 
 
 T. J. Oaklev Rhinelander, lawyer, real estate manager 
 and man of affairs generally, was born in this city in May, 
 185S. He belongs to one of those American families who 
 have since the earliest Colonial times been jirominent in the 
 history of the city. State and country at large. < )n the 
 mother's side he is descended from the Crugers, a name 
 equally illustrious in the annals ot this State, and if ances- 
 try is of advantage in a democratii < ountry such as this, 
 can lay claim to place in the front rank. Through his 
 father, William Rhinelander, he is descended in a direct line 
 from Philip Jacob Rhinelander, who came to America in 
 1685 immediately after the Revocation of the Edict of 
 Nantes, and settled at first in New Rochelle, but after 
 awhile came to New ^'ork (then New Amsterdam), where 
 the family has since resided and, generation after generation, 
 taken a leading part in the social and political life ol the 
 city. 
 
 His mother is lineally descended trom John C ruger, who 
 settled in this city in 1696. John Cruger married .Miss 
 
 Cuyler, of .\Ibany, whose grandfather, Jean Schepmoes, 
 1 ame out as early as lO^.S John (!ruger was Mayor of New 
 \'ork in 1739, and was annually rea])pointed till 1744, when 
 he died in office. He held other important offices and his 
 son Henry ('ruger was for fourteen years a memljer of the 
 Provincial .Assembly, for many years a member of His 
 Majesty's Council and also Chamberlain of the City of 
 New York. His son, another Henry, was Mayor of Bristol, 
 England, in i78i,aml from his ])lace in Parliament in the 
 reign of Oeorgc HI. was the only member of that bodv who 
 had the< ourage and the audacity to proclaim that the Ameri- 
 can colonies had the right to be free, i lenry Van Schaick, the 
 historian, mentions it as a significant fact that for one hun- 
 dred and twenty years the C'rugcrs held the most important 
 offices in the State, which fact is inilei-d patent to the most 
 superficial student, who finds the history of the times bris- 
 tling with statesmen (if that name. 
 
 .Mr. Rhinelaniler's title to membership in the So< icty ot 
 
 1 I. II. kiii.XEL.win.i;. 
 
 the Colonial Wars comes to him from the Crugers, also 
 through Hendrik Cuyler, who was Captain and Major of the 
 .Alban'y Tron]), that fought in the French and Indian cam- 
 paigns, and his c laim to membership in the Sons of the 
 Revolution is based on the part taken by his third great- 
 grandfather on the maternal side, Jesse t)akley, who raised 
 and eipiipped his own company and fought in many battles 
 of the war. The famous Judge Oakley was also a grand- 
 father of Mr. Rhinelander. 
 
 The subject of this sketch graduated as A. B. from the 
 Columbia Ac.idemic Department, and in 1880 took the 
 degree of LL B. from the same institution, after which he 
 wa's called to the bar, but subsecpiently devoted all his 
 business time to the management of the Rhinelander estate. 
 He takes, like his ancestors, a prominent i)art in the social 
 life of New York as well as m all movements towards 
 iiro-rress for he is pronounced in his Americanism. He is, 
 amfhasbeen for years, a member of the Seventh Regiment, 
 
38 
 
 Ar£fV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 belongs to the Sons of the Revokition, St. Nicholas Society, 
 is Deputy Governor of the Society of the Colonial Wars, 
 Governor of the Seventh Veteran Club, Vice-President of 
 the Seventh Regiment Veteran League, President of the 
 Delta Phi College Club, and member of the Metropolitan, 
 Union, County and City chilis. 
 
 COLLIS P. HUNTINGTON. 
 
 Mr. Collis P. Huntington has long been one of the most 
 prominent figures in the railroad world, as he has, also, in 
 Wall street affairs— prominent in the former because of the 
 vastness of the interests in which he is engaged, and in the 
 latter by reason of his great wealth and the ]iower that he 
 
 Congress of the Act of 1862, which authorized the con- 
 struction of the Union and Central Pacific roads, and Mr. 
 Huntington's efforts in behalf of the latter corporation are 
 events too well known to need more than passing mention. 
 The engineering feats which surmounted the difficulties pre- 
 sented were all but superhuman, while the raising of capital 
 during the war, even for semi-public enterprises, was far 
 from being an easy task. Nevertheless, in October, 1864, the 
 Central Pacific road was organized. Practically, from that 
 time until the present Mr. Huntington has been at the helm, 
 as the general manager of the property and the master-spirit 
 of the financial policy, and all through the public controversy 
 over the fiuestion of the ultimate payment of the debt of the 
 corporation to the Government he has evinced a degree 
 
 wields. Mr. Huntington is a well preserved man of about 
 seventy years of age, and is as full of vigor as he ever was, 
 possessing an elasticity of step and a ruddiness of color that 
 might well be envied by many a younger man. 
 
 For many years Collis P. Huntington was known to Wall 
 street only because of his connection with the Central Pacific 
 Railroad, of which he was the chief promoter and most active 
 builder. When early in the si.xties the necessity of a trans- 
 continental line of railroad, not only as tending to the de- 
 velopment of the country, but as furnishing a means for the 
 |30ssible future transportation of troo])s, was beginning to be 
 recognized by the (jovernment, Mr. Huntington was quick 
 to recognize the opportunity before him. The passage by 
 
 of fairness and care for the interests of the stockholders 
 which does him credit. 
 
 Mr. Huntington's interests in the Central Pacific, how- 
 ever, were long ago subordinated to other and greater enter- 
 prises. The story of the building of the Southern Pacific 
 from San Francisco to New Orleans and his great construc- 
 tion race across Texas with the Texas Pacific — of which 
 'I'om Scott was the president and dominant spirit — and his 
 measuring of swords with the latter before the Congressional 
 Committee, is too long to be retold in a sketch of this nature; 
 but it includes many interesting episodes illustrating the 
 mental characteristics of the former in a contest where in- 
 tellectual vigor, fertility of resource and promptness and 
 
A'EIV YORK, THE M ETRO fOIJS. 
 
 39 
 
 decisiveness of action carried the day. The ultimate ])rac- 
 tical consoHdation of the vast raih-oad interests west of tlie 
 Mississippi — comprising the Central Pacific, the line from 
 San Francisco to Portland, Oregon, the various railroad sys- 
 tems through southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, 
 Texas and Louisiana — and the Morgan line of steamships 
 from New Orleans to New York into one great parent 
 organization called the Southern Pacific Company, was the 
 direct outcome of his own financial policy, and resulted in 
 the marvellous achievement of a line of trans])ortation from 
 Portland, Oregon, to New York City under the control and 
 management of one ownership. The Southern Pacific Com- 
 pany to-day operates a total trackage of over eight thousand 
 miles and steamship lines from New Orleans to New ^'ork 
 and San Francisco to Yokohama. Mr. Huntington and his 
 associates also own railroads in Mexico and Guatemala. 
 
 Besides these vast and complex interest.s, Mr. Huntington, 
 as an individual, controlled at one time the Chesajjeake and 
 Ohio Railway, the Kentucky Central, the Newport News 
 and Mississippi \'alley Co. (which included the Elizabeth- 
 town, Lexington and Pig Sandy and the Chesapeake, Ohio, 
 and Southwestern railroads in Kentucky and Tennessee), 
 and the Louisville, New Orleans and Texas from Memjjhis 
 to New C)rleans ; thus practically forming an uninterruined 
 railroad line from Portland, Oregon, to deep water at 
 Hampton Roads, Ya. 
 
 Mr. Huntington, moreover, is a large owner in the Pacific 
 Mai) Steamship Co. and the Old Dominion Steamship Co., 
 and is a director in the Western Union Telegrai)h and many 
 other companies in which he is financially interested. His 
 organization of the Old I )ominion Land Co., which bought the 
 land and started a city at Newport News, Ya. — an enter- 
 prise in which the late A. A. Low was largely interested, and 
 which he lived long enough to see develo|j into an industrial 
 and manufacturing interest that has made Newport News 
 one of the principal seaports on the Atlantic coast — is too 
 well known to need further mention. 
 
 But the latest achievement of Mr. Huntington's genius is 
 the great shipyard at Newport News, where, almost alone in 
 the financial responsibility involved, he has built up a great 
 industrial enterprise which employs fifteen hundred to two 
 thousand men, and has already turned out merchant steam- 
 ships of large tonnage, whose unusual records on their trial 
 trips have excited newspaper comment. 
 
 All these undertakings attest the marvellous business 
 genius of the man upon whom his fifty-six years of unre- 
 mitting labor and "days' works" have told so lightly ; but 
 this brief record would not be complete unless some allusion 
 were made to his ])hilanthropic spirit, which has expressed 
 itself in the most useful ways. While his benefactions are 
 many, to a man whose mind is i onstituted like Mr. Hunting- 
 ton's the truest kindness to a beneficiary is in giving him 
 employment by which he can earn money rather than in 
 giving him the money itself. The celebrated Industrial 
 Works at Ham]jton, Ya., where students of Negro and 
 Lidian parentage receive the lienefits of an education of the 
 hand as well as the head, are an example of this ; while the 
 Huntington Library and Reading Room in his o\vn town of 
 Westchester, N. Y., which he has recently given to the town, 
 with an endowment of one hundred thousand dollars, is an- 
 other illustration of his (iractii al philanthro]iy in a similar 
 direction. 
 
 L. DUNCAN BULKLEY, M.D. 
 .\lthough the life of a physician, no matter how success- 
 lul, is a hard one, ami the more successful the harder — it is 
 a noticeable fact that sons are more prone to follow their 
 fathers in that jjrofession than in any other. This is, 
 perhaps, because it is a fascinating study and is looked upon 
 as the most noble profession, as capable of doing the mo^t 
 good to humanity. 
 
 L. Duncan Bulkley, A.M., M.D., is a case in point. He 
 is one of New York's most successful jihjsicians and is the 
 tcireniost dermatologist in the United States. His father 
 before him. Dr. Henry I). Bulkley, was a physician and a 
 prominent one of his time. He died in 1 87 2, and the New 
 York Mc'diial Jouiiial of the time says of him : 
 
 "The death of Dr. Ihilkley occurred cm the 4lh of Jan- 
 uary, 1872. l''or nearly half a century he has been identified 
 with the medical profession of this city and might be 
 considered as one of the links which connected the physi 
 cians of old New York with those now living aincjiig us." 
 
 The elder Dr. Bulkley was a distinguished man. He was 
 a graduate of Yale, an extensive traveller in Europe in the 
 accpiisition of professional knowledge, lecturer ol a high 
 orcler, editor of the New York Medical Times, l^resident of 
 the New Vork .Vcademy of Medicine, and also nf the Medical 
 
 1,. D. liULKLEV. 
 
 Society of the County of New York, and in fact he was 
 connected in one shape or another with all that was honor- 
 able and progressive in an honorable profession. He was 
 the first lecturer on dermatology in the country. 
 
 His son is, for his age, no less distinguished. He was 
 horn in this city on January 12. 1845, and graduated from 
 Yale in the class of 1866. 'I'hree years later — 1869 — he 
 rec eived the degree of M.D. from the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons and of A.M. from his Alma Mater. After 
 leaving the College of Physicians and Surgeons he was for 
 some time house i>hysician in the New York Hospital, and 
 subsequently traveled in Europe and studied dermatology 
 in London, Paris and Yienna. In 1S70 Dr. Bulkley was 
 awarded the Stevens Triennial Prize of the College of 
 Physic ians and Surgeons of New XorV, for an essay on 
 " Thermometry in Disease," and the Alvarenga prize by the 
 College of Physicians of Philadelphia, in 1891, for an essay 
 on " Syphilis Insontium." He is well known as the trans- 
 lator of Neumann's " Handbook of Skin Diseases." editor of 
 the "Archives of Dermatology," author of a treatise on 
 
40 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS 
 
 eczema, a manual of diseases of the skin, a treatise on 
 acne, and numerous other articles in medical journals and 
 encyclopaedias. 
 
 One of the achievements of Dr. Bulkley's life is the 
 originating of the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, of 
 which he is attending physician. He is likewise attend- 
 ing physician for skin and venereal diseases in the New 
 York Hospital, consulting dermatologist of the Manhattan 
 Eye and Ear Hospital, of the Hospital for Ruptured and 
 Crippled, professor of dermatology and syphilis in the 
 Post-Graduate Medical School, member of the American 
 Academy of Medicine, American Dermatological Associa 
 tion, and of the Union League, Quill, and Patria Clubs. 
 He was married on May 28, 187?, to Miss Kate La Rue 
 Mellick, and is a member of the Brick Presbyterian Church. 
 
 HENRY MELVILLE. 
 
 Henry Melville, of the bar of New York City, the eldest 
 son of Josiah H. and Nancy (Nesmith) Melville, was born 
 in Nelson, N. H.. August 25, 1858. Preparing himself for 
 college largely by his own unaided efforts, he entered Dart- 
 mouth at the age of sixteen and was graduated with honors 
 in 1879. After spending two years as the head of a High 
 School in Massachusetts he entered the Law School of 
 Harvard University, from which he received the degrees of 
 A M. and LL.B. cum laude, in 1884, at the same time being 
 
 HENRY MELVILLE. 
 
 appointed by the faculty to represent the Law School at the 
 University Commencement. His oration, on the subject of 
 " National Regulation of Interstate Commerce," received 
 much commendation. 
 
 Coming to New York, he spent a year in the office of 
 James C. Carter and was admitted to the bar in 1885 Soon 
 after he formed business relations with New York's late 
 distinguished Senator, Roscoe Conkling. which continued 
 until the death of the latter. Death has also dissolved his 
 subsequent firm of Dougherty, Melville & Sweetser in the 
 
 taking away of the Silver Tongued Daniel Dougherty. Mr. 
 Melville devotes his attention to a general civil practice in 
 the higher courts, making a specialty of corporation, patent 
 and trademark causes, in connection with which he has 
 figured in prominent and important litigations. He finds 
 time, however, for an active participation in politics — having 
 been secretary of the Republican Club for a number of 
 years — and for many social matters. Among the other 
 organizations in which he takes a special interest are the 
 Association of the Bar, Harvard Club, New England Society, 
 Seventh Regiment and Sons of the Revolution. In the 
 Roster of the last it appears that no less than eight of his 
 ancestors fought for American Independence. His career 
 thus far has been a success and augurs well for the future. 
 
 AUGUST SCHMID. 
 
 Among the ])ioneer brewers of this country there is 
 no name more distinguished than August Schmid, not only 
 because of his success in business, but because of his in- 
 trinsic merits as a citizen, a man of culture and of high 
 character generally. 
 
 Mr. Schmid was born in St. Gallen, or St. Gall, in one 
 of the German cantons of Switzerland. His father, Joseph 
 Schmid, owned a large, old-established brewery in St. Gall, 
 and was therefore able to give his son a good education. 
 At an early age the boy was sent to the Benedictine College, 
 where the basis for a classical training was laid, with the 
 view to a university course. 
 
 Me.intime the great European revolution of 1848 broke 
 out, and the Swiss brewer, being a man of prominence, hold- 
 ing at the same time opinions in symjjathy with those essay- 
 ing the overthrow of despotism, many political refugees 
 from various lands claimed the hospitality of his home on 
 their way to America. Several, also, had been in America, 
 visited the Schmid mansion, and e.xpatiating on the wide field 
 that existed in the New World for brains and capital, Mr. 
 Schmid himself concluded to come to this country, which he 
 did accordingly (1855), after disposing of his interests in 
 Switzerland. Arriving m New York, he looked around for an 
 opening, and deciding that the West presented the best oppor- 
 tunities, he went to Rock Island, 111., and buying out one of 
 the oldest and most extensive brewers in that section started 
 into business. At that time the German element in the 
 \\'est was comparatively feeble, and the ingredients com- 
 posing it did not hold a high status. Mr. Schmid, a man 
 of culture and education, did much toward raising the 
 standard, and soon became a leader of much influence and 
 l)opularity in the Western States. 
 
 Meanwhile August, his son, was sent to New York to 
 resume an educational course where it had been interrupted 
 on account of the departure from Germany, and was en- 
 tered at the famous academy of Dr. Dulon, of which Gen- 
 eral Franz Sigel was one of the professors. Dr. Dulon was 
 a gentleman of the old school, and under his tuition young 
 Schmid obtained a thorough classical training, completed 
 subsequently in the colleges. When, therefore, he left New 
 V'ork to associate himself in business with his father he 
 was well equipped in an educational sense, and in the Rock 
 Island brewery gained that practical knowledge which en- 
 abled him later on to achieve such distinguished success in 
 business and such eminence as a citizen. But in order to 
 keep pace with the times and find out what were the latest 
 scientific improvements in the trade, he ])aid a visit to the 
 Fatherland, insjiected the famous breweries of Munich and 
 Vienna, and then entered the university to obtain scientific 
 training. Mr. Schmid thoroughly enjoyed his student life, 
 and ever after looked back upon it with pleasure as being 
 mellow with joyous reminiscences. During Mr. Schmid's 
 absence in Europe his father sold out his interest in the 
 Rock Island brewery, and coming to New York entered 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 41 
 
 / 
 
 ^ -T^ ^ 
 
 9^ 
 
42 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 into partnership with Emanuel Bernheimer in purchasing 
 the Lion Brewery, on Ninth Avenue and One Hundred 
 and Eighth Street, even at that time (1866) considered 
 one of the leading breweries in the United States. 
 
 In 1867 August Schmid returned from Germany and at 
 once took practical hold of the enterprise. His ideas were 
 aggressive, his intelligence keen and his foresight marvel- 
 lous. He worked for the future, and every one knows the 
 result, namely, a phenomenal success. His manufacture of 
 Pilsner beer was the result of these ideas. He made a large 
 fortune within a comparatively short time, but with him 
 money was a secondary consideration, merely. The event 
 of his life was his marriage to a charming young woman, 
 his social equal, handsome, refined and educated, with 
 whom he lived the happiest years of his life. He had three 
 children, and when one of them, August, the eldest, his only 
 boy, died in 1886 at the age of eleven, he received a shock 
 from which he never recovered. Mr. Schmid was a fine- 
 looking man physically, full of gayety and exuberance of 
 spirits, but after this calamity the strong man drooped and 
 continued to droop, and never rallied. He grew weaker 
 until he died on June 4, 1889, to the intense sorrow of his 
 family and friends. 
 
 He was a man of fine character, and held a high social 
 position. He gave of his means left and right to what and 
 whom he deemed deserving, and was a philanthropist in 
 the highest sense of the word. Though a man of devour- 
 ing energy, he was never too busy to do good, and it is 
 known of him that he was a genuine friend of both the Ger- 
 man Society and the German Hospital. Had he lived a 
 bright future lay before him. 
 
 His widow, Mrs. Josephine Schmid, is as remarkable in 
 her way as he was in his. She took up the reins where, in 
 the prime of his manhood lie left them down, and is follow- 
 ing the same lines, and as his successor in the brewery 
 interest has developed into a clever business woman. 
 Apart from that, she follows the bent of an intellectual 
 mind and the domestic circle, and in society is the model 
 of what a true lady should be. 
 
 was at once admitted to the bar. From that time to the 
 present his career has been marked by success. Mr. 
 Blanchard's political activities for some years have been 
 numerous, varied and constant. He has been active in the 
 regular organization as well as the club work of his party. 
 He represents at the present time the famous Twenty-first 
 Assembly District (probably the wealthiest Assembly dis- 
 trict in the country) on the Executive Committee of the 
 Republican ('ounty Committee, and brings to his duties a 
 rare energy and high order of intelligence. He is President 
 of the Republican Club of the city of New York, which club 
 is well known throughout the United States. It was this 
 clul) that organized the National Convention of Republican 
 clubs. Mr. Blanchard was one of the five members of the 
 club who in the spring of 1887 were appointed a committee 
 for the purpose and who brought about the convention, 
 which was held at Chickering Hall, New York, in Decem- 
 ber of that year, composed of 1,500 delegates representing 
 more than a thousand clubs from twenty-eight States in the 
 
 JAMES ARMSXRCKG BLANCHARD. 
 
 James .Vrmstrong Blanchard, lawyer, the senior member 
 of the well-known law firm of Blanchard, Gay & Phelps and 
 ihe younge-t child of Philip Blanchard and Catharine 
 Drummond, was born iji Jefferson County, New York, 
 forty seven 3'ears ago. His ancestral lines on the side of 
 his father run back to the Huguenots, and to the .Scotch on 
 the side of his mother. When he was nine years of age his 
 parents moved to Fond du I.ac County, Wisconsin, and 
 settled on a farm. Here the boy battled with hoe and 
 scythe in summer and attended the district school in winter. 
 At the age of fifteen he lost his father and was thrown upon 
 his own resources. For a year or two he worked his mother's 
 farm and all he made was given to him. '1 he war was in 
 progress and like thousands of brave and patriotic bo) s he 
 enlisted. He joined the Second Regiment of Wisconsin 
 Cavalry and served to the close of the war. On his return 
 home the farm had been sold and his career as a farmer 
 was at an end. Like every boy of spirit he had some blind 
 gropings of ambition and felt the need of education. He 
 entered Ripon College, intending to remain a year and then 
 to engage in business with his brothers, but was induced by 
 his mother and teachers to remain longer. He prepared 
 for college, pursued the classical course and graduated from 
 that institution in 187 1. During his stay at college he 
 taught some to meet his expenses and for two years edited 
 the college magazine. 
 
 We next find him in New York at the Law School of 
 Columbia College, from which he graduated in 1873 and 
 
 J \MES .\. liL.WCHARD. 
 
 Union. This convention ripened into the Republican 
 League of the United States. Mr. Blanchard was its Vice- 
 President for the State of New York in 1888 and 1889, and 
 since that time he has been its Executive Member for this 
 State and is at present Chairman of its Sub-Flxecutive Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 He is a member of the Bar Association, Lafayette Post 
 G. A. R., the Union League Club and various other organ- 
 izations. He is possessed of artistic and literary tastes, and 
 apart from the profit derived from a large legal practice he 
 is fond of the study of law as a science. He has a fine 
 library in which, although legal works predominate, is to be 
 found a valuable miscellaneous collection as well. Mr. 
 Blanchard was married about twelve years ago. His wife, 
 Sallie Medbery, was born and educated in Massachusetts. 
 She is descended from the earliest settlers of New England 
 and is a lineal descendant of Roger Williams. They have 
 one child, a boy of nine, and reside at No. 3 East Seventy- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 43 
 
 seventh Street, this city, in a house overlooking the park, 
 bat could Mr. Blanchard follow his own tasteN he wonlil 
 prefer to live in a quiet country home surrounded liy his 
 books and his friends. 
 
 FRANCIS H. KIMBALL. 
 
 Francis H. Kimball was born in the village of Kenne- 
 bunk. Maine, on September 23, 1845. He was educated in 
 the public schools and entered the office of his brother-in- 
 law in Haverhill, Mass., at an early age to learn the trade of 
 building. Soon after the war broke out, however, he en- 
 listed in the Navy, and after serving his term entered the 
 office of Louis P. Rogers, a prominent architect of Boston 
 who was soon after associated with Gridley J. F. Bryant. 
 The experience he gained in the office of those two men was 
 of inestimable value to him and he progressed very rapidly, 
 so rapidly that after sixteen months he was sent to Hartford, 
 Conn., to superintend the construction of the Charter Oak 
 Life Insurance buildings, both immense granite edifices, and 
 Connecticut Mutual. 
 
 After the termination of his engagement with this firm 
 he was employed by James C. Batterson, of Hartford, who 
 was extensively engaged in building operations, to prepare 
 competitive drawings for the new capitol proposed to be 
 built in Hartford. The purchase of the Trinity College 
 property for the capitol led the college to locate a little out 
 of the city, and the college authorities engaged William 
 Burges, a celebrated British architect, to prepare plans for a 
 group of buildings. Mr. Kimball was deputed to go to Lun- 
 don and familiarize himself with the details, and after nearly 
 a year spent in Mr. Burges office for this purpose he returned 
 to Hartford and exercised jjersonal supervision on er the con- 
 struction of the college buildings. His engagement with the 
 TrinityCoUege authorities as a-sociate architect lasted three 
 years. In 1S79 he was called to New York to rebuild the Madi- 
 son Square Theatre on Twenty-fourth street, and associated 
 himself with Thomas Wisedell, who died in 1884. .\mong 
 other buildings he erected while in jjartnership with Mr. 
 Wisedell were the Casino, Harrigan & Hart's Theatre, and 
 while alone after that gentleman's death, the Emmanuel 
 Baptist Church in Brooklyn, the Catholic .Vpostolic Churt-h 
 on Fifty-seventh street, the Corbin Building, ( orner of John 
 street and Broadway, the remodeling of .\ustin Corbin's 
 residence on Fifth avenue. Fifth Avenue Theatre, Har- 
 rigan's New Theatre, the Montauk Club. Brooklyn, and 
 many elegant private residences in New York and other 
 cities. He is now associated with Mr. G. K. Thompson m 
 the erection of the highest office building in the world for 
 the Manhattan Life Lisurance Company. 
 
 Mr. Kimball was married in Hartford, Conn., to Miss 
 Jennie C. Witherell, a native of Falmouth, Mass. He is a 
 member of the Players' Club and a Mason. 
 
 JOHN SABINE SMITH. 
 
 John Sabine Smith, the well-known lawyer and Repub- 
 lican iiolitician, was born on April 2, 1842, in Randoljih, 
 Vt. His father was John Spooner Smith, a jihysician who 
 practised in that town for fifty years. Dr. Smith was the 
 son of Samuel Smith and grandson of the Captain Steele 
 Smith who is recorded in the Vermont State annals as hav- 
 ing been the first settler of the town of Windsor. John 
 Smith's mother was Caroline Sabine, daughter of the Rev. 
 James Sabine, an Episcopal clergyman who came to this 
 country from Flngland in the early part of the present cen- 
 tury. Hence the middle family name of Sabine. His 
 maternal grandmother was a daughter of Mr. John lianford, 
 a well-known English barri^ter of his time. 
 
 Mr. Smith, subject of this sketch, was educated in 
 Orange County Grammar School and was entered at Trinity 
 College, Hartford, when sixteen years old. He graduated 
 
 at the head of the class in 1863 and immediately beg.m 
 teaching school in Troy, N. Y. Like many other yoimg 
 men Mr. Smith got into debt for his education and college 
 expenses generally, but of this debt he liquidated every dol- 
 lar from his earnings as a teacher and then liegan the study 
 of law with a light heart. He jiursued his legal studies 
 under George Gould, ex-Judge of the Supreme Court, in 
 Troy, and was called to the bar in Poughkeepsie in May. 
 1868. Coming to New York in 1SC9 he entered the law 
 oftice ()f \V. E. Curtis, afterward Chief Justice of the 
 Superior Court, and has ever since been engaged in the suc- 
 cessful jnactice of the law in this city. 
 
 Among his clients are several well-kiKiwn i apitalists. 
 Mr. Smith has always been a staunch Republican He was 
 the Chairman of the Sub-Executive Commiliee of the 
 Republican League and had charge of their work during 
 the Presidential contest resulting in the election of General 
 Harrison. He is now the President of the Re])ublican Club 
 of the City of New York. In the late campaign (1892) he 
 
 JdllN S.\I!I.\E SMITH. 
 
 was the Chairman of the Campaign Committee of Fifty of 
 that club. He was the Republican candidate for Surrogate 
 in New York City the same year, and received the highest 
 vote of any candidate, national, state or local, on the ticket. 
 Mr. Smith is now the President of the Republican County 
 Committee of the City and County of New York. 
 
 Fie is a member of the Universiiy Club, the Lawyers' 
 Club, the Church (Episcopal) Club, the Phi Beta Kappa 
 Society, Treasurer of the East Side House, President of 
 the New York Association of the Alumni of Trinity College, 
 President of the Board of Trustees of the Society of Medical 
 Jurisprudeme, is in fact a club man essentially, and a hard 
 worker in many organizations, social and political. 
 
 MARTIN B. BROWN. 
 To the serious student there is no more interesting read- 
 ing than the history of the growth and development of the 
 printing press. If he has imagination he can easily ])icture 
 
44 
 
 Ar£U- YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 to himself the shade of Benjamin P'ranklin gazing from 
 the stars at the tremendous power and energy of the 
 printing presses of to-day in comparison with their puny 
 efforts in his own time. Nor would the comparison be con- 
 fined to newspaper presses of the great dailies. It would 
 naturally extend to the immense disparity in the ordinary 
 printing establishment of to-day and a hundred years ago. 
 Let us take, for instance, the mammoth establishment of 
 Martin B. Brown on Park Place, as it is engaged turning out 
 the millions of ballots necessary for the New York City 
 election in a Presidential year, the City Record, which is the 
 official publication of New York City, and in fine news- 
 papers, pamphlets, literary matter of all kinds, until the 
 brain almost reels in their contemplation. But that is not 
 all, for in other departments the printing and binding of 
 ledgers and mercantile books of every description for various 
 
 of energy, perseverance and native ability he arrived at the 
 stage where we find him at present in the midst of a bril- 
 liantly successful career. 
 
 In the intervals of his business Mr. Brown has taken 
 time to attend to public affairs in which he has always 
 manifested a keen interest, but though a very popular man 
 in the city he has with a single exception never accepted 
 office. When it was found necessary in Governor Fenton's 
 time to organize tlie fire department in a manner commen- 
 surate with the growth of the city, that statesman appre- 
 ciating his organizing powers appointed him fire commis- 
 sioner. How well he did his work the annals of the city go 
 to show. 
 
 For many years he has done the greater part of the city's 
 printing as well as the manufacturing of the ledgers and 
 other account books for the public offices and departments. 
 
 M-\RTIX IV HKIlWX. 
 
 corporations are going on and hundreds of hands are kept 
 busy. The mere superintending of such an establishment 
 requires a high order of executive ability. It is true that 
 Mr. Brown's printing house is one of the largest and best 
 ec[uipped in the world and is therefore hardly a fair test of 
 even the average metropolitan establishment, but, perhaps, 
 for that very reason it goes to show what an enormous 
 advance has been made in the art since Benjamin Franklin 
 turned a hand press to bring out his small newspaper. 
 
 Martin B. Brown was born in Ireland, but having been 
 brought to this country at the age of seven his earliest recol- 
 lections are of the United States, its free institutions and 
 the broad field it presents for the ambitious and enter- 
 prising. Leaving school at the age of thirteen he applied 
 himself to the printing trade and step by step by sheer force 
 
 He has printed the City Record since its inception, and the 
 eleven millions of ballots recjuired at elections are printed 
 and distributed under his direction. He does the work well 
 and if remarkable for one cpiality more than another it is 
 reliability. He has three establishments, and notwithstand- 
 ing the apparent diversity in the various branches of his 
 business everything moves sm&othly, and we may add, 
 scientifically, under his skillful management. 
 
 Notwithstanding the magnitude of his business Mr. 
 Brown finds time to engage in other enterprises. He is 
 largely interested in the ice manufacturing industry at Far 
 Rockaway, the only ice concern of that nature on Long 
 Island. He is vice-president of the Nineteenth Ward Bank, 
 also of the Excelsior Steam Power Co., a member of the 
 Manhattan, Press, Catholic and Sagamore Clubs ; the Home 
 
JVEJF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 45 
 
 Club, Democratic Club, Tammany Society. Arion Society, 
 Lifderkranz and many other organizations. He was 
 married in 1873 to Miss Tillie Burke, daughter of Edward 
 Burke, of the First Ward, and has a daughter se\enteen 
 years of age. 
 
 Mr. Brown being of middle age has a still more useful 
 career before him. Personally, he is genial, affable, cour- 
 teous and possesses all the attributes which render him so 
 deservedly j.iopular among his fellow citizens. 
 
 CHARLES H. HASWELL. 
 
 Charles H. Haswcll, the eminent civil, marine and con- 
 sulting engineer, was born in this city in 1S09, and is now 
 the oldest member of his profession in harness in the United 
 States. He is distinguished in all the branches of a profes- 
 sion reipiiring education and ability, and in his time has 
 been connected with great works in this and other cities 
 since he began his professional career in [82S. In that year 
 he entered the employ of James P. ,\llaire, of New York, 
 manufacturer of steam engines, and in i<S36 entered the 
 United States Navy as the Chief Engineer, and in 1843 ^^'^^^ 
 commissioned Engineer-in-Chief. 1 )uring his service in the 
 na\ y lie designed and constructed the first steam launch, 
 the " Sweetheart." On her first tri]) in the East River she 
 was saluted Ijy the steamboats and assemblages of people on 
 the piers ; also by ten war vessels, .\fter retiring from the 
 navy (1851) he built five merchant steamers, constructed 
 the crib bulkhead on Hart's Island, half a mile in length, 
 laid out the surveys for the Produce Excliange, New- Jersey 
 Central building and many other important works, including 
 Field's Wells' Standard Oil. He has in one way or the 
 other, during the past forty years, been connected with 
 the growth of New York City in a professional sense, and 
 as conceded by all, has done his work faithfully, accurately 
 and intelligently. His record, of which he may justly be 
 proud, has given him a national reputation, and, as the dean 
 of engineers in this country, is looked up to with respect and 
 esteem. He dedicates most of his time and talent at present 
 to city surveying, and as consulting engineer is often called 
 into activity. Mr. Haswell also gives much of his attention 
 to designs and siiecifications of steamers, engines and boilers, 
 the superintendence of construction and setting of boilers 
 for elevators, steam heating a])paratus, rock and earth work, 
 capacity of floors and stores, and many other things con- 
 nected with his profession. In 1853 Emperor Nicholas pre- 
 sented him with a diamond ring for some jirofessional 
 service. 
 
 Mr. Haswell was Trustee of the Brooklvn ISridge, is a 
 member of the American So( iety of Civil Engineers, the 
 Civil Engineers' Society of New \'ork, Boston and Phil- 
 adeljihia, of the Institute of Ci\ il Engineers and Na\al 
 .Vrchitecture of Creat Britain, the Meteorological and the 
 Microscopical Societies, and manv kindred organizations. 
 
 JOSEPH WILD. 
 
 In the summer of 1891 an air of bustle pervaded the 
 Oriental Hotel on Manhattan lieac h. Cuests kej)t arriving 
 rapidly, waiters hurried hither and thither, and it was 
 apparent to even the most superlu ial observer that some- 
 thing unusual was going on. In fac t it was a golden wed- 
 ding that was beingcelebrated, and the celebrants were Mr. 
 Joseph ^Vild, the well-known manufacturer, and his wife, 
 Eliza Julia, he had married half a century before. Since 
 then (1841) Mr. and Mrs. Wild have sailed down the stream 
 of time, calmly and smoothh', enjoying uninterrupted jiros- 
 perity, meeting with few reverses, doing good e\erywhere 
 they could. Hence it is small wonder that they looked 
 much younger than they were, or that fol'ss wondered how- 
 Mr, Wild could lie celebrating his u;olden wedding, though 
 
 as a matter of fact he was in his seventy-ninth year. 
 Mr. Wild came to this city from Halifa.x, Yorkshire, F:ng- 
 land, in 1852, and was employed as agent for the big carpel 
 lunise of Crossley \- Sons, with whom he remained mitil 
 1865, when he started in business for himself instead of 
 returning to England as he originally intended. He asso- 
 ciated Mr. John Cartlcdge with him in business and 
 that gentleman is still a [jartner. They began by imjiorting 
 < arpets and connected with the i-arpet industry and have 
 now three factories in operation in which they manufacture 
 for theniselves, one in .Astoria, 01-ie in lirooklyn, and a third 
 on Staten Island. They purchase all kinds of skins, includ- 
 ing goats, shee|), leopards and tigers, and in the Brooklyn 
 factory they do pre|)aring and dyeing. In 1872 the firm 
 purchased the ICnglish patent right for the manufacture of 
 linoleun-i and established works on St^iten Island, co\ering 
 200 acres, for the business, with a (piarter of a mile of water 
 front. In this factory are sixteen steam engines and a very 
 large number of hands are employed, as they are the only 
 makers of inlaid or tile linoleum in the (onntry. 
 
 'tm-^^ 
 
 JdSIU'H WH.I). 
 
 The firm have also a factory in British India where cocoa- 
 nut matting is nuide, and they import extensively from China, 
 Jajjan, Persia and the Orient generally. The career of the 
 house has been one of steady prosperity not stayed by the 
 panic year of 1857, the war, or the disastrous year of 1873 
 which overthrew so many apparently solid conimercial con- 
 cerns. The secret of this success lies largel)' in the intelli- 
 gence, perseverance and high character of Mr. Wild and his 
 partner. 
 
 .Mr. Wild lives in Bay Ridge, overlooking New York Bay, 
 to which pleasure grounds of fourteen acres are attached. 
 He allows himself more leisure now than when he was build- 
 ing up his magnificent l)usiness, and devotes a good deal of 
 it as well as his money to church and charitalile works. In- 
 deed, Mr. Wild is a philinthropist in the highest sen.se of the 
 word. He is deacon in Dr. Hull's Baptist Church on Fourth 
 avenue and Fifteenth street, Brooklyn; takes a keen in- 
 terest in home and foreign missions and has been mainly 
 
46 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 instrumental in building the West End Baptist Church, also 
 the Old Ladies' Home. 
 
 In fine Mr. Joseph Wild is a man of whom two^ great 
 cities are justly proud as well they may l>e, representing as 
 he does the best elements of both. 
 
 LUDWIG NISSEN. 
 
 Before the World's Fair Committee of the New York Leg- 
 islature in Albany in the spring of 1892, together with dele- 
 gations from the Chamber of Commerce, the New York 
 Board of Trade, the various mercantile exchanges and rep- 
 resentatives of all important trades and industries of the 
 State, appeared a delegation of three representing the differ- 
 ent branches of the jewelry trade, asking that the State 
 a])propriation for exhibits be increased. The members 
 composing this delegation were Charles I>. Tiffany, a name 
 familiar wherever diamonds are worn, Joseph Fahys, hardly 
 less celebrated in his line, and Ludwig Nissen. Mr. Nissen 
 was chairman of the delegation. He is a man of splendid 
 physique, aristocratic features and gentlemanly bearing. 
 People began inquiring at once who the gentleman was, and 
 were informed that he was Ludwig Nissen, Treasurer of the 
 New York Jewellers' Association, a position that in itself 
 commands instant respect. And when, in his capacity of 
 chairman, he began to advance reasons why the World's 
 Fair grant should be increased, he riveted the closest atten- 
 tion by his modest and graceful delivery. Not only that, 
 but his reasoning was so clear, his diction so elegant and his 
 logic so convincing, it was, in fact, so fine an effort, that the 
 New York Tribune correspondent telegraphed the speech to 
 New York, verbatim, w-hich is an honor only accorded to 
 the unusual utterances of extraordinary men. 
 
 And, as a matter of fact, Mr. Nissen is an extraordi- 
 nary man with an extraordinary history, as the readers of 
 his biographical sketch in this volume will acknowledge. 
 .And it is also instructive as showing the glorious possibilities 
 of this country to those possessing capacity, energy and the 
 resolve to ignore such a word as failure in their vocabulary. 
 
 Ludwig Nissen was born in Husum, Schleswig-Holstein, 
 on December 2, 1855. He came of distinguished family, 
 and was connected by blood with the famous Danish states- 
 man, George Nicholaus von Nissen. On the maternal side 
 he traces his descent from the old Polish nobility. His 
 mother was a direct descendant of Count von Dawartzky, 
 who, for having taken an active part in the Polish revolution 
 toward the close of the eighteenth century, was exiled and 
 his estates confiscated by the Russian government. 
 
 Mr. Nissen was educated in the public schools of his 
 native town, and was at an early age ap])ointed to a position 
 in the hnperial District Court of Schleswig-Holstein. The 
 redtape of offices chafed his spirit, and he grew discon- 
 tented. He had the consciousness of possessing abilities 
 for the accomplishment of greater things than handling 
 official documents. Above all he desired to engage in mer- 
 cantile pursuits, and to do so in the United States, where 
 the possibilities were boundless. Against this idea his 
 father set his face, but the son persisting, he said to him at 
 length : 
 
 "Well, you can go to America ; you can be a merchant if 
 fortune favors you ; but consider, here you have a good 
 situation, while there you will be absolutely friendless, per- 
 haps penniless." 
 
 This was not encouraging, but Ludwig accepted the 
 alternative and landed here in New York on September 11, 
 1872, with the magnificent sum of $2.50 in his jjocket and 
 the AVestern Hemisjihere all in front of him. Mr. Nissen, 
 Sr., doubtless thought that his son, disgusted with the pros- 
 pect before him in America, would at once write for money 
 to take him home, but he evidently was ignorant of the real 
 character of his son and his dauntless resolution. 
 
 As may be supposed, it did not take long to spend $2.50, 
 even with the most grinding economy, and the young sprig 
 of European nobility had to scan the want columns of the 
 metropolitan papers for a chance to do something by which 
 to earn a living. One day he was fortunate enough to pro- 
 cure a place as barber's assistant through the columns of 
 the Staats Zeiiung. To be sure it was not exactly what he 
 wanted or in the direct line of his mercantile ambition, but, 
 as the Spaniards say, "When you cannot get what you like, 
 you must like what you can get," and so Ludwig Nissen, the 
 elegant of Husum, installed himself as barber's assistant on 
 Madison Street, New York City. His duties in this role 
 were more numerous than aristocratic, among them being 
 stove-polishing, boot-blacking and dusting the coats of his 
 employer's customers. But he did those things well, for he 
 does everything well, and after four months' servitude re- 
 signed for the purpose of taking a position as dishwasher in 
 a hotel on Dey Street. Here he gained the favor of his em- 
 ployer, and was promoted successively to waiter, book- 
 keeper and cashier. This was doing well, but as his central 
 idea was mercantile he was not satisfied, and so he procured 
 a situation in a factory where he hoped to gain knowledge 
 of details and become a manufacturer himself. After a 
 short time the factory became insolvent, and Mr. Nissen, 
 too proud to go back to the hotel, went in as assistant to a 
 butcher, and later, having saved some money, engaged in 
 the business himself. Here he met a streak of bad luck 
 and failed of success, but paid his creditors in full and left 
 the store with a capital of 58 cents to begin the world afresh 
 with. In other words he was poorer by nearly $2 than 
 when he landed in New York. This would be discouraging, 
 only that Mr. Nissen was barely twenty-one, and had a fine 
 ])hysical system surcharged with hope, ambition and a strong 
 resolution to climb to the top. His small business ventures 
 had enabled him to show that he possessed integrity and 
 character, and hence he made many influential friends, one 
 of whom placed at his disposal ^500 with which to purchase 
 a half interest in a restaurant. After a while his partner 
 left for Europe on family affairs, and buying out his interest 
 Mr. Nissen became sole proprietor. He was doing well in 
 this venture when he was induced to go into partnership in 
 the wholesale wine business by a smoothtongued man who 
 made great [iromises. After an experience of eight months 
 he discovered that his partner was everything but what he 
 represented himself to be, found his capital of $5,000 gone 
 and himself $1,000 in debt. Thus for the third time he 
 found himself with nothing but an exuberant flow of spirits, 
 which all the misfortunes in the world could not deprive 
 him of, and the all-pervading idea of becoming a great mer- 
 chant. The opportunity presented itself sooner than he ex- 
 pected, though, of course, he knew it had to come. 
 
 In May, 1881, he entered into partnership with a Mr. 
 Schilling in the diamond setting and jewelry business under 
 the firm name of Schilling & Nissen. Here he was in his 
 element. He was a merchant. He worked day and night, 
 mastered such details and displayed such ability as salesman, 
 purchaser and business manager that in the nature of things 
 the firm name was transposed to Ludwig Nissen & Co. 
 Five years later he bought his old partner out and admitted 
 a new one, the firm name remaining the same. He fought 
 step by step against capital and fierce competition, overcame 
 every difficulty, surmounted every obstacle, became im- 
 mensely popular with the trade, built up his business to one 
 of the first in his line, until finally, as already implied, he 
 was elected Treasurer of one of the most conservative cor- 
 porations in the world. He is a Director of the Sherman 
 Bank in New York, and various other business corporations. 
 
 After having read this too brief sketch, wlio will say 
 there is no romance in trade ? 
 
 For the rest, Mr. Nissen takes a keen interest in public 
 
NEW YORK, THE MF.rROPOTJS. 
 
 47 
 
48 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 affairs. He is a member of the Liederkranz, the German 
 Society, the German Hospital, belongs to the high social 
 clubs— one the famous Hanover Club of Brooklyn, in which 
 city, where he lives, he is as popular as he is in New York, 
 where he does business. He is also a member of the Ger- 
 mania of Brooklyn. Ten years ago he married a German- 
 American lady, but has no children. 
 
 Mr. Nissen is still a young man with, in all probability, 
 a brilliant career before him — a career which his talents 
 entitle him to, undoubtedly. 
 
 S. A. BROWN. 
 
 When a business house has been in existence more than 
 three-quarters of a century in this new world with its rapid 
 changes and mutations it may without exaggeraiion be set 
 dow-n as an old landmark. Such is the wholesale and retail 
 drug store of S. A. Brown, 28 and 30 Fulton street, which 
 was founded in 1S06, and is therefore, so to speak, in its 
 third generation. The philosophical saying that the " fittest 
 survive" has no truer meaning than when applied to old 
 commission houses which have stood the shocks of financial 
 disaster that destroyed others deemed solid until the test 
 came and laid their |)ride in the dust. Through foreign and 
 
 S. A. BROWN. 
 
 domestic wars, through financial panics, which includes 
 Black Friday, through all kinds of revolution this ancient 
 house has stood and flourished and planted its roots more 
 firmly in the ground, until to-day it is known all over the 
 country and receives orders even from Mexico and the 
 South American Republics. 
 
 Dr. S. A. Brown its jHoprietor, was born in Philadelphia 
 in 1847 and served an apprenticeship of four years with L. 
 J. R. Augey, one of the oldest drug houses of that city. He 
 graduated in Pharmacy in 1867 and in Medicine in 1875. 
 He entered the present establishment in 1867, and as- 
 sumed the proprietorship in 18S1, succeeding Hiram 
 Nott and W. E. Armstrong, and purchasing the patent 
 rights of the former. The fame of the hotise has lost 
 
 nothing in the hands of Dr. Brown, but has on the contrary 
 increased. In this store a comprehensive stock of drugs, 
 chemicals, toilet articles and everything that should be in- 
 cluded in an establishment of the kind is carried. Medical 
 chests for ships and families are furni.shed, and orders, small 
 as well as large, receive prompt attention, and are filled at 
 the lowest market rates. A specialty is made of chamois 
 skins, carriage sponges, etc., which as well as the odier 
 supplies in the store are the best procurable for money. Of 
 Dr. Brown and his business a late edition of the Keiv York 
 Historical Review says : 
 
 " Dr. Brown's is essentially a representative establish- 
 ment, and the large trade it controls is but the legitimate 
 result of the energy, skill and approved methods of its 
 proprietor, than whom there is no more highly esteemed 
 gentleman in general business and social circles." 
 
 The estate, of which he is the sole proprietor, has lately 
 taken the premises from 226 to 230 Fulton street for manufac- 
 turing physicians' supplies and specialties under the name 
 of the " Sabron Medicine Company." 
 
 In 1875 Dr. Brown married the daughter of Colonel J. 
 Lentz of Philadelphia. 
 
 CYRUS EDSON, M.D. 
 
 Among all the distinguished men whose names appear 
 in these sketches there is none more brilliant than Cyrus 
 Edson, M.D., Chief of the New York Board of Health. He 
 is a man of marked ability and of versatile talents who has 
 been tried in many positions and been successful in all. 
 This success of his may be set down to two causes — one 
 natural genius, the other untiring investigation, which latter, 
 of course, means hard work. 
 
 Dr. fjdson was born in Albany, N. Y., and was the 
 eldest of seven children. He comes of a family of good old 
 English stock and can trace his descent on one side from 
 Deacon Samuel Edson, who came to this country in 1635 
 and settled in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, and on the other 
 from Roger Williams, the famous founder of Rhode Island. 
 
 He came to New York in 1866, and began his studies in 
 the Albany Academy. At the age of thirteen he was sent 
 to the military boarding school at Throgg's Neck and was 
 subsequently entered at the Columbia College for a thorough 
 classical education. At the age of fifteen his father sent 
 him to Europe, over which he travelled extensively as well as 
 in this country on his return from abroad, observing every- 
 thing the while from a medical student's standpoint, and 
 visiting famous hos])itals in the great cities for purposes of 
 study. Re-entering Columljia College he was soon noted 
 for his progress in scholarly attainments and his faculty for 
 absorbing ideas as well as for his proficiency in athletics. He 
 was one of the successful crew that, after defeating its Amer- 
 ican competitors, was sent by the Alumni of Columbia Col- 
 lege to Europe to measure itself against the crews of Oxford 
 and Cambridge, from whom it carried off the visitors' cup. 
 After leaving Columbia young Edson entered the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons. Here he was elected Grand Marshal 
 of the graduating ceremonies by his fellow students, a time- 
 honored custom which entitles the most popular man to 
 lead his class to graduation. He left this institution with 
 honors and soon after began practice as an ambulance sur- 
 geon in the Chambers Street Hospital. 
 
 In January, 1882, Dr. Edson was appointed on the med- 
 ical staff of the Health Department as assistant inspector 
 and his duties were connected with the suppression of the 
 small-pox epidemic of that year. Here his services were 
 found so valuable and so highly appreciated by the author- 
 ities that he was placed on the permanent staff of the Health 
 Department and promoted successively to the different 
 grades until he reached the high position he now holds as 
 Medical Commissioner of the Board. In the different posi- 
 
iV7?f;-' YOKk', THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 49 
 
 tions lie has held he has achieved distinction and rendered 
 valuable services to the public. Under his sui)ervision ei>i- 
 demies have been stamped out w ith a rapidity and an intel- 
 ligence rarely ecpialled, and his mastering of the tv])hiis 
 fever epideniii' of 1892 has made him famous all o\er the 
 world. He has also done miuh toward the su])pression of 
 food adulteration, the selling of liad drug-, and poisonous 
 confectionery and woidd ha\e accomplished more had he 
 fuller powers. 
 
 He has written many articles on hygiene and otlur im- 
 portant subjects for the 7V<?//'// //wc/vVf/// Eevinc, and i(in 
 sidering the hard work imposed upon him and the limited 
 time at his disposal, may be considered a jirolific writer. 
 Among the many positions of trust he holds may be men- 
 tioned those of Surgeon, with the rank of Colonel, in the 
 New York State Militia, visiting physician to the Charity 
 Hos]iital, Secretary of the Committee on Hvgiene. He is 
 member also of many medical societies. He is President of 
 the ]5oard of Pharmacy and has held the latter office for 
 three successive terms. 
 
 His first wife was Miss \'irginia Chur< hill Page, grand- 
 niece of the Fifth Duke of Marlborough, by whom he has 
 five children. She died in Jul)-, 1891. and Dr. Edson mar- 
 ried again in May, 1892. His second wife was Mrs. Mary 
 E. Quick, nee Van Velsor. 
 
 The ajiijointment of Dr. Edson to be Health Commis- 
 sioner of the city of New York in this crisis has been hailed 
 with delight by all citizens, in the first place, for no one is 
 more deserving and better qualified, and in the second 
 place, for the jnirely selfish reason that he al>o\c all others 
 is better fitted to fight the cholera, whose advent is so 
 dreaded and expected. 
 
 HUDSON CAMPBELL. 
 
 Hudson Campbell, one of New York's most eminent 
 Public .Accountants, was born in Hudson Citv, N. [., on 
 December 15, 1857, of Scotch jjarents, and since the outset 
 of his career has l)een engaged in many prominent jiositions 
 in the line of his profession. He was employed by the 
 famous Marquis de Mores in St. Paul, Minn , who « as then 
 running a large ranch out West for the supply of fresh beef, 
 to take charge of the accounts of the < orporation of which 
 De Mores was the head. He was with the iMar(piis for two 
 years, after which he came to New York, where from time 
 to time he has been employed by many ])r(jminent corpora- 
 tions to audit their accoimts. He is looked upon as a very 
 clever accountant, and not only that but is always prompt 
 in fulfilling his numerous engagements, and reliablebecause 
 of his high character and acknowledged integrity. He has 
 much e.xperience in winding up the business of mercantile 
 firms and cor])orate l)odies, and for a thorough investigation 
 of the most intricate books and clear deductions he has 
 no superior in New York City. His first business connec- 
 tion — at the early age of fourteen — was with Wotherspoon 
 & Co., one of the oldest grain and export houses in the city 
 of New York. He stayed w-ith Wotherspoon &: Co. seven 
 years, after which he went as accountant into the banking 
 and brokerage business. 
 
 Mr. Campbell is an expert all-round ac< ountant. but his 
 specialty is in the building and loan business, to \\hi( h he 
 gives the deepest study and attention. 
 
 Since his settlement in New V'ork the business of Mr. 
 Campbell has so increased that he has been obliged to em- 
 ploy several assistants, all of whom have their own specialties 
 and are reliable and trustworthy. 
 
 WILLIAM G. PECKHAM. 
 
 The saying that it takes all sorts of peoiile to make up 
 a world is quite true, and it is also true that in one man are 
 often combined the (diaracteristics, we had almost said the 
 
 individualities, of many ])ersons. There is, for instance 
 William Ci. Peckham, the well-known New York lawyer, 
 who besides being eminently successful in his ]>rofession 
 has pidilished more than one volume of poems, has 
 been instrumental in reforming and purifying politics, and 
 has erected the charming little building known as 
 " University Inn " on Chapel Hill, North C'arolina, for the 
 convenience of college men. it is seldom that a good poet 
 makes a good lawyer, and rarer still that the combination, 
 when it exists at all, makes a practical business man. Mr. 
 Peckham has broken this general rule in many [daces, for 
 besides being a poet, a lawyer, a reformer and college 
 |ihilanthropist, in his way, he is essentially a man of affairs 
 and he does everything well. Mr. Peckham was born in 
 Newport, R. I., on Feljruary 7, 1849, and graduated from 
 Harvard College in the class of 1867, when at the age of 
 eighteen. Since then Harvard has not, and would not, 
 graduate a man under twenty. He was what mav be termed 
 a britrht and agtrressive student. He was first editor of the 
 
 WII.I.I.\M r, t'ECKHAM, 
 
 Haivard Colle^.:,iaii, an<l of its successor, the Harvard Advo- 
 cate, which is still the literary newspaper of the college. Some 
 of the editors of college papers it was, Mr. Peckham notice- 
 able among them, who effected elective instead of com]nd- 
 sory attendance at chapel. Mr. Peckham also studied in 
 Heidelberg, Germany, and won specialists' certificates in 
 the years '68 and '69. He received the degree of LL.B. 
 from the University Law School and was called to the 
 bar in 1870. Previous to this he studied law in the offices 
 of Josei)h H. Choate and William Maxwell Evarts. .\s 
 a lawyer Mr. Peckham will long be remembered in con- 
 nection with the robbery of the Northampton National 
 Bank, which was looted of $2,000,000. It was the greatest 
 robbery on record. Mr. Peckham, in behalf of the bank, 
 lirought suit against various stock brokers aiid others who 
 had received some of the stolen securities, and also 
 defended suits brought against the bank in the same matter. 
 Many of the suits were carried to the Court of Appeals in 
 Alba'nv and the Suijreme Cotirt in Washington, and he was 
 
5° 
 
 A'EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 
 Born January ii, \-]--,^. Died July 12, 1804. 
 
JVEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 51 
 
 invariably successful. He has been retained in all the suits 
 against the New York Elevated Railroad, and, in fact, his 
 forte is railroad litigation, though he, with his partner, Mr. 
 'Fyler, engages in general civiriitigation. Mr. Peckh'im is 
 independent in politics. He has been for si.x years a 
 colleague of George VV. Curtis and Carl Schurz on the coni- 
 niiitee that managed the independent part of the Cleveland 
 campaign of 1884, and was Chairman of the New |ersey 
 Mugwumps in the same year. Notwithstanding the'man's 
 busy life he has found time to indulge in sports of which 
 he is fond, and is a crack shot and" excellent fisherman. 
 He IS member (if the Lawyers' Club, Bar Association, Reform 
 Club.Commonwealth Club and New Jersey Historical Society. 
 
 GRAEME MONROE HAMMOND, M.D. 
 
 This is an epoch in the medical history of the country 
 when specialists are taking the front i)lace in the profession. 
 ]:)otted here and there we find among the most successful 
 physicians and surgeons those who have made a special 
 study of one particular branch and, as a conse(iuence, are 
 recognized as leaders in the grand army of medical men. 
 Such a position is occupied by the subject of this sketch, G. 
 M. Hammond, M.D. The working son of a famous sire', he 
 has successfully taken up ihe burden laid down by that 
 distinguished surgeon and soldier, William A. Hammond, 
 Surgeon General of the United States Army. Born in the 
 City of Philadelphia on February i, 1858, he was brought to 
 New York when six years old, since which time he hasniade 
 this City his home. His early education was completed in 
 the School of Mines and Columbia College, and his 
 professional education was begun and finished in the 
 Medical Department of the New York University. He 
 graduated in 1880 and soon after became assistant in 
 the department of nervous diseases, in the New York Post- 
 Graduate Medical School, at the same time acting as 
 physician to St. Elizabeth Hospital. In 18S2 he was made 
 lecturer on nervous diseases, two years later a.ssociate 
 professor, and in 1889 was elected full professor to the 
 chair of nervous diseases in the Post-Graduate School, 
 which position he still holds. In 1S91 he was elected 
 chairman of the neurological section of the Academy of 
 Medicine. He, also, is secretary and treasurer of the 
 .\merican Neurological Association, treasurer of the New 
 Vork Neurological Society, member of the County Medical 
 Society, the State Medical Society, the Academy of 
 Medicine, the Society of Medical Jurisprudence anil the 
 Physicians' Aid Society. In conjunction with his father he 
 edited a work on diseases of the nervous system (ninth 
 edition, i8gr), a text-book read in every civilized country 
 in the world. Dr. Hammond is married to Miss Louisa 
 Ellsworth, daughter of Edward Ellsworth of New Y'ork. 
 He has four children. 
 
 JOHN W. QUINCY. 
 
 Among the old hardware houses of New York is that of 
 John W. Quincy <!<: Co. Mr. Quincy, one of the founders 
 of the establishment and head of the house for nearly half a 
 century, died in 1883, but in this, as in other solid business 
 concerns, though partners come and go and the personnel 
 of the firm changes, it often happens, in fact the rule is be- 
 ginning to obtain, that the name under which it flourished 
 and became commercially popular is allowed to remain. It 
 is an old establishment founded more than half a century ago. 
 Its first name was Davenport & Quincy, then Davenport, 
 Quincy & Co., subsequently Quincy & Davenport, finally, as 
 at present, John W. Quincy & Co. Mr. Quincy, who was 
 head of the firm almost from its foundation until his death, 
 witnessed many changes. John VV. Quincy was a native of 
 Portland, Me., but spent the early years of his life in Boston 
 and attended the English High School of that city. He ob- 
 
 tained his knowledge ot the hardware business in the store of 
 Homer & Co., a large and highly respected Boston firm and 
 came to New York in 1835, ^'fter which he spent a year with 
 R. Hyslop &Son and one year and a half with G. Gascoigne 
 He entered into partnershij) with John A. Davenport in 
 1837. The house at first engaged exclusively in the hard- 
 ware trade, but after awhile branched into the metal busi- 
 ness. Mr. Quini y was looked upon as an exceptionally 
 clever man by the trade. He posses.sed great abilities and 
 kept a keen eye over the markets of the world, their capaci- 
 ties and their requirements. He had been very active in 
 works of charity and |)hilanthropy and was a public-spirited 
 citizen besides. \ few years before he died the style of 
 John W. Quincy e\: Co. was assumed, the present members 
 of the firm being J. E. Thompson and A. Digby Bonnell. 
 Mr. Thomi)son was born in Rhode Island and belongs 
 to one of the old families of that State. His great-grand- 
 father, the Rev. Charles Thompson, was the first valedictorian 
 of the Brown LIniversitv, and his grandfather a celebrated 
 
 ^W 
 
 ■'^^ 
 
 JOHN \V. ClUINCY. 
 
 physician of Rhode Island. On his mother's side he is 
 descended from old Quaker stock. He came to New York 
 in i860 and entered the well-known hardware firm of Tufts 
 & Colley. When the war broke out Mr. Thompson entered 
 the house of Quincy & Co. as clerk, but by his ability, 
 energy and integrity was promoted from step to step until 
 he was ultimately admitted to partnership. He has always 
 resided in New York and is a member of the Fifth Avenue 
 Baptist Church, also member of the Metal Exchange and the 
 Fulton Lunch Club. The other member of the firm, Anning 
 Digby Bonnell, was born in New Brunswick, Canada, in 1842. 
 His grandfather, whose sympathies were with Great Britain 
 in the Revolutionary struggle, belonged to a New York family, 
 but sought refuge in Halifax, N. S., after the war and became 
 a large shipowner. His son, Anning's father, owned a coun- 
 try store in New Brunswick, in which the gentleman who is 
 now one of the firm of John W. Quincy & Co. worked as a 
 clerk when a boy, but came to New York in 1864 and ob- 
 tained a place as bookkeeper in the house of George Savory 
 & Co., then engaged in the South American trade. He 
 
52 
 
 JV£IF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 became one of the partners of that firm in 1869 and on its 
 dissolution in 1872 entered the house of John W. Quincy & 
 Co. as bookkeeper. In 1879 he obtained an interest in the 
 business and two years later was admitted to full partner- 
 ship. Mr. Bonnell lives in Brooklyn. 
 
 JOHN C. BARRON, M.D. 
 
 In this country ])hysicians, as a rule, do not go deeply 
 into business, although there are numerous and brilliant 
 exceptions, one of whom is John C. Barron, M.D., Presi- 
 dent of the Carpenter Steel Works, this city. Neverthe- 
 less, though Dr. Barron is not now in practice, he has a 
 medical war history of which he feels justly jiroud. He 
 was born in Woodbridge, Middlesex Co., N. J., on 
 November 2, 1837, and comes from ancestry which were 
 
 and Surgeons, and in April of the same year, having ob- 
 tained his degree, he at once entered the U. S. Volunteer 
 Army as assistant surgeon. He was assigned to the "Me- 
 chanics' Rifles," but the 69th being already in the field, he 
 was transferred to that gallant regiment at his own request. 
 Indeed, he was one of the very first of his profession to 
 offer his services to the National Government ; not only 
 that, but, in order to emphasize his devotion, he presented 
 $1,000 to the hospital department out of his own private 
 l^urse for medical supplies. He was with the 69th when 
 that ccirps lost two hundred men at the disastrous battle of 
 Bull's Run, and was promoted to the rank of full surgeon. 
 He was later appointed Surgeon-General of the First 
 Division, N. G. S. N. Y, with the rank of colonel, on 
 the staff of Major-General Shaler. He was surgeon of the 
 7th N. V. Regiment from 1S63 to 187 1. Another gentleman 
 
 JOHN 
 
 HARRON, M. 
 
 deemed of importance enough in the State to obtain ample 
 space in the Biographical Encyclopaedia of New Jersey, and 
 also in the Biographical History of Westchester County, 
 N. Y. His father was John Barron, a man of high character 
 in Middlesex Co., and his paternal grandfather was Jose|jh 
 Barron, in his time President of the Woodbridge and" Phila- 
 delphia Turnpike, which used to be the line of transfer 
 taken to Philadelphia and Washington before the advent of 
 railroads. He was also a farmer, a merchant, and had a 
 tannery in connection with his general business. One of 
 his maternal grandfathers was Colonel Richard Conner of 
 Staten Island, also a farmer and merchant. A great-uncle 
 of his, Ellis Barron, was in 1776 Captain of the First Mid- 
 dlesex Colonial Infantry. There can, therefore, be no 
 question regarding Dr. Barron's Revolutionary ancestry. 
 In 1 86 1 he graduated from the College of Phvsicians 
 
 of the same family, uncle of the subject of this sketch, who 
 was famous for his public spirit and his contributions to the 
 sanitary fund of the national army during the war, was 
 Thomas Barron, director of the Louisiana branch of the U. S. 
 Bank, a sketch of whom ajipears in W. Woodford Clayton's 
 " History of Union and Middlesex Counties of New Jersey." 
 After the war Dr. Barron travelled extensively abroad. 
 From Europe he went to the Orient, and satisfied his spirit 
 of adventure by a trip of seven hundred miles up the River 
 Nile. On his return to America he embarked in business, 
 and what a bright, energetic and successful man he has 
 been thousands of business men in this city are cheerfully 
 willing to admit. He bears the same reputation for integ- 
 rity and high character generally as his father, John Bar- 
 ron, did, which is saying a good deal. He is President of 
 the Kentucky Coal, Iron and Development Company ; Presi- 
 
NEW YORK, THE XTETROPOLrS. 
 
 S3 
 
 dent of the L. C. Ranch and Cattlr Company ; President of 
 the Gila Farm Company : and I'lcsulent ot the ("arpenter 
 Steel Company. He was at one tinir X'ice-Commodore of 
 the Atlantic Yacht Cluli ; Rear-Commodore ot the Seawan- 
 haka Corinthian \'aclit Club ; Rear-Commodore of the New- 
 York Yacht Club, and is at jjrescnt Vice-Connnodore of the 
 Hudson River ice Yaidit Club. His country ]dacc is at 
 'I'arrytown-on Hudson, where he sp>ends the greater part ol 
 the summer. 
 
 JOHN B. WEBEK. 
 
 Col. John 1!. Weber was born m lluHalo, New \(iik, 
 September 21, 1842. He receiveil a good edui ation in the 
 public schools of that city and when not ipiite nineteen \ears 
 old enlisted in the People's Ellsworth Regiment, known as 
 " 'Phe A\engers," which was com])osed of men repre>ent- 
 ing each ward and town in N. Y. State, young Weber 
 representing the Seventh Ward of HulTalo. When the or- 
 ganization was completed he was made Corporal and sidjse- 
 quently Sergeant and then Sergeant-Major. After the 
 siege of Yorktown he was commissioned 2d Lieutenant, 
 and during the seven days' fight before Richmond had 
 command of his company. Shortly after this he resigned 
 to accept the Adjutancy of the ii6th N. Y., under his 
 old Colonel, Chajjin. .\t ]-5aton Rouge. La , Col. ChajMn 
 was made brigade commander and Ad]. Weber became 
 Assistant Adjutant-Cieneral, in which position he remained 
 until Cliapiii was killed at Port Hudson, when he organized 
 a colored regiment, and on Sept. 19th, 1863, became t'olonel 
 of the 89th U. S. Col. Infantry. Young Weber in two 
 years had, therefore, jjassed through e\ery grade of pro- 
 motion and was a Colonel in the United States Army befcjre 
 he was twenty-one years of age. \Ve may search the 
 records of the Civil War in vain for a more biilliant rec rd. 
 After the war Col. Weber was a commisaion merchant in 
 Buffalo and for some years a wholesale grocer. In 1870 he 
 ran for Sheriff in Buffalo and was defeated by Crover 
 Cleveland by fewer than 300 votes. In 1871 he was ap 
 pointed deputy postmaster. In 1873 he again ran for 
 Sheriff and was elected by 2,000 majority over Mr. Wilbur. 
 Col. Weber served two terms in Congress from 1885 to 
 1889, representing the 33d district, and making aveiy fine 
 record. In 1888 he was delegate to the Repulilican Con- 
 vention and in April, 1S90, appointed by President Harrison 
 Commissioner of Emigration. In the summer of 1890 he 
 was made Chairman of the Special Committee of Investigation 
 oil P^migration, which visited P^urope in American interests. 
 Col. Weber is a man who has a host of friends, particu- 
 larly in the C. A. R. He is always courteous and suave, 
 and his record is one of which he may justly be jiroud. 
 He was married in Buffalo in 1864 to Miss Elizabeth J. 
 P'arthing, and during his term of office was a resideit of 
 Brooklyn. He holds his citizenship, however, in P^rie Co., 
 owning a fine farm at West Seneca, which he calls " Home." 
 On the advent to power of his old opponent— Grover 
 Cleveland — Colonel Weber resigned his position as Com- 
 missioner of Emigration. 
 
 RASTUS SENECA RANSOM. 
 
 Rastus Seneca Ransom, Surrogate of New ^'ork, was 
 born in Mount Holly, Peoria Co., III., on Mar< h 31, 1839. 
 He is of New lingland ancestry. His grandfather, Robert 
 Ransom, was a native of \'ermont, and his grandmother, 
 Lucy (Stacy) Ransom, of New Salem, Mass. His father, 
 Reuben Harris Ransom, was born in Hamilton County, 
 N. Y'., to which place he returned from Illinois soon after 
 the birth of Rastus. 
 
 Owing to domestic bereavements Rastus was thrown 
 upon his own resources at the tender age of eleven, but like 
 many other boys who fill pages in American history he 
 
 struggled bravely against the tide, educated himself in a 
 grt'at measure, taught school at seventeen, went to XN'is- 
 (onsinand stayed three years with an uncle, returned to 
 Nt'w NOrk at the age of twenty, completed his edin ation 
 in an academy and liegan the sttidy of law in the office of 
 Judge 'i'heodore North, in i'',lmira. He was not long at his 
 studies when the bugle blast calling for men to defend the 
 I'nioii was heard all over the land, and Rastus S. Ransom 
 responded. As lieutenant in the 50th N. Y. Volunteers he 
 ser\ed in the Peninsular Campaign, where he took fe\er and 
 w.is orch-red home. I'hen he resumed his law studies and 
 in 1863 was 1 ailed to the bar. In 1867 he was appointed 
 attorney for the <ity of Palmira and held the office 
 lor two lull term^. He remo\ed to New \'ork in 1S70 
 and soon after became in.maging clerk for Chester A. 
 .\rlhur, afterward I'residenl of the United States. When 
 .Mr, .\rtluir was appointed Collector of the Port, the law 
 lirui of .Vrtlmr, Phelps \- Knev.ils was established with 
 Ransom as junior member. ( )n the elevati(m of Mr. 
 Aithiir to the Presidency the firm was known as Kne\als \: 
 
 RASTl'S SENECA R.ANSOM. 
 
 Ransom. In 1885, .Mr. Ransom, a Democrat save in his 
 )iersonal sujiport of Arthur, was nominated for Superior 
 Court Judge by Tammany. He was once more nominated 
 l)y 'Pammany in 1S87, this time for Surrogate and elected by 
 a plurality of nearly 50,000. He has been Surrogate ever 
 since and it is admitted on all sides that a more efficient one 
 never sat on the bench in this city. His reputation stands 
 high and his character for integrity and capacity has never 
 been cpiestioned. In fact Mr. Ransom is an ideal Surrogate. 
 He was for a short time connected with the National 
 Guard as Adjutant of the iicth Regiment, joined the 
 (;. .\. R. in 1868, and is now a member of Lafayette 
 Post. Is also connected with the Loyal Legion, member of 
 the Masonic organization, of the New England Society, and 
 the Manhattan Club. He has been twice married, first to 
 Sarah Elizabeth Morgan, who died in 1883, and second to 
 Miss Carol Bowne Pklwards, daughter of the late Cliarles 
 Henry P^dwards of Brooklyn, one of the founders of the 
 N. ^^ Life Insurance Compan\'. 
 
54 
 
 NMW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 GEORGE WILSON. 
 
 The business people of New York who have not at one 
 time or another been brought into personal relations with 
 Mr. George Wilson, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, 
 are comparatively speaking very few, while those who have 
 and went away with any but the most favorable impressions 
 are still fewer. Mr. Wilson was born in New York City on the 
 seventh of January, 1839, of New England parentage. His 
 father, lotham Wilson, was a native of New London, Conn. 
 His grandfather fought in the war of 1812-14, and one of 
 his great-grandfathers, a soldier of the Revolution, was 
 killed at the disastrous battle of Monmouth while fighting 
 for American independence. He received the ordinary 
 public school education, but being naturally bright, and 
 making the most of his opportunities, he was, at the age of 
 nineteen, able to take the position of Assistant Secretary 
 to the Chamber of Commerce. This was thirty-five 
 years ago, when the Chamber of Commerce had not 
 
 GEORGE WILSON. 
 
 attained to anything like its present magnificent proportions 
 or its standing as one of the leading commercial corporations 
 in the world. Neither had its affairs been crystallized into 
 their present routine smoothness and perfect discipline, and, 
 as a matter of fact. Assistant Secretary is rather a vague 
 way of defining Mr. Wilson's position, which was really that 
 of a man of all work. But as the Chamber grew he grew 
 with it, and manifesting the poweis of concentration and 
 organization that he did, the question of his being Secretary 
 was only a question of time. In 1868 he was elected to that 
 office. Mr. Wilson is remarkable for the manner in which 
 he directs all his energies upon one thing, and also for his 
 profound knowledge of the commercial statistics not only 
 of New York City but of the United States. He married, in 
 1863, Miss Mary B. Amerman, niece of the great showman. 
 He is a very accessible man, and is quite popular, especially 
 with the newspajier fraternity, for whom he is always willing 
 to go out of his wav to furnish information. 
 
 GEORGE W. BOSKOWITZ, M.D. 
 
 Ceorge W. Boskowitz, M.D., Dean of the Eclectic Med- 
 ical College of New York, and a well-known eclectic 
 physician, was born in New York City on October 8, 1856. 
 His father, Herman Boskowitz, born in Austria, arrived in 
 this country in 1848, and as a physician of the homcjeopathic 
 school practised in Brooklyn, where he was much respected 
 for upwards of twenty yeais. 
 
 Dr. Boskowitz, subject of this sketch, was graduated 
 from the Eclectic Medical College of New York in 1877, 
 and has practised in this city with success since that time 
 He is looked upon by the jjrofes-ion as a clever surgeon, 
 whose operations are generally attended with success, while 
 as Dean of the Eclectic College he has displayed much e.x- 
 ecutive ability. Dr. Boskowitz served two terms as Presi- 
 dent of the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of New 
 York, he is ex-President of the Eclectic Medical Society of 
 the City and County of New York, Consulting Physician to 
 the Eclectic Free Dispensary, and Consulting Surgeon of 
 the Woodstock Hospital, honorary member of the Vermont 
 Eclectic Medical Society, member of the National Eclectic 
 Medical Association, member of the Charity Organization 
 Society, ex-President of the Regent State Board of Medical 
 Examiners to represent the Eclectic School of Medicine. 
 He is also Trustee of the Eclectic Medical College of the 
 City of New York, is recognized as a wrirer (f the School 
 of Medicine tc which he briongs. and is editor of the 
 Eclectic Revicv. 
 
 Dr. Boskowitz is a member of the Darcy Lodge, F. & 
 A. M., and was its Master three years ; also the Olympic 
 Lodge, L O. O F.. Grace Lodge, K. of H , Cremation 
 Society, and many other organizations. 
 
 He was married on April 10, 1891, in this city, by Felix 
 Adler. to Lena B. Toms, daughter of Captain Toms, of 
 Stamford, Ccnn. 
 
 CORNELIUS N. BLISS. 
 
 Cornelius N. Bliss, political leader, prominent merchant 
 and man of affairs, is one of New York's foremost citizens 
 and has been such for a quarter of a century. 
 
 He was born in Fall River, Mass., and comes of 
 American ancestry, which dates back to the year 1635. 
 His father was from Rehoboth, in the same State, and died 
 while Cornelius was an infant. Mrs. Bliss, .^fter some years 
 of widowhood, married Edward S. Keep of Fall River, and 
 removed to New Orleans in 1840 with her husband, leaving 
 her bov at school in the former city until he was fourteen, 
 when he joined his mo'.her and completed his education in 
 New Orleans, and entered his step-father's counting house 
 as clerk. After a year in this position he went to Boston 
 and entered the house of James W. Beebe & Co., at that 
 time the largest importing and jobbing drygoods establish- 
 ment in the LTnited States. Jn 1866 Mr. Bli^s entered the 
 Commission house of John S. & Eben Wright & Co. as 
 partner, but the civil war having changed the business 
 aspect of the country, and above all, having made New 
 York the centre of the drygoods trade, Mr. Bliss almost 
 naturally gravitated to the Metropolis, and here established 
 a branch of the Boston concern, in which he had an 
 interest. The firm of John S. & Eben Wright & Co. 
 became eventually Wright, Bliss & Fabyan and later Bliss, 
 Fabyan & Co. (of Boston, New York and Philadelphia), 
 and acted as agents and distributers for many of the most 
 prominent New England inanufacturers. The firm is one 
 of the largest comriiission houses in the United States, with 
 a world-wide reputation among bankers and commercial 
 men. It is still in existence and is located in the very 
 heart of New York's drygoods district. 
 
 Mr. Bliss has, almost from his advent in New York, 
 taken a keen interest in iniblic affairs, and become one of 
 
.'V^/F YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 SS 
 
 the recognized leaders, national as well as civic, in Repub- 
 lican politics. He has been for several years, and is now, 
 a Vice-President of the Union League Club. \VliL-nc\er 
 great public interests are discussed in tlie cit\', whether 
 connected with politics or not, his counsel is sought and 
 generally accepted. He took a prominent part in the 
 World's Fair movement, for instance, and it is not through 
 any fault of his that Chicago instead of New York is about 
 to enjoy the great commercial advantages accruing from its 
 possession. Nevertheless, he has never held a ])ublic posi- 
 tion which carried a dollar of salary with it, and has refused 
 the nomination for Governor of the State of New York, 
 when, in his case, such nomination meant election. For 
 Mr. Bliss has a stainless record, has the full confidence of 
 the community and is know^n throughout the State as a man 
 of very great ability and executive capacity, conservative 
 in his views but aggressive in his action when it is for the 
 public good. He has been Republican Delegate to Cit\-, 
 County and State Conventions, and in 1884 was chairman 
 of the committee of 100 business men appointed at a large 
 l)ublic meeting, held in Cooper Union, to attend the 
 National Convention in Chicago for the [)urpose of urging 
 the nomination of President Arthur. In the \ear following 
 and again in 1891 he declined the nomination for Governor, 
 though in the first instance (notwithstanding his refusal) he 
 received a large complimentary vote. In fine, we do not 
 kno'v of any one in this city of New Vork that occupies a 
 more exalted position in public estimation than Mr. Bliss, 
 or a larger share of the public attention. He is ahvays to 
 be found wherever he is most useful. Hence his name is 
 synonymous with practical benevolence. 
 
 .Mr. Bliss married, in 1859, Elizabeth, daUf^hter of the 
 Hon. .\very Plumer, of Boston, and has two rliildren 
 living. He is Vice-President of the Fourth National Bank, 
 has been Chairman of the Executive Committee and \'ice- 
 President of theChamber of Commerce and is a Governor and 
 Treasurer of the New York Hospital, and besides exercising 
 suijervision of his own immense establishment is at the head 
 of many social, i)olitical and benevolent organizations. 
 
 WILLIAM A. POTTER. 
 William A. Potter, the well-known New York architect, 
 is one of a family distinguished in American life l)y reason 
 of its leadership in the ministry, in the army, in literature, 
 in law and in scientific art. lie was born in 1S47 and edu- 
 cated in the Episcopal Academy at Piiiladelphia, and at 
 Union College, Schenectady. From the latter institution he 
 was graduated in 1864. Choosing architecture as his pro- 
 fession, he studied with his brother, E. T. Potter, and to 
 complete his technical and aesthetic instruction he visited 
 every section of Europe, inspecting the famous architectural 
 models of the Old World. IVIeanwhile, his New York office, 
 with which his connection was established in 1867, w'as 
 maintained, and notable professional success secured for him 
 at a comparatively early age the position of Supervising 
 Architect of the UTnited States Treasury, wliirh I e filled 
 during 1S75 and 1876. The position of Professor of Archi- 
 tecture in Union College came to him as a distinguished 
 alumnus of that seat of learning. As an architect, \\'illiam 
 A. Potter has gained the greatest celebrity through 
 structures of the Clothic and Romanesque order, such as 
 the Holy Trinity Church in Harlem, St. Agnes' Chajiel 
 of Trinity Parish in Ninety-second Street, several buildings 
 on the grounds of Princeton and Union colleges, the St. 
 James' Lutheran Church, St. John's Church in Stamford, 
 Conn ; Christ Church in Poughkeepsie, N. Y,; the New South 
 Church at Springfield, Mass., and libraries, art buildings 
 and public buildings in various parts of the United States. 
 Professor Potter is Chairman of the Board of Trustees 
 of the New York College for training teachers. The edi- 
 
 fice for the college designed by Mr. Potter is now ajiproacli- 
 ing completion and will furnish a model of what the 
 .American high schools should be. He is a manber of the 
 famous i'otter family which has done so much for art, liter- 
 ature and religion in this country. 
 
 WILLIAM ALEXANDER SMITH. 
 
 The Comiiicrda! Athe) tiii'r, of May 17th, 1892, treating 
 of the Centennial .\nniversarv of the Stock Exchange, 
 says : 
 
 " The oldest active member of the Exchange is William 
 Alexander Smith, who joined the Boartl on December 17, 
 1844. He is the head of the firm bearing his name, and is 
 at his office, No. 70 Broadway, nearly every business dav, 
 attending to his interests with as much attention to details 
 as when he first became a stock liroker. He is a man of pre- 
 Ijossessing appearance, is of medium height, and his hair has 
 turned white with years. His manners are genial and affable." 
 Mr. Smith was born in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, on Sep- 
 tember 9, 1820, and came of a good old American family. 
 His iiaternid grandfather, Robert Smith, was Captain in 
 Colonel Malcolm's Regiment, a both' which was one of the 
 
 \VII.1,L-\.M .ALEXANDER SMITH. 
 
 first organized by the State of New York, in the war of the 
 Revolution. Cajitain Smith, was wounded at the battle of 
 White Plains, and again at the bloody battle of Monmouth. 
 His father was Robert Hobart Smith, who married Miss 
 Mary Potts, daughter of Joseph Potts. 
 
 He was educated in Philadelphia and Princeton Acad- 
 emy, but at the early age of thirteen entered a counting 
 house in the former city. In 1844, he arrived in New York, 
 and became connected with the old banking house of Colt 
 & Smith, of which his uncle was one of the partners. In 
 the year following (1845) he became partner himself in that 
 house. He has since been engaged in the banking and 
 brokerage business, and not only is known as the father of 
 the Stock Exchange, but as one of its most respected and 
 esteemed members, always looked up to as the embodiment 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 of what an American banker should be. He was elected 
 treasurer of the Stock Exchange in 1861, and held the posi- 
 tion for four years. He was president once more in 1866-7. 
 Mr. Smith was married twice ; in the first instance 
 (1847) to a daughter of the Reverend Levi Bull, D.D., who 
 died in 1857, and in the second (1863) to a daughter of 
 (leorge and Serena (Mason) Jones. Among other institu- 
 tions Mr. Smith is connected with are the following : First 
 \'ice-President of the Centennial Trust Company of New 
 York, Vice-President of the Sheltering Arms, and Protest- 
 ant Episcopal City Mission, Trustee and Treasurer of the 
 I'arochial Fund of the Diocese of New York, Trustee of the 
 Permanent Fund of the Orphans Home and Asylum, and 
 one of its Advisory Council, Manager of St. Luke's Hospi- 
 tal. He is associated with many other charitable institu- 
 tions in a jihilanthropic way. As a citizen of New Y'ork 
 
 five of them boys and si.x girls. Mr. De La Vergne's grand- 
 father from the mother's side was a Mr. Williams, who came 
 from New Lebanon, Conn., and his grandmother w^as a 
 Webster. Mr. De La Vergne's grandparents on his father's 
 side were born in Schoharie. His grandfather was a 
 hat manufacturer. Mr. De La Vergne was born, as men- 
 tioned before, in Esperance, where he attended the district 
 school, and later on a private school. On leaving school 
 he was engaged as a clerk in a drug and grocery store of 
 Esperance belonging to Storrs, Messenger & Co., and at 
 the age of fourteen went into a country store, belong- 
 ing to Benjamin F. Wood, at Duanesburgh, New 
 Y'ork, six miles away from Esperance. He remained 
 there about three years, when he was sent by Mr. Wood to 
 Burtonville, Montgomery County, New Y'ork, to take charge 
 of a store. After one or two years he came back to Espe- 
 
 JOHX CHESTER DE LA VERGNE. 
 
 and one of its men of affairs Mr. Smith bears a very high 
 reputation. 
 
 JOHN CHESTER DE LA VERGNE. 
 
 The subject of this sketch, John Chester De La Vergne, 
 was born on September 6th, 1840, in Esperance, Schoharie 
 County, N. Y. His father, John De La Vergne, was a 
 railroad contractor and helped to build the railroad across 
 the Isthmus of Panama. When at home he took an active 
 part in politics and seems to have had great influence with 
 his townsmen in matters of this kind. Mr. lOe La Vergne 
 is descended from a French physician, who came to the 
 United States — it is not certain when — and settled in 
 Dutchess County, New York State, where he married an 
 American ladv. He left a large family of eleven children. 
 
 ranee to another store, which he managed for one year for 
 Mr. Wood. After separating from Mr. Wood he went into 
 business for himself in the produce line with Mr. Witt of 
 Esperance, in Toronto, Canada, but came to New Y'ork in 
 1862, where he engaged in the produce business. \\\ 1876 
 he bought an interest in a brewery on West i8th Street and 
 carried on business under the firm name of De La Vergne 
 & Burr until 18S3. It was while engaged in the brewery 
 trade, in which much ice is necessarily used, that he turned 
 his attention to the manufacturing of refrigerating and ice 
 making machinery and designed a compressor with a li<piid 
 sealed piston, which ingeniously prevented the leakage of 
 ammonia gas through the stuffing box, and at the same time 
 lubricated the compressing machinery. The success of this so 
 encouraged Mr. De La Vergne that he tried it elsewhere and 
 
NEW YORK, Tim METROPOLIS. 
 
 57 
 
 succeeded in securing conlracts for refrigerating plants 
 from several large brewers in l!n)()kl\n, Newark, N. j., and 
 Philadelphia, and in 1880 he organized the I )e I. a Vergiie 
 & Mixer Refrigerating Coin])any, which alter the with- 
 drawal of Mr. Mixer was called hy its present name of the 
 1 )e La \'ergne Refrigerating Machine Tompany. Ihe 
 popularity of his machine was the means of introdiu ing 
 them amongst the breweries allo\er the country, and m 
 188S the company jnirchased a large tract of land at the 
 foot of ij8th Street ( I'ort Morris), upon which their |)resent 
 extensi\e works were erected, employing from 600 to 800 
 men, not ini hiding the number of men engaged throughout 
 the countr\ in the erection and |)lacing of the mac hines, 
 uhiih would bring the pay-icjll u|) to 1.000. 
 
 It is due to Mr. I )e I, a Vergne's patienc:e and persistence 
 that the business of his company has assumed the pro- 
 portions of to-day. Ciood judgment regarding the recpiire- 
 ments, the desire to give satisfaction to its 1 ustcjiners, has 
 made the I)c La \'ergne Company the largest of its 
 character in the United States. At all times ready to settle 
 a dispute by yielding, and even doing more than he would 
 have been obliged to under his contracts, has made for Mr. 
 !)e La Vergne many friends, and this in addition to the 
 above named has made it possilile for him to build up an 
 enterprise and make the reputation for his machines which 
 they have at present. 
 
 Mr. De La Vergne was married in 1S65 in nuanesbiirgh, 
 N. \'., to Catherine A. Van Aernam. whose grandfather 
 came from Dutch stock and was born at Altamont, Albanv 
 County, N. Y. Mrs. De La Vergne's mother descends from 
 a French family of the name of Le (Grange. Mr 1 )e La 
 Vergne has three children, two daughters and one son, who 
 are not yet grown up. 
 
 Outside of his position as President of the De 1 a 
 Vergne Refrigerating ALichine Company, he is also Presi- 
 dent of the Arizona Cattle Company, the De La Vergne 
 Bottle and Seal Company, the \Vhite Cloud Copper Mining 
 Company, and the Macon C)il and Ice Company, and is 
 a Director of the Hudson River Bridge Company, President 
 of the New York Driving Club, and member of the Arion, 
 Liederkranz, Terrace Bowling Club, the P^ngineers' Club, 
 and also of the German Technischer Verein. He is a 
 Director in the N. Y. Hygeia Ice Company, and the L'nion 
 Railway Co., of New York City 
 
 He was considered so excellent a Judge that, in 1890, 
 the People's Municipal League insisted upon his renomina- 
 tion without distinc tion of party, and he was thereafter 
 renominated by the Cciunl\ Democracy, the Republican 
 part\-, and by 'i'ammanv Hall, and at the general election 
 held 111 tl;r month of November of that year was re-elected 
 without c>|iposition for another full term ol biiirlt'en years, 
 rec eiving a total of 206, ij8 \otes. 
 
 CHARLES McDowell, m.d. 
 
 Charles Mi |)o\\ell, M.I), was born in .New \'ork t.'ity, 
 Se]itember },a, ''^57- Altluuigh classed as one of the 
 younger physicians of this city, few have made more rapid 
 strides towards success than Dr McDowell. His father, 
 Joseph '1'. McDowell, is a ])rominent mendiant, and gave his 
 son all the advantages of a good education, both in New 
 S'ork and also at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. 
 The younger McDowell was of a studious nature, and 
 early in life decided upon medicine as his profession, and, 
 looking over the field, he cpiickly decided tqion homreopath)' 
 as being the proper branch, entering the New \'ork Hoinreo- 
 pathic Medical College, where he took the three years' 
 course, and graduated in 1878. Immediately upon gradu- 
 ating, he was appointed as Resident Physician to the 
 Homiropathic Hospital at Ward's Island, which iiosition he 
 occupied for about one year. He was then appointed to the 
 Hahnemann Hospital of this c ity, but wishing to gain the 
 invaluable exjierience wliic h c an only be obtained in the 
 hos|iitals of Europe he went abroad and spent eighteen 
 months in the different hospitals of Leipsic, \'ienna and 
 I'aris. Returning home in 1882, he went into private prac- 
 tice, which he has labored at continuously ever since, gath- 
 ering about him an ai:i])reciative clientcile as well as many 
 prolessional friends. He is at present member of the 
 Fai iiltv of the New York Homceopathic College and Hos- 
 ]utal, holding the position of Professor of Physiology, and 
 is also Visiting Physician to the Ward's Island Homoeopathic 
 Hospital. He is an active member of the American Insti- 
 tute of Homoeopathy, New York State Hoincjeopathic County 
 Society, the New York Medical Club and the Alumni Asso- 
 ciation of liis Alma Mater. Dr. McDowell is married to 
 Harriett J., daughter of William (">. Cox, of Malvern. Pa., 
 and has his home and ofhc es at 116 West Thirteenth Street, 
 this I itv. 
 
 JOHN J. FREEDMAN 
 The Hem. |ohn J. Freedman was born in i8ji5, at Nu- 
 remberg, (iermany, and ariived in this c itv at the age of 
 sixteen. He was admitted to the Bar of New York in May, 
 i860, and in the following year to practise in the United 
 States Courts. Very soon thereafter he enjoyed a large 
 and lucrative business, especially among the Germans of 
 this city, who looked u]) to him as one of their re|iresenta- 
 tive men. In January, 186c), at the age of thirty-three 
 years, he was appointed by Governor John T. Hoffman a 
 Judge of the Superior Court, and at the election in the Fall 
 of the same year he was elected for the term of six years 
 from January i, 1870. At the end of that term, in 1S75, he 
 was renominated by Tammany Hall, but was defeated, with 
 the entire Tammany Hall ticket, in consecjuence of a com- 
 bination which was entered into between the Republican 
 organization and all the Democratic forces opposed to 
 Tammany Hall. In the summer of 1876, when Claudius 
 L. Monell, the Chief Justice of the Ccuirt, died, all the 
 Democrats, and even some independent organizations, 
 united upon Judge Freedman as his successor, and in 
 this way he was again elected by a majority exceeding 50,000. 
 Phis time he was elected for fourteen years. He was also 
 appointed liy Governor Tilden to serve in the place 
 of Judge Monell during the remainder of the year 1875. 
 
 GEORGE M. CURTIS. 
 
 Hon. George M. Curtis, a lawyer of national and, we 
 may say, of international reputation, was born in the State 
 of Massachusetts in 1843. On the father's side he is de- 
 scended from the well-known Irish family of that name and 
 one of his ancestors distinguished himself as a renowned 
 fighter in the British Navy. On the maternal side he has 
 lioth Scottish and Italian blood in his veins. One of his 
 maternal progenitors married a Corsican lady of the name 
 of Paoli. His eloc|uence is, however, of Irish transmission 
 and it is doubtful if either Burke or Sheridan ever spoke in 
 more glowing language. On the outbreak of the war 
 he joined the I'hird Massachusetts Rifles, then com- 
 manded by Colonel, subsecjuently General, Charles 
 Devens, and upon his discharge from the army enterecl 
 the law office of Hon. John W. Ashmead. He was 
 called to the bar of New York in 1864. Since then his 
 career has been one of brilliant and almost uninterrupted 
 successes. He served in the New York State Legislature 
 friiin 1863 to 1865, served one year as Assistant Corporation 
 Attorney and in the fall of 1867 was elected Judge of the 
 Marine C'ourt for the full term of six years. Upon the 
 expiration of his term he resumed his legal practice and 
 ever afterwards refused all the political nominations offered 
 him, whether State, Judicial or Congressional. He has 
 
58 
 
 JV£1V YORIt, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 been engaged in more celebrated cases in various States of 
 the Union than, perhaps, any other hving lawyer. Afew 
 of those cases were the Friedman will case. New York, 
 1874; the Bonden will case, New York, 1876; Common- 
 wealth V. Buford, Kentucky, 1879 ; the Leslie will ca'-e, 
 1880; Rhinelander lunacy case. New York, 1884; Com- 
 monwealth V. Riddle, Pittsburg, 1885 ; the Helmbold 
 insanity case, Philadelphia and elsewhere; John Anderson 
 will case, New York, 1887 ; Atlas Steamship case. New 
 York, 1887 ; Coffin lunacy case, New York, 1888, and the 
 Lane will case, New York, 1890, and last, but not least, the 
 memorable Hayes forgery case in February of the year 
 1893. He appeared in forty-six murder cases, and except- 
 ing Charles McElvaine, convicted of the murder of Grocer 
 Luca in Brooklyn, not one of his clients ever suffered 
 capital punishment. Although defeated in the famous case 
 in which the children of Frank Leslie, the publisher, con- 
 tested their father's will made in favor of Mrs. Frank Leslie, 
 
 GEORGE M. CURTIS. 
 
 the litterateur, now publisher of the well-known magazine, 
 on the ground of insanity. Judge Curtis won imperishable 
 laurels by his style of argument and wonderful eloquence. 
 But a still more famous case was that of the Commonwealth 
 of Kentucky against Piuford for the murder of ('hief Justice 
 Elliott, of the Court of .Appeals, 1 ight in the " Temple of 
 fustice," as Judge Curtis ex|)ressed it. Buford was a bril- 
 liant man of high social standing and Judge Curtis pleaded 
 insanity in his case. Buford was sent to a lunatic asylum, 
 where he died of paresis, thus justifying the argument of 
 his counsel. The case, which was the most celebrated 
 ever tried in Kentucky, created a profound sensation 
 throughout the country, and the escape from the gallows 
 of Buford so added to Judge Curtis' fame that a race 
 horse was named after him, as in the instance of Proctor 
 Knott. With Grover Cleveland, Francis Lynde Stetson, 
 Charles Donahue and other famous men he was engaged in the 
 Louisiana State Lottery contest, and was one of the 
 counsel in the Jeannette inipiiry, in which he plended 
 the case of Jerome C. Collins and vindicated his mem- 
 
 ory in a burst of eloquence that had Irish fire in it. 
 In fine. Judge Curtis is one of America's greatest law- 
 yers and most brilliant orators. Judge Curtis is a mem- 
 ber of the G. A. R. and of the New York Jockey Club. 
 Mr. Curtis' son, George M. Curtis, Jr., a sizar of Yale, 
 inherits his father's talent for eloquence and many of his 
 fine traits of character. General Hancock pronounced 
 him the brightest young man he had ever met. 
 
 LOCKE W. WINCHESTER. 
 
 Colonel Locke W. Winchester is one of the best known 
 men in New York. He is also one of the most esteemed, 
 and deservedly so. He is one of those who have done 
 things in his time, and though now in his seventh decade, as 
 vice-president and general manager of the National Express 
 Company, that is to say its executive head, practically, is 
 still doing things in no small way, seeing that the company 
 he controls handles such an enormous amount of property 
 every year. 
 
 Colonel ^Villchester was born in Woodstock, Vermont, 
 in 1824, and at the age of eighteen entered the employ of 
 Mr. Harnden as clerk. Mr. Harnden was the real originator 
 of a business which since his time has expanded to such 
 enormous proportions, and Colonel Winchester may be de- 
 scribed as his legitimate successor. On May 6, 1892, he 
 celebrated his golden jubilee in the business, and a man 
 more adapted to it, whether by intuition or training, or both, 
 cannot easily be found. Mr. Harnden died in 1844 and in 
 regard to this event Colonel Winchester tells an interesting 
 anecdote : 
 
 " In those days," he says, '' we could not go to the bank 
 and b jnow a hundred dollars. Our property was insignifi- 
 cant and ou.r business unimportant. We lost a trunk on 
 one occasion which we claimed to have put on the boat that 
 Commodore Vanderliilt was then running and we went to 
 him for satisfaction. But we were young and he wasn't 
 and we got none. We didn't then take a receipt for every 
 l)lessed thing we handled as we do now, and we couldn't 
 produce any proof beyond a bare assertion that we had de- 
 livered the tiunk on the boat. I remember the Commodore 
 saying, ' Had Mr. Harnden been alive that trunk would not 
 have been lost, for Mr. Harnden was a very smart man — 
 one of the smartest I ever knew.' " 
 
 Since then the express business has progressed and the 
 loss of a trunk to a company that does such an immense 
 trade would not now create as inuch consternation as it did 
 then. Young Winchester possessed sagacity and foresight. 
 He saw the business was about to grow and he threw all his 
 energies into it in order to hasten things. The volume of 
 immigration that set in soon after Mr. Harnden 's death 
 helped it along famously and in a few years he saw himself 
 on the wave of prosperity. 
 
 When the war broke out he belonged to the Seventh 
 Regiment and went to the front with it on the two occasions 
 when it was called for active service. He was appointed 
 Quartermaster and acting Commissary, positions for which 
 by training he was eminently fitted. He extricated the 
 Seventh from a big load of debt while in the field and in 
 other ways rendered himself useful to that Regiment. Ex- 
 igencies of business compelled Colonel Winchester to retire 
 from active service in 1863. The war had given it an im- 
 petus and he found his presence in New York an absolute 
 necessity. After the war he took an active interest in 
 organizing the Veteran Association, and ever since has 
 identified himself with its affairs. He was for years its 
 commanding officer. 
 
 Colonel \\'inchester is a Republican in politics and a 
 leading member of the Union League Club. He is presi- 
 dent ol the Seventh Regiment Veteran Club, which recently 
 erected a splendid club house on Fifty-eighth street and Fifth 
 
JVJtlV YORK, TH£ METROPOLrS. 
 
 59 
 
 avenue. When he joined this fine orgnnization he withdrew 
 from the Xew \ork, the Joi:key and other clubs of which 
 he had been a member, even from the famous Restigouche 
 Sahiion CIul), of which he was one of the orginators and for 
 three years [iresident. This was a sacrifice, for theC.'olonel 
 is an enthusiastic fisherman and spends part of the summer 
 tishing and shooting in and around I,al<e (.'liamphiin. ( )l 
 htte years while exercising as keen a general supervision of 
 the affairs of the National F^xpress C"oui[iany as ever, he has 
 left the details in younger hands and enjoyed something 
 like a rest for an active brain like his. 
 
 He is a director in the .\nicrican Siirel\' C.'oini)any, the 
 Whiting Silver Manufacturing Company, the Marshall Con- 
 solidated Coal Comytany, the Citizens' .Savings Bank and is 
 President of the .Vdirondack l-',xpress Company. 
 
 BRADFORD LEE GILBERT. 
 
 Bradford I.ee Gilbert, the Xew York an hitect, was Ijorn 
 in Watertown, this State, on March 24, 1855. He under- 
 went a preparatory course for Vale, but (hanged his mind 
 and came to New York in 1871 to studv architecture, 
 entering the -office of J. Cleveland Cady for that purpose 
 and remaining with him about five years. In 1876 he w\is 
 appointed architect to the New York, Lake Erie & Western 
 Railroad Comjjanies, and while in this liosition designed 
 and constructed many important w'orks in the Northern, 
 and Northwestern States, chiefly connected with railroads. 
 Mere mention of the buildings he has planned and erected 
 for railroad companies .would fill a newspaper column. He 
 erected for the \\'orld's Fair traffic in Chicago, rec ently, the 
 largest station railroad in this countrv, for the Illinois Central 
 and other roads interested. This building cost $1,600,000. 
 Another specialty of his is the tlesigning of great office 
 buildings, for which he has obtained the thanks of thousands 
 of professional men in Neu ^"ork, having given them, 
 instead of the miserable little attics and garrets of the last 
 generation, the spacious and elegant offices of the [iresent. 
 In planning the Tower Building, wherein his own office is 
 situated, Mr. Cilbert had only a frontage of twenty-one 
 feel six inches. He suggested and obtained special jier- 
 mission for carrying out the idea of a series of combina- 
 tions of light cast iron and steel fire-proof columns at 
 stated intervals, having transverse and longitudinal girders 
 and beams of steel, thus making a complete framework of 
 steel and iron, the panels being filled in with curtain walls, 
 or left for light. The Tower Building is the only fifteen 
 story structure, one hundred and sixty-eight feet in height, 
 with masonry walls eight and twelve inches thick, which is be- 
 lieved to have been erected, the floor space added by this 
 method renting for over $10,000 a year. This system of con- 
 struction, economizing space as it does, has been copied every- 
 where. Among other prominent buildings designed by Mr. 
 CJilbert are the Riding Club of Fifth Avenue, New York, 
 the Carteret Club, Jersey City' Heights, the Pentnsidar Club 
 of Grand Rapids, Mich., the Southside Sportsmen's Clul) at 
 Oakdale, the Newberry Memorial Chapel in Detroit and 
 also the Jefferson Avenue Presliyterian Church in the same 
 city. Mr. Gilbert is an active, tireless and careful worker, is 
 known all over the country as a great architect and is 
 member of many social and scientific clubs. 
 
 CORNELIUS VAN COTT. 
 
 The Hon. Corneliu.^ Van Cott was born in New York 
 City, on February 12, 183S. He was the son of Richard 
 and Caroline (Case) Van Cott, who were descendants of old 
 Revolutionary stock. He was educated in New York City 
 and from an early age has been identified with and active 
 in public interest. He learned the trade of carriage maker, 
 but when quite a young man obtained a position in the 
 
 insurance business, showing from the start a great aptitude for 
 it. His worth and integrity were soon recognized and he 
 was elected Vice-President of the /Ktna Insurance Company. 
 He was a member of the old Volunteer Fire Depaitnient. 
 and after the overthrow of the Tweed Ring was appointed 
 a member of the Board of F'ire Connnissioners, serving 
 from 1873 to 1S75, and again from 1879 to 1885, a greater 
 part of the time as President of the Board. During his 
 administration the department improved wonderfully. 
 .\mong the changes introduced by him were the improve- 
 ments in the system of lire escapes on big buildings, the 
 ordinance requiring large retail stores and theatres to make 
 ])roper provisions for exit in case of fire, and the alterations 
 in the fire boat " William liavemeyer.'' which greatly 
 increased its efficiencv. He was the first man when in the 
 Fire Department to call official attention to the danger of 
 the electric wires on telegraph poles, as they had ilestroyed 
 a number of fire alarms and set fire to many buildings. 
 
 Mr. ^'an Cott has always been a Ke])ublican in politics, 
 and for over ten years has been one of the most energetic 
 
 ^- 
 
 C^- . r 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 CORXEI-irS V.AN COTT. 
 
 members of the Re]nd)lican State Committee. In 1887 he 
 was nominated for State Senator and was elected bv a ]ilu- 
 rality of over 4,800 in the 8th District, which in 1S86 had 
 given 1,500 plurality for the Deinocratic ticket. As a Sen- 
 ator he introduced bills looking to the adoption of uniform 
 divorce laws by all the States ; giving power to raid opium 
 joints ; providing for a reform in the method of granting 
 degrees of Doctor of Medicine, and for the repeal (jf the 
 absurd law prohibiting .\rt Auction sales at night. He 
 resigned his seat when ap|)ointed Postmaster of New \ ork 
 City, by President Harrison, May, 18S9. (3n entering upon 
 his duties as Postmaster, he at once perceived that the cleri- 
 cal force was totally inadeipiate to the needs of the office, 
 and almost his first official act was to ol.itain an increase in 
 the allowance for clerk hire. Since then he has set iired the 
 enlargement of the facilities at one station, the establishment 
 of a new one and the improving of the twenty other sub- 
 stations. Mr ^'an Cott is President of the I.inioln Club 
 and also of the West Side Savings Bank, of which institu- 
 tion he was one of the organizers. To his position at the 
 
6o 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 head of the largest and most important post office in the 
 country he brought the sound judgment, energy and sterling 
 honesty which niarkeil his entire business and political career, 
 and made a record of which New York citizens and the 
 present administration are justly proud. He is also Presi- 
 dent of the Great Eastern Casualty & Indemnity Co. 
 
 CALVIN FROST. 
 
 Calvin Frost, who enjo}S distinction as one of the oldest 
 practising lawyers of the New \'ork bar, was born in the 
 town of Somers, Westchester County, N. Y., on January 21, 
 1823. He entered Yale College, from which institution he 
 graduated in the class of 1842. Heat once entered the law 
 office of J. Henry Ferris, who had then just commenced 
 practising, in Peekskill, on the Hudson. Mr. Ferris pos- 
 sessed one of the finest legal minds this State has ever pro 
 duced, and under his able tuition Mr. Frost made rapid 
 |)rogress in the study of law. In May, 1S45, he was admitted 
 to the bar and became a partner of his instructor. Messrs. 
 Ferris & Frost continued in active practice until 1857, 
 when, upon the death of Mr. Ferris, Mr. Fiost com'ucted 
 his professional duties unassociated, and practised in Peek- 
 
 C.\LV1N FROST. 
 
 skill uninterruptedly till 1888, when he removed to this city, 
 where he had long before become well known in legal 
 circles. 
 
 Mr. Frost devotes his attention to a general practice, and 
 has gamed success in his profession. During his nearly fifty 
 years' practice he has come in contact both professionally and 
 socially, with the brightest lawyers in the city and State.* 
 
 * Asked for reference to some of the important cases in which 
 he had been engaged, he declined, saying that he was greatly 
 impressed by an answer -svhich Charles O' Conor, whom he 
 regarded as the greatest advocate in the country, gave him when 
 he suggested to that gentleman that the members of the bar 
 expected him to leave behind him some sketch of his legal 
 career : "I know of nothing in a lawyer's life that is of interest 
 to any one, except his clients and himself." 
 
 Mr. Frost has always taken an active interest in politics and 
 is an enthusiastic Democrat, having figured prominently as 
 a speaker in every Presidential campaign since reaching his 
 majority. He has ne\er sought or desired piolitical honors 
 in the way of office or position, yet he has frequently lieen 
 a delegate to the State conventions, and was sent as such to 
 the National Democratic Convention held at Baltimore, 
 Md., in 1872. He also served in 1890 in a conspicuous 
 manner on the Constitutional Commission for revising the 
 Judiciary Article of the Constitution. He was married in 
 1845 to Miss Mary A. Hait, of Peekskill, and has two sons. 
 Colonel Clarence H. Frost, a practicing lawyer of Peekskill, 
 and Elihu B. Frost, who is associated with his father. 
 
 Mr. Calvin Frost is a member of the Lawyers' Club and 
 the City Bar Association, and formerly belonged to the 
 State Bar Association. Owing to Mr. Frost's reticence in 
 furnishing the requested data, this sketch is prevented from 
 being one of the most interesting in the book, and these few 
 lines, while accurate, hardly do the subject the justice he is 
 entitled tn. 
 
 DAVID WEBSTER, M.D. 
 
 David Webster, M.D., was born on July 16, 1842, in 
 Cambridge, Kings County, Nova Scotia, and is descended 
 in a direct line from John VVebster, Governor of Connecticut 
 in Colonial times. His mother was Hephzibah Pearson, 
 first cousin to Sir Charles Tupper, Lord High Commis- 
 sioner of Canada. Young David was raised on a farm, 
 and in a district where the facilities for education were 
 limited. Nevertheless, he was naturally studious, and so 
 educated himself during his non-working hours that he 
 obtained a license to teach, and carried away with him a first- 
 class dqaloma from the Normal School. Fie taught school 
 si.\ years in various places, and in 1868 obtained the de- 
 gree of M.D. from Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New 
 York City. After a small (practice for a year or so he 
 became House Surgeon of the Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hos- 
 jjital, and in 1871 was ajjpointed House Surgeon of the 
 Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, this city, a position he 
 held until 1873, when he became assistant to thelate Dr. Cor- 
 nelius Rea Agnew. Since then he has widened the field of 
 his usefulness and is now a very successful physician. 
 He is Professor of Ophthalmology in the New York Poly- 
 clinic, also in Dartmouth Medical College, Hanover, N. H.; 
 one of the surgeons to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hos- 
 pital, New York; Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to the 
 Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, the Hackensack 
 Hospital, the Paterson F^ye and Ear Infirmary, the House of 
 Mercy, member of the New York County iMedical Society 
 and of the New York Ophthalmological Society, of both of 
 which he has been president. He is member also of the 
 American Ophthabnological and Otological Societies, New 
 York, Academy of Medicine, New York, Neurological 
 Society, Union League Club, Manhattan Athletic Club 
 and of the New York Historical Society. 
 
 JOHN J. RYAN. 
 
 John J. Ryan, looked upon as New York's handsomest 
 Police Justice, was born in this city on January 21, 1854. 
 He was sent to the public schools, and what early edu- 
 cation he received was obtained there. Lhifortunately, 
 he lost his mother while still very young. Three years 
 after the death of his mother his father died, leaving 
 behind him six children, of whom John was the 
 eldest. The boy was not fifteen when this sad event took 
 place, and he found himself the head of the family with its 
 implied conditions. All hope of education was now aban- 
 doned, and when Ryan had to goto work in order to support 
 his little brothers and sisters. He bravely assumed the 
 responsibility, and obtaining employment in the furnishing 
 
NEIV YORK. THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 6i 
 
 store of F. li. rialdum, iL-maiiu-il uith him sc\ en years, 
 working hard and kee|)ing the little family togetlier. \Vhile 
 this was simply a duty, it was something more — it was heroism, 
 and of very few in this ritv can such a story of unselfish 
 devotion be recorded. Educating liimself in I'aine's 
 Business College and otherwise as best he eoidd. Judge 
 Ryan entered business as ,in undertaker, and then 
 because of his popularity and power of attracting 
 votes he was forced into politics, and in 1885, half 
 against his will, was nominated for Alderman and, all against 
 his will, elected. He served a year and that was enough 
 for him. He wms glad to resume his legitimate business and 
 once more made money at it, but I'mally surrendered it into 
 the hands of his brother when appointed to his present posi- 
 tion of Police J\istice in 1890. On the bench he is painfully 
 conscientious and leans to the side of mercy when heian 
 do so without straining justice. 
 
 Judge Ryan is a member of the M.udiattan I'lub, the 
 Fourth Assembl)- District Jefferson Club, the Narraganselt 
 Club, the Sagamore Cluli and has been member of the 'I'am- 
 mativ Society the i)ast si.x years. 
 
 ALEXANDER PHOENIX KETCHUM. 
 
 Colonel .Alexander V. Kel< hum was born m New Ha\en, 
 Connecticut, on May 11, wS^g. IK- is, both through his 
 father and mother, connected with illustrious New York 
 ancestry. His father's parents, John Jauncey Ketchum and 
 Susanna Jauncey, were cousins, and tlirough them he traces 
 his lineage in America to C.uleyn Vigne, whose daughter 
 Ra( liael married Cornelius Van Tienhoven. Sarah Van 
 'l'ienho\en, their daughter, became the wife of John Jauncey, 
 the father of |ohn Jauncey Ketchum. Colonel Ketchuni's 
 mother, J-IIizabelh Phccnix, was the (laughter of the Rev- 
 erend .Mexander Phceni.x and Patty Ingraham, and thus he 
 is connected with the Ingraham family of which the late 
 ludge Daniel Phojnix Ingraham was the head, while his 
 great-grandfather on his mother's side was Daniel Phi^nix, 
 first City Treasurer of the city of New York after the organ- 
 ization of the United States under the Constitution of 1789. 
 This Daniel Phifnix delivered the address of welcome to 
 President W'ashinirton on the occasion of his inauguration. 
 
 J. W. GLEITSMANN. M. D. 
 
 Joseph William C.leitsmann, M. 1)., one <if New 'S'ork's 
 leading physicians, was born in ISamberg, Kingdom of 
 Bavaria, Germany. His father was also a physician and 
 held many prominent positions in the service of the 
 tierman (iovernment. He was physician-in chief of the 
 Bamberg City Hospital when he died. Dr. Gleitsmann, 
 Junior, the suliject of this sketch, graduated with honors 
 in AViirzburg in 1865, and was almost immediately ap- 
 point d Assistant Physician in the liamlierg (_"ity Hospital, 
 which he left after seven months' service to take part 
 as a volunteer Surgeon in the Austro-Prussian War, 
 which began in June, 1866. After the war he spent two 
 summers in Vienna studying the branches of laryngology 
 anil rhiiiology as a specialist, and in 1870 joined the army 
 once more on the outbreak of the war between France and 
 Germany. In the fall of 1871 he came to the United 
 States and settled in Baltimore. Four yeais later he 
 established a sanitarium for the treatment of phthisis in 
 .Asheville, N. C, and in 1881 came to New York, where he 
 settled dow'n to permanent and very successful practice. 
 Soon after his arrival he was apjiointed memlier of the 
 German Dispensary and was elected first surgeon of the 
 throat and ear department when, in 1884, the new dis- 
 pensary building was opened on Second Avenue, a position 
 he holds at the present day. In the fall of 1883 he became 
 Assistant to the Chair of Laryngology in the New York 
 Polyclinic, and Professor in the same department in May, 
 1887. 
 
 Dr. Gleitsmann is one of the most learned medical 
 writers of the day and his essays published in many of the 
 leading medical journals are read with interest and lespec t. 
 .Among his most extensively read and most fre(|uently 
 ipioted contributions are : 
 
 " Altitude and climate in the treatment of pulmonary 
 phthisis ; " 
 
 " Nature and durability of |)ulmonary phthisis ; " 
 
 " Statistics of mortality from pulmonary ])hthisis in the 
 United States and Europe ; " 
 
 " Western North Carolina as a health resort ; " 
 
 "Contributions to the treatment of pulmonary 
 phthisis ; " 
 
 "Annual Report of the Throat Department of the 
 (iernian Dispensary, with remarks on the treainient of 
 laryngeal phthisis." 
 
 In fine, it may be stated that Dr. (lleitsmann is an 
 authority on the treatment of phthisis, having few superiors 
 in that department of medical science in this country. 
 
 ^". 
 
 .\I.EX.\XDER 1'. KKTCHLM. 
 
 Colonel Ketchum's father, Edgar, was born in this city 
 in 1811 and died here in 1882. Alexander's parents were 
 on visit to New Haven when he was born and returned to 
 New ^'ork a few months after, so that the fact of his having 
 been born in another State ^vas an accident. He graduated 
 from the College of the City of New York in 1858 
 after a distinguished scholastic career, during which 
 he won ])rizes in natural history, drawing and mathe- 
 matics, with a prize lor declamation in his senior 
 year. In 1861 he received the degree of M.A. from 
 the college and graduated from the Albany Law 
 .School with the degree of LL.B. \\'hen the war of the 
 Rebellion broke out Colonel Ketchum volunteered his ser- 
 vices and was assigned to a |)lace on the staff of General 
 Rufus Saxton, Military Governor of South Carolina. In 
 1865 he was transferred to the staff of General O. O. 
 Howard. He resigned from the army in 1867 and two 
 years later ^yas appointed .\ssessor by President Grant, and, 
 
62 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 successively. Collector of Internal Revenue and (1874) 
 General Appraiser of the port of Xew York in the Customs 
 Department. He was promoted once more in 1883 by 
 President Arthur, this time receiving the post of Chief 
 Appraiser of the port of New York, which office he held 
 until after the advent to power of the Democratic party. 
 After leaving the public service Colonel Ketchum devoted 
 himself e.\.clusively to the practice of his profession (he was 
 called to the bar in i860), in which he is very successful. 
 His practice is chiefly in the United States Courts and is 
 connected with internal revenue and customs litigation, in 
 which he is an expert. 
 
 His address delivered at West Point Military Academy 
 on the occasion of the Garfield memorial services is con- 
 sidered a fine piece of oratory. He is active in affairs of 
 the Y. M. C. A. and it has been through his efforts that the 
 N. Y. Collegiate Institute on Lenox Avenue has been called 
 into existence. He is member of the Republican Club of 
 New York, the Harlem Republican Club, MiHtary Order of 
 the Loyal Legion, Bar .Association, the New York, Atlantic. 
 Larchmont, Nev/ Rochelle, Riverside and Rhode Island 
 Yacht Clubs, and has been President of the Presbyterian 
 Social Union. He is now President of the City College 
 Club. 
 
 OSWALD OTTENDORFER. 
 
 Oswald Ottendorfer is one of a trinody of distinguished 
 German-Americans, of which Franz Sigel and Carl Schurz 
 are the other two. One is a soldier, another a statesman 
 and the third a journalist. All there took an active part in 
 what we term the European Revolution of 1848-9, which 
 having failed, it seemed only natural they should come to 
 the LTnited States, where their genius would have free 
 scope and they could enunciate ideas deemed treason in 
 Austria and Germany. Of the three Mr. Ottendorfer has had 
 undoubtedly most to do in moulding public opinion in this 
 country and possesses by far the most influence, not only 
 with his own national element, but with Americans generally. 
 He was born I^ebruary 28, 1826, in Zwittau, County of 
 Mehren, .Austria, and educated in the University of Vienna. 
 He was sent to Prague to study law. While engaged in his 
 studies the revolution broke out and young Ottendorfer, 
 twenty years old and glowing with patriotic fire, took to 
 the barricades in Vienna like many other youths who after- 
 wards became famous. The revolution was suppressed with 
 Russian assistance after oceans of blood had been shed and 
 Ottendorfer fled to Leipsic, and thence to Dresden, Saxony, 
 where he once more fought behind barricades. This young 
 man was evidently in earnest. Feeling homesick he re- 
 turned to Vienna in 1850, but the passions of civil war 
 not yet having subsided, and his life being in real danger, 
 he took the' advice of his friends and came to America. 
 Like many others of his class and nation Mr. Otten- 
 dorfer found himself in New York friendless, penniless and 
 without a knowledge of the English language. Classics 
 were of no use to him in this new country and he found it 
 hard — often impossible — to procure the necessaries of life. 
 His first regular wage-earning work was in a factory in 
 which all his co-laborers were Irish, and he had a hard time 
 of it with them. Still he was a young man of spirit and 
 held his own. In after life, when climbing the ladder of 
 fame and fortune, he used to take pride in showing the 
 "horns," relics of blisters in those days, on his hands, and 
 speak of his career in the factory. When he got home from 
 work at night, instead of resting himself, he studied English, 
 realizing he could do nothing without it, not even good 
 laboring work. After many ups and downs in a small way 
 chance gave him a clerkship in the Staats Zeitiinr^, where 
 by industry, good writing and integrity he was promoted 
 step by step until he became its chief editor. It may be 
 stated here, incidentally, that when Mr. Ottendorfer assumed 
 
 control the circulation was 5,000; it struggled against a host 
 of competitors. It has now a circulation of 60,000, wields 
 potent influence, has a magnificent building of its own, and is 
 the greatest German newspaper in the country, perhajjs in the 
 world. It possesses reflex action on German o])inion in 
 Europe. In 1859 Mr. Ottendorfer married the widow of his 
 late employer, Mrs. JacobUhl, a woman who had a personalitv 
 all her own. She was, in fact, a great woman, a woman of 
 noble nature, of big heart, enlarged ideas, and it is no 
 derogation from Oswald Ottendorfer's abilities to say that 
 she aided him very materially in the management of their 
 great paper. When she died (1884) Carl Schurz delivered a 
 eulogium upon her as glowing, and at the same time as truth- 
 ful, as ever was delivered upon a woman, and as eloquent 
 withal. She was a proper help meet for such a man and 
 during their quarter of a century of married life the pair 
 conferred mutual happiness each on the other. Mr. Schurz 
 seems to have known them intimately. He was naturally a 
 close personal friend of Mr. Ottendorfer, and rumor has it 
 that he had much to do with inducing him to assist in elect- 
 ing Mr. Cleveland in 1884. But we are drifting. Mr. 
 Schurz for the first time showed the world what a magnificent 
 woman Mrs. Ottendorfer had been 
 
 " It was not blind luck," said Mr. Schurz, in effect, " that 
 governed this noble lady ; neither was she born with a sil- 
 ver spoon in her mouth. She possessed shrewdness, com- 
 mon sense, keen vision into the future, a big heart, sympathy 
 with strngi^ling humanity. When the Staats Zfiturit; was 
 not as great a jjaper as it is now, when she was a widow 
 struggling for herself and family, she invariably refused to 
 sell the paper, for she saw in it great future possibilities. 
 And when the tjme of prosperity came she did not accumu- 
 late money for its own sake, but for the good it might do. 
 She spent more than half a million dollars in philanthropic 
 endeavor. The money was not spent in reckless charity. 
 It was judiciously expended. She added a woman's pavilion 
 to the German Hospital, she built a new dispensary, she 
 paid the debts of the German Hospital in Newark, erected 
 schools, seminaries and educational establishments. Her 
 works were not concluded when she died, but they were con- 
 tinued and finished by her devoted widower, Oswald Otten- 
 dorfer." The only office Mr. Ottendorfer e\er held was that 
 of Alderman, and he refused the stipend of $4,000 attaching 
 to that position, for one year. He became Alderman because 
 he wished to be in a position to express himself regarding 
 civic affairs and how they were managed. He has refused 
 nomination for Mayor more than once on the ground that 
 the state of his health would not permit him to discharge 
 the duties of the office. In 1880 his health gave way and 
 he traveled in Europe to recover it. He received an ova- 
 tion in Germany. Before leaving for Europe the Staats 
 Zeitting was converted into a joint stock company, the con- 
 trolling interest remaining in him and his family. 
 
 Mr. Ottendorfer is a close personal friend of Ex President 
 Grover Cleveland. Mr. Cleveland has said in public that 
 he looked upon Mr.Ottendorfer as a father. Mr. Ottendorfer 
 is nothing if not a reformer, audit is Mr. Cleveland's reform 
 views that have attracted him. He hates knavery of every 
 kind and fights against political chicanery and Tammany 
 methods in local government to-day as bitterly as, when a 
 member of the famous Committee of Seventy, he fought 
 against Tweed and his methods in 1872. On the whole, 
 Mr. Oswald Ottendorfer is a great man and eminently a 
 great journalist and public-spirited citizen. 
 
 FREDERICK A. RINGLER. 
 
 Frederick A. Ringler, President of the George Ringler 
 Brewing Company, but far better known as the foremost 
 electrotyper and photo-engraver in America, is a man of great 
 versatility, of consuming energy, and though born in Ger- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 63 
 
 many, possesses the aggressive character that seems peciiHnr 
 to the typical American. He was born in 1852, in Friechvahl, 
 a small village in the Grand Duchy of Hesse Cassel, where 
 he attended the high school until he was fourteen years of 
 age, when he came to this countrv to see his brother (ieorgc. 
 After a short time young Frederick was sent West, where he 
 completed his education and graduated from a Chicago col- 
 lege with iionors. While in Chicago he learned the electro- 
 tvping and stereotyping business, and studied the glavano- 
 plastic process, After the great fire of 1.S71, Mr. Ringlcr 
 returned to New \'ork, where in 1S72 he purchased an 
 interest in the electrotyping establishment of Hurst \: 
 Crum. Though a very young man Mr. Ringler mani- 
 fested not only a profound knowdedge of the business, 
 but also an inventive talent, which is almost everything in 
 a branch of industry where it is necessary to be all the time 
 improving to keep abreast of scientific discoverv. In 
 
 tions. In i.S,S4 Mr. Ringler perfected the jjrocess of zinc 
 etching, to enable the daily pajiers to pidilish illustrations. 
 Through this (diannel thcpublic istrealed to ])ictures of cur- 
 rent life three hours after the events calling for them have 
 transpired. I?y the ijrocess of electrotyping, Mr. Ringler 
 has furnished the plates to print such popular works as the 
 ''.\mcrican Dictionary of Printing anil Book Making," 
 "Na\al History of the United States," (Jeneral Logan's 
 "C.reat Conspiracy," and illustrated works of Dickens, 
 llurns, Shakesjjeare, Moore, IJyron, Dante's "Inferno," 
 Tennyson, Coleridge's " .\ncient Mariner," ''Sword and 
 Cimeter, I'he .Ante-Nicene I-'athers,'' "Pilgrim's Pro- 
 gress," "'I'he History of l'"ree Masonry," etc. Indeed most of 
 the pictures in the illustrated books of a higli literary class 
 are taken from plates sup])lied by his establishment, as, for 
 instance, " Meisterwerke der Deutschen Kunst," " Meister- 
 wcrke der Italienisc hen Kunst," " Die l''rauen in der I'"ranzo- 
 
 ^^^>^«^^ 
 
 r:-;;--i^Sg- 
 
 FREDERICK \. RIN-GI-ER. 
 
 t87<S he purchased the interest of Hurst & Crum, and 
 henceforth carried on the largest electrotyi>e establishment 
 in the United States was that controlled by F. .\. Ringler iS: 
 Company. His phenomenal success must be ascribed to an 
 aggressive policy and bright intelligence. He is the inventor 
 of the galvano-plastic process, -which has enabled the work- 
 ingman to decorate his home with pictures, that before Mr. 
 Ringler's time none but the rich, or relatively rich, could 
 afford. His establishment is the only one in this country in 
 which copper and steel engravings are reproduced and steel- 
 faced, a process which makes the face of such ];lates so hard 
 and consistent that 50,000 impressions are taken without 
 hurting or even -^vearing the plate in the slightest degree. 
 During the comparatively short time he has been in the busi- 
 ness he has succeeded in carrying off eight medals as first 
 class prizes for superexcellence in elegance of design and 
 superiority in the work he has exhibited at various exhibi- 
 
 sischen Kunst," " American .\rt," etc. In fine, Mr. Ringler, 
 with his elegant half tone engravings and other innovations, 
 has set the pace for the trade in this country and still keeps 
 ahead himself. He is Honorable President of the N. Y. San- 
 gerrunde, one of the oldest German societies in the city. 
 The Sangerrunde has celebrated its forty-third anniver- 
 sary. He is likewise President of the Centennial Bowling 
 Club, member of the Gerrnan Liederkranz, and of many 
 other social and benevolent societies. 
 
 HARVEY FISK. 
 
 The firm of Harvey Fisk cS: Sons was founded by Har- 
 vey Fisk, March 26, 1885, in connection with his three 
 oldest sons, Harvey Edward, Charles J. and Pliny Fisk. In 
 1890 his fourth son, .\lexander G. Fisk, was admitted to the 
 firm, and his youngest son, Wilbur C. Fisk, was given a respon- 
 
64 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 'OAArt 
 
NFAV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 65 
 
 sihle ])osition in the office. Mr. l''isk th'is liad associated 
 with him in business all of his sons. Mr. Fisk was Ijorn in 
 New Haven, Vermont, .April 26, iSj;i. His father was a 
 Presbyterian clergyman and both of his iiarents were of old 
 New England stock, the Fisk family having settled in 
 Massachusi tts in 1637. His early boyhood was spent on 
 the shores of Fake ("hamplain, at Rsse.x, N. V.; afterwards 
 the family removed to Canada. Mr. Fisk receiveil an excellent 
 common school and academic education. At the early age of 
 fifteen he was an instructor in French in Bakersfield Acad- 
 emy, thus i)aying by his services for tuition in other branc:hes. 
 At seventeen years of age we find him apprenticed to a 
 merchant in Trenton, New Jersey ; a few years later he 
 secured a position in the Mechanics' Bank of New York 
 City, and when the Bank of the Commonwealth was 
 organized he became paying teller in that institution. In 
 1862 Mr. Fisk started business on his own account in 
 partnership with Mr. .■\. .^. Hatch. From the very first the 
 firm were closely identified with the financing of the 
 Government loans. They aided in the creation, refunding 
 and repayment of the debt. They also jd.iced the \arious 
 loans of the Central Pacific Railroad and its allied lines. 
 In 18S5 Mr. Fisk dissolved business relations with Mr. 
 Hatch, and took his sons into jiartnershi]) under the firm 
 name of Harvey Fisk iV Sons. C'irculars published l)y the 
 house in regard to the advisaljility of using the surplus 
 revenues of the Government in reduction of the debt were 
 received with general ajjproval by the whole country. Just 
 as in his early Inisiness career Mr. Fisk had supplied the 
 Ciovernment in its time of need with vast sums of money by 
 popularizing the Government's bonds, and as afterwards he 
 assisted the Government in its various refunding operations 
 which saved the country vast sums in interi st, so now he threw 
 all the weight of his influence to have the great surplus 
 revenues of the country used to reduce the principal of the 
 debt instead of allowing them to stand idle in the Treasury, an 
 incentive to extravagance and removed from the channels 
 of business usefulness. 
 
 During Mr. Cleveland's first administration Harvey Fisk & 
 Sons sold to the Government over $50,000,000 worth of bonds, 
 and during the first two years of Mr. Harrison's adminis- 
 tration they sold the Government about an equal amount, the 
 last sale, marking the 1 limax of the Government's purchases, 
 ha\ing been $7,000,000, four per cent bonds, on September 
 17, 1890, at 126.74. The total purchases of the Govern- 
 ment that day were $16,883,000 In the midst of these 
 great operations Mr. Fisk's health gave way and in Decem- 
 ber of 1890 he died. Duiing the last two or three years of 
 his life the active care of the business, and the management 
 of the large transactions in (lovernment bonds, devolved 
 more and more upon his sons, especially upon Pliny Fisk, who 
 had inherited much of his father's ability in financial opera- 
 tions. Mr. Pliny Fisk, the third son of Mr. Harvey F'isk, was 
 born August 26, i860. He is the Stock Exchange member 
 of the house, and while the work and responsibility of the 
 business are divided between the brothers, each one having 
 charge of a department, they yet acknowledge that he is the 
 financial head of the house to-day. He is a member of the 
 Church of the Covenant and belongs to the Lawyers'Club and 
 University .Athletic Club. He is also a graduate of Princeton 
 College, i'he commodious offices of the firm are conveniently 
 situated on the corner of Nassau and Cedar Streets. Their 
 long acquaintance with government finances enables them 
 to furnish advice in regard to purchases or sales of United 
 States bonds upon a solid basis of experience. Their 
 business is thoroughly organized and in every detail has 
 the personal supervision of some memljer of the firm. They 
 execute orders for the jnirchase and sale of securities listed 
 at the New York Stock Exchange, of which they are mem- 
 bers. No speculative accounts are taken. The peculiar 
 
 attention of the firm is given to investing the funds of 
 |)rivate individuals, corporations and others in carefully 
 selected securities, especially in those of the great railroad 
 companies. No security is offered by the firm until after 
 the most searching investigation into its legality and the 
 condition of the comjiany responsible for its payment. 
 
 ARTHUR LEWIS MERRIAM. 
 
 .\nliur Lewis Merriam, Vice-President of the Ri-publican 
 Clid), was born on May f, 1849, in Oswego, this State. His 
 father, Isaac L. Merriam, the well known manufacturer, was 
 a New Hampshire man and the family, one of the oldest in 
 New England, is able to trace its ancestry in a direct line 
 back to the " Mayflower " Pilgrims. 
 
 .\rthur Lewis received an elementary education in the 
 public schools of his native city, after which he was sent to 
 the Eagleswood Military Academy, in Perth Amboy, N. J., 
 from which institution he graduated in the class of 1865. 
 After leaving the .Academy he entered the wholesale hard- 
 ware hoitse of Russell & Erwin Manufacturing Co., where 
 he remained until 1872, traveling for the firtn most of the 
 time, after which he entered the manufacturing establishment 
 
 ARTHUR I-EWIS MERRIAM. 
 
 known as the .Ames Iron Works, of which his father is one 
 of the principal projirietors. He was admitted to partner- 
 ship in this concern in 1883, and under his able manage- 
 ment the New York branch of the l)usiness, of which 
 he assumed charge, has grown to large proportions. 
 Mr. Merriam takes a keen interest in polttics, and is a 
 firm believer in protection to American industry and labor. 
 He joined the Republican Club in 1882, and since then has 
 filled almost every office connected with it In 1890 he was 
 elected chairman of the House Committee, member of the 
 Executive Committee in 1891, and in 1892, on the death 
 of Lucius Ashley, A^ice-President. He was chairman of the 
 Lincoln Dinner Committee in 1891, an affair which was 
 brilliantly successful, and it is acknowledged on all sides 
 that whether in social, political or commercial matters Mr. 
 
66 
 
 Ar£lF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Merriam displays executive ability of a high order. He is a 
 member of the Union League Club and life member of the 
 New England Society. Though rendering such loyal and 
 efficient service to his party, he has persistently refused office, 
 though often tendered him. 
 
 J. FLETCHER SHERA. 
 
 J. Fletcher Shera (firm of Ames & Shera), who has in 
 recent years taken a leading position in Wall Street, M'as 
 born in this city in 1865, and is consequently one of the 
 youngest men in New York who has risen to eminence at an 
 age under thirty. But Mr. Shera is no ordinary man. He 
 is at the same time possessed of the energy, the intelligence 
 and the financial foresight that enable men to succeed in 
 Wall Street, where intellect in competition is necessarily 
 keener than any other spot on earth. But he has a quality 
 besides, without which the attributes mentioned would be a 
 curse rather than a blessing, a character for integrity and 
 honorable dealings which money cannot purchase. It is 
 
 gone on increasing until to-day Mr. Shera's name is identi- 
 fied with intelligence and capacity. His word, to use a 
 threadbare expression, is as good as his bond. 
 
 When Baring Brothers failed, C. M. ^\'hitney & Co., 
 with whom Mr. Shera was then engaged, suffered with 
 others, and as he was about to start for Europe to negoti- 
 ate a large transaction in American securities for the firm 
 he was naturally disappointed when the crash came. During 
 his vacation, however, he closed the sale of four exten- 
 sive blocks of securities to European buyers and added 
 to his already high reputation as a large and successful 
 negotiator in finance. On January i, 1892, Mr. Shera, with 
 Mr. Frederick F. Ames, organized the banking and broker- 
 age house of Ames & Shera, whii h, in the short space of a 
 yea'-, has intrenched itself as solidly in the confidence of the 
 |.)ublic as if it were a 1 entury old. Mr. Ames represents the 
 firm in the Stock Exchange and represents it in a very 
 able manner. It has been ])rominent on the Exchange in 
 connection with the Reading coal deal and cordage and 
 
 J. FLETCHER SHERA. 
 
 known on Wall Street, for instance, that a short time ago 
 one of the customers of the firm left with Mr. Shera a 
 certified check for $400,000 without requiring even a 
 receipt. This strongly illustrates the value of character. 
 Mr. Shera received an elementary education in the public 
 schools, and graduated from Packard College at the age of 
 eighteen. His first business engagement was with Young & 
 Rigg,subse(|uently changed to Young & Morse, bankers and 
 brokers, and we next find him in charge of the bond depart- 
 ment of C. M. Whitney & Co. During those years he 
 gained more than local fame as an accountant, and was for- 
 tunate enough to discover an error of a million dollars in 
 the accounts of a large corporation which gave him a prestige 
 that was unique on his entrance to Wall' Street for one so 
 young. In Whitney's he came into touch with all the lead- 
 ing investing corporations, both at hotne and abroad, with 
 the result that his demeanor and ability created a good 
 imjiression in his favor. The confidence thus gained has 
 
 sugar trusts, and its volume of business just now is very large. 
 Mr. Shera does not confine himself to making money all 
 the time. He is trustee of the John Street M. E. Church, 
 and according to the records of that old institution is the 
 youngest trustee it has had on its roll during the hundred 
 and twenty-five years of its existence. He is considered 
 one of the best tenor singers Wall Street has ever given to 
 the church, and Iras organized the best church chorus choirs 
 in the city. He has been heard, in fact, as tenor soloist in 
 nearly all the concerts in which Wall Street has been inter- 
 ested for years. Mr. Ames, his partner, is a well-known 
 member of the Seventh Regiment, the Colonial Club and is 
 connected with the historical Boston family of that name. 
 
 MICHAEL KERWIN. 
 General Michael Kerwin, Collector of Inland Revenue, 
 was born in the County of Wexford, Ireland, August 15, 
 i8_^7, and as a child received his first lessons in patriotism 
 
NEJV YORK, THE RrRTROPOTJS. 
 
 67 
 
 from the li])s of men who had fought at OuUirt, New Ross and 
 Vinegar Hill for Irish freedom. He came to this c ounlry 
 when quite a boy and was educated in a private academy and 
 in the public schools in Philadeljihia. In April, 1861, he joined 
 the Twenty-fourth PennsyUania Infantry for a three montlis' 
 term, and with his battalion was moved rapidly to the front. 
 Kerwin had had a theoretical knowledge of military affairs 
 .ind his promotion was rapid. l!ut he did something, besides, 
 to deserve the promotion. ISefore crossing the Potomac the 
 Union commander called for a brave man to enter the rebel 
 lines and obtain information as to the enemy's strength. 
 Kerwin volunteered for the dangerous service, and returned 
 with highly useful intelligence to General Negley, his brigade 
 commander. He received a ca])tain's commission in the 
 Thirteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry when his three months' 
 term had expired, and a year after — July, 1862 — was |)ro- 
 moted to a majority. Again, in 1863, he was appointed 
 colonel for being a hard fighter and skilful officer. 
 
 On Oct. 12 of that year, being then with the .Vrmy of 
 the Potomac, Colonel Kerwin rendered his country a service 
 that brought him into unusual prominence. Cieneral Lee 
 sought to turn the Union right by a sudden flank movement 
 and would have succeeded but that Colonel Kerwin and his 
 command, in conjunction with the Fourth Pennsylvania 
 Cavalry, offered a stubborn six-hour resistance, battering 
 the head of Ewell's attacking column and delaying it so as 
 to give General Meade time to recross the Rapjjahannock 
 and place his army in a new position. This despjerate resist- 
 ance was successful but at a dreadful loss of life. During 
 1864 Colonel Kerwin fought under Sheridan in that illus- 
 trious soldier's operations on the enemy's communications 
 around Richmond, and for a while commanded the Second 
 Brigade of Gregg's division. 
 
 General Kerwin took part in the Fenian movement 
 in Ireland after the war James Stephens, the organizer, 
 asked General Kerwin to assume command of the insurgent 
 forces, but the trained military eye of the cavalry veteran 
 saw no chance of success for poorly eipnpped Irish insur- 
 gents against the militarv might of England in the field. 
 He, however, sidjmitted a ])Ian of cani])aign and was on 
 Iri-.h ground ready for any emergency, when the British 
 Government, acting upon the information of spies and in- 
 formers, seized him and two or three himdred other .Amer- 
 ican officers and threw them into prison. 
 
 General Kerwin was released after a six months' confine- 
 ment and returned to the United States, where soon after he 
 purchased the New York l\ibht and made of it an inde- 
 jjendent organ of Irish-American opinion. His policy, as 
 expressed in the Tablet, is for Irish-Americans to maintain 
 an independent position in politics and to spurn the yoke of 
 bosses. In this he has achieved a great measure of success, 
 as the Blaine movement of 18S4 went to show. He was 
 appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Second 
 District of New York l)y President Harrison in 1889, 
 
 GEORGE W. BRAMWELL. 
 
 George W. Braniwell was born in New York, on August 
 24th, 1 85 1, of English parentage. His father, a relative of 
 the late Baron Bramwell, Judge of the Court of Appeals, 
 England, was a prominent cotton merchant of this city. He 
 went abroad with Iiis parents in 1S68 and remained in 
 Germany to com]:)lete his education in engineering. He 
 studied at the Polytechnic schools of Dresden and Aachen, 
 and graduated in 1874 as a civil engineer at the latter school. 
 In order to get a practical as well as theoretical knowledge 
 of his profession, he worked during the summer vacations as 
 a paid assistant on railway surveys, and soon after gradu- 
 ating was appointed an assistant engineer on railway location 
 and construction work in Saxony, Germany. He was 
 subsequently engaged in making a report for an English 
 
 syndicate on a projected railway enterprise in Germany. He 
 entered considerably into the social life of (iermany, studied 
 languages and music, and travelled extensively in Europe. 
 He returned home in 1S77, after spending eiglit yearsabroad 
 and engaged in mining engineering in the anthracite coal 
 fields of Pennsylvania, and for a time was mining engineer 
 of Coxe Brothers, Gowan colliery. In 1880 he went to West 
 Virginia, as constructing engineer and superintendent in 
 building the large coal and coke works at Stone Cliff, on the 
 Chesa]ieake and Ohio Railway, also in making mining sur- 
 vc>s m ( )hio for the New York and Ohio Iron and Steel 
 Company. In 1881 he went to Buffalo, N. V., as the General 
 Manager ,ind luiginrer of llie Steam Cable Towing (_'om- 
 pany, in reorganizing and extending the system of steam 
 cable towage on the entire length of the Erie (.^anal, thereby 
 abolishing horses. After an extensive trial, he reported to the 
 conqjany that the only solution of canal transportation in 
 competition with the railways was the ship can.d. In 1883 he 
 returned to \irninia to investigate and re|)ort upon the newly 
 
 GEORGE W. BR.-\MVVELL. 
 
 developed coal fields of the Flat Top region. and subsequently 
 practised as a consulting engineer, with offices at Roanoke, 
 Virginia. The following year he accepted the position as 
 the Engineer of Maintenance of Way on the Shenandoah 
 Valley Railway, Virginia. Returning to New York in 1886, 
 he established him elf in this city as a consulting engineer, 
 and in 1S90 formed the Hydraulic Contracting Company, 
 engineers and contractors for \\'ater Works and Water 
 Supply, of which he was the President and Treasurer. In 
 1886 Mr. Bramwell married Miss Moffat, daughter of the 
 late Dr. Moffat of this city. He is a member of the Union 
 and other clubs, a member of the American Society of Civil 
 Engineers ; the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia ; the Ameri- 
 can Water Works Association, and the Engineers' Club of 
 this city, of which he is a Trustee and a zealous worker 
 in the promotion of social intercourse amongst the memliers 
 of the engineering professions, for which purpose the club 
 was organized. 
 
68 
 
 ATEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY "WEBB. 
 
 William Henry Webb, the famous shipbuilder and 
 founder of Webb's Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, 
 was born in New York City on the 19th of June, 1816, of 
 New England and Huguenot parentage. His family is 
 among the oldest in the country, and at least one represent- 
 ative of it in every generation has occupied a prominent 
 position in some sphere or another. The first of the 
 American Webbs was Richard, who having been made a 
 freeman of Cambridge, Mass., in 1632, accompanied 
 Governor Haynes and Rev. Mr. Hooker to Hartford, Conn., 
 and was one of the Grand Jury in that settlement in 1643. 
 Richard represented the town of Stamford in the Connecti- 
 cut General Court in 1667. Benjamin Webb, great grand- 
 son of Richard, was engaged in the fierce struggle for 
 supremacy between the French and English and was at the 
 taking of Quebec by General Wolfe in 1759. So was his 
 son Colonel Charles Webb, who distinguished himself so 
 greatly in the War for Independence. His voice was raised 
 eloquently for war in the Connecticut Legislature and he 
 was in command of the Nineteenth Regiment at the battle 
 of Long Island. Colonel Webb distinguished himself at the 
 battle of White Plains also, and at the battle of White 
 Marsh (1777), where his regiment bore the brunt of the 
 Hessian attack and lost eighty in killed, besides a large 
 number in wounded. His son, another Charles, was also 
 engaged in the war as Lieutenant and subsequently as 
 Adjutant, and was killed on a gunboat in the Sound. He, 
 Colonel Charles Webb, in conjunction with six other gentle- 
 men, gave his note for ;^5oo to pay the expense of a 
 mission to Crown Point in 1775 of which mission he had 
 been placed in charge by the Continental Congress. Isaac 
 Webb, one of the Colonel's sons, was born on July 28, 1766, 
 and Isaac Webb, his grandson, son of Wilsey Webb, was 
 born in 1794 and died in 1840, Isaac was a great ship- 
 builder in his time, and in his voung days, while apprenticed 
 to the famous Henry Eckford, worked on many of the 
 Lake vessels that in the war of 181 2, under McDonough 
 and other American commanders, did so much damage to 
 the British. In 1819-20 he built the steamer Fulton for 
 Mr. Eckford, designed to run between New York and 
 Havana, and later on became Mr. Eckford's partner. He 
 built many of those first packet ships which raised the 
 country's reputation for shipbuilding to so high a pitch. 
 
 William Henry Webb, subject of this sketch, lineally 
 descended from the original Richard Webb, of Stamford, 
 of which city the Webbs were the founders, is son of the 
 shipbuilder Isaac who, as already stated, died in 1840. 
 His parents did not intend that he should be a shipbuilder, 
 but nature, or perhaps the law of heredity, decreed other- 
 wise. In the Columbia College Grammar School in which 
 he was educated, he was noted for proficiency in geometry 
 and algebra, and in fact it was evident he was a born 
 mathematician. As a boy he loved to play round his father's 
 shipyard and before folks could very wi 11 realize it he had 
 constructed a small skiff with his own hands. This was at 
 the age of twelve during vacation ; before fifteen he had 
 built other boats, among them a small paddle boat. Dis- 
 suaded by his father, discouraged by his teachers, he per- 
 sisted in the study of marine architecture and while still an 
 api)rentice he began the building of five vessels under sub- 
 contract in conjunction with an older fellow apprentice 
 named Townsend. Of this number were the packet ship 
 " Oxford " of the Black Call Line, the Havre packet ship 
 " Duchess d'Orleans " and the Liverpool packet shi]) 
 " New York." He was then only twenty -three years old 
 and being naturally delicate the strain on his constitution 
 brought about by hard and almost unremitting work com- 
 pelled him to take a vacation. He was travelling in Europe 
 insi)ecting sliips and dock yards when news of his father's 
 
 death reached him and he hastened home to find the busi- 
 ness in rather an unsatisfactory condition. He at once 
 formed a new partnership with Mr. Allen, his father's former 
 partner, for the sake of the name merely, but in April, 
 1843, the whole business fell into the hands of young Webb 
 and henceforth it was phenomenally successful. Before 
 doing any work for his father's old patrons he constructed 
 ten vessels for other parties. From that time until he re- 
 tired from active work (1869) he built 150 vessels of all 
 sizes, including London, Liverpool and Havre packets, 
 steamships and war vessels of the largest tonnage then 
 known, and in the aggregate much greater than that of any 
 other shipbuilder in this or any other country during that 
 period. He was, when he retired from business, one of the 
 largest owners of tonnage in the United States. 
 
 A history of his achievements during those years would 
 make a very interesting volume. In 1847 he built the 
 '' LInited States " of 3,000 tons for the New Orleans trade. 
 It was the first steamer constructed in the LInited States of 
 such proportion and in 1848 the "Cherokee" which ran 
 between New York and Savannah, as well as nearly all the 
 Pacific Mail Company's steamers ; the " California," the first 
 steamer that entered the Golden Gate, and the first steamers 
 carrying the U. S. Mail from New York via the Isthmus of 
 Panama and San Francisco to China. In 1850 he offered to 
 build a model steam war vessel for the United States, which 
 offer was favorably received by the Secretary of the Navy, 
 but on condition that it be constructed in a government 
 dockyard This condition Mr. Webb could not agree to, 
 and he made a similar proposal to Napoleon III., who con- 
 sented if the vessel was built in a French dock. Mr. Webb 
 next went to Russia and after surmounting great difficulties 
 during three years finally obtained an order to build the 
 " General-Adiniral " in his own shipyard. Meanwhile war 
 between Russia and France and England broke out, and 
 although Secretary of State Marcy said, " Go ahead, I will 
 stand by you," and President Pierce said, " I do not intend 
 that the citizens of the United States shall be interfered 
 with in the prosecution of their legitimate business because 
 France and England choose to quarrel with Russia," Mr. 
 Webb arranged for a suspension with his friend the Grand 
 Duke Constantine sooner than entangle his own govern- 
 ment on a question of international law. The model on 
 which tliis vessel was built has been copied by all nations, 
 and completely revolutionized that style of vessels for war 
 purposes. The " General- Admiral " was launched in 1858 
 and proved to be the swiftest war vessel set afloat up to that 
 time. She was received with enthusiasm by the Russian 
 Government from Mr. Webb, who delivered her in person at 
 Cronstadt. Among the many testimonials he received on 
 account of his honorable fulfillment of this and other con- 
 tracts from the Russian government was a manuscrii)t letter 
 from the Grand Duke Constantine — General Admiral of the 
 Russian Navy — which owing to the language in which it was 
 couched is more highh esteemed by Mr Webb than any- 
 thing of that nature he has ever received. Accom|)anying 
 the letter was a gold box encircled with diamonds and 
 mounted with other precious stones. Henceforth he be- 
 came famous all over Europe as a builder of war vessels. 
 The Spanish Government gave him a large contract, which, 
 however, the war of the Rebellion breaking out, was can- 
 celled on the representation of our Minister to Madrid, Mr. 
 Preston of Kentucky, an active secessionist, who said our 
 country was going to pieces and it would not be safe to send 
 money here. He subsequently visited Italy on the in- 
 vitation of Count Cavour and contracted with him on 
 behalf of his government for the building of the two iron- 
 clad screw frigates " Re d'ltalia " and " Re di Partogallo." 
 
 They were the first iron clads ever built in this country to 
 cross the Atlantic Ocean and possessed extraordinary speed. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 69 
 
7° 
 
 I^EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 So satisfied was Victor Emanuel with them that by royal 
 decree, dated January 31, 1876, he conferred upon Mr. 
 Webb the order of St. Maurice and Lazarus, one of the 
 oldest and most coveted orders of Knighthood in Europe. 
 His ne.xt achievement was the construction of the " Dun- 
 derberg " for the American Clovernment. The " Dunder- 
 berg" was not completed when the war of the Rebellion 
 was brought to a close, and Mr. Webb having received a 
 magnificent offer for her from the French Government he 
 had influence enough to have his contract cancelled so that 
 he might accept it, though many men in high places insisted 
 that on patriotic grounds such a terrible engine of war 
 should not be allowed to leave the United States. She was 
 delivered by Mr. Webb in person to the French authorities 
 in Cherbourg, though the contract provided at first for de- 
 livery in New York. The " Dunderberg," subsequently 
 changed to the " Rochambeau " by the French Govern- 
 ment, so surpassed all expectation as regards speed and 
 other essentials that, as the French Archives show, a patent 
 of the Legion of Honor was promised William Henry 
 Webb, which, nevertheless, owing to intrigue, was never 
 given him. Strong opposition came from the French Ma- 
 rine, for in spite of their protest the Emperor himself it was 
 who had made the contract with the builder. The Rocham- 
 beau is even at this day considered the most formidable 
 warship in the world. Mr. Webb next turned his attention 
 to floating palaces and produced such vessels as the 
 " Bristol " and " Providence" for the Fall River Line. To 
 sum up and give some idea what Mr. Webb did in less than 
 a generation, it is only necessary to state that between 1840 
 and 1869 he constructed 150 vessels with a tonnage of 
 187,822 and at an approximate cost of $15,000,000. The 
 crowning act in a splendid career is his founding of Webb's 
 Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, an institution where 
 worthy poor young men from any part of the country may 
 acquire an education in any branch of shipbuilding and 
 marine engineering free of cost, and be not even under the 
 expense of paying their own board. In addition to the 
 Academy is a home for decrepit ship carpenters and shi]]- 
 builders. I'he institution has been incorporated and will 
 cost, including endowment, more than $2,000,000. 
 
 Mr. Webl) was one of the original and largest share- 
 holders on the Panama Railroad, but he sold out in 1872 
 for Ijifi per share (par value $100), a very wise proceeding, 
 judging from the present aspect of French affairs. In 1871 
 he received a public reception in San Francisco as one of 
 the chief promoters in building up the city. He was thrice 
 offered nomination for Mayor of New York City, once by 
 the Democrats, once by tfje Republicans, and once by the 
 Citizens' Party, but declined on each occasion. His great 
 est public achievement was in the overthrow of the Aqueduct 
 Commissioners, the saving thereby of millions of dollars 
 and the procuring of good wholesome water for the city. 
 
 The readers of this necessarily brief sketch will concede 
 that Mr. Webb has done great things in his generation and 
 that the name handed down to him by distinguished fore- 
 fathers has lost nothing in his hands. Of course it is as a 
 great shipbuilder /<?/■ excellence that this name will go down 
 to posterity. Jacob A. Westervelt, himself a renowned 
 shipbuilder of his time, thinks Mr. Webb the greatest ship- 
 builder that has ever lived, and no one will deny that at 
 least in this century the saying recorded of him that he is 
 the Napoleon of Shipbuilders is not exaggerated. 
 
 runs. Hence it is easy to imagine what a number of real 
 estate agents such a growth called into existence, many of 
 whom made fortunes in speculation, others in legitimate, 
 steady business. In fact, the business is extensive even 
 to-day, for New York is still growing and real estate men 
 are as necessary and as prosperous as ever in the community. 
 Among the most prominent and able of our real estate 
 men is Edwin A. Cruikshank. He was born on August 11, 
 1843, and is now therefore in the full vigor of life, and is 
 the son of James Cruikshank, well known in the last gener- 
 ation as a real estate agent and as the builder of the 
 earli st bulkheads and piers in the city of New York. His 
 paternal grandfather was Wm. Cruikshank, of Aberdeen, 
 Scotland, and his maternal grandfather was John Wheeler, of 
 London, son of an English country gentleman. Something 
 that Mr. Cruikshank feels justly proud of is the fact that 
 his father and his two uncles assisted in throwing up 
 
 EDWIN A. CRUIKSHANK. 
 
 The growth of New York and Pirooklyn in the past half 
 century has been rapid and marvellous. It does not take 
 anything like a man of advanced years to remember when 
 Canal Street was pretty well uptown, or when the cows 
 grazed in picturesque quietness where Bleecker Street now 
 
 E. A. CRUIKSHANK. 
 
 breastworks on Long Island in the war of 1812-14. Mr. 
 Cruikshank himself served in the famous Thirteenth 
 Brooklyn Regiment in 1S62, and subseacpiently as Lieu- 
 tenant in the Eighty-ninth Regiment, National Guard. 
 He was educated in the public and private schools of 
 this city and first entered the active business of life as 
 an office boy. That was thirty six years ago, and since 
 then Mr. Cruikshank has worked intelligently and un- 
 ceasingly in his profession, earning a reputation for strict 
 honesty, promptness, courtesy, energy and a high char- 
 acter generally. It is to these qualities he ascribes his 
 success in life. He has a bright record and no man can 
 point to a flaw upon his escutcheon. 
 
 Mr. Cruikshank occupies a good social position. He 
 is one of the incorporators of the Real Estate Exchange 
 and Auction Room (Limited), and has been successively 
 Treasurer, Vice-President and President of that institu- 
 tion. He was also Vice-President of the Saranac Club. He 
 is a prominent Mason and member of the Methodist Episco- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROJ'OLIS. 
 
 5i 
 
 pal Church, and is also a member of the nrooklyu (liin 
 Club and Blooming Grove Park Association, and is fond of 
 both iishing and shooting. Among the other chibs he be- 
 longs to are the Reform and Insurance. He is Director of 
 the New York Plate Cllass Insurance Comjiany and the Real 
 Estate Loan and Trust Comjiany. Mr. ('ruikshank, in his 
 capacity of real estate agent, has clients not only in \ew 
 York and Brooklyn, and the United States generally, but in 
 England, France, C.ermany and Italy. He is now the eldest 
 living descendant in the regular line of the first rc:il estate 
 agent in New York City. 
 
 SIGMUND LUSTGARTEN, M.D. 
 
 Dr. Sigmund Lustgarten was born in \ieniia, the capital 
 of the Austrian Empire, on Decemljer 19, 1.S57. liis 
 parents were Julius Lustgarten and Rose Barback. He 
 was educated in the schools of that city, and in 1881 grad- 
 uated from the "University of Vienna" as M.D. He was 
 almost immediately appointed Demonstrator and Chief of 
 the Laboratory of Chemistry under Professor H. I,u<l\\ig of 
 Vienna, and then entered the hos|)ital as "Secundar iirzt." 
 A year and a half afterwards he began travelling through 
 the European continent, during which time he visited the 
 universities and the hospital for leprosy in Norway. In the 
 beginning of 1885 he was a])pointed Chief of the Clinic 
 under Professor Kaito.si of Vienna, of the dermatological 
 wards, which position he held until 18S9. In 1886 he was 
 appointed lecturer of dermatology and syphilis in the 
 N'ienna University. During his successful lecturing course 
 in Vienna he had a very large cosmopolitan audience, 
 among which w-ere many Americans. He came to New 
 York in 1889 and has been in active practice here since. 
 He is member of the Royal Imperial Society of Physicians 
 in Vienna, the German Dermatological Society, the Derma- 
 tological Society of New York, the German Medical Society, 
 the County Medical Society, and is lecturer on derma- 
 tology and syphilis in the New York Post-Graduate School. 
 His writings, which are valuable and much tpioted, may be 
 found in the reports of the Academy of Science in Vienra, 
 in scientific archives and medical weeklies. Amongst the 
 most noted incidents in Dr. Lustgarten's medical career was 
 the introduction of the tannate of mercury in 1884 and in 
 the year following a pamphlet on the discovery of the 
 germs of syphilis, which attracted a good deal of attention. 
 Notwithstanding that Dr. Lustgarten has been so few 
 years in this city he has already obtained a distinguished 
 place in the profession. 
 
 LISPENARD STEWART. 
 
 Lispenard Stewart was born in Westchester County on 
 June 19, 1855. If there is such an entity as an .American 
 aristocracy in existence, and if it is an honor to belong to 
 it, the honor is his. The Stewart family are of Scottish 
 descent, being descendants of Charles Stewart of Garth, 
 an officer in the dragoons in the army of William III. in 
 1685, who for gallantry in the battle of the Boyne was given 
 the demesne of Ciortlee, in Donegal, Ireland, in the distri- 
 Ijution of estates which followed the Revolution. 
 
 The Lispenard family was of Huguenot origin. After the 
 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, one Antoine Lis])enard 
 came to America in 1690. In the charter of Trinity Church 
 given by William in 1693 occurs the name of David Lis- 
 penard as a petitioner for the grant. Prom the Stewarts 
 and Lispenards the subject of this sketch is descended. 
 
 He was educated in Anthon's and Charlier's Schools 
 and prepared for college in the famous boarding-school of 
 Dr. Morris. After leaving the school he went to Yale Col- 
 lege, from which great university he graduated in his 21st 
 
 year, taking the degree of .\.ll. in 1878 Mr. Stewart grad- 
 uated from the Columbia Law Scht)t)l, and at once began to 
 practise his profession. He was building up a good prac- 
 lice when the Rhinelander estate was placed in his hands 
 for management, followed by others of such magnitude that 
 he was reluctantly compelled to become a real estate agent 
 instead of a lawyer. The transition was easy and natural 
 enough, however, as most of his law practi e hinged upon 
 real estate litigation. 
 
 Mr. Stewart has nlwa\s been a staunch and active 
 Republican. As a mark of ai)])reciation of his services he 
 was in 1888 placed on the ticket as a Presidential elector 
 and was sid)se<piently elected Secretary of the Electoral 
 College, which was a very high honor for so young a man. 
 More tangible honors were to come, and in 1889 the 
 Republicans of the Seventh District nominated him for the 
 Senate. Among his oppnnents was that phenomenal worker, 
 now doorkeeper of Congress, then known to fame as 
 '"Turner the Iceman." It was a memorable contest. Every 
 possible vote was brought out ; Lis])enard Stewart himself 
 worked like a Trdjan and was elected by a small |)lurality. 
 
 LISPEX.VRD STEWART. 
 
 Tammany Hall was dumfounded. .Mr. Stewart received 
 congratulations from all ipiarters, for he had achieved a 
 great victory. His career m the Senate was able and cred- 
 itable. He worked hard and made himself master of de- 
 tails. He shoued himself the right kind of a Republican 
 and won universal respect. His most noticeable achieve- 
 ment as member of the State Senate was his introduction 
 and passage of the bill creating the [)resent Rapid 'Pransit 
 Commission. Before serving in the Senate Mr. Stewart 
 declined the nomination for Congress, and no doubt one of 
 these days we shall hear of him as one of New York State's 
 Gubernatorial probabilities. He is on the Repulilican Elec- 
 toral ticket (1892) for the present year. 
 
 A])art from his professional and Senatorial duties Mr. 
 Stewart has been kept jtrettv busy as a citizen in a semi- 
 public way. He is one of the Committee of One Hundred 
 
72 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 for celebrating the Columbus Quadncentennial ; was on 
 the committee that brought General Grant's remains to 
 New York ; also was member of the Citizens' Committee for 
 celebrating the Hundredth Anniversary of General Washing- 
 ton's Inauguration as first President of the United States. 
 In charities he is also active, for he is on the governing 
 boards of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, the 
 Prison Association of New York, and the Seamen's Mission. 
 He is member of the Union Club, the Union Eeague Club, 
 the University, the Metropolitan, Governor of the Riding 
 Club, member of the Down Town Club, and many others. 
 
 R. C. M. PAGE, M.D. 
 
 Among the most distinguished of the Southern soldiers 
 who after the war made their homes in the Metropolis is 
 Major Richard Channing Moore Page, M.D., to-day one of 
 our most eminent physicians. 
 
 Dr. Page was born in Keswick, Albemarle County. Vir- 
 ginia, on January 2, 1841. His father was Dr. Mann 
 
 brigade in the army of General Joseph E. Johnson. He 
 was engaged in the first battle of Bull Run. In October 
 following (1861) he was transferred to Captain Lewis M. 
 Coleman's Morris Artillery and promoted to be Second Gun 
 Sergeant. He marched to the Peninsula with Johnston's 
 army, and after the battle of Williamsburg (1862) was bre- 
 vetted Captain of Artillery. With this rank he served in the 
 campaign around Richmond and received special mention 
 in despatches for brilliant services at the battle of Antietam. 
 He was actively engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg, 
 Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. It was at Chancellorsville 
 immediately in front of Captain Page's guns that General 
 "Stonewall" Jackson was accidentally shot by his own 
 infantry. On the morning following Captain Page was 
 accorded the honor of firing the signal gun for the com- 
 mencement of the day's battle, and it was his battery that 
 first occupied Hazel Grove, a point sweeping Hooker's 
 almost impregnable works, which forced that General to 
 retire. His battery occupied a front position at Gettysburg 
 nlsn, and was exposed to such a murderous fire that thirty- 
 
 
 -..■•^V* ^<P\ 
 
 .(J/'^^if 
 
 R. C. M. P.\GE. 
 
 Page and his grandfather the Major Carter Page, who 
 served on the personal staff of Lafayette in the campaign 
 against Cornwallis. The founder of the family in this coun- 
 try was the Hon. John Page, an English merchant, born in 
 1627, who removed to Virginia and became a member of 
 the Royal Colonial Council, He died in 1692. The son of 
 this John Page was the Hon. Matthew Page, his grandson 
 Mann Page, whose grandson was Major Carter Page of 
 Revolutionary fame, already mentioned, Dr. Mann Page 
 coming next in direct descent and the subject of our sketch 
 the seventh. They were all and each of them prominent 
 men in their generation and remarkable for longevity. Dr. 
 Page's mother was Miss Walker, of Castle Hill, Virginia, 
 daughter of Hon. Francis Walker, M.C., whose brother. 
 Colonel John Walker, was aide-de-camp to General Washing- 
 ton. Young Page was a student in the University of Virginia 
 on the outbreak of the Civil War, when, leaving the college 
 with a brilliant reputation, he enlisted as private in Pendle- 
 ton's Rockbridge Batterv, attached to Stonewall Jackson's 
 
 two of its ofiicers and men were killed in less than an hour, 
 and Captain Page was himself dangerously wounded. He 
 recovered and in March, 1864, resumed active service as 
 Major and took part in the Campaign of the Wilderness. 
 In October of that year he was assigned to command the 
 artillery for the department of Southwest Virginia and East 
 Tennessee in the army of Gen. John C. Breckenridge. He 
 served in the army until the close of the war, took part in 
 the final struggle and surrendered with the rest of Lee's 
 gallant army. Major Page had been taken prisoner before 
 (February, 1864) by Dahlgren's raiders, but escaped and at 
 once rejoined his command. 
 
 After the war he returned to the university, studied medi- 
 cine, graduated in one session (1867), removed to this city 
 and graduated from the LTniversity of the City of New 
 York, after which he was admitted on the staff of Bellevue 
 Hospital, serving the regular teim as house physician. He 
 ne.xt received the political appointment of District Physician, 
 but resigned after a short time and became house surgeon 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 73 
 
 to the Woman's Hospital. In 1.S71 iic licijan private prac- 
 tice and met with success from the start. In 1X74 he was mar- 
 ried to t^lizaheth I'itch Winslow, of \N'estport, Conn., widow 
 of Hon. Ricliard Henry Winslow, founder of the bank of 
 Winslow, I,anier&Co., New York. In 1880 he was ajjpointcd 
 Professor of Diseases of the Chest and General Medicine in 
 the New York Polyclinic, which he still holds, as well as 
 several other important positions in the realm of medicine. 
 He was appointed honorary vice-president of the Paris con- 
 gress for the study of tuheiculosis. 
 
 Dr. Page is author of man> medii al works, including 
 text books on " Physical Diagnosis" and "The Practice ol 
 Medicine," that are highly spoken of by critii s antl are now 
 used in many colleges. He is a member of the New \ork 
 Historical Society, of the New York Southern Society and 
 of the Confederate Yeteran Camp of New York. 
 
 of Ira l)aven|>ort, canilidate for Covernor. He is now 
 I'resident of the I'^lectric J-ight Company of Yonkers and 
 interested in several other enterprises. He is one of the 
 most prominent and |)o\verful public speakers of the day. 
 
 JAMES R. O'BEIRNE. 
 
 (jeneral James Rowan O'Beirne, Assistant Commissioner 
 of Immigration, has had a remarkable and honorable career. 
 His father, Michael Horan O'Beirne, who belonged to an 
 ancient Irish family, was fiiend and associate of such men 
 as Michael Doherty, Thomas Francis Meagher, Smith 
 O'Brien and other leaders of the young Irelanil party, 
 came to America in 1832, became member of the firm of 
 Roche Brothers, and died in 1858. The Ceneral's mother, 
 Eliza Rowan, one of the most beautifid, gifted, and 
 charming women of her time, was also of [lure old Iri'h 
 stock. She was niece of Gregory Dillon, first I'resident of 
 the Irish Immigrant Savings Bank, and cousin of Robeit J. 
 Dillon, at one time District Attorney of New York City. 
 The General was born in Ireland, on September 25, 1840, 
 and was brought to this country when only nine months old. 
 He was educated in St Francis Xavier and St. John's Col- 
 leges, from which latter he received the degree of A.M. 
 when only nineteen years of age, and later the degree of 
 LL.D. After leaving college he entered the office of Roche, 
 (J'Beirne & Co., but subsequently started in business for 
 himself. When the war of the Rebellion broke out he en- 
 listed among the very first as private in the ylh Regiment, 
 N. Y. S. N. G., and having been discharged on the expir- 
 ation of his term of service, joined the 37th N. Y. Vols. ' Irish 
 Rifles) and was Commissioned as Second Lieutenant. He 
 rose step by step from that out until the close of the war, 
 when he was honorably mustered out as Brigadier (Jeneral 
 of Volunteers, having refused a commission in the regular 
 army. He was shot through the right lung and leg at the 
 battle of Chancellorsviile, and struck on the head with a 
 piece of shell. For gallantry at the battle of Fair Oaks he 
 received S|)ecial mention from the famous llnion tieneral, 
 Phil Kearney, also from the brigadiers commanding the 
 Second Division, Third Army Corps. In August, 1883, hav- 
 ing been found unfit for field service, he was assigned to 
 duty in the War Department and was soon after a])pointecl 
 Provost Marshal of the District ol Columbia. He was Pro- 
 vost Marshal during the siege of Washington by (ieneral 
 Jubal Karly, whose wounded and prisoners he paroled. 
 .'Vfter the war he was engaged in the pursuit of Booth, Presi- 
 dent Lincoln's assassin, and succeeding in running down the 
 conspirators Booth, Harold and Atzerodt. in 1865 he read 
 law and was appointed Assistant United States Marshal of 
 Washington, D. C, subsequently Registrar of ^Vills. In 
 1879, he purchased and edited the Washington Smiiiay 
 Gazette, (jovernor Tilden's organ, and converted it into a 
 Republican newspaper. He was the Washington correspond- 
 ent of the New York Herald for three years, and also its 
 "Cheyenne" campaign correspondent In 1881 he was 
 a|)pointed special agent of the LTnited States Treasury De- 
 partment, but resigned to stump New York State in behalf 
 
 JOSEPH F. BLAUT. 
 
 Among the prominent men of ihc younger generation 
 whose fame as financiers is broadening into national propor- 
 titms is Joseph !•'. Illaut, President of the Madison Square 
 Bank. His Alma Mater, if such a word is allowable, is a 
 good one, for lie received his financial training in Frankfort, 
 Germany, which has [)roduced the Rothschilds and many 
 other bankers almost as eminent. Mr. Blaiit was born in 
 Frankfort, Germany, in 1844, and came to this country in 
 1866. Possessed o ability, energy, a fine ajjjiearance and, 
 above all, experience of the best kind, he was not long in 
 coming to the front and step by step climbed the ladder of 
 promotion until we find him with a partnership in the banking 
 and brokerage fiim of Wellman iV Ulaut. He was elected 
 President of the Madison Sipiare Hank September, 1891, 
 and since then that institution has assumed a foremost place 
 among financial concerns. Mr. Hlaut disjjlayed his genius 
 as a bank organizer, on many occasions well remeniliered on 
 the Stock P^xchange. He took hold of the Mechanics, and 
 
 .U)Si;PH F. RL.'VUT. 
 
 Traders' Bank when it was in a very poor condition indeed, 
 and raised it to a proud place among financial institutions. 
 
 He was also mainly instrumental in reorganizing the 
 Columbia Bank and, much to the astonishment of older 
 financiers, jdacing it on its feet and in line with similar suc- 
 cessful concerns in the city of New York, lender his direction 
 the Madison Square Bank has entered on a course of 
 lirospierity with future ])0ssibilities that are fraught with 
 ])romise. The cajiital stock has been increased from |;20o,ooo 
 to $500,000, and the subjoined figures taken from the olticial 
 report of the State Bank Department show gratifying pro- 
 gress. Thus in September, 1891, tlie deposits were $749,254 
 (exclude the odd cents), December, 1S91, $1,055,353 ; March, 
 
74 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 1892, $1,433,728 ; June, 1892. $1,826,539 ; September, 1892, 
 $1,633,124 ; October, 1892, $1,901,084 ; and January, 1893, 
 $1,985,804. 
 
 The Madison Square Bank was established under a State 
 charter in 1882, and was first located on Twenty-third Street, 
 west of the Filth Avenue Hotel. It was removed to its present 
 position in 1888. The building is a historical one and is full 
 of mellow reminiscence. It was formerly the Haight mansion 
 and was for many years the home of the New York Club. It 
 is one of the landmarks of New York. The bank has a 
 surplus of nearly $200,000 and lesources amounting to 
 $2,500,000. As regards the machinery of the bank it is 
 thoroughly organized in all its departments and has a large 
 clientage among the important business establishments in 
 the vicinity and uptown generally. 
 
 PATRICK GARVIN DUFFY. 
 
 There are very feu- New Yorkers whose names are more 
 frequently heard than that of Patrick Garvin Duffy, and we 
 do not know of any one who is more popular. 
 
 He was born in the County Monaghan, Ireland, on August 
 31, 1842, but when only eighteen months old was brought to 
 this country by his father, Bernard G., who was an Irish 
 national schoolmaster, and subsequentlv a professor and 
 mathematician of reputation in New York After the death 
 of his father in 1849, young Duffy a tended the public schools 
 of New York City for a lime and then was fitted for college 
 by his uncle, a Catholic priest, in the northern part of this 
 State, and subsequently entered at Beaton Hall College, 
 South Orange, N. J., where he was tutor and prefect for five 
 
 PATRICK GARVIN DUFFY. 
 
 years. After leaving college he was teacher in the New 
 York Public Schools for seventeen \ears, eleven of which he 
 taught as Principal in Grammar School No. 29. While 
 Principal he studied for the bar in the Columbia College Law 
 School, and in 1869 graduated second in a class of over a 
 hundred. After being admitted to the bar he resigned the 
 position of principal and began practising law. He was 
 
 appointed Police Justice to fill an unexpired term of five 
 years and six months, and two years after for the full term 
 of ten years. He is now, therefore (1893), eighteen years on 
 the bench. It was after leaving the Grammar School (1869) 
 he took a hand in politics, and has ever since then been the 
 Tammany leader in the First Assembly District. He has 
 been sachem for six years and has attended State and 
 National (Conventions as a delegate since 1869. In this 
 capacity he became intimately acquainted with all the 
 Democratic politicians and statesmen in the country, who 
 sijread his fame to every corner of the United States. It is 
 not long, in fact, since a leading New York daily, after putting 
 the portraits of all the Judges in the city in its pages, 
 said, " Patrick Garvin Duffy is the best known Judge by 
 reputation in the United States." And this is strictly true. 
 
 Judge Duffy, besides possessing a first class education, 
 is a man of letters. Like his father he is a mathematician 
 and a classical scholar. 
 
