tirt J' ii mm iift i it, tiki t it ritl 1: it t ii t II X m j ' : ; ; ■-. - - d r : ■ :. I 1 : z : :;; ■ .; ■ ^ '] t ; \ t- Ii i i 1 i\h > «**!■ '^.^, ^_^ >^_^ s,V_^ , !:S:gSL^?^-Sg^^ THE PROGRESS UNITED STATES OE AMERICA, FEOM THE EAELIEST PERIODS. GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL RETURNS, ETC., BY RICHARD SWAINSON FISHER, M.D,, AUTHOR OF THE " BOOK OF THE WORLD," THE " STATISTICAL GAZETTEER OF THE UmTED STATES OP AMERICA," LITERARY EDITOR OF COLTOn's " ATLAS OF THE WORLD," AND EDITOR OF THE "AMERICAN RAILWAY GUIDE," ETC., ETC. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON & COMPAJSTY, No. 172 WILLIAM STREET. 1854. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by J. H. COLTON AND COMPANY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. N. Y. Stereotype Association, Pudney & Eussell, Printers, 201 "WUliam Street. 79 John Street, N. Y. r^ .\ ^K* 9- CO ADVERTISEMENT. A FEW years posterior to the fonnclation of the constitutional government of the United States, a census of the population thereof was taken under the authority of Congress in accordance with a provision of the fundamental law; and subsequently at the end of each period of ten years, similar and successively more and more minute censuses have been instituted. These enumerations have also embraced inquiries into the social and industrial status of the country, and its resources and wealth for the time being, with such collaterate inquiries as were deemed important to the determination of the economic and political relations of the States constituting the Union. The first national census was taken in 1790, and the seventh and latest census in the year 1850. Intermediate to these decennial enumerations, the States individually have likewise made numerous statistical inquiries, which are still being continued at periods varying from two to ten years. These show the progress of the United States from the first years of their aggregate existence, and, in connection with the annual returns published by the State and general government, are the ground- work of the statistical portion of the present work. The "Pkogeess of the United States," however, is not confined alone to a statistical analysis of the development of the country. In. its pages will be found a complete description of its geography, both in relation to the States severally, and also to the Union. The general history of the rise of the colonies, their struggles in the cause of liberty, their transformation into independent governments, and their onward progi-ess are also summed up, and their present relative condition and position in the Union fully illus- trated. The subjects more particularly noticed are the mining, agriculture, commerce, and general industry of the States, their institutions of learning and education, their religious and moral institutions, and, in fact, all the ADVERTISEMENT. great interests which make and distinguish their social, industrial, and political existence. Such are the various subjects treated upon ; and cer- tainly none can be more interesting — none more useful to the inquiring citizen. Without entering into minute and controverted details, which would extend his work to many volumes, the author has endeavored to exhibit clearly and truthfully the history of events, their results, and the high destiny that awaits the future of a country already distinguished among nations for its enlightened civilization, and the successful achieve- ment of a position second to that of no other nation of ancient or modern times. The whole work has been arranged in alphabetical order, so as to be of easy reference, and is divided into three general divisions : 1st. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of the United States. 2d. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of the States and Territories. 3d. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of principal cities, towns, etc., and these are followed by several general tables relative to railroads, canals, telegraphs, light-houses, etc., etc. This arrangement avoids the necessity of a general Index to the subjects treated upon. A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. The United States, a confederacy of sovereign States, and the most influential republic of the ■world, occupies the middle portion of North America. This confederation, consisting originally of thirteen States, but now of thirty-one States, the federal district, and several territorial append- ages, lies between the parallels of 24° and 49° north latitude, and the meridians of 10°east and 48° west from AVashington, or 67° and 125° from Greenwich, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the British colonies on the north, to the republic of Mexico and the great Gulf on the south. The whole extent of this boundary is now definitely settled by treaty.* The greatest width of this country, from east to west, is 2,900 miles, and the greatest depth, from north to south, 1,730 miles. Its area may be estimated at 3,200,000 square miles, including California, Texas, etc. , recently acquired. It has a frontier of about 10,000 miles, of which 4,400 is sea-coast, and 1,500 lake-coast. The territory of the United States is traversed by two principal chains of mountains, the AUe- ghanies on the east side, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. These divide the country into three distinct regions : the Atlantic slope, the valley of the Mississippi, and the declivity from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. The Alleghanies are less a chain of mountains than a long plateau, crested with several chains of mountains or hills, separated from each other by wide and elevated valleys. East of the Hudson the mountains are chiefly granitic, witli rounded summits, often covered at their tops with bogs and turf, and distributed in irregular groups without any marked direction. Some peaks of the Green Mountains, in Vermont, and the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, rise to the heiglit of 5,000 to 6,400 feet above the sea. After passing the Hudson, the structure of the mountains seems to change. In Pennsylvania and Virginia they assume the form of long parallel ridges, varying in height from 2,500 to 4,000 feet and occupying a breadth of one hundred miles. In North Carolina, the highest culmination is 6,476 feet; but in the northern part of Georgia and Alabama, where they terminate, they again lose the form of continuous chains, and break into groups of isolated mountains, touching at their base, some of which attain a considerable elevation. The Rocky Mountains are on a much grander scale than the Alleghanies. Their base is 300 miles in breadth, and their loftiest summits, covered witli everlasting snow, rise to the heiglit of 10 to 14,000 feet. These vast chains may be considered as a continuation of the Cordilleras of Mexico. They are distant from the Pacific Ocean from 5 to 600 miles, but between them and the coast several minor ranges intersect the country, of which the Maritime Range is the most conspicuous. The immense valley included between these two ranges of mountains is intersected by the Mis- sissippi Rivei, which runs, from north to south, all througli the United States. The country west of the Mississippi, with little exception, is yet a wilderness, inhabited by roving bands of Indians, and beyond the limits of the organized States the whites have scarcely a settlement; but the country east of that river is thickly populated, and in the highest state of cultivation. The most remarkable feature in the face of the country is the low plain, from 50 to 100 miles wide, which extends along the Atlantic coast. Beyond this plain the land rises toward the interior till it ter- minates in the Alleghanies. The rest of the country east of the Mississippi is agreeably diversified ♦ The treaties relative to these boundaries are, 1. Treaty of Paris, 1783. 2. Treaty of London, 1794. 3. Louisiana Treaty, 1803. 4. Treaty of Ghent. 1814. 5. Convention of London, 1818 and 1828. 6. Florida Treaty, 1819. 7. Treaty with Mex- ico, 1828. 8. Treaty with Russia, 1824. 9. Ashburton Treaty, 1842. 10. Texas Annexation Kesolutions, 1S45. 11. Oregon Treaty, 1846. 12. Treaty of Guadalupe, 1843. 