 Judge Duffy was admitted to the bar in 1869, as before 
 stated, and practised law until appointed Police Justice, that 
 is to say, for two years and a half. He has been studying 
 the science of law ever since in his fine library, and his early 
 mathematical training enabled him to master the most knotty 
 (piestions in Commercial and Equity Jurisprudence without 
 difficulty. He is a bachelor and is in no sense of the word a 
 club man. He thinks time too precious. 
 
 In fine, the subject of this too brief sketch is a man who 
 may be described as a jurisconsult, a traveler, a mathema- 
 tician politician, scholar, and above all a citizen of New York, 
 of whom the great Commercial Metropolis is justly proud. 
 
 CHARLES L. COLBY. 
 
 The Honorable Charles L. Colbv, one of America's 
 greatest railroad men and mine owners, was born in 
 Roxbury, Mass., on May 22, 1839 His father, Gardner 
 Colby, was a railroad builder in the Northwest, and a very 
 extensive one, and was descended from good old New 
 England stock. Young Colby, gifted with natural abilities 
 of a high order, entered the Brown University, joined its 
 Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and was graduated in 1858 He 
 began his business career as a ship builder with Page, 
 Richardson & Co., and three years later came to New York 
 and joined the shipbuilding concern of Dunbar & Colby, 
 of which he became the head and sole proprietor on the 
 death of Mr. Dunbar. Meantime Mr. Gardner Colby was 
 growing old, and the large railroad enterprises in the North- 
 west in which he was engaged requiring the most powerful 
 intellect to Ijring them to a successful issue, he called ujjon 
 his son for assistance. It was then that Mr. Charles L. 
 Colby displayed the constructive genius and versatile 
 resources of which he was possessed. Giving up his con- 
 cerns in the East, which in his hands were being moulded 
 into remunerative shape, he went to Europe, and having 
 l)een given carte blanche by his father, succeeded in placing 
 the Wisconsin central securities in Germany. This at the 
 time was considered a fine financial coup, but since then Mr. 
 (-'olby has moved on still higher jilanes and won a reputa- 
 tion for himself that is more than national in the conducting 
 of great enterprises on various lines. A list of the railroads 
 he was mainly instrumental in constructing in the North- 
 west would fill more of our space than we can afford 
 in this volume. Amongst them, however, may be named : 
 Central, Milwaukee & Lake Winnebago, 
 & Western, Minnesota, St. Croix & Wis- 
 Wisconsin & Minnesota, the Penokee and 
 the Chicago & Great Western. He has been President of the 
 St. Paul, Northern Pacific and the Minneapolis Terminal 
 Co. He is President also of the Penokee &: Gogebic 
 Development Co., Aurora Iron, Superior Iron, Comet Iron, 
 
 The Wisconsin 
 Chippewa Falls 
 consin, Chicago, 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 75 
 
 CHARLES L. COLBV. 
 
76 
 
 JV£n' YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Spanish American Iron and the Penokee & Gogebic Mining 
 Companies, is member of the Board of Directors of the 
 Farmers' Loan & Trust, the Mercantile Bank, American 
 Steel Barge Company, Pacific Steel Barge Company, West 
 Gallatin Irrigation Company, Everett Land Company and 
 the Northwestern Equipment Company. Although Mr. 
 Colby is one of the busiest and most active men in this 
 country, he is not too busy to take a keen and a bene- 
 volently practical interest in the affairs of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association, as well as many objects of a similar 
 tendency, and as a recent newspaper article says of him, 
 " where his heart is interested his benefactions are sure to 
 follow." He was member of the Wisconsin Legislature in 
 1876. He is President of the Brown University Club of New- 
 York, honorary member of the American Society of Civil 
 Engineers, member of the Metropolitan L'niversity Down 
 Town Lawyers, Union League and Manhattan .Athletic Club. 
 
 PATRICK SARSFIELD GILMORE. 
 In Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore this country has lost a man 
 of genius, and humanity a friend. He was a creator, an 
 organizer, a master of men, and was therefore a genius ; he 
 elevated the masses, he furnished them with a musical edu- 
 cation, in a democratic sense he ennobled them, and hence 
 his claim as a friend of humanity. As an American citizen 
 he will be remembered as one who, in his way, rendered this 
 country devoted service when struggling for existence. 
 Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore was born in Ballygar, Ireland, 
 on Christmas Day, 1829, and attended a public school until 
 apprenticed to a wholesale merchant in .Xthlone. His pas 
 sion for music conflicting with the duties of a mercantile 
 life, his position as clerk was exchanged for that of musical 
 instructor to the young sons of his employer. At the age of 
 nineteen he sailed for America, and two days alter his 
 arrival in Boston, Mass., was put in charge of ihe band in- 
 strument department of a prominent music house. In the 
 interest of the publications of this house, he organized a 
 minstrel company known asOrdway's Eolians, in connection 
 with which he first achieved prominence as a cornet soloist. 
 Later he was reputed the best E flat cornetist in the United 
 States and became leader successively of the Suffolk, Bos- 
 ton Brigade and Salem Bands. During his connection with 
 the Salem Band, he originated the famous Fourth of July 
 concerts on Boston Common, afterwards adopted by the 
 Boston City Government as a regular feature of the Inde- 
 pendence Day celebrations. He also gave a series of pro- 
 menade concerts in Boston Music Hall, the phenomenal 
 success of which was the first recognition conceded the 
 military band as a legitimate factor of indoor concert music. 
 In 1858 he returned to Boston and founded the organization 
 famous thereafter as Gilmore's Band. Upon the outbreak 
 of the Civil War he attached this band to the Twenty- 
 fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, and later he w-as entrusted 
 by Governor Andrews with the reorganization of the State 
 military bands. Upon his arrival with his own band in 
 New Orleans, General Banks created hiin Bandmaster- 
 (ieneral. In Lafayette Square, at the inauguration of 
 Governor Hahn, ten thousand school children, the great 
 majority of them belonging to Confederate families, rose at 
 the signal of Mr. Gilmore's baton, and to the accompani- 
 ment of six hundred instruments, the combined battel ies of 
 thirty-six guns, and the united fire of three regiments of 
 infantry, sang " The Star-Spangled Banner," "America," 
 '■ The Union Forever," and other Union airs, whose har- 
 monizing echoes rang throughout the length and breadth of 
 America. In recognition of this political as well as musical 
 triumph, one hundred prominent citizens of New (Orleans 
 gave Mr. Gilmore a complimentary dinner at the St. Charles 
 Hotel, presenting him with a silver goblet ap|)ropriately 
 inscribed and filled to the brim with gold coin. 'I'o this 
 
 public tribute Governor Hahn added a personal letter to 
 President Lincoln, mentioning Mr. Gilmore as one who had 
 " done great good lo the cause of the Union by his faithful and 
 patriotic services," " a musician of the highest ability," and 
 " a true gentleman." 
 
 In June, 1867, Mr. (lilmore conceived the idea of cele- 
 brating the accession of national peace by a gigantic 
 musical festival. This project was universally discouraged 
 as chimerical, but on June 15, i86g, he stepped upon the 
 stage of the Boston Coliseum, and in the presence of an 
 audience of 50,000 persons, lifted his baton over an orches- 
 tra of 1,000 and a chorus of 10,000, whose first note, 
 accompanied by the booming of cannons fired by electricity, 
 and the simultaneous ringing of all the bells in the city, 
 proclaimed the opening of the greatest popular musical 
 festival then on record. Mr. Gilmore s next idea was an 
 International Peace Jubilee, which should not only repre- 
 sent home talent by an orchestra of 2,000 and a chorus of 
 20,000, but also piesent to the American public the militar) 
 bands of all nations, from whose respective governments 
 the services of the bands were solicited for Mr. Gilmore in 
 a pe sonal letter from U. S. Grant, then President of the 
 United States. A coliseum with a seating capacity of 
 100,000 was erected at a cost of $500,000, and on the 17th 
 of June, 1872, the International Peace Jubilee was inaugu- 
 rated. 'I'he bands of the Grenadier Guards from London, 
 of theGuarde Republicaine from Paris, of the Kaiser Franz 
 Regiment from Berlin, and a band from Dublin, Ireland ; 
 Johanii Strauss, the waltz king, and Franz Abt, the German 
 song writer, were among the foreign attractions. The 
 juliilee continued for eighteen days, and at its close Mr. 
 Gilmore was presented by the citizens of Boston with two 
 gold medals and the sum of $50,000. 
 
 In 1873 he accepted an offer from the Twenty-second 
 Regiment of New York to become its bandmaster. He 
 reorganized this band, and gave 6co concerts in Madison 
 Square Garden, which, under the name of Gilmore's Gar- 
 den, became the most popular resort in Ne.v York. On the 
 150th night of this successful season he was given a benefit, 
 and presented, in the presence of an audience numbering 
 ro, 000 persons, with a magnificent gold and diamond medal. 
 
 On the Fourch of July, 1876, he gave a mammoth 
 national <oncert in Independence Square, Philadelphia, 
 followed by sixty concerts m tlie main Exposition Building 
 of the Centennial Exhibition. In 1878 he took his band to 
 Europe, making a successful tour of Great B;itain, France. 
 Belgium, Holland and Crermany, and received in addition to 
 many other honors a medal from the French Government. 
 His fourteen Manhattan B^ach seasons were also eminently 
 successful, as was his quadricentennial concert given 
 before 30,000 people in New York City Hall Square on 
 December 31, 1891. 
 
 On Saturday, September 24th, 1892, during the initiatory 
 engagement of the Columbian Tour of Gilmore's One Hun- 
 dred, at the St. Louis Exposition, Mr. Gilmore died from 
 heart failure, after one day's illness. In death he was paid 
 both military and civic honors. His wife and his only 
 child a daughter, survive him. Professionally P. S. Gil- 
 more was a unique and striking figure — original, independ- 
 ent, unconventional, daring -distinctively a musical pioneer 
 as well as a musical teacher. He lifted the military band 
 to a lofty niche in the Temple of Music, and poinilarized the 
 classics for the education of the people. Personally he was 
 a man of rare magnetism, social, generous to a fault, and a 
 general favorite. Among his best known compositions, 
 words and music, were: "The Voice of the Departing 
 Soul or Death's at the Door ;" National .-\nthem, 
 "Columbia." His .song, "Good News from Home," \' rit 
 ten during the war, attained a world-wide popularity. 
 "'When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again," the words 
 
NF.W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 77 
 
 Ct :i « ■ 
 
 PATtlICK S. GILMORE. 
 
78 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 of which he wrote under the nom de pkime of Louis Lam- 
 bert, was verv popular during the war and long after it 
 closed. His politics as an Irishman were for home rule, 
 and a concert given by him in response to Ireland's appeal 
 netted ior the Parnell Parliamentary Fund the sum of 
 $6,000. In religion he was a practical Catholic. 
 
 Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore was a fine character, a man of 
 versatile genius. He received diamonds and gold batons and 
 medals in recognition of his achievements, but the proudest 
 laurels laid upon his grave were the tears of the people — the 
 whole American people — the masses. 
 
 WILLIAM STEINWAY. 
 
 Any history of New York City that may be written, how- 
 ever condensed, that does not contain reference to William 
 Steinway, and what he did in his generation, cannot be 
 considered complete. Apart altogether from the fact that 
 he is the world's greatest piano manufacturer, Mr. Steinway 
 stands to-day with such men as Oswald Ottendorfer and Carl 
 Schurz in the front rank of German- American citizens. His 
 connection with this city is of the very closest nature In 
 civic movements requiring strong characters to direct them 
 William Steinway has been always called in, and a bio- 
 graphical sketch of the man would furnish the broad 
 outlines for a current history of the Greater New York. In 
 his own business he has nianifested genius with a dash of 
 jthilanthropy in it, and his personality has stamped itself on 
 almost everything with which it has come in contact. 
 
 Mr. Steinway was born on March 5th, 1836, in the 
 village of Seesen, situated in the Hartz Mountains, a region 
 sacred to romance, peopled as it is, or. alas, was, with gnomes, 
 fairies and other little folks more or less uncanny, whose 
 doings have long been the delight and terror of the children 
 all over the wurld. He is the fourth son of Henry Engel- 
 hard Steinway, founder of the house of Steinway & Sons, 
 and received an elementary education in the schools of his 
 native town. He was subsequently sent to the well-known 
 Jacobsohn Institute, where he developed linguistic talents 
 and was found at the age of fourteen to be able to speak 
 fluently the English and French languages as well as Ger- 
 man. He also nianifested an excellent memory, and what 
 may be considered an extraordinary love of music. While 
 still a boy, in fact, he played the most difficult pieces on the 
 piano and was in every respect considered a lad of capacity 
 with probably a brilliant future. 
 
 In 1850 the Steinway family were brought to this coun- 
 try on the great wave of Teutonic emi;j ration that then 
 began to fiovv, and William was sent to learn piano making 
 with the firm of Nunns & Co., located on Walker Street. 
 Here he worked unceasingly and with great intelligence and 
 energy until in 1853, when his father decided to start in 
 business for himself, and so established a piano factory in a 
 modest way in a back building on Varick Street, New York. 
 This auspicious event took ])lace on March 5th of the year 
 mentioned, which happened to be William's seventeenth 
 birthday, and here the head of the house and family began 
 work, with his three sons, ('harles, Henry and William, car- 
 rying on the business, such as it was, under the style of 
 Steinway & Sons. All four were bright and hopeful, and 
 with the skill and industry they possessed, and the loyalty 
 to one another that actuated them, success smiled upon 
 them from the first. It could hardly be otherwise. After 
 less than a year larger premises were found necessary and 
 young William Steinway found himself working in the same 
 shop in which he had learned his trade. And here occurs an 
 episode which strongly illusi rates the fine character of this 
 same William Steinway. The firm of William Nunns & Co. 
 had meantime become bankrupt and owed him $300 in 
 wages. It is hardly necessary to say that he never asked 
 for it. Not only that, but as the whirligig of time made 
 
 one to rise and the other to fall, Mr. Steinway saw to it 
 that his former employer should never want for anything 
 from the day of his failure until his death, which took place 
 in 1864 in the old man's eightieth year. This is only one 
 of the many good acts performed by William Steinway. 
 
 As this is not a history of the piano trade, but a short 
 biographical sketch, we shall only say that the success of 
 the Steinways was phenomenal, and that William, with his 
 executive ability and clear business foresight, was unani- 
 uiously accorded control of its finances. He was the soul 
 of the concern. All worked in harmony under his manage- 
 ment, and many years had not rolled over when the 
 Steinway piano had obtained a world-wide celebrity. Wil- 
 liam was mainly instrumental in bringing about this 
 unprecedented state of affairs. His eyes were like those of 
 .\rgus and his steady hands held the reins. Some idea may 
 be formed of the man's achievements when it is stated that 
 the Steinway Piano Works in Astoria occupy twelve acres 
 and that 650 hands are employed in them. The works in 
 New York, which take in a whole block, situated between 
 Park and Lexington Avenues and Fifty-second and Fifty- 
 third Streets, employ 650 hands also. They turn out sixty 
 pianos ]jer week. Steinway Hall, another branch of their 
 industry, occupies eight city lots in the most fashionable 
 |jart of the city, speaking in a business sense, on Fourteenth 
 Street running through to Fifteenth Street near Union 
 Square, and takes in the warerooms, central office and the 
 famous Steinway Concert Hall, which had a seating capacity 
 for 2,400, but it is now devoted to business purposes. Then 
 there is the Steinway Hall on lower Seymour Street, Lon- 
 don, which is the English headquarters. There is a branch 
 in Hamburg. Germany, in which the Steinway business of 
 the European continent is done. 
 
 .As stated in the introduction to the sketch, Mr. Stein- 
 way is one of the prominent figures of the metropolis, but 
 although as patriotic an American as breathes, he has a 
 warm corner in his heart for the Fatherland. He naturally 
 takes a keen interest, too, in his German-American fellow 
 citizens, and a leading part in their affairs. He is President 
 of the Liederkranz Society, and is himself a fine singer with 
 a beautiful voice, which has been heard with pleasure by 
 thousands in concert solos during the past third of a cen- 
 tury. He is not a politician, but from this it does not fol- 
 low that he does not take a hand in public affairs. Indeed, 
 he has been forced to the front in many a municipal crisis. 
 He was one of the Committee of Seventy that crushed the 
 infamous Boss Tweed and his gang, and it was through his 
 love of reform and good government that he displayed such 
 activity in electing Abram Hewitt to the Mayoralty in 1S86. 
 He took part in the great Cooper Union meeting that nom- 
 inated Mr. Hewitt, and as its Chairman showed that he was 
 fully capable of controlling a crowd of 5,000 people. After 
 an appropriate address he called for a vote, and was 
 responded to by a tremendous "aye." It was not unani- 
 mous, however, for about a dozen Socialists in the hall made 
 themselves conspicuous by rising and shouting "no." This 
 led to great uproar, and as many ladies were present Mr. 
 Steinway did not like the confusion that followed. But he 
 was equal to the occasion, for after commanding silence 
 with a wave of his hand, he said in his rich, sonorous voice, 
 " The motion is carried by a vote that is nearly unanimous ; 
 the minority, ladies and gentlemen, is very small, as you 
 perceive ; in fact, it represents as nearly as possible the 
 minority that will oppose Mr. Hewitt at the polls next 
 Tuesday." The apj^lause was deafening, and the " minor- 
 ity " collapsed utterly. 
 
 He was also in February, 1888, unanimously elected the 
 representative of the State of New York on the National 
 Democratic Committee, but was finally compelled to resign 
 through the exigencies of an ever increasing business. 
 
JV£II- YORK, TJfE METROPOLIS. 
 
 79 
 
8o 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Nevertheless, to-day, there is no man's counsel more 
 eagerly sought by the Democratic chiefs of the city and 
 State than William Steinway's. Few citizens wield more 
 potent political influence than he. During President 
 Cleveland's administration he refused the offer of United 
 States Sub-Treasurer in New York and in 1889 the nomina- 
 tion for Secretary of State when such nomination meant 
 election. Under like conditions he has more than once 
 refused the Democratic nomination for Mayor of New York 
 City He did accept the Chairmanship of the Rapid Tran- 
 sit Commission from Mayor Grant, and performed its duties 
 in a manner that called forth the unanimous eulogies of the 
 press. He took a very active part in organizing the World's 
 Fair Committee, and it was not his fault that it went to 
 Chicago instead of New York. He gave his check for 
 $50,000 to the guarantee fund ; and speaking of money it 
 may be mentioned that he had much to do in raising the 
 handsome sum of $118,500 for the German Hospital by its 
 fair in 1889. He also jiresided at the great mass meeting of 
 German-American citizens in favor of Grover Cleveland 
 and Tariff Refoim at Cooper Institute, October 27, 1892. 
 and his speech on tariff reform was reported and com- 
 mented upon by the entire press all over the United States. 
 He has managed successfully to devote one of his ideas 
 in the building of the village Steinway in Long Island City, 
 inhabited chiefly by the employes of the Astoria factory. 
 In Steinway he has, through Steinway & Sons, constructed 
 a school with a capacity for 800 pupils, pays its teachers a 
 good salary, constructed public swimming baths, laid out a 
 park, established a free circulating library and a free kin- 
 dergarten ; in a word, has made of it a model village 
 wherein people can live rationally with country air and city 
 comforts. William Steinway is no mere money grubber. 
 He has an open hand and his check is always at the com- 
 mand of a deserving object, charity or institution. He also 
 had the great honor conferred upon him, on invitation, to 
 be received in audience by their Majesties the Em|:)eror and 
 Empress of Germany, at the Marble Palais, at Potsdam, 
 Germany, September 11, 1892. Personally he is of medium 
 height, with an honest open German countenance, well-cut 
 features, fine mouth, large brown eyes through which his 
 soul is visible, massive head above broad shoulders. He 
 is the type of an athlete. He grasps a situation with the 
 intuition of genius and in a few words says a good deal. 
 He is a fine swimmer, and at Coney Island, in 1858, saved 
 his brother Henry from drowning, by nerve, skill and 
 presence of mind. He is also a ready speaker in both 
 English and German, and an excellent presiding officer. 
 
 His domestic life is a happy one. He was married 
 twice ; the first wife died and left him two children, George 
 and Paul. By his second wife, the daughter of Richard 
 Ranft, he has two sons and one daughter. He lives on 
 Gramercy Park, in a house which contains as much hap- 
 piness as that of any man in New York, rich or ]3oor. 
 
 That he has not forgotten the Fatherland and that he 
 has not been forgotten there is apparent from the fact that 
 in the Christmas of 1888 the freedom of his native town 
 was conferred upon him in return for the many benefactions 
 bestowed by him upon that city, its schools and its poor. 
 
 JOHN POMEROY TOWNSEND. 
 
 John Pomeroy 'i'ownsend was born at Middlebury, Vt., 
 in 1832. His direct ancestor, Thomas Townsend, settled in 
 Lynn, Mass., in 1637, having emigrated from England when 
 the great exodus of the persecuted Puritans had set in. For 
 five generations the descendants of the emigrant lived in the 
 neighborhood of Boston. The sixth in descent, John 
 Townsend was born in New Hampshire, to which State his 
 father had removed. He was a prominent citizen of Salis- 
 
 bury, a member of the State Legislature, Postmaster, Select- 
 man, Town Clerk and Register of Deeds for Merrimac 
 County. His son, John Baker Townsend, the father of the 
 subject of this sketch, was born at Salisbury, and having 
 married Miss Eliza C. .Mvord in Vermont, remo\ed to Troy, 
 N. Y., in the year 1835. 
 
 The subject of this sketch came to New York City in 
 1850, where he has since resided. He at first engaged in 
 the stave business, which he continued for thirty-two years, 
 exporting and selling for export that commodity. In 1885 
 Mr. Townsend became President of the Maritime Exchange, 
 which office he held until 1888, when pressure of business 
 compt-lled him to resign. He was the Treasurer of the New 
 York Produce Exchange in 18S7. and is, and has been, the 
 First Vice President of the Bowery Savings Bank since 1883. 
 
 He is also a member of the Chamlier of Commerce, and is 
 director and trustee in railroads and benevolent and chari- 
 table institutions. In 1853, Mr. Townsend married Miss 
 Elizabeth A., daughter of the late Nehemiah Baldwin of 
 New York, formerly of Pennsylvania, who was descended 
 from Joseph Baldwin, who emigrated from England and 
 settled in Milford, Conn., in 1835. Their children are 
 .Mary E. (married Alfred L. White), Charles John, and John 
 Henry. Mr. Townsend has devoted much of his time and en- 
 ergy to the consideration of the topics which interest the phil- 
 anthropist and benefactor He labors to better the con- 
 dition of the plain jieople and to unfortunate ones he has 
 freely given for the mere love of doing good. With a frank and 
 open nature, Mr. Townsend combines a cheerful and benev- 
 olent disi)osition. He has a rapid, pleasant way of doing 
 business, and a manner unobtrusive and at the same time em- 
 phatic. In i|uite a different class of work we find him appear- 
 ing as a Trustee of the University of Rochester, N. Y.; 
 Recording Secretary of the New York Society for the 
 Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled ; a foreign associate 
 and honorary President of the Society of the Universal 
 Scientific Congress of Provident Institutions of Paris, 
 France. Despite his multifarious business engagements, Mr. 
 Townsend finds time to contribute many valuable papers to 
 the press, on topics of which he is thoroughly the master, 
 such as '' Savings Banks ;" " Postal Savings Banks ; " "The 
 Silver Question," etc., etc. He is the author of the article 
 on " Savings Banks" in the Cyclopaedia of Political History 
 and Political Economy of the United States (Chicago, 1881). 
 In 1875, and again in 1888, hecom]Mled and edited a history 
 of the Bowery Savings Bank, which is one of the oldest and 
 is the strongest financial institutions of the kind in America, 
 if not in the world. Mr. Townsend is the author of standard 
 papers on " American *^avings Banks," read at the Universal 
 Scientific Congress of Provident Institutions, held in Paris 
 in 1878, 1883 and 1889. He is also the author of a paper on 
 savings banks, read before the American Social Science As 
 sociation at Saratoga Springs (of which he is a member) in 
 1877. In the fall of 1889, after the death of its former Presi- 
 dent, he was unanimously elected President of the Knicker- 
 bocker Trust Company, which office he now holds. This 
 institution occupies the building at 234 Fifth Avenue, corner 
 of Twenty-seventh Street, and has a branch office at No. 3 
 Nassau Street and 18 Wall Street. This institution was 
 founded in 18S4 by a prominent capitalist who perceived 
 that the facilities afforded by a strong organization of this 
 kind would obtain the support of an influential, moneyed 
 class, the real estate owners and investors of the residents' 
 quarter of the Metropolis. The results have more than 
 answered the expectations. The company's progress has 
 been brilliant and substantial. When Mr. Townsend was 
 elected President it had a capital of $500,000, which was 
 soon after increased to $750,000, and now has an accumulated 
 sur[)lus of $362,162. Its deposits are $6,100,000, and its 
 resources are upwards of $7,200,000. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 8i 
 
 /n^iAy^ /^^l^J^ 
 
 fi\niM 
 
82 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 At the time of his election to the presidency, its total 
 deposits were less than $2,coo,ooo, and its resources, 
 $2,650,000. It has, by conservative management, attracted 
 a clientage of the most desirable character, and is in 
 every way equipped to carry on all the branches of business 
 which its charter authorizes, including the functions of 
 executor, administrator, guardian, receiver, registrar, and 
 transfer and financial agent for corporations and muni- 
 cipalities, and to accept any trust in conformity with the 
 laws of the United States or of any State. It allows interest 
 on time deposits and receives current dejiosits subject to 
 checks, which pass through the Clearing House the same as 
 those on city banks. It issues letters of credit for travellers 
 available in all parts of the world. It has occupied the com- 
 modious office at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Twenty- 
 seventh Street since its organization, and rents safe deposit 
 bo.xes in the fire and burglar proof vaults, which have been 
 built for that purpose. Its branch office was rendered 
 necessary by the extent of its corporation, investment and 
 loan business. Its officers are: John P. Townsend, 
 President ; Chas. T. Barney, Vice-President : Jos. T. 
 lirown. Second Vice-President ; Fred L. Eldridge, Sec- 
 retary ; f. Henry Townsend, Assistant Secretary. The 
 board of directors is a body of exceiitionally strong 
 capitalists, financiers and business men, among whom are : 
 Joseph S. Auerbach, Harry B. Hollins, Jacoli Hays, Chas. T. 
 Barney, A. Foster Higgins, Robert G. Remsen, Henry W. T. 
 Mall, Andrew H. Sands, James H. Jkeslin, Cien. George J. 
 Magee, I. Townsend Burden, John S. Tilney, Hon. E. V. 
 Loew, Henry F. Dimock, John P. Townsend, Chas. F. Wat- 
 son, David H. King, Jr., Frederick G. Bourne, Robert 
 Maclay, C. Lawrence Perkins, Edward Wood, Wm. H. 
 Beadleston, Alfred L. White, Charles R. Flint. Its increas- 
 ing business will soon demand more extensive office accom- 
 modations, which it will no doubt soon secure in some 
 advantageously located building which the company now 
 has under consideration. 
 
 CHARLES T. WILLS. 
 
 Charles T. Wills was born on Dec. 13, 1S51, in New 
 \'ork City, of Quaker parents, his ancestors having settled 
 in I'ennsyh ania years ago, coming to this country with 
 \\ illiain I'enn and settling on the Rancocas River. The 
 old charter for 8,000 acres of land still remains in the 
 family. His father, Clialkley J., w:is a Inulder of some 
 prominence, and when Charles T. was six years of age his 
 family moved to Princeton, N. J., where his father owned a 
 veiy large tract of ground. He was educated in the West 
 Town boarding-school, about the oldest Quaker institution 
 in Pennsylvania. When 18 years of age he returned to 
 New York City and was aiijjrenticed to Mr. John T. Con- 
 over to learn bricklaying, and i)rogressed so rapidly that, 
 while he was still an apprentice, he was made a foreman and 
 had charge of some very important work. This position he 
 filled for several years, and then he went into business with 
 Mr. Geo. Sinclair, under the firm name of Sinclair & Wills. 
 .\fter five years of partnership the firm was dissolved, and 
 he has since carried on the business alone. 
 
 He has erected some of the largest and most prominent 
 buildings in this city, such as the American Bank Note 
 15uilding, Huyler's candy factory ; Montauk Club House, 
 Brooklyn ; New Jersey Central R. R. Co.'s depot, Jersey 
 City; N. J. C. R. R'. Co.'s building, Fiberty and West 
 streets ; Stamford Presbyterian Church ; Rutgers Riverside 
 Church, the Judson Memorial Church, the Gorham Build- 
 ing, the Yosemite, the Pierce Building, the Stagery for 
 Col. Shepard, All Angels' Church, St. Andrew's Methodist 
 Church, the Brooklyn Tabernacle, the Mail and Express 
 Building, the United Charities Building, 2 2d street and 
 4th avenue, and the Vanderbilt Building, Beekman 
 
 street, now in course of construction, and many others. 
 In 1886 (during the big nine-hour strike of bricklayers), he 
 was one of the most active builders in organizing the Mason 
 Builders' Association. He was elected Secretary of the 
 Association and has held that position ever since. He is a 
 member of many of the leading social clubs, such as the Man- 
 hattan and Colonial ; he is a life member of the New York 
 Athletic Club, and belongs to the New York Riding Club. 
 
 J. HOMER HILDRETH. 
 
 J. Homer Hildreth, a successful New York lawyer, was 
 born in l^awrence, Mass., November 25, 1847, and comes of 
 old New England and Revolutionary stock. His father — 
 Jairus C. Hildreth — was a well known and highly respected 
 citizen of that Commonwealth, and his mother — Emeline 
 (Watson) Hildreth — was granddaughter of one of the heroes 
 of Bunker Hill. Mr. Hildreth underwent a preparatory 
 course in the Wesleyan Academy of \Vilbraham, Mass., after 
 which he came to New York from Sijringfield, his residence, 
 and studied for the bar in the Columbia College Law School, 
 under the late Hon. Theodore W. Dwight. He gradu- 
 ated in the class of 1S69 with the degree of B.L., and was at 
 once admitted to the bar. Among his classmates were such 
 
 J. HOMER HILDRETH. 
 
 men as Judges Ingraham and Duffy, Francis Lynde Stet- 
 son, Atpieduct Commissioner Scott, and many others who 
 have since risen to ijrominence in various walks of life. 
 After being admitted to the bar, Mr. Hildreth became 
 active in his profession and gradually gained status at civil 
 law, making a specialty of commercial and real estate liti- 
 gation, for which branches he is thoroughly equipped. He 
 has obtained a deserved reputation for energy, promptness, 
 a mastery of details, and, above all, for unquestioned 
 integrity, qualities that achieve success at the bar or else- 
 where. The hackneyed saying, " his word is as good as his 
 bond," aijplies jjeculiarly to Mr Hildreth, and is understood 
 by the humblest Sheriff's officer as well as the Chief Justice 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METJiOFOL/S. 
 
 83 
 
 on the Bench. Mr. Hihlrelh is a sticmi; Krpuhhc an, liiit, 
 nevertheless, such is his high cliaractor that lie has many 
 times been a])|)ointed referee, receiver or assignee l.)y Judges 
 opposed to him in politics, and has invariably given satis- 
 faction. In the memoralile year of 1S82, through partv 
 exigencies and altogether against his inclinations, he ac- 
 cepted the nomination for .Ass-.-nililynian from the 24th 
 District, New York City, I'ut in 1 oninion with Judge Folger 
 and the whole Republican ticket v,as overwhelmed in the 
 tidal wave that ])laced Grover Cleveland in the Culirrna- 
 torial chair by a majority of 192,000. Mis sui ( ess in the 
 profession has naturally drawn him into 1 lub hfe, and he is 
 well known as an active and ])opidar member of the Repub- 
 lican Club of the City of New York ; he is also a member 
 of the State Bar Association. He has fdled res|)onsible 
 offices in Crescent Lodge, 402, I''. i\; .\. M., and in Harlem 
 Lo'ige, 201, I. O. (). F., of which he is still a member in 
 good standing. He is likewise a charter member of the 
 Dwight Alumni Association of the City of New York ; 
 and officially connected with several Insurance orders 
 throughout the country. 
 
 It becomes ipiiet and liiinesl persons. 'I'liev especially tes- 
 tify that they govern their family well and bring up their 
 (rhildren in the fear of Cod and in all modesty and respect- 
 ability. 
 
 "' .\s the abo\e named persuns have resiiKed to remove 
 and proceed to New Netherlands in order to fmd a greater 
 convenience, they give this attestation on their knowledge 
 ol tiieni. h.iving kncjwn llieni intimately and having been in 
 continual intercourse with them for m:iny vears, living in 
 the same neighborhood. 
 
 "In testiuKmy of tlie truth we, burgcimaster of the city, 
 have caused the great seal i>f the citv to be imprinted on 
 this pa])er. 
 
 Mone at W agennin, 27 No\ ember, 1660, bv the same 
 
 J. Ai;i;Ki.iN." 
 
 The alioxe named (ierret (lerretson, to whom the honest 
 burgomasters of Wagennin gave s\Kh a good character 
 
 HENRY HOLBROOK CURTIS, Ph.B., M D, 
 
 Henry Holbrook Curtis, M.D., one of New York's lead- 
 ing physicians, was born in this city in 1856. His father 
 was the late Wiii. E. Curtis, Judge of the Superior Court, 
 who, as one of the historic Committee of Seventy, was in- 
 strumental in breaking up the Tweed Ring. 
 
 I)r. Curtis was [)repared for college at the Cheshire, 
 Conn., Military Academy. Afterwards he went to the 
 Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, receiving his 
 degree with the class of 1S77. After a year in the office of 
 Dr. Francis Bacon he went to Vienna for a year and after- 
 wards to the Medical School of Paris for six months. Re- 
 turning in 1S79 he completed his lectures in the Yale 
 .Medical School and received his nudical di|jloma. 
 While abroad Dr. Curtis made women's diseases a sjie- 
 cialty, but after returning his taste inclined more to throat 
 diseases, which liranch he studied under I^rofessors Schroet- 
 ter and Catti. He began the jjractice of his profession in this 
 ( ity in 1880, dedicating himself chiefly to diseases of the 
 throat, ears and nose. In 1887 he visited London and was 
 introduced by the celebrated Dr. Morell Mackenzie to the 
 elite of the jirofession in the British capital. Dr. Lenno.x- 
 Browne, of the Central London Throat Hospital, invited 1 'r. 
 Curtis at this time to operate in his clinic, to which he con- 
 sented and jjerformed si.xteen operations. In a paper read 
 subsequently before the British l.aryngological and Rhino- 
 logical Association, Dr. Lennox-liriiwne credited the great 
 interest awakened in diseases of the nose in London to the 
 brilliant demonstiation of Dr. Curtis in 1887. He is c cui- 
 sulting laryngologist to the St. John's Riverside and Bayonne 
 City Hospitals. 
 
 WILLIAIW DOMINICK GARRISON. 
 
 William Doniinick Garrison was born in (larrison on the 
 Hudson, on September 10, 1838, and was of Knickerbocker 
 ancestry. The first of the family in this country, about the 
 year 1660, came from Wagennin in the Netherlands, bringing 
 with him a certificate of character, of which sid)joined is a 
 true copy : 
 
 " We burgomasters, schehens and Councillors of the City 
 of Wagennin, declare by these presents that there ai^jieared 
 before us Hendrick Glissen and Jordiz Sparers, citizens of 
 this city, at the request of Gerret Gerretsen and .Anna Her- 
 manse, his wife, as to their life and conversation, and that 
 they have always been considered and esteemed as pious 
 and honest people, and that no complaint of any evil or dis- 
 orderly conduct has ever reached their ears ; on the con- 
 trary they have always led (|uiet, pious and honest lives, as 
 
 nearly three hundred years ago, settled on Staten Island, and 
 from him William Dominick Garrison traced his descent in 
 a direct line as follows : (ierret's son, also a Gerret Ger- 
 retson, was born about 16S0 on Staten Island, his son 
 lohanneson Staten Island in i 7 18. Johannes' son, Harry, in 
 New York City in 1760, and the last named son John Garri- 
 son, father of William D.,was born in Garrison, N. Y. (then 
 called Highlands or Phillipstown) in 1796. It is an honor- 
 able pedigree and one of which any gentleman might be 
 proud. For more than a third of a century Mr. Garrison 
 had been an active hotel man. He had been manager of 
 the Grand Union for nearly twenty years. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Old Guard, veteran of the Seventh Regiment, 
 President of the New York State Hotel Men's .Association, 
 member of the Sons of the Revolution, a prominent mem- 
 
84 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ber of the Masonic Fraternity, in which he had obtained the 
 Thirty-third Degree and was member of the Supreme Coun- 
 cil for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of 
 America. Mr. Garrison died on December 2, 1892, at tlie 
 ageof fifiy-four. 
 
 EDWARD T. H. TAMSEN. 
 
 Among our most eminent German -American citizens of 
 New York is undoubtedly E. T. H. Tamsen, linguist, edu- 
 cator, merchant, banker and man of affairs generally. Mr. 
 Tamsen was born in Hamburg, Germany, on February 25, 
 
 status. He has also a banking establishment here, with a 
 branch in Hamburg. 
 
 It will be seen from the above that Mr. Tamsen's advance 
 in the field of commerce has been phenomenally rapid, but 
 then he is a remarkably bright man, with an all-devouring 
 energy. His status as a public man kept pace with his 
 private career, and before he had been many years in the 
 country we find Mr. Tamsen taking an active interest in 
 the affairs of the city of his adoption. He has taken a 
 decided hand in politics, and though a Democrat he is 
 bitterly opposed to the methods of Tammany Hall, and has 
 
 1849, and, speaking socially, is of good family. He received 
 a sound education, and, according to the German fashion, 
 was articled as clerk to a wholesale publishing house on 
 leaving college, in a short time becoming its correspondent, 
 a position he was qualified for, owing to his knowledge of 
 English, French and Spanish. Having served the legal 
 term in the Prussian Army, and being, therefore, free to 
 leave the country, he did so. and arrived in New York in 
 1869. In 1870 he was admitted partner in the firm of J. & 
 C. Tamsen, importers and book publishers, and in 1876 
 became head of the firm, a firm which has a European 
 
 fought them fiercely Indeed, he is always to the fore when 
 abuses are to be combated, irrespective of tlie party he is to 
 o|jpose. He has been five times elected President of the Ger- 
 man-American Independent Citizens' Association, was twice 
 President of the Property Holders of the Tenth, Eleventh 
 and Seventeenth Wards, and is at present Delegate of the 
 Tax Payers' Association. In his capacity as member of the 
 Citizens' Committee of Fifty he was one of the leaders of 
 the Municipal Reform Movement, which did so much 
 towards correcting civic evils, and at the same time in elect- 
 ing Grover Cleveland President of the United States. 
 
A'EJF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 85 
 
 But it is as a member of the School Board and as an 
 educator that Mr. Tamsen has rendered the peoi)le such dis- 
 tinguished services. Mayor Grace appointed him School 
 Commissioner, and in this position he was the right man in 
 the right place, especially in being able to serve his (lerman- 
 .^merican fellow citizens. To Mr. Tamsen belongs the 
 credit of saving twelve children from death on the occasion 
 of the fire which broke out in the Catholic school on the 
 East side in 1S83; at the risk of his life he brought them out 
 of the flames. After this he was instrumental in instituting 
 the "fire drills" in such institutions. It was the discipline 
 instilled by this drill that saved the lives of hundreds of 
 children, and many nuns as well, when fire broke out in the 
 Catholic Protectory of \\'estchester County in 18S8. It was 
 he, also, who introduced the Turn tuition in the public 
 schools, and for this alone he is entitled to gratitude. Mayor 
 Cirace appreciated Mr. Tamsen's efforts, and under his ad- 
 minisl ration he was twice apiioinled School Commissioner. 
 When Mr. Hewitt was elected Mayor he did not reappoint 
 Mr. Tamsen, and this caused so much public indignation 
 that Mayor Grant subsequently appointed him to fill the 
 unexpired term of Commissioner Fred. Kuhne. At the 
 expiration of this term in 1892 Mayor Grant failed to 
 reappoint him, although the Staats Zeitung .supported him 
 warmly and 3,500 citizens ])etitioned for such reappoint- 
 ment. The School Board passed this resolution in 1892 : 
 
 " Whereas, Commissioner Tamsen is now completing his 
 eighth year of service, and leaves behind him a record 
 which is in every respect most creditable ; able, yet cour- 
 teous in debate, attentive to business, genial yet dignified in 
 his intercourse with his colleagues and with the officers of 
 the B jard, a friend and advocate of all new and advanced 
 methods of instruction, he retires from the Board with the 
 good wishes of his fellow-members and their assurance that 
 lie has done his duty well : 
 
 "Resolved, That the Board of Education hereby tenders 
 to the retiring Commissioner, Edward T. H. Tamsen, this 
 expression and acknowledgment of its high appreciation of 
 the intelligence, earnestness and ability with which he has 
 discharged his duty as Commissioner of Common Schools 
 of New York City ; and that, regretting the severance of ties 
 which have been so pleasant, the Board bids Commissioner 
 Tamsen good-by, with the wish and in the hope that his 
 future maybe replete with the happiness which 'not our 
 own,' but another's, is "the lienefit received.' " 
 
 Mr. Tamsen has invariably refused to accept any office 
 with a salary attached to it, or any position of a political 
 cast. He declined the office of President of the Board of 
 Aldermen, also the nomination of Senator for the Seventh 
 District, County Clerk and Commissioner of Charity and 
 Corrections. He is member of the famous Arion and I.ieder- 
 kranz Societies, Director of the Isabella Home, the German 
 Society, New York Press Club, Central Turn Society, 
 Mozart Society, German Hospital, Union Square Bank, 
 Astor Place Bank, the New York Plate Glass Insurance 
 Company and the (ierman-.\merican Investment Companv. 
 He is still a young man in the forties and has a brilliant 
 career before him. 
 
 He was married in 187 i to Miss Catharine Hee of Ham- 
 burg, and has six children, four sons and two daughters. 
 
 FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER. 
 Frederic J. de Peyster, head of one of the most famous 
 Knickerbocker houses in .-Xmerica, President of the St. 
 Nicholas Society, but still more favorably known as a 
 philanthropic and public-spirited citizen ot New York, was 
 liorn in this city. The first of the name in this country was 
 John de Peyster, a native of Haarlem, Holland, who was 
 born in 1615 while the Dutch were making their grand 
 struggle for independence against the Spaniards, and died 
 
 in New .Vmsterdam (N. \'.) in 1685. .\ son of this patriarch 
 and foimder of a ceiebtated American family was ( hief 
 Justice of the province. Mayor of the city from 1691 to 
 1695, and Treasurer of New York and New Jersey Province 
 for more than twenty years. He was also Colonel of the 
 N. Y. Regiment of Foot. No generation has l^ieen without 
 a de Peyster remarkable in some capacity. Coming down 
 to our own time, James F. de Peyster, Captain in the 42d 
 Regular Infantry, father of Frederic J., was a ]irominent 
 man of affairs. He took a keen interest in etiucation gen- 
 erally, and was trustee of the public schools for upward of 
 forty years, after which he became member of the executive 
 committee of the New York College. It was in this insti- 
 tution, of which Horace Webster, a graduate of West Point, 
 was then president, that Mr. Frederic J. de Peyster was 
 educated. He graduated from there in the class of 1S60 
 with the degree of .\.B. and was subsequently awarded the 
 degree of A.M. He then went to study in the Columbia 
 Law School and took, in 1862, the degree of 1. 1, .B and in 
 
 FREDERIC J. i.E PEVSTER. 
 
 1S64 the degree of LL.M. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1863 and gained (piite a reputation for his efforts before the 
 Court of Appeals and other courts. In addition to such 
 practice he devoted his energies and undoubted talents to 
 the betterment of his fellow-citizens, and has worked in 
 carrying out his objects in that direction just as hard and 
 industriously as if that were his sole profession. Mr. de 
 Peyster is a graceful speaker, a man of broad education and 
 of versatile abilities. He is President of the New York 
 Dispensary and of the St. Nicholas and Orpheus Societies, 
 Chairman of the Society Library, trustee of the Home for 
 Incurables, of the American School of Classical Studies in 
 Athens, of the Good Samaritan Dispensary, and of the 
 Institution of the Deaf and Dumb. He was President of 
 the .Associate Alumni of the College of the City of New 
 York from 1882 to 1884, of the St. Nicholas Club from 1S87 
 to 1889, and of the Archaeological Society from its founda- 
 tion until 1889. He is also connected with the Historical, 
 Numismatic, Holland and American Archreological Socie- 
 
86 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ties, and is member of the Century, St. Nicholas and Uni- 
 versity Clubs, and fellow of the National Academy of 
 Design. He was, in December, 1892, elected Governor of 
 the Society of Colonial Wars. Mr. de Peyster was mar- 
 ried in 1 87 1 to Augusta, daughter of William H. Morris of 
 Morrisania. N. Y., and great-granddaughter of Louis Morris, 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence from 
 this State. The lady is also a grandniece of Gouverneur 
 Morris. 
 
 JOHN M. SCRIBNER. 
 
 Among the members of the Barr)f the Metropolis, deserv- 
 ing of more than passing mention in this historical review, 
 appears the name of John M. Scribner. This gentleman is 
 a son of Rev. John M. and Ann Eliza Swart Scribner. He 
 was born in Middleburgh, this State, on October 4, 1839, 
 and receiving his ^ireparatory course in Franklin, N. Y., 
 entered Union College, and was graduated with the degree 
 of A. B. in the class of 1859. Immediately after finishing 
 his college course, he came to this city, read law in the office 
 of Hon. Hamilton W. Robinson, was admitted to the Bar in 
 1861, and in 1863 became junior partner in the firm of 
 Robinson & Scribner, which continued until 1870, when Mr. 
 Robinson was elected Judge of the Common Pleas Court, 
 
 JOHN M. SCRIBXER. 
 
 and the business was continued Ijy Mr. Scribner individually. 
 In 1876, the firm of Sanford & Robinson was dissolved upon 
 the election of Chas. F. Sanford to the Superior Court Bench, 
 and K. Randolph Robinson, his partner, invited Mr. 
 Scribner to become associated with him. This offer was 
 accejjted and the firm name became Robinson & Scribner. 
 In 1882, Osborn E. Bright was admitted to partnership and 
 the business v.-as continued until May ist, 1890, under the 
 firm of Robinson, Scribner & Bright. In that year Mr. 
 Scribner withdrew in order to give his entire attention to his 
 large railroad and corporation practice, in which department 
 of civil laws he is a recognized leader. Mr. Scribner's 
 jirofessional career has been marked by many legal victories. 
 
 and his abilities and talents have gained him high prestige 
 before both Bench and Bar. His clientele includes a wide 
 and influential list of corporations, institutions and mercantile 
 houses, which highly endorse the thoroughly honorable and 
 reliable lousiness and professional methods of this able 
 counsel. Although a Democrat in ]iolitics, Mr. Scribner 
 devotes little time and attention in that connection, never 
 having sought political honors and taking an active part in 
 independent movements only. He is a member of the City 
 Bar Association and Lawyers' and University Clubs. 
 
 CHARLES POLLEN McKIM, 
 
 Senior member of the architectural firm of McKim, Mead 
 (& White, was born in Chester County, Pa., August 24, 1S47, 
 studied at Harvard, in 1866-67, and then went to Paris, 
 where he studied in the School of Fine Arts. On his return 
 to New York, he associated himself with William R. Mead 
 and Stanford White, son of Richard Grant White, which 
 names compose a firm that has done much towards archi- 
 tectural development in this country. The firm has a 
 national re|>utation, as well it might, seeing it has built the 
 Boston Library and the Madison Scpiare Garden. The 
 variety of work executed by them has been very great, 
 but their tendency has been to produce buildings whose 
 influence has been derived from the present styles of classic 
 architecture. Among their best productions in coun- 
 try work are the cottages erected in Newport, Lenox and 
 other summer resorts, notably the house at Mamaroneck, 
 N. Y. This is in the style of a French farm-house, having 
 points of resemblance to the half-timbered work of England. 
 I'heir houses at Newport are typical of a style that is pecu- 
 liar to themselves. 
 
 Among their city residences, the Tiffany house on Madi- 
 son Avenue, New York City, which is Rhenish in style, with 
 details leaning toward the Italian, is pronounced by some 
 critics to be the finest piece of architecture in the New 
 World. The Villard block of houses on Madison Avenue, 
 behind St. Patrick's Cathedral, designed in spirit of classic 
 Italian architecture of the i6th century, is the most beauti- 
 ful specimen of that style in New York City. 
 
 FRANCIS HENDRICKS. 
 Mr. Hendricks. ex-Collector of the Port of New York, 
 the son of J. Edmund and Catharine (Yan (Jaasbeck) 
 Hendricks, was born in Kingston, N. Y., November 23, 
 1834. He obtained his early education in the common 
 srhools of Kingston and finished at the Albany Academy, 
 after which he commenced business life as a clerk in 
 Rochester, but in a short time removed to Syracuse and 
 started mercantile business there on his own account, 
 which he continues to the present day, being now the 
 senior member of the well-known firm of Francis Hendricks 
 & Co. He is also President of the State Bank of Syra- 
 cuse and of the Trust and Deposit Company of that city. 
 While always an earnest and active member of the Repub- 
 lican party, he never accepted public office until he had 
 made a comfortable fortune, and since then his political 
 success has been as pronounced as his prosperity in busi- 
 ness life. His first office was that of Fire Commissioner, 
 in which he rendered conspicuous service. He was then 
 elected Mayor of Syracuse, and re-elected for a second 
 term to succeed himself. He afterwards served two terms 
 as member of the Assembly from the Second District of 
 Onondaga County, and three terms as State Senator from 
 the Twenty-fifth Senatorial District. It was only his posi- 
 tive refusal to accept another term that prevented the citi- 
 zens of his district from nominating him the fourth time. 
 He has several times been talked of as an available and 
 acceptable candidate for the Governor's chair, and his 
 appointment by President Harrison to the highly important 
 
NEIV VOA'A', THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 87 
 
 Collectiirship of the Port of New \'ork in SrptL'iiilicr, 1.S91, 
 met with the iini|iialified .iiiptohation of hi> ])arty. I lis 
 work while in this was (hme (iiiietly and well. His modesty 
 is certainly exceptional. He was never heartl sjieaking of 
 his services or of himself in any way. being apparently 
 indifferent to the ordinarv laudation so sweet to the ear of 
 many less prominent politicians. His absolute honesty and 
 integrity were never (jnestioned, and he i)ossessed the con- 
 fidence of the merchants of the city to the very fullest 
 extent, no matter what political creeds. 
 
 ALFRED ZUCKER. 
 
 .Mfred Zucker, the architect, was born January 25, 1S52, 
 in Freiburg, Silesia, wdiere his father, Julius Zucker, an 
 engineer of note, still resides, .\fter finishing his college 
 education, Mr. Zucker acquired his arc hitectural training in 
 tlie ]iolytechnic s( hools of Hanover, .\i\-la-(.'ha])elle, and the 
 
 for the \'ii ksburg and Meridian Railroad. In 1879 his 
 tiesigns for the .Agricultural and Mechanical College of the 
 State of Mississippi, offered in competition with others, 
 were adopted, and the trustees authorized by the Legislature 
 commissioned the young architect to carry out liis plai-.s and 
 have the building completed under his superintendence, at 
 Starkville, Miss. 'I'his college is at present one of the most 
 nourishing institutions of that character in the South, 
 (iovernor J. M. Stone, in his message to the lA'gislature in 
 January, icS8o, commended Mr. /inker for the able and 
 faithful [lerformance of the work intrusted to him. He was 
 subseipiently appointed architect in charge of the Stale 
 buildings. As such lie made a very enviable record. His 
 designs marked the beginning of a new and decidedly cred- 
 itable era in the architecture of ])ublic buildings of that 
 State. Among others, the F-ast Mississii)|>i State Insane 
 Asylum at Meridian, the Deaf ^^utcs' Institute at Jackson, 
 
 ALl'Ri:ii ZI 
 
 Berlin Academy. Upjon graduating he was detailed as 
 assistant supierintendent to the architei t in charge of the 
 construction of the government railroad de|)ot at Hanover, 
 during the years of 1872 and 1S73. He came to America 
 in the latter year and at once was engaged by A. K. Mullet, 
 then the supervising architect of the Treasury Department 
 in Washington, D. C. Mr. Zucker remained in the super- 
 vising architect's office until 1874, when he was transferred 
 to the Board of Public Works of the District of Columbia, 
 and placed in charge of the engineer's office to the auditing 
 department during the Congressional investigation into the 
 Capitol improvements under Cov. ,\lexander Shepard. In 
 1876 he went to Galveston, Texas, where he associated him- 
 self with lohn Moser, and together they designed and 
 constructed the Galveston Cotton Exchange building. He 
 opened a branch office in Vicksburg, Miss., not long there- 
 after, and was subsequently apjjointed consulting architect 
 
 the court-houses at Meridian and Corinth were designed 
 by Mr. Zucker. In December, 1882, he went to Kurojie 
 with his family to regain his health, which began to fail in 
 consequence of his incessant activity. After an extensive 
 tour of observation and study he returned to America in 
 August. 1S83. On coming to New York he associated 
 himself in business with the late Henry Fernbach, wdio died 
 in Novemlier of the same year. Mr. Zucker has continued 
 his practice in New York ever since and stands to-day in 
 the front rank of our leading architects. Of the many 
 monuments to his genius we count the Progress Club, cor- 
 ner Fifth .\\enue and 63d Street, one of the show ])laces of 
 New York. He also designed and erected the Rouss Build- 
 \x\". the Cossitt Building on lower Broadway, the Hotel 
 Majestic, the CJeraldine. the Decker Building on Union 
 Square, and the ])alatial residences of F^dward Lauterbach 
 and Leopold Weissman. He was married in 1880 to Miss 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Jean N. Brooke, of an old Southern family prominently 
 identified with the history of Mississippi. They have one 
 child, a charming daughter. 
 
 Alfred Zucker is numbered among the best known rep- 
 resentative Germans of New York. He is a member of the 
 Liederkranz Society, the Progress Club, and is actively in- 
 terested in many other organizations, social and benevolent. 
 
 ROBERT SEAMAN. 
 Mr. Robert Seaman, the well known manufacturer, was 
 born in the village of Catskill, this State, and educated in 
 the public schools there. His father, Williams Seaman, a 
 native of Jericho, L. 1., was descended from old English 
 Quaker stock that settled in that section in the seventeenth 
 century. It is even to this day a Quaker settlement and 
 Mr. Seaman possesses all the characteristics of a denomina- 
 tion famous for its good citizenship, law abiding qualities 
 and virtues almost peculiar to themselves, among them being 
 I aution, economy and Christian charity. He came to this 
 city in 1S43, being then a lad of eighteen and was at once 
 employed as clerk by Charles F. Park, of the firm of Park, 
 Smith & Bruce, wholesale grocers on West Street. After a 
 year the firm was dissolved. Smith and Bruce retired and 
 
 the new firm of Park & Seaman was established, the subject 
 of our sketch being the junior partner. He was evidently 
 progressing. This was in 1845, from which time the house 
 advanced and was pro.sperous until 1866, when Mr. Park 
 died, and business was carried on by Robert Seaman alone 
 until 1870, when he took in several of his clerks as partners 
 and the firm continued as Robert Seaman & Co., until 1885. 
 This year Mr. Seaman withdrew from active interest in the 
 concern, though still retaining a special interest. In 1S69, 
 while still in the grocery business he formed a partnership 
 with H. W. Sheppard for the manufacture of milk can stock, 
 and vessels of that kind, for the transportation of milk, by 
 rail as well as from farm houses to the cheese factory. They 
 started at 5 1 Dey Street and the business grew to such volume 
 
 that they established a factory of their own in Cireenpoint, 
 L. I. Mr. Sheppard's health being delicate from the start the 
 management rested largely with Mr. Seaman, and on the 
 retirement of that gentleman a few years ago, his death soon 
 following, Mr. Seaman assumed entire control and full 
 proprietorship in what is looked upon as a very large and 
 constantly growing manufacturing industry. Though he has 
 now been living and doing business in New York City for 
 nearly half a century, he has never forgotten his native vil- 
 lage of Catskill, but has visited the old homestead every 
 Saturday during the summer months, returning to the city 
 on Monday, as well as any short vacation he could steal 
 from his business, Mr. Seaman is the oldest director of the 
 Merchants' Exchange Bank, and is also director of the 
 Irving Savings Bank. 
 
 WILLIAM M. K. OLCOTT. 
 
 Among tlie rising lawyers of this city is ^\■illiam M. K. 
 Olcott, member of the 'firm of Olcott & Olcott. Of 
 the Olcotts there are four brothers in this city, all young 
 men of fine physique and of intellectual attainments, and 
 all of whom have succeeded in business to a marked degree. 
 Wdliam M. K. Olcott, subject of this sketch, was born in 
 this city on August 27, 1862, educated in the famous Gram- 
 mar School No. 35, was graduated in 1881 from the College 
 of the City of New York with classic honors, then from 
 Columbia College Law School, and was admitted to the liar 
 with special honorable mention, by Presiding Justice Noah 
 Davis, in October, 1883. He practised law alone until 
 May I, 1891, when, with his brother, J. Van Vechten, he 
 formed the firm of Olcott & Olcott. The Olcotts are 
 of English and Dutch stock. John N., their father, was an 
 old New York merchant, who in later years retired from 
 business and who died in 1887 at an advanced age. He was 
 born in New York City and traced his descent to the Con- 
 neciicut Olcotts of 1630, who were among the first settlers of 
 that district. Their mother was a daughter of the Reverend 
 John Knox, for many years senior pastor of the Collegiate 
 Reformed Dutch Church, in this city. Regarding the legal 
 career of Wm. M. K. Olcott much can be said in very few 
 words. It has been one of progressive prosperity. The 
 firm do no criminal business, and their practice is confined 
 chiefly to real estate matters and general litigation in the 
 State Courts. They are counsel for a number of corpora- 
 tions and estates, notable among the latter being the Hoff- 
 m in estate, which is valued at many millions. Though 
 attached to his profession Mr. Olcott finds time to con- 
 tribute now and thi^n to general literature. In his college 
 days, and even for some time after, he reported for the New 
 York Herald^ and since then has written many articles for 
 the North American Review and other periodicals. He is 
 also interested in politics. He joined the Republican Club 
 in 1884, and was its secretary from 1885 to 1889, since 
 which he has been member of its executive committee. 
 He is a director and the Secretary of the Lawyers' En- 
 gineering and Surveying Company, examining counsel of the 
 Lawyers' Title Insurance Company, director of the Bridge- 
 port Land and Improvement Company (a very success- 
 ful corporation), member of the Hudson River Yacht Club, 
 of the Alpha Delta Phi Society, the Phi Beta Kajipa, and 
 many other organizations, social, collegiate and political. 
 He was married in December, 1888, to Miss Jessie Baldwin, 
 daughter of Mr. J. H. Baldwin of New York. 
 
 FREDERICK J. LEVISEUR, M.D. 
 
 Frederick J. Leviseur was born in Cassel, Germany, on 
 January 25, i860. His father. Dr. S. Leviseur, well known 
 in educational circles as a professor of languages, is still 
 living and is in his eighty-fourth year. His mother, Helene 
 Mosenthal, was a sister of the Poet Mosenthal, author of 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 89 
 
 " Leah the forsaken " and other famous dramas. Young 
 I.eviseur began his studies in Cassel, and while there was 
 for a time schoohnate of the ])resent Km])eror of (lermany. 
 After leaving Cassel he resumed his studies in lionn and 
 subsequently in Strasbourg, where he served half a year as a 
 volunteer in the army. From Strasbourg he went to 
 GiJttingen, where he graduated in 18.84, thence to Perlin 
 and served a second mili ary term as \-olunteer physician. 
 From Berlin Dr. Leviseur, always on search after profes- 
 sional knowledge, proceeded to Vienna and there decided 
 on taking up the study of skin diseases under Professor 
 Kaposi. After spending one year under the instructions of 
 this famous physician he visited the hospitals of Paris, where 
 he continued his studies under the equally celebrated Dr. 
 Resnier. F'rom Paris he went to London and F.dinburgh, and 
 finally, after having seen much of the world and learned many 
 of its languages, arrived in this country in August, 1886, and 
 dedicated himself to the treatment of skin diseases e.xclu- 
 sively. Soon after his advent to this country he was 
 appointed dermatologist to the Randall Island Hospital. 
 l)r. Leviseur is member ot the Academy of Medicine, of the 
 County Medical Society, Cerman Medical Society, Metro- 
 politan Medical Society, the Manhattan Medical Society, 
 and the German Liederkranz. He is a frequent contributor 
 to the Medical Record and a paper of his entitled " Electro- 
 lysis in the Treatment of Skin Diseases " has attracted much 
 attention. In the New York Medical Journal h'i published 
 an article on "The Prophylaxis of Ringworm of the Scalp 
 and Favus," in which he gave his e.xperience collected 
 while treating, in consultation nith Dr. S. Baruch, a large 
 e])idemic of these diseases at the N. Y. Juvenile Asylum. 
 In Dr. ForAyct'-i Journal 0/ Cii/an oils and Geniio-Urinaiy 
 Diseases his rame appears occasionally over an article of 
 dermatological interest. In the beginning of his career in 
 this country he was assistant to Dr. Bulkley. Dr. Jackson 
 and Dr. Fox. Afterwards he became first assistant in the 
 outdoor department for skin and venereal diseases in the 
 New York Hospital. This department was at the time 
 under the care of Prof. R. Taylor, the eminent specialist, 
 who. Dr. Leviseur is proud to say, was his teacher and his 
 friend. 
 
 JOHN J. TUCKER. 
 
 John J. Tucker, the succes>ful builder, was born in 
 Shrewsbury, N. J., on February 26, 1828. He was edu- 
 cated in the public schools of New York City, and forty- 
 five years ago became connected with his uncle, Joseph 
 Tucker, in the building and contract line. Upon the 
 death of his uncle in 1852 John J., then quite a young man. 
 succeeded him, and by his ability and character soon ex- 
 tended his lines. He it was that erected the magnificent 
 Tiffany chateau and Villard houses on Madison Avenue, the 
 Lenox Library, the Stevens, Whitney, Cook, Hoyt, Fogg, 
 Downing, Gerry, Sherman and other private mansions on 
 F'ifth Avenue. Mr. Tucker was the President of the Na- 
 tional Association of Builders for 1890-91, and is President 
 of the Building Trades Club. He is a member of the com- 
 mittee on uniform contract of the National Association, a 
 trustee of the Mechanics' and Traders' Exchange, a mem^ 
 her of the executive, finance and other committees of that 
 body, and has been president of the Mason Builders' Asso- 
 ciation since its organization. He is also a director in the 
 New York Orphan Asylum, a member of the finance com- 
 mittee of the L". S. Life Insurance Co., Vice-President 
 American Employees Liability Insurance Co., an ex-director 
 of the Seventh Ward Bank, and ex-president of the General 
 Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, an institution in 
 which he is greatly interested. He is one of the oldest trus- 
 tees of the Bank for Savings in Bleecker Street, and has held 
 that position for nearly a quarter of a century. He is chair- 
 
 man of the Committee on Bonds and Mortgages for that in- 
 stitution, and has devoted much time and attention to fur- 
 thering its interest generally. Mayor Hewitt appointed 
 him an .\(|uediict Commi.ssioner in .August, 1888, and in that 
 office he has manifested an ability and courage commanding 
 the admiration and respect of his confreres in that great en 
 terjirise. Mr. Tucker was married in Belleville, N. J , on 
 A\y\\\ 17, 1856, to Miss Mary A. Spear, a daughter of 
 one of the oldest families in N'ew Jersey. His two sons, 
 Edwin and ^Valter, are associated with him in business, anti 
 clis|)lay many of the characteristics of their distinguished 
 father. 
 
 RANDOLPH GUGGENHEIMER. 
 
 Randolph Guggenheimer, Commissioner of Education, 
 was born at Lynchburg, Va., in 1848, and came to this city 
 in his bovhood. He received his preparatory education in 
 public and pri\ate schools, was graduated from the Law 
 School of ihe University of New York, and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1869. He immediately began acti\e ])ra tice 
 and soon won distinction through his ability and intellectual 
 attainments. Mr. Guggenheimer devoted his attention to 
 a general civil practice, making a specialty of real estate 
 and corporation matters, and now enjoys a wide and influ- 
 ential clientele. .Among the many important matters 
 
 R.^NDOLPH GIGGENHEIMER. 
 
 negotiated by his firm was the purchase of the American 
 breweries and other industries for the English syndicate, 
 which transaction involved over sixiy millions of dollars. 
 In 1S85 Mr. Guggenheimer admitted to partnership his two 
 brothers, Messrs. Isaac and Samuel Untermeyer, two mem- 
 bers of the bar who have contributed much toward the 
 prominence of the firm. In 1888 Ma)^or Grace appointed 
 Mr. Guggenheimer member of the Board of Education, 
 and in his capacity of Commissioner he introduced many 
 reforms, amongst others the retention of the German and 
 French languages in the schools ; also changing the admis- 
 sion age of children from five to six years. .Another 
 
9° 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 measure of his reguJated the daily sessions at 9 to 12 a.m. 
 and I to 3 P.M. Mayor Grant's reappointment of this 
 gentleman to the same position was a deserving mark of 
 recognition for the efficient and comprehensive manner in 
 which he performed the duties pertaining to the oiiice for 
 six years, and the selection was received with general public 
 approbation. Mr. Guggenheimer was married in 1876 to 
 Miss Eliza Katzenberg, and has a family of one daughter 
 and two sons, aged fifteen, fourteen and twelve respectively. 
 His wife's father, Julius Katzenberg, was formerly a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Education, and is a gentleman favor- 
 ably known throughout educational circles. 
 
 HENRY NEWMAN. 
 Henry Newman, the well known New York merchant, 
 was born in Wurtemburg, Germany. He began his busi- 
 
 from 87 Chambers street and 69 Reade street to the corner 
 of Broadway and Leonard street, tiien to 391 Broadway, 
 finally to the present magnificent structure, 628 and 630 
 Broadway, erected by Mr. Newman in 1882, and known as 
 the " New York Mercantile Exchange." This building 
 takes in a frontage of fifty feet on Broadway, running back 
 to Crosby street, and covering an area of So,ooo square 
 feet. It is an eight story building, the four lower floors 
 being occupied by the firm of Henry Newman & Co. A 
 fine feature of the structure is its lightsomeness. There is 
 not a dark corner or crevice in it. Besides window light, 
 it is lighted by a handsome ventilating skylight fifty feet 
 square placed in the centre of the building, extending from 
 the roof to the basement. The immense stock always kejjt 
 up to date coinprises every material used by merchant 
 tailors and dressmakers, from a piece of silesia to the most 
 
 HENRY 
 
 ness career as a mere youth, in 1S50, with the old 
 and solid firm of Bernheimer Brothers, then located on 
 William street, and from the first manifested such industry, 
 perseverance and fidelity that his promotion was rapid. As 
 he advanced he developed such extraordinary business 
 capacity that in 1863 he was admitted to partner.ship, and 
 the name of the firm for which he had worked as a boy was 
 changed to Bernheimer & Newman. About this time also 
 he married the daughter of his ])artner and began 
 a domestic life full of unalloyed haj^piness for both, 
 as well as for the fruit of the auspicious union. The 
 business partnership was dissolved in 1872, leaving Mr. 
 Newman head of a house which has since grown to be one 
 of the greatest in its line in the United States. The firm 
 moved according to the exigencies of its ever-growing trade 
 
 NEVVM.W. 
 
 brilliant satin, and from " Italian cloth '' to the finest serge, 
 rich velvets from Lyons and Crefeld, serges of every con- 
 ceivable variety, and, in fact, the complete assortment of 
 goods foreign and domestic that one of the best equipped 
 houses in the country can turn out. The trademark of the 
 concern is O K. As an illustration of the colossal manner 
 in which Mr. Newman does business, it may be stated that 
 at one time he bought the entire stock of the well known 
 house of Hoyt, Sprague & Co., consisting of four liundred 
 and fifty cases, or one million one hundred and thirteen 
 thousand seven hundred and fifty yards of Italian cloth, at 
 a cost, in round numbers, of $375 000. This is business in 
 the aggregate, but in details Mr. Newman is equally 
 prominent. He can tell the value of a jiiece of goods with 
 one sharp glance. He is a man of ideas essentially, and is 
 
A'EIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 91 
 
 always iiixcntiiiL; and improving, ll was he who introduced 
 to tilt trade the now jjopiihir article called "lustrene," 
 which, though, hardly distinguishable from satin, is not one- 
 fourth as dear. Mr. Newman has never allowed liimself to 
 forget that he was once a lad himself struggling for fame and 
 fortune, and he loves to surround himself in business with 
 young men of talent. Hence his |)artners to-ilay are of that 
 class, and what is more, they all entered his establ shment 
 as boys and have risen under his immediate supervision. 
 In addition to these partners are Sanclford l''riedberger and 
 Mortimer B. Newman, the former tlie nephew and tlie latter 
 the son of the head of the house, who were admitted to 
 partnership January ist, 1893. Mr. Mortimer B. Newman 
 assumes charge of the office and financial department 
 during his father's absence in Euroiu- and Mr Friedberger 
 has charge of the "small-ware dcpartinciit.' l!ut those 
 who have gained from business contact with this princelv 
 gentleman are not confined to his ])artners ; they are all 
 over the country — merchants, traders, manufacturers, many 
 of them men of national reputation. In May, 1888, the 
 firm celebrated what may be termed its silver jubilee, after 
 which Mr. Newman went on an extended Kuro])ean tri|5, 
 returning, if possible, more patrioticallv Ameiican than ever. 
 
 being awarded the A.M. degree from the same Institution. 
 His leg.il training was gained in Columbia Law School, 
 which since has conferred the Bachelor of Laws honor upon 
 him. He was innuediately called to the bar, and entered 
 the law office of Messrs. Kmott, Van ("olt iS: Jenks, with 
 whom he remainetl as managing clerk until the dissolution 
 of the firm, in I1S66, at whii h dale he formed a ])artnership 
 with the late (Irenville T. Jenks, om' of the most dis- 
 tinguished and Slice essfid ad\c)( ates of his time and one of 
 the mei whose names have added lustre to the New N'ork 
 Bar. In 1870, u|)on the death of his associate, Mr. Ward 
 Iiecame a partner of Hon. Cieo. (1. Reynolds, and when that 
 gentleman was re-elected to the liench Mr. Ward for a time 
 became associated with Hon. Albert F. Jenks, the son of his 
 former jiartner, who is now Corporation ("ounsel in Brooklyn. 
 Since 1844 Mr. Ward has pursued his professional career 
 unassociated, and has gained an envialjle re]nitation as an 
 able and successful corporation counsel. He has figured as 
 leading counsel in many ini[)ortant cor|:ioration litigations 
 
 JOHN H. THOMPSON. M.D. 
 
 Among the surgeons whose names stand high in New York 
 may be mentioned John H. Thompson. Born in the city 
 January 2, 1835, his father, William I'. Thompson, then a 
 prominent merchant, gave him all the advantages accruing 
 from a thorough classical education, first in jirivate schools, 
 then in the LTniversity of New York, where he became early 
 in life thoroughly equipped for his future lifework, that of 
 medicine, and especially surgery. F"or a few \ears after 
 leaving school he assisted his father in his mercantile busi- 
 ness, and it was not until his 26th year that he began the 
 study of medicine. For two years, under the carefid guid- 
 ance of such eminent phvsicians and surgeons as Drs. John 
 F. Ciiay, Benjamin I. Kaphael and John M. Carnochan, he 
 profited by the knowledge thus obtained and graduated 
 with the highest honors from the New York Medical Col- 
 lege in 1863. Immediately u])on graduating he was a])- 
 pointed prosector to the jirofessor of surgery in the above 
 college, and held this position during the remainder of its 
 existence. In 1S66 he became associated with Dr. L. T. 
 Warner (a ]iartner of Dr. Cray), and the intima< v thus 
 formed CdUtinued with Dr. Warner until his death in 1883. 
 In 1873 Dr. Thompson was appointed surgeon to the New 
 \'ork Homieopathic Surgical Hospital, where he remained 
 until its consolidation with ihe Hahnemann Hos])ital, on 
 March 20, 1875, when he was apjiointed surgeon to the 
 latter institution, which position he still holds. He is also 
 secretary of the medical board of the institution. He was 
 appointed visiting surgeon to the Ward's Island homoeopathic 
 hospital on its organization in 1875, and still continues in 
 ihat capacity, as well as being vice president of its medical 
 board. F'or nine years, from 1873 to 1882, Dr. Thompson was 
 lecturer on minor surgery in the New York Homa?oi)athic 
 College. He is a nicmlier of the HomcEOpathic County 
 Society and a senior member of the .American Institute of 
 HomtEopathy, also Honorary member of the New Jersey 
 Medical Club. 
 
 FREDERICK A. WARD. 
 
 Frederick A. Ward, one of the successful and distin- 
 guished members of the Bar of the Metropolis, was born at 
 Farmington. Conn., on .April i, 1841, and comes of good 
 New England ancestry. He received his preparatory educa- 
 tion at Deacon Hart's .\cademy, Farmington, entered Yale 
 College, and after a brilliant course was graduated with the 
 Bachelor of Arts degree in the class of 1862, subsecpiently 
 
 I--RRr)ERICK .\. \V..\RD 
 
 in the higher courts, and won the respect of both ISencli and 
 Bar by his brilliant legal talents. His clienliie is of Ihe 
 most desirable character, and includes railroad, financial 
 and large mercantile corporations, which place every con- 
 fidence in him. Mr. Ward's social like his professional 
 standing is a success, and leaves nothing to be desired. He 
 is a member of the Lawyers' Club of New York City and of 
 the Crescent and Hamilton Clubs of Brooklyn, where, in 
 his resident city, he has been singularly honoretl in election 
 to prominent ])ositions, being a Director of the Long Island 
 Historical Society, the New F^ngland Society, the Creen- 
 wood Cemetery .\ssociation, the Brooklyn Free I.ibraiy, 
 the Peoples' Trust Company, the Brooklyn Philharmonic 
 Society, and is Yice President of the N. Y. Alumni Associa- 
 tion of Brooklyn. Though taking a more or less active 
 interest and participation in politics, Mr, Ward has never 
 sought ])olitical honors, jireferring to devote his entire time 
 to his more lucrative urofessional career. 
 
92 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 A. H. LAIDLAW, M,D. 
 Alexander Hamilton Laidlaw, A. M., M. D., one of the 
 most distinguished physicians in New York, or for that 
 matter in the country, was born near Lanark, Scotland, on 
 July II, 1828, and arrived in thiscountry in 1833. In 1841 
 he entered the Philadelphia High School under Dr. Alexan- 
 der Dallas Bache, and graduated from that institution in 
 1845. When Dr. Bache was appointed Superintendent of 
 the Coast Survey of the United States (1842) he appointed 
 young Laidlaw one of the night meteorological observers 
 (on the Giraj-d College property) in connection with the LT. 
 S. Coast Survey, which position he held until July, 1845. In 
 this year Mr. Laidlaw became a student in the Philadelphia 
 Academy of Fine Arts, and he worked at Bank Note and 
 Historical Engraving under Josejjh Ives Pease until 1849 
 But, during t11 this period, he never entirely desisted from 
 
 nings of Massachusetts, and experimented continuously 
 with it until 1859. During 1852 he studied practical chem- 
 istry under Dr. Alfred L. Kennedy, of Philadelphia ; and, 
 during the same year, studied the application of electricity 
 to the cure of diseases under Dr. A. Paige of Boston. In 1854 
 he became a student in the Philadelphia (Allopathic) Col- 
 lege, Fifth street below Walnut, under the preceptorship of 
 Professor George Hewston. In 1857 he became a student 
 in the Homoeopathic College in Filbert street, Philadelphia, 
 having Dr. J. G. Howard as preceptor. In 1859 he issued 
 '"An .American Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Lan- 
 guage," which contained many original features. It was 
 published by Crissy & Markley, Philadelphia, and. as a 
 school book, met with prolonged success. Late in 1S56 he 
 removed to New York, and at Washington Heights estab- 
 lished the first private hospital for the cure of chronic 
 
 \. H. L.\IDLAW, .M.D. 
 
 the study of medicine in one field or another. In the Cen- 
 tral High School, under Dr. Henry McMurtrie, he had 
 commenced the study of anatomy, physiology, domestic 
 medicine and minor surgery, while chemistry and physics were 
 pursued under the direction of Prof. James C. Booth. In 
 1846 he commenced the study of hydropathy, and, after 
 1848, frequently practised it mostly under the precejitor- 
 ship of Dr. C. C. Schiefferdecker. In 1849 '^^ took position 
 as Professor of Mathematics m the New London Collegiate 
 Academy, Chester County, Pa. In 1850 he established a 
 select academy at Port F'lizabeth, Cumberland County, 
 New Jersey. In 1851 he was elected Principal of the High 
 School, Mauch Chunk, Pa. In 1852 he became Principal 
 of the Oakland, and, soon afterwards, of the Buttonwood 
 Street Grammar Schools in the city of Philadelphia. During 
 1851 he studied hypnotism under the tuition of Dr. Jen- 
 
 diseases, in which patients were permitted to have consult- 
 ations with practitioners of all schools of medicine. This 
 hospital was removed to the St. Germain Hotel, and again 
 to 38th street near Broadway, and, in 1S62, to Jersey City 
 Heights, and, in 1885 to iis present location, at 137 West 
 41st street, New York. Since 1859 Dr. Laidlaw has always 
 maintained a consulting office in New York. He was the 
 first resident practitioner of homtjeopathy on Jersey City 
 Heights, New Jersey. Early in 1863 he mastered the whole 
 scheme of galvanic and medicated baths as practised and 
 taught by the inventor. Professor Vergnes of New York 
 City. While residing in New Jersey, Dr. Laidlaw served 
 several years as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was 
 also instrumental in organizing the Hudson County Real 
 Estate Association for the purpose of advancing the public 
 weal and the real estate interests of that county. He took 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 93 
 
 an active part in all publii nio\x-mcnls Idr improving the 
 health and the homes of the |)eople. lie practised there 
 throngh the plagues of small-]50x in 1X64, the Asiatic 
 cholera of 1866 and the typhoid fever of i86cS, treating 
 many cases of these diseases with distinguished success. In 
 1864 he was tendered the presidency of the (liranl t'ollege, 
 and in 1868 he was elected to the professorship of Materia 
 Medica in the Hahnemann College of Chicago, l)Oth of 
 which were reluctantly declined. During the year 1868 he 
 was elected to the Professorship of Anatomy in the New 
 York Homoeopathic College, which serious sickness in his 
 family comijelled him to relinquish. During the winter of 
 1877-8, while attending a case of cancer, by an accident, he 
 became inoculated with the same, and it reipiired more 
 than three years of persistent effort to purify his liody and 
 blood from that malignant disease. Dr. Laidlaw has been 
 an earnest and persistent student of hom(L'0|)athy, allopathy, 
 electro])athy, eclecticism, hydrotherapeutics, meteorology, 
 climatology, hygiene, hypnotism, and also of the movement 
 rest and hunger cures ; and it is this peculiar breadth of 
 study and preiiaration extending through half a century 
 which enables him to treat all non-surgical chronic diseases 
 with remarkable success. In attempting to master all known 
 methods of curing disease, he has freciuently purchased the 
 right to use private methods of treatment in special diseases. 
 Most of these methods proved either to be worthless or to 
 be no better than those of the popular schools of jiractice ; 
 still, (|uite a large amount of valuable information was gath- 
 ered in this way, which, in some obscure and difficult cases, 
 contributed to unexpected recovery. Thus, in lhera])eutics, 
 he became a man of unlimited resource, and it is to be regret- 
 ted that an exceptionally busy life has rendered it impossible 
 for him to jjublish his original and accepted methods. In 
 October, 1865, the Doctor married Miss Anna T. Sites of 
 Philadelphia. His only daughter, Margaret Hamilton 
 l.aidlaw, died in 1873. His elder son, Alexander Hamilton 
 l.aidlaw, Jr., is a partner in the firm of George H. Dick- 
 son's Sons& Co., of this city, and George P'rederick Laid- 
 law, M.D., his younger sun, has been associated with his 
 father in office and hospital |)ractice since 1S90. 
 
 HENRY C. WEEKS. 
 
 Henry C. Weeks, the builder, was born in this city far 
 enough back in its history to recall all the liuilding 
 operations of any magnitude and to mark the steady 
 improvements all along the building lines which have been 
 effected from time to time. He is a builder by heredity, 
 and from the time he started in business, when the struc- 
 tures rai.sed were not very pretentious, until now, Mr. 
 Weeks has been engaged in erecting buildings which beau- 
 tify the city and in extensive operations generally, which a 
 quarter of a century ago were not dreamed of as possibilities. 
 'The fifth generation of the \N'eeks family is now engaged 
 in the mason's trade in New York. Mr. Weeks' father, 
 grandfather and great-grandfather before him were build- 
 ing in Hudson and other parts of Columbia County in their 
 generations and the family was well known in that section 
 of the State as builders. Hiland B. Weeks, father of the 
 subject of this sketch, came to this city in 1840, and was 
 for some years in partnership with his brother — De Witt C- 
 Weeks — probably the only mason now living who can claim 
 the longest city record in that trade. In those early times 
 Tvventy-third street was considered well up-town, and H. 
 B. Weeks built the first houses of any pretension on the 
 south side between Fifth and Sixth avenues. At that period 
 the Hippodrome occupied the present site of the Fifth 
 Avenue Hotel, and our subject remembers driving the family 
 cow to pasture on the vacant triangle where Broadway and 
 Twenty-third street iniersect, adjacent to the [iresent site of 
 the Y. M. C. A. Building, where he has had his office for 
 
 twelve years continuously, while putting up some of the 
 finest structures in the city on the plans of architects enjoy- 
 ing more than local fame. 'I'his spot is now the very centre 
 of the city, as well as of the liuilding trade. Recently hither 
 have come to locate architects, builders, the Exchange and 
 the building Trades Club, and the vicinity boasts the most 
 elegant and grandest architectural edifices in the State of 
 New York. Mr. Weeks is a member of the Exchange and 
 the Building Trades Club. 
 
 EDWIN A. McALPIN. 
 
 Colonel Edwin A. McAlpm, essentiallv a New Ycuk man 
 of affairs, was bum in this ( it\' (June 9th, 1848), as was his 
 father liefore linn, .Mr. 1 ). H. McAlpin, the well known 
 tobacco manufaiturer. The founder of the family in New 
 York, Colonel Mc.'Vljiin's grandfather, came herein i8i4and 
 ever since then the McAl|iins have been identified with the 
 growth and prosperity of the city in a very prominent way. 
 Colonel McAlpin, himself, is a man of tremendous energy 
 and great force of character, successful in everything he 
 takes in hand to do, except when on occasions he attempts 
 the imposvible in the way of trying to elect a Republi<'an 
 President, while the political current is flowing strongly the 
 other way. And yet Colonel M(.\l pin's management as 
 
 KDUl.X A MiALl'IX. 
 
 President of State League of Republican Clubs was such 
 that had success been possible he would have achieved it. 
 He is, perhaps, best known as the man who, while in com- 
 mand of the Seventy first Regiment N. G. S. N. Y., ditl so 
 much towards raismg its standard of excellence. He joined 
 this regiment in November, 1869, was made First Lieutenant 
 in May, 1875, Captain in August of the same year, was 
 promoted to Major in 1881, and finally to Colonel, com- 
 manding a post he resigned on June 30, 1887, owing to 
 business pressure, much to the regret of every man in the 
 regiment who appreciated his sterling qualities, his high 
 character and military efficiency. Colonel McAlpin is equally 
 well known in the commercial world as member of the firm 
 of D. H. McAlpin & Co. He is ex-President of the National 
 
94 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 League of Baseball Clubs of the United States, in which 
 body he takes a keen interest, as he does, in fact, in all 
 manly sports and athletic games, but more especially in 
 yachting. He is also President of the Manhattan Hotel 
 Company of New York City, President of the Ossening 
 Electrical R. R. Company, Director of the Sixth National 
 Bank, President of the Hygeia Distilled Water Comiiany, 
 President of the Sing Sing Hospital and I'ree Dispensary, 
 Director of New York Board of Trade and Transportation, 
 Director of the Eleventh Ward Bank of New York, Direc- 
 tor of the State Trust Company of New York City, and 
 President of the McAlpin Tobacco Company of Toronto, 
 Canada. Among the social, politic-al and kindred clubs of 
 which he is a member are the Union League, New York 
 Athletic, New Rochelle Yacht Club, Sing Sing Yacht Club, 
 New York Republican Club, Seventh Regiment Veteran 
 Club, the Business Men's Republican Club, and has been 
 the energetic President of the Republican League for four 
 years. It will easily be inferred from the foregoing that 
 Colonel McAlpin is a stanch Republican and stands high in 
 his party's estimation. He has been one of the New York 
 members of the Electoral College for the last twelve years, 
 and was elected Mayor of Sing Sing on the Republican 
 ticket. He is married to a daughter of the late Dr. 11 
 Brandreth, the famous patent medicine manufacturer, and 
 lives with iiis hajijiy family in Sing Sing. 
 
 JOHN BOGART. 
 
 John ISogart, an engineer of national re]iutation, was 
 born in Albany, N. Y., on the 8th of February, 1836. He 
 is of Dutch ancestry and holds jjarchment patent for lands 
 purchased from the Indians in Ulster County when 
 Benjamin Fletcher was Covernor of the Colony. His im- 
 mediate ancestors settled in 1642. He was educated in the 
 A!l)any Academy, and thence was transferred to Rutgers 
 College, whence he graduated as B.A. in i<353. The degree 
 of M.A. was conferred upon him subsequently. Leaving 
 his Alma iSLater, he became civil engineer, not from choice, 
 but because he was in delicate health, and it was thought 
 the outdoor e.xercise incidental to that profession would 
 restore it. Displaying ability of a high order, he was 
 employed profess onally in the construction of new lines 
 for the New York Central Railroad, in the work of enlarg- 
 ing and reconstructing the State canals, and also in the 
 original construction of the Central Park. Mr. Bogait 
 served through the war as an engineer. He constructed 
 the heavy fortifications on the Rip Raps in Hampton Roads 
 and was present at the historic fight between the Monitor 
 and the Merriraac. After the war he returned to civil 
 engineering and met with brilliant success. He was chief 
 engineer of Brooklyn's beautiful Prospect Park and held 
 the same position in connection with the Department of 
 Public Parks of New Y'ork from 1872 to 1877. He 
 designed the park at Albany and was connected with 
 ihe Public Works of New Orleans, Nashville, Chicago and 
 other cities. He was the resident engineer in charge of the 
 construction of the great Washington Bridge over the 
 Harlem River. He was elected State engineer in 1887, 
 and u|)on the resignation of General Newton in the fall of 
 1 888 declined an offer to succeed that gentleman as Com- 
 missioner of Public Works. He is now the consulting 
 engineer of the Cataract Construction Company developing 
 the water power of the Falls of Niagara, a work which, 
 both in its own unparalleled magnitude and in its certain 
 influence upon the production and transmission of electric 
 power, will be one of the world's wonders. He is also the 
 consulting engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission of 
 New York, of the Commission to store and develop the 
 water power of the Genesee River, of the State Board of 
 Health of New York, and of various other minor works. 
 
 His paper on engineering feats published in Siiibners 
 AIa;i;az!i!e is of great interest. He is a member of the 
 Century, the University, the .St. Nicholas, the Engineers' 
 Clubs, also of the Holland and St. Nicholas Societies, is 
 major and engineer of the Third Brigade of the National 
 Guard, and has been for years an active officer of the 
 American Society of Civil Engineers 
 
 F. H. BOYNTON, M.D. 
 Dr. Frank H. Boynton was born in Ontario, Wayne 
 Coimty, N. Y., on July 20, 1850. His father, Lorenzo R. 
 Boynton, was a farmer. The village school of his native 
 place furnished him with his earlier education. He spent a 
 short time afterwards in Brockport Normal School and then 
 entered into that larger field of study com|)rised in a medical 
 education. For two years he attended the lectures at the 
 Homoeopathic College, commencing in October, 1872. After 
 his graduation he became resident and visiting surgeon to 
 the dispensary attached to the New York Homoeopathic 
 College. This position he retained for two years, graduating 
 meanwhile from the Ophthalmic Hospital College in the class 
 of 1875. His history from that time on has been one of 
 continuous, hard but successful and appreciated work. He 
 was apjjointed clinical assistant, then assistant surgeon and 
 six years later full surgeon to the Ophthalmic Hospital. One 
 of the stepping stones to his future was that of lecturer to the 
 Ophthalmic College Hospital. In 1881 he was appointed 
 professor in the same college, later a member of the Board 
 of Senior Surgeons, then a member of the Board of (joverning 
 Surgeons, and finally a member of the Board of Directors. 
 In 1878 Dr. Boynton was appointed Professor of Cijhthal- 
 mology and Otology in the New York Medical College 
 and Hospital for Women, and in 1890 was appointed Pro 
 lessor of Ophthalmology in the New York Homoeopathic 
 College, which two latter positions he holds at present. He 
 is a member of the different Homoeopathic Societies, etc., 
 the .\merican Institute of Homoeopathy and the County and 
 State Homoeooathic Societies. 
 
 THOMAS E. MURRAY. 
 
 Thomas E. Murray, Justice of the Eleventh Civil Dis- 
 trict Couit, is the youngest man on the bench in New York 
 City. He was born in i860, and is now, therefore (1892) 
 only thirty-two years old. But if the youngest it does not 
 follow that he is the least, for to-day there is no one on the 
 bench in New York more respected for his ability as a law- 
 yer or man of high character, generally, than Judge Murray. 
 He was educated in the public schools and graduated in 
 1880 from the Columbia I. aw School. He was, however, 
 too young for admission to the bar and had to wait until he 
 had attained his majority in the year following before he 
 began to practise. It is a matter of ])ride to the Judge that 
 though so young he left the Columbia Law School with high 
 honors. Soon after his admission to the bar he was 
 a])pointed clerk in the Yorkville Police Court and resigned 
 in 18S7 when elected to his present position as Judge of the 
 Eleventh District Court. In partnership with Mr. William 
 Allen, Judge Murray has a good law practice of the very 
 best kind which is always increasing. The Judge has a very 
 agreeable personality. He is of medium height, with dark 
 hair and eyes, can tell an elegant story and is naturally 
 witty. Hence he is a popular club man. He is also an 
 adherent of the drama and seldom misses a first night. This 
 bent of his genius throws him into association with authors, 
 actors, ]3oets, dramatic writers and the literati generally. It 
 is said of Judge Murray, in fact, that were he not so good a 
 lawyer he would be open to the charge of having missed his 
 vocation, as he jjossesses literary talent of a high order. He 
 is a member of the .Athletic and other clubs, social, iiolitical 
 and benevolent. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 95 
 
 "'%> 
 
 WILLARD PARKER. 
 Rom September 2, iNoo. DieJ, April 2--,. iNS^. 
 
96 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 CHARLES W. MACKEY. 
 
 Charles W. Mackey was born in Franklin County, Pa., 
 on November 19, 1842. Within the thirty years of his 
 manhood he has been famous for many successful achieve- 
 ments in various fields of endeavor. He is a speaker of 
 much force and eloquence, a writer of acknowledged 
 ability, a soldier who fought for the Union, and a success- 
 ful lawyer. Mr. Mackey is of Scotch-Irish descent, with a 
 fine dash of conservative Teutonic blood. Mackey is an 
 old Scottish clan, and was well known in the time of Robert 
 the Bruce as helping to make Scottish history. Mr. Mac- 
 key's great-uncle, John, settled in Chester County, Penn., in 
 1765, and was delegate to the convention that framed the 
 first constitution of Pennsylvania. His father was born in 
 Port Deposit, Cecil County, Md., April 21, 1791, and, with 
 his brothers, William and Thomas, served against the 
 
 with which he served as First Lieutenant until July, 1863, 
 when he was honorably discharged. He served on the staff 
 of General McCall, at another time on the staff of General 
 E. O. C. Ord, and was engaged in all the battles of the 
 Army of the Potomac with his command, excepting two. 
 He fought in the bloody and decisive battle of Gettysburg. 
 After leaving the army Secretary C^hase appointed him 
 Sjjecial U. S. Treasury Agent for the District of Eastern 
 Virginia and North Carolina ; but this position he resigned 
 in August, 1865, and resumed his legal studies. He was 
 called to the bar the same month, and on December 
 5, 1875, admitted to membership in the Supreme Court of 
 the United Slates. He was not long engaged in the active 
 practice of this profession when he became one of its 
 leaders, and took part in many of the most important cases 
 tried in the State of Pennsylvania. Having achieved success 
 
 CHARLES W. MACKEY. 
 
 British in the war of 1812-14. His father before him (Mr. 
 Mackey's grandfather) served in the Continental army 
 during the war of the Revolution, and as the subject of this 
 sketch served in the Union army during the war of the 
 Rebellion. Through his grandmother, Kaziah Rebecca 
 Murphy, of Tyrone, Ireland, he inherits his strain of bright 
 Irish blood, and through his mother, Julia Ann Fagundus, 
 he is descended from good German stock. The Fagundas 
 family, originally from Frankfort-on-the-Main, settled in 
 Pennsylvania in 1732. Mr. Mackey learned how to print 
 when a mere boy, published a newspaper while still in his 
 teens, and at the age of eighteen entered the office of his 
 brother-in-law, the Hon. Charles E. Taylor, to study law. 
 On the outbreak of the war (1861) he, with other young 
 men, organized the "Venango Grays," afterward Company 
 C, of the Tenth Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, 
 
 as a lawyer, Mr. Mackey ne.xt sought and won wealth and 
 distinction as an organizer of stock companies and financial 
 enterprises covering manufactures and railroads. As Attor- 
 ney for the Alleghany Valley Railroad of Pennsylvania he 
 was thrown a good deal in contact with capitalists, and 
 gradually became a great projector and organizer himself. 
 He was one of the organizers, President or Vice-President, 
 of the Olean, Bradford and Warren Railroad ; the Pitts- 
 burg, Bradford and Buffalo Railroad ; the Cincinnati and 
 South Eastern Railroad, the Pittsburg and Western Rail- 
 road, the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad. He organ- 
 ized and was a director and large stockholder in the 
 American Oxide Co., of Franklin, Penn., and is Vice- 
 President of the Shenango Coal and Mining Co., Vice- 
 President of the Sterling Steel Co. of Pittsburg, and 
 Vice-President of the Anglo-American Oxide Co. He 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 97 
 
 organized and was President of the C\)luniliia Gas I,iglit 
 and Fuel Co., which conducted natural gas from Pennsyl- 
 vania to Youngstown, O. He organized the Franklin 
 Natural Gas Co., of which he was elected President He 
 also organized and was elected President of the American 
 Axe anci Tool Co., which has thirteen factories in the 
 United States and sells its wares in every market in the 
 civilized world. He is Vice-President of the Sterling 
 Steel Co., which manufactures the higher grades of steel, 
 anti leads the world in the manufacture of armor-piercing 
 projectiles, for which they at present carry heavy contracts 
 from the United States and many foreign governments. 
 Mr. Mackey likewise organized the National Saw Co., 
 the National Lead Trust, and the Columbia Spring Co. 
 Mr. Mackey is a strong and consistent Republican. As a 
 national stump speaker of the first-class he is in demand. 
 He was Congressional candidate for the Twenty-seventh 
 District of Pennsylvania in 1884 and again in 1886, but 
 was defeated by an inexhaustible corruption fund. While 
 Mr. Mackey's business relations rec^uire his residence in 
 New York City, he still continues his connection with the 
 law firm of Mackey, Forbes & Hughes, of F'ranklin, Penn., 
 of which city he has been Mayor, City Solicitor for tliree 
 terms, and a member of the City Council for several years. 
 He is a Past Commander of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, Past Commander of Knights Kemplar, and has 
 held high positions in the Masonic order. He is a member 
 of the Military Order of the Loyal 1 egion. May 20, 
 1872, he was appointed a Captain in the National Guard of 
 Pennsylvania by Governor Hartranft, which commission he 
 resigned in 1873 by reason of business engagements. He 
 has visited Euro])e four times, and lias travelled widely 
 on the Continent. He married Lauretta Baines Fay, of 
 Columbus, O., who is a daughter of Cyrus Paige Fay, a 
 scion of an old Amer'can family of Revolutionary fame. 
 He has six children. 
 
 HENRY W. CROUSE. 
 
 Two years ago the pearl button industry scare ely existed 
 in this country save in name. \\\ the whole of the United 
 States there were but eleven factories and these employed 
 very few hands, while their aggregated capital was less than 
 $50,000. To-day this industry is one of the most important 
 in the country. One of the factories which have sprung 
 into existence since the passage of the McKinley Bill in 
 1890 is controlled by the Standard Pearl Button Com])any, 
 Limited, of Detroit. Michigan. This establishment employs 
 600 hands, has a cai)ital of $600,000, and an output of 5,000 
 gross per day. Mr. Henry \V. Crouse is its chief promoter, 
 with his headipiarters in New York, which city is the dis- 
 tributing point of the factory. Under his skilful manage- 
 ment the number of employes in the factory has been 
 doubled and the output correspondingly increased. 
 
 Mr. Crouse was born in Reading, Penn., May 21, 1851. 
 He was educated in the high school of that city, graduating 
 second in his class. He then completed the classical course 
 in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., but, contrary to the 
 expectations of his friends, decided to engage in a mercan- 
 tile life. After leaving the college Mr. Crouse made the 
 tour of the world, including Europe, Egypt, Palestine, In- 
 dia, China and Japan. Upon his return, in 1872, he 
 entered the house of John Thornton & Co., the largest im- 
 porters of ]jearl buttons in New York and Philadelphia. He 
 was most successful as a salesman, mastered all the details 
 of the business, and on a number of occasions was sent to 
 Europe to purchase goods. For four years he had charge 
 of a pearl button factory, which the firm started as an ex- 
 periment. By reason of the low tariff, the factory was 
 abandoned and the firm reverted to importing. Neverthe- 
 less, Mr. Crouse felt that under a dift'erent tariff the indus- 
 
 try must succeed, and accordingly, in tlu- fall of 1891, when 
 the firm of John Thornton iv Co. was dissolved, Mr. Crouse 
 went to Detroit to investigate a pearl button concern which 
 existed in that city. lie became interested in the concern, 
 placed his own cajntal in it, persuading his friends to do the 
 same, and, with his practical knowledge of the industry, 
 made it the leading factory of its kind in the United States, 
 under the name above given. From that time instead of a 
 few hands the com|)any has employed hundreds and, ac- 
 cording to the highest authorities, has [iroduced the best 
 pearl Inittons in the country. They are much superior to 
 foreign goods and find a market in every State in the Union. 
 If the tariff be not tampered with the factory has the ]iros- 
 
 IIENRV W. CROl'SE. 
 
 pect of assuming magnificent proportions, but in the event 
 of a change, Mr. Crouse believes the most advantageous 
 ])lan would be to transfer the factory to the other side of 
 the Atlantic. Mr. Crouse was married in 1872 to the 
 daughter of John Thornton. She is since deceased. In 
 January, 1891, he was married to a niece of Hon. Samuel 
 Booth, one of Brooklyn's most respected citizens, who was 
 mayor of the city for two terms and effected many reforms. 
 Mr. Crouse is a member of the Methodist Church. He is every- 
 where respected as a man of integrity and force of charac- 
 ter, and as such we believe he will win succeSs upon suc- 
 cess in his future career. 
 
 JOHN W, VROOMAN. 
 
 The Hon. lohn W. Vrooinan, the prominent Republican 
 and man of affairs, like so many men who have become 
 famous and successful, was raised on a farm, and in order to 
 acquire the education that was to equip him for the battle of 
 life, had to surmount extraordinary difficulties. Neverthe- 
 less the Vroomans are among the best families of the State, 
 and though his father was too poor to send him to college 
 he could boast of good descent. John W. was born in the 
 town of German Flats, Herkimer County, N. Y., on March 
 28, 1844. The Vroomans came over with the first Dutch 
 settlers from Holland, and settling in the fiercely contested 
 
98 
 
 JV£IF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Mohawk Valley, furnished their share of achievements to its 
 Iiloodstained annals. At the burning of Schenectady, on 
 February 9, 1690, by the Indians, the records show that 
 Bartholemus Vrooman was "kildand burnt, and Harent ye 
 Sonne of Adam Vrooman was taken prisoner and carried to 
 Canada." John W. Vrooman traces his pedigree back to 
 Count Egmont, the famous Flemish General, w'hose execu- 
 tion by the Spaniards in 1568 led up to the revolt that 
 annihilated Spanish power in the Netherlands. His (Vroo- 
 man's) grandmother was a Casler, and closely related to the 
 brave General Herkimer and other leading families of the 
 Mohawk Valley. What early education he obtained was 
 snatched from adverse circumstances in the intervals of farm 
 labor, but the indomitable spirit of the lad triumphed over 
 all difficuliies, and we find h m teaching as well as stud)ing 
 in the district schools, in order to arrive at the means for a 
 higher education. At the age of eighteen he entered Judge 
 Ezra Graves' office, in Herkimer, as law student, teaching 
 school meanwhile, but when the war broke out (he was then 
 nineteen) he joined the volunteer Navy of the United States, 
 
 and he with it he ran 15,000 votes ahead of his ticket. He 
 was Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1892. 
 In a pecuniary sense, the democratic flood tide which 
 temporarily swamped the Republican party was a benefit to 
 Mr. Vrooman, for it gave him more time to dedicate 10 his 
 private affairs. Before this, however, he was elected Treas- 
 urer of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association of New 
 York, and ("hairman of its Executive Committee (1890). 
 This important position was entirely un ought by him and 
 was a tribute to his ability and integrity which he accepted. 
 .Mthough Mr. Vrooman lives in Herkimer County, his busi- 
 ness and social relations are all in New Yurk City, where he 
 is well known and highly respected. He is a Trustee of the 
 Holland Society, and of the New York State Volunteer Fire- 
 men's Home, a member of the Republican Club, the Lotos 
 Club, the Farragut Naval Veteran Association, the Aaron 
 Helmer Post, G. A. R.. of Herkimer, and honorary member 
 of the Brooklyn Monlauk Club. He is an earnest member 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and takes much interest 
 in Sunday-school and Y. M. C. A. matters. He is also a 
 
 JOHN W. VROOMAN. 
 
 and served on board the " Vanderbili " until 1864, when 
 that steamer joined the Nonh Atlantic blockading squadron 
 and he as one of her crew took part in the two" battles of 
 Fort Fisher. After the war he was honorably discharged, 
 and resuming his law studies, was called to the bar (in 1866) 
 and began taking an active part in Republican politics. In 
 November, 1867, he married Anna Ford, of Mohawk, and in 
 the year following was appointed Chief Clerk to the Surro- 
 gate of Herkimer County, a position he held for ten years, 
 until (1876) he was appointed Deputy Clerk of the Assembly. 
 In 1877 he was Chairman of the Herkimer County delega- 
 tion to the Rochester Convention, and was elected member 
 of the Republican State Committee, and in 1878 was elected 
 Clerk to the Senate, which post he occupied with honor 
 until 1878, having been re-elected five consecutive terms. 
 He declined to stand as candidate for the sixth term, where- 
 upon the State Senate presented him with a set of resolutions 
 of which any American citizen might be proud. In Sep- 
 tember, i89i,he was nominated for Lieutenant (lovernorof 
 the State of New York, and althoughhis party was defeated 
 
 Mason of high standing and Member of the Iroquois Chapter, 
 No. 236, Royal Arch Masons, at llion, N. Y., of the Utica 
 Commandery, No. 3, Knights Templar, in LUica. 
 
 WARNER VAN NORDEN. 
 
 Mr. Warner Van Norden, President of the Bank of 
 North America, with a national reputation as a financier, 
 was born in this city on July 2, 1841. In his veins flows the 
 blood of the oldest Dutch and Huguenot families in the 
 State. His ancestors on both sides of the house came over 
 when this country was young. The names of their descend- 
 ants since then are written on almost every page of New 
 York's early history, while in later times they have taken 
 prominent positions in both its social and commercial life. 
 
 On the Huguenot or maternal side Mr. Van Norden 
 comes from Abraham de la Noy and Jean JNIonsiner de la 
 Montagnie, French noblemen, who. as their names indicate, 
 held social rank in their native country ere Louis XIV. 
 revoked the Edict of Nantes, which sent the cream of 
 his subjects to find the religious toleration abroad denied 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 99 
 
 tht-m at home. Montagnie served under Stuyvesant as 
 Governor of Fort Orange (Albany) and at once became 
 prominent in the affairs of New Amsterdam. The Van 
 Nordens reached this country in 1640, and settled in Petrus 
 Stuyvesant's City. One of the most celebrated progenitors 
 of Mr. Van Norden, through his mother, was, however, the 
 Rev.Dr.Kverardus Bogardus,who began to preach in 1633 in a 
 church within the fort, near where the Battery is now situated. 
 He is often referred to in the history of New Amsterdam, 
 and represented as a man of unyielding principles and 
 remarkable abilities. He was the first Dutch "Dominie" 
 and Presbyterian minister of New Amsterdam, And here 
 it may be stated, incidentally, that Mr. Van Norden, his 
 descendant, the subject of this sketch, is also an active Pres- 
 byterian, and was for many years President of the Presby- 
 terian Union of New York City. As descendant of this Dr. 
 Bogardus he is one of the x^neke Jans heirs, who have been 
 for years engaged in the famous suit for the ownership of 
 the vast Trinity Church property, and it is also as his 
 descendant, as well of the Van Nordens, that he is related 
 by blood or marriage to such ijrominent Knickerbocker 
 families as the Van Nests, the Roomes, Kips, Kiersteds, 
 Waldrons and Vermilyes. He is great-grandson of Adriance 
 Hoghland, who in his time owned all the land now occupied 
 by Riverside Park, long known as the I)e Kay Farm. 
 
 Mr. Van Norden, while a mere youth, was placed in 
 charge of the New Orleans branch of a New York com- 
 mercial house, and soon after went into business on his own 
 account. He was a very steady young man, a Christian in 
 the most jiractical sense, used neither li<|uor nor tobacco, 
 was possessed of great force of character and executive 
 ability, and he succeeded from the start. He was elected 
 president of a bank in the Crescent City, and inducements 
 were held out for him to remain, but seeing in the Metropolis 
 w der scope for his talents he returned hither in 1876 and 
 engaged in private banking, railroading and other financial 
 enterprises. In January, i8gi, he was elected President of 
 the Bank of North America, one of the most solid institu- 
 tions in the city and country. He is besides connected in a 
 prominent way with many other monetary concerns, is 
 director of the Home Insurance Com])any, the Holland 
 Trust Company, the American Savings Bank, a Wisconsin 
 banking house, the Mobile and Ohio Railroad Company, 
 President of the South Yuba Water Com]iany, is member of 
 the Chamber of Commerce, Vice-President of the Holland 
 Society and member of the Metropolitan and Lawyers' Clubs. 
 As already stated, Mr. Van Norden is a practical Chris- 
 tian who takes a keen and active interest in religious work. 
 He is a trustee both of his Presbytery and Synod, and one of 
 the foremost of ruling elders. He has frequently served in 
 the Judicatories and is member of the Committee on Church 
 Extension. He is likewise a member of the Board of For- 
 eign Missions, a Director of the American Tract Society, 
 of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 
 and Trustee of Palmira College. 
 
 Personally, Mr. Van Norden is a man of splendid phy- 
 sique and fine constitution. He is a great traveller, a lover 
 of art and literature, and, as may be seen by his home, which 
 is adorned with paintings, sculptures and contains a hand- 
 some library, is a man of cultivated tastes. Socially, he and 
 his family move in the very highest circles. 
 
 ALFRED TAYLOR. 
 
 Among the successful lawyers of this city is Alfred 
 Taylor, a";M., LL.B. He was born in Marlton. N. J., on 
 September 1 1, 1848. and is descended from p:nglish ancestors 
 of the early Colonial times, belonging to the denomination 
 of the Society of F"riends, or Quakers. His father, Samuel 
 Taylor, was in his day one of the most distinguished citizens 
 of New Jersey, and served three terms as a member of the 
 
 State Legislat\nc. He was a sirong Republic an in politics. 
 Alfred Taylor, after a training in common schools, at an 
 early age, entered Hucknell University, located at I,ewisl.\irg, 
 Pa. Hard application kept him in the front rank. In the 
 literary societies, as a graceful, convincing sjieaker, a strong, 
 ready debater, a keen, pleasant wit, merciless in onslaught, 
 yet generous and kind withal, he showed those (|ualities 
 which ha\e wrought for him the great success of his after 
 life. He graduated with high honors, is a member of the 
 .'Miimni Association and was two years its I'resident. lie 
 is a member of the Board of 'Prustees of the University, an<l 
 frequently orator before the Alumni at their commencement 
 exercises and annual reunions. He is a member of the 
 Sigma Chi fraternity, and at the Biennial Convention of all 
 the colleges at Washington, in 1S90, lie was elected its \'ice- 
 Crand Consul. After leaving the University (1866), he was 
 principal of the public school in his native village, studying 
 law meanwhile, and in 1871 graduated from the Law De])art- 
 ment of Columbia College, NewYork,\vith the degree of LL.B. 
 
 AI.KKICD T.\VI-()R. 
 
 Admitted to the bar the same year, Mr. Taylor at once 
 entered on the practice of his profession, and by sheer force 
 of ability pushed his way upward. In 1878 he was appointed 
 counsel to the Bank Superintendent in this city, and in 1880 
 formed a copartnership with Mr. Frederick S. Parker, and 
 the firm under the name of Taylor & Parker, with offices at 
 Broad and Wall Streets, do a large and ever increasing busi- 
 ness, having among their clients many banks and great 
 corporations, as well as private individuals, not only in New 
 York, but in various parts of the country. He has been 
 engaged in many important cases, not only in the highest 
 courts of this State, but also in the Supreme Court of the 
 LInited States, to which he was admitted to practice in 1883, 
 and in the Courts of New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut 
 and Pennsylvania. He is well known as an organizer of 
 successful financial enterprises, and in fact, though admittedly 
 an able lawyer, he is a capable business man as well, as is 
 fully illustrated by his career. He is also a polished orator, 
 
JV£IF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 is a prominent Mason, and loves to travel for relaxation from 
 arduous labors. He has been in nearly every State of the 
 Union, and sojourned in Europe, British America and 
 Alaska. Mr. Taylor is a member of the I.otos Club, Union 
 League Club, one of the General Committee of the Baptist 
 Congress, and many other social and political organizations, 
 A thorough student of the law, a graceful speaker, clear in 
 analysis, forceful in argument, he has won high position at 
 the bar. 
 
 THEODORE P. HOWELL. 
 
 Among what may be termed the great firms of New 
 York is that of T. P. Howell & Co., the wholesale leather 
 dealers, the largest firm of that character in the United 
 States, perhaps in the world. 
 
 Theodore Pike Howell, the founder of the house, was 
 born at Luccasunna Plains, Morris County, N. J., January 
 6, 1819. His father was Jacob Drake Howell, of the 
 United States Army, who died in 1826. The Howells, as 
 indicated by the name, come from Welsh ancestry. The 
 originator of the name was Ynyr Ap Howell, a prince or 
 chief of that principality, wlio flourished in the twelfth 
 century, and is mentioned in Welsh annals of the time 
 (A. D. 1 150) as Ynyr O'lal, from his possessions in the 
 
 they liad purchased outside the city. Soon after Mr. S. M. 
 Howell died, and T. \V. Uawson was received into the firm, 
 which in 1855 was organized as a stock company, with T. 
 P. Howell as President. Henceforth the trade of the firm 
 grew to such an extent that they were compelled to erect 
 their present immense works in Middletown, N. Y. Origin- 
 ally a Whig, Mr. Howell joined the Reiniblicans when that 
 party was called into existence. He ran as the first Repub- 
 lican candidate for Mayor of Newark in 1856, but with his 
 party suffered defeat. Mr. Howell was physically a man 
 of splendid presence, and morally of high character. Henry 
 Clay Howell, his eldest son, and present head of the firm, 
 was born in Newark on October lo, 1845. He was edu- 
 cated in the Newark and Bloomfield academies, and entered 
 his father's employ in 1861. In 1865 he was admitted to 
 partnership, and assumed charge of the New York sales 
 department. When the elder Mr. Howell died, in 1878, 
 Henry Clay Howell, with his brother Samuel C, took 
 charge, and established agencies in every important indus- 
 trial centre in the world. Samuel C. Howell has charge of 
 the manufacturing department, and spares no pains to 
 uphold the standard of the house, and to improve upon it 
 when possible by the employment of the most skilful 
 hands and the introduction of the most improved machinery 
 money can buy. 
 
 '^tt; 
 
 T. P. HOWELL. 
 
 territory of Yale. The first of the family to settle in this 
 country was Edward Howell, who owned 500 acres of land 
 in Lyme, Conn., in 1609, but removed subsequently to Long 
 Island, and settled on the " Connecticut Farms." Mr. 
 Howell, subject of this sketch, was educated in the private 
 academy of the Rev. Stephen R. Grover, of Caldwell, N. J., 
 and after com])leting his education entered the emjjloy of 
 Smith & Wright, harnessmakers, of Newark, N. f., and 
 afterwards the establishment of his uncle, S- M. Howell, 
 where he mastered tlie details of tanning and currying. 
 His uncle took him into partnership in 1S40, and the firm 
 was known under the style of S. M. & T. P. Howell. In 
 1846 their premises were destroyed by fire, and immediately 
 after they erected extensive buildings on five acres of land 
 
 NORMAN L. MUNRO. 
 
 With the New York Ledger and New York Weekly 
 enjoying a prosperous existence as serial story ])apers and 
 an immense circulation the man was rash who would enter 
 the lists to compete with them for jniblic favor, even were 
 he a millionaire capable of advertising as extensively as he 
 lileased and paying the highest prices in the market to the 
 best authors. What, then, shall we say of a poor man, a 
 young man, without friends or backers, entering the lists ? 
 And yet there was such an audacious individual and h's 
 name is Norman L. Munro, and what is more he succeeded 
 and his Family Story Paper and other ])ublications are now 
 known all over the civilized world. Surely such a man as 
 that deserves space in this history of celebrities. Norman 
 L. Munro was born in 1843, in the small town of Millbrook, 
 Pictou County, Nova Scotia. Like many others who have 
 achieved fame and fortune in New York he comes of sturdy 
 farmer's stock. Arrived in this city at the age of twenty- 
 five he possessed little besides a splendid constitution, 
 indomitable energy, a good character and untiring perseve- 
 rance. But these were enough. His first employment was 
 obtained in a publishing house in a very subor- 
 dinate capacity, but he kept his bright brains 
 working and his eyes open and learned the details 
 of the business thoroughly. He saw his employer 
 growing rich day by day, and resolving that he too should 
 be a publisher he saved what he could from a small salary 
 as the capital to begin business on. Keeping his ultimate 
 object in view, but saying nothing about it to even his 
 friends, lest they might laugh at him, he worked unceasingly, 
 storing his mind with the practical details of every depart- 
 ment for future use. By rigid economy and the strictest 
 self denial he saved a sum of money which appeared in his 
 eyes, at the time, a sufficient capital to start on, but which 
 to-day would jirobably not pay the cost of the postage stamps 
 he uses for a single mail. At lengtli the time came when he 
 informed his employer he could serve him no longer, as 
 he was about to start out on his "own hook" in the pub- 
 lishing business. And so Norman L. Munro went out 
 of his employer's office, walked downtown to the dingy, 
 narrow, cramiied building. No. 169 William Street, and 
 there launched the Family Story l^aper. But the dingy 
 building was not the worst of it. The times were out of 
 joint. It was in September, 1873, when Wall Street was in 
 
NEW yORk\ TJIE METROrOI.IS. 
 
 a pnnic and the Stock Exchange a howling hcillani, when 
 men got up in the morning millionaires and went to bed the 
 same night paupers. It was on the very day when the crisis 
 reached its climax that the first number of the New York 
 Family Story Paper was given to the public. The big and 
 prosperous weeklies already in existence either sneered at 
 the venture or treated it with silent contem|it, one of them 
 terming it " an insignificant rural sheet." lUit Mr. Munm 
 was not trovd)led about this. He sent out his pai)er on its 
 merit, and the people, who are the supreme judges of merit, 
 took to it and it increased in circulation, at first slowly, 
 then more rapidly, all the time cutting into its rivals, until 
 now it prints 400,000 copies a week to supply an ever in- 
 creasing demand, and has added several other weeklies in 
 lighter vein to the great and original Family Story Paper. 
 The difficulties that he had to surmount, the obstacles 
 he had to overcome were very great. His growing business 
 obliged him to leave William Street, and occupy 28 and 30 
 Beekman Street, where he was burned out in February, 1876. 
 
 We can easily picture Mr. Munro, just as he had turned 
 the corner on the road to prosperity, gazing at his costly manu- 
 script and his plant go up in smoke. It was in this emer- 
 gency that he really showed the materials of which he was 
 made. The editions of his various j)ul>lications were ready 
 for distribution by the news companies when the fire broke 
 out and destroyed them. Within an hour after Mr. Munro's 
 arrival on the scene he made up his mind what to do, and 
 gising sharp, decisive orders to his employes standing 
 ,1 round him, the labor of replacing the consumed editions 
 was in full oi>eration, and the New York Family Story Paper 
 and his other publications ai)peared on the stands on time. 
 
 He moved into 74 Beekman Street after the fire, but that 
 building becoming inadequate Mr. Munro erected the jjres- 
 ent magnificent structure on Vandewater Street, which is a 
 fit home for one of the greatest publishing houses in the 
 country. His own office is on the ground floor, where he is 
 accessible to all, unlike many publishers who care not to 
 ( onie in personal contact with authois, artists and peo])le 
 generally who have business in such a concern. In March, 
 1S95, the upper part of the new building was gutted by fire 
 and much damage done, but this time, while some incon\ cn- 
 lence was caused, Mr. Munro looked upon the destrut tion 
 with comparative equanimity, feeling the security that re- 
 sources all but limitless bestow, and though his lo>s was 
 greater than in 1876 it was merely a trifle uniler the new and 
 l)rosperous conditions surrounding him. A man who spends 
 $1,000 a day in advertising can afford to look calmly on a 
 fire that destroys only |!ioo,ooo worth of his property. And 
 speaking about advertising he does more of it and spends 
 more money in it than, perhaps, any other publisher in the 
 world. Thus in one year (1885) he printed and gave away 
 to each one of the Family Story Paper subscribers 
 15,600,000 novels, or one for each copy of the 
 vear. Nor are the stories thus presented mere 
 productions of the moment. Among those given away 
 are translations of the best works of the jounger Dumas, 
 Octave Feuillet and other great authors. And again, every 
 new story in the Family Story Paper is advertised by an 
 eight page sample copy, a facsimile of the paper itself. Mil- 
 lions of such papers are constantly distributed in every city, 
 town and Canada, by a staff of employes kept on the road 
 for that purpose. Mr. Munro himself is a splendid looking 
 man, of fine physique, of good intellectual features, tall, com- 
 manding, one who looks like the master of men — ultimately, 
 a man full of energy and resolution. He lives on Fifty- 
 seventh Street, near Fifth .\venue, in a magnificent mansion, 
 he is the owner of the famous yacht " Norwood," built for 
 himself according to his instructions, and he enjoys the 
 wealth and distinction that fortune alwavs bestows on a 
 man of his genius. 
 
 ROBERT L. DARRAGH. 
 
 Robert \.. Darragh, the po|)ular and successful builder, 
 was born in New York City, May 26, 1825. He was edu- 
 cated in the public s( IkioIs of the city, and learned his 
 trade as mason with his father, William Darragh, who was 
 also a well-known builder of his day, and was foreman in 
 the construction of the Spring Carilen Water Works when 
 iiuh twenty )'ears of age. In March, 1848, he entered into 
 |iartneisliip with .Mr. .\bram .\. .\ndruss, and the firm of 
 Aiidni'-s iV Darragh flourished as builders and ( milrartors 
 lor se\enteen years, when the partnershi]) was dissolved, 
 and Mr. Darragh i:ontinued business on his own account. 
 For forty-five years, without any interru])tion, Mr. Darragh 
 has pursued his calling, lie has always been successful, 
 and a mere catalogue of the very large number of fine 
 buildings lie has erected would take u]) a consideralile 
 portion of tliis work. He has made money, too ; l)Ut he is 
 not rich, and he never failed. He has always sujjerintendetl 
 his own work and taken great pains to build honestly and 
 well : and all (i\er tlie Metro|:i(ilis substantial monuments to 
 
 I-IOBEKT L. D..\RR.\GH. 
 
 his faithful and perfect work will stand for many, many 
 years. For a long time he held a monopoly of F!roadway, 
 no other builder obtaining a contract of any note on that 
 street. Mr. Darragh was also the pioneer of high build- 
 ings. His ambition was to go higher than any other com- 
 ])etitor, and when any one succeeded in equalling his work 
 he at once sought and obtained a contract for a stdl higher 
 edifice, and he stands the peer to-day in this respect. 
 Among his great works may be mentioned the Tribune 
 Building, the World Building, the Standard Oil Building, 
 the Telephone Buildings, the United Bank Building, the 
 Boreel Building, Liverpool, London & Globe Insurance 
 Building. Female Department House of Refuge, the New 
 York Central ('.rain Elevators, the Evening Post Building, 
 the Greenwich Savings Bank, the interior of the Stock E.x- 
 change, the Rossmore Hotel, and the great Waldorf Hotel, 
 just com|)leted. That he is still active in the work may be 
 judged by the fact that he has just recently commenced 
 the erection of a magnificent "sky scraper" for the Corn 
 
102 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS 
 
 Exchange Bank, at the corner of WilHam and Beaver streets ; 
 the very large factory building for the Hoe Press Co., in 
 Columbia street; the "sky scraper" for the Home Life 
 Insurance Co , on Broadway; and several other buildings. 
 Mr. Darragh is the oldest builder in active employment in 
 New York, and his record during the past forty-five years 
 is without a blemish. His work is substantial, and his 
 popularitv with all who know him is at the highest attainable 
 point. He is a member of the Builders' Club, but of no other 
 club organization. 
 
 LEWIS MAY. 
 
 Among the best known and most highly esteemed citi- 
 zens of New Yoik there are few whose record is more cred- 
 itable than that of Mr. Lewis May. For the past quarter 
 of a century he has been actively engaged in many enter- 
 prises connected with the best interests of the city. He has 
 been prominently engaged in the real estate business and 
 connected with the management of a large number of chari- 
 
 been solicited to accept public office, but has always de- 
 clined. Among his co-religionists he has a record second 
 to none. He has been chief director and president of that 
 magnificent synagogue, the Temple Emanu-El, on Fifth 
 .\venue, for the past twenty-nine years. There are few 
 religious institutions whose good works, charitable deeds and 
 liberality shine more conspicuously in practical life than 
 those of the Temple Emanu-El. In all of these the name 
 of Lewis May is prominent. Of him the learned r)r. 
 Gottheil, rabbi of the temple, fittingly said, "During my 
 ministry here Mr. May has been uniformly courteous and 
 considerate in his bearing. He never asked anything to 
 which he was not fully entitled, nor ever refused to do any- 
 thing he could be expected to do. As chief executive 
 officer of this congregation he exercised his power with the 
 utmost moderation. His ways were ways of pleasantness, 
 and all his paths were peace. There has grown up a bond 
 of personal friendship between us which is very precious to 
 me, and which I am confident will last our lifetime." 
 
 LEWIS MA v. 
 
 ties. He was a director and treasurer of the Mount Sinai 
 Hospital for nineteen years. He was one of the organizers 
 of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, and its first presi- 
 dent. Mr. May was elected a trustee of the Mutual Life 
 Insurance Company in 1873 and has occupied that position 
 ever since. Referring to his connection with this great 
 financial institution, Mr. Richard McCurdy, its President, 
 says : " He is held in the highest esteem by all his friends, 
 of whom I am glad to count myself one." 
 
 Mr. May is a director in several railroad companies, has 
 been treasurer of the Twenty-third Street Railroad Com- 
 pany, treasurer of the Iron Steamboat Company, and a 
 director in many other corporations, from all of which he 
 has since retired. 
 
 As a financier he has had a successful career as head of 
 the banking firm of May & King. He was the assignee of 
 the estate of Halstead, Haines & Co., and that of the old 
 banking house of John J. Cisco's Sons. Mr. May has often 
 
 Mr. May was born in the city of Worms, Germany, in 
 1823, and lost his parents when only six years old. He re- 
 ceived his education in the public schools and in the higher 
 seminary. Coming to this country in 1840, he first found 
 employment as clerk in a country store in Pennsylvania, at a 
 salary of $100 for the first year. He removed with the 
 firm, with which he had become very popular, to Huntsville, 
 Alabama, and received there $2,000 a year. He went into 
 liusiness for himself in 1845 at Shreveport, Louisiana, where 
 he continued to prosper until 1850. He then went to Cali- 
 fornia, where he formed a partnership and did a very pros- 
 perous business in San Francisco and Portland. Oregon. 
 He came to New York in 1851 to attend to the buying for 
 the California house. In 1857 he retired from the California 
 business and engaged in the commercial and financial pur- 
 suits in which he has made such an honorable name in this 
 city. His life has been a model well worthy of imitation by 
 the young business men of the present generation. Mr. 
 
NEJr YORk\ THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 103 
 
 May married, in 1853, the daughter of Charles King of this 
 city. They had no children, but ado|)ted three. His wife 
 died in November, 1874. He remained a widower seven 
 years and married again, in 1880, Miss Wolf, of this citv, 
 and is now blessed with five lovely children. 
 
 GEORGE P. ANDREWS. 
 The Hon. George P. .\ndrcws, Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the State of New N'ork, a distinguished lawyer and 
 upright Judge, was born in North Brighton, Maine, on 
 September 29, 1835. Even when attending the common 
 schools of his native town, he was noted as a very bright 
 scholar, and soon after his entry into Vale College dis- 
 tinguished himself both by his talents and untiring industry. 
 He graduated from Vale in 1858 with the \ery high honor 
 of being the class orator of the occasion, an honor conferred 
 by the votes of his classmates, and resting upon merit and 
 ability only. After leaving the university he studied law 
 under the Hon. William Pitt Fessenden, then United States 
 Senator, and subsequently Secretary to the Treasury. In 
 1859, he gravitated to New York, and in the spring of 1S60 
 was called to the bar. He was not long in this city when 
 his talents were made manifest to all, and he was appointed 
 Assistant United States District Attorney, and served in that 
 ca|)acity under Theodore Sedgwick, James L. Rosevelt, E. 
 Delafield Smith and l^aniel S. Dickenson. After the war 
 he resigned and went in for private practice. The abilities 
 he disjilayed as United States District Attorney had made 
 him famous, and he had no difficulty in obtaining clients of 
 the best class. In 1872 his old chief, Hon. E. Delafield 
 Smith, was appointed Corporation Counsel for New York 
 City, and he at once offered Mr. Andrews the place of As- 
 sistant. It was accepted and he filled the ofifice under Mr. 
 Smith and Mr. Whitney, his successor. On the retirement 
 of Mr. Whitney, Mr. Andrews was appointed Corporation 
 Counsel by ]\Iayor Grace. He showed himself an able, 
 fearless, faithful and viligant public servant, and a reformer 
 in the best sense of the word. The achievement which 
 gained him most credit, and on which he naturally prides 
 himself, was his compelling the National Bank, and the 
 Corporations of the State to pay taxes. One of these cases 
 was carried on appeal to the General Term of the Su]ireme 
 Court, and another to the Court of Appeals, where they were 
 prepared and argued by Corporation Counsel Andrews with 
 care, consummate tact, legal acumen and rare eloquence. 'I'he 
 result was a great victory to the city and a relief to the ta.x 
 ])ayers. The National and State P)anks, by the judgment he 
 obtained, were obliged to pay $3,000,000 m taxes to the city 
 Treasury, and the amount received mto the city Treasury 
 ever since from this source has lessened the taxation and 
 the assessed value of real estate. He was elected to the 
 Supreme Court Bench in 1883, since which time his conduct 
 has been that of an ideal judge. He is an unflinching 
 Democrat in politics, but no whisper of partiality has ever 
 been heard about him or his decisions. 
 
 WILLIAM J. McKENNA. 
 
 William J. McKenna, ex-Clerk of the City and County 
 of New York, was born near the village of Ciortin, County 
 Tyrone, Ireland, October 2, 1854. At the age of eight 
 years he emigrated with his parents to Canada, settling in 
 Belleville, Hastings County, where they resided for two 
 years. In June, 1865, they removed to the City of New- 
 York, where Mr. McKenna has lived ever since. He was 
 educated in the public schools, the College of the City of 
 New York, and the Evening High Schooh On the 23d of 
 July, 1868. he obtained a situation in the wholesale house 
 of A. T. Stewart & Co., corner of Chambers street and 
 Broadway, where he remained for fourteen years, advancing 
 step by step, until he finally had charge of their ledger. 
 On the retirement of that house from business, in 1S82, 
 
 Mr. McKenna obtained a situation as accountant in the 
 office of H. H. Claflin tV Co., the leading wholesale dry 
 goods house in the United States. In the fall of 1886 he 
 was elected by the Tammany Hall Democracy to represent 
 the Sixth Assembly District of New York County in the 
 lower branch of the State Legislature of 1887. He resigned 
 from ('latlin's on the night of December 31, 1S86, to enter 
 iqjon his legislative duties the next day. He served on the 
 Insurance Committee, and took such an active and intel- 
 ligent part in furthering good and opposing vicious legisla- 
 tion, as to earn the encomium of his associates and of the 
 press, regardless of political affiliations. When the Legis- 
 lature adjourned, on May 26, 1887, he obtained a situation 
 in the counting room of the dry goods house of Hutler, 
 Clapp, Wentz i; Co., Nos. 365 and 367 Broadway. In the 
 following November he was re-elected to the State Legis- 
 lature by an increased majority, and resigned his mercan- 
 tile situation to serve in the Assembly of 1888. When 
 the Legislature adjourned, on May 11 of that year, Mr. 
 
 WILLLAM. J. MlKEXX.\. 
 
 McKenna, on the recommendation of Hon. Richard Croker, 
 the leader of the Tammany Hall organization, was ap- 
 pointed to the position of cashier in the Internal Revenue 
 Deiiartment of the United States Government. After 
 serving in that capacity for eighteen months, he was trans- 
 ferred to the position of Chief Searcher in the County 
 Clerk's office. On the death of the late County Clerk, 
 Edward F. Reilly, Mr. McKenna succeeded him as the 
 Chairman of the Tamm.iny Hall General Committee of the 
 Sixth Assembly District, and so successful was he in con- 
 ducting the campaign of 1890, that he was appointed chief 
 clerk to Hon. DeLancey Nicoll, when that gentleman 
 entered u|)on his duties as District Attorney of New York 
 County, on January i, 1891. On November 10, 1891, Mr. 
 McKenna was agreeably surprised to find that, on the 
 recommendation of the leaders of the Tammany Hall 
 organization, he was appointed by Gov. David B. Hill, 
 now United States Senator, to the office of Clerk of the 
 
lo4 
 
 N£lV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 City and County of New York, a position made vacant by 
 the promotion of Hon. Leonard A. Giegerich to a place on 
 the bench of the Court of Common Pleas. His present 
 position is that of Coroner, to which he was appointed by 
 Governor Flower. 
 
 GOUVERNEUR M. SMITH, M.D. 
 Gouverneur M. Smith, M.D., was born in New York 
 City, and is a physician almost by heredity. His father, 
 Joseph Mather Smith, M.D., was born at New Rochelle, 
 N. Y. Removing to New York City, he was for foity years 
 Professor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
 and held many other public positions of honor and 
 trust. He was eminent in his profession and for his 
 public spirit, widely known as an author in the medical and 
 scientific world and beloved for his estimable character. 
 His grandfather, Dr. Matson Smith, was born in Lyme, 
 Conn., belonging to an old New England family, and settling 
 early in life at New Rochelle, was also distinguished as a 
 physician, and active in promoting the religious welfare of 
 the community. He married a daughter of Dr. Samuel 
 Mather, of Lyme, an officer and also a surgeon in the army 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 GOUVERNEUR M. SMITH, M.D. 
 
 Dr. Gouverneur M. Smith, the subject of this sketch, 
 on the maternal side is connected with such old New 
 York families as the Lispenards, Rutgers and Marstons, 
 being a great-great-great-grandson of Colonel Leonard 
 Lispenard, member of the first Colonial and first Provincial 
 Congresses. He graduated from the New York University 
 in the class of 1852, and received the degree of A.M. in 
 1855. \Vhile in college he was a member of the Eucleian 
 Society, and belongs to the Delta Phi and Phi 
 Beta Kappa Fraternities. In 1855 he graduated at the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and in 1856 
 was appointed physician to the Demilt Dispensary. In 
 1858 he was one of the delegates from the New York 
 Academy of Medicine to the meeting of the American Medi- 
 cal Association held at Washington, and subsequently repre- 
 sented the Academy in the Medical Society of this State at 
 
 Albany. During the Civil War he served gratuitously as a 
 medical officer on board the U. S. Sanitary Commission 
 Transport " Daniel Webster." In December, 1862, he was 
 appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon, LT. S. A., and served 
 until the close of the war. In 1864 he was appointed execu- 
 tive officer in charge of the U. S. A. General Hospital, at 
 which he was stationed, during the absence of the Surgeon, 
 LI. S. v., in command of the Post. His father died in 1866, 
 and Dr. Smith was selected his successor as one of the 
 attending [)hysicians of the New York Hospital, and since 
 1879 he has been one of its consulting physicians. He has 
 also been one of the attending physicians of Bellevue 
 Hospital, and one of the attending and consulting physicians 
 of the Presbyterian Hospital. From 1875 to 1878 Dr. 
 Smith was Vice-President of the New York Academy of 
 Medicine, and since then, for about fifteen years, one of its 
 Trustees. In 1887 and 1888 he was President of the New 
 York Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of 
 Medical Men. 
 
 He has written many essays, which have been published 
 in the Transactions of the N'. Y. Academy of Medicine, 
 Medical Record, The American Journal of the Medical 
 Sciences, and elsewhere. Of these, his article, " Uses and 
 Derangements of the Glycogenic Function of the Liver," 
 was reviewed in London as being " admirable and sugges- 
 tive." His essay, "The Epidemics of the Century, and 
 the Lessons derived from them," was pronounced by the 
 American Journal of Medical Sciences, Philadelphia, to be 
 a "scholarly production." His paper, "Wasted Sunbeams 
 — Unused House-Tops," Medical Record, April 21, 1888, 
 was quoted from and reprinted in various journals and very 
 favorably and widely noticed. He has in a lighter vein 
 written a number of poems, both of a serious and humorous 
 nature, which have appeared in various periodicals. Among 
 the more notable of his humorous verses may be mentioned 
 " Santa Claus' Mistake,'' published in Harper's Monthly, 
 December, 1888 ; " An International Congress of Microbes 
 at Berlin," which appeared in the Medical Record, January 10, 
 1891, and "Santa Claus and the Burglar," published in the 
 Mail and Express, December 22, 1892. Dr. Smith is one 
 of the Board of Managers of the " Society of the Sons of 
 the Revolution," one of the incorporators and treasurer of 
 the " Society of the War of i8i2,"one of the consulting 
 physicians of the St. Nicholas Society, a member of the 
 Century and Metropolitan Clubs, and the New York His- 
 torical Society. He is also one of the managers of the New 
 York Association for Im]>roving the Condition of the Poor, 
 and of the New York Institution for the Blind. 
 
 SPENCER TRASK. 
 
 New York City has now for so long a period been 
 recognized as the financial centre of the country at large, 
 that more than passing interest attached to those houses 
 which not only now occupy a prominent position in the 
 financial community, but which have been influential in its 
 affairs for many years. This interest is natural, for it is a 
 reasonable assumption that such houses have been no small 
 factor in bringing the Metropolis to itspresent commanding 
 financial position. Among these old established houses is 
 that of Spencer Trask & Co., having for now nearly a quarter 
 of a century been successfully guided through the several 
 commercial depressions and many troublous periods that 
 have occurred in that time, to a constantly increasing promi- 
 nence. The business was founded in 1869 by the senior 
 member, Spencer Trask. In the spring of the following 
 year, April, 1870, he became a member of the Stock Ex- 
 change, when the firm name was Trask & Stone. Later it 
 was changed to Trask & Francis, and in 1881 the present 
 title was adopted. The associate partners now are George 
 Foster Peabody, William Blodget, Edwin M. Bulkley, 
 
NP.W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 105 
 
 Charles J- Peabody, and E. P. Merritt (residrnl in liostim). 
 Mr. C. J. Peabody is also a member of the Stoi k l^xcliangc, 
 so that with Mr. Trask's seat the firm has a double repre- 
 sentation in that influential body. 'I'hefirm has commodious 
 offices at lo Wall Street. New York City, and at 20 Congress 
 Street, Boston. It also has branch offices at Albany, N. \',, 
 and at Providence, R. I. Private wire connections l)et\veen 
 each of these offices, as well as to corres|jondents in Phila- 
 delphia and Chicago, give the firm exceptional facilities for 
 the conduct of its business. The house makes a specialty 
 of the negotiations of railroad, municipal, ant! other desirable 
 liond issues, in addition to which it does a large domestic 
 banking and general brokerage business. Spencer Trask 
 was born in Brooklyn, in i<S44. His early education was 
 attained at the Polytechnic Institute of that city ; from thence 
 he went to Princeton College, from which institution he gradu- 
 ated in 1866. He is now President of the Edison Electric 
 Illuminating Co., of N. Y., and a Director in several 
 important railroad corporations. He is also Chairman of 
 Trustees of New York Teachers' College. His habits are 
 domestic, and he takes great pride in his country home, 
 Yaddo, situated about a mile from the village of Saratoga, 
 on the avenue leading to Saratoga Lake. Here he has about 
 500 acres, in which there is a chain of small lakes. Winding 
 in and out among these and the surrounding woods there are 
 beautiful drives, which are ojjen to the [lubic and are freely 
 made use of by Saratogians and the visitors to this fashion- 
 able watering place. In the fall of 189 1 the old house which 
 had been extensively remodelled was burned. A new 
 structure is now about completed, and is undoubtedly one 
 of the finest country residences lo be found anywhere. .\ 
 few years since he gave to the Diocese of Albany a convale- 
 scent home in Saratoga, buying and fitting up a place 
 ex])ressly for this i^urpose. The children are lirought from 
 hospitals anci elsewhere, and some 100 or more are taken 
 care of each summer. Mention is made of this simply to 
 show that where the object apipeals to his better judgment 
 he gives with a liberal hand, though ahvavs trying to avoid 
 publicity in such matters. 
 
 WILLIAM H. SCOTT, M.D 
 
 Among the men who by force of character as niui h as 
 undoubted professional skill have fought their way into the 
 front rank of New York's physicians is Dr. WilHam H. 
 Scotl. Dr. Scott was born in Berkshire county, Mass., and 
 was educated in the schools of New England. Without 
 wealth or influential friends and left to his own resources at 
 an early age. he looked around him for an avocation and 
 notwithstanding the numerous obstacles in his way deter- 
 mined to be a physician. He received a classical training 
 in the Berkshire County Medical College and graduated 
 from that institution in 1862. He first practised his profes- 
 sion in the country and his patients were chiefly sufferers 
 from typhoid fever. An epidemic of that terrible disease 
 was raging at the time in the neighborhood, and the rate of 
 mortality in consequence was a])palling. ilxpeits were in 
 doubt as to how the epidemic should be treated, and ]'r. 
 Scott, though doing all he could, and being intensely in 
 sympathy with the sufferers, was baffled like others. He 
 came to New York and after a course of lectures and stud- 
 ies in the Homoeopathic College he was still undecided as to 
 how the epidemic should be met with successful results. 
 Returning, he resolved to treat typhoid fever cases after the 
 manner of the homoeopathic school, of which he had by this 
 time become an enthusiastic exponent. The effect was 
 wonderful. In a short time the jjercentage of deaths fell 
 from eighty to ten per cent, and the scourge was soon 
 stamped out altogether. Two years later Dr. Scott associ- 
 ated himself with Dr. J. G. Baldwin, and since then has 
 liecome a leading representative of the new school of medi- 
 
 cine. l''or six or hcveii years he h;is been visiting ])hysician 
 lo the Ward's Island Honicvo])athic Hospital, he is a member 
 of the -\inerican Institute of Homieopathy, member of the 
 County and State Honux'opathic Societies and many other 
 kindred organizations. Dr. Scott jmrchased his jjresent 
 uptown residence four years ago and his large clientele is to 
 lie found in that section of the city among the best families. 
 
 HOMER LEE. 
 .Although .Mr. Lee, like so nian\' of our distinguished 
 citizens whose sketches appear in this work, is not a native 
 of New York there are few men who have added more to 
 the commercial importance of the Metropolis than he. He 
 is a native of Oliio and is distinctively a self-made 
 man, the |iQsition lo which he has attained being due 
 to his own powers and the result of exceptional energy 
 and ai:umen. His father was a watchmaker and engraver 
 of Mansfield, Ohio. Young Lee was brought up in the 
 business, and this, combined with his inventive faculty, 
 became the basis of his future success. Mansfield jire- 
 senting too small a field for his energies Homer Lee went 
 for a time to Toledo, and then to Cincinnati, where he 
 became jiroficient in enamelling. He shortly after came to 
 New York and served an apprenticeship to a card engraver, 
 and ha\'ing liy great economy saved $300 he while yet a 
 minor started business for himself on Liberty street. 
 
 For several years it was a hard fight, but his good work 
 had its reward and his business thrived. He soon after 
 organized The Homer Lee Bank Note Co., which was 
 incorporated in 1881 with a capital of $30,000, which was 
 later on increased to $500,000, having meanwhile visited 
 the leading engraving establishments in Europe. Hi.s com- 
 pany has obtained |iatronage from the Governments of 
 Sjiain, Japan and the United States as well as many of the 
 Central and South American Republics, and has branches 
 in London and Paris. '{'he work of this company has 
 attained to the highest standard of excellence, one example 
 of this being that after a long struggle against almost in- 
 surmountable opposition for a share of the business of 
 the New York Stock Exchange the Homer Lee Company 
 gained the victory. Mr. Lee has been more than once 
 offered the position of Chief of the Bureau of Engraving, and 
 as we understand, similar ])Ositions liy foreign governments 
 which have been always refused. He has many valuable in- 
 
io6 
 
 J^£W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ventions to his credit connected with the engraving and typo- 
 graphical arts, and the Homer Lee press for printing bank 
 notes by steam power, which system was adopted not 
 only by the Treasury Department at Washington, but by 
 the governments of Russia, ("rermany and other countries. 
 Mr. Lee is one of the three founders and organizers of the 
 Ohio Society and was its first secretary ; he is member of 
 the Chamber of Commerce, incorporator of the East Side 
 Bank, is trustee of St. John's Guild, and director of the 
 U. S. Savings Bank of N. Y., and member of the Colonial 
 Club and a Mason of high degree. He takes a lively 
 interest in all movements tending to advance the best 
 interests of the city. It was largely due to Mr. Lee's effort 
 that the law was passed by Congress making it a criminal 
 offence to counterfeit foreign bank notes in this country. 
 
 JER. T. SMITH. 
 
 Mr. Jar. T. Smith, one of the most famous builders of 
 the Metropolis, was born in Jamaica, Long Island, fifty- 
 seven years ago, of good old stock, and belongs to a family 
 of builders. His achievements in the line of his profession 
 have made him justly prominent, not only in New York, 
 but in many other cities. He is equally well known, how- 
 ever, to hosts of friends in other walks of life, being a 
 veteran of the Seventh Regiment, a member of the Old 
 Cuard, the Builders' Association, the Manhattan Athletic, 
 and several other clubs and societies. He finds time for 
 
 JER. T. SMim. 
 
 pleasure as well as business, and his never-failing fund of 
 good humor and hospitality, his cheery manners, and his 
 tireless energy and activity make him welcome everywhere. 
 As an expert in his profession he has few peers, and when 
 difficult problems are to be solved he is often the first to be 
 called. Several large corporations consider his judgment 
 unequalled, and his fund of information about old proper- 
 ties in New York seems inexhaustible. Mr. Smith has at 
 various times put up some of the finest and largest build- 
 ings in the city. Among many others, he is justly proud of 
 the Park National Bank, on Broadway ; the Drexel Building, 
 
 at Wall and Broad Streets ; the first and second sections of 
 the Equitable Life, the once famous Booth's Theatre, at 
 Sixth Avenue and Twenty-third Street (now changed to 
 stores) ; and the new Market and Fulton National Bank, at 
 Fulton and Gold Streets. Mr. Smith erected, at the corner 
 of Madison Avenue and Twenty-third Street, what has 
 turned out to be one of the handsomest, most elaborate and 
 most extensive office buildings above the City Hall. This 
 structure, planned by the well-known architects, N. Le 
 Brun & Sons, which is ten stories in height, of white 
 marble, richly carved with many beautiful reliefs, and abso- 
 lutely fireproof throughout, is the new home of the Metro- 
 politan Life Insurance Company. Imperishable foundations, 
 grand, massive and ornate superstructures, seem to be the 
 specialty of this builder. To him no construction is too 
 complicated or difficult, no plans too extensive or elaborate. 
 He builds strong who builds well ; he builds well who 
 builds honestly. 
 
 ROBERT KUNITZER. M.D. 
 Robert Kunitzer, A.B., M.D., was born on February 
 i8th, 1865, in Szegedin, Csongrad County, Hungary. After 
 passing through the various grades of the grammar school in 
 his native town he went to Vienna, capital of the Austrian 
 Empire, and was there educated in the Imperial Academical 
 Gymnasium. After completing his classical course and 
 receiving the degree of A.B., he studied medicine in the 
 L^niversity of Vienna, and graduated from there as M.l). In 
 1888 he became assistant at the K. K. AUgemeine Poliklinik 
 of Vienna, and soon after came to this country and began 
 practice in New York. Dr. Kunitzer. brought character and 
 reputation for skill in his profession with him, which at once 
 gave him the beginning of a fair practice, and his energy, 
 apjilication and undoubted ability as a medical practitioner 
 did the rest for liini after a short time, that is to say brought 
 him patients of a select class, and established him in the 
 front rank of New York's rising physicians. In April, 1880, 
 he was appointed professor of the practice of medicine in 
 the Eclectic Medical College of the city of New York, and 
 the year following chief of the department for internal 
 diseases in the Woodstock Hospital. 
 
 JOSEPH M. OHMEIS. 
 
 One of the most popular German-American citizens of 
 New York City to-day is Joseph M. Ohmeis, President of 
 the famous Beethoven Mannerchor Society. Not only is 
 Mr. Ohmeis popular, but he is loved and respected, and it is 
 with dee|3 affection that members of the Society and many 
 others outside of it speak of him as " Papa Ohmeis." He 
 was born on August 10, 1823, in a small village, Ober- 
 Erlenbach, in the Duchy of Hess, and socially speaking 
 was well connected. His father was a prominent citizen of 
 the village. He came to New York from Germany in 1853 
 and anxious to procure immediate employment accepted a 
 situation in a restaurant. Here he manifested so much 
 capacity and was found so reliable that his employers took 
 him into partnership after a few years. In 1865 he bought 
 out his partner and the year following he sold out his own 
 interest and entered the real estate business. Mr. Ohmeis' 
 talents do not run in one groove and in real estate he 
 showed the same capacity and executive ability he had dis- 
 played as a restaurant keeper. He was shrewd, industrious 
 and energetic, but above all he established for himself so 
 high a reputation for integrity and honest business methods 
 that in a few years he had made a large fortune. In May, 
 i86g, he, with a few others, founded the Germania Bank, of 
 which he w-as for many years a director and ultimately 
 became Vice-President. 
 
 It is, however, his connection with the Beethoven Man- 
 nerchor Society that entitles him to a place in this history 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 107 
 
 of " New York, the- Metropolis." This I'.iiiious society was 
 organized on August 19, 1859, by eight young German- 
 Americans of cuhure and love for the music and literature 
 of the Fatherland. Of course they were sneered at and the 
 wiseacres predicted for them a disastrous failure. Being 
 young men of nerve and backbone they heeded not the 
 scoffers, but pursued the even tenor of their way, determined 
 at all events to do the best they lould. Their first meeting 
 was held in the saloon of Joseph Doelger, the late eminent 
 brewer. Henceforth the society progressed and was in a 
 fair way of becoming as prosperous as it has eventually 
 become, when the war of the Rebellion broke out and the 
 Hag was fired \\\iow at Fort Sumter. This portentous 
 event thinned the ranks of the society. fi)r many of its 
 young members, and most of them were of that descrip- 
 tion, volunteered at once for service in the field. 
 Nfr. Ohmeis became member of the societv on October 
 
 I will raise it in an hour." .\nd in fact so they did, almost 
 literally, and to their exertions is due a graceful monument 
 to the great German composer in Central Park. Once an 
 idea enters the man's head it is sure of being put into ])rac- 
 tical shape. It was the same energy of his that erected the 
 St. Josei)h's Home for Incurables. At a concert gotten up 
 for its benefit he paid all the expenses out of his own pocket, 
 and when it was over handed the hospital committee $3,000. 
 It is therefore no wonder that on the sixtieth anniversary of 
 his age the society (11S83) gave him a benefit and an ovation, 
 which was repeated on the twenty-fifth anniversary of its 
 own organization the year following. From January, 1870, 
 till October, 1S92, Mr. Ohmeis was President of the society, 
 but failing in health he resigned in the above month from 
 active incumbency of the position. On his resignation he 
 was with great enthusiasm elected Honorary President for 
 life. Mr. Ohmeis has a charming ]iersonality which ac- 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 JOSEPH M. OHMEIS. 
 
 15, 1867, and it was mainly through his exertions it became 
 self-sustaining. When elected President on January i, 1870, 
 in reward for his zeal and general services, the Beethoven 
 Miinnerchor took an upward l)ound. He infused new life 
 into it. Concerts in aid of the widows and orphans made 
 by the war were given and the organization grew pros]jerous 
 and popular. The next step was to build a hall, which was 
 done within a year after the idea had been conceived by the 
 new President, that is to say in 1870. The hall, which is 
 situated at 210-212 East Fifth street, cost |;i 12.000, including 
 the furniture. An addition to this hall was made on May 
 
 16, 1892, when the adjoining house was purchased for pur- 
 poses of enlargement at a cost of $25,000. It was in 18S4 
 that Mr. Ohmeis advanced the idea of erecting a monument 
 to Beethoven in Central Park. As usual the doubters came 
 forward and remarked: " Oh, say, where will you get the 
 money?" "Why," answered Mr. Ohmeis, "my friends and 
 
 counts, at least, for some of his popularity, and although 
 approaching the span allotted to man he is still strong and 
 vigorous and full of life and activity. 
 
 JAMES ROBERTSON PITCHER. 
 
 James Robertson Pitcher is on his father's side of 
 English ancestry and entitled by descent to use the coat of 
 arms borne for many generations by the Pitcher family in 
 England. Darling H. Pitcher, the father, a man whose un- 
 blemished honor and force of character made him of 
 recognized weight and importance in the community, was, 
 for his day and the people among whom he lived, a wealthy 
 man. He lived I'or ten years at Prattsville, carrying on an 
 establishment for the manufacture of sole leather. His 
 wife was Philira Robertson, direct descendant at only two 
 removes from George Robertson, who traced his descent 
 
loS 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 from the Duke of Argyle, and who, when only seventeen 
 years of age, left Glasgow, and came to this country to assist 
 the Colonists in their struggle for indejjendence. By his de- 
 votion to the cause of American liberty he forfeited his 
 Scotch estates, and after the revolution was ended pur- 
 chased land where the City of Troy now stands. James 
 Robertson Pitcher, the subject of this sketch, was born on 
 March 5, 1845. He was an only son. Mr. Pitcher received 
 an academic education, first at Kinderhook, and later at 
 Whitesboro, near Utica, The death of his father in 
 November, 1S57, however, left large business interests to be 
 looked after, and at eighteen he had charge of the store 
 attached to the tanneries. At twenty-one, recognizing that 
 his talents required a wider field for their e.\ercise, his in- 
 terests in the tanneries were sold, his mother and sisters 
 settled at Saratoga, and Mr. Pitcher came to New York 
 City. His first position was with H. B. Claflin & Co. After 
 a short apprenticeship with them in the bu.siness methods of 
 the Metropoli.s. he went into the clothing business. Here, 
 
 J-V.MhS Kl ll:liRTSOX I>1TCHER. 
 
 though successful, he was unsatisfied. He knew that a 
 magnificent company could be built up to furnish accident 
 insurance on the mutual plan. He wanted to be the man to 
 build up such a company, and in the fall of 1877 The 
 United States Mutual Accident Association began doing 
 l)usiness. The United States Mutual Accident Association 
 IS in itself the greatest monument to the remarkable busi- 
 ness ability and real genius of Mr. Pitcher. Starting from 
 nothing in 1877, in the fifteen years ending with December 
 31, 1892, it paid to insured and their beneficiaries 
 *^--998.538-73' nearly 11500,000 of this amount being paid 
 during the year 1892. It closed the year 1892 with a larger 
 amount of accident insurance in force than any other 
 organization in the world. As the as.sociation became an 
 assured success, and as its departments were organized, he 
 turned over the details of management largely to subordi- 
 nates, and while kee|)ing a general oversight of this business 
 has found it possible to pay attention to other undertakings. 
 
 He is President of the Cachari Company, a company or- 
 ganized to mine gold along the Cachari River in Ecuador ; 
 and of the New York Leather Belting Co.; Vice-President 
 of thi Mercantile Credit (Guarantee Co.; Treasurer of the 
 National Mutual Building and Loan Association, the largest 
 organization of the kind in America, carrying a million of 
 dollars in bonds and mortgages ; director in the Tradesmen's 
 National Bank, the Lawyers' Surety Co., and the National 
 Macaroni Co. The United States Nurseries he organized 
 in conjunction with the well known W. Albert Manda, with 
 a branch in England ; it has turned out a splendid success 
 financially. Mr. Pitcher is also largely interested in real 
 estate ojjerations at Short Hills. He is a member of the 
 Manhattan Club, the Players' Club, the Merchants' Club, 
 the Tu.xedo Club, the Essex County Club, and various other 
 social organizitions. In his domestic life Mr. Pitcher has 
 been exceptionally happy. In 1869 he married Helen 
 Kingsbury Sweet, and the real charm of his fine home at 
 Short Hills consists, not in the evidences of wealth and 
 taste which adorn it. but in the delightful life which he lives 
 therein with his beautiful wife, and the four lovely daughters 
 and one son with which their union has been blessed. He 
 is in religion a Protestant Episcopalian. Originally a 
 Republican in politics, he has voted with the Democratic 
 party since Cleveland's first nomination for the Presidency. 
 
 JACOB RUDOLPHY. 
 
 Jacob Rudolphy, Civil Engineer and City Surveyor, was 
 born in (iermany on May i, 1826. He graduated from the 
 Darmstadt Polytechnic Academy with high honors. In 
 1850 he came to New York City, and at once entered into 
 business for himself as civil engineer and surveyor. Mr. 
 Rudolphy now enjoys the distinction of being the oldest 
 city surveyor now engaged in active work in this city. In 
 1856 he was engaged on the iireliminary Central Park sur- 
 vey, and gave entire satisfaction to the authorities who 
 employed him. His history since then, in fact, is very 
 closely connected with the improvements of New York and 
 the neighboring cities. His work has placed his services 
 in such demand with builders contractors and architects, 
 that he is constantly overloaded with engagnients and his 
 offices have a busy aspect at all hours of the day. Mr. 
 Rudolphy is very popular in social circles, and belongs to 
 many organizations social and benevolent. His character for 
 integrity and capacity stands high. He is a member of the 
 lamous Liederkranz and other (ierman societies. It is well 
 known that he has frequently, when time meant money to 
 him, rendered gratis services to charitable institutions, He 
 has done this promptly and cheerfully in a good cause, and 
 has never been sorry for it. Mr. Rudolphy was married in 
 1855 and has three sons, Gustavus, P2mil and William, and 
 a daughter, Mrs. Col. Heppenheinier. 
 
 JAMES M. FITZSIMMONS. 
 Judge James M. Fitzsimmons, of the City Court, is a 
 Democrat in politics, and yet this is what the New York 
 Kecortiei\ a leading Republican newspaper, has to say of 
 him : " He is a discreet and thoughtfid judge, a courteous 
 man and an energetic, long-headed politician." Judge 
 Fitzsimmons was born in New York City in 1858, and he is 
 consei[uently the youngest judge on the bench in tliis city 
 to-day. In this connection, as indicative of the man's tal- 
 ents and character, it tnay be as well to mention that when 
 he graduated from Columbia College, he was the youngest 
 in a class of 256 ; when elected to the Board of .\ldermen 
 he was the youngest member of that body, and when elected 
 to the judiciary he was the youngest judge on the bench, as 
 in fact he is now, as already stated. It is pretty plain from 
 this that Judge Fitzsimmons, in the nature of things has a 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROJ'OIJS. 
 
 109 
 
 bright career bet'urc liini. ISefore cnlcrin^ C'oliiniliia Col- 
 lege he attended the public schools and there surprised his 
 teachers by his intellectual feats and general a])titude. He 
 next entered the law office of Ex-Recorder James K. Smith, 
 and there read I^lackstone in such good company as Hugh 
 J. Grant, future Mayor of New York. It was remarked of 
 him while a student that he was a phenomenally hard 
 worker ; also that instead of idling his leisure nights he at- 
 tended debating clubs, and thus developed his natural 
 talent for public speaking. He was only ninLtern \ears of 
 age when he graduated from Columbia College, and during 
 the two years that must elapse before admission to the bar, 
 he continued his legal studies in the office of Nehrbas & 
 Pitshke. After having been called to the bar he gained a 
 large real estate practice, and is now what may be termed 
 an expert in that department of law. He was elected 
 Alderman from the Eighteenth District, and in 1889 
 served as Vice-President of the Board. On the death 
 of Judge Pitshke he was appointed City Court Judge to fill 
 the unexpired term. This was on February 22, 1S90, and 
 in the autumn of the same year he was elected to succeed 
 himself. 
 
 JOSEPH T. O'CONNOR, M.D. 
 Joseph 'P. O'Connor, M.D., Ph.P)., one of New York's 
 most distinguished homoeopathists, was born in Philadel- 
 phia in 1842, attended the jiublic schools there, finishing 
 with a |)artial course at the Central High .School. In 
 1864 he moved lo Washington, D. C, and began the 
 study of medicine in the medical dejiartment of the 
 University of Ceoigetown. His studies were conducted 
 in the .Yllopathic School, but after graduating (1867) 
 and practising for one year, desirous of studying homoeo- 
 pathy systematically, he attended the Hahnemann Medi- 
 cal College, of Philadelphia, session of 1809-70. Return- 
 ing to Washington he resumed practice, and remained 
 in the national capital until 1874, when he accei)ted the 
 appointment of Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology in 
 the New York Honici-oi)athic Medical College. He held 
 this position until 1881, at the same time building up a line 
 private practice. 'Phen a family bereavement compelled 
 Dr. O'Connor to retire from jiractice, with the intention of 
 never returning lo it. I'lme, however, lessened his grief, 
 and after a few years we find him again taking up his pro- 
 fessional practice, and connecting himself with the old 
 institutions that knew him so well. He became Chemical 
 Professor of Nervous Diseases in the New Y'ork Homoeo- 
 jiathic Medical College, and in 1886 was appointed to the 
 chair of mental and nervous diseases in the New York 
 Medical Hosjiital for Women, a position he still holds. In 
 1879-80 he occupied the chair of Materia Medica anci 
 Therapeutics in the same institution. In 1876 he received 
 the degree of Ph.D. from the St. Francis Xavier College, 
 New Y'ork. He is member of the American Institute of 
 Homoeopathy and also of the State and County Homoeo- 
 pathic Societies. He is at present Neurologist to the I,aura 
 Franklin Hospital for Children and to the Ward's Island 
 Homoeopathic Hospital, and is Consulting Neurologist to 
 the New York Ophthalmic Hospital. Dr. O'Connor has 
 contributed extensively to the various medical journals of 
 the country, and is looked ujion as an expert in neurology. 
 
 SAMUEL VICTOR CONSTANT. 
 
 Samuel \'ictor C'unstant was born in this ( ity in 1857. 
 He is a direct descendant of John Tuttle, who came over in 
 the ship '"Planter" in 1635 and settled in Ipswich. His 
 family was from St. Albans, in Hertfordshire, England. 
 Another of M r. Constant's early American ancestors was 
 Nicholas Noyes, belonging to Choulderton, Wiltshire, who 
 came over in the ship " Mary and John " in 1834 with his 
 
 brother, the Rev. James Noyes, and settled in Newbury, 
 Mass., and still another was James Smith, of the same place, 
 wlio came from Romsey in Hampshire. 'I'he two former 
 served in the Colonial Legislatures of the period, as the 
 annals of Massachusetts show, John 'I'uttle in 1644, 'I'l'l 
 Nicholas Noyes in 1660, 1679 and 1680, while the son of 
 James Smith, also James, served as lieutenant in Sir 
 William Phip's expedition against (,)uebec, but perished on 
 his return by shipwreck on the Island of Anticosti, in Oct., 
 1O90. Since then .Mr. Constant's ancestors have been [prom- 
 inent one way or another in every generation and taken an 
 active i)art in the w.irs of the Revolution. He was edu- 
 cated in .Anthon's and Charlier's famous schools, and pre- 
 ])ared by a private tutor for Columbia College, from which 
 he graduated in the class of 1880 He was called to the 
 bar in 1882 and received his degree of LL.H. in 1886. Mr. 
 Constant has been able to dedicate some of liis time to 
 scientific literature and is an oriental scholar. This does 
 not mean, however, that he is idle at any time. In 1876 he 
 
 S.^MfEL VICTOR C'(.lNST.\NT. 
 
 joined the First Company, Seventh Regiment, of N. Y., is 
 now member of its Club and also of its \'eteran Association. 
 He is one of the Poard of Dirtctois of the Y. M. C. A. and 
 member of its International Committee. He is a member 
 of the Psi Upsilon Club, Quill (/lub, .Ymerican Oriental 
 Society, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, of the 
 Archreological Institute of America, the Mercantile Marine 
 Service Association of Great Britain and solicitor of that 
 association in the United States, member of the Sons of the 
 Revolution of the State of New York and one of its dele- 
 gates to the General Society, member of St. David's 
 Society, State Bar Association, N. Y., Genealogical and 
 Biographical Society. Alumni .-Xssociation of Columbia 
 College and of the .-Vcademy of Sciences and American 
 Historical Association and the New Y'ork Historical Society. 
 Mr. Constant was the first to conceive the idea, some three 
 years ago, of the formation of a society composed of 
 descendants of participants in the Colonial wars, from the 
 Pequod War in 1639, down to the l)eginning of the Revo- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 lution, and as a result of tlie suggestion the Society of 
 Colonial Wars was organized and now contains a large 
 number of distinguished men as members. Mr. Constant is 
 the Society's treasurer. 
 
 W. G. HITCHCOCK. 
 
 The following sketch of a remarkable man and a great mer- 
 cantile house is most interesting and full of important lessons 
 to young men. Just here we would say that the sole reason 
 Mr. Hitchcock has favored us with the following details re- 
 garding his early struggles and successes is with the hope 
 that they may be of some benefit to the young men of to- 
 day in encouraging them to make their life work the object 
 of their everyday life and not merely a side issue ; to put 
 duty first, pi asure second. The house of which Mr. Hitch- 
 cock is now the head was established in iSiSin Pearl street, 
 then in the heart of the city, by Pierre Becar, importer of 
 linen handkerchiefs. Next we see the firm name as P. & N. 
 
 Montrose, Penn., of old New England stock, family dating 
 back over 200 years. His grandfather fought in the war of 
 the Revolution, and the records speak of his grandfather on 
 the mother's side as employing Indians on his farm in Con- 
 necticut. Young Hitchcock was educated in Montrose, 
 and when about fifteen years old his parents removed to 
 New York for the exjjress purpose of finding employment 
 for their boys, and on October 22, 1850, Welcome entered 
 the emijloyment of Joseph F. Sanxay, of 146 William street, 
 men's furnishing goods, at a salary of $2.00 a week. We 
 may mention that Mr. Sanxay is still alive and in business 
 on Fulton street. Young Hitchcock stayed here but a few 
 months, not feeling happy, as he expressed it, and on Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1 85 1, went to Carlton & Co., dry goods, 202 
 Broadway, at a salary of $100 a year. Here he commenced 
 a regular and exact account of his expenditure which is 
 contained in an old-fashioned book we have been permitted 
 to peruse. We have such items as dinner, 12 cents ; sup- 
 
 VV. G. HITCHCorK. 
 
 Becar, then Noel J. Becar (Iv: Co., at this time moving to 187 
 Broadway, then considered quite a movement up town, then 
 successively Becar, Benjamin & Co., Noel J. Becar tS; Co. 
 (for the second time) and Becar & C'o., these changes in 
 firm making the admission or withdrawal of different mem- 
 bers. It is at this date, for instance, that we note James 
 M. Constable as a member of the firm. Here, too. we note 
 another movement up town, this time to 342 Broadway un- 
 der the name of Becar, Napier & Co., names being Alfred 
 Becar, Alex. D. Napier and W. G. Hitchcock. Then we 
 come to Hecar & Co., again, firm being composed of Alfred 
 Becar, W. G. Hitchcock and E. O. Potter, this marking an- 
 other movement to 455-57 Broome street, present location 
 of the house. The next change in firm name is to Hitch- 
 cock & Potter, and on Mr. Potter's death in 1880 to W. G. 
 Hitchcock & Co., personal of firm now being W. G. Hitch- 
 cock, George Jarvis Greer, A. Howard Hojiping and 
 Charles H. Lane. Welcome G. Hitchcock was born in 
 
 per, 12 cents; bath, 12 cents; dinner, 6 cents; and soon, 
 though he was allowed 25 cents for supper. So for several 
 inonths the biggest item of expenditure is 21 cents for Har- 
 per's magazine, though at this time often working until 11 
 o'clock at night and even later, until in April, 185 1, we see 
 silver watch, !|!7.5o ; the total expenses for the month in- 
 cluding watfh being |lio. 52. In March the total expendi- 
 ture was $3.96. The total expenses for the year 1851 being 
 $106.56, he having earned a few extra dollars by errands 
 etc. In 1852 salary was raised to $200 and total expenses 
 for year $15 1. 81 ; in 1853 to $300 and year's expenditure 
 $285.05. In this year we notice an item that recalls an old 
 landmark. It is a ticket, 25 cents, for the Hippodrome, where 
 Fifth Avenue Hotel now stands. This was the opening night 
 and the first time the term hippodrome was used in the 
 United States. In October i, 1854, he entered the house of 
 Noel J. Becar & Co. at a salary of $600, and the record shows 
 that he continued the same economical habits, keeping 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 much below his income, lor examjile, though recei\ ing $50 
 a month we find December, 1854, lioHday month to be re- 
 membered, exijenses $33.50, and January, 1855, only $12.51, 
 including tickets to Burton's theatre, $1.00. May i, 1856, 
 we have an item of $22 for pew rent in the old Market 
 street church, then Dr. Cuyler's. In short, as Mr. Hitch- 
 cock tersely e.xpresses it, he attributes one great element of 
 his success to the fact that he walked when he could not 
 afford to ride and carried his lunch in his pcx ket. His in- 
 de|)endence of character is shown by his not having 
 received anything from home since he started out in Octo- 
 ber, 1850. \Vhen the firm was Hitchcock &: Potter Mr. 
 Hitchcock negotiated the sale of $25,000 worth of his jiaper 
 (this being the first he ever made) with the president of a 
 New York bank who is still living. The paper was accejjted 
 without a detailed report of the firm, and was done on the 
 strength of Mr Hitchcock's name and signature. This 
 marked an era in Mr. Hitchcock's career ; he seemed to 
 have gained the summit of his ambition, for his aim through 
 all his struggles has never been to be wealthy for its own 
 sake merely, but to gain a competence, and more especially 
 an honorable name. This point was reached and it had the 
 effect of somewhat relaxing his energies and ambition. \\\ 
 1865 Mr. Hitchcock became a member of the firm of Hecar 
 & Co., as before noted, the firm having branched out from 
 the original importation of linen handkerchiefs to many 
 other features of imi)orted and home iiroduction. 
 
 WILLIAM BUTLER HORNBLOWER. 
 
 William Butler Hornblower, a prominent lawyer of New 
 York City, was born at Paterson, N. J., May 13, 1S51. He 
 comes of a distinguished ancestry. His great-grandfather, 
 the Hon. Josiah Hornlilower, was born in England, was a 
 member of the Continental C'ongress, his grandfatiier, the 
 Hon. Joseph C. Hornblower, was Chief Justice of the State 
 of New Jersey, and his father, the Rev. William H. Horn- 
 blower, D.D., was a prominent Presbyterian divine. William 
 Butler Hornblower, the subject of this sketch, was educated 
 at home under his father's care. At the age of twelve, he 
 was placed in the well known Collegiate School of Prof. 
 George P. Quackenbos. In 1867, being then in his seven- 
 teenth year, he entered Princeton College, and was graduated 
 there in 1871. In 1873. having determined to ado|)t the ]iro- 
 fession of law, he entered the Columl)ia College Law School, 
 and two years later received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. 
 He then connected himself with the law firm of Carter & 
 Eaton of New York City, the style of which was changed in 
 1877 to Chamberlain, Carter & Hornblower. In 188S Mr. 
 Hornblower associated himself with James Byrne, sulise- 
 ([uently with Howard & Taylor, and founded the present 
 well known firm of Hornblower, Byrne iS: Taylor. Mr. 
 Hornblow(ir was engaged for a number of years in bank- 
 ruptcy suits. His practice now embraces the whole range 
 of legal business. In the suits connected with the famous 
 Grant and Ward case he was counsel for the Receiver, and 
 as such was successful in recovering a judgment for 
 him, setting aside transfers of property by Ferdinand Ward 
 of over $300,000. His ])ractice in the LInited States Courts 
 has covered some very important cases. Mr. Hornblower 
 married April 26th, 1882, Miss Susan E. Sanford, daughter 
 of William E. Sanford of New Haven, Conn. Mrs. Horn- 
 blower died April 27th, 1S86, Her three children survive 
 her. In 1890, Mr. Hornblower was appointed by the 
 Governor of the State and served as a member of a Com- 
 mission of 38 lawyers, authorized by an Act of the Legisla- 
 ture to propose amendments to the Judiciary Article of the 
 State Constitution. He is President of the Princeton Club 
 of New York, is a member of the Board of Trustees of the 
 New York Life Insurance Compjany. also of i's General 
 Council. 
 
 JACOB A. CANTOR. 
 
 Hon. Jn( ob A. C.intor, a sui cessftd lawyer and ])olitician 
 of the Metropolis, was born in New York City, in December, 
 1854. and is of Iviglish ancestry, both of his parents having 
 come from London. Like many of our brightest men he 
 was educatL'd in llie public schools primarily, but pursued 
 his classical studies in the law s( hool of the University of 
 New York, from which institution he graduated in 1875, 
 and was called to the bar, but iiiiniediately attached himself 
 to the staff of the New N'ork \\\»ld as a reporter. At the 
 same time, develo|)ing a strong taste for [lolitics, he attached 
 himself to the fortunes of Tammany Hall, which were not 
 then as bright as they are now, and soon attracted the atten- 
 tion of its chiefs. After serving (w^ years on the World 
 and making a reputation as a good journalist, Mr. Cantor 
 began the i)ractice of his profession, taking up Civil Court 
 business, making a sjiecialty of real estate and corporation 
 litigation. In 18S9 he associated himself in business with 
 Eugene \'an Schaick, and in i8,;i tlie Hon. jolm j. I.inson, 
 
 JACOB A. CANTIIR. 
 
 now Commissiinier on the Revision of State Statutes, joined 
 them, and the firm under the style of Cantor, Linson & Van 
 Schaick does a large and lucrative business. ( )f course it 
 is as a politician that Mr. Cantor is best known, and doubt- 
 less will be better known by and by, for he is young and 
 amliitious. Up to this his career has been singularly suc- 
 cessful. He was elected to the Assembly from the Twenty- 
 third (Harlem) .Assembly District in 1884, and served 
 uninterruptedly until 1887, when he was sent to the Senate 
 from the Tenth District, and having been re-elected in 1S89 
 and 1891, is member of that body now. He cut a figure in 
 the Senate and was President //o/tv//. during the last session. 
 He was Democratic leader of the Senate the first term, 
 which is a very unusual honor for a new member. Mr. 
 Cantor's power consists in his earnest elocpience. He can 
 sway a Harlem meeting to more purpose than any other ora- 
 tor that goes amongst them, and this not so nnich because of 
 his force, though a very fine speaker, as by the opinion he 
 conveys that he is convinced himself that what he says is 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 true That he is honest and conscientious, both as a lawyer 
 and legislator, is beyond question. Even the cyniJal Re- 
 form Almanac, so sparing of praise, says of him, "' unlike 
 most of the city members he is both able and honest." He 
 is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance and Rules 
 and member of the Committees on Judiciary and General 
 Laws. 
 
 CLARENCE W. CORNELL, M.D. 
 
 Clarence W. Cornell, M.D., son of Edwin Cornell, a 
 prominent builder and real estate dealer, was born in this 
 city. May i, 1856. His earlier education was obtained from 
 the public schools of his native city, and afterwards from 
 the College of New York. He entered the New York 
 Homoeopathic College in 1874, graduating with honors 
 three years later. He received an appointment as Interim 
 at the Ward's Island Hospital, which he continued to hold 
 for one year, until he received the appointment of Demon- 
 strator of Anatomy in the New York Homoeopathic Medical 
 College. After filling the position with credit for a period 
 of two years, he was appointed Clinical Assistant to the 
 Chair of Surgery. In 188S he was appointed Lecturer on 
 Minor Surgery, which position he still holds. In 1878 he 
 was ap])ointed one of the visiting surgeons to the Ward's 
 Island Hospital, and in 1880 was made surgeon to the Col- 
 lege Dispensary, which position he still occupies. He is a 
 member of both the County and State Societies, and also a 
 member and for three years one of the Examining Com- 
 mittee of the Alumni Association ; a member of the New 
 York Clinical Club, the Medico-Social Club. He married 
 in 1889 Annie E. Rudd, of this city, and has one little Miss, 
 Genevieve M. Rudd. He removed in 1889 to 354 West 
 Fifty-eighth Street, where he still resides and has his offices. 
 
 OTTO HEINZE. 
 
 Otto Heinze, for for y years one of New York's promi- 
 nent merchants, and a noble representative of the great 
 German element, was born on January 23, 1831, in Saalfeld, 
 Thuringen, Germany. He belonged to a strictly literary 
 family. On the mother's side he was descended from a 
 long line of ministers, covering a period of 350 years. 
 One of his ancestors, the learned Caspar Aquda, was a 
 friend of Martin Luther, whom he materially aided in his 
 translation of the Old Testament. Mr. Heinze's father, a 
 highly respected clergyman and himself a man of scholastic 
 attainments, was desirous that his children should not be 
 handicajiped in the battle of life for lack of an education. 
 Otto, anxious to follow the family trend, wished to study 
 for a profession, but his father, seeing in him a talent lor 
 business, dedicated him to a commercial career. He was, 
 therefore, according to (jerman custom, apprenticed to a 
 merchant in Naumburg on-the-Saale. While serving his 
 apprenticeship he devoted his leisure to studying French 
 and English, Sunday, his only day of recreation, being spent 
 usually at his father's parsonage. On the expiration of his 
 a])prenticeship he took a place in a commercial house in 
 Halle-on-the-Saale, a famous university town, where he 
 remained a few years. Having finished his business educa 
 tion, he concluded to come to this country, which jsresented 
 such grand possibilities for a young man of ability. 
 Arriving in New York, in 1850, he found it difficult 
 enough to get along without influential friends ; but 
 possessing the energy and intelligence he did it was only a 
 question of time with him to find his level, and he finally 
 secured a temporary position with the firm of Henschen 
 & Unkart. He did his best to gain the confidence of his 
 employers, and succeeded, for so satisfactorily were his 
 duties performed that they engaged him permanently. 
 Not only that, but when several years later Mr. Henschen 
 died, young Heinze was admitted to partnership in the firm. 
 
 Previous to this he entertained the intention of returning 
 to Germany and carrying out his original idea of studying 
 for a profession, but the change in his prospects decided 
 him to settle down in America and found a home of his 
 own. Consequently, on February 12, 1862, he married 
 Miss Eliza M. Lacey, with whom he enjoyed for well nigh 
 thirty years the maximum of domestic happiness. In 1866 
 Mr. Heinze and his jjartner separated on account of a dif- 
 ference of ojjinion as to the policy to be pursued by the 
 house. Mr. Heinze joined the firm of Hachez, (Soetze & 
 Co., one of the most prominent importing houses in the 
 metropolis. Although from that time on the members of 
 the firm changed more than once, Mr. Heinze up to the day 
 of his death was its controlling and guiding spirit. Those 
 changes led first to Goetze, Heinze & Co. ; then to Heinze, 
 Gross & Co. ; next to Otto Heinze &: Co. ; and finally to 
 the name it bears to day, namely, Heinze, Loewy & Co. 
 
 It is one of the largest knit goods houses in the country, 
 and through all the panics and crises of the last cjuarter of 
 a century stood solid and untarnished, with high character 
 and sound financial credit. During the last two decades 
 Mr. Heinze took an active part in many financial and com- 
 mercial interests, especially insurance, and was ma nly 
 instrumental in founding the German-American Insurance 
 Coin|)any, one of the strongest fire insurance companies of 
 New York, and also the Germania Life Insurance Company, 
 in both of which he was a director and member of their 
 finance committees. From all sources, by energy, ability 
 and honorable methods, Mr. Heinze accumulated a large 
 fortune. Personally Mr. Heinze was a gentleman of kind 
 and affable manners, possessing in a marked degree the 
 great faculty of making and keeping many warm friends. 
 He was mild in speech, but prompt in action — a man the 
 Latin ]jhrase admirably describes, "Suaviter in modo, 
 fortiter in re." He was a Freemason, one of the most 
 prominent in the State. He was also prominent in social life, 
 and was in his time President of the Brooklyn Germania. He 
 was member of the Hamilton (Brooklyn) Club and of the 
 German Hospital and Merchants' Club, of New York. It 
 is well known of Mr. Heinze that his hand was always open 
 to the worthy poor and to deserving charities, and that he 
 did much toward ameliorating the condition of the people. 
 He early became a citizen of the United States, and fulfilled 
 his duties as such while retaining his love for the country 
 of his birth and the tongue of his childhood. In politics 
 he was at one time a Republican, but since 1884 figured as 
 a supporter of Mr. Cleveland. Mr. Heinze had a strong 
 sense of religious duty instilled into him in his jiaternal 
 home, and attended the Grace Episcopal Church, Brook- 
 lyn Heights, with his family. He died on November 
 I, 1891, to the surprise and regret of the community, 
 which, judging from his appearance, hoped and believed he 
 would enjoy many more years of usefulness. Mr. Heinze 
 had eight children, five of whom, three sons and two 
 daughters, with his widow, survive him. His eldest daugh- 
 ter, Alice, married George W. Watjen, of the old German 
 shipping house of Bremen, D. H. Watjen & Co., and the 
 second daughter, Lida, is married to William M. Fleitmann, 
 of Fleitmann & Co., New York. The sons are unmarried. 
 
 The eldest, Arthur P. Heinze, is a well-known practising 
 lawyer. Otto C. Heinze is his father's successor in business, 
 and F. Augustus Heinze resides in Butte, Mont., where he is 
 the manager of the large smelting works of the Montana 
 Ore Purchasing Co. It may be stated incidentally that 
 both Mr. Heinze's brothers occupy leading positions in 
 Germany. As may be seen in the " Encyclopedia of 
 Science," the elder, Rudolph, is a professor of law in the 
 celebrated Heidelberg University, while the younger. Max, 
 is professor of philosophy in the equally celebrated Uni- 
 versity of Leipsic. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 "3 
 
 (J^U&^cfGe^l^^^^^ 
 
114 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JOHN J. GORMAN. 
 
 John J. Gorman was born in New York City, on the 5th 
 of October, T828. He was educated at Public School No. 
 3, in Hudson Street. A typical New Yorker and popular 
 among his associates, at an early age he became identified 
 with the Volunteer Fire Department, then the city's only 
 protection against conflagration, and soon became promi- 
 nent as one of its most daring and devoted members. On 
 May 1 2th, 1859, Mr. Gorman was elected a Fire Commis- 
 sioner, and on the expiration of his first term of office in 
 1863 he was unanimously re-elected. During the two years 
 next following, he served as President of the Board. For 
 nineteen years he continued Trustee of the Widows' and 
 Orphans' Fund, and was finally elected President of that 
 benevolent institution. In 1877 Mr. Gorman was appointed 
 a Commissioner in the present fire department, and on 
 August loth, 18S1, he was chosen President of the Board, 
 which position he continued to fill to the entire satisfaction 
 of the public, until his appointment as Police Justice on 
 November 13, 1883. I'here is no citizen to whom greater. 
 
 JOHN J. GORMAN. 
 
 if equal, credit is due for the perfection of our fire service in 
 the discipline of the uniformed force in departmental 
 management and in perfection of apparatus. "Once a fire- 
 man always a fireman," is often said of the old time fire 
 volunteers who did such noble work for the protection of 
 life and property, impelled only by a spirit of bravery and 
 devotion to the public welfare. Even now Sheriff Gorman 
 takes the same keen and critical interest in the fire service as 
 when he was actively connected with it as '' fire laddie," 
 Chief Commissioner and Departmental Head. In business 
 life Mr. Gorman was long an indefatigable and successful 
 worker. During many years he was extensively engaged in 
 the manufacture of metallic packages, a business at which he 
 accumulated a comfortable fortune. His investments in 
 real estate have grown from small beginnings to great 
 dimensions, and he has reaped large gains by anticipating 
 the march of the city's growth and avoiding merely specu- 
 lative ventures. John J. Gorman became interested in 
 political affairs as soon as he attained his majority. Always 
 
 a Democrat he spared no honorable effort to promote his 
 party's success. When Samuel J. Tilden entered upon the 
 reorganization of Tammany Hall, Mr. Gorman was one of 
 his most active lieutenants, in co-operation with such men as 
 Charles O'Conor, August Belmont, John Kelly, Abram S. 
 Hewitt, and Augustus Schell. For many years he was 
 Treasurer of the General Committee of Tammany. In the 
 Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, he has been a 
 Sachem since 1877, and he is now Father of the Council,/. f., 
 presiding officer of the Board of Sachems. From 1883 to 
 1891 Police Justice (rorman was regarded universally as a 
 model magistrate. Patient in hearing cases, he was prompt 
 in his decisions, and the thought of influencing his magis- 
 terial action by political or )iersonal favor never entered 
 into the mind of any one. In November, 1890, he was 
 elected Sheriff of the County of New York, as a nominee of 
 the Tammany Democracy. This great office was nevermore 
 systematically organized or more satisfactorily conducted. 
 With the success of Sheriff Gorman in business and official 
 life, the absolute simplicity and rectitude of his private 
 career have much to do. He is a model citizen in all his 
 relations to household, church and political, financial and 
 benevolent institutions. Abstemious in habit, regular in 
 hours of rest as well as of duty, always cool but incessantly 
 active, he enjoys, in the maturity of his ])owers, health and 
 strength that younger men envy. As a Mason the career of 
 John J. Gorman is truly illustrous. Joining the Order in 
 Hope Lodge, 244, on January, 1854, he passed through 
 various grades of Masonic honor, and became Master of the 
 Lodge in 1858. Exalted to the Royal Arch, November 20, 
 1857, knighted in Morton Commandery in the following year. 
 High Priest of Hope Chapter in 1870, he received the 33d 
 degree in the Ancient and Accepted Rite in 1881, and was 
 chosen Sovereign Grand Commander of that Rite in 1887, 
 and still holds that office. With the Masonic Fair of 1865, and 
 similar undertakings, including the erection of the Masonic 
 Temple, he was identified as a leading spirit. As a member 
 of the Masonic Court of Appeals and as Trustee of the Hall 
 and Asylum, he has made a brilliant record. On June the 
 5th, 1889, he was elected Grand Treasurer of the (irand 
 I.odge, by acclamation, and he has since been annually re- 
 elected to that most responsible trust. To enumerate and 
 describe Sheriff Gorman's Masonic services would require a 
 volume. They are such as might be expected of a man 
 whose life of devotion to duty is so full of deserved honor. 
 
 THADDEUS J. KEANE, M.D. 
 
 Thaddeus J. Keane, M.D., one of New York's prominent 
 physicians, was born in the County Kerry, Ireland, in 1859. 
 His father, John Keane, was a gentleman farmer, and the 
 old family homestead, which is still in existence, is occu- 
 pied by the doctor's brother. From his sixth to his six- 
 teenth year he attended the Irish national schools in the 
 Old Country and the public schools of this city. He was 
 brought to this country in 1875, where he continued his 
 studies at St. Francis Xavier's College, West Sixteenth 
 Street, New York City, and subsequently at St. Ignatius' 
 College in Chicago, in which city he remained until his 
 nineteenth year. He received his medical training partly 
 in the Rush College, Chicago, and later in the University 
 Medical College, of New York, from which he graduated in 
 1883. Immediately upon graduating he received an ap- 
 pointment, gained through a competitive examination, to 
 the St. Vincent's Hospital, which position he held for 
 eighteen months. For a short time he was visiting sur- 
 geon to St. Elizabeth's Hospital, and is at present visiting 
 surgeon to St. Joseph's Home for the Aged. He is a 
 member of the New York County Medical Society, the 
 Physicians' Mutual Aid Society, Young Men's Roman Cath- 
 olic Benevolent Association, the Catholic Club and the 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 "S 
 
 Tammany ("leneral Committee of the Seventh Distrirt. Dr. 
 Keane married in May, 1882, Miss Rose Mt'Manus, 
 daughter of 'J'homas McManus, of this city, and has four 
 children. 
 
 JOHN RUSZITS. 
 
 The man who made, or caused to be made, the first seal 
 skin garment ever manufactured in this country died on 
 Oct. 18, 1890, the acknowledged father of the fur trade in 
 the United States. He was born in Baja, Hungary, in 1816, 
 and his parents being ])00r he had to begin work at an early 
 age as a furrier's apprentice. Pnit he was always ambitious, 
 for he always fell the consciousness of possessing aljility, 
 and so, when only twelve years of age he started out for the 
 great city of London to make his fortune, as thousands had 
 started before him. In the British Metropolis he e.xpe- 
 rienced the most grinding poverty. It was some time before 
 he managed to procure work, and meantime, liaving brought 
 but a small allowance of money with him, he f(_>un<l it very 
 
 work. At this stage he remembcretl that he had a letter of 
 introduction to a Mr. Randall who had lived in London and 
 went to him for advice. "The best you can do," said Mr. 
 Randall, "seeing you are not acqiuunted with the way in 
 which business is transacted here in New York, is to obtain 
 a position in some fur house for a year or two before start- 
 ing out for yourself." Mr. Kuszits said it was then too 
 late as he had rented a loft, whereupon Mr. Randall asked 
 him in wh.it way he intended doing business, and was an- 
 swered on a (ash basis. " You are away behind the age," 
 said his friend ; " you must work on the credit system, a 
 cash basis will never do." But cash it was, and Mr. 
 Ruszits did succeed and pros])ered and grew wealthy, as 
 all New York knows, and died with a reputation for hon- 
 esty, integrity and fair dealing that any man might be proud 
 of. He struck the keynote of his own character wdien, at a 
 meeting of furriers held in 1887, he said : "I have had a 
 great many struggles, a great many ups and downs, l)Ut 
 u'itii will power and the assistance of the Almighty Creator 
 
 JiiHN RL'S/ITS. 
 
 easy to economize, and often in after-times, when he was 
 rich enough to purchase a cattle ranch without missing the 
 money, he was prone to ciwell on the fact that at this period 
 of his life in London he was often six weeks without tast- 
 ing meat. After a while he secured work, struggling along 
 until he was thirty-five years of age without meeting with 
 much success. He had mastered the details of the fur 
 trade, however, and that in the most thorough manner, and 
 succeeded in saving $2,000 from his earnings. At this 
 time, partly to imprcrve his fortunes, but chiefly to recuper- 
 ate his health by a change of climate, Mr. Ruszits came to 
 New York and put up in the Franklin Housip. Next morn- 
 ing he put on his Sunday clothes and went looking for 
 work. Going down Maiden Lane he found some lotts to 
 rent and he took them, paying down $450. He also pur- 
 chased fixtures and thus made a big hole in his savings. 
 This was in August, 185 1, and getting some goods he 
 brought from Europe with him out of bond he went to 
 
 I achieved what I have achieved by labor, labor, always 
 lal)or." He was a great worker, and in that and his bright 
 intellect lay the secret of his success. 
 
 ELBERT ELLERY ANDERSON. 
 
 Elbert EUery Anderson, the Political Reformer, was born 
 in this city on October 31, 1833. His father was Henry 
 James Anderson, also born in New York, in 1799. He was 
 a man of distinguished attainments in the classics and liter- 
 ature, in the mastery of many languages and in the culture of 
 the higher branches of mathematics. 
 
 After traveling in Europe, Africa and Asia, from 1843 
 to 184S, Mr. Anderson returned to America, was graduated 
 from Harvard College, and was called to the bar in 1854. 
 From that time to the present day, Mr. Anderson has prac- 
 ticed his profession without interruption. He has had the 
 management of many trusts, and still has, and has been con- 
 spicuous in many causes cc'lebres. In 1868 he formed a part- 
 
ii6 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 nership with Mr. Frederick H. Man, son of the late Alon 
 P. Man, and the firm of Anderson & Man is one of the best 
 known and respected in the city. During the last ten years 
 he has been more particularly engaged in litigation against 
 railrojds and in reorganization plans. He conducted the liti- 
 gation against Jay Gould, in the Missouri, Kansas and 
 Texas Railway Company, for the recovery of interest 
 due on income bond coupons, and the result of the suit was 
 the payiiient in value of over two millions of dollars to the 
 parties in interest. 
 
 In the spring of 1862, Mr. Anderson, just after the re- 
 treat of General Banks, in the Shenandoah Valley, went to 
 the front as Major, in the N. Y. Slate Militia, was captured 
 by the Confederates, under Stonewall Jackson, paroled and 
 returned to his home. In 187 1, he engaged actively in the 
 crusade against the Tweed Ring, subsequently joined the 
 Tammany Hall organization, and was for some years its 
 chairman in the nth district. He withdrew from Tammany 
 Hall in 1879, and soon after, with Abram S, Hewitt, Edward 
 
 ^f^i^: 
 
 ELBERT ELLERV ANDERSON. 
 
 Cooper and AVilliam C. Whitney, organized the County 
 Democracy, of whose General Committee he was for several 
 years the chairman. In this connection he helped materi- 
 ally in the rout of Tammany Hall in 1884, and the election 
 to the Mayoralty of William R. Grace over Hugh J. Grant. 
 During the last few years Mr. Anderson has been an 
 able advocate of tariff reform. His opposition to the tariff 
 is based upon a deep conviction that it is unjust in principle 
 and that its effect is to enable favored classes to accumulate 
 vast sums which they do not earn, and are taken from the 
 scanty earnings of the masses. He has never held office, and 
 though on many occasions he received the offer of nomina- 
 tion to the Supreme Court Bench, he has always declined. 
 He has served as School Trustee, Rapid Transit Commis- 
 sioner, and, respectively, of land taken for the Croton Aque- 
 duct and the Elevated Railroad. He was appointed in 
 1887, by President Cleveland, a Commissioner to investigate 
 the affairs of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Com- 
 panies, and prepared the majority report of the Commission. 
 
 The services rendered the Democratic party in general, 
 and President Cleveland in particular, by Mr. Anderson in 
 the late memorable campaign, are considered of inestima- 
 ble value by Democratic leaders all over the country. He 
 was President of the Reform Club, and Chairman of the 
 Tariff Reform Committee, and as such played an important 
 part in the election. It was chiefly the action of the " Anti- 
 Snappers" that prevented the nomination of Senator Hill, at 
 the Chicago convention, and Mr. Anderson was one of their 
 organizers and directing spirts. He is an active man, and 
 always has been, but it is doubtful if in all his career he 
 worked half as hard as he did during the three months pre- 
 ceding the last November election. It was not only that 
 his tactics in bringing about the nomination of Grover Cleve- 
 land were masterly, but he did more than any other man 
 to educate the people all over on tariff reform. In fact Mr. 
 Anderson's name is synonymous with reform. He is its 
 apostle, and as such he will always be known. 
 
 JULIUS BUNZL. 
 
 If some bright literary man ever writes a history of the 
 rise and fall of some of New York's leading commercial 
 houses he will have furnished a remarkable and an interest- 
 ing work to the public. Many of the houses began with 
 large capital and have disappeared from the face of trade ; 
 there is not a memory of them left, while others which 
 commenced in the most inconceivably modest fashion have 
 grown into large proportions and descend from sire to son. 
 Though luck often plays a prominent part in commerce, it 
 may be stated, as a general rule, that while capital without 
 brains goes to the wall, brains when backed by jiersever- 
 ance, integrity and method are bound to win. Happy, 
 however, is the firm that have both br.iins and capital, and 
 of such is J. Bunzl & Sons, the great tobacco dealers. The 
 founders of the house had a history that is almost unique. 
 Julius Bunzl, for that was his name, was born in Prague, 
 Bohemia. A chemist by profession, he came to this countrv 
 in 1848 with very little money in his pocket, but with an 
 undaunted resolution. He was unable to find anything to 
 do in his own line, and therefore looked around him for 
 something else, thus illustrating the soundness of the 
 Spanish proverb which says that if one cannot get what he 
 likes, he must like what he gets. On the voyage out he 
 made the acquaintance of some of his countrvmen who were 
 cigar makers, and meeting them in New York one day a 
 short time after he prevailed upon thein to teach him the 
 business, which they did, and by this means he eked out a 
 scanty living for a while. A few months later he met Mr. 
 Henry Dormitzer, also a native of Prague ; they clubbed 
 the few dollars they had together and bought a small cigar 
 store on Catharine street. That was the beginning of the 
 firm of Bunzl & Dormitzer, and now known as J. Bunzl & 
 Sons, and esteemed all over the United States. In 1858 
 the partners moved to their present quarters and engaged 
 in the wholesale tobacco trade, and in 1863 sold out half a 
 dozen cigar stores they owned in various parts of the city. 
 From that day to this the business of the house has 
 increased and branches have been thrown out until to-day 
 it may be considered an American institution. In January, 
 1884, Mr. Dormitzer retired from the firm with a large 
 fortune, and on July 4, 1887, Mr. Bunzl died, leaving his 
 three sons as executors of his estate and heirs to his 
 immense business. The firm buys and packs tobacco in the 
 States of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, 
 Wisconsin, Connecticut, Indiana, Vermont, New Hamp- 
 shire and New Jersey, and has warehouses in Lancaster, 
 Maytown and Wrightville, Pa.; Edgerton and Stoughton, 
 Wis ; Miamisburg, Ohio ; Geimantown, Ohio ; Baldwins- 
 ville, N. Y.; Big Flats, N. Y.; Hartford and New Milford, 
 Conn.; South Deerfield, Mass., and Putney, Vt. The 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROJ'OI.I S. 
 
 "7 
 
ii8 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 present firm consists of Mr. Bunzl's sons — Victor, Gustav 
 and Ernest. They were all born in the United States, and 
 received a liberal education in American Colleges. Victor 
 graduated from New York College in June, 1877 ; Gustav 
 went through a course in the School of Mines in Columbia 
 College ; Ernest has also the New York College for an Alma 
 Mater. All three are married and the three ladies are 
 natives of New York City. Victor was married on Novem- 
 ber 25, 1890, to Miss Pauline Bookman ; Gustav, on 
 December 17, 1 891, to Miss Harriet Kaufman, and Ernest, 
 on November 7, 1888, to Miss Elizabeth C. Goble. Their 
 mother, Mrs. Julius Bunzl, widow of the founder of the 
 house, is a lady well known for her unostentatious charities. 
 In her good deeds she does not discriminate, but serves all 
 creeds and nationalities alike, and the same may be said of 
 the younger ladies, who are also well known in high social 
 circles. The store on Water street is one of the oldest in 
 the city. 
 
 CHARLES F. HOLM. 
 
 Charles F. Holm, who has an office in the Pulitzer Build- 
 ing, is a hard worker and may be set down as one of New 
 York's most prosperous lawyers. An idea of his business 
 may be gleaned from the statement that he has six assistants 
 constantly employed, three of them in the profession. Among 
 his clients are such by establishment as the Consumers' 
 Brewing Company of New York, limited, Pain's Protec- 
 tive Company of New York and London, the Butchers' Stock 
 Trust, Koscher Meat and Sausage Company, Eagle Dis- 
 
 CHARLES F. HOLM. 
 
 tillery, Meyer Cage Manufacturing Company, and Quintuple 
 Iron Comjiany. He also acts as counsel for the Lawyers' 
 Title Insurance Company of New York. Mr. Holm was 
 born in this city in 1862, and received the rudiments of his 
 education in the public schools. He was sent to Euro])e 
 to complete his studies, and spent seven years in the Ger- 
 man University of Rostock. He graduated from Columbia 
 College and received the degree of LL.B. Mr. Holm is a 
 member of Herman Lodge, and has attained the thirty- 
 second degree in Masonry. 
 
 ANDREW J. CAMPBELL. 
 
 Andrew J. Camijbell, one of New York's prominent 
 builders, was born in Newark, N. J-, on July 5, 1828. At 
 the age of five he went to live with his grandfather, William 
 Campbell, a farmer near Hackensack, N. J., whose father 
 served three years in the Federal army of the American 
 Revolution. From ten to fourteen the boy did a man's 
 work on the farm, attending the village school, a mile and 
 a half distant, during the winter months. He came to New 
 York in 1842, being then thirteen years old, and apprenticed 
 himself to a builder. At eighteen he began work as a 
 journeyman, and at twenty-two started in business for him- 
 self. In 1856 he was elected Councilman for the Ninth 
 Ward, and was appointed Deputy Tax Commissioner in 
 1857, which position he held until 1864, when he was 
 appointed Clerk of the Third District Civil Court. In 1870 
 he was apiiointed Superintendent of Repairs and Supplies 
 in the Department of Public Works, and was in the fall of 
 1875 elected member of the Assembly, where he reaped 
 honors and made both friends and enemies by his straight- 
 f(3rward conduct. In 1865 Mr. Campbell, in partnership 
 with W. H. Van Tassel, established his present business of 
 Architectural Iron Works in a small way, and by industry, 
 perseverance and sterling integrity has extended it until it 
 has assumed its large proportions of to-day. The West 
 Side Architectural Iron Works now occupy ten full building 
 lots, from 550 to 560 on the south side and from 553 to 557 
 on the north side of West Thirty-third Street, all covered 
 with appropriate buildings. Mr. Campbell was President of 
 " The Chelsea " six years and has now resigned. He had 
 the care of that property as special trustee the last five 
 years and made it famous as a family hotel, all the while 
 attending to his own business, and by judicious manage- 
 ment raised it from the brink of failure to its present value, 
 estimated at $1,300,000. He is still a member of the Board 
 of Trustees in charge of the property. In politics he is a 
 Republican and a strong advocate of protection, and though 
 sixty-four years old is in the full vigor uf life. 
 
 JOHN AIKMAN STEWART. 
 
 John Aikman Stewart, President of the United States 
 Trust Company, and formerly Assistant Treasurer of the 
 LTnited States at New York, was born in Fulton Street, 
 New York, August 22, 1822. His father emigrated from 
 Scotland when quite young and settled in New York, where 
 for many years he was one of the Assessors for the Twelfth 
 and Sixteenth wards, and subsequently Receiver of Taxes. 
 He married June 11, 1817, Mary Aikman, also of Scotch 
 descent, by whom he had six children. The subject of our 
 sketch received his preliminary education in Public School 
 No. 15 in East Twenty-seventh Street, from whence he en- 
 tered Columbia College and graduated in 1840, after com- 
 pleting the literary and scientific course of instruction in 
 that institution. In 1842, being then in his twentieth year, 
 he was appointed Clerk of the Board of Education, and 
 continued in that position until 1850, when he became 
 Actual y of the United States Life Insurance Company, 
 which position he resigned in 1853 to accept the office of 
 Secretary of the United States Trust Company of New 
 York, then just chartered by the State Legislature, mainly 
 through the efforts of Mr. Stewart. He continued in the 
 discharge of the duties of that position until pressingly in- 
 vited by President Lincoln and the Hon. Wm. Pitt Fessen- 
 den, Secretary of the Treasury, to become Assistant 
 Treasurer of the United States at New York in June, 1864. 
 Mr. Stewart had previously declined the office when ten- 
 dered to him by Secretary Chase, but now that the rebellion 
 was at its height, public confidence wavering, the national 
 credit jeopardized and the LInion in peril, he, at much per- 
 sonal sacrifice, accepted the office. He continued in the 
 
NEW YOBK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ii9 
 
 discharge of its then onerous and always exacting and 
 responsible duties with great acceptance to tlie National 
 t'lovernment until the < lose of the war, when, upon the 
 resignation of Mr. Joseph Lawrence, President of the 
 United States Trust Company, Mr. Stewart was unani- 
 mously elected to succeed him, and resigned the Assistant 
 Treasurership. For more than a (piarter of a century, Mr. 
 Stewart has continued to discharge the duties pertaining to 
 that responsible office most acceptably to the Board of 
 Trustees and profitably to the stockholders. Under his 
 management the company has deyeloped into the largest 
 trust company on the American Continent, having Ijy far 
 the greatest amount of assets. It is in the front rank of all 
 .Vmerican fiduciary institutions. Its capital of l>2, 000,000, 
 surplus of $8,000,000, deposits of $40,000,000 and gross 
 assets of $50,000,000 render it one of the most important 
 moneyed corporations in the world. It has erected at Nos. 
 45 and 47 Wall Street one of the grandest and most elegant 
 buildings of massiye granite in the Romanesipie style in this 
 
 career be has never failed or even faltered in his obligations, 
 has gained and retained the respect of his fellow men and 
 has been able to do something towards the improvement of 
 their condition. He is jjrominently identified with many of 
 our leading institutions, being a Director in the Merchants' 
 National B.ink, the Bank of New Amsterdam, the Green- 
 wich Savings Bank, the Eijuitable Life Assurance Society 
 and the Liverpool and London and Glolie Insurance Co. 
 He is a Director of the New York Eye and Kar Infirmary, 
 a Trustee of the John F. Slater Fund, and has been for 
 many years an active Trustee of Princeton College. He is 
 a member of the Brick Presbyterian Church and one of its 
 Board of Trustees. He belongs to the Union League Club 
 and the Metropolitan Club. In early life Mr. Stewart was 
 a Democrat in politics, but on the outbreak of the Civil 
 War he became a warm supjiorter of President Lincoln's 
 administration, and has ever since advocated and sustained 
 the leading measures of the Republican party, though not 
 an extreme high tariff man. In May, i'S45, he married Miss 
 
 JOHN A. hTEWART. 
 
 country. The Board of Trustees is a liod\' \\hic h repre- 
 sents to the fullest extent the wealth and stability of the 
 Metropolis. It comprises : Daniel D. Lord, Samuel Sloan, 
 James Low, William Walter Phelps, D. Willis James, John 
 .'\. Stewart, Erastus Corning (.Albany), John Harsen 
 Rhoades, Anson Phelps Stokes, Charles S. Smith, George 
 Bliss, William Lilibey, John Crosby I'.rown, Edward 
 Cooper, W. Bayard Cutting, William Rockefeller, William 
 Waldorf Astor, Alexander E, ( )rr ( Brooklyn), William H. 
 Macy, Jr., William D. Sloane, Gustav H. Schwab, Frank 
 Lyman, George F. Victor, James Stillman. 
 
 Mr. Stewart's business career has been no less remark- 
 able for his activity than for its unvarying success, and his 
 record for promptness, frankness and spotless integrity is 
 unquestioned and widespread. His has been the success 
 which always attends persistent effort guided by tact and 
 ability, but that of which he is prouder than of all other 
 achievements is the fact that during all his distinguished 
 
 Sarah Youle Johnson, of New York City, who died in 1886, 
 by whom he had five children, two of whom are living. In 
 iSgo he married Mary Olivia, daughter of Francis B. 
 Capron, of Baltimore. 
 
 CHARLES W. SCHUMANN. 
 
 There are few men in New York City with a history as in- 
 teresting and replete with reminiscence as that of Charles W. 
 Schumann, who is at once a jeweller, a poet, and, in a certain 
 sense, an artist. His career would fill a good-sized volume. 
 Mr. Schumann was born in a village near Waldorf, the birth 
 place of John Jacob Astor, in the Duchy of Baden, Germany. 
 At that time there was a law — trade law — that in order to 
 obtain in future a license to carry on a business a young 
 man had to be engaged in such business away from home 
 for not less than three years. Mr. Schumann came to this 
 country in 1845. After the Revolution of 1848 his parents 
 (his father having been born in Baden in 1772) came to New 
 
JVEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 York, and both his parents found their resting place in 
 Greenwood Cemetery. C. ^\■. Schumann's first business en- 
 gagement in this city was with E. 1^. Eggert, manufacturer 
 of marine chronometers, and one of the first to make and 
 sell the marine chronometers then so well known, whose 
 store was located on John and Pearl streets. After a few 
 years with Mr. Eggert he was with Mr. Samuel Hammond, 
 the well-known dealer in fine watches, who for years fur- 
 nished the city with the best time-keepers. Mr. Hammond 
 carried on business in the old Merchants' Exchange, the 
 site of the present Custom House. In 1852 he sailed 
 for California in the clipper ship Ino, which went around 
 Cape Horn in a 116 days' voyage; across the Sierras 
 Nevadas he engaged in the jewelry and watchmaking trade 
 in Nevada City. It is also on record that the first Christ- 
 mas tree ever seen in Nevada County, if not the fir^t in 
 
 to Mr. Schumann while in the far AVest. one in the moun- 
 tains, the other in San Francisco, a third son in the East, 
 and in 1886 he started two of his sons in business in this 
 city as " Schumann's Sons," being one of the most extensive 
 and splendidly equipped jewelry stores to be seen any- 
 where, at home or abroad, conducted on the same principles 
 as those governing the senior house, making it a specialty 
 of keeping the best. His reliability, and consequently his 
 reputation for integrity in all his dealings stands the high- 
 est, and to that he attributes his great success. He is 
 wealthy and owns considerable parcels of real estate in 
 various parts of the city, and he is a man of public spirit who 
 knows how to distribute money judiciously. A third son is 
 with his father at the old establishment. Mr. Schumann is 
 still proud to be a member and Trustee of the Society of Cal- 
 ifornia Pioneers, residing now in this city. He and Hon. 
 
 CH.\RLES W. SCHU,M.\NN. 
 
 California, was raised by Mr. and Mrs. Schumann, and, as 
 there were but few children in Nevada City, they had 
 every one of them old enough to sit up, at their house to 
 enjoy the Christmas festivities. During his sojourning in Cal- 
 ifornia Mr. Schumann formed a friendshi]) and close social 
 relationship with such distinguished men as Hon. Aaron A. 
 Sargent, subsequently American minister to Berlin ; Judge 
 Nyles Searles, and the celebrated John A. Sutter. Mr. 
 Schumann returned to New York in 1856 and established 
 himself on Nassau Street, but after a time moved to his 
 present locality on John Street, where he has created for 
 himself a national reputation, not only as a jeweller and 
 diamond expert, but as one who has done much for high 
 art in the United States. He was one of the first in the 
 trade to ship goods to California. He is one of the oldest 
 depositors in the Bank of New York. Two sons were born 
 
 Henry Wilson were delegates on the fortieth anniversary in 
 1890 of Admission Day (of California as a State), and both 
 gentlemen, said the San Francisco papers of the time, were 
 received with marked attention and courte,sy. Mr. Schu- 
 mann e^ctended his visit for several months, and, for the time, 
 was made an honorary member of the Press Club, an excep- 
 tional distinction. Were Mr. Schumann not a successful 
 business man he could easily make a reputation in litera- 
 ture, even in English literature, though he is of German 
 birth and education. His beautiful poem, "The Charm of 
 Gifts," proves that he can combine sentiment with business. 
 And speaking of his German birth, this may be the proper 
 place to tell a short story and also furnish a few lines from 
 his patriotic book, " The Emigrant," which has been pub- 
 lished in edition de luxe form. When, during the time of 
 the controversy between the .\merican and German Gov- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ernments regarding Samoa, Mr. Schumann was asked by 
 Europear.s what ])osition the German clemtnl in the L'nitutl 
 States would be likely to assume in the case of hostilities, 
 he quoted this patriotic excerpt from his own hook of " 'i'he 
 Emigrant ": 
 
 '• When we became Americans 
 
 By our so'.e choice, our own free will, 
 
 When we renounced all potentates, 
 
 We had to take the legal oath 
 
 Forswearing homo allegiance: 
 
 We swore a holy, serious oath. 
 
 Without reserve ; decided that 
 
 As long as we can raise an arm, 
 
 As long as in our beating heart 
 
 A grain of self-respect remains. 
 
 We shall defend our liberty — 
 
 We shall defend the land that has 
 
 Restored our birthright ' to be free.' " 
 
 Mr. Schumann is in possession of many paintings by great 
 artists ; in fact, quite a gallery of almost inestimable value, 
 one of the finest, most famous and well known being "A 
 Russian Wedding Feast," "Choosing the Bride," " Judg- 
 ment of Paris," by Constantin Makowsky, of St. Peters- 
 burg; "True at Heart," by Professor J. Weiser; these 
 four are each very large; the latter covers a canvas of i8 
 feet 6 inches by ii feet 6 inches; " Interrujited Serenade," 
 byLuigi Monteverde, and numerous others in his stores and 
 at home. Mr. Schumann had a few of those pictures e.x- 
 hibited in some of our principal cities, charging an admis- 
 sion fee and dedicating the proceeds to charitable institutions. 
 The first-named picture alone brought in $7,000, and Mr. 
 Schumann has given over the sum of $10,000 to charities in 
 New York, Brooklyn, Newark and other cities. \\t may 
 add, in conclusion, that his disposition is sunny, and l)y 
 his affable, accommodating ways to his companions — in fact, 
 toward everybody — he makes friends at pleasure, and is 
 singularly popular and welcomed wherever he goes. 
 
 THOMAS DIMOND. 
 
 One of the leading iron firms of New York is that of J. 
 (1. & T. Dimond, of West Thirty-third Street. The 
 business was founded in 1852 Ijv J. (',. Dimond and 
 William IJimond, uncle and father of the present head 
 of the firm, iron railings and verandas being their chief pro- 
 ducts. Thomas Dimond entered the firm in 1880. He had 
 served a clerkship of eight years with the firm before this, 
 and being a young man of ability the result of his incoming 
 was soon made manifest. In 1886 the uncle retired, leaving 
 his son with an interest, and the nephew assumed control, 
 retaining, however, the name by which the firm had now 
 gained a reputation, .\mong many other buildings the firm 
 has supplied with iron for architectural purposes are the 
 .Alpine apartment house, the Stock Exchange, Theological 
 Seminary, most of Trinity Church, various warehouses and 
 churches and the Union, Manhattan and Calumet Clubs. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Dimond was born in Putnam County, N. Y., 
 in September, 1854, and educated in the |)ublic schools ar.d 
 Packard's famous business college. He sjient two years 
 studying in the office of James Renwick, New Y'ork's 
 foremost architect. At the age of eighteen he entered his 
 present business. He takes an active interest in all iron 
 architectural organizations and has been instrumental in 
 promoting a community of interests and good fellowshi]) in 
 the trade. He took a very active part two years ago in 
 organizing the Iron League of New York, Brooklyn and 
 Jersey City to resist a strike, and is its treasurer. 
 
 CHARLES WELDE. 
 
 Hon. Charles Welde, Chief of the Board of Police 
 
 Justices, was born in Stuttgart, (Germany, on March 22, 
 
 1843, and attended school there until eleven years old, when 
 
 he came with his father to this country (1854) and settled 
 
 in this c ily. (.\lr. Welde, senior, was a brewer in Stuttgart, 
 and was a brewer on '{'hirty-eighth Street after his arrival 
 here.) .\t an early age he was apprenticed to the sash and 
 blind branch of the cariientering trade, and learned it just 
 as rapiilly ashe would any other trade or profession because 
 of his natural rece])tive ])Owers and aptitude. While learn- 
 ing his trade he was also educating himself, and there was 
 in New York no boy more faithful or constant in attending 
 the night schools of the city than young Charles Welde. 
 He devoured literature, and when eighteen years old was 
 just as (]ualified for a university course as if he had been 
 trained for it by private tutors. In 1865, being then 
 twenty-two, Mr. Welde went into business for himself as 
 a manufacturer of sash, blinds and house trimmings, and 
 almost at once established himself in a prosperous trade. 
 From that time until he retired from Inisiness (1888) it is 
 probalde that he furnished more material in his line toward 
 building up Harlem than any other living man. All the 
 fine up-town liouses were sn])plie(l from his factory. But 
 
 C1I.\RLES w Kl.iii-:. 
 
 he did not ( onfine himself to furnisliing materials ; he 
 built also, and that very extensively. It was Judge \Velde 
 who built up Fifth .Avenue from 124th to 125th Street ; 
 the corner of 129th Street and Fifth Avenue; Lexington 
 Avenue, from 129th to 130th Street ; and Park Avenue 
 and 124th Street to the middle of the block each way. 
 He sold out his business four years ago, and since then 
 devotes the time he can spare from his public duties in 
 looking after his private property, of which he ]jos^esses 
 considerable in real estate, chiefly in Harlem. In 1879 
 Judge Welde first took a hand in politics and threw his 
 fortunes in with Tammany Hall. In 1880 we find him 
 John Kelly's trusted lieutenant in the Twenty-third Assem- 
 bly District. Mayor P^dison appointed him Police Justice in 
 1884, and in 1890 he was elected to the position he occu- 
 pies at present — Chief Justice of the Board of Police 
 Judges. He is a member of the Sagamore Club, the Demo- 
 cratic Club, and member of the Tammany Hall Executive 
 Committee. 
 
122 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ANDREW L. SOULARD. 
 
 Andrew L. Soulard, President of the German American 
 Real Estate Title and Guarantee Company, was born in 
 Roslyn, L. I., in 1841. He received his education in the 
 Public Schools of New York City. He graduated from 
 Public School No. 34, Broome Street in 1854, and entered 
 the ofifice of the Mechanics and Traders Insurance Com- 
 pany, and commenced the career which he has followed 
 step by step to his present position. In 1864 he became 
 connected with the Sterling Fire Insurance Company, and 
 was elected its Secretary in the following year. In 1869 he 
 was elected Vice-President, and in 187 1 President of the 
 Company, which ofifice he held until 1886, when he resigned 
 for the purpose of entering and reorganizing the German 
 American Real Estate Title Ciuarantee Company. He is a 
 director of the Madison Square Hank of New York, and of 
 
 1500,000, with a board of officers composed of prominent 
 business men of the city. The objects of the company are 
 to afford absolute protection to purchasers and mortgagees 
 of real estate. The transfer of land has always been a com- 
 plicated matter compared to the transfer of personal property: 
 in the latter the posse sor may transfer title by delivery; in 
 the former, where possession is not sufficient evidence of 
 title, and as the seller can only convey such title as he may 
 have, every intelligent buyer demands proof of a good title 
 in the seller. This involves proof of the title in each prior 
 owner to the original source of title. During the course of 
 years the number of transfers by various causes largely 
 increases, searching titles becomes more and more difficult, 
 and under the old system of searching one record of title 
 through the recorded inde.xes, numerous errors would creep 
 in, and the skill and accuracy of the conveyancer, and the 
 
 ANDREW L. SOUL.-iRD. 
 
 the First National of Bridgeport, Alabama. For many years 
 he has been School Trustee in the Twelfth Ward, and for 
 eight years Chairman of the Board. In 1881 he was candi- 
 date for Comptroller of the city. Of large experience in 
 business affairs and of excellent judgment, conservative, yet 
 liberal in all matters insuring progress, he has ac(]uired a 
 reputation that marks him essentially as one of the leading 
 representative business men of the city, lender his man- 
 agement the affairs of the company have made rapid 
 progress, its importance to the real estate interests of the 
 city thoroughly established, its record of titles made more 
 and more complete, until now it is but the labor of a few 
 hours to supply complete abstracts of titles, where formerly 
 days were consumed in the same work. The company was 
 organized under the laws of 1885, with a paid in capital of 
 
 correctness of the legal opinion based on the abstract as 
 well, might be unsound. The methods of this company 
 surpass the old system. In order to obtain a perfect abstract 
 of title any page of any book of public records, from the 
 earliest settlements of the city to the present date, must be 
 examined and abstracted. Such abstracts are of great value, 
 and for the purposeof procuring the same, the most competent 
 real estate lawyers are employed, and no guarantee ])nlicy is 
 issued by the company until after verification and approval 
 of title certified by counsel. Having eliminated all sources 
 of error in the examination, the company backs up the 
 accuracy of its examination, and takes all chances of defect 
 of title, by insuring the same against defect from any cause, 
 and will defend at its own expense all actions brought against 
 the title. An owner or mortgagee of land who holds the 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 123 
 
 company's policy insuring the title can rci-t lrani|iiil, andean 
 reconvey his title or mortgage without delay. 'I'he value of 
 this method of business can be readily seen, and trust com- 
 panies as well as individual ]3urchasers refer to this institution 
 before completing investments. The company also loans 
 nionev on bond and inortgage at cm rent rates of interest, 
 whicli feature of the business is of steady increase. The 
 officers of the company are Andrew 1.. Soulard, President ; 
 S. B. Livings'.on, Secretary ; ^^■illiam Wagner, Treasurer ; 
 W. R. Thompson, General Manager; C'harles Unangst, 
 Counsel ; Hon. ^foah Davis, Advisory Counsel. The 
 Directors are George \V. Quintard, William Steinway, John 
 Straiton, Jere Johnson, Jr., Felix Camiibell, Silas B. Dutcher, 
 Geo. C. Claussen, John A. Beyer, R. Carman Combes, James 
 Fellows, Charles Unangst, William Wagner, 1''. 1!. Living- 
 ston, W. R. Thompson, Joseph F. ISlaut, Andrew I.. Soulard. 
 
 JOHN M. CARRERE, JR. 
 
 Mr. John M. Carrere, the senior i)artner in the architec- 
 tural firm of Carrere & Hastings, was born in Rio de 
 Janeiro, Brazil, on November 9, 1858. His father, a native 
 of Baltimore, and of French descent, was exclusively 
 engaged in business in Rio for thirty years ; his mother is of 
 Scottish an'cestry, connected with the distinguished Maxwell 
 family. When fourteen years of age young Carrere was 
 sent to Europe to be educated and trained to the profession 
 of an architect. He spent four years at school in Switzer- 
 land, and then went to Paris, where he remained six years. 
 He took full advantage of those years in the French 
 Capital, and, as a consequence, has to-day no superior and 
 very few equals in America in the line of decorative archi- 
 tecture. Air. Carrere spent four years of his Parisian life 
 in r Ecole des Beiiiix Arts, from which he graduated in 1882. 
 On his arrival in Paris he had entered the studio of M. 
 Ruprich Robert, Inspector General of Historical Monu- 
 ments for the French Government, and studied under him 
 for two years. Acting upon Mr. Robert's advice, he entered 
 the studio of M. Laisue, remained with him two months, 
 and was then transferred to the office of M. Leon Gimain. 
 M. Gimain is a member of the French Institute, and all three 
 of the professors mentioned are among the famous Frencli 
 architects of the present day. Coming to New York in 
 T882, master of a noble ])rofession and speaking many 
 languages, he entered the offices of McKim, Meads & 
 White, with whom he remained three years, and then formed 
 a partnershij) with Mr. Hastings, a fellow student of his in 
 the School of Fine Arts in Paris. They began business in 
 57 Broadway, and soon after starting received an order to 
 build the Ponce de Leon Hotel. This was a great enter- 
 ])rise for such young men, but they were equal to the 
 occasion, and when it was completed their reinitation was 
 established. It is doubtful if ever before such an oppor- 
 t inity was presented to such young architects or availed of 
 to more brilliant advantage. The firm are the architects of 
 the Mail and ElxpresshwWdmgon Broadway, among many 
 other structures of prominence in the lity. Mr. Carrere is 
 a member of the American Institute of Architects and of 
 the Players' Club. He married, six years ago. Miss Marion 
 Dell, daughter of Colonel Charles L. Dell, of Houston, 
 Texas, and resides in Richmond Terrace, New Brighton, 
 
 Staten Island. 
 
 JOHN HENRY FLAGG. 
 John Henry Flagg, son of Gen Steplien P. and Lucinda 
 (Brown) Flagg, was born at Wilmington, Windham County, 
 Vt., in 1843. He was educated in the public schools of his 
 native town, at the Wesleyan Academ\-, Wilbraham, Mass., 
 and by private tutor. His law studies were prosecuted at 
 the .-Mbany Law School and in the office of Flagg is: Tyler, 
 that firm being composed of (ien. Stephen P. Flagg, the 
 father of the subject of this sketch, who himself was one 
 
 of the leading lawyers of Vermont, and Hon. James M. 
 Tyler, now one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Ver- 
 mont. He was admitted to the Vermont bar in Windham 
 County at the September term in 1864 and began practice 
 at \Vilmington, subse(iuently removing to 15ennington, 
 where he practiced for a period of four years. At the 
 session of the Legislature of Vermont in 1864 he was 
 elected Clerk of the House of Representatives, being 
 the youngest person who ever held that office, and was 
 unanimously re-elected for the succeeding four years. 
 At the first session of tlie Forty-first Congress, con- 
 vening in 1869, he was appointed i)rinci])al clerk of the 
 L'nited States Senate, which office he held through succeed- 
 ing Congresses until the spring of 1878, when he resigned. 
 He was admitted to the bar of the Su])reme Court of the 
 United States in 1870, and on terminating his connection 
 with the United States Senate resumed his law practice in 
 Washington and New York, giving special attention to 
 international ([uestions arising under treaties between the 
 
 •^ *.-_ W, 
 
 \. .i- 
 
 JOHN H. FL.^GG. 
 
 LTniled States and foreign powers and kindred sulijects. 
 Mr. Flagg was prominent'in formulating the earlier legisla- 
 tion of ("ongress defining the relation of our Government 
 to the Geneva Award fund, and subsequently prosecuted to 
 a successful termination a large number of claims arising 
 under said treaty. Removing to New York in the year 
 1880, he has not only continued his practice before the 
 Federal courts and the departments at Washington, but has 
 given much attention to corporate law. receiving a lucrative 
 income therefrom, being steadily employed by various cor- 
 porations prominent throughout the country. He is an 
 accepted authority on the law of parliamentary procedure 
 as well as international law, and has had important foreign 
 as well as domestic clients in this latter branch of practice, 
 to which so few lawyers seem to have given any special 
 attention. He is a member of the LTnion League Club of 
 New York City, the Metropolitan Club of Washington, a 
 life member of the New England Society of New York, 
 
124 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 and was one of the promoters of the Brooklyn Society of 
 Vermonters, of which he is a pi eminent member and one 
 of the Executive Committee. Mr. Flagg was married m 
 June, 1889, to L. Peachy, daughter of Frank F. and Marion 
 Jones, of Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 PAUL PRYIBIL. 
 Paul Pryibil, head of a wood-working machinery manu- 
 facturing establishment situated at Nos. 512 to 524 West 
 Forty-first Street, in the city of New York, was born in the 
 German Duchy of Nassau, now belonging to the German 
 Empire, and is one of our busy pioneers of progress and 
 was a welcome immigrant to this country. 
 
 His father was a schoolmaster and he received a fair 
 education. From an early age, however, he showed 
 great mechanical talent, and it was remarked that 
 all his little savings went for tools. He was a ready 
 customer of the peddlers who visited the villages 
 selling saws, hammers, planes, chisels, farming im- 
 plements, etc., and many were the queer and ingenious 
 things he contrived for the gratification and amusement 
 of his friends. He made sleighs, ladders, walking sticks 
 and garden benches, repaired clocks, etc. His father, see- 
 ing the bent of his mind, apprenticed him to a manufacturer 
 of small machinery, and the boy very soon obtained a 
 knowledge of the business. As he was very ambitious, he 
 determined to work in a larger shop and selected one of the 
 l)etter class, but farther away from home. In a short time 
 he had so mastered the trade and gained the confidence 
 and esteem of his employer to such an extent that he was 
 appointed assistant foreman ; but this first promotion, while 
 it greatly pleased and encouraged him, did not lessen his 
 ardor. At that time, about 1855, all Europe was filled 
 with wonderful tales of America and American progress in 
 machinery. 'I'he California gold fever brought out a knowl- 
 edge of the country and its resources, which now rivals 
 the East in wealth and empire. Like many others, 
 young Pryibil was filled witli admiration for the new coun- 
 try, and longed to share in the remarkable advancement 
 that everybody was talking about. He accordingly con- 
 cluded to emigrate, so, getting his little resources together, he 
 took leave of his family and friends and set out for the New 
 World. Arriving in New York, his start in life was certainly 
 not auspicious. There were comparatively few Germans here 
 at that time, and the chances of a young emigrant not able 
 to speak English were not encouraging, no matter what his 
 abilities might be. He readily saw that the first and most 
 important thing to do was to learn English in order to get 
 along, and to do this he obtained work in a small machine 
 shop, attended evening school and took ]3rivate lessons. 
 He went to larger shops outside of New York City, and 
 losing no chance of improving his mind or acquiring a 
 further mastery of his trade, he was soon looked upon as a 
 skilled mechanic, and in the natural course of events he 
 became ambitious to do something on his own account. 
 He returned to New York and began work again in a down- 
 town machine shop. Here he was occasionally called on to 
 get up machines to order, as it was largely a jobbing busi- 
 ness. On more than one occasion he distinguished himself 
 by designing and building certain machines for producing 
 articles that were imported. The manufacturers of these 
 articles in many cases made small fortunes, and importations 
 greatly declined or totally ceased. The esteem of the cus- 
 tomers that he then earned was of value to him later. 
 After starting a small business he found that people for 
 whom he had invented or improved mai-hinery were anxious 
 to have him do more work for them. He made a few 
 friends, but they were connected entirely with his business, 
 for he was not, in the ordinary sense of the term, much 
 given to sociability. As his customers increased in number. 
 
 and it became evident that he had an excellent <'hance of 
 building up a good business, he looked around for a part- 
 ner, and made an alliance with Mr. John First, who was 
 also a practical machinist. As both were diligent, earnest 
 men they got along well together, and the business pros- 
 pered. It was Mr. Pryibil's constant ambition that the firm 
 should be something more than mere jobbing machinists. 
 He sought something for which there was apt to be a steady 
 demand, and resolved to make it so well that it would 
 bring to them a good reputation, with all which that implies. 
 
 The furniture business in New York City at that time was 
 becoming an important industry, and to a very great extent 
 it was in the hands of Germans. There was not, however, 
 a manufacturer of wood-working machinery in the city, all 
 of the machines coming from Connecticut, Massachusetts, 
 Ohio, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on most all of 
 them room was left to make improvements. He took im- 
 mediate advantage of the opening, and began to build 
 moulding machines and band saw machines, which gave 
 fair results. The best band saw machines were im[)orted 
 from France, but they were by no means perfect, as the 
 saw blades were constantly breaking. Mr. Pryibil made 
 valuable improvements which prevented this breakage. He 
 devised an automatic arrangement for regulating the tension 
 on the saw blade, which placed his machine far in advance 
 of any other, and this device, by the way, remains to this 
 day the basis or fundamental principle for the purpose in 
 all band saw machines. He decided not to depend solely 
 on business in the immediate neighborhood, but rather to 
 go out and enlarge his field of operations. He therefore 
 made frec|uent trips to the West, and alwavs came back 
 loaded with orders. At the Centennial Exposition, 1876, and 
 other State expositions the firm made a remarkable display 
 and carried off most of the highest awards in their class. 
 This success gave them a national reputation, and benefited 
 their business very materially. In 1878 the partnershij) was 
 dissolved, Mr. First retiring. The firm then had thirty 
 employes and rented a comparatively small shop. The 
 growth of the business since tells its own story of Mr. 
 Pryibil's subsequent management. He now employs one 
 hundred and fitty men, without the foundry employes, 
 and his floor space has increased tenfold. Continual 
 additions to his equipment have made his facilities as 
 complete as those of any manufacturer in his business. 
 Many of the most useful of his appliances are of 
 his own invention, however, and the value of his 
 improvements is attested by the fact that in several cases 
 they have been adopted by builders of machinists' tools. 
 
 Mr. Pryibil has exported considerable machinery to 
 Europe, and in some instances his goods have been pur 
 chased by European manufacturers with the express purpose 
 of substituting them for their own designs. In most all 
 principal cities in this country his machines may be found 
 in successful operation. While his business is to manu- 
 facture machinery to order, he still maintains his interest in 
 specialties, his favorites being wood-working and brass- 
 working machinery, and appliances for the transmission of 
 power. He manufactures a very large variety of machines 
 in his line — perhaps more than any other house in this 
 country. He has made machinery for every branch of the 
 piano industry, and lately brought out a machine for drill- 
 ing the plates, wdiich is expected to practically revolution- 
 ize the business. With this machine a boy can produce as 
 much but better work as two skilled mechanics are able to 
 do on the best machine now in use. Many others of his 
 wood-working machines have increased the production and 
 improved the quality of certain kinds of ornamental wood 
 work to such an extent, that what was formerly within the 
 reach of only those who were well able to pay a high price can 
 now be obtained by peo])le of very moderate means. He 
 
iVElV VOA'A', THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 125 
 
 
 ■'« 
 
126 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 takes a lively interest in passing events and keeps well 
 informed on current progress in many branches, but the 
 constant progress in modern machine-shop practice retpiires 
 that he who would keep up with it must give to it his 
 undivided attention, and Mr. Pryibil not only aims to move 
 along with the procession, but to keep his place in the front 
 ranks. What he loses in social circles he more than gains 
 in popularity among the scientific and business classes, by 
 whom the extent and solid worth of his attainments are 
 greatly appreciated. He is a frequent contributor to the 
 mechanical ]japers. As he is only in his fifty-eighth year, 
 and in possession of a rugged constitution, it would seem 
 that there is still a great future before him. 
 
 ORLANDO P. DORMAN. 
 
 There is no truer type of the deservedly successful New 
 Englander than Orlando P. Dorman, President of the Gil- 
 bert Manufacturing Company. Mr. Uorman's ancestors 
 we-e of two famous New Entiland families. His mother 
 
 corporated in 1881, was organized for the purpose of intro 
 ducing throughout the United States and the world the 
 Three Leaf 'I'will dress linings. The concern, as its capital 
 increased, introduced other articles, fancy dress linings and 
 dress goods, among which the "Fast-Black Dress Goods" 
 are perhajis the most famous. Before its si.\th year, pur- 
 suing Mr. Dorman's rule of giving to the public goods which 
 they did not have, but had really long needed, the corpora- 
 tion, before its sixth year, ranked as the largest operators in 
 the business. It is now twelve years old and has a surplus 
 of $475,000. Mr. Dorman's great experience as a salesman 
 led him to personally undertake the introduction of his new 
 fabric. An anecdote of a transaction in West Virginia 
 illustrates at once his method and his success. A Wheeling 
 merchant, to whom Mr. Dorman proposed to sell American 
 goods instead of English standard articles, declared that it 
 was impossible that there could be anything in the line as 
 good as "Ferguson Cloth." Mr. Dorman gave the gentle- 
 man five samples and asked him to pick the best. He 
 
 ORLANDO p. DORMAN, 
 
 was of the stock of the Doanes who came in the second 
 vessel after the Mayflower, while the head of the Dorman 
 family in America disembarked in Boston in 1636. Orlando 
 P. Dorman was born in Connecticut in 1828. After receiv- 
 ing an academic education, he began business at Chittenden's 
 store in Hartford, when nineteen years old. Mr. Hotchkiss 
 at that time became proprietor of the establishment. Dor- 
 man's position was that of office boy. He commenced at 
 the foot of the commercial ladder. From this humble 
 position he climbed up the ladder step by step until 
 he was invited by William H. Lee to take a position 
 in New York, which he accepted and became a partner 
 in the firm of Lee, Case & Co. and William H. Lee & Co., 
 and was the foreign buyer until he retired from the business. 
 While on one of his semi-annual business trips, he conceived 
 the idea of the " Three Leaf Twills," which in spite of the 
 sad prophecies of even ex])erienced business men proved a 
 great success. The Gilbert Manufacturing Company, in- 
 
 selected one, saying, "That's Ferguson." But it was not, 
 and the goods of the famous English maker proved to be 
 those the Wheeling buyer picked oat as the poorest of the 
 lot. This incident and similar ones firmly establish the 
 superiority of the new American product over all others, 
 and in this way Mr. Dorman contributed in no small degree 
 to the promotion of American manufacturing industry, 
 independent of and superior to that of the Old World. Mr. 
 O. P. Dorman has never held public office, finding no time 
 to spare from ever-pressing business cares. He is noted for 
 works of charity and benevolence. In 1873, he, Mrs. Dorman 
 and a friend originated and donated about $2,000 to the enter- 
 tainment given at the Academy of Music for the benefit of 
 the Shepherd's Fold, which Mrs. Vanderbilt pronounced the 
 most successful of its kind ever given in New York. Many of 
 his charities have been undertaken as an ofticer of the Church 
 of the Heavenly Rest and the Church of the Holy Spirit. In 
 1850 Mr. Dorman married Miss Taylor, of Hartford, Con- 
 
JV£IF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 127 
 
 necticut. They have tun ( hildren, a son and a daughter, 
 the son, who graduated at St. Paul's School at the age of 
 seventeen, being now in business for himself. His home is 
 the mansion at Seventy-sixth Street and West End Avenue, 
 one of the finest in that great residential loeality, and there 
 he enjoys the comfort and [ileasure well merited by so busy 
 and useful a life. 
 
 FRANK K. STURGIS. 
 Since 1824, when the office of President of the New 
 York Stock Exchange first became elective, there have 
 been thirty-three incumbents, including Edward Lyde, the 
 first, and Frank K. Sturgis, who holds the office at the 
 present time. This position, though carrying with it no 
 salary, is looked upon as a high honor and the crowning 
 of a life of successful financial cndeaxor. 'I'he dut\' of 
 
 ing and ability as a banker and broker, Mr. Sturgis enjoys 
 immense popularity on the street. He is a remarkably hand- 
 some man, genial, accessible, and at all times ready to help, 
 not only his fellow members, but newspapermen and seekers 
 after information generady, and this no matter how busy 
 he may be in his office. That Mr. Sturgis is a very busy 
 man, too, goes without the saying, for his house does an 
 international business and is one of the city's financial 
 institutions. He is (needless to state) thoroughly conversant 
 with the monetary affairs of the country, and has the his- 
 tory of Wall Street, its panics, crises and general history at 
 his fingers' ends. Since his advent to memljership many 
 beneficent revolutions have taken place, and he is one of 
 those who have been instrumental in the introduction of the 
 Clearing House, which has simplified business in so marvel- 
 ous a manner and tended to the public security. He 
 
 FR/WK K. STUR(;iS, 
 
 the President is to preside over the deliberations of 1,100 
 of the most astute financiers in the country, the majority 
 of them wealthy, and all of them representing capital. 
 'I'o do this successfully, the President must possess tact, 
 energy, character and ability. Mr. Sturgis was born in 
 New York City in 1847. He represents the highest type 
 of a New York financier, and during a quarter of a century 
 of active meniliership in the Exchange he has passed un- 
 scathed and untarnished through its stormy scenes. His 
 first experience in the world of finance was gained as a 
 clerk in the banking house of Capron, Strong & Co., in 
 which he became a partner. This firm was succeeded by 
 that of Work, Strong & Co. He is still a partner in that 
 concern, and has been since he entered the Stock Exchange 
 as a member, on January 12, 1869. Apart from his stand- 
 
 believes in the Stock Exchange as an institution that is 
 indispensable, and under all conditions must form a leading 
 factor in the business of this great city. This gives Wall 
 Street a long lease of life. Mr. Sturgis is connected with 
 many clubs and societies, social, benevolent and political. 
 
 EDWARD P. FOWLER, M D. 
 
 Dr. Edward Payson Fowler, youngest child of Judge 
 Horace and Mary Fowler, was born in the town of Conhoc- 
 ton, Steuben County, New York, on the ,^oth of November, 
 1834. His grandfather, Eliphalet, entered the army for 
 American Independence as a private soldier and left it 
 with the rank of Major. The family is an old New Eng- 
 land one, in which Dr. Fowler is the eighth lineal descend- 
 ant of Wm. Fowler, who came from Lincoln, England, that 
 
128 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ancestral home since the twelfth century, and who landed 
 in Massachusetts about the year 1830. After literary stud- 
 ies Dr. Fowler entered the New York Medical College, 
 from which he graduated, taking the first prize in 1855. In 
 addition to his studies in and graduation from the " Old 
 School " of medicine. Dr. Fowler studied the branch known 
 as Homoeopathy, which served to convince him that 
 " Schools " were really only fractions of a unit, and that 
 "School" rancors should be forever wiped out and replaced 
 by freedom of investigation and opinion and friendly rivalry. 
 To this end he has given unstinted influence and energy, 
 and he views with great satisfaction the successful result in 
 his native State. The " New Code " of 1878 virtually gave 
 freedom to all medical investigation and o])inion — Medi- 
 cine emerged from a body of creed into a body of science. 
 Dr. Fowler, having rendered substantial assistance to this 
 end, feels it more honor than any personal aggrandizement 
 could be. The Doctor is a member of various Medical 
 Societies, amongst others the New York Academy of Medi- 
 cine; the Medical Society of the County of New York; 
 
 EDWARD p. FOWLER, H.D. 
 
 the New York Neurological Society, etc. He was one of 
 the founders and at one time President of the New York 
 Medico-Chirurgical Society. He served for many years 
 on the staff of the Ward's Island and Hahnemann Hospi- 
 tals, and was connected with various dispensaries. In 1887 
 he received from the Board of Regents of the State of New 
 York an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Medicine, and was 
 also ajipointed by it as Examiner on Anatomy in the first 
 Board of the New York State Medical Examiners for Con- 
 ferring Medical Degrees. He has been a generous con- 
 tributor to medical periodicals ; is the author of several 
 medical works, and the translator of several French and 
 German medical works ; the first work of Charcot's pub- 
 lished in English was translated by him. In politics, Dr, 
 Fowler, with a Whig inheritance, has been a life-long Re- 
 publican, and is a member of the Union League Club of 
 New York. He has been many times abroad, spent both 
 in travel and study, and has, perhaps, as large a circle of 
 acquaintance in Europe as in his own country, and his ex- 
 perience in this wise has served to enhance his love and deep 
 appreciation for and of his own native land. 
 
 PETER J. LAURITZEN, 
 
 Peter J. Lauritzen was born in Denmark and educated 
 at the Academy and Polytechnic Institute at Copenhagen. 
 He came to this country in May, 1869, and at once received 
 an appointment in the office of the supervising architect of 
 the United States at Washington City. He remained there 
 two years, during which time he worked on the New York 
 and Boston post-offices and became familiar with the re- 
 quirements of the public buildings of his adopted country. 
 He commenced practice for himself in Washington in 187 1, 
 and in 1875 was appointed city architect. During his term 
 of office he built most of the police and fire department 
 buildings and several modern school-houses. Among the 
 successes of his private practice in the Capitol City are the 
 once celebrated mansion of ex-Attorney General Williams, 
 the William Gait mansion. Admiral Stanley's residence, 
 the Fire Insurance building and the Simpson building. 
 From 1875 to 1883 when he removed to New York, Mr. 
 Lauritzen was Consul at Washington for the Danish gov- 
 ernment, and only resigned his position to enter a wider 
 field. Recognizing the growing im|)ortance of fireproof 
 construction he took charge of the Jackson Architectural 
 Iron Works in New York and managed that extensive estal- 
 lishment successfully for two years, during which period he 
 executed a number of important contracts for structural iron 
 work, among them being the Cohnfeld building, the Mercan- 
 tile Exchange, the Eagle Insurance Co.'s building and Smith, 
 Gray d^: Co 's iron front store in Broadway, Brooklyn. 'I he 
 successful completion of the latter building led to his 
 resumption of his practice, and he built the handsome man- 
 sion of Mr. M. F. Smiih on Bedford avenue and the impos- 
 ing and substantial edifice owned and partly occupied by 
 Smith, Gray & Co., in Fulton street, Brooklyn, since burned 
 down. Since then he planned and erected the Manhattan 
 Athletic Club house on Madison avenue and Forty-fifth 
 street. New York, and the Union League Club house. 
 
 WILLIAM L. STRONG. 
 
 C'olonel William L. Strong, President of the Central Na- 
 tional Bank, and a man of wide reputation for financial 
 ability, was born in Ohio, and came to New York, when 
 quite a young man. His first business connection in this 
 city was with the drygoods house of L. O. Wilson & Com- 
 pany, which like thousands of others throughout the country 
 was wrecked in the financial panic of 1857. Remaining with 
 the house while it was being wound up, Mr. Strong, in 1858, 
 entered the drygoods commission house of Farnham, Dale 
 & Co., with which he continued until December 31, 1869, 
 when the firm dissolved. 
 
 January i, 1870, the subject of this sketch organized the 
 firm of W. L. Strong & Co., and succeeded in the business 
 ol the retiring firm. His business history henceforth is a 
 record of continued prosperity. During all the financial 
 storms that have swept the drygoods district since then, the 
 firm has stood like a rock, gaining strength year by year, 
 until to-day none has a higher standing in the commercial 
 world, and no one a more honorable character than William 
 L. Strong, its founder and chief. It is hardly necessary to 
 state that it requires a good deal of intelligence, power of 
 organization and executive ability of a high order to found 
 and render permanent a great institution such as that of W. 
 L. Strong &: Co., but fortunately Mr. Strong possesses those 
 attributes in an eminent degree and hence his success. 
 
 He is more widely known, naturally, as President of the 
 Central National Bank than in any other connection, his 
 management of which is energetic and at the same time con- 
 servative. It has a capital of |l2,ooo,ooo, and according to its 
 last financial report shows surplus funds and profits bordering 
 upon $600,000. Its line of deposits are over |!9,ooo,ooo, 
 
NEW YORK, rilH METROPOLIS. 
 
 1 29 
 
 and its resources amount to about $12,000,000, in- 
 rluding a sum of $3,000,000 cash in iiand. Personally 
 Mr. Strong is a gentleman of fine ajiijearance, dig- 
 nified, urbane, courteous to all with whom he comes in 
 contact, and with his family moved in New York's very 
 highest social circles. He is a member of the Union League 
 Club, and also of the Ohio Society as well as of many kin- 
 dred associations, and is connected in a prominent manner 
 with several financial institutions. He is a Repidilican in 
 politics, but such a fair and impartial one as to have close, 
 warm friends in all the jiolitical parties, and is aliove every- 
 thing else an American in feeling and sentiment And he 
 carries his impartiality and honorable dealing outside of com- 
 mercial circles and the world of finance, and outside of poli- 
 tics, as the history of transactions in which he has on vari- 
 ous occasions been called to arbitrate between lalior and 
 
 became a uiemher cl the firm of Morrison, l.autcrbach tV 
 Spingarn. Upon the death of Mr. Spingarn tlie partner- 
 shi]) was dissolved and subsequently the new one of 
 Hoadly, Lauterbach t*v: Joiinson was organized, '{"his firm, 
 composed of the subject of this sketch, Ex-Ciovernor 
 Hoadly of Ohio and Edgar M. Johnson of Cincinnati, Wil- 
 liam \. Cohen and Louis Adler, is one of the most success- 
 ful in the < it\ and has charge of many most important 
 cases. Mr. Lauterbacli is essentially a civil ])ractice lawyer 
 and railway litigation is his forte. He has jjroven as suc- 
 cessful as a railroad organizer as a lawyer, having been 
 instrumental in refirganizing the Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad and consolidating the Union and iirooklyn ele- 
 vated roads of Brooklyn into one prosperous concern, l)ring- 
 ing order and hannonv out of what hitherto had been 
 chaos an^l discord. .\ creation pure and simple of 
 
 i;i)\v.\Kij L.\rTi:Ri!.\CH. 
 
 capital may be brought in evidence, occasions in which he 
 has accomplished the difficult task of giving satisfaction all 
 round. In all such cases his arbitration, as understood 
 liefore he undertook it, had to be considered final. In fine 
 Mr, William L. Strong is of the timber that builds up great 
 cities and gives reputation and stability to great institutions. 
 
 EDWARD LAUTERBACH. 
 
 Edward Lauterbach, one of the prominent corporation 
 lawyers of New York, was born in this city on August 12, 
 1844. Educated in the College of the City of New York, 
 he was graduated in the class of 1864 from this institution, 
 with honors. He is now \'ice-President of his Alma 
 Mater and a member of its Phi Beta Kappa Society. 
 .\fter leaving college he studied law in the office of Town- 
 send, Dyett & Morrison, was called to the bar, and in 1S64 
 
 his is the Consolidated Telegrajjh and Electric Sub- 
 w-ay Comijany, in which as president and counsel he 
 has achieved many legal triumphs. He is also counsel 
 for the Third Avenue Railroad Company, w-hich he has 
 converted from a horse-power to a cable road. He is 
 director and attorney of the Pacific Mail Steamship Com- 
 |iany, in whose behalf he obtained a recognition by the 
 Government of the beneficial effects obtained by the grant- 
 ing of subsidies. He is also connected with, and is counsel 
 for, the proposed elevated railroad in Philadelphia as well 
 as many Southern railroad systems and transportation com- 
 ]3anies. Mr. Lauterbach has been the drafter of numerous 
 general legislative acts, among them being the general law for 
 regulating and governing the operations and liabilities of all 
 the surface car lines throughout the State, by which former 
 unequal laws were abolished. Another successful work 
 
13° 
 
 r^EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 of his was the incorporation of the East River Bridge Com- 
 pany, which proposes to construct two more bridges from 
 Brooklyn to a single point in New York and proceed 
 thence across the city by a connecting crosstow n elevated 
 railway to the Hudson River. 
 
 Among the other qualities besides rare intelligence 
 and a faculty for hard work that have conduced to Mr. 
 Lauterbach's success are oratorical gifts and fine conversa- 
 tional powers, combined with a most sunny disposition and 
 a never-failing desire to oblige. He has a beautiful, 
 accomplished' wife and four children, the eldest, Alfred, 
 having lately taken the degree of B.A. in Columbia College 
 and LL.B. in the New York Law School. 
 
 JARED GROVER BALDWIN, M.D. 
 
 Jared G. Baldwin, M.D., was born in Montrose, Pa., in 
 1827, but came to New York with his father, Nehemiah, 
 afterwards a well-known manufacturer, in 1836. The lad 
 received as thorough an education as the public schools 
 could afford, and he graduated from the Mechanics' School 
 on Broadway in 1841. His intention at first was to adopt 
 teaching as a vocation, and for a number of years he taught 
 school in this city. Whilst doing so his readings upon medicine 
 determined him to adopt that as his life work, and with this end 
 in view he entered the medical department of the University 
 of New York in 1850. After a three years' course he graduated 
 in 185.^, and immediately went into active ])ractice, joining 
 that ( elebrated and successful physician, the late Dr. .Mfred 
 
 
 JARED GROVER BALDWIN, M.D. 
 
 'Freeman, one of the pioneer homoeopathists of New York, 
 and remaining with him ten years. Thus thoroughly eqnipjjed 
 by education and e.xperience. Dr. Baldwin started out for 
 himself. His history since then is part of the medical his- 
 tory of New York. Devoting himself assiduously to the 
 welfare of his patients, studying continuously the best and 
 surest methods as laid down by Hahnemann and always quick 
 to avail himself of every new discovery or development in 
 medicine, he soon gathered about him a clientele that is 
 fairly representative of the wealth and refineinent of New 
 York. Dr. Baldwin married in 1854 Susan, the daughter of 
 Jacob G. Theall, of this city. They have two sons (twins), 
 JaredG., Jr., and Alfred Freeman Baldwin. Dr. Baldwin is 
 
 at present one of the censors of the New York Medical Col- 
 lege and Hospital, a member of the American Institute of 
 Homceopathy, also a member of the State and Countv 
 HomtEopathic societies, and one of the original members of 
 the New York Medical Club. He has written a number ot 
 articles for the different medical journals and is still a close 
 student. His pra(-tice is one of the largest and best in the city. 
 
 HENRY MAURER 
 Was born in Hornbach, Rheinstalz, Germany, on March 
 19, 1830, and attended school until the age of thirteen, when 
 he went to Paris, France, to learn the trade of cabinet- 
 makingwith a relative. At the age of eighteen he came to 
 New York, where, finding trade in his line dull, he obtained 
 employment with his uncle, Balthasar Kreischer, a manu- 
 facturer of fire bricks. It need not be inferred from this 
 that he had anything like easy times. On the contrary, he 
 worked very hard for sixty cents a day, but as hard work 
 came natural to Henry Maurer he did not complain, but 
 made himself a thorough master of all the details of the 
 business. By sheer force of merit he was advanced to the 
 position as foreman, a few years later appointed bookkeeper, 
 and in 1856, the name of the concern having been changed 
 to B.ilthasar Kreischer and Nephew, Henry Maurer was 
 taken in as partner. In 1858 Adam Weber, Mr. Kreischer's 
 son-in-law, was admitted to partnership, and the firm name 
 was changed to Kreischer &: Co. In 1863 he sold his interest 
 to the senior member of the firm, and with Adam Weber, who 
 did likewise, started the Manhattan Fire Brick Works, in 
 this city, under the firm name of Maurer & Weber. All this 
 time ideas were germinating in Mr. Maurer's mind which, 
 had thev not taken practical shajjc subsequently, might easily 
 be considered Utopian by the Gradgrins. He had been 
 looking around him for expansion and improvement, and 
 one fine day went to his partner and sold him his interest in 
 the business. Next morning we find this man of ideas in 
 Perth Amboy, N. J. Adjacent to this town lay the Forbes 
 Estate, a barren piece of land to the ordinary observer, but 
 to the trained eye of Henry Maurer teeming with wealth. It 
 possessed an excellent water front on Woodbridge Creek 
 and the Kill von Kull, and was also in close proximity to 
 both the New Jersey Central and Pennsylvania Railroads, 
 which, without the railroad and water transport facilities, 
 would have been worthless ; the Forbes Estate was a bed 
 of the kind of clay Mr. Maurer wanted for the manufacture 
 of fire brick and fireproofing building materials ; he pur- 
 chased the estate, paying cash down, and then, untrammelled 
 by partners or obsolete trade prejudices, he at once began 
 to put this into practical shape. He introduced the newest 
 and most perfect machinery, all of his own make and inven- 
 tion, and made on the premises, worked ceaselessly, and 
 before many years had rolled over possessed the proud 
 consciousness of owning the largest manufactory of its kind 
 in the United States, He was the first to turn out hollow 
 brick, and still takes the lead in its manufacture, though he 
 has many followers and imitators. He was also the first to 
 engage in the manufacture of Clay Roofing tile, which has 
 become a large department of his business, and which are 
 fast superseding all other forms of roof covering, both on 
 account of their durability and fireproof qualities. His 
 principal business is the manufacture of fire brick, which are 
 considered the best in the world ; clay gas retorts, which he 
 su]3plies to the principal gas works of this country and are 
 recommended as the very best by our most competent gas 
 engineers, and of which he makes some 600 to 800 annually, 
 of all sizes and forms; tiles and blocks for use in blast fur- 
 naces, rolling mills, steel works, glass works, chemical works, 
 brass and iron foundries ; and other articles made from fire 
 brick material. As regards the products of his manufacture, 
 he claims that they are beyond competition in quality, and 
 
A^/':n- YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 131 
 
 his claims are generally alloux-d. Some idea of the vohime 
 as well as the growth of his business may lie coiueixeil 
 when it is stated that in 1881 he turned out about 5,000 
 tons of firebrick, hollow brick, jiorous terra cottn, clay gas 
 retorts, French roofing tiles and red orconmidu building 
 brick, and employing in their manufacture some 30 men. In 
 1891, only ten years later, over 50,000 tons of the same 
 material was manufactured and 350 men employed, forty- 
 two kilns used to burn it, and two engines of 200 horse power 
 each engaged constantly to drive the heavy machinery, and 
 his factories lighted throughout with electric light, the 
 electricity being generated on the premises by a powerful 
 dynamo. 
 
 The leading architects of New York, Philadelphia, 
 Boston and other great cities use Mr. i\Iaurer's hollow brick, 
 and among the prominent buildings in which tliey are a 
 component part are the Produce Exchange, Metropolitan 
 Opera House, Potter and Mills Buildings, Western Union, 
 Equitable and Times Buildings, New Delmonico, Gallatin 
 National Bank, and Isabella Home of this city, Drexel, 
 Hazeltine, Pjetz and Keystone Buildings in Philadelpliia, 
 and numerous others throughout the United States. In 
 private buildings in which the hollow brick were used are 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt's house on Fifth Avenue, Henry Vil- 
 lard's house on Madison Avenue, Whitelaw Reid's inansion 
 in White Plains, etc. His ]iroducts are ex]iorted to the 
 most distant parts of the world, including China and South 
 America. Previous to this time the place was a desolate 
 wilderness. He first built factories, enlarged his works from 
 time to time, and as a consequence imported labor, skilled 
 and unskilled. The operatives had to live on the premises 
 and in order to make them comfortable Mr. Maurer s]jent a 
 great deal of money. He constructed good roads, sidewalks 
 and sewers, laid drains in various places and lilled in the 
 salt meadows. He erected a large hotel, of which Captain 
 (ieorge Loeser of New York was placed in charge, a large 
 school house followed, then a church and a beautiful grove, 
 ( The " Excelsior Grove"), followed in succession by a v/ater 
 tower of 24,000 gallons ca]iacity, water mains for supplying 
 the dwelling houses and for fire service purposes, and so on 
 until gradually from a place with a frame house and two 
 small kilns the beautiful village of Maurer has been envolved, 
 with its Post Office, its music hall, its comfortable working- 
 men's cottages, its electric lights, and in fact everythii^g that 
 the name of a prosperous New Jersey village implies. .\il 
 this has been accomplished by the genius of one man in the 
 short time of 15 years. And though a New Jersey village, 
 Maurer, if it could be transported by the Cleni of .Aladdin's 
 lamp to the native Bavaria of its founder, would find itself 
 completely at home. It is essentially Cierman in every 
 ])articular except the atmosjihere, (German is s]Kiken on the 
 streets, the (ierman language is taught in the schools, 
 German songs are sung in the music hall. Get man sermons 
 are preached in the church. It is, in fact, an ideal village. 
 
 Four years ago he organized a sick benefit association for 
 his employes under the name of the " Kranken Unterstiit- 
 zungs-Verein E.xcelsior," and which has in that time jiaid 
 out over 113,500 in sick and death benefits, thus showing 
 the kindly feeling which he ever entertains toward his em- 
 |)loyes. It may be stated that Point Forbes, the original name 
 of the place, was changed to Maurer by the people without 
 at all consulting its owner, and is also a railroad station on 
 the Long Branch division of the Central Railroad of New 
 Jersey. Personally Mr. Maurer is a prepossessing man, of 
 easy manner and well cut features. He is of medium size 
 and has a constitution that does not recognize hardship. He 
 is to be seen every morning in his New York office, 420 
 East Twenty-third Street, and in the afternoon in Maurer, 
 N. J., superintending his works, planning improvements, 
 ever having an eye to his business and giving to each and 
 
 every department his personal supervision. He takes a 
 keen interest in public affairs and especially in education, 
 and was for seven years school trustee in the Seventeenth 
 Ward, New \'ork City. 
 
 JAMES S. BARRON. 
 
 The great establishment of James S. Barron iV Co., 
 having a reputation as one of the most extensive manu- 
 facturers and ex[)orters of wooden and willow ware as well 
 as rope and cordage in the country, was founded April 13, 
 1849. It was originally established at the corner of Wasli- 
 ingtoii and Fulton Streets, but in 1S51 was removed to 250 
 Washington Street. In 1852, Mr. Dennis, the senior |iart- 
 ner, Mr. Barron being the company, sold his interest in the 
 concern to Edwin Wainright, and the company became 
 Wainriglit and Barron, so continuing until 1856, when .Mr. 
 Barron sold his interest to Mr. Wainright and entered as part- 
 ner the well-known house of A. D. Ho|)|)ing I'v: Co., in which 
 he had formerly been clerk. He remained as partner until 
 t86o, when he disposed of his interest in the establishment 
 and purchased the entire business and stock of Bradley 
 Brothers, 280 Washington Street, and *-'-•--- ■ t7.__i • , 
 
 takins. 
 
 P'rederick 
 
 .I.\.MIiS S. Li.VKKO.X. 
 
 Bradley as partner, did business until 1864 under the firm 
 name of Barron & Bradley. In 1864 Mr. Barron bought out 
 Mr. Bradley's interest, and the house assumed its present 
 name of James S. Barron lV Co., the "Co." being H. ISI. Mod- 
 drell. Mr. Moddrell died in 1870 and Mr. Barron tookWilliam 
 H., his son, into the firm, where he has continued until the 
 present day. He was in New Orleans in 1S62 and witnessed 
 the famous Red River ojierations. He observed that the 
 expedition was accompanied by a combination of cotton 
 speculators, and concluded they were the moving spirits of 
 the expedition. He was also in New Orleans when Patrick 
 Sarsfield Ciilmore gave his first monster concert, at which 
 4,000 children took jiart and a hundred pieces of artillery 
 were fired off to swell the anvil chorus. The concert was 
 followed by a grand ball and banipiet, at which Mr. Barron 
 was present. In fact, Mr. Barron is mellow with reminis- 
 cences of those times. In 1880 the establishment was moved 
 
132 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS 
 
 to 141 Chambers Street, which it now occupies, as well as 
 145, and No 2 Hudson Street ; and so from small begin- 
 nings the business of the firm has grown and flourished, 
 until at jiresent it reaches from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000 
 yearly, trades in all States of the Union, and exports to 
 Europe and the South American Republics. Mr. Barron 
 was born in this city in 1825, and though having traveled 
 in many lands — all over the world, in fact — has had his resi- 
 dence always in New York. Mr. Barron is an ex-President 
 of the Excelsior Savings Bank and was one of its incor- 
 porators. He is member of the Chamber of Commerce, of 
 the Board of Trade, and was one of the original starters of 
 the Cheap Transportation Company, on which the present 
 interstate commerce law is based. Messrs. Thurber and 
 Claflin were co-laborers of Mr. Barron in this enterprise. 
 In 1850 he was married to Anna Hopping, who bore him 
 three sons, all of whom are now associated in business with 
 
 Accordingly, a junior clerkship was procured for him in 
 the well-known house of Wilson G. Hunt & Co., extensive 
 importers of woollen goods, where he remained a number 
 of years, rising to a position of responsibility. But his 
 whole ambition was to become a banker. In 1859 the 
 opportunity came, and he entered Wall Street as a member 
 of the firm of Stone, Clews & Mason. Later a change 
 was made in the firm, and the style became Livernson, 
 Clews & Co. At the outbreak of the Civil War the newly- 
 established house was already upon a firm basis and doing 
 a good business. Mr. Clews had the most unbounded faith 
 in the National Government, and, as the sequel proved, had 
 the courage of his convictions. Secretary of the Treasury 
 S. P. Chase a]jpointed him agent for the sale of the bonds 
 issued by the Government to meet the extraordinary ex- 
 penses of the war. At the time these securities were put 
 upon the market many business men regarded them as a 
 
 HENRY CLEWS. 
 
 him. They have inherited their father's business acumen 
 and energy, and bid fair to keep the high standing of the 
 house both for integrity of character, business methods and 
 selling the best goods. Mr. Barron, senior, is still in hand 
 as their instructor and guide. 
 
 HENRY CLEWS. 
 
 No man in the world of finance both here and abroad 
 is better or more favorabl)' known than Henry Clews, the 
 great banker and distinguished author. Mr. Clews comes 
 from an old and highly respectable English family, and was 
 born in Staffordshire. Accompanying his father on a busi- 
 ness trip to this country when not yet fifteen years of age, 
 young Clews was so fascinated by the eminently practical 
 spirit of the American people that he obtained his father's 
 consent to enter mercantile life in the city of New York. 
 
 very risky investment. But Mr. Clews did not for a 
 moment falter in his confidence of the Federal Govern- 
 ment. He knew the treasury was empty, but he believed 
 in the strength and recuperative power of the loyal North, 
 and he put every dollar of his means in the Isonds and 
 went largely into debt by borrowing. In 1884 Mr. Clews' 
 firm subscribed to the national loan at the rate of from five 
 to ten millions a day, and Secretary Chase said at this time, 
 '■ Had it not been for Jay Cook and Henry Clews I could 
 never have succeeded in placing the 5-20 loan." The late 
 Duke of Marlborough, on a recent visit to this country, 
 paid Mr. Clews a handsome and well deserved tribute, 
 when he said to a member of the press that he considered 
 Mr. Clews "the brightest, smartest and quickest man '' he 
 had ever met. To Mr. Clews is due the credit for the 
 origination of, and for putting vigorously into execution, 
 the organization of the famous Committee of Seventy, 
 
NEW YORK, THE iMETROFOLIS. 
 
 m 
 
 which drove the entire Boss Tweed ring out of office to 
 seek refuge as exiles in foreign hinds. After the close of 
 the war Mr. Clews directed his attention to the foundation 
 of a distinctively banking business, retaining, of course, 
 his valuable commission business in Government bonds 
 and stocks. The extensive revival of railroad interests 
 which immediately followed the termination of hostilities 
 opened a new field for investments, and Mr. Clews for years 
 was the most extensive negotiator of railroad loans in this 
 country or Europe. The present firm of Henry Clews iV 
 Co. was organized in 1877, the individual members pledging 
 themselves never to take any speculative risks. This <:on- 
 servative feature of the house, together with the large 
 capital it possesses, cannot but inspire the confidence of 
 the public. The business of the firm is, probably, wider 
 and more varied than that of any other banking house in 
 the United States, or even in the world, employing, as it does, 
 125 clerks and having an immense clientage. Mr. Clews 
 has always taken the profoundest interest in the politics of 
 the country, especially during the war period, only, how- 
 ever, for the ])urpose of effecting good government, and 
 not from any desire to obtain office. He has twice been 
 tendered the Treasury portfolio and twice the Republican 
 nominations for Mayor of this city. Devotion to the inter- 
 ests of his numerous clientage forced him to decline those 
 honors. His views on public or business affairs as ex- 
 pressed either verbally or by his powerful pen are broad 
 and hberal and are based upon careful study. His book 
 entitled " Twenty-eight Years in Wall Street " is possessed 
 of great literary merit, and has been favorably and 
 generally commented ui)on. Mr. Clews was for many 
 years treasurer of the American Geographical Socieiy, 
 and of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to 
 Animals at the period when Henry Bergh, its founder, 
 was its president ; was also one of the founders of the 
 Union League Club and has long been a member of the 
 Union Club, and connected with many other leading city 
 institutions. Mr. Greeley, after his nomination, personally 
 proposed to Mr. Clews to make him his Secretary of the 
 Treasury if elected. This offer was declined by Mr. 
 Clews on the ground that he had already commi ted him- 
 self to the campaign for General Grant's re-election, which 
 he labored so arduously to accomplish. By General Grant 
 he was afterward offered the Collectorship of the Port of 
 New York, which appointment was subsequently conferred 
 upon General Arthur. Mr. Clews' career has been remaik- 
 ably noteworthy. Many elements have contributed to his 
 success, but it is not difficult to perceive that chief amovig 
 them have been pluck, industry, perseverance and unswerv- 
 ing integrity. Throughout his entire career his word has 
 been as good as his bond. He has not been elated by pros- 
 perity nor cast down by adversity. Good and ill fortune 
 alike have found him with even mind, and in both his 
 friends have clung to him with the utmost tenacity. His 
 character and career are full of instruction to the youth of 
 this country, who are growing up with so many apposite 
 examples before them among the moneyed men of our large 
 cities. 
 
 PHILIP RHINELANDER. 
 
 Philip Rhinelander, scion of the distinguished German 
 family of that name, was born in Greenfield Hill, Connecti- 
 cut, his father's country place. He belongs to a family fa- 
 mous in the annals of the State which ranks with the first in 
 social eminence in the country. The Rhinelanders were 
 among the first settlers in the State, Philip Jacob Rhine- 
 lander having come to America in 1685, and settled at New 
 Rochelle. After awhile, however, he came to New York 
 (then New Amsterdam), since which time his descendants in 
 every generation have occupied leading positions in busi- 
 
 ness and social life. On his mother's side Philip Rhine- 
 lander is descended from the Crugers, a name ecpially illus- 
 trious in the annals of New York. Mr. Rhinelander, sul)- 
 ject of this sketch, joined the Seventh Regiment, N. (\. S. 
 N. Y., when only eighteen years of age, and served in Com- 
 pany K for se\en years. He won the Recruiting diamond 
 medal five years in succession, an achievement which, up to 
 that time, was never surpassed by any member of the com- 
 pany. This handsome medal was given annually by Com- 
 pany K for activity in recruiting, and as there was great 
 rivalry between the members, it required quite an amount 
 of laI)or to win it. Mr. Rhinelander married, when quite 
 young, Miss Adelaide Rip, daughter of Dr. Isaac I,. Riji, a 
 descendant of that old and distinguished Dutch family from 
 Henry Kype, who came from Amsterdam, Holland, to New 
 V'ork in 16^55, '"^^ whose family also held high positions in 
 the State and City of New York, one of whom, Isaac Lewis 
 Kip, Mrs. Philip Rhinelander's great-grandfather, was a law 
 
 ^\ 
 
 /-..•>-5^ 
 
 PHII-IP RHIXEL.WDER. 
 
 partner of Judge Brockholdst Livingston, and was ap- 
 pointed by Chancellor Livingston Register of the Court of 
 Chancery, which responsible office he held under Chancel- 
 lors Livingston, Lansing and Kent, this marriage thus 
 uniting two of the oldest Knickerbocker families of New 
 York. After his marriage Mr. Rhinelander travelled ex- 
 tensively in Europe, visiting the different countries and 
 cities, during which time he made a very fine collection of 
 ancient trophies, suits of old armor, pictures and various 
 antiquities. ■ Philip Rhinelander and his brother, Oakley, 
 are owners of the famous Castle of Schonberg, situated 
 at Oberwesel on the Rhine, and it is here at the old 
 chateau where they pass part of their summers while in 
 Europe. Mr. Rhinelander is a memljer of the St. Nicholas 
 Society, Sons of the Revolution, Society of the Colonial 
 Wars, New York Historical Society and the New N'ork Bi- 
 ograijhical and Geograjjhical Society, the Union and Delta 
 Phi Clubs. 
 
134 
 
 JV£ir YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JOHN JACOB ASTOR, (The Elder) 
 
NEW YORK, THE METRO POLIS. 
 
 ''IS 
 
 JOHN JACOB ASTOR. 
 
 John Jacob Astor, the ekier, was born July i 7, 1763, in the 
 village of \\'aldorf, near Heidelberg, in the CJrand Duchy of 
 Baden. He was the youngest son of Johann Jacob Astor, a 
 poor peasant, whose father had been in better circumstances. 
 The first years of his life were passed in poverty and priva- 
 tion, and at the age of si.xteen he left his father's occupa- 
 tion and joined an elder brother who had settled some) ears 
 before in London, and who subseipiently became the head 
 of the musical instrument warehouse of Astor 1.I: Broadwood. 
 He set out on foot for the Rhine, and resting under a tree 
 while still in sight of his native village, formed three 
 resolves, to which he adhered throtigh life — to be honest, to 
 be industrious, and never to gamble. He worked his pas- 
 sage down the Rhine on a timber raft, and on arriving in 
 London received employment at his brother's factory. Here 
 he remained three years, actpiiring the English language 
 
 mitting vigor, and at the end of ten years had <li\erted the 
 most profitable markets from his competitors, and was at the 
 head of a business branching to .\lbany, I'.uffalo, I'lattsburgh 
 and Detroit. Finding that London was abetter market for 
 furs than New Vork, he chartered a vessel, put his brother- 
 in-law, William Whetten, a shij) captain, in command, sold 
 the cargo to great advantage, and returned with Astor iV 
 liroadwood instruments, which from their excellence were 
 held in high reputation. Taught by this experience, he 
 bought ships and engaged in the lucrative ('liina trade, 
 sending vessels round the world on each cruise, carrying 
 furs to England, English manufactures to Canton, and 
 thence returning to New York with tea. His business in- 
 creased immensely, but he superintended all parts of it per- 
 sonally and gave attention to the minutest details. His let- 
 ters of instruction to his agents were written with extraordi- 
 nary comprehensiveness and accuracy. It was his maxim : 
 
 ASTOR HOUSE. 
 
 and putting by some scanty savings for the time when he 
 should be able to realize the project upon which his 
 thoughts were fixed, of removing to America, where he had 
 a presentiment of attaining great riches. In his later period 
 of prosperity he often referred to these years as having been 
 among the hapjjiest of his life. In November, 17S3, he em- 
 barked at Southampton, taking a stock of flutes and other 
 musical instruments w-hich were to be sold at a profit. U]:ion 
 arriving in New York, he found his brother, Henry Astor, 
 in possession of a considerable fortune, acquired by supply- 
 ing, at first the British garrison, and afterwards the meat 
 dealers of the city, with cattle which he bought in herds in 
 the interior. John Jacob Astor soon busied himself in tlie 
 fur trade, to which his attention had been called by a fel- 
 low-countryman, and in which large fortunes were l)eing 
 amassed. He entered upon this new occujxition with unre- 
 
 " If vou wish a thing done, get some one to do it for you ; 
 but if you wish it done well, do it yourself." He meditated 
 long before acting, but a resolve once taken it was executed 
 without hesitation. His greatest enterprise was the settle- 
 ment of Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, which 
 is the subject of Washington Irving's volume of that name. 
 After the famous journey of Lewis and Clark across the 
 continent he despatched traders and buyers to the Indian 
 tribes of Oregon and Dakota and the Great Lakes. The 
 British Northwest Fur Company opposed him to the utmost, 
 driving away his agents and voyageurs and claiming exclu- 
 sive rights to the fur trade of the Pacific. In the face of 
 great ditficulty the station of Astoria was maintained for 
 four years, and a treaty was signed by his agent and son-in- 
 law Bentzon with Count Karanoff on behalf of the Russian 
 government in Kamtchatka and Alaska. In dealing with 
 
i;!6 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLJS. 
 
 TT'^J.^^. 
 
 ~~^ 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 137 
 
 the Indians and in his instructions to his captains relative 
 to their intercourse with the savages, Mr. Astor was wise, 
 humane, and Hberal. A significant corroboration of this 
 statement is found in the conduct of Comcomly, the chief 
 of the native Chinooks, who, upon the approach of a Brit- 
 ish sloop of war in December, 1814, offered to defend As- 
 toria with his warriors, promising to inflict a sanguinary re- 
 pulse upon the enemy. But, unfortunately, Mr. Astor had 
 erred for once in his judgment of human nature, and had 
 entrusted Astoria with its fort, its magazines and its accu- 
 mulation of valuable furs to a renegade Scotchman named 
 Duncan McDougal, who for a bribe from the British North- 
 west Company, bade Comcomly dismiss his braves, and 
 hoisted the Union Jack almost before he could be sum- 
 moned to surrender. In this remarkable enterprise Mr. 
 .Vstor was actuated less by considerations of pecuniary 
 profit than by the zest of a vast design which had gradually 
 developed in his mind, and which aimed at the exploration 
 and civilization of the Pacific coast through the medium of 
 commerce and colonization. The magnitude of his finan- 
 cial relations and the vigor and breadth of his self-trained 
 intellect brought him into frequent correspondence upon 
 the establishment and maintenance of Astoria, with the 
 leading American statesmen of the time, but the govern- 
 ment gave no further encouragement or ])rotection than its 
 accjuiescence in projects which were evidently to be so greatly 
 to its advantage. 
 
 At the commencement of the present century Mr. 
 .\stor liegan investing the profits of commercial ven- 
 tures in real estate upon Manhattan Island, whose 
 immense future value he was one of the first to foresee. 
 He bought meadows and farms in the track which the 
 growth of the city would follow, trusting to time to multi- 
 ply their worth. His rise to fortune was due to none of the 
 curious windfalls and favoring chances which are ]jopularly 
 associated with his early years ; the first half of his life was 
 an arduous struggle, in which adversity and disa]i])ointment 
 only stimulated him to further self-improvement and to a 
 broader and profounder study of the world. The jiractical 
 cast of his character and the jjrinciples of frugality and 
 labor which his experience had instilled made him impatient 
 of indolence and sham and mendicancy. But he knew the 
 value of wise benefaction, and by his will established the 
 library which bears his name, and which his son and grand- 
 son have augmented till their united gift to the city repre- 
 sents a million and a half of dollars. Mr. Astor was a self 
 educated man, and his desire for useful information was a 
 constant habit of the mind and marked every period of life. 
 
 He delighted in the society of men of letters and accom- 
 plishment. One of his most intimate friends, dating from 
 the days of their service as Directors of the Bank of the 
 United States, was Albert Gallatin, and his frecpient com- 
 panion, and one who at a later period lived with him for 
 several years, was Washington Irving. 'I'hrough business 
 relations he was interested in the chief banking institutions 
 of the city, and in 1834, when the New York Life Insurance 
 and Trust Company was robbed by its cashier of its entire 
 surplus, amounting to a quarter of a million, Mr. Astor 
 saved the company from an inevitable suspension, which in 
 those days meant disgrace, by the gratuitous loan of an 
 amount sufficient to meet its immediate needs. After his 
 retirement from active business in 1822, he made several 
 visits to Europe, residing on the continent in all nearly ten 
 years. He acquired the French language, which he learned 
 to speak and write fluently, was presented at Court of 
 Charles the Tenth, and devoted parts of two winters to the 
 galleries and museums of Italy. The summers abroad were 
 passed at a villa he owned on the lake of Ceneva, which he 
 afterwards gave to his son-in-law, Vincent Rumpff, then 
 Minister of the Hanseatic League at Paris. Mr. Astor's 
 
 last years were spent in repose and retirement, in the super- 
 vision of landed interests and in the society of a small circle 
 of men of attainment. His strongest trait was integrity; 
 his private life was blameless ; his chief ])leasure was in the 
 simple recreations of his country home ; by the force of his 
 influence and exam])lc he helped to give character to the 
 society of his time. In old age, surrounded by every lux- 
 ury, and looking back across an eventful career, his thoughts 
 reverted to the home of his boyhood in the humble little 
 village of Waldorf : and by his will he made provision for 
 the establishment there of an asylum for the sick and infirm, 
 which, since its creation in 1854, has alleviated suffering and 
 stood as a memorial of the love its founder retained to the 
 last for his Cerman Fatherland. 
 
 WILLIAM B. ASTOR. 
 
 William B. Astor, son of John Jacob, and the Astor 
 Library's most munificent patron after his father, was born 
 on Sejjtember 19, 1792. He was educated in the public 
 schools of New York City until he was sixteen, when he was 
 sent to the University of Cottingen, Cermany, to complete 
 his studies. He was in that university in 1812-13, ^'id saw 
 Napoleon marshalling his hosts for the invasion of Russia. 
 He also witnessed the uprising of the German people upon 
 learning of his reverses. In 1818 he married Margaret 
 Rebecca, daughter of General John Armstrong, author of 
 the " Newburg Letters," who was in his time U. S. Senator, 
 Secretary of War and United States Minister to France. 
 At the age of twenty-eight Mr. Astor entered his father's 
 counting-house, in which at that time was conducted a mer- 
 cantile business that encircled the glolje. From 1820 to 
 1825 the commercial ventures were reduced and replaced, 
 gradually, by simpler and less hazardous interests. At that 
 period what there was of New \'ork fronted the Battery, and 
 Mr. Astor lived there, spending the summer months with his 
 family at his father's country seat, near Hell Gate. In those 
 comparatively primiti\e days life was without the luxuries 
 that wealth, travel, and leisure have now brought into 
 fashion. It was amid the simple habits of the time that 
 Mr. William B. Astor's character was formed in abstemious, 
 methodical, self-reliant ways. His youth was unspoiled by 
 the world, and he knew little of either affectation or variety. 
 For out-door exercise he devoted himself to riding on horse- 
 back, and until the age of seventy-five used to walk many 
 miles everyday in rain or shine. Those who knew him only 
 in old age, a man of iron constitution and rugged health, 
 could with difficulty have imagined him in early manhood 
 fond of sport, an expert fencer, taking pleasure in dancing 
 and the society of ladies. Regarding politics with aversion 
 he held aloof from public affairs, but was kind and courtly 
 in manner even to the humblest. Under his management 
 the Astor estate was moulded into a precise and undeviating 
 system. The Astors have never speculated. He never 
 boasted of wealth or spoke about it ; his ruling passion was 
 to faithfully discharge his various duties, and this he fol- 
 lowed with a consistency that neither the weight of respon- 
 sibility nor the burdens of age could alter. After his wife's 
 death, which took jjlace on February 15, 1872, he continued 
 his devotion to business, but lived quietly with his wife's 
 nephew — Mr. John S. Ainslie — at his house. No. 372 Fifth 
 Avenue, spending his leisure time reading French and 
 English classic literature. He died on November 24, 
 1875. When Mr. Astor succeeded to his father's estate in 
 1848 he was already wealthy. He had been very successful 
 in the fur trade, and was President of the American Fur 
 Company. He had received $500,000 from an uncle and 
 the title to the Astor House property from his father. To 
 the Astor Library he gave $250,000 in cash and $200,000 in 
 books, which, with other bequests, swelled his total donations 
 to that institution to $550,000. He left five children, two 
 
i^,S 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 < Jj /^^^^^?^7-- 
 
JV£JF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 139 
 
 sons, John Jacob and William, and three (hiunhters, l'',iniiy, 
 who married Samuel Ward and died (|nile young, leavini; 
 a daughter, Mattie, who was at once adiiplecl by her grand- 
 father as his own diughter, and who married John Win- 
 throp Chanler, Member of Congress from New York City ; 
 Alida, the second daughter, who married John Casey of 
 England, and Laura, who married Franklin Delano of New 
 York. 
 
 JOHN JACOB ASTOR II. 
 
 John Jacob Astor. the secnnd (jf the name, uas bdrn in 
 New York, June 10, 1S22. His parents were William 11. 
 Astor, son of the founder of the family, and Margaret Re- 
 becca, daughter and granddaugliter of the Armstrongs of 
 Revolutionary honor. After graduating from Columbia 
 College he was sent to the University of Cottingen, where, 
 thirty years earlier, his father had studied and formecl 
 friendships with the men who were destined to prepare the 
 mind of Cermany for national unity. When to this had 
 been added the dijjloma of Harvard Law School and a 
 \ear's )iracti(e with a law llrm, he passed, at the age of 
 
 sordid ai (|uisition, but in recognition of the duty the heir 
 owes to the ancestor to maintain and enhance the fortune 
 from which all the honors and advantages and pleasures of life 
 are directly or indirectly derived. Mr. Aster's natural 
 qualities were such as made him responsive to every such 
 apjieal. An intuitive love of justice, an honest devotion to 
 the right, a severe satisfaction in the faithful discharge of 
 duty, underlay all the additions of reading and travel and 
 experience. His tastes were sim|)le and with ri|)er years 
 the serious ])leasures of his youth continued to delight him. 
 In the jirime of life he possessed great vigor, and his favor- 
 ite relax, itions were a walk through the woods, or an alter- 
 noon in his rowboat, or a long ride on horseback. 'I'his 
 zest for outdoor exercise developed a vivid appreciation of 
 the beauties of rural scenery. He delighted in the blos- 
 soming ex|)ansion of Sjiring and in the reveries that Sum- 
 mer fields and fleeting clouds and lengthening shadows 
 suggest ; the tints of Autumn and the sparkling vista of 
 the river and the eloquent silence of starlight nights 
 spoke to him in a language he grew to understand and to 
 love. l'"ew rii h men bear resp(>nsi1>ility so wisely or walk 
 
 ?^N 
 
 
 
 
 ^sanp 
 
 1 ,|1! luniji,) 
 
 m^ tuyij 
 
 ASTOR I.IDR.^RY. 
 
 twentv-five, to the office of the estate of John Jac(.}li Astor. 
 On the 9th of Decern lier, 1S46, he mariied Charlotte 
 Augusta Cibbes, whose father had removed from South 
 Carolina at an early age. Their acquaintance began as 
 children, and was for both a first and lifelong and unwaver- 
 ing attachment. To his wife he owed the example of her 
 own high ideals and the habitual practice of a broad and 
 generous sympathy with all classes. Her influence sprang 
 from the daily self sacrifice of her life, which was exempli- 
 fied when, after the first federal reverses of the Civil War, 
 she acce|jted without murmur his determination to serve 
 in the field in the cause of the nation. At the Ijcginning of 
 this century fortunes were easily made in New York, and in 
 many cases were still more quickly lost. A spendthrift or 
 incompetent son wrecked in a vear what the skill of a 
 father had achieved in a lifetime. Hence the elder 
 Astor early associated his son with him in the care of his 
 property, interesting him in its management by a large 
 share of reponsibilitv and instructing him in those wise 
 principles by which it was to be ])reserved. And similarly 
 the subject of this sketch was trained by his father, not for 
 
 so far abo\e the connnon temptations of wealth. Of a sin- 
 gularly modest and unselfish character, he applied to the 
 tasks and duties imi)osed by association with benevolent in- 
 stitutions the thoughtful earnestness that men usually give 
 only to their personal affairs. His greatest delight — after 
 the ser\ii es of the church — was in personally assisting the 
 very poor and in the satisfaction of witnessing their instant 
 relief. " Forasmuch," the Master says, " as ye have done it 
 unto one of the least of these, ye have done it unto Me." 
 Much of Mr. Astor's career was passed in ways withdrawn 
 from general notice, and from his predisiiosition to retire- 
 ment it might be inferred that he sought rather the associa- 
 tion of familiar places than the companionship of men. 
 The routine of methodical industry and fiduciary service 
 was lightened by fre(pient visits to Europe, by the constant 
 study of books, and by the social pleasures of a few cher- 
 ished friendships. For forty years he served as a Trustee 
 of the .Xstor Library, and witnessed its growth from the in- 
 ception of its founder's design to its successive enlarge- 
 ments bv his father and bv himself. C)nce only he felt 
 tem|)ted Icj enter the public service by an olfer from 
 
I40 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
NE]V YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 141 
 
 President Hayes, in Decemlier, 1879,01' the mission to Eng- 
 land, a position for whicii liis pr^Klical iudgnirnt .intl 
 knowledge of society qualified him, hut which an hab- 
 itual modesty liade him decline. Of all his memories of 
 a long and active life, the one to which he reverted willi 
 the greatest satisfaction was his service in the field in 1S62 
 with the Army of the Potomac. The remembrance of the 
 |)atriotic ardor of the troops, of their jubilant confidence in 
 McCleilan, of the privations of the bivouac, of the expo- 
 sures and dangers of the seven days' battles, of the lorlorn 
 appearance and redoubtable (puUities of the enemy — all 
 these and many more he cherished with an interest ai<in to 
 the attachment with which his thoughts ever after followed 
 the officers who had been his companions in those stirring and 
 memorable scenes. Beyond the resuect of the (onimunitv 
 
 WILLIAM WALDORF ASTOR. 
 
 William Waldorf Astor, the fourth in line, and at present 
 head of the .Astor f.imily, was born in New York, March ^r, 
 t84<S. His parents were |ohn Jacob Astor H. and Charlotte 
 Augusta (libbes. His education was chietly directed by 
 tutors, and was com|iletcd at home by a professor of the 
 (lerman University of Marburg. This early preparation was, 
 however, the least important part of his training, its more 
 valuable portion resulting from the companionshij) and 
 influences of his home life. From his father he acquired the 
 example of integrity which has become synonymous with 
 the name, and the conservative principles and industrious 
 ways that marked the earlier generations. From his mother 
 he received an ideal conveyed in many varied lessons, 'I'o 
 derirc the utmost i:^ood from life. He entered the office at 
 
 UNION SQUARE. 
 
 which the example of his pure and useful life commanded, 
 his kindly words, his cordial and unassuming manner, his 
 keen sense of humor, his ready facility of expression and his 
 wide information attached to him a group of friends who 
 knew him well and loved him. But chiefly his loss fell 
 upon his son, to whom through long years of mutual confi- 
 dence he gave the teachings and experiences of his life. 
 In his quiet library, surrounded by the volumes which, as 
 years passed and other friends were taken had become 
 iiis favorite companions, Heath — swift and almost pain- 
 less — touched him; and on the 22d day of February, 1890, in 
 the .sixty-eighth year of his age, he left this world without 
 regret, and with his last conscious thoughts fixed upon a 
 better world to come. 
 
 the age of twenty-three, earlier than either his father or 
 grandfather, and was practically taught the duties of each 
 clerical department. Feeling his want of legal information, 
 a serious deficiency, he passed two years at Columbia Col- 
 lege Law School, and, upon being admitted to the bar, 
 served an apprenticediij) of one year with the firm of Lord, 
 Day & Lord. His grandfather named him one of his Exe- 
 cutors, and one of the Trustees of a large portion of his 
 property to be held in trust for his sons. Upon John Jacob 
 Astor's succeeding to the estate, he gave his son a power of 
 attorney, putting him in his own place and giving him abso- 
 lute authority over all his property. With the view of 
 acquiring a broader knowledge of men and affairs than the 
 routine of the office promised, Mr. Astor served three years in 
 
142 
 
 ■JV£1V YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 WILLIAM ASTOR. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Mo 
 
 the New ^'ork State Legiskitiire, where he found a xahiable 
 0[)porliinity for the study of human nature and public 
 business. Appointed by President Arthur to the Italian 
 Mission, he resided for three winters in Rome, a city with 
 which early travel had already made him familiar. His 
 official duties being inconsiderable, he busied himself with 
 the examination of obscure passages in Italian medi:cval 
 annals. His stories, " Valentino" and " Sforza," are in part 
 the result of these researches. Mr. Astoris a man of strong 
 l)hysique, a great lover of nature and devoted to out-door 
 exercise. He rides much on horseback, fences, and in his 
 youth was a good bo.xer. He is industrious, tenacious of 
 jnirpose and methodical in his waj's. In 1878, he married 
 Mary Uahlgren Paul, a Philadelphia beauty, by whom he 
 has three children: Waldorf, born May ig, 1879; Pauline, 
 horn September 24, 1880, and John Jacob, born May 19, 
 1886. As residuarv legatee Mr. Astnr ncentlv succeeded to 
 
 generous disposition and kindness of heart. He was a 
 stalwart friend, and was most beloved by those who were so 
 fortunate as to gain his friendship. After leaving college he 
 travelled extensively in luirope and the East, and in 185; 
 married Miss Caroline Schermerhorn, daughter of the well- 
 known Mr. A. Schermerhorn. Mrs. William Astor's mother 
 was Miss Helen White, and her grandmother on the same 
 side of the house was Miss Van Couttlandt, who married 
 Mr. Henry \N'hite. 'I'he Schermerhorns came over from 
 Holland in 1642. The family belonged to the Town of 
 Schermerhorn, in the Low Countries, while now several 
 streets in towns and cities of this State are named after 
 them. They are, in fact, one of the oldest and most dis- 
 tinguished families in America, and during the ])ast two 
 centuries their names figure jiroininently in the ])olitical 
 and social records of the city of New York. \V'illiani .\stor, 
 though (lossessing the business faculties of the familv. 
 
 ^ 
 
 /5^^ 
 
 »y 
 
 0. 
 
 "?:ri3 
 
 
 p 
 
 ■^ *-^l 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 . jBii-i2S2:i 
 
 M.\DISON SyUARE. 
 
 his father's ])ro])erty, in the management of which he has 
 made but few changes, and these only with the i)urpose of 
 simi)lifying the administration of the office, which he desig- 
 nates the " Estate of John Jacob Astor," his great-grand- 
 father. 
 
 WILLIAM ASTOR. 
 
 William Astor, grandson of the founder of the family, 
 and son of W. B. .\stor, was born on Julv 12, 1829, and 
 educated in Columbia College, from which institution he 
 graduated second in the class of '49. Though i)Ossessing 
 literary tastes and a fondness for reading, he is better 
 remembered by those of his classmates who survive as an 
 athlete, a young man devoted to the out-of-door sports that 
 have distinguished most of the Astors, and for his open, 
 
 devoted a good deal of his time to yachting, and always ke])t 
 an excellent stud of horses. The " Nourmahal," now in 
 possession of his son, John Jacob) Astor, was built by him 
 with the intention of making a voyage round the world in 
 her, which intention his death prevented. In 1875 he went 
 to Florida, and invested largely there, indeed he did more 
 toward opening up that State than any of his contem|)o- 
 raries He built a railroad from St. Augustine to Palatka, 
 which section was then a wilderness, and erected some fine 
 blocks in Jacksonville. For these services the State Govern- 
 ment of Florida granted him 80,000 acres of land, which is 
 now very valuable. He died in Paris, April 25th, 1892, 
 leaving five children, the present John Jacob Astor, and 
 four daughters, who are Mrs. James Van .Allen, Mrs. James 
 Roosevelt, Mrs. James Coleman Drayton, and Mrs. Orme 
 Wilson. 
 
144 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ^;' 
 
 ,-'-^' 
 
NEIV YOJ^K, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 145 
 
 JOHN JACOB ASTOR, 
 
 (Of T,i-day.) 
 
 Tohn lacol) Astor, scion of tlic ilistinL;uislu'(l Anirrii an 
 family of that name, was horn on July 13th, 1S64, at Fcrn- 
 I lilf, in the to\vnshi[j of Rhineheck, the Astor country seat on 
 the Hudson. He is the son of WiUiani Astor, and through 
 General Armstrong, who was Minister to l*'rance and 
 U. S. Secretary of War, is fifth in descent from Robert 
 Livingston, grandfather of the celebrateil Chancellor 
 Livingston. Robert Lixingston was the possessor of a 
 royal patent of " Livingston Manor," a tract of land 
 on the Hudson, which includes the present Dutchess 
 and Columbia counties. Mr. Aster's mother is directly 
 descended from the Schermerhorns, who came from a town 
 of that name in Holland in 1642, and it is from such descent, 
 as well as being ninth in descent from Jacobus Van Cort- 
 landt, that he is entitled to membershi]) in the Society of the 
 Colonial Wars. He was educated in St. Paul's School, 
 Concord, N. H., and graduated from Harvard College in 
 the class of 1888, taking a scientific degree instead of the 
 classical. Before going to Harvard Mr. Astor set out on a 
 traveling tour altogether out of the beaten track. It was 
 before the Northern Pacific Railroad was completed, and he 
 enjoyed the pleasure of staging on the mountain spurs of 
 Idaho and Montana, and shooting in the intervals. He 
 went from Portland to San Francisco by steamer. He also 
 traveled in Xorway. whence he went to Turkey and Creece 
 and sojourned in Cuba, Mexico, Florida and other regions 
 avoided by the ordinary traveler. While in Florida Mr. 
 Astor probably inspected the railroad from St. Augustine to 
 Palatka and the Tocoi Road, which had lieen constructed 
 by his father, William Astor, also a fine block in Jackson- 
 ville, in all of which the tourist was directly interested. 
 
 While in Turkey Mr. Astor, after jjroving to the satis- 
 faction of all concerned that he did not visit the Sub- 
 litiie Porte with anything like warlike intent ; that he 
 was emissary neither of England nor Russia, intent on 
 organizing a court intrigue, was honored with a personal 
 audience with the Sultan, Abdul Hamed, which is a 
 favor rarely accorded to foreigners. In 1S91, soon after 
 returning from abroad, Mr. Astor was married in Philadel- 
 phia to Miss Ava Willing, daughter of Edward S. and Alice 
 B. Willing of that city. The marriage was the great social 
 event of the year, and there was more written about it in 
 the news|)apers than had been, probably, of any other 
 wedding of this country. Mrs. Astor's family is one of the 
 most distinguished in the country. The Willings, even 
 before their arrival in America, occupied high social status 
 in England among the landed gentry, and after their arrival 
 intermarried with colonial families of distinction, .\mong 
 their colonial progenitors were many Presidents of Council 
 of the Pennsylvania Commonwealth, and in after times 
 foreign ministers and generals of the Revolutionary era. 
 
 The first of the family in which American readers would 
 be interested is Joseph Willing, of Huppentoss, Somersett, 
 England, who died in 1678 ; the ne.xt, Joseph Will ng, of 
 Gloucestershire, son of the former, who died in 1797 leaving 
 a good estate brought to him by marriage with Ava Lowle. 
 The next in descent is Thomas Willing of Bristol, an emi- 
 nent merchant who married a grand-daughter of General 
 Harrison, and died in 1760. Charles Willing, son of the 
 foregoing, came to America in 1728 and was Mayor of 
 Philadelphia in 1747, and again in 1754, in which latter year 
 he died. Thomas Willing and his son, last mentioned, 
 established the business house afterwards known as Willing 
 & Schwarick, Willing & Morris and Willing & F'rancis, 
 i successively. Thomas Willing, son of Charles, born in 
 1 73 1, studied law, was Mayor of Philadelphia in 1763, and 
 was subsequently Judge of the Supreme Court (1767 to 
 1777). He was the first President of the Bank of North 
 
 .America, and also first President of the Bank of the United 
 States, anil it was he who designed tiie United States coat- 
 of-arms. Thomas Willing died in 1827 at the advanced age 
 of eighty-nine years. 'I'his distinguished man, of the fifth 
 generation of the American Willings, although a jurist and 
 a brilliant one, had an interest in the c(jmmercial house of 
 Willing iK: Francis, fioin whii h, however, he withdrew in 
 iSog. It was continued by his son, Thomas Wayne Willing, 
 and his son-in-law, Thomas Willing Francis. Richard Will- 
 ing, fourth son of the last named, from uhom Mrs. Astor is 
 tlirectly descended, was born in 1775 and died in 1858. His 
 son, Edward Shippi-n Willing, who in i860 married Alice C. 
 Barton, was her lather. .Alice Barton's ancestor, Coloney 
 \V. Barton, was meml)er of the British Parliament in 1653, 
 and from him she traces her lineage in unbroken succession 
 through many generations down to the present day. 
 
 The issue of the marriage is a son, William A'incent 
 Astor, named in memory of his great-uncle. Since that 
 event Mr. Astor has remained at home attending to his 
 business and performing the duties of a husband, a father 
 and a citizen. Perhaps the most distasteful duties ini])Osed 
 upon any citizens of any class but especially of Mr. Astor's, 
 are those involved in jury trials ; but in January last (1893) 
 he sat day after day, on a jury, on a protracted trial without 
 complaint, though like many others he could, of course, 
 have shirked the duty had he chosen to do so. His wife is 
 a most charming young woman who enjoys nothing so much 
 as accomjianying her husband on his fishing and even shoot- 
 ing expeditions. Indeed, Mrs. Astor is, herself, by no means 
 a bad shot, and many a duck each season succumbs to her 
 skill and the precision of the fowbng piece made especially 
 for her use. Mr. .Astor is also fond of yachting and it is his 
 intention, when he (an find the time, to make a voyage 
 around the «orld in the steel yacht "Nourmahal," a vessel 
 constructed by his father for that purpose. But Mr. Astor 
 does not seem likely to find time, for he is a very busy man, 
 and the management of his own estate is by no means a 
 sinecure In addition thereto he owns one-half of the 
 celebrated Astor House, which is held in common with his 
 cousin. It is one of the pieces of property left by William 
 B. Astor, which his grandsons hold undivided. He is one 
 of the directors of the National Park Bank, Mercantile 
 Trust Co., the Title Guarantee & Trust Co., and the Plaza 
 Bank, and is manager of the William .Astor estate. Among 
 the social organizations of which he is a member are the 
 Society of Colonial Wars ; Knickerbocker, Union, Metro- 
 politan and Tuxedo Clul.is, the Patriarch Society, New ^'ork 
 \'acht Club, Country, Racipiet and Tennis and Riding 
 Clubs, and the Delta Phi F'raternity. The .Astors are the 
 leaders of society in America and have the entree into all 
 the courts of Europe. 
 
 JOHN JACOB ASTOR, Jr. 
 
 One of the Astors of whom little has been heard was 
 the second son of John Jacob, the American founder of the 
 house, and this because of a melancholy accident which 
 happened him in his boyhood. He was born in New York, 
 and up to the age of sixteen was one of the brightest, most 
 active and studious youths in the city, a worthy representa- 
 tive of the family, jihysically and intellectually. Young 
 Astor was fond of outdoor exercises, especially riding on 
 horseback, and while at his favorite recreation was one day 
 thrown from his horse, sustaining such injuries that he never 
 completely recovered from their effects, though he lived to 
 be sixty-eight years of age. His brain was aft'ected, and 
 though not anything like insane, the bright intellect that 
 distinguished him and gave such promise in early youth 
 grew^ clouded, and toward middle age he became eccentric. 
 Nevertheless the second of the Astors lived a happy and 
 contented life, though his range of usefulness and energy 
 was narrowed. His father [irovided for him handsomely, 
 
146 
 
 JVEJF YORK, TJIE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Second Son of J. J. ASTOR, The Eldek. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOHS. 
 
 147 
 
 and until the day of his dcatli lit- rcsidctl in the oUl Astor 
 mansion, occupying a full block on Fcnirtccnth Street and 
 Ninth Avenue, then far enough out in the country to deserve 
 the name of a suburban residence. A fine gar(ien was at- 
 tached to the mansion, and here the second John Jacob 
 Astor was often to be seen in semi-clerical costume, walking 
 up and down with his hands liehind his back, like a clergy- 
 man composing a sermon. Mr. Astor, however, was not 
 composing a sermon, but verses. In his student days he 
 was fond of poetry and had com]iosed and surreptitiously 
 published, like many other youths of his age and class, 
 scraps of poetry he delighted to see in jirint. That he re- 
 tained at least a [lart of his inte lectuality is evident from 
 the fact that up to the last he wrote poetry which news- 
 papers and periodicals were glad to take, though often over 
 a nom de plume. He also wrote many prose sketches, 
 some of which are still preserved. 
 
 graduate of Colundiia, (lass of 1826, and married Catherine 
 Livingston, daughter of the Hon. James Hooker, of Pough- 
 keepsie. 'I'he [jresent Duchess of Marlborough is a 
 Hamersley, and in marrying into one of the great English 
 houses merely went back to the source from which she 
 sprang. On April 30, i8cS8, J. Hooker Hamersley married 
 Margaret Willing Chisolm, daughter of William IC. Chisolm 
 and granddaughter of John Rogers. The Chisolms are 
 an old South (Carolina family, and the Rogers distinguished 
 New Yorkers and large real estate owners. John Rogers' 
 sister married William C. Rhinelander, and it is through 
 this alliance that the Rhinelanders obtained the foun- 
 dation of their fortune. Mr. J. Hooker Hamersley has 
 two children, Catherine Livingston Hamersley and Louis 
 Gordon Hamersley. He is a direct descendant of 
 Robert Livingston, member and speaker of the New York 
 Provincial .\ssenihly from 1718 to 1725. 'Phis gentleman 
 
 'f-,.. 
 
 ,)^-r«»s««-ms»a«.»»«.,.i 
 
 ^/^i'^^T^A-..^'^' ^^^-ifi^^^-f-t^i-iyi-^^^^^ 
 
 J. HOOKER HAMERSLEY. 
 
 One of New York's distinguished men of the younger 
 generation is J. Hooker Hamersley, lawyer, poet, and man 
 of affairs generally. Mr. Hamersley belongs to one of New 
 York's historic families. He was born in this city on 
 January 26, 1844, and is lineally descended from Sir Hugh 
 Hamersley, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1627. The 
 first of the American Hamersleys was William, an officer 
 in the English navy, and grandson of Sir Hugh. William, 
 after his arrival in this country, married Miss Van Brugh, 
 lielonging to a famous old Dutch family, was a vestryman 
 of Trinity Church and was buried in its cemetery. Ham- 
 ersley Street (now ^\'est Houston) was named after him. 
 His grandson, Louis Carre, and great-grandson, John W ., 
 were prominent New York citizens of their time, and, in 
 fact, the Hamersleys have been always ])rominently iden- 
 tified with the best interests of the city. John W. was a 
 
 / 
 
 was the founder of Livingston Manor. He is also a descen- 
 dant of Henry Beekman, Patentee from Queen Anne of 
 lands in Dutchess County, N. Y., a portion of which lands 
 have never been out of the possession of the family, and 
 are now owned by Mr. Hamersley. The patent for those 
 lands is dated June 25, 1703. Mr. Hamersley is fifth in 
 descent from Joseph Reade, who was member of the 
 Provincial Council of New York in 1764, and sixth in 
 descent from Judge Thomas Gordon, son of Sir George 
 (Gordon, one of His Majesty's Council of the Province 
 of East Jersey, Dejiuty Secretary in 1692, Attorney- 
 General in the same year. Provincial Treasurer from 
 1 7 10 to 1719, and one of the lords proprietors of East 
 Jersey. Air. Hamersley still has an interest in these lands. 
 Through his mother's family he is connected with the 
 Reades, Livingstons, Stuyvesants, Beekmans, Van Court- 
 landts, de Peysters, and, in fine, with nearly all the dis- 
 
148 
 
 NEiv voj^a; the metropolis. 
 
 tinguished families of the State. Mr. Hamersley is the son 
 of John W., and, like his father, is a graduate of Columbia 
 College. He was prepared for his collegiate course in 
 Foughkeepsie, and entering Columbia graduated with 
 honors in 1865 His college career was a distinguished 
 one. He was awarded an ovation at the commencement 
 e.xercises in the Academy of Music in 1865. He received 
 the degree of A.M., A.B., and subsequently of LL.B. 
 from the Columbia I.aw School. He was called to the bar 
 and practised his profession for ten years, but withdrew to 
 take charge of his own and his father's large estates. 
 Although rather a busy man he takes some time to devote 
 himself to politics, and in 1877 was elected delegate to the 
 State convention held in Rochester by the Independent 
 
 "'Fog Curtain," '' Masconomo," and the " INIidnight Sun." 
 He is Director of the Knickerbocker Fire Insurance Co, 
 one of the first institutions of that nature in America, and 
 is member of the St. Nicholas Society, Society of Colonial 
 Wars, University Club, Metropolitan and City Clubs, and 
 other leading social, athletic and literary clubs of New 
 York City, and of the New York Geographical Society. 
 
 HENRY BISCHOFF. 
 
 Among the youngest and perhajjs the brightest of New 
 York's judges is the Hon. Henry Bischoff, on the bench of 
 the Court of Common Pleas. He was born in New York 
 City on August 16, 1852, and is the son of Henry Bischoff, 
 the well-known banker. He was educated in the public 
 
 V:*' 
 
 K 
 
 iLu</. /2y9^C4^y^ ^<^^<i^id^(^f^ 
 
 
 Republicans. He was nominated later- on for the Assembly 
 by the Republicans of the Eleventh Disirict, but withdrew 
 in favor of William Waldorf Astor, whom he aided materi- 
 ally in obtaining a handsome majoritv. Mr. Hamersley 
 belongs to that class of American gentlemen who, while 
 possessing wealth and social position, do not think them- 
 selves too good to take off their coats and, entering the 
 political arena, fight for the ])rinciples they believe in. Of 
 such are Perry Belmont. Theodore Roosevelt, Lispenard 
 Stewart, and of such also w^as the late Allen Thorndike 
 Rice. It would be well were there more of them in this 
 city, and, in fact, their number is increasing. He is well 
 known in literary circles as the author of such poems as 
 ■' Yellow Roses," " The Couniersign," " Ronzonkoma," 
 
 schools primarily, after which he was sent to the .Academy in 
 Bloomfield, N. J., and subsequently received instructions 
 from a private tutor. He graduated in 187 1 from the Colum- 
 bia Law School with the degree of I,L. B. and honorable 
 mention in the Department of Political Science. After study- 
 ing in the law offices of J. H. & S. Riker for two years, he was 
 admitted to the bar (1873), and at once associated himself as 
 partner with Mr. F. Leary, with whom he remained until 
 1878, when he practised alone. From the start his business 
 was confined exclusively to civil cases, connected principally 
 with real estate litigation and Surrogate Court affairs. He has 
 never touched a criminal case. In 1879 Mr. Bischoff took a 
 hand in politics on the Democratic side, and so distinguished 
 himself as to attract the attention of the party leaders. He 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 J 49 
 
 was for seven months tlie city's attorney for the collerlion 
 of personal taxes, which position he retained until iS8y, 
 when he was elected to his present position as Judge of the 
 Court of Common Pleas. After leaving college he was with 
 his father in the banking business, and during the absence 
 in Europe of the head of the house was in charge altogether. 
 The ])ractical experience gained there has been extremely 
 useful to him both during his legal and judicial career, and 
 it is remarked of him on the bench that he handles cases 
 connected with banking and finance in a manner that shows 
 his deep knowledge of what is before him for decision. 
 Judge IJischoff has been chairman since 1876 of the Four- 
 teenth Assembly District Committee, is a member of the 
 Democratic Club, of the Tammany Society, the Lieder- 
 kranz, Arion and Beethoven and many other Cerman 
 societies, musical and otherwise. His family are jnm li 
 
 still a young man ; his grandfather was born in that .State, as 
 was also his father, so that he can claim New Jersey descent 
 of three generations. He received the rudiments of his 
 education in the Cayuga Lake Academy, Aurora, N. Y., and 
 in icS62, being then sixteen years of age, he entered into 
 business with his father, in the Bushwick Glass Works, 
 Williamsburg, and is now the sole proprietor. His business 
 office is at 83 Fulton Street, this city. When it is stated 
 that he is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, of the 
 New Vork Produce Exchange, Consolidated Stock and 
 Petroleum Exchange, the Board of Trade and Transporta- 
 tion, President of tlie Sheldon Axle Company, a Trustee of 
 Wells College, \'ice-President of St. John's (juild, besides 
 lieing connected with other business and .social organiza- 
 tions, one is tempted to en(piire how can he devote so 
 nnich of his time to the political interests of the parly, 
 
 \VILLI.\M BROOKFIELD. 
 
 devoted to music, and the Judge himself, while master of 
 many instruments, excels on the piano. He is of (German 
 descent, and takes pride and pleasure in keeping himself an 
 coiirant as to events in the Fatherland from day to day. He 
 is also well posted in German literature, and speaks the lan- 
 guage with grammatical accuracy and purity of accent. He 
 was married in 1873 to Miss Anr.ie Moshier, daughter of 
 Fredeiick and Louise Moshier, of Connecticut, and has one 
 daughter, Loula, I)orn May 13, 1876. 
 
 WILLIAM BROOKFIELD. 
 
 Mr. William Brookfield, Chairman of the Republican 
 State Committee, was born in Greenbank, X. J., on ALay 24th, 
 1844, so that he is now in the full vigor of his physical and 
 intellectual powers. His great-grandfather was born in 
 Norway, of Irish parents, but came to New Jerst^y while 
 
 and yet, if you ask any intelligent Republican to name one 
 of its hardest workers, he will surely mention that of William 
 Brookfield among the first. Mr. Brookfield is a member of 
 the Union League Club, a director of several financial cor- 
 jiorations and is largely interested in Pennsylvania Iron 
 \\'orks. 
 
 E. B. HINSDALE. 
 
 E. B. Hinsdale, one of the ablest lawyers of the Metro- 
 l)olitan bar, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., on 
 December 4, 1831. His ancestors came to this country 
 from England in 1632, and settled in New England, the 
 father of the subject of this sketch removing to Western 
 New York in 181 2. Mr. Hinsdale received a common 
 school education, and then took a short academic course 
 preparatory to entering upon the study of law. In 1856 he 
 
ISO 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 was admitted to the bar at Buffalo, and began the practice 
 of law immediately at Leroy, Genesee County, where he 
 remained five years and became an active and prominent 
 figure in politics. In the first Lincoln campaign he was 
 selected Chairman of the Genesee County Republican 
 Central Committee, and performed the duties of his position 
 in an honorable and highly satisfactory manner. In 1861 
 he came to New York and at once established a firm footing 
 as a lawyer of more than ordinary ability. In 1S70 he 
 organized the law firm of Hinsdale & Sprague, which be- 
 came celebrated. Mr. Hinsdale has taken a deep interest 
 in the State and National campaigns, and established a 
 reputation as a legal writer through his treatises entitled 
 "Abolition of Taxes on Internal Revenue,'' which raised the 
 cry of " free whiskey" in the Presidential fight of 1S88. His 
 work was endorsed and adopted by the Union League Club 
 and became one of the most generally discussed subjects of 
 the city. He is also the author of an excellent treatise on 
 land transfer reform and has contributed manv valuable 
 
 E. B. HINSDALE. 
 
 works on other subjects to the literature of the laws. His 
 opinion as to the power of the city to issue bonds for new 
 parks became a settled law by decision of the Court of 
 Appeals, and secured the city many of those public resorts. 
 For the past seven years he has been a member of the 
 ''Committee on Political Reform," of the Union League 
 Club, and, upon the appointment of Whitelaw Reid as 
 Minister to France, he was elected to succeed him as Chair- 
 man of the Committee, a position which he has since filled 
 with much ability. His report on the inadequacy of the 
 existing naturalization laws to prevent such occurrences as 
 the New Orleans Riot, brought about by the corrupt power 
 of State Courts, and his petition to Congress pointing out 
 the evils and demanding j^roper remedies for the same, 
 created wide and favorable comment throughout this 
 country and P^urope. The press on all sides copied it, and 
 editorially endorsed the principles therein enunciated. Mr. 
 Hinsdale devotes his attention to a general civil practice, 
 
 and makes a specialty of corporation and railroad matters, 
 in which connection he has figured in many celebrated cases. 
 He is a popular and well known member of the LTnion 
 League Club. He is Secretary and Counsel of the Long 
 
 Island Railroad. 
 
 ALFRED J. BAKER. 
 Alfred J. Baker, the well and favorably known attorney, 
 was born in New York City, was privately tutored by the 
 Rev. Dr. Morris, First Principal of Trinity S( hool, N. Y., 
 and graduated in 1874 from Columbia Law School. He 
 at once began the practice of law and devoted his atten- 
 tion to civil cases, paying special attention to insurance 
 matters, in which he is regarded as an authority. His 
 first legal victory in this connection was won in 1876 
 when he established the validity of a verbal contract in a 
 case against the German American Insurance Co., where 
 no policy was issued and no premium i)aid. Mr. Baker is 
 not only regarded as a bright lawyer, but is a popular and 
 prominent figure in municipal politics, being an active 
 member of the Tammany Hall General Committee of 
 the Twenty-third Assembly District, the Demo- 
 cratic Club of Fifth .\venue, the Sagamore Club of 
 Harlem, the D. B. Hill Club and the Massassoit Club. 
 He is a faithful "and hard worker and an excellent cam- 
 paign .speaker, and it is rumored that his party has political 
 honors in store for him. Socially, he is much esteemed 
 for his general manners, which have made him a popular 
 member in the Dwight Alumni of Columbia College, 
 Sagamore Lodge, No. 371, Masonic Order F. & A. M. 
 Alfred E. Baker, the father of Alfred J., was born in 
 England, came to this country when a young man, and 
 was engaged on the reportorial staff of the New York 
 Herald. From the effects of the "Jennings Fire," in 1853, 
 he conceived the idea that somebody should be appointed 
 with authority to investigate fires, etc. In connection with 
 his views the office of Fire Marshal was created, and Mr. 
 Baker was appointed first fire marshal of the city, a position 
 which he held for fourteen years, performing its duties in 
 an efficient and creditable manner, sending manv offenders 
 to State's prison, and saving insurance companies many 
 thousands of dollars. Mr. Baker, senior, after a long and 
 successful career, died on February 26, 1891, and was 
 much regretted by a wide circle of friends. 
 
 ■WM. TODD HELMUTH, M D. 
 
 One of the most successful |iractitioners and surgeons 
 in this city, of the homoeopathic faith, is Wm. Todd Hel- 
 muth, M.D., LL.D. He has been in active practice 
 since he graduated from the Homoeopathic Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania in 1853. He also received his 
 degree of M.D. from the Hahnemann Medical College, San 
 Francisco, California. Dr. Helmuth has occupied and still 
 fills many important positions in the medical world. Aside 
 from his large family practice he has organized and success- 
 fully carries on one of the most efficient private hospitals in 
 this city. He occupies a very important position on the 
 staff of the New York Homtjeopathic College and Hospital, 
 that of Professor of Surgery. He is also consulting surgeon 
 to the Hahnemann Hospital, the Laura Franklin Hospital, 
 the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, 
 the New York Homoeopathic Medical College Dispensary, 
 and is the Medical Superintendent of the Flower Hospital. 
 He is an ex-president of the New York State Homoeopathic 
 Society, senior -member of the American Ins'itute of 
 Homoe.Tpathv, honorary member of the Societe Medicale 
 Homoeopathique de France, honorary member of the 
 Homcepathic Societies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and 
 Connecticut. His son, \Vm. Todd Helmuth, Jr., is a 
 practicising physician and assists his father in the manage- 
 ment of his private hospital. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOJJS. 
 
 '5' 
 
 DONALD McLean. 
 Donald McLean, one of New N'ork's most prominent 
 lawyers, was born in Railway, N. J., on September 19. 1.S52. 
 He removed to New York at an early age. He is a graduate 
 of the Columbia College Law School, having received the 
 degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1S73 and the same ) ear 
 |)assed the bar of New York, where he has since been in ac- 
 tive practice. Mr. McLean comes of illustrious ancestry. 
 His grandfather, Ceneral John McLean, occupied a promi- 
 nent position in the State in his time ; one of the earliest 
 Commissary Clenerals of the State of New York, built the 
 Old Block Fort, the remains of which may be seen to-day 
 in the northern part of Central Park. He took part in the 
 Revolutionary war, being closely associated with Governor 
 George Clinton, and also in the war of 181 2-14 against the 
 British. Donald McLean's father, Colonel Geo. W. McLean, 
 was a West Pointer, and served throughout the Florida 
 Indian war, and in the war of the Rebellion was Colonel of 
 the Second New Jersey Volunteers. Mr. McLean, although 
 having made his mark as a lawyer and achieved brilliant 
 success, is best known as a Republican politician. In 1878 
 he represented his district (Twenty-third) in the Republican 
 State Convention, and in 1888 was delegate to the National 
 Convention which nominated Harrison and Morton. He 
 took a leading part in this convention. In 1880, by advice 
 of Mr. Morton, then a candidate for Congress, he ran for 
 the Assembly on a \ery close vote, reducing the Demo- 
 cratic majority from 2,100 the year before to 115. In 1881 
 he was elected member of the Board of Aldermen, and since 
 then has been [irominently before the public. In 1889 he 
 was appointed by President Harrison LTnited States Gen- 
 eral .\ppraiser and held the position until the office was 
 iholished by the passage of the McKinley Administration 
 Bill. Mr. McLean is member and Past Master of Bunting 
 Lodge, F. & A. M., member of the Harlem Club and Re- 
 iniblican Club of New York City, and is connected with 
 many other organizations, social, political and benevolent. 
 He was married in Maryland ten years ago to F-mily Nelson, 
 eldest daughter of the late Judge John Ritchie, of the Mary- 
 land Court of Appeals. Mrs. McLean is Secretary of the 
 New York Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revo- 
 lution. Her great-grandfather was Cieneral Roger Nelson 
 of the Revolutionary Army, whose brother was at one time 
 Minister to Italy and at another time United States Attor- 
 ney-General. Her grandfather. Colonel W. P. Maulsby, 
 late Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, raised a 
 regiment for the Union Army on the outbreak of the Rebel- 
 lion and commanded it during the war. He was present in 
 most of the great battles, including the ever famous Get- 
 tysburg. 
 
 DAVID HIRSCH. 
 
 Mr David Hirsch, the well-known cigar manufacturer, 
 was born in 1828 in Rastatt, Grand Duchy of Baden, and 
 at a very early age served with the French army in Africa. 
 When the revolution in Baden broke out, in 1S49. he had 
 returned to his home and was in the Germanv army 
 stationed in his native city, and joined the forces of the 
 Revolutionists ; but the King's ultimately triumphed, and 
 Hirsch was sentenced to death. He fled the country, 
 married, and in 185 1, thinking all was over, returned to his 
 native city with his wife and child, was arrested once 
 more, condemned to death, and immured in a dungeon in 
 irons for ten months while on trial for high treason, after 
 which his ssntence was commuted to sixteen years' im- 
 prisonment with hard labor on the fortifications. He 
 escaped, however, and with his family embarked for Havre 
 in a sailing vessel. Cholera broke out among the passen- 
 gers, and many of them died and were Iniried at sea. 
 Arriving in New Orleans during the summer of 1852 he 
 
 worked his way to Cincinnati, where he was employed by 
 the Volkiblatt to go to New Vork and send that |)aper notes 
 from the Crystal Palace Exposition. Returning to Cincin- 
 nati after the e.xposition he was employed by A. Fatman & 
 Co., tobacconists and cigar manufacturers, as travelling 
 salesman. This was in 1853, and two years later he started 
 a commission liusiness in St. Louis on his own account in 
 the line of liijuors, wine and cigars, with agencies for many 
 good houses. When the War of the Rebellion broke out 
 he raiseil the first Missouri regiment at Memphis for the 
 Confederacy ami turned it over to Col. John S. Bowen. 
 Mr. Hirsch was appointed by Gen. Albert Sydney Johnson 
 Drillmaster and Inspector to his army corps, and he is now 
 in possession of letters from General Johnson, Jefferson 
 Davis, and also from Gen. W. T. Sherman, as to his military 
 ability and standing. He resigned his commission in the 
 Confederate army in 1S63 and came to New York. Mr. 
 Hirsch conunenced business in this city, and after sur- 
 mounting enormous difficulties he became very successful, 
 
 DAVID HIRS( H. 
 
 and to-day stands in the front rank of New York business 
 men and America's great cigar manufacturers. His unique 
 sign of " Mephisto " over his factory in the Bowery is one 
 of the sights of the Metropolis. Integrity is his watchword 
 and guiding star, and he is cordially recognized and acknowl- 
 edged the Nestor of the tobacco trade. Mr. Hirsch's wife 
 was born in Germany. He has two sons and five daughters. 
 One of his sons is Ferdinand, President of the Ferdinand 
 Hirsch Company, a gentleman well known and esteemed, 
 and so is his other son, Julius, who is also engaged in the 
 cigar business. Mr. Hirsch's father was a furniture manu- 
 facturer, and died at the age of eighty-six. Mr. Hir.sch 
 relinquished all the numerous offices he held some years 
 ago, and now holds none but the Presidency of D. Hirsch 
 & Co., also known as the Defiance Cigar Manufactory. 
 The word "Defiance," and the trademark — a lion conquer- 
 ing a boa constrictor — is known all over this continent and 
 abroad. 
 
152 
 
 JV-EIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 EPHRAIM CUTTER, M.D. 
 Ephraim Cutter, MA. Yale, M.D. Harvard and Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, LL.D. Iowa College, Honorary 
 Fellow Society Science, Letters and Art of London, 
 Corresponding Member of the Belgium and Italian Micro- 
 scopical Societies and of the Gyntecological Society of Boston, 
 Member Massachusetts Medical Society, American Medical 
 Association and many other medical and scientific organiza- 
 tions, Life Member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon Club of 
 New York, and of the Deaf and Dumb Institution Washington 
 Heights, etc., is one of those extraordinary men evolved by 
 science to benefit the age they live in. He is a great inventor 
 of medical and surgical instruments, has a prot'ound knowl- 
 edge of the practice of medicine, and as a microscopist is 
 known as one that owns, uses and has photographed with the 
 famous objectives of Tolles, to the highest" power, namely, 
 the one-seventy-fifth inch — a lens whose face glass is one- 
 sixtieth of an inch in diameter. Dr. Cutter was born in 
 
 EPHRAIM CUTTER, M.D. 
 
 Woburn, Mass., September ist, 1S32, educated in Warren 
 .Academy, and graduated from Yale University in the 
 Collegiate Department in 1S52 ; he taught in Warren 
 Academy for one year, and the four years following studied 
 in Harvard's Medical Department and that of University of 
 Pennsylvania, and was graduated from these institutions in 
 i8,6 and 1857 respectively. A great-grandfather, Amos 
 Whittemore, was the inventor of the card machine. His 
 father, Dr. Benjamin Cutter, M.A. and M.D. Harvard, hon- 
 ored medicine for forty years by able practice ; Dr. Cutter 
 studied with him and also Oliver Wendell Holmes, Henry I. 
 Bowditch and J. P. Cooke. Dr. Cutler wished at his father's 
 request to study the causes of (i) consumption, (2) 
 diseases of women and (3) diseases of the nervous system. 
 At this day we can say that he performed his work well, for 
 from a simple study of causes he got into the actual treat- 
 ment of the cases, and the progress that this one life has 
 made, is because of his thorough training and the having to 
 
 actually solve the problems of patients presented to him ; 
 his contributions to medical literature number four hundred! 
 He practised in Woburn and Boston, and finally came to 
 New York in 1881, and has since practised here ; 1891, in 
 conjunction with his son, Dr. John A. Cutter, he established 
 the Heartiest Sanatory in New York City, an institution to 
 give the best advantages to treat chronic disease; cases 
 admitted are of consumption, tumor, cancer, Bright's 
 disease, diabetes and other chronic diseases, for the life 
 work of the subject of our sketch has shown that these so- 
 called incurable diseases are curable, for to the Tenth Inter- 
 national Medical Congress at Berlin, 1890, he reported one 
 hundred cases of consumption, in whom forty were restored 
 to health by systematic treatment at home ; some of these 
 cases had been well for twenty years. The Boylston Prize 
 from Harvard in 1857 was granted him on the subject, 
 " Under what circumstances do the usual signs furnished by 
 Auscultation and Percussion prove fallacious?" The 
 Society of Science, Letters and Art of London, in 1889, gave 
 him the Gold Medal for his essay on the "Relations of 
 Medicine and Music." In conclusion we must state that 
 the lesson of Dr. Cutter's arduous labors in his profession, is, 
 that the very common, every-day things of life, what we 'eat 
 and drink, how, when and where, how we live, think and do 
 our daily work, have everything to do with the causation of 
 disease. Dr. Cutter's offices are in the Equitable Building. 
 
 ROBERT HOE. 
 
 The history of the firm of R. Hoe & Co., manufacturers 
 of printing presses, printers' materials and cast steel saws, 
 would form an admirable object lesson in the progress of 
 mechanical invention during the last half of the nineteenth 
 century. Their printing machinery has a world-wide 
 reputation. No newspaper can now be printed fast enough 
 without one of Hoe's perfecting printing presses, and the 
 thousands of copies of the Recorder as well as the 
 many millions of other great newspapers of the world, are 
 daily produced by the machines constructed by this firm. 
 It was in 1803 that Robert Hoe, the founder of what is at 
 present one of the most marvellous organizations of its kind, 
 came to America. He was an English yeoman ; born in 
 Leicestershire, October 29, 17S4 He had been appren- 
 ticed as a joiner to his father, and the young immigrant on 
 his arrival in New York worked at that trade untd he be- 
 came interested in printing presses and established himself 
 as a manufacturer of them in connection with his brother- 
 in law, Peter Smith, the firm name being then, as now, K. 
 Hoe & Co. Robert Hoe took out one of the earliest 
 American patents for improvements in the iron hand pr.nt- 
 ing press. Peter Smith also invented the machine called 
 after his name, which was almost exclusively used in this 
 country for a number of years. When Matthew Smith, a 
 relative of Peter Smith, became a partner of the firm, the 
 business rapidly increased. They manufactured the first 
 cylinder printing presses used in this country. Those 
 presses were modelled in a measure upon EngHsh designs, 
 but were a great improvement, both in efficiency and con- 
 struction, over their English originals. This firm was also 
 the first in New York to employ steam as a motor in their 
 works, located first in Maiden Lane and then in Gold Street, 
 near Fulton Street. In 1832 the founder of the firm retired 
 from the business on account of ill health, and died in 
 Westchester County on the 4th of January, 1S33. His son, 
 Richard March Hoe, born in New York in 181 2, succeeded 
 him in business, in connection with Matthew Smith, his 
 father's partner. In 1833 his brother, Robert Hoe, became 
 a member of the firm. Matthew Smith died soon after, 
 leavi^ng the business the property of the two brothers, who 
 in I S47 produced the rotary machine known as the "Hoe 
 Lightning Type Revolving Printing Machine." In their 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 IS3 
 
 work they were greatly assisted b)- Stephen I). Tucker, \\\\o 
 afterwards became a partner. Later on Peter Smith Hoe, 
 a younger brother, was admitted as a member of the firm. 
 To such a state of perfection have the Hoe presses recently 
 been brought that a roll of paper five miles long can be put 
 through the machine at the rate of one thousand feet per 
 minute, the same being pjrinted on both sides, cut, pasted 
 and delivered folded. Perfect newspapers can thus be 
 produced faster than the eye can follow the movements of 
 the paper. Richard M. Hoe died in Florence, Italy, June 
 7th, 1886. His brother Robert, before referred to, died at 
 his country seat at Tarrytown, in Westchester County, the 
 13th of September, 1S84. The latter was a patron and 
 friend of art, and especially of young artists, and one of the 
 founders of the National Academy of Design. The present 
 head of the firm is Robert Hoe, his son, born in New York 
 in 1839. In connection with his partners (Stephen D. 
 Tucker, Theodore H. Mead and Charles W. Carpenter) he 
 has greatly extended the business of the firm. Some of the 
 greatest triumphs in the construction and manufacture of 
 fast printing machinery have been achieved during the last 
 five or si.x years. Mr. Hoe is a hard worker and a student. 
 He was one of the founders of the Metropolitan Museum of 
 Art, and President of the Grolier Club for ])romoting the 
 arts pertaining to the production of books. He is also in- 
 terested in all movements for the advancement of literature 
 and art, and possesses one of the largest and most valuable 
 ijrivate libraries in America. 
 
 SAMSON LACHMAN. 
 
 Samson Lachman, Justice of the Sixth District Court, 
 recognized as one of the brightest lawyers of the city and one 
 of the most learned and imjiartial of its judges, was born in 
 New York, on the second of May, 1855, and is consequently 
 a young man for such a position. He was educated in the 
 public schools in the first place, and subsequently was sent 
 to study in New York College, from which he graduated in 
 1876. He carried off the highest honors in both institu 
 tions, and obtained first prize in the Columbian Law School 
 for an essay on municip.d law. After leaving college, with 
 a very high reputation for learning and ability, he studied 
 law with the leading firm of Brown, Hall & Yanderpocl. 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1876, when he had reached 
 the statutory age of twenty-one. In 1H79, chiefly through 
 his exertions, the firm of Lachman, Morgenthan & Gold- 
 smith was established, and at once became successful and 
 prosperous. It is now one of the leading law concerns in 
 New York, and does an immense amount of miscellaneous 
 business. Among its clientage are many great mercantile 
 houses, insurance companies, railway companies and manu- 
 facturing interests, and it is noticeable, as regards Mr. 
 Lachman's legal career, that whether as referee or judge 
 very few of his decisions have been reversed in the higher 
 courts. Like the majority of the young men of Gotham Mr. 
 Lachman early develo])ed a taste for politics, and threw his 
 fortunes in with the ('ounty Democracy. He had previous 
 to 1887 been offered the nomination for various offices and 
 refused, but in that year, havir.g been requested to stand 
 for Justice in the Sixth Judicial District, by the L'nited 
 Democracy, he accepted, and was elected over his Republi- 
 can opponent by the largest majority ever given any judge 
 in the city. He was Chairman of the County Democracy 
 Committee for the Sixteenth — his own — District for four 
 years, and held many other offices of trust for h's party 
 during his political career. Mr. Lachman is a bachelor, 
 which is singular, seeing that he is a very handsome man, of 
 distinguished manners and good addi ess. He is a member 
 of the New York Law Institute, of the Reform Club, the City 
 College Club and the Bar Association. 
 
 WRIGHT HOLCOMB. 
 
 Hon. Wright Holcomb, the well-known New York 
 lawyer, was bom in Willslioro, Essex County, N. Y., 
 December 8, 1843. He w^as named after Hon. Silas Wright, 
 his father's cousin, formerly Governor of New York State. 
 His father was Mr. 1). S. Holcomb, a merchant of Wills- 
 boro. His mother was a Cole, of Puritan descent, daughter 
 of Dr. Steven Cole, of Dartmouth College, and a lineal 
 descendant of William Bradford, the second Governor of 
 Plymouth Colony. Wright Holcomb was educated in the 
 Chaplain Academy and graduated from Dartmouth College 
 in the class of 1864. He studied law in the Albany Law 
 School, was admitted to the New York bar in 1866 and to 
 practice in the United States Courts in 1868. He came to 
 New Vork in 1S67, and became managing clerk in the office 
 of John K. De\lin. who was then corporation counsel. 
 After this he went to Plattsburg and entered into partner- 
 ship with Palmer & Weed, the new firm assuming the title 
 of Palmer, Weed & Holcomb. In 1875 hs returned to 
 New York, and with Mr. Smith Weed entered the law firm 
 
 WKir.HT HdLCOMB. 
 
 of Matthew, Husted t'c Folly. The firm having been 
 dissolved in 1878, Mr. Holcomb practised alone until he 
 organized the firm of Holcomb. Fitzgerald & Condon, 
 which was dissolved in tSoi, whtii Mr. Holcomb formed 
 his present co-partnership with Hon. D. J. Martin. He 
 has always devoted himself exclusively to civil business 
 and United States cases, and has reached a high standing 
 among the legal lights of New York. In 1890 he was 
 elected member of the State Legislature for the Ninth 
 Assembly District on the United Democratic ticket, served 
 one term with much distinction, and declined another 
 nomination. He said that one term was enough for 
 him. He is member of the New York Democratic 
 Club and also of the Tammany Society. Mr. Holcomb is 
 a man of undoubted capacity with an unimpeachable public 
 and private record. As a lawyer he is studious and 
 thorough in the interests of his clients, as a referee he is 
 l)artial and just, and as a man he is genial, whole-souled, 
 liberal, and highly respected by all who know him. 
 
154 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 SHERBURNE BLAKE EATON. 
 
 Sherburne Blake Eaton, of the New York Bar, was born 
 at Lowell, Mass., in 1840. His preparatory education was 
 gained in Phillips Andover Academy, after which he entered 
 Yale College, and graduated in the class of 1862. He 
 was immediately commissioned as Adjutant in an Ohio 
 regiment commanded by his college chum, Colonel Oliver 
 H. Payne, of Cleveland, with which he went to the front. 
 After serving eighteen months with that regiment, he was 
 appointed a member of the staff of (general William B. 
 Hazen, of the Army of the Cumberland, and for two years 
 saw active and exciting service, during which time he par- 
 ticipated in many important engagements, among them the 
 battles of Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Mission Ridge and 
 Knoxville. He was in Sherman's army during its advance 
 through Northern Georgia to Atlanta, and was in all the 
 principal battles. At the siege of Atlanta he was seriously 
 wounded and for a long time his life was despaired of. 
 After this he was compelled to retire with the well earned 
 
 SHERBl'RNE BLAKE E.^TIIN. 
 
 rank of Major, and an excellent reputation for valor upon 
 the fields of action. In 1S70 he was admitted to the bar in 
 Chicago, but a year later moved to New York and became 
 connected with the law firm of Porter, I.owrey & Soren, 
 with whom he remained until 1874, when he formed the 
 firm of Carter & Eaton, which subsequently was changed to 
 Chamberlain. Carter & Eaton, upon the admission to part- 
 nership of Ex-Governor ]) H. Chamberlain, a former 
 classmate of Major Eaton, at Yale, and W. B. Hornblower. 
 His present firm is Eaton & Lewis, his partner being Eugene 
 H. Lewis, also a Yale man of the class of 1873. Mr. Eaton's 
 legal abilities were first brought into prominence in 1874 as 
 Counsel of the New York Chamber of Commerce, when 
 that and similar organizations sought to reform customs 
 revenue laws, and to repeal the revenue law authorizing 
 moieties and the seizure of books and papers. His law 
 argument before the Congressional Committee of Ways and 
 Means, at Washington, was received with favorable com- 
 mendation both here and abroad. His success in that 
 
 instance demonstrated his superior legal qualifications and 
 in a short time his clientele became large and lucrative, his 
 practice being confined mainly to corporation, customs law 
 and bankruptcy litigation. Mr. Eaton in 1881 gave up his 
 general practice in order to accept the position of Presidency 
 and General Counsel of the Edison Electric Light Company 
 and of other companies engaged here and abroad in the 
 development of the Edison Patent. His entire time has of 
 late been devoted to the service of that company, of which 
 he is the General Counsel, and he has likewise been the 
 personal counsel of Mr. Edison. His professional career 
 has been marked by many legal achievements, particularly 
 in the United States Courts, where he has gained the respect 
 and esteem of both Bench and Bar. Mr. Eaton is ecpuilly 
 popular in social and club circles, where his genial com- 
 panionship is eagerly sought. He is a member of the Bar 
 Association and Law Institute, as well as of the Union, 
 University, Metropolitan, Lawyers', Players' and Electric 
 Clubs and of several out of town clubs, including the Raleigh 
 Club of London. 
 
 LEWIS HALLOCK, M.D. 
 
 The oldest practising physician in the city of New York, 
 probably in America, is Dr. Lewis Hallock. He was born 
 in this city on June 30, 1803, where he has resided without 
 interruption ever since, except during a few years of his 
 boyhood, when he went to school. His father, Jacob Hallock, 
 was a lineal descendant of Peter Hallock, fir-->t of the name 
 in this country and one of the Pilgrim Fathers who came to 
 America in 1640, and with the Colony of thirteen members 
 purchased from the Indians a large tract of land, in South- 
 old, L. I. They were the first white settlers in that part 
 of the island. Jacob Hallock, soon after his marriage to 
 Miss Sarah Mather, moved to New York City, and engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits until his death in 1813. He left two 
 sons behind him, one Horace, a younger son, who became 
 a successful merchant in Detroit, Michigan, the other, the 
 subject of this sketch. Dr. Hallock finished his preparatory 
 studies at Clinton Academy, East Hampton. Long Island, 
 then the second incorporated academy in the State. He 
 commenced the study of medicine with a relative, Dr. 
 Elisha Hallock, of Southold. In the following year he 
 returned to New York, and entered the office of Dr. John 
 W. Francis, Professor of Obstetrics, in the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, in the city, from which he gradu- 
 ated in 1826. After practising allopathy with average success 
 for fifteen years. Dr. Hallock was induced to try the efficacy 
 of homoeopathic remedies in some S]jecial cases. '1 he result 
 was so gratifying that after a careful trial and comparison 
 of a year he became an a\'owed convert, and joined the 
 homoeopathic ranks, being about the twelfth member of the 
 small association. He is now the sole survivor of the six 
 members of his graduating class who had embraced the 
 system before him. In 1846 he joined the American Insti- 
 tute of Homoeopathy, and subsequently became a member 
 of the County, State and National Societies, and one year 
 held the office of President of the City and County Society. 
 He has twice declined the office of a professor in the 
 Homceopathic College, but has acted as a member of the 
 Board of Censors since the o ganization of that body for 
 examining each graduating class of students. On the fiftieth 
 anniversary of his graduation. Dr. Hallock was much sur- 
 prised by the reception of the honorary degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine from the Faculty and Trustees of the Homoeo- 
 pathic College of this city. The diploma was |iresented at 
 a dinner given to his honor, by his early friend and class- 
 mate. Dr. Gray, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. Dr. Hallock is 
 in the enjoyment of excellent health, does not look to be 
 more than fifty, and, judging from appearances, is likely to 
 be a centenarian. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 '55 
 
 CHARLES WILLIAM CLINTON. 
 
 Charles AV'illiani Clinton, who may he eonsiilered one of 
 New York's prominent architects, is a member of the well- 
 known family hearing that famous name. The first of his 
 ancestors who settled in this country was Charles Clinton, a 
 direct descendant of Henry, second Karl of Lincoln. 
 Charles settled in Little Britain, N. Y., in 17 -'9, and had 
 four sons. One died without issue, one died unmarried and 
 the other two, James and George, were Generals in the 
 Revolutionary Army. George was the first Governor of llu- 
 State of New York, and was twice Vice-President of the 
 United States. Those Clinton brothers — the American 
 Clinton — were friends and cousins of Sir George Clinton, 
 the English Governor of the colony, who arrived in 1743, 
 and they afterwards fought against his son. Sir Henry Clin- 
 ton, who commanded the British at the opening of hostili- 
 ties. The renowned De Witt Clinton was a son of General 
 James, and it is hardly necessary to state was New York's 
 greatest Governor. I)e Witt Clinton's brother Charles had 
 an only son named Alexander, a jjhysician of great ability, 
 w'ho married Adeline .\rden Hamilton, youngest daughter 
 of .\lexander James Hamilton, of the British ,\rmy, scion 
 of a noble Scottish house. They were the parents of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. Mr. Clinton was educated in a collegiate 
 school and after graduating entered the office of the late 
 Richard Upjohn to study architecture. Mr. Ujijohn was 
 one of the most able architects of his day and stood first as 
 an ecclesiastical architect. After finishing his studies Mr. 
 Clinton associated himself with the late Anthony Bleecker 
 MacDonald, and, upon Mr. MacDonald's death, with Ed- 
 ward T. Potter. Later on he engaged in the practice of his 
 profession alone, locating first at 56 Wall Street and finally 
 in the Mutual Life Insurance Company's buildingon Nassau 
 Street, a magnificent structure of his own creation. 
 
 When the war broke out he took the field with the 
 Seventh Regiment and volunteered with that battalion the 
 three times in which it was called upon for active service. 
 He is a member of the Veteran Association and also of the 
 Veteran Club of the regiment. Among other associations 
 to which he belongs are the American Institute of .Archi- 
 tects, of which he was Vice-President ; the Architectural 
 League, the American Fine Arts Society and the Century 
 Club. Of his architectural works the Mutual Life Building 
 is his masterpiece. It is considered peerless of its kind. 
 .Another of his creations is the Seventh Regiment Armnrv 
 on Sixty-fifth Street. Among his most admired works are 
 the Bank of .Vmerica, the Metropolitan Trust Company, the 
 Wilkes Building, Imperial Insurance of London, and the 
 ('eiitral Trust Company's building. 
 
 in San l''ran(isco. '['he statistics furnished from those 
 mills are interesting in the highest degree. Seven hundred 
 and fifty hands are employed in the Rockville establish- 
 mi nt, se\en hundred in Xortliamptun, five hundred in 
 Montreal, six hundred and fifty in Belding, and in 
 San Irancisco from three to four hundred. The outinit 
 of the ^\\>: mills for 1S92 was ,f!4 500,000, and the daily 
 consumption of raw silk is over 2,000 pounds. The 
 silk turned out by the linn has a world wide reputation, 
 though it is chiefiy sold in the United States and Canada, 
 that is to say, in the countries in which it is manufactured. 
 M. M. Belding, the President of the t'ompany, was born in 
 .Xshfield, Mass, in 1833. His grandfather and his father 
 were mer(;hants in their lime, and the old lioiuestead built 
 by grandfather John, in 1800, is still in the family. He 
 received an academic education, and during his vacations 
 worked on a neighboring farm in consideration of from five 
 to seven dollars a month. The lad possessed a good deal 
 
 M. M. BELDING. 
 No better illustration can be found of the progress made 
 in American manufactures within a com|iaratively recent 
 period than is contained in a short history of the silk trade, 
 as connected with the great firm of the Belding Brothers & 
 Co. In 1866, Miio M. Belding, Hiram H. Belding, Alva 
 M. Belding, and D. W. Belding leased the first floor of an 
 old mill in Rockville, Conn., in which to start a silk factory 
 on a small scale ; to-day the firm consumes more raw silk 
 than anv other in .Vmerica, has five mills in operation, and 
 are building a sixth, having salesrooms in New York, 
 Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati. St. Louis, St. 
 Paul, San Francisco, Montreal, New Orleans and Balti- 
 more. The Beldings brought character, experience and 
 ability into the business, which so prospered in their 
 hands that in 1869 they purcha.sed the mtire mill for manu- 
 facturing purposes. In 1874, they erected a mill in 
 Northampton, Mass., and one subsequently in Belding, 
 Michigan, a town of 7,500 inhabitants, founded and named 
 after the family, also one in Montreal, Canada, and a fifth 
 
 M. M. BELDING. 
 
 of grit evidently and independence besides. He started into 
 business for himself while still very young. When seven- 
 teen years old he got $20 from his uncle — it was his first 
 capital —and invested it in silk, which he bought from a 
 manufacturer in Northampton. This stock he sold in the 
 towns of Western Massachusetts. The trip proved a financial 
 success. Believing there w-as money in the silk business, 
 and resolving to master its details, he went to work with W. 
 M. Root & Co., of Pittsfield, Mass , with whom he stayed 
 until 1856, when he purchased a team, loaded it with silk 
 goods, and sold them through the eastern districts of the 
 Commonwealth. In 1856 he married Emily Leonard, of 
 Ashfield, and two years later embarked in manufacturing in 
 parcnershi]) with Squire \\'aite Bement. In i860 he furnished 
 his brothers with goods, which they sold in the West. In 
 1863, as already mentioned, he opened a store in ('hicago, 
 and in 1865, leaving his brothers in charge of it, he came to 
 New York, and opened an office at No. 323 Broadway. 
 In 1882 he removed to his present location at No. 455 
 
156 
 
 A'^EIV FOR A', THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Broadway. Mr. Belding owns a fine residence on West 
 Seventy-second Street. He is a member of the Silk Asso- 
 ciation, the Chamber of Commerce, and many other 
 commercial and social organizations. He has one son, M. 
 M. Belding, Jr., who is associated with him in business. He 
 is President of the Livonia Salt Mining Company, President 
 of the Commonwealth Insurance Company, and is connected 
 with many other large corporations in a prominent way. 
 
 JEROME BYRON WHEELER. 
 
 Major Jerome Byron Wheeler, banker and capitalist, was 
 born in Troy, N.Y., on September 3, i84i,andis descended 
 from English stock of the Norman branch. The family in 
 England is at present represented by Sir Trevor Wheeler, 
 whose title dates from the time of Charles II. The Major's 
 
 honorably mustered out as Major of United States Volun- 
 teers. He had not been long in harness when he was 
 commissioned Second Lieutenant and assigned to the staff 
 of the Regiment, then commanded by Colonel Thomas 
 Devins who, in the \ alley and subsequently in the closing 
 campaign of the war, so distinguished himself as a Cavalry 
 General in command of a division. Major Wheeler was a 
 brave soldier and skilful officer, and carried the esteem of 
 both his inferiors and military superiors. It was said of him 
 by General Wesley Merritt : " One of the youngest officers 
 of the Regiment, he was at the same time one of the most 
 distinguished. I know of no important engagement in 
 which the Regiment took part (and it was in all the battlrs 
 of the Potomac and the Shenandoah Valley) in which he did 
 not bear a conspicuous share as a staff officer." General 
 Devins repeatedly mentions him in his reports as having 
 
 JEROME BYRON WHEELER. 
 
 mother was a cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and traces 
 her jjedigree back to 1606, when her ancesler, Thomas 
 Emerson, obtained a grant of Bradbury in the County of Dur- 
 ham. He was educated in the Public Schools of Waterford, 
 Saratoga County, N. Y , and at the age of fifteen, having a 
 taste that way engaged in mechanical puisuits. In 1862, 
 the national cause benigthen overcast by Southern victories, 
 young Wheeler celebrated his majority by enlisting in 
 the Sixth New York Cavalry, U. S. Volunteers. He 
 accompanied the Regiment to Washington and from thence 
 was transferred to Virginia, the seat of war. From that 
 time until the surrender at Appomattox he remained in 
 the field, sharing all the defeats and the victories of the 
 grand old army of the Potomac, fighting with the gallant 
 Sheridan in the valley, and rising step by step until he was 
 
 distinguished himself on the field of battle and in his dis- 
 patch detailing the arduous operations of the Second Brigade, 
 First Cavalry Division, from May 26, to July 2d, 186.4, says : 
 " Lieutenant Jerome B. Wheeler, Assistant Quartermaster 
 of the Brigade, has, as usual, rendered valuable service, not 
 only to the command but to the whole division, and I would 
 again urge upon superior authority the claims of this ener- 
 getic and efficient officer." " During his services on the 
 Brigade and Division Staff, he was always at the front," 
 writes Colonel W. L. Heermance, " even when his duties did 
 not call him to the post of danger, and his zeal and good 
 judgment were second to none of those with whom he 
 served." The records of the army also show that he was 
 frequently referred to in a special manner for valuable 
 services at a time when such mention was rare in connection 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 157 
 
 witli orticers of his rank. V yon being muNtcrcd (nit of tlic 
 army, Major Wheeler returned to Troy, and entered the eni- 
 |iloy of his comrade in arms, Major John !•'. liarklev, engaged 
 in the grain trade. In 1S7S he hecame menii)er of the 
 extensive grain firm of Stott iS: Co., hut in the year foUovving 
 i)y an arrangement with Mr. Webster, only surviving partner 
 of R. H. Macy & Co., entered that famous firm as partner, 
 and his great executive and business ability was soon made 
 manifest. In i<S82 Major Wheeler made a trip to Colorado, 
 and purchased as a matter of sym|)athy from a needy friend 
 a controlling interest in two mines, which having turned out 
 highly satisfactory and remunerative, he retired from Macy's, 
 and has since dedicated his entire attention to his Colorado 
 mining property. In 1883 he [jurchased the Aspen Smelter 
 and interested his former partners Mr. Webster and Mr. 
 Roberts. Holt in the enter])rise. In 1885 the Aspen Mining 
 and Smelting Companv was organized with Major Wheeler 
 as President. He now owns five-eighths of the stock and a 
 fourth of the mine itself, which during 1891 had |)aid over 
 half a million in dividends, and in 1892 al)out a million. In 
 the same year he organized a bank in .Aspen under the firm 
 name of J. B. Wheeler & Co., and in 1S89 a second bank in 
 Manitou, and on the July followijig (1890) a third bank in 
 Colorado City. All three in 1892 were changed to State 
 Kanks, and they are owned principally by Major Wheeler. 
 Under the shadows of the celebrated Pike's Peak he has 
 erected his beautiful country seat — Windermere. Notwith- 
 standing his phenomenal success, a success due largely to 
 his own talents, Major Wheeler is the same typical Ameri- 
 can gentleman of education, courtesy and dignity he was 
 when, under Sheridan, he charged the enemies of the Union 
 up the valley. In 1870 he married Miss Harriet Macy 
 Valer.tine, of Nantucket, Mass. The home of the family is 
 in New York City, but with their surviving children, Elsie 
 and Marion, they spend ijart of the summer of each year in 
 their Rocky Mountain Home of Windermere. 
 
 LOUIS APGAR QUEEN. M.D. 
 
 In the medical history of the city of New \'ork, recogni- 
 tion must be g ven to that beautiful section — Washington 
 Heights. As one of its residents Dr. Louis Ajigar Queen 
 has been selected to represent that i)ortion of the city. As 
 physician and dentist he has become ])art and ]iarcel of the 
 Heights, as it is familiarly called. 
 
 He was born at Mount Pleasant, N. J., March 13, 1S60, 
 and is one of five sons, all professional men. His father is 
 John Wahl Queen, formerly a carriage manufacturer at that 
 place. His early education was received in the Normal Col- 
 lege in Trenton, N. J. After leaving there he began the 
 study of dental surgery, in the Dental Department of the 
 University of New York, graduating from there in 1885 as 
 valedictorian of his class. He was during his collegiate career 
 a student in the office of Dr. Frank Abbott, the dean of the col- 
 lege. He began practice on Washington Heights immediately 
 after graduating, and has continued there since. During his 
 leisure moments he took up the study of general medicine, 
 and, deciding to finish as an M 1)., matriculated in the 
 Medical Department of the University of New York, and 
 subseiiuently in the llomceo) athic Medical College and 
 Hospital, from which he graduated in 1888. A few years ago 
 Dr. Queen organized the Hamilton Dispensary, and is at 
 present one of the managers and consulting physicians. He 
 is a member of the medical staff of the Laura Franklin Hos- 
 pital, attending oral surgeon of the New Y'ork Juvenile 
 Asylum, the New York Colored .Asylum and the New York 
 Institute for the FJeaf and Duml). 
 