6 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ■with hills and valleys, plains and mountains. The soil of the low country, except on the banks of crocks and rivers, is sandy, and comparatively unproductive ; but the remainder has a strong, fertile Boil, capable of supporting a dense population. The Pacific section is a highly varied country, abounding in wild and majestic scenery, and traversed by magnificent rivers. Much, however, of its interior is desert, and will probably never be inhabited by civilized man. The great California desert, indeed, is one of the dreariest regions of the world, the solitude being relieved only by a few oases in the neighborhood of streams, or on the borders of its numerous lakes ; on these alone is there even an aboriginal population. The shores of the United States are washed by three seas : the Atlantic Ocean, on the east, the Gulf of Mexico, on the south, and the Pacific Ocean, on the west. The principal bays and sounds on the Atlantic border are Passamaquoddy Bay, which lies between the State of Maine and the British province of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod; Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Connecticut; Delaware Bay, which sets up between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, separating the States of New Jersey and Delaware ; Chesa- peake Bay, which communicates with the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, extending in a northern direction for 200 miles, through the States of Virginia and Maryland; Albemarle Sound, and Pamlico Sound, on the coast of North Carolina. There are no large bays or sounds on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific coast, however, there are several excellent bays, but the principal and only one necessary to mention is the Bay of San Francisco, in the State of California. It is one of the finest bays in the world, and capable of containing the navies of all the European powers at one time. With the exception of Michigan and Champlain, none of the great lakes of North America lie wholly within the territory of the United States ; the rest are on the northern boundary, where they form a connected chain, extending through a distance of more than 1,200 miles. The first in the chain is Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Few persons are really aware of the magnitude of these great lakes ; they are truly inland seas, and navigation is as dangerous, and subjected to all the vicissitudes which are connected with the navigation of the Baltic, the Black Sea, or the Mediterranean. The following is a tabular statement of the extent of these fresh- water seas, with the mean depth of their waters, and their elevation above the sea. Names. Mean Length. Mean Breadth. Area. Mean Depth. E lev. above the Sea, Lake Superior 400 miles SO miles 32,000 sq. m 900 feet 596 feet. " Michigan 320 " TO " 22,400 " 1.000 " 573 " " Huron 240 " SO " 20,400 " 1,000 " 5T3 " " Green Bay 100 " 20 " 2.000 •' 1,000 " 5T3 " " Erie 240 " 40 " 9,600 " 84 " 565 " " Ontario ISO " -35 " 6.3O0 " 5'>0 " 232 " " St. Clair 20 " 14 « 360 " 20 " 570 " Lake Champlain, lying between Vermont and New York, is 128 miles long, and from 1 to 16 miles wide, and discharges its waters through the Sorel into the St. Lawrence. It is computed that the lakes contain above 14,000 cubic miles of water — a quantity more than five-sevenths of all the fresh water on the earth. The extent of country drained by the lakes, from the north-western angle of Superior to the St. Lawrence, including also the area of the lakes themselves, is estimated at 335,515 square miles. The principal rivers of the United States may be divided into four classes. First, the Mississippi and its wide-spread branches, which drain the waters of the whole country included between the Alleghany and Fiocky Mountains ; secund, the rivers east of the Alleghany Mountains, which, rising from their eastern declivity, water the Atlantic plain, and hence flow into the ocean ; third, the system of rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, which may be subdivided into those flowing from the southern slope of the AUeghanies, and those having their source in the north-western highlands of Texas; and, fourth, those sti-eams on the west of the Fiocky Mountains, which flow into the Pacific Ocean. The Mississippi rises west of Lake Superior, in latitude 47° 47' north, amid lakes and swamps, dreary and desolate beyond description ; and after a south-east course of about 500 miles, reaches the Falls of the St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly IG feet, and where are numerous rapids. From these falls it pursues at fii'st a south-easterly, and then a southerly direction ; and, after forming the boundary between Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, on the west, and Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, on the east, passes through Louisiana, and discharges itself through a delta of many mouths into the Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3,200 miles in length, and is navigable, with few obstructions, to the Falls of St. Anthony. Its principal tributaries from the east are — 1. The Wisconsin, which joins it between the paral- lels of 42° and 43° north latitude ; — 2. The Illinois, a navigable river, which joins it near latitude e UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 880 40' north ;— 3. The Ohio, which is itself formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Monon- gahela rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separatino- the north-western States from Virginia and Kentucky, and falls into the Mississippi in 37° north°lati- tude. The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabasli, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, which last is formed of several streams from the western parts of Virginia and the Carolinas, which unite a little west of Knoxville, in the State of Tennessee, and runs at first south-west into Alabama, where it turns and runs north-west, through Tennessee into Kentucky, and joins the Ohio 10 miles below the mouth of the Cumberland ; and— 4. The Yazoo, which rises in the northern part of the State of Mississippi, and, running south-west, joins the Mississippi 100 miles above Natchez. The tributaries from the west are— 1. The Minnesota, or St. Peter's, which joins it about nine miles below the Falls of St, Anthony, after a south-east course of several hundred miles ;— 2. The Des Moines, which joins it near the parallel of 40° north latitude, after a south-easterly course of more than 800 miles ;— 3. The Missouri, which is formed by three branches, called Jefferson's, Madison's, and Gallatin's rivers, all of which rise and unite in the Rocky Mountains. The whole length, from the highest point of Jefferson's River, to the confluence with the Mississippi, is, by actual course, about 2,500 miles, and to the Gulf of Mexico nearly 4,000 miles ; during the whole of which distance there is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigation, except at Great Falls, which are above 2,000 miles from the Mississippi. At these falls the river descends, in the distance of 18 miles, 362 feet. The principal tributaries of the Missouri are the Yellow Stone, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and joins it after a north-easterly course of 600 miles ; the Nebraska, or Platte, which rises also in those mountains, and, after an easterly course of 800 miles, joins the Missouri in latitude 41° north; and the Kansas, which joins it near latitude 39° north, after an easterly course of more than 600 miles;— 4. The Arkansas, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and pursuing a south-easterly course, forms, for some distance, the boundary between the Indian Territory and Texas; after which its course lies principally in the State of Arkansas, till it joins the Mississippi in 34° north latitude. Its length is more than 1,300 miles ;— 5. The Red River, which also rises in the Rocky Mountains, below Sante Fe, and, after a south-easterly course of more than 1,000 miles, falls into the Mississippi in latitude 31° north. The principal rivers east of the Alleghanies are— 1. The Connecticut, which rises in the highlands separating the United States from Canada, and running southerly, divides New Hampshire from Vermont, and passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound. It is navigable for sloops for fifty miles to Hartford, and by means of canals and other improvements, has been rendered passable for boats 250 miles farther ;— 2. The Hudson, which rises west of Lake Champlain, and pursuing a southerly course of more than 300 miles, falls into the Bay of New- York, after receiving numerous affluents. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, 130 miles, and for sloops and steamboats to Troy, 40 miles farther. It is connected with Lakes Champlain, Erie, and Ontario by means of canals from Albany, and with the Delaware by a canal from Rondout ;— 3. The Delaware, which rises in New York, and flowing southerly, separates Pennsylvania from New- York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware Bay, after a course of 300 miles. It is navigable for ships of the line 40 miles, to Philadelphia, and for sloops 35 miles farther, to the head of the tide at Trenton Falls ;— 4. The Susquehanna, which also rises in New York, and, pursuing a southerly zig-zag course through Pennsylvania, falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay, near the north-east corner of Maryland. During the last 50 miles the navigation is obstructed by an almost continued series of rapids;— 5. The Potomac, which rises in the Alleghanies, and, after forming, during its whole course, the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, falls into Chesapeake" Bay. It is navigable for ships of the largest dimensions to Washington, the federal capital, about 200 miles from the ocean ; but in the upper part of its course there are numerous obstacles, many of which, however have been overcome by canals ;— 6. James River, which rises in the mountains^ and falls into the southern part of Chesapeake Bay; and— 7. The Savannah, which forms the dividing line between South Carolina and Georgia, and falls into the Atlantic in latitude 32° north. It is navi- gable for large vessels to Savannah, 17 miles ; and for boats to Augusta, 130 miles farther. The principal rivers which rise south of the Alleghanies, and foil into the Gulf of Mexico, are— 1. The Appalachicola, which discharges itself into Apalachee Bay, in Florida. It is formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, the former of which rises in the northern part of Georgia, and flowing south, receives the Flint at the south-west extremity of the State. During the latter part of its course, the Chattahoochee forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama ;— 2. The Mobile, which discharges itself into Mobile Bay. It is formed by two large rivers, the Ala- bama and Tombigbee, which unite near latitude 31° north, after having pursued each a separate course of many hundred miles. There is another system of rivers flowing into the Gulf from the 7 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. highlands of northern Texas, consisting of the Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, etc., which need only be mentioned here, as the geography of Texas will be minutely described elsewhere. The rivers flowing from the Kocky Mountains to the Pacific, consist of — 1. The Columbia, which rises near latitude 55° north, and running south-west, falls into the ocean in latitude iG° 15', after a course of 1 ,500 miles. Its principal tributaries are Clark's River, Lewis' River, and the Multno- mah or Willamette, all of whiCh join it on its left bank. This river was discovered in 1792, and settlements were made in the neighborhood by Americans in 1810. The mouth of the river is ob- structed by flats, but vessels of 300 tons can ascend to the distance of 125 miles, and large sloops farther; — 2. The Sacramento and San Joaquin, emptying into the Bay of San Francisco; — 3. The Buenaventura, rising in the coast range of the California Mountains, empties into Monterey Bay; — 4. The Colorado, and River Gila (which separates Mexico from the United States), flow from the mountains near Santa Fe, and would, if not received by the Gulf of California, empty into the Pacific ; they belong, however, to the same system of rivers. The government of the United States is a federal democratic republic. It is based on the consti- tution of 1787, and amendments thereto. The electors of the most numerous branch of the several State Legislatures are qualified electors in the States respectively for all elective officers of the general government. All legislative powers are vested in Congress, which consists of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives. The " House of Representatives" is composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and in number in accordance with the population of each, and in order to ascertain the number each State is entitled to, a census is taken every ten years, excluding from the enumeration for this object two-thirds of the slaves, and all Indians not taxed. Each State is entitled to at least one representative. Vacancies are filled by intermediate elections. The House chooses its speaker and other officers. No person under twenty-five years of age, who has been less than seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is not a resident of the State electing him, is qualified for representative. The constitution provided for a specific number of representatives from each State to compose the House until the ascertainment of the population under the census of 1790; but since then legisla- tion has decennially fixed the number to be elected. From the 3d INIarch, 1793, the apportionment was one representative to every 33,000 of the representative population; after 1803, one to every 33,000 also ; after 1813, one to every 35,000 ; after 1823, one to every 40,000 ; after 1833, one to every 47,000; after 1843, one to every 70,680; and after 3d March, 1853, 233 representatives to be di- vided pro rata to the several States. The following table shows the number of representatives to which each State has been entitled since the establishment of the government : States. 1787. 1793. 1S03. 1813. 18-23. 1833. 1843. 1853, States. 17?7. 17'.i3. 1803. 1813. 1823. 1833. 18)3. 1853. Maine — . — . . — . . — . . 7 . . 8 . 7 . 6 Mississippi . . .. . — , — . — . — . 1 . 2 . 4 . 5 New Hampshire 3 . 4 . . 5 . . 6 . . 6 . . 5 . 4 . 3 Louisiana . . . . . . — . — . — . — . 3 . 3 . 4 Massaohnselts.. . 8 . 14 . . IT . . 20 . . 13 . . 12 . . 10 . 11 Tennessee... . . . — . — . 3 . 6 . 9 . 13 '. 11 . 10 Khode Island . . 1 . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . 2 Kentucliy . . . . . . — . 2 . 6 . 10 . 12 . . 13 . 10 .10 Connecticut 5 . . 7 . . T . . 7 . . 6 . . 6 . . 4 . 4 Ohio . . . — . — . — . 6 . 14 . 19 21 . 21 Vermont — . . 2 . . 4 . . 6 . . 5 . . 5 . . 4 . 3 Indiana . . . — . — . — . — . 8 . 7 '. 10 . 11 New York 6 . 10 . . 17 . . 27 . . 34 . . 40 . . 34 . 33 Illinois . . . — . — . — . — . 1 . 3 . 9 New Jersey 4 . . 5 . . 6 . . 6 . . 6 . . 6 . . 5 . 5 Missouri . . . — . — . — . — . 1 2 . 7 Pennsylvania. . . 8 . . 13. .18 . .23. . 26 . . 23 . . 24 . 2.5 Arkansas . . . — . — . — . — . — . — 2 Delaware 1 . . 1 . . 1 . . 2 . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . 1 Michigan . . . . . . — . — . — . — . — . — '. 4 Maryland 6 . 8 . . 9 . . 9 . . 9 . . 8 . . 6 . 6 Florida . . . — . — . — . — . — . — . 1 Virginia 10 . 19 . . 22 . . 23 . . 22 . . 21 . 15 . 13 Texas . . . — . — . — . — . — . — 2 . 2 North Carolina.. 5 . 10 . . 12 . . 13 . . 13 . . 13 . . 9 . 8 Iowa . . . — . — . — . — . — . — ; 2 • 2 South Carolina. . 5 . 6 . . 8 . . 9 . . 9 . 9 . 7 . 6 Wisconsin .. . . . — . . . — . — . — . . — . 3 Georgia 3 . 2 . . 4 . . 6 . . 7 . . 9 . 8 . 8 California . . . — — . . — — _ . 2 '. 2 Alabama — . . — . . — . . — . . 8 . . 5 . . 7 . 