 He is a member of the New York State and County 
 Homoeopathic Medical Societies, the Meissen Club, of which 
 he is Vice President, and one of the P>oard of Managers of 
 the Quill Club of New York. In religion. Dr. Queen is a 
 
 stTunch Presbyterian, and is a meniber of the Washington 
 Heights Presbyterian Church. He confines himself almost 
 exclusively to a general family practice. 
 
 In JuiU', 1892, he placed his practice in the hands of his 
 pirtner. Dr. ,\ldred, and left on an e\tended European trij), 
 during which he spent some time in a post-graduate and 
 clinical course in the medical depaitments of the German 
 universities at llcrlin and Leipsic. 
 
 FLORIAN GROSJEAN. 
 
 President of the Lalance \' Crosjean Manufacturing 
 Compan)-, was born in Switzerland si.xty-nine years ago. 
 He began his business career as a bank clerk in France. 
 On his arrival in this country, he engaged in the im])ortation 
 and jobbing of house furnishing goods in this city, and 
 from that to the manufacture of sheet metal goods. Emi- 
 nently [jractical, quick to note the wants of the trade, and 
 to adopt every improvement in the ])rocess of manufacture, 
 cf untiring energy, resolute will, and exceptional executive 
 and financial capacity, surrounding himself with men of 
 ability and integrity, and giving the affairs of the company 
 his personal attention, he has, from being the pioneer in this 
 country in both Stamped Sheet Metal and Enameled Wares, 
 witnessed the business of his company grow, until to-day it 
 
 has more than a national reputation, being pre-eminently the 
 largest of its kind in the world. In politics, Mr. Grosjean, 
 while in no sense a partisan, has always leaned towards the 
 Democracy. The present attitude, however, and tendency 
 of that party on the 'i'ariff cjuestion, has convinced him that 
 his business interests, as well as the interests of the armv of 
 ])eople depending upon the operations of his company for 
 sup])ort, together with the prosjierity and welfare of the 
 country in general, altogether lies in the line of protection 
 for American Industries, and for that reason he is in full 
 accord with the principles of the Republican party on this 
 ipiestion. The origin of the Lalance & firosjean ^lanufac- 
 turing Com])any dates from 1850, when Mr. Grosjean and 
 Mr. Lalance began the manufacture of sheet metal spoons in 
 
iS8 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 New York City. In 1863 they removed to Woodhaven, 
 L. I., on the outskirts of Brooklyn, where from 75 to a 
 hundred hands were employed. Six years later the business 
 had grown to such proportions that the present stock com- 
 pany was formed. 
 
 A disastrous fire completely destroyed the works in 
 1876, but within a few months new buildings were erected 
 on the same site. Since that time the plant has been im- 
 proved, until to-day it covers sixteen acres and gives 
 employment to over 1,800 people. The latest addition, just 
 completed, is a building 320 ft. long and 40 ft. wide, four 
 stories and basement. The company has just erected at 
 Harrisburg, Pa., a large rolling mill, to be devoted exclu- 
 sively to the manufacture of sheet iron and steel sheets for 
 consumption in their works. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER YATES WEMPLE. 
 Among the prominent men- not now living, but who in 
 their time had something to do with the ]jrogress and devel- 
 0|)ment of this city, was Christopher Yates Wemple. one of 
 the oldest and most respected members of the St. Nicholas 
 Society, and one of the founders of the Manhattan Life 
 Insurance Company. Mr. Wemple was born in Johnston, 
 N. Y., on March 17, 1805, and was of Dutch descent. His 
 ancesters caaie from Holland with the early settlers of that 
 section of the State, and he was naturally very proud of 
 being a Knickerbocker, and sprung from a family that for 
 
 CHRISTOPHER VAXES WE.MPLE. 
 
 two centuries was esteemed and respected, and took their 
 share, generation after generation, in the affairs and respon- 
 sibilities of their time. While still a mere boy he left school 
 and assuming the burdens of life removed to Albany. But 
 he was a bright, intelligent lad, industrious and persevering, 
 possessed of the best qualities of his race, and firmly resolved 
 to succeed in life if ability and integrity deserved success. 
 That hefdid succeed is beyond question. He learned the 
 drygoods business in Albany, and coming to New York in 
 1826 just after attaining his majority, associated himself in 
 
 business with Mr. Christy, the new firm, a drygoods one, 
 taking the title of Wemjjle & Christy. The establishment 
 was burned down in the great fire of 1835, which consumed 
 such a large portion of the drygoods district. Early in 1850 
 the Manhattan Life Insurance Company was founded, mainly 
 through his exertions, and he became its first secretary. He 
 was elected its vice-president in 1866, and carried out the 
 duties of the position with ability until his death, which 
 took place in 1882. Indeed, he was considered and deserv- 
 edly so, one of the pioneers of life insurance in this city. 
 It must be remembered that in those days— half a century 
 ago — insurance was not so familiar to the people as it is now, 
 nor its blessings so much appreciated. It took time and per- 
 severance to make it popular, and to Mr. ^V'emple is due a 
 fair share of credit for the change in public opinion. He 
 was for many years member of the committee which has 
 charge of the New York Juvenile Asylum, and here a noble 
 trait in the character of Mr. Wemple may be mentioned. 
 He took a keen interest in youth struggling against adver- 
 sity, and, as is well known, gave his time and money to aid 
 deserving lads whom he found unfortunate but trying hard 
 to right themselves. Hence his interest in the Juvenile Asy- 
 lum, of which, as already stated, he was one of the most 
 active supporters. 
 
 D. O, MILLS. 
 
 D. O. Mills was born in Westchester County, September 
 5, 1825. He is the fifth son of James Mills, who was super- 
 visor of the town of North Salem in 1835, and Hannah 
 Ogden, of Dutchess County. The family is of Scotch- 
 English origin, and settled originally in New York and Con- 
 necticut before the Revolution. James Mills was for many 
 years a leading man in the community, but was unfortunate 
 during the latter part of his life, and in 1841 died, leaving 
 the subject of this sketch, at the age of sixteen, without any 
 ]3rospects in life save what he could make for himself. He 
 had, however, been carefully educated for a business 
 career by his father, being sent to the best schools then attain- 
 able — first to the North Salem .\cademy, then to the Mount 
 Pleasant Academy at Sing Sing, which at that time ranked 
 high among the educational institutions of the State. At 
 seventeen he left school and set about supporting himself and 
 making his way in the world. He secured a clerkship in 
 New York, and here and in some work connected with the 
 settlement of the small estate left by his father he was 
 occupied for the next few years. In 1847, at the age of 
 twenty-two, he removed to Buffalo to enter into partnership 
 with his cousin. E. J. Townsend, and serve as cashier of the 
 Merchants' Bank of Erie County. The bank was one of 
 deposit issue existing under a special charter, and did a 
 large business for those days. In December, 1848, Mr. Mills 
 determined to go to California, and on June 8, 1849, altera 
 voyage replete with exciting incident, arrived at San 
 Francisco. For some time after his arrival he engaged in 
 trading in the various mining districts with considerable 
 success. He soon established a regular business in Sacra- 
 mento, selling general merchandise, buying gold dust and 
 dealing in exchange on New York. In November, 1 S49, he 
 closed out his business and returned to Buffalo with about 
 ?<4o,ooo as the net proceeds of his season's work. He, 
 however, soon disposed of his interests in the East and 
 returned to California, resolved to make it his future home. 
 In 1850 he established the bank of D. O. Mills & Co., which 
 at once became and to this day, under the same title, re- 
 mains the leading bank in Sacramento and the interior of 
 California. He was continuously and largely successful 
 and became known as the leading banker of the State, hav- 
 ing established a reputation for good judgment, rapid 
 decision, boldness and absolute integrity. He would have 
 nothing to do with questionable schemes, and his word was 
 
NEW YORK, THE MErROPOLIS. 
 
 159 
 
 universally known to be as good as his bond. In 1864 Mr. 
 Mills was elected jiresident of the Bank of California, 
 which commenced business in that year with a capital of 
 |i2, 000,000. In 1873 Mr. Mills resigned the presidency of 
 the bank and retired from active business with a large 
 fortune. Two years later he was summoned back to help 
 rescue the bank from the utter ruin with which it was 
 threatened under the reckless management of William 
 C. Ralston, who had been jiromoted to the presidency upon 
 the retirement of Mr. Mills. Mr. Mills, with characteristic 
 decision and promptitude, came to the bank's rescue, mak- 
 ing a personal subscriiJtion of over $1,000,000, raising nearly 
 $7,000,000, and accepting the presidency again. The bank 
 resumed payment in six weeks, and at the end of three 
 years, when it was firmly re-established, Mr. Mills resigned 
 his connection with it. He transferred some of his 
 interests to the East, erected the great Mills Building in 
 Broad Street, New York, and established his residence in 
 the Metropolis. On leaving California he endowed the 
 Mills professorship of Moral and Intellectual Philosojihy in 
 the University of California, donating ii'75.ooo for that 
 purpose, and also donated to the State Larkin G. Meade's 
 marble group of statuary "Columbus before Queen 
 Isabella." He was an active trustee of the Lick Estate and 
 the Lick Observatory in California. Mr. Mills married 
 .September 5, 1864, Jane T., daughter of James Cunning- 
 ham, of New York. He has two children, a son and 
 daughter. Mr. Mills' income is upwards of $1,000,000 a year. 
 
 RITA DUNLEVY, M.D. 
 
 Rita l)nnle\y, .M.D., \\ as born in Cincinnati, ()., in 
 1863, and spent her early life in Indiana, where she was 
 educated and graduated from the public schools with honor. 
 On her father's side her ancestors are the Buells and Dun- 
 levys — the Buells of England, of whom the most noted 
 surviver is her uncle, (ien. Don Carlos Buell, now living in 
 Kentucky. The Dunlevys were large landholders in Vir- 
 ginia, and her grandfather Dunlevy was a lawyer and later 
 was in the government's employ. On her mother's side comes 
 in the German element. Her grandfather. Dr. Christian 
 Ehrman, together with his two brothers. Frederick and 
 Benjamin, studied medicine under their father in Germany, 
 and, coming when cpiite young to America, graduated from 
 the Philadel])hia Medical College. Her uncles, PTederick 
 and Benjamin Ehrman, located in Cincinnati, where their 
 name and fame, associated with that of Dr. Pulte, s[)read 
 throughout the country. Her grandfather Ehrman located 
 in Louisville, Ky., where he built up a large practice. Each 
 of his five sons followed the calling of his father, two of 
 \vhom are living and practising in the West. Of his four 
 daughters, but one, Mrs. S. E. Dunlevy, mother of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, studied medicine. She practised for a 
 while in Richmond, Ind., but finally came to Brooklyn, 
 through the suggestion of Dr. P. P. Wells, who had met her 
 and recognized her abdity, and thought Brooklyn a larger 
 and better field. Her success so enthused her daughter, 
 that while studying in the West she (piietly resolved when 
 graduated there to take up the study and profession of 
 medicine. When this desire was made known to her mother 
 she advocated it at once, but decided to first have her 
 attend a private school in Brooklyn, where she spent three 
 years studying Latin, French, art and the sciences. Then 
 she entered the New York Medical College and Hosjiital 
 for Women, where she graduated in 1888 after a full three 
 years' course, and of which she is now one of the visiting 
 physicians. After graduating from the college she competed 
 for and won the position of resident physician to the 
 hospital connected with the college. While fdling this 
 position she was asked to take the chair of Minor Surgery, 
 which she accepted. At the end of the college term she 
 
 resigned, as she intended to lca\e the city. .After com- 
 pleting her hospital work she took a course at the Post- 
 Ciraduate School of Medicine, and, deciding to remain in 
 New York, she was offered the chair of assistant to the 
 subject of Theory and Practice and Dermatology at tlie 
 New York Medical College and Hosi>ital for Women, wliicli 
 she acce|)ted and still fills, and she also gives her services 
 at the dispensary connected with the hospital, and is visiting 
 physician at the Baptist Home. Her family, consisting of 
 a mother, two brothers and herself, are all practising 
 medicine. On her mother's side she can trace an unbroken 
 line of physicians extending over the countries of Germany, 
 Austria, France and America for a period of 300 years. 
 
 HENRY STOKES. 
 
 Henry Stokes — bom in 1806, died on February 12, 1887 
 — was the last survivor of the children of Thomas Stokes, 
 one of the earliest as he was one of the best known citizens 
 of New York. Mr. Stokes himself, because of his long and 
 honorable career, and esjjecially the active )Kirt he took in 
 promoting Life and Fire Insurance and ])opularizing it with 
 the masses, deserves s])ace in any work like this that may be 
 written. The early part of his business career was passed 
 as partner with one of his brothers engaged in the metal 
 trade, chiefly importing, the firm name being Stokes Broth- 
 ers. The firm did a large business, and Mr. Henry Stokes 
 
 HEXRY STOKES. 
 
 continued with it until i860, when, having hitherto taken a 
 keen and intelligent interest in insurance matters, he was 
 elected president of the Manhattan Life Insurance Com- 
 pany. 'I'his company was organized in 1850, and Mr. Stokes 
 had been one of the original and ]irincipal projectors and 
 had been director from the start. He also took an active 
 interest in the Union Trust Company, the Citizens' Bank, 
 and the Citizens' Fire Insurance Company, in connection 
 with which institutions his advice and services were of great 
 value. Mr. Stokes left surviving him his widow, three sons 
 and a daughter. 
 
i6o 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 GEORGE H. BENJAMIN. 
 
 George H, Benjamin, the eminent expert in patents and 
 patent causes, was born in the MetropoHs in 1852^ and is a 
 son of Park Benjamin, who was one of the ablest and mo t 
 prominent journalists of the cily from 1825 to i860, being 
 associated with Horace (ireeley in the founding of the 
 Tribune, and with Henry J. Raymond in the foundation of 
 the Times. He was also editor of the New Yo/ ker, the 
 New Eiii^laiid Magazine and American Munthlx. George H. 
 Benjamin is a nephew of John Lathrop Motley, the famous 
 historian. He was educated in Phillip's Andover Academy, 
 Union College, and the Albany Medical College, from the 
 last of which he graduated as an M.D. in the class of '73. 
 He went to Europe to further pursue the study of physics 
 and chemistry, and received the Ph.D. degree from the 
 University of Freiburg, Germany, in 1884. He first located 
 in Albany, and for fmir years practised as a physician. In 
 1880 he began to devote much time to scientific experiments 
 and researches, and subsecjuently came to New York as the 
 
 and belongs to most of the scientific and engineering 
 sorieties in America and Europe. He inherits from his 
 father excellent literary taste, and has contributed to trade 
 journals, magazines and newspapers many valuable articles 
 upon scientific subjects and questions. 
 
 GEORGE H. BENJAMIN. 
 
 assistant editor of Apijleton's Cyclopaedia of Applied 
 Mechanics. At this period he also gained distinction in 
 the courts as an expert in chemical and mechanical ques- 
 tions. He was admitted to the bar in 1884, and for the 
 past ten years has frequently been employed by the 
 National or State Government as expert in most of the im- 
 portant litigations before the higher State and Federal 
 Courts. He is a recognized authority in his specialties, 
 electricity and metallurgy, and his opinions and services 
 are in constant demand. He has an extensive foreign 
 clientele and is the American rejjresentative of the Siemens, 
 the largest engineering firm in the world, his duties in this 
 connection requiring his annual presence in Europe. Mr. 
 Benjamin was married in 1875 to a daughter of Hon. George 
 D. Seymour, of Ogdensburg, this State, and has a family of 
 three daughteis His assiduous at'ention has been directed 
 to business and no time has been devoted to politics. 
 He is a prominent member of the Manhattan Club, 
 
 OREN G. HUNT, M D. 
 
 A remarkal)le phase in the medical history of the City of 
 New York is the advanced position taken and maintained 
 by the younger men in the medical profession. An ex- 
 ample of this is noticed in the career of Oren G. Hunt, 
 M.D. Born near Buffalo, N. ¥., on a farm owned by 
 his father F. B. Hunt, and still occupied by him, 
 he early developed that strength of character and body 
 which st')od him in such need while fighting success- 
 fully the battle of life. His elementary education was 
 obtained in a public school of his native place, he 
 afterwards graduated from the high school, and the two 
 years succeeding he spent in teaching. In the meanwhile 
 he decided to adopt medicine as a profession, and while 
 teaching began its study. He entered the New York 
 Hom«opathic College in 1883 and graduated in 1886. 
 Receiving honorable mention for his three years of 
 college study he v\ as immediately appointed to the jiosi- 
 tion of physician and surgeon to the dispensary attached 
 to his college. This position he resigned in 1888, 
 however, to accept the clinic department of heart and lung 
 diseases in the dispensary, at the same time acting as 
 assistant to the chair of diseases of heart and lungs in the 
 college, which office he holds at present. 
 
 He is also Assistant Surgeon to the Nose and Throat 
 Department in the New York Ophthalmic Hosiiital. In 
 18S8 Dr. Hunt was made executive officer of the dispensary 
 attached to the New York HomcBojjathic College. He is a 
 member of the State and County Homoeopathic Societies 
 and is one of the censors of the latter. Secretary and 
 Treasurer of the Medico Social Club and member of other 
 organizations. He was as an expert in heart and lung 
 diseases ajipointed examiner for members of the Ancient 
 Order of Foresters. Dr. Hunt has written a number of 
 papers on these diseases as a specialist, and is devoting his 
 attention especially to the diseases and abnormal conditions 
 ot the nose and throat and heart and lungs. 
 
 MEREDITH L. JONES. 
 
 Meredith L Jones, one of New York's eminent lawyers, 
 was born in Carbondale, then in Luzerne, now Lackawanna 
 County, Pennsylvania, on April 30, 1840, and educated in 
 the Presbyterial Institute, in the famous Wyoming Valley. 
 In 1885, his father, the late Judge Lewis Jones, removed to 
 Scranton, Pa., and there young Meredith studied law in his 
 office, and made himself prominent in connection with 
 literary association and Y. M. C. A. matters. When in 
 1861 the Civil War broke out he busied himself in organ- 
 izing a company for drilling and preparation for the service, 
 out of which company of 70 men, 48 became commissioned 
 officers in the army, and in 1862 he joined the 149th Penn- 
 sylvania Regiment, Pa. Vols., as Second Lieutenant. Ac- 
 companying his regiment to the front he was detailed as 
 personal aide on the staff of General Abner Doubleday, 
 commanding the third division of the First Army Corps, 
 Army of the Potomac. In this capacity, he served through 
 the campaigns of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and it 
 was on the latter sanguinary field he brought u|) the first 
 battery that opened fire on the first day and virtually 
 began the battle. In the report of the battle made by 
 General Doubleday, filed in Washington, he says : " Lieu- 
 tenant Jones, A. A. D. C, behaved with great coolness and 
 bravery. On the third day, just before Pickett's famous 
 charge, Lieut. Jones' horse was shot under him in several 
 
NF.W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 i6i 
 
 places, though he passed unscathed himself." In General 
 Doubleday's history of the three days' fight, Scribner's 
 series, he speaks in high terms of Lieut. Jones' gallantry 
 and bravery. Lieut. Jones remained with the Third 
 Division staff, under command of General Kenley, until the 
 fall, when returning to join his reaiment he was placed in 
 command of a block house, and later on was assigned to 
 the command of Co. B, i4gth Regiment. Soon after this 
 (October, 1863) Lieut. Jones was attacked with typhoid 
 pneumonia, which made of him such a wreck that, much 
 to his regret, he was honorably discharged from the service 
 with the rank of first Lieutenant. Soon after returning 
 home he married a daughter of the late Wm. Minott 
 Mitchell, and resumed his law studies in the office of his 
 father and was admitted to tlie bar, after which he came to 
 New York and met with marked success. He is prominent 
 in Grand Army circles, and has been Junior and Senior 
 Vice-Commander of Lafayette Post. He is also a iironii- 
 nent member of the Masonic order. He is member of the 
 Society of the Sons of the Revolution, and also of the 
 Colonial Club. On the father's side, Mr. Jones is de- 
 scended from Benedicts, and on his mother's side from the 
 distinguished Wharton family of England. 
 
 WILLIAM WHEELER SMITH. 
 
 William Wheeler Smith was born in New York on June 
 12, 1838. He received a private school education and then 
 entered the office of Renwick, Auchmuty i\: Sands, study- 
 ing under the tuition of Mr. James Renwick from 1857 to 
 1861. He then went abroad and studied in London and 
 Paris for two years. He began practice in New York in 
 1864. His first important work was the Collegiate Church, 
 Forty-eighth St'eet and Fifth Avenue, and among his other 
 works may be mentioned W. J. Sloane's building and the 
 Manhattan and Merchants' Bank building, 40 and 42 Wall 
 Street, which, besides being one of the best constructed edi- 
 fices in the lower part of the city, was the first one con- 
 taining the modern improvements erected in the money dis 
 trict. He has planned and built a number of the fine man- 
 sions on F'ifth Avenue and other |)rominent stieets. Mr. 
 Smith was married in New York to Miss Catherine H. 
 Brower. daughter of John J. Brower, hardware merchant 
 of the city, and resides on Madison Avenue. He is thor- 
 oughly American, and cornes of an ancestry which dates 
 back over 200 years in this country. His father was Mr. 
 John L. Smith, of Orange County. 
 
 T. F. ALLEN. M.D. 
 
 Dr. Timothy Held Allen, LL.D., for the past eleven 
 years Dean of the New York Homceopathic College, was 
 born in Westminster, Vt., on the 24th of .April, 1837. 
 His parents were the late Dr. L^avid Allen and Eliza 
 Craves Allen. He graduated at Amherst College in 1858, 
 and took his Master's Degree in 1S61. He studied medicine 
 at the University of the City of New York, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1861. In 1862 he entered the LTnited States Army, 
 was acting assistant surgeon, and was stationed at Point 
 Lookout, under command of Surgeon Wagner. TJ. S. A. 
 Returning to New York, he resumed the practice of medi- 
 rine in partnership with the late Dr. Carroll Dunham, at 68 
 East Twelfth Street. At one time he occupied the chair of 
 C!hemistry in the New York Medical College for Women, 
 later the chair of anatomy in the New York Homceopathic 
 Medical College, from which he was transferred to the chair 
 of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, which i)rofessorshi)) he 
 now holds. Feeling the need of a comprehensive collection 
 if all that was known concerning the action of drugs ujjon 
 u-althy human beings, he commenced and completed a com- 
 pilation in ten large volumes, known as the "Encyclopaedia 
 of PuTe Materia Medica." This was followed by an additional 
 
 volume of about 1,200 pages, which served as an index to 
 this great work ; also by a " Handbook of Materia Medica 
 and Therapeutics," of about 1,200 [lages, by a '' Primer of 
 Materia Medica" (a small work) and by a new, re\'ised 
 edition of " I'.onningliausen's Therajjcutic Pocketbook." 
 Soon after his election to the chair of anatomy, the Trustees 
 of the New York Ophthalmic Hospital, desiring to ])lace 
 their institution under charge of homceopathic physicians 
 and surgeons, ajjplied to Dr. .Mien for assistance. His 
 previous reputation as a surgeon and oculist was the cause 
 of this jjreferment, and in association with the late Dr. 
 Liebold, HonKfopathic treatment was commenced in this 
 institution. Dr. Allen has been largely instrumental in 
 obtaining considerable sums of money for the Ojihthalmic 
 Hospital, for the erection of its new building, and has been 
 closely identified with its work to the present time ; he is 
 now one of the directors of the hospital, as well as consulting 
 surgeon. .V few years ago Mr Delano, after erecting, ecpiip- 
 ping and endowing the Laura Franklin Free Hospital for 
 
 T. F. ALLEN, M.D, 
 
 Children, applied to Dr. Allen to appoint a staff of homoeo- 
 pathic physicians and surgeons. This hospital has for some 
 years been successfully managed by this corps of physicians 
 and surgeons, and most eminent services have been rendered 
 to the cause of medical science by the results obtained under 
 their treatment. It is safe to say that no results in this 
 country or FAirope have approached those obtained in this 
 hospital, its mortality having been less than one-third that 
 in similar institutions, under different treatment. Dr. Allen 
 has been active not only in medicine and surgery, but in the 
 natural sciences. He was one of the persona! friends of the 
 late Dr. John Torrey, of Columbia College, and one of the 
 founders of the Torrey Botanical Club, of which he is at the 
 present time F'irst Vice-President. He is a Fellow of the 
 New York Academy of Sciences, and of the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1885 he 
 received the degree of Doctor of Laws from .Amherst 
 College. 
 
l62 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ORSON DESSAIX MUNN 
 Was born in Monson, Hampden County, Mass. His 
 ancestors were among the first settlers in that vicinity, and 
 from them the township took its name. His father, who 
 was a farmer in good circumstances, gave the boy the advan- 
 tage of a complete course of schooling at the Monson 
 Academy, an institution which then had a high reputation, 
 attracting students from all sections of the United States. 
 It was to this academy that Mr. Moses Y. Beach, then pro- 
 prietor of the New York Stiti, sent his son Alfred E., and 
 here commenced between the two boys, more than fifty years 
 ago, an acquaintance and friendship which was subsequently 
 to develop into a business association of most remarkably 
 enduring character, Orson I). Munn was but sixteen years 
 of age when, ha ving completed his school course, he obtained 
 a situation as clerk in a bookstore at Springfield, about 
 fifteen miles away from home, and the nearest city of con- 
 siderable size, but the business was discontinued two \ears 
 
 out for the paper suggested, at an early day, the establish- 
 ment, as a co-ordinate branch of the business, of an agency 
 for the securing of patents. It may be noted, also, that the 
 Scientific America'/, although the leading publication of the 
 firm and the oldest paper of its kind, is not the only journal 
 published by Munn & Co. The Scientific American Supple- 
 ment, commenced at the time of our Centennial Exposition 
 1874, is also an illustrated weekly paper, containing a very 
 wide variety of matter in the same range of topics, while 
 the Architects and Builders Edition, monthly, is a very hand- 
 some magazine of architecture, and has a very large 
 circulation throughout the country. A Spanish edition of 
 the Scientific American is also published monthly, and the 
 firm are likewise publishers, importers and dealers in all 
 kinds of scientific books. Mr. Munn has been a member of 
 the Union and Union League Clubs for more than a quarter 
 of a century. He possesses a valuable collection of choice 
 paintings of his own selection, by the most celebrated 
 
 I 
 
 \ "S ■-i\ 
 
 
 ORSON DESSAIX MUNN. 
 
 later, and he returned to his native place, to work as sales- 
 man and bookkeeper in a general country store. Here he 
 remained three years. But by this time the field in which 
 he had started seemed quite too limited to satisfy his enter- 
 prising and energetic disposition, and, when he was just 
 twenty-one years of age, like a good many New England 
 boys, he determined to remove to New York City, to find 
 larger scope for his ambition. His old friend and school- 
 mate suggested their joint jnirchase of the Scientific 
 American, a paper founded by Rufus Porter, which had 
 then been in existence about a )ear, and had a circulation 
 of only 300 copies a week. The idea proved acceptable, 
 and accordingly, in 1847, the firm of Munn & Co., came 
 into existence. The pajier was unique in its character, there 
 being no other publication of its kind, and it soon became 
 an authority and power, not only in America, but through- 
 out the world. The especial field which had been marked 
 
 modern artists. He has resided in the same house in this 
 city for thirty-seven years, and for mo:e than twenty years 
 has possessed a handsome summer residence in Llewellyn 
 Park, on Orange Mountain, New Jersey. Mr. Munn takes 
 a great interest in his country place and has expended large 
 sums in beautifying it with rustic bridges, summer houses, a 
 conservatory, and in the rear of his residence, up the side of 
 the mountain, he has had constructed nine terraces, one rising 
 above another, with a broad, rustic stairway, leading to an 
 ornamental summer house located just under the top of the 
 mountain ridge. On Orange .Mountain, a short distance 
 from Llewellyn Park, Mr. Munn has a well stocked farm of 
 160 acres. It is no wonder that Mr. Munn should now 
 remember those early days with no small degree of grati- 
 fication, and what is very surprising and affords him the 
 most gratification is that the two boys who commenced the 
 publication of the Scientific American forty-seven years ago 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 163 
 
 under the firm name of I\Iunn i^ Co. continue the saine 
 relationship, and both may lie found at their desks daily, at 
 361 Broadway, attending to the routine of office duties, 
 sul)stantially as they did almost half a century ago. 
 
 CHARLES MATTHIAS CLANCY. 
 Charles Mattliias Clancy, one of New York's most pnptdar 
 judges, was born in the County of Sligo, Ireland, on j\Iarch 
 24, 1841, and as a very young emigrant came to this country 
 in June of th-:- same year, thus missing being a native l)orn 
 l)y a few months. He was educated in the public schools 
 until eleven years of age and then attended the French 
 school on Canal Street, which afterwards became the now 
 celebrated Manhattan College, and from which he gradu- 
 ated in 1855 bv passing through all the grades then exist- 
 ing. After leaving college he went into the Custom House 
 as a broker's clerk, and then with J. M. Ceballos, the 
 sugar importer. He began the study of law in 1859, receiv 
 ing private instructions, but returned to the Custom House 
 as a broker on his own account till 1866, when he was ap- 
 pointed Superintendent of Incumbrances for the City of 
 New York. All this time, because of his honorable busi- 
 ness methods and his attractive personality, Mr. Clancy 
 was gaining hosts of friends, and hence no one was sur- 
 ])rised when in 1872 he was elected to the Board of Assist- 
 ant Aldermen. In 1874 Judge Kivelen died and Mr. M. 
 B. Field was appointed to fill the unexpired term as Judge 
 of the Second District Civil Court. In the fall of the same 
 year Mr. Clancy offered himself for election and defeated 
 Dennis Burns by a large majority. He has held the jilace ever 
 since, having been re-elected in 1875, 18S1 and iS87,each time 
 for the full term of six years. These re-elections attest his 
 popularity in the district, as well as the fact that in his 
 capacity of Civil Justice he has given entire satisfaction. 
 Indeed, there is no more ujjright, able and conscientious 
 judge on the New York bench, as his colleagues and the 
 members of the bar, as well as the ])eople, are ready to bear 
 witness. Judge Clancy has been a School Trustee for many 
 years in the Fourteenth Ward. He was appointed term 
 after term, and only resigned when his other heavy duties — 
 especially his law practice — intt rfered with what he con- 
 sidered a proper discharge of those connected with his 
 trusteeship. His resignation was accepted with extreme 
 reluctance by those who knew how zealous and efficient he 
 had been in the office. The achievernent during his con- 
 nection with the schools Judge Clancy has most reason to 
 be proud is the consolidation of the four HolliriKikc 
 libraries into one, which is the admiration of the tity. In 
 May, 1891, while several members of Judge Clancy's family 
 were ill he attended the funeral of the late Judge Peter 
 Mitchell and contracted a heavy cold. On returning home 
 he was stricken with paralysis and at one time it was 
 thought he would die. His naturally strong constitution 
 pulled him through, however, and he will live many years 
 to render himself useful to his fellow citizens Mr. 
 Clancy is a married man and the father of nine children, 
 onlv two living, a son and a daughter. He is a member 
 of the famous Wawayanda Club, and has always been con- 
 nected with Tammany Hall, of which he is one of the 
 Sachems. 
 
 EMANUEL M. FRIEND. 
 
 Few men at the New York bar are better or more widely 
 known than Emanuel M. Friend, who occupies an inter- 
 esting position in the courts of civil and criminal jurisi.)ru- 
 dence of the Metropolis. Mr. Friend is a New Yorker by 
 birth, and is 38 years old, is of Hebrew origin, and comes of 
 a distinguished line of ancestry. His progenitors were 
 learned exponents of the Talmud and the future lawyer was 
 destined to be a theologian, but had no predilection of this 
 
 character, and at an early age began the study of law His 
 earliest training was received from his father, who is pro- 
 ficient in the languages of Europe, after which he was 
 sent to the public schools, where he distinguished himself 
 and gave evidence of the acumen which now character- 
 izes him in his profession. After his graduation from 
 the public schools he travelled abroad, and on his return 
 entered the law office of Delano C. Cahin. who was subse- 
 <|uently Surrogate. Young Friend delved into the subtle 
 l)ages of Blackstone, Parsons, Creenleaf and Washlnirn, and 
 availed himself of every opportunity for improvement. He 
 displayed singular aptitude as a student of the law. and 
 while yet a mere lad in his preceptor's office was considered 
 an authority on the Codes. At the age of nineteen he 
 entered the Law Department of the University of the City 
 of New York, and graduated two years afterwards. He was 
 admitted to practice immediately after he finished his course 
 at the university. It is said that, unlike many young attor- 
 neys, Mr. Friend never wanted for clients. He had clients 
 
 EM.\NUE1, M. FRIEND. 
 
 from the day of his admission to the bar. and they continued 
 to increase until he found that he required a partner. About 
 this lime, Frederick B. House was a distinguished young 
 member of the New York Legislature. Mr. Friend was 
 brought in contact with the young legislator a good deal, and 
 the result was the formation of the firm of Friend & House. 
 Success followed the new firm from the start. They have 
 appeared in a great number of important cases, and not 
 infrequently their services are in demand in varous parts of 
 the State. One of the firm's cases was the defence of Ameer 
 Ben Ali, America's famous " Jack, the Ripper," which was 
 an arduous one indeed, and stamped Friend & House as 
 masters of the criminal law. Later they were engaged in 
 the celebrated Sliney case, which was also a trial involving 
 many legal complexities. Mr. Friend is a keen lawyer. He 
 is a man of many expedients, and his skill in conducting a 
 cause is consummate. He is popular with the judges and no 
 man more fully enjoys the confidence of the bench. He is 
 
164 
 
 A'jSIF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 also a political mentor and his affiliations are with the 
 Democratic party. He is a jjotent factor in the councils of 
 the Six h Assembly District, and it is said that his party will 
 reward him with a justiceship. He is a bountiful citizen, 
 belongs to scores of charitable organizations, is a prominent 
 Mason, a pillar in the order of Odd Fellows, and a staunch 
 Knight of Pythias. He is also a member of the Pavonia 
 Vaciit Club, the Jefferson Club and an alumnus of the 
 University of the city of New York. Mr. Friend is married 
 and is the father of an interesting family. 
 
 GEORGE CROUCH. 
 
 The father of the trunk industry in New York is George 
 Crouch, and the factory on Forty-first Street with the three 
 retail stores, doing business under the firm name of Crouch 
 & Fitzgerald, have arisen from the modest beginning he 
 made 53 years ago. Mr. Crouch was born in England in 
 1818, and came to New York in 18,54. After working at his 
 craft as a harness and trunk manufacturer for five years, he 
 started in business for himself, and began by employing tivo 
 or three hands. He emp'oys 200 now. This was in 1839, 
 at which time the demand for trunks was very small. In the 
 following year he opened a branch store at No. i Maiden 
 Lane, which was so far uptown that people laughed at him. 
 
 1842 he took Mr. Fitzgerald into partnershiji, and they acted 
 harmoniously together until 1879, when the latter died. It 
 was Mr. Fitzgerald who gave the name "Saratoga" to one 
 of Mr. Crouch's most famous inventions. Another invention 
 Mr. Crouch takes much pride in is the ingenious receptacle 
 in the trunk for a lady's hat. Mr. Crouch's name is known 
 all over the world and his products are considered the best 
 of their kind. His retail stores are managed by his partners, 
 \V. S. Gilmore and his two sons, E. \V, and J. O. Crouch, 
 respectively, while he himself superintends the factory. Mr. 
 Crouch, although arrived at a fine old age, is still physically 
 strong and active, and as intellectually bright as ever. In 
 1842 he married Miss Harriet E. Merrall, sister to William 
 E. Merrall, of Acker, Merrall &: Condit. 
 
 GEORGE M. DILLOW, M.D. 
 
 George M. Dillow, A.M., M.D., was born August 271)1, 
 1847, and is the son of the late Joseph A. Dillow, of Clinton, 
 N. Y. He ]irepared for college at the Clinton Liberal 
 Institute, and entered Hamilton College in 1862, from which 
 he received his degree of A.R., accompanied by the first 
 Underwood prize in analytical chemistry, in 1S68. It was 
 this college that made him an A.M. During the years 1868 
 to 1870, he taught the classics and na'ural sciences. In 
 1875 he was made an M.D. by the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons of this city, and one year later he served as 
 Resident Physician at the Hahnemann Hospital. He was 
 appointed Professor of Chemistry and To.xicology in the 
 New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, and 
 was for a period of five years Secretary of the Faculty. Jn 
 1880 he was appointed Assistant Surgeon, and in 1886 
 Surgeon to the Throat Department of the New York 
 Ophthalmic Hospital. For several years Dr. Dillow was one 
 of the attending staff at the Hahnemann Hospital. In 1884 
 he was ap])ointed Professor in the New York Homceopathic 
 Medical College, Department of Diseases of the Kidney. 
 It was mainly through the direction of Dr. Dillow, who was 
 called upon to reorganize the North America?! Jotnnal of 
 Jlomivopaihy \x\ 1885, as editor in chief, that that publica- 
 tion has gained the weight, standing and influence which it 
 exerts in the interest of homceopathy in the medical world 
 to-day. He is a member of the County Society, of which he 
 was Vice-President in 18S2-3, and President in 1884. He 
 is a member of the American Institute of Homoeo])athy, and 
 Honorarv Member of the Connecticut Homoeopathic Society. 
 In 1890 he was elected President of the New York State 
 Homceopathic Medical Society, and was largely instrumental 
 in the passage of the law creating State Boards of Examiners 
 in Medicine. He has written a number of papers of value to 
 the profession, the most important of which are : " A study 
 of Glycosuria and Diabetes Mellitus as interpreted by 
 Experimental Physiology;" " On the Diagnosis of the Prima ly 
 Causes of (Hycosuria;" " The Urinary Indications of Ne- 
 phritis;" " The Relative Values of Tests for Albumen," etc. 
 
 GEORGE CROUCH. 
 
 But the young Englishman had faith in New York's future. 
 The old hair trunk was then in vogue, but Mr. Crouch 
 made an innovation and began manufacturing from wood 
 with leather fixtures. The idea was to suit travelers, drum- 
 mers especially, and in this he succeeded admirably, making 
 his goods portable, light and at the same time capable of 
 resisting the assaults of the baggage fiends. He is a great 
 inventor, and holds quite a large number of patents, many 
 of which have been stolen from him. It was he who in- 
 vented the shawl strap and other aids to traveling with 
 comfort too numerous for mention here. His "sample" 
 trunk also shows inventive genius of a high order, so does 
 the struck up corner cap of one piece of solid leather. In 
 
 JOHN M. CORNELL. 
 
 John M. Cornell, the iron builder and manufacturer, 
 was born in New York City, August 27, 1846. He was ed- 
 ucated in the New York private schools until he was fifteen 
 years of age, when he commenced to learn his trade in his 
 father's iron works. So attentive and efficient was he that 
 his father made him a foreman at seventeen, and admitted 
 him into partnership at twenty-one, the firm name becoming 
 J. B. & J. M. Cornell, which for many years has had a 
 world wide reputation Since the death of his father Mr. 
 Cornell has conducted the vast business by himself, but re- 
 tained the old style, and in order to get everything under 
 his own personal supervision, has recently removed from 
 Centre street to the new fireproof office building adjoining 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 i6S 
 
 the works in 'rwenty-sixth street. He has uiaile a deep 
 study of the siihject of iron and steel conslriictioii, which 
 nowadays forms the basis of most of our high buildings, 
 antl has arrived at a degree of perfection which seems im- 
 possible to improve upon. He has been famous, also, as a 
 rapid builder, always being far in advance of the mason ; so 
 far ahead often that the building looks like a great iron 
 cage for a considerable time. The new building for the D., 
 L. & W. R. R. e.xcited the wonder and admiration of all who 
 passed it, so rapidly was it erected, Mr. Cornell doing the 
 iron work in the short space of five weeks — the quickest 
 construction yet attained. The great " World " building, 
 the Times building, the Union Trust, the Famous Loan and 
 Trust, the Bank of America, the Havemeyer building, Wal- 
 dorf Hotel, the Xew Netherlands Hotel, the Mutual Life, 
 the New V'ork Life and Equitable Insurance buildings, are 
 all samples of perfect and yet very rapid iron construction 
 work, superintended personally by Mr. John M. Cornell. 
 He is a member of the Building Trades Club, but outside 
 of that he is a builder and manufacturer of iron. He is a 
 genial gentleman, a steadfast friend, a strict disciplinarian, 
 hut a respected and honored employer of men. 
 
 WARREN A. CONOVER. 
 Warren A. Conoxer was born in New York City, in April, 
 i84iS. He was educated in New York private schools and 
 graduated at Mount Washington Collegiate Institute in 
 1862. He learned the trade of a mason in 1866, went into 
 building operations as superintendent for his father, the 
 well-known John '1'. Conover. with whom he remained until 
 the latter's death in 1S79, and then continued the business 
 as his father's succ ssor. In 18S0 his brother, Frank E. 
 Conover, was admitted into partnership, and the firm have 
 been known since then as W. A. & F. Fl Conover. Mr. 
 C'onover has been personally identified with many of New 
 York's prominent buildings as superintendent for the elder 
 Conover and as builder for himself since 1879, the work 
 being of a general character, comprising jnlatial hotels, 
 substantial business and office buildings, and fine resi- 
 dences. Among the most prominent structures erected 
 under his supervision may be mentioned the Masonic 
 Temple, Sixth Avenue and Twenty-third Street ; the con- 
 version of Booth's Theatre on the opposite corner to 
 stores ; the whole block of stores in Broadway lietween 
 Eighteenth and Nineteenth Streets ; the Domestic Build- 
 ing, Broadway and Union Square ; the original part of 
 the New York Life building; the Oriental Hotel; the 
 " Mystic " and " St. John " apartment houses ; the Alpine 
 building, Broadway and Twenty-third Street ; the Postal 
 Telegraph building, Broadway and Murray Street, and the 
 Hotel Brunswick. The last named was the quickest built 
 structure ever raised in New York. Mr. C. Conover com- 
 menced it August 1st, and on the 24th of December follow- 
 ing ])eople sle|)t in the top story of this solid eight story 
 hotel. Mr. Conover has always been a leading spirit among 
 builders. He was one of the original founders ot the mason 
 builders' association and was three times e'ected delegate 
 to the National xVssociation. He was prominent in the effort 
 to secure arbitration for all differences in the trade, and 
 the present satrsfactory relations existing between employer 
 and employe is largely due to his hearty co-operation 
 with others in the movement to secure such results. He 
 has also been an active member of the Mechanics' and 
 Traders' Exchange for a number of years, serving several 
 years in the Board of Managers and twice as president of 
 the Exchange. He is a member of the board of manage- 
 ment of the Building Trades Club, one of the Board of 
 Examiners of the Building Department, trustee of the 
 Broadway Savings Bank, and an ex-director of the Forty- 
 .second Street Cross-town Railroad Company. 
 
 BYRON G. CLARK, M.D. 
 
 One of Harlem's most ])0])ular physicians is Dr. Byron 
 Cr. Clark, who, originally of tlie Allopathic School of 
 medicine, was converted to homo;opathy by a careful 
 study of its tenets and an appreciation of the jjrogressive 
 spirit of the age. He has built up a siilendid practice in 
 the Harlem Distiict. his clientele being among the most 
 resi)ectable families. 
 
 Dr. C;iark was born in Cliarlestown, N. H., February 
 15, 1847. His father. .Aaron Clark, who is still living 
 (1892), was a farmer. The younger Clark was educated in 
 the district school, but while still in his minority ho was 
 placed in a banking house in New York City with the view 
 to starting him in a commercial career. It was while in the 
 bank that he conceived the idea of becoming a ])hysician. 
 He studied after office hours and prepared himself for a 
 preparatory College Course under great difficulties. 
 
 After a special course of lectures of the Long Island 
 College Hosuital he graduated from Dartmouth Medical 
 
 ,?WV 
 
 BVRO.V G, CL.\RK. 
 
 College in 1877, and located in Windsor, Vermont, return- 
 ing to New York for a Post-Graduate Course in Materia 
 Medica at the New York Homoeopathic Medical College. 
 He was the first physician to practise homoeopathy in 
 Windsor, Vt., and built up a large practice. The long 
 rides necessary to do his work were so fatiguing that when 
 he saw what seemed to be a good opportunity to go to New 
 York he looked about for a good man to succeed him and 
 located in Harlem in 1882. One of the older residents of 
 Windsor remarked that '' Dr. Clark was the first man to 
 leave town because of more work than he could do." One 
 of the causes which has contributed to his success is that 
 nearly every year since he began practi<-ing he has taken a 
 special Post-Graduate Course in some leading specialty, 
 such as Ophthalmology or Surgical Diseases of Women. 
 He is a prominent member of the American Institute of 
 Homoeopathy, the Homoeopathic State and County Societies, 
 Carroll Dunham Medical Club, an honorary member of the 
 Vermont State Society and Visiting Physician to the Hahne- 
 
i66 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 mann Hospital, New York. He has just resigned his 
 position as visiting physician to the Laura Franklin Free 
 Hospital for Children, owing to his largely increasing 
 practice. Dr. Clark married Miss Elida, daughter of the 
 late Samuel Peck, of 23 West 35th Street, New York. They 
 have three children. 
 
 JAMES D. FOOT, 
 
 President of the File Manufacturing Company of Kear- 
 ney & Foot (Inc.), was born in Massachusetts. He received 
 an elementary education in a renowned academy of the 
 time, and was trained in a preparatory way with a view to 
 a college course. Before entering it, however, his father 
 stipulated tha' a university education implied a professional 
 career, and young Foot, preferring a mercantile life with 
 its possibilities, decided that under such a condition he 
 would not enter college. He was, therefore, thoroughly 
 educated in a business way in one of the best hardware 
 
 JAMES KEARNEY. 
 
 James Kearney, Vice-President of the File Manufacturing 
 Company of Kearney & Foot (Inc), is essentially a self-made 
 man, skillful, practical, second to none in the knowledge of 
 his business. He began learning the trade of file making 
 by hand as early as 1844, and started in business for him- 
 self in a small way in 1857 over in Newark, N. J. By 
 sheer energy, integrity and force of character he has worked 
 himself up to his present position. He lives in Paterson, 
 N. J-, and has charge of the works there. 
 
 The original factory, started by Weiman & Kearney, 
 turned out splendid work, but until Mr. Foot found 
 buyers their products were limited. Mr. Foot at this time 
 was agent for a French firm, as before stated, which sold 
 largely in the American markets, but seeing the policy of pro- 
 tection developing itself, and being a shrewd observer and 
 keen business man, he realized that the day had come when 
 the native file was to reiilace the foreign article in this country. 
 Hence, although at the time he had a stock of the French files 
 
 JAMES D. FOOT. 
 
 houses in Massachusetts. After three years he went to 
 London, England, with the view of entering business there, 
 but returned to America within a year with an agency for a 
 French file conipany (1873). The file industry of Kearney 
 & Foot, now so far reaching and so important, began like 
 many others of a similar nature in a comparatively modest 
 way. 
 
 It was established in 1870 by Weiman & Kearney, 
 in Paterson, N. J., and seven years later Mr. James 
 U. Foot, recognizing the superiority of the firm's products, 
 arranged to dispose of them as agent. This he continued 
 to do with advantage until 1881, when he purchased Mr. 
 W'eiman's interest, the firm became Kearney & Foot, and so 
 remained until 1887, when it was incorporated with James 
 D. Foot as President, James Kearney, Vice-President, and 
 Sandford D. Foot as Secretary. He has ever since resided 
 in New York. He is member of the New York Athletic 
 Club and is veteran member of the Seventh Regiment. 
 
 JAMES KEARNEY. 
 
 worth $50,000 on hand, with offices in New York, he had no 
 hesitation in accejjting the new order of things. He knew, 
 besides, that the Weiman & Kearney files, because of their 
 excellence — they were the best made in the United States — 
 had a fortune before them with judicious management. 
 When Mr. Foot took the agency, the business was limited, 
 but it kept on increasing until, when he became Mr. Kear- 
 ney's partner, the firm employed seventy hands and turned 
 out 300 dozen files a day. 
 
 After forming the partnership a new impetus was given 
 the business by additional capital and improved machinery, 
 until in 1887, when the act of incorporation was obtained, 
 the output per day rose to 500 dozen. More e.xtensive 
 works were also found necessary as the business progressed. 
 The premises were enlarged until they now cover twenty- 
 four city lots, 300 skilled hands are employed, the output 
 has reached 1,500 dozen a day, and the files of the firm 
 find their way into every market in the world. They are 
 
 I 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 167 
 
 universally conceded to be the best and have that reputation 
 everywhere. Sandford D. Foot, the Secretary, was graduatetl 
 from Amherst Agricultural College, and has been connected 
 with the company during the past eight ) ears. He has taken 
 an active part in the development of the concern, not only 
 in rendering faithful and valuable services on the i)remises, 
 but in pushing its interests through the country as traveling 
 salesman. 
 
 BRUCE PRICE. 
 
 Mr. llruce t'rice, one of the Ijcst known of New York 
 architects, was born in Cimiberland, Maryland, December 
 12, 1845. He is the son of William Price, the distinguished 
 lawyer of Maryland, and on his mother's side is a de- 
 scendant of the Bruce family of Scotland, who, after having 
 warmly espoused the cause of '' The Pretender," came to 
 America in 1745. It was his good fortune to become the 
 sole student of Niernsee& Neilson, celebrated architects of 
 Baltimore. Mr. Niernsee had been a student of both 
 Klenzie and Schingle, and had " footed it " for three years 
 all over Europe, while Mr. Neilson had passed all his early 
 yc-ars in Belgium, France and Italy. Both had been suc- 
 cessful engineers before beginning the practice of archi- 
 tecture, and both were thoroughly up in the kindred arts. 
 Mr. Price was a careful observer and attentive listener and 
 a close student of these gentlemen for about four years, and 
 then travelled abroad himself. He commenced [practice on 
 his own account in Baltimore with Mr. Baldwin ; removed to 
 Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1873, and was in practice there four 
 years. In 1877 he came to New York. His first notable 
 work was the immense hotel at Long Beach, which was 
 esteemed an architectural marvel of what could be done for 
 the summer accommodation of large numbers of people. 
 More recently he has been the architect of the various 
 buildings at Tuxedo Park, N. ¥., the "Gates of Tuxedo," 
 which is considered by able critics to be absolutely jierfect 
 and an enduring monument to his natural genius and 
 artistic ability. Mr. Price is the designer of some of the 
 handsomest parlor cars in the country, and the elegant 
 steamer " New Brunsw ick " is also his work. He has also 
 done considerable railroad work, notably the Grand Terminal 
 l)uilding of the C. P. R. R., at Montreal, Canada. Several 
 buildings of Yale are from his plans. Mr. Price was 
 married in Wilkesbarre to Miss Josephine Lee, daughter of 
 one of the original " coal barons," of Pennsylvania, and 
 resides in New York. 
 
 WM. H. KRAUSE, M D. 
 
 Wm. H. Krause, M.D., is one of those foreign born 
 practitioners, who, in this city, are able to compete suc- 
 cessfully in popularity with Gothamites who are to the manor 
 born. He was born on June 19, 1841, in Rhine, Westpha- 
 lia, Germany, and went through his scholastic training in 
 Minister and Berlin. As assistant surgeon he served his 
 country in the Danish war of 1864, and again in the Austro- 
 Prussian campaign of 1866. In 1871 he entered the New 
 York Homoeopathic College and Hospital and graduated in 
 1873, after which he was appointed attending physician to 
 the Bond Street Dispensary. He is a member of the 
 Homoeo]iathic Medical Society of the County of New 
 York, the American Institute of Homccopathy and the 
 ,\lumni Association of the New York Honiceopathic College. 
 
 PERCIVAL FARQUHAR 
 
 Hon. Percival Fanpihar was born in Y'ork, Pa., and 
 received his early education at the York Collegiate Insti- 
 tute, from which he went to Yale College and graduated 
 therefrom in the class of 1884, receiving the degree of Ph.B. 
 He then attended the Columbia Law School, and was 
 
 admitted to ilir bar in May, 1886. He was made the 
 President of the Columbus and Hocking Coal and Iron 
 Co ,in May, 1887, and held that position for one year, when 
 he resigned and entered actively into politics, under the 
 advice of the Hon. Calvin .S. Price, (ieneral Thomas, and 
 others with whom he had been associated in the coal com- 
 pany. He joined the Seventh Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., 
 in the s])ring of 1887, as a member of Comjiany K, from 
 which he was transferred in the fall of i8cS8 to accept a 
 commission in the Second Battery of Artillery. He was 
 soon promoted to the Second Lieutenancy, and is now the 
 First Lieutenant of that battery. He stood for the Assem- 
 bly in the fall of i88g. in the Third District, but was 
 defeated, owing to a combination of the County Democracy 
 and Republican parties against him, although he cut down the 
 natural majority of the combined forces by fully r,ooo votes. 
 On this showing of strength he was renominated the follow- 
 ing year and was elected by 2,000 majority, and re elected in 
 1891 and 1892 by increased vote. In the session of 1891 
 he earned distinction for his work on the Committees on 
 
 PERCIVAL F.\Rnl'H.\R. 
 
 Laws, on Banks, on Public Institutions and also on the 
 Special Committee of .Apportionment. In the session of 
 1892 he served on the Committees of Ways and Means and 
 on Banks, and was Chairman of Military .\ffairs. He 
 introduced and had charge of important legislation, includ- 
 ing the New York City Inspection bill, the Personal 
 Registration bill, Ballot Reform Amendments, Codification 
 of Laws relating to the ballot. Revision of the Penal Code, 
 all the Military legislation and other lulls. Mr. Far- 
 quhar is one of the members of the Board of Managers of 
 A. B. Farquhar Co., limited, of York, Pa., the well known 
 agricultural manufacturers, and is a member of the firm of 
 .\. B. Far<pdiar & Co., of New York. He is the son of 
 Arthur B. Farquhar, of York, Pa., President of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Board of Managers of the World's Fair. Mr. Farcpihai 
 has been a member of the Tammany Society since 1888, 
 and is a member of Calumet, Manhattan, Tuxedo, Lawyers' 
 and Driving Clubs and of the Southern Society. 
 
i68 
 
 J^£H^ yon A', THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JOHN DAVOL. 
 
 John Davol, founder of the great Biooklyn Brass and 
 Copper Company, was born in Warren, R. I., on April 8, 
 i8i I, and died on June 30, 1878. He was a remarkable 
 man in many respects, but above all for the versatile genius 
 he possessed which enabled him, after thoroughly mastering 
 the details of one branch of business, to leave it forever and 
 achieve eminently successful results in another. 
 
 After receiving a common school education Mr. Davol 
 entered his father's drygoods store in Warren, wherein he 
 stayed until 1842, when seeing freer scope for his abiliiies 
 in New York he came here, and with a Mr. Post started the 
 drygoods house of Davol &: Post on Hanover Square, which 
 locality had not yet ceased being fashionable. There was a 
 change, and in 1848 the firm of Marks &: Davol, chiefly 
 dealing in fancy drygoods, was established at 52 Broad Street. 
 
 melled. He was married in Warren, R. I., to Miss I, aura 
 Barton, by whom he had eight children, four of whom, 
 including two sons, survive. Mr. Davol was member of the 
 Chamber of Commerce, and as one of the oldest friends and 
 depositors in the American Exchange Bank is still affec- 
 tionately remembered by its old staff, one of whom, Mr. 
 George S. Coe, now President, was clerk in Mr, Davol's 
 time. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Mr. William H. 
 Davol, the ]iresent head of the Company, who has been 
 practically conduc ing the business since 1873, and has 
 been partner in the concern for thirty years. He is the 
 worthy son of a worthy sire, and to day, save that in his 
 hands the business has developed into vastly larger propor- 
 tions, employing 120 instead of the original 40 hands, he 
 conducts the concern on the same honorable principles and 
 enjoys the same public esteem and confidence. Wm. H. Davol 
 
 JOH.V D.WOL. 
 
 The first experience in his new business of brass manufac- 
 turer was when he became agent for the Wolcottville Brass 
 Company, continued until 1853, at which time he erected a 
 mill on Pearl and ?>ont Streets, Brooklyn, on the site of 
 what had been a tin factory. This building was 100 feet 
 square, but the increased business resulting from Mr. Davol's 
 extraordinary energy and ability necessitated a doubling of 
 the mill's capacity, which was accomplished in 1871. When 
 he died in 1878 the establishment had taken its place among 
 the prominent successful industries of the period. Mr. 
 Davol was one whom nothing could daunt, and he passed 
 through the various panics and crises of his time without a 
 stain on his character. He was a man of sterling integrity 
 who entertained an abhorrence of debt in any shape. Hence 
 never receiving or asking aid from any one, whnt he had was 
 his own, and he was always commercially free and untram- 
 
 is also a native of Warren, R. I., was born July 4, 1840, and 
 married on April 20, 1864, to Miss Jennie Brooker, of Litch- 
 field, Conn., who bore him seven children, five of whom are 
 living. Although Mr. Davol himself was educated in the 
 public schools, he so far appreciates the value of a classic 
 training that he sent his eldest son, who is destined to suc- 
 ceed him in business, to be educated in Yale, from which 
 institution he has graduated. Mr. Davol, though connected 
 with various trusts and organizations, devotes himself almost 
 exclusively to his own business, having very little time to 
 attend to anything else. When first started the concern was 
 styled the New York and Brooklyn Brass C'ompany, but on iis 
 reorganization in 1859 it was changed to the i3rooklyn Brass 
 & Copper Company. The headquarters were located on John 
 Street, this city, in 1856, and have never since been changed, 
 while as for the manufacturing establishment the location 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 169 
 
 has heen always the same. So lias the title of the house, 
 with the exce|)tion that its first proprietor was John Davol, 
 then John Davol & Son, and continued by act of the Le^^is- 
 latureas John Davol & Sons. 'l"he factory is a niotlel of its 
 kind and is magnificently equipped with all the machinery 
 and a|5pliances that skill and money can furnish. Its two 
 large engines have 1,400 horse power capacity, its largest 
 wheel is twenty feet in diameter and weighs 60,000 pounds, 
 and the su|)porting pillars of the building are three feet 
 square. Notwithstanding the immense wheels and the ever 
 rushing machinery, the factory is so enclosed and arrange- 
 ments are so perfect in that direction, generally, that not 
 the s ightest noise can be heard outside the building, and in 
 fact very little even a few feet from the engine room. The 
 busmessof the house is confined chiefly to the United States, 
 but then its products are taken in every State and territory 
 of the Union. 
 
 H. M. DEARBORN, M.D. 
 
 Among the men from " Down East " who have made 
 their presence felt in the medical world and forced their 
 way to the front through merit and indomitable perse- 
 verance may be mentioned Dr. H. M. Dearborn. Horn at 
 Epsom, New Hampshire, on November 19, 1846, he was 
 sent at an early age to Canaan Academy, and later to the 
 Classical School at Pembroke, New Hampshire. He studied 
 medicine at Harvard Medical College and Bowdoin Medi- 
 cal C' liege, graduating from the latter institution in i<S69. 
 He practised in New Hampshire for three years and in 1S74 
 removed to Boston, where, until 18S0, he was in continuous 
 practice. In the last year he came to New York and has 
 heen here ever since. Dr. Dearborn has occui)ied and still 
 does occupy many important jsositions in the medical world. 
 For the jiast ten years he has been visiting physician to the 
 Ward's Island Homoeopathic Hospital. Since 1885 he has 
 been Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the 
 New York Medical College and Hos]jita! for Women ; for 
 the past two years Clinical Professor of Dermatology at the 
 same institution ; attending physician to the l.aura Frank- 
 lin Free Hospital for Children since its establishment in 
 ;886, and consulting physician to the Women's Hospital f')r 
 the past six years. From 1885 until i8gi he was associate 
 editor of the North Ainerican Joiii7ial of Hoiinvopiithy. 
 He is a member and ex-President of the Homoeopathic 
 County Medical Society, member of the New York State 
 Homiaeopathic Medical Society, member of the American 
 Institute of Homoeopathy, member of the American Ob- 
 stetrical Society, the Jahr Club, New York Medical Club, 
 honorary member of the New Hampshire Medical Society, 
 member of the New York Materia j\ledica Society and the 
 New York Paedological Society (Homeopathic). He is 
 a medical examiner for the Royal Arcanum and for the 
 .\merican Legion of Honor, and also lor the Northwestern 
 Traveling Men's .\ssociation. His wife is a daughter ( f the 
 late Edward Henry Smith, of London, England, who has 
 liorne him two children, a son and a daughter. 
 
 EUGENE GRIFFIN. 
 Captain Eugene Griffin, First Vice-President of the 
 General Electric Light Company of New York, was born 
 in Ellsworth, Maine, October 13, 1855. In 1871 he was ap- 
 pointed to the LTnited States Military .Academy, from which 
 he graduated in 1875, standing third in his class. He was 
 commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Engineer Corps 
 and assigned to duty at Willett's Point, New York Harbor, 
 Engineer School of Application. While on duty here he 
 was transferred to the command of one of the exploring 
 parties of the Wheeler survey of the south meridian, cov- 
 ering the territory of Southern Colorado, New Mexico, East- 
 ern Arizona and Northwestern Texas. He received his com- 
 
 mission as First Lieutenant in 1879. In 1880 he was 
 detailed in charge of the survey of Governoi's, Bed- 
 loe's, F^llis and Davis islands in New York harbor. 
 He served as Adjutant and (Quartermaster of the Bat- 
 talion of iMigineers at Willett's Point In 1883 Lieu- 
 tenant Griffin was appointed .Assistant Professor of Civil 
 and Military F-ngineering and the Art of War at the 
 West Point Military Academy, which position he re- 
 signed in 1885 to acce])t an a])pointment on the staff of 
 Major-General Winfield S. Hancock as Aide-de-Camj). He 
 also served as Chief iMigineer of the Military Division of 
 the Atlantic and Department of the East. After the 
 death of General Hancock Lieutenant Griffin was ordered to 
 Washington as Assistant Engineering Commissioner of the 
 District of Columbia. In 1887 he was commissioned Ca])- 
 tain in the Engineer Corps, and in 1888 was assigned to 
 temporary duty in the War Department, but obtained 
 leave of absence to engage in civil business. October 5, 
 iS8g, he resigned his commission in the army and entered 
 into the service of the Thomson-Houston F^lectric Company 
 
 EUGENE GRIFFIN. 
 
 of Boston. He organized the Street Railway Department of 
 that company, and developed their electric railway busi- 
 ness, which has still further been extended and per- 
 fected by the General Electric Light Company until it has 
 in operation the most perfect system for street railway 
 transportation. In 1890 he became Vice-President of the 
 Thomson- Houston Company, and when then the (General 
 Electric Company was organized in 189J, for the purpose 
 of consolidating the Thomson-Houston and the Edison Com- 
 panies, Capiain Griffin was elect. -d First Vice-President 
 and Director of the comjiany. This company employs 
 some 10,000 people, among whom are men of the high- 
 est skill ; many of them experts in all electrical theories 
 and practice. Captain Griffin was married in 1879 to Allie 
 Russell Hancock, niece and adopted daughter of General 
 Hancock. He is the author of a textbook on Military 
 Photography, now used at Willett's Point Engineering 
 School of Application, and of numerous articles on " Our 
 
170 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Sea Coast Defences." He is a member of the American 
 Society of Electrical Engineers and of the American 
 Society of Mechanical Engineers ; also member of the Coun- 
 try, St. Botolph, Nahant Athletic and Algonquin Clubs of 
 Boston, the Metropolitan and Army and Navy Clubs, of 
 Washington, I). C. 
 
 WM. C. HICKS AND JAMES M. HICKS. 
 It is not often that two brothers achieve success and fame 
 in the same field, but there have been exceptions, among them 
 being William Cleveland Hicks and James Milner Hicks, 
 two well-known engineers of this city. William C. Hicks, 
 the elder, was born in New York, on July 29, 1829, of a 
 good family, his father being the Reverend Dr. John 
 A. Hicks, a famous Vermont clergyman. Mr. Hicks 
 graduated with high honors from Trinity College, Hartford, 
 Conn., in 1848. He developed a taste for mechanics quite 
 early in life and in the intervals of his college studies 
 invented among other things an automatic raihvay switch 
 which proved useful. After graduating, in order to gain a 
 practical knowledge of mechanics he entered the locomo- 
 tive works in Ballard Vale, Mass., as an apprentice, 
 where he remained until appointed engineer on the Rutland 
 Division of the Rutland and Burlington Railroad. After 
 
 trustees. He was among the founders of the Mechanical 
 Engineers' Association, also a member of the American Asso- 
 ciation for the Advancement of Science, the New Jersey 
 Historical Society, the Laymen's Association of the Episco- 
 pal Diocese of Newark, and from 1863 until the time of his 
 death a delegate from the parish, at Summit, N. J., to the 
 Diocesan Convention. He was also senior warden during 
 this period and delegate to the General Convention from his 
 diocese, held in Philadelphia in 1883. In fine, Mr. Hicks 
 was a scientist, a good Christian and a public-spirited 
 citizen. James Milner Hicks, the younger brother, also a 
 distinguished engineer, was born in Vermont in 1834, and 
 graduating with honors from Trinity College in 1854 
 became assistant to William C, who had charge of Colonel 
 Samuel Colt's South Meadow Improvements. We next find 
 him, still as his brother s assistant. Engineer of Hartford, 
 Conn., but he subsequently accepted a position with Harrison 
 Loring, the South Boston shipbuilder, the first man in this 
 country to construct iron steamships. He was with the 
 Ladd & Webster Sewing Machine Company, of Boston, 
 and also for two years or so with the Spencer Repeating 
 Rifle Company, of Boston, and was next employed to 
 supervise the building of the Ericsson monitor Mianto- 
 nomah, in which Captain Fox sailed to Russia. The Mian- 
 
 JAMES M. HICKS. 
 
 this in rapid succession he held the position of foreman and 
 superintendent of the Woodruff & Beach Iron Works, in 
 Hartford, Conn., designer and draughtsman in Colonel Colt's 
 revolver factory, where he aided in making the parts 
 of a pistol interchangeable ; engineer of the dyke made 
 by Colonel Colt in connection with his factory, and the first 
 city engineer of Hartford ; Superintendent of the Volcanic 
 repeating-arms factory in New Haven, in which capacity he 
 invented the first successful extractor for metallic shells for 
 guns ever made, and Superintendent of Ladd & Webster's 
 Sewing Machine works, in Boston, Mass. During the years in 
 the works in which he was thus engaged he took out many 
 patents for inventions. On the outbreak of the war he was 
 a])pointed Superintendent of the Spencer Repeating Rifle 
 factory, and subsequently of the Government Armory, New 
 York City, for making Springfield Rifles, and after the war 
 invented his celebrated double cylinder steam engines, in 
 which one cylinder acted as valve for the other. After 
 having been involved in many vexatious law suits over 
 patent rights, he began a professional career as engineer 
 and patent expert, and a highly successful career it 
 was, ending only with his death, which took place in 1885. 
 Mr. Hicks was a man of deep religious feeling. He was for 
 many years lecturer in Trinity College and also one of its 
 
 WM. C. HICKS. 
 
 tonomah was the only vessel of her class that was able to 
 cross the ocean, and her capacity in this respect is owing 
 to changes made in propulsion apparatus by Mr. Hicks. 
 From 1865 to 1876 he was actively and prominently 
 engaged in steam engine and boiler construction and 
 experimenting, and for the eight years following was an 
 expert in patent cases, in many of which his testimony 
 proved of great value. He spent much time, likewise, in 
 telephone experiments and in this connection made import- 
 ant discoveries. In 1888 he was emiiloyed by the United 
 States Government as expert in gun patent litigation, in 
 which he gave entire satisfaction. In fine, Mr. Hicks is 
 one of the most prominent and versatile engineers in the 
 country at the present time. 
 
 LOUIS J HEINTZ. 
 
 The Hon. Louis J. Heintz, late Commissioner of Street 
 Improvements, Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Wards 
 (Annexed District), New York City, was born in New York 
 City, on the 14th of October, 1861. His early education was 
 received at a private school and the old Morrisania school, 
 now Public School No. 61. At the age of thirteen, having 
 reached the graduating class, he was placed in the Fuerst 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 171 
 
 Academy, College Point, where he continued his studies for 
 three years, receiving there a thorough military discipline. At 
 this early age he developed those rare tpialities of push and 
 energy which in later years so well characterized his busi- 
 ness relations. On leaving college he entered at once into 
 business life in the employ of his uncle, John Eichler, 
 beginning at the foot of the ladder. His quick business 
 sagacity soon attracted the attention of his uncle, and before 
 he was twenty years of age was ]nit at the head of the 
 financial department of the firm, and had the chara(ter given 
 him of being the most accurate business man of his years, 
 being entrusted with the responsibility of handling millions 
 of dollars' worth of property which was confided to him. He 
 was for some years a director of tlie John Eichler Brewing 
 Company, and of the Phdip and William Ebling Brewing 
 Company, and Secretary of both firms, and was elected 
 unanimously as President of the Brewers' Board of Trade of 
 what is known as the Metrojjolitan District of New York, 
 which comprises New York, Kings, Queens, Richmond and 
 Westchester Counties and the State of New Jersey. He 
 lived in the district which so generously honored him in the 
 election of November, 1891, since he was four years of age. 
 He was a member of the Schnorer, German Press, Colum- 
 bian, and Youthful League Clubs, New York Central, and 
 -Melrose Turning Societies, the Morrisania and Harmonic 
 Singing Societies, the Citizens, Taxpayers, and Property 
 ( )wners Associations of Morrisania. 
 
 In 1887 he married Pauline, daughter of Philip Ebling, and 
 has two children, Pauline and Yictoria. Mr. Heintz died of 
 I'neumonia January, 1S93, to the surprise and sorrow of a 
 community who beheld one of the ablest of the citizens of 
 New York taken off in the prime of his manhood and in 
 the full tide of his usefulness. The Annexed District, 
 especially, mourns the loss of the man who had done so 
 much towards its progress and improvement. 
 
 Wil 
 
 WILLIAM HARVEY KING, M D. 
 
 Ham Harvey King, M.D., was l)orn near Waverly, 
 
 tion called the" National Society of T'leclro-Therapeutists " 
 was founded, of which Dr. King was elected the first Presi- 
 dent. He married Miss Minnie Chadwick, of New York 
 ("ity, a niece of his late friend and Ijenefactor Dr. iiurdick. 
 
 HENRY W. BOOKSTAVER. 
 Henry W. Hookstaver, one of the judges of the Court of 
 Common Pleas, was born in Orange County, New York State, 
 in 1835. He is descended from Jacobus ISuchstabe, or liooch- 
 staber, as it was spelled by the Dutch, who, early in the eight- 
 eenth century, came with his wife from (lermany and settled 
 near Montgomery. We find it recorded in 1735 that 
 lacobus, in copartnership with Frederic Linsbaugh and 
 lohanes Yang Bloet (sulisetiuently modified to Young- 
 blood), purchased a considerable tract of land in iliat 
 neighborhood. They must, however, have been settled on 
 the land for some years before they bought it, for Jacobus 
 Buchstaber was first Deacon of the Dutch Church in Mont- 
 gomery, which was organized in 1732. In that year also 
 (1735) he was naturalized by an act of the Provincial As- 
 sembly, as the journals of that body go to show. While it 
 is evident that the Bookstavers came to New York direct 
 
 New York, on February 21, 1861. He received his rudi- 
 mentary education in the public school near his nati\e 
 place, graduated from the high school at Waverly, and 
 deciding to adopt medicine as a profession, entered the 
 New York Homoeopathic Medical College. He graduated 
 in 1882 after a student career of three years, and at once 
 attracted the attention of the late Professor S. P. Burdick, 
 who while young King had been yet a student appreciated 
 his talent and made him his assistant in the department of 
 obstetrics immediately after he had graduated. The year 
 following he was made demonstrator of obstetrics (1S82 
 1883) under Professor Burdick. Deciding to take up the 
 study of electro-therapeutics as a specialty young King 
 resigned from his position as demonstrator of obstetrics 
 and became one of the first in the field of electro-thera- 
 peutics. In order the more thoroughly to equip himself 
 for his future work, he went abroad and joined the Apostolic 
 clinic in Paris. In 1889 he published a work on electro- 
 therapeutics, the first edition of which was soon exhausted. 
 The second edition is now in press. In 1890 he with A. 
 L. Chatterton & Co., publishers, founded the Journal of 
 Electro- Therapeutics and is still its editor. He is on the 
 staff of the Hahnemann Hospital of this city, also of the 
 Homoeopathic Sanatarium, and does the bulk of the electro- 
 surgical work for all the homoeopathic institutions of this 
 city. Dr. King is a prominent member of the American 
 Institute of Homoeopathy, the Homa;o]jathic ('ounty 
 Society, the New York State Homoeopathic Society, the 
 Mission Club and others. His princi[)al writings have been 
 confined to his journal, but outside of that he is known as 
 the largest contributor on electro thera|)eutic subjects in 
 this country. In October last in New York a new organiza- 
 
 HF.NRY \V. Bol iKST,\V1':R- 
 
 from Germany the family is undoubtedly of Swiss origin, 
 and, as the name would indicate, were early interested in 
 printing or the making of the wooden letters first used in 
 that art. The literal meaning of " buchstabe " is book staff 
 or stick, /V/m/, a letter, as movable type was first cut on 
 such sticks. There is in the Canton of Glarus a town 
 called Buchs, situated on the Rhine, where the Voralsbough 
 Railroad crosses that river. In the famous disputation 
 ordered bv the magistrates of Berne in 1558 to determine 
 whether the Catholic or the Reformed religion should be 
 adopted by the state. Johannes Buchstabe, then the school- 
 master of Zofinger, a dependence of Berne, took a promi- 
 nent part with'the Bishop of St. Gall and Dr. Capito in 
 defence of the Catholic religion against the attacks of 
 Zwingle, Elcomi)adius, Bucer and others. Some time later 
 this John Buchstabe was Choirmaster at Freiberg and a 
 
172 
 
 NEJV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 voluminous writer in defence of the Catholic faith, while 
 his brother Henry espoused the cause of the Reformed 
 religion. Jacobus, and consequently the Judge, are de- 
 scended from Henry. It is a pity that the old name intro- 
 duced by the former has been anglicized to its present 
 spelling, as in the original it was just as euphonious and, if 
 anything, more accurate than its modification or translation. 
 Meanwhile, this little scrap of history may be useful to the 
 future writer on ethnography, or the compiler of family 
 history. Judge Bookstaver (we are compelled to use the 
 anglicized name) received his primary education in the 
 Academy of Montgomerv. an institution he always speaks 
 of with pride, and his classical training in Rutgers College, 
 from which he graduated with high honors in 1859. Im- 
 mediately after graduating he came to New York, studied 
 law in the office of Brown, Hall & Vanderpoel, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1861. This was a legal firm of much 
 eminence in the New York of the last generation, and its 
 members were not long in recognizing the ability of Mr. 
 
 himself. Then, after the civil strife was over, he substituted 
 the pen for the sword, founded a magnificent newspaper, 
 and for himself established a world-wide reputation. He 
 was born in Lexington, Ky., on the 16th day of August, 
 1825. His father, John Bruce, was born in Northumber- 
 landshiri, England, in 17S0, of Scottish pirents, being de- 
 scended in direct male line from Robert Bruce, King of 
 Scotland. His mother's maiden name was Margaret Ross 
 Hutton, and was born at Gibraltar in 1784, and was mar- 
 ried there and emigrated to America m 1808 and settled in 
 Lexington, Ky. John Bruce died 9th Febnuary, 1836, and 
 Margaret Ross Bruce in July, 1868. S. 1). Bruce graduated 
 at Transylvania Univers ty in 1846, and embarked in the 
 mercantile business in 1848. He retired from business as a 
 merchant in 1852 and purchased the Phcenix Hotel, Lex- 
 ington, Ky., of which he was proprietor to 1855, when hav- 
 ing a decided taste for stock raising he purchased a farm 
 and had a few race horses, racing about this time the horse 
 "Dick Doty," by " Boston," "Omar Pasha,'' by " Yorkshire," 
 
 N 
 
 SANDERS DEWEES BRUCE. 
 
 Bookstaver, whom they soon took into partnership. His 
 course since then has more than justified the hope of his 
 friends and admirers. His talents made him Sheriff's 
 Attorney, Counsel to the Police Board and Counsel to the 
 Commissioners of Charities and Correction in succession. 
 His defence of Sheriff Reilly established his reputation at 
 the bar, not only for legal research, but for a high order of 
 forensic eloquence. In 1885 he was elected to his present 
 honorable position by a handsome plurality over his com- 
 petitors Judge Patterson and T. G. Strong, Esq., and in 
 1888 he received from Rutgers College, his alma mater, the 
 honor of LL.B. 
 
 SANDERS DEWEES BRUCE. 
 
 The career of Colonel Sanders Dewees Bruce is a re- 
 markable one and shows versatile genius of a high order. 
 Beginning life as a business man, with a short experience of 
 an official character, he plunged into the war of the rebel- 
 lion, in which as a Union officer he greatly distinguished 
 
 and the full sister, " Lilla," afterward in the Woodburn stud. 
 In 1858 he was elected Clerk of the County Court of Fay- 
 ette County, Ky., and held the office four years. At the 
 breaking out of the Civil War he was an uncompromising 
 Union man, and was appointed Inspector (General of the 
 Union Home Guard of Kentucky. He was instrumental in 
 having the Department of the Cumberland established and 
 secured for the West the two grand men, General George 
 H. Thomas and General \V. T. Sherman; S. D. Bruce raised, 
 and was elected Colonel of the famous Twentieth Kentucky 
 Regiment of Infantry Volunteers ; was in command of the 
 post at Smithland, Ky., and built the fortifications at the 
 mouth of the Cumberland River. When his regiment was 
 ordered to Louisville, Ky., he was assigned to the command 
 of the Twenty-second Brigade in General William Nelson's 
 Division, Army of the Cumberland. His command marched 
 all the way from Louisville, Ky., to the battlefield of Shiloh. 
 The Twenty-second Brigade was composed of the First, 
 Second and Twentieth regiments, and the Ninth Ohio with 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 173 
 
 the Tliirtecnth Iiuiiana I'attcrv. Tlic Ninth Oliio did not 
 actually serve with him, but was with (leneral Ammeii. 
 Colonel Bruce's Brigade was the first of the Army of Gen- 
 eral Buel to take part in the battle of Shiloh, crossing over 
 iiniler fire on the evening of Sunday, April 6th, after the 
 rout of the Federals under deneral U.S.Grant. The sec- 
 ond day's fight, the Twenty-second Brigade distinguished 
 itself in protecting the left wing of the .Army after Gene- 
 ral \V. T. Hazen's Brigade had been cut all to pieces and 
 utterly demoralized, .\fter the battle of Shiloh General 
 Buel, finding it difficult to keep open his line of conununi- 
 cation, ordered Colonel Bruce to proceed to Bowling Green, 
 take command of that post, and open u]) comnumication 
 over the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. This he did to 
 the entire satisfaction of his superiors, and built the famous 
 fortification on College Hill at that ])oint. .After General 
 Rosecrans succeeded General Buel, Coloi el Bruce was 
 assigned to the command of the Provisional Brigade and 
 ordered to clear up Southern Kentucky, capture Clarks- 
 ville, Tenn., and open up the line of communication by the 
 Cumberlantl River, clearing up the obstruction in the river 
 below Fort Donelson. This was thoroughly done by part 
 of his command under Major Kennedy of the Kentucky 
 Cavalry. When the post was thoroughly established at 
 Clarksville and everything working satisfactorily Colonel 
 Bruce was ordered to Louisville as President of a Court- 
 Martiai. By active, en rgetic work he soon cleared up the 
 record, and was then assigned to the command of that im- 
 |)orlant post, and acting under orders of General George H. 
 I'honias, cleared it of all the stragglers and sent them to the 
 ront before the decisive battle of Nashville, which virtually 
 closed the war in the Southwest. It was during his otilicial 
 career as Post Commander at Louisville that General W. T. 
 Sherman recommended his promotion to Brigadier Cieneral, 
 which recommendation was cordially endorsed by General 
 U. S. Grant ; but knowing the prejudice i/f Secretary of 
 War Stanton to Southern men the recommendation was 
 never forwarded or acted upon. In the summer of 1S64C0I. 
 Bruce, who was suffering from heart trouble, resigned his 
 |)osition in the army, and went to New York City to reside, and 
 on the 5th day of August, 1865, issued the first number of 
 the Turf, Field ard Farm, a journal devoted to turf and 
 field sports. Colonel Bruce was, and has been always, 
 acknow'ledged as the best living authority upon pedigrees 
 and genealogy of the thoroughbred horse. He is the author 
 and compiler of the "American Stud Book," the recognized 
 authority upon pedigrees in the woild. He also published 
 the " Horse Breeder's Guide and Hand Book" and the " The 
 Thoroughbred Horse," both works upon the selection, breed- 
 ing and origin of the thoroughbred horse. The "American 
 .Stud Book " has reached the si.xth volume, and will be con- 
 tinued. 
 
 Colonel Bruce was regarded as an expert judge of 
 horses and selected all the horses owned and raced success- 
 fully by the late M. H. Sanford, including Preakness, 
 Monarchist, Brigand, Madame Dudley Min.x, dam of Mon- 
 itor, etc. He also selected as yearlings Harry Bassctt, Joe 
 Daniels, Hubbard, Katie Pease, Madge, and Tyrant, and for 
 Mr. Jas. R. Keene the grand race horse Foxhall, that won 
 the Grand Prize of Paris, Cesarewitch and Cambridgeshire 
 handicaps. 
 
 WILLIAM H HUME. 
 
 .Among the many distinguished architects of this city 
 \\ illiam H. Hume holds a foremost jilace. One of the 
 busiest men in his profession, Mr. Hume is also one of the 
 most pojiular. He is a member of the Seventh Regiment 
 Veteran, Republican, and Lotos Clubs ; he is connected 
 with several religious and charitable organizations, and has 
 been for many years a Director in the East River National 
 
 Hank ; he is also a member of Kane Lodge, 1'". iV A. M. 
 Mr. Hume is of Sc'otch ancestry and was born and educated 
 in tiie city of New York ; he studied his jirofession in the 
 office of one of the leading architects of the city. In 1*^57 
 he started in busiress for himself. When the war broke out 
 Mr. Hume was an officer in the Seventh Regiment, and 
 served in the campaigns of '6r, '62 and '63; the latter year 
 he was Adjutant of the Regiment. There are few archi- 
 tects in the Metroiiolis who have had a more active 
 and extended practice, his work embracing some of the 
 finest ]iublic and jirivate buildings in this city and else- 
 where. 
 
 The scojie of this paper will allow only a summary of tliose 
 best know'n: The New Netherland Hotel, the beautiful 
 building just completed for Mr. William Waldorf .Astor. The 
 handsome new structure for the Mutual Reserve Fund Life 
 Association at the corner of IJroadway and Duane street is 
 another instance of Mr. Hume's work. Other buildings 
 
 WILI.I.^M H. HUME. 
 
 within the city on which he is now engaged include the 
 house for the Lotos Club, the Scotch Presbyterian Church 
 and Lecture Hall on Central Park West, and a number of 
 other strui tures. The Hotel Normandie is another instance 
 of Mr. Hume's work. Besides this, among the buildings 
 best known designed by him are the Asylum ot St. Vincent 
 de Paul, the Hebrew Orjihan Asylum, on Tenth Avenue, 
 the large drygoods store of B. Altinan & Co., and that of 
 H. C. F. Koch & Co., the Emigrant Savings Bank, Cham- 
 bers Street, the North River Savings Bank, and the Sherman 
 Bank. Out of town are other prominent buildings erected 
 from his designs. The Insane Asylum at Harrison, New 
 York, and the beautiful Masonic Home at LItica, are among 
 these. Such is a brief sketch of one of New York's repre- 
 sentative architects, a man whose life has been spent in 
 hcljiingto build u]) and beautify the city < f his birth, and 
 whose work will remain as an enduring attest of his energy 
 and professional abilit) 
 
174 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THOMAS E. ROCHFORT. 
 
 Mr. Thomas E. Roch'ort was born in New Haven, 
 Connecticut. His parents were from County West 
 Meath, Ireland, the old homestead at Rochfort Bridge 
 being still owned by the Rochfort family, Mr. Rochfort 
 was carefully and thoroughly educated, having graduated 
 from Yale University in 1879, and subsequently from the 
 Columbian Law School in Washington, D. C, in 1882. 
 WJien he was at Yale he was President of the University 
 Foot Ball Club, and has ever since shown great interest in 
 all College athletics. He was Principal of Fairfield 
 Academy, Fairfield, Conn., and afterwards instructor of 
 Latin in the High School in Washington, D. C. He at 
 once entered upon the practice of the law in New York 
 City, taking an advanced and commanding stand in the 
 profession from the start. Self-reliance, together with tact 
 and a thorough knowledge of human nature, are prominent 
 characteristics. Pluck, energy and thoroughness always are 
 attributes of men who have learned to rely on themselves. 
 
 THOMAS E. ROCHFORT. 
 
 The high opinion entertained of Mr. Rochfort's abilities by 
 his fellow members of the New York Bar may be gathered, 
 in part, from the fact that for the last four or five years he 
 has been the Attorney and representative of the Code Com- 
 mittee of the Bar Association for N. Y. City, of which the 
 Hon. James C. Carter was Chairman and Hon. Fred. R. 
 Coudert and ex-Judge Noah Davis have been members. 
 The vast importance of the work of that Committee in 
 opposing dangerous legislation is well understood, especially 
 among lawyers. Mr. Rochfort's partner is Mr. William H. 
 Stayton, formerly an officer in the United States Navy. 
 The law firm of Rochfort & Stayton has a large and 
 lucrative practice with various corporations, among which 
 is the New York Recorder Company ; and the firm's prac- 
 tice e.Ktends also to the War and Navy Departments at 
 Washington, and to the Court of Claims. Such men as the 
 subject of this article always come to the front in our 
 country, and usually stay there. 
 
 JOHN McCLAVE. 
 Police Commissioner McClave was born in this city on 
 September 11, 1839, and after graduating from the College 
 of the City of New York in 1856, took up the lumber busi- 
 ness, and to-day owns large lumber yards on Twenty- 
 second street and the North River, in which a prosperous 
 trade is done. Though not a politician in the strict sense 
 of the word. Commissioner McClave has always taken a 
 keen and intelligent interest in public affairs, and has been 
 so popular with the jjeople tliat in 1878 he was, though not 
 seeking the honor, elected Alderman on the Republican 
 ticket in the Eighth Senatorial District He was re-elected 
 in 1879, elected Alderman at large in 1880 and declined a 
 nomination in 1881. In 1884 he was appointed to the 
 i'olice Board by Mayor Edson, and his term having ex- 
 pired on May r, i8go, he was appointed for a second 
 term by Mavor Grant. This reappointment of a Repub- 
 lican to such a responsible position by two Democratic 
 Mayors in succession is a high tribute to the man, and as 
 such it is appreciated, though if any one asked Mayor 
 Grant why he reappointed hirn he would probably reply, 
 " Because I could not easily find any other man, Republican 
 or Democratic, who could fill the place with so much 
 good to the public ; because, in fact, he is a man of 
 great business capacity, and, at the same time, like iny- 
 self, accessible to all, as the servant of the people should 
 be." Indeed this is quite so ; not only is he acces- 
 sible, but he has a touch of magnetism which makes hosts 
 of friends for him and causes folks to say to him now 
 and then, "Why don't you run for Mayor?" The same 
 question was often asked of Chester A. Arthur when that 
 gentleman was a private citizen of New York. And by the 
 way it may be stated here that Commissioner McClave and 
 President Arthur were very close personal friends. Com- 
 missioner McClave, besides being a great worker, has system 
 and method which facilitate his labors. He keeps the ac- 
 counts of the police force and pays the pensioners, and does 
 so with so much accuracy and so admirably in every respect 
 that the Commissioners of Accounts and experts, whose at- 
 tention have been called to his system, pronounce it most 
 excellent. The same order and method are observable in 
 his luml)er yards and planing mills, where 200 men are em- 
 ployed. Commissioner McClave comes of a family famous 
 for prolificness and longevity. He is the youngest of 
 thirteen children, was married at eighteen and a grand- 
 father at thirty-nine. His wife was Charlotte Louisa Wood, 
 of this city, and he is now the father of fourteen and the 
 grandfather of fourteen children, which is doing well for a 
 man still in the prime of life. Both his parents were born 
 in this country, his father in 1798 and his inother (still 
 living) in 1803. His paternal grandfather was a Scotch 
 school-teacher in New York, and his mother's family, the 
 Launes, were of French extraction, born in Oyster Bay. The 
 Launes kept a florist's establishment in Laune Lane (now 
 Reade Street), a thoroughfare called after them. Commis- 
 sioner McClave is one of the Directors of the Union Dime 
 Savings Bank and also of the Southern Chemical Company. 
 He is a member of the Colonial and the Re]iublican Clubs, 
 and has been trustee of the Central Baptist Church for 
 twenty-eight years. In concluding this too brief sketch it 
 may be said that Commissioner McClave is noted for his 
 affability, his directness and general bearing, which com- 
 mand the confidence and respect of all who meet him. 
 
 FRANK ALFRED BIGELOW, M D. 
 
 Dr. Frank Alfred Bigelow comes from a distinctly 
 medical family, which includes an unbroken line of physicians 
 covering nearly a century of professional eminence. His 
 paternal grandparent Dr. Leander B. Bigelow of Auburn, 
 Cayuga Co., N. V., to whom the late Professor Frank 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 '75 
 
 Hamilton publirly declared liimself largely indebted for 
 his earlier professional success, died during the cholera 
 scourge of 1850, falling victim himself to the disease. His 
 death created a hiatus in the medical world. Dr. .\lfred |. 
 Higelow (eldes- son of Dr. Leander and father of Dr Frank) 
 received his degree from the University of Huflalo, N. N'., 
 in 185 1. He was a cl-TS.--mate of Prof. Austin Mint, Jr. 
 At an early date he was converted to the honiiropalhic 
 s< hool of medicine and soon became prominent in its 
 councils. In 1867 he moved to the City of New York and 
 ever since has been actively identified with homtropathy's 
 best interests. Dr. Frank Alfred Bigelow was born at 
 MayvilJe, (Chautauqua Co., New York, May 6th, 1855. 
 He received the highe>t prize honors from the public 
 schools of New York City at the age of 14, completing his 
 studies with an acadeinic course. Devoting several years 
 to travel he subsequently took u|) the study of electricity 
 and his marked ability in this field soon pained him distinc- 
 tion. He declined the position of Superintendent of 
 Telegraphy twice tendered him by prominent corporations 
 both in this State and Ohio. Entertaining higher aspira- 
 tions, and withal probalily following the natural bent of his 
 earlier training, he applied his mind wholly to the study of 
 medicine, graduating from New York Homtjeopathic College 
 ind Hospital in 1886. From that time to the present his 
 professional advancement has been steady. He had already 
 achieved considerable note in literary circles aside from 
 contributions to Medical Journals, and has now in process 
 'if compilation a work entitled "A Simplified Handbook 
 of Materia Medica, designed as a quick and ready 
 reference for busy practitioners " He is on the medical 
 staff of various insurance corporations, among which are 
 The Life Maturity of Washington. H. C, the Internation;! 
 Alliance, and a number of fraternal organizations. He is a 
 prominent Odd F'ellow and medical examiner for that 
 Order. Dr. Bigelow's success in medicine is not surprising. 
 He is one of the most indefatigable workers of his school; 
 1 (|uick and able exponent of its principles ; a ready and 
 convincing speaker and deservedly po]jular. He married 
 .Miss Jessie Mae Towns, a relative on the maternal side of 
 tlie Hon. Don. Piatt, in 1878. 
 
 GEO. EDW. HARDING. 
 
 George Edward Harding, a well known architect of this 
 city, was born in Bath, Maine, in April, 1845. He was 
 educated and received preparatory training for College, and 
 coming to New York went through a course in Columbia 
 College School of Mines. On leaving Columbia he went to 
 Europe for three years, studying architecture and engineer- 
 ing in various countries, but more especially in England 
 and France. Returning to New York in 1872, he went 
 into partnership with Arthur Oilman, a prominent architect 
 of that date, and remained with him until 1880, since when 
 he ])ractised his profession alone until 1889. when he took 
 Widiam Tyson Crooch as a partner, and the new firm carried 
 on business under the style of Oeorge Edward Harding and 
 Gooch. Mr. Gooch was born in England in 1855 and had 
 studied with the most eminent architects in London, 
 including Frederick William Porter, also the Government 
 Architect of Paris. Mr. Gooch had been with C. C. 
 Haight in New York since 1882 and was already favorably 
 known in the ]irofession. 
 
 Mr. Harding's specialty is hotels, though, as a matter of 
 course, he has planned and constructed all manner of build- 
 ings, some of them very elegant and all of them displaying 
 marks of high professional skill. Among the hotels of his 
 creation are the Holland H'use and the Hotel Brunswick. 
 He also erected the Postal Telegraph Building, and the 
 famous decorations of the Hoffman House main floor are 
 creations of his art. 
 
 WILLIAM H STAYTON. 
 
 William H. Staylon, the junior member of the firm of 
 Kochfort \; Slayton, attorneys for the Recorder, took up 
 the i^ractice of law in New York after a service of over 
 thirteen years in the navy. Mr. Stayton was born in 
 Smyrna, Delaware, March 28, 1861. He attended the [lub- 
 lic schools in his native State, and in April, 1877, appeared 
 before a Imard of examiners, who were, by a comijetitive 
 examination, to select a candidate for appointment to the 
 Naval Academy. There being but one congressional re])re- 
 sentative from Delaware, the examination was open to all 
 boys in the State between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. 
 He passed the best examination, was ap])ointed to the 
 Naval Academy, and began his course there in June, 1877, 
 graduating in 1881. He then ]3erformed two years' service 
 at sea on vessels of the North Atlantic squadron, and in 
 1883, with other members of his class, was ordered up for 
 examination under the provisions of a law which had just 
 gone into elfect, and which provided that there should be 
 
 WILLIAM H. STAYTON. 
 
 retained in the navy onlv enough cadets from each class to 
 fill the vacancies which had occurred during the jjreceding 
 year. After this examination fifteen out of the more than 
 one hundred members of the class were selected for reten- 
 tion in the service, and Mr. Stayton, standing sufficiently 
 high to exercise a choice of corps, selected the Marine 
 Corps, and was appointed a Second Lieutenant on the ist 
 of July, 1S83. After a short period of duty in New York 
 and Washington, he was ordered to the "Hartford," the 
 fiagship of the Pacific station, and remained attached to her 
 for three years, during which time he read law and paid 
 special attention to the proceedings of court-martial. On 
 the expiration of his cruise he was selected for duty as 
 assistant to the Judge Advocate General of the Navy, and 
 remained on that duty until April, 1890, when he was 
 assigned to represent the government interests in the prose- 
 cution of Commander McCalla, who had returned from a 
 cruise in command of the " Enterprise." and who was sub- 
 
176 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 sequently convicted of inflicting illegal and inhuman pun- 
 ishments upon the men of that vessel. In this trial Mr. Stayton 
 was opposed by Mr. Joseph H. Choate, who strongly advised 
 his opponent to leave the service and take up the practice 
 of law in New York. Mr. Stavton had meantime been 
 pursuing a course of study at the Columbian University 
 Law School in Washington and on the completion of the 
 trial he returned to Washington, took his law examinations, 
 and graduated at the head of his class. Mr. Stayton at 
 once tendered his resignation, came to New York and s arted 
 in the practice of his new profession, and a year later, or in 
 May, 1891, he entered into the copartnership with Mr. Roch- 
 fort. He is a member of the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht 
 Club, the Fencers' Club, and the Army and Navy Club. 
 
 DAVID WELCH, 
 
 Ex-Assistant District Attorney, a member of the firm of 
 Welch & Daniels, was born in New York, May 7, 1858. 
 His father was a prosperous merchant and died when his 
 son was very young, leaving him a snug fortune. Young 
 Welch was educated first at Manhattan College, then at the 
 public schools, and thereafter at the College Point Military 
 Academy. When quite young he entered the law office of 
 Messrs. Norwood & Coggeshall, and by steady application 
 and a quick intelligence, he soon became proficient in all 
 the intricacies of the proft ssion. In January, 1891, when 
 Mr. DeLancey Nicholl was made Dist ict Attorney, Mr. 
 
 DAVID WELCH. 
 
 Welch was one of his first appointees as assistant. The 
 young lawyer soon made a record for himself as a special 
 pleader. He had special charge of extradition cases, 
 habeas corpus cases and arguments of appeals in conjunc- 
 tion with the late Assistant District Attorney J. McKenzie 
 Semple, and made a record in each that prior thereto had 
 never been excelled. But it was in the collection of for- 
 feited bail bonds that he achieved both reputation and 
 glory. In a very short time he collected $22,000 for the 
 State, more money collected in one year than any of his 
 predecessors had collected in three years prior thereto. Mr. 
 
 Welch is highly esteemed for his u[)right and conscientious 
 performance of his duties. In January, 1892, he resigned 
 from public office, an 1 entered into partnership with Mr. 
 George S. Daniels in 1887. After his retirement from 
 office Mr. Welch devoted his energies to civil cases and the 
 higher grade of criminal appeal cases. His causes c^lehies 
 are the appeal on the case of William Fanning in 1892, 
 when he obtained a commutation of sentence of death for 
 a conviction of wife murder to imprisonment for life. He 
 successfully argued the case of the People v. Whalen, involv- 
 ing the question of the liberation of two hundred convicts 
 in State prison, who, upon constitutional grounds, were 
 seeking for an earlier release. In this case he represented 
 the Attorney-General. He also succeeded in obtaining 
 damages in the case of Hauser v. The North German Lloyd 
 Steamship Company on the question of the treatment of 
 passengers on board ship and port. He has also been 
 en.gaged in any number of other important cases. Mr. 
 Welch married Grace F. Lindenstein, of New York City, 
 in November, 1892. He resides at No. 40 West 119th 
 Street. He is highly esteemed in social circles and belongs 
 to the Bar Association, the Harlem Law Library, the Saga- 
 more Club and the Legion of Honor, and a member of 
 other well-known associations of this city. 
 
 JAMES FITZGERALD. 
 
 " It is not in mortals to command success," said Hamlet, 
 " but we'll do more, Horatio, we'll deserve it." Some folks 
 both command and deserve success, and one of them is 
 James Fitzgerald, Judge of the Court of Sessions, who, by 
 fair dint of energy, aided by abilities of a high order, has 
 risen to an important position on the bench of New York 
 City, while still comparatively a young man. Judge Fitz- 
 gerald was born in Ireland on October 28, 1851, and re- 
 ceived the rudiments of his education in a Jesuit Seminary 
 in that country. While still young in years he came to the 
 United States with his parents and attended school in the De 
 la Salle Institute, on Second Street. He also attended the 
 public scliools and subsequently the Cooper Institute. He 
 studied law in the Columbia College and graduated from 
 there in the class of 1880. He was called to the bar after leav- 
 ing college, but, like most young men of his profession in this 
 city, soon took a hand in politics, and because of the re- 
 markable abilities he dis],layed, became immensely popular 
 in the Sixteenth Assembly District. He began his political 
 career as a County Democrat when that section of the party 
 swayed the politic.il destinies ol the city, and has ever since, 
 through changes and mutations, remained loyal to his first 
 political affiliations. The County Democracy has declined, 
 though it may rise again, but whether in defeat or victory, 
 sunshine or shadow, James Fitzgerald has never abandoned 
 the standard under which he originally achieved political 
 success. He was elected to the Legislature in 1877 from 
 the Sixteenth Assembly District and served until 1878, 
 when he was appointed to a position in the Couniy Clerk's 
 offic; by Hubert O. Thompson, then in the ascendant as 
 leader of the County Democracy. In 1881 he ran against 
 the late General Spinola for State Senator in the Ninth 
 District and defeated him by 2,500 majority. This victory 
 over a strong man in a district essentially Tammanyite sur- 
 prised the politicians and brought Mr. Fitzgerald promi- 
 nently before the public. But this was not the last time he 
 was to show Tammany Hall indications of his prowess on 
 the field of party strife. He served in the Senate of 1882-3, 
 and in June, 18S4, was appointed Assistant District Attor- 
 ney on the death of John McKeon. When Judge Martine 
 was elected District Attorney Mr. Fitzgerald was appointed 
 assistant, and when Colonel Fellows was elected to that 
 office he offered Mr. Fitzgerald the position of Chief As- 
 sistant and it was accepted. In 1889 he gained the greatest 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 l^^ 
 
 triumph ill his brilliant local career in dclcatiiifi [ud,nc (lil- 
 dersleeve for Judge of Cieiieral Sessions. ludge (lilder- 
 sleeve was a leading member of the Tanimany fac lion, a 
 very strong man jjersonally, with a fine record and marked 
 abilities. Mr. Fitzgerald, on the other hand, wasconnected 
 with a falling faction, but nevertheless, bracing himself for 
 the occasion, and throwing all his energy into the contest, 
 he waselected by a large majority. Indeed he was the only 
 anti-Tammany man elected that year an<l therefore en- 
 titled all the more to congratulations on his success. No 
 one can say he did not earn it well, or that he does not fill 
 the high position with credit to himself and usefulness to 
 the public. 
 
 FRANK E. DOUGHTY, M.D. 
 In the Brooklyn Eagle of June 7, 1 Si) 1 , np|ieared an 
 interesting history of the Doughty family, the American 
 branch of which is traced back as far as the beginning of 
 the seventeenth century. From this family comes Francis 
 K. Doughty, M.D., subject of this sketch, who was born in 
 Troy, N. Y., on August 14, 1857, of Samuel ('.. and his wife 
 Jane (Hart). Dr. Doughty has not lessened the lustre of 
 an honored name. So far his life has been devoted to 
 active work in his profession, part of it in private ])ractice 
 and part to medical work in various charitable institutions. 
 After graduating with honors from the college Dr. Doughty 
 in 1876 was appointed Professor of Anatomy in the New 
 York Homoeoijathic College, and only resigned after 
 thirteen years of laborious active service. On the opening 
 of the Ward's Island Homoaopathic Hospital he was 
 aiijiointed one of the attending surgeons, and filled the 
 [losition for ten years. Since the opening of the Hahnemann 
 Hospital of this city he has been one of the attending 
 surgeons. F'or the past fifteen years he has been a surgeon 
 at the F"ive Points House of Industry. He is also the 
 consulting surgeon to the Laura Franklin Free Hospital for 
 Children, attending surgeon to the F'lower Hospital, a 
 member of the American Institute of Homoeojiathy, of the 
 New York State Homoeopathic Society, and the New York 
 County Medical Soc iety, the New York Medical Club, and 
 the Jahn Club. Dr. Doughty married in 1868 Hanna M., 
 the daughter of N. W. Starr, of Yonkers, and has had three 
 children, but one of whom is living. His practice is 
 confined largely to diseases of the genito-urinary organs. 
 
 and [iraclice. Among the branches of study are chemistry 
 and chemical experiments in the miniature brewery and 
 malt house, microscopical investigations, mechanical tech- 
 nology, fermentation, mathematics, science of saccharo- 
 meter and attenuation, etc. Mr. Schwarz, Director of the 
 Academy, is publisher of the American lirfiver, and Max 
 Schwarz, his son, is the editor. He was born in P.ohemia in 
 18,59, '"■'cl was educated in the Polytechnic Institute in 
 Prague, and completed his studies in a (dassical school in 
 Vienna. Coming to this country in 186S he became editor 
 of the Anieiican Jirficer, which was started that year by 
 Adolph Meckt'rI. In the year following Mr. Schwarz 
 became sole proi)riet()r of the paper. For three years he 
 studied practical brewing under the celebrated Professor 
 Balling, of Prague, and in 1 SSo, as already stated, started 
 
 
 > 
 
 ^^7^^ 
 
 i 
 
 ANTON SCHWARZ. 
 Of late years brewing in this (ountry has risen to 
 the dignity of a science, and without it and a good deal of 
 cajiital no one may hope to enter into the business with suc- 
 cess. There is, in fact, now in existence in this city the 
 United States Brewers' Academy, established for the ex])iess 
 purpose of teaching young men how to brew on a scientific 
 basis, which establishment was organized and is conducted 
 by Mr. A. Schwarz, of 200 Worth Street. Attached to the 
 institution is what is called a " scientific station," whose 
 main object is to examine all cases of disturbances in brew- 
 ing, to locate the cause and give speedy remedy, especially 
 to make investigations of raw materials used in breweries, 
 such as water, hops, barley, malt, lice, isinglass, ])itcii, var- 
 nish, yeast and the products, lager beer, ales and porter, 
 weiss beer, etc. F'or such purposes the station is furnished 
 with a complete laboratory, in which the most difficult and 
 complicated examinations may be made of all samjjles or 
 ingredients sul)mitted. This institution was incorjjorated 
 111 1880, since which time its managers have made 17,000 
 examinations. The Academy has received more than 200 
 scholars to date, the great majority of whom to-day occupy 
 prominent positions in various breweries throughout the 
 country. The Academy does not grant diplomas to any but 
 those who have passed a rigid examination both in theory 
 
 ANTON SCH\V.'\RZ. 
 
 the United States Brewers' Academy, which he conducts 
 with the assistance of his son Max. He also started its first 
 scientific station for the art of brewing in this country, of 
 which all the prominent l)rewers of the country are members. 
 Apart from his business, in which it is needless to say he dis- 
 plays original ability, he is a delightful comjjanion in social 
 circles and universally popular. He resides with his family 
 at 112 Berkeley Place, Brooklyn, which consists of a charm- 
 ing wife and three sons. Max (who is manied), Gustav and 
 Frederick, and one daughter, Paula, married to L. Herzog. 
 Mr. Schwarz is an honorary member of the United States 
 Brewers' Association, an honor never before conferred upon 
 any one not actually engaged in the brewing business. 
 
 PHILIP BISSINGER. 
 
 Philip Bissinger, the well known New Y'ork diamond 
 merchant, is about the most jjrominent illustration of what 
 individual human energy is caiwbleof achievingin a s])ecific 
 way that can be [iresented to the readers of this biograjjhical 
 work. F'or almost half a century he has been the leading 
 champion for the rights of the (ierman element in this city; 
 has seen that its volume of emigration was properly directed, 
 
'78 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS 
 
 and has been mainly instrumental in organizing banks for 
 its financial, and building hospitals for its physical, necessi- 
 ties. He was born June 2, 1827, near the town of Pforz- 
 heim. Baden, (Germany. His father, a farmer, descended 
 from a line of farmers, though obliged to struggle hard and 
 continuously for a living, managed nevertheless to give his 
 six children, of whom Philip was the eldest, as good an edu- 
 cation as the schools of their native town could afford, but 
 when fourteen the lad, in accordance with German usage, 
 was apprenticed to Theodore Lenz & Co., engaged in the 
 jewelry trade. The Revolution of 1848 played havoc 
 with business in Germany, and Mr. Lenz decided to go to 
 America in search of new markets. One day he invited 
 Philip to dinner, and much to the youth's surprise, said he 
 would have to take charge of the business until his return, 
 whereat young Bissinger's surprise changed to astonish- 
 ment. Mr. Lenz sailed away, and Philip conducted the 
 business so successfully that he was appointed bookkee|)er 
 on his principal's return. .'\ year rolled over, and Philip, 
 
 I'Hii.ii' bissin(;er. 
 
 thinking he also would see a little life himself, obtained a 
 position with the extensive jewelry house of William Kaempff 
 tV Co. He came to New York on December i6, 1849, 
 and that very day unpacked his goods and went round in 
 search of buyers. After four years of unremitting toil he 
 established himself in business at No. 13 John Street, where 
 he has attained a national reputation as a dealer in dia- 
 monds. When the great stream of German immigration 
 began to flow westward, he saw that, if his thousands 
 of countrymen settling down every year in this city were 
 to have scope for their commercial activity, it would be 
 necessary they should have a bank of their own. In our 
 day, when the Germans are so potent a factor in our Na- 
 tional life, this may seem a small affair, but, all the same, it 
 took a long and bitter struggle to accomplish it thirty or 
 forty years ago. However, through the energy of Mr. Pis- 
 singer a charter was obtained in 1859. The twenty-five 
 original incorjiorators subscribed eacli $200, and the bank 
 
 was started with a capital stock of $5,000. At the end 
 of the first year it had 1,873 depositors, with an aggregate 
 of $259,954.87, which surpassed the most sanguine expect- 
 ations of its organizers. In 1864 Mr. Bissinger was 
 elected President, and it then received a great im])etus. 
 He was well known and trusted; he infused his character- 
 istic energy into every department; it doubled its business 
 almost every year until i8go the deposits amounted to 
 upward of $30,000,000 ! It is the fourth largest institution 
 of the kind in the United States. In 1S61 the management 
 purchased property on Fourteenth Street and Fourth Avenue, 
 and in 1870 erected the jiresent German Spar Bank build- 
 ing upon it. And so with the great German Society founded 
 in 1784. Mr. Bissinger joined it in 1854, and concentrated 
 all his energy in the direction of making it a success, and 
 as usual he succeeded. Though often pressed to assume 
 the office of President, it was not until 1865 that he con- 
 sented. From the first he instituted important reforms. In 
 1868 he started a banking department in connection with it 
 with a capital of $5,000, then went to Euroi^e and estab- 
 lished agencies there, with thirty banks in (jermany, Austria 
 and Switzerland. But, after all, his greatest achievements 
 have been identified with (ierman emigration. 'Phrough the 
 Emigration ("ommission he established in connection with 
 the German Society a labor bureau ; 100,000 immigrants, 
 finding themselves in a strange land, often penniless, were 
 cared for and provided with employment. Finding that 
 the European transportation lines were providing shameful 
 accommodation for German immigrants, Philip Bissinger, 
 flaming with righteous indignation, went to Haml)urg, and 
 there confronting the great Senator Slowman, had him cen- 
 sured by King William (subsequently Kaiser), and a sweep- 
 ing reform effected. The Emperor conferred Knighthood 
 on Mr. Bissinger. Returning to America, he brought a 
 still more powerful magnate to his knees in the person of 
 'Pom Scott, the Railway King of Pennsylvania. The line 
 of railroad controlled by Mr. Scott did not, in Mr. Bssin- 
 ger's ojjinion, treat the emigrants fairly. He stated boldly 
 to the Board of Emigration Commissioners that the emi- 
 grants were being cheated, which declaration brought Presi- 
 dent Scott to Mr. Bissinger's office in a rage. Mr. Bissin- 
 ger was cool, and reiterated his statement, whereupon Mr. 
 Scott obtained a warrant from Judge Bernard for his arrest. 
 Mr. Bissinger went to Judge Bernard, explained matters 
 and the Judge cancelled the warrant. After this emigrants 
 were well treated. 
 
 It was in the same manner that he made the Commission- 
 er of Charities and (Correction abate a claim of $60,000 they 
 l)ressed against the Emigration Board. They claimed $80,000 
 ]jrincipal for what they alleged was a long outstanding 
 debt, and $60,000 interest. Mr. Bissinger paid the i)rinci- 
 pal, but refused the interest. As usual he carried the day, 
 and was universally eulogized for his action. He was one 
 of the committee of seventy which crushetl the Tweed Ring, 
 and in 1884 presided over the meeting in Cooper Lhiion at 
 which the resolutions were discussed censuring the govern- 
 ment for giving the (German element too much rei^resenta- 
 tion on the Board of Emigration Commissioners. He went 
 to Albany with a copy of the resolutions and had ihem can- 
 celled. He was a Park Commissioner, and one of the incor- 
 porators of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and its 
 Vice-President, and, in fact, Mr. Philip Bissinger is entitled 
 to a monument, not only from the German element, but from 
 the citizens at large. Mr. Bissinger is a bachelor. 
 
 CHARLES BROADWAY ROUSS. 
 
 Every merchant in the United States and thousands 
 
 outside of it have heard of Charles Broadway Rouss, and 
 
 yet how comparatively few there are who have read his 
 
 extraordinary story. Nothing more marvellous than the 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 179 
 
 liistory of the man has c\cr appcarrd in the ])ages of 
 romance. He came to New V'ork in the ragged uniform 
 of an almost broken-hearted Confederate soldier who had 
 been surrendered at Apioniattox with four dollars in his 
 |)Ocket, while now he |)ossesses an independent fortune. 
 Apart front the great commercial success which he has 
 achieved as a merchant, his original traits of character, the 
 pathos and what may be termed the poetry of his life, the 
 failure and the success of his remarkable career, eminently 
 fit him for a place in a work like " Xew York, the Metropolis." 
 Charles liroadway Rouss was born in Woodsboro, Mar\- 
 
 Stonewall Jackson, and those who know him best liear 
 witness that a more magnificent soldier or one more 
 unselfishly loyal did not carry a musket during those four 
 years of fierce strife that began at l'"ort Sumter and ended 
 at .A|)pomatto.\. .After a year in the cornfield he came to 
 New York to Itegin the world anew, not knowing what the 
 future had in store for the war-worn soldier of a lost cause. 
 But if he had only a few dollars in his ])0cket Charles 
 Broadway Rouss had in his heart the grim resolve to .suc- 
 ceed. And here may lie the proper place to obser\e that 
 his capacity did not sul)jc( t him to limitations as tcj a 
 
 land, in 1836, but when a mere child was taken to live in 
 Berkeley County, now in West Yirginia, whence after some 
 years he moved to Winchester, in the famous Shenandoah 
 Valley. Here he lived and wms prospering in a modest way 
 as a merchant when the tocsin of war sounded throughout 
 the land and men with hearts in their bosoms sprang to 
 arms in defence of the cause they deemed right. Young 
 Rouss did not hesitate as to his choice. He joined the 
 Confederacy ; he belonged to the immortal Arm\' of 
 Northern Virginia, of which Robert K. Lee was the com- 
 mander-in-chief ; he fought under the immediate eye of 
 
 calling. Any one who reads his Moiithlv Aiiclion Journal 
 will at once realize that journalism has lost in him a great 
 editor, literature perha])s a great |joet. Any one who has 
 heard him speak when the mood was on him to throw out 
 sjjarks of fire could have no difficulty in imagining that he 
 could mould himself into an orator. But he had a young 
 and growing family, he had some exjjerience in the business, 
 and it may lie that it was necessity drove him into the dry- 
 goods trade, as it was 0|)portunity made of Oliver Wendell 
 Holmes a jihysician, and of Henry Stedman a banker. 
 However this may be, he did become a drygoods merchant. 
 
i8o 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 We are told how he began thehattle of life, and the story is 
 both interesting and instructive. He paid fifty cents a day 
 rent and a like sum for maintenance, and grubbed and 
 plodded pluckily along, the world hearing very little of him 
 until in 1876 when it was incidentally informed that this 
 ex-Confederate wanderer from Winchester had forty 
 branches of his business in different cities of the Union. 
 
 This piece of news was published in the daily papers of the 
 time in connection with his failure in business. For he did 
 undoubtedly fail for once and the failure taught him the 
 lesson of his life. At this time his store was in Duane 
 Street, and when a balance was struck he found himself 
 $51,000 poorer then when he began business eleven years 
 before. Why he failed was because he had been doing 
 business on the credit system. Henceforth he would change 
 his base and work on a cash system. Every one knows the 
 result, also that the first thing he did when fortune favored 
 was to pay off his $50,000 indebtedness to the last farthing, 
 principal and interest. From that time on everything he 
 touched turned into gold, not, however, through blind 
 chance or good luck, but a result of cool mathematical 
 calculation, great energy, hard work and perseverance. 
 
 He was obliged to enlarge his premises and being about it 
 at all, he did the thing in princely style. His store on 
 Broadway is the wonder of New York, not so much on 
 account of its size as because of its stateliness and architec- 
 tural beauty. It is noticeable that in the biographical 
 sketches of famous architects we see in the daily pajiers 
 now and then all of them who in any way were connected 
 with this building, composed of iron and brick, are proud 
 enough of the fact to have it mentioned in cold type. It is 
 twelve stories high, to which he is about to add two more, 
 all of them from basement to attic covered with goods 
 which are shipped to all parts of the United States and 
 Canada as well as the Republics of North, South and 
 Central America. A young man competent at figures calcu- 
 lates that were those stories flattened out they would cover 
 an area of five square acres. That is surely a mammoth 
 store and yet it is too small for the business of Charles 
 Broadway Rouss. He will soon have to enlarge. The man 
 is literally a devourer of work. He labors sixteen hours a 
 day on an average. He looks after his own correspondence, 
 which is immense. In other great houses with no pretension 
 to equality with his the correspondence is divided into 
 branches with a man in charge of each, but Mr. Rouss 
 scoffs at such an idea. Another task he has undertaken is 
 the editing his Monthly Auction Trade Journal. Though 
 this is meant chiefly as an advertising medium and has a 
 circulation of 2,000,000 it contains a good deal of sound 
 sense. Mr. Rouss writes phonetically. He does not 
 believe in unnecessary letters. One of the banks he makes 
 deposit in is the Ninth National, in which his cash account 
 is said to be the heaviest in the drygoods district. This is 
 saying a good deal. In commencing this sketch it was not 
 intended to speak so much of the busmess of Mr. Rouss as 
 about his ]jersonality, but both are so connected that it is 
 hard to dissociate them. In ajipearance he is a man that 
 would not strike the superficial observer, but to the physiog- 
 nomist he is a study, and his strong, well cut features reflect 
 the indomitable spirit within. He is of medium height, of 
 middle age, has grey hair and mustache and carries himself 
 with quiet dignity. Nevertheless, though so long in 
 business and though almost anew generation has sprung up 
 since he laid down his musket, something of the air militaire 
 is bound to stick to him to the end. In fact, you strike one 
 of the tenderest chords in his nature when you mention any- 
 thing about the war. When his brilliant son that he loved 
 more than he loved business and fortune — better than he 
 loved life itself — was torn from his grasp by the hand of death, 
 the New York millionaire, though prostrate with grief, did not 
 
 forget his brave comrades in arms, and it is on record that 
 after returning from his son's funeral he sat down and 
 wrote a check for $7,500, which he sent to Winchester " to 
 build an iron fence about my neighbors' graves," as he put 
 it in his own quiet way. Indeed he is a man of strong 
 domestic affections. He has never forgotten Winchester, 
 which may be almost considered his native town. He 
 supports its institutions from here in New York just as 
 liberally as if he still lived there. He subscribes to its fire 
 department, its agricultural fairs, its institutions ; he keeps 
 its newspapers religiously on file and reads them from 
 column to column ; in fine, his spirit moves upon Win- 
 chester and its quiet doniesticity when released from the 
 turmoil and bustle of the American metropolis. The 
 picture he takes most pride in has been painted by a 
 Winchester artist — Mr. Bruce — and the subject is a 
 portrait of his old and well beloved Commander-in-chief, 
 Robert K. Lee, whom he considers the greatest military 
 genius this country has produced. After his son the jierson 
 who holds the deepest affections of this singular man is Ex- 
 Governor W. F. HoUiday, his closest friend and warmest 
 admirer. The one armed ex-Chief Magistrate of Virginia, 
 and the metropolitan Merchant-Prince " illustrate two 
 vastly variant types of character," says a New York corre- 
 spondent of the Spirit of Jefferson, a paper published in 
 Charlestown, West Virginia, "but both are essentially 
 Southern. There is something of the same splendid self- 
 reliance and magnificent nerve about them both, and these, 
 after all, are the true genius of success." After what has 
 been written concerning the domestic disposition of Mr. 
 Rouss we can easily imagine the weight of the blow that 
 struck him when, on April 15, 1891, his well beloved son 
 died in the full tide of his young and beautiful manhood. 
 
 It was the great calamity of his life, and though he 
 did not succumb beneath it, though his iron will kept him 
 outwardly calm and seemingly impenetrable to grief, his 
 nearest friends noticed what a change the bereavement had 
 wrought when all was over. For young Mr. Rouss was no 
 ordinary man. He was his first born, he was thirty-one 
 years of age, highly educated, liberally gifted by nature, and 
 as regards business was after his father's own heart. He 
 was, as he says himself in his quaint phonetic phraseology, 
 his "rite hand man." Nor was M'. Rouss's grief always 
 poured out for his own flesh and blood. He mourned 
 almost as keenly for a departed faithful employe. Witness, 
 for instance, this extract from a placard placed in a 
 prominent place in his store, which is really a poetic monu- 
 ment to a dear friend: "The fearless, tireless little veteran 
 (Henry Opie) of 231 and 351 and 341 and 468, dating away 
 back No. 373 in 1870, passed from time to eternity last night, 
 at half-past ten. . . . Ah me! how bitter those terrible 
 trials that tear friendship and affection to atoms with un- 
 sparing and merciless severity. Poor, dear Opie ! He stood 
 at his post as long as he was able to stand, with a courage 
 and fidelity that would command adoration from ingratitude 
 itself. Farewell, my brave, true Opie ! Often have I said, 
 ' Come, Opie, no rest for the weary ! ' but it is all over 
 now, and that impatient, persistent, loyal bundle of devotion, 
 fidelity and toil sleeps in perfect rest. If that deathless 
 spark that works the mind survives dissolution, then he has 
 greeted the deathless, chivalrous veterans that have dropped 
 from the ranks in our march from 149 to 468 — Hob, Clint, 
 Peter, Omo, Frank, Lee. Yes, Opie, with a thousand un- 
 availing regrets, with unspoken prayers and hopeless hopes, 
 I bid you an affectionate farewell forever. — C. B. R." 
 
 (The above numbers refer to the various locations of Mr, 
 Rouss's store at different times.) Doubtless after a tour of 
 his mammoth store nothing would give a better idea of 
 Mr. Rouss's business than his Monthly Auction Journal. 
 It contains forty-eight pages, and after three or four 
 
JVJ^ll' YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 i8i 
 
 columns of etlilurial nialU-r is dnlii itrd to a [nice list of his 
 wares, thnii wlii( h a more inisc rllaiuous collection cannot 
 be found in any store in the umid The saying that you 
 find in the |)lace exerylhini; from a m'cdie to an ancdior is 
 literally true with the exce|)tion of the aiuhor. It is a 
 magazine for the United States, and as a matter of fact, 
 there is not a city, lou-n or village in this hit; < ountr) that 
 does not draw upon it for su|]|ilii-s. To rtiuin oik e 
 more to his beloved Winchester, we copy resolutions passed 
 by the Board of Managers of Mount Mebron Cemetery 
 t"om|)any, dated May 29, 1S91, as a close to this too brief 
 sketch : " (lovernor Holliilay " (says the IViiicliester 
 'J'iiiies) " laid before the lioard a communication he had 
 received from Charles B. Rouss, Ksi|., making a donation 
 to the Mount Hebron Cemetery Company of seven thousand 
 five hundred dollars for the purpose of encdosing the 
 grounds. It is unaniniouslv ordered that the lordial 
 
 the company's factories. lie belongs to pure New iMig- 
 hind stock of iMiglish and Scotch ancestry, grafted upon 
 American soil from early (..Colonial times. His great-grand- 
 father was Joseph I'age, of Rochester, N. H., his grand- 
 father David C. i'age, of Sandwich, same State, and his 
 father John Ham Page, all tarniers and descended from a 
 long line of farmers. George himself worked on a farm 
 until nineteen years of age, after which he received an 
 educational training in Cornell College, Mount Vernon, 
 Iowa. He was in the War Department at Washington for 
 three years. Jn 1S66 he went to Zurich, Switzerland, at the 
 suggestion of his brother, Chas. A. Page, then U. S. Consul 
 at Zurich, and it was there that the company was organized 
 with a legal domicile at Cham, Switzerland. Since then he 
 has devoted all his energy to the great enterprise, and as 
 General Manager of all dejiartments, manufactuiing, finan- 
 cial and commercial, while ai ting as a menibcr ol the Hoard 
 
 GEORrTE H.\M PAGE. 
 
 thanks of the company be extended to Mr. Rouss for his 
 magnificent gift. It is further ordered unanimously that 
 the company do present to Mr. Rouss a lot in the cemetery, 
 not occupied or hitherto assigned, of such area and site as 
 he may desire." Mr. Rouss is not accustomed to publish his 
 donations, but a friend who knows him well declares that 
 he has within the past twenty years donated upwards of a 
 ([uarter of a million dollars to j.urposes in which the 
 veterans of the South as well as very many of the institu- 
 tions of the North are interested. 
 
 GEORGE HAM PAGE. 
 
 George Ham Page, Chief Organizer of the great Ameri- 
 c an industry called, singularly enough, the "Anglo-Swiss 
 Condensed Milk Company," was born on May 16, 1836, 
 in a log cabin at Dixon, Lee County, State of Illinois, 
 very near the spot on which at present stands the largest of 
 
 of Directors and Chief Executive, has been brilliantly suc- 
 cessful. On being asked to assign a cause for his ])henom- 
 enal success, Mr. Page smiled and replied, "I attribute a 
 measure of success to a trait of tenacity, mastering and 
 sticking to one kind of business, constant firing at one tar- 
 get, never scattering energy, steering clear of schemes plau- 
 sibly presented by visionaries and phantom mongers." Mr. 
 Page's greatest satisfaction is to be conscious that he has 
 been instrumental in extending the business in a homew^ard 
 direction to his native country, and, in fact, to his native 
 town. He was appointed Vice-Consul to Zurich by Wm. 
 H. Seward, Secretary of State, and in 1875 he married a 
 Swiss lady. Miss Adelheid Schwerzmann, of Zoug. He is a 
 member of the Re])ublican Club of the city of New York. 
 At the World's Fair at Vienna, in 1875, he was awarded the 
 "Medal of Progress" for introdiK ing a new industry into 
 Europe. 
 
JV£IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JOHN E. BRODSKY. 
 Mr. John E. Brodsky, the well-known Republican leader 
 of the old Eighth District, was born in New York City, May 
 20, 1855. He received his early education in the public 
 schools and from private teachers, and then went to Colum- 
 bia Law School, graduating from that institution in the 
 class of 1876, receiving the degree LL.K. He was admit- 
 ted to the bar in July, 1876, and entered at once on the active 
 practice of law, in which he is still engaged, enjoying now 
 an extensive clientage. For five years he was a member of 
 the firm of Johnston, Tilton & Brodsky, but since the dis- 
 solution of that copartnership in 1882, has practised on his 
 own account, devoting himself exclusively to cases in the 
 civil courts and real estate matters and litigations. Mr. 
 Brodsky entered into politics in 1873, before reaching his 
 majority, and labored with the late John J. O'Brien, soon 
 becoming his reliable lieutenant and doing great service in 
 the Republican cause in the Eighth District, overcoming 
 the heavy Democratic majority there, and controlling the 
 
 JOHN E. BRODSKY. 
 
 district for vcars. He was a candidate for the Assembly in 
 1878 and defeated, but he made such a showing of strength 
 and personal ]jopularily that he was renominated in 1879 
 and elected, and then re-elected in 1880, 18S1 and again in 
 1890. In 1882 he declined the Assembly to accept the 
 Senatorial nomination, but in the larger Democratic field he 
 failed of election. In the Assembly he introduced and 
 passed a number of important bills, and was especially 
 strong in the session of 1890, and active in the Legislature 
 regarding the consolidation of New York and Brooklyn, 
 which bill he introduced, also regarding East River bridges, 
 cable roads, botanical gardens and public improvements, 
 although then a member of the minority in the legislative 
 body. He proved himself a man of considerable ability, 
 and was very effective in debate. In manner and appear- 
 ance he is much the superior of the typical ]3olitician. He 
 has always been noted for his political shrewdness and fore- 
 sight, and he naturally succeeded the famous John J. 
 O'Brien upon the death of the latter. In 1881 in the con- 
 
 test for the return of Hon. Roscoe Conkling and Hon. 
 Thomas C. Piatt to the United States Senate, after their 
 resignation, resulting from the antagonism of President 
 Garfield, Mr. Brodsky took sides with them, and was one of 
 the famous twenty-nine who voted for Roscoe Conkling until 
 the end of the balloting, which lasted for a period of al)out 
 six weeks, Mr. Piatt having retired early in the struggle. 
 He was the only one of the twenty-nine who was re-elected 
 to the I,egislature of the following year. He has always 
 looked upon his action in that memorable political contest 
 as one of the proudest of his life, believing Mr. Conkling to 
 have been a "peer among peers." 
 
 SAMUEL M. BIXBY. 
 
 Among the many successful men who have come to the 
 New^ World's commercial metropolis from time to time to 
 participate in the struggle for fame and fortune, Samuel M. 
 Bixby is, perhaps, the most extraordinary. His history, be- 
 sides being unusually checkered, is instructive to the young 
 and ambitious as showing what an iron will, steadfast deter- 
 mination and an aggressive business character are capa- 
 ble of achieving over the most apparently insurmountable 
 difficulties. Beginning with next to nothing, he has built a 
 great factory and placed himself among the millionaires of 
 the land, while retaining a character that any business man 
 may be proud of. When the name "Bixby " is mentioned 
 anywhere the word "Blacking" suggests itself irre- 
 sistibly to the mind in connection with it. He is 
 to America what Day & Martin were to England and 
 her colonies in their time, with the difference that, 
 whereas Day & Martin are fading away and their 
 names, like their blacking, are losing their lustre, Bixby 
 has not yet reached his meridian, though his name is heard 
 and his blacking purchased to-day in regions that in the 
 comparatively ancient times of Day & Martin were inha- 
 bited by people who knew not the uses of boots and shoes. 
 In fact, to confess ignorance of Bixby's " Three Bee " or his 
 " Royal Polish" is to confess that one has not travelled, for 
 his advertisement may be seen on the ribs of the highest 
 mountains and on the rocks along the Atlantic and Pacific 
 coasts. The methods employed to advertise articles of food, 
 patent medicines, etc., do not often serve for advertising 
 shoe blacking, and in order to traverse the comparatively 
 unbeaten path peculiar devices have had to be employed. 
 S|)eaking of this matter Boots and S/wrs IVickly says : "The 
 ingenious Mr. Bixby, of shoe blacking and dressing fame, 
 has got out another novelty which forcibly reminds us that 
 he is ' up to the times.' It consists of a neat nickeljjlated 
 clock, on the dial of which is the familiar figure of the man 
 having his boots blacked with Bixby's blacking. The inter- 
 esting feature is the little bootblack, into whom the works 
 of the clock seem to breathe life, and he polishes away at 
 the gentleman's shoe with an earnestness and precision that 
 is quite amusing. It is reasonable to supjjose that this boy 
 will work for Mr. Bixby while his master sleeps." Another 
 advertising scheme that emanated from Mr. Bixby's fertile 
 brain was the three-wheeled wagon which created a well 
 remembered sensation in every city, town, vi lage and hamlet 
 through which it jwssed. This wagon was a circus in itself. 
 If any one would like to know what a great industry the 
 manufacture of blacking really is, let him visit the mammoth 
 establishment of S. M. Bixby & Co., see the number of hands 
 employed, and the complex machinery and vast amount of 
 raw material in process of manufacture. It is a large, six-story 
 structure, filled up with all the machinery and appliances 
 necessary to the ])roduction of the finest and most popular 
 blacking in the world. The company controlling this 
 industry is incor|)orated, and the president is the orig- 
 inal Mr. Bixby himself. Though the annual sale of 
 the products now aggregates several lumdred thou- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 183 
 
 sand dollars, and the Imsincss swims |iriis|)froiisly (in 
 toward the million jioint, it miisl not lie sup])ose(l that 
 the founder achieved this decree ol success with- 
 out great difficulty. On the contrary, the <ilistacles lie 
 had to surmount were so great that, as he now is free to con- 
 fess, could he have foreseen them it is probable he would not 
 have undertaken such an enterpriie. Mr. I'.ixby was born 
 in New Hampshire, May 27, 183,3, 'T"*^! 'li^ father, who w.is a 
 farmer, raised several .sons, who, like the subject of our 
 sketch, have all become successful in their ( hosen occupa- 
 tion.s. He was married in 1861 to Mary E. 'I'raphagen, of 
 Newburg, N. V., but has no family. Mrs. Bi.xby is of Franco- 
 Clerman descent, but her jjarents were born in this country. 
 While still a hoy Mr. Bixby was employed as c lerk in a store, 
 and when not tjuite eighteen went into business for himself. 
 The man for whom he was clerking died, and young Mr. 
 Bixby — who always won the esteem of those with whom he 
 came in contact — ^was started in trade in the gentlemen's 
 furnishing line by his deceased em])loyer's creditors. This 
 showed the high opinion that was entertained of the young 
 man's capacity. In the midst of a marked success in the 
 venture he was taken seriously ill, and l)y the advice of his 
 physician went to C'hicago (1853), and remaining there until 
 1857 returned to New York and embarked in the shoe busi- 
 ness in rather a modest way. It was here that the idea of 
 making shoe blacking shaped itself in his mind. Perceiving 
 the defects of the blackings then in the market, and with a 
 full knowledge of what was wanted in a perfect blacking 
 for leather, he [jursued the idea diligently from the time he 
 began to entertain it. His ambition «as to produce an 
 article that would be free from objectionable features and yet 
 be always merchantable. The world knows how well he 
 succeeded. Then began the invention of devices for mak- 
 ing his discovery known to consumers. It was he who first 
 put in practice the slipping of a box of blacking into a 
 shoe while the purchase \\as being wrapped u]). We 
 may form some idea of the customer's surprise when, 
 in putting on his shoe, he found his foot come in con- 
 tact with a box of blacking. Nevertheless, tliis little 
 mano-'uvre did much toward the introduction of the 
 blacking among consuiners and shows Mr. Bixby's orig- 
 inality in a striking light. In 1864 this trade in 
 blacking having assumed large proportions, he sold out 
 his shoe business and went into the manufacture of Idack- 
 ing altogether. To this he devoted all his time, talent 
 and the energy that has characterized him through life; and 
 certainly he recjuired all these attributes to success in the 
 uphill task he undertook. " One thing," says the Aim-iiran 
 ^«(7/)'i/, "is that he (Mr. Bixby) is constantly on the alert 
 for any possilile improvement of the goods without regard 
 to exjjense." His untiring energy keeps him to the front in 
 his especial line, and he may well be jiroud of the liberal 
 patronage he enjoys in his famous blackings for men's and 
 women's shoes. 
 
 FERDINAND LEVY. 
 
 Hon. Ferdinand Levy, Register of New York, was born 
 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1844. He was educated in the 
 public schools in an elementary way, and graduated with 
 high honors from the University of that city in the class of 
 i860, after which he looked around for a wider field for his 
 abilities and naturally came to New York. The war break- 
 ing out about this time, Mr Levy enlisted in the First In- 
 dependent Battalion of N. Y. Volunteers, in which he was 
 commissioned lieutenant by Governor Morgan, and subse- 
 ipiently promoted to a captaincy by Governor Seymour. 
 He made a good soldier and enjovs a record as such of 
 which any man will be proud. He saw hard service, and 
 ever afterwards his sympathies and warmest heart feelings 
 have gone out to his comrades in arms. In Grand .Army 
 
 circles his presence has been fell and highly ap])reciatcd, 
 and his reputation as an offuer llu-rein is well-known to all 
 comrades of the G. ,\. R. .After the war Mr. Levy entered 
 the land offit-es of Stevens iSj Ryment as managing clerk, 
 and two years later was admitted to the bar and became a 
 partner in the law firm of S. \- V . Levy. He then entered 
 the field of politics, for h hich he has a natural capacity, and 
 in 1880 was elected Alderman-al-l.irge, in which office he 
 served two years and was then elected coroner for three 
 years. His services as such were so able and his efforts so 
 untiring that he was re-elected for three more successive 
 terms of three years each. His work during those years 
 cannot be overestimated and ii( lily earned his promotion 
 in the fall of 1892, when he was elected to the position he 
 now holds. Register of the City and County of New York. 
 Register Levy is a pojiular member of many societies, and 
 a hard worker in all of them. He is a di 
 Charities, of the Hebrew Shelterinf: 
 Lebanon Hospital, the Passover Relief .Association, tin- 
 
 lirector of Hebrew 
 ng Home, the Hebrew 
 
 i-'i-;rd),\'.\nij lew. 
 
 Downtown Relief Association, the Hebrew Hos])ital, 
 Isabella Home for the Aged and Infirm, member of the Ger- 
 man Society, the Ladies' First Aid Society, leading Hebrew 
 and non-sectarian charitable institutions, County Cavan 
 .Association, French Benevolent Society, Past Commander 
 Stein-Wehr Post, G. A. R., member of the Memorial Com- 
 mittee, Past Master of Centennial Lodge, F. and A. M., 
 member Nonpareil Lodge, K. of P., director of the Hun- 
 garian Association, honorary member of the Aschenbrodel 
 Verein, as well as member and director of various other 
 organizations too numerous to mention in this necessaiily 
 brief sketch. He is accustomed to visit four or five of those 
 associations in one night, so that although belonging to so 
 many it bv no means follows that he does not fulfill his 
 obligations toward all. He is also a Forester and a mem- 
 ber of the Royal Arcanum, and he speaks at least half a 
 dozen languages. It is said of Register Levy that he 
 knows more people in this city r.nd is personally known and 
 
184 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 appreciated by more persons than probably any other man, 
 while his name is well-known throughout this country and 
 many parts of P^urope. To the Register's office he has 
 brought all the capacity for detail for which he became so 
 famous as a coroner, and is always to be found at his desk 
 during the busy hours of the day. 
 
 J. HARPER BONNELL. 
 
 J. Harper Bonnell, America's great inkmaker, head of 
 the manufacturing company that bears his name, was born 
 in 1850, and had for grandfather no less a person than 
 John Harper, founder of the great publishing house of 
 Harper Brothers. As this work would not be complete 
 without some account of the New York ink industry, and 
 as Mr. Bonnell has a racy style of his own, we cannot do 
 any better than give the story in his exact words. He 
 says: "As I look back to the year I was born in, I find 
 
 pounds and of the other five hundred, as the same space is 
 required. If one compares the early publications in the shape 
 of magazines or weeklies the character of them and their en- 
 gravings is truly laughable. But the artists and photo-engrav- 
 ers have set us a pace that we have with difficulty kept up with. 
 How well this has been done the weeklies of the present 
 testify. Photo-engraving is to-day filling the bill at such 
 slight cost as compared with wood engraving that even the 
 jjenny papers employ it. The bibliographer Henry Newton 
 Stevens, in his work styled ' Who spoils our New 
 English books,' says: First, the author ; second, the 
 publisher ; third, the printer ; fourth, the reader; fifth, 
 the compositor; sixth, the pressman; seventh, the paper- 
 maker ; eighth, the inkmaker ; ninth, the bookbinder ; 
 and tenth and last, though not least, the consumer, 
 who is to blame for putting up with it, although the 
 inkmaker is a sinner of the first magnitude. I find Mr 
 
 J. H.^RPER BONNELL. 
 
 that makers of the highest grade of printing inks were 
 our English Cousins. To-day one has only to pick up 
 a Harper or Leslie to see that as compared with us 
 the English 'are not in it.' England comes to us to-day 
 for our fine grades of ink, which compliment I highly 
 appreciate, as my former partner was the agent here 
 for English inks. Since then an English house, directly 
 related to and connected with English makers, have 
 exported our goods. In Sydney, Australia, they secured 
 the first prize over makers of all nations. The cost of 
 carriage to England about equalled that from New York 
 to Philadelphia, though frequently it is less to England. 
 The English makers require the carbon black which is 
 indigenous to this country, and have to pay about the same 
 freight to get forty pounds of it as we pay to export five 
 hundred pounds of ink. A barrel of the one weighs forty 
 
 Stevens to be perfectly correct and have sent many tons of 
 ink to Merrie England since reading his work. I was early 
 trained to think highly of the craft. I remember with pride 
 and pleasure noting upon one occasion that my grand- 
 father, the founder of Harper & Brothers, nodded to 
 Commodore Vanderbilt, who said, ' How do you do. Uncle 
 John?' Immediately after Uncle John made a gesture of 
 much politeness to a ])edestrian, and upon my remarking 
 that he bowed to the latter more respectfully than to Mr. 
 Vanderbilt he replied: ' Yes, that is one of my compositors ; 
 he will think more of it.' Upon one occasion Robert 
 Bonner asked me whether I gave anything to the pressmen, 
 to which I replied, ' Yes, when I have to and can do it without 
 injustice to the publisher.' As I remember, he did not 
 approve of the giving, but did of admitting it, only 
 requiring that it should not be done in his office, which I 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 185 
 
 agreed to, and he did not permit nic to lose the trade, a loss 
 that frequently occurred in other offices under similar 
 conditions. Upon entering the delightful oftice of Ceorge 
 VV. Childs one day, he said, ' 1 have one f.uili found with 
 your ink.' I expressed regret and asked wliat the fault was, 
 whereupon he replied, 'You do not charge enough fur it ! ' 
 1 knew he meant it and raised the price accordingly. Next 
 ex|)ress brought me an engraving of himself, which I have 
 always prized in connection with a fnnlt 1 li:ivc not since 
 been accused of." 
 
 J. J. SMITH. 
 
 Mr. John Jewell Smith, the liead of the firm of P.aker, 
 
 Smith iV Co., the well known steam heating manufacturers, 
 
 was born in 1^34, at Elizabeth, N. J. H is father was (Jgden 
 
 Smith, a native of New Jersey, and his mother was a Miss 
 
 only in the most primitive way. In the year named a low 
 pressure steam apparatus was invented by Mr. Ste])hen J. 
 (lold, of New Haven, and it was partially successful, but it 
 did not ventilate buildings, and was frail in construction. 
 Mr. William C. linker, who had been interested in Mr. Ciold's 
 invention, in US59 formed a partnership with Mr. Smith for 
 the purpose of manufacturinga low-pressure, self-regulating, 
 steam warming and ventilating ajjparatiis, adapted for the 
 use of |)rivate residences and other buildings. This was the 
 origin of the firm of I5aker, Smith tv: Co.. one of the most 
 successful business houses in the city. \'et when the firm 
 started the |)rospects were so indefinite that Mr. Smith rv- 
 tained his position as Paymaster of the Central Railroad for 
 several years in order to provide against emergencies. Dur- 
 ing the first year the firm had only desk room in a hardware 
 store, and it began business with but a single workman. 
 
 ■1 
 
 J. J. SMITH. 
 
 Julia Kellogg, of Connecticut. He was educated at the |)ul)lic 
 schools and started his business career early in life in the 
 office of the Central Railroad Comjjany of New Jersey, work- 
 ing his way up from the lowest position to that of paymaster, 
 which he held for many years. Mr. Smith has resided in 
 New York for thirty years, and has been married twice. He 
 has one daughter by his first wife and three children by his 
 second. He is Senior Warden and Treasurer of the Church 
 of Zion and St. Timothy, and for many years interested him- 
 self considerably in the church work. He is Treasurer of 
 the Episcopal Seamen's Mission, a Trustee of the Franklin 
 Savings Bank, and has a summer residence at AN'est Park, 
 Ulster County. The history of the establishment of the 
 steam heating business in New York is very interesting. 
 Previous to 1854 there were very few buildings heated by 
 any method better than stoves and furnaces, and those few 
 
 Now it has a large factory and fine offices, and its employes 
 are numbered liy the hundreds. .-Vs the business increased 
 and additional help was reiiuired, John H. Rolston and 
 Eckley W. Stearns became interested for short terms. In 
 January, i866, James L. Wise entered the firm, and the 
 business was placed on a solid foundation. Mr. Baker re- 
 tired February 8, 1876, and Charles H. Smith became a 
 partner May i, 1881. Mr. Wise retired in 1887, and Elias 
 D. Smith was admitted to i)artnership in 1888. The firm at 
 the present time is composed entirely of Smiths, John J., 
 Charles H. and Elias I). .V branch establishment is carried 
 oil in Philadelphia, and another branch in Chicago became 
 of such importance that on May i, 1S66, it was incorporated 
 into a company under the style of the Baker & Smith Com- 
 pany of Chicago. John Jewell Smith is president of that 
 corporation, and P. S. Hudson vice-president and general 
 
i86 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 manager. Very many of the improvements now in general 
 use, both as to principles and details of construction, had 
 their origin in the establishment of Baker, Smith & Co. 
 Notably, they introduced the Baker Car Heater, placing it 
 in nearly all the drawing-room and sleeping cars in the 
 country, as well as in many of the ordinary passenger cars. 
 The firm has erected heating apparatus in many of the largest 
 buildings in the country, as well as in a great number of 
 private residences. It has been a cardinal principle of the 
 firm to do nothing but first-class work, and to treat those 
 who favor them with patronage in a liberal and upright 
 manner. To tiiis, added to a careful attention to business, 
 they attribute a success, which, it is beliexed, has not lieen 
 equalled, and a reputation of which they may justly be proud. 
 
 JOHN M. BRUCE. 
 
 Mr. John M. Bruce was Ijorn July 22, 1819, and died on 
 December 18, 18S4. Mr. Bruce was in the metal business, 
 as his father had been before him. He was the veteran head 
 
 JOHN C. COOK. 
 
 Mr. John C. Cook, of the firm of Bruce & Cook, whose 
 portraits and sketches are in serial order here presented, 
 lived to the ripe old age of 75. Mr. Cook was like his part- 
 ners in business, a man thoroughly christianized. He car- 
 ried Christianity into his business, home, and daily life. 
 He made a public profession of his faith in the Saviour 
 when he was a lad of fifteen. This profession and its practice 
 characterized all of his career. Few men have enjoyed in 
 New York, the metropolis, or been blessed with a greater 
 number of friends. Old and young alike seized the oppor- 
 tunity of testifying, in person, their love for him, when 
 he was on his last bed of sickness. 'I he " bread that he 
 had cast upon the waters," the help, aid, and sym])athy that 
 he had ever bestowed on others, came back to him many 
 fold in his declining days. He was an eminently successful 
 as well as useful citizen, and the great firm will long con- 
 tinue to be the admiration of business men here, whether 
 they be church or lay men. Mr. Cook was always delicate 
 
 JOHN M. BRUCE. 
 
 of the firm of Bruce & Cook, Water Street, New York City, 
 founded over fourscore years ago. Mr. Bruce was a di- 
 rector in two of Gotham's largest banks. He was distin- 
 guished by all the qualities of a thorough, honorable and 
 courteous business man. He was not less distinguished by 
 his unaffected, elevated, beautifully consistent Christian life. 
 He had been an honored member of four Baptist Churches 
 in this city. In two of these he was a deacon. In fact he was 
 eminently faithful in all things, whether great or small, and 
 had become so schooled in this habit of unwavering fidelity 
 that he seemed to have no higher pleasure than to do his 
 duty. Few citizens have lived and died with greater honor 
 and regret respectively. An address by Rev. H. M. Sanders 
 beautifully and tersely expresses the sentiments of his many 
 surviving friends. The clergyman said : " I cannot forbear 
 twisting my little twig into the chaplet of praise which I 
 know you are all ready to entwine about the brow of our 
 loved friend." 
 
 JOH.\ C. COciK. 
 
 in health, yet he labored diligently, and gleaned a harvest 
 of friends and admirers on earth. That his crown awaited 
 him hereafter is a matter of Biblical fiat, and in that faith 
 he died, honored in life, crowned in heaven. 
 
 RUSSELL W. McKEE. 
 
 Russell \V. McKee, the surviving senior jiartner of Bruce 
 &: Cook, was born in upper Middletown, Conn., now known 
 as Cromwell, December 11, 1826. When a boy of ten 
 years of age, his father. Captain \Vm. Ames McKee, moved 
 to Philadelphia, Pa. There he attended school for four 
 years, then entered the shijjping office of S. S. Bishop & ('o., 
 and remained in their employ until an opportunity was 
 offered him of a clerkship with his uncle, Joseph McKee, 
 in the drygoods business, at Providence, R. I. In 1846 he 
 removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., and secured a situation with 
 J. S. Quick & Co., in the wholesale drygoods business, in 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 187 
 
 Cedar Street, New "S'ork City, lie has been a resident of 
 lirooklyn since th^t time. His mother, and also his brother, 
 made their liome there in '50, tiie father being absent in 
 CaHfornia. The sudden death of his only lirother left in 
 his hands the care of the brother's business in the hardware 
 and house furnishing business, corner of Myrtle and Kent 
 Avenues, the only store in that line east of Fort (Greene at 
 that time, which business he conducted until 1855, the firm 
 being Russell \V. McKee & C'o., his father having returned 
 home from the ^\'est and being associated with him. In '55 
 Mr. McKee was tendered a position in the em])loy of l?ruce 
 iV Cook, formerly John M. Kruce's Sons. This firm had 
 then been established under the several titles of John M. 
 Bruce, John M. Bruce & Son, and John M. Bruce's Sons, 
 for forty-two years. Since that time, now thirty-eight years, 
 he has been actively engaged in that business, and became 
 a member of the firm in '63, twenty-five years ago. 'I'here 
 lias e.xisted between Mr. ^lcKee and Mr. Cook an uninter- 
 rupted friendship. 'Iheir residences have adjoined each 
 other for thirty years. Mr. McKee has always maintained 
 an active and zealous relationship with Christian work in 
 
 members of that church. It is known of the personnel (jf 
 this firm that while they do not placard tlieir good deeds, 
 or the Christian sjjirit that actuates them, they work un- 
 ostentatiously for the good of those not as prosperous as 
 they are themselves, also that their integrity has never been 
 questioned, a note of theirs never protested, while tliey en- 
 joy, as they and their predecessors have enjoyed for eighty 
 vears, the entire confidence of the community. Mr. 
 McKee is an honoral)le representative of such a house with 
 such a character. 
 
 EDWARD W. SHELDON. 
 
 The fame and lustre of the liar of the Metrouolis is due 
 in no small measure to its tjlented younger generation of 
 lawyers, in which class are found the names of many men 
 who enjoy prominence and distinction, among them Kdward 
 W. Sheldon, a well known and able corjioration counsel. He 
 w\as born in New Jersey, was educated in Princeton College, 
 from which institution, after a brilliant course, he was gradu- 
 ated in the class of 1S79. He immediately entered Colum- 
 I)ia College, graduated in i.SSi, was adniitli'd to the 
 
 .■f^" 
 
 >' 
 
 _ J 
 
 RUSSELL VV. McKEE. 
 
 Brooklyn. He became identified, more especially, with the 
 Sunday School Department, and is well known throughout 
 the State, having been the President of the New York State 
 Sunday Scnool Association, an honor attained to by few, 
 and for many years a member of the Executive Committee. 
 For the last nine years he has held the position of Vice- 
 President of the Brooklyn Sunday School Union and Chair- 
 man of the Normal Class Committee. He occupies posi- 
 tions of honor and trust in other religious and benevolent 
 societies, and is, among others, a member and director in 
 the Society of Old Brooklynites, and a Ruling Elder in the 
 ThrooD Avenue Presbyterian Church He is also one of 
 the Directors of the New York Port Society, and Chairman 
 of the Committee in charge of the Brooklyn Branch. Mr. 
 McKee was married on February 20, i<S54, by Rev. 
 Jonathan Greenleaf, Pastor of the Franklin .Avenue Presby- 
 terian Church, at which time both he and \\ife were then 
 
 ErjWARD VV. SHELDON'. 
 
 bar the same year, and commenced his legal career in 
 the office of the late William A. W. Stewart." In 1883 he 
 was admitted to membership in the firm of Messrs. Stewart 
 & Boardman, which subsequently became, in 1886, Stewart 
 iS: Sheldon. He devotes his attention to the ci\il depart- 
 ments of his profession, and makes a specialty of corpora- 
 tion matters and the laws as ap])lied to mercantile subjects. 
 His ir//>«/(Vf' is large and lucrative, and includes such promi- 
 nent corporations as the United States Trust Company, which 
 is the largest corporation of the kind in the world. He has fig- 
 ured as leading counsel in some of the most important rail- 
 road litigations before the higher courts, among them the 
 foreclosure of the mortgage on the New York, West Shore 
 and Buffalo Railroad, and in various phases of the Wabash, 
 St. Louis and Pacific reorganization. His legal career has 
 been marked by thoroughly honorable professional methods, 
 which, combined with his ability, have gained him the respect 
 
i88 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 and esteem of both Bench and Bar. Mr. Sheldon is also 
 popular in social and club circles, being a member of the 
 J.awyers', University, Grolier, Aldine, Down Town and Rac- 
 quet Clubs. He takes some interest in politics, but his assidu- 
 ous attention being directed to his profession, he has had 
 no opportunity of distinguishing himself in politics otherwise 
 than as a speaker. 
 
 ALVAH HALL, 
 
 The founder of the house of Alvah Hall & Co.. was 
 born in New Hampshire in 1816, and after receiving a 
 solid education came to New York at the age of seventeen. 
 His first employment was obtained as clerk in a drug 
 house, where he saved a little money. This he invested in 
 real estate, which owing to a combination of favorable 
 circumstances so increased in value that in a short time it 
 
 high character and remarkable integrity and ability, might 
 have legitimately aspired to any position in the gift of the 
 people, but though his counsel was much sought after in 
 publi<; and semi-public affairs and he was extremely 
 popular, he contented himself with his commercial business 
 and the education of his children. Of him, to use a well- 
 known phrase, it may be truly said that " his word was as 
 good as his bond." He was one of the directors of the 
 Ninth National Bank when he died. 
 
 SOLON B. SMITH. 
 
 Solon B, Smith, one of New York's leading Republican 
 chiefs and best known men generally, was born in this city, 
 on April 4, 1852, and was educated in New York College. 
 In fact, he is essentially a New Yorker, and is proud of the 
 fact that he is typical of a class famous throughout the 
 
 ALVAH HALL. 
 
 realized a handsome increase. With this capital he entered 
 into partnership with Mr. Byrd in the manufacture of 
 umbrellas and parasols, and began the prosperous career 
 that continued, as is well known, until his death in 1882. 
 The house which is so intimately identified with his name 
 received a fresh impetus on the entrance of Albert C. Hall 
 into partnership in 1869, and gradually increased its trade 
 in volume, until to-day it is doing business in every State 
 and territory in the Union. Alvah Hall, apart from his 
 business, was a leading man of his time, a staunch Repub- 
 lican, and not only a member but one of the founders 
 of the Union League Club. At the age of twenty- 
 one he married the daughter of Robert Petiigrew, a 
 well-known contractor of the last generation and a man of 
 influence in New York City. Mr. Hall, liecause of his 
 
 world as bright, aggressive, audacious. He developed a 
 taste for politics while still quite young, and in 1872 
 was elected to the Assembly from the Eighth District. 
 Since then his narne has ever been before the puljlic, and he 
 has always been to the front in fighting the battle of his 
 party in a city which has an overwhelming Democratic 
 majority. Nevertheless, though not as successful as he and 
 his friends could wish in municipal campaigns, every one 
 concedes that he has rendered his party yeoman's service in 
 State and national politics. In 1877 he was elected 
 Secretary of the Republican County Committee, in which 
 capacity he served until 1885, when he became Chairman of 
 the Executive Committee. He was appointed Police 
 Justice in 1880 for a term of ten years and again in 1890, in 
 both instances by a Democratic Mayor, which goes to show 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 189 
 
 thai 111) inallLT how distasteful Mr. Smith's iiolitics was to 
 thtm tlie character and ability of the man entitled him to 
 pid)lic recognition and reward. After observing Iiidge 
 Smith's career on the bench the ])ublic have come to realize 
 that the appointment has been eminently a fitting one, for 
 than he no one on the bench of this city is more respected, 
 no one has a higher rejiutation for cajiacity, impartiality and 
 intelligence. In appearance, Judge Smith is tall and thin, 
 with a swinging gait in walking, and withal a gentlemanly 
 and dignified appearance as becomes his position. lie is a 
 great worker and political manager and belongs to many 
 clubs. 
 
 MARY WOOLSEY NOXON, M D. 
 Dr. Mary W'oolsey No.xon was born at lieekman, 
 Dutchess County, New York, in 1853. Her [larentage was 
 l'',nglish on both sides. Her iKiternal grandfather, Dr. 
 Robert Grosvener Noxon, was a distinguished jihvsician, 
 who with the Livingstons, Beekmansand Van Kleeks ownetl 
 most of the land on which Poughkeepsie and Beeknian, 
 Dutchess County, now stand. Dr. Robert (irosvener Noxon 
 built the first stone house erected in Poughkeepsie, and 
 It was a landmark, until (piite recently, at the corner of 
 Noxon and Market Streets. Her mother was a lineal de- 
 scendant of Cardinal Woolsey and one of the most accom- 
 plished and cultivated women of her time. Coming from 
 such stock the elements were certainly there for the future 
 remarkable success of the subject of this sketch. Her 
 parents dying within a few months of each other, leaving 
 lier indejiendent and free to follow her natural lient, she 
 lost no time in entering college. She i oinmenced in the 
 Allopathic School, but after a jtar or two transferred her 
 allegiance to the New School of Medicine as taught by 
 Hahnemann She graduated in 1874 at the New York 
 College and Hospital for Women and was valedictorian of 
 her class. The following two years she spent in the hos- 
 pitals of Vienna, fitting herself thoroughly for the position 
 she was to assume on her return to the States. Since then 
 she has been in active practice in this city. Her time is 
 more especially devoted to surgery and gynaecology. Dr. 
 Noxon is on the consulting staff of the New York Honiico- 
 pathic Sanitarium as well as the Hahnemann Hospital; and 
 is believed to be the only woman in the United .States who 
 has been honored by an appointment as Consulting Surgeon 
 to a State Medical Institution. She is a member of the 
 American Institute of Homoeopathy and the State and 
 Count)' Hom<vo[iathic iMedical Societies. In addition to 
 the burden of her very large practice she is engaged in edit- 
 ing a work which will soon be published on Gvnaicology. 
 
 Most of the success of the firm is due to the personal char- 
 acter of Mr. Mclntyre, owing to his great industry, ([uick 
 and accurate judgment and his gift of executive ability of 
 the highest order. His aliilities as a financier have been 
 demonstrated from time to time, and he has carried 
 through some very large deals with very great success. Mr. 
 Mclntyre has Iield several offices in the New York Produce 
 PLxchange, having been its Secretary at the time of the 
 opening of the new building. He has also served on the 
 drain, .Arbitration and Clearing House Committees, and it 
 is due to his persistence and sagacity that the Produce Ex- 
 change Clearing House was established. Mr. Mclntyre has 
 been from time to time offered the presidency of the Ex- 
 change, but woidd never acce|)t it on account of his |)ress- 
 ing engagements in his business. The firm has a New York 
 .Stock Exchange connection, and is represented on that 
 Hoard through one of its junior jiartners. Mr. Mclntyre is 
 a director in the Corn Exchange Hank, and is also vice- 
 l)resident and a (lirect('r of the Hudson River Hank. Mr. 
 
 
 Mr. 
 
 THOMAS A. McINTYRE. 
 
 homas \. Mclntyre, of the firm of MiInt\reiS; 
 
 Wardwell, was born in the city of New ^"ork, 1855. His 
 ])arents are also natives of this Slate, and, as his name in- 
 dicates, his ancestry on his father's side is Scotch. After 
 finishing his education, Mr. Mclntyre began business with 
 the export house of Bingham Bros., and afterwards repre- 
 sented the old firm of David Dows & Co., on the floor of 
 the New York Produce Exchange. He had the very best 
 opiiortunities for familiarizing himself with both branches 
 of the business, viz , the receiving and the export trades, 
 and he fitted himself in the various positions which he held, 
 to occupy the position of head of what is now the largest 
 grain receiving firm in New York. In 1879 he formed a 
 co])artnership with Mr. Henry L. Wardwell, who had been 
 a fellow clerk in David Dows & Co.'s office, and started the 
 well known firm of Mclntyre & Wardwell. From that time 
 the business of the firm was surely and substantially in- 
 creased, until it now^ stands confessedly at the head of the 
 coiTinnission houses of the New York Produce Exchange. 
 
 THtJ.MAS A. .McI.VTVRE. 
 
 Mclntyre has conducted several most important reorgani- 
 zations, his latest success being that of the Hecker- Jones- 
 Jewell Milling Com])any, which is a combination of all the 
 flour mills in New York City. These mills, which had 
 been warring w-ith one another for some time, were finally 
 lirought together by a ])ljn submitted by Mr. Mclntyre, 
 and yielded themselves to his sole direction, and almost 
 dictation. The corjioration formed was perhaps one of 
 the most harmonious consolidations that has ever been 
 arranged between competitors, and it is conceded that Mr. 
 Mclntyre's magnetic personality was the com[)etent in- 
 strument liy which this result was obtained. His masterly 
 management and com[>reliensive mind in the direction of the 
 Inisiness have established the fact that this combination wdl 
 be one of the most i)rofitable enterprises of recent years. 
 This great success, with the others alluded to, have estab- 
 lished the reputation of Mr. Mclntyre as one of the ablest 
 of New York merchants and financiers. The organization 
 of the three flour mills eft'ected by Mr. Mclntyre is one of 
 
190 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 the cleanest in its character ever formed, and at the same 
 time from the very nature of its business is most stable, 
 safe and profitable. The Hecker-Jones- Jewell Milling 
 Company owns and operates five flour mills, situated in the 
 cities of New York and Brooklyn, and on Staten Island, 
 viz. : Hecker's mill, founded in 1843 ; Jones' mill, founded 
 in 1830 : Jewell's mill, founded 1855 ; Kings County mill, 
 founded 1868; Staten Island mill, founded 1889. Their 
 dailv average capacity is from 9,000 to 10,000 barrels. The 
 capital of the company is five million dollars, divided into 
 $3,000,000 preferred stock and $2,000,000 common stock. 
 
 MAX ERNST. 
 Ma.x Ernst, the well-known Broadway clothier, was born 
 in Germany in 1S59 and received a common school educa- 
 tion in that country. Coming to this country with his 
 parents in 1872, he procured employment in the clothing 
 store of Mr. Alexander, of Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 He saved up a little money and went into the clothing 
 
 the end of one year the firm dissolved, and Mr. Ernst formed 
 a copartnership with Marcus Jerkowski, under the style of 
 Jerkowski & Ernst. The firm did a good business from the 
 start, the first year's amounting to $175,000, and then, trade 
 increasing, more commodious quarters were found necessary. 
 They consequently removed to Broadway, where the second 
 year's lousiness amounted to $350,000 ; the third, $400,000 ; 
 fourth, $440,000 ; fifth, $500,000, and the sixth, $620,000. At 
 the end of the seventh year Mr. Ernst bouglit his partner out 
 at a very liberal figure. He paid him cent for cent cash on the 
 book accounts, the same on the stock in hand, and $i8,coo 
 for the good will, the understanding being thit the firm 
 name of Jerkowski & Ernst be retained. Doing the business 
 alone Mr. Ernst sold $750,000 worth of goods in 1890 and 
 in 1 89 1 a round million's worth, which sum was very much 
 exceeded in 1892, though a presidential year. In 1S90 Mr. 
 Ernst did business in his own name and gained the title of 
 the '■ Napoleon of the Clothing Trade." The secret of his 
 great success is that he is brighter, keener, more persevering 
 
 M.\X ERNST. 
 
 business in Philadelphia, at the age of sixteen, in which he 
 remained a few years, when he sold out and went West 
 looking for a location. He finally settled in Canton, Ohio, 
 but remained there only a short time, after which he went 
 to Pittsburg, Pa., where he was emjjloyed by Kauffman 
 Brothers as clerk. Here he remained for more than a year, 
 gaining more experience than money, and then came to New 
 York, but was for some time unable to procure employment, 
 though conscious of his ability, and believing that a trial 
 would help him to promotion, he offered his services for 
 nothing to a large wholesale clothing house in the city, will- 
 ing to pay his own travelling expenses for a commission of 
 five per cent, on his sales. His offer was accepted ; he 
 travelled for the firm aforesaid, and after a few months they 
 were glad to give him a good salary. After a short time he 
 started in business for himself, and associated himself in 
 business with Ernst Jerkowski, the firm going under the title 
 of Ernst Jerkowski & Co., Max Ernst being the Co. At 
 
 and energetic than his competitors. In September and Oc- 
 tober, i8gi, the market fell suddenly short in what is known 
 as "Wood Brown Colors," made of home-spun materials. The 
 demand for them by retail traders all over the country was 
 so large that the supply fell short. Mr. Ernst, with the fore- 
 sight that so distinguishes him, had purchased largely of 
 these goods and had them manufactured, and from the sec- 
 ond of October to the sixteenth of the same month shipped 
 ?!94,ooo worth of them to various parts of the country. An- 
 other remarkable feature in his business operations is that 
 he never carries goods over from one season to another, and 
 he never shows the same style twice. He has something 
 new every season. It would be difficult to find to day in 
 business circles in New York, or for that matter elsewhere, 
 a.young man of Mr. Ernst's age who, unaided and alone, by 
 sheer force of brains and abiliiy, has risen in such a short 
 time from absolutely nothing to wealth and eminence in 
 commerce. Mr, Ernst was married to Alice Leopold, 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 igi 
 
 daughter of Julius Leoiiold, a well known feather merchant 
 of this city. Mrs. Ernst is a native of New York. He (Mr. 
 Rrnst) is a member of the famous Progress Cluh as well as 
 many other social, benevolent and ]rilitical organizations. 
 He is liberal in his charities to public institutions, and a 
 friend of art and literature. 
 
 LYMAN G. AND JOSEPH BENJAMIN BLOOM INGDA LE. 
 L}man G. Hloomingdale, senior jiartner of the firm of 
 Bloomingdale Brothers, was born in New York City, Kel)- 
 ruary ii, 1841. His father was a native of Havaria, Ger- 
 many, and came to this country in 1837. I.vnian G. was 
 educated in the public schools, having attended the old Filth 
 Street School No. 15, where he made many accpiaintances, 
 with whom he stands in close relations of friendship to day. 
 He finished his education in Smith's Collegiate Institute, 
 Williamsburg, and soon afterwent to Leavenworth, Kansas, 
 with his father, where he became identilied with the life of 
 
 state that Mr. Bloomingdale was honorably discharged after 
 the war and that he is now a member of Winfield Scott 
 Hancock Post, No. 259, G. .-\. R. He is a director of the 
 Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, Vice-President of 
 the Mutual Relief .Association, and director of Blooming- 
 dale Brothers' Kmpioyes' Mutual .Aid Society and member 
 of many < harilable and educational societies and clubs. 
 Mr. I.yman (\. P.looniingdale, as is \ery well known, is a 
 munificent ])atron of chari'ies throughout the city, and 
 altogether irrespectixe of creed, color or nationality. 
 
 Joseph Benjamin lilooniingdale's — junior member of the 
 firm of Bloomingdale Brothers, — career has been fully as 
 eventful and adventuresome as that of his brother. He was 
 born in this city on Decemlier 22, 1842, and educated, as 
 was his brother jirimarily in the |)ublic schools, receiving a 
 classical course in the Smith Collegiate Institute, in Williams- 
 burg, X. \ . .After leaving college he obtained a clerkshi]) 
 in a drygoods store on Canal Street, but being ambitious of 
 
 LVM.W G, BLOOMIXGD.AI.E. 
 
 JOSEPH BEN"1.-\MI.\ BLOOMI.VGD.\LE. 
 
 that growing city, just emerging from chaos. The first 
 indeiiendent venture of the young Gothamite was in a hoop- 
 skirt store with a capital stock of $240 worth of goods and 
 fi.\tures worth $47, all on credit. The business was suc- 
 cessful from the start, although he was his own buyer, 
 salesman, bookkeeper, office boy and porter. He advertised 
 extensively, as he has always done when he could afford it, 
 struck out a new and racy vein in that direction until 
 through the newspapers, his store, although the smallest, 
 was the best known in the city. He took in a partner after 
 awhile and was getting along famously when the Rebel Gen- 
 eral Price threatened the town with an army at his Ijack, and 
 Lyman G. Bloomingdale, who was First Sergeant in Com- 
 pany A of the Kansas State Militia, was sent to the front 
 with his regiment. U])on his return from the front he found 
 his store and partner had renio\ed to St. Joseph, Missouri. 
 He sold his interest in the business to his ])artner at a loss 
 and came to New York. Here may be the proper place to 
 
 striking out for himself, he went to California in i860 and 
 was employed as salesman in a drygoods store in San Fran- 
 cisco Not realizing the object of his ambition in that city 
 he concluded to try his hancl at mining, and with this object 
 in view traveled and ]jrospected through Nevada, Oregon. 
 Idaho and Montana. Tliis was rather a rough life for a 
 New York boy. But after all New York is the jjlace where 
 a man has the biggest field, and people with brains and 
 ambition come here from all parts. It is no wonder, 
 therefore, that, having made a little inoney in mining, Mr. 
 Joseph Bloomingdale should return to New York, his birth- 
 place, and join his father and brother Lvman in the hoop- 
 skirt establishment. He is A'ice-President of the Hebrew- 
 Technical Institute and also of the L'nited States Savings 
 Bank. He is a Free-Mason and is Past Master of Adeljihi 
 Lodge, No. 23, F. 1.^ A M. Personallv he is a man of 
 magnificent physique, with handsome, well cut features and 
 frank, open countenance. 
 
192 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 WILLIAM CAMPBELL, 
 William Campbell, of the firm of William Cam])bell iv: 
 Co., manufacturers of wall-paper, was born near the great 
 manufacturing city of Belfast, Ireland, in the year 1841. 
 When about six years old his father died and the lad was soon 
 after brought to New York by his mother. He received 
 the ordinary school education, but very early in life, indeed, 
 at the age of eight, he entered the wall-paper house of 
 Jones (S: Smith, where he made himself as useful as his 
 strength and years permitted. Hence, it may truly be said 
 he was brought up in the business, with the most minute 
 detail of which he made himself actpiainted long before 
 he reached the age of manhood, taking in as much school 
 learning in the intervals as he could. In 1867 he started in 
 business for himself, and began by purchasing eight lots on 
 Forty-first Street, west of Tenth Avenue. '\ he history of 
 
 also of the Commercial Lloyds Insurance Company. Busy 
 as his life has been he has taken the time to write sev- 
 eral articles on the subject of wall-paper and its interests, 
 the difficulties which have to be overcome in the trade, and 
 also upon the trusts which have been organized in connec- 
 tion with it from time to time. Mr. Campbell himself does 
 not belong to any trust ; he prefers to preserve his business 
 identity. He is married and has one child, a daughter. 
 
 JOHN BELL McKEAN. 
 
 John Bell McKean, Justice of the Seventh District 
 Court, is a native of Belfast, Ireland. When a lad of twelve 
 he shipped as apprentice with his uncle, who sailed a vessel 
 of his own, and after three years of voyaging touched at 
 New York, where his brother induced him to give up sailing 
 the seas and settle down in this country. He obtained a 
 
 WILLIAM CAMPBELL 
 
 the great establishment founded l)y William Campbell is 
 related in Part 111. of this work. Suffice it to say that 
 it is due to Mr. Campbell's untiring energy and ability that 
 it is the foremost concern of its kind in Ameiica. He is an 
 enthusiast in his business; apart from the profit to be 
 derived from good work, he finds designing a labor of love, 
 and is never so much in his element as when, with Mr. 
 Beck, his chief artist, he is perfecting something beautiful 
 and original in a line of business which he likes for its own 
 sake. In fine, it may be said that Mr. Campbell, a self- 
 made, self-educated man, has shown what can be achieved 
 by untiring perseverance and energy, with a good deal of 
 native talent, in connection with a business he began in a 
 small way. His place is acknowledged to be the most 
 thoroughly e(iuipped establishment in the trade. Mr. 
 Camfjbell is a director of the Home Bank of New York, 
 
 place in a hardware store, in which he remained eight years, 
 and then secured a clerkship in the Croton Water Depart- 
 ment. After a year's service in this position he was 
 appointed clerk in Part I. of the Supreme Court, where he 
 was noted for application to business and the excellency 
 of his work. While employed in the Supreme Court he 
 had ample o|)portunities for seeing the practical workings 
 of the law, and thought he could do no better than study for 
 that profession, which he did successfully and was called 
 to the bar. When a Police Court was opened in Harlem 
 Mr. McKean was appointed clerk, and here again the facili- 
 ties afforded him in the acquisition of legal knowledge 
 were so ample, and he availed himself of them to such an 
 extent, that Governor Hill, in 1889, appointed him to fill 
 the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Monell. In the 
 year following he was elected for the unexpired term of the 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 '93 
 
 deceased Judge, and now fills the position of Justice in that 
 Court with credit to himself and satisfaction to the public 
 He has recently allied himself to Mr. Katzenmayer, the 
 well known real estate man, as husniess partner. Judge 
 McKean is a member of the Jefferson Club. He joined 
 the Tammany Society some thirty-three years ago, and has 
 for a period of thirty years acted either as Chairman or 
 Secretary of the Tammany Hall General Committee of the 
 Twenty-second Assembly District. Judge McKean's mother, 
 who was before her marriage a Miss Bell, was a direct descen- 
 dant of President Andrew Jackson. He is himself a rela- 
 tive of the well known McKean family of Pennsylvania. 
 
 CHARLES FORRESTER ROBERTS, M.D. 
 I)r. C 1'. Roberts was born in the city of Nl-w Voik, 
 September 9, 184?. His ancestral line dates in this coun- 
 try from 175H, from Holland and Scotland, and the family 
 have always resided here. The Doctor was educated in 
 the private schools of this city, and at the age of si.xteen 
 engaged in the wholesale drug business, where he remained 
 until the breaking out of the war in 1861, when he shijjped 
 in our navy as apothecary, and was assigned to the store- 
 ship Branciywine at Hampton Roads. When the hos])ital 
 ship Hen Morgan was filled out he was detailed for service 
 on board. He remained there during the fight between the 
 Merrimac and Monitor, and had charge of the wounded 
 from those vessels attached to the fleet. He was ne.xt de- 
 tailed on board the Seneca of the South Atlantic Squadron, 
 acting on blockade duty. He also partici|)ated in the de- 
 struction of the rebel steamer Nashville in the great 
 Ogeechee River in Georgia, and at the second attack on 
 Charleston, S. C. He graduated from Bellevue Hosi)ital 
 Medical College, New York, in 1S67, and has practised his 
 profession here ever since then. He was appointed Assist- 
 ant Professor of Physiology in that institution and held the 
 position for twenty years. He was appointed Sanitary 
 Inspector in the Health Department, June 19, 1S69, and 
 was appointed Chief Inspector of the Division of Contagious 
 Diseases, May, 1892, and was appointed Sanitary Su|)erin- 
 tendent in April, iSg^:;, His services in the Health 
 Department have been continuous for over twenty-four 
 years. The Doctor is a prominent club man, and was for- 
 merly Fleet Surgeon of the l.archmont Yacht Club and a 
 member of the New York Athletic Club as well as the 
 Democratic Club. The Doctor has never married. 
 
 JOHN BAIN, Jr. 
 
 John Bain, Jr., a young man of magnificent ])livsi(iue, 
 popular in New York's military and journalistic circles, was 
 born in this city on September 19, 1861. His father, a 
 graduate of Edinburgh University, was a native of Scotland, 
 but came to this country when a \ oung man and went into 
 the printing business. Young Bain attended the public 
 schools of New York until he was nine years of age, when 
 he went to Ottawa, Kansas, with his parents, where he 
 completed his education in the high school. The elder Mr. 
 Bain established a newspaper in his new home called the 
 Ottaiva Leader, on which publication John worked from an 
 early age and took in the crafts both of the journalist and 
 compositor. Journalism in Kansas not answering the ex- 
 pectations of Mr. Bain, the family returned to New York, 
 where the subject of this sketch became connected with the 
 I'obacco Leaf Pulilishing Company, and since has risen 
 step by step until he has become its treasurer and general 
 manager. The Company publishes everything pertaining 
 to the tobacco trade, including the Tobacco Leaf. The 
 ])aper was established in 1864 and about ten years later was 
 incorporated and turned into a stock concern known as 
 the Tobacco Leaf Publishing Company, with offices at 105 
 
 Maiden l>ane. It is the oldest paper in the world dexoted 
 to the tobacco trade and is circulated in e\ery country in 
 the world where tobacco is used or grown, which means 
 ])retty near over the earth. Mr. Bain has been a member 
 of Company D, Seventh Regiment, New York, for seven 
 years, and is also a member of the Seventh Regiment 
 Veteran Association and the -Seventh Regiment Veteran 
 Club. He is unmarried and therefore can take time to 
 ilevotc himself to the outdoor s])orts of which he is so 
 fond. He is, in fai t, an athlete of no mean order. He 
 lives at No. 263 Pacific Avenue, Jersey City. .Mong with 
 his other good qualities Mr. Bain is a very good after dinner 
 speaker, or for that matter at any time, antl has ipute a 
 graceful delivery. 
 
 CHARLES A. HESS, 
 
 Charles A. Hess, one of New York's most ])rominent law- 
 yers of the younger generation, was born in this city in 
 185S and received an elementary education in the public 
 schools. He graduated from the University Law School in 
 May, 1878. His college career was exceptionally brilliant, 
 and he was very popular not only because of his talents, but 
 on account of his charming personality and courteous man- 
 ners. He was President of his class and was also its vale- 
 dictorian. \w 1881 Mr. Hess was a])pointed U. S. Assistant 
 District .Attfirney by Elihu Root, himself one of the greatest 
 law\crs in .America, and one who (an appreciate talent in 
 
 -'-m>,.-.. 
 
 CI1.\RLES .\. HRSS. 
 
 others. .After filling the position with aliiliiy for fifteen 
 months he resigned in order to attend to his ])rivate prac- 
 tice, which had grown very large and lucrative. He is now 
 head of the well-known law firm of Hess, Townsend & 
 McClelland. The Hess family is Re|3ublican by heredity, 
 and after Charles had left college he was attracted to par 
 ticipation in active politics, rendering yeoman's service to 
 his party in council and on the stump. He was nominated 
 for Judge of one of the district courts by his party, in 1890, 
 and, though defeated, ])olled a very heavy vote. "The future 
 is brilliant with jiromise from Mr. Hess. His princi])al 
 practice is in the United States Courts. 
 
194 
 
 JV£JV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 
 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. 
 Boiii May 27, 1794. Died January 4, 1877. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 195 
 
 CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 
 Chauiicey Mitchell Depew, orator, stalesitinn, railroad 
 jirt'sident, man of affairs, was born in Pcckskill, N. \'., on 
 April 3, 1834. On his father's side he is descended from 
 the Huguenots whom the Revocation of the Kdict of Nantes 
 sent into exile ; on his mother's, from that Sherman family 
 which has furnished the United States with so nian\- cele- 
 brated men. Chauncey's mother, Martha Mitchell, a 
 beautiful and accomplished woman, was grand-niece to 
 the Roger Sherman who signed the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. Her grandfather was the Rev. Josiah Sherman, 
 her father Chauncey R. Mitchell, a lawyer famous for his elo- 
 quence. Mr. Depew's own father was Isaac Depew, of 
 Peekskill, a gentleman of character and intlueme. In his 
 veins, therefore, courses the fiery Celtic blood which makes 
 orators, mingled with the more placid though deeiier tide of 
 the Anglo-Sa.\on Shermans, the combination giving us the 
 
 delegate to the Republican State Convention. This was a 
 flattering tribute to so young a man and rendered him for 
 some time undecided as to whether he shoidd practise law 
 in earnest or go into politics. He took the stump for Lin- 
 coln in 1860 and rendered material service to his party. His 
 eloquence, his wit and humor, the iiathos he interjected into 
 his speeches when necessary, were a revelation to the peo- 
 ple and took them by storm. In 1861 he wrested the Third 
 Westchester County District from the Democrats, and was 
 sent to the Legislature, where he found fresh laurels await- 
 ing him. He was re-elected in 1862 and made Chairman of 
 the Ways and Means C'ommittee. He was speaker pro tem. 
 during part of the session, and at its close the business men 
 of Xew York gave him a banipiet. In 1862 Horatio Sey- 
 mour was elected (Governor of the State and the Republi- 
 cans were alarmed. They looked around ne.xt year for an 
 availalfle man to recover the ground lost, selected Chauncey 
 
 highest ty]ie of an American citizen. The Depews, with 
 other Huguenots, settled in and around New Rochelle in 
 1685, nammg it after that French city their fathers had so 
 heroically defended against the forces led by Cardinal Riche- 
 lieu and Louis XIII. a generation before. The farm pur- 
 chased by the Depews two hundred years ago has descended 
 in direct succession to Chauncey with the old homestead, 
 of which he is far prouder than of his splendid brownstone 
 house in New York City. He graduated from \ale with 
 honors in 1856. He is President of her Alumni .\-soi iation, 
 is a member of her "Skull and Crossbones " clul), and in 
 1857 received from her the high honor of LL.D. 'I'he year 
 of his graduation was marked b\- the formation of the Re- 
 publican party, and young Depew, thovigh educated a 
 Democrat, cast his first vote for John C. Fremont. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1S58 and was in the same year elected 
 
 M I 'I i'i-;\v. 
 
 Dejjew, nominated him at the head of the ticket for Secre- 
 tary of State. He justified their hopes and was elected by 
 30,000 majority, \\illiam H. Seward, Secretary of State, 
 appointed him Ministerto Japan, but after some four weeks 
 of hesitation he fortunately decided to refuse. He deter- 
 mined to practise law, for which he was so well ecjuipped, 
 and retired from active politics. He had won the friend- 
 ship and admiration of Commodore Vanderbilt and his 
 eldest son William H., which in 1866 assumed practical 
 shape when he was ajipointed Attorney to the New- York 
 and Harlem Railroad Comjiany, and again in 1869, when 
 this company was incorporated with the New- York Central 
 and Hudson River R. R. Company — Commodore Vander- 
 bilt at its head — when he was made Attorney of the new 
 organization, and subseipiently a member of its Board of 
 Directors. In 1875 he was made General Counsel for the 
 
T96 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 the entire Vanderbilt system. He ran in 1872 for Lieut.- 
 Governor in a perfunctory way, merely allowing the use of 
 his name on the Greeley ticket, and was defeated, and two 
 years later was elected Regent of the N. Y. State Uni- 
 versity, also appointed one of the Commissioners to build 
 the new Capitol at Allnuiy. In all these duties he dis- 
 played his usual tact and supreme executive ability, and, it 
 may be added, an im]jartiaiity which gained him new and firm 
 frien.ls in all directions. It is well known that after Presi- 
 dent Garfield's inauguration Roscoe Conkling, then senior 
 Senator from New York, resigned his seat, owing to a dis- 
 agreement between him and the President, Junior Senator 
 Thomas C. Piatt, his colleague, also resigning. Both gen- 
 tlemen stood for re-election in the hope that if returned to 
 the Senate the test of popularity would have effect upon 
 Garfield and his friends. Mr. Depew's friends pressed him 
 to enter the race for Mr. Piatt's seat. The struggle was 
 fierce and bitter, but Mr. Depew led all competitors far and 
 away. On the nineteenth ballot, having a clear majority 
 over all his competitors, had the traditions of the party 
 been followed, he would have been nominated in joint cau- 
 cus, but a few intriguers prevented this, and the battle raged 
 day after day until the startling news came that Guiteau 
 had shot President Garfield. Then Mr. Depew came for- 
 ward and spoke those historic w^ords: " .\ great crime has 
 plunged the nalion into sorrow, and in the midst of the 
 prayers and the tears of the whole people, supplicating for 
 the recovery and weeping over the wound of the President, 
 this partisan strife should cease." Mr. Depew withdrew 
 immediately after this, and Warner Miller was elected Sen- 
 ator to fill Mr. Piatt's unexpired term on the forty-eighth 
 ballot. Mr. Depew left the field with honor, and his un- 
 selfish conduct drew upon him the praiseof the whole country. 
 
 The time, how-ever, came when Mr. Depew refused the 
 Senatorship tendered him by the Rejjublicans of all factions 
 in the Legislature, forming as they did fully two-thirds of that 
 body. He declined because he could not afford the time 
 necessary to devote to so important a trust. This was in 
 1884. In 1884 William H. Vanderbilt retired from the 
 Presidency of the New York Central and was succeeded by 
 James H. Rutter. Mr. Depevv was made Vice-President, 
 and upon the death of Mr. Rutter in 1885 was elected Pres- 
 ident of the greatest corporation in the world. Whether 
 the fact that Mr. Depew held the position of President of 
 the great Vanderbilt system prevented him from being 
 President of the United States is what probably will never 
 be known. A large number of intelligent people think it did. 
 
 At all events he received ninety-eight votes in the 
 Republican Convention held in Chicago in 1888. When 
 Mr. Blaine resigned in 1892, President Harrison tendered 
 the position of Secretary of State to Mr. Depew, but for 
 business reasons he was forced to decline. In 1892 he ex- 
 posed another side of his character to an admiring world 
 in the shape of a political manager and an organizer. How 
 he succeeded in having General Harrison renominated for 
 the Presidency at Minneapolis is a matter of very recent 
 history. That he short-ed consummate judgment, masterly 
 tactics, and profound knowledge of men in his splendid fight 
 against the magnetic man from Maine, whom he admired so 
 much, is conceded by all. He has been seven times elected 
 President of the Union League Club, and ten times elected 
 President of the Yale Alumni Association. He is also First 
 Vice-President of the St. Nicholas Society of New York, 
 President of the Sons of the American Revolution, mem- 
 ber of the Holland Society of New York, the Huguenot 
 Society of America, the New York Chamber of Commerce 
 director of the Union Trust Co of New York, the Western 
 Union Telegraph Co., Equitable Life Insurance Co., and of 
 St. Luke's Hospital, and a trustee of Yale University. 
 He is also a Director of the Chicago and Northwestern 
 
 Railroad Co., the Michigan Central Railroad Co., the New 
 York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad Co., the Cleveland, 
 Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad Co.. the 
 New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Co., the Bos- 
 ton and Albany Railroad Co., the Delaware and Hudson 
 Canal Co., and New- York and Harlem Railroad. Mr. De- 
 pew was married to Miss Elise Hegeman, daughter of Wil- 
 liam Hegeman. the well known druggist of New York, Nov. 
 g, 1871. Mrs. Depew died in May, 1893, leaving one child, 
 Chauncey M. Depew, Jr. It is difficult to say anything new 
 of a man whose name is more familiar to the people to-day 
 than that of any other contemporary American. There is 
 scarcely an issue of any daily paper published in the LTnited 
 States that does not contain something about him. His 
 character may be summed up by stating that he is a man of 
 versatile genius, of high character, a passionate lover of lib- 
 erty, and strong hater of oppression in any form. 
 
 JOHN D. TOWNSEND. 
 Hon. John D. Townsend, one of the most prominent and 
 popular of New York's lawyers, was born in this city in 1835. 
 His father was a leading member of the bar. President of 
 the New York Life and Trust Company and a man of wealth. 
 The subject of this sketch entered Columbia College, but 
 during the Sophomore year he withdrew from his class, and 
 for five years followed the sea Twice during that time he 
 sailed around the world, and when but twenty years of age 
 was second officer of one of the finest clippers which sailed 
 out of New York. .\t the age of twenty-one he inherited a 
 handsome property from his father, which he invested in a 
 mercantile house, which shortly afterwards failed, leaving 
 him with a wife and without means of support. Thus early 
 in his career young Townsend had to work to support a 
 family. L^ndaunted, he began diligently to study law. He 
 entered the office of Spiague & Fillmore, of Buffalo, where 
 he worked hard for three years, and then took a course of 
 two years' reading in the Harvard Law School, and subse- 
 quently studied in the office of Henry A. Cram, in this city. 
 Mr. Townsend was admitted to the bar at Poughkeepsie, 
 May, 1859, and from that time until 1865 he resided in 
 Astoria and ])ractised his profession, and as a Democrat 
 became active in politics. He represented Queens County 
 in the Legislature in 1861, and was, in the same year, selected 
 by Governor Morgan as one of three gentlemen in Queens 
 County to organize a regiment to go to the war. For more 
 than thirty years Mr. Townsend has devoted himself suc- 
 cessfully to the practice of his profession in this city. He 
 has been noted for his fearlessness and persistency, which 
 was well illustrated in 1S69, when he championed the cause 
 of two women who were imprisoned in the Tombs by Judge 
 Cardozo. That contest resulted eventually in the over- 
 throw of Judge Cardozo and the ring judges, and gave 
 origin to the Bar Association in New York City. Mr. Town- 
 send has successfully tried many criminal cases, and out of 
 forty-five indictments for murder that he defended but one 
 was executed. He was one of the counsel for Edward S. 
 Stokes, and he was retained by William M. Tweed in the 
 last year of his life as his only counsel. He was retained 
 by Sidney P. Nichols when he was removed from the office of 
 Police Commissioner by Mayor Cooper. The case went 
 twice to the Court of Appeals, and resulted in Mr. Nichols' 
 reinstatement. Mr. Townstnd was selected by both the 
 Democratic and Republican members of the Assembly Com- 
 mittee on Crime in 1875 to be their professional advisor, 
 and for a year Mr. Townsend was entrusted almost exclu- 
 s vely with the examination of the District Attorney's office, 
 the Police Department and other branches of the City Gov- 
 ernment. That committee was appointed by the Legisla- 
 ture to inquire and report the causes of the increase of 
 crime in New York. Amons: some of the results which 
 
NEW YORK, TrrE MF.TROPOTJS. 
 
 197 
 
 occurred were the removal of Commissioners Matsell and 
 Disbecker and some of the i)olice captains. Latterly Mr. 
 Townsend has devoted his ])ractice almost entirely to the 
 civil courts, and as he ^rows in years he gains in po])ularity 
 and wealth. 
 
 ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT. 
 Hon. Robert H. Roosexelt, a distinguished citizen of 
 New York, was born in Cortlandt Street, on the 7th day of 
 August, 1829. His family had lived in or near the city since 
 the year 1648, and was of Dutch lineage on both sides to 
 time of his grandfather, who married Miss Van Srhaick. 
 l^pon the formation of the Holland Trust Company by ihe 
 representatives of the old Dutch families, he was urged to 
 accept the presidency, and remained at the head of that 
 institution for several vears. Mr. Roosevelt was educated 
 
 Association and of the Committee of Seventy. He has fre- 
 quently been offered and declined important judicial ])Osi- 
 tions, both State and Federal, and the mayoralty of lhe(,"ity 
 of New York. In spite of his absorbing duties, both jjubjic 
 and private, he has devoted some time to literature, and is 
 the author of a number of well accepted works more or less 
 connected with the development of fish culture. .Mr. Roose- 
 velt was Treasurer of the National Democratic ("ommittee, 
 and under the first administration of President Cleveland 
 was appointed United States Minister to the Netherlands, 
 which mission he filled acceptably to the home government 
 and that of Holland until the accession of the Republican 
 IKirty to power, when he returned to the active management 
 ot the Holland Trust (."om|)any. He is a member of most 
 of the leading clubs of New York, and has been President 
 of the Association for the Protection of Came for many 
 
 V 
 
 ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT. 
 
 to the bar and ]iractised his profession very successfully for 
 upwards of twenty years, when his large financial interests 
 and the claims of politics compelled him to turn over his 
 extensive law practice to his son. He has, from time to 
 time, been president of or director in many of the leading rail- 
 road, insurance and financial institutions of the Metropolis, 
 and has declined the position of Sub-Treasuier of the 
 United States at the City of New York. He was elected to 
 Congress in the year 1872 ; was appointed one of the Brook- 
 lyn Bridge Commissioners, and materially assisted in bring- 
 ing that great work to its comjiletion. For many years he 
 was at the head of the New York Fisheries Commission. Mr. 
 Roosevelt has always taken an active jiart in reform politics 
 in the City and State of New York, being a leading spirit in 
 the organization of the War Deinocracy ; of the Citizens' 
 
 years. In 1890 he was made President of the Holland So- 
 ciety of the City of New York. Besides those named, Mr. 
 Roosevelt has been prominently connected with the suc- 
 cessful development of many other financial properties, and 
 has important investments in many States of the Union. 
 He was Treasurer of the National Democratic Committee 
 (1S92). 
 
 HORACE PORTER. 
 
 General Horace Porter is a distinguished soldier, a 
 brilliant orator, an organizer, a writer of great power, and 
 a man of affairs. He was born in Huntington. Pa., on 
 August 15, 1837. His father, the Hon. David R. Porter, 
 was a State Senator, and was elected Governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1839, and re-elected in 1844. He received an 
 
198 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 elementary education in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and 
 was entered at the Scientific Department of Harvard Uni- 
 versity in 1854. At this early period of his career, he was 
 noted for a strong leaning toward a military life and the 
 study of mechanics. When only twelve years of age he 
 invented a water test, which was used in his father's exten- 
 sive iron works in Reading, Harrisburg, and Lancaster, and 
 had also a hand in many mechanical improvements. He 
 entered West Point Academy in 1855, and graduated in 
 i860, as third in a class of forty-one. He was commis- 
 sioned Second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Corps and 
 served there as instructor in artillery for three months. 
 When the war of the Rebellion broke out, he was serving 
 in the Department of the East, and was sent as bearer 
 of despatches to the National Capital. \\\ October of 
 1861, he was assigned to an expedition under Sherman and 
 
 General Staff duty on the field, in which position he served 
 during the advance on Tullahoma, Passage of the Elk 
 River, of the Tennessee River, and the operations con- 
 nected therewith. He was engaged in the desperate battle 
 of Chickamauga (September 19 and 20, 1863), and dis- 
 tinguished himself brdliantly. He was serving on the staff 
 of General Thomas at Chattanooga, when he first met Gen- 
 eral Grant, with whom he was afterwards associated until 
 the death ot the famous Union Commander. When Grant 
 came over from Vicksburg, Captain Porter accompanied 
 him on his first reconnoissance. Grant was greatly pleased 
 with the young staff officer. When General Grant was ap- 
 pointed Lieutenant General of all the Union forces in the 
 field, he made Porter an aide de camp on his staff, with the 
 rank of Lieutenant Colonel (April 4, 1864). In this capa- 
 city he served in the battle of the Wilderness. For gallant 
 
 
 HOR.4CE PORTER. 
 
 Dupont, against Port Royal, and almost immediately pro- 
 moted to a First Lieutenancy. F'rom November up to 
 December 15, he was employed at Hilton Head, and sub- 
 sequently in erecting batteries in Savannah River, Ga., on 
 Tybee Island, for the reduction of Fort Pulaski, after the 
 capture of which he was promoted Captain for meritorious 
 conduct, and also presented by the Commanding General 
 with a sword taken from the enemy, on which were engraved 
 his name and a suitable inscription. He was slightly 
 wounded at Secessionville, S. C, June 16, 1862, and on 
 July 2 of the same year was appointed Chief of Ordnance 
 of the Army of the Potomac, under General McClellan, with 
 whom he remained until after the battle of Antietam, when 
 he was transferred with a like position to the Army of the 
 Ohio, and subsequently to the Army of the Cumberland, 
 upon which he received his appointment as Captain of 
 
 and meritorious conduct in this battle, he was made Major 
 in the regular army. He also fought in the series of 
 battles round Spottsylvania Court House. He was gazet- 
 ted Lieutenant Colonel in the regular army, in August, 
 1864, which was the fifth time of his promotion for gallant 
 conduct. His rush through the lines in company with 
 General Grant after the failure to blow up Petersburg by 
 mining, so as to order a withdrawal of a part of the army 
 and save it from destruction, is one of the most thrilling 
 episodes of the war. From this time until Lee's surrender 
 at the Appomattox, General Porter (created Brigadier- 
 General in February, 1865) was always with Grant, and was 
 present at Five Forks, at the capture of Petersburg and the 
 hot pursuit of General Lee's army. He formed one of the 
 small historic groups, in the little farm house at Appo- 
 mattox, who saw Grant and Lee attach their signatures to a 
 
NEIV YORK, rnii METROPOLIS. 
 
 19^ 
 
 document that will descend to ihe remotest posterity. 
 General Porter is in jjossession of the llag brought into 
 re(|uisition on that occasion. It was the headciuarters flag 
 of the army, and Hew over the tent of the Cknnniander-in- 
 Chief in the Wilderness. It was presented to him hy (Jeneral 
 (Irant, accompanied hy a few words he will never forget. 
 After the war he made a tour of the South, and in\estigated 
 the condition of the freedmen. His rejjorts and comments 
 ujion their treatment were received with respect, and his 
 sugs^estions embodied in the law regulating their cases. He 
 \\'\X. accompanied General Grant on his tour through the 
 Northwest and Canada. Hitherto he had distinguished 
 himself as a soldier, hut on tliis trip In- manifested a talent 
 for public speaking of the very highest order and at once 
 took rank with the foremost li\ ing orators of the day. His 
 style of speaking, in which caustic satire, subtle wit, pathos 
 and fine humor were artistically mingled, were very effec- 
 tive. General Grant was no orator, his old companion in 
 army was, and so the two got along remarkably well 
 together, the friendship that existed between them increas- 
 ing day by day. He was after this successively employed 
 inspecting army posts, sup])ressing the Ku-Klux disturb- 
 ances in the South. He held the position of Assistant 
 Secretary of War, under Grant, and when General Grant 
 was elected President, in 1869, acted as his private Secre- 
 tary. He occupied a cottage near that of the President at 
 Long Branch, in summer, and, in fine, the great General and 
 his brilliant Secretary were inseparable. In 1873 he re 
 signed from the army to accept the Vice-Presidenc) of the 
 Pullman Palace CarComjiany, a place he holds at present; 
 in 1875 was elected Chairman of E.xtension Committee of 
 the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad (now part of the 
 Manhattan system), and had a large interest in the road. 
 
 And just here, again, this extraordinary man developed a 
 rkew phase in his many-sided character, that of financier and 
 business manager. He was elected a director of the Equitalde 
 Life Assurance Society of the United States, of the Continen- 
 tal National Bank, St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 
 Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railway, Ontario & 
 Western Railway, Atlantic and Pacific Railway, Hannibal 
 & St. Joseph and President of the West Shore Railroad 
 Company. He is a member of all the New York Clubs 
 worth mentioning, including the Union League, Centuiy, 
 University, Metropolitan, Lotos, Players', and is also mem- 
 ber of the Chamber of Commerce and other bodies. The 
 Elevated Railroad ticket-box is an invention of General 
 Porter. He is President of the Society of the Army of the 
 Pototnac, and President General of the Sons of the Ameri- 
 can Revolution, and President of the Union League Club 
 and tlrant Monument Association. Among his historical 
 orations were those deliveries on behalf of (General Grant, 
 before the Chicago Merchants, after his tour around the 
 world, in the Brooklyn Academy of Music, on Grant's 
 death, and one on the same subject before the Union 
 League Club. He has at various times written articles, by 
 request, for some of the leading reviews and publications 
 in the country. He speaks the French and Si)anish lan- 
 guages fluently, and is acquainted with their literature. The 
 achievement, however, in his life, of which he has reason to 
 feel most proud and justly so, is the raising of $400,000 to 
 build a monutnent to his dead comrade and chief. It was 
 glorious work and as such it will be remembered by his 
 comrades of the G. A. R., and by the nation generally. 
 General Porter is Yice-Chairman of the Committee of One 
 Hundred, organized to celelirate in this city in October, 
 1S92, the discovery of America, by Christo]jher Columbus. 
 Mayor Grant was Chairman of the Committee, which prac- 
 tically means that (ieneral Porter had charge of the enter- 
 prise. He is also Vice-President of the Citizens' Committee 
 to receive foreign bequests of the nation during the ([uadri- 
 
 centennial year, the Mayor being President. His latest 
 achievements of note were the speeches he delivered in 
 Minneapolis before the Republican National Cxmvention. 
 Personally the General is full of magnetism. He attracts, 
 but he does not repel. He makes new friends e\'ery day 
 and has very few enemies in his circle of actpiaintance. He 
 is above the medium heigdit, wiih dark hair and a military 
 cast of countenance. His voice is soft and musical, and 
 so flexible tiiat he<an do with it almost as he pleases. 
 
 JOHN McANERNEY. 
 John .Mc.Xnerney was born in Rhode Island, in 1838, 
 but went at an early age to Charleston, S. C, where he 
 w.is edu( ated by his lifelong friend, (Jen. John S. Preston. 
 He first went into the hardware business, then studied law, 
 but resumed business, and was prospering when the war 
 broke out. Though he had l)een opposed to secession he 
 joined the Confederate Army and served the Southern 
 cause brilliantly. He had command of the troops that 
 repulsed Dahlgren's raid and saved Richmond. At the 
 close of the war he possessed the title of Colonel, but little 
 else. He came to New York and began business as a 
 hardware I ommission men hant. In 1871 he was elected 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^^ 
 
 W^«i9 ^ 
 
 ..^■^ 
 
 ./" 
 
 JOHN MtANERNEV. 
 
 President of the Savannah and Memphis Railroad, and was 
 active in the early development of the mineral regions of 
 .Mabama. He was also of great use to the South by in- 
 fluencing the investment of large sums in the railroad and 
 other properties of that section. The panic of 1873 
 paralyzed the iron trade and caused the suspension of John 
 Mc.\nerney & Co. A compromise was secured from the 
 creditors of the concern on the basis of 20 cents on the 
 dollar. Five years later Col. Mc.Anerney repaid these 
 creditors the remaining 80 per cent, of their claims, with 
 interest. The circular letters announcing his i)urpose to 
 do this have been framed by many of the creditors, and 
 adorn the walls of their offices. Subsequently Col. 
 Mc.\nerney became interested in Southern Railroads, and 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 was a Director and Vice-President in several of the principal 
 roads in the Richmond and Danville system until he sold 
 out his stocks to the Richmond Terminal system. He 
 became interested in the Seventh National Bank, was 
 elected its Vice President, and since July, 1891, has 
 served as its President. For twenty-five years he lived in 
 Jersey City and took an active interest in politics there. 
 He led the citizens' movement which defeated the Jersey 
 City Ring, was prominent as a worker for Cleveland in 
 1884, and in 1888 was chosen as Elector-at-Large for the 
 State of New Jersey, and afterwards elected President of 
 the Electoral College which cast the vote of that State for 
 Cleveland and Thurman. 
 
 Col. McAnerney now lives in New Vork. He is a 
 member of the Manhattan Club, the Lawyers' Club and 
 the Southern Society. Jn the Presidential Campaign of 
 1892 he presided over the great Wall Street Cleveland 
 
 banking house of Kenyon Cox & Co., of Wall Street, of 
 which Mr. Daniel Drew was then partner. In 1875 Mr Cox 
 was elected Assistant Treasurer of the Canada Southern Rail- 
 way Company, in which capacity he had charge of its New 
 York office for several years until the purchase of the road 
 by Commodore Vanderbilt. In 1883, upon the retirement 
 of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt from active business, his son, 
 Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt, was made President of the Can- 
 ada Southern Railway Company, and Mr. Cox Vice-Presi- 
 dent, which relation has continued until the present time. 
 In 1887 ^Ir. Cox became Vice-President of the Richmond 
 & Alleghany Railroad Company, and had a leading part in 
 the reorganization of that property in the interests of the 
 Vanderbilts, remaining in its management until its absorp- 
 tion into the Chesapeake & Ohio R. R. system in 18S9. 
 Mr. (]ox is now President of the Carthage & Adirondack 
 Railway Company, and is also an officer or director of sev- 
 
 CHARLES FI.NNEV COX. 
 
 business men's meeting. He is also a member of the 
 N. Y. Chamber of Commerce, Trustee of St. Patrick's 
 Cathedral and one of the Trustees of the Roman Catholic 
 C)rphan Asylum. 
 
 CHARLES FINNEY COX. 
 
 Charles Finney Cox was born on Staten Island, N. Y., 
 in January, 1846. He is of New England and Dutch extrac- 
 tion, his paternal ancestors having settled in New York in 
 the early part of the last century, and his mother having 
 been a Miss Kenyon, of the well known Connecticut family 
 of that name, long residents in the vicinity of Norwich. 
 His father was a successful builder of this city, who made a 
 specialty of church erection, and here Mr. Cox has always 
 resided, save during his attendance at Oberlin College, Ohio, 
 of which institution he is an alumnus. He is the youngest 
 brother of Oeneral J. D. Cox, ex-Governor of Ohio, and 
 Secretary of Interior in General Grant's first cabinet. Soon 
 after leaving college, in 1867, Mr. Cox entered as clerk the 
 
 eral of the branch lines of the Vanderbilt system. He is 
 Vice-President of the Second Avenue (horse) Railroad. 
 First Vice-President of the United States Savings Bank of 
 New- York, also Chairman of its P'unding Committee, and 
 President of the American Safe Deposit Company, of 501 
 Fifth Avenue. Although of necessity much absorbed in 
 the details of the vast interests committed to his 
 charge Mr. Cox is a hard student and has found time 
 for much important scientific research. He is well known 
 as an authority on the microscope and is the possessor of one 
 of the finest instruments in America. He w-as for two years 
 President of the New York Microscopical Society, and is 
 now Treasurer of the New York Ai ademy of Sciences as 
 well as the President of the Council of "The Scientific Alli- 
 ance of New York," an association of the seven principal 
 scientific societies of the city. He is also one of the corpo- 
 rators of the Botanical Garden which is to be established 
 in Bronx Park, and Secretary of its Finance Committee, of 
 which Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan is Chairman. He has writ- 
 
JVEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ten numerous articles on the microscope and otiier scien- 
 tific subjects, and is the author of a book entitled " Proto- 
 plasm and Life." As a musician Mr. Cox is an amateur of 
 note, having for many years been an active member of the 
 Mendelssohn Glee Club of this city, and at one time its 
 Vice-President. He is an admirer and connoisseur of paint- 
 ings, and is a life patron of the American Fine Arts Soci- 
 ety, of which his nephew, Mr. Kenyon Cox, the well-known 
 artist and writer, is a prominent meml)er. Mr. Cox is a 
 book collector and [)ossesses a valuable library of rare and 
 curious works, relating particularly to the early history of 
 science. In addidon to his pursuit as business man and 
 man of letters, he is actively interested in benevolent move- 
 ments, and is a prominent member of the Charity Organ- 
 ization Society, serving not only upon one of its District 
 
 the poet and essayist, was the most celebrated member. It 
 is from this gentle critic that Mr. James derives the poetic 
 side of his nature. His father is (iencral 'I'homas L. James, 
 for many years the model Postmaster of New York City, 
 Postmaster-Ceneral of the United States under Garfield, 
 and now President of the Lincoln National Hank of New 
 York, sometimes called the V'anderbilt ISank, one of the 
 most conservative and successful financial institutions of 
 this or any other city. Receiving his early education in the 
 best of all schools, the Public School system of New York, 
 Mr. (Miarles F. James accpiired that independence and self- 
 reliance which come from contact in early life with the cos- 
 mopolitan classes found in the i)ui)lic schools. Endowed 
 with a splendid physiipie, jxissionately fond of all athletic 
 sports, easily holding his own in his classes, with his genial. 
 
 CHARLES F. JAMES. 
 
 Committees, but also in its Central Council and Executive 
 Committee. Mr. Cox married in 1S78 Helen, the daughter 
 of Mr. Charles P>. Middlebrook. of Bridgei)ort, Conn., and 
 afterward of New York, by whom he has one daughter. Mr. 
 Cox is a member of Dr. Parkhurst's Presbyterian Church, 
 and of the Union League, Century and Grolier Clubs. 
 
 CHARLES F JAMES 
 Charles F. James, Ph.B., A.M., LL.K.. President of the 
 l-'ranklin National Bank, lawyer, financier and man of affairs, 
 was born in Hamilton, Madison County, N. V., on July 12, 
 1S56, and comes of old American stock. He is of Welsh 
 and Scottish extraction. On the mother's side Mr. James 
 traces his descent from the famous Ethan .Allen, and also 
 from a branch of the Lamb family, of which Charles Lamb. 
 
 frank and open nature, he made friends readily, and retained 
 them, and was the chosen companion of the best class of 
 students. When the faculty of the College of the City of 
 New York determined to send a crew to compete in the 
 Intercollegiate Regatta on Saratoga Lake, Mr. James was 
 imanimously selected liy the facuhy and students as captain 
 and stroke of the crew. Mr. James is a fine swimmer, having 
 saved the lives of two persons, one of whom would not be 
 now on Governor Flower's staff had he not been rescued 
 from drowning, many vears ago, by the subject of this 
 sketch. His father, wishing him to take his degree from the 
 same college from which he had received his, he left the 
 College of the City of New York at the commencement of 
 his Junior year, and, passing the examinaiion at Madison 
 L'niversity for the Senior Class, graduated with honors with 
 
202 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 the class of '76, one year ahead of his old class. After 
 leaving college his father sent him abroad, from which, after 
 spending some time, he returned and entered Columbia 
 College Law School. He was for a time a student in the 
 law offices of Seaward, Blatchford, Griswold & Da Costa, 
 from which firm he went to Steward L. Woodford, into the 
 U. S. District Attorney's office. From such a beginning we 
 may confidently look for a brilliant future, and watch with in- 
 terest and profit the career of such a man as Chas. F. James. 
 
 DAVID BANKS. 
 
 Perhaps one of the most popular, historically interesting 
 and picturesque characters in New York City is David 
 Banks, the well known law ]niblisher of Nassau street. Mr. 
 Banks comes of old Revolutionary stock. He was born in 
 New York City sixty-six years ago. His father was David 
 Banks, the founder of the firm of Banks & Gould. His 
 mother was Miss Harriet Breneck Lloyd, daughter of Paul 
 B. Lloyd, of old Knickerbocker stock, and his great-uncle. 
 
 and Chief Justice Nelson. Martin Van Buren was also a 
 constant visitor, and " Old Hickory " himself always came 
 here when in town. Li this atmosphere of men that '' made 
 history " Mr. Banks was reared, and he reveres the memo- 
 ries of his youth, and emulates the manners of his father's 
 distinguished friends. At one time the firm's name was 
 Gould, Banks & Gould. David Banks, the grandfather, 
 was intimate with Washington, with whom he crossed the 
 Delaware, and fought all through the Revolution. This 
 patriot's wife once saved General Washington from capture 
 by the Hessians at Newark, N. J. But to return to the 
 David Banks of to-day. Though so generally popular and 
 taking great interest in public affairs and the welfare of the 
 city, Mr. Banks, like his father, always refused publ c office, 
 but he has filled many places of honor in connection with 
 financial and social institutions. He is a member of the 
 Governing Council of the City of New York, the chairman 
 of its Building Committee, and a member of its Executive 
 and Library Committees. He also belongs to the Sons of 
 
 DAVID BANKS. 
 
 the famous Sir Joseph Banks, who was with Captain Cook 
 when he was killed by the Sandwich Islanders. When only 
 twenty he joined the law publishing house which today 
 bears his name and which is one of the historical landmarks 
 of old New York. The house was estalilished in 1804, and 
 while it is the oldest, it is one of the largest law publishing 
 houses in America. The business was at first carried on 
 where the present Drexel building stands, hi twenty-five 
 years the building on Wall Street became too small for the 
 increasing business of the firm, and a move was made up to 
 the present site of the Tribune building. The new build- 
 ing was noted then for its immense size, and it was also 
 noted for the famous men who used to meet there. Old 
 Mr. Banks was an uncompromising "hardshell" Democrat 
 and his office was called "Tammany Hall, Jr." Here such, 
 men would congregate as ex-Governors Morgan Lewis, 
 Wright and Marcy ; Chancellors Kent, Walworth and 
 McCown ; Surrogate Miller; Judges Sanford, Samuel Jones 
 
 the Revolution and the Sons of Veterans of 181 2. He was 
 the last captain of the Old City Guard, and honorary mem- 
 ber of the Old Guard. He is also a prominent Mason, a 
 Sir Knight, and a member of the Veteran Firemen's .Asso- 
 ciation. Socially he is a prince. He was recently elected 
 President of the New York Club, and was one of the Com- 
 mittee of One Hundred of the Columbian Celebration, and 
 a member of the Auditing Committee. He belongs to 
 the following other clubs : The Lawyers', the Union, the 
 Manhattan, and the St. Nicholas. Mr. Banks is a most 
 enthusiastic yachtsman, and the hero of a hundred gales. 
 He owns and captains the fast and beautiful Water Witch. 
 He is Commodore of the Atlantic Yacht Club, of Brooklyn, 
 and a member of the New York Yacht, the City Club, and 
 the Atalanta Boat Club. Of the financial institutions he is 
 director of is the East River National Bank, an old institu- 
 tion whose charter dates from 1852, of which his father was 
 the first President. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METIWrOl.lS. 
 
 203 
 
 AUGUST BELMONT. 
 
 The great hanking house of Aug\ist Behnont & Co., the 
 American representative.s of the Rothschilds, was founded 
 in 1837 hy .\ugust IJehnont, Sr., who for fifty years was one 
 of the most ]iri)minent financiers of the Metropolis, and who. 
 in addition, identified himself socially and politically with 
 the interests of the city and country, ser\ing as United 
 States Minister to the Hague, and for iiian\- years CliairnKin 
 of the National Democratic Committee, ami taking a most 
 active part in municipal and national |}olitics. Mr. Hclmont 
 was not only a financier, statesman and jmhlicist of tlie front 
 rank, but he had a mind well bent for the amenities of life. 
 During the course of his long and busy career as banker, 
 diplomat, confidential agent of the government and poliii- 
 cian, he also made his house the rendezvous of fashionable 
 New York ; he caused the American Jockey Club to be held 
 the standard for pure and clean sport in the United States ; 
 he created a taste for art, a discretion in music, anil his 
 counsel was paramount on all club committees. 'I'he firm 
 has always occupied a leading and dignified position, not 
 only as drawers of exchange, but as the representatives of 
 vast foreign investment interests in American railroad and 
 other corporations, their European connections e.xtending 
 to every city of importance abroad. The present head of 
 the house is August Belmont, the son of the founder. Mr. 
 Belmont was born in New York, February 18, 1S53, was 
 educated at the Rectory School, Hamden, Conn., at Haver- 
 ford, Penn., Phillips Exeter Academy, and graduated from 
 Harvard in 1875. He entered his father's banking house 
 in September, 1875, and married in 1881 Miss Bessie Ham- 
 ilton Morgan, of New York, by whom he has three sons, 
 August, Raymond and Morgan. Inheriting great wealth 
 and all the force of character and directness of purjiose for 
 which his father was famous, young Behnont has become a 
 power in the financial world. His self-poise and jierfect 
 judgment in large financial undertakings and pursuits have 
 made him conspicuous. He is at the present time, w'hile 
 barely forty years of age. Chairman of the Board of the 
 Louisville and Nashville Railroad, a director of the St. Paul 
 Railroad, Vice-President of the Kings County Ele\ated 
 Railroad, a Director of the Equitable Life Insurance Com- 
 pany and of the Manhattan Trust Company, of the National 
 Park Bank and of the Bank of the State of New York, and 
 also of many industrial corporations. Socially he is one of 
 the most companionable of men, and his poinUarity has made 
 him a natural cluhmate, and the best clubs of the city and 
 suburbs are pleased to claim him as a member. The I'nion, 
 Knickerbocker, Manhattan, Lawyers', Racquet, New N'ork 
 .\thletic (of which latter he is President), the Meadowbrook 
 and Country, the New York Larchmont, Seawanhaka, East- 
 ern and Corinthian Yacht Clubs, being Flag Officer of the 
 latter, and he is also member of the American Kennel Club, 
 which his presidency has brought to its jjresent command- 
 ing influence throughout the country. He is an uncompro- 
 mising Democrat, a hard working business man, and an acti\ e 
 and thorough sportsman in his leisure hours. A man with 
 a |)urpose, backed by vast wealth ami thorough education in 
 and knowledge of the path he is [uirsuing, with industry, 
 talent and good judgment, there can be little doubt that Mr. 
 Belmont will speedily scale the up|)ermist round of the lad- 
 der of successful results. What the ripe harvest will he, if 
 life is spared to such a man, it is comparatively casv to 
 foresee. 
 
 D. D. McKOON. 
 
 Hon. D. D. McKoon, of the New York Bar, was born in 
 Herkimer County, N. Y., on October 17, 1827, and comes of 
 good Scottish-American ancestry. His great-grandfather, 
 James McKoon, came to this country and settled in Her- 
 kimer County, where his descendants followed the vocation 
 of farming. The subject of this sketch is a son of Martin, 
 
 Jr., and Margaret McKoon and was educated in the Fulton 
 Academy, Oswego ('ounty. His legal training was gained 
 in the olflce of Judge Ransom H. Tyler and liis admission 
 to the bar took place in 1S54. He at once began the prac- 
 tice of his profession at Plicenix, where he was associated 
 in l.iw with l-'rani is David, who is now serving his second 
 term as Surrogate of ( )sweg(j County. While located at 
 riiienix Mr. McKoon was elected to the County Judgeshij) 
 for three consecutive terms, but in 1862, at the beginning of 
 his third term, resigned his position to enlist in the .Army. 
 Hejoined Company I), 1 loth Regiment, New York \'olunteer 
 Infantry, and went to the front. He was made First Lieu- 
 tenant of his company and during a portion of his tune 
 acted as adjutant of the Regiment, but his military career 
 was cut short through an attack of typhoid fever, which 
 illness necessitated his retirement from the army and was 
 of such severity as t<i incapacitate him from mental or 
 physical work for the three following years. In 1866 he 
 resumed the prac liieof law in Middletown, ( )range County, 
 
 U. U. McKUUN. 
 
 and for three years of his time in that place was a partner 
 in the law firm of Foote, McKoon cV- Stoddard. In 1S74 
 he came to the Metropolis and opened an office, at the same 
 time and for three subsequent years retaining one in Mid- 
 dletown. He finally devoted his entire time to his New 
 York business, and five years ago admitted his son, I), (jil- 
 bert McKoon, to partnership under the firm name of D. 1). 
 tV D. C. McKoon, which about two years ago became 
 McKoon iS: Luckey ujion the admission to membershi]) of 
 David B. Luckey. Judge McKoon has confined his [jraciice 
 to the civil department of the law and made a specialty of 
 Real Estate litigation. His career has not only liten finan- 
 cially successful, but is also unmarked by a sing e unjjrG- 
 fessional act, and he is accordingly highly esteemed and 
 respected by both Bench and Bar for his honorable methods 
 and integrity of character. Judge McKoon was married in 
 1852 to Miss Mary, daughter of Andrus Gilbert, of Oswego 
 County, whom he and an only son survive. At present he 
 is a director in and Treasurer of the Richmond Homestead 
 
204 
 
 JV£W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Association of New York, capital ;|5o,ooo. Also is a direct- 
 or and Vice-President of the Frontier Bank of Niagara, 
 and is President of the Mannahasset Park Association of 
 Monmouth County, New Jersey. His chief recreation con- 
 sists in supervising his large real estate interests in North- 
 ern New York and on the Jersey Coast. And at the ripe 
 age of sixty-six years he may be justly called one of the 
 most active professional men of New York. 
 
 tion to his profession. The success attained by Mr. 
 Amundson is an illustration of what a self-made and well- 
 made man may accomplish through indomitable will power, 
 and what obstacles may be overcome by perseverance. 
 
 JOHN A. AMUNDSON. 
 
 John A. Amundson, one of the talented and successful 
 lawyers of the New York bar, like many other prominent 
 professional men of the Metropolis is a representative of the 
 U'estern States. He was born at Madison, Wis., on April 2, 
 1856. The height of his boyhood ambiiion was a collegiate 
 education, and his jireparatory course was accomplished 
 solely through close personal application to study of those 
 elementary branches of education which are usually more 
 readily obtained. Though wholly self-prepared, he 
 passed his entrance examinations to Yale College with- 
 out a condition, and after a brilliant course was gradu- 
 ated with honors in the class of 1880, delivering the 
 ])e Forest ])rize oration. He subsequently was ad- 
 
 JOHN k. AMUNDSON. 
 
 mitted to the bar and his talents and ability soon 
 brought him into prominence. His practice is confined 
 chiefly to the civil departments of the law, and his clientele 
 includes corporations, mercantile concerns, and large estates, 
 like those of Hugh Smith, Martha M. Huylar, and others. 
 As a corporation lawyer, he has specially distinguished him- 
 self, and figured as leading counsel in many important 
 litigations. No little of his success is attributable to his 
 integrity and thoroughly reliable, personal character. On 
 September, 1884, Mr. Amundson was married to Miss Carrie 
 Monson, daughter of Curtis J. Monson, of New Haven, and 
 resides in Bedford Park, in the northern section of the city, 
 rhough taking an active interest in politics, he has never 
 sought political honors, but has devoted his assiduous atten- 
 
 STEPHEN V. WHITE. 
 Hon. Stephen V. White, a distinguished financier and 
 ex-member of Congress from the Third Congressional Dis- 
 trict, was born in Chatham County, N. C, August i, 1831. 
 On his father's side his ancestors were sturdy Quakers, who 
 removed from Chester County, Pa., to North Carolina imme- 
 diately after the close of the Revolutionary War. His 
 mother, Julia Brewer, was a direct descendant of Oliver 
 Cromwell and a member of one of the oldest and best known 
 families in North Carolina. After the famous Nat Turner 
 insurrection in 1831 the family removed to Illinois, then a 
 remote wilderness, where the subject of this sketch was 
 reared amid the wildest surroundings and inured to all the 
 hardships of frontier life. The first direct pay he ever re- 
 ceived for his labor was from the sale of furs he had himself 
 trapped. He nevertheless managed to acf|uire a practical 
 English education, and entering Knox College, Illinois, was 
 graduated from that institution in 1854. In 1888 his Alma 
 Mater conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 Upon leaving college he immediately struck out for himself. 
 Locating in St. Louis he obtained employment as a book- 
 keeper in the wholesale store of Claflin, Allen iS: Stinde, 
 and in 1855 began the study of the law in the office of Brown 
 & Kasson, composed of the late Hon. Brown, afterwards 
 Governor of Missouri and United States Senator from that 
 State, and the Hon. John A. Kasson, afterwards United 
 States Minister to Berlin. November 4, 1856, he was ad- 
 mitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession 
 at Des Moines, Iowa, at once taking a leading position and 
 being retained in many of the most important cases in the 
 Federal Courts. His restless ambition, however, led him to 
 abandon the profession he had so brilliantly adorned and 
 seek elsewhere a larger and more exciting field. Accord- 
 ingly, in 1865 he removed to New Vork, and with Cajitain 
 Charles B. Marvin established the banking house of Marvin 
 & White. This firm was dissolved two years later, Mr. 
 White continuing in business alone until January i, 1882, 
 when the firm of S. V. White & Co. was organized, com- 
 posed of Mr. White, Mr. Arthur Clatiin and Mr. Franklin 
 W. Hopkins. Mr. Claflin retired from the firm on January 
 I, 1886. Mr. White has been connected with the New York 
 Stock Exchange for more than a quarter of century, during 
 which time he has been actively engaged both as a broker 
 and as an operator on his own account It is owing to his 
 career in the latter respect that he has attained so high a 
 distinction in the turbulent life of Wall Street and so splendid 
 a record in financial circles at home and abroad. Mr. White's 
 individual operations have been of a most gigantic kind, and 
 such as could only have been conducted by a man possessing 
 phenomenal prescience, a well balanced brain, the power of 
 cool calculation and a supreme confidence in his convictions. 
 Politically, Mr. White has been a staunch Republican ever 
 since the birth of the party. He was an earnest worker for 
 John C. Fremont, the first candidate of the party for the 
 presidency in 1856. Until 1886 Mr. White had never been a 
 candidate for political preferment, but was, in that year, 
 elected to the Fiftieth Congress from the Third Congres- 
 sional District. The achievements of Mr, White during 
 the memorable events of 1891-2 are unparalleled in the his- 
 tory of Wall Street. The firm of S. V. White & Co. failed, 
 and during the dark days following Mr. White drank deeply 
 ■ of the cup of bitterness. The accumulations of a lifetime 
 were gone, prestige was gone, self confidence was shaken, 
 age coming on, and above all there was a great mountain of 
 debt. His associates in those days were humiliation and 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 205 
 
 distress, liiit nc\er di'spair, and iliroiigli all the- gloom there 
 were gleams of sunshine. Plymouth Church promptly re- 
 elected Mr. White treasurer of the society, with assurances 
 of confidence and hope doubly gratifying at such an hour. 
 The value of a character became evident. Mr. White's ver- 
 bal promise to pay when he could was found to be a tangible 
 asset. Men regarded Mr. White's word as better than some 
 debtors' notes. When an obdurate creditor was found, 
 there was found also, not far away, some one willing and 
 able to make that creditor sign, and there came a day in 
 January, 1892, when Mr. White could say that he had 
 not a dollar of legal obligation outstanding. That great 
 debt which had l)een released from the grasp of the law had, 
 however, only bound tighter ujion Mr. White's heart, and it 
 weighed his spirit down. Everything that he touched turned 
 to gold, but as money poured in he did not forget that he 
 was only a steward, and every clean-up was followed by the 
 transmission of a flight of checks to creditors of honor. 
 Creditors belie\ ed to lie needy were paid first, principal and 
 interest. C)ihers got chec ks on account. It began to be 
 noised alijut that l\lr. While was ]iaying off debts at a pro- 
 digious rate. This Ijrought following and strengthened his 
 hands. C)n the :;ist of December the work was done. 'Ihe 
 last creditor had his money. The Chicago creditors who 
 settled at fifty cents on the dollar had all received the other 
 fifty cents on the dollar, with interest, and S. \'. White 
 walked the floor of the Exchange conscious of ha\'ing made 
 a record which would endure where most other financial 
 incidents of this generation have been forgotten. Men have 
 failed for larger sums. Men have e.xtricated themselves in 
 the course of years from greater embarrassments. Men have 
 made more than a million dollars in a year. But no other 
 man has failed fora million dollars in attem|)ting to do some- 
 thuig which, almost immediately after his failure, did itself 
 in obedience to natural laws. No other man has obtained 
 release from legal obligation to pay $1,000,000 upon his 
 mere assurance that he would pay when he could. No other 
 man, starting with $qo,ooo capital, has made a million dol- 
 lars in less than eleven months, and paid it all to |)eo|jle to 
 whom he was under no legal obligation to pay anything. 
 Such a combination of dramatic incident with such a disjilay 
 of intellectual and moral (pialiiies is absolutely unique. The 
 effects of sue h an achievement upon the minds of young 
 men, upon the business world and upon the community as 
 showing a phase of Wall Street life not generally believed 
 to exist must be great, good and enduring. Such is an all 
 too brief sketch of a man who, by pure force of ability, cour- 
 age, character and integrity, became one of the powers of 
 Wall Street. Lawyer, legislator, journalist and financier, he 
 has always done well whatever he has attempted, and has 
 won success and hosts of warm friends by traits of character 
 as rare as they are enviable. He has always had the courage 
 of his convictions and the decision of character that make 
 abilities such as he possesses doubly res])ected. His prac- 
 tical knowledge of public affairs, his brilliant powers as a 
 financier, his experience in dealing with men, his marvellous 
 gift of self-reliance and his attractive social qualities mark 
 him as one of those rare sons of fortune whom riches have 
 not spoiled nor adversity subued. 
 
 SUMNER F. DUDLEY. 
 
 The old and well-known surgical instrument manufac- 
 turing house of Shepard & Dudley was established in 1840 by 
 William R. Goulding, who was a physician and surgeon as 
 well as surgical instrument maker. Dr. Goulding operated 
 for clubfoot and other pedal deformities long before 
 orthopaedic surgery became a specialty. In 1S61 he was 
 appointed curator in the Army Museum, Washington, where 
 many anatomical specimens prepared by him may be seen 
 
 to-day. He was possessed of fine artistic tastes, and m.ide 
 anatomical drawings and etchings of surgical o])erations 
 that havel)een sought after by many distinguished s|)ecialists. 
 Dr. (knilding carried on the surgical instrument business 
 from 1840 until 1850, when the firm name was chnngedonce 
 more to F. H. Walsh & Co., and in 1854 to (Moulding & Ford. 
 In 1858 it changed again to (leorge VVade and 185910 Wade 
 iV h'ord. This last named firm conducted the business dur- 
 ing the war of the Rebellion, and made surgical instruments 
 for the United States .Army and Navy, and also for export- 
 ing. In 1866 the firm became \V. 1''. Ford & Co., in 1867 
 W. !''. l-'ord alone, and in 1869 assumed its present title of 
 Shepard & Dudley. Henceforth they manufactured a more 
 extensive line of goods, and went largely into e.\i)ort and 
 wholesale dealings. In 1879 the firm issued an illustrated 
 catalogue more complete than anything in that line hitherto 
 pid)lished, either in iMirope or America. Mr. F. M Shepard 
 retired from the concern in 1869, and is now, and has been 
 
 Sl'MNliR F. Dl-DI-EV. 
 
 for year.;. President of the Rubber Clothing Company and 
 the Goodyear Rubber Company. Mr. F. I). Dudley also 
 retired in 1889, leaving the concern to his two sons, Sumner 
 F. and Frederick .\, Dudley, who have been connected with 
 the business since 1S72. They were both born in Wor- 
 cester, Mass., and there received a high school education. 
 Associated with them is Dr. William R. Leonard, who has 
 been connected with the business since his boyhood, so that 
 a professional understanding of all the necessities and detail 
 of the business has been added to a perfect mechanical 
 knowledge This has contributed materially to their suc- 
 cess. The senior partner, Sumner F. Dudley, whose por- 
 trait is here given, has been for years actively employed 
 with the work of the Voung Men's Christian .Association. 
 He was for six years Treasurer of the New York State 
 Executive Committee of that body, and is now a member of 
 the New Jersey State Executive Committee and one of the 
 Secretaries of the State Association of New York. 
 
2o6 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS 
 
 DANIEL ADDISON HEALD. 
 
 Daniel Addison Heald, President of the Home Insurance 
 Co., and the leading fire underwriter of the United States, 
 was born in the town of Chester, Vermont, May 4, iSiS. 
 The family comes of old Puritan stock, of English descent, 
 coming to this country in 1635 from Berwick, England, and 
 were among the first settlers of Concord, Mass. His 
 maternal grandfather was named Edwards. Both of his 
 grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolution, and fought at 
 Concord Bridge, Bunker Hill, and in other engagements. 
 His grandfather Edwards was a captain in the army under 
 Washington. His father, Amos Heald, married a daughter 
 of Captain Edwards, and lived at Chester, Vermont, where 
 he owned one of the best farms in the State. Daniel 
 Addison Heald was their youngest child. On his father's 
 farm he passed the first sixteen years of his life, assisting 
 
 pany of New York invited him to become its general agent. 
 He accepted the offer and entered ujson his duties in New- 
 York City. After twelve years of service, he was chosen 
 Second Vice-President of the Company. In iS83,upon the 
 resignation of Vice-President VVillmarth, Mr. Heald suc- 
 ceeded him. In 1888, he was elected to the Presidency, 
 President Martin having resigned. When Mr. Heald 
 joined the company its capital was $500,000; total assets 
 $872,823. The capital is now $3,000,000, its gross assets 
 $9,300,000, with a surplus over capital and all liabilities 
 of $1,250,000. In capital and assets it is only equalled by 
 one other American company. Its income is over 
 $4,750,000 and insures property to more than $700,000,000. 
 It has passed through all the great fires, paying all losses 
 promptly and in full. It is one of the four great fire com- 
 panies of the world. A large share of the credit of this 
 
 D.\NIEL .\DDISON HE-\LD. 
 
 him in the various labors of farm work. But his inclina- 
 tions and ambitions were in other directions than those of a 
 farmer. He neglected no opportunity for mental imptove- 
 ment, and was ambitious of obtaining a liberal education. 
 He attended the public schools of this native town, and 
 then attended a preparatory school at Meriden, New 
 Hampshire, where he remained two years, and entered Yale 
 College, graduating with honors in 1841 at twenty-three 
 years of age. During his senior year at Yale, he read law 
 under the direction of Judge Daggett, of New Haven, and 
 subsequently for two years in the office of Judge AVashburn, 
 of Ludlow, Vt. He was admitted to the Bar of Vermon_t, 
 May, 1843. He also conducted an insurance business 
 while engaged in practice of law, as Agent for the ^-Etna 
 and other Hartford companies, and obtained such an 
 excellent reputation that in 1856 the Home Insurance Coni- 
 
 record belongs to Mr. Heald, who has been described as the 
 possessor of " the most active fire insurance brain on the 
 continent." Early Mr. Heald realized that the successful 
 conduct of fire insurance business depended upon its mastery 
 as a science, well knowing that no one can know too much 
 to conduct it successfully. He is not only a lawyer, but 
 chemist, architect, financier and an excellent judge of men, 
 and of values of all things insurable. He has investigated 
 with great care the causes of fire and the means and 
 appliances for prevention and extinction. He has conducted 
 the business of the Home Insurance Company so as to 
 take care of the policyholders as well as the stockholders, 
 and obtain fair rates in face of all competition. The 
 policies of the company are sought for by the best class of 
 insured all over the United States. After the great Portland 
 fire of 1867, Mr. Heald was one of the prime movers in the 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 207 
 
 org.mizntion of tlie National ISoaid of [•"ire I'lidcrwriters, of 
 which important organization he has served either as Chair- 
 man of the Kxectitive Committee or President, holding the 
 latter office for ten years. He has made numerous addresses 
 on the subject of fire insurance, wliicli hohl a high phtce in 
 the Hterature of the profession. He lias been an active and 
 permanent member of the \e\v \'ork Hoard of Fire Under 
 writers, having held many official positions and has been a 
 hard worker in its interests, l.oved and honored by all who 
 know him, active and alert, des|)atching lousiness easily and 
 rapidly, no name has become more deeply engraved on the 
 history of Fire Insurance in America than that of Daniel 
 Addison Heald. 
 
 GRANVILLE P. HAWES. 
 
 Hon. Granville V. Hawes, one of New York's most dis- 
 tinguished lawyers, was born in the State of Maine, in 1838, 
 and educated in Bowdoin College. He had for fellow- 
 classmates such eminent men as the Hon. Thomas B. 
 Reed, one of the leaders of the Republican party ; Judge 
 Symonds, Ceneral VV. W. Thomas, and other well-known 
 men. Judge Hawes himself is a man of national reputation. 
 Coming to the city he studied law in Columbia College, at 
 the same time taking charge of the literary department of a 
 leading Metropolitan morning paper, and subsequently 
 becoming Professor of Rhetoric and F>nglish in the Mary- 
 land State College. When the war broke out and the country 
 called its children to arms in defence of the Union, Mr. 
 Hawes answered the appeal, and joining the army, served 
 throughout the great struggle. He was on the staff of 
 Major-General William H. F.mory, and as such belonged to 
 the Nineteenth Army Corps and fought with Sheridan in the 
 famous Shenandoah Valley Campaign. After the war he 
 came to New York once more and resumed practice, a pro- 
 fession in which since then he has achieved marked success. 
 
 In 1879 he was nominated Judge of the City Court and 
 elected after a very exciting contest. He was the only 
 Repulilican elected at the time on the county ticket. .\t 
 the end of his term of office, renominated somewhat against 
 his will, he polled 30,000 votes more than the nominees for 
 the other offices on the same ticket, coming within 400 votes 
 of a re-election. Nominated subsequently for the Superior 
 Court Bench, he received 10,000 votes more than the remain- 
 der of his ticket. From 1870 to 1876 he was Chairman of 
 the Board of School Trustees of the Twelfth Ward, and in 
 187 1 memljer of the committee which elected Mayor 
 Havemeyer and annihilated the Tweed Ring. He is direc- 
 tor of the New England Society, and for a number of years 
 has been Chairman of its Committee on Charities. He 
 organized the D. K. E. Club of this city, and for two years 
 was its President. Judge Hawes is also a prominent mem- 
 ber of the Union League Club, of which he was for three 
 years Secretary, and frequently served on its executive com- 
 mittee. He also belongs to the University and Lawyers' 
 clubs and the Bar Association. He has written extensively 
 for magazines, news])apers and periodicals, and is the 
 author of a well known work on (General Assignments He 
 is counsel for a number of large corporations, and enjoys a 
 lucrative practice. 
 
 SHEPPARD HOMANS. 
 Sheppard Homans, son of the late I. Smith Homans and 
 Sarah A. Sheppard, was born in Baltimore .Md., Ai)ril 12, 
 1 831. He graduated from St. Mary's College, and was 
 from youth a brilliant mathematician and ripe scholar. He 
 entered Harvard in 1849, and after passing all the exam- 
 inations for a degree in that University, was appointed by 
 the Government to conduct an expedition for determining 
 the difference in longitude between Liverpool and Boston. 
 The result of this was to secure for him an appointment on 
 
 the coast survey, and astronomer on several exploring expe- 
 ditions across the country. In 1865 he succeeded Pro- 
 fessor Charles Gill as Actuary of the Mutual Life Insurance 
 Company of New York. In that capacity he immediately 
 began iqjon the original work of coniju'ling the American 
 Experience Table of Mortality to replac e the fore ign table 
 jjreviously relied upon. It is now in use by every Ameri- 
 can Life Insurance Com[)any of conseipience in the coun- 
 try. Mr. Homans was twice sent to ICurope by his ("om- 
 liany: the first time in 1861, to study the work of British 
 life officer, and the second time in 1869, to attend the In- 
 ternational Statistical Congress held at Hague, at which he 
 also represented the American Geographical Society. Hardly 
 had he finished his work upon the .Vnierican Iv\|)erience 
 Table of Mortality when he suggesied the ])lan known as 
 the "Contribution Plan," for the ecjuitable distribution of 
 
 SHEPP.ARD HOM.ANS. 
 
 the surplus of life companies among the persons who < on- 
 tribute to its surplus accumulations. Mr. Homans is un- 
 questionably the leading authority on life insurance statis- 
 tics in the United States, and is as well known abroad as at 
 home. He is Consulting .\ctuary of various comi)anies, 
 President of the Englewood Club, Brookside Cemetery .As- 
 sociation, and of the Board of Trustees of Englewood 
 School for lioys. He is also a prominent club member, be- 
 longing to ihe Union League, Lawyers' and New York and 
 Atlantic Yacht Clubs. In 1S75 Mr. Homans organized the 
 Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New \'ork, the 
 specialty of which is to furnish renewable term life insur- 
 ance. The success of this company is a marvel of ])ublic 
 confidence reposed in a sound and vigorous organization. 
 
 CHARLES F. BEACH, Jr. 
 
 Charles V . licarh, |r., who enjoys distinction as one of 
 the prominent and talented members of the younger genera- 
 tion of the Bar of the Metropolis, was born in Paris. Ken- 
 tucky, on February 4th, 1854. His father. Rev. Charles F. 
 Beach, was born in this State, but early removed to the 
 
208 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 South, where he was regarded as one of the most emi- 
 nent Presbyterian divines. The subject of this sketch 
 received his preparatory education at Dr. Wm. L. Yerkes' 
 Grammar School in his native town, entered Centre College 
 in 1872, and was graduated in 1877 with the degree of 
 B.A., to which was added in 1881 that of M A. For some 
 time he was connected in an editorial capacity with the 
 Louisville Courier Journal, but seeing the greater advan- 
 tages to be derived from a professional career he came to 
 the Metropolis in 1879 and took a course in Columbia Law 
 School, graduating in r88i. He immediately began the 
 practice of law and soon gained reputation as a lawyer of 
 superior abilitv. His legal treatises, " Law of Private Cor- 
 porations," " Modern Law of Railways," " Law of Public 
 Corporations," "Modern Equity Jurisprudence" (all two 
 vol'jme works), " Law of Receivers," " Law of Con- 
 tributory Negligence," and '' Law of Wills," have received 
 many encomiums in legal circles and are regarded as 
 excellent authority on the subjects of which they treat. 
 
 CHARLICS V. I!K.\( I;, Jr. 
 
 \\\ addition to meeting the re([uirements of his large 
 law practice, Mr. Beach edited the Raihvay and Cor- 
 poration Law Journal from 1887 to i8gi, and his forci- 
 ble editorials were the leading features of that publica- 
 tion. He devotes his attention to a general civil prac- 
 tice, making a specialty of corporation matters, in which 
 department of his jjrofession he has distinguished him- 
 self in many celebrated and important cases before the 
 higher courts. He was for four years the associate General 
 Counsel of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Co., and 
 was one of the attorneys in the Carload-Lot Cases and in 
 the Anthracite Coal Cases before the Interstate Commerce 
 Commission. He was also counsel for the Congressional 
 Committee appointed to investigate the workings of the 
 Reading Railroad Coal combination in 1892. His social^ 
 career has also been a success. He is a popular member 
 of the City Bar Association, the Manhattan, Reform and 
 Southern Clubs, and though his life is too busy to devote 
 much time to jjolitics, he is an enthusiastic Democrat. He 
 
 is Vice-President of the Collins-Beach Varnish Co., of 
 Louisville, and is interested in many other large industrial 
 enterprises. In conclusion it can be truthfully said that 
 few, if any, members of the Bar have made a higher or 
 better record in so short a length of time than Charles F. 
 Beach, Jr. 
 
 WILLIAM RHINELANDER. 
 
 William Rhinelander, head of one of the most distin- 
 guished families in America, was born in New York City. 
 His father, Wdliam C. Rhinelander, also born in New York, 
 died in 1878, at the age of eighty-eight years. William 
 Rhinelander was educated in the private schools of the city 
 and in Columbia College Grammar School, from which he 
 graduated, and then, with his father, assumed control of the 
 Rhinelander estate, which, after the Astor's, is the largest in 
 the city. The first of the American Rhinelanders, Philip Ja- 
 cob, came to this country in 1685, and settled in NewRochelle. 
 Ever since then the Rhinelanders have been prominent in 
 the affairs of city. State and country at large. On the ma- 
 ternal side Mr. Rhinelander comes from the Crugers, a 
 name equally illustrious in the annals of this State. John 
 Cruger settled in this city inidgd, and married Miss Cuyler, 
 of Albany, whose grandfather, Jean Shepmoes, had come 
 out from Holland as early as 1638. This John Cruger was 
 Mayor of New York in 1739 to 1744, and held many other 
 important offices. His son Henry was for fourteen years 
 member of the Provincial Assembly, was Chamberlain of 
 New York City, and a member of His Majesty's Council, 
 from which position he retired at the beginning of the Rev- 
 olution and became one of the most stubborn and spirited 
 Revolutionary leaders. His son, also a Henry Cruger, after- 
 wards Mayor of Bristol, England, in 1775, from his place 
 in the imperial Parliament had the audacity to proclaim 
 that the American Colonies had the right to be free. Mr. 
 ilhinelander has, therefore, descended from three of the 
 most eminent families in New York State — the Crugers, the 
 Rhinelanders, and the Cuylers. Henry Cuyler, one of his 
 ancestors, was Captain and Major of the Albany troop who 
 fought in the French and Indian campaigns. Mr. Rhine- 
 lander married Miss Matilda Caroline Oakley, granddaugh- 
 ter of the famous Jesse Oakley who raised and equipped a 
 company of his own, and fought in many battles of the Rev- 
 olutionary War. The equally famous Judge Oakley was 
 Jesse's son and Mrs. Wdliam Rhinelander's father. The 
 original Philip Jacob Rhinelander had three sons, who were 
 Phdip Jacob, Jr., Bernard and William. It is from William, 
 the youngest, that the present head of the family is descended 
 in the fourth generation. One of the landmarks of New 
 York up to last year (1892) was the Rhinelander sugar house 
 on Rose Street, which served as a British prison from 1777 
 to 1782. On the new ten-story structure erected on its site 
 the dates 1 763-1893 are inscribed. The main entrance is 
 constructed of the stone and brick taken from the old struc- 
 ture, and one of the old windows, iron bars and casing, is 
 incorporated in the building, so that the spot will not lose 
 its historic character altogether. 
 
 IRVING TOWNSEND, M.D. 
 
 Irving Townsend, M.D., was born at La Grangeville, 
 Dutchess County, N. Y., on May 28, 1864, and for a 
 l>hysician of his standing is one of the youngest in this city. 
 He received an elementary education in the i)ublic schools 
 of his native town, after which he entered the De Garno 
 Institute, where he completed his education, after which he 
 began tiie study of medicine under the tutorship of Dr. J. 
 C. Otis, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. In 1884 he entered the 
 New York Homojopathic College, and immediately after 
 graduating from that institution in 1887 was appointed res- 
 ident physician to the Ward's Isiland Homoeopathic Hos- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 209 
 
 pital. After several months' service he resigned to accept 
 an appointment on the staff of the Children's Hospital of 
 the Five Points House of Industry, of wliich he was ap- 
 pointed physician in charge three months later, which ])osi- 
 tion he held for nearly a year. In the fall of iSS.S he began 
 private practice, which has since grown to large ]iroportions. 
 Dr. Townsend was for a time clinical assistant to Professor 
 Smith at the New York Homoeopathic College and also 
 attending physician to the West Side Homoeopathic Dis- 
 pensary. He is now one of the consulting staff of the 
 latter institution. He is attending physician to the Laura 
 Franklin Hos|iital for children, assistant surgeon to the 
 New York Ophthalmic Hospital, a member of the State and 
 County Hom(xoi)athic Societies and member of the Amer- 
 icati Institute of Homreopathy. Apart from the onerous 
 duties of his profession Dr. Townsend found time for the 
 past two years to attend to the business management of the 
 North American Journal of Homa-opathy, the leading and 
 oldest homcEopathic journal in the country, a position 
 which an increasing practice has obliged him to reliniiuish. 
 
 financial manager of the house and has maintained for it a 
 high degree of credit and enviable degree of prosperity at 
 home and abroad, 'j'he annual sales of the house now exceed 
 fifteen millions. The popularity and business tact of the 
 elder Mr. Tefft has not diminished in the son, but as the 
 years have rolled by has become more extended and secure. 
 
 SPKNCER D. C. VAN BOKKELEN. 
 
 S. D. C. Van Bokkelcn was born in the city of lirooklyn, 
 N. \' ., in 1828. From the year 1849 to i86y he was engaged 
 in the general commission business in this city, since which 
 lime he has been practising as a |)ublic accountant. Mr. 
 Van Bokkch-n has devoted his whole life to the study of 
 accounls, and was one of the first i)rofessional accountants 
 in Xe\v N'ork. He is engaged by several large corporations 
 to investigate and report on confidential matters, and is 
 otten called upon to testify in court in regard to disputed 
 
 ALFRED STECKLER. 
 
 Alfred Sleekier, Justice of the Fourth District, is one 
 of the famous Sleekier brothers, recognized in New York 
 as a political power in themselves, a triumvirate of intelli- 
 gence, sagacity and energy. He was born in this city on 
 December 10th, 1856, and attended the public schools. 
 Craduating from Columbia College Law School he was 
 called to the bar in 1867 and immediately associated him- 
 self with his brother as a law partner. He soon made his 
 mark and in 1881 was elected Civil Justice on an indepen- 
 dent ticket, having opposed to him the nominee of 
 Tammany. Irving Hall, the County Democracy and the 
 Republicans. He was reelected in 1887 and still occu- 
 pies the position. Hut it is his achievements in his profession 
 Judge Sleekier will always look back upon with most pride, 
 and especially his success in one branch of it, namely, the law 
 as it bears upon benevolent and benefit organizations and 
 associations, their members and their heirs and assigns. 
 Judge Sleekier is counsel for many of those societies and 
 has had every conceivable question which concerns them to 
 handle before the courts, from time to time, to such an 
 extent that he has come to be looked upon by the bar as an 
 authority on such subjects. The latest case of this nature 
 which Judge Sleekier won in the Court of Ajjpeals was 
 Beechel as Administrator versus the Imperial Council of 
 Friends. This case established the important principle that 
 the endowment due the widows and orphans of deceased 
 members could not be attached or levied upon to satisfy 
 the debts of such deceased members. 
 
 WILLIAM E. TEFFT, 
 
 Senior partner of the firm of Tefft, ^Veller & Co., was born 
 in Syracuse, New York, January 15, 1841. A few years later 
 his father, Erastus T. Tefft, removed to New York and 
 engaged in the drygoods trade as the head of the firm of 
 Tefft, Griswold & Co He grew apace and prospered, and 
 successfully passed through the financial troubles of 1857 
 and 1873, which wrecked so many of their contemporaries. 
 William E. Tefft entered his father's employment, and at an 
 early age was taken into partnershi].!. having exhibited an 
 aptitude and fondness for business which has made him one 
 of the foremost merchants of the present day. When Mr. 
 Erastus T. Tefft returned from business, the firm of Tefft 
 Griswold & Co. was dissolved, and the present firm of Tefft, 
 Weller & Co. organized with Mr. William E. Tefft as senior 
 ]jartner, and Mr. Joseph Weller, formerly of the firm of 
 J. M. Wentz & Co., second member of the firm, a 
 merchant of large experience and ability. Mr. Tefft is the 
 
 -"i^iSl Cik' 
 
 J 
 
 SPENCKR D. C. V.-\N BOKKELEN. 
 
 matters of account. He makes a specialty of preparing 
 statements of accounts for executors, administrators and 
 trustees, and the arrangement of books for manufacturers, 
 merchants and others, adapted to their various require- 
 ments. His office is at No. 71 Broadway, where he has 
 many able experts in his employ. His father, Adrian H. 
 Van Bokkelen, was born in Holland, and came to this coun- 
 try (with his parents) in the year 1793, and took up his res- 
 idence in the city of New York. 
 
 WILLIAM FOWLER FOSTER. 
 
 ^\'illiam Fowler Foster was born near Taimton, England, 
 on October iith, 1841. He came to the United States 
 in 1856. The great Chicago fire of 1871 found him a 
 successful merchant worth about $50,000, but left him 
 financially ruined and $30,000 in debt. The fire did not 
 consume his ambition or jiluck, however, and he started 
 again. During 1876 he came to New York. Mr. Foster is 
 
210 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 the leading representative of the kid glove industry of 
 America, and probably of the world, as the European and 
 American manufactories owned or controlled by the 
 corporation of which he is President produce more than 
 any other. It is a remarkable fact that the greatest im- 
 provements have met the greatest opposition. Mr. Foster 
 invented a simple device which has completely revolution- 
 ized glove fastening. It consists of a little row of hooks 
 upon each side of the opening, with a silk cord, by which 
 the glove is quickly and perfectly laced. It has become 
 generally adopted. When the patent was granted the 
 inventor realized need of the co-operation of glove importers, 
 and begged them to take an interest in it. Not one would 
 
 ladies now wear the elegantly fitting gloves with their pretty 
 gilt hooks, emblems of success so well deserved. In 1881, 
 after five years of struggles and triumphs, and with health 
 impaired, Mr. Foster decided to retire, delegating to others 
 the details of what had become a large business, and the 
 firm of Foster, Paul & Co. was organized, composed of 
 young men of merit, who had bravely and loyally supjiorted 
 their chief. A large five-story building had been erected in 
 New York City solely for the ajjplication of the fastening, 
 which by this time had been adopted by the leading 
 importers, who, however, did not take kindly to it, and in 
 order to sup])ly the demand the firm was compelled to 
 increase their production. As before stated, kid gloves are 
 
 do so, but all opposed it. When he suggested that unless 
 some glovers took an interest in it he would be compelled 
 to import gloves himself, one said, " You had better not try 
 it. I am the Napoleon of the glove trade." " I concede 
 that ; but Napoleon met a Wellington — so may you," 
 replied Foster. Within five years Foster's imi)orts far 
 exceeded his, and the '' Napoleon " met both Wellington 
 and Waterloo. When the glovers ignored the inventor lie 
 said, "Gentlemen, the time will come when you shall. hear 
 me ; I will fight this battle alone." From time immemo- 
 rial the glove has been used as an emblem of challenge. 
 With manly courage he threw it down, bravely fought and 
 proudly won the victory. Thousands of fair American 
 
 difficult to make, at least to make projierly, and the firm 
 decided that it was necessary to erect their own factories in 
 Europe for that purpose. This was a serious undertaking, 
 and at one of their meetings the question was asked, "Who 
 will undertake it ?" " I will," said Foster, and within forty- 
 eight hours he was on board an ocean steamer bound for 
 ("rermany. The success he met with, both in France and 
 Germany, is now part of the commercial history of New 
 York. He purchased a building site of three acres within 
 five miles of Berlin, and within six months built what both 
 German and .\merican experts pronounced the best glove 
 factory in Germany. Berlin is the headquarters for German 
 skins, and a favorable place for workpeople. But its facil- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ities could not supply the demand for gloves and Mr. Fos- 
 ter went to Grenoble, France, where the best qualities of kid 
 gloves are made. Mr. Foster obtained models of the lead- 
 ing gloves in Paris and London, and to his astonishment 
 found great irregularities in most of them. In the system 
 used by one large manufac turer he found ihr " annnpcjme " 
 (space between thumb and index finger) |jre(isely tlie same 
 in all sizes. This very serious and inexcusable defect in 
 dies had escaped the manufacturers' observation, and 
 had been in actual daily use for several years. With that 
 care for details characteristic of the man, he worked almost 
 night and day, studying every point until a satisfactory 
 system was obtained and perfect dies produced. Experts 
 pronounced them the best, and the Foster system was soon 
 adopted by leading glovers both in France and Oermany. 
 Within five years he shipped from Grenoble more gloves 
 than any other manufacturer. Each year he sjient a part 
 of his time in America, France and Germany, having gloves 
 made under his instruction by different manufacturers. In 
 1886, immediately after constructing a factory in Berlin, he 
 again visited Grenoble and within a year erected a duiili- 
 cate one in that city for the production of French gloves. 
 Every detail, from the first stroke of the architect's pencil 
 to the locating of every employe and machine, was person- 
 ally superintended by him. Both factories completed and 
 he again landed in America within two vears. In 18S7 he 
 called upon creditors for statements of his old fire lial:)ili- 
 ties incurred in 187 1, and surprised them with checks 
 for the full amount with six per cent, interest for fifteen 
 years, amounting to about 1^75,000, although he had legally 
 been discharged from all obligations. For several years Mr. 
 Foster and his wife had been planning to secure a per- 
 manent home, and during their travels made sketches of 
 the attractive features, exterior and interior, of many homes 
 visited by them in this and foreign countries. Their well- 
 known residence at the corner of Riverside Avenue and 
 io2d Street, New York City, is the result. It is the only 
 residence built of iron in the city. Mr. Foster wanted to 
 diijilicate an Italian villa which he had seen and admired. 
 The material used in Italy could not stand the American 
 climate, but iron would and was decided ujion. While it 
 is successfully used in Inisiness buildings and produces fine 
 effects, on account of the architectural difficulty of con- 
 struction architects are prejudiced against it, and a strong 
 pressure was exerted to jjtevent its use by Mr. Foster. He 
 said he was not building to p'ease architects, and the house 
 must be of iron. Stone alisorbs moisture. The shady side 
 of stone houses is never free from dampness. In this an 
 air space between the iron exterior and the brick walls, act- 
 ing as a non-conductor, keeps the house cool in summer, 
 warm in winter, and always dry, while ventilators connected 
 with said air space gives |)erfect ventilation. The interior 
 is decorated and furnished after designs selected as before 
 stated from the many homes visited in ciifferent countries. 
 A perfect home, surrounded by trees and flowers, upon a 
 green terrace, commanding a charming view of the lieauti- 
 ful Hudson River, it is much admired by all who see it, 
 and we sincerely hope the owners mav live long to enjoy it. 
 
 MICHAEL C. GROSS. 
 
 Michael C. Gross, one of the representative members of 
 the Bar of the Metropolis, was born in this city on February 
 18, 1838, and comes of respectable German parentage. He 
 attended the German schools of the city until his eleventh 
 year, and for the following three years pursued his studies in 
 the English-speaking institutions of New York, his education 
 being further perfected through instructions of private 
 tutors. When sixteen years of age he began the study of 
 law in the office of Daniel Ullmann and Charles C. Egan, 
 and at once displayed superior aptitude for the profession. 
 
 In 1857 he became the junior member of the firm of Egan 
 iV- Gross. In 1859 he was admitted to the Bar. In his 
 seventeenth year lie became actively interested in jiolitics. 
 In i860 Mr. (iross was elected First Vice- President of the 
 German Democratic organization of the city, and later was 
 selected as its President. From 1861 to 1864, inclusive, he 
 represented the I'lfth Senatorial District as Councilman, and 
 demonstrated his ability as a leader in politics. Mr. Gross 
 was elected to the Bench of the Marine Court, on the 
 Democratic ticket, in 1865, and iierformed the duties of the 
 position with ability. He was further honore<l in being 
 re-elected, in 1869. by the immense majority of 52,000 votes. 
 Judge Gro.ss, while on the bench, established many prece 
 dents which were sustained l)y the higher courts, and his 
 sound (le( ision upon the "Legal Tender" question was 
 based iqion the same grounds as given subsecpiently by 
 the U. S. Supreme ('ourt. The Marine Court (as its name 
 implies) had many suits wherein the interests of the siiip- 
 owners, captains and sailors were adjudicated. The com- 
 plaints of sailors against captains for assault upon the high 
 
 MICHAEL C. GROSS. 
 
 seas were numerous, and redress was sought in the Marine 
 Court. It often occurred that those complaints were either 
 frivolous or founded upon fiction, but all the same, if the 
 courts were not in session, defendant had to be in jail all 
 night, or ]ierha|is longer. It was not even necessary to 
 make an affidavit upon which to obtain an arrest, and this 
 abuse brought into existence a class of sharks who solicited 
 complaints and made them an instrument of oppression and 
 extortion, fudge Gross, with the assistance of his associate, 
 Judge Alker, put a stop to this, obviating much expense and 
 annovance to sailing masters and depriving a lot of legal 
 sharks of oj^portunities for blackmail. Since then a law has 
 been framed rendering the thing impossible. Judge Gross 
 retired from the bench on January i, 1876, and resumed 
 his practice immediately, which is mostly confined to the 
 civil courts and is connected with corporation litigation. 
 He is member of the State Bar Association, the German 
 Society, the Liederkranz, the German Hosjiital and the 
 Isabella Home. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 A. J. DITTENHOEFER. 
 Ex-Tud<^e A J. Dittenhoefer was born in the City of 
 CharlestonrSouth Carolina, on the 17th of March 1836. 
 Hs parent , both German, arrived ui the Ctty of Bah.more 
 S 1834; from there they removed to Charleston, where the 
 Judge was born. From Charleston they removed to the City 
 of New York when he was about four years old, and here he 
 has resided continuously since. His fa.her became a prom- 
 inent merchant and very popular among the Germans of this 
 city many of whom he befriended. After receiving a public 
 school education he entered Columbia College Grammar 
 School and subsequently Columbia College^ At that time the 
 College was situated in College Place m the City of Nevv\ ork, 
 and Charles King was President. While at college he was 
 mostly at the head of his class and received invariably the 
 firs prizes in Latin and Greek. He displayed such pro- 
 
 coin with whom he was on terms of friendship. He was 
 offered by President Lincoln the position of United States 
 fudge for the District of South Carolina, his native State, 
 which he declined, being unwilling to abandon the large 
 practice he had built up in the City of New York. He 
 was delegate to the Republican Convention that nominated 
 President Hayes. Though a Southerner by birth, Judge 
 TMttenhoefer identified himself with the Pepublican party in 
 its infancy. He served as Chairman of the German Repub- 
 lican Central Committee for twelve consecutive terms and 
 for years was a leader in the councils of the party. As a 
 lawyer the Judge has gained a high reputation While 
 his services" have been required in every branch ot the 
 leo-al profession, he has been conspicuous m litigation 
 relating to the law of the stage, and is recognized as an 
 authority m that branch of the law. There have been few 
 
 ^if -fl?«»'"^ 
 
 A. J. DITTENHOEFER 
 
 ficiency in those branches that the distinguished professor, 
 Charles Anthon, was in the habit of referring to him as tfie 
 " Ultima Thule " of his class. At twenty-one he was ad- 
 mitted to the bar and soon made rapid progress. At the 
 age of twenty-two he was selected by the Republican party 
 as Its candidate for justice of the City Court, and some 
 years thereafter was appointed by Governor Fenton a Judge 
 of that court to fill the vacancy caused by the death ot 
 Jud-e Florence McCarthy. Upon the expiration of his 
 terin he declined a renomination. While on the bench he 
 cxave his entire salary to the widow of his predecessor, who 
 had been left in destitute circumstances. In 1856 he mai- 
 rieda lady of Cleveland, Ohio. His family consists of a 
 son Irving Mead, who is one of his partners m busmess, 
 and four daughters. In i860 he was a Republican elector, 
 and cast his vote in the Electoral College for Abraham Lm- 
 
 cases of that character in which he has not appeared on one 
 side or the other, and usually on the successful one. He 
 procured the incorporation of that most beneficent institu- 
 tion '• The Actors' Fund." and has ever since been its coun- 
 sel without compensation. While successful in stage litiga- 
 tions he has also been prominent in every other branch ot 
 the law and has been counsel in many commercial and cor- 
 poration cases. He is at present counsel for the Lincoln 
 National Bank, the Franklin National Bank and he Mer- 
 cantile Credit Guarantee Company and other institutions 
 At times he has been retained in important criminal cases 
 that have attracted public attention. Years ago he was ap- 
 pointed by the Board of Aldermen as one of its counsel to 
 represent them when they were indicted for granting per- 
 mits to encumber the streets with newspaper stands, and 
 succeeded in quashing the indictment. He was counsel for 
 
jV£lV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 213 
 
 the old Excise C'oniniissioners. Dr. iNrrklc, Ri( linrd, ami 
 Mapelson, when they wire imlicted for an infranion of ifir 
 law, and succeeded in olitaining a verdict of ac(|uiital. In 
 the more recent indictments against the J'lxcise Commis- 
 sioners, Meakim, Fitzpatrick and Koch, he was one of the 
 leading counsel for the t'ommissioncrs, and afler years of 
 litigation the indictments were dismissed on a motion argued 
 by him. An amusing incident in the Judge's career, taken 
 from the daily papers, may lie worth perusing. On his trip 
 to Kurope in 1S92, on board the " l.ahn," one of his fellow- 
 passengers was Mark Twain. A nioc k court was instituted 
 for the trial of Mark Twain on the charge of being the most 
 unconscionable liar in the world. Judge Dittenhoefer was 
 ajipointed the Judge, and the jur\ < onsisleil (jf twelve Yale 
 sHidents, who hap]iened to be on board. 'I'he prisoner was 
 brought in handcuffed. 'Hie proceedings were filled with 
 sallies of wit by I\Iark Twain, counsel and witnesses The 
 jury having brought in a verdii t of giulty, judge Ditten- 
 hoefer sentenced the prisoner to read his own works three 
 hours each day until the vessel arri\ed in Bremen. (Jn 
 hearing the judgment Twain fell in a swoon on the lloor, cry- 
 ing out aloud, " For God's sake, Judge, change that sentence! 
 Any punishment but that. Hang me rather than make me 
 endure such torture condensed." .\ petition for the ]jardon 
 of the i)risoner having been presented to the Judge, it was 
 granted on the condition that, as the jjrisoner was going to 
 (iermany, he remain there and assume the (lerman form of 
 the name Mark Twain — Bis-Mark. 
 
 clinii he is also known as a successful and popular teacher. 
 Dr. Goffe is Visiting Gynaecologist to Randall's Island Hos- 
 jiital, is connected with New York Skin and Cancer Hospi- 
 tal and Northwestern Dispensary, is a member of the New 
 N'ork .Academy of Medicine, New York County Medical, New 
 \'ork Obstetric, and .American (lynrecological Societies. He 
 was one of the original members of Troop ,A, N. Y. S. Mi- 
 litia. He is also a meiuber of the University Club. Dr. 
 (lofle was married in 1.S90 to Miss I'llenor Taylor, a young 
 lady prominent in New N'ork so( iety, and daughter of an 
 old Massachusetts family. 
 
 ISRAEL J. MERRITT. 
 
 Captain Israel J. .\K-rritl was born in New \'ork City on 
 the 23d of August, 1X29, He has been engaged in the 
 wrecking business since i.S.p). Captain Merritt brought 
 into his business an inventive genius, together with energy 
 and push. He invented pontoons for raising vessels, and 
 there has lieen no improvement since in this line. 'I"he war 
 interfered somewhat with his life work. He rendered service 
 during that eventfid period under .'Assistant Secretary Fox. 
 He has received letters for saving life at .sea. In r88o he estab- 
 lished the Merritt Wrecking Organization, of which he and 
 his son, Mr. I. J. Merritt, Jr., are the sole owners. It is the 
 largest and most successful house in the world engaged in 
 
 JAMES RIDDLE GOFKE, M D 
 
 Dr. James Riddle Goffe was liorn in Wisconsin in 1851, 
 and is one of the Sons of the Revolution, being descended from 
 Wm. Goffe, regicide, one of the signers of the death warrant 
 of (."harles First, King of England, a friend of Cromwell and 
 brother-in law of Hampden. As a matter of Goffe history 
 we might add that upon the restoration and accession of 
 Charles Second he declared these judges outlaws, and Goffe 
 in company with Whalley and other regicides fled to the 
 United States and sought the protection of the Colonists, 
 and were by them secreted and protected until their deaths. 
 Major John CJoffe and Captain John (loffe, descendants of 
 the regicide and direct progenitors of the subject of this 
 sketch, commanded important detachments in the Re\olu- 
 tionary war. Their field of ojieration was confined to New 
 England and Canada. Dr. Goffe's mother, Betsv Riddle, 
 was born in New Hampshire in i8ig, and also numbers 
 among her ancestors prominent Revolutionarv heroes. Dr. 
 (loffe entered the Michigan University in 1869, graduating 
 in 1873. He became princiijal of the |.iublic schools of La 
 Porte, Indiana. His leisure hours were spent in stuching 
 natural sciences and comparative anatom\'. uliich de\el- 
 0])ed a taste for the study of medicine. In 1879 he entered 
 Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where he remained two 
 years, graduating in 1881, after which he served two years 
 as Intern in Charity and Woman's Hospital. In 1883 he be- 
 gan a regular practice in this city which has since developed 
 a most successful and lucrative one. Dr. Goffe is recog- 
 nized as one of the most skillful and successful surgeons of 
 the city in his special department of diseases of women. He 
 is associated with Dr. J. E Janvrin, in one of the most pros- 
 perous of the many sanitariums for women of which the 
 city boasts. Dr. Goffe has made a name for himself among 
 his medical and surgical confreres by contributing to surgical 
 science an original method for the removal of fibroid tumors. 
 In this particular field his success has been phenomenal. His 
 name is frequently seen in the prominent medical journals (.f 
 the country in connection with advanced surgical work. He 
 also makes his influence felt through the columnsof the Aiiier- 
 ican Medico- Surgical Bulletin, oi which he is one of the editors. 
 In his position of adjunct professor in the New ^'ork Poly 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 '1 -^ 
 
 ISRAEL J. MERRITT. 
 
 the wrecking business. Besides their main offices at 49 Wall 
 Street, New York, and a large storehouse and docks at Staple- 
 ton, Staten Island, they have offices, storehouses and docks 
 at Norfolk, Va., and are permanently stationed there. They 
 own a fleet of steamers, sailing vessels, and pontoons, s])e- 
 cially built, rigged, and fitted out, regardless of cost, for the 
 work. They have thirty steam pumps and boilers, all ])or- 
 table, capable of throwing from twenty to seventy barrels 
 of water each ])er minute; twenty manila cables, fourteen 
 to twenty inches in circumference, each 207 fathoms long; 
 twenty-six large wrecking anchors, and all tools for handling 
 wrecked cargoes. They do nearly all the heavy wrecking 
 on the Atlantic coast, and have saved the most difficult 
 
214 
 
 JVElV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 cases known. Captain Merritt, who can justly claim the 
 honor of being the pioneer wrecker, served thirty-five years 
 with the Underwriters and Coast Wrecking Company as 
 manager before establishing the present organization. The 
 Captain served full time in the Volunteer Fire Department 
 of New York City, and enjoys the honor, respect and 
 admiration of the community for a life spent in aiding 
 others. 
 
 GEORGE WICKE. 
 
 George Wicke, founder of the house of Wm. Wicke & 
 Co., was born in Germany, and came to this country in 
 1848, at the age of 22 years. He established the business 
 of the company in 1852, and began manufacturing cigar 
 boxes without a dollar of capital. The business he devel- 
 oped has since been almost indefinitely extended by his suc- 
 
 boxes and cigars. They are also extensive manufacturers 
 of silk taffetas and narrow silk ribbons, of which latter 
 industry they may be considered the pioneers in this 
 country. They are now the largest manufacturers in the 
 United States. They make all the bindings used on Pull- 
 man cars, which were once imported. The McKinley tariff has 
 not affected them directly, but it has indirectly, by develop- 
 ing other industries which require their tapes and ribbons, 
 such as knit goods, ladies' shoes, blankets, etc. The fac- 
 tory of the firm was located by the founder, George Wicke, 
 on Willett Street, and subsequently they moved to Goerck 
 Street. In 1882 the company purchased twenty-two city 
 lots on Thirty-first Street and First Avenue and erected 
 extensive works thereon. They are at present utilizing the 
 last of these lots for building purposes. They import raw 
 materials direct, which consist chiefly of cedar wood and 
 
 GEORGE WICKE. 
 
 cessors. In 1872, Mr. George Wicke, after an honorable 
 career, retired from business. In 1858 his health had 
 failed him and he found it imperatively necessary to abstain 
 from work and travel in order to recuperate. On his re- 
 tirement, William Wicke, his brother, present head of the 
 firm, was taken into partnership, and also August Roesler, 
 who had been connected with the concern since 1865 as 
 bookkeeper, and the firm of Wm. Wicke & Co. established. 
 The work of the establishment at first was the manufacture 
 of cigar boxes, for which they had also to make narrow 
 ribbon for tying purposes. After a while they found tastes 
 and fashions in this branch liable to changes, and while at 
 one time they received large orders, necessitating the em- 
 ployment of extra hands, at others their looms were idle, 
 upon which to keep the looms going they conceived the 
 idea of manufacturing for other purposes than binding cigar 
 
 raw silk. The cedar comes from Cuba, and the silk mostly 
 from Japan. They employ 800 hands, pay from six tto 
 seven thousand dollars a week in wages, and an annual out- 
 put of ^1,000,000, an illustration of what brains and labor 
 can accomplish without capital to start with. William 
 Wicke, head of the company and brother of the founder, 
 was born in Germany in 1840, and came to this country 
 when fourteen years old. He immediately went to work 
 with his brother George, and having from the first displayed 
 bright intelligence and great industry, his progress was 
 rapid. He was not more than three years in the business 
 when he had mastered its most minute details, and that in 
 the thorough manner which has since distinguished him in 
 still greater developments of the concern. His advent in 
 the work was in 1855, from which time he received a salary 
 until 1861, when he obtained an interest in the business. 
 
^tEW yorH:, the metropolis. 
 
 2i5 
 
 When in 1858 George's health failed him, and he found it 
 imperatively necessary to abstain from work, and travel in 
 order to recuperate, William was [jhued in absolute con- 
 trol, though only eighteen years of age. It was a trying 
 time for the concern, but that George was not mistaken m 
 his estimate of his young brother's capacity was soon made 
 manifest. The business jirospered in his hands and he ilis- 
 played consummate executive abiiit). In 1864 he was ad- 
 mitted to partnership, and the firm name became "(Jeorge 
 Wicke 6e I!ro,," so remaining until iSyj. when (ieorge re- 
 tired and August Roesler was atlmitted to partnership, and 
 the firm assumed the title of William Wicke & Go. In iSgo 
 another change was made and the concern made into a 
 joint stock company, with Mr. Wm. Wicke as President, 
 Mr. Roesler as Secretary, and Mr. Hrander as Treasurer. 
 Mr. Brander had for years been the foreman of the silk de- 
 partment. Mr. Roesler was also born in Germany and 
 came to New York when si.\teen years old. When the war 
 broke out he joined the Eighth N. Y. Volunteers, and 
 fought many battles with the army of the Potomac. 
 Wounded at the battle of Cross Keys, while serving under 
 General John C. Fremont, he retired from the service and 
 is still in receipt of a pension. After leaving the army he 
 obtained the appointment of bookkeeper with the Hoe 
 Press Company and remained with them until 1865, when 
 he entered the W'm. Wicke Co. as bookkeeper, and pro- 
 gressed as mentioned. 
 
 ALEXANDER CAMERON. 
 
 The membership of the New York bar is composed in a 
 large measure of representatives from the various States of 
 the Union. The South has contributed her quota, and 
 among the prominent professional men of the Metropolis 
 of Southern origiia is Alexander Cameron, a well known 
 corporation lawyer. He was born in Charleston, on March 
 y, 1849, and is descendant from good Scotch- American 
 ancestry. His father, George S. Cameron, was born in 
 Scotland, came to this country early in life, and became a 
 prominent banker and financier of South Carolina. Alexan- 
 der Cameron early displayed a taste for science and entered 
 the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, from which he was gradu- 
 ated and subsequently took a post-graduate course. He was 
 graduated from Yale in the class of 1869 with the Bachelor 
 of Laws degree, and was admitted to the bar iii 1870. .\fter 
 spending two years in railroad engineering he began his 
 legal career in the office of Messrs. Ramey, PSutler iS: Par- 
 sons, where he rose to the position of managing clerk. In 
 1876 he became associated with James H. Gilbert under the 
 firm name of Cameron & Gilbert, which continued until 
 1886, since which date he has practised his profession un- 
 associated. Mr. Cameron has devoted his attention jjrinci- 
 pally to corporation and admiralty litigation, and has gained 
 a high reputation as a talented and successful lawyer. He 
 is largely interested in industrial enterprises, is a director 
 of the New York and New Jersey Telephone Co., and presi- 
 dent of the National Automatic Fire Alarm Company of Long 
 Island. His popularity is not confined to professional and 
 mercantile circles, but extends throughout social and club 
 life. He is a meml)er of the University and Alpha Delta 
 Phi Clubs of this city, and the Excelsior, Hamilton, Cres- 
 cent Athletic, and riding and driving clubs of Brooklyn, in 
 which city he resides. 
 
 HENRY A ROGERS 
 
 Is one of the leading American dealers in radroad and 
 machinists' supplies and tools, and has a very large trade 
 with many of the best railroad companies in the United 
 States and other countries. Commencing with the food, 
 clothing and shelter used by railroad construction parties, 
 continuing with rails and tools, such as shovels, picks, 
 
 graders and rock-drills for the construction of a railway's 
 road-bed, and continuing with bridges, cars, and locomo- 
 tives and maciiinery, this busy house is able to equip a rail- 
 road from its first breaking ground to niaintaining it in its 
 fullest operation. Ei:|ually important with his railroad su])- 
 Ijlies business is his trade in tools and machinery with ma- 
 chinists and manufacturers all over the country. All run- 
 ning machinery needs sup])lies, like belting, waste, oil, files, 
 hammers, wrenches, etc., and these articles are carried in 
 stock by Mr. Rogers, who has a large government business, 
 furnishing machinery and tools to navy yards and military 
 posts. Everything for constructing railroails can be fur- 
 nished to the best advantage from the stores and business 
 allies of Henry A. Rogers. From busy headquarters 
 vast supplies have been sent through his export depart- 
 ment to Australia, Cuba, Mexico and South America. 
 He has furnished nearly all the articles used in build- 
 ing the new Cartagena Railway in the United States of 
 Colondiia. This house is the sole American agent for 
 
 HE.\RV .-X. ROGERS. 
 
 Moncrieff's " Perth" glass tubes, which are manufactured 
 in Perth, Scotland, and have an immense sale in the United 
 States, leading every other iiiake of gauge glass used. The 
 high quality of these glasses, attested by their universal 
 adoption as " the best " by engineers in all parts of the 
 world, has gained for them the highest awards and medals 
 wherever they have been exhibited. Over twenty-five years 
 ago Mr. Rogers was connected with the house of Messrs. 
 \Valton & Co., who were prominent in this department of 
 trade. In 1867 he established himself at 57 John Street, 
 and in 1871 he formed a partnership with Mr. W. C. Duyc- 
 kinck under the title of H. A. Rogers & Company. They 
 purchased the entire business of John Ashcroft and occu- 
 pied the premises 50 and52 JohnStreet. Fouryears later this 
 was dissolved, and now for eighteen years Mr. Rogers has 
 conducted the business alone with noteworthy success. For 
 years he has had a branch office at Chicago, where he is 
 represented by Mr. John S. Brewer. Mr. Rogers is identi- 
 
2l6 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 fied with several banking and other institutions, was treas- 
 urer for a long time of the New York Athletic Club, and is 
 a member of many of New York's famous clubs. He has 
 been for many years a school trustee in the Twenty second 
 Ward, and largely interested in the educational affairs of the 
 city; is a member of the Chamber of Commerce, and under 
 two administrations has been United States Commissioner 
 of Jurors. 
 
 FREDERICK G. GEDNEY. 
 
 Among the native New Yorkers who have gained honor 
 and distinction in the legal and political fields of this city. 
 State and county, the name of Frederick G. Gedney, coun- 
 sellor-at-law, occupies a foremost and representative posi- 
 tion. This gentleman was admitteci to the bar in 1862, and 
 on the day following his admission marched to the war with 
 his regiment, the Thirty-seventh, N. Y. N. G. In 1865 he 
 went into journalism, and was employed at various times 
 upon the Times and the Tribune as a writer in the city de- 
 jjartments. In 1867 he was appointed United States 
 Weigher under Collector Moses H. Grinnell ; was examiner 
 in the Appraiser's office in 187 1-2, and from 1873 to 1876 
 was attorney to the Department of Buildings. In 1876 he 
 was elected Justice of the Eighth District Court, and per- 
 
 FREDERICK G. GEDNEY. 
 
 formed his judicial duties with such wisdom and satisfac- 
 tion that, in 1882, he was re-elected by the largest majority 
 ever given in the Sixteenth and Twentieth Wards of this 
 city, running ahead of his party ticket many thousand 
 votes. Judge Gedney was one of three men who organized 
 the Republican Club of New York City in 1879, and was 
 elected its first president. He was reelected without oppo- 
 sition, and declined a unanimous nomination for a third 
 term. His political, judicial and professional career has 
 been marked by the prsciice of strict principles of integ- 
 rity ; he planned and carried out many desired reforms in 
 the District Court, and he is to-day recognized and respected 
 by the entire community as a brilliant lawyer, upright judge, 
 honest official and patriotic citizen. He is a fine orator. 
 
 and when taking part in political campaigns is in great de- 
 mand. He is Past Master of Howard Lodge of Freema- 
 sons, Past Captain (General of Palestine Commandery, 
 Knights Templar ; is a member of the Lawyers' and Lotus 
 Clubs and the Sons of the Revolution. Judge Gedney was 
 at one time a great first-nighter at the theatres and a famous 
 after-dinner speaker, ever uproariously welcomed at the 
 festive board ; but of late years he has almost entirely aban- 
 doned political and social life, devoting himself assiduously 
 to the profession of law. He is employed almost e.\clu- 
 sively by corporations and in matters connected with the 
 city government — a field in which he has wide experience 
 and has made great success. 
 
 EGBERT GUERNSEY, M.D. 
 Dr. Egbert Guernsey occupies a prominent place among 
 the distinguished physicians of New York. Identified with 
 the history of the city in the active work of his profession 
 since 1850, he has been among the foremost to advance 
 every measure calculated to relieve sufferings, in hospital 
 and dispensary, and to encourage literature, science and 
 art, and takes high rank among the leaders of scientific cul- 
 ture and advanced thought in his profession. The founder 
 of Dr. Guernsey's family in this country came from the 
 Island of Guernsey in 1637, and was one of the New Haven 
 Colony who settled there in 1639. Through his grand- 
 mother the family history goes back to the Clintons, the 
 head of which in the reign of Henry the VIII. was elevated 
 to the earldom of Lincoln, and was for many years, during 
 the last of his reign and the first of Elizabeth, Lord High 
 Admiral of England. In the struggles of the American col- 
 onists for Independence, thirteen of the family were in the 
 Continental Army. Dr. Guernsey was educated at Phillips 
 Academy, Andover, Mass., the scientific department of 
 Yale, and graduated at the medical department of the L^ni- 
 versity of the City of New York in 1846, having been a 
 pupil in the office of Dr. Valentine Mott. The year fol- 
 lowing he was connected with the editorial department of 
 the Evening Mirror, edited by N. P. Willis and Gen. George 
 P. Morris, and then in connection with George Bennett 
 and Aaron Smith established the Brooklyn Daily Times, of 
 which he was for two years the editor. In 1850 Dr. Guern- 
 sey commenced the practice of his profession in New York, 
 and gradually built up a large and lucrative |)ractice. At 
 the breaking out of the Civil War he felt that he could bet- 
 ter serve his country's cause at home than in the field, and 
 every soldier or soldier's family applying to him for medical 
 aid was carefully attended without charge, while in a more 
 public position as a member of the Union League Club he 
 was also enabled to render material service to the cause. For 
 several years, including those of the Civil War, Dr. Guern- 
 sey held the position, first as professor of Materia Medica 
 and then of Theory and Practice in the New York Homoe- 
 opathic Medical College. He was the founder and for 
 many years President of the Western Dispensary and the 
 Good Samaritan Hospital, which have been recently incor- 
 porated with the Hahnemann Hospital, of which he was one 
 of the founders, and has since been a meinber of the med- 
 ical staff ; he was also one of the originators of the Homoe- 
 opathic State Insane Hospital at Middleton, New York, of 
 which he has been a trustee for the past nineteen years. 
 The Ward's Island Hospital, one of the largest hospitals 
 in the Department of Charities and Corrections, owes in a 
 measure its existence to the indefatigable efforts of Dr. 
 Guernsey, who has been, since its organization, the Presi- 
 dent of its Medical Board. Dr. Guernsey has written sev- 
 eral literary and scientific works, but for the past few years 
 most of his contributions to the press have been through 
 the New York Medical Times, an independent medical 
 journal established nearly twenty years ago, and of which 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 217 
 
 he has always been the senior editiir. I )r. (luernsey mar 
 ried in early life Miss Sarah LttTerts Schenck, one of whose 
 ancestors was knighted by Charlemagne ; another. Sir Mar- 
 tin Schenck, the clianipion of Holland's libert\-, was buried 
 in the Royal Mausoleum, and another was a member of the 
 Continental Congress. Of a family of five i hildren two have 
 survived. Miss Florence (iuernsey and Dr. I'lgbert C.uernsey, 
 Jr., of Florida. 
 
 J. M. HORTON. 
 
 Mr. J. M. Horton. nianufaciurer of i( e cream and 
 interested in building and real estate investments, and 
 man of affairs generally, by which is meant a gentleman 
 who in a business capacity has identified himself \^ith 
 life of the city. Mr. Horton was born (jii .Vugust ,;, iS;,5. 
 in Rockville, near Middleton, Orange Comity, New York, 
 and like many of our most successful business men is 
 a farmer's son. His father, Barnal>as Horton, took a 
 patriotic part in the war of 1812-14 and at one jjeriod in 
 his military career was stationed on Staten Island. 'I'lie 
 Hortons are of English descent and can trace their .Amer- 
 ican ancestry back to 1653, when the first of their blood and 
 name landed at Hampton, Mass., from the " Swallow." 
 The descendants of this founder of American branch of the 
 family removed to Long Island in after years and settled 
 on a farm there. The old Horton Homestead, erected 
 more than a century ago in Southold, Long Island, was 
 still in existence as late as 1873 and in good condition. 
 Young Horton attended the (iemung school house in Rock- 
 ville, and subsequently the .•\cademy in Middleton for a 
 year or so. From 1849 to 1853 he worked on his father's 
 farm and in the latter year went into the wholesale milk 
 business in this city in partnership with his brother and 
 brother-in-law. Being possessed of industry, intelligence 
 and a capacity for hard and unremitting work it is not to be 
 wondered at that he was eminently successful. -\t the age 
 of twenty-three after having been engaged in tiie milk Inisi 
 ness with his brother and brothi-r-in-law, he was invited by 
 a committee representing the (Grange County Milk .Asso- 
 ciation to purchase an interest therein and assume its 
 presidency, to which position he was duly elected and held 
 the same until 1869. The Orange C' unt\ Milk Association 
 w-as incorporated by Mr. Horton abo t the year i860 by 
 special act of the Legislature. .About this time Mr. Horton, 
 seeing there was a prospect of success in the ice cream busi- 
 ness, engaged in its manufacture with a result that every one 
 knows. Horton's ice cream has more than a local reputa- 
 tion. In May, 1S70, he imri hast-d his present business, gave 
 it an im])etus, organized a joint stock company with a 
 capital of $40,000, incorporated the company, was elected 
 Its President and has retained that office up to the present. 
 Mr. Horton is largely interested in the real estate business 
 and is extensively engaged in building business and apart- 
 ment houses, uptown chiefly And he is a busy man in other 
 directions. He was for two years director of the Hamilton 
 Bank, and some time ago was elected on the directorate of 
 the Third Avenue Savings Bank. He is one of the trustees, 
 though not a member, of the Pilgrim Congregational Church, 
 (.)ne Hundred and Twenty-first Street and Madison Avenue, 
 and is a memberof the Harlem Club. He is recognized in the 
 business community as a man of integrity and high character. 
 
 GEORGE TIEMANN, 
 The founder of the house of George Tiemann ^c Co., 
 surgical instrument makers, emigrated to this country from 
 Germany, where he had been a practical cutler and instru- 
 ment maker, in the year 1826. Being possessed of some 
 funds he was able to establish himself in this city as an 
 instrument maker, which trade was at that time almost 
 unknown in America, all instruments being imported and 
 only repairs made by cutlers. He rented the house which 
 
 is still the business headipiarters (jf the present firm from .Mr. 
 t'hristian G. Giiniher, for the annual rental of $.(oo, and the 
 original receipt, dated NoNember i, 1826, is still in posses- 
 sion ol the linn. l*'rom a modest shop the business grew 
 under his management and the assistance of .Mr. F. k. 
 Stohlmann and Mr. Fdward I'farre, who joined him in 1837, 
 and soon liecame known throughmu the world as a surgical 
 instrument manufactory second to none. Mr. (leorge Tie- 
 mann died aged seventy-six years, in the year 1868, and the 
 biisiiu'ss was continued under the old firm name Iiy the 
 surviving |)artners, who are still active. In 1871 it was 
 found expedient t(.) establish an uptown branch establish- 
 ment, which was (;pened at 107 Fast Twenty-eighth Street, 
 under the name of Stohlmann, Ffarre \- Co. This store 
 has recently been enlarged, and extensive alterations to the 
 outsi<le and interior have made it the handsomest establish- 
 ment of its kind inthcnt). In 1882, Mr. C Fred. Stohl- 
 mann, Mr. Louis G. I'farre. and .Mr. Julius .\. I'farre, who had 
 
 GICORGE TIF,M.-\NN. 
 Dicil Sept. 26, 1S68. 
 
 been connected with the business for ten years, were ad- 
 mitted to ])artnership, and in 1890 Mr. George A. Stohl- 
 mann. In the large steam factory in Brooklyn, E. I)., and 
 re|)air shops in the rear of 107 Park Row and the basement 
 of 107 East Twenty-eighth Street the firm gives steady 
 em|jloyment to a force of nearly one hundred skilled arti- 
 sans, besides a large and efficient corps of clerks in their 
 stores. The aim of the firm has invariably been to furnish 
 the best quality of goods, and all instruments manul'actured 
 bv the firm are warranted for all time and are cheerfully 
 exchanged if any should break or bend while in legitimate 
 use. The firm has recently issued a catalogue, which has 
 received flattering notices from the medical journals, not 
 only of this country, but from England, Germany, France, 
 Hungary, Switzerland and .Australia. It is the most exten- 
 sive surgical catalogue ever published and the most expen- 
 sive, as the cost has been borne exclusively by the pub- 
 lishers, who have refused to insert any advertising matter. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JOHN H. TINGUE. 
 
 There is at least one industry, and a very important one, 
 that a protective tariff has called into existenc e in this coun- 
 try ; that is the manufacture of mohair plush. i'o John 
 H. Tingue must be given the credit of founding the new 
 industry of mohair plush in the United States. Mr. Tingue 
 was born in the State of New York, and entered upon his 
 business career in the retail drygoods trade. He estab- 
 lished the well-known house of Moore, Tingue & Co. in 
 this city, and ten years ago retired on a competence. After 
 two years of rest and European travel, however, he took up 
 the idea of the seal and upholstery plush business. He had 
 observed while in the drygoods trade, among other things, 
 that the demand for mohair plush in America was limited, 
 but he shrewdly suspected that this demand could easily be 
 increased. While in Europe he found that orders from 
 America were very slow of fulfillment ; also that a heavy 
 duty on its importation would afford an American manu- 
 facturer the chance of establishing an industry. On his 
 
 JOHN H. TINGUE. 
 
 return to this country he Ijuilt a factory in Seymour, Conn., 
 with salesrooms in this city, and it was a success from the 
 start. He took in Mr. Charles Coupland as a partner, and 
 a valuable one he proved to be. Mr. Coupland was 
 possessed of that Yankee genius for invention for which 
 Americans are so famous, and the result was the new and 
 improved machinery which enabled the company to supply 
 the increasing demand for mohair jilush. The consequence 
 was a revolution in the trade. Orders from the West and 
 the South were prom[)tly tilled, and not only that, but the 
 article supplied was found to be more durable, elegant and 
 cheaper than the imported aricle. The company began by 
 employing twelve hands. They now employ 250. Their 
 factory buildings in Seymour cover five acres, and their 
 monthly output averages 60,000 yards. They import their 
 raw materials, the chief item of which is Angora goat hair; 
 which they bring from Asiatic Turkey. The trade of the 
 company is confined to the United States, and three-fourths 
 of their products are sent West. Mr. Tingue, the founder 
 
 of the industry, died in 1885, universally esteemed and 
 regretted, not only for his business push and energy, but on 
 account of his high reputation and many admirable traits of 
 character. His place as President of the company was 
 taken by his brother William J., who had been with him 
 from the start. A third brother, Mr. E. W. Tingue, is also 
 a member of the company and takes an active part in its 
 management. William J. Tingue was born in Fort Plain, 
 N. Y., in 1837, and resides in Hawthorn, Conn. He spends 
 a good deal of his time in this city, where their offices and 
 salesrooms are located. He is married and has three 
 children. He is a member of the Union League Club, of 
 the Chamber of Commerce, is Chairman of the Board of 
 Trustees of Dr. Chapin's old church, of which the present 
 pastor is the Rev. Dr. Eaton. He is also President of the 
 Hawthorn Mills Company. The company was incorporated 
 in rSSg, and it may be stated in conclusion that its present 
 flourishing condition is a monument to the foresight and 
 sagacity of its founder, John H. Tingue. 
 
 JOHN W. JACOBUS. 
 John AV. Jacobus, United States Marshal, is a well- 
 known name in this city of New York, and its owner a 
 familiar and popular figure. He was born on September 
 19, 1844, and was educated in the public schools. When 
 the war broke out he was only seventeen years of age ; but 
 that did not prevent him responding to the call to arms. In 
 April, 1 86 1, he enlisted in the Ninth New York Regiment, 
 called Hawkins' Zouaves, and having served his term of 
 two years was mustered out May 26, 1863. But young 
 Jacobus enlisted for the war, and he immediately joined 
 Company G, of the Seventy-first New York Regiment, 
 served thirty days, and having been appointed to staff duty 
 under General Meade, remained in harness till the 
 surrender of Lee at Appomattox. Having been finally 
 mustered out he, like hundreds of thousands of others, was 
 absorbed in the great army of industry, and we find him in 
 1868 connected with the Willimantic Spool Cotton 
 Company. He is connected with it still. He was elected 
 Alderman in 1878 by a majority of 1,600 over his opponent 
 and again in 1879 ^y ^ majority of 4,600, and 1880 by over 
 7,000. In 1882 Mayor Grace appointed him a member of 
 the Board of Appraisers, and three years later he ran for 
 Sheriff on the Republican ticket. He came within 4,000 votes 
 of being elected. In connection with it it may be noted 
 that no Republican ever came so near beating a Democrat 
 running for that office in New York City. He ran for Sheriff 
 once more in 1888 and again led the county ticket. He was 
 appointed United States Marshal by President Harrison on 
 January 13, 1890, and holds that office now. Marshal Jacobus 
 is a Director of the West Side Savings Bank, Post Com- 
 mander of Kimball Post G. A. R., Past Master of Bethel 
 Lodge, 733, F. &: A. M., member of the Mount Zion 
 Chapter, Palestine Commandery K T., Mecca Temple, the 
 Old Guard, and of the Republican Club, among many other 
 organizations, both political and social. 
 
 JERE. JOHNSON, Jr., 
 
 Whose transactions in real estate, since 1886, when he 
 commenced business as a real estate broker and auctioneer, 
 amount to hundreds of millions of dollars, in city property 
 alone, besides many tens of millions in suburban property, 
 was born at the old Johnson homestead, in what is now the 
 Nineteenth Ward, city of Brooklyn. He is a direct descend- 
 ant of Sarah Rapelje, the first white child born in the New 
 Netherlands. His great-grandfather was an officer in the 
 Kings County militia during the Revolutionary War. His 
 son, Major-General Jeremiah Johnson, is remembered as a 
 statesman, soldier, scholar and churchman. He was thrice 
 Mayor of Brooklyn, and was four times elected to the State 
 
iV^rr YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 2t9 
 
 Legislature. During the latter part of the War of 1812 he 
 commanded tlie troops stationed at Fort Greene, Brooklyn. 
 Barnet Johnson, father of Jere. Johnson, Jr., was a man of 
 pure and upright character and one of Brooklyn's foremost 
 citizens. When Mr, Johnson attained his majority he en- 
 gaged in the lumber business, but seeing what great possi- 
 bilities there were in suburban pro|)erty of New York and 
 Brooklyn, entered upon his present business, which he has 
 conducted with phenomenal success. He made auction 
 sales attractive by issuing free passes, free lunches, and ren- 
 dering them more enjoyable by music from the finest regi- 
 mental bands of the i:ity. Thousands of the wage earners 
 of the city have been enabled to buy home sites by investing 
 their earnings, in small monthly jiayments, in choice prop- 
 erty offered l)y hiui at low prices. He is a free advertiser 
 and spends upward of $100,000 per year for that jiurpose. 
 He is a tirm believer in the Greater New York, that many 
 now living will see the great city contain 8,000,000 souls, 
 and that no one to-day can belie\ e the wonderful things 
 the future has in store for it. In order to peri)etuate his 
 business, he recently incorporated it as the Jere. Johnson, 
 Jr., Co., of which he is President. Its capital is $150,000. 
 
 HENRY M. GOLDFOGLE. 
 
 Henry M. Cloldfogle, one of New York's Justices, was 
 born in New York City, May 23, 1854 ; was educated in its 
 public schools, and subsequently in a private college. After 
 leaving college he studied law and was admitted to the bar, 
 receiving honorable mention. Judge Goldfogle's first 
 important case came to him when he was twenty-three years 
 old and gained him a solid reputation for so young a man. 
 The case was one which involved the title to $150,000 worth 
 of real estate, and the claimants were minors. ( )|)posed to 
 Judge Goldfogle were many lawyers of high standing in their 
 profession, but in spite of this and the fact that many legal 
 authorities had pronounced the case hopeless, the young 
 aspirant for fame and fortune gained a decisive victory, and 
 the Supreme Court in rendering judgment complimented 
 him for his ability. He has achieved many successes in 
 both criminal and ci\il cases, and is especially successful in 
 addressing juries ; in fact he is well equipped both by train- 
 ing and intellect for either the bench or the bar. His political 
 career began in the campaign of 1876, when he took the 
 stump for the Democratic party and distinguished himself 
 both as a speaker and an organizer. He also rendered 
 effective political service in the campaigns of 1884, 1S88, and 
 notably so in the last presidential contest. In 1885 he was 
 offered the nomination for State Senator, but declined, and 
 in 1887 was nominated and elected to his present position as 
 Judge of the Fifth District Court. He has spent much 
 time and money in supportmg charitable institutions, and is 
 the President of the Independent Order of B'nai Berith, the 
 leading Hebrew organiz.ition of thiscountry, having a mem- 
 bership of over twenty-six thousand ; is also the president 
 of the Seminole Club, and a member and director of a large 
 number of other societies. 
 
 ALONZO R. MORGAN, M.D. 
 Alonzo R. Morgan, M.D,, graduated from the Homoeo- 
 pathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, March, 1852, and 
 immediately going abroad after graduating spent about one 
 year in the different schools and hospitals of Europe. Re- 
 turning to this country in the fall of 1853 he located in 
 Syracuse, N. Y., and at once went into active practice. In 
 1867 he was solicited to accept the chair of Institutes and 
 Practice of Medicine in the Homoeopathic Medical College 
 of Pennsylvania. This position he acce])ted and filled for 
 one year. In 1868 he was appointed to thechairof Theory 
 and Practice in the New Y'ork Medical College. Owing 
 
 to ill health he had to resign the jjosition as well as give up 
 his private ])ractice in 1870, For several years he virtually 
 gave liimself iqi to the care of his health. Having success- 
 fully combated his ailments he again went into practice, and 
 in May, i8gi, received the reappointment to the chair of 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine in the New York Homoe- 
 opathic Medical College. He is a member of the Ameri- 
 can Institute of HonuEopaliiy, the New York State 
 Hoin(i."opathic Medical Society, and many ( ounly societies. 
 
 WILLIAM H, BURKE. 
 
 One of the youngest, and at the same time ablest, of 
 New York's Police Judges, is William Henry Burke, a man 
 who, by force of character and intelligence, has lifted him- 
 self from the honorable case of the compositor to the bench 
 of the New World's Metropolis. Judge Burke was born in 
 this city, on Decemlier 11, 1852, and was educated in the 
 |)ublic schools, after which he studied and ]jractised the 
 printer's craft until 1883, when he o])ened a coal office on 
 io6th Street. He conducts a flourishing business in that line 
 at present, and is looked upon as one of the leading iqi- 
 town dealers in " Black Diamonds." \'oung Burke imliibed 
 a taste for politics at an early age, and, like most bright 
 young men of New York, joined tlu' fori es of Tammany 
 
 
 W1LLI.\M H. BURKE. 
 
 Hall, among whom he soon became a leader in his district. 
 When the present Mayor, Hon. Thomas F. Gilroy, was 
 placed in charge of the Public Works Department, he 
 appointed Mr. Burke to the position of water ]nirveyor, 
 which position he filled to the satisfaction of all concerned 
 until in 1893, when Mr. Gilroy, now chief magistrate, ap- 
 pointed his trusty lieutenant of the 26th District to the bench, 
 filling the place made vacant by the retirement of Judge 
 Duffy. He has yet to make a reputation as police justice, 
 but his friends and those who know him best entertain no 
 fear for his future. Indeed, his short experience on the 
 bench has made it evident that Mayor Gilroy made no 
 mistake in the appointment. He examines witnesses in- 
 telligently and skilfully, and handles the lawyers in a way 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 that impresses them with respect, not unmixed with ad- 
 miration. Judge Burke is member of the Sagamore Club, 
 President of the Stuyvesant Democratic Club, and 
 member of the Harlem Democratic and Lenox Hill Clubs. 
 In 1877, he married Miss Florinda Callaghan, of New 
 York City, with whom he resides in a handsome house in 
 Harlem. 
 
 WOODBURY LANGDON. 
 
 Woodbury Langdon, one of New York's representative 
 merchants, was born in Portsmouth, New Hamjishire, on 
 October 2, 1836, and is ninth in descent from the American 
 founder of the family. The first Langdon was an English 
 Puritan and was one of the earliest settlers of New England 
 who came to this country nearly three centuries ago. 
 Since then, as the annals of Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
 shire go to show, the name has been prominent in the poli- 
 
 family has been almost as prominent in New Hampshire 
 State affairs as the Langdons themselves. Mr. Langdon 
 was educated in the famous High School of Portsmouth, 
 where so many men afterwards distinguished in life received 
 their elementary education, and was prepared for a college 
 course by private instructors, but evincing more taste for 
 a mercantile than a professional career he, with his parents' 
 consent, entered the drygoods commission house of Froth- 
 ingham & Co., Boston, in 1863, and placed in charge of the 
 New York branch of the business. He was admitted as 
 member of the firm in 1868. In 1870 Mr. Frothingham 
 died and the business was continued under the style of Joy, 
 Langdon & Co., a name which it still retains and by which it is 
 favorably known and esteemed all over the country, repre- 
 senting as it does many of the manufacturers of the Eastern 
 States. Mr. Langdon has been for many years associated 
 with the New York Chamber of Commerce, and since 1888 
 
 ;f 
 
 \ 
 
 
 WOODBURY LANGDON. 
 
 tical and literary life of the country, every generation fur- 
 nishing its quota of distinguished men. 'I'he great-grand- 
 father of the subject of this sketch, who was also a Wood- 
 bury Langdon, was a native of Portsmouth and a leading 
 merchant of that town, and took an active part in the revolu- 
 tionary movement which culminated in .\merican indepen- 
 dence. He was Judge of the Supreme Court of New 
 Hampshire for the years between 1786 and 1789. His bro- 
 ther John also look a leading part in the Revolution, and 
 as a reward for his patriotic services was elected Governor 
 of New Hampshire, and afterwards a Senator when there 
 was neither a President nor a Vice-President of the United 
 States. Mr. Langdon's father (another Woodbury) was n 
 merchant and shipmaster of Portsmouth, as many of his 
 ancestors had been before him, and his mother, Frances 
 Cutter, a daughter of Jacob Cutter of the same town, whose 
 
 has been a member of its Executive Committee. He is a 
 director of National Bank of Commerce and of the Central 
 National Bank, and also of the German American Insurance 
 Company and 'Trustee of New York Life Insurance Co. 
 He has always been a strong Republican, ready and willing 
 to hel]) his party, and yet does it with so little noise that he 
 is popular with men of all parties. He is a member of the 
 LTnion League Club, and in i88g was elected it vice-presi- 
 dent, an otifice he still holds and fills with a dignity all his 
 own. He is one of the organizers of the Merchants' Club 
 of New York, was chosen its president in 1888 and 
 re-elected in 1889. He is also one of the directors of the 
 New England Society. Mr. Langdon has lived in New York 
 for a quarter of a century, is acquainted with the city's 
 affairs and takes a keen interest in them, as indeed he does 
 in all matters affecting the public welfare. At the urgent 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 solicitation of many leading men of all ]jarlies he was 
 apjiointeil one of the Rapid 'I'ransit Conmiissioners for New- 
 York city and coLinty and with his <(illeagiies has done 
 excellent work in that connection. Mr. I.angdon is unmar- 
 ried. His brother l''rancis K., a j;raduate ot Harvard 
 University and a menil)er of New Hampshire State Senate, 
 died in 1890. To ccmcludc, he is a man well known in ihc 
 country for his integrity and public spirit. 
 
 M. BELLE BROWN, M.D. 
 Doctor i\i. Belle I'lriiwii is a W fslern wnnian. .She « as 
 born in Southern Ohio, near Cine innati, ami was educated 
 in the high school of her nati\e tnwn and .11 the ()\f()ril 
 Female College, at O.xford, Ohio. huring the lime the 
 Rev. Dr. Scott, the father of President Harrison's wife, w.is 
 principal of the Oxford Female College, it was known as the 
 " Scott House." Her ancestors on both sides were Knglish. 
 The genealogy of the lirown family can be found in the 
 " Chad lirown Memorial " at the Berkley l,yceuin. Her 
 mother's maiden name was 'I'elford. The Telfords were 
 from Kentucky and descendants of the Jennings faindy ol 
 England. Dr. Brown commenced the study of medicine in 
 I1S74 with Dr. B. F. Lukens, the family ])hysician. .\t that 
 time homoeopathy was not popular in the West. It was 
 during the absence of the regular family ];ihysician (who 
 was an allopath) that Dr. l.ukens was called. His success 
 in curing, and without morijhine, an intractable neuralgia 
 from which her mother had suffered for years led her to 
 study homcsopathy and to the employment uf tlie "little 
 pill " doctor, as he was derisivel}' called, for the faniilv 
 physician. She came to New York in iSyf) and entered the 
 New York Medical College and Hospital for Women. She 
 graduated in iSyq, immediately began the general practice 
 of medicine, and located in West Thirty-fourth Street, where 
 she still resides. She studied electricity, after she gradu- 
 ated, with the late Dr. John Butler and was one year in his 
 office. Dr. lirown makes a specialty of diseases of women 
 and is Professor of Diseases of Women in the New York 
 Medical College and Hospital for Women, Secretary of 
 Faculty in the New \'ork Medical College and Hos])ital for 
 Women, member American Institute of Homoeopathy, mem- 
 ber New York County Medical Society, member consulting 
 staff Memorial Hos|)ital, Brooklyn, member New York 
 Honiceopathic Sanitarium Association. 
 
 important legal controversies, involving questions of cor- 
 ])oration and commercial law, insurance causes and the 
 disposition of theatrical actions. During the judicial year of 
 nine months four-fifths of his time has jjcen occu[)ied in the 
 trial of causes and the argument of motions and appeals. As 
 ConsullingCounsid in impcjrtant cases in intricateandcom])li- 
 catcd litigated matters, he is constantly retained by a number 
 of New \'ork lawyers who lind his legal advice sound and his 
 co-opcTniiiin a guarantee of success. Mr. Leventritt has a 
 large and inlluential itit-iilele, and his success is due to his 
 marked ability, his leliable judgment, liis unswerving fidelity 
 to the interests of his clients and his never (lagging activity 
 in bchalt of their causes. His career has l)een marked by 
 thoroughly honorable and strictly professional methods 
 whi( h ha\e gained him the unlimited resjjcct of both Bench 
 .md Bar. I^\ery mic has a word of ( omiuendation for his 
 ability and worth. .\Ir. I,e\entritt's private life has also 
 been one of usefulness and much of his time and means 
 lia\c been de\oted to the promotion of benevolent and 
 
 DAVID LEVENTRITT. 
 
 David Leventritt, one of the distinguished members of 
 the New York Bar, was born at Winnsboro, South Carolina, 
 on January 31, 1.S4.5. His father, Geo. M. Le\entritt, 
 came to the Metropolis in 1854 and become a prominent 
 .merchant who was highly esteemed and respected for his 
 benevolence and integrity of character. David Leventritt 
 was educated at the Free Academy, now known as the 
 College of the City of New York. He entered that insti- 
 tution in 1859, and after a Ijrilliant course was graduated in 
 July, 1864, with the honor of salutatorian. During his course 
 he was awarded the Burr Medal as the leading scholar in 
 methematics, and also received the Greek and other medals 
 for scholarship. His early legal training was gained in the 
 University Law College, from which he graduated in 1870, 
 Mr. Leventritt was admitted to the bar in 1870 and at once 
 began active practice. He has devoted his attention to a 
 general civil practice, and is recognized as one of the 
 America's greatest trial lawyers. He is recognized as a peer 
 of any lawyer in the cros5 examination of adverse witnesses, 
 and in addressing a jury he has few equals. He is often termed 
 the silver tongued orator. During the past few years he has 
 conducted the trial of as many, if not more, causes than any 
 individual lawyer at the New York Bar. These trials were 
 
 D.WID l.EVENTRITT. 
 
 ihai itable institutions and associatimis. He is a member 
 of the Congregational Tem])le Emanuel, of the .American 
 Legion of Honor, the B'nai Berith, the Montefiore Home 
 for Chronic hivalids, Free School .Association, the Free 
 Sons, the Progress Chib, the Young Men's Democratic Club, 
 the Sagamore Club, the German Turn Yerein, Mount Sinai 
 Hospital, the Hebrew Orphan .Asylum, and other societies 
 and organizations. He is also the Yice-President of the 
 Aguilar Free Library, located in the Institute Building, on 
 the corner of East Broadway and Jefferson Street in this 
 city, and having a branch on the corner of Lexington 
 Avenue and sSth Street. .Mr. Lexentritt was married on 
 June 9, 1868, to Miss Matihla Lithauer, eldest daughter of 
 Leopold Lithauer, a prominent wholesale merchant of the 
 Metropolis, whose death in 1881 was sincerely mourned by 
 a host of friends who were attached to him by his attractive, 
 whole-souled nature. Mr. Leventritt resides at 34 West 
 77th Street, where he is surrounded by a refined and 
 
222 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 cultured family of one daughter and three sons. He is 
 passionately fond of music, a gift which his daughter has 
 inherited and cultivated to such an extent that she is recog- 
 nized as a highly accomplished pianiste and soprano. His 
 eldest son graduated at Phillips Exeter Academy, is 
 studying law and preparing for his admission to the Bar in 
 September, 1893. 
 
 HORATIO N. TWOMBLY. 
 Horatio N. Twombly, lawyer, statesman, editor and well 
 known man of affairs, was born in Berwick, York County, 
 Maine, in 1831, and comes of excellent Puritan, Revolu- 
 tionary and Colonial ancestry. Ralph Twombly was the 
 first of his ancestors to arrive in America and settled at 
 Dover, New Hampshire, in 1640. His descendants for 
 many generations were farmers and known for their ster- 
 ling integrity of character. By the death of his father, 
 Moses N. Twombly, Horatio was thrown upon his own 
 resources at the age of eleven, but proved himself more than 
 a match for adversity. By working on the farm in the 
 summer and teaching school during the winter he was 
 enabled to gain a preparatory education in South Berwick 
 Academv and entered Dartmouth College at the age of nine- 
 
 HORATIO N. TWOMBLY. 
 
 teen. He defrayed his college expenses by teaching during 
 vacations and after a brilliant course graduated in 1854, 
 standing second in a class of sixty graduates. He went 
 West and took charge of a private school numbering 300 
 pupils, at Waukegan, 111. During his sojourn in that town 
 he studied law and edited the Waukei^^an Gazette. Upon 
 his admission to the bar he went to Prescott, Wisconsin, 
 began active practice and was a])pointed District Attorney 
 of the county. While located in Prescott Mr. Twombly 
 edited the Prescott Transcript and at the same time was 
 made Lieutenant Colonel of the Wisconsin Militia. In i860 
 he went to Shanghai, China, to look after some of his 
 family's estate, remained two years and became sole partner 
 of Hiram Fogg & Co., returned to New York and joined the 
 
 firm of William Fogg & Co., from whom he severed his 
 connections in 1867 to become a member of the firm of 
 Messrs. Benedict, Torrey & Twombly, manufacturers of 
 rubber. Having made profitable investments in the oil 
 fields of Pennsylvania he retired from the firm in 1869, 
 and in 1870 he was the cause of a political controversy 
 which was largely instrumental in bringing about the 
 downfall of the Tweed regime. Mr. Twombly had been 
 elected as Republican representative to the Assembly of 
 the State of New York over his Tammany opponent, John 
 Carey, by a majority of 17. The victory was in itself 
 remarkable, as he ran, in the language of politics, largely 
 ahead of the State ticket. His election made the Assembly 
 a tie politically. It was therefore highly important to Mr. 
 Tweed that some Republican should be unseated. The 
 sacrifice of Mr. Twombly was determined upon. Nothing 
 fraudulent could be discovered in his election. Two 
 technical pretexts were chosen. It was discovered that in 
 one election district, where Mr. Twombly had received 67 
 majority, a number of the inspectors had taken a recess for 
 a few minutes between the counting of the Congressional 
 and Assembly votes for the purpose of obtaining something 
 to eat. In another election district, where Mr. Twombly's 
 majority was 20, it was learned that the United States 
 Supervisor had been invited and did assist in the counting 
 of the votes. The fight in the Assembly was prolonged, 
 but finally, the "Board of .Aldermen" throwing out the 
 returns from the last mentioned election district, Mr. Carey 
 was declared elected by a majority of three votes. In the 
 following year the same Assembly district elected Mr. 
 Twombly by a majority of 3,180, which was 1,200 votes 
 ahead of the Republican State ticket. After this emphatic 
 mark of public vindication Mr. Twombly refused further 
 jiolitical honors, and, in 1883, went to Bogota, South 
 .\merica, to advance a railroad enterprise. In 1884 he 
 returned, became President of the China and Japan Trad- 
 ing Co., and under his guidance the company has become 
 the largest concern of its kind, with branches in China, 
 Japan and England. Mr. Twombly's social career, like his 
 professional and commercial one, has been a success and 
 commands the respect of all. He is a member of the Board 
 of Trustees of the New York Homoeopathic Medical College 
 and Hospital, is President of the Board of Trustees of 
 Berwick Academy and belongs to the Union League, 
 Reform, University and Delta Phi Clubs. 
 
 BROOKS H. WELLS, M D. 
 
 Brooks H. Wells, M D., was born in New Haven, Conn., 
 on July 28, 1859, of Edward Livingston Wells and Mary 
 Huder Hughes. He received an elementary education in 
 private schools and a classical training in the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, whence he graduated in 18S4. 
 After serving the regular term in both the New York 
 Charity and Maternity hospitals, he became (1885) 
 connected with the New York Polyclinic, first as assistant 
 and then as adjunct professor in the department of gynse- 
 cology. Dr. Wells has filled many important places in the 
 medical literature of this country. He for several years 
 edited the department of Gyn?ecology in Sajou's " .\nnual of 
 the Medical Sciences," and is at present editor of the 
 American Journal of Obstetrics. He is a member of the 
 New York .Academy of Medicine and the New York 
 Obstetrical Society and is Secretary of the Section of 
 Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery of the Pan-American 
 Congress, which is to assemble in 1893. He has recently 
 edited an American edition of Pozzi's " Gynjecology," a 
 standard French work, which has received much favorable 
 comment from the medical press. Dr. Wells is married to 
 Mary, daughter of the late Benjamin Pomeroy, of Connec- 
 ticut, and has three children. The Pomeroy and Wells 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 223 
 
 families are of very old stock. The Pomeroys trace their 
 jiedigree to Eltwood I'omeroy, founder of the family, who 
 came to this country in 1692, and he (Eltwood) in turn was 
 a lineal descendant of one of the sons of William tin- 
 Conqueror. One branch of the Wells family can be trai ed 
 back to the celebrated Archbishop Honner, while another is 
 descended from Robert Bruce. Dr. Wells's lirandfalhcr 
 was Dr. Thomas Wells, of Columbia, S. ('. Two uncles, 
 Dr. Charlton Wells (deceased) and Dr. William I,. Wdls, 
 a iirominent physician of New Rochelle, prcne the family 
 to be a medical one in the best sense of the term. 
 
 FREDERICK WILLIAM HOLLS. 
 
 Frederick William HoUs, who enjoys distint-tion as one 
 of the most eminent and representative fierman-.\merican 
 members of the New York bar, and who is also distin- 
 guished as an eloquent speaker, was born at Zelienople, Pa., 
 on July ist, 1857, and comes of good Cierman ancestry. 
 His father, Rev. Dr. Ceorge Charles Holls, who was born 
 in Darmstadt, Cermany, came to this countrv in 1S51, and 
 became a noted Lutheran divine, educator and ])liilan- 
 thropist. His son underwent a ])reparatory course in 
 Columbia (Grammar School, after which he entered Columbia 
 College and was graduated from there in the class of 1878. 
 He immediately entered Columbia Law School and graduated 
 w^ith ihe Bachelor of Laws degree in the class of 1880. His 
 college career was a distinguished one and during his 
 course he founded the CoHege Spectator, being its editor-in- 
 chief during his senior year. He began the practice of law 
 in this city and soon gained recognition as a lawyer pos- 
 sessed of more than ordinary talents. He devotes his atten- 
 tion to a general civil practice, making a specialty of cor- 
 poration litigation, in which department of his profession he 
 has become unusually successful. In 18S3 he was the 
 Republican candidate for Senator in the 12th District, and 
 made an excellent run, cutting the Democratic majfirity 
 down from 3,000 to 600 votes. As a lecturer and author 
 he is well-known. His German lecture upon the life and 
 works of Francis Lieber was jniblished here in 1885 and 
 republished in other tongues abroad. His " Sancta Sophia 
 and Troitza," a Tourist's Notes on the Oriental Church, 
 was favorably received. In 1889 Mr. Holls was married to 
 Miss Carrie M. Sayles, eldest daughter of Hon. Frederic 
 Clark Sayles, of Pawtucket, R. I. His offices are located 
 in the Ecpiitable Building, and his residence is in Yonkers, 
 where he possesses one of the most beautiful summer resi- 
 dences. 
 
 SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD 
 The career of Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild, of the well- 
 known house of Fairchild Bros. l\; P'oster, affords an effec- 
 tive example of what can be accomplished, even in these 
 days of sharp business competition, by hard work, ambition 
 and determination, combined with sagacity in seeing and 
 energy in seizing opportunities. It is something more than 
 twenty years since Mr. Fairchild left his native town of 
 Stratford, Conn., to become a student at the Philadelphia 
 College of Pharmacy, from which he was graduated in 1873, 
 and almost immediately entered the employ of Messrs, Cas- 
 well, Hazard & Co., New York. Desiring to leave the dis- 
 pensing business, Mr. Fairchild secured a position with the 
 wholesale drug firm of Messrs. McKesson & Robbins, with 
 •\vhom he remained until 1878, when he joined his brother, 
 Benjamin T. Fairchild, in forming the firm of Fairchild 
 Bros. About three years later, the firm was constituted as 
 it at present exists by the addition of the third member, 
 Macomb G. Foster. Samuel W. Fairchild has from the first 
 controlled and directed all the business affairs of the firm, his 
 acquaintance with the wholesale drug trade and his natural 
 qualifications giving him peculiar fitness for this branch of 
 
 the business. Under his guidance, discreet, yet progressive, 
 the house of l''air(hild Bros, and Foster has steadily 
 advanced commercially, winning its way to an honorable 
 place in the front rank with marvellous rajiidity ; but no one 
 is so ready as he to suggest that this success is due jjrimarily 
 to the scientific ai hievements of his brother, Benjamin T. 
 I'airchild, the close st\ident and accurate thinker, the 
 originator of the " I'airchild " pe])sin and all the other pro- 
 ducts of the digestive ferments, which have given the house 
 prestige among the medical profession the world over. 
 'I'hat Mr. Fairchild is esteemed and tru.sted by his associates 
 in the pharmaceutical profession is shown liy his election to 
 the Presidency of the College of Pharmacy of the City of 
 New N'ork in 1890 and re-elei tion in '91, '92 and '93. In 
 order 10 provide |iroper facilities for the instruction of 
 increasing nmnber of students, Mr. Fairchild soon saw and 
 suggested the imperative need of a new building, and mainly 
 through his efforts, in the face of many obstacles, this sug- 
 gestion is rapidly b-.coming an accomplished fact. The 
 
 k 
 
 >. 
 
 m 
 -'^ 
 
 S.\Mt'EI. W. F.'\IRCHILD. 
 
 building at 68th Street and the Boulevard, when com])Ieted, 
 will lie one of the finest ever erected in this city for educa- 
 tional |iurposes. Mr. Fainhild has also been chairman of 
 the Drug Section of the Board of Trade and Transporta- 
 tion, and when the movement to secure the World's Fair 
 for New York City was instituted, he was one of the repre- 
 sentatives of the drug trade sent to Washington to urge the 
 claims of the city to Congress. Many other honors have 
 been conferred upon him simply as a citizen, including an 
 appointment by Governor Flower as one of the Commis- 
 sioners for the First Judicial District, World's Columbian 
 Exposition, Exhibit of the Stnte of New \'ork; by Mayor 
 Grant as one of the Committee of one hundred in charge 
 of the Columbian Celebration in October, 1892, by Mayor 
 Gilroy, as one of the Committee in charge of the 
 Naval Review in April last, also as one of the Committee of 
 one hundred to receive the Duke of Yeragua, and later 
 of the Committee appointed to receive the Infanta 
 
224 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Eulalie. It is not difficult to account for Mr. Fairchild's 
 success and popularity, for it is seldom indeed that we find 
 quickness of compreiiension, decisiveness, kindliness and 
 courtesy so happily combined as in his individuality. 
 
 WILLIAM SULZER. 
 
 The Hon. William Sulzer, Speaker of the Assembly of 
 the State Legislature, was born in this city, was educated 
 in the pulilic schools, studied law and was admitted to 
 the bar on reaching his majority. His father, Thomas 
 Sulzer, was one of the (lerman Patriots of 1848, and like 
 Oswald Ottendorfer, Franz Sigel and other distinguished 
 German- Americans, fought the people's battle for consti- 
 tutional government in the Fatherland. Defeated and im- 
 prisoned, after his release be came to this country in 1850 
 and married. William is the second of his seven children, 
 of whom five were boys and two girls. As a lawyer Mr. 
 Sulzer achieved considerable reputation. Naturally elo- 
 quent he acquired with education and practice a wonderful 
 command of language which he used with effect and suc- 
 cess in his legal career, especially with juries. Besides 
 possessing the gift of oratory in an eminent degree he can 
 
 WILLIAM SliLZER. 
 
 accomplish an immense amount of work in a comparatively 
 short time and is very tenacious and industrious. Hence it 
 is small matter for surprise that be succeeded. Mr. Sulzer 
 took an active interest in politics early in life and always as 
 a pronounced Democrat. In 1884 he stumped the States of 
 New York, New Jersey and Connecticut for his party, and 
 so distinguished himself that in every campaign since he 
 has been called upon to expound Democratic views from 
 the platform. He rendered yeoman's service more espe- 
 cially in the last Presidential contest, and delivered many 
 effective speeches. The Democratic party leaders are al- 
 ways on the lookout for such bright young men as William 
 Sulzer and in 1889-90-91-92 he was elected to the Assembly 
 by majorities which increased with his popularity. His 
 record in the Assembly was so brilliant and his ability so 
 pronounced that at the convening of the last session he was 
 
 unanimously elected speaker by his party. The bills he 
 has been instrumental in passing into law are both many 
 and important. Amongst others of them which may be 
 mentioned are the aci for the State Care of the Insane, the 
 Anti-Pinkerton Law, the act to secure free lectures for 
 workingmen and workingwomen, the law limiting the 
 ]iowers of corporations, the law for a constitutional con- 
 vention and the very im])ortant act abolishing imprisonment 
 for debt. He has during his entire legislative career been 
 a leader in the house and chairman of some of its leading 
 committees. As Speaker he is pronounced both by political 
 friend and foe to be one of the best that has ever ruled over 
 the deliberations of the Assembly. He is quick, diplomatic, 
 courteous and always fair and impartial. He is one of the 
 best parliamentarians in this country. He never had a 
 decision reversed or criticised. Personally Mr. Sulzer is a 
 man of splendid physique, standing over si.\ feet high, while 
 the intellectual cut of his features would single him out of 
 a crowd as a leader of men. This is an all too brief sketch of 
 the Speaker of the Assembly, a man it would be well to 
 watch, as he has, in all [irobability, a brilliant career in front 
 of him. 
 
 THOMAS MANLY DILLINGHAM, M.D., 
 .\ descendant of Edward Dillingham, "gentleman," who 
 came from Leicester, England, in 1630, with John Winthrop. 
 Governor of the Colony of Massachusetts, and settled in 
 Salem. Seven years later he received a grant of land from 
 the Governor ("e.xtending froin sea to sea"), in Sandwich, 
 Mass., and settled there. Dr. Dillingham's great- great- 
 grandfather fought in the American Revolution, and died in 
 a British ]:)rison in 1779. His great-grandfather settled in 
 .-Xugusta, Me., in 1805. His father, William Addison Pitt 
 Dillingliam, a Universalist clergyman, although a slave and 
 land owner in Mississii)pi, was a strong supporter of the 
 LInion during the war, and Speaker of the Maine House of 
 Re|)resentatives in 1865, and nominated for Governor in 
 1 866. His mother, Caroline Price Townsend, was of the 
 old New England Townsends, who came to America in 
 1620 and 1621. Young Dillingham was educated at the 
 ])ublic schools, and fitted for college at the Waterville 
 Classical Institute; entered Dartmouth College in 1869, and 
 after three years entered the Boston School of Medicine, 
 graduating from there as an M.D. in 1874. Dr. Dillingham 
 began practice in Augusta, Me., his native town, and speed- 
 ily acquired a large and profitable practice. After five years 
 his health broke down, and he started on a journey aiound 
 the world visiting extensively Egypt, India and Ceylon ; 
 the following year was spent in Vienna, Jena and Berlin, 
 studying in the hos|3itals. On his return to America he set- 
 tled in Boston, No. 132 Boylston Street. Five years of suc- 
 cessful and hard work again brought on ill health, forcing 
 him to purchase a ranch in California, where he remained 
 one year, after which he again visited P2urope, devoting 
 himself to his profession in the great hos|)itals. During 
 this visit to Europe he was the private j^upil and only assist- 
 ant of Sir Lawson Tate, the great abdominal specialist of 
 England. The young doctor then returned to his native 
 country and began practice at 46 West 36th Street, where 
 he prescribes for a large and high class cliental. He is a 
 devoted follower of honKsoiJathy as taught by Hahnemann, 
 after having tried to find some better system, but without 
 success. His preceptors in medicine were Doctors James 
 B. Bell and William P Wesselhoeft, of Boston. Dr. Dilling- 
 ham is a member of the International Hahnemannian Asso- 
 ciation, the American Institute of Homoeo])athy, the New 
 York State and County Societies, the Massachusetts State 
 Society, the Maine State Society, the Massachusetts Sur- 
 gical Society, and an energetic member of the Republican 
 Club etc., etc., etc., visiting physician at the Hahnemann 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 225 
 
 Hospital, and suprriiitendent of the outdoor dopartmciU, 
 and Trustee of the New York Law School. He is a 
 bachelor and has a country residence (Monadnock Farm) 
 at Chcshani, N. H., where he annually seeks rest and recu- 
 peration during the three summer months. Dr. Dillingham 
 has one brother, Rev. Pitt Dillingham, Boston, Mass., and 
 one sister, Mabel Wilhelmena Dillingham, fomidcr of the 
 ("alhoun Colored S( liool, iieiir Montgomery, Ala. 
 
 JOSEPH PATRICK FALLON. 
 
 Joseph Patrick Fallon, Judge of the Ninth District Civil 
 ("ourt.wasbornin F>re Court, C'ounty Cavan, Ireland, March 
 
 I, 1845, and brought to this country by his parents when 
 only five years old. He was educated in the pulilic schools, 
 and being destined for the law, in i860 entered the office of 
 
 Townsend, Dyatt ..N: Raymond, one of the leading legal 
 firms of the city, for jnirposes of study. In 1864, like many 
 other patriotic youths, the war being then in its fourth year, 
 he thought he would take a hand in the mighty conflict of 
 arms, and joined Comi)any K, of the Ninty-ninth Regiment 
 of the National Cuard, as Sergeant. On his return home 
 the year after Mr. Fallon resumed his law studies in the 
 same otifice, and was called to the bar in 1865. During 
 those years Mr. Fallon manifested a taste for local politics, 
 and attached himself to the fortunes of Tammany Hall and 
 attracted the notice of its leaders by his bright ipialities. 
 He was appointed School Trustee for the Twelfth Ward in 
 1873 'i"c' retained that position until 1875, when he was 
 elected to the Legislature from the Twenty-first Assembly 
 District. That was a decided anti-Tammany year, and Mr. 
 Fallon was one of seven successful Tammany candidates 
 out of twenty-one, the Republicans and their allies having 
 carried the other fourteen seats. While in the Legislature 
 he had charge of the New York business, and all concede 
 he did remarkably well. He ran for the Legislature 
 again in 1876, but was defeated, and in 1881 was defeated 
 l)y Judge McGowan for the position he now fills so worth- 
 ily — namely. Judge of the Ninth Civil Court District, as 
 above stated. Meantime he has transferred his allegiance 
 from Tammany to the County Democracy, and on that 
 ticket was in the fall of 1887 elected Judge by a handsome 
 majority. The Judge was from 1878 to 1881 meml>er of 
 the firm of Flannigan, Fallon & Coojier, and then prac- 
 tised alone for seven years with success. In 1888 he joined 
 himself to Solomon, Brunnener & Crandall, but is at present 
 practising alone once more and has an office in Temple 
 Court. He is a member of the Sagamore Club's Board of 
 Managers, of Tammany Hall Executive Committee for the 
 Twenty-third District, also member of Tammany Hall 
 (Committee on Organization. 
 
 PHILIP R, VOORHEES. 
 
 Philip R. Voorhees, one of New York's lawyers, whose 
 S|)ecialty is patent law, and who is known in literary and 
 scientific circles, was born at Annapolis, Md., on October 
 
 I I, 1835, and comes of patriotic American ancestry who 
 served in defence of their country. A great-grandfather 
 and a grandfather on his father's side, citizens of New- 
 Jersey — the one a captain of militia, the other a coadjutor 
 of the famous partisan Huyler in New Jersey's flotilla — 
 suffered the horrors of the Provost Prison, at New York, 
 during a part of the Revolutionary War. His maternal 
 grandfather, John Randall, after service as an officer in the 
 same war, was ap]3ointed the first collector of the jjort of 
 .Annapolis by President Washington. Commodore Phili|) 
 F Voorhees, a native of New Jersey, the father of the 
 suljject of these remarks, was a distinguished naval officer 
 in the war of 1812, and received a medal from Congress as a 
 mark of recognition of his services. He served under 
 Commodore Decatur in the frigate LInited States in the 
 
 ca[)ture of the Macedonian, and was with Commodore 
 Warrington in the Peacock, participating in her captures of 
 the sloop.s-of-war Kpervier and Nautilus. Commodore 
 Voorhees commanded the Frigate Congress on her famous 
 maiden cruise in 1842 to 1845; 'i"<J W'l^ i" command of the 
 East India scpiadron in 1850-1. Philip R. Voorhees was 
 educated at St. John's College, Anna])olis, graduating in the 
 class of 1855 with the Bachelor of .Arts degree, and sub- 
 sequently obtaining the degree of Master of Arts. His 
 legal training was acquired in the office of his maternal 
 uncle, the Hon. Alexander Randall, .Attorney Ceneral of 
 Maryland, after which he entered the Vulcan' Iron Works, 
 in Baltimore, and took a practical course in Mechanical and 
 Marine Engineering. He passed a conqietitive examination 
 in i860, and in February, 1861, was appointed an officer in 
 the I'",ngineer Corps of the Navy. During the Civil War lie 
 served in the frigate Wabash at the battles of Hatteras 
 Inlet, Port Royal and both atta<ks upon P'ort l''isher. He 
 next was assigned to duly in the gunboat Huron and 
 
 ~;?^t.. 
 
 ^- 
 
 A 
 
 PHILIP R. VOORHEES. 
 
 participated in the attacks upon the approaches to Wilming 
 ton, in the Cape Fear River, and was also one of her officers 
 in the James River Fleet, at the fall of Richmond. After 
 the war he cruised in the South Seas in the sloop-of-war 
 Tuscarora, one of the shijjs in Commodore John Rodgers' 
 sc|uadron which escorted the monitor Monadnock from 
 Hampton Roads to San Francisco. L^pori his return from 
 this cruise, he was detailed assistant instructor in steam 
 engineering at the Naval Academy, Annajiolis, and in 1868 
 he resigned his commission as first assistant engineer in the 
 Navy with rank of Lieutenant, reviewed his law studies and 
 was admitted to the Maryland bar, and, later, to practice in 
 the Supreme Court of the LTnited States. He spent a short 
 time in the examining department of the Patent Office and 
 began the practice of patent law at the National Capital. 
 He came to the Metropolis in January, 1878, and established 
 himself in the practice of his profession. He is a member 
 of the Lawyers', University and Engineers' Clubs; is also a 
 member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the 
 
JV£jr YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 United States, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 
 (Geographical Society, New York Genealogical and Bio- 
 graphical Society, American Society of Mechanical Engi- 
 neers, American SocietA' of Naval Engineers, and the Society 
 of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. He married in 
 1874 Sarah Marston Tuttle, daughter of Commodore Henry 
 Bruce, an officer of the war of 181 2, and now the oldest 
 officer of the United States Navy and prol'ahly of any other 
 Navy of the world. 
 
 JEFFERSON M. LEVY 
 
 Jefferson M. Levy, resident of Virginia, distinguished at 
 the New York Bar, and owner of Monticello, once the home 
 of Thomas Jefferson, was born in this city. His ancestors 
 settled in New York and Virginia early in the seventeenth 
 century, and .among their descendants since then have been 
 many men of national reputation who have rendered mate- 
 rial services to their country. Their New York land patent, 
 according to the annals of Albany, is dated 1665. His 
 uncle, Uriah P. Levy, was, when he died, in 1862, the rank- 
 ing officer in the United States Navy. This officer had a 
 brilliant career, and distinguished himself, particularly in 
 the War of 1812. After riding triumphantly in the British 
 Channel, on board the American war vessel Argus, reverses 
 of fortune overtook him and his gallant comrades, and he 
 
 JEFFI 
 
 languished in chains in Dartmouth Prison until the close of 
 the war. While in Brazil he saved the life of a brother 
 officer, receiving the wounds intended for him on his own 
 body, and subsequently refused the command of a frigate, 
 offered him by the Emperor Dom Pedro, with the remark 
 that "he would rather serve as a cabin boy in his own 
 country's service than as captain in any other service in the 
 world." He presented a magnificent bronze statue of 
 Thomas Jeff'erson, by David de Anjiers, to the LTnited 
 States, now in the C'apitol at Washington (and the original 
 cast in the city of New York), in return for which, and in 
 appreciation of his services to the country, he was presented 
 with the freedom of the city in a gold box. Commodore 
 Levy was mainly instrumental in abolishing flogging in the 
 
 United States Navy, a British practice which he charac- 
 terized as a disgrace to American civilization. After the 
 death of Thomas Jefferson, the Commodore purchased the 
 house and estate of Monticello by advice of President An- 
 drew Jackson, and this magnificent domain, the pride of 
 N'irginia and of the whole country, has passed by inherit- 
 ance to Jefferson M. Levy. Monticello was begun by 
 Jefferson in 1764 and finished in 1771. It is built after the 
 manner of the Petit Trianon, in Versailles, and its public 
 rooms consist of a grand salon, dining hall, President's room, 
 ballroom, and grand hall. Mr. Levy's father was Capt. J. 
 P. Levy, also of the United States service, who distinguished 
 himself in the Mexican War in command of the United 
 States ship America, and was ap])ointed Captain of the Port 
 of Vera Cruz, by Gen. Winfield Scott, upon its surrender to 
 the LTnited States. Capt. Levy died in 1883. The subject 
 of this sketch was educated by private tutors and graduated 
 from the Lhiiversity of the City of New York, and was called 
 to the bar when he attained to his majority. His first cele- 
 brated case was that of the widow of James B. Taylor, whom 
 Mr. Levy defended against such famous lawyers as Roscoe 
 Conkling, Francis Kernan, Henry L. Clinton and Edward 
 \V. Stoughton. He won the suit, and established for him- 
 self a reputation which has gone on increasing ever since. 
 His specialty is real estate litigation, and his advice on that 
 subject is much sought after, especially by banking and 
 other inonetary establishments. He is a Democrat in pol- 
 itics, but in 189T, in order to preserve harmony in his party, 
 refused the nomination for Congress, which meant an elec- 
 tion. He is a warm admirer and triend of President Cleve- 
 land, in whose late election he took a prominent part as 
 Chairman of the Virginia League of Democratic Clubs, 
 which was organized September 15, 1892, and previous to 
 election day numbered 35,000 members. The League was 
 largely instrumental in carrying Virginia for President 
 Cleveland by 50,000. He was first Vice-President of the 
 Young Men's Democratic Club, and one of its prime pro- 
 moters, is a member of the Manhattan and Reform Clubs, 
 the Historical and Southern societies, Westmoreland of 
 Virginia, and the Sandown Park Club of England. Mr. 
 Levy has every reason to be a happy man. He is rich, well 
 educated, and eloiiuent of manners. 
 
 BUKK G. CARLETON, M.D. 
 
 Although young in years, yet a life of continuous study 
 has forced the career of Dr. Bukk G. Carleton well towards 
 the front rank of his profession. Born in Whitefield, New 
 Hamiishire, on November 11, 1856, of Ebenezer and Lucia 
 M. Carleton, he commenced his preparatory studies at a 
 very early age. Cioing through the public schools he 
 finished his classical education at the Littleton, New Hamp- 
 shire, High School. Choosing medicine as his lifework, he 
 decided to enter the New York Homceopathic College, and 
 matriculated in 1873. Three years of continuous study 
 gained him his diploma and he graduated in 1876, but added 
 anodier year to his life of study by attending the post- 
 graduate or special course. He then received the appoint- 
 ment of Resident Physician at the Ward's Island Hospital, 
 which he held for one year. Four years ne.xt succeeding he 
 filled the position of Special Pathologist at the same institu- 
 tion. In the meantime his private practice was gradually m- 
 creasing. In 1879 Dr. Carleton was appointed Associate Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy in the New York Homceopathic College, 
 but resigned four years later. While holding this position 
 he lectured on Pathological Anatomy in the Spring Course. 
 In 1880 he was appointed Visiting Physician to the Ward's 
 Island Hospital and resigned in 1885, but at the special 
 request of Dr. Guernsey he returned in 1890 and still fills 
 that position. He was attending physician to the New 
 York Homoeopathic Dispensary from 1877 to 1883. He is 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 227 
 
 a inemlicr of various medii al c liibs and societies, amongst 
 them being the Slate County Societies and tlie Chnical 
 Club. Dr. Carleton has written a number of" articles to the 
 different medical journals, and also papers which were read 
 before the different societies. Among his clients are many 
 noted families in the city. Dr. C'arleton is a mend)er of 
 the Republican Club of New York C^ity. Dr. Carleton 
 married Sarah, the daughter of \Vm. K. Robinson, l''.s(|., and 
 has two bright boys as a fruit of the union. 
 
 CHAUNCEY SHAFFER. 
 
 Chaunt cy Shaffer, 1,1,. I ), known as the Nestor of the New 
 York Bar, was burn in llroonie Count}', N. Y., on |une .). 
 181.S. His father, (lilhert Shaffer, was a native of Colum- 
 bia County, and his mother, Sarah, was of the liurdii ks 
 family of Rhode Island. iMitering the Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity in 1836 he had a distinguished college career and 
 graduated in a class that turned out such famous men as 
 Chester D. Hubbard of West Virginia, Jeremiah Coodell of 
 New Hampshire, Rev. Joseph Dennison. the pioneer edu- 
 cator of Kansas, Professor John Lindsay of P>oston Uni- 
 versity and the Rev. I.oremus B. Crowell of Massachusetts. 
 .\fter graduating Mr. Shaffer became principal in an Acad- 
 emy of Oneida County, where he remained two years, study- 
 ing law meantime. He was admittetl to the bar in 1843 
 and ever since then has been in active jjractice, and has 
 been engaged in many celebrated cases, two of which, of 
 more than ordinary interest and importance, furnished 
 |)recedents for many judgments since. One was to the effect 
 that '■ reputation and cohabitation " constitute marriage. 
 In his time Mr. Shaffer has defended thirty-three murderers, 
 only one of wliom was convicted. It is well known in legal 
 circles, and is remembered by many citizens outside of 
 them, that in 1869 (Black Friday week) Mr. Shaffer, after 
 having two clients accused of murder acquitted, stood on 
 the steps of the Court House and wnth uplifted voice and 
 hands announced that he would nevermore defend a mur- 
 der case. And he has kejit his word. It was Mr. Shaffer 
 who prosecuted Stevens, accused of poisoning his wife, and in 
 that famous case he had arrayed against him such prominent 
 lawyers as John R. Ashmead, ex-Attorney General Cushing 
 and Daniel Ullman. The trial lasted twenty-one days and 
 resulted in the conviction of Stevens of murder in the first 
 degiee. In 1856 Mr. Shaffer stumped ths State from Buf- 
 falo to Montauk Point for John C. Fremont, having asso- 
 ciated with him on the trip Henry Ward Beecher, then rising 
 into fame and prominence, Hannibal Hamlin and John B. 
 Hale. He was married on October 24, 1843, to a very 
 estimable lady, Maria R., daughter of Isaac and Diana Water- 
 man, who is still living. In 1880 Mr. Shaffer was appointed 
 trustee and sulisei]uently elected Vice-President to one of 
 the medical colleges of this city. A few- years ago he re- 
 ceived the honorary degree of Doctor of Law-s, from the Fort 
 Wayne College. 
 
 ST. CLAIR SMITH, M.D. 
 
 Dr. St. Clair Siuith has occupied, almost since his grad- 
 uation in 1869, a prominent and active place in the medical 
 history of New York Homoeopathy. Born March 15th, 
 1846, in Cayuga Co., this State, he received in boyhood the 
 ordinary common school education. Subsetjuently he at- 
 tended the academies at Aurora and Auburn, this State. 
 He commenced the study of medicine in 1867, at the New 
 York Homoeopathic College and Hospital, graduating in 
 1869. Until November, 1870, he was resident physician at 
 the Five Points House of Industry. Moving to Brooklyn 
 he was ajipointed the First Resident Physician at the Ma- 
 ternity Plospital, that city. Coming back to New York in 
 1872 he became associated with Dr. 'J". F. Allen, this con- 
 nection lasting for eight years. From 1872 till 1877 he lec- 
 
 tured on Materia Medica at the Homoeopathic Medical 
 College, this city. The winters of 1879-80 and 1880-81 he 
 was Professor of Physiology in the same institution, l-'or 
 one year he occu[)ied the chair of Diseases of Children. 
 For the next succeeding four years he held the chair of 
 Materia Medica, resigning to take the Professorship of The- 
 ory and Practice of Medicine, which he still holds. In the 
 winters 1878-79 and '80 he was I'rofessor of Physiology in 
 the New York Medical (Jollege for Women. For twelve 
 years Dr. Smith was visiting j)hysician to the House of In- 
 dustry, and is at present the Suijerintendent and Constdting 
 Physician to tlie same institution. He is a member of the 
 •American Institute of IIom(j;o])athy, the New York Honux'- 
 ojiathic County and State Socn'eties. He was married in 1880 
 to Kate, the daughter of Ferdinand /.ogvaum, of New York. 
 
 THOMAS McADAM, 
 
 .\ well-known member of the New York bar, was born 
 in this city in r86o, and is the eldest son of that distin- 
 guished lawyer, jurist and author, David Mc.Adam, Judge 
 of the Superior Court. His preparatory education was 
 gained at Moeler's Institute, in 29th Street, after which he 
 entered Columbia College, graduating in the class of 1885. 
 He received his diploma from the Law School of the same 
 institution, was admitted to the bar, and commenced the [jrac- 
 tice of his profession with offices in Temple (,'ourt. He 
 confines his attention l(} a gi-neral < i\il litigation, and makes 
 
 ^ l^r 
 
 THnM.\S Mi.\n.AM. 
 
 a specialty of real estate laws, in which connection he has a 
 large clientele and has gained an excellent reputation. Mr. 
 McAdam takes an active interest in i)olitics, and for several 
 years was a member of the Tammany Hall General Com- 
 mittee, representing the old 13th District. He is likewise 
 ])opular in social and club circles, enjoying membershi]) in 
 the West Side Democratic, Harlem and Atlanta Boat Clubs, 
 and also the .Arion Society. Mr. Mc.Ydam was married in 
 1886 to Miss Sarah S. Blair, granddaughter of Rev. Hugh 
 Henry Blair, of this city, and resides in Harlem. He is 
 now practising his profession at 102 Broadway. 
 
228 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ORMOND G. SMITH. 
 
 Orniond G. Smitli, senior member of the firm of Street 
 & Smith, proprietors of the New York Weekly, was born in 
 Brooklyn, August 30, i860. His father, Francis S. Smith, and 
 Francis S. Street were the founders of the firm of Street & 
 Smith. O. G. Smith graduated from the Harvard College 
 in the class of 1883 and entered his father's business im- 
 mediately after. He is a bachelor and is member and 
 director of the New York Club, the Lotos Club, the Fulton 
 Club, the Harvard Club, New York Riding Club, Jerome 
 Park Jockey Club, New York Athletic Club, Colonial Club, 
 Larchmont Club, Theatre of Arts and Letters and many 
 other organizations of a like character. He is fond of all 
 athletic sports, a great lover of horses and can be found 
 almost any day of the year on his favorite grey in Central 
 Park. George C Smith, brother of Ormond G. and junior 
 member of the firm, was born in Brooklyn in 1858. He was 
 
 prietors of the New York ll'eekfy. The rise to eminence of 
 the Ne7C' York IV'eek/y in the region of romance and its 
 enormous circulation are surely among the phenomena of 
 the age we live in. Indeed its own history touches here 
 and there on the romantic, for novel ideas taking birth in 
 the bright intellects of its founders, cool judgment, skillful 
 management, with now and then adventitious streaks of 
 luck, have developed the infant of the last generation into 
 the giant of ours and made of the A'^ew York JVeekly the 
 most charming serial story paper in the world. The paper 
 was founded by Amor J. Williamson, proiirietnr of the 
 Sunday Dispatch, about 1843. It was originally christened 
 the JVeekly Universe, 3.nd subsequently the Weekly Dispatch. 
 In Mr. Williamson's employ were two young men — Francis 
 S. Street as liookkeeper, Francis S. Smith as editor — the 
 names are merely a coincidence — and to them he sold the 
 paper for 1140,000. The young men did not have that 
 
 \ 
 
 ORMOND G. SMITH. 
 
 educated in the Polytechnic of that city, in the Adelphi 
 Academy, and in Dr. Chapin's Academy in New York City 
 and finally by private tutors in Paris. He completed his 
 education in France in 1880, returned to the United States 
 and entered business in 1883. He was married in 1888 to 
 Miss Annie K. Schwertz, daughter of W. E. Schwertz, of 
 Pittsburgh, who has for many years been a well known 
 dealer in boots and shoes. The couple have one daughter. 
 Mr. George C. Smith is, like his brother, fond of sports, 
 yachting especially. He has been a member of the Larch- 
 mont Yacht Club since 1884, and of the Colonial and 
 Fulton Clubs since 1892. He has a summer residence, in 
 New Rochelle and owns a beautiful home at 167 West End 
 Avenue, New York. He is one of the leading members of .St. 
 James Episcopal Church and one of the incorporators of 
 its East Side Mission. Such is a brief sketch of the pro- 
 
 amount — they did not have a penny — but they had brains 
 and principle, and Mr. Williamson trusted that the brains 
 would make them money enough to pay him. And he was 
 right, for, though the work was hard at first and clouds 
 hung on the horizon, they paid hiin every cent of the $40,000 
 long before the limit, which was five years, had expired. 
 The new proprietors changed the name of the paper to the 
 New York Weekly and they met their first pronounced suc- 
 cess in 1859. They bought a story from Mrs. Mary J. 
 Holmes called " Alarian Grey, the Heiress of Redstone 
 Hall." In order to bring this story before the public they 
 incurred a debt of $50,000. Did the venture prove a 
 failure it meant disaster to Street & Smith, and so we can 
 easily imagine how anxiously, how nervously, they looked lor 
 returns. But they hoped for the best. Mr. Smith had read 
 Mrs. Holmes' manuscript and thought they were justified 
 
NFAV YORK, TlfE METROPOLIS. 
 