7 In addition to these representatives from States, the House admits a delegate from each organized Territory, who has the right to debate on subjects in which his Territory is interested, but can not vote. California has two members by a special act. The " Senate" consists of two members from each State, elected by the Legislatures thereof respectively for six years. One-third the whole body is renewed biennially, and if vacancies hap- pen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive of such State makes a temporary appointment until the next meeting of the Legislature, which fills such vacancy. Senators must be at least thirty years old, must have been citizens of the United States for nine years, and be residents of the State by which chosen. Each senator has one vote. The Vice-president of the United States is ex officio President of the Senate, but a president pro tern- pore is elected by and from among the Senators, who, in the absence of the president, acts in his stead. 8 UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. The constitutional government went into operation on the 4th March, 1789, but a quorum of the first Congress, which met at the city of New York, was not formed until the 6th April, nor was the first president of the United States inaugurated before the oOth April. The following is a complete list of sessions of Congress held up to the present time : Con- groBS. Ist-I 2d-| Sdj 4th I 5th -j 6th I 7th I 8th I 9th I 10th ■! llth-j 12th j 13th -^ 14th .1 Corrn lenced. Terminated. if„",-^^i„l 1st 6 April, 1789 29 Sept., 1TS9 176 2cl 4.Tan., 1790 12 Auc;., 1790 221 8d 6 Dec, 1790 3 Mar., 1791 88 1st 24 Oct., 1791 8 May, 1792 198 2d 5 Nov., 1792 2 Mar., 1793 118 1st 2 Dec, 1793 9 June, 1794 190 2d 3 Nov., 1794 3 Mar., 1795 121 l8t 7 Dec, 1795 IJime, 1796 178 2d 5 " 1796 3Mar., 1797 89 1st 15 May, 1797 10 July, 1797 57 2d 13N0V., 1797 16 " 1798 246 3d 3 Dec, 1793 3 Mar., 1799 91 1st 2 " 1799 14May, 1800 165 2d 17 Nov., 1800 3 Mar., 1801 107 1st 7Dec, 1801 3 May, 1802 148 2d 6 1st 17 Oct., 2d. 1802 3 Mar., 1803. 1803 27 " 1804. 1st 2 Dec, 2d 1 • 1st 26 Oct., 5 Nov., 1S04 3 .163 .119 2d. 1805 21 April, 1806 141 1806 3 Mar., 1807 93 1807 25 April, 1803 183 7 Nov., 1808 3 Mar., 1809 117 15th I ;ist 22 May, 1809 28 June, 1809 33 2d 27 Nov., 1809 1 May, 1810 156 ! 3d 3 Dec, 1810 3 Mar., 1811 91 list 4Nov., 1811 6July, 1812 246 2d 2 " 1812 3 Mar., 1813 122 I 1st 24May, 1813 2 Aug., 1813 71 2d 6 Dec 1813 IS April, 1814 134 ' 3(1 19 Sept., 1814 3 Mar., 1815 165 1st 4 Dec, 1815 30 April, 1816 149 : 2d 2 " 1816 3 Mar., 1817 92 1st. Commenced. Dec, 1821 . Terminated. ^^V' o[ Duration, 8 May, 1822 157 1822 3 Mar., 1823 93 1823 27 Mav, 1824 179 1824 3 Mar., 1825 8S 1825 23 May, 1826 169 1826 3 Mar., 1827 90 1827 26 May, 1828 176 1823 3 Mar., 1829 93 1829 31 May, 18.30 176 18-30 3 Mar., 1831 88 1831 14 July, 1832 223 18.32 3 Mar., 1833 91 1833 30 June, 18.34 211 1834 3 Mar., 1835 93 1835 4. July, 1836 211 1836 3 Mar., 1S37 89 :Sept., 1837 16 Oct, 1837 43 Dec, 1837 9 July, 1838 218 1838 3 Mar., 1839 91 1839 21 July, 1840 233 1840 3 Mar., 1811 87 1841 13 Sept., 1841 106 1 Dec, 1841 31 Aug., 1842 263 1842 3 Mar., 1843 88 1843 17 June, 1844 196 1S44 3 Mar., 1845 91 1845 10 Aug., 1846 253 1846 3 Mar., 1847 87 1847 14 Aug., 1848 252 1848 3 Mar., 1849 69 1849 30 Sept., 1850. 1850 3 Mar., 1851. May, .31 Aug, 1852 274 88 1851. 1852 3 Mar.', 1853. 1853 1854. 1854 3 Mar., 1855. .301 91 .1 " 1817 .30 April, 1818 151 .16 Nov., 1818 3 Mar., 1819 108 1<,,, (1st 6 Dec, 1819 15 May, 1820 162 ^'''"■j 2d 13 Nov., 1820 3 Mar., 1821 Ill Besides its ordinary legislative capacity, the Senate is vested with certain judicial functions, and its members constitute a High Court of Impeachment. No person can be convicted by this court unless on the finding of a majority of Senators, nor does judgment extend further than to removal from office and disqualification. Representatives have the sole power of impeachment. The Executive Power is vested in a President, who is elected by an Electoral College, chosen by popular vote, or by the Legislature of the State, the number of electors being equal to the number of Senators and Representatives from the States to Congress. His term of oflice is four years, but he is eligible for re-election indefinitely. The electors forming the college are themselves chosen in the manner prescribed by the laws of the several States. A majority of the aggregate number of votes given is necessary to the election of President and Vice-president, and if none of the can- didates has such a majority, then the election of President is determined by the House of Repre- sentatives, and that of the Vice-president by the Senate, from among the three candidates having the highest number of electoral votes, and in doing so, the vote is taken by States, the representa- tives of each State having only one vote, which must, of course, be determined by a majority of their number. No person can be President or Vice-president who is not a native-born citizen, of the age of thirty-five years, and who has been a resident of t*he United States for fourteen years. The President is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in the service of the Union. With the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate, he has the power to make treaties, appoint civil and military ofiicers, levy war, conclude peace, and do all that rightly belongs to the executive power. He has a veto on all laws passed by Congress, but so qualified, that notwithstand- ing his disapproval, any bill becomes a law on its being afterward approved of by two-thirds of both houses of Congress. The President has a salary of $25,000 per annum, and " the white house" at Washington for a residence during his official term. The Vice-president is ex-officio President of the Senate; and in case of the death, resignation, or other disability of the President, the powers and duties of that oflJce devolve upon him for the remainder of the term for which the President had been elected. This provision of the constitution, for the first time since the founda- tion of the government, came into operation in 1841, on the demise of the late lamented General Harrison, who died 4th April, just one month after his inauguration, when John Tyler, the Vice- president, succeeded. Vice-president Fillmore also succeeded President Taylor under this provi- 9 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. sion. In case of tlie disability of the Vice-president, the President of the Senate pro tempore takes his place. The offices of President and Vice-president have been occupied by the following gentlemen since the adoption of the constitution : PresiJents. Vice presidents. Terms of Office. 1. George Washington John Adams 80th April, 1789, to 4th March, 1793 2. Do. do Do. do 4th March, 179-3, " " 1797 3. John Adams Thomas Jefferson " 1797 " " 1801 4. Thomas Jefferson Aaron IJiirr " ISol " " 1805 5. Do. do George Clinton " 18(l5 " " 1809 6. James Madison Do. do. (d. 20lh Apr., 1S12) " 1809" " 1813 7. Do. do KIbr. Gerry (d. 23d November, 18U) " 1813" " 1S17 8. James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins " 1817 " " 1S21 9. Do. do Do. do " 1821 " " 1825 10. John Quincv Adams John C. Calhoun " 1825" " 1829 11. Andrew Jaekson Do. do. " 1829" " 1833 12. Do. do Martin Van Buren " 18:33" " 1S37 IS. Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson " 1S37 " " 1841 , . J William Henry Harrison lohn Tvler « 1841 " 4th April, 1841 ^*' I John Tyler (on the death of General Harrison) 4th April, 1841 " 4th March, 1845 15. James K. Polk Grorirc M. Dallas 4th March, 1845 " " 1849 -» J Zachary Taylor M ill;ird Fllhnore " 1349 " 9th July, 1850 ■'°- j Millard Fillmore (on the death of General Tavl. .r) 9th July, 1850 " 4th March, 1853 17. Franklin Pierce Wra. Kutus King (d. IS Ap., 1853) . 4th March, 1853 " " 1857 The administrative business of the nation is conducted by several officers, with the title of secre- taries, etc., vrho form what is termed the " Cabinet." These are the Secretary of State, the Secre- tary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Postmaster-general, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Attorney-general — the last being the official law authority for advisement in administrative aifairs. Each of these presides over a separate Department. The " Department of State" was created by an act of Congress of the 15th of September, 1789; by a previous act of the 27th of July, 1789, it was denominated the Department of Foreign Aifairs. It embraced, until the establishment of the Department of the Interior in 1849, what in some other governments are styled the Department of Foreign Affiiirs and Home Department; but the duties now being divided, it confines its operations almost entirely to foreign matters, and hence its original title might with propriety and convenience be restored. The Secretary of State conducts all treaties between the United States and foreign powers, and corresponds officially with the public ministers of. the government at foreign courts, and with min- isters of foreign powers, resident in the United States. He is intrusted with the publication of all treaties with foreign powers, preserves the originals of all treaties and of the public correspondence growing out of international intercourse ; grants passports to American citizens visiting foreign states, etc. He has charge of the Great Seal of the United States, but can not affix it to any com- mission until signed by the President, nor to any instrument without authority of the President. Secretaries of State — Salary SG,000 per Annum. Thomas Jefferson, Va... 26 Sept., 1789 Edmund Uan(l..lph,r(;.. 2 Jan., 1794 Timotliv Pickering, ra.. 4 Feb., 1795 John Marshall, Vit 13 Mav, ISOO James Madison. Va 5 Mar., ISdl Kobert Siiijlh, J/./ 6 " 1809 James Monroe, Vd 25 Nov., 1811 J. Q. Adams, Mass 5 Mar., 1817 Henry Clay, Ky 8 Mar., 1825 M. Van Buren, N. Y..... 6 " 1829 Ed. P. Livingslon, La... 1831 Li .uis M-Lane, Del 7 Mar., 1S33 John Forsyth, Ga 1S34 D. Webster, M S An.r lo^n i t>, k -f m5 Samuel D. liigham. Pa.. 6 " 1S29 Louis M-Laiie, JJel. is.31 William J. Duaue, Pa. . . isgg Roger B. Taney, 3/d... . 1,333 Levi Woodbury, A'. //"... 7 Mar. 1833 Thomas Ewing, Wtio 5 " ' 1841 ,000 per Annum. Walter Forward, Pa 13 Sept., 1841 J. C. Spencer, A^ Y..... 3 Mar., 1S43 George M. Bibb, Ay 15 June, 1844 w iLf^?"''''i'- 5''^' 5 Mar., 1S45 W. M. Meredith, P(f 6 ■• 1849 Thos. Corwin, Ohio 2ii .July isoo James Guthrie, Ay 5 Mar.', 1853 The Department of War" was created by an act of Congress of the 7th of August, 1789 and at first embraced not only military, but also naval affiiirs. The Secretary of War superin ends every branch of military affairs and has under his immediate direction the AcUutant-generll's Ic he Quartermaster-general's Bureau, the Paymaster's Bureau, the Subsistence Bureau he Medical Bureau, the Engineer Bureau, the Topographical Bureau, the Ordnance Bureau tc and the department has the superintendence of the erection of fortifications, of making publ c sur;eTs and other important services. b F^wiio burvej.&, ana Secretaries of War—Salary $6,000 per Annum. S«fy .Knox, Mass 12 Sept., 1789 , Isaac Shelley, Ay 5 Mar 1817 Tmi. Pickering, Pa 2 Jan.. 1795 J. C. Calhoun, K C. .... .16 Dec.",' 1817 James M'Henrv, Md 27 " ' 1796 Saml. Kexter, M.iss 13 May, 1800 Roger GriswoUl, Ct..... 3 Feb., 1801 Henry Dearborn, Mass.. 5 Mar., ISOl William Euslis "• ..7 •' I8u9 John Armstrong, A^ K.. 13 .Jan., 1813 James Barbour, Fhf. '. '. Peter B. Porter, y. V. . . J. H. Katon, 7>im. . .. Lewis Cass, 3/ich Joel K. Poinsett, 5. 0. John liell. 7'en)i. 7 Mar., 1825 26 May, 1828 9 Mar., 1S29 1831 7 " 1837 5 " 1841 James Monroe, Va 27 Sept., 1814 John M'Lean Ohi^ 1 ? slant 1 aTi Wm.H. Crawford. Ga... 2 Mir.; 1815 I J. C. b>ncer:^ K :::;ll Set' isll James W". Porter, Pa. .. 8 Mar., 1843 William Wilkins,P,f.... 15 Feb 1844 Wm.L Marcy,A^ F..... 5 Mar. 1845 Geo. W. Crawford, (P(f.. 6 " 1849 Edm Bates (declined) ..20 July, 1S50 Charles M. Conrad, La... 8 Aug, 1850 Jefferson Davis, 3riss.. . . 5 Mar., 1853 The Department of the Navy" was created by an act of Congress of the 30th of April 1798 era 1 lu\ "{ T '^"Z''''''' '" "''^^ '' "" "^^'^^^ ^-'-'^ ^-^ superintends naval alts gen eraly. Attached the Department are-a Bureau of Docks and Navy Yards, a Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, a Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repairs a Ba eau of Provisions and Clothing, a Bureau of Medical and Surgical IiiLum;nts, etc • nd th^N Honal Observatory a Washington is under the control of the Navy Department. The minist rial dXs of these several Bureaux were formerly exercised by a Board of Navy Commissioners! Secretaries of the Navy— Salary ,^6,000 per Annum. George Cabot, iJ/?7M. . . 3 May, 1798 I S. L. Southard, K J 9 Dec 192-? Beniamin Slodd.nrrL ;1/r/ 91 " itoq t .1,.. r,- „ ,',.-.' J J-'ec, l^J-i Benjamin Stoddard, J/tf. 21 "" 1798 Robert Smith. Md 26 Jan., 1802 J. Crowningshield. Mass. 2 Mar., 1805 Paul Hamiltim, & C. 7 " 1S09 William Jones, /"(( 12 Jan., 1S13 B.W. Crownings'd, 3fa.ss.l9 Dec, 1814 Smith Thompson, J^. r..30 Nov., ISIS John Bran.li, ^f. c. 9 Mar.! 1829 Levi \\ oodbury, A\ H... i%9,\ Mahlon Diokei-son, N. J. 1S34 '^- \ P-iul'lifg. N. Y.... .30 June, 1838 G. P. Badger, A-: C. 5 Mar., 1841 Abel P. Upshur, Ff/ 13 Sept.. 1841 David Heiishaw, i/(/«s...24 July, 1S43 T. W. Gdmer, Va 15 Feb., 1844 John X . Mason, Va 14 Mar 1844 George Bancroft, J/itos'.. 10 " 1845 John Y. Mason. Va 1346 William B. Preston, Va.. 6 Mar., 1849 Wm. A. Graham, N. C. .20 July, 1850 J. C. Dobbin, N. C. 5 Mar., 1863 The "Department of he Post-office" was established under the authority of the Old Congress Tr^^Postmaser-seneral has the chief direction of all postal arrangements with foreign st°"i as Z':^^:^o^'' '''''''''-'' ''-' ''' ''^'-'' ^^-- ^'^ ^p^°^— «^-' -^ the Postmasters- general— Salary $6,000 per Annum. Samuel Osgood, Mass...j 20 Julv, 1S50 Caleb Gushing, Mass... . 5 Mar., 1863 Edmund Randolph, Fff.. 26 Sept., 1T80 William Bradford, Prt... 27 .Tan.. 1794 Charles Lee, Va 10 Dec, 179.5 Levi Lineoln, i)/(/«« 5 Mar., ISOl Robert Smith. Md 2 " 1S05 John Breokenridgc, A>.2.3 Dec, 1S06 Ca>sar A. Rodney. Del...'i\ Jan., lSii7 William Pinekney, j1W..11 Dec., ISll Richard Rush, Fa 10 Feb., 1S14 William Wirt, Md 16 Dec, 1817 John MTh. Berrien, Ga. 9 Mar., 1829 Roser B. Taney, Md. .... 1831 Benj. F. Butler, iV; K. . . .25 Dec, 18-35 Felix Grundy, Tenn 1 Sept., 1S3S Henry D. Gilpin, />«.. ..11 Jan., 1840 John J. Crittenden, Ky. . 5 Mar., 1841 Hugh S. Leg.ar6, S.C....\Z Sept., 1841 Jolin Nelson, Md 1 July, 1843 The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in such other infe- rior courts as Congress may from time to time establish. The present judicial establishment con- sists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and District Courts. The " Supreme Court," the highest judicial tribunal of the Union, is composed of a Chief- Justice and eight Associate Justices, the Attorney-general, a Reporter, and Clerk. This court is held ia ■Washington, and has one session annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. The Supi-eme Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all controversies of a civil nature where a State is a party, except between a State and its citizens, and except, also, between a State and citizens of other States or aliens — in which latter case it has original but not exclusive jurisdiction. It has exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits and proceedings against ambassadors or other public ministers, or their domestics or domestic servants, as a court of law can have or exercise consist- ently with the law of nations ; and original, but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by ambassadors or other public ministers, in which a consul or a vice-consul is a party. It has appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the circuit courts in cases where the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum or value of 2,000 dollars, and from final decrees and judgments of the highest courts of the several States in certain cases. It has power to issue writs of prohibition to the District Courts, when proceeding as Courts of Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; and writs of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law to any courts appointed or persons holding office under the authority of the United States. The trial of issues in fact in the Supreme Court in all actions at law against citizens of the United States is by jury, A final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or any authority exercised under the United States, and the decision is against their validity ; or where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under any State, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties, or laws of the United States, and the decision is in favor of their validity ; or where is drawn in question the construction of any