 229 
 
 in risking t-vciylliing ujion it. Events proved that his 
 estimate of its merit and of the puhUe taste was correct, for, 
 though returns came in shjwly at first, altera few weeks the 
 tide of success began to rise, and from a circuiation of 
 11,000 the New York Weekly jum|)ed up to 47,000 in two 
 months. Wiien the war broke out it iiad a circuiation of 
 92,000, but as a third of its readers were stnith of Mason iV' 
 Dixon's Line, and as those in the North were too anxious 
 to read romances, its subscriiiers fell off in all directions. 
 After the war, however, the famous story paper sharetl in 
 the revival of prosperity, and .Street iV Smith achertised 
 its merits extensively, intelligently and successfully. They 
 sought good writers wherever they were to be had and |)aid 
 them well. They brt)ught Mrs, May Agnes Fleming from 
 the obscurity of Nova Scotia to the full light of New York, 
 and ijaid her $15,000 for a story fur which she used to be glad 
 to get $500. But then Mrs. Fleming in return helped the 
 New York Weekly very materially, as its |]roprictors are, 
 and have always been, hap]iy to acknowledge. They pru- 
 cured the best writers to be had for money and spent a 
 fortune for advertising. In 1.S71 they spent $156,000, and 
 between that year and 18S0 more than a nidlion ! Among 
 other celebrities they secured as contributors were (lail 
 Hamilton, Reverend Edward lieecher, .Mice Carey, 
 Schuyler Colfax, Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage, Rev. deorge 
 H. Hepworth, Viiginia F. 'idwnsend, Mary Kyle Dallas, 
 Horatio Alger, Jr., Ilertha .\i. Clay, Josephine I'ollard. 
 Michael Scanlaii, Cai-tain Mayne Reid, John S. C. .Abbott 
 (the historian), l!arile\ Campbell, Marion Harland, Edgar 
 Fawcett and Oliver I.ogan, while among their cartoonists 
 was Thomas Nast, and among their staff of huir.orists were 
 Josh Billings, Mark Twain, Hill Nye, Max Adeler, Robert 
 J. Kurdette and \V. L. Alden. Fortune often, or rather 
 generally, faxors the bold, but it is bv furnishing a good 
 paper every week, the best that can be brought out fur 
 money, and advertising it regardless of expense, that tlie 
 AVk' York Weekly has attained to the extraordinary circu- 
 lation of 200,000 co]iies a week, and has pushed itself into 
 every hamlet in the Uniteil States and Canaila. The founders 
 of this paper are dead and gone, but the jirojierty is vested in 
 the hands of Mr. Smith's Sons. Mr. Street died on April 
 15th, i8<S3. when Mr. Smith's son. (_)rmond C. Smith, pur- 
 chased his interest. Shortly after Ceo. C. Smith liecame a 
 partner in the firm, Mr. Francis S. Smith died, February 2. 
 1887, and the young men assumed conlrol uf the affairs of 
 the concern. Though possessing ample means and a 
 classical education, the new proprietors took off their coats 
 as if they were working for a living, and from time to time 
 surrounded the New York Weekly with auxiliaries called for 
 by the times. Thus they started " Cood News," which has 
 now a weekly circulation of 40,000, "' Select Series," " .Sea 
 and Shore Series," "Primrose Series," "Secret Service 
 Series," " Far and Near Series," " Fifth .\venue Series," 
 and various other publications which revolve round 
 the Weekly as the planets revolve rourd the sun, and 
 like their parent are .scrui}ulously clean, literary and enter- 
 taining. The firm occupy large buildings in Rose Street, 
 which are equipped with machinery of the most apjjroved 
 style, cajiable of turning out 2,000,000 books every year in 
 addition t(> their immense output of serial piublicatiuns. 
 The firm gives ein])loyment to 100 hands, to whom they pay 
 $1,500 weekly, which, of course, does not include the staff 
 of writers throughout the country, to whom the very highest 
 prices are given for stories, poems, humorous sketches, etc. 
 
 NELSON ZABRISKIE. 
 
 Nelson Zabriskie, of the New York bar, was born at 
 Ridgewood, N. J., on January 4, 1856, and comes of good 
 American descent. His father, David W. Zabriskie, was a 
 well-known resident of that section. The subject of this 
 
 sketch received a preparatory course in the schools at his 
 home, entered the University of the City of New York, and 
 graduated from the law school of that institution in 1875, 
 with the Bachelor of .Arts degree. He was admitted to the 
 bar in 1877, ami immediately began practice, confining his 
 attention to the civil branches of his ])rofession. He early 
 made a si)ecialty of admiralty and marine litigation, and 
 soon gained distinction in legal circles. In the spring of 
 1883 he became associated with Mr. J. .\. Hyland, under 
 the llrm name of Hyland iV Zabriskie, which to-day is 
 rerogni/cd as one of the leading admiralty firiiis of the 
 Metropolis. Messrs. Hyland & Zabriskie also transact a 
 general civil litigation, but have gained special prominence 
 in marine and admiralty law. They have figured as counsel 
 in inanv important litigations, and gained several great 
 legal battles, one of which is fresh in the minds of Ooth- 
 amites, viz., as Counsel for the People in a suit brought 
 by F.dward .Annan and F. Iv Pinto, to test the constilu- 
 
 NKLSnX Z.'MiRISKIE. 
 
 tionalily of the drain Elevator law, regulating the price for 
 elevating and discharging grain. Mr. Zabriskie's firm 
 secured a verdict favorable to the people, which verdict 
 was sustained by the Federal t'ourts, into which the case 
 was subsequently carried. Messrs. Hyland & Zabriskie 
 enjov a large and successful practice, and their elientele 
 include the names of imjjortant trans])0rtation companies, 
 among them the Citizens' Steamboat Comi)any, of Troy, and 
 the Union Ferry Coinjiany. Mr. Zabriskie's legal career 
 has been conducted ujjon thoroughly honoralile and reliable 
 professional methods, and his attention has been assidu- 
 ously devoted to his [irofession, little, if any, of his time 
 being given to politics or club life. His firm occupies a 
 handsome suite of offices on the third tloor of the Aldrich 
 Court building. Mr. Zabriskie is a iirominent member of 
 the Masonic Order, lielongs to the .Alumni (Hub of his col- 
 lege, and resides in the Metropolis, where he is esteemed 
 and respected by a wide circle of friends. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 CHARLES A. SCHIEREN. 
 
 Mr. Charles A. Schieren, the founder of the firm of 
 Chas. A. Schieren & Co., was born in Rhenish Prussia in 
 1842, and, with his parents, emigrated to this country in 
 1856. He had received a pubhc school education in Ger- 
 many. In his youth he had assisted his father in conduct- 
 ing a cigar and tobacco business in Brooklyn. In 1864, as 
 clerk, he entered the service of Philip S. Pasquay, leather 
 belting manufacturer, of New York. By virtue of energy 
 and close application he soon mastered the details of the 
 business, and became the manager of the establishment, on 
 the death of his employer, in 1866. Two years later, with 
 limited means, he set up his own establishment. In a com- 
 paratively short time he was at the head of a prosperous 
 manufactory, which to-day ranks as one of the largest in the 
 leather belting line in the country. He invented and 
 patented many improvements in leather belting, especially 
 those used for electrical pov,'er. His electric perforated 
 belt now rates as the most successful and reliable for trans- 
 
 chari.es a. schieren. 
 
 mission of ])Ower to dynamos and other electrical machinery. 
 His invention of the American patent joint Leather Link 
 Belt gave him quite a pre-eminence as an inventor in the 
 trade, having to design and construct all the intricate ma- 
 chinery necessary to make this ingenious belt. He also 
 wrote and published several important papers on belting, 
 such as the "History of Leather Belting," "The LTse and 
 .\buse of Leather Belting," " '1 he Transmission of Power by 
 Belting," and " From the Tannery to the Dynamo," which 
 were read and discussed before the National Electrical Light 
 Association and the New York Technical Society, and others, 
 and, therefore, is considered quite an authority and expert 
 on belting. The firm has branch houses in Chicago, Boston 
 and Philadelphia, and the products of its factory are shipped 
 to all parts of the civilized world. Mr. Schieren was one of 
 the founders of the Hide and Leather National Bank, and 
 is still its Vice-President. He is also identified with many 
 public institutions in Brooklyn, where he resides. 
 
 JOHN WEBER. 
 
 John Weber, head of the building firm of J. & L. Weber, 
 was born in Germany in 1828. He was of a good family. 
 His father and his grandfather before him were wealthy 
 architects and builders, and of them Mr. Weber learned the 
 trade. He, with his brothers, landed in New York in 1848, 
 and went into business and prospered. One brother has 
 since retired, and the other is engaged extensively in the 
 fire-brick business. Mr. Weber was successful almost from 
 the start, in the first place because he was thorough mnster 
 of his trade, and, in the second, because he always fulfilled 
 his contracts in the prompt and honorable manner which 
 makes reputation. The consequence of this reputation was 
 that the business they did was simply immense, as the fol- 
 lowing partial list of the principal buildings they erected 
 will show : The New York Recorder Building on Spruce 
 Street, the Staats-Zeitung Building, Havemeyer Building, 
 Edison Electric Illuminating Building on Pearl Street, 
 Brooklyn; Edison Electric Illuminating Co., on Pearl and 
 Elm streets. New York ; Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Broadway 
 Theatre, Amberg Theatre, De La Vergne Refrigerating Ma- 
 chine Co. ; J. Sidenberg's house, 113 Bleecker Street ; Jac. 
 Ruppert's house, Geo. Ehret's house, Ruppert's brewery, 
 Ehret's brewery, Clausen's brewery. Beadleston & Woerz's 
 brewery. Consumers' Brewery; Neidlinger, Schmidt iS: Co.'s 
 malt house ; Opera House ; India Wharf Brewery, Brooklyn; 
 Bloomingdale Brothers, Hygeia Ice Co. ; M. E. Nortun's 
 house, 127th Street; Consolidated Gas Co., 42d Street; 
 Metropolitan Gas Light Co., Elizabeth, N. J. ; Steinway & 
 Son's piano factory, Sohmer & Co.'s piano factory, E. Ga- 
 bler's piano factory, Astoria Silk Works, Henry Gledhill & 
 Co.'s wallpaper factory ; Union Railroad Depot, Boston, 
 etc. Mr. Weber's son Hugo is associated with him in busi- 
 ness, as is also Mr. Albert Von L^riesch. He (John Weber) 
 is director in the Astoria Silk Works and in the Murray 
 Hill Bank, also of the Manhattan Club, and Arion and 
 Liederkranz societies. He is a prominent Mason. 
 
 DANIEL LEWIS, M.D. 
 Daniel Lewis, A.M., MT)., Ph-D., was born in AKred, 
 .\llegany Co., N. Y., on January 17, 1846. His ancestors 
 were among the first settlers of Rhode Island (Newport), 
 and his father, Alfred Lewis, and Lucy Lungworthy Lewis, 
 of Rhode Island (Newport), were New Englanders. Dr. 
 Lewis's earlier education was obtained in Alfred Academy, 
 from which he was transferred to Alfred University. He 
 graduated from that institution in the class of 1869. After 
 leaving college he commenced the study of medicine in the 
 University of the City of New York, and graduated from 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1871. He was 
 then a visiting physician to Demi It Dispensary, after which 
 he became surgeon to the Northeastern Dispensary, and has 
 held the same position in the New York Skin and Cancer 
 Hospital since its opening. For the past five years Dr. 
 Lewis has filled the position of Professor of Surgery (can- 
 cerous diseases) in the Post-Graduate Medical School and 
 Hospital. He is President of the Physicians' Mutual Aid 
 Association, a member and an ex-President of the State and 
 County Medical societies, fellow of the Academy of Med- 
 icine, member of the Pathological Society, of the Derma- 
 tological Society, and of the Society for the Relief of the 
 Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. His principal work 
 and writings are a book on " Cancer and its Treatment," 
 " Caustic Treatment of Cancer," " Development of Cancer 
 from Non-Malignant Diseases," " Horsehair Sutures and 
 Drainage," " Marsden's Treatment of Cancer," " Chian 
 Turpentine Treatment of Cancer," " Cancer of the Rec- 
 tum." Dr. Lewis has a private surgical hospital at 151 East 
 51st Street. He is married to Achsah, daughter of L. C. P. 
 Vaughan, Esq., of Springville, Erie Co., N. Y. 
 
JVEIV YORA\ THE MRTROPOI.IS. 
 
 231 
 
 GEORGE P. WEBSTER. 
 
 George P. \\'el)ster, the wuli known lawyer, has a more 
 eventful history than most men in New ^■ork City who have 
 settled down and pursue a successful business in one of the 
 professions. He was born in Waterton, Conn., cjn lune 24. 
 1828, and was educated in the public schools there, but 
 when only sixteen years old went to Kentuckv and studied 
 law in Newport, Cam|ibell County, of lliat State. ISefore 
 being admitted to the bar the (California gold fexer broke 
 out, and young Webster in 1S49, being of bold temperament 
 and adventurous disposition, crossed the plains in an o\ 
 train to the New l"Jdorado. lieginning his journey by 
 crossing the Missouri River at St. Jo it took him ninety- 
 seven days to reach Hangtown, California. He remained 
 in California three years and prospected the mining region 
 from the North Vuba to the Mohave country, sjjcnding a 
 |)art of the winter of 1851-52 in that part of the region 
 called "Death N'alley " anil in 1852 going back to the 
 Northern mines. 'The year following Mr. Webster returned 
 to what in California they termed the "States" by way of 
 the Isthmus of Panama, and settling down in New])ort, Ky., 
 resumed the study of the law and was admitted to the 
 bar. In 1854 he was elected District Attorney of Camijliell 
 County and appointed subsequently City Solicitor of New- 
 l)ort, a position he retained for six years. In the fall of 
 i86i he was elected to what is known as the war term of 
 the State Legislature, served part of his term, but resigned to 
 accept the commission of Captain, with the position of 
 .Assistant-Quartermaster on the staff, offered him by Presi- 
 dent Lincoln. He ser\ed with the national forces in 
 'I'ennessee and later on in Central Kentuckv, a short time 
 in Cincinnati, and when the war closed was doing duty in 
 St. Louis, then General Sherman's head<piarters. He was 
 mustered out in the fall of 1S66 at his own re(]uest after 
 having been promoted to the rank of Captain, Major, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel successively, and with the 
 record of having during his five years of service faithfully 
 disbursed the vast sum of $40,000,000 government money 
 and has received an honorable acquittance for tlie same. 
 .\fler leaving the army Mr. Welister at once resumed the 
 practice of his profession here in New York City, confining 
 himself almost exclusively to civil cases. He was candidate 
 for police justice in 1870, but was defeated, and was once 
 more defeated later on for Civil Justice of the Ninth 
 Dictriit. Nevertheless Mr. Webster was, and is, a very 
 ])opular man, and when in 1S90 he was nominated for 
 member of the .Assembly for the 23d District he was 
 elected and re elected in 1S91 and 1892. In iSoi he was 
 Chairman of the Committee of Privileges and Elections and 
 in 1892 of the Committee on Cities. He is one of the 
 cor|)orate members of Constantine Commander\- of Knights 
 Templars and a member of Lafayette (i. \. R. Post, and 
 the Loyal Legion. He is member of the New York Press 
 Clul.i, has published a newsjiaper in Harlem and has been a 
 (-ontributor to the New York press for thirty years. He is 
 also member of the Sagamore Club, the Harlem Democratic 
 Club and the Harlem Social Club. He married in 1856 at 
 Newport, Ky., Miss .Agnes Hayman, daughter of an old 
 Kentucky family, and has four children, two daughters and 
 two sons. The sons are lawyers in good practice. 
 
 ISAAC L. KIP. M.D. 
 
 Dr. Isaac L. Kip is a representative of one of the oldest 
 and most |)rominent Knickerbocker families in New \'ork, 
 being a direct descendant of Hendrick Kype, of Hollanil, 
 who early in the sixteenth century took an active part in 
 the "Company of Foreign Countries," an association formed 
 for the purpose of obtaining access to the Indies by a dif- 
 ferent route from that pursued by Spain and Portugal. 
 They first attempted to sail round the Northern Seas of 
 
 Europe and Asia, but their ex|)edilion, dispatched in 1594, 
 was obliged to retitrnon account of the ice in the same year. 
 In 1609 they employed Hendrick Hudson to sail to the 
 westward in the little " Half Moon " with happier results. 
 Hendrick Kype (before tnentioned) came to x\ew .\mster- 
 daiu in if) ,55, but returned to Holland, leaving his three sons 
 in this country, one of whom, Isaac, the greal-great-great- 
 great-granilparent of the subject of this sketch, became 
 possessed of considerable real estate in the cit\- of New 
 York, including the site of the j^resent City Hall i'ark, and 
 what is now known as Nassau Street was then called Kip 
 Street in honor of hiui. His son Jacobus was born in this 
 city in 1666, and jointly with his brother Henry, of the ma- 
 nor of Kipsburg. he purchased from the Esopus Indians a 
 large tract on the east side of the Hudson River, where 
 Rhinebeck now stands, the original deed for which, signed 
 by three Indian chiefs, is said to be still in possession of 
 the family. In this generation the family name was angli- 
 t:i/ed to Kip, after the concpiest of New Netherlands by the 
 
 ^ 
 
 IS.A.\C L. KI1>, MI). 
 
 English. Isaac, the son of Jacobus aforesaid, was born 
 lanuary 8, 1696, and on January 7, 1720, married Cornelia, 
 daughter of Leonard Lewis, Esq., .AUlerman of New \'ork 
 from 1696 to 1700. Their son, Leonard, born in 1725, was 
 married in 1763. His son, Isaac Lewis, born 1767, was the 
 law partner of Judge fSrockholst Livingston, and was aji- 
 l)ointedby Chancellor Livingston to a responsible office in 
 the Court of Chancery, which imjiortant position he held 
 under Chancellors Livingston. Lansing and Kent. He mar- 
 ried Sarah, daughter of Col. Jacomiah Smith, of I'owles Hook, 
 on February 22, 1792. Their son, Leonard W. Kip, father 
 of the present Isaac L. Kip, was also a lawyer who ranked 
 high in his profession among real estate counsellors. He 
 was ever foremost in promotnig and aiding all ])hilanthroi)ic 
 and benevolent institutions, and in the cause of general 
 education took a leading part. He was much interested in 
 the University of the City of New York, and for a number 
 of years acted as a meml)er of the Board of Council. The 
 present Isaac L. Kip, the subject of this sketch, was edu- 
 
232 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 cated in this city, and is a graduate of the University of the 
 City of New York, and also a graduate of the medical de- 
 partment of the same institution. Dr. Kip practised med- 
 icine in this city for a short time only, but receiving an 
 official appointment in the Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
 pany of New York, he was for a number of years connected 
 with it as Medical Examiner. He married Cornelia, daugh- 
 ter of Honorable William V. Brady, Ex-Mayor of the City 
 of New York, and has two children, Adelaide, now the 
 wife of Mr. Philip Rhinelander, and a son, William V. B. 
 Kip. Since relin(iuishing professional duty Dr. Kip has 
 spent considerable time in travelling abroad. 
 
 ISAAC A. HOPPER. 
 
 Isaac A. Hopper, of Harlem, and head of the building 
 firm of Isaac A. Hopper & Company, was born in this city 
 on May 30, 185 1. He belongs to a family of builders. 
 His grandfather, Isaac A. Hopper, commenced business in 
 that line in 1833, and his father, Abram I., twenty years 
 later. Mr. Hopper himself began in 1875, and one of his 
 first contracts was the St. Barnabas House on Mulberry 
 Street. This building he erected in 1878 and two years 
 later the Portsmouth, a fine apartment house on West Ninth 
 Street, and subsequently the Hampshire, on the same block. 
 Since then he has erected in succession the Hotel Norman- 
 
 ISA.-^C A. H(_ll'PER. 
 
 die, Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank, Montefiore Home, 
 Depot of the Cable Road, Academy of the Sacred Heart, 
 Koch Building, Carnegie Music Hall, St. Michael's Epis- 
 copal Church, and has just finished the magnificent New 
 Netherlands Hotel for William Waldorf Astor. One of 
 his recent contracts was also the alteration of Andrew 
 Carnegie's residence at a cost of $65,000. Mayor Grant 
 appointed him Commissioner of Education, in which import- 
 ant department of the city's government he has displayed 
 great sagacity, industry and ability. He is a Democrat in 
 politics and a pronounced one, and above all a man whose 
 
 reputation stands high in the community for integrity and 
 honorable business methods. He is one of the most popu- 
 lar men in Harlem and is deeply interested in Harlem mat- 
 ters, being Vice President of the Twelfth Ward Bank, 
 director in the Hamilton Bank and President Twelfth Ward 
 Savings Bank. He is also Vice-President of the Mechanics' 
 and Traders' Exchange, and one of the Committee of 
 fifteen appointed to incorporate the new Building Trades 
 pjxchange, which propose to erect a large building in 
 the builders' trade interest. ■ 
 
 ROBERT HUNTER, M.D. 
 
 Dr. Robert Hunter, the prominent New York physician, 
 was born at Headen, England, June 14th, 1826, and is 
 descended from the Long-Calderwood branch of the 
 Hunters of Hunterston, Ayrshire, Scotland, which gave to 
 the medical profession the famous surgeons, John and 
 William Hunter, of England. His father. Dr. James 
 Hunter, an English army surgeon, removed to Canada in 
 1827, when he was but a year old, and was one of the leaders 
 in the struggle for responsible government, which finally 
 culminated in the Canadian rebellion of 1837, at the close 
 of which he came to New York with his family. Of his 
 four sons, John, William and Robert were educated to his 
 own profession. Robert, the youngest, was for three years 
 a student at the Medical College of Geneva, after which he 
 entered the University of the City of New Y'ork, where he 
 took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the class of 
 1845-6, subsequently finishing his medical education in 
 London and Paris. After devoting five years to the special 
 study of the pathology of consumption, and its relation to 
 other lung complaints, he settled down to practise in this 
 city. Dr. Robert Hunter has the honor of being the first 
 American physician to advocate the local nature and origin 
 of consumption, and to introduce and successfully apply 
 the treatment by inhalation for its cure. His discoveries 
 and success not only gave him a very lucrative practice, but a 
 world-wide reputation. In 1864 his health became so 
 impaired by his great labor and incessant application to 
 the duties of his profession, that he was forced to retire 
 from active work. He went abroad for rest and recupera- 
 tion, spending five years, and after his health was re-estab- 
 lished resumed practice in London, where he quickly 
 attained great celebrity, and was consulted by nobility and 
 gentry from all parts of Europe. Before going abroad 
 Dr. Hunter had made large investments in Chicago, the 
 destruction of which by the great fire compelled his return 
 to look after his interests, and finally led to his settling 
 down to practise in that city. Some three years ago, after 
 an absence of twenty-five years, he turned over his Chicago 
 interests to his son. Dr. E. W. Hunter, and resumed his 
 residence and practice in New York, the field of his earliest 
 and greatest triumphs, where he quickly gained high pro- 
 fessional standing. Dr. Hunter is the author of many 
 important works, chiefly on pulmonary diseases, among 
 which may be mentioned, " A Treatise on the Lungs and 
 their Diseases, with their Cure by Inhalation" (1851J ; "A 
 Book on the Local Nature of Consumption" (1853); 
 " Popular Lectures on the Nature, Causes and Cure of 
 Consumption, Bronchitis, Asthma and Catarrh" (1855); 
 " A Chronological History of all the Theories and Practices 
 of the Profession, from the Days of Hippocrates, 432 B. C, 
 down to A. D. 1856;" "The Air as the Source of Life, 
 Health and Disease to the Lungs ; " " The Story of Con- 
 sumption, with its Three Modes of Treatment," and of 
 many other able essays on his specialty. He was the 
 founder of the Medical Specialist and Journal of Diseases 
 of the Chest, and inventor of the various inhaling instruments 
 which bear his name. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 233 
 
 EDWARD WEBER. 
 Edward Wohcr, of llu- lirm of J. Ov I,. Weber, l)uiideis, 
 was born in this cily on May 27, 1S56, received an 
 elementary education in the pubbc schools, and his classical 
 training in Columbia ('<illc;i(.'. After leaving college he 
 was associated with his father in the buiUling trade. The 
 elder Mr. Weber is well known in New \'ork, personally, 
 and the building firm of thai name, one of the oldest and 
 most solid in the city, is something of a landmark. It was 
 founded nearly half a century ago"(i,S45), the original firm 
 being J. & J. Weber. In i,S8o Mr. Jacob Welj'er, father 
 of the subject of this sketch, retired from active business, 
 and Edward took his place and assumed his interests. 
 Although a young man, he at once took an aclixe part in 
 the o])erations of the firm, and during the jiast twelve 
 years a considerable number of large and iin|iortant build- 
 ings have been erected under his personal supervision and 
 control. Mr. \\'eber is a man of great force of character, 
 and through his energetic action and intelligent efforts 
 the firm, though always occupying a leading position in 
 the building trade, has become still more [jroniinent, and 
 now ranks among the very first in im|X)rtance re|iutation 
 and extent of o])erations in the country. I'he (lerman 
 Liederkranz was the first great building createti under the 
 personal supervision of Mr. Weber. Others followed in 
 rapid succession, and to-day the firm can boast of many 
 splendid structures which, under its guidance and direc- 
 tion, have sprung up in various parts^ of the city. The 
 Havemeyer Building, on Cortlandt Street, is the latest 
 monument to the ability of Mr. Weber. Mr. Weber is 
 President of the (Irooved Plaster Slab Manufacturing 
 Company, which is operated on the strength of a patent 
 granted to Thomas Curran. The comiianv was oruanized 
 by Mr. Weber in October, iSgi. The slab is an admirable 
 substitute for wire lathing, and is used quite e\tensi\elv in 
 his buildint's. 
 
 ANDREW J. ROBINSON. 
 
 Andrew J. Robinson, the well known builder of New 
 York, was born in Hloomfield, New Jersey, March 26, 1844. 
 He was educated in the public schools ami Rundell .Acad- 
 emy until sixteen years of age, when he came to New Aork 
 and learned the trade of a mason with Mr. .\lcx. .M. Ross. 
 He remained with him until 1S66, and in 1867 went into 
 business with Mr. F'.dward H. Wallace, establishing the 
 present firm of Robinson iS: Wallace. Mr. Robinson has 
 been an exceedingly active man, and as a consecpience his 
 firm has had steady, c<mtinuoiis work from the start to the 
 jjresent day. They have put up a great many large build- 
 ings during the twenty-fi\e years of their Inisiness career, 
 among which should be mentioned the New York Cancer 
 Hospital, 136th Street and Eighth Avenue, Brooks Bros.' 
 building, Broadway and Twenty second Street; St. Paul's 
 School and large warehouses for Trinity Corporation; Bar 
 Associition building, Jarvis Hall, and ^^emorial Chaiiel for 
 .Mrs. Hoffman; .\rcher & Pancoast building: J. IS. Hoyt's 
 building; fine residences on 1' ifth Avenue for Henrv L. Have- 
 meyer, John H. Inman, Jas. T. (ioodman, 1). Willis James, 
 Cleveland H. Dodge and others. Mr. Robinson has always 
 lieen a conscientious worker, and his buildings ha\e been 
 ranked among the first-class by competent judges. He 
 was one of the first to establish the present ISuild- 
 ing Association, and foremost in bringing about the 
 new and agreeable order of things. He was chairman 
 of the Arbitration Committee for several years, and 
 the satisfactory situation of to-day was brought about 
 largely though his efforts. Mr. Robinson is also a member 
 of the Real Estate Exchange, and member of the Com- 
 mittee on Legislation for that body. For several years he 
 was chairman of their Committee on Building and Mechan- 
 
 ics' Lien Laws, and rendered most \alual)le service. He is 
 also trustee of the East River Savings Bank and of the 
 \Vomen's Hospital. Mr. Robinson married Miss Harriet E. 
 King, daughter of the late William (;. King, of New York, 
 and has three children, 'i'he eldest. Drew King, is a stu- 
 dent at Columbia College, but the younger son, Fletcher A., 
 and daughter, Lillian \\i.\'\\\\, are still at home under their 
 parents' care. 
 
 JAMES C de LA MARE. 
 
 James (_'. de La Mare, lawyer, was born in London, 
 England, January 15, 1S40. His father, James C. de La 
 Mare, both his grandfathers antl their fathers before him, 
 all his uncles, save one, and all of his cousins were lawyers 
 in London, and all gained rejiutation as such. He received 
 his primary education in iMigland, finishing at King's 
 College. He left home, however, in 1856 and came to New 
 York, landing here with 15 cents capital and an abundance 
 of energy. I'or a while he copied law papers, and in i860 
 entered the office of Harrison and Waring as general clerk, 
 where he worked during the day and studied law at night. 
 He was faithful to the firm and to himself, and in 1867 he 
 was admitted to the bar and taken into partnership by his 
 
 j.\r.!ES c. dc L.\ .M.^RE. 
 
 emi)loyers, the firm Ijecoming Harrison, Waring Cv de La 
 Mare. He has continued in the active ])ractice of law 
 ever since, never taking a vacation until the summer of 
 1892, doing a large real estate law business. He attributes 
 his success to jjatience, perseverance and hard work, also to 
 attending to business conscientiously and devoting as much 
 time to small matters as to large ones. He is Master of his 
 Masonic Lodge, High Priest of his Chapter and has been 
 (irand Chancellor of K. of P. in New York, and supreme 
 representative for New York. He has no tastes for sports 
 and scarcely ever takes any recreation; is fond of art, 
 literature andes])ecially of music, and is an effective speaker. 
 He was married in New York City, September 22, i860, to 
 Miss -Ann S. Edge, a cousin of the Ex-Mayor of Yonkers, 
 
234 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 MRS. FRANK LESLIE. 
 
NFIV YORK, rilF. METROPOT.IS. 
 
 235 
 
 MRS. FRANK LESHIi. 
 
 As an e.\ain|ilc ol what an Amcriran woman can do, 
 and how perseverance and |ilu(k will o\en()nu' all nhstac les, 
 Mrs. Frank Leslie can be jxiinled to with both pride anil 
 wonderment. The career of this cle\er woman indeed 
 almost reads like a romance. Mrs. Leslie was born in New- 
 Orleans, of parents descended from Huguenot emigres. 
 Her name was Miriam Morence. .She was educated by her 
 father, who was a scholar and a gentleman. Literature and 
 the classics were her earliest impressions, and Latin, French, 
 Italian, (German and Spanish were taught her simultaneouslv 
 with the native .American. This strong foundation of 
 knowledge she brought into excellent use in the future. 
 
 From an early age she dexoleil herself to literary |iursuils 
 and her first ])rinted effort ajipeared when she was Init 
 thirteen years old. Cincinnati was the scene of her earlier 
 labors and then she migrated to New York. In the Metro- 
 ]>olis fate guided her footsteps to the famous art publisher 
 Frank Leslie, and lier journalistic career was from that 
 moment launched on the llood tide of success. One of Mr. 
 Leslie's editors was taken grievously Ul and the fair 
 l.ouisianian volunteered to fill the break. She did so with 
 such success and happy grace that the art publisher became 
 smitten with her charms and talents, and the romance 
 culminated in a jjretty wedding at St. Thomas's Ohurch, 
 Fifth Avenue. Despite the disparity in the ages of the 
 couple the marriage was an exceedingly happy one. The 
 )oiing bride became her husband's co-worker and efficient 
 hel])mate in the literary and artistic conduct of his numerous 
 ])ublications. Socially, Mrs. Leslie has reigned (pieen from 
 the earliest days of her marri.ige. In New York and at 
 Saratoga she entertained charmingly and splendidly. In- 
 deed, her regal welcome of Dom Pedro of IJrazil and his 
 Empress at her splendid Literlaken Yilla on Saratoga Lake 
 is a matter of history. In 1877 the Leslies made a business 
 and pleasure trip from New York to San Francisco, in a train 
 of special Pullman cars and with, a picked coips of artists 
 and writers. The journey was designed to portray the 
 wonders of the Far ^Vest in the Illustrated Newspaper, but 
 it also resulted in Mrs. Leslie's entertaining and bright 
 hook " From Ciotham to the ('■ohien date," ])ul)lished by 
 Carleton. But now the sunshine ol life began to dim for 
 the clever pair and the clouds of misfortune gathered thickly. 
 
 Late in 1877 Mr. Leslie got caught in the financial |ianic 
 and he had to make an assignment for the benefit of his 
 creditors. His death speedily followed. He died on 
 January 10, 1S80. leaving to his wife the solemn injunction 
 to carry out his obligations. Mrs. Leslie was left a monu- 
 mental task. She was to work at her dead husband's desk 
 until all the debts were paid and the great Frank Leslie 
 establishment freed from incumbrance. She nobly faced 
 the ordeal and she came out with triumph and honor. 
 The burden of $300,000 was wiijed away, and to-day the 
 Frank Leslie Publishing House, at the corner of Fifth 
 .\ venue and Sixteenth Street, is one of the most flourishing 
 in the city of New York. It is a show place for business 
 visitors, and its charming mistress and guiding star is one of 
 the most successful and popular woman workers in Gotham. 
 Mrs. Leslie still entertains lavishly. She makes annual 
 visits to Europe, where her po]ndarity is as great as it is 
 here. She is Vice-President of the Professional Woman's 
 League and foremost in all good deeds and suggestions for 
 the benefit of woman in journalism. It is above all in profes- 
 sional life — in the literary, artistic and journalistic circles 
 of New York, that the versatile genius and rare personality 
 of this world-famous woman find congenial scope and 
 exercise. Her devotion to her editorial and publishing 
 work is a matter of taste and inclination, rather than of 
 business exigency: her heart is in it. This is the informing 
 spirit, the feminine tact and energy, that has kept Fiank 
 
 Leslie s Popular M.inlhlv Magazine on the crest of its great 
 po|)ularily, steadily in the van of progress at a time when 
 une\am|iled competition has given to illustrated periodical 
 literature fully half a century's develojiment in the space of 
 li\e or six years. With the prestige of jjrofessional success 
 and prosperity crowning that already secure, and iierhaps 
 (secretly) more highly prized, succes de jolie femme, it is 
 no wonder that Mrs. I-'rank Leslie has been petted by the 
 press. \\'e had almost written spoiled hy the press, but that 
 word would be ill-chosen indeed to a gracious ])ersonality so 
 conspicuously ^//spoiled as luTs. What it is really meant to 
 intimate is that, with the most courteous intentions in the 
 world, the newspapers have at times been diffuse in a 
 manner for which, doubtless, the fair object of their atten- 
 tions would not wish to be held responsible. The private 
 Mrs. I'" rank Leslie is a noble, refined and sensitive woman, 
 besides being beautiful in person and excpiisitely well- 
 dressed. In ( oni lusion, and to sum up the record of a good 
 life whi< h (annul be done iusii(e to within the circum- 
 scribed limits of a sketch, ^iiss Rose Elizabeth Cleveland 
 wrote in "Literary Life:" "Mrs. Leslie is that most 
 gracious and attracti\e of all human beings — a woman's 
 woman. She has i)roved herself one of the greatest, most 
 enterprising of the publishers of this age — thee(pial in enter- 
 prise, ability and dist:retion of any man in tlie world." 
 
 MISS LAURA JEAN LIBBEY. 
 
 The portrait on the following i)age is an excellent like- 
 ness of one of the most famous ladies of this century. Her 
 fame is world wide. There is scarcely a nation on the 
 globe that does not know of her and her books. As a 
 ])ul>lisher, Miss Laura Jean Libliey has achieved a success 
 which has surprised every maker of books in both continents. 
 She is her own publisher, is remarkably fearless in launch- 
 ing out her own novels, and advertising them broadcast 
 throughout the world. Her first work, "Miss Middleton's 
 Lover," was given to the public some five years ago. The 
 first edition put on the press was one hundred thousand 
 copies. In two days this immense edition was exhausted, 
 its wonderful success being the talk of the country at the 
 time. And from that day to this it has never been off the 
 press. Up to the ])resent time many millions of copies 
 have been sold Other works from the press of Laura Jean 
 Libbey followed at the rate of one a year. She has written 
 and published the following: "A Forbidden Marriage," 
 "That Pretty Young (iirl," "Levers Once, but Strangers 
 Now," "He lo\ed, but was lured away" and "Olive's Court- 
 ship." 
 
 Miss Libbey's wonderful success in launching those 
 books on the tide of public favor has caused her to l.)e the 
 most eagerly sought for publisher in this country. Thou- 
 sands of manuscripts have l>een sent to her weekly for 
 approval. Many are from well-known society people, who 
 are eager to |)ay down a small fortune to her to see their 
 own name in print, and to secure her valuable name as 
 publisher. From the sale of the one book " Lovers Once, 
 but Strangers Now," Miss Laura Jean Libbey ]nirchased 
 the magnificent brownstone house No. 916 President Street, 
 Brooklyn, near Prospect Park, which cost $20,000 unfur- 
 nished and without decoration. Miss Laura Jean Libbey, 
 the novelist and editor of T/ie New York Bazaar, has 
 reached this proud position after six years of close appli- 
 cation, and to-day she can accomjslish an amount of work 
 that is simply astonishing. The larger jjortion of this work 
 is done at home, in her pretty studio. There, surrounded 
 by her books and jiapers, she dictates her stories and her 
 books to two assistants, and thus e-cai)es the drudgery of 
 the pen. Miss Libbey is not an early riser, therefore she is 
 seldom found at her desk before 10 o'clock. The Bazaar 
 
236 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 <=KOcUAyr'ei- ^%^ 
 
 
 Ih 
 
NPAV YORK, THE METRO POT. IS. 
 
 237 
 
 work is the most tedious and gives her tlie most trouble, as 
 she is deluged with hits of writing supposed by the authors 
 to be of great im])ortance to a woman's magazine, 'i'he 
 greatest difficulty in this results from the manuscripts sent 
 in by friends, who think their ( (impositions should be in- 
 serted, good, bad, or indifferent. I''or her editorial work 
 Miss l.ibbey is paid $10,400 per year. 'I'his is embodied in 
 a contract which has live years to run. l''rom the same firm, 
 but under another contract, she gets l5i7,:'oo yearly for a 
 seri.d which is published by them weekly. To (leorge 
 William Munro, now of the firm ofdeorge Munro's Sons, 
 l^d)lishers, Laura Jean Ubbey owes all her success. It was 
 he who found talent in her iirst work and purchased it, and 
 to him her gratitude has always been sincere. Miss I, aura 
 Jean Libbey's career is well known to nearly every reader 
 of current literature. The ( are and fdial attention she has 
 given her delicate, invalid mother is the same to-day as it 
 was when she sat writing late into the night by her bedside. 
 The clever and self reliant little woman and her doting 
 mother make a delightful picture in their home life. No- 
 thing is purchased and no new \enture engaged in without 
 mother's advice. Mrs. l.ibbey jiroudly tells that her 
 daugliter was born in March, the month that was of old 
 believed to be most favorable to the i)roduction of literary 
 genius, and that by liecoming an authoress she has carried 
 out the fondest hopes and wishes of her father. It is told 
 of young Dr. Libbey, Miss Liblicy's father, tliat he u.is aV 
 one time deeply in love with an authoress whose n:ime was 
 Laura, and when he finally married, and this daughter was 
 born, he desired that her name should be Laurel or Laura, 
 and the mother, who knew of his former attachment, con- 
 sented, although she wanted very much to call her little 
 daughter Esther. Now, as Miss Libbey has followed in the 
 footsteps of her father's early love, she is well ])leased that 
 she consented. Mrs. Elizabeth Libbey, her mother, is a 
 lineal descendant of Lord Nelson of England, and on her 
 mother's side of Lady Barbara Ho.xey. Miss Libbey's 
 father was Doctor Libbey of Maine, an eminent surgeon. 
 It is remembered of him that he never asked a fee of a 
 patient who was unable to jiay, and for this reason he was 
 idolized by the poor. Dr. Libbey was a descendant of the 
 Libbeys who came to this country in 1600 from France 
 and settled in Maine. Miss Laura Jean Libbey has from 
 the first written under her own name. Her great success 
 with the public is because her novels reached the heart. 
 Last, but by no means least, Laura Jean Libbey is a com- 
 poser of beautiful ballads, one of which, the song " Lovers 
 Unce, but Strangers Now," is taken from her famous novel 
 bearing the same titk. It will bring tears to the eyes of 
 every woman who mourns the loss of a lover, and a sigh to 
 the lips of many a man over what might have been, as he 
 recalls a sweetheart thai he permitted to drift past him on 
 life's ocean. The words breathe the soul of Laur.i Je.iii 
 Libbey, and the music the heart of Robyn. 
 
 LOOMIS L. DANFORTH. M.D. 
 
 Dr. Loomis L. Danforth was Ijorn in Otsego County, 
 N. v., in 1849. His father, Hiram D., was a native of Ver- 
 mont, and on the maternal side he represents a long line of 
 ancestors, all of whom were ])hysicians. He graduated 
 from the High School, and afterward received a finishing 
 course in the Utica Academy. In the autumn of 1.S71 he 
 began the actual study of medicine and graduated from the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, this city, with honors, 
 in 1874. After jjractising a short time he took uji the 
 Homoeopathic Materia Medica and is now a practitioner in 
 that school of medicine. He has been since 1S85 profess- 
 or of Obstetrics in the New York HomcKopathic College and 
 Hospital. He is also Secretary of the Faculty, a member of 
 the faculty of the New York Homa-opath cSanitarum (a pri- 
 
 vate instilution), an acti\ e member of the American Institute 
 of HoiiKeopathy and also of theCounty Society. His practice 
 is a general family on;, largely devoted to obstetrics and 
 diseases (rf wonu-ii. Dr. Danforth is married to Miss 
 l'',miua ,\. Hamlin, daughter of Walcott Handin, a promi 
 nent member at the bar of .Amherst, Mass., and a relative 
 of Ilannibal Ilnmlin, Walcott Hamlin was the < andidate 
 lor ('io\crnor of the State of .\Lissachusetts on the prohibi- 
 tion ti( kcl during the lampaign of 1892. 
 
 JOHN WHALEN. 
 
 jcihn Whaleii, of the bar of the Metropolis, who was re- 
 <<ntl\ appointed Commissioner of Ta.\es by Mayor Gilroy, 
 was born in this cit\' on July 4th, 1854, and comes of good 
 Irish .American jiarentage. I lis early education was acquired 
 in the public si hools, after which he entered St. John's 
 College, in FOrdham, from which he was graduated with 
 the Master of Arts degree. He subseiiiu-ntly took a course 
 in the law school of the University of the City of New York 
 and gr.iduated in 1877. lie immediately began the |jractice 
 of his ])rofession and soon gaineil distinction as a lawyer 
 possessed of more than ordinary talents. During his boy- 
 liood days he had been engaged in the office of that cele- 
 brated lawyer, the late Charles O'Conor, and during that 
 
 JOHN Wll.ALKN. 
 
 period made the acipiaintance and won the friendship of 
 many of ihe most distinguished members of the bar. Mr. 
 Wha'len devoted his attention exclusively to the civil de- 
 ]iartments of the law and makes a sjiecialty of ihe laws as 
 a])plied to real estate and corporation matters, which ])e- 
 culiarly fitted him for his |iresent ])osition. As referee Mr. 
 W'halen has especially distinguished himself, and his opin- 
 ions and decisions in many important reference cases have 
 always been sustained by the Court of .Appeals when such 
 cases were appealed. 11 is clinitck includes many promi- 
 nent real estate men and large financial concerns, and his 
 professional methods are thoroughly honorable and reliable 
 in every respect. His unassuming and genial manners, 
 
238 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 combined with his ability, have gained him the esteem and 
 respect of both Bench and Bar, while the same characteris- 
 tics have made him popular in political circles. Mr. Whalen 
 has always been an active member of Tammany Hall, is a 
 member of the General Committee of that organization and 
 one of its most indefatigable workers. He iseciually [irom- 
 inent in club circles, being a member of the Manhattan, 
 New York Athletic, Sagamore and Harlem Democratic 
 Clubs, and also belongs to the City and State Bar Associa- 
 tion and the Tammany Society. Mr. Whalen is associated 
 in practice with his brother, P. H. Whalen, who is a rising 
 young lawyer and attends to most of the firm's business since 
 his brother's appointment. 
 
 GUNNING S. BEDFORD. 
 
 Hon. Gunning S. Bedford, the subject of this sketch, is 
 at present the leading Assistant District Attorney of this 
 county, a position which he most achnirahly fills, and in 
 which he has won deserved applause from all classes, and 
 has attracted general attention from the press and the 
 people. Mr. Bedford was born in this city and is some- 
 what past 50 years of age. The first elements of his 
 education were received at St. John's College, Fordham, 
 and in 1S51 he entered the freshman class of Columliia 
 College, and graduated with honor in 1855. He then 
 
 GUNNING S. BEDFORD. 
 
 commenced the study of the law under Benjamin D. 
 Silliman, Esq., one of the best commercial lawyers at the 
 New York bar, and at the end of two years entered the law 
 school of Harvard College at Cambridge, where he remained 
 eighteen months and then resumed his studies with Mr. 
 Silliman. In i'S59 he was admitted to the bar. Before 
 he had fully entered on his college career, in company with 
 his family he made the tour of Europe. After his admission 
 to the bar he commenced the ]jractice of his arduous pro- 
 fession, and was engaged in many important cases bo'th in 
 the civil and criminal courts. Mr. Bedford is a thoroughly 
 educated lawyer, and never acts on impulse, always being 
 fully prepared in a case and armed cap-a-pie to meet his 
 
 opponent, to which a large portion of his success is no 
 doubt attributable. He is an elocpient and classical speaker, 
 and rather deals with the facts and logic of a case than 
 either with untenable theories or flights of useless fancy. Mr. 
 Bedford was elected City Judge by over seventy thousand 
 majority; he subsequently ran for the same office after a 
 service of six years upon the bench, but the whole ticket 
 was defeated, although Judge Bedford led the ticket by 
 many thousands. Since his retirement from the bench he 
 has served as Assistant District Attorney under District 
 Attorneys Randolph B. Martine, now Judge of the General 
 Sessions, Col. John R. Fellovvs, now Member of Congress, 
 and is at present the First Assistant District Attorney under 
 the Hon. De Lancey Nicoll. Judge Bedford is the author 
 of the famous Excise Letter to the Grand Jury which was 
 ]iraised by the entire press and lias ever since been adopted 
 as a guide for the grand juries and police magistrates. That 
 letter has been the direct cause of dismissing over six 
 thousand indictments against liquor dealers. Judge Bed- 
 ford is a gentleman of strict integrity, and as a demon- 
 stration of this fact the following will show : An instance 
 of an unusual character recently occurred at a trial before 
 Judge Cowing, when the sum of fifty dollars was sent in a 
 letter to ex-Judge Bedford, representing the District Attor- 
 ney's office, which could only be looked upon by that gen- 
 tleman in the form of a bribe. In making mention of this 
 incident the Daily News very forcibly remarks : " To those 
 who know ex-Judge Bedford, and he is pretty well known, 
 as well in his private life as in his efficient public services, 
 the idea that he could be influenced by a fifty dollar bribe, 
 or a bribe of fifty millions of dollars, will be regarded as 
 preposterous. We do not think that there is an official in 
 this Metropolis whose antecedents, in public or private life, 
 are more demonstrative of honesty than those of Judge Bed- 
 ford." In these days when corruption and malfeasance in 
 office and deeds of doubtful propriety are brought home to 
 those who have attained prominence in public positions, it 
 is a source of congratulation that the evil has not pervaded 
 the personnel of the District Attorney's oflice. As Judge 
 Bedford is still in the prime of life, there can be no question 
 whatever that he will be called upon to fill some high posi- 
 tion connected with the administration of justice in this 
 city, for there is not a more experienced or competent 
 criminal lawyer in New York, or one in whom the public 
 have more confidence and respect. 
 
 HARRIETTE C. KEATINGE, M.D. 
 Families eminent in medical science are not rare, and 
 hereditary transmission is well dlustrated in the subject of 
 this sketch. The ancestors of Dr. Keatinge were Quakers, 
 who came to this country with Wm. Penn, and settled in 
 New Jersey in 16S2. Her great-grandmother was celebrated 
 for her medical skill among the early settlers. Her grand- 
 mother, Hannah Walker Harned, was a highly educated 
 woman and practised medicine several years in this city 
 under the advice and co-operation of her cousins, Drs. Dun- 
 ham and Kissam, who were eminent physicians of that 
 l.jcriod. Two of her children were physicians, Dr. William 
 Harned and Dr. Clemence S. Lozier, who was the second 
 American woman to graduate from a Medical College, and 
 was the founder of the " New York Medical College and 
 Hospital for Women " in this city. The father of Dr. Kea- 
 tinge, Samuel Walker Harned, was born in Virginia, and 
 was a Naval Architect Her mother, Rebecca Crane Lyon, 
 was of Puritan stock. Her husband, Edward C. Keatinge, 
 was born in Dublin and was a graduate of Trinity College. 
 Harriette C. Keatinge, M.D., Sci.D., was born in the State 
 of New Jersey in 1833. She received her early education 
 in the " Albany Female Academy." She lived in Richmond, 
 Va., in the beginning of the late war, but upon its evacua- 
 
NFAV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 239 
 
 lion :it the approach of the Federal Army, went to Cohim- 
 bia, S. C, where she lived iintd lliat city was caiuiired by 
 Gen. Sherman. Her life has been full of great e.xjicrience 
 — of startling incidents on the battle lields, and among the 
 wounded soldiers during the war. She graduated from the 
 "New York Medical College and Hospital for Women." 
 She practised medicine several years in New Orleans, La., 
 and was the |)ioneer woman physician in tlic Southern 
 States. Dr. Keatinge gained a large and lucrative practice 
 among the best people of the South, and an enxiable repu- 
 tation. She organized several societies there and was one 
 of the founders of the " Hahnemann .Associa ion of Louis- 
 iana." In 1883 her health entirely failed from overwork, 
 and she was obliged to abandon her practice and return to 
 this city. There are at the present time nine pliysicians in 
 her immediate family — five of this number are women in 
 active practice and occupying positions of prominence, 
 among them being her daughter, Harriette l)T'",smonde 
 Keatinge, who graduated in 1883. Dr. Keatinge is a rela- 
 tive of the late Carroll Dunham, M.lJ., and the niece and 
 successor of the late Dr. Clemence S. Lozier. She has 
 a large practice among the refined and educated women in 
 this city. She is a member of the " Homoeopathic Society 
 of the County of New York," the " Alumni ;\ssociati(in of 
 the Woman's College," "Physician in charge of -Ml Souls' 
 Dispensary," "Honorary Member of the Hahnemann .Vssoc i- 
 ation of Louisiana," and other medical societies. She is 
 also a member of the " .Sorosis " Woman's Suffrage League 
 and Ladies' Health Protective Association of this city. Dr. 
 Keatinge is also entitled to the honor of having Sci.D. 
 after her name (Doctor of Science). 
 
 THEODORE B. WILLIS. 
 
 Theodore B. \Villis, Naval ()fficer at the Port of New- 
 York, was born in Brooklyn, L. L, in 1856. He is descended 
 from Old Dutch and English families who were among the 
 earliest settlers of Long Island and other sections of the old 
 Colony of New York. Though still a young man his career 
 has been a distinguished one and the possibilities for his 
 future are very bright. After comjileting his studies, and 
 before he had attained to his majority, he took charge of a 
 large hardware establishment in lirooklyn, left him by his 
 father, and conducted it with profit and success. Mr. Willis 
 manifested a taste for politics while yet in his teens and at 
 once attracted the attention of the Kings County Republican 
 leaders by his ner\'e and ability. In 1877, being then 
 twenty-one years old, he was elected Supervisor of Brook- 
 lyn's First Ward, which at that time contained the great 
 bulk of the wealthy residents of the city. So well did he 
 perform his official duties and look after the interests of his 
 constituents that he was re-elected after the expiration of 
 his first term, and the Republicans ( omprising a majority 
 of the board he was elected C'hairman, a great honor for a 
 very young man. During his term of office he was so active 
 in doing away with municipal abuses and bringing about 
 reform generally and his work was so apjireciated that he 
 was re-elected term after term without any effort on his 
 jiart until ajjpointed Naval officer by President Harrison. 
 Neither Republican nor Democrat will deny that Mr. Willis 
 earned his appointment. In 1888, when General Harrison 
 and E.xPresident Cleveland contended for ]iossession of the 
 White House, Supervisor Willis was Chairman of the Kings 
 County Republican Campaign Committee. 'J'hen as now- 
 New York was the pivotal State and the eyes of the country 
 were directed to Kings County, which in 1884 had given 
 Crover Cleveland a large majority. No one hoped that 
 this majority could be wiped out altogether, but Chairman 
 W'ilbs promised to reduce it, and so he did very materially, 
 by the very respei'table number of 10,000, thus giving the 
 State to General Harrison and in consequence the Presidency. 
 
 WILLIAM BRO. SMITH. 
 
 \Villiam Pro. Smith, a successful insurance and cor- 
 poration lawyer of the .Metroi)olis, was born in New \'ork 
 City, November 8th, 1854, and educated in the public 
 schools and the Schools of the Cliristian Brothers. His 
 legal training was gained in the offices of Beach iV Beman 
 and with J. S. I.. Cummins, .\dmitted to bar in 1876 he at 
 once began active prai tice, devoting his attention parti- 
 cularly to ir>s\irance and corporation laws, in which depart- 
 ments ol his profession he has risen to prouunence. Mr. 
 Smith continued his ])ractice alone imtil 1881;, when with 
 George J. Peet and David Murray he established the firm 
 of Messrs. Peet, Smith iS: Murray, which is recognized one 
 of the leading firms in insurance and corporation matters. 
 Mr. .Smith has been counsel for the United States Mutual 
 .•\ccident Co. since 1S77, and rendered excellent service to 
 it. The firu) transacts a large insurance and corporation 
 practii e and its clienlcle in<:lufles many imptjrtant insurance 
 and mercantile inte ests. Mr. Small is interested in several 
 
 W1I,LI.\M URO. SMITH. 
 
 business enterjirises and his name appears o]i the director- 
 ate of several corporations of which he is also the general 
 counsel. A]iart from professional and business circles Mr. 
 Smith is favorably known as an enthusiastic Democrat and 
 took an active part in the formation of the Democratic In- 
 surance Clul), and Business Men's Democratic organizations, 
 which worked hard for the election of President Cleveland 
 in the camijaigns of 18S4, 1S88 and 1892. Until recently 
 he resided at .Arlington, N. I., where he is one of the 
 governors of the .Arlington Cluli, but in June moved to the 
 Metropolis. 
 
 In 1892 Mr. Smith was elected President of the .As.so- 
 cialion of Mutual Life and .Accident Underwriters at its 
 National Convention. He was married in 1879 to Miss 
 Hannah A. McBride of this city. He is a member of 
 the Lawyers' and Arkwright Clubs of New York, and .Arling- 
 ton Club of New Jersey, and esteemed by a wide circle of 
 social and professional friends. 
 
3 40 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 CHARLES E. LE BARBIER. 
 
 Charles E. Le Barbier, a talented member of the New- 
 York bar, who is fast gaining distinction and ]jrominence 
 in legal circles, was born in this city on Jan. i6th, 1S59, and 
 comes of good French-American descent. His early educa- 
 tion was acquired in France and later in the schools of the 
 city. At the age of eighteen he began the study of law in 
 the office of Coudert Bros., and in 1881 was admitted to 
 the bar. He immediately commenced the practice of his 
 profession and met with indifferent success for the first six 
 or seven years. He first gained distinction through his 
 brilliant and successful defence of John Aguglio, who was 
 tried for murder in the first degree in the Oyer and Ter- 
 miner Court in April, 1889, and acquitted. The defendant 
 was an Italian bootblack who somewhat surprised his counsel 
 by the size of his fee. The bootblack showed savings in 
 pennies and five cent pieces to the amount of over $1,000, 
 and also a $1,000 certificate of deposit, with which he fully 
 recompensed Mr. Le Barbier. For the past four years 
 
 CHAS. !■;. I-i: l;ARi;IER. 
 
 Mr. Le Barbier has figured in many important civil suits 
 and criminal trials. In February of the present year he 
 was counsel for Thos. Hallissey, whom he saved from the 
 electrical chair just after he had defended Antonio Morello, 
 charged with murder in the first degree. Mr. Le Barbier's 
 offices in the World's Building are decorated with numerous 
 deodands of the various cases he has defended. His clientele 
 is drawn from the Italian and French element as well as from 
 the English speaking, which is largely due to his accomplish- 
 ment as a linguist. Mr. Le Barbier's professional career has 
 been conducted in such a manner as to secure him the respect 
 and esteem of both Bench and Bar and gain him an excel- 
 lent position in legal circles. Of recent years he has eschewed 
 politics and club life and devoted his assiduous attention to 
 his profession. He is a member of the City and State Bar 
 Associations, and it is doubtful if those organizations con- 
 tain a more distinguished looking lawyer. Mr. Le Barbier is 
 married and resides at the Imperial Hotel. He is a brother 
 of Dr. Henry Le Barbier, a jjrominent New York physician. 
 
 HENRY C. HOUGHTON, M.D. 
 
 Dr. Henry Clark Houghton was born in Boston on 
 January 22, 1837, and comes of good old stock. His father, 
 Isaac Houghton, was one of ihe pioneer farmers of that sec- 
 tion, and one of the first men to make his mark in the real 
 estate world of his native State. Dr. Houghton was edu- 
 cated at the Dorchester High School. He was then fitted 
 by the Reverend Dr. Quint, of Jamaica Plain, for the State 
 Normal School of Massachusetts, from which he graduated 
 in i860. After graduation, he was made assistant teacher 
 at Yarmouth Academy fitting school for Bowdoin College. 
 Brunswick, Me., and continued there until he entered the 
 service of the Christian Commission, which he retained 
 until the close of the war. After the war, he came 
 to this city and resumed his medical studies in New 
 York University. Later on, he took a medical course at 
 Bowdoin College, and also at the Portland (Me.) Medical 
 School. In 1867, he graduated from the New York Uni- 
 versity, and was immediately appointed professor of physi- 
 ology in the New York Homeopathic Medical College and 
 Hospital, also professor of physiology in the New York 
 Medical College and Hospital for Women. Subsequently, 
 he was appointed surgeon to the New York Ophthalmic 
 Hospital. He is at present professor of clinical otology in 
 the New York Homoeopathic College and Hospital; also 
 holds the same position in the College of the New York 
 Ophthalmic Hospital He is now the senior in medical 
 service in the Ophthalmic College, and consulting (aural) 
 surgeon to the Laura Franklin Hospital for children. He 
 is also a member and an ex-President of both the County 
 and State Homoeopathic societies. Dr. Houghton has been 
 a voluminous writer on his specialties, and at present has 
 on liand the manuscript of an important work on aural 
 therapeutics. He married, in 1868, Mary Ella, daughter of 
 Thomas Pratt, of Yarmouth, Me, Dr. Houghton is secre- 
 tary of the Board of Directors of the New York Christian 
 Home for Intemperate Men. 
 
 H. L. HORTON. 
 Harry Lawrence Horton, financier, was born in Bradford 
 County, Pa., January 17, 1832. His American ancestor was 
 Barnabas Horton, who came from England about 1633, was 
 a member of the New England Colony in 1640, and one of 
 the settlers of Southold, Long Island. The family is a very 
 old one, tracing its lineage back to Robert de Horton, who 
 died in 1310. Harry L. Horton received a good common 
 school education, and evinced a special fondness for mathe- 
 matics. He commenced business as a clerk in a mercantile 
 house, went to Milwaukee, Wis., on attaining his majority, 
 and engaged in the produce commission business, in which 
 he accumulated a modest competence. Coming to New 
 York in 1865, he established the banking house of H. L. 
 Horton & Co., which, for more than a quarter of a century, 
 has maintained an unimpaired credit. Mr. Horton spent 
 some four years abroad, where, with his accomplished wife, 
 he was entertained by many European celebrities. He has 
 been for many years connected with the prominent busi- 
 ness associations of the New York Stock and Produce Ex- 
 changes, and of the Chicago Board of Trade. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Union League, Manhattan Athletic and other 
 clubs. His summer residence was for some years at New 
 Brighton, Staten Island, where for three years he was Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees of the town. It was 
 largely through his enterprise and liberality that the Staten 
 Island Water Supply Company was organized, and he is 
 Its principal owner. Mr. Horton is a man of great 
 liberality, whose chief aim in life seems to have been to 
 ])rovide for the comfort and happiness of others. He is a 
 generous patron of art, and has a large and well selected 
 lil)rary. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 241 
 
 THE SEVENTH REGIMENT. 
 The Seventh Regiment, besides being the oldest mib'tary 
 organization in New York, is the pet regiment of the 
 National Guard. The grey (■oated and white trousered 
 warriors are the pride of all good and true citizens. The 
 Seventh Regiment came into existence in the year i8c6, by 
 the organization of its first tour comjianies, and its origin is 
 directly traceable to circrumstances of great historical inter- 
 est. The right claimed by Great Britain to search American 
 vessels, and take from them anv Hriti.sh subjects serving 
 therein, had been denied by the Government of the United 
 States, and its enforcement had freipiently endangered the 
 friendly relations existing between the two countries. .At 
 last in .-Vi^ril. 1806, some I'.ritish war vessels appeared off 
 
 Hewitt's Comi)any," etc. In 1824, when the Marquis de 
 Lafayette visited Anieric.i, the Fourth Company acted as a 
 guard of honor, and at a meeting, soon after, the name 
 "National Guard" was unanimously adopted by the four 
 original companies, and it belonged exclusively to the new 
 organization (subseipiently the Twenty-seventh and now 
 the Seventh Regiment) from 1S24 until 1862, when the 
 Legislature of New York adopted it as a suitable title for 
 the entire militia of the State. In 1S26 the Battalion of 
 National Guards was organized into a new regiment de- 
 nominated the Twenty-seventh Regiment of .Artillery, and 
 on May ;, ist of that year it held its first parade in the City 
 Hall Park, under the command of Col. Prosper W. Wetmore, 
 and was presented with a handsome stand of colors by 
 
 THE SEVE.NTH REGIMENT ARMORY. 
 
 Sandy Hook and insisted on boarding and searching all 
 vessels that entered the harbor. The sloop Richard, in 
 endeavoring to escape the scrutiny, was fired at and the 
 helmsman killed. This aroused great public indignation, 
 and meetings were convened to protest against the action 
 of the British, and to call upon the citizens to organize to 
 defend the city, and to try and prevent such outrages in the 
 future. The patriotic young men of New York formed a 
 military organization, and among the new companies were 
 four companies of artillery, which are now known as the 
 First, Second. Third, and Fourth Companies of the Seventh 
 Regiment. They were not then designated numerically, but 
 were known and recognized by the names of the command- 
 ing officer, as "Captain Morgan's Company," "Captain 
 
 Mayor Philip Hone. The regiment prospered steadily, and 
 on July 4th, 1847, it first paraded as the Seventh Regiment 
 of New York State Militia, under Colonel Andrew .Augustus 
 Bremner. The Seventh has had, ever since, a brilliant and 
 successful career, it has served well and faithfully in every 
 public emergency, and it has always taken the lead for drill, 
 discipline and efficiency. In 1849, during the Astor Place 
 riot against the English actor Macready, when the police 
 w-ere repulsed, the Seventh dispersed the mob with balls and 
 bayonet, and seventy of the men were disabled. In 1861, 
 the regiment entered with vigor into the civil struggle, it 
 made a memorable march from Annapolis to the defence of 
 Washington, fought three times gallantly at the front, and 
 furnished 660 officers to the regular and volunteer armies. 
 
242 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 in 
 
 The regiment also took a prominent and patriotic part .. 
 the Orange Riots of 1871 and the Railroad Strikes of 1877. 
 The splendid armory, which is the pride of the regiment, 
 occupies a whole block, between Park and Lexington 
 Avenues, and Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Streets. It 
 was erected from funds raised by publir subscrii>tion, and 
 was first occupied in September, 1880. It cost for building, 
 decorating and furnishing $650,000. It is one of the hand- 
 somest and most perfectly appointed buildings in the city, 
 and was ])lanned, designed, and supervised by Brevet 
 Brigadier (leneral Emmons Clark, who for thirty-two years 
 served faithfully and gallantly in the regiment, and brought 
 it to its present condition of perfection and popularity. The 
 muster roll of the regiment is 1060 officers and men, and it 
 is under the command of Colonel Daniel Appleton. The 
 editor gratefully acknowledges the information for the prin- 
 cipal features of this sketch to Ceneral Emmons Clark's 
 interesting history of the Seventh Regiment up to i8go. 
 
 EMMONS CLARK. 
 
 General Emmons Clark was born in Huron, Wayne County, 
 New York, October 14, 1827. His father was the Rev. William 
 Clark, a Presbyterian clergyman, and a man of distinguished 
 ability. His ancestors were among the earliest English 
 
 his comrades, and his service in the ranks was brief. In 
 April, 1858, he was elected Orderly Sergeant, in 1859 Second 
 Lieutenant, in i860 First Lieutenant, and in December, 
 i860, less than four years from the dale of his enlistment, 
 he was chosen Captain of the Second Company. After declin- 
 ing an election as Major in April, 1864, Captain Clark was 
 chosen Colonel June 21, 1864. In jjerson General Clark is 
 tall and erect, of distinguished and soldierly bearing, with 
 the face and manner of a gentleman of culture and refine- 
 ment. In June, 1889, the Adjulant-General announced the 
 retirement of Colonel Clark in commission as bre\et Briga- 
 dier-General, a'l honor conferred by the Commander-in- 
 Chief, upon the unanimous request of the Legislature of the 
 State of New York, and the commission was presented by 
 (iovernor Hill in front of the regiment and at the State 
 Camp at Peekskill. Colonel Appleton, on assuming com- 
 mand of the regiment, gracefully refers to the administra- 
 tion of his piedecessor as ''the Augustan era of the Seventh 
 Regiment," and speaks of Colonel Clark as "a man of rare 
 attainments and remarkable executive ca]iacity, modest and 
 generous, yet with self-reliance and confidence in his own 
 ability promptly to act : friendly and thoughtful in all inter- 
 course with officers and men. His record adds lustre to this 
 organization. It stands as an example, an incentive, and a 
 possil)ility to the entire regiment." 
 
 'P^^tss^ V, 
 
 .t\ 
 
 EMMONS CLARK. 
 
 DANIEL APPLETON. 
 
 emigrants to New England, and both his grandfathers 
 served in the Continental Army in the American Revolution. 
 He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1847. Subsequent 
 to his graduation he studied medicine at the LTniversity of 
 New York ; but in 1850, having a taste for commercial pttr- 
 suits, he engaged in the business of railroad transportation 
 for through freight and passengers to the West. In 1866, 
 when the Board of Health was first organized, he was 
 unanimously elected its Secretary, and he has held that 
 important office during all the changes in its administration. 
 He enlisted in the Second C'ompanv, Seventh Regiment, 
 January 22, 1857. He soon secured the favorable notice of 
 
 DANIEL APPLETON. 
 
 Colon- I ApijJeton was born in New York City, February 
 24th, 1852. He received his early education at the public 
 school, and when 1 7 years of age he visited Europe and 
 completed his education in Germany, where he spent two 
 years. He is a son of John A. Appleton, who was a mem- 
 ber of the firm of D. Appleton & Co., Publishers. When 
 19 years of age he entered his father's store, and after about 
 seven years became a partner in the well known publishing 
 house. Mr Appleton is a member of the LTnion Club, 
 Century Club, Racquet Club, New York Riding Club, New 
 York Yacht Club, New York Athletic Club, and the Aldine 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 243 
 
 Club. In July, i86<S, ho l)ecame a private in the First Corps 
 of Cadets, Alassachusetts Volunteer Militia, where he re- 
 mained till 1S71. He joined the Sixth ('oni|iany of the 
 Seventh Regiment as a pri\ate. detober 31, 1871; was made 
 Corporal Ai)ril 8, 1873; Sergeant November 7, 1873; I'irsl 
 Sergeant Mareh 9, 1875; Seeond Lieutenant May 23, 1876; 
 Captain January 13, 1870, and on the retirement ot Colonel 
 Clark the eleetion was held July 18, 1889, whic h resulted in 
 the unanimous elioiee of CajJtain Appleton. 'I'he popularity 
 of the Colonel eleet, and the unanimity and harmony which 
 eharaeterized the selection, were emphasized by the presenc e 
 at the election of all the officers of the regiment except two, 
 who were absent in Kurope Colonel Appleton hadachieved 
 great distinction as a company commandant, his militarv 
 and executive ability were unixersally recognized, he was 
 remarkably ])opular as a gentleman, and lie entered upon 
 his responsible and important duties with the conb'al and 
 united sup])ort of the officers and memljcrs of the Seventh 
 Regiment, and with every prospect ol a (areer of great 
 success and usefulness. No colonel was ever more beloved 
 by the officers and men under his command than Colonel 
 Daniel Ajjpleton. He is a fine soldier, an excellent 
 military instructor, and an able and energetic commandant. 
 His fine figure, graceful and soldierly bearing are well 
 known. 
 
 Rac(]uet, N('w York Yacht Club, and (Country Clubs ; he is 
 not engaged in any business occupation, but with his brother, 
 Henry H. Landon, devotes his time to the management of 
 their private interests. 
 
 JOHN T. FISHER. 
 
 John ■['. Fisher was born in New Rochelle, N. Y., 
 January 27, i86i,an(lwas edvicated at Williston's Seminary, 
 Ivist i lampion, Mass. Later, he attended Columbia 
 College, where he was graduated in 1883. Upon finishing 
 his studies he began his business career in the office of 
 Messrs. R. C. JMsher \' Company, manufacturers of 
 marlilf and interior decorations, whose establishment is the 
 oldi'st of the kind in the United States, it having been 
 founded in 1830. II is father, who is at the head of the firm, 
 is a director of the Oriental liank, a memlier of the 
 American Ceograjihical Society, and of the Church and 
 l\ef<irm Clubs. In 1886 young l'"isher joined Company B 
 ol the Se\enth Regiment, serving continuously until 1892, 
 when he was apijointed Quartermaster Sergeant of the 
 Regiment by Colonel A]3pleton. Mr. I''isher, w'ho is un- 
 
 FRANCIS G. LANDON. 
 
 Francis (1. Landon was born in New York City In 1859, 
 where his father, Charles G. Landon, was a member of the 
 prominent firm of importers of dress goods, Benkard & 
 Hutton, which afterwards became Charles C. Landon & Co. 
 Mr. Landon, senior, married Miss (lordon, a daughter of 
 Charles Gordon of Virginia. He took great interest in 
 iharitable works, and was senior warden of Grace Church. 
 Young Landon was graduated from Princeton in 1881, and 
 enlisted in Company I of the Seventh Regiment, January 5, 
 18S2. 
 
 He was elected ("orporal in June, 1884, Sergeant in 
 January, 1887, and in December of the same year was made 
 First Sergeant. His natural adaptability to the duties of a 
 soldier was ap|)arent in the new oflice, the alert, sharp style 
 in which he performed his work attracting much notice, and 
 his reward came unexpectedly on January 5, i8yi, when he 
 was appointed regimental Adjutant. This was an unusual 
 honor to be conferred upon a non-commissioned officer, 
 and had only occurred once before in the history of the 
 organization, the custom being invariably to appoint a 
 Lieutenant to the office. Colonel Appleton's good judgment 
 had not failed him, however, in this selection, and the new 
 .'\djutant proved an immediate success. Of most agteeable 
 manners, courteous and dignified bearing, and possessing 
 great tact, Adjutant Landon endeared himself alike to 
 officers and men. Although a trifle under medium height 
 he holds himself very erect, and his powerful voice carries 
 his orders distinctly at parades and reviews. A thorough 
 tactician, cool and cleardieaded, and an admirabl ■ horse- 
 man, riding with grace and skill, his very presence inspires 
 confidence in the ranks, and he is beyond cavil the model 
 man for the place. He is a tireless worker for his military 
 Alma Mater, assuming, in addition to the arduous duties 
 pertaining to the adjutancy, the conduct of the weekly drill 
 of the Howitzer and Gatling-gun battery, composed of 
 members of the Seventh, and who, under his instruction, 
 exhibit marvellous proficiency. The Adjutant is also an 
 amateur actor of more than ordinary ability, having ap- 
 peared very frequently before the public in various plays. 
 A notable role undertaken by him lately was that of 
 "Petruchio" in the " Taming of the Shrew." presented at 
 the Metropolitan Opera House, Edward Fales Coward 
 playing " Katherine." He is a member of the Calumet, 
 
 ^^ , 
 
 i k^ 
 
 marrietl, and resides with his [jareuts at New Rochelle, is 
 one of the earliest members of the Larchmont Yacht Club, 
 and is aNo a valued member of the New York Athletic 
 Club, and also takes part in the New York Athletic Club 
 .\mateur Minstrel organization — playing the bones— and is 
 a very poiuilar end man. Each year they give an entertain- 
 ment for the Club, and have often been called upon by 
 outside societies, w^here they have always given entire 
 satisfaction. He is extremely fond of athletic sports and 
 he rei)resented the "Mercury Foot " on tug of war teams 
 and on its baseball nine. He takes great |)ride in the 
 faithful discharge of the duties ])ertaining to his ofiice in 
 the regiment, working untiringly for tlie cotnfort of the 
 members as occasion reijuires, and his hearty greetings to 
 his friends and frank, manly deporinient make him a 
 popular man wherever he goes. 
 
244 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 WALTER B ROGERS. 
 
 A history of the Seventh Regiment would be far from 
 complete without a sketch of its bandmaster. Mr. Rogers 
 was born at Delphi. Indiana, in 1865. He comes of a 
 musical family, his father, William Rogers, having been 
 a violinist of some note, and an uncle now being the 
 leader of a band in Bradford, England. Another uncle 
 holds a similar position in ("ilasgow, Scotland. William 
 Rogers, father of Walter, came to this country in 1858, and 
 settled in Delphi, Indiana, where the subject of this sketch 
 was born. During the Rebellion he served in the Union 
 Army, and at the close of the war returned to Delphi. 
 Finding his son Walter given to musical tastes, he decided 
 to educate him in this line, so he himself acted as his teacher 
 on the violin. On his return from a visit to Europe in 1872 
 he brought with him a magnificent instrument, but to his 
 amazement the boy said he did not like the violin, but would 
 prefer to play on a cornet. Hoping his thoughts would 
 turn from this instrument, the fa her bought an old horn to 
 please him. As Walter made more progress on the horn 
 than he did on the violin, in due time a cornet was bought 
 and the boy's destiny was fixed. At the age of thirteen he 
 was sent to the Cincinnati College of Music to study under 
 
 When Colonel Appleton appointed Mr. Rogers to succeed 
 Mr. Cap|)a shouts of approval went up, and previous to this 
 every member of the band signed the petition requesting 
 that the young and popular cornetist be selected as leader. 
 His appointment to so important a position has not in the 
 least degree caused the new leader to turn aside from the 
 modest path he has always pursued, and while he, of course, 
 appreciates to the fullest the honors conferred upon him, he 
 has not lost that manly dignity and bearing which has char- 
 acterized his behavior wherever he has appeared. Mr 
 Rogers is one of the youngest bandmasters in the United 
 States, being only twenty-eight years of age. He is a fine 
 violinist, having of late years given much attention to per- 
 fecting himself in " handling the bow." Mr. Rogers is a 
 thorough student of harmony and a skillful composer and ar- 
 ranger of music for bands and orchestras. His first appear- 
 ance after his election to the leadership of the Seventh 
 Regiment Band was at a sujiper given March 18 last, in 
 honor of the Veteran Battalion of the Seventh Regiment. 
 While in camp at Peekskill this summer Governor Flower, 
 in addressing the regiment, spoke in the highest terms of 
 the band, and paid a deserving compliment to its talented 
 leader. 
 
 W.\LTER B. ROGERS. 
 
 Professor Jacobson, under whose tuition his progress was 
 very rapid. Mr. Rogers joined the Seventh Regiment 
 Band (Cappa's) nearly nine years ago as third cornetist. 
 So rapidly did he advance that Mr. Cappa retained 
 him as soloist on that instrument, and encouraged the am- 
 bitious musician in his desire to go higher and higher. 
 Everywhere his work has been received with just a];precia- 
 tion, and the people in all the cities where the band gave 
 concerts looked upon young Rogers as a man likely to hold 
 his own, and one to whom success meant hard and con- 
 scientious work. As cornet soloist of the organization Mr. 
 Rogers has won for himself a name that has become almost 
 as famous as the band itself, and his personal popularity 
 among the profession has always been of the first rank. 
 
 JOHN FOX, JR. 
 JOHN FOX, JR., 
 
 Whose portrait is given above, is Sergeant of the 
 Ninth Company, Seventh Regiment, N. Y. N. G. He 
 was born in New York City January 10, 1867, attended 
 the public schools and Columbia Grammar School, and was 
 graduated from Columbia College in the class of 18S9. He 
 is in business with his father, John Fox, who deals in iron 
 and metal at No. 160 Broadway, where he represents two very 
 large foundry eatablishments of Reading, Pa. His father 
 was formerly interested in politics, and was Supervisor, 
 State Senator and memljer of Congress, but has long since 
 retired from active jiarticipation in ])olitical affairs. In 1887, 
 while still at Columbia College, voung Fox joined Company 
 I, of the Seventh Regiment. He was made a Corporal in 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 245 
 
 1892 and Sergeant in 1893, and his energy and ability, 
 coupled with his line soldierly appearance, bid fair to jjro- 
 mote him still higher in the near future. Sergeant Fox re- 
 sides with his father at No. 10 Ivist Fiftieth Street, and is a 
 member of the Manhattan, New York Yacht, Seventh Regi- 
 ment, Veteran and Catholic Chilis. He is fond of all out- 
 door amusements, and is an e.\cellent horseman. His sum- 
 mers are passed at Millburn, L. I., where the family have an 
 elegant residence, and where he spends much of his leisure 
 in driving or in riding about the country on his noble Ken- 
 tucky bred horse. 
 
 WILLIAM B. FREEMAN. 
 
 William B. Freeman was born in New York City, .April 
 13, 1819, and received a high school education. His father. 
 Isaac R. F'reeman, was of the firm of Barker \- F>eeman, 
 iron founders, who during the war of 1812 had the onl)- 
 establishment in the city in the foundry business. Mr. 
 Freeman, who was a prominent Mason, held a commission 
 as lieutenant in an artillery company stationed in the old 
 '' Red Fort" off the foot of Hubert Street, in the Hudson, 
 Retiring from his foundry on account of ill health, he 
 became a grocer, and died in 1832. His wife, Miss Harriet 
 v.. Hewlett, came from an old Virginia family whose lands 
 on the Potomac adjoined those of General Washington. 
 Young Freeman, upon leaving school, served a six years' 
 apprenticeship; then, removing to New Orleans, became a 
 drug clerk, and was for three years the apothecary of the 
 United States Marine Hospital. Returning to New York in 
 1841, he resumed work as a clerk, finally starting business 
 under his own name, in 1848, at Third Avenue and Forty- 
 eighth Street. He remained in this location until 1S54, when 
 he opened a similar store at Ninth Avenue and Twenty- 
 fourth Street. The business was continued here for over 
 thirty years, the firm, now became William B. F'reeman (S: 
 C'ompany, having recently removed to No. 461 Amsterdam 
 ,\venue. He enlisted in Company V, Seventh Regiment, 
 December 9, 1851, was elected corporal in r852, sergeant 
 in 1853, and was appointed Hospital Steward l>y Colonel 
 Clark in 1868. Dr. Freeman married Miss Redfield, of 
 Orange County, and has a married daughter living. He 
 has belonged to the Odd Fellows since 1841, and is con- 
 nected with Amaranthus Lodge, No. 126. His long service 
 of forty-three years in the Seventh Regiment, including the 
 campaigns of 1861 and 1863, have been marked by a faith- 
 ful attention to his duties. He is a courteous and unas- 
 suming man, and has the deserved res])ect and esteem of 
 liis comrades. 
 
 HOMER R. BALDWIN. 
 
 Homer R. Baldwin was born in Jersey City in 1862, 
 and was educated in the College of the City of New Y'ork. 
 In 1876 he went as a boy with the commission house of 
 Bacon, Baldwin & Co., where he remained three years, 
 after which he became stenographer for the Hazard Manu- 
 facturing Company. This house was established in 1848. 
 They are one of the largest manufacturers in the United 
 States of cable or wire rope for elevators, cable cars, ship 
 and yacht rigging, etc. Mr. Baldwin now holds the re- 
 sponsible position of cashier for this company, where he has 
 been for the jiast twelve years. His father. Homer Bald- 
 win, was formerly a member of the clothing house of 
 Traphagen, Hunter & Co., of this city. He was a promi- 
 nent Mason, and a member of Washington Lodge, No. 2\. 
 His grandfather was an eminent Baptist Minister in Ver- 
 mont. His mother, .\nna Marie Reeve, was a daughter of 
 Daniel Reeve, of Aquebogue, L. L, who was prominent as 
 an officer in the Revolutionary War, and his grandfather 
 was in Lord Howe's expedition to Quebec in 1754. In 
 December, 1883, young Baldwin enlisted in Company A 
 
 HO.MER R. B.^LDWI.M. 
 
 of the Seventh Regiment, and there is no more popular 
 man in the regiment than " Baldy." His wife is the 
 daughter of Mr. Lawrence Moore, of Troy, N. Y., and they 
 reside at Yonkers. On Christmas Fve, 1891, a railroad ac- 
 cident occurred at Hastings, N. Y., where his wife was se- 
 riously injured, losing both eyes and both her arms, and his 
 mother and sister, Lillian, were also seriously injured in the 
 same accident. Mr. Baldwin has belonged to the Masonic 
 order for about five years, and is a member of Citizens' 
 Lodge, No. 628, F. &. .A. M. He is a member of the New 
 York Driving Club, and very fond of all outdoor sports. 
 
 GEORGE SIMMONDS COE. 
 
 George Simmonds Coe, President of the American 
 Exchange National Bank of this city, was born in Newport, 
 R. L, March 27, 1817. Mr. Coe's opportunities for 
 education in early life were limited to those furnished by 
 the common schools of New England at that period. At 
 the age of fourteen he was placed in a country store. After 
 some four years in this employment he entered the Rhode 
 Island Linion Bank as general clerk. In 1838, he accepted 
 an invitation to remove to New York City and enter the 
 service of Prime, Ward & King, then the leading banking 
 house in the country. In 1854, he received a call from the 
 .American Exchange Bank to become its Cashier, and in a 
 few months became Vice-President. In i860, he was 
 chosen its President and has since retained that important 
 office. It is here that his life's work has chiefly been done. 
 Mr. Coe took an active participation in the great National 
 struggle. His influence and earnest efforts in the New- 
 York Clearing House and in the councils of his associates 
 have always been directed to establish and maintain among 
 the banks such cordial fellowship and unity of purjjose and 
 of action as would make them a strong and con- 
 servative power for good to the community and to the 
 nation. For the same reason and because he believes in 
 the efificacy, for the public benefit, of the union and inter- 
 
246 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 (Mm^ 
 
NEW YORK, THE METEOPOfJS. 
 
 247 
 
 change of views of a still larger body of his professional 
 brethren from all parts of the roiintry, he has taken an 
 active interest in the National Hankers' Association, of 
 which he has twice been chosen President. Nfr C'oe is 
 Treasurer of the Children's Aid Society, and 'rnistee of the 
 Mutual Life Insurance Company, and of other corporations. 
 He is an officer of the Presbyterian Church and inendier of 
 the Board of Foreign Missions of that Chur( h. 
 
 GEORGE GILBERT WILLIAMS. 
 George Gilbert Williams, of New \urk. President nf the 
 Chemical National I'.ank, was born in East Haddam, 
 Connecticut, in 1826. Ihe family is of Welsh origin and 
 was founded in this country by Robert Williams, about the 
 time of the landing of the Pilgrims. Of this family was 
 Roger Williams, the founder of Providence and President of 
 Rhode Island from T654 to 1657. More than thirty mem- 
 bers of the family held commissions in the Continental 
 armies during the Revolution, and many others have dis- 
 tinguished themselves in other pursuits. The subject of 
 this sketch was the second child of Dr. Datus Williams, a 
 successful practitioner, who stood high in society and profes- 
 sionally for upwards of forty years in East Haddam, Conn. 
 He grew up in his native place, and received a careful 
 training and education, partly at the hands of his ])a eats, 
 and partly at the village academy. He was a studious boy 
 and chose law as a profession, but was induced to 
 abandon the idea by a patient of his father's, Mr. Jones, 
 whose brother was Cashier of the great Chemical P)ank of 
 New York, and who offered to jirocure a place for young 
 Williams under him in the bank. Accordingly, he came to 
 New York and entered the bank in December, 1841, 
 becoming assistant to the paying teller, a position he 
 speedily ])roved himself worthy and com|)etent to fill. Py 
 the time he was twenty, he had developed such a capacity 
 lor work that the ])osition of paying teller becoming vacant, 
 it was unhesitatingly conferred u]jon him. It may be said 
 to his credit that he was the youngest person in this city 
 similarly employed. In 1855 he was appointed cashier, and 
 ui)on the death of Mr. John Quentin Jones, January i, 
 1878, Mr. Williams was elected President of one of the 
 strongest and most reliable financial cor])orations in the 
 world. Under the wise and prudent management of Mr. 
 Williams, its prosperity has suffered no check and its tuture 
 has l)ecome assured. Mr. Williams is of a modest and 
 retiring disposition, although he umpiestionably ranks among 
 the ablest financiers of his time. On the 14th of November, 
 1867, he married Miss Virginia King, daughter of Mr. Aaron 
 King, of New York, a lady of many graces of person antl 
 character and rarely accomplished. Of this union there 
 have been five children, one of whom is living. Although 
 one of the busiest of men as President of the Chemical 
 Bank, he does not neglect his duty to society or to religion. 
 He is a member and vestryman of St. Bartholomew's 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, on Madison Avenue. He is 
 also one of the governors of the Lying-in Hospital and a 
 Director of numerous financial corporations, including the 
 Union Trust Comi)anv. 
 
 JOHN BRISBEN WALKER. 
 
 JohnBrisbcn ^\■alker, editor, was bom on the Mononga- 
 hela, in Pennsylvania, in 1847. His grandfathers, Major 
 John Walker and General Krepps, were the first commis- 
 sioners for the improvement of the Western rivers. Major 
 Walker, who was a great-grandson of Carl Christo])her 
 Springer, prominent in the founding of the Swedish colony 
 on the Delaware, established the first shipyards west of the 
 Alleghany Mountains, yards which afterward became famous 
 for the fast Mississippi steamers built there, and in the last 
 century was already sending seagoing ships to New York via 
 
 New Orleans. General Krejjps was Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee in the Pennsylvania Senate which, in 1827, reported 
 the resolution asking the abolition of sla\ery in the District 
 of Columbia. At the age of ten John Prisben Walker was 
 sent to the Gonzaga Classical School at Washington, I). C. 
 Later he entered (leorgetown College, and in 1865 was ap- 
 pointed to West Point, in 1868, when Minister liiirlingame 
 arnveii from China, .Mr. Walker was aided by him in his 
 desire to enter the Chinese' military service. He resigned 
 from the Military .Academy, and acccjmpanied L Ross 
 P.rowne, L'nited States Minister, to Peking. In "1870 he 
 returned to the United States, engaging in manufacturing 
 and other enteri)rises connected with the develoiunent of 
 the Ivanawha Valley, in West Virginia. 'l"wo years later he 
 was nominited for Congress by the Re])ublicans in a strong 
 Democratic district, and was defeated. In 1873 he rejire- 
 sented West Virginia in the Immigration Convention held 
 at Indianapolis, and in 1874, as a State Delegate, was Chair- 
 man of the Committee on Resolutions of the first Ohio 
 
 
 #, 
 
 J(1H\ lil-tlSniiX W.\I,KER. 
 
 River Im|irovement Convention. In the ]janic of 1873 his 
 entire fortune was swept away, and casting about for imme- 
 diate w-ork, he was engaged by Murat Halstead to prepare 
 a series of articles upon the mineral and manufacturing inter- 
 ests of the United States for the Cincinnati Conniu-rciul. A 
 few months later he was offered the managing editorshi]) of 
 the Pitt burgh Daily Teh'xrd/^h, and at the lieginning of 
 1876 became managing editor of the Washington Chroiticle, 
 then one of the two leading dailies at the National Capitol. 
 In 1879, at the request of the Commissioner of .Agriculture, 
 he visited the arid lands of the West with reference to their 
 redemption by irrigation. Later he purchased on the out- 
 skirts of Denver a portion of what afterwards became known 
 as ■■ Berkeley P'arm," its 1660 acres being for many years 
 the most extensive alfalfa farm in Colorado. For ten years 
 thereafter Mr. W ilker «as engaged in the development of 
 alfalfa interests, in whi( h he was a pioneer. At the same 
 time, bv a series of careful engineering operations, he was 
 recovering a large plat of river bottom from overflow, thus 
 
248 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 adding more than 400 lots to the area of the most valuable 
 part of Denver. In iSSg he removed to New York, and 
 purchased the Cosmopolitan Magazine, which he still edits. 
 It had, at that time, a circulation of 16,000. The edition 
 for January, 1893, was over 150,000. In this year he be- 
 came a pioneer in the presentation of high class magazine 
 literature. In 187 1 he married the only daughter of General 
 David Hunter Strother (" Porte Crayon "). His family 
 consists of seven sons and one daughter. The honorary 
 degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by Georgetown 
 (D. C.) Univerj-ity, at the centenary of that institution. 
 
 GEORGE MONTAGUE. 
 
 George Montague, President of the Second National 
 Bank and a prominent financier of the Metropolis, was 
 born in Troy, N. Y., on the 4th of April, 1830. His father, 
 Orlando Montague, was the originator of the Troy Collar 
 Manufacturing Industry. He is of English descent on 
 both sides of the house. The Montague family is of 
 
 that he has risen to his present position in the regular 
 course of promotion step by step, without a single instance 
 of solicitation on his part. After having served five years 
 in the Troy' Bank, he came to this city and entered the 
 Merchants' Exchange Bank as assistant teller in 1850. He 
 was after some time promoted to the position of teller, and 
 in 1865 transferred his services to the Seventh Ward Bank 
 as cashier, becoming President in 1872. In 1S84 he was 
 called to and elected President of the Second National 
 Bank, which during his management has entered into an era 
 of great pros])erity. During Mr. Montague's career he has 
 been thrown into business relations with many men who like 
 himself have climbed to the top of the ladder, and he 
 recalls with pride the fact that in the beginning of his New 
 York business life, away back in 1853-4, he stood side by 
 side with Messrs. Fred. Tappen and George G. Williams as 
 settling clerk in the New York Clearing House. Mr. Mon- 
 tague married in his native city, in 1855, Susan Tomlinson, 
 connected with an old Connecticut family, daughter of the 
 
 GEORGE MONTAGUE. 
 
 Norman origin, the first American ancestor immigrating to 
 Boston, Mass., and subsequently settling in Hadley in that 
 State, early in the seventeenth century. His maternal 
 grandfather, Major Joseph Lord, rendered valiant service 
 to the American cause in the war of 1802. 
 
 Mr. Montague's father, who was in good circumstances, 
 decided on giving his son a university course with a view 
 to his entering one of the professions, but the lad himself 
 from a very early age manifesting a strong inclination 
 toward a business career, he was allowed to have his way, 
 and so afier a common school training, supplemented later 
 on by a few years in higher schools, he procured employ- 
 ment in the "Troy City Bank, at the age of fifteen, having 
 for a year or so in the interval served as a clerk in a store. 
 And here two things may be remarked of Mr. Montague : 
 the first, that from the very outset of his career he has 
 preserved a perfectly independent spirit ; and the second. 
 
 well-known William A. Tomlinson of that city, and grand- 
 daughter of David Tomlinson, a leading citizen of Con- 
 necticut seventy years ago. He (Mr. Montague) was for a 
 quarter of a century treasurer of St. Timothy's Episcopal 
 Church, New York City, a position he resigned a few years 
 ago, and is still treasurer of the fund for aged and infirm 
 clergymen of the Diocese of New York, also of the train- 
 ing school for Bellevue Hospital nurses. He is a member 
 of the Union League Club and for many years its treasurer, 
 and numerous other organizations of a similar character ; 
 has held various positions in the Clearing House ; is trustee 
 of the Bowery Savings Bank ; is member of Zion and St. 
 Timothy's (consolidated) Church, and generally represents 
 it in the diocesan conventions. In fine, Mr. Montague is a 
 very busy man, and capable of doing a large amount of 
 work, on account of systematic arrangement, which allows 
 no waste of energy. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 249 
 
 JOSEPH S. CASE. 
 
 Mr. Joseph S. Case, (Cashier of tlie Sc<ond National 
 Bank, is a man of character and ability, who by ])er- 
 sistent efforts has risen to his present responsible jiosi- 
 tion. Born in Brooklyn in 1S44 and educated in the public 
 schools, he first obtnne<l enii)lo)ment as a boy in the 
 Shi]) Machinery store of Raudett & Son, on South Street, 
 near Peck Sli]3. Later he became a clerk in the law firm 
 of Churchill, Welch & Woodbury, where he remained 
 several years. In 1S66 he entered the Croton National 
 Bank, just then organized, as a bookkeejier. 'I'he bank 
 failed in the fall of 1867, and he then was emploved for 
 some months by the East River National Bank, 'in the 
 fall of i86S, he entered the employ of the Second National 
 Bank. For a few months he was with the Imporers" and 
 Traders' National Bank, but returned to the Second National 
 as its Paying Teller in the sjjring of 1869. He held the 
 position for si.xteen years, or until he was promoted to 
 
 LEWIS THOMPSON. 
 
 Lewis Thompson, Cashier of the Madison Scpiare liank, 
 was born in Klizabeth, N, L, September, 185 i. Mr. Thomp- 
 son is of Scottish descent, his family ha\ing settled in 
 Madison, N. J., in the last century. His ])aternal great- 
 grandfather fought in the Revolutionary War. His father 
 before him was a banker, and the ability he dis])layed in 
 the discharge of his duties as cashier of this young and 
 rapidly rising institutiim is the result of his thorough train- 
 ing in banking methods. Under its present able manage- 
 ment the deposits of the ALadison Sipiare Bank have in- 
 creased from $750,000 in September, 1S91, to over 
 $2,000,000 in May, 1893. Mr. '1 homi^son was educated at 
 Phillips .'\ndover .Academy, and commenced his career as a 
 banker immediately after graduating. In 1878 he married 
 Alice, daughtcrof Dr. William H. Tutt. He isadirector of 
 the Madison Square Bank and a member of the Marble 
 Collegiate Church. 
 
 / 
 
 JOSEPH S. CASE. 
 
 LEWIS THOMPSON. 
 
 the cashiership, which he now holds. Mr. Case is of 
 medium stature. He is observant, pushing, persistent, 
 and cool headed. Any one who witnessed " the run " on 
 the bank in the panic of 1884 remembers how col- 
 lectedly the Paying Teller handled the crowds that 
 presented their checks at his window. On the first day of 
 the run he paid<;f'^/- the counter almost a million of dollars, 
 in sums varying from five to 50,000 dollars, to more 
 than seven hundred depositors, and balanced his cash at 
 night within ten cents of the requirement. The Case family 
 is originally from Cape Cod, Mass. Mr. Case's father, 
 William Hamilton Case, settled in Brooklyn when it was 
 yet a village. His mother l)elonged to the well known 
 Quaker family of Cocks on Long Island. Mr. Case married 
 in Brooklyn, in 1S67, Miss Fannie Breasted, of Catskill. 
 Mr. Case is fond of field sports, in which he excels, and is 
 one of the best rifle shots that ever faced a target at 
 Creedmore. 
 
 JOHN MASON TILFORD. 
 
 John Mason Tilford was born on the i6th of March, 
 I Si 5, at Argyle, Washington Co., N. Y. His ancestry on 
 both sides was Scotch. His father, James Tilford, was a 
 farmer, and the early years of his son were spent in agri- 
 cultural labor through the summer months, attending school 
 in the winter. He was diligent both at work and at school, 
 acquiring all the knowledge he could. His tastes, however, 
 were for mercantile ])ursuits, and when he was twenty 
 vears of age an opportunity came that the boy had longed 
 for. Benjamin Albro, of New York, was staying in the 
 neighborhood with some friends, met and conversed with 
 young Tilford, and the lad finally obtained his father's con- 
 sent to go with Mr. Albro to New York. He commenced 
 his business life at 268 Grand Street, where Mr. Albro then 
 had his grocery business. He commenced on fifty dollars 
 a year salary, having room and board with his emjjloyer at 
 252 Broome Street, opened the store at half-past five in 
 
2SO 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 summer and six o'clock in winter, and not closing till ten 
 o'clock. It was a hard but very useful apprenticeship, the 
 boys in such stores having to buy many of the goods, sell, 
 keep books, make out bills, and run errands. After young 
 Tilford had been there two years Joseph Park, a lad some 
 few years younger than himself, came into the business. 
 Both had the same industrious, energetic characteristics, 
 and having saved a little money, in the summer of 1840, 
 they started in business for themselves at 35 Carmine .Street. 
 The year after they began the directory gave the names of 
 570 grocers. Park & Tilford not even being included in the 
 list. We understand there is only one house there mentioned 
 now in existence. In 1847 the business had so increased 
 
 and a keen judgment of men and things, accounted in 
 large measure for his extraordinary success, as also the 
 sagacity shown in opening branch stores in new localities in 
 advance of population. His good nature and kindness of 
 disposition were proverbial, compelling the affection as well 
 as respect of all who knew him, including his large 
 army of employes, some of whom had grown up in the 
 firm from boys. When he passed away quietly and grace- 
 fully on the 7th of January, 1891, it was to the deep regret 
 of those with whom he had associated, and to the undying 
 grief of his friend and partner, Mr. Park, who to this day 
 can hardly speak of him without the tribute of a tear. Mr. 
 Tilford was married in 1840 to Miss Jane White, a native 
 
 ■1/^^ cX.C^^ 
 
 they had to seek larger (juarters and so moved to Ninth 
 Street and Sixth Avenue, forming the nucleus of their 
 present extensive premises on that block. From this time 
 their advancement was very rapid, customers coming from 
 all quarters and their trade extending far uptown. In i860 
 they opened the Broadway store, a few years later the one 
 at Thirty-eighth .Street and Sixth Avenue, and nine years ago 
 one at Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue. Mr. Tilford 
 was usually at the store, Ninth Street and Sixth Avenfie, 
 and took an active part until past sixty. He had a great 
 capacity for hard work, aided by a fine constitution and 
 perfect health. These physical advantages, united with 
 indomitable energy and perseverance, good common sense 
 
 of the town in which he was born ; the marriage was a 
 hap|)y one, and of several children, Frank, the youngest, 
 has taken his father's place in the business. Such in brief 
 outline was John Mason Tilford, who together with his 
 esteemed partner built up a business in its line second to 
 none in the world, and a splendid monument of industry 
 and perseverance, as well as of noble heart and friendship. 
 
 FRANK TILFORD 
 
 Is a young man who by industry and close application 
 has early in life taken a leading position in the commercial 
 world. Soon after he entered into business life, by his per- 
 sonal merit and talents, he inherited his father's position in 
 
NEW YORK, THE METRO POT.TR. 
 
 251 
 
 the great firm of Park i\; Tilfurd, and he has also inherited 
 many of his father's good qualities and virtues. He is the 
 youngest son of John Mason Tilford, and was born in New 
 York City, July 22d, 1852. His ancestors were Scotch ; 
 they came to America in the reign of (leorgethe Second, 
 and settled at the north of Alhanv. at a jjlace which was 
 christened Argyle. There John Mason 'I'ihord was born in 
 March, 1815. Young Frank was educated at pr.vate 
 schools in New York, and he completed his education at 
 the Mount Washington Collegiate School. When (juite a 
 youth he was placed in the store at Sixth Avenue and ninth 
 Street, beginning at the humblest jjosition and working his 
 
 real estate operations. In 1S85 he was elected a trustee of 
 the North River Savings Bank, anti in the same year he 
 took the entire management of Park iV Tilford's great store 
 at 59th Street and Fifth A\en\ie. In 1X89 he joined G. C. 
 Haven and organized the Bank of New Amsterdam, of 
 which he is now the Vice-President, with Thomas C. Acton 
 as President. In October, 1890, the business of the great 
 grocery firm had attained such gigantic proportions that it 
 was thouglit advisable to incorporate the business. The 
 change was effected, and, cm the death of liis father, a year 
 later, I'rank Tilford was made Vice-1'resident of the com- 
 pany, and he holds the jjosition to-day. Frank Tilford"s 
 
 way up through the different departments. In 1873, and 
 when only twenty-one years old, he had made such progress 
 that he was given the management of a new store at 38th 
 Street and Sixth Avenue, and he succeeded beyond all ex- 
 pectation. He soon made his mark in financial circles and 
 in 1874 was elected a diiector of the Sixth National Bank, 
 being at the time the youngest bank director in the City of 
 New York. He served as a director for ten years. In 
 1876 he became a member of the Real Estate Exchange, 
 and has been an extensive operator in real estate in 
 Harlem and on the West Side uptown, above Fifty-ninth 
 Street. He has achieved both fame and fortune by his 
 
 career has always been a busy one. In addition to his 
 grocery, real estate and banking business, he is a director 
 in railroads and gas companies, treasurer of the Hancock 
 Memorial .Association, a member of the P>xecutive Com- 
 mittee of the (irant Monument Association, President of 
 the New .\msterdam Eye and Ear Hos[)ital, School 
 Trustee, and, since 18S7, an active member of the Chamber 
 of Commerce, also a trustee of the Babies' Hospital. In 
 November, 18S1, he married Miss Julia (ireer, daughter 
 of the late James A. Greer, and granddaughter of the 
 late George Greer, a prominent sugar refiner of New 
 York. He has two daughters, and he resides in a hand- 
 
252 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 some mansion on West 50th Street. He is a member of the 
 Union League, Republican, Colonial and other clubs, and 
 a member of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution. 
 He has for many years attended Dr. Heber Newton's 
 Church, of which he is a vestryman, and a trustee of All 
 Souls' Summer House. 
 
 ALFRED SULLY. 
 
 Alfred Sully, born at Ottawa, May 2, 1841. Son of 
 James and Laura Sully, natives of England. When two 
 years of age his parents moved to Buffalo. Educated in 
 Buffalo public schools, at eighteen years of age he removed 
 to Cincinnati, Ohio. Shortly after he began the study of 
 law in the office of Hon, Bellamy Storer, Judge of the Su- 
 perior Court of Ohio. Entered the Cincinnati Law School, 
 graduating in 1863 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and 
 admitted to the Bar of Ohio. Immediately following this 
 event he removed to Davenport, Iowa, where he became a 
 member of the firm of Brown & Sully, which succeeded the 
 old firm of Corbin, Dow & Brown, the head of which was 
 Mr. A. Corbin, now the well known banker of New York. 
 
 "^Wf:^ 
 
 ALFRED SULLY. 
 
 For nine years Mr. Sully practised his profession, rising to 
 prominence and acquiring a lucrative practice. In 1872 he 
 retired from this firm with a competency. At the request 
 of Mr. Austin Corbin Mr. Sully became a partner in the 
 latter's banking house in New York. In 1874, feeling a need 
 of rest, he refused a share in the Corbin Banking Company, 
 just organized, and spent twelve months in travelling in the 
 South and Southwest. Upon his return to New York in 
 1876, greatly improved in health, he re-entered business as 
 chief counsel and one of the principal managers of the New- 
 York and Manhattan Beach Railroad, an important enter- 
 prise for the purpose of developing Coney Island. Of this 
 company Mr. Corbin was president. Mr. Sully had at one 
 time been counsel for the IDavenport and St. Paul Company, 
 now a part of the St. Paul Railroad system, and, therefore, 
 was well qualified for such a position. In 1876, and for 
 
 several years following, he was largely interested in building 
 and operating the Manhattan Beach Railroad, and in con- 
 nection therewith organized the Eastern Railroad of Long 
 Island for the purpose of extending the Manhattan Beach 
 Railroad throughout the entire length of the island. In this 
 enterprise Mr. Corbin was associated with him. In 1878 he 
 became connected with the Bloomington and Western Rail- 
 road as its secretary. Of this road he became one of the 
 princi]jal owners. After two years of warfare with the Long 
 Island Railroad Company Messrs. Sully and Corbin united 
 in buying the control of the entire Long Island Railroad 
 Company from the New York banking firm of Drexel, 
 Morgan & Co. At the time they acquired the control of 
 the stock it was selling at 15 to 18 cents. The property 
 was in the hands of a receiver, and was physically going to 
 ruin. As soon as Mr. Sully and his partner secured con- 
 trol a new mortgage of $5,000,000 was placed upon the 
 property and the proceeds used to raising it to a condition 
 of perfection. The stock was at the same time increased 
 from $3,200,000 to $10,000,000, and has paid dividends ever 
 since. Mr. Sully was, for a number of years, the President 
 of the Long Island City and Flushing Railroad, one of the 
 Long Island's principal branches. In 1881 Mr. SuUv pur- 
 chased alone a coal road of 150 miles in length, and finally 
 reorganized it under the title of the Ohio Southern, put the 
 property in a good paying condition, he reiaining the presi- 
 dency of the road for over ten years. In 1885 he made a 
 large investment in the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 
 and is to-day a large holder in the stocks and bonds. Mr. 
 Sully and associates' position during the bitter strife with 
 the Drexel- Morgan syndicate finally resulted in a reorgani- 
 zation, and brought Mr. Sully to the front rank among rail- 
 road men in the United States. In 1886 the West Point 
 Terminal Company, then capitalized at $15,000,000, was in 
 debt over $3,000,000, and the President, W. P. Clyde, had 
 given notice that the property would be sold to meet the 
 claims against it. The President and all the Directors were 
 members of the Richmond and Danville syndicate, and 
 also members of the Richmond and Danville Board of Di- 
 rectors, and it seemed that the Terminal Company had be- 
 come a useless appendage. A committee spent a year in 
 trying to re-establish the property without success. They 
 induced Mr. Sully to join this committee as chairman. The 
 result was marvellous. Within three months the Richmond 
 Terminal was strong enough to swallow up the Richmond 
 and Danville and the East Tennessee and Georgia Rail- 
 roads, thus becoming the greatest railroad power in the 
 South. Mr. Sully was elected President of the entire Ter- 
 minal system, and remained such until 1888, when, becom- 
 ing dissatisfied with the policy of the directors, he resigned 
 While in this position Mr. Sully negotiated with Robert 
 Garrett for a controlling interest in the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad. This negotiation created more public interest than 
 any other financial question in the preceding ten years; 
 every newspaper in the United States taking the question 
 up and freely discussing it, thus bringing Mr. Sully's name 
 prominently before the country and railroad world. It is 
 not too much to say that the success of the operations thus 
 described was due to Mr. Sully's commanding genius as a 
 railroad expert, and to his extraordinary skill as a financier. 
 Mr. Sully, in manner, is reserved, chary of his words, always 
 speaking to the point, unassuming bearing, simple tastes. 
 He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. 
 
 JOSEPH H. SENNER. 
 
 Dr. Joseph H. Senner, United States Commissioner of 
 Emigration at Ellis Island, was born in the province of 
 Moravia, Austria, in 1846. He was educated at the Uni- 
 versity at Vienna, from which he received the degree of 
 LL.D in 1869. After a legal practice of seven years, ac- 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 253 
 
 corditii; to tlie law of his country, lit- was admitted to the 
 bar and l)ecanie a successful advocate. He came to this 
 country in 18S0, and joined the staff of the A^ew Yorker 
 Slaats-Zeilung, although having had only an amateur experi- 
 ence in newspaper work. He severed his connection with 
 this journal in September, iiS82, to become managing (.-ditor 
 of the Mihvaiikee Herold, the |jrinci|)al (lerman Reiniblican 
 newspaper of Wisconsin, occuiiying the jjosition until 
 January, 1S85, when he rejoined the Slaats /.eituiii;. In 
 1884 he bolted the nomination of Mr. lilaine, and stuui|)i'(l 
 the country for Cleveland. Dviring the last campaigTi he 
 vigorously sujiported Cleveland, addressing large meetings 
 of Germans in the West, New England, and New \'ork. 
 One of the first appointments to office made by President 
 Cleveland was the nomination of Dr. Senner to the im- 
 portant post of Commissioner of Emigration at the port of 
 
 Wendell, I'ay & Co. He was born in Boston. Fel)ruary 6, 
 1836, and re< eived his education at the old English High 
 School. He began his business career in the commission 
 house of Lawrence, St(me & Co., of Boston, in 1855, and in 
 1857 he JK-came connected with the famous .\li(ldlese.\ 
 Woollen Mills, of Lowell, Mass. In 1800 Mr. Fay came to 
 New York with Mr. Stone and the great commission house 
 of Stone, Bliss, Fay & Allen was formed, and it soon 
 made its mark in the Metropolis. I'rom 1861 to 1869 the 
 firm did the largest woollen commission business of any 
 liouse in the city. It represented the Middlesex Com|)any, 
 tlie Clenham Woollen Company, the i5road Brook C'oin])any, 
 the Lawrence Woollen Company, the Home Woollen 
 Company, the Terry Manufacturing Company, the Willow- 
 Brook Mills, L P. Brunner iV Sons, the Campbell Mills, the 
 Dumbarton Mills, the Swift River Co. and others; being 
 
 SIGOURXEY \v. F.W. 
 
 New^ York, said appointment being made March 28, 1893, 
 the same month in which Mr. Cleveland was inaugurated 
 President, and it was generally regarded as a compliment to 
 the German- American population of the country. Com- 
 missioner Senner is a member of the New York Bar, Presi- 
 dent of the National Organization of German American 
 Journalists, and President of the German Social Scientific 
 Society of New York. 
 
 SIGOURNEY W, FAY. 
 
 Sigourney W. Fay is one of New York's typical mer- 
 chants, he has an unblemished record, he is popular, 
 literary, artistic, and for more than thirty-five years he has 
 been personally identified with one of the largest woollen 
 mills corporation in the L'nited States. Mr. Fay is the head 
 of the well known New- York woollen commission firm of 
 
 agents in all for 140 sets of cards, besides having several cotton 
 cloth accounts. In 1869 the firm was changed to Perry, 
 Wendell, Fay iS: Co., and on the death of the popular 
 " Commodore " Perry in 1878 the title of the firm became 
 \\'endeli. Fay & Co. At the present tir-ne the personnel of 
 the firm is M. R. Wendell, who represents the Boston 
 branch of the business. Sigourney W. Fay and John F. 
 Praeger, with whom Mr. Fay has been associated in busi- 
 ness for over thirty years, and F. T. Wendell is also in 
 Boston, son of the senior ])artner. Mr. Fay married, in 
 i860, Delia A. Fay, of Boston ; he has no family. In social 
 circles Mr Fay is as po])iilar and as much sought after as 
 he is by his Inisiness associates. Wlien <piite young he 
 devoted his leisure tin-ie to literary and dramatic study, and 
 he became a good speaker by practice and natural talent. 
 He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and has 
 
254 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 been a director of the Hanover National Bank since 1876. 
 He is also director of the Exchange Fire Insurance 
 Company, and a member of the New England Society and 
 the New York Chamber of Commerce, also a governor of 
 the House of Refuge. The Union League Club was 
 founded on his birthday, February 6th, 1863, and Mr. Fay 
 joined on February 14th, being one of the veteran members, 
 and for some time Secretary. He was then only twenty- 
 seven years old and the youngest club man of the time. 
 He is also a member of the Metrojjolitan Club, the Players' 
 Club, and the City and Merchants' Clubs. He has resided 
 for twenty-four years in a handsome house. No. 35 West 
 Fiftieth Street. Mr. Fay is young looking for his age, and 
 he still retains his old time literary and oratorical tastes. He 
 occasionally lectures on literary subjects, and he has written 
 a clever essay on Charles Lamb. He is very popular, and 
 considered an authority in dramatic circles, and with his 
 business ability, strict integrity, and financial strength, he 
 is one of New York's representative merchants and citizens. 
 
 skill are: The Home Bank, West Forty-second Street; the 
 Martha Memorial Church, West Fifty-second Street ; the 
 German Masonic Temple, East Fifteenth Street ; the Aris- 
 ton Ajjartment House, 1732 Broadway; Campbell's great 
 Wall Paper Factory, West Forty- second Street ; William 
 Fisher's big store in West Twenty-third Street ; and the 
 handsome new Harlem Court House. But the edifice which 
 stands as a lasting evidence of the talent and enterprise of 
 the firm is the Criminal Court Building which has just been 
 completed and which is one of the finest architectural ex- 
 hibits in the city. The new Court Building covers the 
 entire square bounded by Centre, Elm, Franklin and White 
 Streets. The style of architecture is modern Renaissance. 
 It is six stories high and absolutely fireproof. 'l"he vesti- 
 bules and grand stairway are of white marble, and two 
 colossal marble figures of Liberty and Justice ornament the 
 Centre Street front. The cost of this great temple of justice 
 is $1,500,000, and it was built under the personal superin- 
 tendence of the architects whose genius evolved it. 
 
 / 
 
 ARTHtK M. THOM. 
 
 ARTHUR M. THOM AND JAIWES W. WILSON. 
 
 Arthur M. Thom and James W. Wilson, of the firm of 
 Thom & Wilson, are two of the well known architects of the 
 City of New York; they have been associated in business 
 since 1873, and the impress of thtir genius is inscribed u]3on 
 many of the public and private buildings of the Metropolis 
 
 Mr. Thom was born in Berlin, but was brought to this 
 country in his infancy; he was educated in New York City 
 and has followed the architectural profession since 1867. 
 Mr. Wilson was born in Renfrewshire, Scotland ; his 
 parents died when he was 12 years of age. His uncle, 
 William Wilson, the well known builder of this city, brought 
 him to New York in 1861. He harned the trade of car- 
 penter and builder, then applied himself to the study of 
 architecture, and in the year above mentioned associated 
 himself with Mr. Thom. The firm, since its formation, has 
 been identified with many of the public and private build- 
 ings erected in this and other cities during the last twenty 
 years. Among the most creditable examples of the firm's 
 
 J.AMES W. WILSON. 
 
 GUSTAV REICHARD. 
 For over 30 years Mr. Gustav Reichard has been active 
 in the art business. He was born in Germany in 1843, 
 and came to this country in 1861, when he entered the store 
 of his uncle, William Schaus. Since that time many 
 changes have taken place in the growth and improvement 
 in the taste of art. Many artists who were favorites in 
 the Sixties are unknown to our picture buyers of to-day. In 
 1872 Mr. Reichard with Mr. John Clements bought out the 
 business of Wm. Schaus, but for four years thereafter 
 carried it on under the old firm name. During that time 
 the stolen picture of St. Anthony by Murillo, or rather that 
 part of it which was cut out, was brought to their store. Mr. 
 Reichard refused any claim to the very large reward offered 
 by the Spanish Government for its recovery. The partner- 
 ship of Missrs. Reichard & Clements continued till 1876, 
 when Mr. Reichard opened an Art Gallery at No. 226 Fifth 
 Avenue, his present address, and continued alone till 1881, 
 when he admitted into partnership Mr. John H. Hodges, 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 255 
 
 tlic linn being known as Kci( liard \- Co. 'l\'n years 
 later Mr. Hotf.gcs died in London while on a hnsiness 
 tour for the liousc. While dealing in the liesl foreign art 
 of the times, and in works by the liest Iwem h masters of the 
 School of i8_^o, Mr. Reichard lielped to introcbire many 
 jjainters who are very well kpoun lo-day. .Many of our 
 American [jainters were neglected at the time. I'lut Mr. 
 Reichard never lost faith in them, ami one was >ute to liml 
 at his establishment a number of works l)\()ur most popula.r 
 |)ainters. To-day one sees them again with most of our 
 dealers. Mr. Reichard was one of tlie first wlifi started 
 special exhibitions by American artists, and has iiad, among 
 others, those by Winsi(AV Homer. W. T. Danna. |. C.ari 
 Melchers, Charles H. Davis, H. \V. Ranger, lolin I .a h'arge, 
 \Vm. Gedney Hunce, C. S. Reinhart, Iv .\. .\libe\-, and A. 
 H. VVyant. The reputation of Custav Reichard has alwavs 
 
 East Sea Provinces. .\fter working successfully and 
 gaining much valuable experience in Kurope, the young 
 nrchiteit and engineer, in 1871, determined to try his 
 fertiine in tin- New World. He arrived in New York, and 
 found occupation in designing interior decoration. A 
 few years after Mr. Mullet, the government architect, invited 
 liiin to prepare model designs for all the office furniture to 
 be used throughout the government buildings, which ])robleni 
 he accomplished w-ith excellent results. Mr. AVagner again 
 sought the more extended field of New York for his labors, 
 and took engagement with the celebrated Architect Mr. 
 Leopold iMdIil/, with whom he continued work for over 
 four years. .After this period he concluded to estal)lish his 
 oun ollii e. He speedily made an impression and many 
 sections of the city are now adorned by handsome specimens 
 of his genius. Among the many buildings which he has 
 
 .•\I.BF.RT \V,\C,XER. 
 
 stood high among the art loving public for integrity in all 
 dealings, and he is proud of his record that in all the years 
 he has been in business he has not had a single question- 
 able transaction. 
 
 ALBERT WAGNER 
 
 One of the most prominent architects in New York City 
 was born on March 14, 1848, at Poessneck, in the romantic 
 'I'huringen, Germany. He received his early education in 
 the select schools of his native town, and he concluded 
 his studies at the Polytechnics of Stuttgart and Muni<h 
 .\cademy, under the supervision of Professor W. Lubkeand 
 Fischer. When only twelve years of age, young \Vagner 
 took private lessons from .Vrchitect Schenke, and con- 
 sequently he determined to make architecture his profession 
 in life. His first jiractical experience was under Professor 
 Von Holzt, in Riga, when he assisted in designing and 
 building the stations along the line of the railroads of the 
 
 designed are, the Central Turnvereinhalle, in which he 
 carried off the first prize from five well known and prom- 
 inent architects in the city ; the great Puck lUiilding, 
 including the entire block, for which he also gained a first 
 prize premium; the Walton Building at the corner of Franklin 
 Street and West Broadway: the Henry Iden block, on 
 University Place, between Ninth and Tenth Streets; the 
 Strobel, Bloomingdale, McCreery, Meyers and Heywood 
 Buildings, also numerous handsome business buildings in 
 the drygoods district, and in the manufactuiing districts of 
 the west side. K short time since Mr. Wagner was 
 appointed as architect as a result of competition for the 
 great power houses and Harlem Stations of the Third 
 .\venue Cable t'omiiany. The massive buildings now in 
 course of erection for running the great cables ])lant are 
 creations of his fertile brain. Mr. Wagner married, in 1881, 
 Miss Katie F. Lewis, and he has one son, nine years old, 
 who has exhibited great talent for music and drawing. Mr. 
 
2S6 
 
 REW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Wagner himself is a musician and takes great interest m 
 matters relating therein. He is familiar on the piano the 
 zither and the guitar, and is a prominent member of the 
 Liederkranz Society. He is also an enthusiastic lover ot 
 birds dogs, fish culture and outdoor exercises in general. At 
 his beautiful country home in Ulster County, Griffins 
 Corners, New York, he has extensive German carp and 
 trout ponds, a large hennery, with some valuable breeds ot 
 birds, and a valuable loft of pigeons, all of which are much 
 esteemed by connoisseurs, Mr Wagner's father was 
 a prominent carriage manufacturer in Germany, who has 
 delighted in designing, painting and music. His son has 
 cleverly followed" in the footsteps of his progenitor Jrle 
 came to this country a stranger in a strange land, but by 
 force of character, perseverance, unfailing industry,^ and 
 strict integrity he has made himself one of the prominent 
 and selfmade citizens of the great Metropolis, New York. 
 
 MAURICE M. MINTON. 
 
 Maurice M Minton is best known to the publishing trade 
 as the editor and manager of Tlu Illustrated American, 
 which is one of the best selling illustrated weeklies we have. 
 He has passed the greater part of his life in the printmg 
 
 His 
 He 
 He 
 
 city 
 
 MAURICE M. MINTON. 
 
 trade and newspaper business. Before he reached the age 
 of fourteen he started for schoolboys a paper called Ihe 
 Young American, which was finally bought by Frank Leslie 
 With the money so obtained he bought a printing press and 
 type and went into business. He failed. He then did 
 printing on commission and failed. He took a clerkship 
 in a su'^ar broker's firm and began to write. His writings 
 paid belter than clerking and he struggled along to live on 
 his pen He failed to earn a living in this way and went 
 back to printing. Success covered this effort and he 
 published in 1879 a directory called "The List," which ran 
 for ten years, making money. In 1882, he started a 
 paper called The Town, and in ten months lost his savings 
 and his printing business, but kept his directory. After The 
 Town was dead and buried, shrouded m debt, he wrote 
 
 letters to out-of-town newspapers, good-humoredly guying 
 the fashionable people of New York. In March, 1884, he 
 gave a lecture in Chickering Hall, on Society, with great 
 success. He went to other cities and made money. He 
 paid his debts and went on the Evening Telegram. 
 executive ability soon advanced him to city editor, 
 then went ever to the Herald as descriptive writer, 
 became successively society editor, dramatic editor, 
 editor, and managing editor. One day he received a 
 telegram from Mr. James Gordon Bennett which he objected 
 to and promptly resigned. He then turned to doing press- 
 work for theatres, stars and corporations and made money 
 rapidly He left the Herald in January, 1889, and October, 
 i88g he had gotten together enough capital to start The 
 niustrated American. His life has been one of never ceasing 
 activity and close study. He studied two years in the medical 
 school and two in the law school, but never had the time to 
 continue through the school terms in order to take his degrees. 
 Some day, he says, he will go back to school and earn his 
 decrees His writings have a directness and clearness which 
 cat'ch the reader, and his broad experience and observation 
 have made a realist with a kind, sympathetic heart. Having 
 suffered himself he knows how others suffer. To-day he 
 asks no favors, for he is in demand as an executive officer, 
 and commands good prices for his literary work. His 
 novel "The Road of the Rough" is successful, and he 
 laughs— laughs just as he would if it were a failure, because, 
 he says " Success and failure, like rain, come when we least 
 expect them." This novel, copiously illustrated, was issued 
 to the trade on Friday and Saturday, and on Monday a 
 second edition, double that of the first, was put on the press. 
 Its sale was rapid, and the demand has outrun the supp y. 
 Dealers pronounce it "a seller" and predict a big sale. 
 This novel was published in The Hlustraied American with 
 
 extraordinary success. 
 
 CHARLES S. MACY, M.D. 
 
 There are but few physicians in active practice in this 
 
 city who are natives, the majority of them having been born 
 
 in adjacent counties or States, and many commg from a 
 
 distance to achieve fame or fortune, or both, in the New 
 
 World commercial Metropolis. Of the minority however, 
 
 is Doctor Charles S. Macy, who was born in New York City 
 
 on September 28, 1851. His father, Charles B. Macy was 
 
 a prominent merchant and gave his son all the advantages 
 
 of a classical education under the care of private tutors. 
 
 He began the study ot medicine in 1878 in the New 
 
 York Homoeopathic Medical College, and after three 
 
 years' course graduated (1881). The same year Dr. Macy 
 
 was appointed physician to the New York Homceopa hic 
 
 College Dispensary, and soon after made clinical assistant 
 
 to the chair of Gynaecology in the New York Homceopath.c 
 
 College, which position he still holds. In 1889 he was 
 
 elected treasurer of the Homoeopathic Medical Society of the 
 
 County of New York, which position he still holds. Dr. Macy 
 
 in 1884 married Kate, daughter of Col. Thomas F. De Voe. 
 
 M. WARLEY PLATZEK. 
 
 M Warley Platzek, of the New York bar, was born in 
 North Carolina in 1854, and received his P-'eparatory edu- 
 cation in the Fayetteville. N. C, and Richmond Va., High 
 Schools and under the tutorship of Professor W itherowot 
 South Carolina. Upon attaining his majority he was elected 
 Treasurer of Marion County, S. C, and subsequently canie 
 to the Metropolis. He entered the New York Univers ty 
 and after a brilliant course was graduated m the class 01 
 1876 with the Bachelor of Laws degree He i^mf 'f'^'J 
 began the practice of his profession and early devoted his 
 attention to the civil departments of law, making a specialty 
 of insolvency and bankruptcy causes. His legal career has 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 257 
 
 liecn a success, and he to-day is rcc()i;iii7.cd as one of the 
 prominent members of the bar of the" Metro|)o4is. lie is 
 specially known as an eminent trial lawyer, and his brilliant 
 conduct of many im|)ortant litigations has gained him an 
 enviable reputation and secured him a clientele of extensive 
 proportions. He is regularly retained by a number of New 
 York lawyers as trial counsel, and his preparation and man- 
 agement of a case leaves no legal flaws open to the opijo- 
 sition. His methods are strictly honorable and |)rofessional, 
 and have won him the resjiect of his superiors on tiie bench 
 and gained him the esteem of his colleagues at the bar. 
 Mr. Platzek is a gentleman of versatile intellectual attain- 
 ments, and is known to the literary world as an able lecturer 
 and author. He has always taken active interest in 
 politics, and been prominently identified with measures 
 l)enericial to municipal government. He is a direc tor of 
 the Progress Club, memlier of the Reform and Democratic 
 Clubs, and is favorably knowu throughout social circles. 
 Notwithstanding his busy professional life and active par- 
 ticipation in politics, Mr. Platzek has given much of his time 
 
 the Kducational Alliance and the Hebrew Free School .Xs- 
 sociation of New York. As the executive head of the 
 American and Central Committees which care for the 
 Russian refugees he has accomiilished much for his perse- 
 cuted brethren. 
 
 LEWIS S. GOEBEL. 
 
 Lewis S. Coebel, of the New \'ork bar, was born in this 
 city on July 9th, 1839, and is of (lerman-.Xmerican descent 
 His youth was passed in the leather business with his father, 
 Conrad Coeljel. Owing to reverses overtaking the house 
 he w\as (Compelled to seek another vocation, and determined 
 upon a ])rofessional career. He was educated in the public 
 schools and the Free Academy, now the College of the 
 t'ity of New York, from which institution he was graduated 
 in 1.S64. His legal training was gained in Columbia Law 
 School, from whi( h he received his jiachelor of Law degree 
 in the class of i866. Mr. Goebel defrayed his college ex- 
 ijenses by teaching school, which vocation he engaged in 
 for seven years, for two years of which time he was a teacher 
 
 / 
 
 tl 
 
 % 
 
 ~«- 
 
 I. 
 
 M. \\.\KI.K\ l'l,.\r/RK. 
 
 I.I-;\\ IS S. (IdKllKI.. 
 
 and a liberal share of his means to philanthropic move- 
 ments. He is President of the K. S. B. Benevolent Organi- 
 zation, which has paid out over five millions of dollars to 
 widows, orphans and the distressed. The order has a mem- 
 bership of over ten thousand throughout the United States. 
 For five years he was President of the Young Men's Hebrew 
 Association of New York City, is a member of the Hebrew 
 (Jrphan Asylum, Mount Sinai Hospital. Montefiore Home, 
 Home for the Aged and Infirm, United Hebrew Charities, 
 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and 
 .-Animals, and is a contributor to St. John's Guild, the Home 
 of Industry and other charitable institutions. Mr. Platzek 
 was one of the organizers of the Jewish Publication Society, 
 and has presided over its annual convention; one of the 
 original projectors of the .\merican Jewish Historical So- 
 ciety; an incorporator and is one of the directors of the 
 Aguilar Free Library Society, and is on the directorate of 
 
 in School No. 36, Eleventh Ward. Immediately after grad- 
 uating from Columbia he began the practice of his pro- 
 fession, and soon gained distinction in legal circles. He 
 devotes his attention to a general civil practice, and makes 
 a specialty of real estate, surrogate and equity causes, in 
 which departments of the law he has been successful. His 
 clientage is large, and is derived mostly from the prominent 
 (jermans of the city. Mr. Goebel is one of the best known 
 and most popular citizens of the Metroijolis, as has been 
 frequently attested in municipal contests. In 1875 he was 
 the Republican candidate for Civil Justice in the Seventh, 
 Eleventh and Thirteenth Wards, and made an excellent run 
 in that Democratic stronghold, carrying the Eleventh \V;ird 
 by 1,200, which usually went Democratic by 2,500. In 
 1876, against his wishes he was made the Republican 
 nominee for the Marine Court Bench and, without making 
 a canvass, ran 1,500 votes ahead of Hayes' Electoral ticket. 
 
258 
 
 NEU' VGA' A', THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 The strength displayed by Mr. Goebel in that election led 
 to his selection as the Republican candidate for Senate in 
 the old Sixth District. He was elected by 600 votes in a 
 district which was Democratic by 7,000, and served with 
 credit in the State Senate, where he was a warm champion 
 of that brilliant statesman and lawyer, the late Roscoe 
 Conkling, for whose reinstatement he voted. The Republi- 
 cans brought him forward for County Clerk in 1885, and 
 he made a strong run, but his greatest compliment was 
 received as Republican candidate for Register in 1886, 
 when he received 20.000 more votes than Theo. Roosevelt, 
 who headed the ticket. This was in the triangular Mayoralty 
 fight in which Mr. Hewitt w'as elected, and the vote shows 
 the large personal following Mr. Goebel has in the city. 
 He was married in 1866 and has a familv of five children. 
 George C, the eldest, is a graduate of New York Col- 
 
 tained a full history of the machine, its invention, modifica- 
 tion, and the men who had much to do with making of 
 it the undoubted success it is to-day. Among those men 
 perhaps the most prominent is Mr. Philip ']\ Dodge, Presi- 
 dent and General Manager of the Mergenthaler Linotype 
 Company. Mr. Dodge was born in Wisconsin, but came 
 to New York in early life, like so many other bright intel- 
 lects who see in this city a wide field for the display of their 
 abilities. He was educated in New York, after which he 
 went to Washington, where he assumed the study of patent 
 law, a study in which year by year more and more young 
 men of brains engage themselves. Admitted to the bar in 
 1871, Mr. Dodge almost immediately succeeded in making 
 a name for himself, and soon became known as one of the 
 foremost lawyers at the National Capital. His expert 
 knowledge of the patent law brought him many of the lead- 
 
 PHILIP T. DODGE. 
 
 lege Law School, and is in his father's office, while Lewis 
 S., Jr., his second son, is taking a course in the College of 
 the City of New' York. Mr. Goebel is of domestic habits, 
 and devotes no time to club-life. His chief recreation 
 consists of his summering in the Adirondack Mountains, 
 where he has a cottage. 
 
 PHILIP T. DODGE. 
 
 A few years ago compositors began talking in a vague 
 way about the new machine to do away with ordinary type 
 and type-setting, which, rumor said, was to be introduced in 
 their composing-rooms by the great daily papers, bufjjro 
 nounced the idea an impracticable one. Nevertheless they 
 have been introduced, and are now used in leading offices in 
 all parts of the world; among others by the New York Re- 
 corder, which, in one of its recent Sunday editions, con- 
 
 ing manufacturing companies of the country for clients, and 
 he naturally drifted into patent litigation almost exclusively. 
 He took an interest in patents and inventions apart from 
 litigation altogether, and watched the crude models of type- 
 setting machines with special care, knowing what a revolu- 
 tion one would effect if successful, and what a fortune 
 would be in it for the owners. Even aside from its money 
 aspect, Mr. Dodge, when he was entrusted by the associates 
 of the inventor, Ottman Mergenthaler, with the protection 
 of his patent rights in the now famous Linotype, threw 
 himself into the enterprise with enthusiasm, as he realized its 
 potent possibilities and the great benefit it would confer upon 
 mankind. Hence he bent all his energies toward the suc- 
 cess of the enterprise, and his counsels and ideas were found 
 to be of inestimable value. The Recorder, in the sketch 
 referred to, says : " Personally Mr. Dodge is a gentleman of 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 259 
 
 commanding presence. He is tall, well built and distimruishcd 
 in his bearing and carriage. He is a man of cxceptionallv 
 brilliant attainments, a graceful writer, fascinating conver- 
 sationalist, and more than all, the embodiment of all that 
 betokens a far-sighted and successful business man." In 
 November, 1891, the old company gave place to the present 
 organization, and the title assumed was the Mergenthaler 
 Linotype Company, which conducts two factories" and em- 
 ploys many hundred men. Among its directors are such 
 names as D. O. Mills, William C. Whitney, Ogden Mills 
 Daniel S. Lamont and H. McK. Twombly. 
 
 J. ARTHUR BARRATT. 
 
 J. Arthur Barratt, of the Bar of the Metropolis, was born 
 in 1857, and is descendant from good English Yorkshire 
 ancestry. The family for many generations has produced 
 men who have risen to eminence in the church and ])romi- 
 nence in the business world. The family's coat of arms is 
 a shield with three buckles in locenge; crest, a galley with 
 oars saltire ; Motto: ''Honor, probitas. Dais cum nos." |. 
 -Vrthur is a son of Rev. J. A. Barratt and was educated in 
 the College of the City of New York, graduating in the class 
 of 1877 with Master of Arts degree. 'His legaftraining was 
 secured at Columbia Law School, from which he graduated 
 in 1881 as a Bachelor of Law, and in the office of [ames C. 
 Carter. He was admitted to practice the same yeaV, and to 
 the Bar of the Supreme Court, in Washington, in 189 1, upon 
 motion of Hon. William M. Evarts. Mr. Barratt's talents, 
 coupled vvith his thorough preparation, soon secured him' 
 recognition in his profession, and, practically unaided and 
 solely through his own efforts, he has risen to success and 
 distinction. His clientele is of the desirable kind and in- 
 cludes corporations, institutions and mercantile concerns, 
 while his practice is confined principally to corporation liti- 
 gation and surrogate causes, though he also transacts a 
 general civil business. Through str'ict adherence to honor- 
 able and professional methods he has won the respect of 
 Bench and Bar, and secured the confidence of his clients. 
 Mr. Barratt has contributed interesting articles to American 
 and FLnglish papers, was associated with the author of a 
 standard history of the Baptists, and, while in college, was 
 on the editorial staff of the college paper and was' also 
 president of the chief literary society of that institution. He 
 is fond of the arts, sciences and antiquities, and his chief 
 recreation consists of hunting expeditions through the 
 mountains. He takes an active interest in politics, is an 
 enthusiastic Republican, and in 1S88 procured the first 
 arrest for bribery at the polls under the United States 
 Statutes. Mr. Barratt is a member of the ESar Association, 
 and has been First Yice-President of the Baptist Social 
 Union, is one of the founders of the Chinese Hospital, one 
 of the Board of Trustees of the Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, 
 and organized the first joint meeting of the Protestant 
 Churches of this city and brought them together in joint 
 meeting in 1890. He is and for fifteen years has been a 
 member of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church and belongs to 
 the Society of Chinese Brethren. Mr. Barratt has travelled 
 extensively, mingled in the best English and American 
 society, and made many desirable acquaintances and warm 
 friends. 
 
 W. S. TAYLOR. 
 
 The founder of the well-known firm of Taylor & Blood- 
 good, wholesale felt manufacturers of New Jersey and New 
 York, was Mr. John H. Bloodgood, who, in 1847, joined 
 Horace Trumbull, of Vermont, and started a mill in Union 
 County, New Jersey. At that time, besides the Eastern 
 mills, vvhich made the bulk of the felt goods manufactured 
 in this country, there were only two or three establish- 
 
 ments making the same class of goods in New Jersey and 
 then only on a very small scale. Mr. Bloodgood and his 
 partner purchased a pro; ertv formerly occupied as an ex- 
 tensive print works, which had been in great part destroyed 
 by fire. I hey utilized the buildings which the fire had 
 spared, and made a good start in the business. In i8co 
 they were joined by William E. Bloodgood, and the manu- 
 ''■''=J°';y.,I'.rospered until 1852, when the firm was dissolved 
 and W ilham E. Bloodgood took the sole management of the 
 business. It gradually extended until it became one of the 
 most important manufactories of New Jersey \Villiam F 
 Bloodgood continued to manage the business successfully 
 until 1875. "'len lie retired, and was succeeded by the pres- 
 ent firm, William S. Tavlor and William Bloodgood, Jr 
 who have still further mcrea.scd the business until at the 
 present day, it contains eight sets of cards with 400-horse 
 power engines, and can jiroduce 5,000 vards per day It is 
 unquestionably the best ecpiipped and one of the largest 
 felt mills in the country for making felts of every descrijUion 
 
 / 
 
 W. S. TAVLOR. 
 
 William S. Taylor, the present head of the fi:m, was born in 
 England, October 12, 1827. He came to New York in 1855, 
 and he has been a hard and succ.-ssful worker in the dry- 
 goods district since 1861. Mr. Taylor married Emma Wood- 
 ruff, the daughter of a large Lancashire cotton spinner. He 
 has two sons, both married. The eldest is in business with 
 his father, and the youngest. Herbert, is in Scranton. Mr. 
 Taylor is a remarkably well preserved man for his age, and he 
 attributes it largely to his having been always hard at work 
 since he was fourteen years old. He has succeeded in life 
 without any assistance from other sources but his own in- 
 dustry and perseverance, and he prides himself upon having 
 always paid one hundred cents on the dollar. He resides 
 in Brooklyn, and is a member of the Manhattan Club and 
 of the Oxford Club of Brooklyn. He is also a prominent 
 member of Dr. Cuyler's Lafayette .Avenue Church and a 
 trustee of the City Savings Bank, a director of the Brook- 
 lyn Homoeopathic Hospital, of the Old Men's Home and 
 the Women's Memorial Hospital. 
 
26o 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 OTTO IRVING WISE. 
 Otto Irving Wise, of the New York bar, was born in 
 Vienna, Austria, on December 5, 1869, and is a son of 
 Rev. Dr. Aaron Wise, who for more than twenty years 
 1ias been Rabbi of 'I'emple Rodolph Sholom, New York, 
 and was editor of the Bostcn Hebre^v Observer and the 
 Ne7v York Jc'cvish Herald. For seven generations back 
 numbers of this family have been Rabbis and men of 
 distinction. Rev. Dr. Joseph Wise, paternal grandfather 
 of Otto Irving Wise, was Chief Rabbi of Hungary, Austria, 
 until the day of his death. His widow, Rachel Wise, 
 wandered to Jerusalem, where she gave all she had to 
 charity, and established at her death a free fountain for 
 the poor. The present generation the Wise family is re- 
 presented in the church by Rev. Stephen S. Wise, a 
 younger brother of Otto, who has been called to the 
 |)ulpit of the Congregation at Madison Avenue and Sixty- 
 fifth Street. The subject of this sketch received his pre- 
 
 intellectual attainments he is sure to attain that distinction 
 in his profession which is the recognition accorded men 
 of brains. Mr. Wise is also well known in commercial, 
 political and social circles. He is President of the Cal- 
 verton (Long Island) Land Association, Secretary and 
 Treasurer of the Real Estate Improvement and Investment 
 Company of New Jersey, President of the Literary Re- 
 view Co., President of the Federal Republican Club, 
 Chairman of the Republican organization of the Twenty- 
 first District, Honorary Grand President of the Comanch 
 Legion, and belongs to the Phi Epsilon Gamma Society. 
 He is a member of temple Rodolph Sholom, on Lexington 
 Avenue, a trustee of the congregation Har Sinai, and 
 member of a number of Jewish societies. On February 
 Sth, 1893, Mr. Wise married Miss Ethal A Rosenthal, 
 daughter of Major Henry Rosenthal of Baltimore, Md. 
 He resides on Park Avenue and has offices in the Stewart 
 Building. 
 
 ,^ 
 
 f*^' ^Hx 
 
 OTTO IRVING WISE. 
 
 paratory education in the public schools, entered the 
 College of the City of New York, and was graduated with 
 the Bachelor of Arts degree. His legal training was 
 gained in the office of Abraham Gruber, and the Law 
 Department of the New York University, from which he 
 graduated as a Bachelor of Laws. During his college 
 career he published a newspaper called The College Jour- 
 nal, in 1887 edited the English edition of a weekly called 
 Hungaria, and in 1888 published and edited the Literary 
 Review of New York. During this time he assumed con- 
 trol of the New York Hebrew World which he success- 
 fully conducted until 1892, since which date he has de- 
 voted his assiduous attention to the practice of law. 
 Although established for a comparative short time, yet he 
 has already displayed rare aptitude for the profession' and 
 shown the advantages of a thorough legal course. He 
 confines his practice principally to the civil departments 
 of law, and has built up a clientage the proportions of 
 which augur well for the future. With his talents and 
 
 THEODORE SUTRO. 
 
 THEODORE SUTRO, 
 
 Probably no other department of the legal profession 
 presents as wide a scope for men of talent as that branch 
 designated as corporation law, and among the members of the 
 New York bar to gain distinction in this field is Theodore 
 Sutro. He was born at Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia, in 1845, 
 lost his father by death in 1847, and came with his mother 
 to this country, in 1850, settling in Baltimore. His 
 preparatory education was secured in the Baltimore City 
 College and Phillips Exeter Academy. From the latter 
 institution he entered Harvard College, graduated as a 
 Bachelor of Arts in 187 1, and subsequently received his 
 Bachelor of Law degree from Columbia Law School, 
 where his legal training was secured. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1874, and immediately began practising, devoting 
 his attention principally to corporation and mercantile 
 litigation. In this special deparlment of his profession he 
 has been successful and gained distinction. Much of the 
 success attending the important litigated matters he has 
 
JVEiy YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 conducted is attributable to the remarkable faculty he 
 possesses of reorganizing and placing on a solid basis 
 corporations whose affairs have become complicated through 
 mismanagement or poor business ]ioliry. As a promoter of 
 large financial and industrial enterprises, he enjoys a 
 national and international rejiutation. An instance of the 
 latter may be cited in his reorganization and reformation of 
 that stupendous tunnelling enterprise, the C'omstock Tunnel 
 Company, the affairs of which were in such chaotic state 
 that but for his brilliant legal mancvuvring and skillful 
 financiering they would probably ne\er ha\e been un- 
 raveled. In 1SS9 he became a nu-nilier iif tlie firm of 
 Messrs. Salomon, Dulon Ov Sutid, uhicli re]>resents as 
 counsel the German .nul Austrian ( lovernnients, the 
 (lerman Savings Bank of New \'ork, (lermania Life 
 Insurance Company, the C.ernian-American Hank, the 
 Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Company, the Cernian 
 ('lub and other large corporations, financial institutions and 
 mercantile interests. Mr. Sutro's professional career has 
 not only been a distinguished one, but has also been so 
 conducted as to secure him the respect and esteem of both 
 Bench and Bar. He is equally prominent in social and 
 club circles, where his genial personality and intellectual 
 attainments have won him a host of warm friends. He is 
 a member of the City and State Bar Associations, Society of 
 Medical Jurisprudence, the Harvard, Clerman and Drawing- 
 Room Clubs, Phi Beta Kappa Alumni, Cerman Society, 
 (German Hospital, German Polyklinik, Society for Prevention 
 of Cruelty to Children, Society for Prevention of Cruelty to 
 .Animals and other associations. In 1884, Mr. Sutro 
 married Miss Florence Clinton, a beautiful, accomijlished 
 and talented lady, who ])resides with grace over his social 
 board and renders their occasional musicales among the 
 delightful fashionable events of the season, and contributes 
 as patroness toward the success of such important enter- 
 tainments as the recent Eulalie Gala Ball. 
 
 JOHN ARCHIBALD SHIELDS. 
 
 Among the oldest and most popular officials in New 
 York is John Archibald Shields, who has been connected 
 with the United States Circuit Court as boy and man for 
 nearly forty years. Mr. Shields was born in Brooklyn, 
 November 20, 1839, and was educated at the]jublic schools. 
 When only 16 vears old he became ofiice boy in Clerk's 
 Office of the United States Circuit Court. He attended to 
 his duties diligently, and also found time to study law. 
 From office boy he gradually rose until he became cashier, 
 and in April, i86g, he was appointed United States com- 
 missioner. In May, 1870, he was admitted to the Bar. 
 Mr. Shields continued to increase his reputation for use- 
 fulness in his peculiar line of work, and in 1876 he was 
 made deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court, arriving at the top- 
 most height of his department in May, 1888, when he was 
 appointed Clerk of the Court. This position he still holds 
 in addition to the United States Commissionershi]), and he 
 is also Clerk of the United States Court of Ap|)eals for the 
 Second Judicial Circuit, being appointed June, 1891. Mr. 
 Shields through long service and his natural ability is con- 
 sidered an authority upon the peculiar cases and legal 
 difficulties that are brought before the Circuit Court, such 
 as extradition cases, counterfeiting and other offences 
 against the laws of the United States, Post Office cases, 
 offences on American ships on the high seas, violations of 
 the revenue laws, smuggling, and he also sits as a Master in 
 Chancery. His large experience in patent cases causes him 
 to be frequently appointed as a referee to compute damages. 
 Mr. Shields resides in a handsome mansion on Schermer- 
 horn Street, Brooklyn. He married in 1869 Miss Mary C. 
 Rogers, of Brooklyn, and has a family of five children. He 
 is very popular socially, and is a member of the Brooklyn Club. 
 
 CHARLES I. SCHAMPAIN. 
 
 Charles I. Schampain. of the New York bar, was born in 
 the Metropolis in 1852. and comes of good German-Ameri- 
 can descent. His uncle. Professor Ollendorff, is the author 
 of a celebrated system of grammars for all languages, which 
 is in extensive use throughout the schools of America and 
 Europe. 
 
 Charles I. was orphane<l at the tender age of fif- 
 teen months, at New Orleans, and was sent to New York 
 by an uncle a few weeks after the death of his jjarents. He 
 was adojitetl by an aunt and uncle in this city, where he at- 
 tended the public schools until he reached the I'irst Gram- 
 mar School, when his adopted luirents removed to Ohio, 
 where he finished his studies in the educational institutions 
 of Cincinnati. In 1866 he relumed to New York, and in 
 1867 commenced the study of law in the office of Horatio F. 
 Averill, afterwards Averill, Allison ..S: Averill. His admis- 
 sion to the bar took place in November, 1S73, and he imme- 
 
 CH.\RLES I. SCHAMP.AIN. 
 
 diately began the practice of his profession, devoted his 
 attention to civil matters, and made a specialty of litigated 
 cases and real estate causes, to which dejwrtments of the 
 law he now directs his ])ractice exclusively. Thnnigh his 
 ability, close application to business and honorable pro- 
 fessional methods he has not only gained success, but also 
 won an enviable position in legal circles, where he enjoys 
 the respect of both bench and bar. His clientele is derived 
 from an influential class of real estate, business men, and 
 large property owners, who place every confidence in his 
 ability to prosecute or defend their claims. In February, 
 1886, Mr. Schamjjain got out an injunction restraining the 
 Sinking Fund Commissioners from entering contracts 
 with the New York Water Company for the erection of 
 water pumps in the drygoods and other districts. He 
 claimed that it was a scheme for enriching private parties 
 and corrupt politicians at an annual cost of $1,200,000 to 
 the city. For many years he was Vice-President of the 
 
262 
 
 HEtV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Central Taxpayers' Association, was its chief advocate in 
 all measures it introduced, and appeared as counsel for its 
 members in litigations against the city officials. He man- 
 damused Rollin M. Squire, and was the first and only law- 
 yer to attack the constitutionality of collecting water taxes 
 under the present system. The Aqueduct law, as standing 
 to-day, was amended by Thomas L. Feitner and himself, 
 and so passed by the Legislature. He was Secretary of 
 the Citizens' Committee appointed by Mayor Grace to 
 oppose the bill for new parks, but has always been identified 
 with measures honestly intended for the benefit of Neu- York. 
 Mr. Schampain is Vice-President of the Tammany Hall Gen- 
 eral Committee of the Fourth Assembly District, an active 
 member of its Committee on Organization and belongs to 
 the Tammany Association, President of Rutgers and mem- 
 ber of many other organizations. In June, 1881, he married 
 Miss Anna R. Weber, of this city, and has one son. 
 
 ORLANDO METCALF HARPER. 
 
 Orlando Metcalf Harper, merchant, was born at Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa., .Sept. 17, 1846, son of John Harper, who was 
 President of the Bank of Pittsburgh and the president and 
 director of many otiier institutions and public enterprises. 
 
 ORL.'iNDO METCALF HARPER. 
 
 and also distinguished as a philanthropist, taking special 
 interest in the amelioration of the condition of the insane. 
 Mr. Harper is of Englibh descent on both sides. His 
 maternal ancestors were among the early settlers in New 
 England. He is of the ninth generation on his mother's 
 side in descent from John Humfrey, Deputy Governor of 
 Massachusetts Bay Company, who was in 1641 chosen first 
 Major-General of the colony, and of his wife. Lady Susan 
 Clinton, daughter of Thomas, third Earl of Lincoln, and 
 Lady Elizabeth, his wife. His great-grandfather, Arunah 
 Metcalf, represented the Otsego County (N. Y.) district in 
 the Twelfth U. S. Congress, sessions 181 1-1813. Mr. Harper 
 was educated at Yale College. Though not completing his 
 course, owing to permanent injury to his eyes, his Alma 
 
 Mater conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.A. 
 Li T867 he engaged in the cotton manufacturing business, 
 continuing in that pursuit for nearly nineteen years, at 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., when he removed to New York City, and 
 established in 1888 the cotton goods commission business 
 in which he is still engaged. At one time he was editorially 
 connected with a daily newspaper. While at Pittsburgh, he 
 was President of the Eagle Cotton Mills Company, Pitts- 
 burgh ; President of the Eagle Mills, Madison, Ind. ; director 
 in the Bank of Pittsburgh, and also in the Pittsburgh and 
 Allegheny Suspension Bridge Company, and was Vice- 
 President of the Association of Southern and Western 
 Cotton Manufacturers. He is a trustee of the Birkbeck 
 Investment Company, and is President of the Merchants' 
 Reliance Company, a member of the Chamber of Commerce 
 of the State of New York, of the Pennsyh-ania and New 
 York Historical Societies, of the New Yor'ic Geographical 
 Society, of the Museum of Art ; of the Manhattan, Mer- 
 chants' and Commonwealth clubs ; of the Sons of the 
 American Revolution, and of the New York Cotton 
 Exchange. In November, 1877, Mr. Harper married Kath- 
 leen Theodora, daughter of John Livingston Ludlow, M D., 
 and granddaughter of John Ludlow, D.D., LL.D., an 
 eminent Dutch Reformed clergyman. 
 
 CHARLES H. MURRAY. 
 
 Hon. Charles H. Murray, of the New York bar, was born 
 in San Francisco, Cal., on January 2, 1855, and comes of 
 good Colonial and Revolutionary ancestors, who figured 
 ]irominently in the early history of New England. William 
 Murray, the son of a Scottish nobleman, came to New 
 England in 1718, with MacGregor's expedition, settled in 
 Londonderry, N. H., and later moved to Amherst, Mass. 
 He married, and from his progeny have descended men 
 who have become illustrious in war and eminent in the 
 various professions. Elihu Murray, the great-grandfather 
 of Charles H., resided at Deerfield, Mass., at the begin- 
 ning of the Revolutionary war, and was a nephew of Seth 
 Murray, who tiecame a distinguished General in the Re- 
 volutionary Army. Immediately after the fight at Lexing- 
 ton F^lihu volunteered at Hatfield, under Captain Israel 
 Chapin. His company was attached to the regiment com- 
 manded by Col. John Fellows. He marched with his 
 company to the siege of Boston and took part in 
 that and the battle of Bunker Hill. C^n the day of his 
 discharge he re-enlisted in Col. Joseph Reed's Regiment, 
 and was promoted. He participated in the battles of Long 
 Island and Throgg's Neck. On the invasion of Burgoyne he 
 \olunteered again in the regiment commanded by Colonel 
 David Wells, and participated m the battle of Bennington, 
 and was present at the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne at Sara- 
 toga, October 17th, 1777. After this term ot service ex- 
 pired, and be-fore 1780, he was commissioned a Captain in 
 the Continental Line, and transferred to the Quartermaster 
 General Department, and served under Gen. ^VadswoIthto 
 the close of the war. Other ancestors of Mr. Murray's were 
 equally prominent in other walks of life. Through the 
 maternal line Mr. Murray is descended from Elder Wil- 
 liam Brewster, who came in the Mayflower, and from the 
 Starr, Eldridge, and Billings families, well known m the 
 Colonial history of New England. Shortly after the 
 birth of the subject of this sketch, his parents removed to 
 Binghamton, this State, and five years later came to the 
 Metropolis. He was prepared for college in private and 
 boarding schools, entered Mount Pleasant Military Acad- 
 emy, and was graduated as valedictorian of his class. He 
 at once began the study of law, in the office of his uncle, 
 Hon. Charles D. Murray, of Dunkirk, N. Y., where he re- 
 mained three years. He came to the city, and finished his 
 studies in the office of another uncle, Hon. Samuel G. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 263 
 
 Courtney, Ex-United States Attorney for the Southern 
 District of New York, upon whose deatli Mr. Murray suc- 
 ceeded to his large law ])ractice. Mr. Murray has devoted his 
 attention princijially to ror|)oration, surrogate, insurance 
 and mercantile laws, and has won an enviable jjosition at 
 the New York Bar, where he enjoys the respect and esteem 
 of both judges and colleagues. Since 18S4 he has been 
 prominently identified with politics, and displayed remark- 
 able qualification as a successful leader. Since 1886 he 
 has been President of the Knrolled Republicans of the Third 
 Assembly District and in 1889 was chosen leader of that 
 district, a position he still occupies, much to the success of 
 his party. In 1890 President Harrison ap[jointed him L'. S. 
 Su]>ervisor of the Census for the First i")istrict of New York, 
 and in 1891 he was appointed special .'\ssisiant IT. S. 
 I/>istrict Attorney and Counsel to the Commissioner of Im 
 niigration of the Port of New York, all of which positions he 
 tilled in an able and satisfactory manner. In 1892 he was 
 a delegate to the National Con\ention at Minneapolis. His 
 
 D. B. IVISON, 
 President of the American liook Company, is descended 
 from Scotch stock. His father, Henry Ivison, was the 
 organizer of the firm of Ivison, iJlakeman, 'I'aylor & Com- 
 pany. Mr. Ivison took his father's place in that firm, in- 
 heriting not only his [josition, but his sterling integrity and 
 ui)rightness. He entered the business in 1857, at the age 
 01 twenty-two years, and rose by industry and ai)p!ication 
 to the most prominent jjosition, enabling his father to retire 
 in 18S0 and s|)end a few years in quiet. .Mr. hison has 
 been an elder in the Presbyterian Church since 1863, and is 
 active in all good works. The American Pook Company 
 was incorporated in the spring of 1890, in New Jersey, for 
 the |)urpose of publishing school books. Instead of pro- 
 curing manuscripts of uncertain worth and awaiting the 
 tedious iirocess of testing the value of new books, the com- 
 pany purchased of several firms the best and most jjopular 
 books in the market, thus securing a trade from the l)egin- 
 ning. The [lurchased list of school books were those for- 
 
 ^r ^ m 
 
 "^^ 
 
 CH.\RLES H. MURR.W. 
 
 opinions are sought on political questions involving State 
 and municipal politics, and his voice carries weight in the 
 deliberations of his party for which he has so faithfully 
 worked. Mr. Murray's private, public and professional 
 career has been so conducted as to not only perpetuate the 
 name he bears, but also to add lustre to it. He is one of 
 the founders of the Society of Colonial Wars and its Deputy 
 Cieneral Governor for New York State; is a member of the 
 Cincinnati Society, and its Vice-President in the State of 
 Connecticut, and belongs to the Society of the Sons of Re- 
 volution, Sons of American Revolution, Loyal Legion, 
 and is one of the Board of Direction of the Society 
 of 181 2. He is and for many years has been the 
 President of the Lincoln Republican Club of the Third 
 .Assembly District, which has increased in membership 
 under his management. Mr. Murray was married to Miss 
 Grace Peckham, daughter of Dr. Fenner Peckham, of 
 Providence, and resides at No. 25 Madison A\enue. 
 
 D. B. IVISON. 
 
 merly owned by D. Appleton & Co., \. S. Barnes & Co., 
 Ivison, Blakeman & Co., Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., and 
 the common school hooks of Harper Brothers. Three of 
 these firms dissolved and went out of business. The mo- 
 tive that led to the creation of this company was the wide- 
 spread demand on the part of the people that standard 
 school books should be jjrocurable at low rates. Promi)t 
 steps were taken to accomplish this purpose. The first 
 announcement of the American Book Company made 
 known better rates and terms than were ever before given, 
 and, to prevent any exorbitant prices, even in the remotest 
 parts of the country, the comjiany delivers books by mail, 
 ])ostpaid, at their former wholesale prices. The list of inih- 
 lications owned by the .American Book ('om])any embraces 
 about three thousand items, covering all the branches usually 
 taught in the common schools and high schools of this 
 country. In evcrv brancli of study they own the books 
 that have acquiretl the most extensive sale by reason of 
 
264 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 their adaptation to school work. This has enabled com- 
 petitors to charge the company with being a "trust." The 
 fact is true that the company does own the best books, but 
 there are nearly a hundred competing publishers owning 
 thousands of books that are pressing for a place in public 
 favor. The American Book Company has published many 
 new books since its formation and has others in prepara- 
 tion. It is its purpose to provide books for every new 
 demand, and to sustain the reputation of its list as at the 
 head of this line of publication. The company has for its 
 directors twelve men of the widest experience in the busi- 
 ness : W. H. Appleton, W. W. Appleton. D. Appleton, H. 
 T. Ambrose, A. C. Barnes, H. B. Barnes, C. J. Barnes, B. 
 Blakeman, C. S. Bragg, A. H. Hinkle, D. B. Ivison, and H. 
 H. Vail. Under the control of the board and selected Irom 
 this number is an Executive Committee of three, at present 
 consisting of H. T. Ambrose, A. C. Barnes and H. H. 
 Vail The Executive Committee is responsible for the 
 daily conduct of the business in all its departments, and its 
 meetings are governed by the President, who acts as Chair- 
 man. 
 
 WILLIAM W. FLANNAGAN. 
 
 There is no section of the United States which looks to 
 New York as the Metropolis par excellence as intently as 
 the South. Seeing in this city a broad field for their abil- 
 ities, Southerners come here to win fame or fortune, or 
 both ; as a consequence we meet successful Southern gen- 
 tlemen in all departments of finance, trade, and commerce, 
 as well as in the professions. Prominent among such success- 
 ful business men is William W. Flannagan, President of the 
 Southern National Bank. He was born in Charlottesville, 
 Albemarle County, Va., on November 6, 1843, and comes 
 of good old American stock of Irish and English descent. 
 His father, B. C. Flannagan, was a leading merchant and 
 banker in Charlottesville. The founder of the American 
 family settled in Albemarle County before the Revolution, 
 and his grandfather and great-grandfather on the paternal 
 side engaged in agricultural pursuits. From the Gilmer 
 papers of the Virginia Historical Society it appears that 
 Wittle Flannagan, his ancestor, was one of the signers 
 of a declaration of independence, together with Thomas 
 Jefferson and other residents of Albemarle County, 
 prior to the issuance of the Declaration of Independence 
 ultimately adopted in 1776. William Flannagan, grand- 
 father of the subject of this sketch, fought in the war of 
 1812-14. On the maternal side, his great-grandfather was 
 John Timberlake, an Englishman who lived at Shadwell 
 Mills, which he owned, where Thomas Jefferson was born. 
 His son, Rev. Walker Timberlake, was a prominent farmer, 
 who followed his business on week days and on Sundays 
 acted as pastor of " Temple Hill," one of the old-fashioned 
 meeting houses in that section. Mr. Flannagan was edu- 
 cated primarily in a select school at Edge Hill, Albemarle 
 County, under Colonel Frank G. Ruffin, son-in-law of 
 Thomas Jefferson Randolph, who was a grandson of 
 Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Ruffin was afterwards Auditor of 
 the State of Virginia. He was next sent to the Albemarle 
 Military Institute at Charlottesville, in charge of Col. John 
 Bowie Strange, who distinguished himself in the Civil War 
 and fell at the battle of Sharpsburg. From 1858 to 1861 
 Mr. Flannagan attended the famous academy presided over 
 by Dr. Gessner Harrison. This institution had many dis- 
 tinguished graduates of the University of Virginia in charge 
 of its various departments. Prominent Southern families 
 were represented among the students, many of whom sub- 
 sequently became celebrated. Several of them died on the 
 field of battle, but among the survivors who were classmates 
 of Mr. Flannagan, we find such men as the Hon. John W. 
 Daniel, United States Senator from Virginia ; Thomas 
 
 Jones, Governor of Alabama ; J. F. Epps, Congressman 
 from Virginia ; Robert Goldthwaite, of Alabama, and T. B. 
 Dallas, of Tennessee, and many other well-known men. 
 From there he went to a temporary military school, organ- 
 ized at the University of Virginia, and ultimately was en- 
 tered at the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, Va., 
 whence he graduated in the class of 1863. Stonewall 
 Jackson had been professor in this institute. He enlisted 
 in October, 1863, in the Confederate army, was attached to 
 the First Regiment of Mining Engineers as Orderly Ser- 
 geant of Company I, but soon had himself transferred to 
 McGregor's Battery of the Stuart Horse Artillery, which 
 gave him all the fighting he was looking for. He was pro- 
 moted to Corporal in his first battle, and when McGregor 
 was made Major, was promoted to be Adjutant of the Bat- 
 talion, his commission having been signed and forwarded, 
 but was not received because of the surrender of Appomat- 
 tox. The company he belonged to, though at Appomattox 
 Court House, was, however, not captured ; it marched from 
 Appomattox to Lynchburg on April 9, and was there dis- 
 banded. After the surrender Mr. Flannagan borrowed 
 $1,000, and opened a country store in Port Republic, Va., 
 which he sold a year later at a profit of $1,600, and obtained 
 the position of Cashier of the Virginia Loan and Trust 
 Company at Charlottesville, V a. The Trust Company was 
 afterwards merged in the Citizens' National Bank, which 
 was in turn consolidated with the Charlottesville National. 
 He was in 1875 elected cashier of the People's Bank of 
 Charlottesville, which was in 1881 made a National Bank, 
 and in 1885 was elected cashier of the Commercial National 
 Bank of New York, when that institution was founded, 
 with a capital of $300,000. By this time his financial 
 capacity and executive ability were established, and in 1890 
 he was elected to his ]jresent position as President of the 
 Southern National Bank, its capital having been increased to 
 $1,000,000. In the management of this bank he has been 
 brilliantly successful. Mr. Flannagan, needless to state, 
 occupies a high social position. He was married at Lex- 
 ington, Va., on September 17. 1863, to Miss Fanny Jordan, 
 of an old Southern family, who was herself one of the 
 reigning beauties of the South. He is an officer in the vari- 
 ous banking institutions named, is trustee of St. John's Guild, 
 Lieut. Commander of the Confederate Veteran Camp of New 
 Y'ork, member of the executive committee of the Southern 
 Society, and of the Chamber of Commerce of New York, trea- 
 surer of All Angels' Church, and is connected with many 
 banks, financial institutions and corporations. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Manhattan Club, Colonial Club, and the Players', of 
 this city. He is an authority on finance, and it was he who first 
 suggested the " Guarantee Fund, or Security for Deposits," 
 at an address he delivered before the American Bankers' 
 convention at Chicago in 1885. He is author of several 
 pamphlets on questions of currency and finance, including 
 one on the utilization of " Silver as a Basis for Bank Circu- 
 lation," and the " Necessity for a Bank Circulation," along 
 the lines which are now being advocated by Congressman 
 Harter, of Ohio. 
 
 P. HENRY DUGRO. 
 
 The Hon. P. Henry Dugro, one of the Justices of the 
 Superior Court, was born in New York City in 1855. He 
 received his early education in the public schools of the 
 city, and graduated from Columbia College in 1876. In 
 1878 he graduated from Columbia Law School, was admit- 
 ted to the bar immediately afterward and began the prac- 
 tice of law. In the fall of 1878, although then only twenty- 
 three years of age, he was elected to the Assembly from the 
 Fourteenth District, and in 1880 he was elected to Con- 
 gress from the Seventh Congressional District. In 1883 he 
 was nominated for Comptroller, but declined on account of 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 265 
 
 lU^ 
 
266 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 the death of his father. In 1886 he was elected to the 
 place on the Superior Court bench which he now fills with 
 credit to himself and full satisfaction to the public. In 
 1S90 he commenced the erection of the magnificent Savoy 
 Hotel, at Fifty-ninth Street and Fifth Avenue, which he 
 finished in the spring of 1892, and leased to the Savoy 
 Hotel Company, of which corporation he is Treasurer. 
 
 WILLIAM WALLACE FARMER 
 
 Is the representative and leading light of the old estab- 
 lished type founding firm of A. D. Farmer &: Son, well 
 known and respected as the Old New York Type Foundry, 
 and the bitter opponent and successful rival of the Americ.-m 
 Type Founding Trust. Mr. Farmer was born in Brooklyn 
 on January 12, 1851, and educated at the Polytechnic. He 
 graduated in 1868, and began his business career in his 
 father's office. He served an apprenticeship of eleven 
 
 years, becoming proficient in every branch of the foundry 
 business, and in 1881 was taken in as junior partner. Mr. 
 Farmer married Miss Annie Jones, of Brooklyn, in 1868, 
 and he had one son, but the mother and child died. He 
 married again in 1888, Mamie, daughter of E. M. Knowles, 
 a well-known banker of Wall Street. By this marriage an- 
 other son was born, who also died young. Mr. Farmer is a 
 social favorite. He belongs to the Colonial Club, the 
 Fulton Club and the Riverside Yacht Club, and he resides 
 at the Osborne Flats, on Fifty-seventh Street. Aaron D. 
 Farmer, the senior member of the Old New York Type 
 Foundry, was born in Bolton, Tolland County, Conn., in 
 January, 1816. He was educated in the common schools, 
 and at the early age of fourteen he came to New York. He 
 
 entered Elihu White's foundry, and worked his way up 
 until he became a partner, and is now the head of the old 
 firm. The history of the Farmer Type Foundry is very 
 interesting. It was first established by Elihu White, at 
 Hartford, Conn., as far back as 1804. In 1810 the busi- 
 ness was removed to New York, and became well known as 
 the Old New York Type Foundry. Mr. White was suc- 
 ceeded by Charles T. White & Co., and in 1857 the firm 
 was changed to Farmer, Little & Co. For many years the 
 business was carried on prosperously under this title, and it 
 was not until May, 1892, that the present firm, calling itself 
 the A. D. Farmer & Son Type Founding Company, became 
 the sole owners. For over forty years the name of Farmer 
 has been identified with the history and progress of typogra- 
 phy in America. 
 
 ALFRED C. BARNES. 
 
 General Alfred C. Barnes was born in Philadelphia, 
 Pa., October 27, 1842, but has resided since early childhood 
 in Brooklyn, N. Y. He is the eldest son of Alfred S. 
 Barnes, founder of the great publishing house of A. S. 
 liarnes &: Company ; his mother was a daughter of 
 General Timothy Burr, Commissary of the Western United 
 States Army in 181 2. General Barnes received a thorough 
 English and classical training at the Brooklyn Polytechnic 
 Institute, and at an early age entered the publishing house of 
 hisfather,in which he soon becamea partner. Hismilitary rec- 
 ord is a brilliant one. December 15, i860, Mr. Barnes enlisted 
 in Company C, Seventh Regiment. National Guard, taking 
 part in the memorable march of that regiment to the front 
 in .April, 1861. In November, 1862, he was transferred to 
 Company E, Twenty third Regiment, N. G., and was 
 identified with it during its efficient service in the civil war. 
 He was appointed Sergeant in 1863, participating in the 
 campaign around Gettysburg ; and was elected First 
 Lieutenant, Company E, May 10, 1864, resigning December 
 26, 1867. After nine years of retirement he was elected 
 Major of the same regiment in 1876, and commanded a 
 detachment of the regiment during a very critical period in 
 the riots of July, 1877. In 1880, Major Barnes was 
 appointed by Governor Cornell, General Insp ctor of Rifle 
 Practice, S. N. Y., wich the rank of Brigadier General. In 
 this capacity he was one of the Commission which located 
 and constructed the State Camp at Peekskill. He was 
 also assigned to the agreeable duty of receiving and enter- 
 taining the descendants of Lafayette, De Kalb and 
 Rochambeau at the time of the Yorktown celebration. He 
 subsequently became Colonel of the Thirteenth Regiment, 
 N. G., when his rank of brigadier general was confirmed by 
 brevet. The regiment attained great prosperity under his 
 command. General Barnes was originally a republican in 
 politics. He was for several terms president of the 
 Republican Association of the Twentieth Ward (then the 
 '• banner " Republican ward) of Brooklyn, and acted as 
 chairman of numerous political conventions, including that 
 which nominated Seth Low for Mayor of Brooklyn. He 
 subsequently became a democrat, and is now enrolled with 
 that party. He never was a candidate for any position of 
 emolument in the public service, though solicited to accept 
 nomination as congressman or mayor. In 1890 the fiim of 
 A. S. Barnes & Company sold its educational publications 
 to the American IBook Company, the most extensive 
 publishing house in the world. Of this concern General 
 Barnes is V^ice-President. He was appointed a Trustee of 
 the New York and Brooklyn Bridge in 1879, and served 
 continuously (receiving si.x reappointments) until the reor- 
 ganization of the Board as a paid commission in 1893. As 
 chairman of the Finance Committee he supervised the 
 immense exjienditures made upon the bridge, and also 
 devised the terminal structures and facilities now being put 
 
NFAV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 267 
 
 into oiieration on the Brooklyn side, whii li arc known in his 
 honor as the '' Barnes phtns." At the time of his retirement 
 he was the oldest trustee in continuous ser\i(e. (Jeneral 
 Barnes founded the Oxford Club in Brooklyn, in iS.So, and 
 was its first President. He has also served as President of 
 the Aldine Club in New York, and as a l)iie(l(ir ol the 
 Hamilton Club in Brooklyn. lie is a Trustee of Cornell 
 University, in connection with which he foiuided the 
 Barnes Reference l.ibrary at Ithaca, and is, or has been, a 
 Trustee of the Adelphi Academy, and of the Polytechnic 
 Institute of Brooklyn, a Director of the llrooklyn Hospital, 
 President of Brooklyn Home for Consumptives, Director 
 and President of the Brooklyn i-ibrary, etc., etc. He is 
 also a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, of 
 the Sons of the Revolution, of Post Lafayette, C. .\. R., 
 and of the Veteran Associations of Thirteenih and Twent)- 
 third Regiments, being President of the latter In 1 on- 
 nection with his business as a publisher Mr. Karnes has 
 cultivated literary tastes, possesses a large library, and 
 frequently writes for the jjress. He is also kindly received 
 as a public s|)eaker ujjon occasion. Upon the removal of 
 his business from John Street to Broadway near Eleventh 
 Street, a few years ago, he was imjjressed with the lack of 
 banking facilities in the neighborhood, and thereujjon 
 organized the Astor Place Bank, now a \ery prosperous 
 institution, of which he is the President. Mr. Karnes 
 married in 1863 Josephine K., daughter nf Henry A. 
 Richardson, Kscp They have two living children. Harriet, 
 the wife of Truman H. Newberiy, Esq., of Detroit, and 
 Victor, who holds a position of responsibility in the manu- 
 facturing; establishment of A. S. Barnes Cs; Com|.)ai.y in 
 Brooklyn. As may be inferred from his activity in Brook- 
 lyn matters Mr. Barnes resides in that city, in a mansion 
 remodelled by himself in 1886, on Pierrepont Street, facing 
 Monroe Place. The building is an unusual and im])ressive 
 example of "modern (lothic" architecture, with tower and 
 gable, adapted to the exigencies of a city street. 'I his 
 residence is filled with curious and costly objects brought 
 from many foreign lands, forCeneral liarnes has frecpiently 
 visited Europe, and in 1892-3 with his wife circum- 
 navigated the uorld. 
 
 J SELWIN TAIT. 
 
 Mr. J. Selwin Tait. President of the Publishing House 
 which bears his name (J. Selwin Tait iS: Sons) is both author 
 and publisher. He is a native of Langholm, Dumfriesshire, 
 and was reared and educated among the scenes on the 
 Scottish Border immortalized by Sir Walter Scott in tlie 
 " Lay of the Last Minstrel," " Lochinvar," etc. A boyhooil 
 and youth spent among the romantic associations insepar- 
 able from such a liiithplace could scarcely fail to imbue the 
 young mind with a strong taste for literature, and in Mr. 
 Tait's case the seed sown in early life was of that \ital kind 
 which was destined, sooner or later, to bear fruit in spite of 
 opposing circumstances. On com])Ieting his education, Mr. 
 Tait entered the British I.inen Com])any Bank, one of Scot- 
 land's most venerable banking institutions, and having mas- 
 tered the science and practice of banking in its severest 
 school he joined the London and South Western Bank, of 
 which, two years later, he was ap]iointed a Branch Manager 
 in the English metropolis. Mr. Tait was then in his tweniy- 
 third year, and the promotion was so far remarkable inas- 
 much as he was the youngest bank manager ever appointed 
 in London. During subsequent years Mr. Tait's duties 
 were very considerably increased, until he occupied the 
 unique position of acting as Manager for six London Branch 
 Banks simultaneously. After several years of such weighty 
 responsibilities he retired from banking in order to devote 
 his attention exclusively to his own affairs. Mr. Tait came 
 to the United States in 1S81 for the purpose of having his 
 
 four sons educated in thi 
 outlook for yotmg men w 
 arrival here he has com 
 questions to the Evening; 
 several works, prominent 
 and (iovernment C'ircula 
 West ; " and, in fiction 
 Pasquale,' etc. Mr. 'I'ait 
 Society of Literature (of 
 been regarded as a high 
 as his admission to that ( 
 
 s country, where he considered the 
 as better than at home. Since his 
 ributed very largely on financial 
 I'ost, E(» itni, etc., and has written 
 among which are "National Banks 
 tion," " Cattle Fields of the Far 
 " Who is the Man ? " " My Friend 
 was elected a Fellow of the Royal 
 London) in 187 i, and has always 
 authority on all literary cpiestions, 
 listinguished liod)' will indicate. 
 
 W. D. MANN. 
 Colonel Mann, publisher of 7'ow)i Topics, is an Ohioan, 
 having been born in Sandusky City, in 1839. He served 
 during the War with the Michigan Cavalry, organizing two 
 or three regiments, and two batteries of light artillery, which 
 afterwards formed the Brigade which Sheridan said' was the 
 best cavalry he ever commanded, ('olonel Mann is some- 
 thing of an inventor, having devised during the War valu- 
 able imjjrovements in acc:outrements and eciuipments for 
 
 W U. M.\N\. 
 
 the ami)-, and later on, the famous " Boudoir Cars," which 
 he introduceil in Eurojie in 1872, and in this country in 
 1883. He resided many years in iMirope, and has a very 
 extensive acquaintance among prominent people there, is a 
 good deal of a linguist, and frecpiently writes strong articlts 
 in his paper on politics, finance, and various material 
 questions of the day. He is a member of the Loyal Legion, 
 the Lotos, United Service, and several other clubs, an 
 ardent sportsman, and a devotee to equestrian exercise and 
 whist. Town Z'(.'//V.f, published at 21 West Twenty-third 
 Street, was founded in 1885 by T. J. Oakley Rhinelander, 
 Doctor \Villiam A. Hammond, W. (i. V. T. Suti>hen, James 
 B. Townsend, George Wothers])oon, and others as a society 
 and fashion journal. The ])aper was soon after purchased 
 by Mr. E. D. Mann. In 1886, its style and tone were con- 
 siderably changed, putting it more in line with its London 
 
268 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ^i:^iM^^ 
 
JVEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 269 
 
 prototyiies, Truth, and the W'orLI, and making it a very 
 sensational personal journal. This change seemed to hit a 
 vein of pojjularity, and the circulation grew very rapidly. 
 In 1S91, owing to a breaking dowu of health, Mr. V.. i). 
 Mann retired and was succeeded in the managenieiit by 
 Colonel W. D. Mann, who had considerable journalistic ex- 
 perience following the close of the War in |juhlishing, as 
 proprietor, the old Mohile Daily Re!^isli-r and the Mobile 
 Evening News. He very prom|)tly enlarged Tmcn Topics 
 to thirty-two pages, increased its editorial staff, introduced 
 new features, such as high class stories by the famous writ- 
 ers of the day, and generally pushed the |)aptr with so much 
 energy and tact that to day it is universally known on the 
 North American continent, and read by the Four Hundred, 
 that is to say, society people, everywhere. It devotes very 
 much attention to financial matters, and that department 
 is conducted with such ability as to gain for the ])a])er a 
 great number of readers among bankers, investors, and 
 financiers. 
 