clause of the constitution, or of a treaty or statute of, or commission held under the United States, and the decision is against the title, right, privilege, or exemption, specially set up or claimed by either party, under such clause of the constitution, treaty, statute, or commission, may be re-examined, and reversed or affirmed, in the Supreme Court of the United States, upon a writ of error, the citation being signed by the Chief Justice, or Judge, or Chancellor of the court rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or by a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the same manner, and under the same regulations, and the writ has the same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a Circuit Court ; and the proceeding upon the reversal is also the same, except that the Supreme Court, in- stead of remanding the cause for a final decision, may, at their discretion, if the cause shall have been once remanded before, proceed to a final decision of the same, and award execution. But no other error can be assigned or regarded as a ground of reversal in any such case, than such as appears on the face of the record, and immediately respect the before-mentioned questions of valid- ity or construction of the said constitution, treaties, statutes, commissions, or authorities, in dispute. Chief-Justices of the Sujneme Court— Salary 5?5,000 per Anmun. John Jay, 27^. Y. 26 Sept., 1789 I Oliver Ellsworth, Ct 4 Mar., 1796 John Rutledgo, .S. C... 1 July, 1795 John Jay, JV": Y... 19 Dec, ISOO Roger B. Taney, Md 28 Dec, 1335 ■William Gushing, J/a-ss.. 27 Jan., 179G | John Marshall, I'rt 27 Jan., ISOl The " Circuit Courts" are held by a Justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the Circuit and by the Judge of the District in which the Court sits conjointly. The United States is divided into 12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ^Jf''^ '""'''' '" '"' '' whi^iTT Court is held twice a year. The Circuits are as ^ir: VcronrcltX^Tanr^\tT;i"^ ^- '''''"'- J,f ^-th Carolina So.,,,, Carolina, and Georgia. III. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. TrVfT" Yr : ''"'''^"a, Illinois, and Michigan. IV. Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia ty ^^P.'"':'^)'! Tennessee, and Missouri. V. Alabama, Louisiana, and Kentucky. Mississippi and Arliansas. th JtSrsLt'of 'allt'it^'l'fl' '-I" !"^' ''''''''''' ''''''''^'' ^°— -^^ -^^ ^^« courts of dispute :i"rei:" eT:it:;;:f rr:;:aLTr5o:;^:;.Lr r^r: fsrr ^^ plaintiffs or petitioners, or an alien is a party or the su t is 1,;/!!. .• . .'^ ^*'*'' '""" the suit is brought and a citizen of another StlVh.! T '' "''" '^ '^' ^*"*^ ^^^^^ and offenses cog'ni.able under the auth^-yo;! Un^ed slaVer/r'^^l'^^r °' ""'' ^""^^ of said courts, against an inhabitan of he ?^^^^^^^^^ -it can be brought, before either district than that whereof he isTnl^nh.bMnfo ^f^*f ' ^^f^^ ^^^S^^al process, in any other the writ; and no Dist • ct or Si^uit Coxu- hi " V'''' '" '"'^"^^ '' *^^ *'^^ «f «^"-S any promissory note, or other r. \n ion in f^oHf^a^ f" '"'' '^i"""^ *'^ ^"^^^^^^^ °^ been prosecuted in such court to recover he Lid Z^^^^ "" ''''' ^'s^* ^^^« cept in cases of foreign bills of exchange ' '' °° assignment had been made, ex- courrs,';r:n iTefwh^r rtterii-:"? ''•"" rv^"-^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^-^^^ °^ ^'^^ ^-^-^t itime jurisdiction is byTury' " ' ""'* *'°" '' '''''''' ^"' °^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ --- Pennsylvania, VirginrGe^or^ia Florida M • r "'"' ^^'^^ *^' '^''^'^''^ '^ New York, of which is divided ?ntoZ!7sMri^^^^^^^ Lomsaana, Arkansas, and California, each divided into three districts. The are besides tt^^^^^ ^Tn'' '"' ''"'' ^^"^^ °' ^^^^^ ^^« lose that character whenever a rrrl.J'fcome/rSta^^^^^^^ '°"'^^' "'^^' ^" *^-^'°^^^^' ^^ pofnrerb;tete -dtfoVX^l-t^^^^^^^^^^ ' ^T^^-'' °^ ^^'"^^ --p- by the courts severally ' ^''^ *^' exception of the clerks, who are appointed cog'ntnifofan ::^:l?oSs thir '^^^^'.^-!--^^ °^ ^^e courts of the several States. coLitted within the^^pect: SSs or;rtt^^^^^^^^ "^^ T'''''' °^ '""^ ^^^^^^ «^^*-' whipping, not exceeding thirty stripe a fine 2 P.t%^ '''\ T' "' °"^'' Punishment than prisonment not exceeding six LnZ i's to b rnflioS T r'^"'^^'' "''''''^ '' ^ ^erm of im- of all civil causes of admLalty and mk tL :;S tn ^ ^"^"^^^^^^^^ impost, navigation, or trade of the UnitlT^ .Tf i^clud ng all seizures under the laws of are navigable from the sea by *esse^!?f . ' '^' ''''''''' ""'' made on waters which tricts as^well as uponTh^gV^ ^^ir;: sXs T aH casTs' rithtj a^^^^^^^^^^ f " forfeitures incurred, u^deV^lar rth^UnLtZar ' Tncl 'th^' al: ha^""^ ''' ''''''''' '''' rent with the courts of the several SfatP« o. +w ^^^- ^°'' ^^^^ ^^^o have cognizance, concur- where an alien sues for l/J only in v L on of tL^irof"";-''* " ''^ ^"^ "^^ ''' °' ^" ^^^^ They also have cognizance concuLenlt al r ! ""f "'''' °' ^ *''"'^ °^ *^« ^^^^^^ States. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The trial of issues in fact, in the District Courts, in all causes, except civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, is by jury. An act of the 18th of December, 1812, requires the district and territorial judges of the United States to reside within the districts and territories, respectively, for which they are appointed; and makes it unlawful for any judge, appointed under the autliority of the United States, to exer- cise the profession or employment of counsel or attorney, or to be engaged in the practice of the law. And any person oifending against the injunction or prohibition of this act. shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor. Appeals are allowed from the District to the Circuit Courts in cases where the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum in value of .f 50, and from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court in cases where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of $2,000 ; and in some cases ■where the inconvenience of attending a court by a justice of the j'upreme Court is very great, the District Courts are invested with Circuit Court powers. The apjwintment of all judges of the United States is made by the President, by and with the advice of the Senate ; and the judges hold their several oifices during good behavior, and can be removed only on impeachment. Their compensation is fixed by law, and can not be diminished during their period of of&ce. GENERAL STATISTICS OP THE UNITED STATES. I. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, ETC., ETC. 1. Statement of the Extent, Population, Industry, and Wealth of each State and of the United States, on the 1st June, 1850. states and Territories. Alabiuna Arkansas California Columbia District . Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Indian Ter Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Mai7ie Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Ter. . . . jAIississippi ^Missouri Nebraska Ter New llampshiro .. New .Ter.s<-y Ni,-\v Mexico Ter. . . N(^w York North Carolina North-West Ter. . . Ohio Oregon Ter PenFisylvania lihode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Ter Vermont Virginia Washingt47 82 50 856,487 197,451 553,938 17,070,802 30 82 1,768,178 615,701 2,38.3,879 72,726,422 80 50 12,408.968 6,710,120 19,119,088 5.54,546.642 29 00 1,767,991 984.9.'>5 2,752.946 120.237,511 43 67 8,628,619 6,294,723 14,923,347 407,876,099 27 83 580,862 375,282 956,144 18,880,031 19 76 2,797,905 1,836,445 4,634..350 87,178.545 18 81 16,267 11,187 27,454 1,730,460 63 03 10,360.135 15,792.176 26,1.52,311 216,401,441 8 27 6,4.'i3,977 15,543,010 20,996.937 67,801.766 8 23 4,072.651 12,145,049 16,217,700 82,431,684 6 OS 6,378.479 16.442.9(10 22,821,379 95,753,445 4 19 849.049 1,236,240 1,585.239 6,828,109 8 99 4.4.35,614 7,702,067 12,187,631 64,323,224 5 80 3,444,358 7,046,061 10.490.419 54,738634 5 22 1,590,025 8.9.39,018 5,529,048 75,814,393 18 71 639,107 14,4.54,669 15.093,776 16,893,747 1 09 T81.531 1.816,6^4 2.598,215 15.265,245 5 S3 5,175.173 13,808,849 18.934,022 97.851.212 6 16 11,368.270 10.972,478 22,840,748 154.330.262 6 91 9,851,493 8,146,000 17,997,493 858,758.603 19 93 1,929,110 2,454,780 4..383.S90 51.872,446 11 83 5,046.543 7,746,879 12,798.422 136,385.173 10 66 5,039.545 6.997,867 12,037,412 96.1.33.290 7 99 2,938,425 6.794,245 9,732.670 63,225.543 6 60 824,682 1,911,382 2.786.064 16,657,567 C 09 1,045,499 1,931.159 2.976,653 28,528,563 9 58 62,324 8,881.571 3,893,895 8,874,041 99 5,035 23.846 28,881 161,918 6 61 182,a57 299,951 4:32,808 2,349,170 6 58 16.833 80,516 46,849 811,7'.'9 6 66 166,201 124,370 290,571 1,653,952 5 69 118,457,622 1 184,621,843 803,073,970 3,270,7:'3.ofi8 1 av.l0 79 Maine New Hampshire . . . Vermont Massachusetts Ehode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia , North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Kenlucky Ohio Michigan , Indiana , Illinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin California Minnesota Territory Orc'son do. Utah do. New Mexico do. Aggregate . . . 16 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2. Statement of the Food Crops for the Year ending 1st June, 1850. Maine New Hampshire. Vermonl Massachusetts .. Khode Island. .. Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . . Delaware Maryland Dis. of Columbia. Virginia North Carolina.. South Carolina. . Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin Califiirriia Minn. Territory. Oregon Territory Utah Territory.. New Mex. Ter. . Aggregate 296.259 185.G5S 5:35,955 31,211 49 41,762 13,121.49 1,601,190 15,367.691 482.51 1 4,494,680 17,370 11,2.32,016 2,130,102 1,066,277 1,0SS,5.34 1,027 294.044 137.990 '417 41,689 199,639 1,619.881 2,140,822 14,487,851 4,925,889 6.214,4.58 9,414,575 2.951.652 1.530,581 4,286,131 17,328 1.401 211.493 107.702 190,516 102,910 183,117 176,23.3 481.021 26,409 600.893 4,148.182 1,255,578 4,805,160 S,06f 226,014 5.509 458.930 229.563 43.790 58.75t i;i52 17.201 9,000 47 3.108 8.047 89.103 415,073 425,718 105. STl 73.792 83.304 44,208 19.910 81,253 125 106 210 1,750.056 1,573.670 2,032,396 2,345,490 5-39.201 1,935,043 17,853,400 8,759.704 19,,8.35,214 8,145,542 11.104,631 65,230 35,254,319 27,941,051 16,271,4,54 30,080,f)99 1,996,809 28,754.048 22,440,552 10,266.373 5,926,011 8,893,939 52,270,223 58,675.591 59,078.095 5,641,420 52,964,363 57,040.984 36,214,537 8,0,56.799 1,988,979 12,236 10,725 2,918 9,899 305,411 2.181,037 973,381 2,307,734 1,105,146 215,232 1.2.53.738 26,5.52,814 3,378,003 21,53S.156 604,518 2,242,151 8,134 10,179,045 4,052,078 2,-322,155 3,820.044 66,586 2,905.697 1,503,28 89,037 178,883 650,183 7,703,086 8,201,311 13,472,742 2,866,056 5,655,014 10,087,241 5,278,079 1.. 524,345 3,414,672 30,582 65,140 10,900 5 151,731 70,256 42,150 112,385 18,875 19,099 3,585,059 6,492 165,584 50 745 75 25.43 2,735 4,583 11,501 3,958 229 4,776 177 2,737 95..348 854,358 75,249 45,483 110,795 9,031 25.093 209,69 9,712 1,210 1,799 5 104,.523 65,205 209.819 105,895 1,245 229.297 3,183,9,55 878,9.34 2,193,692 8,015 103,671 378 214,89^ 16,704 2,83 2.50 55 848 1,121 3 59 175 19,427 16.097 638,004 472.917 149,740 184,504 23,641 52,516 79,878 515 332 100 Kic-eV pounds. 17 5,465. 159,930 38,950 1,075, 2,-311 2,719, 4,425, 87. 63, 258 5, 700 500 Peap and lieans, bushels. 205.541 70,856 104,649 43,709 6,846 19,090 741,636 14,174 55,231 4,120 12,816 7,754 521,581 1,534,252 1,020,900 1,142,011 135,359 892.701 1,072,757 101,7.32 179,332 285,738 309,321 202,574 60,108 74,254 35,773 82.814 46,017 4,775 20,65' 2,292 lt).002 0,506 289 15,088 100..503.,899 14.188,539 592,.326,012 146.567.879 5.167.016 ,8,956.910 215,312 710 9,219.975 05,796,793 38,259,196 liu,«liela 3.436,040 4,304,919 4,951.014 3.585,-384 651,029 2,689,725 15,398,302 3,207,236 5,930,7.32 240,542 764,93'.t 28,292 1,310.933 020,31 s 130,494 227.379 7,82S 240,001 261,432 95,632 93,.548 193.832 1,067,844 1,492,487 5,057,769 2,359,897 2,083,-337 2,514.801 939,006 276,1211 1,402.077 9,292 21,145 91.326 48,968 3 80 5,623 508.015 52:173 65,443 208,993 3,497 1,813,071 5,095,709 4,:i37.469 6 986,428 757,226 5,175,204 4,741,795 1,428,453 1,-323,170 788,149 2,777,716 998,184 187,991 1,177 201,711 157,433 335,505 6,243 879 1,000 200 60 3. Statement of Live-StocJc in the several States, for the year ending 1st June, 1850. St.ites and Territories. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Khode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin California Minnesota Territory . . Oregon Territory Utah Territory New Mexico Territory 41, 84, 61, 42 0, 20, 447, 63, 350, 1.3, 272, 14S, 97, 1.51, 10: 128, 115: 89, 75, 60, 270, 315: 403, 58, 814, 267, 225, 38, 80, 21, 4,335,35,S 55 19 218 34 1 49 903 4,089 2,259 791 5,044 57 21,480 25,259 37,483 57,379 5,002 59,895 54,547 44,849 12,304 11,559 75,303 65,609 3,423 70 6,599 10,573 41,667 754 150 1,060 14 420 825 8,054 559,229 133,.556 94,277 146,128 130,099 2S,69S 85,461 931,-324 118,7-30 630,224 19,248 80,859 813 317,019 221,799 193.244 334.223 72,876 227,791 214,231 105,,576 214,758 93,151 250,456 247,475 544,499 99,076 284,554 294,671 230,169 45,704 64,339 4.280 607 9,427 4.861 10,635 83,893 59,027 48,577 46,011 8.189 40,988 178,909 12,070 61,527 9,797 34,135 104 89,513 87,309 20.507 73,286 5,794 66,901 83,435 54,908 49,982 34,239 80,255 62,074 05,381 55.350 40,221 76,156 112,108 21,892 42,801 4,780 055 8,114 5,206 12,257 0,392,044 1.099,241 B other cattle.' Sheep. 125,890 114,606 154.143 83,284 9,375 80,226 767.400 80,455 562,195 24,106 98,595 123 669,137 434,402 563,935 690,019 182,415 4.33,263 436,254 414,798 636,805 165.820 414.051 442,703 749,067 119,471 389,891 541,209 449,173 69,025 76.293 253,599 740 24,188 2,489 10,085 451,577 384,756 1,014,122 188.651 44,296 174,181 8,453,241 100,4S8 1,822,-357 27,503 177.902 150 1,310,004 595.249 285,551 500,435 23,311 371,880 304,929 110,-333 99,093 91,256 811.591 1,102.121 3,943,929 746,435 1,122,493 894,043 762.511 149,960 124,892 17,574 80 15,382 3,262 877,271 54,598 63,487 66.296 81,119 19,509 76,472 1,018,252 250,370 1,040,366 56.261 352,911 1,635 1,830.743 1,812,813 1,065,503 2,168,617 209,453 1,904,540 1,582,734 597,301 683.514 836,727 3,104,800 2,861,103 1,964,770 205,847 2.253,776 1,915.910 1,702,625 323.247 159,276 2,776 784 30,2-35 914 7,314 $9,705,726 8,871,901 12,643,223 9,647,710 1,5-32,637 7,467,490 73,570,499 10,679,291 41,500,053 1,849,281 7,997,034 71,043 3.5,650,659 17,717,647 15.060,015 25,728,416 2,880,058 21.090,112 19,403,062 11,152,275 10,206,880 6,647,969 29,978,016 29,591,387 44,121,741 8,008,734 22,478,555 24.209,258 19.892,580 3.6^9,275 4,897,-385 3,351,058 92,859 1,876,189 546,968 1,494,629 10,268,856 21, 721.814 30.-316,61)8 543.960.420 17 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA be ^ c g to > 1 1 3? 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III COXXSCIXOCIl^(^XCIO"3'Cimf-XCICOCI^r--a'tOClrt I-H CICJi-l CI «© 1 in III m CO m m Tf X X en -T — H CO t^ X X to X in Ci i-n ,-H -r z: .H — .31 w -^ CO r-i r-^ i to totcin3i— ;'--i.ntoxt^m-^co-*or^X)^o m — -re coCMO-rx^cocio 1^ co ci X m S S - i- 3? CI ~ In = X " S Ph £~ CI ^ ^ CO to .- X CI 3, -^ 3. = t^ rl. X t- 1 CI 1 C! CO 0! x'm CO co'm'—' r-'co' to' -r-ft-T^" in cf r-T m"= ci CI -'01 'o^o oi -r to" '^'x-fl't--'" 1 r-T ( x' co •»-f — to!Cf-to — ci-^toi-it~coeoov ,-00 17.000 15,500 2,585,900 409,6.->5 1,719,960 247,100 100,915 21,9311 3.47") 7,1. "id 500 8,500 168 66.125 298,900 1262.974 334,950 303,400 139,425 19,500 98.7IK) 7.311(1 3,000 ■ 12,000 Bushels of Bushels of, Busliels BusI of oats, 'of apples, inula .o^ Total.. 20 2,500 80,000 12,500 ,062,2.50 103,700 5,")0,105 70,900 20,000 10,000 65,650 3,000 124,440 330,950 118,1.50 98,000 32,030 91,020 1,000 5,000 19,400 20.600 20,000| 1,647,266, 254,000l 1,483,5.55 166,100 250,700 64,650 18,100 20,150 551,350 258,400 309,200 3,.588,140 l,417,990j 703,.500 212,300 51,150 29,9'!0 2,000' 20,000 990,067 .58,400 517,180, 24,790 54,,300l 460 62,680 4,700 2,500 1,500 6,707 450 30,520 — 5,480 — 24,900| — 281,750,19,500 48,700, 1,000 48,700 2,200 19,150 — 7,200 — 9,200 — 12,900, — — 1 55,130 — I 10 60,940 24,500 409,700 — 51,200 10 5,000 iii 1.2.14 3,767,195 11,067,671 2,143,927 56,517 526,840 61,675 1,294 5.487 1,177.924 42.133,955!6,500,500 hops. 1 29 6 o 581 10 18 31 178 18 30 16 131 9 20 1,380 197 911 126 123 75 33 15 274 159 179 1,033 287 274 98 19 98 21 3 5 Quantities of liquor produced. , , r Gallons ol Jarrels of , ■ ,. alp pfp .whisky am ale, etc. -^ . simes. I 800 25,800 3,900 044,700 9, 34,750! 1, 189,581 6, 26,380 5,500 3,000 19,500 120,000 130,000 231,700 250,530 548,810 787,400 879,440 153,030 4:!. 