 .At the same time Colonel Mann founded a quarterly 
 magazine entitled Tales from Town Topics, designed 
 primarily to bring to the surface new talent in novel writing 
 by publishing a prize story in each number in connection 
 with the best stories, poems, etc., from the earlier issues of 
 Town Topics. He gives from $500 to lir.ooo prize each 
 issue for stories from authors whose names are un 
 known until the prize is awarded. It has already gained 
 a large circulation all over the world where English is 
 read. 
 
 C. C, SHAYNE. 
 
 Christo|)her Columbus Shayne, one of the leading 
 .American fur merchants, was born in Calway village. 
 Saratoga Co., N. Y., Sept. 29th, 1844. He was educated 
 in the academv of his native county, and at the age of 
 seventeen left his home to seek fame and fortune. His 
 first occupation was News Agent on the New York Central 
 R. R. from Albany to Buffalo, and while there he gained 
 a knowledge of human nature which has been of much 
 value during his busy and useful life. At the age of 
 nineteen he entered the service of C. B. Camp & Co., Cin- 
 cinnati, the largest fur establishment west of the Alleghany 
 Mountains. 
 
 .•\t the age of 21 he was admitted as partner, and 
 three years later, 1868, started in business for himself, 
 having in that year married the daughter of Duncan Sloan, 
 ot Pomeroy, Ohio. At this time Mr. Shayne was an 
 active member of the Baptist Church, a member of the 
 Odd Fellows, and on the committee of five appointed 
 by the Grand Master of the State to take charge of the 
 State fund. He was one of the most active in raising the 
 $40,000 inside of ten days for the relief of sufferers from 
 the Chicago fire. He was also member of Knights of 
 Pythias, and was nominated for Crand Chancellor of the 
 State, but declined on account of his time being devoted to 
 his business. Mr. Shayne recognized the fact that Cin- 
 cinnati would never become a fur centre, so in 1873 he sold 
 out his business there and removed to New York, establish- 
 ing the fur house of C. C. Shayne, which has become known 
 and famous all over the world, not only as one of the largest 
 distinctive fur houses, but as o.ae of the most reliable His 
 new building on Forty-second Street, between Broadway 
 and Sixth Avenue, is fifty feet wide, 100 feet deep and five 
 stories in height. Mr. Shayne's trade extends to all parts 
 of the world where furs are worn as an article of dress, and 
 his styles are generally recognized and adopted by fur 
 dealers throughout the country. All goods of his own manu- 
 facture are marked with the firm name of C. C. Shayne, 
 which is a guarantee for their quality and durability. Not- 
 withstanding his large business interests Mr. Shayne con- 
 
 tinues to take an active ))art in social and political affairs. 
 He is an active member of the Chamber of Commerce and 
 Hoard of Trade and Transportation, and is a member of 
 the Committee of One Hundred. He is a member of the Ohio 
 Sot:iety and was one of its Governors for three years, and 
 has been President of the Manufacturing Furriers' Associa- 
 tion for many years. Mr. Shayne is a great admirer of 
 Gladstone and was Chairman of the Committee representing 
 50,000 .Americans, who lontributed to the grand testimonial 
 in recognition of his services in behalf of Home Rule for 
 Ireland. 
 
 He was alsci Chairman of the Trades and Professions 
 Parliamentary Funtl .Association, which raised and for- 
 warded .fi^OjOoo to aid the cause, in politics Mr. Shayne 
 is a Republican, is Vice-President of the National League 
 of Clubs of the United States, is President of the Matters' 
 and iMirriers' Republican Club, Vice President of the Pusi- 
 ness Men's Re])ublican .Association and member of the 
 Campaign Committee of the Rejudjlican (.'lub of the City of 
 New York. Mr. Shayne is a ready and forcible speaker. 
 In the t:ampaign of r888 he took the stump for Harrison 
 and Morton, made eighteen set si)eeches, making many 
 converts, which Kintributed largely to carrying the F'.mpire 
 State. He also went to f)hio in 1S90, and assisted in 
 carrying that State for McKinley. Mr. Shayne was imani- 
 mously nominated for C'ongress in the Fourteenth Congres- 
 sional District, N. V., but declined, feeling he could hardly 
 serve two masters well — his business and the public. Mr. 
 Shayne is a 'Phirty-second Degree Mason, served as Most 
 F^xcellent High Priest of the Royal Arch for two terms, and 
 also as Treasurer of Crescent Lodge for two terms. He is 
 forty-nine years old, enjoys excellent health, has a fine phy- 
 sicpie and carriage. Aliogethera man to attract attention in 
 a crowd and impress favorably all those with whom he comes 
 in contact, he is a man of strong convictions, good executive 
 ability, and strict integrity, combined with a kindly dis- 
 position, and in every way worthy of the success he has 
 attained, in not only securing fortune, but the respect and 
 affection of his fellow men. Mr. Shayne has a delightful 
 home in Gjlway, Saratoga Co., where he spends a portion of 
 his summer among the friends of his school boy days. 
 
 T. C. CAMPBELL. 
 
 T. C. Cam|)bell, a lawyer of national repute, was born in 
 Rochester, N. Y., .Ajiril 27, iS45,and while still a child 
 removed with his jiarents to the West. When sixteen he 
 enlisted in the Federal army and served with distinction 
 throughout the war, being mustered out in October, 1865, 
 with the rank of Lieutenant. At the Grand .Army National 
 Convention in 1867 he was elected Quartermaster-C^eneral 
 on the staff of Commander-in-Chief John A. Logan, and 
 was chosen editor of T/ie Rcpitblic, \.\\e Grand Army organ 
 of Ohio. He subsecpiently purchased the publication and 
 successfully edited it until March, 1870, when ill health 
 compelled him to part with it. Mr. Cam])bell was elected 
 a member of the City Council of Cincinnati in 1869, and 
 was a])pointed .Assistant Revenue Collector, which position 
 he held for two years. His legal training was gamed in 
 the Cincinnati Law College, from which he graduated in 
 1S70, was elected District Attorney of Cincinnati in 1871, 
 and re-elected in 187;;, being the only person elected on the 
 Republican ticket that year. In 1875 he became general 
 counsel for the Cincinnati Jn</!iirci , and w^as elected by the 
 Ohio Legislature special counsel to conduct the bribery 
 investigations before the Assembly in 1877. In 1S80 he 
 was selected counsel for the Cincinnati Gazette, and for ten 
 years successfully defended many important libel suits 
 against the paper. In 1876 he ajipeared as counsel for tin- 
 Republican Committee in the contested election cases and 
 
270 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 convicted a score or more of persons of election frauds. 
 While Mr. Campbell devoted his attention chiefly to the 
 civil departments of the law, he won an international reputa- 
 tion as a brilliant lawyer in the successful defence of sev- 
 eral famous murder trials. He was counsel for the defend- 
 ant in the celebrated Berner murder case, and, despite the 
 loud clamors of the press and police for Berner's convic- 
 tion, he got his client off with a verdict of manslaughter. 
 The Cincinnati riot was the outgrowth of this verdict. The 
 mob burned the county courthouse, and in the riot two 
 hundred persons were killed. Political enemies directed 
 the mob against Mr. Campbell, and when the crowd threat- 
 ened to burn his house and murder its inmates, he armed 
 himself and servants with Winchester rifles, defied the mob 
 and held it at bay. 'I'he following day Mr. Campbell, with 
 his usual sang froiJ, walked to his office and attended to 
 business. In 1884 he established the Evening Telegram, 
 and conducted it until 18S7, when he sold his interest in 
 order to come to the Metropolis. Mr. Campbell has won 
 
 JOHN HENRY McCARTHY. 
 
 Judge John Henry McCarthy, of the City Court, is one 
 of the ablest jurists now upon ihe municipal Bench. He is 
 the smallest corporeally, and the greatest for his pojndarity 
 and invariable attention to the cases brought before him. 
 Judge McCarthy was born in New York, November i6th, 
 1850 ; his education was begun in the old public school on 
 Allen Street, between Canal and Hester Streets, and con- 
 tinued with the Christian Brothers, first at the Transfigura- 
 tion School on Mott Street, and then at St. Patrick's and at 
 the De la Salle Academy and at St. Francis Xavier's 
 College. He began his business career by entering the law 
 office of James T. Brady and William C. Traphagen. 
 Owing to pressure from his people, he soon left the law 
 and sought his fortune in mercantile pursuits. He entered 
 the office of Case, Chapman & Lockwood, wholesale 
 Yankee notions and fancy goods dealers, as entry clerk 
 and bookkeeper. He became in a short time as familiar 
 with the character and quality of the stock as any of the 
 
 T. C. CAMPBELL. 
 
 JOHN HENRY McC.-^RTHV. 
 
 an enviable position at the New York bar, secured a lucra- 
 tive practice, and has been appointed assignee of many large 
 mercantile and financial corporations. He is counsel for 
 Snow, Church & Co., the largest mercantile collection house 
 in the world, and is senior partner in the law firm of Camp- 
 bell & Murphy. Mr. Campbell was married in 1868 to 
 Miss Emma Wise, daughter of Hamilton J. Wise, of Ohio, 
 and has a family of four children, Hamilton J., George 
 Buchwalter, Miss Catherine and Colin Campbell, the two 
 first mentioned sons being associated in business with their 
 father. Mr. Campbell is an enthusiastic Republican, an 
 eloquent and logical campaign orator and aprominent figure 
 in all important political issues. For four years he was 
 President of the Hamilton Club, Cincinnati, is a jjopular 
 member of the New York Republican Club and Treasurer 
 of the Rapid Transit League. As lawyer, journalist and 
 inan of affairs he has displayed great versatility of talent 
 and been equally successful in each. 
 
 salesmen connected with the firm. He remained there 
 some years, but his desire for the study of the law never 
 forsook him. In 1871, against the advice of his friends 
 and employers, who had the greatest regard for him, he 
 returned to his old love, the law, and sought e.xperience in 
 the office of David McAdam, afterwards Chief Justice of 
 the City Court of this City, and who is now Associate 
 Justice of the Superior Court of this City. In 1873, he 
 was admitted to the Bar, being one of the leaders of his 
 class ; in 1874 he joined Daniel T. Robertson, but the 
 firm only lasted a few months. Young McCarthy then 
 started alone, and soon managed to get together a large 
 and lucrative practice, having at one time as large a practice 
 in the Marine Court of this Citv, now the City Court, as any 
 lawyer at the Bar. In 1879, he was nominated, against his 
 wish, as a member of Assembly for the Fourth Assembly 
 District, and was elected over Hon. John J. Blair and 
 Bernard J. Douras, having a majority over both these men. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLTS. 
 
 271 
 
 He ran a.^ain the following year, and received all the 
 votes except 8, which was virtually a unanimous election. 
 This was the memorable Legislature of iSSi, in which 
 Hon. Roscoe Conkling and Hon. '1'. ('. I'latt resigned 
 from the United States Senate. The session was" the 
 second largest in the history of the State, and lasted from 
 January, 18S1, to July 26, 1881. Hon Warner Miller and 
 Hon. E. G. Lapham were elected at this session to fill the 
 places of Conkling and Piatt. In the fall of 1881, Mr. 
 McCarthy was nominated for Justice of the Fifth District 
 Civil Court, by the Independents of the 'I'homas lefferson 
 Association of the Fourth .Assembly District, which he, 
 with Hon. Thomas Shiels and others, had organized, and 
 County Democrats, against Hon. Timothy J. Campbell, then 
 Civil Justice, and seeking a re-election, who was sujiported 
 by Tammany Hall Democrats and Republicans. He was 
 elected by 5,800 majority, being the first time the Judi- 
 cial District had been carried against the Regular Demo- 
 cratic candidate, this year the candidate being Timothy J. 
 Campbell. It was during this contest he was called " I he 
 Little Giant," and ever since he has been jjopidarlv called 
 and known by that title or "The Little Judge." In the 
 fall of 1888, Mr. McCarthy was nominated for Congress 
 for the Eighth Congressional District against Hon. 'I'imothy 
 J. Campbell. Campbell had opposed McCarthy in the |>re- 
 vious election, and after the result had been declared against 
 IVIcCarthy, he, McCarthy, announced that he would be can- 
 didate at the next election against Campbell. I'he election 
 took place and McCarthy again defeated Campbell by a 
 large majority. While serving his term. Congressman 
 McCarthy was appointed by Governor Hill as Justice of 
 the City Court to fill the vacancy caused by the eleva- 
 tion to the Superior Court of the Judge's preceptor, Hon. 
 David Mc.Adam. In 1891, Judge McCarthy was re-elected, 
 as a Tammany candidate, and he now fills the position with 
 tact, talent, and to the satisfaction of all. The Judge is 
 deservedly popular, he is a hard worker, giving the most 
 minute attention to the smallest cases, energetic in his 
 business methods, forceful in his action, and recognized 
 as a clever jurist by Bench and Bar. He is looked up to as 
 one of the rising young men in the Judiciary, and he is ex- 
 pected to take a high position in the councils of the Nation. 
 
 NICHOLAS R O'CONNOR. 
 
 A career which is interesting, both from a political and 
 business point of view, is that of Mr. Nicholas R. O'Connor. 
 Mr. O'Connor was born in New V'ork in 1850. His father, 
 John C. O'Connor, was one of the old time merchants of 
 this city, and for sixty years transacted business in South 
 Street. Mr. Nicholas R. O'Connor was educated in New- 
 Haven, graduated from General Russell's Military School 
 and completed a course at the Sheffield Scientific School. 
 When twenty-two years of age he was elected Assistant Al- 
 derman of New York City, a member of the State Legisla- 
 ture in 1888, and then became connected with the Public 
 Works Department of this city. He has now held the po- 
 sition of General Inspector of Public Works for three years. 
 In this position his ability and early studies have made him 
 invaluable, and his social qualities have won for him the 
 friendship of all those with whom he has come in contact, 
 while at the same time his tact and integrity have gained for 
 him the esteem of all those with whom he has had business 
 relations. He is a member of the Tammany Society and 
 Chairman of the Tammany Hall District Committee for the 
 Twenty-seventh District, in which he resides. He also be- 
 longs to the Yale Alumni Association, the Jerome Park 
 Club, the Sagamore Club, the Democratic Club and the 
 Oval Club. In the last Presidential campaign he designed 
 and had charge of the electrical appliances of the Sagamore 
 
 f 
 
 .NU'Hni.,\S R. D'CO.XNOR. 
 
 Club-house. As a business man, Mr. O'C'onnor has scored 
 a complete success, his energies being chiefly devoted to 
 gas and electrical enterprises. In addition to the duties 
 devolving upon him in a business way, Mr. O'Connor also 
 finds time to devote to charity, and is a member of the 
 Board of Managers of several charitable institutions. His 
 brother, John t'. O'Connor, Jr., was well known for his 
 opposition in the Board of Aldermen to the Broad« ay fran- 
 chise in 1884. 
 
 TIMOTHY D SULLIVAN. 
 
 Timothy D. Sullivan, member of the Assemblv for the 
 Second District, was born in this city on July 23, 1863, and 
 was educated in the i)ublic schools. Within the past few 
 years he has been going through a law course in Columbia 
 College and expects to be called to the bar this year (1S93). 
 After leaving school at an earlier age than he could have 
 wished Mr. Sullivan obtained a position in the press room 
 of the Commeiciiil Advertiser newspaper, from which he went 
 into the delivery department of the Morning Journal. In 
 1884, having just attained his majority, he took the manage- 
 ment of the Nasiau Xews Ag;enc\\ and possessing a high 
 executive ability he made of it a complete success. It has 
 grown to large ]:iroporlions under his hands. About the 
 same time Mr. Sullivan eiUered the stormy region of ])olitics 
 and organized the celebrated Cleveland and Hendricks 
 Campaign Club, which cut ipiite a figure in the memorable 
 contest between Blaine and Cleveland for the Presidency, 
 in the fall of 1SS4. The peculiarity about this club was, 
 and is still for that matter, that it is composed of three 
 hundred members, every one of whom is a Sullivan by name 
 and belongs to the .Second .Assembly District. The .Sullivan 
 Club, for so is it a])])ro]iriately named, is still in existence 
 and fought hard and successfully for Cleveland and .Steven- 
 son last fall. But apart from the fact that he is the Sullivan 
 Club organizer he enjoys another distinction. He was 
 elected to the legislature from the Second Assembly District 
 
272 
 
 N^W YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 in 1886, being then only twenty-three years old, and has 
 since been elected every year successively. He is the only 
 man in New York, who can point to a similar record. In 
 the .\ssembly he was for two years Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Commerce and Navigation, of the Committee on 
 Banks three years and as member of the Military Committee 
 for five years has been active and etificient enough to draw 
 upon himself eulogy from all quarters. His most dis- 
 tinguished services in the Senate, however, were in con- 
 nection with bills for the building of two bridges over the 
 East River, which bills he introduced and carried through 
 by skillful parliamentary management. He is a member of 
 the Tammany Society, and it is noticeable in respect to his 
 history that he ran on the Hewitt ticket in 1S88, and was 
 elected, though the ticket itself was defeated by 4,000 
 majority in a district with only 7,000 registered votes. Mr. 
 Sullivan was married in 1887 to Miss Helen Fitzgerald, 
 
 attended the law lectures at the Columbia College Law 
 Department, from which he received the degree of Master of 
 Laws. He was called to the bar in May, 1865, and almost 
 immediately went to Europe and studied for a year in the 
 famous German University of Heidelberg Returning to 
 New York in 1S67 he resumed his law practice and towards 
 the close of the year he was offered and declined the 
 Democratic nomination for member of the Assembly. In 
 1867 he was appointed Law Clerk of the Supreme Court and 
 subsequently Deputy County Clerk, a position he held until 
 1870, when he was elected District Court Judge, and soon 
 took an active part in opposition to the Tweed ring. In 
 1877 he was nominated by Anti-Tammany organization for 
 Justice of the Marine Court and would have been elected 
 but for the treachery of those employed to distribute his 
 ballots. In 1881 he was nominated for the State Senate in 
 the Tenth District, and though a Democrat was elected, the 
 
 / 
 
 TIMOTHV D. SULLIVAN. 
 
 JOSEPH KOCH. 
 
 daughter of Mr. John Fitzgerald, a well known citizen of 
 New York. He is a total abstainer, using nei her liquor nor 
 tobacco. Mr. Sullivan has moved to the Third District, 
 and been elected Tammany Hall leader and President of 
 the Comanche Club. 
 
 JOSEPH KOCH. 
 
 Hon. Joseph Koch, ex-State Senator, and e.x-President 
 of the Board of Dock Commissioners and Board of Excise, 
 and at present Police Justice, was born in this city on 
 September 28, 1844. His father, a native of Bavaria, came 
 to this country in 1834 and became a merchant and manu- 
 facturer. Joseph was educated in the public schools partly, 
 after which he entered the old Free Academy, now the 
 College of the City of New York, from which he graduated 
 in the class of 1862 as Bachelor of Arts. At College he was 
 known for his proficiency in mathematics and the languages. 
 He learned to speak French, (lermaii and Spanish witli ease 
 and fluency. After graduating from the City College, he 
 studied law in the office of R. H. Huntley, Esq., and 
 
 District being strongly Republican. He was both active 
 and useful in the Senate and in 1883 called attention to 
 the devastation of the Adirondack Forest, filing an 
 elaborate report on the subject. He was chairman of many 
 important committees while in the Senate. At the close of 
 his senatorial term he once more resumed professional work 
 and practised until appointed Commissioner of the Depart- 
 ment of Docks by Mayor Grace in 1885. He was sub- 
 sequently elected Chairman ot the Commission. He has 
 almost from the beginning of his career been identified with 
 the public schools of the city, and is a man of strong 
 literary tastes. He has translated from the German, 
 Schiller's "William Tell." Goethe's "Faust," from the 
 Spanish the greater part of " Don Quixote." and from the 
 French of Moliere and Racine. He is member of the Man- 
 hattan Chili, the Harmonic Social Club, the Progress Club, 
 the Liederkranz Club, the Arion Club and the German 
 City of New York. In fine, Mr. Koch is one of New York's 
 Society of the prominent citizens and is both esteemed and 
 popular. 
 
NEW YORK, rilE M ETROPOIJS. 
 
 273 
 
 JNO. J. MITCHELL. 
 
 There is perhaps no more successful or more popuhir 
 young business man in the Metro])olis than Jno. |. ^Iit( hell, 
 the founder, president, manager and leading spirit of The 
 J 110. J. Mitchell Company, which publishes The Sartorial 
 Art Journal and The American Tailor and Cutter. ^[r. 
 Mitchell was born in Ireland in 1851, and came to this 
 country when a mere boy. He began his business career 
 early in life, and for nearly iwenty-rive years he has been 
 identified with fashion reporting. He is an accepted au- 
 thority on men's fashions in this country, and as a fashioner 
 is highly esteemed in Europe. He established The Jno. J. 
 Mitchell Company twenty years ago, when but few other 
 than foreign fashion plates were known in this country, and 
 he has from the first published American styles exclusively. 
 The establishment is the largest ]niblishing house devoted 
 to men's fashions inthe world. It occujiies an entire build- 
 ing on Broadway, where all the editorial work for its two 
 
 ot llic first must be emphasized without being carica- 
 tured, and their meaning and tendency must be rightly 
 read ami fully understood, in (jrder to portray the secf)nd 
 acceptabh' to either the tailoring world or to the general 
 |)ul)lic. These <pialities .Mr. Mitchell possesses in a high 
 degree, and thev have enabled him to carry the estab- 
 lishment to its present unequalle<l |)osition in its special 
 field. When he commenced the publication of fasliions, 
 which, besides illustrative plates, included a descrip- 
 tive journal that has since become an educational as 
 well as a literary power in the trade, and is now known as 
 The Sartorial Art Journal, tailoring in this country was an 
 almost despised business, whose greatest excellence was its 
 ability to imitate tlie work of foreign tailors, but it has now 
 emerged into an atmosphere of art that is definitely national, 
 and entered upon a career of intellectual progress that al- 
 ready surpasses that of any other country. IJesides The 
 Sartorial Art Journal, with its fashion jilates, the estali- 
 
 / 
 
 .INO. J. MITCHELI.. 
 
 monthly publications is done, and where the designs for the 
 fashion plates it issues are prejiared, and where, besides its 
 celebrated school of garment cutting, which is jjractically a 
 Sartorial College, is located. Its offices and reception 
 rooms are elegantly fitted up and fnrnislied, and its several 
 departments, editorial, artistic and technical, command the 
 services of the ablest men in their res])ccti\e lines. Its 
 printing and lithographic work is done elsewhere, the latter 
 occupying the full time of a large corps of specially trained 
 artists. The company has the proud record of ne\er having 
 copied anything in its illustrations, nor of ever having 
 imitated anything of foreign origin, but its success has for 
 years outrun hope and defied jjrophecy, and during the last 
 six or seven years it has been honored I)y having the ma- 
 jority of its plates copied in France, Germany, Isngland and 
 Spain. The publication of correct fashions reipiires pecu- 
 liar gifts as well as s])e<ial opportunities for obser\ation 
 and great facilities for execution. In portraying what is, 
 and forecasting what will be fashionable, the characteristics 
 
 lishment publishes another monthly journal, The American 
 Tailor and Cutter, a trade pajier chiefly devoted to the 
 technicalities of tailoring, and to art and science in sys- 
 tematic garment cutting. The other publications of the 
 establishment are works on garment c\itting that have be- 
 come standard textbooks. 
 
 JAMES H. WORMAN 
 
 lames 11. Wurman, Ph.D., I, I, .1)., the present eiiitor and 
 |)ublisher of Outing, was born in Cermany on February 
 2Sth, 1845; was educated at the University of Berlin and 
 at the Sorbonne, Pari-. In I'aris he had the good fortune 
 to become acquainted with Dr. John McClintock, then the 
 editor of McClintock cV Strong's Cycloi)a;dia, and was 
 induced to become collaborator for the Cyclop;\;dia, and 
 near the same time aci epted a |)rofessorship in Kno.x 
 College, (lalesburg. 111. Ci>on the founding of the Drew 
 Theological Seminary, at Madison, X. J., he was appointed 
 
274 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 its librarian, and is entitled to the credit of having brought 
 together a most valuable collection ot books for that insti- 
 tution. He also made quite a reputation for himself as an 
 instructor of modern and Oriental languages in Drew. In 
 1870, upon the death of Dr. McClintock, he assumed the 
 responsibility of completing his part of the work on this 
 great Cyclopredia. In 1876 he came to New York, and 
 engaged himself with several New York papers as an 
 editorial writer, and in the following year added to his 
 other duties that of a ])rofessorship in the Adelphia Academy. 
 In 1883, after having been repeatedly offered ihe chair of 
 languages at Vanderbilt University, he removed to Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., but still continued his work for the news- 
 papers. In 1886 he acquired possession of the Saratogian, 
 and soon made this newspaper a very valuable property. In 
 1887 he removed to New York to give personal direction to 
 the conduct of Outing. Dr. Worman has contributed to 
 nearly every cyclopajdia published, has written over twenty 
 textbooks on lanj^uages, and has made special contributions 
 
 JAMES H. \VORM.\N. 
 
 to the science of comparative religion and comparative 
 politics. He was a regular correspondent with such men as 
 President Porter and Woolsey, of Yale, and he reluctantly 
 gave up his literary work and special studies to take up the 
 management of Outing. His success with this periodical 
 has given warrant to his friends for having urged him to 
 undertake the venture. The Outing Publishing Comjjany 
 has recently taken up book publication, and has a control- 
 ling interest in the American Amateur Fhotograplier, which 
 it publishes. Among the workers in the concern is the 
 editor's son, Ben James Worman, still a student at Harvard, 
 class of '95. He is quite noted for his records in athletics, 
 and promises to second Dr. Worman in the further building 
 u]) of Outing. The first issue of Outing appeared in May, 
 1882, at Albany, N. Y., and owes its conception to William 
 B. Howland, its first issue being 10,000 copies. In June, 
 1884, the Wlieelnian Publishing Company, of Boston, ac- 
 quired control of Outing, and continued the publication 
 
 under the title of Outing and the Wheelman, S. S. McClure, 
 editor. In 1885 the word Wheelman was dropped. Since 
 then it has grown to such popularity that it has made the 
 word Outing synonymous with every form of recreation. 
 Mr. Charles Richard Dodge became its editor early in 1885. 
 In October, 1885, Mr. Poultney Bigelow obtained a control- 
 ling interest in the magazine, and transferred Outing to New 
 York City, where the ^''Outing Company, Limited," was 
 organized, with a capital of $100,000. Mr. Bigelow is 
 reported to have sunk $40,000 of his own, and nearly as 
 much more for his associates on the magazine, when in 
 August, 1887, he left the property. The company then 
 secured the services of Dr. J. H. Worman as editor and 
 manager. Under Dr. Worman's management Outing has 
 been several times enlarged, and instead of the small edito- 
 rial staff of 1887, it has now a working editorial force of 
 more than twenty, including its editorial correspondents, 
 besides a large corps of regular contributors, with offices in 
 New York, London and Melbourne. 
 
 PHINEAS C. LOUNSBURY. 
 
 Hon. Phineas C. Lounsbury, a distinguished citizen and 
 manufacturer of Connecticut, Governor of the State in 
 1887 and 1889, and for some years past President o^ the 
 Merchants' Exchange National Bank, is a resi<lent of the 
 town of Ridgefield, Connecticut, where he was born January 
 10, 1 841. His parents were of sturdy New England stock. 
 His parents are still li\-ing and greatly venerated in the 
 community where he resides- The subject of this sketch 
 spent his years upon the farm, where he assiduously devoted 
 himself, as opportunities offered, to the acquirement of 
 knowledge. At the close of academic life he entered upon 
 a business career, being successively a member of the firm 
 of Lounsbury Bros., of New Haven and of Lounsbury, 
 Matthewson & Company, of South Norwalk, winning for 
 himself and his firm fortune and reputation. Widely 
 known and respected for his sound views on monetary 
 affairs, Mr. Lounsbury has already sat for a number of 
 vears as a director of the Merchants' Exchange National 
 Bank, when in 1885 he was unanimously elected its 
 President. Gov. Lounsbury enlisted early at the breaking 
 out of the war, and served as a private soldier in the 17th 
 Connecticut Yols. In 1874 he was elected to represent his 
 town in the House of Representatives of the State. His 
 attitude upon the temperance issue as well as his staunch 
 Republicanism had much to do with securing him this 
 honor. He was at once accorded the ])rominence he 
 deserved, and his ability as a public speaker was of signal 
 service to his party in the presidential campaign which 
 followed. His manly conduct throughout this and other 
 campaigns and his untiring political services finally resulted 
 in his nomination and election as the Chief Executive of 
 the State of Connecticut. His term of office, which covered 
 two years, was marked by a wise, patriotic and dignified 
 administration of public affairs, which has placed his name 
 high among those of the Governors of that Commonwealth. 
 When Governor Lounsbury retired from office, the Hart- 
 ford Times, the leading Democratic paper of the State, 
 contained the following; '' Governor Lounsbury retires from 
 the executive office to-morrow, with a record alike credit- 
 able to him as a man and as an official. \\'hile our political 
 preference did not favor his election to the chief magistracy 
 of the State, and while we had at the outset some doubts 
 as to the probable methods of his official course, we may 
 frankly say at this time that we are satisfied that he has 
 been one of the best Governors Connecticut has ever had. 
 We have found in Governor Lounsbury a gentleman of 
 sterling integrity, of unfailing courtesy, gifted with excellent 
 business tact, and inclined to administer the affairs of State 
 on business principles, and with a view to economy and 
 
N-EW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 275 
 
 efficiency in every matter reciuiring his (itlicial consideration 
 and action, (iovernor Lounslnirv un(|uestional)iy retires 
 from office witli the resjjcct and heart)- good feelini; of every 
 one, irrespective of party, with whom he has been hrouiiht 
 into official or personal relations." As a large emi)loyer in one 
 of the princijjal manufacturing States of tlie Union, Governor 
 l.ounsbury has made a close study of the labor question 
 and his views ha\e been very generally endorsed among 
 those affected. Known to be iumiane and honoralile in his 
 dealings, he is to-day one of the most poi)uhir men in the 
 State among workingmen. Among \eteran soldiers he is 
 likewise welcomed as one who stood in their ranks in tlie 
 great struggle to suppress the RebelHon and to preserve the 
 Union. His intensely iiatriotic course u]jon all public 
 questions has led to liis being spoken of as "a second 
 Buckingham." He is at present absorbed in his multifarious 
 business interests. In addition to the ]josition he holds as 
 President of the Merchants' Exchange National Bank he is 
 trustee of the American Bank Note Company, Chairman of 
 the Executive Committee of the Washington Trust Com- 
 pany and actively connected with many other financial 
 enterprises. Covernor Lounsl)ury is a man of strong 
 religious convictions and feelings. He is a loyal adherent 
 to the Methodist Episcopal Church, and one of the most 
 influential of her laymen. He is a trustee of Weslcyan 
 University at Middletown, Connecticut, which institution 
 has conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. Governor 
 Lounsbury, as will be seen from the jiortrait we give, is a 
 man of striking appearance, well built, intellectual looking, 
 and combining affability with natural dignity, he is a 
 splendid specimen of American manhood, a citizen of whom 
 his native State may well be proud. In 1867, Governor 
 Lounsbury married Miss Jennie Wright, daughter of Mr. 
 Neziah Wright, one of the founders of the American Bank 
 Note Company. Mrs. Lounsbury is a lady of culture and 
 refinement and befittingly graces a most hospitable home. 
 
 DAVID ELI GWYNNE. 
 David Eli Gwynne, well known banker and financier, 
 was born at Cincinnati, O., March 9th, 1S43, and was 
 educated first at the William Russell Academy, New 
 Haven, Conn , at Starr's Military School, Yonkers, then 
 at the Phelps Academy, Sing Sing, and finally at Phil- 
 lips Academy, Andover, Mass., where he was a school- 
 mate and chum of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Mr. Gwynne's 
 father was a prominent lawyer of Cincinnati ; he died 
 when young David was but a boy. The family, in 1852, 
 came to New York, and young Gwynne began business as 
 a clerk in the large silk and tea importing house of Ezra 
 R. Goodrich & Co. Soon after his mother married Alliert 
 Matthew's, a well-known New York lawyer, and David de- 
 termined to study law. He went through a course in the 
 Columbia College Law School, and was admitted to the bar 
 in 1869. He practised very successfully until 18S2, being 
 an expert in cases of negligence and master and servant 
 In 18S2 he gave up the law and returned to financial pur- 
 suits, becoming a member of the firm of Chauncey & 
 Gwynne Brothers, at the corner of Exchange Place and 
 Broad Street. On January 1st, 1893, the firm was dissolved ; 
 the Gwynne Brothers started together, and now- carry on 
 the business of bankers and brokers with profit and honor. 
 The Gwynnes originally came from Wales, but the family 
 traces its descent even further back than William the Con- 
 queror — even to Edmund Ironsides and Hugh Capet, of 
 France. The family history is interesting in both hemi- 
 spheres. James Clayjjoole, a son of Sir John Claypoole, 
 who was knighted by Cromwell, came to Philadelphia on the 
 good ship "Concord," on June 8th, 1683. A direct de- 
 scendant of this early settler was Abraham Evan Gwynne, 
 •\vho was a lawyer and partner of Judge Storer, of Cincin- 
 
 nati. By his m.uriage with Celtic Moore P'lagg, Mr. 
 Gwyiine bccime the father of the suliject of this sketch, and 
 of his brother, .'\bram Evan Gwvnne. The eldest daughter, 
 .'Mice Claypoole Gwynne, is now- the wife of Cornelius 
 Vanderbilt. '! lie Ckiy]iooles are an old English family, 
 whose direct ancestor was Humphrey de 15ohun, Ivirl of 
 Hereford and Essex, and Lord High Constable of I^ngland. 
 who nuirricd, in 13°''. I'lt- Princess I^lizabeth, daughter of 
 Edward the I'irst ; so tliat a direct line can be traced, 
 througli the Plaiitagencts, from the Gwynne family to 
 Edmund Ironsides, King of the .Anglo-Saxons, A. D. 989, 
 and Hugh Capet, King of France. \. i>. 940. Mr. Gwynne 
 has a handsome estate nt Lawrence, Long Island. He 
 married Miss Louisa Hannn, who is of Scotch descent, and 
 a member of the great l^rskine family. He has one son, 
 who is of age. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 D.WID ELI (, WYNNE. 
 
 ABRAM EVANS GWYNNE. 
 .■\brani Evans Gwynne is of the fine old family of the 
 (iwynnes of Wales, who have not only helped to consolidate 
 the ancient British Empire, but also have taken a leading 
 ])art in the foundation and development of these United 
 States. Mr. Gwynne is among the select few who can 
 clearly prove the title of an American of Royal descent. 
 His family came to this country in 16S3, the represent- 
 ative being Sir John Claypoole, who first landed in Philadel- 
 phia. Sir" John w-as knighted by Cromwell, and he came 
 from the old Welsh family w-hich traces direct descent from 
 Humi>hrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Ivssex, and 
 further back, through the Plantagenets, to Edmund Iron- 
 sides and Hugh Capet of France. Abram, who is a partner 
 in the firm of Gwynne Brothers, was born at Cincinnati, 
 November 23, 1S47. He was educated at Starr's Academy 
 with his brother, then at Philliiis .Academy, Andover, Mass., 
 and he completed his studies at Columbia College, in the 
 Class of '70. During the war, the youngster, before he 
 went to college, had a short business experience in Wall 
 Street, as cler\ to Graham, Nichols & Co., brokers. From 
 this Mr. Gwynne is proud of the fact that, although only a 
 
276 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 little over forty, he has a record of thirty years in Wall 
 Street. After leaving College the young financier returned 
 with delight to the excitement of Wall Street and he worked 
 hard and gained valuable experience as a clerk in the office 
 of Frederick G. Swan, stockbroker. In 1876, after five 
 years in the realms of money, young Gwynne entered the 
 New York Post Office as a clerk in the Register's Depart- 
 ment, having received the appointment from Postmaster 
 James. In 1877 the first Civil Service examination was 
 held for advancement in the Post Office, and Mr. Gwynne 
 passed as one of the first three in order of merit. He 
 sto])ped for two years only in the Post Office, and in 1878 
 he left to take a position offered him by Cornelius Vander- 
 bilt, in the Canada Southern Railway Company. He re- 
 mained there two years and then returned to kis old love. 
 Wall Street, joining his brother in the firm of Chauncey & 
 Gwynne Brothers. In December, 1892, he jiurchased a seat 
 in the Stock Exchange, and he now represents Gwynne 
 Brothers in that organization. Mr. Gwynne is a bachelor, 
 and resides at Seaside, Long Island. His favorite amuse- 
 ment is painting and he is considered a good amateur. He 
 is proud of his descent from Washington Allston, the most 
 eminent of American artists. His most admired works are 
 landscapes. He has also written many clever articles for 
 the papers and magazines. 
 
 UIl.LlAiM MAXWELL EVARTS. 
 
 WILLIAM MAXWELL ;^EVARTS. 
 
 William Maxwell Evarts, of the New York Bar, was 
 born in Boston on February 6th, 1818, and is a son of the 
 late Jeremiah Evarts, who was a native of Vermont and a 
 noted lawyer, editor and philanthropist. The subject of 
 this sketch received his preparatory education in the Boston 
 Latin School, entered Yale College in 18.^.-5, and after a 
 
 legal trainitig 
 the office of 
 Daniel Lord, founder of firm of Lord, Day & Lord. From 
 1849 to 185 1 Mr. Evarts was Assistant District Attorney, 
 successfully conducted, in 1851, the prosecution of the 
 
 Cuban filibusters of the "Cleopatra" expedition, and argued 
 in favor of the Metropolitan Police Act. One of his most 
 famous legal contests was the " Lemmon " slave case, in 
 1857-60, in which he appeared as counsel for New York 
 State against Charles O'Conor, who acted for the State of 
 Virginia. In i860, as chairman of the New York delegation 
 to the National Convention, he proposed the name of 
 William H. Seward for the presidential nomination. In 
 1 86 1 he was the rival of Horace Greeley for the United 
 States senatorship, but withdrew his name to secure har- 
 mony, the result being the election of Ira Harris. In 1866 
 he successfully contested the constitutionality of taxing 
 United States bonds and National bank notes, and in 1868 
 defended President Johnson in his impeachment trial 
 before the United States Senate, his success in this trial 
 leading to his appointment as Attorney-General of the 
 United States. As counsel for the United States in the 
 Alabama Claims Board of Arbitration, he presented the 
 decisive arguments which led to the adjustment of the 
 damages. Among some of the other celebrated causes in 
 which he appeared as leading counsel were the Henry 
 Ward Beecher trial and the litigations resulting from the 
 Parrish and the Gardner wills. In 1877 he was appointed 
 United Slates Secretary of State by President Hayes, and 
 in 1885 was elected to the United States Senate, where he 
 became the leader of his party. Mr. Evarts' public career, 
 like his professional life, has been so conducted as to 
 command the admiration and respect of all true Americans. 
 His reputation is both national and international, and his 
 name will be handed down to posterity on history's pages 
 as one of America's most distinguished and honorable sons. 
 
 brilliant course was graduated. His early 
 was gained in Harvard Law School and in 
 
 WHITELAW^ REID. 
 
 Born near Xenia, Ohio, October 27, 1837, graduated at 
 Miami University in 1855, Hon. Whitelaw Reid, before he was 
 twenty-one, made speeches for the Republican Party in the 
 Fremont Campaign, and became editor of the Xenia News. 
 The opening of the Civil War found him in the field as 
 correspondent ot the Cincinnati Gazette. His letters 
 attracted much attention by their thorough information and 
 cogency of style. He served as volunteer aide-de-camp to 
 Creneral Morris, and afterwards to General Rosecrans in 
 the West Virginia Campaign of 1861, and was present at 
 the battles of Shiloh and Gettysburg. From 1863 to 1866 
 he was Librarian of the House of Representatives at Wash- 
 ington, and Washington Correspondent of the Cincinnati 
 Gazette. After the close of the war he engaged in cotton 
 planting in Louisiana and Alabama, and embodied the re- 
 sults of his observations in a book entitled " After the 
 War." Returning to Ohio, he gave two years to writing a 
 book which has since become historical, and which was 
 published in 1868, "Ohio in the War" Horace Greeley 
 then invited him to coine to New York and become an 
 editorial writer upon the Tribune. On the death of Mr. 
 Greeley in 1872, Mr. Reid succeeded him as editor and 
 principal owner of the paper. In 1872 Mr. Reid was 
 chosen by the State Legislature as Regent for life of the 
 University of the State of New York. Offered the Embassy, 
 to Germany by President Hayes and afterwards by Presi- 
 dent Garfield, he was forced in both cases by press of busi- 
 ness to decline, but finally accepted the French Embassy, 
 to which he was appointed by President Harrison. The 
 general appreciation of his services in France found expres- 
 sion on his return home last year in the dinners that were 
 given in his honor by the Chamber of Commerce, the Lotos 
 Club, and other organizations. The Chamber of Com- 
 merce elected him an honorary member, a inark of esteem 
 that has only been bestowed on fifteen men besides Mr. 
 Reid, since the Chamber was founded a hundred years ago. 
 A few weeks after his arrival from Paris the Republican 
 
NEW YORK. TTIR METROPOLIS. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 WHITELAW l-;l';i|) 
 
 State Convention was held to elect delegates to the Repub- 
 lican National Convention. Mr. Reid was chosen to pre- 
 side over its deliberations. After the renomination of 
 Ceneral Harrison, at Minneapolis, for the Presidency, the 
 New York delegation was requested to present a candidate 
 for Vice-President. Mr. Reid was named, and the Conven- 
 tion indorsed the nomination by a unanimous vote. Dur- 
 ing the canvass Mr. Reid delivered several speeches under 
 the direction of the National Committee, these, with his 
 letter of acceptance, being looked upon as among the most 
 effective contributions to the literature of the campaign. 
 The titles of some of his works, " The Schools of Journal- 
 ism," " The Scholar in Politics," " Some Newspajjer Tend- 
 encies," " Town Hall Suggestions," all show how Mr. Reid 
 has been in touch with the people. Frequent contributor to 
 periodical literature, an extensive traveller in Europe, of 
 ample means, of ripened experience, happily married, no 
 man was better fitted to succeed Vice-President Morton 
 than he who so successfully and gracefully filled every trust 
 which has been reposed in him. 
 
 ROBERT P. PORTER. 
 
 Robert P. Porter was born June 30, 1S52. He is the 
 youngest son of Jane Harvey and James Winearls Porter, 
 Esq., of Marham Hall, Norfolk, England. From his moth- 
 er, a woman of great character and sound education, he 
 inherited the literary ability which distinguished her father, 
 Prof. John Harvey of Cambridge ; and from his father the 
 splendid physique of a long line of English country gentle- 
 men whose lives were largely spent in out door pursuits 
 and amusements. Young Robert's early education was re- 
 ceived at that famous grammar school of King Edward the 
 Si-xth in Norwich, where he continued up to the time of his 
 father's death, just at the close of the Civil War, which he 
 
 had followed with keen interest and the uiulerst.uulint: <jf 
 the close student of .\nuTican history. One of a family of 
 sixleen children, he now determined to take his fortune in 
 hi-^ own hands, and seek .1 career in the new country whi( h 
 ins been a providence to so nian\ anibilious young I'jiglish- 
 inen, whose only chance at home is in the church or in the 
 army. On his arrival h<Tr, Mr. Porter went ,il once to 
 Northern Illinois, where a branch (.)f liis Lither's family had 
 prececK'd him. and after a few years devoted to study and 
 leaching, found his natural vocation in journalism, whici. he 
 ado])ted as a profession, at the same time taking out natu- 
 ralization papers in season to cast his first vote on attaining 
 his majority. Me served his apprenticeship on a country 
 newspaper, and from 1872 acted as contributor and regular 
 correspondent to the ("hicago Times, Trilninc, and J ntei- 
 Oceaii. In 1877 he joinetl tlie editorial staff of the latter 
 paper, making his specialty economic subjects, in dealing 
 with which he evinced special aptitude. In 1879 Mr. Por- 
 ter bei ame connected with the Census P.ureau under Cien. 
 W.ilker, contributinij to various papers at the same time. 
 In 1882 api)eared "The West in 1880," a volume which re 
 ceived the generous criticism of the Pjnglish |)ress and had 
 a large sale. In 1882 Mr. i'orter was apjiointed by Presi- 
 dent Arthur a mend)er of the Tariff Commission, and did 
 an unusual amount of work. On his return from a visit to 
 Europe, Mr. Porter accepted an editorship on the Philadel- 
 phia Press. During the campaign of 1884, Mr. Porter was 
 a most energetic worker and writer, over half a million of 
 his panqihlets, etc., being distributed throughout the 
 country. In 1885 Mr. Porter, in conjunction with Mr. E. 
 H. .Vmmidown, founded the American Protective 'I'ariff 
 League. In 1887, Mr. Porter returned to New York, where 
 he saw a field for a daily Republican paper, at a jirice and 
 of a conciseness calculated to meet tlie wants of busy and 
 working people. The result was the New York Press, 
 which nou has an enormous circulation and did most effec- 
 tive service in the Presidential campaign of 1888. In 1S89. 
 President Harrison appointed Mr. Porter Sujjerintendent of 
 
 W 
 
 ROBERT P. PORTER. 
 
278 
 
 NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 the Eleventh Census. In spite of the enormous ]jressure of 
 the census work Mr. Porter found, or rather made, time to 
 write a number of articles for encyclopaedias, the North 
 American Review, hidepciident, Frank Leslie's, and other 
 publications. There never has been a census so well and 
 so rapidly taken, as the passage of the Apportionment Bill 
 two years earlier than ever before shows. Its results will 
 add largely to Mr. Porter's reputation for executive ability, 
 shown in the magnificent way he has brought together, 
 equipped and handled a force numbering at dil'ferent times 
 from 2,000 to 50,000 people ; his broad-mindedness, as 
 evinced in his selection of experts and specialists in all 
 branches of industry and science with which the census 
 deals ; and his skill at financiering in the taking of a census 
 for the first time in the history of the country within the 
 appropriations made by Congress ; ujjon the completion ot 
 which he was engaged until July, 1893, when he resigned 
 the jiosition to again become the editor of the Press. 
 
 JOSEPH HODGES CHOATE. 
 
 Joseph Hodges Choate, of the New York Bar, was born 
 in Salem, Mass., on January 24th, 1832. Pie belongs to 
 one of the oldest of New England's families, and many of 
 
 Chauncey M. Depew as an after dinner spealcer, and is at 
 all times ready of speech, caustic, witty, and, when neces- 
 sary, very sarcastic. He is an enthusiastic Republican, and 
 takes an active and prominent part in the Municipal, State 
 and National politics. Mr. Choate not only enjoys distinc- 
 tion as one of the leaders of the New York bar, but is 
 decidedly the most popular lawyer in the city. It is 
 doubtful if any living lawyer has as many professional 
 friends, and his popularity is due, in large measure, to his 
 genial personality. He is a member of the Union League 
 Club and the New England Society, and has been president 
 of both associations. 
 
 JAMES C. CARTER. 
 
 James C. Carter, of the New York Bar, was born in 
 Lancaster, Mass., on October 14, 1827, and is a son of 
 Solomon and Elizabeth White Carter. His preparatory 
 education was gained at the Derby Academy, Hingham, 
 Mass. He entered Harvard College and. after a brilliant 
 course, during which he won prizes for a dissertation in 
 Latin and two others for Essays, was graduated with the 
 
 r 
 
 .KISEFH Hl>lM,l_.s CKiiATE. 
 
 his relatives have achiexed distinction in various fields of 
 endeavor, but more especially at the bar. At the age of 
 sixteen he entered Harvard College, from which he was 
 graduated in 1852. He was graduated two years later from 
 Dane Law School, and was called to the bar of Massachu- 
 setts in 1855. In 1856 he came to New York, was admitted 
 to the bar of the State, and has practised here ever since 
 with brilliant success. He has been engaged in the most 
 celebrated cases. Mr. Choate was one of the Committee 
 of Seventy which crushed Boss Tweed and his infamous 
 ring, and purified the political atmosphere of New York 
 City, and was mainly instrumental, with his friend, Charles 
 O'Conor, in bringing about that much desired result. He 
 was counsel for General Fitz John Porter in the fight of 
 that officer for reinstatement in his military rank, and the 
 rights of which he was deprived by sentence of a court 
 martial. That after a protracted struggle, which lasted for 
 years, he was successful, is what every one knows. He 
 was also premier counsel in the almost equally celebrated 
 Cesnola case, and was again successful. To enumerate the 
 trials in which Mr. Choate has taken a leading part in this 
 city would involve the task of writing a legal history of 
 New York for the past quarter of a century. He rivals 
 
 JAMES C. CARTER. 
 
 Bachelor of Arts degree in the class of 1850. His legal 
 training was acquired in the law department of the same 
 institution, from which he graduated three years later as a 
 Bachelor of Laws. He subsequently had the Doctor of 
 Laws honor conferred on him by that Law School in 1885. 
 Mr. Carter was admitted to the Bar in 1853 and his profes- 
 sional career has been one of distinction and success. He 
 is recognized as one ot America's ablest lawyers and pos- 
 sesses one of the finest legal minds this country has ever 
 produced- His counsel is sought in controversies involving 
 national and international questions of law. His recent 
 brilliant argument as counsel for the United States in the 
 Alaska Seal International Controversy was but an instance 
 of his many great legal achievements. Mr. Carter seems to 
 not only have accjuired the legal reasonings of the authori- 
 ties on law, but has himself produced monographs which are 
 well known to every well read lawyer. Among the most 
 prominent of his treatises is " The Attempted Codification 
 of the Common Laws " Mr. Carter's love of his profession 
 is similar to that of the artist's for his art, and all measures 
 beneficial to the profession of law have ever met with his 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 279 
 
 hearty co-operalioii. Mis adilresses before the N'irginia 
 State Bar Association, in 18S9, on " 'I'he Provinces of the 
 Written and the Unwritten Law," and before the American 
 Bar Association, in 1890, on "The Ideal and Actual in 
 Law," are famous. No bamiuet or gathering of distin- 
 guished legal gentlemen is comi)lete withcnit his presence, 
 where his ready wit and eloquent oratory contribute nnuh 
 to the success of the occasion. Mr. Carter is independent 
 in politics and has been actively identified with all move- 
 ments for the betterment of municipal government. He is 
 a member of the Union League, Century, University, and 
 Alpha Delta Phi Clubs of this city. 
 
 ELLIOTT FITCH SHEPARD. 
 Colonel Elliott Fitch She])ard, lawyer, editor, and one of 
 New York's most eminent citizens, was a man of versatile 
 talents, great force of character, but above all was remark- 
 able for the practical Christianity which he made the rule of 
 his life. He was born in Jamestown, this State, on July 25, 
 1833, his father. Fitch Shepard, being at the time connected 
 with the Chautauqua County Bank, an institution still nour- 
 ishing. Colonel Shepard was educated at the University of 
 the C'ity of New York. Since leaving the university his life 
 was full of activity — useful to himself, his fellow citizens and 
 humanity at large. In 1858 he was called to the New York 
 bar, and at once began a practice which was uninterrupted 
 for twenty-five years, save now and then by work bearing 
 upon national interests. On the breaking out of the Civil 
 War he was placed on the military staff of Governor E. D. 
 Morgan, who was also a major-general of volunteers, and 
 commanded the Department of the State of New York, and 
 in that position manifested much executive ability and 
 organizing powers of a high order. In September, iS6i,he 
 was mainly instrumental in raising and equipping the Fifty- 
 first Regiment of New York volunteer infantry, called after 
 him the "Shepard Rifles." Appreciating his capacity, 
 (iovernor Morgan appointed Colonel Shepard to the com- 
 mand of the depot for State volunteers, at Elmira, where he 
 organized, eijuipped and forwarded to the front upwards of 
 50,000 men within two years. After the war he resumed 
 his legal practice, was counsel for the New York Central 
 and other railroads and corporations, and procured the 
 passage of the act creating the Court of Arbitration for the 
 New York Chamber of Commerce. He organized the liank 
 of the Metropolis, the Columbia Bank, the American Savings 
 Bank, and in 1876 founded the New York State Bar Asso- 
 ciation, of which he was subsequently unanimously elected 
 president. Colonel Shepard, though a wonderfully hard 
 worker, was not made of iron altogether, and in 1884 
 travelled for health and relaxation in Europe, Asia and 
 Africa. 
 
 He took a trip to Alaska in 1887, and upon his return 
 delivered a series of delightful and instructive lectures 
 upon this, until then, almost unknown land. A year later 
 he published his famous pamjjhlet, "Labor and Ca[)ital 
 are One," which had a very large circulation, and 
 drew a good deal of comment from the press and pcjliti- 
 cal economists. In this pamphlet he asserts that the 
 modern corporation is a distinguishing mark of the 
 Nineteenth Century's civilization, deprecates strikes and 
 advocates arbitration in settlement of disputes between the 
 employer and the employed. In 1888 Colonel Shepard en- 
 tered into a new field of enterprise when he purchased the 
 Mail and Express from Cyrus W. Field, and became its 
 editor. For many years he had been known as a practical 
 Christian, one not ashamed to be seen lecturing on religious 
 matters, or advocating the interests of religion boldly from 
 every coin of vantage his |josition gave him possession of. 
 (Jn his assuming control of the Mail and Express he [jlaced 
 every day a text from the Holy Scriptures at the head of its 
 
 coluinus, because, as he said, he thought, as we are all the 
 offspring of God, it is well for us to take the Word of our 
 Heavenly Father into everyday life with us. 'I'he new 
 editor breathed life into his newspa])er, its circulation quad- 
 rupled, advertisements of the best kind came |iouring in, he 
 constructed (me of the finest buildings in the country for 
 its home, ami to-day the Mail and Express takes rank with 
 the great Metro])olitan dailies. There was nothing incon- 
 sistent in Colonel She|)ar(l putting Scripture texts in his 
 paper. When he i)urchased the l-'iflh .\venue Omnibus 
 Line, i-\ery one knew it was to put a slop to its Sunday 
 traffic-, and it was sto])ped. To do the rival newsjiajiers 
 justice, it must be said of them that they have never charged 
 him with hypocrisy. Even if tlu-y had it would have l)een 
 all the same to him, jiossessing. as he did, the exasperating 
 faculty of pursuing the even tenor of his way regardless of 
 what the world was saying. As a philanthropist in the best 
 sense of the word Colonel Shepard will go down to pos- 
 terity. His was not the i)hilanthropy that exploits itself on 
 
 ^S^^^ 
 
 I.LLIllT FITCH Slll-;i'.ARl). 
 
 the ^^highways and byways of the land. His crusade 
 against the intended opening of the World's Columbian 
 Exhibition on Sunday awakened responsive throbs from the 
 religious heart of the countiy. Personally Colonel Shep- 
 ard was a fine looking man, with very handsome, clear cut 
 features and a bold, open eye, bespeaking a fearless soul 
 within. He married, in 1868, Margaret Louisa, eldest 
 daughter of \\'illiam H. Vanderbilt, by whom he had six 
 children. Last year the I^ni\ersity of Omaha conferred 
 upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, and his Alma 
 Mater the degreeof Master of Laws. It is hardly neces- 
 sary to add that he was a staunch Republican, for, to use 
 his own woids, " It is natural for the patriotic citizens of a 
 Republic to be Re|)ublicans." The above is a too brief 
 sketc-h of a man about whom much has been said and 
 written, not onl\- in New \'ork Cily, but all through the 
 country. His death, March 24, 1893, came siiddenly, and 
 his loss is lamented by the whole communily. 
 
28o 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS 
 
 JOSEPH HOWARD, JR. 
 
 Joe Howard has always been reticent about the facts of 
 his Hfe, though they have been generally altogether credit- 
 able to him. He was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 3, 
 1833. His father was a merchant and senior deacon in 
 Plymouth Church, highly esteemed, and a friend of 
 Henry Ward Beecher. His early education was in the 
 public schools. Early in his life he manifested a strong 
 bent for journalism, and first exploited himself promi- 
 nently in print in connection with the great strike of the 
 shoemakers in Lynn, Mass., about i860. Happening to 
 visit the place just then, he ventured some letters to 
 the New York Times, which were accepted, and secured 
 him some income and a place on the Times staff. For the 
 paper that year he reported the National Democratic Con- 
 vention, at Charleston, wliich nominated Mr. Breckenridge 
 
 JOSEPH HOW.AKD, JR. 
 
 upon a jiro-slavery platform, and the National Republican 
 Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln, and has reported 
 every convention on both sides since that time. He was 
 after offered the city editorship of the Times, and since then 
 his career is pretty well known to all well-informed news- 
 paper men. Under the Tweed regime he conducted tlie 
 New York Star at an immense loss to " the ring," although 
 there were many fat municipal jobs. In later years he 
 became a correspondent, dictating hardly less copiously 
 than the renowned " Gath." Mr. Howard has served as 
 city editor of the Brooklyn Eagle, city editor of the New 
 York Sunday JMerciiry, has contributed to the Atlantic 
 Monthly, \\\t Independent, the Leader, Noah's Sunday Times, 
 the Citizen, the Boston Globe, the Chicago A'e7us, has been 
 engaged on the New York World, and served on the staff 
 of the New Y'ork Herald. His services as war correspon- 
 
 dent and the signature " Howard " are familiar to all 
 readers of the Press. He is a good talker, thoroughly 
 social and at times convivial ; and with his round 
 head, gray hair, moustache and imperial, is a marked 
 figure in any group of our periodical writers. He married 
 in Brooklyn, and has a daughter who is one of the most 
 brilliant girls of the day, and is now devoting herself to the 
 education of the native American Indian. 
 
 THOMAS H. EVANS. 
 
 Thomas H. Evans, who has been associated with the 
 newspapers of the United States for more than ten years, 
 and in a business capacity has obtained an enviable, and 
 well known, and deserved reputation, is a Welshman by 
 birth and 31 years of age. Our acquaintance with Mr. 
 Evans began some years ago, when he was connected 
 
 _-^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 THOMAS H. EVA.N'S. 
 
 with Judge, since which he has had the business agency in 
 New York for the Chicago Tribune, the San Francisco Chron- 
 icle and the North American, of Philadelphia, the oldest 
 daily paper in the United States. Mr. Evans has recently 
 been elected a director in the Franklin Bank, of New York. 
 He organized the trip of the International League of Press 
 Clubs across the continent to San Francisco, which proved 
 a pleasure to all. He has served as Trustee of the New 
 York Press Club for several terms, and has been instru- 
 mental in adding considerably to the Building and Charity 
 Fund of the club. He was the orator of the National 
 Eisteddfod, at Wilkesbarre, Pa. He is a member of the 
 F. & A. M. and of the Order of the Golden Chain. He is 
 frequently called upon to preside at entertainments given to 
 representatives of the press, and, seconded by an accom- 
 plished wife, presides over a pleasant and charitable home 
 in Brooklyn. 
 
 ^/i^ 
 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 THE METROPOLIS 
 
 PART III. 
 
 COMMERCIAL-ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Cor-YRIGHTED, 1<S02. 
 
 THE NEW YORK RECORDER. 
 
 I Sq ?. 
 
JV£JV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
JV/ilV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE CHEMICAL NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 The Chemical National I'.ank is llie most famous of all 
 American hanking corporations. Its stock commands a 
 greater price in proportion to its par value than any other 
 bank stock in the world. It has the greatest surplus and 
 undivided profits of any hank in the country. It has by 
 far the largest amount of individual deposits of any bank 
 not paying interest. It pays the largest percentage of 
 dividends on its par value of any hnancial corporation. 
 The Chemical bears the honored distinction of being the 
 one financial institution that never susjiended specie pay- 
 ment during the war of the Rebellion, and redeemed its 
 every promise in gold. So remarkable has been its pros- 
 perity, that to-day its yearly dividends amount to 150 per 
 cent. The Chemical Bank originated in i>S24, being 
 organized under a State charter as "The Chemical Manu- 
 facturing Company," with banking privileges. The name 
 arose from the fa< t that some of the leading men in the 
 enterj)rise were connected with the drug trade. The 1 hartcr 
 
 deposits, exceeding ijlj^.ooo.ooo, are .secured without the 
 payment of a jjcnny of interest. Its first dividend was 
 paid in 1849, five years after its reorganization, being at the 
 rate of 12 per cent, per annum, which was increased to iS, 
 then to 24 per cent., advancing in 1863 to 36 per cent., in 
 1867 to rjo per cent., in 1872 to 100 per cent., and in 1S88 
 to 150 per cent. i)er annum. The shares of the bank, based 
 on $100 ].ar value, have sold as high as $4,980 each, the 
 ipiotations varying from that sum to $4,500 a share. The 
 Chemical's first banking house was on liroadway, opposite 
 .St. Paul's Chapel, occupying part of the site of the jiresent 
 I'ark Hank. In 1850 it mo\ed to and occupied its present 
 site at 270 Broadway. In 1872 a lot on the rear extending 
 through to Chambers Street was purchased, the extension 
 furnishing additional room at the rear of the original 
 building, and in 188S another building on Chambers Street 
 was ac([uired, and a spacious addition made to the bank 
 ipiarters. Mr. Ceorge (\. Williams entered the service of 
 the old Chemical Manufacturing Comj)any in 1841, became 
 
 THE CHE.MII.M. XATION.M, B.'VNK.-I.NTERIOK VIICW. 
 
 expired in 1844, and through the efforts of Peter and 
 Robert Goelet a capital of $300,000 was subscribed, and 
 February 24, 1844, the business of the Chemical Manufac- 
 turing Company was taken over by the Chemical Bank. 
 John Q. Jones was the fir.st president, and remained in that 
 office until 1878. He was surrounded by some of the 
 wealthiest and most influential merchants of. New York as 
 directors, shareholders and depositors, among them, Alex- 
 ander T. Stewart, John David Wolfe, Joseph Sampson, C. 
 V. S. Roosevelt, Robert McCroskrey and Japhet Bishop. 
 These men, representing the strength of the drygoods and 
 hardware trades, lirought their own business to the bank 
 and attracted many others to it. Its stability in the midst 
 of panics and financial disturbances was also influential in 
 securing for the Chemical large individu d and corporate 
 deposits. The New York Central Railroad was one of its 
 earliest customers. The conservatism of the management 
 and the strict adherence to the legitimate banking methods 
 are generally recognized, and its enormous individual 
 
 cashier in 1855, and president in 1878. For nearly forty 
 years the affairs of the bank have been guided by his 
 hand, with results which recpiire no praise. Mr. William 
 J. Quinlan, Jr., the cashier, has filled that office since 
 1878. The Board of Directors consists of Ceorge G. 
 Williams, James \. Rcioscvelt, Frederic W. Stevens, Robert 
 (ioelet and William J. (hiinlan, Jr. 
 
 THE NATIONAL PARK BANK OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The National Park Bank of New \axV is one of the largest 
 banks in the United States, ami stands not only pre-emi- 
 nent among the banks of New York, but indeed among those 
 of the entire country. It has now, and for a long time has 
 maintained, aggregate deposits of $15,000,000, with re- 
 sources of upwards of $34,600,000, and the largest busi- 
 ness of any financial institution in the western world, its 
 influence extending to every portion of the United States. 
 In fact, the banking connections of the National Park Bank 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 are not confined to this country, but among the hundreds 
 of banks and bankers who act as its correspondents, and of 
 which it is the New York agent and depository, are a 
 number in Canada, Mexico and other countries. In addi- 
 tion, the relations of the bank with coinmercial, manufactur- 
 ing and corporate interests, as well as with bankers and 
 capitalists, furnish a volume of business unequalled in the 
 history of American banking. A perfect organization, 
 exceptional facilities for the transaction of every class of 
 business, an uninterrupted record of success, and a manage- 
 ment in which experience, energy and conservatism pre- 
 
 premises at 214 and 216 Broadway, opposite St. Paul's, and 
 built thereon the dignified marble building, of fireproof 
 construction, which has since been its home. This site has 
 been at one time occupied by the Chemical Bank. The 
 upper portions are divided into offices, the tenants of which 
 include prominent firms and corporations, notably the 
 Illinois Central Railroad Company. The entire first floor 
 is occupied by the bank, the rotunda in the rear being a 
 stately apartment decorated in white and gold. Its propor- 
 tions are ample for its 125 em]5loyes, the largest number 
 engaged in any New York banking institution. The trea- 
 sure-vault in the bank is one of the strongest 
 in the world, and contains from $10,000,000 to 
 $15,000,000 in specie and notes. Beneath the 
 banking-room is a great safe-deposit vault, the 
 entrance to which is through the bank, and 
 which is conducted as one of its departments. 
 In safety and convenience it compares with any 
 in New York, and scarcely a safe among its 
 hundreds is unrented. The character of the 
 management is sliown by the prominence and 
 high standing of the Board of Directors, which 
 consists of Eugene Kelly, Ebenezer H. Wright, 
 Joseph T. Moore, Stuyvesant Fish, George S. 
 Hart, Charles Sternbach, Charles Scribner, 
 Edward C. Hoyt, Edward E. Poor, W. Rockhill 
 Potts, ■\ugust Belmont, Richard Delafield, 
 Francis R. Appleton, and John Jacob Aster. 
 
 Ebenezer H. Wright became its President 
 in 1890, having entered the bank in 1859 as a 
 teller's assistant, rising through the various 
 grades to the post of Cashier in 1S76, Director 
 in 1878, and Vice-President in 1880. Vice- 
 Presidents are Stuyvesant Fish and Edward E. 
 Poor, the Cashier, George S. Hickok, and the 
 Assistant-Cashier Edward J. Baldwin, have each 
 a record of many years' service in the bank. 
 
 THE NATIONAL I'AkK IJANK Ul- NEW \ uRK. 
 
 dominate, are the foundations upon which this prosperity 
 has been established. The name of the bank recalls to 
 former generations of New Yorkers the Park which sur- 
 rounds the City Hall. The charter dates from 1856, the 
 bank being established in that year at the corner of Beek- 
 man Street and Theatre Alley, where Temple Court now 
 stands. Reuben W. Howes and Charles A. Macy were the 
 first President and Cashier respectively. The original 
 capital of $2,000,000 has remained unchanged, and a 
 surplus of nearly $3,000,000 has been added to it. In 1865 
 it became a National bank, and in 1866 it purchased the 
 
 THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK 
 
 The Second National Bank is situated on 
 the spot where Broadway, Fifth Avenue, and 
 Twenty-third Street intersect, that is to say, 
 the very best spot in the city for such an in- 
 stitution. It occupies a commodious suite of 
 rooms under the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and be- 
 gan doing liusiness there in 1863, when it was 
 organized. The Board of Directors consists of 
 gentlemen representing both uptown and down- 
 town banking interests, and is composed as 
 follows, viz.: Amos R. Eno, Henrv A. Hurlbut, 
 Alfred B. Darling. John S. Riker, WiHiara C. 
 Brewster, Wm. P. St. John, George Montague, 
 Charles B. Fosdick. George Sherman, William 
 G. Hitchcock, and George W. Aitken. They 
 were the first to perceive and take advantage 
 of the large commercial interests centring 
 around Madison Square requiring local bank- 
 ing facilities. Its original capital of $300,000 
 remains unchanged, and a surplus of nearly half 
 a million has accumulated since 1884, besides its dividends 
 of 10 per cent. The liank deposits amount to over $6,000,000 
 and its gross assets to upward of $7,000,000. The Bank 
 is largely patronized by sojourners in the great uptown 
 hotel, and by that section of the wealthy public having 
 Madison Square for a centre, including a constituency of 
 about 3,000 ladies, it being the first commercial bank, as 
 distinguished from Savings Banks, to have a separate 
 department for ladies. The President is Mr. George 
 Montague, and the Cashier, Mr. Joseph S. Case, of whom 
 biographical sketches appear elsewhere in this volume. 
 
A^EIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 IXTERIOK VIEW OF THE SECDXD NATIONAL HANK. 
 
ArEJV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 AMERICAN SAFE DEPOSIT CO. 
 One of the surprises which a New \'orker may ex- 
 perience near his own door is the revelation of spaciousness, 
 richness, and comfort, to say nothing of solidity and 
 security, in the vaults of the handsome building on the 
 corner of Fifth Avenue and Forty-second Street, which is the 
 property of the American Safe Deposit Company. It is 
 hard to believe from an outside inspection that so much of 
 importance and interest can be contained within its walls 
 and beneath the surrounding sidewalk. Upon entering the 
 office and reception room by the 42d Street entrance one is 
 struck by the good taste displayed in all its appointments, 
 and the completeness with which the needs of patrons are 
 ministered to. A broad staircase of marble and brass, or a 
 
 vidual safes, which are under the control of the depositors 
 themselves. This vault is, in fact, a large room, whose walls, 
 ceiling and floor consist of alternate layers of Franklinite 
 and chrome steel, between which are flowed layers of soft 
 iron, making a structure which can be neither drilled nor 
 fractured. This room is lighted by electricity and supjilied 
 with a constant stream of fresh air brought from the roof of 
 the building, so that one experiences no discomfort of either 
 atmosphere or temperature at any season of ihe year. The 
 vault, which is the most extensive in the world, cost 
 $100,000. All this mass of steel and iron is further pro- 
 tected by the latest electrical devices, so that when the 
 vault is closed at night and the time locks are set in 
 operation, connection is established with the police station. 
 
 AMERICAN' SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANVS BUILDING. 
 
 cozy little hydraulic elevator,conveys the visitor to the strong- 
 hold below, where one is amazed at the largeness, fresh- 
 ness and brightness of the numerous rooms of which it is 
 composed. The floor is divided into two distinct apart- 
 ments, the one for gentlemen, the other for ladies. Each 
 has, besides its many ample coupon rooms and well- 
 appointed toilet rooms, a large reading or writing room, in 
 which a depositor may while away a spare hour or two, or 
 where meetings of parties to a trust or heirs to an estate 
 may be held. The gentlemen's parlor is, among other 
 things, supplied with a quotation "ticker" and the current 
 newspapers. Convenient to all these comforts are the 
 burglar-proof trunk rooms, for the general storage of silver- 
 ware, jewelry, and other valuables, and the massive fire and 
 burglar-]iroof vault, in which are disjiosed the 1,700 indi- 
 
 and thereafter the slightest tampering with any part of the 
 enclosing structure will transmit a telegraphic message 
 which will bring a policeman instantly to the aid of the 
 watchmen stationed within and without the building. 
 There are other elaborate devices for protection against un- 
 usual dangers, such as riot, one of which has for its purpose 
 the filling of the whole basement in which the vault is 
 situated with water. The American Safe Deposit Company 
 is now controlled by the Vanderbilts, who, it is understood, 
 intend to develop its business and to add to its popularity. 
 They have already introduced changes looking to a very 
 liberal policy towards patrons, and the officers and attend- 
 ants impress the visitor as being eager to make the 
 institution in every way attractive and convenient to 
 depositors. Mr. Charles F. Cox (who is also X'ice-President 
 
JVElf YORK, THE MElROPOl.l S. 
 
 P 
 
 E: Bl fee 
 
 of the Cnnada Soutliern Railway ('()iii|]any, uithollic r at the 
 Grand Central Depot) has recently lieen nuule I're-sidenI, 
 and a number of new directors have been elected, iiiD^t ol 
 whom are conne ted with N. \'. Central system ol railrnads, 
 among whom are Mr. Rossiter the Treasurer, and Mr. 
 Carstensen. the Comptroller ot' the Central, Mr. Diitcher, 
 Superintendent of its cattle trattir, .md M r. Skirl. Superin 
 tendent of the Harlem RR Co, 's City Line. Mr. Russell 
 Raymond, who has been connected uilhllie Safe Deposit 
 Comp.mv sin<e its ornani/.ation, remains .is Secrctar\' and 
 Manaiier. 
 
 UNION DIME SAVINGS INSTITUTION. 
 
 The Union Dime Sa\ings Institution, a white marbh- 
 building, standing at the junction of Sixth Avenue and 
 Thirty-second Street, is one of tlie sights of New York, not 
 only because of its architectural 
 beauty, but from the fact also that ~ 
 
 it is one of the city's most useful 
 and popular banks. As such it 
 is entitled to a place in a history 
 like ''New York, the Metropolis." 
 
 It was founded in 1859 and open --'] 
 
 ed in a small building on Canal 
 and Varick Streets, Its begin- 
 ning was very modest indeed, \j' 
 but that it has progressed is , ''" '*' 
 evident from the fact that in a 
 generation its number of depos- 
 itors has increased to 57,000 and 
 the amount of deposits to $14,- 
 000,000. It was originally chris- 
 tened the Dime Savings Institu- 
 tion, but when the war broke out 
 its promoters prefixed the word 
 "Union" in order to emphasize 
 their patriotism. They did more, 
 for to manifest their faith in the 
 ultimate success of the national 
 cause they invested extensively 
 in the United States bonds and 
 found their reward in large jiro- 
 fits. The idea was to treat small 
 depositors as carefuly and as 
 courteously as those who brought 
 in large sums, and this idea is 
 carried out by the present man- 
 agement in its integrity. .As time 
 rolled on the business of the in- 
 stitution so increased that it was 
 found necessary to move into 
 more commodious quarters, and 
 the premises on Canal and Laight 
 streets, used at present as a United States Pension office, were 
 selected- Ten years later another move was made for similar 
 reasons, and this time in an uptown direction, when the 
 present site was chosen in one of the most central and acces- 
 sible parts of New York. E. \'. Houghwout was the first 
 President of the institutioi-i, and his successors have beei-i 
 John McLean, Napoleon J. Haines, John W, Britton, Silas 
 B. Dutcher, Gardner S. Chapm, and Charles E. Sijrague. 
 Mr. Chapin, recentlv deceased, was an officer of the bank 
 from its foundation. He received the first deposit ever 
 made in the bank. Colonel Charles E. Sprague, the present 
 incumbent, was born in Nassau, N. Y. State, in ).S42, of old 
 New England stock, was educated in Union College, and 
 served in the Union Army during the Rebellion. He en- 
 tered the Union Dime Savings Bank as junior clerk in 1870, 
 was made secretary in 1878, and in 1891 was elected {'resi- 
 dent. The other officers of the Union Dime Savings Insti- 
 
 tution arc Ch.-mning M. llntton, First \ice-l'resident (also 
 Chairman ol the finance Committee), and James S. Herr- 
 man. Second \'icr- President ; George N. Birdsall, Treasurer; 
 and l''rancis M. l.eake. Secretary. 
 
 THE CENTRAL NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 The Central National liank is the largest and strongest 
 banking institution of the drygoods district of New York. 
 It was organized in 186,5 and occu|iies the substantial white 
 marble building on the north-east corner of Broadway antl 
 Pearl Street, which it owns, 'ihe present (diief executive is 
 Col. William 1., Strong, who was elected Vice-President in 
 1882, and President in 1888. .-X merchant of long experience 
 and successful reccu'd, and identified with many of the 
 city's financial, so<ial and political institutions, with 
 personal prominence, great wealth and wide influence in 
 
 the drygoods and allied trades, 
 he presides over a Board of 
 1 )irect()rs representing the strong- 
 est factors among the textile in- 
 terests. Edwin Langdon, the 
 \'ice-President of the Bank, has 
 been in its service since 1865, 
 rising through all the grades to 
 his present responsifile position. 
 Charles S. Young, for many years 
 Paying Teller, is now the Cashier 
 of the Bank. 'I he total resources 
 and deposits of the Bank exceed 
 ,*i6,ooo,ooo ; the capital is 
 .$2,000,000 ; its surplus and un- 
 divided profits S;6oo.ooo. 
 
 
 d d 
 
 IB. 
 
 LXIO.N OlMI-: SAVl.NGS I.N^ 1 . 1 L I H >.\". 
 
 corner of John .Street. 
 
 head of the institution. 
 
 Presidency in July, 1S91 
 
 THE SEVENTH NATIONAL 
 BANK. 
 
 The Seventh National Bank is 
 the lineal representative of the 
 Old Seventh \Vard l!ank, estab- 
 lished in 1833, the name having 
 been (hanged when the institu- 
 tion took a National Bank 
 Charter in 1S65. As the name 
 indicates, the liank originated in 
 the Seventh \Vard, then a fash- 
 ionable portion of the city. Its 
 original offii:ers were in liast 
 Broadway, and for many years 
 the bank occupied the premises 
 at the corner of Pearl Street and 
 Burling Slip. The removal to its 
 present more conspicuous quar- 
 ters at 182 and 184 Broadway, 
 came much later. The jiresent 
 John Mi.\nerney, assumed the 
 "bringing to the Inink a success- 
 in the iron business, 
 of Southern railroad 
 
 fid and honorable personal recorc 
 and as an officer and director 
 corporations, witli a connection and influence that liave 
 materially stimulated the Seventh National's progress, 
 offering as it does the assurance of conservative and sound 
 but vigorous management. The growth of its depiosit line 
 and the exiiansion of its business have been of a marked 
 character. The composition of its Board of Directors, 
 representing some of the largest business interests of New- 
 York, is eminently calculated to insure the stability and 
 substantiality on whi<h a high position among Metropolitan 
 lianks depends. George .\iontague, now President of the 
 Second National Bank, for a number of years held the same 
 position with the Seventh National. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 t 
 
 k 
 
 THE MANHATTAN SAVINGS INSTITUTION. 
 
 The Manhattan Savings Institution has its banking 
 rooms on the ground floor of its own stately eight-story 
 sandstone front building, at 644 and 646 Broadway, corner 
 of Bleecker Street, completed for its use in 1890, at a cost of 
 over half a million dollars. This structure replaced another 
 which had been erected in 1857, the liank having in 1863 
 purchased this site and moved thither from its original 
 quarters at 648 Broadway. The incor]joration dates l)atk 
 to i85i,w'hen it was formed by such leading citizens as 
 Augustus Schell, James Harper, E. D. Morgan (afterwards 
 Governor of New York), Henry Stokes, A. A. Alvord and 
 James M. McLean. Ambrose C. Kingsland, ex-Mayor of 
 New York, was the first President. The institution has 
 a history of steady growth and of the confidence to which 
 the high standing of its management entitles it. The 
 deposits since its inception have 
 amounted to $95,250,055, and the 
 amount due dejiositors at present 
 is $8,700,000, the assets repre- 
 senting nearly a market value of 
 $10,000,000. Edward Schell, its 
 President, has been a trustee 
 nearly forty years ; the Vice- 
 President, Robert G. Remsen, 
 and Joseph Bird, have been iden- 
 tified with the bank for many 
 years ; the Secretary, Frank G. 
 Stiles, has a record of 32 years 
 spent in the service; and George 
 H. Pearsall, the Assistant Secre- 
 tary, has been connected with 
 the institution since 1865. The 
 Board of Trustees, in which the 
 officers are also included, consists 
 of : Henry M. Taber, John H. 
 Watson, P. Van Zandt Lane, E. 
 A. Walton, William J. Valentine, 
 De Witt C. Hays, Edward King, 
 H. B. Stokes, George Blagden, 
 John D. Jones, George H. 
 McLean, William H. Oakley, S. 
 R. fresher, James W. Smith, 
 James W. Beekman and Phillip 
 Schuyler. 
 
 DREXEL, MORGAN <S CO. 
 
 The international prominence 
 and high standing of the firm of 
 Drexel, Morgan & Co. place it 
 beyond the re(|uirements of any 
 explanatory reference in this 
 work; but a few facts concerning 
 its inception, growth and field of 
 usefulness cannot but be of great interest. This world re- 
 nowned banking house is the outgrowth of the preceding 
 firms of Drexel, Winthrop & Co., and Dabney, Morgan & 
 Co., which were dissolved in July, 187 1, and the new firm 
 formed by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan of the latter firm joining 
 the members of the firm of Drexel & Co., of Philadelphia; 
 and Drexel, Harjes & Co., of Paris. Drexel, Morgan & Co. 
 are the agents and attorneys of Messrs. J. S. Morgan (S: Co., 
 of London. The members of the firm resident in New York 
 are Messrs. J. Pierpont Morgan, J. Hood \Vright, George 
 S. Bowdoin, Charles H. Coster, J. Pierjjont Morgan, Jr., 
 and Temple Bowdoin. As one of the leading banking 
 houses of America its colossal achievements in the develop- 
 ment of the magnificent railroad system of the United 
 States are matters of history; many of the largest issues of 
 bonds ever offered to the investing public having been 
 
 MANHATTAN SAVINGS INSTITUTION, 
 
 placed successfully through its agency. It makes a specialty 
 of drawing Bills of Exchange at customary usances on 
 Great Britain and France; issues commercial and travellers' 
 credits, available all over the world, makes collections both 
 here and abroad through its allied houses and chain of 
 corres])ondents, and is in every way representative of the 
 soundest and most conservative financial methods. The 
 splendid building at the southeast corner of Wall Street 
 and Broad was erected in 1872-3, directly facing the United 
 States Sub-Treasury on the one hand and the Stock Ex- 
 change on the other, and the firm moved into the offices 
 now occupied by them on May ist, 1893. It is an archi- 
 tecturally handsome six story marble structure, affording 
 ample accommodations for the transaction of the enormous 
 business there centralized. The influence exercised by this 
 widely known firm has been of the most salutary character, 
 
 and the house is in every respect 
 a thorough exponent of the guid- 
 ing ])rinciples of financial probity 
 and conservatism, and the repre- 
 sentative position it occupies 
 forcibly indicates the confidence 
 wisely reposed in it by the public 
 at large. 'I"he senior member of 
 the firm, Mr. J Pierpont Morgan, 
 is universally regarded as one of 
 the ablest financiers this country 
 has yet produced. The force of 
 his masterly hand in the adjust- 
 ment of the difficulties and re- 
 habilitation and reorganization 
 of such properties as the West 
 Sliore Railroad, Pittsburgh & 
 Western, Chicago & Atlantic, 
 Ohio, Indiana &: Western, the 
 Chesapeake & Ohio, Richmond & 
 .\lleghany, Elizabethtown, Lex- 
 ington & Big Sandy, and the 
 Reading Company are too fresh 
 in the mind of the people to need 
 recounting here. His success in 
 these negotiations is said to have 
 been due mainly to his absolute 
 fairness, consulting, as he did, 
 ■pan W^ ^vi^' ^ ''""^ rights of all interested, stock- 
 I '■Hy^^^^^J^fl holders as well as bondholders. 
 I '^JM^\ ^K^^^ ^'"^^ -'■ Pi'^rpont Morgan was born 
 <* ^^^^ ^^^^B^H in Hartford, Conn., in 1837, was 
 ^^ .^^^^^B^l educated at Gottingen, and upon 
 j^^^^^^^K^^ the death 1890 of his father, 
 -.^MK/H^^^^KK^k Ji-'niii^ ''^ Morgan (who was 
 
 former partner and successor of 
 (ieorge Peabody), he became also 
 the head of the London house of 
 J. S. Morgan & Co. Personally Mr. Morgan is, under 
 cover of an imperious manner, sympathetic, warm hearted 
 and generous. His benefactions are as extended and 
 liberal as they are unostentatious. His is a unique figure, 
 strong, intellectual, talented, one of which the Metropolis 
 may well be proud. Anthony J. Drexel, senior member 
 of the firms of Drexel & Co., Drexel, Harjes & Co., 
 and Drexel, Morgan & Co., died at Carlsbad, Bohemia, 
 June 30, 1893. He was born in Philadelphia in 1826. 
 His father, Francis Martin Drexel, who established the 
 large financial institution of which his son was the 
 head, was a native of Dornbin, in the Austrian Tyrol, 
 and came to America in 181 7. He founded the bank- 
 ing house of Drexel Co. in 1837. After his death, in 
 1863, he was succeeded by his sons, A. J. and Francis 
 A. Drexel. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 DREXEL, MORGAN & CO.'S BUILDING. 
 
to 
 
 'NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE MILLS BUILDING. 
 
 The Mills Building, named for the owner, D. O. Mills, is 
 one of the handsomest and best known office buildings on 
 this continent. It is said to be the most costly office 
 structure owned by any single individual, having cost 
 upwards of $3,500,000. At the time of its erection it out- 
 ranked any similar structure. Its fine architectural effects 
 are admirably shown off by its situation, its main front 
 being on Broad Street, a thoroughfare actuallv broad in fact 
 as well as in name. It has two other street fronts, one on 
 Wall Street and the other on Exchange Place, the three 
 fronts having distinct entrances, all of which lead into the 
 
 On the lower floor, on Broad Street, is the St. Nicholas 
 Bank and the banking house of Henry Clews, and on the 
 eleventh floor, above the offices, is a restaurant. The 
 great feature of the Mills Building, architecturally, is its 
 large open court, which gives admiralile light to all its 
 offices. Mr. Mills is one of the California magnates who 
 came to New York many years ago. He is also the owner 
 of one of the finest buildings in San Francisco, also called 
 the " Mills Building." He is identified with a large number 
 of the greatest of New York's financial, commercial and 
 other institutions. Among his charitable works is the 
 " D. O. Mills Training School for Male Nurses." He is the 
 father-in-law of the Hon. Whitelaw 
 Reid, e.K-United States Minister to 
 France, and the late Republican 
 nominee for Vice-President of the 
 United States, but who is probably 
 best known as the editor of the New 
 York Tribune. The erection of the 
 Mills Building enhanced the value of 
 all Broad and Wall Street real estate. 
 
 ij3^3i^3|l 
 
 THE MILLS BUILDING. 
 
 grand rotunda, which leads especially from the Broad 
 Street entrance. Its Broad Street side is opposite the 
 main entrance to the Stock Exchange, the Wall Street 
 entrance is opposite to the United States Sub-Treasury 
 building, and the Exchange Place entrance is within a 
 stone's throw of the Custom House. It is eleven stories 
 high, and covers about 23,000 square feet of surface 
 area, taking in 11 to 23 Broad Street and 35 Wall Street. 
 It has seven elevators of the most modern construction. 
 Its tenants number about 800, among them being many 
 railroad and other corjjorations, and some of the most 
 important banking and brokerage houses in " the Street." 
 
 UNITED STATES TRUST 
 COMPANY. 
 
 There are twenty trust companies 
 in Xew York, and one of the oldest 
 and most substantial of them is the 
 United States It is one of the most 
 important fiduciary institutions in 
 the country. In fact, it is the largest 
 trust company on the continent, hav- 
 ing the greatest amount of assets. 
 The United States Trust Company 
 was organized in 1853, under a 
 special charter, to act as trustee, 
 executor, and guardian, as well as a 
 legal de])Ository of money. Its ca])ital 
 is $2,000,000, it has a sur])lus of 
 $8,000,000, deposits of $42,000,000, 
 and gross assets of $52,000,000. The 
 business of the company has lately 
 become very varied and extensive. 
 It has frequently been selected by 
 courts of law to act as depository for 
 funds in litigation. It is often appoint- 
 ed executor for the settlement of 
 large estates, and to act as guardian 
 for wealthy minors. It is the trustee 
 for bondholders of railroads and 
 other corporations, and it acts as 
 transfer agent and registiar of com- 
 pany stocks. It allows interest on 
 deposits, which are subject to five 
 days' notice of payment. In 1888 
 the company took possession of its 
 present palatial offices, on Wall 
 Street, and they carry on their large 
 business in the massive granite 
 Romanesque pile, which is considered one of the finest 
 office buildings in the city. The Board of Trustees include 
 such names as William Walter Phelps, Samuel Sloan, 
 William Rockefeller and William Waldorf Astor. The 
 present President is John A. Stewart, who was at one 
 time Assistant Treasuier of the United States. The 
 Secretary is Henry L. Thornell, and the Assistant Secretary 
 Louis G. Hampton. With such men as managers, and 
 with an unblemished reputation for hone-ty, fairness, and 
 business dispatch, the United States Trust Comitany 
 illustrates the growth of the great financial institutions 
 of America. 
 
NFAV YORK, THE MRTROPOf.I Fi. 
 
 THE METROPOLITAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH 
 COMPANY. 
 
 'I'fk-plume service has for many years been recogni/.ed 
 and employed as the most direct and convenient means for 
 business and social communications. Iniprovements and 
 inventions have been continually applied lo render the 
 service thoroughly efficient, and many sc ienlists, rncchani< al 
 experts and skilful workmen ha\e been ent;am-d in its 
 perfection. Through the multitude of wires and instruments 
 all parts of the city are brought into close connection, and 
 ■conversation can be maintained not only with a neighbor, 
 but with correspondents as far distant as Chicago. The 
 service of New York City is furnished by the al.iove named 
 Company, which by means of its connections with suburlian 
 points and with the long distance lines of the .American 
 ■J'elephone .S: Telegraph Company, places at the disposal 
 
 the nature of the business reipiires the utmost security to 
 avoid the possibility of tlie slightest interrui)tion. Over 800 
 persons are employed, nearly 400 of whom are girls retained 
 as operators. The salaries paid exceed $600,000 per annum. 
 A few years since the system was conducted by overhead 
 wires, but these with their poles and fixtures have been 
 removed, and substituted for them are cables containing 
 30,000 miles of wire run through the subways and radiating in 
 every direction from the central offices, each central 
 office, therefore, as may be su|)pose(l, <:onnecting with 
 hundreds of underground lines These wires are run in 
 metallic ( ircuit or pairs, each cable carrying about 50 pairs. 
 The ado])tion of the underground system has been 
 attended with immense outlay of money and many 
 electrical and mechanical difticiilties, and the complete 
 remodelling of the (Company's plant. The exi hanges are 
 
 CENTRAL OFFICE OF THE METROPOLITA.V TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, SKOVVLVG I'ART 
 OF THE SWITCH BOARD AND OPERATORS AT WORK. 
 
 of its jjatrons at their offices and residences facilities to 
 communicate direct with 80,000 telephone users, scattered 
 through New York, New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 Illinois and other contiguous States. This large number of 
 persons or companies having lines for their individual use, 
 and who are properly termed subscribers, may be indefi- 
 nitely increased by the mass of people who avail themselves 
 of the telephone at the public stations established for their 
 accommodation. Owing to the multi])licity of wiring and 
 the necessities incident to and arising from the ojieration 
 of so large an exchange, where each suliscriber in his local 
 service is provid d with the means of communicating with 
 over Q,ooo other stations, with which his calls are not limited 
 either in time or number, the city is divided into eight 
 districts, each district containing its central office or ex- 
 change centre. These offices are in fireproof buildings, as 
 
 provided with dining and reading rooms, lavatories, and 
 wardrolies and every convenience for the comfort of the 
 operators, whose wants are looked after by a matron, 
 serving refreshments, etc. The maintenance of this vast 
 and complicated system, the equi|iment and offices and 
 lines, is under the most complete and thorough system of 
 management, each de]jartment being under a special staff, 
 with responsible chiefs, each one of whom is in direct 
 charge of the Ceneral Manager. When it is stated that a 
 com])lete record of a large projjortion of the indixidual 
 transactions of every one of the telephone stations belong- 
 ing to the Comjtany is kejjt, so that all information con- 
 cerning them is immediately available, some idea of the 
 work performed by the Company may be imagined when 
 over 100,000 connections are made daily, during the ten 
 working hours, from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. The largest central 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 office or exchange centre of the Company is at i8 Cort- 
 landt Street, in a handsome eight-story structure. The 
 wires enter the building to the number of about 16,000, 
 incased in lead cables, from the terminals of which wires 
 are extended to the ujjper floor, which is entirely occupied 
 as the operating department. The switchboard of this 
 floor is 250 feet long, and is the largest of the kind in the 
 world, its cost being about $400,000. It contains more 
 than 260,000 se]3arate electrical instruments and hundreds 
 of miles of fine insulated wire, passing through the board and 
 connecting the different parts together. The service is 
 prompt and regular and not surpassed, if equalled, by any 
 elsewhere. The engraving on page 11 gives a view of a 
 section of the switchboard. 
 
 rods, tubes and wire, besides lamps and chandeliers of every 
 kind for kerosene oil. The business extends not only all 
 over the country, but embraces considerable export trade. 
 They are also the sole manufacturers of the celebrated 
 Tobin bronze metal for ship sheathing and fastenings, pump 
 rods and yacht shafting, sheets and plates for pump linings, 
 tube sheets, etc. This metal, when rolled hot, is remarkable 
 for its high elastic limit, toughness and uniform texture, and 
 is stronger than ordinary mild steel rods or plates. The 
 testimonials and orders are coming in constantly, and are 
 too numerous to mention, but embrace such firms as Wm. 
 Cramp & Sons, Harlan & Hollingsworth, Columbia Iron 
 Works, the Pusey & Jones Co., and the Morgan Iron Works. 
 The Ansonia Brass and Copper Company also manufac- 
 
 ANSONIA BRASS AND COPPER COMPANY. 
 
 THE ANSONIA BRASS AND COPPER COMPANY. 
 
 This industry was founded in 1847 l)y Anson G. Phelps, 
 of Phelps, Dodge & Co., Mr. Phelps' Christian name being 
 the origin of the name "Ansonia." The company now has 
 six large factories, covering about sixteen acres, and con 
 stantly employing from 1,200 to 1,300 workmen, with a pay- 
 roll of nearly $900,000 a year. The growth and uninter- 
 rupted prosperity of the industry has been remarkable, at 
 the present time ranking among the most important in the 
 country, and yi'rj-/ in their special field of production, namely, 
 sheet copper and copper bottoms, copper wire for electrical 
 purposes, and ingot copper. The company controls over a 
 hundred patents for lamps and chandeliers and for various 
 forms of metal vvorking, and produces great varieties of 
 
 tured clocks until 1878, when that part of the business was 
 reorganized under the name of the Ansonia Clock Com- 
 pany, with factories in Brooklyn and New York, employing 
 about 1, 200 hands. Their production embraces clocks of 
 Nickel, Wood, Brass, Bronze, Marble and Onyx, of every 
 description, style and price, including mantel and hanging 
 clocks, with bronze figures of original and various designs. 
 The company supplies jobbers all over the United States, 
 and export to every part of the globe. They have branch 
 offices in Chicago and London, and agencies in Canada, 
 South America, Australia, Mexico, India, China and Japan. 
 They issue a handsome and comprehensive catalogue of over 
 160 jsages, and the exhibit of varied and beautiful designs 
 at the salesrooms, on Cliff Street, will amply repay a visit. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 13 
 
 
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 ■'■''('if ',: """r -if. <.-''.-: ■ --i^nsu"- 
 
 
 THE MOUNT MORRIS ELECTRIC I.ICITI' COMI'ANVS WORKS. 
 
 THE MOUNT MORRIS ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY. 
 
 This company was incorporated Octolicr 25, 1 880, and 
 was granted a franchise by the Board of Aldermen of New 
 York City May 31, 1887, for the entire city. The company 
 is organized with a capital of $1,500,000, and its officers and 
 directors are men with high standing in the business com- 
 munity. Its business is elettric lighting and sujiplying 
 motor power. From moderate beginnings it has become 
 one of the principal sources of light to the city. Its many 
 arc and incandescent lights, its length of subways and 
 number of motors supplied, are testimonies to its enterprise, 
 skill and service rendered. In lighting, it employs all im- 
 provements and methods of electric illumination for both 
 arc and incandescent lighting that have been discovered, 
 and every advantage derived from the use of electric light 
 in public and private buildings is obtained. Through its 
 skilful corps of practical experts it applies its service with 
 economy and efficiency. Tlie JVe7ci York Recorder, in a 
 recent issue, thus referred to the Mount Morris Electric 
 Light Company's service : 
 
 " The Recoi der press room is the best lighted press room 
 in the world. It has the best lighting system e.xtant. Eight 
 hundred incandescent and six incandescent arc lights (the 
 so-called Helos lamps) are used. The light piroduced is a 
 steady one, doing away with the sickly flicker of gas flames. 
 If any one has cause to bless the invention of the electric 
 light it is the newspaper writer and printer. The steady 
 burning of this light, outside of its brilliancy, has been a 
 great boon to newspaper workers in every department, both 
 above and below ground, and in no place can the system be 
 found in greater perfection than in the home ot the Re- 
 corder." 
 
 The general office of the Mount Morris Electric Light 
 Company is situated at the corner of Vandam and Green- 
 wich streets, where the company has an immense plant, 
 which will soon be extended to meet the demands of its 
 growing business. The building at Vandam and Green- 
 wich streets is a five-story fireproof structure, covering a 
 plot of ground 67 x 100 feet. It was built expressly for the 
 purpose for which it is used, and is com])lete in every detail. 
 The plant is as perfect as money, skill and experience can 
 
 make it, and the machinery used to produce the light is of 
 the most costly and imjiroved character, and employs a 
 small army of men in the \arious departments of its ojjera- 
 tions. Adjoining the building, on the east side, the com- 
 jjany further owns a plot of ground 50 x 1 17 feet, and on this 
 another Iniilding will soon be erected. In addition to this, 
 the com|jany has an uptown station at 2285 Eighth .'\ venue, 
 near i22d Street. Here a three-story building, 25 x 85 feet, 
 is occupied, and is thoroughly eqiiii)i)ed with ])erfect ma- 
 chinery. When the new building is completed, the stations 
 will have a capacity of 50,000 incandescent and 1,500 arc 
 lights, and power to sup|ily several hundred motors. The 
 service of the company, as before stated, is the best and 
 highest the most skilful electricians can provide. It now 
 furnishes its customers with over 25,000 incandescent and 
 900 arc lights, besides su|)])lying over 100 motors. E)le(tri(' 
 lighting is the necessity of the age; the discoveries and 
 improvements in the past few years have made its service 
 indispensable, and it is the object of the Mount Morris 
 Electric Light Company to furnish its patrons with the best 
 and most economical service obtainable. The officers of 
 the company are Edward May, President ; Julius A. May, 
 Vice-President and Treasurer ; Harry .Sanderson, Secre- 
 tary. Associated with these gentlemen on the Board of 
 Directors are John Hills, Henry Claussen, Jr., H. B. Schar- 
 mann and U'illiam Foster. 
 
 THE •■FAIR & SQUARE" RIBBON MILL. 
 The manufacturers of New York City are famous not 
 only for the volume, but for the variety of goods produced. 
 There are few branches of industry omitted from the long 
 list, and we find represented among them the manufacture 
 of silk ribbons, which has attained large proportions through 
 the protective tariff and the energy of Messrs. Joseph Loth 
 & Co., whose salesrooms at 65 and 67 Greene St. are the 
 distributing point for high grades of silk ribbons. Their 
 mill on Washington Heights is one of the landmarks of 
 that vicinity: it is built in the most substantial and jjleasing 
 style of architecture, and from which comes the " Fair iV 
 Sciuare " ribbon, known everywhere where line goods are 
 sold. 
 
14 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 
 
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 THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK.— BUILDINGS. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROrOLlS. 
 
 '5 
 
 THE MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The rise, the progress, the diffirulties il has cncDuiucred, 
 the success the Mutual Life Insurance t'oni|iany has 
 met with in the fifty years of its existence is in a Large 
 deg ee the history of life insurance in the United States, 
 and has been detailed in many publications. The Mutual 
 Life sailed out on an untried sea. There w as iki experienced 
 helmsman to guide the ship. '{"here was no capital, no 
 money, but a few men simply banded together and agreed 
 to protect each other, in that each paid an amount in 
 specified sums per year to protect the others. The coni]iany 
 was organized in 1842, and began business in 184^5. At the 
 former date there were no life insurance comi)anies in 
 existence in this countrx. Organized without funds, 
 without capital, the progress of the Mutual has been 
 marvellous. It was an experiment wonderfully successful. 
 The first days of business of the Company amounted to 
 $105.50. The business increased very slowly, and it is a 
 fact that there were not funds enough to meet the first loss, 
 which was obtained through the jiersonal endorsement of 
 the President. At the end of ten years it had scarcely more 
 policies in force than it now issues in one month At the 
 close of 1892, the forty-four life insurance companies doing 
 business in New York had assets of over 15850,000,000 and 
 over $4,000,000,000 of insurance in force, with an income 
 over $200,000,000, and paid out $150,000,000. The Mutual 
 Life disbursed over one-fifth of this amount. Since the first 
 of February, 1843, the company has received from its 
 policyholders more than $425,000,000, collected for its 
 policyholders more than $120,000,000 in interest, rents, etc., 
 and paid out to its policyholders more than $340,000,000. 
 In 1891 it paid its policyholders nearly $19,000,000 
 in cash. Its income in 1892 was over $40,000,000, with 
 assets of $175,000,000. Such is the record and of such 
 monumental proportions is the business of the largest 
 life insurance company of the world. But the greatness of 
 the Mutual Life is not to be expressed by the foregoing or 
 any other figures, nor is it possible in picture the good 
 that has been wrought by the com|)any. In e\ery city and 
 village of the country there are homes that liave been 
 benefited, and many a life made better and comfortable by 
 the payments made on its policies. Not less than three 
 hundred thousand persons have received its benefits. 
 Since the day of its organization, the company has been 
 advancing, in assets, in increase of business issuing more 
 policies each vear, demonstrating the practical benefits 
 derived froni life insurance. The financial ability of the 
 Company has never been more characteristic than its 
 mathematical precision. The first distinctly ,\merican 
 svstem of rates and titles was compiled for it by Professor 
 Charles Gill, its actuary, and embrace every question that 
 could be foreseen. The vital statistics of the I'nited States 
 were made for the Company by Dr. Wynne, and were 
 received as the most valuable table of its experience under 
 ihe title of the " American Ex|)erience," and was adojjted 
 by New York as the legal standard of the State. In 1S76, 
 commutation and other extensive tables were published 
 based on the experience of the Mutual Life Company. Its 
 Mortality Report issued in 1876 is the standard authority 
 on all questions relating to the Laws of .American insurance 
 on lives. " The Company was formed on the bedrock 
 principle of accumulation in its firmest and strongest expect- 
 ations," it has always been conducted on a cash basis, its 
 premiums were cast upon a scale that beyond a perad- 
 venture result in a steady profit to associated members over 
 and above all contigencies. Whoever holds a policy of this 
 Company, paying his premiums as they become due, may 
 rest free from all anxieties which are insejiarable from 
 provision for the future. From 184S to 1863, dixidends 
 were declared every five years, In 1866 a three years' 
 
 dividend of nearly $3,000,000 was made. Since 1807, the 
 yearly dividends have ranged from $2,500,000 to 
 $3,000,000. The number of policyholders now exceed 
 250,000; of the original poli( yholders in 1843, 473 in number, 
 21 now remain alive. Its investments have been made 
 with great care, are solid and secure and never speculative. 
 It is a company of policyholders, conducted for their 
 benefit. In 18S5, Mr. Richard A. McCurdy, then Vice- 
 President, was elected President of the Company, and 
 under his administration it has become the greatest 
 insurance organization (jf the world, '{'he Vice-President 
 is Mr. Robert .\. Cranniss; Dr. Walter R. Cillette, CJeneral 
 Manager; Mr. Isaac !•'. Lloyd, second \'ice-l'resident, and 
 Mr. William J. Kaston, Secretary. The Hoard of Trustees 
 are thirty-four in number, gentlemen of prominence at the 
 bar, among banking institutions, railways and mercantile 
 houses. And here the Recoidcr wislies to pay its meed of 
 tribute to Dr. Ciillette, the general manager of the Company, 
 and while it has every term of praise for him as an individual, 
 it voices jiublic sentiment by saying that no name is held 
 in higher estimation in the insurance world. 
 
 CHARLES HORN. 
 
 Mr. Charles Horn is one of the pioneers of the Silk 
 Ribbon industry in this country. Like so many of our suc- 
 cessful manufacturers he is of German birth, but came to 
 New York when he was only nine years old. He has been 
 connected with the Silk interest since 1856, and in 1870 
 began the manufacture of Silk Ribbons under the firm name 
 of Hertschy iv Horn. He has been the sole proprietor since 
 1878. In the f.dl of 1892 Mr. Horn reorganized his busi- 
 ness into a stock company under the firm name of " Charles 
 Horn Silk Company," of which he is both President and 
 Treasurer. The mill which this firm occupies was built bv 
 Mr. Horn about four years ago, and is situated in a central 
 and growing portion of the city,Sixty seventh Street and West 
 End Avenue, overlooking the Hudson River. This build- 
 ing is not only an ornament in an architectural sense, but is 
 es])eci.illy adapted in all its ap]jointments for the purpose for 
 which it was built. It embraces a throwing mill and a well 
 arranged dye house, thus enabling every branch of the busi- 
 ness to be done on the premises. The special aim of Mr. 
 Horn has always been to turn out a popular, but very tasty, 
 grade of goods for general consumption. The evenness 
 and uniform regularity of his manufactured ]iroducts have 
 gained and held a market all over the country. Their 
 popularity has crowded from the market many a foreign 
 make which at one time held iindisijuted sway in this 
 country. Mr. Horn is a member of the Silk .Association 
 and does all he can to help raising the standard of the silk 
 industry of America. 
 
 THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. 
 
 The General Electric Company of New York is a cor- 
 poration, with a special charter granted early in 1892. Its 
 main work at present is electric lighting, electric railways, 
 and electric transmission of power. In lighting it owns and 
 controls the jjatents of almost every known method of 
 electric illumination in all its different departments, alter- 
 nating and direct current, for both arc and incandescent 
 lamps. The two last-named departments have shown most 
 phenomenal growth, and their rapid extension is an accurate 
 gauge of the wide adoption of the electric light in both 
 public and private life. The arc lamps already manufac- 
 tured and in use number hundreds of thousands, while the 
 incandescent lamps reach millions. The problem of the 
 subdivision of electric illumination, by means of lamps of 
 reduced size and smaller candle-power, has been success- 
 
i6 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 fully solved, and the many additional advantages derivable 
 from the use of the electric light in this way rendered still 
 more striking. As a pioneer and careful developer toward 
 perfection in the electric lighting field, the General Electric 
 Company stands to-day pre-eminent. In street railway 
 locomotion it has developed and has in practical operation 
 the most perfect system, known as the overhead system, 
 while it has already developed high power locomotives for 
 heavy traction work. So rapid, indeed, have been the 
 strides made in this direction that the substitution of the 
 steam locomotive by the electric locomotive has been 
 brought, by the latest developments of this company, within 
 the range of immediate probabilities. In mining work it 
 manufactures appliances for drilling, hoisting, conveying, 
 pulverizing, extracting, etc., by electricity. In power work 
 it has created appliances for every conceivable kind of 
 portable or stationary motors, from the smallest to the 
 
 THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMl'.A.NV, HEAD OFFICE, NEW YORK. 
 
 greatest. It has enabled the industrial world to take 
 advantage of the immense energy in the undeveloped 
 water-powers of the country. By means of its perfected 
 apparatus the waterfalls and water-courses of the country 
 have been laid under contribution, and rendered sub- 
 servient to the uses of man. Mines, heretofore unwork- 
 able on account of the cost of fuel, are now proving 
 sources of great profit, the power to work them being 
 transmitted to them by means of the electrical devices 
 which this company has invented and constructed. Mills 
 and factories all over the land testify to the almost universal 
 uses to which electricity has been put, all rendered possible 
 and practicable by the inventive talent which the General 
 Electric Company has at its command. It has very 
 extensive electrical works at Schenectady, N. Y., and at 
 Lynn, Mass., and the largest works in the world for the 
 
 manufacture of incandescent lamps at Harrison, N. J. In 
 its various departments it gives employment to over 14,000 
 people, many of whom command the highest pay for their 
 skill and knowledge of both the theory and practice of 
 electricity. It is not the exclusive province, however, of the 
 General Electric Company to deal with the public consumer 
 
 GENERAL ELECTRIC CO., SCHENECTADY, N. Y. 
 
 of electricity directly. It is also, as its name implies, the 
 general or " parent " organization under which several 
 thousand distinct local companies, chartered in every 
 State and territory, and also in many foreign countries, 
 are licensed to use its patents, appliances, and products. 
 The large capital employed by this Company, together with 
 
 GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.. LYNN, MASS. 
 
 its unrivalled corps of inventors, scientists, and experts, 
 permits it to examine and test thoroughly any and all 
 ideas that are likely to develop the science of electricity, 
 and to apply it commercially. The capital of the General 
 Electric Company is $50,000,000. Its executive offices 
 are located in a large, handsome building, eight stories 
 
 CF.NKRAI. KI.ECTRIC CO., HARRISON, N. J. 
 
 high, at 44 Broad Street, in New York City, and also at 
 620 Atlantic Avenue, Boston. Its officers are C. .\. Coffin, 
 President ; Eugene Griffin, First Vice-President ; E. I. 
 Garfield, Secretary; A. S. Beves, Treasurer; and Joseph P. 
 Ord, Comptroller. 
 
NEIV YOUK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 n 
 
 COLLINS & CO. 
 
 The American abroad, no matter in uiiat part of the 
 world he may be sojourning, wherever through civilization he 
 goes, he will find articles which were manufactured on his 
 native soil. There was a time when this was not so and when 
 the tools and agricultural implements were ahnost uii;ini- 
 mously English make. Were it necessary to illustrate the 
 rapidity with which American ingenuity is beating I'.riti^h 
 persistence in the World's 
 markets the names of two 
 articles might be mentioned, 
 namely, McCormick's reai)- 
 ing machine and Collins' axe. 
 Collins' axe is essentiallv 
 American. It is made of 
 American cast steel and it 
 was evolved from American 
 inventive genius to suit the 
 American man. Hence it is 
 an American axe, though, as 
 above stated, it is to be found 
 the world all over, for the 
 reason that it is the best 
 known. To the ancient 
 house of Collins & Co., 
 Hartford, Connecticut, must 
 be attributed an im])rove- 
 ment amounting to an invention, whi( h has in a measure 
 revolutionized labor. The Collins Bros, began the manufac- 
 ture of the axe bearing their name in 1826 in Hartford, and 
 although their factory was subsequently removed to its pre- 
 sent locality on the Farmington River, with a large store in 
 New York, the original stamp on their axes and other tools 
 has been retained, " Collins & Co., Hartford," which name 
 carries with it a reputation for superexcellence that has 
 brought to the surface a host of forgers and imitators. Pre 
 
 mands unlimited capital, the exiierience of more than half a 
 century, the skill that capital and experience combined can 
 command, and since its foundation has never allowed a 
 competitor either at home or abroad not only to outstrip it 
 in public favor, but not to come up to it. The Collins axe 
 retains tile supremacy now it won in 1S26, though since then 
 great events have occurred in the world. The New York 
 office is at 212 Water Street and has been there since i.S.^y. 
 
 Though the old heads and 
 managers of that period have 
 |)assed away the business 
 I ontinues. New heads and 
 managers have taken their 
 places, men of e(pial push 
 and ability who prefer to 
 lose their i<lentity in the firm 
 name of Collins iV t^o., a 
 naiie rendered famous by 
 lime and the reputation of 
 lis wares throughout the 
 Ciiited States, and indeed 
 :dl ])arts of the world, which 
 firm from a modest beginning 
 has pros].iered until to-day it 
 employs 650 hands, turns out 
 5,000 axes per diem, has a 
 sur]ilus of a million dollars 
 500 tons of iron, Hoo tons 
 
 VIEW OF COLLINS CO.'S WORKS. COLLINSVI LI. K, CONN., 1H,I;. 
 
 and consumes at the rate of 
 
 ot steel, 10,000 tons of anthracite coal. 
 
 HART BROS.. TIBBETTS & CO. 
 
 About thirty-five years ago this well known firm of 
 Accountants was started at its present headcpiai ters in the 
 city of London, where, ever since, a large business has been 
 fostered. In 18S9 abranch was established in New York City 
 under the direci ion of Henry William Hart, ."^.C'A.; the opera- 
 
 VIEW OF COLLINS CO.'S WORKS, COLLINSVILLE, CONN., tS'.ri. 
 
 vious to 1826 the Northern and\Vestern States were supplied 
 by country blacksmiths with axes generally made from com- 
 mon blistered steel, and it took a w'oodchopper about half a 
 day to grind one of them into readiness for use, while the 
 Southern States used miserable unground axes imported 
 from England. When the Collins axe became known it 
 superseded all others and took the position at the head of 
 the trade it possesses to this present day. This famous 
 house, established for the manufacture of edge tools, com- 
 
 tion of the office exten<liiig all over the United States and 
 Canada. Since the opening of the New York Branch this 
 firm has been officially concerned in examinations that have 
 led to the formation of several of the largest combinations, 
 while it is saying but little when it is mentioned that the 
 work turned out by them has always earned the entire satis- 
 faction of their clientage. 'I'he senior member of the firm, 
 Edward Hart, Sr., F.C.A., was elected an Alderman of 
 the city of London in 1S8S, and on the granting of a 
 
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 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
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NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 19 
 
 royal charter to "The Institute of C'liarlcred Aciountants 
 in England and Wales" was elected one of the first niemhers 
 of council. The other partners are William Oscar Tihljetts, 
 F.C.A., Edward Hart, |r, F.C.A., located in London'; 
 and William Henry Hart, A.C.A., the representative in 
 New York City. 
 
 EAGLE PENCIL COMPANY. 
 
 A lead [jencil is a small artii le. and yet one New \'iirk 
 Company alone engaged in its manufacmre em|iloy upwaids 
 of a thousand hands. This is the Eagle Pencil Company, 
 founded by Daniel Berolzheimer in a small way, and carried 
 on by his successors until to-day it turns out over half the 
 pencils in the world from this city of New ^'ork, has offices 
 and warerooms in Franklin Street, a factory occupying No. 
 702 to 732 F'ast T4th Street, another from 703 to 725 East 
 13th Street, cedar works for cutting wood in Florida and 
 Alabama, branch houses in London and Paris, travellers in 
 this country, China, South Africa, Australia South America 
 and agencies everywhere. J'he astonishing growth of this 
 great American industry must be ascribed to the pluck, 
 energy and indomitable courage and ])erseverance of its 
 founders and jiromoters. Although Daniel Berolzheimer 
 started the business its real founder was his son Henry, for 
 Daniel died soon after its establishment. It was originally 
 founded in Furth, kingdom of Bavaria, in i85<S, and a 
 small branch started in this country in i860. When, in 
 1861, the war of the Rebellion broke out and our govern- 
 ment were compelled in its suppression to levy heavy duties 
 on imports, the firm erected a factory in this city and the 
 business prospered beyond their most sanguine expecta- 
 tions, so mu( h so, in fact, that they wereol>liged to increase 
 manufacturing facilities here and reduce the imports from 
 Bavaria in proportion, until finally (1870) the German 
 concern was abandoned altogether and their energies con- 
 fined to the American market exclusi\ely. At this time the 
 factory was in Yonkers, N. Y., but in 1876 headtiuarters 
 were transferred to this city, a step rendered necessary by 
 an ever increasing trade. Since that time the intrinsic 
 merit of their productions has given the business an impetus 
 until it now appears as if the Eagle Pencil Company were 
 about to control the pencil markets of the whole world, as 
 in effect it controls more than half of them already. They 
 have the largest establishment on the globe, the ground 
 covered by their works embracing thirty-two citv lots. 
 Their Steel Pen and Penholder factory on 13th Street 
 alone covers 80,000 square feet. The concern was in 1885 
 incorporated into a joint stock company, and Emil, son of 
 Henry and grandson of Daniel, was elected President. He 
 inherits his father's traits of character in an eminent degree 
 and especially his executive ability. Emil was Ijorn in 
 Furth, Bavaria, on April 26, 1862, and graduated from the 
 Ciovernment high schools. He started in life as cltrk in a 
 Frankfort (on the Main) Bank, and was subsequently 
 engaged in the Ban(iue de Paris, Brussels. From thence 
 he came to this country and engaged, together with his bro- 
 ther PhUlip, in his father's business, first as a clerk in the 
 concern and through successive stages as manager. Philli]) 
 has recently returned from what may be termed a business 
 trip round the world, the result of which gives some idea of 
 the concern's vastness, its enterprise and what Emil Berolz- 
 heimer has achieved in the way, so to speak, of universal 
 dominion. Mr. Phillip opened connections in China, Japan, 
 Australia, the East Indies, the republics of South and 
 ('entral America, France, Italy and other European nations, 
 all of which countries had purchased their goods in Germany 
 hitherto. Indeed the Company have agents and travellers 
 always on the move in their interest, and the Eagle Com- 
 pany is now known throughout civilization and even a 
 trifle beyond it. The factory on 14th Street turns out lead 
 
 |>encds and rubber erasers, and that (in r3tli Street pen- 
 holders and steel pens, the latter being a new dejiar ure, for 
 they have entirely aban<loned the old methods employed in 
 the manufacture of steel pens, and through their inventive 
 skill and persever.uKe have discovered a new and original 
 process for the ]ir(idu( tion of that much used writing 
 material. Their constant aim has been, and still is, to 
 improve the articles in the proiluction of whi( h they'are 
 engaged as well as the prucess of manufacture, and their 
 efforts in that respect are eminently successful. They have 
 invented several ini^enious contrivances in this direction, 
 among them the well known automatic pencil, whiih has 
 revolutionized the whole trade in nieclianical pencils. They 
 also manufacture a patented cojiying ink pencil, with which 
 one can write a letter and copy the sair.e just as though it 
 were written with copying ink. One of their latest jiro- 
 ductions is the Fountain Pen. Owing to their wonderful 
 machinery, inventions and comjilete facilities, a school liov 
 can purchase a fountain jien out of his [locket money which 
 a few years ago was considered a luxury only accessible to 
 the conqjaratively wealthy. It is woithy of note that prize 
 medals have been awarded to liagle pencils wherever they 
 have lieen exhibited, the last of which was at the Centennial 
 Exposition, when they obtained the highest award for cheap- 
 ness and good tpiality. Still more important are the 
 expressions of approval constantly coming in from the real 
 judges — those who are compelled to use pencils in the line 
 of their professional duties, such as reporters and stenograph- 
 ers, who s]ieak of their value with convincing sincerity, sec- 
 onded by a continuous patronage. From a small lieginning 
 this Company has worked its way up until today there is 
 not a child that does not know the lead pencil bearing a 
 picture of the American l)ird of freedom. 
 
 OELBERMANN, DOMMERICH & CO. 
 
 'Ihe transition of the great firm of Oelbermann, Doni- 
 merich & Co., 57 to 63 Greene Street, from importers and 
 commission merchants to commission merchants pure and 
 simple is significant of the impetus the policy of protection 
 has given to .\nierican manufactures. The house is an old 
 one and for many years sold goods imported from England 
 and other European countries, whereas at present the great 
 bulk of the goods it handles is the product of American 
 looms. It was first established in 1849, and has, therefore, 
 been in existence nearly half a century. Since then the 
 name of the firm controlling it has been changed a few times 
 and its personality has been modified, though in essence it 
 remains the same, and the present owners, Messrs. Oel- 
 bermann and Dommerich, have been connected with it for 
 thirty-seven and thirty-three years respectively. They have 
 always confined themselves strictly to the commission trade, 
 believing in the princijile that in a mixed business equal 
 justice cannot be meted out to the manufacturer and the 
 vender on his own account; in other words, the seller on his 
 own account is more zealous in jnishing his than the manufac- 
 turer's interests. That commission pure and simple pays, and 
 pays well in the long run, is clearly illustrated by the volume 
 of trade carried on by this large and prosperous concern, 
 which to-day stands in the front rank of the great com- 
 mission houses of the country. Representing as they do the 
 very highe-t class of drygoods, and having connections all 
 over the civilized world, they are eminently in a position to 
 distribute the products of American manufacture to jobbers 
 and large retailers in every city of the L'nion. Another of 
 the benefits of a purely commission business is the ad- 
 ditional stability it derives from the absence of risks, 
 attaching to the carrying of large stocks of their own. The 
 only risk they are lialjle to, is from the guaranteeing of 
 credits, and thus they hold a decided advantage over 
 competitors in the trade who are compelled to carry both. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY'S BUILDINGS. 
 
NFAV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 
 The history of Life Insurance in the Metropolis has 
 been even more remarkable than tiie history of the Metro- 
 poHs itself. The city has been more than two centuries 
 in growing; Life Insurance has becoine one of its most 
 important interests during the past fifty years. Half a 
 century ago three companies had been chartered by 
 citizens of New York, anil one of them began lousiness in 
 1S43 ; there are now twelve New York companies, with 
 accumulated assets amounting to over five hundred million 
 dollars. In 1843 it was a question whether any life insur- 
 ance company could do business enough to keep it in exist- 
 ence: in 1893 it is seriously proposed to limit by legislative 
 enactment the amount of business which a single company 
 may do. The New York Life Insurance Company was 
 chartered in 1843, under the name of the " Nautilus Insur- 
 ance Company," which it bore until 1849 ; it was organized 
 and began business in 1845. In December of that year 
 there were four active companies in the country, two in 
 New York, one in New England and in New Jersey. The 
 four had less than $300,000 in assets and less than $800,000 
 in insurance. At tlie end of 1892 there were forty-four 
 companies, with over $850,000,000 in assets and over 
 $4,000,000,000 of insurance in force. They had an income 
 in 1892 of over $200,000,000 and disbursed nearly 
 $150,000,000. Of this immense business over half was done 
 by New York companies and over one-seventh by the New 
 York Life alone. It is proper to trace with some degree of 
 detail the history of a company that has been thus con- 
 nected with the history of Life Insurance in the Metropolis. 
 The New York Life was organized and has continued as a 
 purely mutual company, under the control of Trustees 
 elected by the insured members. Its growth was slow — or 
 seems so now — during the first fifteen years of its existence, 
 and in i860, when there were seventeen companies doing 
 business in the State, with combined assets of over 
 $24,000,000, the New York Life was the fourth in size with 
 less than ^2,000,000. In this year it originated and introduced 
 non-forfeitable policies, anticipating by over half a year 
 the Massachusetts law on this subject. Ten years before it 
 had expunged the suicide clause from its policies, standing 
 alone in this respect formany years. The year 1873, which 
 marked the culmination of the period of commercial pros- 
 perity following the civil war, also marked the culmina- 
 tion of a period of rapid growth in life insurance which 
 followed the introduction of non-forfeitable policies. 
 There were then fifty-six companies doing business in the 
 State, having an income in 1873 of $118,000,000, assets to 
 the amount of $360,000,000, and over $2,000,000,000 of 
 insurance in force. The New York Life was doing about 
 one-fifteenth of the entire business, having an income of 
 ^7,000,000, assets to the amount of $24,000,000, and over 
 $123,000,000 of insurance in force. During the next seven 
 years nearly half the companies went out of existence and 
 the total business fell off nearly one-third ; the New York 
 Life, however, made substantial gains both in income and 
 insurance. In 1869-71 the Tontine plan of insurance was 
 introduced, and the New York Life became one of its lead- 
 ing exponents. The two radical features of this plan were 
 (i) cash surrender values of the entire reserve and surplus 
 at the end of ten, fifteen or twenty years, and (2) policies 
 forfeitable for non-payment of premium during the Tontine 
 period. The second feature was not long maintained, but 
 the first was found of such practical value that it has been 
 adopted by nearly all comjjanies. As the New York Life 
 withstood the effects of the financial stringency following 
 1873 better than most comiianies, so it grew more rapidly 
 with the advent of more faxDrable conditions It extended 
 its agency system until it became a world-wide company, 
 with Branch Otifices in all the great centres of trade and 
 
 civilization. In 1892 the com|)any began the issue of a 
 contract called the" Accumulation Policy," which retained 
 the deferred dividend and cash surrender features of the 
 Tontine plan, with liberal non-forfeiture provisions, and 
 without any restrictions whatever u|>on residence, occupa- 
 tion, travel, habits of life and manner of death. Incidental 
 features, with respect to grace in ])ayment of premium, the 
 [jriviiege of reinstatement, loans on the policy, and incon- 
 testability after one year, add to its value and render this 
 the most liberal contract issued Ijy any company. The 
 company's business for 1892 was the largest of any year of 
 its history, its new insurances exceeding $173,000,000. Its 
 income was $30,936,590.83, disbursements $21,654,290.76, 
 assets January i, 1893, $137,499,198.99, and a surplus of 
 $16,804,948.10. The company was thoroughly examined liy 
 the Insurance Department in 1891-92 and its assets and lia- 
 bilities carefully verified by ex])erts. The Company's Home 
 Office is a handsome marble edifice at 346 and 348 Hroad- 
 way, corner of Leonard Street, and it owns office buildings 
 in Minneapolis, St. I'aul, Kansas City, Omaha, Montreal, 
 Paris, Vienna and Berlin. Officers and Trustees of the 
 Company are as follows : John A. McCall, President ; 
 Henry 'I'uck, Vice-President ; A. H. \Velch, 2d Vice Presi- 
 dent ; Ci. W. Perkins, 3d Vice-President ; R. W. Weeks, 
 Actuary; C. N. Jones, Associate Actuary ; H. C. Richard- 
 son, Ass't Actuary ; E. N. Gibbs, Treasurer ; H. S. 
 Thompson, Comptroller ; C. C. Whitney, Secretary ; T. M. 
 Banta, Cashier ; J. k. Brown, Auditor ; D. P. Kingsley, 
 Supt. of Agencies ; A. Huntington, M.D., Medical Director ; 
 S. H. Carney, M.D., Associate Medical Director ; M. L. 
 King, M.D., Assistant Medical Director; O. H. Rogers, 
 M.D., Assistant Medical Director. Trustees : William H. 
 Api)leton, C. C. Baldwin, William A. Booth, William E. 
 Buckley, John Claflin, Charles S. Fairchild, Edward N . 
 Gibbs, William R. Grace, Wm. B. Hornblower, Walter 
 H. Lewis, Woodbury Langdon, John A. McCall, Henry C. 
 Mortimer, Richard Miiser, A igustiis G. Paine, Edmund D. 
 Randolph, Hiram R. Steele, William L. Strong, Henry Tuck, 
 A. H. Welch, and William C. Whitney. 
 
 WILLIAM CAMPBELL CO. 
 
 The leading Wall Paper Manufacturing establishment 
 in the United States was founded by William Campbell in 
 1867, by the purchase of eight lots in Forty-first Street, 
 west of Tenth Avenue, on which he proceeded to build. He 
 at first utilized two lots, on which he erected a four story 
 factory, fifty by a hundred feet. He turned out a first-class 
 style of wall paper, business increased, and in 1872 he 
 erected a five story structure on the lots adjoining, facing 
 on Forty-second Street. This building he devoted to 
 dyeing purposes. In 1875 he ran up another five story 
 building, and in 1880 on the two remaining lots still an- 
 other, thus covering the original eight lo s and making of 
 the four stores one of the largest, most commodious and 
 handsomest business structures in the city. This great 
 building is 200 by 100 feet. In 1884 the exigencies of a 
 trade always increasing compelled another enlargement and 
 he constructed what he terms his second annex, with 100 
 feet frontage on Forty-second Street. This annex is eight 
 stories high and is surmounted by a tower containing a large 
 clock which may be seen from afar. The entire front of 
 the salesrooms 'facing Forty-second Street is composed of 
 ])late glass, showing an interior superbly ami appropriately 
 ecpiipped. Mr. Campbell's office is located in the rear and he 
 makes of it almost as much a home as a business office. 
 Here he receives his jirincipal customers and visitors from 
 all parts of the world in a style becoming his ])osition as the 
 leading wall pa])er manufacturer and mural decorator of 
 the United States. It is only when one gets inside and looks 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 around that the immensity and adaptability of the place are 
 fully realized. To do it anything like justice in the space 
 at our disposal would be impossible. And yet all the space 
 is somehow or other utilized, what with machinery, raw 
 material and the manufactured articles, which are as beauti- 
 ful in texture and artistic in design as the genius of man 
 can make them. In the cellar are situated the colossal 
 boilers and engines that move the machinery, and here 
 also great piles of raw material and colors are stored. The 
 visitor anxious to see the sights of Gotham would not be 
 wise to leave the city without seeing the sights of this 
 mammoth establishment. The elevator is always at the 
 service of such visitors. On the fifth floor the first manipu- 
 lation of the raw material takes place. On the fourth floor 
 are the printing rooms, where designs are arranged for the 
 presses in colors. Here 
 
 1 
 
 also are four large cylin- 
 der machines as well as 
 machines for bronzing. 
 These latter receive the 
 paper as it comes from 
 the printing presses be- 
 fore the designs are dry 
 on it. The third floor is 
 used as a drying and a 
 rolling room, where the 
 paper is put up into balls 
 or rolls and thence taken 
 down to the salesrooms. 
 The second floor is like- 
 wise utilized for cylinder 
 colored printing machines 
 and bronzing machines of 
 a different process. The 
 Anne.\ building is dedi- 
 cated among other uses 
 to the accommodation of 
 hand printers engaged in 
 doing fine work of the 
 most expensive and ela- 
 borate patterns. On other 
 parts of this building are 
 stock rooms, rooms for 
 mixing colors, not forget- 
 ting places where the nu- 
 merous and skillful artists 
 of this establishment pre- 
 pare and execute original 
 designs. Mr. Campbell 
 makes it a rule to spare 
 neither time, labor nor 
 expense in carrying out 
 his plans, and he is now 
 (July, 1892) introducing 
 a machine which has cost 
 $10,000. This is, in fact, 
 
 one of the great secrets of his success and in a measure 
 explains why it is that his wall papers are so near absolute 
 ]ierfection. Some of his designs in "high relief" are con- 
 sidered very beautiful. The decorations of the Hotel 
 Metropole, for instance, done by Mr. Campbell, and 
 especially the ladies' parlor, are for chasteness of design 
 and brilliancy of execution without a parallel in this or 
 perhaps any other city. The same may be said of the 
 interior of the Home Bank, which is much admired for 
 its elegance. The history of the house is the history of 
 the trade in this city and marks its various stages of 
 development. For a personal sketch of Mr. William 
 Campbell, the reader is referred to Page 192, Part II., 
 of this work. 
 
 DAWSON & ARCHER. 
 
 [olm Dawson & \\'illiam .\rcher, comprising the well 
 known building firm of Dawson & Archer, in 1SS3 started in 
 business together as Dawson & Archer. Each has had the 
 most implicit faith and confidence in the other, and every 
 contract they have had has been carried through success- 
 fully in consequence hereof, until now they rank among the 
 most extensive builders in the country. Their first important 
 work was the Bloomingdale Building on Third Avenue. 
 Since then they have erected the Jewish Synagogues at 
 65th Street and Madison Avenue, and 72d Street and Lex- 
 ington Avenue, a number of houses for the Rhinelander 
 
 o ; . . ... 
 
 Estate, the Edison Buildmg and Power Station, the Tower 
 Building, 50 Broadway, the celebrated Holland House, 
 Hotel Cambridge, Warwick Apartment House, Graham 
 
 Hotel, First Baptist 
 Church on the Grand 
 Boulevard, and a large 
 number of residence and 
 apartment houses uptown. 
 They are now building 
 the New Criminal Court 
 House in Centre Street, 
 and considerable other 
 work of lesser import- 
 ance. They are both 
 esteemed citizens of 
 Mount Vernon and they 
 have built in that partly 
 suburban city the Presby- 
 terian and Methodist 
 Churches, the New 
 School, the New Bank 
 building and other struc- 
 tures. 
 
 WILLIAM TRENHOLM, 
 TEELE & COMPANY. 
 
 W i I 1 i a m Trenholm, 
 Teele cS: Company, Public 
 Accountants and ."Xudi- 
 tors, of No. 1 1 Wall 
 Street, is one of the lead- 
 ing firms of the city, in 
 the profession of Accoun- 
 tancy, enjoying the con- 
 fidence and esteem of 
 the Banks, Legal and 
 Commercial Firms. Mr. 
 William Trenholm, the 
 senior member of the firm, 
 comes from Charleston 
 South Carolina. Mr. A 
 W. Teele comes from 
 Boston, Mass. This firm 
 employs a large number 
 
 
 ; 3 s ? 
 
 WILLI.VM C.^iMPBELL ^i CO.'S BUILDING. 
 
 of Experts and .Assistants, and examine and report on all 
 matters jiertaining to accounts. Among the authorized 
 references are the following: National Park Bank, Broad- 
 way, New York ; Commercial National Bank, Broadway, 
 New York ; Mechanics' National Bank, Wall Street, New- 
 York; Central National Bank, Broadway, New York; 
 Hanover National Bank, Nassau Street, New York; Ninth 
 National Bank, Broadway, New York; Western National 
 Bank, Broadway, New York ; Southern National Bank, 
 Wall Street, New York ; American Surety Company, 160 
 Broadway, New York ; The State Trust Company, 50 
 Wall Street, New York. Their services are not confined to 
 New York, but extend to all of the principal cities of the 
 country. 
 
JVEIF YORK, THE AfETROrOUS. 
 
 23 
 
 THE MUTUAL RESERVE FUND LIFE ASSOCIATION 
 BUILDING. 
 
 The Mutual Reserve Fund Life Associnlion liuildin^'. 
 one of the most striking; Iiuil(lini;s (Ui llni.ulwa) , imd at the 
 same time most attractive, is liie nuiLinilicent structure now in 
 process of erection at the corner of Duane Street. All New 
 York knows that when completed it is to be the ])ernianent 
 home of the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association. As 
 will he seen by the accompanying illustration, the structure 
 is singularly impo.sing. In the construction of this great 
 edifice foreign climes have been ransacked for 
 material. Africa and Italy have supplied its 
 marble, England its enameled luii k and skilled 
 carvers. Artists of renown ha\e been emplo\ed 
 with mallet and chisel, hewing out of the sohil 
 Indiana liinestone, figures and patterns of elegant 
 design. The building, which will be about joo 
 feet high when comydeted, has an exterior of sur 
 passing beauty. The outside ])ortico is richly 
 carved and the two main entrances, both on 
 Broadway, as will be seen b)' a glan< e at the 
 illustration, are marvels of the stonecarver's art. 
 The building has fourteen stories above the side- 
 walk. It has a frontage of 75 feet on Broadway, 
 and 122 feet on Duane Street. There is a 
 sejjarate entrance on Broadway to the first story. 
 The second, third, and fourth stories will be 
 occu))ied in their entirety by the Mutual Reserve 
 F'und Life Association. The second floor is 1 18 
 feet deep and 70 feet wide. It will have four 
 public elevators, running to the toj) of the building, 
 and one private elevator running from the cellar 
 to the fourth story floor, for the exclusive use of 
 the Mutual Reserve F'und Life Association. On 
 this floor there will be steel safes built into the 
 wall, toilet rooms, lavatories, lockers, and in fact 
 all the conveniences and comforts apjiertaining 
 to a first class modern business building. The 
 fourth story will also be used for the accommodation 
 of the immense staff of the Mutual Reserve Fund 
 Life Association. On this tluor will be the rooms 
 of President E. B. Harper, the offices of the 
 vice-presidents, the clerks, the counsel, and tlie 
 agents. Here, also, will be the library. Near 
 the centre will be a private bathroom and 
 lavatory. On the seventh, ninth and eleventh 
 floors fireproof steel safes measuring s-even feet 
 by fourteen feet will be built. .AH of the floors 
 above will be laid out in offices, to let. 'l"he 
 courtyard, which e.xtends from the fourth story 
 to the roof, is a light shaft, 30 feet by 15 feet. It 
 is faced with white enamelled bricks, practicalh- 
 indestructible, that came all the way from York- 
 shire, England. They are as white as the tiles 
 of a Fifth avenue bathroom, and for reflecting 
 light are unsurpassed. The building will be as 
 near fireproof as human skill can make it. 
 
 Calc-utta, also a fortnightly service from New York to 
 Jamaica ports. It began a fortnightly servi<'e from this 
 city to llayli last year, the first steamer running on 
 December 5, 1891. It was the Aik hor Line introduced the 
 system of issuing letters of ('reilii in small amounts, payable 
 free of all charge in all banks in the liritish isles, and good 
 all liver the civili/ed world. It is the only line building its 
 own steamers and ei[uipping them as well. Their plant is 
 the largest in Scotland and it was from their yards was 
 turned out the famous sloop " Thistle," which ran the 
 
 
 3a 
 
 
 fa5§ii^^ii% 
 
 f, 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 mm 
 
 ANCHOR LINE. 
 
 One of the indications of New York's commercial 
 expansion is the number of steamship lines that con- 
 nect it with the whole world, and the greatest of those is 
 undoubtedly the Anchor Line, wdiich contains forty-five 
 splendid vessels, divided up into fleets. Six of these big 
 steamers run between New York and Glasgow. It has a ten 
 days' service between New York and the Mediterranean 
 ports, a fortnightly service connecting from New York with 
 steamers from Glasgow and Liverjiool to Bombay and 
 
 MUTUAL Kl->liRVIC l-'UNO LIFIi ASSIICI.VTION i.l .Lim.x... 
 
 American yacht " Volunteer" so hard for the International 
 Yacht Cup, four or five years ago. William Coverly has 
 been identified with the line as agent since 1864, when it 
 was established in New York, and has been its manager for 
 the past eighteen years. The first manager was Francis 
 Macdonald, who after ten years of faithful service died of 
 consumption and was succeeded by Mr. Coverly. This line 
 has a larger number of steaiuships than any other in the 
 world. It owns a great shijibuilding yard in Glasgow and 
 has close business relations with another at Barrow-on- 
 Furness. 
 
24 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 hiuSKr<S-*$.CKK-^ 
 
 
 
 *t& 
 
 ;^ 
 
 \JLX _ 
 
 ?-^<^ 
 "«*., 
 
 
 
 A (I 
 
 "^ w-yf^^VH" ^ 
 
 
 ;i3 
 
 
 
 DOLGEVILLE, NEW YORK. 
 
 FEI.T MILLS AND SOUNDING BOARD FACTORY, ALFRED DOLGE, DOLGEVILLE, N. Y. 
 
NF.IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 25 
 
 ALFRED DOLGE. 
 
 The industrial village of I )i)lgL'\ ilk-, in the State of 
 New York, has of late years aroused much attention, both 
 in this country and abroad, by reason of the successfid 
 efforts made by its founder, Alfred Dolge, a (German- 
 American, to solve the labor problem, in an entirely 
 original manner. The fact that Mr. Dolge had come to 
 this country a young man of eighteen, without means 
 antl without even a knowledge of our language, had 
 before he was forty established the largest manufactories 
 in the world for felt, felt shoes, sounding boards and 
 other piano material, had surijassed the oldest establish- 
 ments in Europe by the superior quality of his ])roducts, 
 for which he had gained the highest awards at the ex- 
 hibitions of Vienna, Paris, antl Philadel[)hia, had been 
 honored with many positions of public trust, and gained 
 a commanding position among the great leaders of the 
 Republican party, and a reputation more than local, as a 
 public speaker of power and eloquence, created an interest 
 for his work as a social reformer, and gave it a force 
 which it otherwise could never have attained. And if 
 anything could possibly heighten this interest it was Mr. 
 Uolge's repeated declaration that what he did for his 
 work people was not done from the point of any new 
 socialistic propaganda of humanit.irianism or Christian 
 philosophy, but from the calm, cool calculation of the 
 level headed manufacturer and merchant, who did what 
 he did as a pure matter of business, because it paid in 
 dollars and cents. His system has been a matter of slow 
 and gradual growth and may be said to be the evolution 
 of the ideal socialism of his father, an old revolutionist of 
 '48 in Europe, as well as of the great German social 
 democrat Liebknecht, tempered and reduced and made 
 practical by the common sense of a man who knew human- 
 ity well enough to realize that where money was involved, 
 no great, no radical reform could ever be accomplished in 
 a universal sense except it ap[)ealed directly to human self 
 interest, to human selfishness. He saw that " to give some- 
 thing" to the wage earner might temjjorarily placate him, but 
 would still leave a sense of unjust treatment, and perhaps 
 what was even worse, a feeling on the part of both employer 
 and employes that what had been obtained was the un- 
 willing concession of fear to force. He also saw that the 
 wage earner had no right to any share in the legitimate 
 "])rofit " made by the capital, the skill, the labor, the direct- 
 ing ])ower, the business sense of the employer. What, then, 
 could possibly be the issue out of the dilemma? Surely it 
 could only be on the basis of justice. And what would 
 justice indicate? An investigation into the ".Actual Earn- 
 ings " of each man and a determination to give them to 
 him. This is just what Alfred Dolge did. He set to work 
 to organize a simple system of bookkeeping, by which "the 
 actual earnings" of each of his employes could be deter- 
 mined, and then gave them to him. It is not necessary to 
 go into the details of this system. It must suffice to say 
 that his business is divided up into departments. The one 
 buys from the other and sells to the next. What the firm 
 invests in capital, labor, and skill is ])roperly remunerated; 
 the ])roper charges are made for all debts, expense of run- 
 ning the business. The balance belongs to the wage earners. 
 Now, Mr. Dolge has found that this balance is always in ex- 
 cess of the actual wages paid, which wages in his factories, 
 by the bye, are higher than those paid in any other felt and 
 lumber mill in the country. The difference between the 
 actual wages and the amount actually earned by the wage 
 earners was clearly theirs. There was no possible getting 
 away from the situation, and the evident just thing to do 
 was to give the people this difference. At this point Alfred 
 Dolge's knowledge of the working classes (he had been one 
 of them himself) came to his aid, and he determined upon 
 
 an entirely original course of jirocedure. He took the 
 diilerence between the actual wages the workman received 
 in cash and what belonged to liim under this plan of 
 "earning sharing," and invested it for his benefit in life 
 insurance, |>cnsion fund, endoivment fund, sick fund, etc. 
 Under the Dolge system a workman who has been with him 
 for five years gets $1,000 insurance, for ten years another 
 $1,000, for fifteen years another .Si, 000. The firm of course 
 jjays the premiums. The amount of such insurance now 
 amounts to over $150,000. After ten years' continuous ser- 
 vice the workman can retire on 25 per cent, of his wages, 
 and so on in graduated amounts till after twenty-five years 
 he can retire on full pay. Thus with Alfred Dolge the 
 workman who has served him faithfully for a (piarter of a 
 century, instead of being thrust into the street, is sent home 
 with an assurance of comfort for the rest of his life. Then 
 there is the sick fund and the endowment fund. Dolgeville 
 is an old settlement and was originally known as Hrockete's 
 Bridge. Alfred Dolge came there in 1875 in search 
 of spruce for his piano business. He found an old tannery 
 and a few tumble tlown old homes. Seeing the immense 
 natural advantages of the ])lace, its fine water-power, he 
 bought the tannery, and in these seventeen years built up 
 the most enterprising and celebrate<_l industrial town in the 
 centre of New York State, the name of which some years 
 ago by unanimous reijuest of the inhabitants was changed 
 to Dolgeville. A railroad now connects the town with 
 Little Falls. Personally Alfred Dolge may best be described 
 as "a man among men." He looks what he is, an indomi- 
 table worker, a natural born leader. Sturdy, of great 
 [jhysical strength, lie differs from many self-made men in 
 an innate courtesy and gentleness of manner. He does 
 a business of two millions a year, has a very multitude 
 of jjrojects to attend to, but has always sjjare time for 
 anything and everything, and for everybody. Alfred 
 Dolge is a remarkable illustration of what can be ac- 
 complished in this country by a man without any other 
 advantages than great natural ability, and force of 
 character, and unmistakable will, all joined to that pe- 
 culiar union of the practical and ideal so characteristic of 
 our tlerman-American citizen. 
 
 LAMB & RICH. 
 
 Among the many eminent architects of New York are 
 Lamb & Rich. Hugh Lamb, the senior partner, was born 
 in Scotland on October 11, 1847 and is a man self taught 
 ;ind self made. He began his career as a carpenter, but 
 after his a])i)renticeship studied architecture. He first went 
 into practice in Newark, N. J., and in 1S77 came to 
 New York and spent four years with P. M. Wheeler. 
 He is married and lives in East Orange. Charles A. 
 Rich was born in lioston on October 22, 1855, and was 
 educated there. He graduated from Dartmouth College 
 in the class of 1875. He studied architecture under 
 William Ralph Emerson of Boston, five years after which 
 he travelled in Europe two years, studying and observing. 
 On his return he wrote a series of articles on 01d-\yorld 
 architecture which obtained wide comment. Mr. Rich is 
 member of the Atlantic and Columbian Yacht C'lubs, and 
 is owner of a fine yacht himself. The firm of Lamb & Rich 
 was established in 1881, the partners at first devoting them- 
 selves to the building of private residences, but after a while 
 branching out to jiublic buildings, constructed many fine 
 edifices, among them the house occupied by Mr. Forrest, 
 Theodore Roosevelt, H. O. Armour, Jeremiah Millbank, and 
 S. B. Hinckley. They have also built the Hnrlem Club 
 House, the Strathmore, San Carlos, .\stral, and other first 
 class apartment houses, the Pratt institute, Brooklyn, the 
 Germania Insurance Company structure, the Commonwealth 
 Opera House, and Mount Morris Bank. 
 
26 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 H. MAURER & SON. 
 
 The txtensive brick works of this tirm are situated in 
 the town of JMaurcr. on tlie Central R. R. of New Jersey, 
 22 miles from New York City, and, being located on Staten 
 Island Sound and the Kill von Kulj, have unequalled 
 advantages for transportation. The works and yards em- 
 brace in all some ten acres, and in every respect are 
 equipped with the latest devices and improvements in 
 machinery and methods for manufacturing purposes. The 
 clay lands operated by the works contain several hundred 
 acres. At the entrance of the works stands die handsome 
 three story office building of the firm, 26 ft. by 26 ft. in 
 dimensions, alongside of which are the platform scales. In 
 rear of the office building is the machine and blacksmith's 
 shop, three stories high and 60 by 30 ft. in dimensions. 
 
 stories high. In this building are different machines for 
 manufacturing hollow and red bricks, the upper floor being 
 used for drying. Attached to this building is the steam 
 drying room, 100 ft. by 42 ft., fitted with 14,000 feet of 
 steam pipes. The bricks are transferred by machinery to 
 the drying room, where they remain 48 hours ; from thence 
 they are taken to the different kilns, of which there are six, 
 40 ft. long and 24 ft. wide, with a capacity of 250,000 bricks 
 each. The fire brick and tile department building is 350 ft. 
 long and 240 ft. wide, three stories high. 'I his building is 
 used exclusively for the manufacture of fire brick, blocks 
 and tiles used in glass and gas works, blast furnaces, rolling 
 mills, etc. The building contains a Hoffman kiln and six 
 square down draft kilns, with a capacity each of 40,000 to 
 60,000 fire bricks. In this building is all the machinery 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HhiNRV iMAL'RER & SON. FIRE BRICK WORKS. 
 
 The blacksmith's shop has two fires, and the machine shop 
 one lathe and two planers, with all necessary tools ; in the 
 latter shop is the electric dynamo room, furnished with a 
 dynamo of the Thomson-Houston pattern with a capacity 
 of 500 incandescent lights of 16 candle power. The hol- 
 low-brick building is 175 ft. long and 87 ft. wide, five stories 
 high, and contains a Hoffman continuous kiln of 140 ft. in 
 length and 40 ft. in width on the lower floor. The upper 
 floors are used for drying fireproofing material ; four ele- 
 vators transfer the material up and down. Attached to 
 this building is a shed 205 ft. long and 40 ft. wide, for 
 storage of fire clay, with a storage capacity of 5,000 tons. 
 The brickmaking machine building adjoins this, also three 
 stories high and 27 by 30 ft. in dimensions. The red brick 
 department building is 142 ft. long by 42 ft. wide, and three 
 
 used in manufacturing of the fire clay products. The gas 
 retort building is 150 ft. by 40 ft. in dimensions. Here gas 
 retorts of all sizes are made, to supply the demand in the 
 United States and South America. The steam powerhouse 
 is situated in the centre of the works, in which are two 
 Corliss engines of 200 horse power each. The boiler house 
 contains three large steam boilers of 125 horse power capacity 
 each. In the engine room is a powerful fire-service pump 
 capable of throwing 500 gallons of water per minute. The 
 water supply is drawn from Woodbridge Creek, which 
 adjoins the works. Distributed about the works are ten 
 fire hydrants, with six-inch mains, and supjily hose 1,000 
 feet long. There are four storage sheds for storing mate- 
 rial, each 36 ft. by 300 ft. The Central R. R. of New Jer- 
 sey runs into the works, connected by several side tracks. 
 
 I_ 
 
NEIF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 27 
 
 The water frontage on the Kill von Kull is 2,200 feet, and 
 on Woodbridge Creek 600 feet. '1 he works are surrounded 
 by dwelling houses containing about seventy f.miilies. 
 There are a schoolhouse, hotel, stores, church, post oftice, 
 and railroad depot ; in all, Maurer contains about four 
 hundred inhabitants. In the works some 300 men and boys 
 are employed all the year round ; 55,000 tons of raw mate- 
 rial are used and 7,500 tons of coal are consumed yearly. 
 The clay and other material are brought to the works by 
 railroad, boats, tramways and wagons. Such is a brief 
 description of the Maurer brick works, founded by Henry 
 Maurer, who many years ago came to this country a poor 
 lad, and achieved this result by his industrv and enter|)rise 
 
 case leads to the second lloor, upon which the 120 horse 
 power brewery engines, dynamo and dynamo engine, two 400 
 i)arrel hop-jacks and a spent grain tank are located. On 
 the next lloor are two 400 barrel steam jacketed kettles, 
 gauge stands, and the driving devices for the nineteen fool 
 diameter mash-tubs, which are placed u|Jon stagings 
 above the floor. Over these mash tubs on the third floor 
 of ihe brew house are two steam jacketed Conversion or 
 " thick mash" tubs and two hot water tubs, commanding the 
 mash-tubs below. The brew-master's office, and to the 
 rear of the budding, the first mill lloor, is separated from the 
 brew house throughout by fire walls. Here arc also located 
 two ground malt bins, ear-h of sufiicient C3])acity for a brew- 
 
 
 
 
 THE RINCLER BREWERY. 
 
 THE RINGLER BREWERY. 
 
 The buildings of the (ieorge Kingler Brewing Com]:>any 
 comprise the new brew house on 92d Street, and the refriger- 
 ated store house adjoining the old brew house in the rear 
 of the new structure, the refrigerating machine house and 
 condenser house on 91st Street, the covered yard, the stable 
 building next to the refrigerated storage house, extending 
 from 92d through to 91 t Streets, a second stable on the 
 south side of 91st Street, extending through to 90th Street 
 and accommodating 150 horses, as well as the office on the 
 corner of Third Avenue and 92d Street, and the pumping 
 station on 91st Street between First and Second Avenues. 
 As shown in the accompanying illustration, there are two 
 twelve foot wide entrances under the brew house to the drive- 
 way connecting the rear buildings of the Company. A stair- 
 
 ing; located over the mash tubs is also a malt storage room 
 for 30,000 bushels. On the ujiper floor are a hot and cold 
 water tub, two conversion tub bins, and a second mill floor 
 upon which the scouring, grinding and weighing machinery 
 are located. Above this machinery is anotlier staging upon 
 which the hopper is placed. The house and the apparatus 
 are absolutely fireproof and the plant so arranged that the 
 brewing operation is automatic and in every way a gravity 
 plant, only a single pumping, that from the hop-jacks to the 
 surface cooler, being required. .Ml the buildings of the 
 Company are thoroughly lighted by arc and incandescent 
 lamps, for which a double lighting plant is provided. After 
 this meagre outline of one of New York's largest industrial 
 institutions, and when it is stated that it has a brewing 
 capacity of more than 500,000 barrels, some idea of the 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 great Ringler Brewery may be formed. George Ringler, 
 the founder and senior member of the company, brother of 
 F. A. Ringler, and a universally esteemed citizen, died in 
 the month of June, 1889. He was born in 1842 at Frieden- 
 wald, and learned the brewer's trade in Hremerhaven. He 
 came to New York at the age of 21, and was at once 
 emiJJoyed as foreman in the old Winkens Brewery on 58th 
 street. July ist, 1872, he started the brewery on g2d 
 Street. Mr. Ringler was a member of all the Brewers' 
 Associations, of the Produce Exchange, and Arion and 
 Liederkranz Societies, and was a Freemason and an Odd 
 Fellow. He leaves two children; and William G., who is a 
 practical brewer, is the Vice-President of the Brewery. 
 His executor is his brother, F. A. Ringler, who has since 
 his death lieen the President of the Brewery and is one 
 of the most active business men of our city. The erection 
 of the new brew house is due to his energy. 
 
 THE LALANCE & GROSJEAN MANUFACTURING 
 COMPANY. 
 
 The Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Company has 
 perha])s one of the most interesting histories of any of the 
 great industrial corporations in or around New York. It 
 is now nearly half a century since Florian Grosjean, a 
 native of Switzerland, with his compatriot. Chas. Lalance, 
 
 (1 iH'Ptrrff 
 
 , V"»'"fMf(EErtCrErcbP 
 
 'TfrtijjS'f'"^*' 
 
 -cri'- #» 
 
 THE LALANCE & CiROS.IE,A.N MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S FACTORY, 
 
 landed in New York, and, in 1850, started in a very humble 
 way, as importers of sheet metal culinary utensils. Then 
 they began to manufacture for themselves, and in 1863 
 the business had increased to such an extent that for 
 economy's sake the merchant emigrants had to seek outside 
 the city for ground whereon to build a factory, and they 
 selected Woodhaven, Long Island. At that time they 
 employed from 75 to 100 hands In 1869 the business was 
 incorporated under the title of the Lalance & Grosjean 
 Manufacturing Company. Prosperity continued to smile 
 until February, 1876, when a fire destroyed the whole works. 
 In five months, however, they were again in full operation, 
 and seventeen years of unbroken progress and prosperity 
 leaves the corporation to-day the largest manufacturing con- 
 cern of its class in the world. The company has its main 
 factory, covering sixteen acres, at Woodhaven, a large sheet 
 iron and sheet rolling mill at Harrisburg, Pa., an important 
 agency in New York ; with stores in Boston and Chicago. 
 An idea of the magnitude of this concern may be formed 
 when it is stated that at the present time the company 
 employs 1,700 hands. Four carloads of goods are sent 
 away from the factory daily, and 500 cases for the New 
 York trade alone. The amount of tinplate used averages 
 1,000 boxes weekly, and 2,000,000 feet of lumber is yearly 
 cut up for ])acking alone, at a cost for material and labor of 
 
 $50,000. The president of this great industry is the vener- 
 able founder Florian Grosjean, who came here a poor Swiss 
 boy. Mr. Grosjean loves his employes and it is his con- 
 tinual delight to look after their well being. Strikes are 
 unknown in his factory, and many of the men have been in 
 the employment of the firm for 25 years. A large park has 
 been laid out adjoining the factory at Woodhaven for the 
 comfort and refreshment of the workers and their families. 
 Besides the home trade the Company has connections all 
 over the world. 
 
 DEXTER, LAMBERT & CO. 
 
 This house stands among the pioneers of the silk indus- 
 try in America. Originally founded in Boston in the year 
 1847, under the firm name of Tilt & Dexter, it was reor- 
 ganized in the year 1853 as the firm of Dexter, Lambert & 
 Co. It is now nearly forty years since Mr. Anson Dexter 
 dissolved the firm of Tilt & Dexter, and. in forming the 
 concern of Dexter, Lambert & Co., admitted as partners 
 Catholina Lambert and Charles Barton. Both were young 
 men, employes of the old firm. Mr. Lambert, at the time, 
 was still in his teens. The class of goods manufactured by 
 the house at that time was known on the market as " dress 
 trimmings." In the year 1856 the concern added a new 
 branch to the business : the manufacture of silk ribbons. 
 In this undertaking they were eminently successful, and the 
 increasing business of the firm now obliging 
 them to add largely to the plant, they erected 
 a three-story brick mill, 160 x 50 feet, on Lenox 
 Street, Boston. Dexter, Lambert & Co. pur- 
 chased their silk in Paterson, N. J., from the 
 "Throwsters," thus making that city the base 
 of supply. In the year i860 Mr. Anson Dexter 
 retired from the firm, disposing of his interest 
 to Mr. Catholina Lambert. The retirement of 
 Mr. Dexter led to the admission as partners of 
 Messrs. Geo. R. Dexter and W. N. Lambert ; 
 the former a son of Mr. Anson Dexter, the 
 latter a brother of Mr. Lambert. During the 
 year 1865 Messrs. Dexter, Lambert & Co. moved 
 the entire business from Boston to Paterson, 
 N. J., where they had just completed an elegant 
 new mill. In the year 1867 Mr. W. N. Lambert 
 visited South America, with the hopes of restor- 
 ing his declining health. These hopes were 
 never realized ; he died there in 1869. Mr. Geo. R. 
 Dexter retired from the concern in the year 1874, and died 
 in 1876. Mr. Henry B. Wilson, of New York, was admitted 
 as partner in 1878. Mr. Wilson had full management of 
 the New York end of the business for three years previous 
 to his becoming a partner. In the year 1869 the firm 
 erected another mill in Paterson, N. J. This mill stands on 
 the opposite side of the street from the old mill, and is con- 
 nected with it by a bridge at one end of the building and a 
 tunnel at the other, thus virtually making both mills one for 
 all practical uses. The retirement of Mr. Barton followed 
 in the year 1880, after nearly thirty years' connection with 
 the firm. In 1882 they erected a beautiful mill in Hawley, 
 Pa., the dimensions of this fine structure being 380 X44 feet, 
 and five stories in height. Messrs. C. N. Sterrett, VV. F. 
 Suydam and W. S. Lambert were admitted as partners in 
 the year 1885. Another mill was built at Honesdale, Pa., 
 in the year 1886. The firm employs more than 2,000 hands. 
 The firm of Dexter, Lambert & Co. has during all these 
 years, and during all the changes in business, retained its 
 original name. Mr. Catholina Lambert, who is the sole 
 surviving member of the old house, can now, after nearly 
 forty years of untiring work, take a retrospective glance at 
 his labors and say, with pardonable pride, " My work will 
 stand." 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 29 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE BROTHERS. 
 
 The history of the IJIoomingdale Brothers, wlio, from a 
 very modest bctiinning and after overcoming great obstacles, 
 have taken rank among the greatest retail drygoods 
 merchants in the world, is of much interest and is sugges- 
 tive of a high order of talent on their part. In 1868 the two 
 brothers, Lyman (J. and Joseph H, Bloomingdale, ])urchase<l 
 their father's interest in a wholesale hoopskirt manufactur- 
 ing business. And here a few words about the elder Mr. 
 Bloomingdale, an estimable gentleman, may be in order. He 
 left his native village at Bavaria, Germany, in 1837, to come 
 to America, and as he w-as the first emigrant from that parti- 
 cular village the inhabitants came out en masse to see him 
 off This was a combination of curiosity and sympathy. 
 Mr. Bloomingdale tried his fortune first in New Jersey and 
 next in North Carolina, but not succeeding he came to New 
 York and got married. It was here his two sons, Lyman 
 (i. and Joseph Benjamin, were born. The development of 
 the Bloomingdale Brothers' business from verv little to its 
 
 the Bloomingdales to be large hearted and generous, even 
 had they both not seen the world, and therefore realized the 
 advantage of a helping liand. 
 
 THE WILLIAM STRANGE COMPANY. 
 
 The now venerable house of \\ illiani Strange ^V Co., 
 and Strange iS: Brother, was started in 1838, at the corner 
 of William and Heaver Streets, thiscity. After thirty years of 
 mercantile experience as silk importers and dealers, the 
 Stranges become manufacturers, convinced that with 
 American skilled labor they can produce the class of goods 
 they had been importing and iiaying duty upon. Their 
 first manufacturing establishment was opened in Williams- 
 burg, in 1863. Live years later the works were transferred to 
 Paterson, N. J., and there conducted under the firm name 
 of William Strange & Co. L. J5. Strange having decided 
 to retire fiom the manufacturing line, left the I'aterson 
 mills under the sole management of Williaiu Strange i\: Co. 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 ^?fesJlS^P%^p 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 ^l:il?-K 
 
 BLOOMINGDALE BROTHERS' BUILDING 
 
 l)resent proportions has been phenomenal. They employ 
 1,300 hands, their establishment covers fifteen city lots, and 
 when their present extension taking them to Lexington Ave- 
 nue has been completed the business will cover twenty-three 
 city lots. The inside of their establishment during working 
 hours is really one of the sights of the Metropolis. It may 
 be stated here that the Messrs. Bloomingdale failed in 1871 
 and compounded with their creditors. Seven years later, 
 they, without being asked and of their own volition, paid 
 their creditors the difference between the legal compromise 
 and the 100 cents on the dollar which they owed originally. 
 They surely deserve their well won reputation for integrity. 
 The finer traits of the character of the two brothers are 
 manifested in their treatment of their employes, in whose 
 welfare they display a fraternal interest, to whom, in fact, 
 they are more like personal friends than employers. Many 
 of their present rivals in trade served formerly in their 
 establishment in various ca|jacities, and it was the brothers 
 gave them their first start in business. It seems natural in 
 
 The partners after this change were Alliert li. Strange and 
 William Strange, father and son. Albert B. Strange died in 
 February, 1886; and since then the management and 
 direction of the now colossal establishment have devolved 
 upon Mr. William Strange, who is the head and front of both 
 establishments, which produce and distrilnite goods from 
 Maine to California. In 1887, the firm of William Strange 
 & Co., under the style of the William Strange Company, was 
 incorporated, with Mr. W. Strange as President, W. C. 
 Kimball treasurer, and Strange & Brother of New \'ork the 
 selling agents. The establishments are well known as 
 among the most aggressive and enterprising in the silk 
 manufacture and trade, and notwithstanding the many 
 financial crises and commercial convulsions witnessed in 
 this country, from 1838 until the present day, they have 
 promptly met every obligation and have never had occasion 
 to call upon the insurance companies for one dollar 
 in consequence of fire. Mr. Strange and his associates 
 have played an ini|>ortant part in determining tariff and 
 
3° 
 
 JV£IV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 other legislation affecting their industry on occasions when 
 there was need of technical information and longexperience 
 combined with broad and patriotic views of American 
 industrial development. Mr. \\'illiam Strange is a native 
 New Yorker, and takes pride in contributing to the pros- 
 perity of the Metropolis, as well as to the beautiful New- 
 Jersey city. Notwithstanding criticism and adverse com- 
 ment when this business of silk manufacturing was started, 
 Mr. Strange has shown, and takes a natural pride in the fact, 
 that by the aid of .■\merican skilled labor he has managed to 
 compete successfully with Lyons and other centres of the 
 silk industry. These fruitful industrial transplantations 
 were not the result of chance or managed by adventurous 
 tyros in the realm of mercantile endeavor. They were 
 designed and carried on by men of great experience and 
 success in American and international commerce, who saw 
 opportunity for saving for American account the ijrofit 
 that had been made by foreign manufacturers who sold their 
 goods to us. The career of the stiong firm whose name 
 heads this sketch strikingly illustrates the motives and 
 methods of these Pioneers of American Industry. 
 
 SWEETSER, PEMBROOK & CO. 
 
 The principal part of the jobbing drygoods trade of 
 New York City is done by six houses, one of which is 
 Sweetser. Pembrook & Co., 365 Broadway. Hence this 
 firm is often referred to as "One of the Big Six." It is in 
 existence nearly a quarter of a century and was founded in 
 1868 by J. Howard Sweetser, George D. Sweetser, William 
 
 A. Pembrook and B. J. Hathaway, who entered into partner- 
 ship and began business at No. 71 Leonard Street. In 187 i 
 owing to the exigencies of an increasing business they 
 removed to 76-78 Broadway, later on to 356 Broadway, 
 again in 1878 to Broadway and Franklin Street, and in 
 18S5 to their present location, Broadway and White Street, 
 always moving in order to suit their growing trade. The 
 firm is now composed of seven members, which include all 
 the founders (excepting B. J. Hathaway, who retired ten 
 years ago) and Joseph H. ISumsted, George L. Putnam, 
 Howard B. Sweetser, Theodore K. Pembrook and Frederick 
 
 B. Dale. The new partners are all young men who have 
 grown up with the house and aided in bringing it to its 
 present proud position in Metropolitan trade. In 1863 
 tleorge D. and J. Howard Sweetser started a cash drygoods 
 jobbing store in amodest way on Church Street, which turned 
 out a success. Previous to this the former gentleman had 
 been in business in Brooklyn and so came to this city with 
 ripe experience. ■ Mr. Pembrook came from New Jersey in 
 1858 and was engaged with Terbell, Jennings & Co., and 
 afterwards with Wick, Smith & Co., with whom he remained 
 until the present partnership was formed. The Sweetsers 
 were born in Amherst, Mass., and J. Howard graduated 
 from Amherst College. He came to New York in 1855 and 
 was employed by J. A. Sweetser & Co., until the firm was 
 dissolved and part of it merged in the present great establish- 
 ment. Mr. Hathaway is with the house also, though not as a 
 partner. 
 
 FAIRCHILD BROTHERS & FOSTER. 
 
 Fairchild Brothers & Foster, manufacturing chemists 
 and manufacturers of digestive ferments, were established 
 in 1878 by Benjamin T. and Samuel W. Fairchild, and 
 continued three years under the name of Fairchild Brothers, 
 after which Mr. Foster became connected with the business, 
 which then consisted of wholesale and retail drugs and 
 chemicals. Before uniting in the present enterprise the 
 Messrs. Fairchild underwent years of experience as apothe- 
 caries and chemists, with leading houses in Philadelphia 
 and New York City. In 18S4 Fairchild Brothers & Foster 
 
 disposed of their wholesale and retail drug business, and 
 removed to their present extensive offices and warehouses, 
 82 and 84 Fulton Street. Since then the production of 
 "Digestive Ferments" has become their manufacturing 
 specialty. The study of "Pancreatine and "Pepsin" as 
 agents in digestion awakened the firm's attention to the 
 important role these remedies are destined to perform, an<l 
 made apparent the necessity of finer grades of nearly all 
 these preparations than were in the market, for both ex- 
 perimental and practical purposes. And as a result this 
 house now leads the world in the production, in both quality 
 and quantity, of digestive ferments. In what is known 
 among apothecaries and chemists as the "Pepsin War," 
 Fairchild Brothers & Foster have been unconcerned, so far 
 as regards the originality of their " Pepsin in Scales." 
 Their Pepsin not being a Peptone, they have sought to 
 protect the individuality of their product, and in furtherance 
 of this have formally adopted the title " F'airchild " to 
 cliaracterize their article. Among the valuable and original 
 products the firm has successfully introduced are : "Pepsin 
 Scales," and the permanent ''powder" of the Pepsin. 
 " Extractum Pancreatis," " Essence of Pepsin," " Pepton- 
 izing Tubes," "Trypsin," " Diastasic Essence of Pancreas," 
 " Peptogenic Milk-Powder," also the "Modified Warbug 
 Tincture," that has proved useful in the treatment of mala- 
 rial fevers. A detailed account of the life of Mr. Samuel 
 \V. Fairchild is printed in Part II. of this work. 
 
 TRAVERS BROTHERS. 
 
 The great twine, thread and yarn establishment of the 
 Travers Brothers, on Duane Street, which from small 
 beginnings has grown to very large proportions within a 
 comparatively limited period under a protective tariff, is 
 one of the strongest illustrations of the benefit of that 
 economic policy, though, of course, the business ability and 
 character of the founder and his successors must be taken 
 into consideration. This industry was founded bv .Augus- 
 tine Travers about half a century ago, and was then limited 
 to the sale and jobbing in twines and the manufacture of 
 rope on a small scale in the old ropewalk style, where the 
 spinner walked backward, with the flax or hemp raw mate- 
 rial round his waist. Mr. Travers had a warehouse at 84 
 Maiden Lane, and a ropewalk in the neighborhood of Cen- 
 tral Park, a region then well in the country. The fine 
 twines he handled were chiefly imported. Augustine 
 Travers died in 1851, leaving three sons, and was succ eded 
 by his brother. Those sons were Francis C, Vincent P. 
 and Ambrose F., all three of whom entered the business left 
 by their father and continued by their uncle, as clerks, 
 when quite young men. There they mastered the details 
 of the trade thoroughly, and in 1871 established themselves 
 in the same line at 104 Duane Street, opposite No. 107. their 
 present location, in the wholesaling and jobbing of twines. 
 From that day to this their career has been one of uninter- 
 rupted success, for, though beginning in a modest way, they 
 have gradually built up the largest house in their line in 
 their country. In. r879 they commenced manufacturing 
 hammocks from Mexican grass fibre. These hammocks, 
 formerly imported, had been made by hand in Yucatan by 
 the natives, but it was a slow process, and the growing 
 demand for the article caused the Travers Brothers to 
 almost do away with importing the manufactured goods, 
 and to turn them out themselves by new and improved 
 mac:hinery introduced by them especially for the purpose. 
 Since then their trade in hammocks has increased wonder- 
 fully, and they export large numbers of them to the British 
 Islands and other parts of Europe. They have, in fact, at 
 tliis writing, made a shipment of hammocks to Scotland. 
 The first factory of the firm was started at Syracuse, N. Y., 
 
xV£iy voa'a; the metropolis. 
 
 3' 
 
 in a small way, but, as their affairs progressed, they estab- 
 hshed a somewhat larger one in this city^ on Tenth Avenue 
 A few years later tliey purchased ground on West Fift\- 
 second Street, near the North River, upon which thev l)uilt 
 a factory with a frontage of fifty and a depth of eighty-five 
 feet, containing five stories and a basement. Even tliis 
 was found too small for their ever-growing trade, and in 
 1888 they enlarged the premises on the same block by the 
 addition of another mill. The factory herein shown is the 
 first prominent building that strikes the eye of one coming 
 down the Hudson. It is seven stories, or to the to]j of the 
 tower nine stories. At the same time, they both enlarged 
 the voUime of their trade and added a few new branches 
 in their line until they came to manufacture all sorts of 
 
 nne Lutler. mothe. of the 'I'ravers Brothers, who was also 
 rom New \ ork Sta(e, and on a visit. A rather interesting 
 lact connected with the otherwise rather uneventful life of 
 .Mr. I ravers was his tnendship with Horace (ireeley When 
 the great editor first came to New York he lived in the same 
 house with Mr. Travers for (piite a number of years The 
 three brothers are married and reside in New York They 
 are meml.ers of the liourd of Trade, and ai.so of the Catholic 
 (. lub, and It is known of them, what is not always the case 
 with brothers, that since they entered into business relations 
 more than twenty years ago, thev have moved together in 
 the most perlect harmony and acted in true fraternal regard 
 to which as well as their high character and undoubted 
 Imsiness capacity much of their success must be ascribed 
 
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 TR.AVERS P.ROTtiERS' lACtORV. 
 
 twines, threads, yarns, ropes and cords, inchiding fancy 
 twines for druggists, binding twine for grain and tv.-ine for 
 baling the cotton crop, carpet yarn, in fact every variety of 
 twine used in the various industries of the country, for tlie 
 production of which they possess the most complete and 
 best ecjuipped establishment in the United States. They 
 employ 600 hands and trade with every State in the Union. 
 They also export to the South and Central American 
 republics, Japan, China, and, in fact, to all parts of the 
 world. Augustine Travers, founder of the business, was 
 born in this city in 1820, and received an ordinary school 
 education. While a young man he went West and engaged 
 in the real estate business. It was while on a visit to a 
 friend in Michigan that lie met his future wife. Miss Cathe- 
 
 HENDRICKS BROTHERS. 
 Any one taking the trouble to go downtown into Cliff 
 Street, between Fulton and Beekman Streets, will see the 
 sign Hendricks Brothers, cop|ier manufacturers, and in 
 doing so will gaze upon the name of a firm a generation 
 older than the United States. It was in existence, and had 
 more than a local reputation, before the Rothschilds were 
 heard of outside a small German princi|)ality. Since its 
 establishment great commercial houses have risen and 
 fallen, been shattered by wars, destroyed by fire or have 
 succumbed to the stress of financial circumstances. It was 
 a well known New Yurk house even before the Boston tea 
 party was held, and I'liah Hendricks, sturdy son of a sturdy 
 son of a sturdy Dutch sire was its founder. Since then 
 
32 
 
 NEW YOBK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 mighty changes have passed over the world. George the 
 Third gave way before George Washington, steam and 
 electricity have become potent factors in our civilization, a 
 tremendous civil war has been fought. New York has risen 
 from a colonial town to be the Metropolis of the New World, 
 but through all the changing scenes the old House of the 
 Hendricks has stood serene, and descended from father to 
 son in direct line of succession through five generations. 
 It is really a proud record. The grave of the first Uriah 
 Hendricks is to this day to be seen in the ancient little 
 cemetery on Olive Street, and his name in the first directory 
 ever published in this city, while his portrait, strangely re- 
 sembling the Hendricks family likeness of our time except 
 in dress, is suspended beside those of his descendants in 
 the family mansion. The various portraits mark epochs in 
 the industrial history of the United States. When after 
 e.xperiencing the usual vicissitudes of trade Uriah Hendricks 
 died he was succeeded by his son Harmon. The Hendricks 
 had been unswervingly loyal to their country during the 
 stormy years of the Revolutionary war, and when it was 
 over they obtained important contracts from the govern- 
 ment. They dealt in copjier, chiefly, and as most of the 
 
 the times through all mutations when it has not gone ahead 
 of them in enterprise, also that the Hendricks are among 
 the most extensive metal dealers and workers in the country 
 at this present time. When Harmon died he was succeeded 
 by his sons Uriah, Washington, Henry and Montague. The 
 business is now carried on by Joshua, Edmund, Francis, 
 Harmon W. and Edgar Hendricks. Edgar is son of Joshua, 
 senior member of the firm and fifth in descent from the 
 founder. The others are sons of Uriah and grandson of 
 Harmon. Who, then, shall say that peace hath not its vic- 
 tories as well as war, and that a long line of American 
 manufacturers is not as illustrious, and a thousand times as 
 useful, as the idle and boastful nobility of Europe ? 
 
 WILLIAM H. LEE. 
 
 Among the great mercantile houses which have con- 
 tributed so largely to the prosperity ot New York the firm 
 of Lee, Tweedy & Com])any is notable for long duration of 
 successful business, and for the fact that since its foundation 
 in 1845 it has never failed to meet its obligations, and has 
 passed unscathed through the periods of business depression 
 
 I I "I J 
 
 HENDRICKS likulHEkS' BELLEVILLE COPPER ROLLING MILLS 
 
 war ships of the time were copper bottomed and copper 
 fastened the house did a good trade. In 181 1 Harmon 
 Hendricks erected the first regular rolling copper mill in 
 the United States. It was located in Belleville, N. J., and 
 was known as the Soho Copper Works. Naturally enough, 
 as we learn from the newspapers of the time, the event 
 made something of a sensation in manufacturing circles, 
 though, compared with mills the Hendricks have constructed 
 since, it was an infant in swaddling clothes. Then, and for 
 many years after, the copper used by the firm was neces- 
 sarily imported, the bulk of it coming from South America, 
 but when the metal was discovered in native mines they 
 hastened to take advantage of it. It could hardly be ex- 
 pected that in the course of a century and a quarter this 
 house would not have its troubles. The place suffered 
 from fires in common with other industrial centres of New- 
 York from time to time, and in 1874 the Belleville Rolling 
 Mills were entirely destroyed. They were rebuilt and run- 
 ning once more with their old power within eight weeks, 
 and the energy then disjjlayed by the Hendricks has been 
 characteristic of the house from the start. It goes without 
 saying that this ancient establishment has kept abreast of 
 
 and disaster during which few of the drygoods concerns of 
 the city have remained unshaken. The original firm name 
 was Lee & Case, which was afterwards changed to Lee, 
 Case & Co., to William H. Lee & Co., to Lee, Bliss & Co., 
 and finally to the present style. Lee, Tweedy & Co. is com- 
 posed of William H.' Lee John A. Tweedy, Charles N. Lee, 
 Henry I). Sanger, Frederick H. Lee, and James Halliday. 
 During this long career of forty-seven years there has been 
 no change in the head of this great commercial establish- 
 ment. AN'illiam H. Lee is a member of an historic family 
 of Connecticut, by whom there was constructed the " Old 
 Lee House " in New Britain, in that State. The founder 
 of the American family came to this country in the person 
 of John Lee, who was born in Essex County in England in 
 1620, who in 1641 settled in Farmington, where in 1658 he 
 married Miss Mary Hart, and where he lived until i860. 
 Mr. William H. Lee has erected in the Farmington Cemetery 
 an im])osing and beautiful monument, with which is incor- 
 porated the original tombstone of John Lee. The year of 
 John Lee's birth being that of the landing of the Pilgrims, 
 the family ancestry in this country is one of the oldest as 
 well as one of the most honorable of those of New England. 
 
NEW YORK, THE MKTROPOf.IS. 
 
 33 
 
 Coniinj; to New York in his youth, Mr. Wilham II. Lee was 
 for some time a clerk witli Robert Jaffray, his rehttions with 
 whom were severed on his formation of the partner.ship witii 
 Mr. Case. Mr. Watson E. Case and Mr. Justin A. Bhss. 
 who were associated successively with Mr. Lee, retired with 
 ample fortunes, as did others who were Mr. Lee's junior 
 jjartners, and whose names continued to hold high position 
 in the Metropolitan commercial world. Mr. John H. 
 Tweedy, the second partner in the present firm, is, like his 
 senior, a Connecticut man, having lived in Norwich prior 
 to his moving to New York. The direction of the details 
 of the very extensive business of Lee, 'I'weedy & Co de- 
 volves largely upon Mr. Tweedy. The house of Lee, 
 Tweedy & Co., located for some time prior to 1876 at No. 
 476 Broadway, was removed in 1880 to the spacious premises 
 No. 261 and 267 Canal Street, and 21 and 23 Howard Street. 
 
 The business of the concern is a general jobbing 
 trade in drygoods, and its stock usually consists of Domestic 
 and Foreign Dress Goods, silks, linens, hosiery. Large and 
 liberal buyers, great resources, and expert knowledge en- 
 able Lee, Tweedy & Co. to enter into very extensive trans- 
 actions. Previous to the formation of his present partner- 
 ship Mr. Lee did business at different premises, and the 
 changes in the location of the establishment illustrate the 
 currents of the drygoods trade. Lee & Case were first at 
 No. 177 Pearl Street, and from 1847 to 1850 they occupied 
 the premises 129 Pearl Street and 82 Beaver Street. When 
 the drygoods trade began to desert Pearl Street in 1850, 
 they went to the store at No. 68 Broadway, with a rear 
 entrance on New Street. Four years later, following the 
 current of business northward, they moved to 33 Chambers 
 Street and 9 Reade Street, about the time of the formation 
 of the firm of Lee, Case & Co , with Justin A. Bliss, George 
 D. Pitkin and O. P. Dorman as new partners. The concern 
 was among the first of the jobbing houses to imjiort goods 
 for their own trade, a branch of business in which Mr. Lee 
 and his associates met with great success. Fiom 1857 the 
 concern was for several years located at 314 and 316 Broad- 
 way. During war times the firm's style was Lee, Bliss & Co., 
 the partners being William H. Lee, Justin A. Bliss, and 
 John A. Tweedy. The years of the war added largel)- to 
 the capital which the house had already accumulated, and 
 the accretion was due to the excellent judgment and fore- 
 sight with which advantage was taken of the op]jortunities 
 of excited and varying markets. In 1869, shortly before the 
 retirement of Mr. Bliss, the firm removed to Nos. 30 and 32 
 Howard Street, and, on Mr. Bliss's withdrawal in 1S70, 
 there was formed the present co-partnership which has 
 never since been changed. During his Metropolitan resi- 
 dence of over half a century Mr. Lee has always been noted 
 for his public spirited participation in patriotic movements 
 and in projects for local improvement, while distinguished 
 among the city's " merchant princes " for devotion to 
 historical studies, especially in connection with the revolu- 
 tionary and colonial history of his native State. The paper 
 contributed by him to the Connecticut Historical Society on 
 the career of General Paterson of revolutionary fame is one 
 of the most highly prized historical documents of the Society. 
 
 Mr. Lee's views on municipal questions have fre- 
 quently been expressed through the city press, sometimes 
 over his own signature. Not long ago he advocated with 
 terseness and ability the plan of municipal consolidation 
 recommended by Green & Stranahan, on the ground among 
 others that it would remove the jealousy that is a formidable 
 obstacle to the advancement of Metropolitan interests. In 
 the same communication Mr. Lee favored the effective 
 opening of the Harlem and conseciuent increase of wharf 
 and dock privileges, the location of the terminus of rapid 
 transit lines near the City Hall, the removal of the Post 
 Office and Courts to points north of Fourteenth Street so 
 
 as to prevent downtown congestion, multiplied connections 
 l)etween New York and New Jersey by bridge and tunnel 
 and Brooklyn, and other important changes calculated "to 
 make New York become the cily of the future on this con- 
 tinent." There is not among the business men in New York 
 any one who has better right than Mr. William H. ],ee to 
 regard with satisfaction his career as a Metropolitan mer- 
 chant ; nor is there any to whose record as business man, 
 patriotic citi/.en and promoter of charitable and literary 
 enterprise his fellow citizens liave a right to refer with 
 greater pride. 
 
 PELGRAM & MEYER. 
 
 The silk manufacturing establishment of Pelgram & 
 Meyer, which takes rank among the first in the country, 
 was organized in 1873 by Charles R. Pelgram, a man of 
 marked ability and great force of character. Mr. Pelgram 
 was born in Germany, where he was educated and 
 received his business training. He from the start assumed 
 the direction and personal supervision of the manufacturing 
 branch of business. Mr. Oscar R. Meyer was Mr. 
 Pelgram's partner from the start, and his father, Mr. Isaiah 
 Meyer, was also interested in the business, Oscar, with 
 remarkable ability for so young a man, taking charge of the 
 finance de|)artment in New York. He retired in 1881. Mr. 
 John H. Johnson was also associated with them from the 
 beginning, and had direction of the ribbon department, 
 which he managed with signal success. He left at the same 
 time as Mr. Oscar Meyer to go into business for himself. 
 In 1S79, Mr. Pelgram bought the plant of Homer & 
 Soleliac, and began the manufacture of dress silks, associat- 
 ing with him at the same time Charles F. Homer, of that 
 firm. After the retirement of O. R. Meyer, his father, 
 Isaiah, became general partner, and upon the death of Mr. 
 Pelgram, he purchased his interest and took as partners 
 Messrs. Hermann and Alfred Schiffer, but died shortly after, 
 leaving behind him a flourishing and continually ex])anding 
 business. That they have directed the affairs of this great 
 silk concern with consummate ability ever since is a fact 
 well known in commercial and financial circles throughout 
 the country. Pelgram & Meyer began the manufacture of 
 ribbons in the old '' Industry Mill," on Ward Street, 
 Paterson, N. J., but the business growing they purchased 
 the " Heathcote Mill," two years later. The volume of 
 trade still continuing to expand, they made additions to this 
 mill on seven different occasions, until 1S80 they were 
 compelled to purchase a large frame mill in Boonton, N. J., 
 sixteen miles from Paterson, which they had fitted up and 
 fully equip])ed with throwing machinery. The year 
 following they built a new l)rick mill in that place. But the 
 time came (1885) or when the business had assumed such 
 proportions that Pelgram &: Meyer had to go to Harrisburg, 
 Pa., where they purchased a large brick structure used 
 originally as a cotton mill. This establishment is now' in 
 charge of Charles Soleliac. The firm import all their raw 
 material from Euroi)ean and Asiatic markets; it is turned 
 into the fabric for which they are celebrated, in their various 
 mills, and sold direct to the trade from their warehouse on 
 Greene Street, this city. Their production covers almost 
 every variety of silk goods, from the ])lain lining silk to the 
 richest brocade and satin for dresses, and all varieties of 
 plain and fancy trimming and hat ribbons. Their designs 
 are considered very beautiful, and they certainly spare no 
 expense in procuring them. In fine, the house is what is 
 claimed for it, one of the leading houses in the country. 
 Their record illustrates as forcibly as that of any other 
 firm, w-hat may be accomjjlished by diligent attenticm to 
 business, a uniform course of fair and equitable dealing, 
 and thei^roduction of a class of goods superior to most that 
 are found in the market, and inferior to none. 
 
34 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 ELIE MONEUSE. 
 PIERRE HUOT. 
 
 L. F, DUPARgUET. 
 E. J. MONEUSE. 
 
NEW YORK. I flE .\r F.TROPO l.l S. 
 
 DUPARQUEr, HUOT & MONEUSE 
 
 The founding of a great liranrh of inilustry and Wringing 
 it to a flourishing condition is really part of a citv's hislorv, 
 for what is a city like New \'ork hut an aggregation of 
 commercial and manufarturing interests ? Hence it is not 
 necessary in this historical work to offer an excuse for in- 
 troducing a sketch of such a leading concern as that of 
 Duparcjuet, Huot & Moneuse, manufacturers of French 
 Ranges and cooking apparatus of every descriptitni, w hicli 
 was founded forty years ago by Mr. Klie Moneust-. It 
 was originally established in a basement on West liroad- 
 way, but was compelled by an ever increasing trade to move 
 successively to No. 60 CIreene .Street, 2.S (Ireene Street, 
 30 and .32 Greene Street, and finally to their iiresent com- 
 modious establishment on 43 iS; 45 \\'ooster Street, with 
 large manufactory at 21, 23 & 25 Bethune Street. When Mr. 
 .Moneuse first began business he was glad when he got an 
 opportunity to work off a few liundles of iron a month, while 
 his successors of to-day employ upward of 200 hands. In 
 1853 Mr. Duparquet, who had been his school and class 
 mate in France, arrived in this country and went into 
 partnership with Mr. Moneuse. 'i'heir business at the 
 start was small, not one-fiftieth jiart, in fact, of what the firm 
 doe.s to-day, but through economy, perseverance and, need- 
 less to state, a thorough knowledge of the trade, they so 
 progressed that in 1873 they were the largest suppliers of 
 Hotel kitchen ranges and furnishings in the United States. 
 They imagined at this period that their plant would be 
 sufficient to last them all their lives, but they did not dream 
 at the time of the vast projiortions whii h the business 
 was destined to attain. The [jartnership was dissolved in 
 this year, Mr. Moneuse opening new warerooms and 
 factory, and Mr. Dupari|uet keejiing the old stand and 
 taking Mr. Pierre Huot into the concern. 'I'hcn a rivalry 
 ensued for supremacy in the markets: lioth firms advertised 
 very e.Ktensively and both did an excellent business. In 
 order to attain to such supremacy each house introduced 
 the most improved machinery that could be had for money. 
 In the midst of their competition, and it may be added of 
 their success, Mr. Duparquet died and was followed in a few 
 months by his old schoolmate, who notwithstanding the 
 apparent clashing of interest never ceased to love each 
 other. After ihe death of the founders their successors, 
 realizing that "in union there is strength," amalgamated 
 the firms, the result being the present great corporation of 
 Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse Co.. now the largest house 
 in its line in the United States, perfect in ei[uipment, con- 
 trolling the market and defying com|.)etition, and thus from 
 a business beginning with the consumption of a few bundles 
 or iron, as abo\e stated, it has gone on upwaid and onward 
 until to-day it buys its metal by the carloads and increased 
 its sales from i>5,ooo to $500,000 per annum. The ware- 
 rooms of the firm are located at 43 «S: 45 \\'ooster Street, 
 and its workshops at 21, 2t, & 25 Bethune Street. It has 
 branches at 46 to 50 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, and at 6 
 Union Street, Boston, and a stranger can always learn its 
 home address by inquiring at any caravansary in the United 
 States or Canada. Two years ago while in competition 
 with the foremost manufacturers in their line in the world 
 the firm of Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse succeeded in 
 obtaining the outfit for the American Hotel in Sydney, 
 Australia, from which it will be seen that the rivalry which 
 contributed so much to advertising its goods and introducing 
 such perfect machinery was productive of ultimate lienefit 
 and redounds equally to the two firms now so hap];iily con- 
 solidated. The corporation conti oiling this industry is 
 composed of Elie J. Moneuse, President ; Pierre Huot, 
 Vice-President; and Mr. Moneuse's younger l)rothers. The 
 elder Mr. Moneuse it was who introduced into New York 
 the French cooking apparatus now to be found in every 
 
 American hotel worth mentioning Until a ipiarter of a 
 century ago the firm of Moneuse "iV Duparquet was the only 
 one in this country engaged in that particular branch; it is 
 now the largest of its kind, and is capable of furnishing an 
 (nitlil at a week's notice to any hfitel, no matter how pre- 
 tentious. He, Mr. Monetise, came to this country jienni- 
 less. but if his pocket was light so was his heart. The first 
 French range he ever turned out was for no less a jierson 
 than the famous ( hcf Lorenzo Delmonico. This was in 
 1.S52, and it was in the year following he entered into 
 I)artnetshi]) with Louis F. Dupan]uet, who is entitled to 
 e(pial credit in creating the business. i-'Jie J. Moneuse, his 
 son. President of the present corp(}ration, was born in tiiis 
 city on October 23, i<S6o, and was educated in the public 
 schools, but sent to the College Chaptel, Paris, for a finish. 
 He inherits his father's esprit and inventive talents in an 
 eminent degree, and in theory and practice is master of the 
 details of his business. Receiving no favors, he worked in 
 his father's shop as boy and man, ran errands, swept out the 
 store and climbed to each grade just as others did. Mr. 
 Moneuse's brothers, also born in New York, have an interest 
 in the business, and contribute to its ])rosperity; also Vice- 
 President Huot is a gentleman of executive ability, who has 
 done his share toward the prosperity of the business. In 
 order to inform the public of the nature of their products 
 the firm has in recent years issued a catalogue of articles, 
 which contains upwards of i.ooo illustrations of articles 
 they keep in stock, whicli iiK hide everything ap])ertaining 
 to hotels, restaurants, public institutions, steainshijis or 
 private families, from a range down to a nutm-g grater, 
 such as is used in the Palace Hotel in San L'rancisco, whose 
 range alone supjilied by this house cost §2,000. Among 
 other establishments of national reputation using their 
 ranges are the Hotel Netherlands, the Fifth Avenue Hotel, 
 New York Cafe Savarin, the Vanderbilts, Goelets, and all the 
 Clubs of this city, the Grand Pacific, Palmer's, and the 
 Sherman House, Chicago, and in fact in every house in the 
 country rejiresenting taste and opulence. The branches 
 of the firm in Boston and Chicago are very jjrosperous. 
 This, in fine, is a brief sketch of what is essentially a great 
 -■\merican industry. 
 
 ALVAH HALL & CO. 
 
 The history of a great New York house is simply ihe 
 history in miniature of the manufacturing industries of the 
 L'nited States. If a concern in any particular line is 
 prospering, it may be taken as a rule, with very few 
 exceptions, that the country is also prosperous. And the 
 converse holds ecpially good. The rise of the house of 
 Alvah Hall & Co., one of the greatest umbrella and parasol 
 manufacturers in .-Xmerica, is a case in point. It was 
 founded in 1S40 by George J. Byrd and Alvah Hall, under 
 the firm name of Byrd & Hall, and so continued until the 
 close of i86<S with unvarying success. At the end of that 
 year the firm dissolved, Mr. Black was taken into partner- 
 ship, the new firm assumed the title of Hall, Black tV' Co., 
 and so did business until 1873. when Mr. Biack retired and 
 the name wms changed to Alvah Hall & Co., which it 
 retains to this day. Mr. Albert C. Hall, ne[ihew of Alvah, 
 represented one of the " ("o ," as in fact he did when the 
 name had been Hall, Black & Co., and though he is now its 
 head he thinks it good policy to retain a title that has won 
 high reputation, and is widely known all over the American 
 continent. When the house was founded in 1S40, it was 
 established on Cedar Street, was then moved to Broadway, 
 near Cedar, next to 12 and 14 Warren, in 1S69 to No. 
 85 U'alker Street, 1875 to 359 Broadway, where in 1S82 
 it was burned out, then to 10 and 12 Thomas Street, 
 where it remained until 1889, when it removed into its 
 present commodious qtiarters at the corner of Franklin and 
 
36 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Church Streets. Upon Mr. E. D. Bradford's retirement in 
 1887, Mr. Hall took in as partner Mr. W. N. Stevenson, and 
 in 1S90 Mr. Edmund J. Godine, who comprise the present 
 company. Reciprocity if developed and carried out on the 
 principle laid down by Mr. Blaine and adopted by the 
 Republican party will no doubt aid the oijerations of the 
 firm, while as matters stand protection has done a good deal 
 for them. Under the policy of Mr. Albert C. Hall, the firm 
 sells to large jobbers almost exclusively. They manufacture, 
 principally, a medium class of goods and hence their sales 
 are very large, .^s regards the personnel of this flourishing 
 house Mr. Byrd was born in Ireland, and came to this 
 country when a very young man. Albert C. Hall, present 
 head of the house, was born in Vermont, in 1848, and 
 received more than the ordinary school education. His first 
 start in business was in the woollen trade with an uncle in 
 Stamford, Conn., with whom he remained from the age of 
 seventeen to nineteen, when he came to New York and 
 found employment with his Uncle Alvah, and displayed so 
 much business sagacity and executive ability that he was 
 taken into partnershijj before he had attained his majority. 
 Mr. Hall resided in New York until two years ago (1890). 
 He purchased the country seat of his late uncle, " Woodburn 
 Grange," Stamford, in 1885, and now makes it his home. 
 He is a member of the Union League and Merchants' Clubs, 
 of the New England Society, and belongs to many other 
 institutions of a similar nature. He succeeded his uncle as 
 director of the Ninth National Bank, and he is Vice- 
 President of the American Steel Frame Company, and 
 President of the great consolidated Umbrella Company. 
 
 MERCK & CO. 
 This House is best characterized by describing it as a 
 central point of collection and distribution of all the sub- 
 stances embraced by the Materia Medica ; that is, they 
 either make, or import, export, or handle nearly every 
 known medicinal substance on the face of the globe — no 
 matter how far from us its place of growth, production, or 
 destination may be situated. Their published list (though 
 incomplete), comprising over 4,000 drugs and preparations, 
 covers about every chemical or jjharmaceutical substance 
 employed in the composition of medicines, in analytical 
 chemistry, in bacteriological and physiological researches, 
 and in all the thousands of various scientific and industrial 
 processes. As very many — in fact, the large majority — of 
 all the potent drugs and finer chemicals used in the 
 medical art, are the products of distant climes and other 
 lands, the universal character of the house, as above indi- 
 cated, naturally necessitates their connection with all the 
 
 MERCK BUILDING— WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO. 
 
 centres of drug and chemical production the world over. 
 This is evident, among other things, by their having the 
 sole right of sale, in the United States, for the pharmaceu- 
 tical products of many of the leading chemical manufac- 
 tories and drug-depots of Europe : E. Merck, Darmstadt ; 
 Kalle &! Co., and Lembach & Schleicher, Biebrich on the 
 Rhine; The Actien-Gesellschaft fuer Chemische Industrie, 
 Mannheim ; Cordes, Hermanni & Co., and Wm. Pearson & 
 Co., Hamburg ; Knoll & Co., Ludwigshafen on the Rhine ; 
 E. Loeflund & Co., Stuttgart, and many others. Of these 
 above-named firms, assuredly the most characteristic is 
 that of E. Merck in Darmstadt. This Chemical Manufac- 
 tory is remarkable at once for possessing the oldest, the 
 largest, and the best-known Chemical Laboratory in exist- 
 ence anywhere. It was founded in 1668 — two and a 
 quarter centuries ago. The reader may feel interested to 
 see a reproduction of a bird's eye view of the Merck chem- 
 ical works at Darmstadt — as herewith presented. Merck 
 & Co. have long ago placed the famous instructive 
 Materia- Medica compendium known as "Merck's Index" in 
 the hands of every druggist in the United States and 
 Canada. They also publish, once every month, " Merck's 
 Market Report and Pharmaceutical Journal" a magazine 
 giving the latest actual market prices of every substance the 
 druggist feels interested in. The above cut represents the 
 Merck Building specially granted by the World's Fair au- 
 thorities to Merck &: Co., New York, for the purpose of a 
 representative and comprehensive exhibit of Chemicals and 
 Drugs for medicinal and other uses — Headquarters for the 
 Medical and Pharmaceutical Professions, and those interested 
 in Chemical Manufactures and the Drug trade. 
 
 E. MERCK, 
 
 D.\RMSTADT. 
 
 MERCK'S LABORATORIES ^>; WORKS. 
 
 FOUNDED IN THE YEAR 1668. 
 
 MERCK & CO. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
NEW YORK, THK METROPOLIS. 
 
 37 
 
 MAN'UFACTURIXr. 
 
38 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 HUGO JAECKEL. 
 
 Mr. Hugo Jaeckel, the well known New York furrier, is 
 one of the gentlemen whose testimony on the Behring 
 Sea difficulty is now in the hands of Commissioner Williams, 
 and will in due time be submitted to the International 
 Board of Arbitration by the American Government as part 
 of their case. Being a merchant who deals more extensively 
 in Alaska seals than, perhaps, any other American, his 
 opinion will have weight with the distinguished arbitrators, 
 and in the meantime a brief sketch of Mr. Jaeckel himself 
 may be of interest. He was born in Germany, in the stormy 
 year of 184S, of Lutheran Protestant parents, educated in 
 the schools of his native city, and subsequently spent a year 
 at College. His grandfather was a distinguished officer in the 
 Sa.xon Army, who fought under Napoleon I. in the Franco- 
 Russian war of 1812. Hugo with two brothers, one elder 
 and one younger than he, and two sisters, were brought to 
 this country by his parents in 1864. Immediately after 
 their arrival, his father, Frederick William Jaeckel, joined 
 the regular army of the United States, in which he served 
 three years, and on the expiration of his term found him- 
 self broken in health and unable to support his family. 
 Meanwhile, Mr. Hugo Jaeckel's elder brother died, and 
 thus at an age when he should be in college, the respon- 
 sibility of supporting the family was thrown upon his 
 shoulders. This responsibility he assumed without flmching. 
 He learned the trade of furrier, thoroughly, practically and 
 intelligenily, and in 1878, determined to start for himself, 
 he associated himself with William Duncan and J. Asch, 
 and with them laid the foundation of one of the largest fur 
 houses in America. Messrs. I )uncan and Asch were both 
 excellent business men, while Mr. Jaeckel was the practical 
 man. Their success from the start was marvellous, and is 
 fully explained by the fact that the combination was 
 ])erfect; one was the complement of the others. Messrs. 
 Duncan and Asch died subsequently, and Mr. Jaeckel, who 
 was left sole proprietor, conducted the business with such 
 tact, energy and splendid management that it has grown 
 steadily under his hands untd it assumed its present pro- 
 portions. He has agents in London and Leipsic, which cities 
 are the fur centres of the world, and visits them every year as 
 well as Berlin and other great cities with the view of seeing 
 what is to be seen and extending his trade. Apart from the 
 wealth his trade brings him, Mr. Jaeckel loves it for its own 
 sake, and when lately asked what it was he had accom- 
 plished he took most jiride in, he replied without hesita- 
 tion ; "My present business standing." Last spring, when 
 certain difficulties arose between the fur manufacturers and 
 their employes, and the former found it absolutely necessary 
 to unite for their own protection, Mr. Jaeckel was 
 unanimously chosen as their leader on account of his own 
 well-known energy and straightforward mode of action. 
 The successful result proved that the furriers' confidence 
 was not misplaced, and the trouble led up to the formation 
 of the Manufacturing Furriers' Exchange of New York, with 
 Mr. Jaeckel as President. This corporation is a very strong 
 one, and has for its object not only the ])rotection of 
 employer and employed against unfair demands, extortion 
 or intimidation, but also the settlement of disputes among 
 them by arbitration. Mr. Jaeckel is a director of the 
 Empire State Bank, and member of the Liederkranz Musical 
 Society and of the West Side Association. He was married 
 in 1873 to Miss Elizabeth Bernices, of this city, and is now 
 the father of five fine looking, sturdy boys. He is at present 
 engaged in building a fine residence near Manhattan Park. 
 On the whole he has obtained a proud position in life and 
 high character as the result of integrity in business and un- 
 remitting hard work. While Mr. Jaeckel does not feel 
 himself at liberty to state what the nature of the evidence 
 he has submitted to our government is, he will converse 
 
 freely enough in a general way on a subject of so much 
 interest to him in a business point of view. Speaking very 
 cautiously on the matter, this is what he said in substance : 
 " No matter how the final negotiations are closed or who 
 wins in the game of arbitration, one thing certain is that 
 under the present system by which seals may be slaughtered 
 indiscriminately the industry must come to an end, and it is 
 merely a question of a few years when there shall be no 
 more rookeries in the Pribylov Islands, if poaching is 
 allowed to continue. The American Government is 
 naturally against this greedy and indiscriminate killing of 
 seals. 'The company which holds the contract for legitimate 
 catching and killing of seals is very closely restricted as 
 regards the number of animals to be killed, and the manner 
 in which it is to be done. They never kill females, and of 
 males only those from three to four years old. No such 
 discrimination is made by the poachers who shoot or spear 
 the seals from a distance in the open sea, and it has been 
 observed by Mr. Jaeckel ever since those poached seals 
 were brought into the market that about 85 per cent, of 
 them were females; besides, that the value of those skins is 
 reduced at least 40 per cent, on account of the spear and 
 shot holes. A very striking illustration of the above state- 
 ment was given not long since to Commissioner Williams by 
 Mr. Jaeckel, when out of a catch of ninety seals only nine 
 were males. The Canadians are the chief sinners in this 
 wholesale slaughter, while Englishmen are, or should be, as 
 much interested in the preservation of the seal tribe as Ave 
 are." 
 
 F. KROEBER CO. 
 
 Florence Kroeber, the founder of the F. Kroeber Clock 
 Company, was born in Cologne, Germany, in 1 840, and came 
 to New York when 6 years of age. He passed through the 
 Tenth Ward Grammar School, and at the age of 15 started 
 as errand boy in a down-town shipping office, at a salary of 
 $2.00 per week. At about that time his parents lived on a 
 farm (which is now 56th Street and Second Ave.). No 
 streets then had been opened in that section of the city — no 
 Third Avenue Horse Car was thought of — the only rapid 
 transit then in existence was the Bullshead Stage running 
 down to the " Haymarket," which was an open space south 
 of Peter Cooper's Institute. Mr. Kroeber is an ardent New 
 Yorker and this little reminiscence is noted here to prove 
 that our city also has grown some. When he entered the 
 clock business in 1858 the number of designs was very 
 limited — in all about 30, and when a traveller went on the 
 road there were no photos for him ; he carried Daguerreo- 
 types instead. No catalogues were then heard of, and it 
 was in 1864 that he printed the first Clock Catalogue ever 
 published, a copy of which he still holds in his possession. 
 U'ith the growth of the city, so grew his business. Larger 
 outlets demanded more varied assortment and improve- 
 ment in quality, and in the search of this, numerous patents 
 (38) were taken out, some of which having since expired by 
 limitation are now being universally used on all eight day 
 pendulum clocks. Some ten years ago his business was 
 incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, and 
 his concern pays taxes on $100,000 paid up capital. He is 
 assisted in his arduous labors by the able Secretary, Mr. 
 O. Bartel, and by his lieutenant, Mr. H. Stanf, who has 
 charge of their uptown branch at Union Square. Their 
 business extends throughout all the States and South 
 America, and Mr. Kroeber believes his export would grow 
 considerably if raw material were not taxed by our tariff 
 laws and if we had a merchant marine, that we are naturally 
 entitled to by our position, our wealth and rank among the 
 nations. The F. Kroeber Clock Company have beautified 
 more homes with their clocks than any other company in 
 .America and they have the satisfaction of knowing that 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 39 
 
 ^-■stSi"'" 
 
 ASCH & JAECKEL'S FUR ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
40 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 their products are appreciated by all the jewellers through- 
 out the country. Mr. Kroeber is in the prime of life, and 
 perhaps many in the next generation will have clocks on 
 their mantels labelled " Manufactured by the Kroeber Clock 
 Co." Mr. Kroeber is one of the directors of the German 
 Legal Aid Society, a director of the Jewellers' Security 
 Alliance and a member of the Arion Society since i86t. 
 
 BOERICKE & TAFEL. 
 
 There is nothing more surprising than the spread of the 
 homoeopathic school of medicine within the last half cen- 
 tury. There was a time, and that within the memory of 
 many now living, when there were not in this country more 
 than fiftv followers of Dr. Hahnemann, while at this present 
 time they are to be numbered by the thousand in this State 
 of New York alone. In this volume of " New York, The 
 Metropolis" will be found sketches of many of the 
 leading practitioners of this city, while their colleges, 
 hospitals and dispensaries are to be found all over 
 the United States. The spread of homoeopathy, of 
 course, implies the manufacture of homoeopathic drugs 
 and medicines, and at once suggests the name of the 
 great firm of Boericke & Tafel, the oldest homoeopathic 
 pharmacy in the United States. It was established 
 in 1835, developed slowly at first, but, as that school of 
 medicine began to triumph, grew with extraordinary rapidity, 
 and now has its pharmacies in this city, its laboratories in 
 Philadelphia, and branches at 36 Madison Street, Chicago ; 
 627 Smithfield Street, Pittsburg ; 170 West Fourth Street, 
 Cincinnati, and 228 North Howard Street, Baltimore. Their 
 New York pharmacies are at 145 Grand Street and No. 7 
 West 42d Street, and in Philadelphia at ion Arch Street 
 and 1409 Chestnut Street. Their medicines are sold in 
 every city, town and village of this country, also in Europe 
 and European colonies ; all over the world, in fact. The 
 laboratories in Philadelphia supply all their branch stores 
 with uniformly made preparations, while private families 
 are indebted to them for the publication of most of the 
 homoeopathic literature which has done so much for the 
 advancement of that school of medicine. In 1854 their 
 publication office in Philadelphia was burned to the ground, 
 but, fortunately, all their valuable papers were saved by the 
 energy of a friend. For an elaborate disj^lay of homoeo- 
 pathic preparations in Philadelphia, in 1876, they received 
 a medal and diploma. In 1878 they received honorable 
 mention at the Paris Exposition, also in Chili, and they 
 received three gold medals at New Orleans. In the Quar- 
 terly Bulletin for November, 1885, a list is given of 23S 
 druggists in different parts of the country who handle 
 Boericke & Tafel's physicians' supplies in the original 
 packages supplied by that firm. The firm of Boeiicke & 
 Tafel, first founded by F. E. Boericke, M.D., and Rudolph 
 Tafel, is still in possession of their descendants, the present 
 representatives of which are A. J. Tafel, F. A. Boericke and 
 A. L. Tafel. 
 
 THE ANGLO-SWISS CONDENSED MILK COMPANY. 
 
 Those interested in learning how a new industry maybe 
 called into existence, the necessity that introduced it, how 
 it has developed and from obscure beginnings grown to 
 large proportions, cannot do better than turn for illustration 
 to the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, founded a 
 quarter of a century ago, in a very modest way, but which 
 has developed to such an extent that its operations to-day 
 include paid up capital of $3,000,000, with eight factories 
 and sales offices in London and New Y'ork, embracing ten 
 places of business in this country and Europe, 1,100 
 workingmen in its employ, and a daily expenditure for 
 labor and material of $20,000. It is one of those great 
 
 industries, too, of which Americans may well be proud, for 
 though, singularly enough, the name is " Anglo-Swiss," the 
 original idea was conceived by Americans and worked out 
 by Americans. Americans are to-day in control of an 
 industry which is one of the chief distributers of the world's 
 food supply, and the managers are of the energetic, enter- 
 prising Yankee race, which successfully competes in trade 
 and commerce with the combined and trained intellect of 
 Europe The Company was organized in 1S66 by the 
 three brothers, George H., Charles A. and David S. Page, 
 and George H. is its largest stockholder. Charles A. Page 
 was at the time of its inception United States Consul at 
 Zurich, Switzerland, and it was by him that the original 
 idea was conceived. All three were bright young men with 
 observant eyes, and they saw a future in the condensed milk 
 industry, if sufficient capital could be obtained. This now 
 universally popular article of food was then all but unknown 
 in Europe, and the little of it handled came through 
 London Ship-Chandlers. The Page Brothers soon obtained 
 the necessary capital for a small beginning, a large part of 
 the first money employed being supplied by P. E. Lock- 
 wood, of New York City. The introduction of this new 
 product into Europe was found full of difficulty, as may 
 easily be supposed when it is remembered that it was an 
 untried article, with American strangers who had yet to 
 acquire the confidence of Europeans. It was first supplied 
 to Ship-chandlers in large cities, then introduced as infant 
 food, and ultimately as an article of general consumption. 
 The business moved slowly at first, but it moved surely, and 
 once having gained ground marched steadily forward. It 
 was soon found necessary to build a second factory. It 
 was the duty on condensed milk entering the German 
 ZoUverein which induced the Company to start another fac- 
 tory at Lindau, Bavaria, and the " Wild American " having 
 arisen in European favor the capital was increased from 
 time to time. For the same reason, to avoid the heavy 
 English duty, a factory was also established in that country, 
 whereupon active competition arose. Two factories started 
 by competitors, one in Aylesbury and another at Middle- 
 wich, were absorbed and enlarged by the Company. It 
 was on account of the American duty on condensed milk 
 that a factory was established in 1S82 at Middletown, New 
 York, which has since been extended, and another and still 
 larger one was started in Dixon, Illinois, in 1888. The 
 Dixon factory has three acres of floor room and is by far 
 the largest, best equipped and most expensive establish- 
 ment of its kind in the world. The plant at Dixon cost 
 $450,000 and the combined plant of the two American fac- 
 tories cost $750,000. kx. the time of the passage of the last 
 American tariff bill Mr. Page pleaded with the Committee 
 on Ways and Means in Congress to raise the duty on con- 
 densed milk to three cents per pound, with the view of pre- 
 serving to Americans the American market for this product. 
 And, again, while the Company was annually importing 
 from 20,000 to 25,000 boxes of tinplate he advocated the 
 doubling of the duty on tinplate, and he is pointed out as 
 the only importer who has advocated an advance of duty on 
 an article he was himself importing. The Company oper- 
 ates factories in the United States, Switzerland, Germany 
 and England, and has offices in New Vork City and 
 London. It may be added here that David S. Page and 
 William B. Page have been closely identified with the 
 management and are still so in connection with their 
 brother. 
 
NEW YORK, rnE METROJ'OI.IS. 
 
 41 
 
 ^mmm'^'^^ 
 
 ANGLO-SWISS^ CONDENSED MILK COMPANY'S FACTORY, MIMIM.L 1 1 ) ,\ N .\. \. 
 
 ANGLO-SWISS CONDENSED MILK COMPANY'S lACTORV, DIXON, ILL. 
 
4-2 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE CENTURY COMPANY. 
 
 The Century Company was organized in 1870 by 
 Roswell Smith, Dr. J. G. Holland and the firm of Charles 
 Scribner & Company, under the name of "Scribner & Com- 
 pany," which was changed in 1881 to the Century Company, 
 at the time that the name of the magazine " Scribner's 
 Monthly " was changed to The Century. Dr. J. G. Holland, 
 who was the first editor of that magazine, was a physiciiin 
 by profession and a literary man from choice. He received 
 his newspaper training in the office of the Springfield 
 Republican, so ably conducted for many years by Samuel 
 Bowles. He brought his newspaper habits and method to 
 his magazine work, and made a live publication. It was 
 while travelling in Europe with Mr. Roswell Smith that the 
 enterprise of publishing " Scribner's Monthly " had its birth. 
 The influence of Roswell Smith was the dominant one in 
 shaping the business policy of the company, and to this 
 policy must be attributed very much of its success. 
 Possessed of undoubted faith, extraordinary energy 'and 
 
 New York Tribune says of this : " No other publication 
 was ever undertaken in this country in which so much 
 capital was invested before any profits could be realized, or 
 even future success could be assured. Yet the publishers 
 were so confident of the result that they were willing to 
 expend $500,000 before offering any part of the work to the 
 public." The result has justified the publisher's faith, and 
 " The Century Dictionary " to-day stands at the head of all 
 similar works on two continents. Another of the great 
 successes of the Century Company was the series of articles 
 on the Civil War written by Union and Confederate generals, 
 first printed in The Centurv Magazine and afterwards in a 
 subscription book called '' Battles and Leaders of the Civil 
 War.'' The company also publishes the authorized " Life of 
 Abraham Lincoln" by his private secretaries, Messrs. Nicolay 
 and Hay. Upon the death of Dr. Holland in 1881, he was 
 succeeded in the editorial chair by Mr. Richard Watson 
 Gilder, who'had been from the first his associate editor, and, 
 before that, 'the editor of Hours at Home, and a newspaper 
 
 . 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 M-' 
 
 BUSINESS OFFICE OF THE CENTURV CO.MPANY. 
 
 great fertility of resource, he threw himself enthusiastically 
 into what was recognized to be a difficult venture. The 
 magazine was a success from the first. In 1883, the Com- 
 pany began the publication of St. Nicholas, for twenty years 
 past the leading children's magazine of the world, with 
 Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge as editor. In quick succession Our 
 Young Folks and other leading juvenile magazines were 
 merged in their younger rival. In 1881, Dr. Holland, 
 warned by failing health, sold his interest to Mr. Smith and 
 to some of the younger men who had become identified with 
 the enterprise in both the editorial and business departments, 
 and at the same time Mr. Smith purchased the Scribner 
 interest. The name, " Scribner's Monthly," was changed to 
 The Century, and the business of the company gradually 
 extended in the line of special book publication, which 
 included a number of hymn and tune books (of which a 
 million copies have been sold). The work which for many 
 years must be the crowning achievement of the Century 
 Company is "The Century Dictionary." A writer of the 
 
 man from his earliest years. Mr. Gilder's present asso- 
 ciates in the editorial rooms of The Century are Mr. Robert 
 Underwood Johnson, associate editor, who as well as Mr. 
 Gilder is a poet of considerable reputation, and Mr. 
 Clarence C Buel, assistant editor. Messrs. Johnson and 
 Buel, in addition to their ordinary duties in connection with 
 the magazine, were the special editors of the War series and 
 the War Book. Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge is supreme over 
 St. A-icholas, with Mr. W. F. Clarke as assistant editor. Mr. 
 A. W. Drake, who has been connected with the company 
 from its inception, is superintendent of the art department, 
 and Mr. W. L. Fraser is the manager of that department. 
 Upon the death of Roswell Smith, in April, 1S92, Mr. Frank 
 H. Scott, who had been associated with Mr. Smith from the 
 organization of the company in 1870, became its president. 
 Mr. Charles F. Chichester, the treasurer of the company, 
 and Mr. William W. Ellsworth, the secretary, have been 
 associated with the company for many years, and active in 
 its business management. 
 
NFlf VOA'A' THE AIKTROrOLfS. 
 
 43 
 
 JAMES C. HOES SONS. 
 
 "James C. Hoe's Sons" is tlie present style of llie 
 oldest Carpenter and BuiklinL^ finii in New York. Mr. 
 William Hoe began business in a minlest way at No. lo 
 Liberty Place in 1822, occn])yini; tlie lower part of the 
 house as a sho[j and residing up-stairs. In i.Sj;5 he ad- 
 mitted his sons William and James C. into ])artnersliip, 
 and the firm became William Hoe iv Sons. His third 
 son Alfred C, who by the \\a\- was born in the iMiildinsj;, 
 was admitted later on, and in 1.S45 the style changed 
 again to R. and J. Hoe. In 1.S49 the name changed to 
 James C. Hoe & Co., in iSHo t(j Alfred C. Hoe & Co., 
 and in 18S7 to " James C. Hoe's Sons." During all those 
 changes the u|)right and honorable principles which dis- 
 tinguished the founder in his transactions were strictly 
 adhered to and the name of Hoe has become ])roverbial 
 for reliable work. The demands made upon them by 
 architects, owners and contractors have beeu steadily 
 increasing every year and they have erected large shops 
 and steam factory in Gansevoort Street, and established 
 extensive luml.ier yards in Greenwich Street, but have held 
 fast to the original location in Liberty Place, and main- 
 tained it until the present day as their office and head- 
 {[uarters. Mr. William A. Hoe, the present senior of the 
 firm, attends to the building interest, and Mr. George E. 
 Hoe manages the financial affairs. They are both grand- 
 sons of the founder of the house, were both brought up 
 at the ( arpenter's bench and are therefore practical super- 
 \isors of their immense business. Among the many 
 liuildings completed by this firm may be mentioned the great 
 Stewart structure, W. and J. Sloan's new Innlding, Tiffany 
 li" Go's, houses, the " Burlington " and "Grosvenor" flats, 
 Niblo's Garden, Park Avenue Hotel, " Westminster" fiats, 
 Manhattan and Merchants' Hank huilding in Wall Street, 
 May Building, Le Boutillier's store. 
 
 berg's building on Waverley Place, TIh- Voting Men's In- 
 stitute on the ISinvery and Haywood Brothers' on C^anal 
 .Street. Peter L. 1'. Toslevin, the younger member of the 
 firm, was born in this city on November 27, 1855, and both 
 are members of the Mechanics' and Traders' Kxchange. 
 
 PETER TOSTEVIN'S SONS. 
 
 One of the oldest budding concerns in the city is that of 
 Peter Tostevin's Sons of the Bowery. It was originally 
 founded by Gall & Raybold and was in oijcration when 
 New York was merely an infant in swaddling clothes but of 
 gigantic promise. In 1850 Mr. (lall retired, and Mr. Tos- 
 tevin took his place, the new firm assuming the title of Ray- 
 bold & Tostevin. Mr. Tostevin was born in the Island of 
 Guernsey and when he came to this country he enjoyed the 
 distinction, such as it was, of being the only Tostevin in the 
 United States. The few Tostevins in the country at pre- 
 sent are his sons or their relatives. He was Inspector of 
 buildings under the old civic regime and was trustee of 
 the Dry Dock Savings Bank in his time, was also mem- 
 ber of the volunteer firemen and a < itizen well known and 
 esteemed generally. He erected a great many buildings. 
 In 1878 Henry M. Tostevin, his son, was admitted to partner- 
 ship. Henry M. was born on Decenil)er 19, 1851, was 
 educated in the public schools and served an apjirentice- 
 ship to the trade under his father. LTpon the death of the 
 elder Mr. Tostevin in 1S80, Mr. Raybold having died many 
 years before, his other son, Peter L. P. Tostevin, was ad- 
 mitted to partnership and the new firm became favorably 
 known as that of Peter Tostevin's Sons. Their business 
 does not limit them to any particular style of building 
 and they erect churches, stores, private houses and, in fact, 
 everything in their line. Among other structures they 
 have put" up are the Third Avenue Railroad Company's 
 depot on 129th Street and Lexington Avenue, and a very 
 solid, commodious and creditable work it is ; Henry Ivins' 
 building on University Place, Wm. F. Chrystie's, Grand and 
 Elm Streets, southeast corner ; Emanuel Baptist Church on 
 Suffolk Street, Olivet Chapel on Second Street, S. Golden - 
 
 UNITED SILK MANUFACTURING COMPANY. 
 
 Among the many important inilustries that liave grown 
 \\\) with the country, and have thrived and increased through 
 the advantages offered for sale in the great markets of New 
 York, there is none more ])rosi)crous than that of side 
 manufacture. The silk industries of the country have 
 prospered exceedingly during the last decade, and, thanks 
 to the protecting laws passed for the benefit of all home 
 productions, the silk manufacturing business has sprung 
 into active life and grown to proportions of commercial 
 importance, giving employment to many thousands of wage 
 earners and substituting home jiroductions for foreign 
 manufactures. The manufacture of silk originated in China, 
 and, according to native records, the rearing of silkworms 
 and the invention of the loom are more than forty-five cen- 
 turies old. An empress (2640 B. (_'.) is credited with this 
 invention. 
 
 Voluminous ancient literature testifies not only to the 
 antiipnty but also to the importance of Chinese silkworm 
 culture, and to the care and attention bestowed on it by 
 royal and noble families. The Chinese guarded the secrets 
 of their valuable art with vigilant jealousy; and there is no 
 doubt that many centuries jiassed l:)efore the culture sjjread 
 beyond the country of its origin. 
 
 When China was opened to foreign trade, the manu- 
 facture of silk was estaljlished in i'"iance and other parts 
 of Europe. It is only within recent years, however, 
 that this industry has made any notable advance in the 
 United States. Among the prominent concerns for silk 
 manufacture is the United Silk Manufacturing Comi)any, 
 of Hagerstown, Maryland, which has salesrooms and offices 
 in New York under the able management of John B. 
 Taylor. Only about five years ago this enterprising com- 
 pany ventured to bear the standard of the silk industry into 
 the New South, and the result has been beyond all expecta- 
 tion. Thanks lo the inestimable benefit of a ready channel 
 for sale in the Metropolis, the company has grown and 
 pros])ered until there is no more important corjioration of 
 its class in the South and no better managed agency than 
 that of the United Silk jManufacturing Coinpany. Mr. S. 
 Milford Schindel is President and manager, and Philip .\. 
 Burgh Secretary and Treasurer of the company. 
 
 THE ATLAS LINE OF STEAMSHIPS. 
 
 The Atlas line of steamships, which is divided into three 
 branches, each having a different route, is keeping well 
 abreast of the times, and as a feeder to New York, the New 
 World Commercial Metropolis, is fulfilling all its obligations, 
 so to speak. It was established in 1870 to run between this 
 city and Jamaica and since then has been developed into its 
 present splendid proportions by its energetic agents Pim, 
 Forwood & Company. The entire fleet is com])osed of 
 twelve passenger and' freight steamers, equipped in the most 
 thorough manner with all the modern improvements. The 
 largest vessel of the line, the " Adarendoe," is a new boat 
 with a tonnage of 2,500 tons. The system is really divided 
 into three lines or branches, one inlying between New York 
 and Jamaica, another between New N'ork and Hayti, and a 
 third between New York and the Sjianish Main, embracing 
 the United States of Colombia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 
 the whole involving very great commercial interests of which 
 Pim, Forwood & Co. are in charge. The Atlas line will be 
 enlarfred as tlie exegencies of commerce reciuire. 
 
44 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 THE NEW YORK HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE 
 AND HOSPITAL. 
 
 The New York Homoeopathic Medical College was 
 chartered in i860, for the purpose of educating medical 
 students in homoeopathy, and also in all branches of the 
 medical and surgical art. At first, it leased rooms on the 
 corner of Twentieth Street and Third Avenue ; afterward 
 when the New York Ophthalmic Hospital appointed a staff 
 of surgeons practising homoeopathy, it occupied the upper 
 floors of their new building erected on the corner of Third 
 Avenue and Twenty-third Street ; later, feeling the need of 
 more space, especially for hospital facilities, its friends 
 generously came to its assistance, and a property sufficiently 
 large was purchased on Avenue A, extending from Sixty- 
 third to Sixty-fourth Street, occupying eleven ordinary city 
 lots. In the centre of this property a commodious and 
 elegant college building was erected, furnished with the 
 most approved laboratories, dissecting rooms, bacterio- 
 logical room, etc., etc., which has since proved to be one of 
 the best arranged, and, in every respect, desirable structures 
 for the purposes of medical education in the city. The 
 Hon. R. P. Flower generously donated a sufficient sum of 
 money to erect a surgical hospital, known as the Flower 
 Hospital, which has for some years been in full operation, 
 and in the amphitheatre of which most brilliant surgery is 
 witnessed by crowds of students from all parts of the city. 
 This surgical amphitheatre of the Flower Hospital is a 
 mode! of its kind. Space is reserved on the Sixty-fourth 
 Street front for the erection of medical and lying-in hospi- 
 tals. All of these hospitals are intended to be utilized for 
 the instruction of students and practitioners of medicine 
 and surgery. All beds are free, and, with the exception of 
 some which are endowed, are supported mainly by the able 
 assistance of the Women's Guild, which has proved a most 
 invaluable adjunct to the Board of Trustees of this Insti- 
 tution. The first Board of Trustees comprised some of the 
 most prominent men of the City, and was presided over for 
 many years by the late Wm. CuUen Bryant, poet, and editor 
 of the Evening Post. After his death, the position was 
 filled by the Hon. Salem H. Wales, whose most valuable 
 services to the College will ever be appreciated by its 
 friends. Upon his retirement, a few years since, on ac- 
 count of ill health, the Hon. Rufus B. Cowing, Judge, 
 succeeded to the position, and still fills the chair with 
 ability and grace. The first Faculty comprised the fol- 
 lowing physicians : Jacob Beakley, surgery ; Isaac M. 
 Ward, obstetrics ; Wm. E. Payne, practice ; F. W. Hunt, 
 clinical medicine; Mathew Semple, chemistry; S. R. Kirby, 
 materia medica ; John de la Montagnie, anatomy ; W. W. 
 Rodman, physiology. It was largely through the efforts of 
 Dr. Jacob Beakley that the charter was obtained and the 
 College established. He became the first dean of the 
 College, and held that position for ten years, when he was 
 succeeded by the late Dr. Carroll Dunham, who was suc- 
 ceeded in 1873 by the late J. W. Dowling, M.D., and who, 
 in turn, was succeeded in 1882 by the jjresent dean. This 
 institution has for many years maintained the highest 
 standard of medical education. It was the first in this 
 city to establish a graded course of medical instruction on 
 the university plan, extending over a period of three years. 
 This was made necessary by the fact that not only did the 
 Faculty feel compelled to educate its students in every 
 branch of medical science generally taught in medical 
 colleges, but in addition thoroughly to inculcate the prin- 
 ciples and practice of homoeopathic therapeutics, which is 
 really supplementary to a thorough medical education. As 
 a consequence of this advanced position, and of the 
 thorough training of its students, the graduates of this 
 College have everywhere attained an envialile reputation, 
 and have reflected credit upon their Alma Mater. It was 
 
 formerly the opprobrium of the homoeopathic school, when 
 young, that it had no surgeons nor specialists. The intoler- 
 ance of the allopathic school has had the effect of com- 
 pelling the homoeopathic school to rely upon its own 
 resources, and in consequence there is to-day no more bril- 
 liant or original surgery to be found than within this school 
 of medicine, and the success of its surgeons, depending not 
 only upon the skilful performance of the operation, but on 
 the most appropriate treatment subsequently, has rendered 
 the statistics of cures in the surgical hospital unapproach- 
 able by anything that has ever been obtained under allo- 
 pathic surgery. Every specialty is well represented by 
 experts, and the homoeopathic school to-day stands inde- 
 [jendent of the rest of the medical profession, with its own 
 specialists in every department, thoroughly educated and 
 equipped, with a record of results that has never been 
 equalled, and cannot be approached except under homoeo- 
 pathic treatment. The expenditures and generous equip- 
 ment of the College and Hospital have entailed an 
 indebtedness of a large amount, so that the Institution is 
 not above the need of pecuniary assistance from those who 
 believe in the thorough education of homoeopathic phy- 
 sicians and surgeons. Quite recently the trustees of the 
 estate of the late Wm. B Ogden decided to appropriate to 
 this institution an endowment fund, to be known as the 
 " Ogden fund," it being a portion of the moneys left by him 
 for educational purposes, the major part of which has been 
 allotted to the Chicago University. Board of Trustees: 
 
 Hon. Rufus B. Cowing, President; Giles E. Taintor, Vice- 
 President ; Hon. Geo. W. Clarke, Secretary ; Hon. Roswell 
 P. Flower, Treasurer ; Hon. Rufus B. Cowing, Richard M. 
 Hoe, Hon. Roswell P. Flower, Hon. Geo. W. Clarke, Hon. 
 Salem H. Wales, T. F. Allen, M.D., LL.D. {Dean), Hon. 
 H. N. Twombly, Hon. E. C.Benedict, Hon. Hiram Calkins, 
 Russell C. Root, Giles E. Taintor, Geo. W. Ely, J. Frederic 
 Kernochan, W. F. Whitehouse, Charles B. Fosdick, Edmund 
 Dwight, C. B. Foote, P. de P. Ricketts, E.M., Ph. D., Lewis 
 Hallock, M.D., N. A. Mosman, M.D., Wm. Tod Helmuth, 
 M.D., LL.D, Hon. Andrew H. Green, F. W. Devoe. 
 Faculty : Materia Medica and Therapeutics : T. F. 
 Allen, M.A., M.D., LL.D., Professor of Materia Medica 
 and Therapeutics, and Director of the Laboratory 
 of Experimental Pharmaculogy ; G. G. Shelton, M.D., 
 Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmaceutics. Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine : St. Clair Smith, M.D., Professor 
 of Theory and Practice of Medicine ; J. M. Schley, M.D., 
 Professor of Clinical Medicine ; J. W. Dowling, M.D., 
 .\djunct Professor Theory and Practice of Medicine, and 
 Lecturer on the Principles of Physical Diagnosis; Martin 
 Deshere, M.D., Professor of Paediatry ; Selden H. Talcott, 
 M.D., Professor of Mental Diseases; j. T. O'Connor, M.D., 
 Professor of Nervous Diseases ; George M. Dillow, M.D., 
 Professor of Diseases of the Kidney ; J. Oscoe Chase, 
 M.D., Clinical Assistant to the Chair of Paediatry. Surgery: 
 Wm. Tod Helmuth, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Surgery; 
 Francis E. Doughty, M.D , Professor of Genito-LTrinary 
 Surgery ; Sidney F. Wdcox, M.D., Professor of the Prin- 
 ciples of Surgery and Lecturer on Orthopredic and Rectal 
 Surgery ; C. VV. Cornell, M.D., Lecturer on Fractures and 
 Dislocations ; Wm. T. Helmuth, Jr., M.D., Lecturer on 
 Minor Surgery and Clinical Assistant to the Chair of Sur- 
 gery ; E. G. Tuttle, M.D., Demonstrator of Operative 
 Surgery (upon the cadaver); J. L. Beyea, M.D., Clinical 
 Assistant to the Chair of Genito-Urinary Diseases. Ob- 
 stetrics : L. L. Danforth, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics; 
 J. L. Beyea, M.D., Demonstrator of Midwifery ; F. W. 
 Hamlin, M.D., Assistant to the Chair of Obstetrics ; J. T. 
 Simonson, M.D., Assistant Demonstrator of Obstetrics. 
 Gynaecology: W. O. McDonald, M.D., Professor of Gyne- 
 cology ; C. S. Macy, M.D., S. H. Smyth, M.D., E. G. 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METKOPOI.I S. 
 
 45 
 
 ^€;^r:>C^ 
 
 
 o 
 S 
 
46 
 
 JV£iy YORK, THE MEIROPOLIS. 
 
 Tuttle, M.D., Clinical Assistants to the Chair of Gyne- 
 cology. Anatomy: W. W. Blackman, M.D., Professor of 
 Anatomy ; H. B. Minton, M.D., Lecturer on Anatomy ; 
 Wm. Francis Honan, Demonstrator of Anatomy. Physio- 
 logy : Charles McDowell, M.D., Piofessor of Physiology; 
 Geo. W. Roberts, M.D., As.sistant to the Chair of Physio- 
 logy. Chemistry : L. H. Friedburg, Ph.D., Professor of 
 Chemistry and Toxicology ; E. H. Porter, M.D., Professor 
 of Medical Chemistry, and Demonstrator of Urinary Sedi- 
 ments ; Wm. S. Pearsall, M.D., Laboratory Instructor. 
 Hygiene and .Sanitary Science : Malcolm Leal, M.D., 
 Professor of Hygiene and Sanitary Science. Histology ; 
 Henry S. Hathaway, M.D., Lecturer on Histology and 
 Microscopy. Pathology: W. Storm White, INLD., Professor 
 of General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy, and Demon- 
 strator of Urinary Sediments. Medical Jurisprudence : R. 
 H. Lyon, Esq., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. Der- 
 matology : P. E. Arcularius, M.D., Professor of Dermato- 
 logy. Ophthalmology : Frank H. Boynton, M.D., Professor 
 of Ophthalmology : George W. McDowell, M.D., Clinical 
 Assistant to the Chair of Ophthalmology. Otology : Henry 
 C. Houghton, M. D., Professor of Otology. Laryngology 
 and Rhinology: Clarence E. Beebe, M.A., M.D., Professor 
 of Laryngology and Rhinology. Bacteriology (Optional): 
 Emanuel Baruch, M.D., Ph.D , Univ. of Wurtemberg, 
 Professor of Bacteriology. 
 
 N. Y. MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN. 
 
 The New York Medical College and Hospital for 
 Women, founded l)y Dr. Clemence Sophia Lozier in 1S63, 
 was unique of its kind. It is the only hospital in the world 
 founded by women for women, and governed by women. 
 A medical college in Geneva, N. Y., had before this 
 admitted two women as students, but such pressure was 
 brought to bear against the unpopular movement that the 
 College declined to receive others. An Eclectic College in 
 Syracuse had also admitted women, and from this college 
 Dr. Lozier graduated. After graduation, her practice in 
 New York assumed large proportions, and in a spirit of 
 pure p)hilanthropy she began giving lectures to women in 
 her own parlors. From these lectures the idea of a college 
 for women was developed, and it was mainly through Dr. 
 Lozier's exertions that the legislature granted a charter for 
 the college in 1863. It was opened at 724 Broadway, with 
 a class of seven, and a faculty of eight instructors, four 
 women and four men. Dr. Lozier herself being President 
 of the college and Professor of Diseases of Women and 
 Children. The names of twenty-nine women appear upon the 
 charter and they were constituted a Board of Trustees. 
 The second year, eighteen students were enrolled and one 
 was graduated, while the third year's records show fourteen 
 graduated with the degree of M.D. In January, 1868, a 
 brownstone house on 12th Street and Second Avenue 
 was purchased, and used as a hospital, its friends looking 
 upon it as a permanent institution; but as years rolled on 
 and the idea of a woman's hospital with woman doctors 
 became more popular, classes grew larger; so did the number 
 of patients; it was found that more commodious quarters 
 would be required, and a property was purchased at the 
 corner of Lexington Avenue and Twenty-seventh Street, 
 'i'he institution suffered considerably from the financial 
 depression in the late seventies, and in 1880 the hospital 
 was removed to its present location on Fifty-fourth Street, 
 between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. In the same year 
 woman jjhysicians were elected to the chairs of Anatomy, 
 Physiology, Pedology, Gynecology, Materia Medica and 
 Obstetrics, and lately to the chair of Chemistry. Since then 
 the college has progressed until to-day it is abreast with the 
 oldest and best in the land, and is a proof if one were 
 
 necessary that women, as physicians at least, have found 
 their proper sphere. The hospital is supported entirely by 
 voluntary contributions, and it is satisfactory to know that 
 the prejudices against it are fading away. It is hoped that 
 the time is coming when it will receive munificent bequests 
 as do other hospitals and colleges which accomplish far less 
 good. Phcebe J. B. Wait, M.D., is dean of the faculty and 
 Professor of Obstetrics, and among the other lady professors 
 are Louise Gerrard, M.D. ; M. Belle Brown, M. D. ; Juliet 
 P. Yan Evera, M.D. ; Louise Ziegelmier Buckholz, M.D. ; 
 Euphemia J. Meyers Sturtevant, M.D. ; Marv E. Grady, 
 M.I). ; Helen Cox O'Connor, M.D. ; Rita Duiilevy, M.d! ; 
 Marea H. Brookhans, M.13., and Louise Lannin, M.D. 
 
 VAN NORMAN INSTITUTE. 
 
 One of the principal educational establishments in New- 
 York City is the Van Norman Institute, on Seventy-first 
 Street and West End Avenue, conducted by Madame Van 
 Norman, widow of its founder, the Reverend Daniel C. Van 
 Norman, D.D., LL.D. Mr. Van Norman was born in Hamil- 
 ton, Ontario, in 1817, and was educated in Hamilton College, 
 and subsequently in the Wesleyan University, from which he 
 was graduated in 1838. From 1839 to 1845 he was ])rofessor 
 of classics and physics in Victoria College, Canada, and 
 subsequently founded the Burlington Ladies' School in 
 Hamilton. He took the chair of Principal in Rutgers 
 Female College, this city, in 185 1, but withdrew from that 
 institution in 1857 to found the Van Norman Institute 
 for ladies. In 1862, his Alma Mater, the Wesleyan 
 University, conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. ; an 
 energetic meniber of fraternity of A. J. P. In con- 
 junction with Louis Pujal he wrote a complete French 
 Class Book, and was for years Recording Secretary of 
 the American and Foreign Christian Union. He was a 
 member of the Society of Science and Art. He preached 
 over 4,000 sermons in his time, although never holding a 
 regular pastorate. He was also an Elder in the Central 
 Presbyterian Church, one of the founders of the American 
 Chapel in Paris, and in politics was a Republican. He 
 died in 1886, leaving a wife, Madame Van Norman, a son 
 and a daughter. Mr. Van Norman was known throughout 
 the country in educational circles as a successful organizer, 
 and his death was much regretted. The school furnishes a 
 perfect education for young ladies, and employs professors 
 who attend to every branch. Nor are the moral and 
 physical training of the students neglected under Madame 
 Van Norman's administration. German and French are 
 taught by professors who are to the manor born, and, in fine, 
 it is the model college /<?/- excellence for young ladies who 
 desire a good education and the comforts of an elegant 
 home. 
 
 THE BERKLEY SCHOOL. 
 
 The Berkley School, founded in 1S80 by John S. White, 
 LL.D., was named in honor of the famous George Berkley, 
 Bishop of Cologne, Ireland, author of the oft quoted line, 
 " Westward the course of Empire takes its way." It was 
 opened in the autumn of 1880 at 252 Madison Avenue. 
 The number of pupils was sixty, but it has now three hun- 
 dred. The new building, which occupies Nos. 18, 20, 
 22 and 24 West Foity-fourth Street, is a model one and was 
 intended by the architects both in the interior and on the 
 exterior, to be the most complete and the best equipped 
 institution in America It is absolutely fireproof, of the 
 Ionic order of architecture, and is so constructed as to be 
 flooded with light. The furniture, the upholstery, every- 
 thing is perfect, while the corps of principals and assistants 
 under NIr. White's direction are all scholars of remarkable 
 ability. The laws of hygiene are strictly observed, the 
 
.V/ilV yOA-K, IHE MKJROPOI.IS. 
 
 47 
 
 gymnasium is a feature of the establishment, and the juipils 
 belong to the best families in New York. An interesting 
 feature of the new school is the decoration of the great hafl 
 and the adjacent room upon the first tloor with several 
 stained windows, designed by Louis Tiffany in memory of 
 students who died while members of the school. On' the 
 ground floor of the building are the armory and gymnasium 
 on the first floor, the library, large dining room, offices and 
 reception rooms. On the second and third floor are the 
 school and class rooms, and the upper floor contains a 
 studio and laboratory, also dormitories for twenty student^. 
 The athletic grounds of the school, known as the 
 " Berkley Oval," cover ten acres with thirty tennis 
 courts, a quarter mile running track, and' a boat 
 house, which has si.xty boats, on the Harlem River. 
 From the foregoing it will be seen that the I'.erklev 
 School is one of the most thoroughly ecjuipped in 
 its line in the world. John S. White, headmaster 
 of the Berkley School, a scholar of national reputa 
 tion, was born in Wrentham, Mass., on 3d of January, 
 1S47, of Puritan stock. His father, the Reverend 
 John S. \\'hite, a descendant on both sides from the 
 earliest settlers of the colony of Massachusetts, was 
 a well-known Baptist clergyman and able preacher 
 of that denomination, and his mother — Anna 
 Richardson of Medway, Mass. — was a woman of 
 good education and excellent judgment. Young 
 White graduated from the Chapman Orammar 
 School of Boston in 1861, and from the English 
 High School of the same city in 1864. In the 
 latter part of this year he enlistened in the 42d 
 Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia — hun- 
 dred days troops — with whom he served until 
 mustered out in December. When he left the 
 army, being then seventeen years of age, he en- 
 tered the Boston Latin School, and in June, 1S66, 
 was admitted to Harvard College. His college 
 career was brilliant, and he was selected by the 
 Faculty to deliver the Latin Oration of Welcome 
 to Charles W. Eliot, the newly elected jiresident, 
 an honor awarded only to the first classical scholar 
 of the college. In the summer of 1867 Francis 
 Parkman, the historian, having become nearly 
 blind, applied to Professor Cutler of Cambridge 
 for an assistant from among the best classical 
 students, and Mr. White was selected. Mr. White 
 was a linguist and he rendered the historian very 
 great service in correctly translating into English 
 three manuscripts written in the singular chiro- 
 graphy of the seventeenth century Jesuits. In this 
 way he wrote ahnost the whole of the " Discovery 
 of the Great West," and did it so well that a lasting 
 friendship was cemented between him and the 
 historian. A week after leaving Harvard he was 
 unanimously elected to a vacant sub-mastership 
 in the Boston Latin School, and after three months 
 was promoted to full master. He resigned in 1873 
 and travelled in Europe for a rest, as well as to 
 study its educational systems, and in 1874 he 
 opened the " Brooks Academy," a classical and 
 English school for boys, in Cleveland, Ohio, 
 six years of successful work in this school he resigned 
 in order to found Berkley School. In 1879 he was 
 made Doctor of Laws by Trinity College, and before this, 
 and subsequently, was elected fellow of many foreign socie- 
 ties of a scientific or educational character. The great 
 success of his life is the Berkley School. On February 28, 
 187 1, Mr. White married Miss H. Georgie Read. His eldest 
 son, Eliot White, was in 1872 graduated from Harvard, 
 Manila cum laude honors. 
 
 ECLECTIC MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The Eclectic Medical C^ollege of the city of New York 
 was incorjioratcd by an act of Legislature, on the 22(1 day 
 of April, 1865. It is authorized to liold real and personal 
 estate to the amount of $300,000, anil to disposeof the same, 
 the funds and property to be employed solely for the 
 inirpose of |)romoting medical science and instruction, and 
 the establishment of a iiospital and dispensary in connection 
 with the college. The Board of Trustees are emiiowered 
 by the charier, u]>on the recommendation of the Faculty and 
 Hoard of Censors, to grant and confer the degree of Doctor 
 
 After 
 
 THE BERKLI-:V SCHOOL. 
 
 of Medicine upon students of the college, aged twenty-one 
 years, having pursued the study of medicine for four years 
 under the "supervision of a reputable physician, and 
 attended at least three full terms of instruction in an in- 
 corporated medical institution, the last of which terms shall 
 have been held at this college. The degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine conferred by this college, the statute declares, 
 shall entitle the person recei\ing it to all the rights and 
 privileges, immunities and liabilities of physicians as 
 declared bv the laws of this State. The corporation thus 
 
48 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 established organized in the autumn of 1865, making choice 
 of the following officers : President, William F. Havemeyer; 
 Vice-President, William C. Stricklauch, LL.D. ; Treasurer, 
 William Moller ; Recording Secretary, Alexander Wilder, 
 M.D. ; Corresponding Secretary, Henri L. Stuart. The 
 following professors were also elected : Wm. Byrd Powell, 
 M.D. Emeritus, Cerebral Pathology ; Robt. S. Newton, 
 M.D., Operative Surgery and Surgical Diseases ; Edwin 
 Freeman, M.D., Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy ; Paul 
 W. Alhn, M.D., Theory and Practice of Medicine; Wm. W. 
 Hadley, M.D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics; Thos. D. 
 Worrall, M.I)., Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and 
 Children ; Ino M. Youatt, M.D., Physiology and Pathology; 
 I. Milton Sanders, M.D., Chemistry, Pharmacy and Toxi 
 cology. The building No. 223 East Twenty-sixth Street 
 was leased and a course of lectures begun October, 1866, 
 which was attended by a class of forty students. The first 
 commencement was held in the Cooper Union building, on 
 the evening of February 25, 1867, and the degrees were 
 conferred by the Secretary of the Corporation upon a class 
 of eleven, eight men and three women. Horace Greeley 
 delivered the address 
 to the graduates. The 
 school was continued 
 at the college build- 
 ing in Twenty-sixth 
 Street until the year 
 1875, when the pre- 
 mises No. I Living- 
 ston Place was pur- 
 chased for college 
 purposes and used as 
 ^uch until 1889. In 
 1884, the school was 
 reorganized and the 
 following officers 
 elected : 
 
 Samuel Sinclair, 
 President; Chauncey 
 Shaffer, Vice-Presi- 
 dent ; Thomas N. 
 Rooker, Treasurer ; 
 F. R. Lee, Secretary, 
 and George W. Bos- 
 kowitz, Dean. The 
 college has continued 
 under this manage- 
 ment until the present 
 time. In 1889, the 
 
 Board of Trustees secured the building No. 239 East Four- 
 teenth Street, and the college is now located at this place. 
 Lender this management the school has made steady progress, 
 raising its standard both as to the admisson for students and 
 the requirements for graduation. Examinations are written, 
 and an average of seventy-five per centum is necessary to 
 obtain the degree. The facilities for instruction have also 
 been materially increased duringthis time: five chemical and 
 pathological laboratories have been added. A dispensary 
 in the same building furnishes ample material, and the 
 Woodstock Hospital, at 8x5 Union Avenue, is in charge 
 of the faculty of this institution. The college building at 
 No. 239 East Fourteenth Street is of brownstone, twenty- 
 seven feet wide, eighty feet deep, and four stories in height. 
 In the basement is the dispensary, which consists of waiting 
 and examining rooms, also a pharmaceutical room, and a 
 room devoted to the treatment of patients by electricity. 
 The first floor is devoted to the college offices, and a 
 special public lecture room, which will seat two hundred 
 persons. On the second floor is the library and reading 
 room of the college, a general lecture room with a seating 
 
 COLUMBIA INSTITUTE. 
 
 capacity of one hundred and fifty, also a coat and wash 
 room. On the third floor is the Amphitheatre, large and 
 roomy, which will accommodate two hundred students. 
 The chemical laboratory is also on this floor. On the top 
 floor are the dissecting rooms, separated for male and 
 female students, and the pathological laboratory and 
 museum. The following are the present officers : Censors 
 and Faculty : President, Samuel Sinclair, Escj. ; Vice- 
 President, Hon. Chauncey Shaffer ; Treasurer, Thomas N. 
 Rooker, Esq. ; Secretary, Frederick R. Lee, Esq. ; Dean of 
 the Faculty, George W. Boskowitz, M.D. Board of Censors: 
 A. W. Forbush, M.D. ; S. Jagers ; D. A. Fox, M.D. ; C. 
 Larew, M.D. ; A. R. Tiel, M.D, Since its organization it 
 has conferred the degree of M.D. upon seven hundred and 
 fifteen students. 
 
 COLUMBIA INSTITUTE. 
 
 Among the educational institutions of New York which 
 are a mean between the public schools and the colleges, 
 Columbia Institute, beautifully situated at the corner of 
 West 72d Street and West End Avenue, deserves honorable 
 
 mention. It has a 
 field of its own, and 
 utilizes it to advan- 
 tage. Its raison d'etre 
 is to train pupils phy- 
 sically and intellec- 
 tually, and, judging 
 from the manner in 
 which it is patronized, 
 it does it well. 
 
 The institute is 
 eighteen years old, 
 and has thus so far 
 progressed financially 
 that"inMaylast(i892) 
 it was enabled to en- 
 ter the very fine build- 
 ing which during the 
 two previous years 
 was erected for the 
 purpose of affording 
 every possible conve- 
 nience and accom- 
 modation to the one 
 hundred and fifty stu- 
 dents who now receive 
 their education with- 
 in its walls. The class- 
 rooms are handsomely fitted up and furnished, and the laws 
 of hygiene are carefully observed. In its senior departments 
 it is a model school of training for the leading colleges, and 
 in its junior divisions is equally efficient with younger boys 
 in the earlier elements of education. The Principal of this 
 establishment is Dr. Edwin Fowler, a name well known in 
 educational circles in this city, and the corps of instructors 
 acting under him represent all essential branches in mental 
 and physical training. Among the professors and teachers 
 are W. J. Lloyd, M.A., Frank Smith, M.A., N. M. Wilson, 
 M.A. (Yale), E. Scribner, S. Ottinger, M. J. Spaid, B. H. 
 Whitmore, Mrs. E. Fowler, and Misses C. Watters, M. Ehr- 
 hart and J. Wood. Captain N. B. Thurston, N. G. S. N. Y., 
 is in military command of the students, who, under his 
 supervision, form a battalion of cadets in six companies, 
 drilling in the 22d Regiment Armory. H. Sargent has 
 charge of field sports and athletics, and L. Kline is teacher 
 of gymnastics, Miss Alice Crawford of elocution, vocal 
 training and Delsarte exercises, and C. B. Darst of wood 
 carving. It is needless to state that a fine playground and 
 a well appointed gymnasium are part of such an institution. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 49 
 
 The latter is an adjoining building, which is also furnished 
 with an armory, a bicycle hall, a locker-room, baths, etc. 
 A limited number of boarding pupils are received, and tiie 
 arrangements for them are on a liberal and generous scale. 
 Columbia Institute is, in fine, the thorough educational 
 establishment it professes to be. 
 
 THE HOTEL SAVOY. 
 
 Savoy, pronounced by tourists to be the 
 is an absohitelv fire- 
 
 The Hote 
 most magnificent hotel in America 
 
 proof, steel frame structure of Indiana limestone, in the 
 Italian Renaissance style of architec- 
 ture. It is eleven stories in height, 
 75 by 150 feet in ground space, with a 
 one hundred foot extension in the rear. 
 It is situated at the main entrance to 
 Central Park, overlooking the great Cen- 
 tral Park Plaza, at the corner of Fifth 
 Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, on tlie 
 site which "Boss" Tweed in his palni)- 
 days selected for his Knickerbocker 
 Hotel, on the foundations of which he 
 had expended the sum of $250,000 be- 
 fore his downfall came. The Savoy was 
 built by Judge P. H. Dugro, and opened 
 to the public June i, 1S92, since which 
 day the patronage of the house has been 
 so extensive that an eleven storied addi- 
 tirn of 50 by 150 feet is now being 
 erected. The decorations throughout 
 the house are so elaborate and exten- 
 sive as to preclude an attempt to de- 
 scribe them in detail here. It is suffi- 
 cient to say that in finish the public and 
 private rooms, are of as high and artistic 
 a standard as those of any hotel in the 
 world. The drawing rooms are decor- 
 ated according to the epochs of Louis 
 XIV., XV., XVI., and the First Empire. 
 The breakfast room is early English, 
 and the corner suite on the parlor floor 
 is an exact reproduction of Marie Antoi- 
 nette's Boudoir in the Trianon Palace at 
 \'ersailles. In style, thebilliard room is 
 Greek, and the barber shop Pompeiian. 
 The lobby, main corridor and foyer are 
 finished in Numidian marble and solid 
 bronze, and contain the finest sculi-tural 
 effects in the ceilings of any hotel in the 
 world. The elevator enclosure on the 
 lobby floor is solid bronze and of elab- 
 orate design. The table d'hote dining 
 room is Greek and Renaissance in design, 
 the most beautiful room of its kind in 
 America. The base about the room is 
 of Sienna marble, and the body of the 
 wainscot of satinwood, inlaid with mother 
 of pearl, metal and white holly. The 
 columns are of Sienna marble, inlaid with 
 Killarney green and white marble, with 
 pilasters of rough jasper. Sculptural 
 modelling by Karl Bitter, and juiinthigs 
 on the ceiling by Virgilio, Tojetti & 
 Mavnard, are the crowning features of 
 the room. There are about one hundred and fifty bathrooms 
 in the house, each having mosaic floors and tiled walls. All 
 the plumbing is nickelplated and exposed to view. The 
 guest chambers are luxuriantly furnished in harmonious 
 colors and designs, and the entire house is brilliantly illu- 
 minated by electric light through the most elaborate and 
 
 beautiful fixtures yet produced anywhere. The drinking 
 water is absolutely pure by reason of its jjerfect distillation 
 and refrigeration, and every arrangement is made to insure 
 perfect ventilation and conduce to the welfare and enjoy- 
 ment of its patrons. The Princess Eulalie was entertained 
 at this house during her sojourn in New York, and enthu- 
 siastically endorscil tiie general opinion, that the Savoy was 
 the Model Motel of the Columbian E|)och. The bed 
 chamber occupied by her was elaborately decorated at 
 exceedingly great cost. .\11 tiie walls and ceilings had 
 raised model work upon them, placed upon an enamelled 
 
 ■■*^ 
 
 1^: 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 i^* 
 
 HOTEL S.AVOY. 
 
 wooden base. The alcove had its walls finished in white 
 satin, which cost $20 a yard. The bed was of inlaid satin 
 wood, with a pink satin canopy and i)ink satin and lace 
 coverlet. Off the private hall, leading to her jjarlor 
 the magnificent bathroom, covered 
 with facing of Mexican onyx. 
 
 was 
 with enamelled tile 
 
5° 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 JAMES ORVILLE BLOSS. 
 James Orville Bloss, son of James Orville Bloss and 
 Eliza A. Lockwood, was born at Rochester, New York, Sep- 
 tember 30, 1847, He obtained his education at the public 
 schools of Rochester, entering the High School when but 
 twelve years of age. When barely eighteen he came to 
 New York and secured a position in the banking and com- 
 mission house of Norton, Slaughter & Co., at 40 Broad 
 Street, who in addition to banking were commission mer- 
 chants on a large scale in cotton and tobacco. After an 
 apprenticeship of more than six years, he accepted a position 
 with the firm of Woodward & Stillman, with whom he re- 
 mained until September, 1875, when, in connection with 
 John Chester Inches, he embarked in business for himself, 
 under the firm name of Bloss & Inches. In 1880 the firm 
 of Bloss & Inches was dissolved, and in September, 
 1881, he became a partner in the firm of Gwathmey & Bloss, 
 which relationship was maintained until 1891, in September 
 of which year the present firm of J. O. Bloss & Co. was es- 
 
 and a Director of the Third National Bank, besides being 
 interested in numerous manufacturing enterprises. His 
 paternal ancestor was Edmund Bloss, who came to America 
 from England prior to 1634, and was one of the original 
 grantees of land at Watertown, Mass. His great-grandfather 
 and grandfather were Revolutionary soldiers, the latter being 
 present at the execution of Major Andre. 
 
 NEW YORK COTTON EXCHANGE. 
 
 A very important factor in the commerce of New York 
 is the Cotton Exchange, which occupies a handsome mod- 
 ern edifice at the corner of Beaver and William Streets. 
 The Exchange was organized August 15, 1870, by one hun- 
 dred charter members, and it was incorporated April 8, 
 1871. The whole management of the Exchange is under 
 the direction of a president, vice-president, treasurer, and 
 fifteen members who constitute a Board of Management. 
 The objects of the Association are to adjust any controver- 
 
 >*H 
 
 -,pv 
 
 JAMES ORVILLE BLOSS. 
 
 tablished. During his entire business career in New York 
 City he has been identified with the cotton interest, being 
 first elected as a member of the Board of Managers of the 
 Cotton Exchange in 1886, in which capacity, with the ex- 
 ception of a single year, he has since continuously served ; 
 was elected June 3, 1890, Vice-President, and on June 7, 
 
 1892, President, to which office he was re-elected June 5, 
 
 1893. During his connection with the management of the 
 Cotton Exchange he has exerted a marked influence, and 
 was chiefly instrumental in formulating the plan by which 
 deliveries of cotton on contract are made by warehouse 
 receipt and certificate of grade. He was also prominent in 
 the opposition put forth by the Exchanges of the country 
 to the passage of the so-called Anti-Option Bill in Con- 
 gress, which had for its object the suppression of specula- 
 tion in farm products, particularly that feature of speculation 
 known as "short selling," and which resulted in the defeat 
 of the measure. He is a member of the Union League Club 
 
 sies that may arise between members, to establish just and 
 equitable principles in commerce, to maintain uniformity in 
 rule and procedure, to adopt classification standards, to ac- 
 quire and disseminate useful information relating to the 
 cotton interests, to decrease local business risks, and to in- 
 crease and facilitate the cotton trade generally. An Adju- 
 dication Committee of five is annually appointed to decide 
 controversies between members which might be the subject 
 of actions at law or in equity, save as regards real estate. 
 Judgments of the Supreme Court are rendered upon such 
 awards made pursuant to such submission. The Committee 
 on Classification is com]josed of five salaried expert members 
 of the Exchange, three of whom are drawn by lot to act upon 
 each case submitted, subject to appeal to the whole commit- 
 tee. The Committee on Quotations on spot cotton estab- 
 lishes the market quotations for the time being of Middling 
 Upland cotton, determining the prices at 2 p. m. daily, by a 
 majority vote of its seven members present. The Revision 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 SI 
 
 of Quotations Committee determines the relative differences 
 of valuation between the grades ; and the Committee on 
 Quotations of Futures determines and reports daily the tone 
 and ])rice of the contract market, for transmission by calile 
 to Euro]ie The initiation fee is $10,000, and the annual 
 dues $50. Certificates of membership maybe transferred 
 by members to members elect. Tratling is done in cotton 
 "spot," "to arrive," 'free on board," "in transit," and for 
 "future dalivery." A gratuity fund for the benefit of the 
 heirs on the death of a member is formed bv the assessment 
 of a sum not exceeding $12.50 upon every member at the 
 death of any other member. Thus far the assessments have 
 not exceeded $10.00. The Exchange has palatial quarters 
 in a splendid building, which was completed in 1885, at a 
 cost of over $1,000,000, and the rent of the offices in the 
 building pays a handsome return on the investment. The 
 Exchange room is on the second floor. The membership 
 in 1893 numbered 454. Presidents of the New York Cot- 
 ton Exchange : Stephen D. Harrison, Aug. 15, 1870, to 
 June 2, 1873 ; ,'\rthur f!. Graves, June 2, 1873, to June i, 
 1874 ; Henry Hentz, June i, 1874, to June 5, 1876 ; James 
 F. Wenman, June 5, 1876, to June 4, 1878 ; Dixon G. Watts, 
 June 4, 1878, to June 7, 1880 ; Robert Tannahill, June 7, 
 1880, to June 5, 1882 ; M. B. Fielding, June 5, 1882, to 
 June 2, 1884; Siegfried Gruner, June 2, 1884, to June 17, 
 1886; Charles I). Miller, June 7', 18S6, to June 4, 1888; 
 James H. Parker, June 4, 1888, to June 3, 1890; Cliarles 
 W. Ide, June 3, 1890, to June 7, 1892 ; James (). lUoss, June 
 7, "Sg^- 
 
 THE CENTRAL TRUST COMPANY. 
 
 The Central Trust Company, of New \'ork, was organized 
 in 1875 under a Charter granted in 1873. In 18S7 it erected 
 at a cost of $1,000,000 the splendid brick and granite structure 
 which bears its name, at 54 Wall Street. Henry F. Sjjaul- 
 ding was its first President, and up to the time it removed 
 to its present building it occupied ]jremises in the basement 
 of 14 Nassau Street, and later the first floor of the Clearing 
 House Building at 15 Nassau Street, corner of Pine. The 
 organization is the custodian of large trust funds and re]jre- 
 sents many important estates. Its business in connection 
 with railroad compjanies is one of the most extensive in the 
 country and it has been the fiscal agent and dejiository of 
 securities in some of the most important railroad reorganiz- 
 ations of recent years. The President, Mr. Frederic P. 
 Olcott, is a recognized authority in transactions involving 
 the rights of investors. The capital and surplus of the 
 Company amount to over $6,000,000. The stock ot the 
 Central Trust Company sells for the highest price ever paid 
 for the stock of any Trust Company in the world, (leorge 
 Keenan is First Vice-President ; E. Francis Hyde, Second 
 Vice-President; C. H. P. Babcock, Secretary, and K. G. 
 Mitchell, Assitant Secretary. 
 
 THE KNICKERBOCKER TRUST COMPANY. 
 
 Occuping the building at 234 Fifth .\venue, at the corner 
 of Twenty-seventh Street, and branch offices at 3 Nassau 
 Street and 18 Wall Street, is one of the most prominent 
 financial institutions of the Metropolis. The Company was 
 formed in 1884 and its progress has been marked and sub- 
 stantial With 3. capital of $750,000 it has accumulated a 
 surplus of over $350,000, and its deposits are over 
 $6,000,000. This splendid showing has been largely 
 brought about by the untiring energy and well-known 
 ability of the President, Mr. John P. Townsend, who has 
 attracted by conservative management a clientage of the 
 most desirable character. The officers of the Knicker- 
 bocker are : John P. Townsend, President ; Charles T. 
 Barney, Vice-President ; Joseph T. Brown, Second Vice- 
 
 President ; Frederick I,, l-'.ldridge. Secretary, and I. Henry 
 Townsend, Assistant Secretary. The P.oard of i)irectors 
 is a body of unusually strong capitalists, financiers and 
 business men, comprising: Joseph S. Auerbach, Harry 1!. 
 HoUius. Jacol) Hays, Charles '!'. Harney, \. Foster llig- 
 gins, Robert G. Reinsen, Henry W. T. Mali, Andrew H. 
 Sands, James IF Breslin, General George J. Magec, 
 I. Townsend Burden, John S. Tilney, Hon. V.. V. Loew, 
 Flenry F. Dimock, John P. Townsend, Charles F. Watson, 
 David H. King, Jr., Frederick H. Bourne, Robert Maclay, 
 C. Lawrence Perkins, Ivhvard Wood, Wm. H. Bcadlcston, 
 and Alfred L. White. .\ biographical sketch of Mr. 
 Townsend will be found elsewhere in this volume. 
 
 THE BANK OV NEW YORK NATIONAL BANKING 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The Bank of New York National ISanking Association, 
 founded in 1784, is one of the oldest financial institutions 
 in the city, and one of the three oldest in the United 
 States, the otiier two being the P.ank of North America, at 
 Philadelphia, and the Massachusetts Bank, at Boston. 
 Alexander Hamilton took a prominent jiart in found- 
 ing the Bank of New York, He drew the charter, and 
 was one of the first Hoard of Directors. General .-Mex- 
 ander McDougan was the first President, and William Fea- 
 ton the first cashier. The first home of the bank was in the 
 old Walton mansion, whicli stood on Pearl Street, opposite 
 Harper Brothers' establishment, and was demolished in 
 1S81. In 1790 it purchased the premises at the corner of 
 Wall and William Streets, where was subseiiuently erected 
 the stately building it now occupies. The history of the 
 Bank of New York is an epitome of the financial and com- 
 mercial progress of the city. State, and nation for more than 
 a century, 'i'he Manhattan Company, whose charter was 
 granted by the State Legislature in 1799, for the purpose of 
 introducing pure water into the city, is the second oldest 
 financial institution in the city. Aaron Burr drew the char- 
 ter for the above purpose, and engrafted thereon a clause pro- 
 viding that itssurplus capital might be employed in any tran- 
 sactions not inconsistent with the laws of the State. The bill 
 thus worded jiassed the ojjposition of Hamilton and the 
 Federalists, who, when too late, found that the ,ower estab- 
 lishing a bank had been conferred. A capital </.' $2,000,000 
 was at once subscrilied, and the Manhattan Company's 
 Bank began its long and successful career. Its jjlace of 
 businesssince the first decade of the century has been at 40 
 Wall Street, the old building having been replaced in 1883, 
 by the superl) building now occupied jointly by the Manhat- 
 tan and Merchants' Banks. 
 
 THE BANK FOR SAVINGS. 
 
 In the City of New York is the oldest savings bank in 
 the State of New York and one of the oldest in the country. 
 Founded in 1819 it has the largest number of depositors 
 and the largest number of deposits of savings bank in the 
 country save one. Upon organizing the institution w'as 
 given by the city the use of a room in one of the buildings, 
 which then occu|)ied the Broadway and Chambers Street, 
 corner of the City Hall Park. In 1856 the bank erected 
 the old fashioned, but characteristically imposing struc- 
 ture in Grecian architecture, which it still occupies at 67 
 Bleecker Street, hence its popular designation "The 
 Bleecker Street Savings Bank." During its seventy-three 
 years of existence it has had nearly 650,000 depositors and 
 received altogether about $250,000,000 in deposits, paying 
 thereon over $4^,000,000 in interest. The President is 
 Merritt Trimble'; lienjamin H. Field and James A. Roosevelt, 
 Vice-Presidents ; Robert T. Holt, Secretary, and W. G. 
 White, Comptroller. 
 
52 
 
 JVBW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 h 
 
 '^^)1\ 
 
 
 Lid 
 
 !f 
 
 
 il^fM - 
 
 
 n^ 
 
 .t??A1* 
 
 THE NEW NETHEKI.AXD HOTEL. 
 
 THE NEW NETHERLAND HOTEL. 
 
 The New Xetherland Hotel, at the corner of Fifth 
 Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, is the latest addition to 
 the many magnificent and palatial caravansaries in the 
 Metroiiolis. It is also one of the most complete in 
 modern improvements, in perfection of fitting, and in 
 e.xternal beauty of architecture. It was erected by William 
 Waldorf Astor, and it occupies a site of loo feet on Fifth 
 Avenue and 125 feet on Fifty-ninth Street. The style of 
 architecture is modern Romanesque, and it is highly or- 
 nate and picturesque. It has a deep basement and cellar 
 below the street level, and it towers seventeen stories to 
 the sky, the four top stories being in the Mansard roof. 
 The material used is, for the four lower stories, rough 
 brownstone, and above, buff brick, with stone and terra 
 cotta trimmings. The interior includes 370 guest rooms, 
 also dining, reception, cafe, and public rooms, with a 
 restaurant, all fitted and furnished in the most elaborate 
 manner, quite regardless of expense, and with every atten- 
 tion to comfort and convenience. The cost of this great 
 public palace was $3,000,000. The New Netherland is 
 conducted on the European plan, and is replete with 
 every luxury that human ingenuity can possibly devise. 
 It was opened June ist, 1893, and is fast growing into 
 popularity and prosperity. Some idea of the luxury and 
 lavishness displayed is to be seen on entering the Hotel, 
 when the visitor sees a rotunda magnificent almost beyond 
 description. Six solid onyx columns support the glass 
 dome, the caps and bases being of copper bronze and 
 resting on massive blocks of Numidian marble. Polished 
 bronze dragons support artistic clusters of electric lights, 
 and guard the marlDle entrances to the cafe and billiard 
 room. At the end is a great fireplace of marble and 
 onyx, with the carved Netherland coat of arms, and over 
 the clerk's desk is a fine painting, by Franklin Tuttle, of 
 the purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians. 
 
 This is only the gateway to the splendors to be seen in 
 this veritable hotel-palace, which may be epigrammatically 
 descrilied as combining "the privacy of a home, the 
 furnishing of a palace, and the table of an epicure." 
 
 WALDORF HOTEL. 
 
 Perhaps the most beautiful and perfect of the great 
 Astor hotels is the magnificent Waldorf palace, at the corner 
 of Fifth Avenue and Thirty-third Street. It was only 
 recently erected by William Waldorf Astor, on the site of 
 the old Astor mansion. It has a frontage on the Avenue 
 of 100 feet, and 250 feet on the street. It is a regal 
 building, 180 feet high, in the German Renaissance style, 
 with loggias, balconies, towers and tiled roof. It contains 
 530 gue-t rooms, 350 of which have splendid marble bath- 
 rooms att.iched, six private dining rooms, an immense 
 public dining room, cafe, restaurant, other public rooms, and 
 a handsome conservatory. A great feature of the arrange- 
 ments is a spacious internal court, which can be converted 
 into a summer or winter garden according to the season. The 
 interior fittings are on the most elaborate scale, the stair- 
 cases are of marble with beautiful bronze and brass 
 ornamentations, and the arrangements of the rooms are 
 specially designed for the accommodation of distinguished 
 visitors and their suites. To describe all the beauties of 
 this fin de siecle example of luxury and elegance would 
 take u)3 too much space, but mention must be made of the 
 magnificent entrance hall, floored with rare mosaic, with its 
 walls of cut and polished Sienna marble, scintillating with 
 rainbow flashes; its bronze base columns and arched roof, 
 opening upon a still larger hall of the same costly material, 
 both of them being furnished in the style of the F'irst 
 Empire. In the trend of the arch leading to the garden is 
 a beautiful stained glass window, representing Waldorf, 
 tlie village in Germany from which the original John Jacob 
 Astor came, and after which the present William Waldorf 
 Astor is named. Then there is the big dining room on the 
 Fifth Avenue side, hung with tapestry in the richest tones, 
 and elaborately panelled in solid red mahogany. This 
 splendid saloon is a replica of the reception room of the 
 mad King Louis of Ba\aria, and the prevailing color has 
 been aptly described as '"disobed roses in sunshine." 
 The drawing room is pure Louis Seize, with some (.f the 
 actual furniture used by the unhappy Queen Marie 
 Antoinette. The panellings are of white and gold, hung 
 with rich pale ton. d brocades. The smoking room is a 
 true copy of the Alhambra, bright with splendid mosaics 
 and furnished luxuriously with cushions, divans and rugs. 
 The ballroom is in the style of Louis XIV., with white and 
 gold galleries and relaborately painted ceiling. On the 
 second floor are some pretty music rooms after the Grand 
 Monarque, and another drawing room in the style of Henri 
 Deux, with a portrait of the beautiful but wicked Marie de' 
 Medici over the fireplace. There is also an Indian room, 
 with fittings of dark teak wood carved in the far East, a 
 Pompeiian parlor, a Greek room, and, last not least, an 
 Astor room, which is an exact reproduction of the same 
 apartment in the old Astor residence, and furniture from the 
 old mansion. In fact, every style and era of ornamentation 
 has been attempted within the walls of this really wonderful 
 hostlery, which may be called an Aladdin's palace strictly up 
 to date. It was opened on March 15 last, and is already 
 celebrated for the perfection of its cuisine, and the comfort 
 and elegance of its service. The first distinguished guest 
 was a descendant of Columbus, the Duke of Veragua. The 
 Committee of One Hundred, wishing to do all honor to the 
 guest of the nation and his suite on the occasion of his 
 visit to the Columbian Quadricentennial, selected the beau- 
 tiful rooms of the Waldorf as an appropriate place for his 
 reception and entertainment while in the city of New York. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Klgill^Sgi- 
 
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 Ill fiitlrliM y ^M i i\_j3jm 
 
 ':%$n[i^[gMmk^A}_^.Jk^l 
 
 piM^p'-irnD 
 
 
 in September, 186;,. It has over maintained 
 a prominent jKJsition among tlic leading finan- 
 f-ial institutions of New York, and has derived 
 its customers from the leading business circles 
 of the Metropolis, and fr..ni the banks and 
 liankers of the country at large. The Third 
 National has now a paid uj) cash capital of 
 .|r,ooo,oco, and under the sound and conser- 
 vative character of its new management is 
 making a most substantial and rajud growth, 
 both in its volume of deposits and surplus and 
 undivided profits The unanimous election of 
 (General John li. Woodward, on January i6th, 
 i.Sgi, to the Presidency, was very gratifying 
 to shareholders and customers alike, and it 
 gave to the increase of business an impetus 
 which is still felt. 'i'he President is a well- 
 known citi/.en of ISrooklyn, thoroughly conver- 
 sant with banking and commercial usages, and 
 who as a former director had an intimate 
 knowledge of its affairs. He has the valued 
 suppoit of Mr. f^enry Chapin, Jr., as Cashier. 
 
 HOTEI, \V.\LDnRF. 
 
 THE MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 'I'he Merchants' E.xchange National Hank is one of the 
 oldest financial institutions of the Metropolis. It was 
 chartered in 1829, and organised and began business in its 
 own banking house, corner of (Ireenwich and |)ey streets 
 in 1831. It started under the most fa\'oraljle auspices, 
 Mr. Peter Stagg, a well-known ship])ing merchant of Wall 
 street, being its first President In 1.S68 it moved into its 
 pres.-nt substantial fireproof building, 257 Broadway, the 
 site of the late A. T. Stewart's lirst store. The location was 
 wisely chosen, and has continued to be directly central for 
 business |)ur[ioses. In 1865 it was reorganized under the 
 National Hanking .\ct, and in 1888 its capital was reduced 
 to *6oo,ooo by the return of ^400,000 to the shareholdeis. 
 The [iresent e.xecutive is the Hon. Phineas C. Lowndes- 
 bury, e.\-Governor of Connecticut, who became President 
 in 1888, and brought to the bank the su]iport of an exten- 
 sive and influential connection. The \'ice-President and 
 Cashier is Mr. Allen S. Apgar, who has been ccjnnected 
 with the bank for twenty six years. He was elected 
 Cashier in 1869, and Vice-President in 1890, both of which 
 ofifices he still retains. He became connected with the 
 bank after he had been honorably discharged from the 
 United States Navy, in which he had serve<l as paymaster 
 for three years during the late war. He is generally re- 
 garded as one of the ablest and most efficient bank officials 
 in the city. Under the present management the Ijank has 
 steadily prosiiered, and has built up an extensive business, 
 showing total resources of about $6,500,000, an aggregate 
 of deposits exceeding |!5,ooo,ooo, with surplus and undivided 
 profits upwards of a quarter <jf a million, its shares of a 
 l>ar value of $100 being quoted at ^1,15 or more. The 
 business of the Merchants' Exchange Nation d liank is 
 not merely local, but extends throughout the Union. 
 
 THE MANHATTAN TRUST COMPANY. 
 
 The Manhattan Tiust Comiiany occupies 
 the white marble building at the northwest 
 ((irner of Wall and Nassau streets, immediately 
 opposite the U. S. Sub-Treasury and directly 
 at the head of Broad street, one of the most 
 desirable and valuable properties in the Metro- 
 ])olis. This successful and growing institu- 
 tion was organized in 1888 under a legislative charter 
 granted in 1871. The powers vested in the corpora- 
 tion comprise, among other things, authority to receive 
 deposits and make loans, to act as agent for the invest- 
 ment of money and management of property, to act 
 as trustee, registrar and transfer agent of corporations or 
 under orders of the courts in legal proceedings. The capi- 
 tal is $r, 000, 006, fully [laid up, and the earned siiri)lus and 
 [irofits are ,'1286,163.80. The trustees are August Belmont, 
 C. C. Bakhvin, H. W. Cannon { President of the Chase 
 National Bank), T. J. Coolidge, Jr. (President of the Old 
 Colony Trust Coin])any of Boston), R. [. Cross of Morton, 
 Bliss & Co., John R. Ford, John N."A. Griswold, H. L. 
 Higginson of Lee, Higginson & Co., Bosttm, John Kean, 
 Jr. (President of the National State Bank of I'Uizabeth, 
 N. J.), H. O. Northcote of London, E. D. Randolph (Pres- 
 ident of the Continental National Bank), A. S. Rosenbaum, 
 James O. Sheldon, Rudolph Ellis, Philadelphia, Pa., R. T. 
 Wilson and John I. Waierbury, President. Mr. Water- 
 liury is a Director of the Old Colony Trust Company of 
 Boston, and of the Lawyers' Surety Company of New York. 
 
 THE THIRD NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 The Third National Bank, of No. 2O Nassau Street, was 
 one of the earliest to organize under the ]!rivileL'es of the 
 National Banking Act, the date of its establishment being 
 
 THE GALLATIN NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 TheCallatin National Bank.'of 36 Wall Street, commem- 
 orates by its name the connection with the institution of 
 the illustrious financier and statesman, Albert Callatin. 
 It was orginally organized in 1829 as a State Bank under 
 the name of the " National Bank of New York." John 
 Jacob Astor was interested in the matter, and as the 
 original capital of $1,000,000 was not fully subscribed he 
 jiroposed its reduction to $750,000, and offered to complete 
 that sum provided he could name the bank's jiresident. 
 The offer was accepted and Astor nominated (Gallatin, wdio 
 having served as Senator from Pennsylvania as Secretary of 
 the Treasury in the Jefferson and Madison administrations, 
 as a negotiator of the treaty of Cdient, and as Minister to 
 France, had retired to private life. .Albert Gallatin remained 
 at the head of the bank until 1838, when, being eighty years 
 of a"e, he resigned. He was succeeded l)y his son, James 
 
54 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Gallatin, whose presidency lasted for thirty years, the institu- 
 tion under his management enjoying great pros].)erity. 'I'he 
 change of name to the present title occurred in 1865, when 
 the bank accepted a charter under the National Banking 
 Law. Mr. Frederick D. Tappen, who had been 17 years 
 in the service of the institution, succeeded to the Presidency 
 in 1868, and during the 25 years that have since elapsed he 
 has ably maintained its record for success and conservatism. 
 He has taken a prominent part in the counsels of the Clear- 
 ing House Association, being now its Chairman, and is con- 
 sidered an energetic exponent of the soundest principles of 
 banking and finance. He is actively identified with many 
 of the most im|.)ortant [lublic interests in New York. 
 The cashier, Mr. .Arthur W. Sherman, is a bank officer of 
 practical and thorough exjierience. The bank began busi- 
 ness at 36 Wall Street, this lot being purchased for $12, coo, 
 while the building then erected cost $14,000. In 1856 a 
 new banking house was built on the same site. In 1887 the 
 adjoining lot was bought by the Gallatin for $400,000, and 
 on the site thus provided the present stately nine story red 
 stone edifice, called by its name, was erected, and here are 
 
 York. The building is eight stories high, two hundred feet 
 deep and extends from street to street. The bank and 
 offices comprise a lirge suite of rooms on the first floor of 
 the building and cover a space of about one hundred feet 
 square. The Reception Rooms on the main floor as well 
 as the offices of the bank are fitted up with a luxury 
 remarkable even among the commercial palaces of the 
 Metropolis. The whole building is fireproof. The loca- 
 tion of the Lincoln National Bank is particularly favorable. 
 It is the centre of uptown commercial activity and within a 
 stone's throw there are eight large hotels, a dozen brokers' 
 offices, the Grand Central Depot, and stations of the 
 Third and Sixth Avenue Elevated Railways. For ladies 
 and retired capitalists the convenience of the location will 
 be appreciated when they recall the long, disagreeable 
 journeys they were formerly compelled to make downtown. 
 There is a parlor provided for the special use of ladies, and 
 separate rooms for those who desire privacy in the examina- 
 tion of their stock and private papers. The Lincoln Safe 
 Deposit Co. of New York was organized in 1881, under the 
 general Safe Depositlaw. The foundations of the building 
 
 rnii I.I.N'CUl.N X.MIONAL B,\i\K 'illlLl 
 
 its commodious banking rooms. It is unsurpassed in ele- 
 gance as well as practicability. It was built and is owned 
 jointly by the Gallatin Bank and by Adrian Iselin. the un- 
 divided half interest of the former being assessed as of the 
 value of $500,000. The first dividend was paid nine 
 months after the bank's organization, and it has never since 
 passed a dividend. A surplus of over $1,500,000 has been 
 accumulated, and its shares, of the par value of $100, sell for 
 $320. The comijosition of its Board of Directors, includes 
 Frederic W. Stevens and Alexander H. Stevens (grandsons 
 of Albert Gallatin), Wm. Waldorf Astor, W. Emlen Roose 
 velt, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Thomas Denny and Henry L. Barbey. 
 
 THE LINCOLN NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 The Lincoln National Bank was organized January 4th, 
 1881, and Thomas L. James was elected President, Alfred 
 Van Santvoord, Vice President, and J. H. B. Edgar, 
 Cashier. In July, 1883, the business was removed to the 
 new bank building, Nos. 32 to 38 East Forty-second Street, 
 the most complete structure of its kind in the city of New 
 
 II. I'Rl-: llJl-M AND V1CE-PRE.SIDEN'T. 
 
 rest on the natural rock of Manhattan Island. The walls 
 are five feet thick at the bottom and four feet thick at the 
 top, 140 feet from the basement. They consist of 
 selected pressed brick, laid in Portland cement, the first 
 two stories having a brownstone dressing. The architec- 
 ture is Romanesque. In adopting the plans more attention 
 was paid to strength than to mere grace of design. The 
 frontage is 200 feet. The upper stories are partitioned off 
 with fire-brick into a great variety of rooms, which will hold 
 from one to thirteen large double truckloads of furniture. 
 All iron girders, beams and pillars are protected by asbestos, 
 wire " furring" and several coats of plaster or cement. The 
 doors, frames, window-casings and stair frames are iron ; 
 the stair-treads are slate. The material of which the elev- 
 ator shafts are constructed is brick, the elevator bearings 
 are iron, and even the elevator cars are iron. In addition 
 to this, the opening of each floor at the elevator shafts is 
 protected by iron roller shutters, which are closed at night. 
 Jn fact, no wood whatever was used in the constriidion of this 
 building. So profound was the confidence of the architect, 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOrjS. 
 
 55 
 
 Mr. John B. Snook, in the strength and indcstnictiliility of 
 his handiwork, that he remarked, on its completion, " Von 
 may pile it to the roof with trunks of quicksilver and not 
 tax it. It is externally impervious to fire, and all the coui- 
 bustibles in New York put inside and set on fire couhl not 
 destroy it." In the fall of 1884, the capit.d stork of the 
 Safe Deposit Company was increased to $500,000, and a 
 fireproof warehouse building, 50 by joo feet, was erected on 
 Forty-first Street, directly in the rear of the F'orty-second 
 Street ]iro]ierty. This most perfect development of inde- 
 structible warehouse architecture was a material ini])rove- 
 men in respect of the economical use of space and the 
 accommodations provided for the original warehouse. 'I'he 
 new building was immediately filled with profitable storage. 
 The trustees then became satisfied that arrangements must 
 be speedily made to afford much greater warehouse facili- 
 ties. Four additional lots were secured to the east of those 
 already occupied on Forty-first Street. In 1S91, the erection 
 was begun on Forty first Street of two more warehouse 
 buildings. Each of these contained numerous improve- 
 ments over those of earlier construction. The basement of 
 the new building, No. 49 East Forty-first Street, 100 feet 
 deep, is set apart for an increase of the coupon-room 
 accommodations of the vault department. .'Another ware- 
 house on Forty-first Street, 50 Ijy 100, will be erected as 
 soon as the present lease of the property expires. Taken 
 as a whole, the growth of the Lincoln Safe De])Osit Com- 
 ])any has been phenomenal, and its future iiromises to be 
 even more successful than its past. 
 
 THE NATIONAL BANK OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 The National Bank of the Republic of New York is one 
 of the great banking institutions of the Metropolis. It was 
 established in 1851 as a State Bank, and took a charter 
 under the National Bank Act in 1864. The bank purcliased 
 in 1 85 1 for |;i, 100, 000 the lot at the corner of Wall Street and 
 Broadway, upon which was subsecjuently erected at a cost 
 of considerably over a million dollars the magnificent 
 nine-storied structure known as the United Bank Building. 
 This site is considered the most valuable piece of real estate 
 on the continent. The late Hon. John Jay Knox, after 
 twenty-two years of service in the financial dejiartment of 
 the Government and twelve years as Comptroller of the 
 Currency, became the President of the Bank in 1884. Under 
 his administration the deposits rose from $4,800,000 to over 
 $15,500,000, and the total assists of the bank from 
 $7,000,000 to $18,000,000. On Mr. Knox's deadi, in i.Sq;, 
 Oliver S. Carter, for four years the Vice-President, suc- 
 ceeded to the Presidency. He is the senior partner of the 
 great tea importing house of Carter, Macy cV' Co., and one 
 of the most highly esteemed of business men. Eugene H. 
 Pullen, whose connection with the bank dates for thirty-two 
 years, and who was long its Cashier, became \'ice-President. 
 
 THE MERCANTILE NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 The Mercantile National Bank was organized as a State 
 institution in 1S51, by a party of Ithaca capitalists, wh-, 
 being interested in the Bank of Ithaca, practically trans- 
 ferred that institution to New York City. It has occupied 
 the white marble building on Broadway at the corner of 
 Dey Street, since about 1862. In 1865 it became a National 
 Bank. Its importance as a Metropolitan insntution dates 
 from 1 88 1, when George W. Perkins accepted the presidency, 
 with William P. St. John as Cashier. They together re- 
 organized its directory, extended its business connections 
 with great rapidity, and laid the foundation of the con- 
 fidence and sound prosperity which has been built up under 
 the present able administration. In 1883, upon the death 
 of Mr. Perkins Mr. St. John, who had displayed such signal 
 ability as a cashier, was chosen President, and Mr. Fred'k 
 
 I., hchenck, .-\ssistant Cashier, was made Cashier The 
 Mercantile National Bank has a capital of $1,000,000 and 1 
 surplus tund of $1,000,000 in addition to its capital 
 Its deposits average from $7,000,000 to $10,000,000. iJi- 
 videndsol si\ ijcrcent. per annum are |,aid on the stock 
 the market price tor whif h is $.",v 
 
 ROBERT HOE & CO. 
 
 The tastesl printing machine made l)y this Companv at 
 present is the " line Sextuple Perfecting Machine with 
 Folders," which prints, and delivers folded, four or six jiage 
 l>apers at the speed of ninety six thousand (96,000) per 
 hour ; eight-pages paiiers at seventy tv.-o thousand(72,ooo) 
 per hour ; ten or twelve page jiapers at forty-eight thousand 
 (48,000) per hour ; sixteen-jiage papers at thirty-six thou.sand 
 (36,000) per h(nir ; and fourteen, twenty or twenty-four 
 page papers at twenty-four thousand (24,000) per hour. 
 These figures would seem exaggerations were it not for the 
 fact that machines of this capacity are in actual oiieration 
 and producing papers at these rates, one of them is used in 
 the office of the Rkcordkk. .\l)out 1840 an important 
 industry was added to this firm's business in the manufac- 
 ture of cast-steel saws, which were the first ever made in the 
 United States. .\t the present time the firm of R. Hoe lV Co. 
 employ in its New York establishment some fifteen hundred 
 (1,500) workmen most of them skilled mechanics. Their 
 machine shops in New York, on Grand, Sheriff, Broome 
 and Columbia Streets, comprise a Ifoor area of about six 
 acres in extent. The firm has done for many years some 
 business in England. About four years ago new and exten- 
 sive works were undertaken there and a large ])lant put in, 
 employing aliout four hundred (400) workmen, .■\lniost all 
 the great daily pajjers in Great Britian are printed u[)on 
 presses made by this firm, either in London or New York. 
 A unique feature in connection with the New York Works 
 is the night schools for the benefit of the apprentices, who 
 receive free instruction in English, drawing and mathema- 
 t cs. They are also treated to lectures pertaining to the 
 business in which they are engaged. .All of the apprentices 
 arc obliged to attend these schools. Some of the latest of 
 Hoe &Co.'s inventions are embodied in new machines, just 
 completed, which print at a rapid rate of speed, on the rotary 
 system and at one operation, in multiple colors. It would 
 seem that these are destined to inaugurate new methods in 
 the publication of illustrated peiiodicals and books. 'i"he 
 Sextuple Perfecting Machine, above referred to print, fold, 
 paste and deliver 96,000 six-page papers in an hour. Such 
 figures, like those of astronomy, i)roduce no adecjuate 
 impression, and we must resort to more familar metliods to 
 give their effect. Mere speed, of course, is not in the ques- 
 tion, but manifold capacity. If the press performs say 
 twenty operations at once, then in one minute it does the 
 work of twenty minutes, and this is the secret of its marvel- 
 lous power. Ninety thousand copies of a jiajier ])er hour 
 means 1,500 copies a minute, which also means twenty-five 
 co])ies every second. This presents, cuts, pastes, folds, 
 counts and delivers 72,000 eight-page papers, six columns 
 to the page, each column averaging 1,800 words, in one 
 hour, which is equivalent to 1,200 a minute and twenty a 
 second. It does the same for 48,000 ten or twelve page 
 pajiers, of similar size page, also for 36,000 sixteen-page 
 ]japers or 24,000 fourteen, twenty or twenty-four page 
 papers. Before this press was built the fastest presses in 
 the world were Hoe's quadruple presses which turned out 
 48,000 four, six or eight page pajjers an hour, 24,000 ten, 
 twelve, fourteen or sixteen page papers an hour and 12,000 
 twenty or twenty-four page papers an hour, all cut, jiasted 
 and folded. Those marvellous figures, whose accuracy is 
 beyond i|uestion, show this concern to be the greatest in the 
 world of its kind. 
 
56 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
JVEIV YOUK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 57 
 
S8 
 
 JV£kF YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 rijjg0j!! )i7i ^U ILDJJ^ 
 
 THE RECORDER BUILDING. 
 
 THE NEW YORK RECORDER. 
 
 It is said in Grecian Mythology that Minerva sprang 
 full grown— helmet and all — from the brains of Jupiter, and 
 seeing the marvellous career of the Recorder, one is tempted 
 to believe that there is a grain of truth in the old story. 
 When on February i8, 1891, the New York Recorder was 
 ushered into existence, armed cap-a-pie for great achieve- 
 ments in Journalism, Newspaper Row shook its venerable 
 head and declared that while the new paper was undoubtedly 
 a newspaper it would only live until the money behind it 
 liad been sjient, for that it had no raisoii d'etre. There was 
 no room for it, there was no necessity for it, and Newspaper 
 Row was rather irritated at the idea of an aspirant for public 
 favor appearing on the scene at a time when it supposed 
 there was nothing in the region of journalism that was not 
 covered. And looking back from this distance in time, 
 over two years, it must be admitted that the launching of 
 the Recorder had the appearance of audacity. The Herald, 
 the Sun, the Tribune, the Times and the World seemed to 
 satisfy the public need, and the advent of a rival and com- 
 petitor was looked upon askance even by the laity. Before 
 many days had rolled over, however, men changed their 
 minds. Newspaper Row confessed that the Recorder fitted 
 into the space it had cleared for itself beautifully, and it 
 obtained a status and a circulation at once. The people 
 took to it. They even fancied they had been expecting it, 
 whereas the truth is it was the presence of the paper itself 
 that created the impression. It came, it saw, it conquered, 
 and folks now realize that it is an absolute necessity, filling, 
 to use a well worn phrase, a long felt want. Since then 
 the New York Recorder has taken its place among the 
 great newspapers, not merely of New York, not merely of 
 America, but of the world. Not only that, but judging from 
 the past its striving after pre-eminence as the great 
 Metropolitan Journal /(?/- ^.^Tc/^/iiT^ is likely to succeed, for 
 to a newspaper that has obtained a circulation of 100,000 
 in two years everything seems possible. Apart from the 
 audacity that started the Recorder, which now turns out to 
 have been genius, there was really hope for success from a 
 business standpoint. It was no chance venture, no mere 
 speculation in which wealthy men invested large amounts of 
 money with only a chance of return. It was doubtless 
 considered that since i86r, when the World was founded, 
 no great morning paper had been started in the city except 
 in tentative way, though its population had doubled, and 
 that the five great dailies then in existence still held the field. 
 There was, then, surely room for another. And, again, 
 although there was published a three cent Republican 
 paper and a one cent Republican paper, there was no two cent 
 Republican paper, a price that appears to suit the popular 
 taste. Many two cent papers, it is true, had been launched 
 through those years, but they did not live long, because, per- 
 haps, they did not deserve to live. At all events the Recorder 
 arrived and was at once taken to the bosom of the public. 
 That the public were not deceived, the career of this now 
 solidly established journal is the proof. It has served the 
 public well. It has given them all the news, and it has 
 been instrunienial in effecting many reforms in their 
 interest. Its first achievement was the collection of $60,000 
 for a monument to General Sherman. Its second, a 
 memorial to the American seaman, Riggin, killed in Val- 
 paraiso by a Chilian mob. Numerically, this is the largest 
 public subscription ever raised, 26,407 persons having con- 
 tributed $26,000. It gave the people the proper kind of 
 sensation when, the Street Cleaning Department neglecting 
 its duty, it organized a brigade of its own to perform the 
 service, w-hich brigade he sent over to Brooklyn at the 
 request of its citizens. When Tammany Hall, through 
 Assemblyman Connelly, had an act passed that would con- 
 fiscate the property of the Staats Zeitung, the Recorder so 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 59 
 
 €^:^S^. 
 
 LCIAA'Wv- 
 
 stirred up proper indignation that the bill was killed. It 
 fought the battle of telephone subscribers against a monopoly, 
 it organized the movement culminating in the removal of 
 American men and women from the cholera ridden steam- 
 ships down the bay, and, besides, it gave, and it still gives, 
 all the news. It claims, truthfully, to being the great home 
 newspaper, clean, pure, bright, newsy, and its claim is 
 allowed. To sum up, its circulation is 100,000, in advertis- 
 ing it stands already next to the Herald and World, and it 
 has erected a splendid home for itself on Spruce Street. 
 The Editor and Publisher of the Recorder is Mr. (leorge W. 
 Turner, now in his thirty-fifth year. From the New York 
 Journalist, which keeps a sleepless eye on newspa])er men 
 who are obtaining celebrity in its own peculiar tield, we 
 epitomize an article, semi-editorial in its scope, treating of 
 Geo. W. Turner, then (January 12, 1889) not quite so famous 
 as he is now, though he was manager of the New York 
 World. The Journalist says : " In so far as one man can 
 be held responsible for a success like this (the prosperity of 
 the World), Mr. George W. Turner deserves the credit. 
 Alert, untiring, shrewd, practical, he has sat at his desk when 
 a less energetic man would be in his bed. Personally Mr. 
 Turner is as modest as he is able; slight, though wiry, in 
 build, he impresses one as a man who never for a moment 
 forgets his purpose. His nervous energy is manifested in 
 every motion and sentence, a quality of forcefuiness which 
 carries with it success. Had he time he would be the most 
 charming social companion, for once in a while, in the 
 intervals of, work, he pauses long enough to tell a good story 
 with a skill so rare that we realize what a delightful racon- 
 teur has been sacrificed to the demands of business. Those 
 who know him best understand how broad and deep is this 
 undercurrent of geniality, kindness and intellectual culture. 
 
 1 hey know, too, his unswerving honestv, modest generosity 
 and the manly and human heart which heals under the 
 polished steel e.xtenor of the man of business, and their 
 legard lor the man is as great as respect for the manager " 
 It would appear, however, as if the Boston Ghhe was 
 acquainted with Mr. Turner before he be. ame a Metropolitan 
 character. "He is," .said General Charles M. Tavlor 
 hditor ot the lloston Globe. " a remarkable e.xample of a man 
 ol executive ability of a high order, making itself felt 
 through a thousand channels. His connection with the 
 paper (New York World) has an interesting phase when we 
 consider how that connection came about. The proprietor 
 of the ll'orld got his eye on this young man when the paper 
 was beginning to burst through its swaddling clothes. Mr. 
 Pulitzer did not ini|uire what he was celebrated for and 
 never asked what was said about him. He sent for Mr. 
 Turner as that gentleman was about starting for Europe—^ 
 nothing further from his thoughts than becoming manager 
 of a great New York daily. He was about to sail ; his 
 ticket was bought, his trunks i)acked and his objective 
 poinfwas Russia, when Mr. Pulitzer's reipiest for an inter- 
 view reached him. The result was that one day a medium- 
 sized, clear-eyed, self-possessed young man. not more than 
 thirty and looking twenty five, presented himself to the pro- 
 prietor of the IFo'ld. It took Mr. Pulitzer about ten minutes 
 to make up his mind on one of the most imi)ortant stejis 
 affecting every vital interest of the World, and in that time 
 he had offered Mr. Turner the management of the paper. 
 One morning this young man, who had been all over the 
 globe, who three years before was inside the Arctic Circle 
 driving a reindeer sledge and had spent part of one year 
 in the palace of the Czar of all the Russias ; who had come 
 down the Sierras on the trail of a band of hostiles, who 
 spoke three languages and could work his way intelligibly 
 through several, found himself chained to a desk, and like 
 another Atlas found the weight of a I Forld on his shoulders. 
 What Mr. Turner did for the World is part of the history 
 of American journalism. What he is doing for the Recorder 
 is — well — making of the Recorder a greater paper than he 
 made the World. 
 
 THE PRESS CLUB. 
 
 Twenty-one years ago the journalists of New \'ork were 
 wont to meet in Schaick's saloon, Nassau Street, where the 
 question of a journalistic organization was first discussed. 
 Among those who fre.juented this resort who will always be 
 rememliered, and who founded the "Journalistic Society," 
 were James Pooton, George F. Williams, William H. Stover, 
 Charles H. Bladen, Howard Carroll, William S. D. O'Grady, 
 Tosei)h A. Peters and Jeremiah J. Roche. Of these. Major 
 Geo. F. Williams is now night editor of ihe Mornin<^ 
 Advertiser, and Mr. Bladen is still in harness, Howard Car- 
 roll and William Stover are engaged in other business, 
 James Pooton holds a Federal position, and as for the others 
 they rest from all labor here. The "Journalistic Society " 
 was organized in December, 1873, and, two years later, 
 incorpomted under that name by the founders, excepting 
 Howard Carroll and Jeremiah J. Roche. After this, many 
 well-known newspaper men joined, and the membership 
 swelled to a gratifying extent. Rooms at 115 and 117 
 Nassau Street were taken for club purposes, and in 1874 the 
 society changed its name to that of the " New York Press 
 Club." In 18S4 more commodious quarters were secured 
 by leasing the building No. 120 Nassau Street, which is yet 
 occupied by the club^ The initiation fee increased from 
 five to ten dollars, and the club assumed more of a local 
 habitation and pernianencv. Such distinguished men as 
 Cyrus W. Field, P. S. Gilmore. F. W. Jones, Joseph Pulit- 
 zer, Elliott F. Shepard and George W. Childs enrolled 
 themselves as members. Among other honorary and life 
 
6o 
 
 NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 members of the club who have come in from time to time 
 are Chauncey M. Depew, William \Valdorf Astor, Roswell 
 P. Flower, WiUiam R. Grace, Henry Hilton, Levi Morton 
 and Henry M. Stanley. The membership of the club has 
 steadily increased, now numbering upwards of 650 names 
 on its rolls, including the brightest intellects in metropolitan 
 journalism. The great ambition of the management from 
 the start has been to erect a home of its own, a home com- 
 mensurate with the growing importance and reputation of 
 the club and the dignity of the New York press. This 
 object having been always kept in view, national and cos- 
 mopolitan celebrities, famous orators, travellers, prima don- 
 nas, great actresses and actors, men and women of literary 
 fame, came forward and lent their services to raise the funds 
 for such an object. The moneyed men of the city donated 
 handsome sums and the theatres gave benefits in the cause, 
 until the sum of $roo,ooo was raised, which was necessary 
 to secure a lot of ground on which the club house is to be 
 erected. While the plans are not yet complete, it is the 
 
 JOHN W. KELLER. 
 
 intention to erect a building which will contrast favorably 
 with the gigantic structure of the World, the Times and 
 Tribune buildings, fully equipped with all the conveniences 
 of a modern club house, a place where the journalists of 
 the world may be received and entertained and receptions 
 held. The present rooms of the club afford a lounging 
 place, a place of social meeting, and with its library and file 
 of daily newspapers of New York, extending as far back as 
 1836, furnishes a workshop for industrious writers such as 
 cannot be given elsewhere in the city. The charitable 
 activities are conducted with mingled discrimination and 
 liberality, the Press Club in the exercise of its benevolence 
 being in the highest degree democratic. When a worthy 
 applicant applies for assistance, it suffices that he is con- 
 nected with journalism, and aid is given, whether he is a 
 club member or not. The Presidents of the club since its 
 organization have been : James Pooton, 1873-4 ; George F. 
 Williams, 1875 ; Charles H. Bladen, 1876 ; Charles H. Pul- 
 
 ham, 1877; John B. Wood, 1878-9; William N. Penny, 
 1880; John C. Hennessy, 1881 ; Truman A. Merriman, 
 1882-3-4; Amos J. Cummings, 1885-6; John A. Greene, 
 1887, and John A. Cockerill, 1888-9-1890-1. Since jour- 
 nalism has become so potent a factor in our national life the 
 Presidency of the New York Press Club is a prize that is 
 keenly contested. For two successful competitors at least, 
 Merriman and Cummings, it had led to the halls of Congress, 
 and among its members are quite a few State Senators and 
 Assemblymen. The present incumbent of the Presidency 
 is John W. Keller, managing editor of the N. Y. Recorder. 
 Mr. Keller was born in Bourbon County, Ky., on July 5, 
 1856, and traces his ancestry in the Blue Grass State back 
 to Revolutionary times. He was educated in Yale in the 
 class of 1879. In apjiearance he is a fine specimen of the 
 Kentucky gentleman, and is an athlete of no mean order. 
 He pulled oar No. 5 in the University boat race with Har- 
 vard in 1879, and took a leading part, generally, in the ath- 
 letic sports and games of the college. That he did not 
 spend all his college life in classics and athletics, however, 
 is evident from the fact that in 1879 he founded the Yale 
 Collef^e Daily News, the first daily paper ever started in a 
 university, either European or American. It is still in 
 existence and flourishes amain. Mr. Keller came to New 
 York in December, 1879, and began his newspaper career as 
 reporter on Truth, then issued for the first time. He was 
 subsequently made its dramatic editor. He became editor 
 of the Dramatic News, and incidentally did special work 
 for the World, then joined the staff of the Times, and, upon 
 the advent to life of the Press, was appointed its dramatic 
 editor. He returned to the Times after six months, and 
 worked on that paper until the Recorder ap|)eared in the 
 journalistic firmament, when he was made its managing 
 editor, retaining the position by request of Mr. George W. 
 Turner, when that gentleman assumed control of its affairs. 
 Like most newspaper men, Mr. Keller has written a play, 
 but his, like everything he takes in hand, has been a suc- 
 cess. The play — "Tangled Lives" — is the one Robert 
 Mantell started out starring in. He has been a contributor 
 to many publications, Harper's Weekly among others, and it 
 was for Harper's he wrote a sketch of the Life and Remi- 
 niscences of George Jones. 
 
 JOHN A. COCKERILL 
 
 Colonel John A. Cockerill, editor of the Commercial 
 Advertiser, and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the 
 Press Club, has been five times elected President of the 
 Club. He was born in Adams County, Ohio, in 1845. was 
 educated in the public schools. At the age of fourteen he 
 entered a country newspaper office and learned type setting. 
 Two years later he enlisted in an Ohio Regiment as 
 drummer boy, and served under Generals Rosecrans, 
 Reynolds and Buel. In 1865 he become owner of a weekly 
 paper in Butler County, Ohio, known as the Hamilton 
 True and Blue, in which he gained a varied experience as 
 editor, reporter, foreman and business manager, these 
 functions desolving upon him simultaneously. In 1868 he 
 edited the Dayton Daily Ledger. In 1869 he was 
 managing editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, resigning in 
 1877 to visit Europe as correspondent of that newspaper 
 during the Russo-Turkish War. Returning, he took part in 
 the establishment of the Post, Washington, D. C. From 
 1879 to 1883 he was managing editor of the St. \,oyx\?, Post 
 Z>/j-/<7/(-/;, associated with Joseph Pulitzer. In the year last 
 named he came to New York on the invitation of Mr. 
 Pulitzer to accept an editorial position on the World, 
 remaining with that paper for the following eight years, 
 during the greater portion of which he was editor in chief. 
 In May, 1891, he took position as editor of the Morning 
 Advertiser and Commercial Advertiser, its evening issue. 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PART 
 
 H ISTO R I C A L S U B J ECTS . 
 
 I'Ai-.E 
 
 Preface v. 
 
 The Colonial Period vii. 
 
 The Revolutionary Period. .. xiv. 
 
 Civil War Period xx. 
 
 City Government xxiv. 
 
 Education xxix. 
 
 Architecture xxxvii. 
 
 I Irnamental Structures and Sta- 
 tuary xlvii. 
 
 Art, Literature, and the Drama. . . .xlix. 
 
 Amusements, Libraries h. 
 
 Clul^s and Social Organizations liii. 
 
 Societies Iv. 
 
 Churches and Hospitals Ivii 
 
 Finance lix. 
 
 Trade and Commerce Ixi. 
 
 Avenues of Commerce Ixv. 
 
 Newspapers and Periodicals Ixviii. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Frontispiece ii. 
 
 Hudson, Henry iv. 
 
 History vi. 
 
 The Pilgrim vii. 
 
 Exchange Place and Broad .Street, 
 
 1690 viii. 
 
 Ancient view of Chatham Square ix. 
 
 Trinity Church x. 
 
 View of the Battery, 1656 xi. 
 
 Gov. Stuyvesant's House, 165S xii. 
 
 C^ld Stone Bridge, Canal Street xii. 
 
 Statue of Liberty xiii. 
 
 Washington, Union Square xiv. 
 
 Barge Oiifice xv. 
 
 Washington Statue, Sub-Treasury 
 
 Building xvi. 
 
 Broadway and Murray St., 1S20 xvii. 
 
 Broadway and Bowery Road, 
 
 i,S2S xviii. 
 
 The Park and Broadway, 1:130 xviii. 
 
 LTnited States Custom House xix. 
 
 Union League Club xx. 
 
 Statue Admiral Farragut xxi. 
 
 Central Park, Fifth Avenue and 
 
 Fifty-ninth Street xxii. 
 
 City Government xxiii. 
 
 City Hall xxiv. 
 
 Justice xxvi. 
 
 High Bridge xxviii. 
 
 University City New Vork xxix. 
 
 Museum cjf National llistciry xxx. 
 
 Medical xxxi. 
 
 Normal College fur Wonier. xxxii. 
 
 Grace Church xxxiii. 
 
 v\v.\'. 
 Cooper l^nion xxx v. 
 
 Architecture xxxvi. 
 
 Academy of Design xxxvii. 
 
 Brooklyn Bridge xxxviii. 
 
 St. Patrick's Catliedral xxxi.x. 
 
 Little Church Around the Corner. . ..xli. 
 
 Criminal Court xlii. 
 
 Observatory, Central Park xliii 
 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art xli v. 
 
 New York Hospital xiv. 
 
 Washington Arch xlvi. 
 
 The Obelisk, Central Park .xlvii. 
 
 Columbus Column, Central Park. . .xlviii 
 
 Madison Square Garden I. 
 
 The Grant Monument Hi. 
 
 The Progress Club House liv. 
 
 The Manhattan Club House Iv. 
 
 Financial Iviii. 
 
 New York Stock Exchange Ix. 
 
 New York Produce Exchange Ixii. 
 
 New York Central R. R. Deput Ixi v. 
 
 Cruiser New York Ixvi. 
 
 Horace Greelev Ixix. 
 
 PART 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 r.\cK 
 
 Alexander, Robert C 24 
 
 Allen, T. F., M.D i(,i 
 
 Amundson, John A 204 
 
 Anderson, E. Ellery 115 
 
 Andrews, Constant A 30 
 
 Andrews, George P 11)3 
 
 Appleton, Daniel 242 
 
 Astor, John Jacob (the Elderi 135 
 
 Astor, John Jacob (II.) 139 
 
 Astiir, John Jacnb (of to-day) 145 
 
 Astor, John Jacob, Jr 145 
 
 Astor, William 143 
 
 Astor, William B 137 
 
 Astor, William Waldorf 141 
 
 Bain, John, Jr i<)3 
 
 Baker, Alfred J i =;<.> 
 
 Banks. David 202 
 
 Baldwin, Homer R 24; 
 
 Baldwin, Jared Grover, M.I) 130 
 
 Barnes, A. C 2(j() 
 
 Barratt, Arthur J 259 
 
 Barnes, Oliver W 22 
 
 Barron, John C, M.D 52 
 
 Barron, James S 131 
 
 r.cacli, Charles F.,Jr 207 
 
 I'lcach, iMiles 3 
 
 Bedford, Gunning S 23S 
 
 Belding, M. M ,55 
 
 BelnKJUt, August 203 
 
 Benjamin, George II 160 
 
 Bigelow, I'rank Alfred. Ml) 174 
 
 BischofI', 1 lenry i^g 
 
 Bissinger, Pliilip ,^j 
 
 Bixby, Samuel M 1S2 
 
 Blancliard, James Armstrong 42 
 
 P>laut, J<jseph F 73 
 
 Bliss, Cornelius N 54 
 
 Bloss, J. ()., Part 111 50 
 
 Bloomingdale, Joseph B igj 
 
 P.loomingdale. Lyman G igi 
 
 Bogart, John ^^ 
 
 Bonnell, J. Harper 1S4 
 
 Bookstaver, I lenry W 171 
 
 Boskowitz, George W., M. 1) 54 
 
 Boynton, F. H., M.D 94 
 
 Bramwell, Geo. W 67 
 
 Brownell, George W 67 
 
 Brown, M. Belle, M.D 221 
 
 Brown, Martin B 43 
 
 Brown, S. A 48 
 
 Brodsky John E 182 
 
 Brookfield, William 149 
 
 Bruce, John M 1 86 
 
 Bruce, Sanders Dewees 172 
 
 Buckingham, Charles T> 10 
 
 Buckley, L. Duncan, M.D 3q 
 
 Bunzl, Julius 116 
 
 Burke, William H 219 
 
 Cady, J. Cleveland 34 
 
 Cameron, Alexander 215 
 
 Campbell, Andrew J 118 
 
 Campbell, Hudson 49 
 
 Campbell, T. C 269 
 
 Campbell, William 192 
 
 Cannon, Henry White iS 
 
 Cantor, Jacob A 1 1 1 
 
 Carter, James C 278 
 
 Carrere, John M., Jr 123 
 
 Carleton, BukkG., M.D 226 
 
 Case, Jo.seph S 249 
 
 Choate, Josejih Hodges 27S 
 
 Clancy, Charles M 163 
 
 Clark, Byron G., M.D 165 
 
 Clark, Emmons 242 
 
 Clews, Henry 132 
 
 Clinton, Charles William 155 
 
 Coe, George S 245 
 
 Colby, Charles L 74 
 
 Conover, Warren A 165 
 
 Constant, Samuel Victor 109 
 
 Cook, John C 1 86 
 
 Cornell, Clarence W., M.D 1:2 
 
 Cornell, John M 164 
 
 Cox, Charles Finney 200 
 
 Crouch, George 164 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 h 
 
 PAdF. 
 
 Crouse, Henrj' AV <)" 
 
 Cruikshank, Edwin A 70 
 
 Curtis, George M 57 
 
 Curtis, Henry Holbrook, M.D 83 
 
 Cutter, Ephraim, M.D 152 
 
 De La Mare. James C 233 
 
 De La Vergne, John Chester 56 
 
 De Peyster, Frederick, J 85 
 
 De Witt, George G 31 
 
 Danforth. Loomis L., M.D 237 
 
 Darragh, Robert L loi 
 
 Davol, John 168 
 
 Dayton, Charles W 27 
 
 Deady, Charles, M.D 37 
 
 Dearborn, H. M., M.D i6g 
 
 Depew, Chauncey M 195 
 
 Dillingham, Thomas Manly, M.D. . 224 
 
 Dillow, George M., M.D 164 
 
 Dimond, Thomas 121 
 
 Dittenhcefer, A. J 202 
 
 Dudley, Sumner F 205 
 
 Duflfy. Patrick Gavin 74 
 
 Dunlevy, Rita, M.D 1 59 
 
 Dodge, Philip T 25S 
 
 Dorman, Orlando P 126 
 
 Doughty, Frank E., M.D 177 
 
 Dugro, P. Henry 243 
 
 Eaton, Dormau B 3 
 
 Eaton. Sherburne Blake 154 
 
 Edson, Cyrus, M.D 48 
 
 Ernst, Max igo 
 
 Ettliuger, Louis 23 
 
 Evans, Thomas H 280 
 
 Evarts, W. M 276 
 
 Fairchild, Samuel W 223 
 
 Fallon, Joseph P 225 
 
 Farquhar, Percival 167 
 
 Fay, Sigourney W 253 
 
 Fisher, John T 243 
 
 Fisk, Harvey 63 
 
 Fitzgerald, Frank T 36 
 
 Fitzgerald, James 176 
 
 Fitzsimmons, James M 108 
 
 Flagg, John Henry 123 
 
 Flannigan, W. W 264 
 
 Foot, James D 166 
 
 Foster, William F 2og 
 
 Fowler, Edward P. , M.D 127 
 
 Fox, John Jr 244 
 
 Freedman, John J 57 
 
 Freeman, William B 245 
 
 Farmer, W. W 266 
 
 Friend, Emanuel M 163 
 
 Frost, Calvin 60 
 
 Garrison, John Boggs, M.D 27 
 
 Garrison, William Dominick 83 
 
 Gedney, Frederick G 216 
 
 Gilbert, Bradford Lee 59 
 
 Gilmore, Patrick S 7& 
 
 Gleitsmann, J. W., M.D 61 
 
 Goebel, Lewis S 257 
 
 Goffe, James Riddle, M.D 213 
 
 Goldfogle, Henry M 2ig 
 
 Gorman, John J 114 
 
 Griffin, Eugene i6g 
 
 (Jrosjean, Florian 157 
 
 Gross, Michael C 211 
 
 Guernsey, Egbert, M.D 216 
 
 TAGE 
 
 Guggenheimer, Randolph 89 
 
 Gwynne, David Eli 275 
 
 Hall, Alvah 188 
 
 Hallock. Lewis, M.D 154 
 
 Hamersley, J. Hooker 147 
 
 Hamersle}-, John W 147 
 
 Hammond, Graeme Monroe, M.D.. 51 
 
 Harding. George Edward 175 
 
 Harper, Edward B 19 
 
 Harper. Orlando M 262 
 
 Harrison, Walter S 20 
 
 Haswell, Charles H 45 
 
 Hawes, Granville P 207 
 
 Heald, Daniel Addison 206 
 
 Hendricks, Francis 86 
 
 Heinze, Otto 112 
 
 Heintz, Louis J 1 70 
 
 Helmuth, Wm. Todd, M.D 150 
 
 Hess, Charles A 193 
 
 Hicks. James M 170 
 
 Hicks, William C 170 
 
 Hildreth, J. Homer 82 
 
 Hinsdale, E. B 149 
 
 Hirsch, David 151 
 
 Hitchcock, W. G . no 
 
 Hoe, Robert 152 
 
 Hogan, Edward 31 
 
 Holcomb, Wright 153 
 
 Holm. Charles F 118 
 
 Holls, Frederick William 223 
 
 Homans, Shephard 207 
 
 Hopper, Isaac A 232 
 
 Hornblower, William Butler m 
 
 Horton, J. M 217 
 
 Horton, H. L 240 
 
 Houghton, Henry C, M.D 240 
 
 Howard, Joseph Jr 280 
 
 Howell, T. P 100 
 
 Hunt, OrenG., M.D 160 
 
 Hunter, Robert, M.D 232 
 
 Huntington, CoUis P 38 
 
 Hume, William H 173 
 
 Ivison, D. B 263 
 
 Jacobus, John W 21S 
 
 James, Charles F 201 
 
 Janvrin, Joseph E., M.D 4 
 
 Johnson, Jere., Jr 218 
 
 Jones, Meredith L 160 
 
 Kearney, James 166 
 
 Keatinge, Harriette C, M.D 238 
 
 Keane, Thaddeus J., M.D 114 
 
 Kendall, Edward H 10 
 
 Kerwin, Michael 66 
 
 Ketchum, Alexander P 61 
 
 Kimball, Francis H 43 
 
 King, Wm. Harvey, M.D 171 
 
 Kip, Isaac L., M.D. 231 
 
 Koch, Joseph 272 
 
 Krause, Wm. H., M.D 167 
 
 Kunitzer, Robei-t, M.D 106 
 
 Le Barbier, Charles E 240 
 
 Le Brun, Napoleon 6 
 
 Lachman, Samson 153 
 
 Laidlaw, A. H., M.D 92 
 
 Landon, Francis G 243 
 
 Langdon, Woodburj' 220 
 
 Lardner, William J 14 
 
 Lauritzen, Peter J 12S 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lauterbach, Edward 129 
 
 Lee, Homer 105 
 
 Leslie, Mrs. Frank 235 
 
 Leventritt, David 221 
 
 Levy, Ferdinand 183 
 
 Levy, Jefferson M 226 
 
 Leviseur, Frederick J., M.D 88 
 
 Lewis, Daniel, M.D 230 
 
 Libbey, Laura Jean 235 
 
 Logan, Walter S 5 
 
 Lounsberry. P. C 274 
 
 Lynn, Wauhope 32 
 
 Lustgarten, Sigmund, M.D 71 
 
 McAdam, David 35 
 
 McAdam, Thomas 227 
 
 McAlpin, Edwin A 93 
 
 McAnerne}', John 199 
 
 McCall, John A 14 
 
 McCarth)^ J. M 270 
 
 McClave, John 174 
 
 McClellan, Geo. B 17 
 
 McDowell, Charles, M.D 57 
 
 McElfatrick. John B 36 
 
 Mclntyre, Thomas A i8g 
 
 McLean, Donald 151 
 
 McKean, John Bell 192 
 
 McKee, Russell W 186 
 
 McKenna, William J 103 
 
 iMcKim, Charles Follen 86 
 
 McKoon, D. D 203 
 
 Mackey, Charles W 96 
 
 Macy, Charles S., M.D 256 
 
 Maurer, Henry 130 
 
 Mann, W. D . 267 
 
 May, Lewis 102 
 
 Meade, Clarence W 33 
 
 Melville, Henry 40 
 
 Merriam, Arthur Lewis 65 
 
 Merritt, Israel J 213 
 
 Milne, Charles, M.D 28 
 
 Minton, Maurice M 256 
 
 Mitchell, Charles Elliot 23 
 
 Mitchell, John J 273 
 
 Mills, D. 15S 
 
 Morgan, Alonzo R., M.D 219 
 
 Moore, William F 29 
 
 Montague, George 248 
 
 Munn, O. D 162 
 
 Munroe, Norman L 100 
 
 Murray, C. H 262 
 
 Murray, Thomas E 94 
 
 Newman, Henry go 
 
 Nissen, Ludwig 46 
 
 Noxon, Mary Woolsey, M. D 1S9 
 
 O'Connor, Joseph T., M.D log 
 
 O'Connor. N. R 271 
 
 O' Beirne, James R 73 
 
 Ohmeis, Joseph M io6 
 
 Olcott, J. Van Vechten 16 
 
 Olcott, William M. K 88 
 
 Otis, Norton P 20 
 
 Ottendorfer, Oswald 62 
 
 Page, George Ham 181 
 
 Page, R. C. M., M.D 72 
 
 Peckham, William G 4g 
 
 Pitcher, James Robertscm 107 
 
 Piatt, Thomas C 4 
 
 Platzek, M. Worley 256 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
NFAV YORK, THE METKOPULIS. 
 
 I'A (■]•■. 
 
 Porter, Ilnrace iqy 
 
 Porter, Robert P 277 
 
 Post, George B 12 
 
 Potter, William A 55 
 
 Price, Bruce i()7 
 
 Pryibil, Paul 124 
 
 Quincy, John W Si 
 
 Oueen, Lewis Ap;<ar, M.D 157 
 
 Ransom, Rastus Seneca 53 
 
 Reichard, Gustav 254 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw 276 
 
 Renwick, Edward S 25 
 
 Renwick, James 7 
 
 Ripley, Chauncey B 17 
 
 Rhinelander, Philip 133 
 
 Rhinelander, T. J. Oakley 37 
 
 Rhinelander, William zo8 
 
 Ringler, Frederick A 62 
 
 Roberts, Charles Forrester. M.l)... iq3 
 
 Robinson, Andrew J 233 
 
 Rochford, Thomas E 174 
 
 Rogers, Henry A 215 
 
 Rogers, Walter B 244 
 
 Roosevelt. Robert B 197 
 
 Rouss, Charles Broadway 178 
 
 Rudolphy, Jacob loS 
 
 Ruszits, John 115 
 
 Ryan, John J 60 
 
 St. John. William Pope 13 
 
 Sackett, Henry Woodward 35 
 
 Schampain, C. J 20 1 
 
 Schley, J. JM., M.D 26 
 
 Schieren, Charles A 230 
 
 Schmid. August 41] 
 
 Schumann, Charles W i kj 
 
 Scbwarz, Anton 177 
 
 See, Horace S 
 
 Seaman, Robert SS 
 
 Senner, J. H 252 
 
 Scott, William H. . M. L) 105 
 
 Scribner, John M 8(1 
 
 Shaffer, Chauncey 227 
 
 Shera, J. Fletcher 6(1 
 
 Shepard, Elliot F 279 
 
 Sheldon, Edward W 187 
 
 Shields, John Archibald 261 
 
 Simmons, J. Edward lo 
 
 Smith. Charles Stewart 7 
 
 Smith. Frances S 22S 
 
 Smith. George C 22S 
 
 Smith. Gouverneur M.. M.D 104 
 
 Smith. J. J 1S5 
 
 Smith. Jcr. T 106 
 
 Smith, John Sabine 43 
 
 Smith, Solon B 18S 
 
 Smith, St. Clair, M.D 227 
 
 Smith, Ormond G 22S 
 
 Smith, William Alexander 55 
 
 Smith, William Bro 239 
 
 Smith. William Wheeler r6i 
 
 Snook, John B 34 
 
 Soulard, A. L 122 
 
 Spencer. James C 22 
 
 Stayton, William H 175 
 
 Steckler, Alfred 209 
 
 Stokes, Henry 159 
 
 Stymus, W. P 13 
 
 Stewart, John A .... 118 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Stewai t. LispciKird 71 
 
 Stcinway, Wiliiani 78 
 
 Sturgis, Frank K 127 
 
 Strong, William L 12S 
 
 Sullivan, T. 1) 272 
 
 Sully, Alfred 252 
 
 Sulzer, William 220 
 
 Sutro, Theodore 260 
 
 Taintor, Charles Newhall 26 
 
 Tait, J. Sehvin 267 
 
 Tamsen, Edward T. II. 84 
 
 T;ivlor, Alfred 99 
 
 Taylor, W. S 259 
 
 Tefft. William E 209 
 
 Thom. Arthur M 254 
 
 Thompson, John H., M.D 91 
 
 Thompson, Leivis 249 
 
 Tieniann, George 217 
 
 Tilford, Frank 250 
 
 Tilford, J. M 249 
 
 Tingue, E. W 218 
 
 Tingue, John H 218 
 
 Tingue, William J 218 
 
 Townsend, Irving, M.D 208 
 
 Townsend, John D 196 
 
 Townsend, John P 80 
 
 Trask, .Spencer 104 
 
 Truax, Charles A 25 
 
 Tucker, John J 89 
 
 Tvvombly, Horatio X 222 
 
 Van Bokkelen, .Spencer B. C 209 
 
 Van Cott, Cornelius 59 
 
 Van Norden, Warner 98 
 
 Van Wyck, Robert A 24 
 
 Voorhees, Philip R. . . 225 
 
 Vrooman, John W 97 
 
 Wa.gner, Albert 255 
 
 Walker, John Brisben 257 
 
 Ward, Frederick A 91 
 
 Webb, William Henry 68 
 
 Weber, Edward 233 
 
 Weber, John 230 
 
 Weber, John B 53 
 
 Webster, David, M. D 60 
 
 Webster, George P 231 
 
 Weeks, Henry C 93 
 
 Welch, David 176 
 
 Welde, Charles 121 
 
 Wells, Brooks H. . M.D 222 
 
 Wemple, Christopher Y 158 
 
 Whalen, John 237 
 
 Wheeler, Jerome Byron 156 
 
 White, Andrew J 34 
 
 White, Stephen V 204 
 
 Wicke, George 214 
 
 Wilcox, Reynold Wcbli, M.D 33 
 
 Wilcox, Vincent M 2S 
 
 Wild, Joseph 45 
 
 Wilson, George 54 
 
 Wilson, James W 254 
 
 Wills, Charles T 82 
 
 Williams, George G 247 
 
 Willis, Theodore B 239 
 
 Winchester, Locke W 58 
 
 Windmiiller, Louis 29 
 
 Wise. Otto Irving 260 
 
 Wood, William 12 
 
 Worman James H 274 
 
 r.\cic 
 
 Zabriskie, Nelson 229 
 
 Zucker, Alfred 87 
 
 PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 American Brewer 177 
 
 American Medico-Surgical Bulletin, 213 
 
 Cosmopolitan Magazine 24S 
 
 Family Story Paper 100 
 
 Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly 
 
 Magazine 235 
 
 Illustrated American 256 
 
 North American Journal of Homoe- 
 opathy 209 
 
 New York Bazaar 235 
 
 New York Medical Times 216 
 
 New York Tablet 66 
 
 New York Weekly 22S 
 
 Railway and Corporation Law Jour- 
 nal 20S 
 
 The Sartorial Art Journal 273 
 
 The Mail & Express 279 
 
 The Scientific American 162 
 
 The Staats-Zeitung 52 
 
 The Tobacco Leaf 193 
 
 Town Topics 267 
 
 Turf, Field & Farm 173 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Astor House 135 
 
 Astor Library 139 
 
 Madison Square 143 
 
 Seventh Regiment Armory 241 
 
 Union Square 141 
 
 PORTRAITS. 
 
 Alexander, Robert C 24 
 
 Allen, T. F., M.D 161 
 
 Amundson, John A 204 
 
 Anderson. E. Ellery 116 
 
 Andrews, Constant A 30 
 
 Appleton, Daniel 242 
 
 Astor, John Jacob (The Elder) 134 
 
 Astor, J. J 13S 
 
 Astox, Jolm Jacol) (Of To-Day) 144 
 
 Astor, John Jacob. Jr 146 
 
 Astor, William 142 
 
 Astor, William B 136 
 
 Astor, William Waldorf 140 
 
 Baldwin, Jared Grover, M.D 130 
 
 Baldwin, Homer R 245 
 
 Banks. David 203 
 
 Barron, John C. M.D 53 
 
 Barron, James .S 131 
 
 Beach, Charles F., Jr 20S 
 
 Beach, Miles 4 
 
 Bedford, Gunning S 23S 
 
 Belding, M. M 155 
 
 Benjamin, George H 160 
 
 Bissinger, Philip 178 
 
 Bixby, Samuel M 182 
 
 Blanchard, James A 42 
 
 Blaut, Joseph F 73 
 
 Bliss, Cornelius N 54 
 
 Bloomingdale, Jo.seph Benjamin. . . 191 
 
 Bloomingdale, Lyman G 191 
 
 Bless, J. O., Part III 50 
 
 Bonnell, J. Harper 1S4 
 
 Bookstaver, Henry W 171 
 
NEIV YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 •^ 
 
 cr 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bramwell, George W 67 
 
 Brodsky, John E 182 
 
 Brown, Martin B 44 
 
 Brown, S. A 48 
 
 Brookfield, William 149 
 
 Buckingham, Charles L 10 
 
 Bulkley, L. Duncan, M.D 39 
 
 Burke, WilHam H 219 
 
 Bunzl, Julius 117 
 
 Bruce, John M 1 86 
 
 Bruce, Sanders D 1 72 
 
 Campbell, T. C 270 
 
 Campbell, William 192 
 
 Cannon, Henry White iS 
 
 Cantor, Jacob A iii 
 
 Carter, James C 278 
 
 Case, Joseph S 249 
 
 Choate, Joseph H 278 
 
 Clark, Byron G., M.D 165 
 
 Clark, Emmons 242 
 
 Clews, Henry 132 
 
 Coe, George S 245 
 
 Colby, Charles L 75 
 
 Constant, Samuel Victor log 
 
 Cook, John C 180 
 
 Cox, Charles Finney 200 
 
 Crouch, George 164 
 
 Crouse, Henry W 97 
 
 Cruikshank, E. A 70 
 
 Curtis, George M 58 
 
 Cutter, Ephraim, M.D 152 
 
 De La Mare, James C 233 
 
 De La Vergne, John Chester 56 
 
 De Peyster, Frederick J 85 
 
 De Witt, George G 32 
 
 Davol, John 168 
 
 Dayton, Charles W 27 
 
 Darragh, Robert L loi 
 
 Depew, Chauncey M 195 
 
 Dittenhoefer, A. J 212 
 
 Dorman, O. P 12O 
 
 Dodge, Philip T 258 
 
 Duffy, Patrick G 74 
 
 Dudley, Sumner F 205 
 
 Eaton, Dorman B 3 
 
 Eaton, Sherburne Blake 154 
 
 Ernst, Max 190 
 
 Evans, Thomas H 280 
 
 Evarts, W. M 276 
 
 Fairchild, Samuel W. 223 
 
 Farmer, W. W 266 
 
 Farquhar, Percival 167 
 
 Fay, S. W 253 
 
 Fisher, John T 243 
 
 Fisk, Harvey 64 
 
 Fitzgerald, Frank T 36 
 
 Flagg, John H 123 
 
 Flannigan, W. W 265 
 
 Foot, James D 1 66 
 
 Foster, William F 210 
 
 Fox, John, Jr 244 
 
 Fowler, Edward P., JLD 12S 
 
 Friend, Emanuel M 163 
 
 Frost, Calvin 60 
 
 Garrison, William D 83 
 
 Gilmore, Patrick S 77 
 
 Goebel, Lewis S 257 
 
 Gorman, John J 114 
 
 P.\GE 
 
 Gedney, Frederick G. 216 
 
 Griffin, Eugene 169 
 
 Grosjean, Florian 157 
 
 Gross, Michael C 211 
 
 Gwynne, David Eli 275 
 
 Gwynne, Abram Evans 275 
 
 Guggenheimer, Randolph 89 
 
 Hall, Alvah 1S8 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander 50 
 
 Hamersly, Jas. Hooker. 148 
 
 Hamersly, John W 147 
 
 Harper, Edward B 19 
 
 Harper, O. M 262 
 
 Heald, Daniel Addison 206 
 
 Heinze, Otto 113 
 
 Hess, Charles A 193 
 
 Hicks, James M 1 70 
 
 Hicks, William C 1 70 
 
 Hitchcock, W. G no 
 
 Hirsch, David 151 
 
 Hinsdale, E. B 156 
 
 Hildreth, J. Homer 82 
 
 Hoe, Robert 152 
 
 Hogan, Edward 31 
 
 Holcomb, Wright 153 
 
 Holm, Charles F 118 
 
 Homans, Sheppard 207 
 
 Hopper, Isaac A 233 
 
 Howard, Joseph Jr 2S0 
 
 Howell, T. P 100 
 
 Hume, William H 173 
 
 Huntington, Collis P 38 
 
 Ivison, D. B 263 
 
 James, Charles F 201 
 
 Kearney, James 166 
 
 Ketchum, Alexander P 61 
 
 Kip, Isaac L., M.D 231 
 
 Kent, James (Chancellor) 2 
 
 Koch, Joseph 272 
 
 Le Barbier, Charles E 240 
 
 Laidlaw, A. H., M.D 92 
 
 Langdon, Woodberry 220 
 
 Lardner, William J 14 
 
 Lauterbach, Edward 129 
 
 Lee, Homer 105 
 
 Leslie, Mrs. Frank 234 
 
 Leventritt, David 221 
 
 Levy, Ferdinand 183 
 
 Levy, Jefferson M 226 
 
 Libbey, Laura Jean 236 
 
 Logan, Walter S 6 
 
 Lounsherry, P. C 274 
 
 McAdam, Thomas 227 
 
 McAlpin, Edwin A 93 
 
 McAnemey, John 199 
 
 McCall, John A 15 
 
 McCarthy, John Henry 270 
 
 Mclntyre, Thomas A 189 
 
 McKee, Russell W 1S7 
 
 McKenna, William J 103 
 
 McKoon, D. D 203 
 
 Mackey, Charles W 96 
 
 Mann, W. D 267 
 
 Maurer, Henry 130 
 
 May, Lewis 102 
 
 Meade, Clarence W 33 
 
 Melville, Henry 40 
 
 Merriam, Arthur Lewis 65 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Merritt, Israel J 213 
 
 Mmton, Maurice M 256 
 
 Mitchell, Charles Elliot 23 
 
 Mitchell, John J 273 
 
 Montague, George 248 
 
 Munn, O. D 162 
 
 Munroe, Norman L 100 
 
 Murray, Charles H 263 
 
 Newman. Henry 90 
 
 Nissen, Ludwig 47 
 
 O'Connor, N. R 271 
 
 Ohmeis, Joseph M 107 
 
 Olcott, J. Van Vechten 16 
 
 Otis, E. G 21 
 
 Ottendorfer, Oswald 62 
 
 Page, George Ham i8i 
 
 Page, R. C. M., M.D 72 
 
 Parker, Willard, M.D 95 
 
 Peckham, William G 49 
 
 Pitcher, James Robertson 108 
 
 Piatt, Thomas C 5 
 
 Platzek, M. Worley 257 
 
 Porter, Horace 198 
 
 Porter, Robert P 277 
 
 Pryibil, Paul 125 
 
 Quincey, John W 51 
 
 Ransom, Rastus S 53 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw 277 
 
 Renwick, Edward S 25 
 
 Renwick, James 8 
 
 Rhinelander, Philip 133 
 
 Rhinelaader, T. J. Oakley 37 
 
 Ringler, Frederick A 63 
 
 Ripley. Chauncey B. . . . 17 
 
 Rochfort, Thomas E 174 
 
 Rogers, Henry A 215 
 
 Rogers, Walter B 244 
 
 Roosevelt, Robert B 197 
 
 Rouss, Charles Broadway 179 
 
 Ruszits, John ■. . . . 115 
 
 St. John, William Pope 13 
 
 Sackett, Henry Woodward 35 
 
 Schampain, C. J 261 
 
 Schley, J. M., M.D 20 
 
 Schieren, Charles A 230 
 
 Schmid, August 41 
 
 Schumann, Charles W 120 
 
 Schwarz, Anton 177 
 
 Scribner, John M 86 
 
 Seaman, Robert 88 
 
 Sullivan, T. D 272 
 
 See, Horace 9 
 
 Shayne, C. C 26S 
 
 Sheldon, Edward VV 187 
 
 Shepard, Elliot F 279 
 
 Shera, J. Fletcher 66 
 
 Simmons, J. Edward 11 
 
 Smith, Charles Stewart 7 
 
 Smith, Gouverueur M. . M.D 104 
 
 Smith, J. J 185 
 
 Smith, John Sabine 43 
 
 Smith. Jer. T 106 
 
 Smith, Ormond G 226 
 
 Smith, William Alex.mder 55 
 
 Smith, William Bro 239 
 
 Snook, John B 34 
 
 Soulard, A. L 122 
 
 Spencer. James C 22 
 
NEW YORK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 I 
 
 PAIIR 
 
 Stuytun, William H 175 
 
 Steinway, William -i) 
 
 Stewart, John A 119 
 
 Stewart, Lispenard 71 
 
 Stokes, Henry 159 
 
 Sturgis, Frank K 127 
 
 Sully, Alfred 252 
 
 Sulzer, William 224 
 
 Sutro, Theodore 260 
 
 Tamsen, Edward T. H 84 
 
 Taylor. Alfred 99 
 
 Taylor, W. S 259 
 
 Thom, Arthur M 254 
 
 Thompson, Lewis 249 
 
 Tiemann, George 217 
 
 Tilford, Frank 251 
 
 Tilford, J. M. . 250 
 
 Tingue, John H 21 S 
 
 Townsend, John P 81 
 
 Twombley, Horatio N 222 
 
 Van Bokkelen, Spencer D. C 209 
 
 Van Cott, Cornelius 59 
 
 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 194 
 
 Voorhees, Philip R 225 
 
 Yrooman, John W 9S 
 
 Walker, John Brisben 247 
 
 Wagner, Albert 255 
 
 Ward, Frederick A 91 
 
 Welch, David 176 
 
 Welde, Charles 121 
 
 Wemple, Christ(jpher Yates 158 
 
 Webb, W. H 69 
 
 Whalen, John 237 
 
 Wheeler, Jerome Byron 156 
 
 White, Stephen V 2(J4 
 
 Wicke, George 214 
 
 Wilcox, Vincent M 28 
 
 Wild, Joseph 45 
 
 Williams, G. G 246 
 
 Wilson, George 54 
 
 Wilson, James W 254 
 
 Windmliller, Louis 29 
 
 Wise, Otto Irving 260 
 
 Wood, William 12 
 
 Wormna, James H 274 
 
 Zabriskie, Nelson 229 
 
 Zucker, Alfred 87 
 
 PART 111. 
 
 BUSINESS INTERESTS. 
 
 PACE. 
 
 American Safe Deposit Co 6 
 
 Anchor Line of Steamships 23 
 
 Ansonia Brass & Copper Company... 12 
 
 Atlas Line of Steamships 43 
 
 Boericke & Tafel 40 
 
 Bloomingdale Brothers 29 
 
 Bloss. James 50 
 
 Cockerill, John A 60 
 
 Collins & Co 17 
 
 Campbell, William, & Co 21 
 
 Dawson & Archer 22 
 
 Dexter, Lambert & Co 28 
 
 Dolge, Alfred 25 
 
 Dre.xel, Morgan & Co 8 
 
 Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse 35 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Eagle I'cncil Company 19 
 
 Fairchild !5rothers i.V Foster 30 
 
 Hall, Alvah, & Co 35 
 
 Hart Bros. , Tibbctts &- Co 17 
 
 Hendricks Brothers 31 
 
 Hoe's, James C, Sons 43 
 
 Hoe, R., & Co 55 
 
 Horn, Charles 15 
 
 Hotel, The New Ketherland 52 
 
 H(.itel Savoy 49 
 
 Hotel Waldorf 52 
 
 Jackel, Hugo 38 
 
 Keller, John W 60 
 
 Kroeber, F., Co 38 
 
 Lamb Sc Rich 25 
 
 Lee. William H 32 
 
 Merck ^*c C.J 36 
 
 Maurer, Henry, &: Sun 26 
 
 Oelbermann, Dommerich & Co 19 
 
 Pelgran'; & Meyer 33 
 
 .Sweetser, Pembrook & Co 30 
 
 The Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk 
 
 Company 40 
 
 The Bank of New York National 
 
 Banking As.sociation 51 
 
 The Bank for Savings 51 
 
 The Chemical National Bank 3 
 
 The Central National Bank 7 
 
 The Central Trust Company 51 
 
 The Century Company 42 
 
 The Fair & Square Ribbon Mill 13 
 
 (Joseph Loth Co.) 
 
 The Gallatin National Bank 53 
 
 The General Electric Companj- 15 
 
 The Knickerbocker Trust Company. . 51 
 The Lalance & Grosjean Manufactur- 
 ing Company 28 
 
 The Lincoln National Bank 54 
 
 The Manhattan Savings Institution . . 8 
 
 The Manhattan Trust Company. ... 53 
 
 The Mercantile National Bank 55 
 
 The Metropolitan Telephone cV Tele- 
 graph Company 11 
 
 The Merchants' Exchange National 
 
 Bank 53 
 
 The Mills Building 10 
 
 The Mount Morris Electric Light 
 
 Company 13 
 
 The Mutual Life Insurance Companv 
 
 of New York 15 
 
 The Mutual Reserve Fund Life 
 
 Association 23 
 
 The National Bank of the Republic, 55 
 The National Park Bank of New 
 
 York 3 
 
 The New York Cotton Exchange. ... 50 
 The New York Life Insurance Com- 
 pany 21 
 
 The New York Recorder 5S 
 
 The Press Club 57 
 
 The Ringler Brewery 27 
 
 The Second National Bank 4 
 
 The Seventh National Bank 7 
 
 The Third National Bank 53 
 
 The William Strange Company 29 
 
 Travel's Brothers 30 
 
 Trenholm, William, Teele Sc Co. . 22 
 
 Tostevin's, Peter, Sons 43 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Turner, George W 59 
 
 LTnited Silk Manufacturing Co 43 
 
 LTnited States Trust Company 10 
 
 Union Dime Savings Institution 7 
 
 EDUCATIONAL AND MEDICAL. 
 
 Columbian Institute 48 
 
 Eclectic Medical College 47 
 
 New York Medical College and Hos- 
 pital for Women 46 
 
 The Berkley School 46 
 
 The New York Homieopathic Med- 
 ical College and Hospital 44 
 
 Van Norman Institute 46 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 American Safe Deposit Company's 
 
 Building 6 
 
 Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Com- 
 pany's Factory, Jliddletown, N. Y., 41 
 Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Com- 
 pany's Factory, Dixon, 111 41 
 
 Ansonia Brass & Copper Company's 
 
 Works . 12 
 
 Asch i: Jaeckel's Fur Establishment, 39 
 
 Bloomingdale Brothers' Building 29 
 
 Bloss, James 50 
 
 Campbell, William, & Company's Fac- 
 tory 22 
 
 Century Com])any s Business Office, 42 
 Collins & Company's Works. Collins- 
 
 ville. Conn., 1S26. 17 
 
 Collins & Company's Works, Collins- 
 
 ville, Conn., 1893 17 
 
 Columbia Institute 48 
 
 Commerce 2 
 
 Dolgeville, N. Y. , View of . .■ 24 
 
 Dolge, Alfred, Felt Mills and Sound- 
 ing Board Factory. Dolgeville, N. Y. 24 
 Drexel, Morgan &. Co.'s Building. ... g 
 
 Duparquet, L. F 34 
 
 Eagle Pencil Company's Works.. - .. 18 
 Hendricks Brothers' Belleville Copper 
 
 Mills 32 
 
 Hotel The New Netherland 52 
 
 Hotel Savoy 49 
 
 Hotel Waldorf 53. 
 
 Huot, Pierre 34 
 
 Keller, John W 60 
 
 Manhattan Savings Institution 8 
 
 Manufacturing 37 
 
 Maurer, Henry, <S: Son, Brick Works.. 26 
 Merck & Company's Building, World's 
 
 Fair, Chicago 36 
 
 Merck tS: Company's Laboratories 
 
 and Works 36 
 
 Moneuse, Elie 34 
 
 Moneuse. E. J 34 
 
 The Berkley School 47 
 
 The Chemical National Bank 3 
 
 The General Electric Company's 
 
 Head Office, New York 16 
 
 The General Electric Company, 
 
 Schenectady, N. Y 16 
 
 The General Electric Company. Lynn, 
 
 Mass 16 
 
 The General Electric Company, Har- 
 rison, N. J 16 
 
NEW YOEK, THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 PACE 
 
 The Hoe Printing Machines 56. 57 
 
 The balance & Grosjean Manufactur- 
 
 ing Company's Factories 28 
 
 The Lincoln National Bank, Office of 
 
 President and Vice-President 54 
 
 The Metropolitan Telephone & Tele- 
 graph Company Switch Board 11 
 
 The Mills Building 10 
 
 The Mount Morris Electric Light 
 
 Company's Works 13 
 
 The Mutual Life Insurance Company 
 
 of New York, Buildings 14 
 
 The Mutual Reserve Fund Life As- 
 sociation, Buildings 23 
 
 The New York Homoeopathic Medi- 
 cal College and Hospital 45 
 
 The New York Life Insurance Com- 
 pany's Buildings 20 
 
 The National Park Bank, of New York 4 
 The New York Recorder Building. . , 58 
 
 The Ringler Brewery 27 
 
 The Second National Bank, Interior 
 
 View 5 
 
 Turner, G. W 59 
 
 Travers Brothers' Factory 31 
 
 Union Dime Savings Institution. ... 7 
 
 REFERENCE INDEX. 
 
 American Axe & Tool Company. ... 97 
 
 Ames Iron Works 65 
 
 Ames & Shera 66 
 
 American Book Company 263 
 
 Addison & Mann 116 
 
 Anthony, E. & H. T 28 
 
 Appleton, D., & Co 242 
 
 Aspen Mining & Smelting Com- 
 pany 157 
 
 Baker, Smith & Co 185 
 
 Banks & Brothers 202 
 
 Barron, James, & Co 131 
 
 Barnes, A. S., & Co 266 
 
 Bixby, S. M., & Co 182 
 
 Blanchard, Gay & Phelps 42 
 
 Belding Brothers & Co 155 
 
 Belmont, August, & Co 203 
 
 Bliss, Fabyan & Co 51 
 
 Bloomingdale Brothers 172 
 
 Bloss, J. O., & Co 50 
 
 Benedict, Torrey & Twombly 222 
 
 Brooklyn Brass & Copper Co 169 
 
 Bruce & Cook 186 
 
 Bushwick Glass Works 149 
 
 I'.VGE 
 
 Bunzl, J., & Sons 116 
 
 Cantor, Linson & Van Shaick 1 1 1 
 
 Carrere & Hastings 123 
 
 Chamber of Commerce 7 
 
 Clews, Henry, Co 133 
 
 Conover, W. A. & F. E 165 
 
 Cornell, J. B. & J. M 164 
 
 Crouch & Fitzgerald 1 64 
 
 Davol, John, & Sons. 169 
 
 De La Vergne Refrigerator Machine 
 
 <^o-- ■. 57 
 
 Dimond, G. & T 121 
 
 Eaton & Lewis 154 
 
 Fairchikl Bros. & Foster 223 
 
 Earner, A. D. , & Co 266 
 
 Farquhar, A. B., & Co 167 
 
 Fisk, Harvey, &• Sons 63 
 
 Freeman, W. B, & Co 245 
 
 Friend & House 163 
 
 Foster, Paul, & Co 210 
 
 German -American Real Estate Title 
 
 & Trust Co 122 
 
 Gilbert Manufacturing Company .. . 126 
 
 Grand Union Hotel 84 
 
 Harrison, W. S. , & Co 20 
 
 Heinze, Loewy & Co 112 
 
 Hess, Townsend & McClelland 143 
 
 Hirsch, D., & Co 151 
 
 Hitchcock, W. G., & Co 113 
 
 Hoadly, Lauterback & Johnson 129 
 
 Holland Societj' of the City of New 
 
 York 197 
 
 Home Insurance Company 206 
 
 Hopper, Isaac A., & Co 232 
 
 Hornblower, Byrne & Taylor in 
 
 Horton, H. L., & Co 240 
 
 Howell, T. P., & Co 100 
 
 Hyland & Zabriskie 229 
 
 Joy, Landon &■ Co 220 
 
 Kearney &• Foot 166 
 
 Knickerbocker Trust Co 80 
 
 Lardner A: McAdam 14 
 
 Logan, Clark & Deraond 6 
 
 McAlpin, D. H., & Co 93 
 
 McElfatrick, J. B. , & Sons 36 
 
 Mclntyre & Wardwell 180 
 
 McKim, Meade & White 86 
 
 McKoon & Luckey 203 
 
 Mackey, Forbes & Hewes 97 
 
 May & King 102 
 
 Mergenthaler Linotype Co 25S 
 
 Merritt Wrecking Organization 213 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mutual Reserve Fund Life Associ- 
 ation iq 
 
 Munn & Co i (,2 
 
 New York Stock Exchange 127 
 
 Newman, Henry, & Co 90 
 
 Nissen, Ludwig, & Co 46 
 
 Otis Brothers & Co 20 
 
 Olcott & Olcott 16 
 
 Palatine Fire Insurance Company. . 12 
 
 Park &• Tilford 257 
 
 Pottier, Stymus & Co 13 
 
 Ouincy, John W., & Co 57 
 
 Ringler, F. A., & Co 63 
 
 Rochfort & Stayton 174 
 
 Rogers, H. A., & Co 215 
 
 Sackett & Bennett 36 
 
 Schieren, Charles A., & Co 230 
 
 Schumacher & Ettlinger 23 
 
 Seaman, Robert, & Co 88 
 
 Shepard & Dudley 204 
 
 Southern National Ba'ik 264 
 
 Standard Pearl Button Company. . . 97 
 
 Steinway & Sons 80 
 
 Sterling Steel Co 97 
 
 Strong, W. L., & Co 128 
 
 Tait, J. Selwin, & Sons 267 
 
 Taylor &: Bloodgood 259 
 
 The Bank of North America 98 
 
 The Chase National Bank iS 
 
 The Fourth National Bank 11 
 
 The Gilbert Manufacturing Co 126 
 
 The Homer Lee Bank Note Com- 
 pany 105 
 
 The Mercantile National Bank 13 
 
 The Provident Savings Life Assur- 
 ance Society 207 
 
 The United States Mutual Accident 
 
 Association loS 
 
 Thom & Wilson 254 
 
 Tiemann, George, & Co 217 
 
 Trask, Spencer & Co 104 
 
 L'nited States Savings Bank 31 
 
 Vesuvius and its Builders 9 
 
 Webb's Acadenry and Home for 
 
 Shipbuilders 70 
 
 Weber, J. & L 233 
 
 Welch & Daniels 176 
 
 Wendell, Fay & Co 253 
 
 White, S. v., & Co 204 
 
 Wicke, Wm., & Co 214 
 
 Work, Strong &• Co 127 
 
 V 
 

 
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