900 60.450 220,000 3,786,000 1,200 !,488,800 1,500 44,850 96,94311. 11,005, 4, 27,925 2 10,320 31,320 300 1,350 491,745 657,000 939,400 ,865,150 ,639,900 ,315,000 690,900 100,600 127,000 42,000 3,000 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Statistics of the Principal Manufactures — {continued). PIG IRON. CAST IRON. WROUGHT IRON, STATES. ■§■=• z = 13 1 a c. o Is 11 > II 1 "s .-8 t> E z-H 1 > 5 II > 1 Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts . . Rhode Island . . Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. . . Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgii. Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin California D. of Columbia 1 1 3 6 13 18 10 ISO IS 29 2 3 3 23 21 35 1 2 2 5 1 $214,000 2,000 62,500 469,000 225,600 605,000 967,000 8,570,425 1,420,000 513,800 25,000 26,000 11,000 1,021,400 924,700 1,503,000 15,000 72,000 65.000 619,000 15,000 $14,939 4,900 40,175 185,741 289,225 821,027 332,707 3,732,427 560,725 158,-307 27,900 25,840 6,770 254,900 260,1.52 630,037 14,000 24,400 15,500 97,367 8,250 $36,616 6,000 68,000 295,128 415,600 597,920 560,544 6,071,513 1,056,400 521,924 12,500 57,300 22,500 676,100 604,037 1,255.350 21.000 53.000 70,200 814,600 27,000 25 26 26 63 20 60 323 45 320 13 16 54 5 6 4 10 8 8 2 16 20 183 63 14 29 6 3 15 1 2 $150,100 232,700 290,720 1,499,050 423,800 580,800 4,622,482 593,250 3,422,924 373,500 359,100 471,160 11,500 185,7(10 35,000 216,625 100,000 255,000 16,000 139,500 502,200 2,063,650 195,450 82,900 260,400 137,000 5,500 116,350 6,000 14,000 $112,570 177,060 160,603 1,057,904 258,267 851,369 2,893,768 391,048 2,372.467 153,852 259,190 297,014 8,341 29,128 11,950 102,085 50,870 75.300 8,400 90,035 295.533 1,199.790 91,865 66.918 172,330 138,114 2.524 86,930 3,530 18,100 $265,000 371,710 460,831 2,235,635 728,705 931,400 5.921.980 '686,480 5,354,881 267,462 685,000, 674,416 12,867 87,683 46,200 271,120 117,400 312,500 55,000 264,325 744,316 3,069,350 279,697 149, '80 441,185 886,495 8,500 216,195 29,740 41,696 2 8 6 1 IS 60 53 131 2 17 39 19 8 1 42 4 11 8 2 $4,000 62,700 610,300 208,000 529,600 1,181,800 1,016,843 7,620,066 15.000 780,650 791.211 103,000 9,200 2,500 755,050 176,000 620,800 17,000 42,100 $5,600 66,194 221,194 111,760 358,780 838,314 320,950 5,438,391 19,500 439,611 591,448 28.114 5,986 3,000 385,616 180,800 604,493 4,425 24,509 $10,400 163,986 423,320 222.400 667,560 1,423,963 629,273 8,902,907 55,090 771,431 1,264,995 66,980 15,334 7,500 670,618 299,700 1,076,192 11,760 63,700 Total 877 17,346,425 7,005,289, 12,743,777 1,391 17,416,361 10,346,35525,103,155 422 14,496,220!9,693,109 16,747,074 V. INTERNAL IMPE VEMENT3. — R AILR O A D S , ETC. In no other particular can the prosperity of a country be more strikingly manifested than by the perfection of its rosds and other means of internal communication. The system of railroads, ca- nals, plank-roads, post-routes, river navigation, and telegraphs possessed by the United States, presents an indication of its advancement in power and civilization more wonderful than any other feature of its progress. In truth, the country in this respect occupies the first place among the nations of the world. The primary -design of nearly all the great lines of railway in the United States has been to con- nect the sea-coast with the distant interior ; to effect which object it was necessary to cross the Alleghanies, which intersect every line of travel diverging to the West from the great commercial cities of the sea-board. The following are some of the vast enterprises which have been undertaken to accomplish this great purpose, which have either been finished or are in such a state of progress as leaves no doubt of their being brought to a successful issue within a few years : First. The railroads connecting Portland, the commercial capital of Maine, with the British provinces, and through their public works, the St. Lawrence River and the lakes, with the West- ern States of the Union. Second. The railroads from Boston westward, connecting at Albany with the roads of Central New York, and, by the more northern route, traversing New Hampshire and Vermont, continuing toward the West by the Ogdensburg Railroad, and bringing Montreal, the chief commercial city of Upper Canada, into communication with the capital of New England. Third. The New York and Erie Railroad, extending from New York city to L.ake Erie, and intended to form a part of a continuous line from the Hudson to the Mississippi — a project likely to be effected within the ensuing ten years. Fourth. The Pennsylvania Central Railroad, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg-, with numerous diverging branches, to points north and south of the general direction. This great route will reach St. Louis by a nearly due west course through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Pennsyl- vania section will be completed about the end of 1853. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Fyth. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, one of the most magnificent works of the day, passes from Baltimore, through Maryland and Virginia, to Wheeling, on the Ohio. At the latter point it will form a connection with the system of roads traversing the West and North-west. Sixth. The roads proposed to be constructed under authority of Virginia, and already com- menced, intended to establish communication between tide-water and the interior, and south- western parts of that State, and to continue the same through Tennessee to the Mississippi. Seventh. The several lines of railroad from Charleston and Savannah, penetrating South Caro- lina and Georgia, concentrating in north-eastern Alabama, and reaching the level region of the Mississippi by the valley of the Tennessee River. These roads, by their veestern continuation, ■will intersect lines running to every important point between the mountains and the Mississippi River. Eighth. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad, from the Mexican gulf to the mouth of the Ohio, and the Illinois Central Railroad to the lakes, a distance in a straight line of about 1,100 miles. It will be seen at a glance that the leading idea in all these vast enterprises was to overcome the barrier presented by this chain of mountains, to a direct and unrestricted intercourse between the sea-board and the West, and to supply the want of those natural channels of commerce, navigable rivers, extending into the section we desire to reach. The enormous aggregate of expense of the numerous works specified above, undertaken with this one object, and their importance as public improvements, may be estimated from the following brief notice of the New York and Erie Rail- road, which occupies the third place in our preceding enumeration : The longest continuous line of railroad in the world, and that in the construction of which the greatest natural obstacles have been overcome, is that which extends from the Hudson River, through the southern counties of New York, to Lake Erie. Its length is 469 miles, and it has branches of an additional length of 68 miles. Nearly its whole course is through a region of mountains. The bridges by which it is carried over the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and other streams, and the viaducts upon which it crosses the valleys that intercept its route, are among the noblest monuments of power and skill to be found in our country. The most of these works are of heavy masonry ; but one of them is a wooden bridge, 187 feet in height, with one arch, the span of which is 275 feet. One of the viaducts is 1,200 feet long, and 110 feet high. The aggregate cost of this important work was f23 ,580,000, and the expense of construction was $42,333 per mile. The following table presents, in a convenient form, some of the principal facts connected with railroads in the United States on the 1st January, 1852 and 1853. Miles of raiU St.ites, etc. ri>Ei(i com- pleted, Maine 315 New Hampshire . . 4S9 Vermont 3S0 Ma-ssachuselts 1,0S9 Khode Island 50 Connecticut 547 New York 1.S2B New .Jersey 226 . Pennsylvania 1,146. Delaware 45. Marvliind 376 . Miles of r road in coi of conntrui ... 127. 47 59 67 32 261 745 Ill 774 1,920 11 56 125 501 Virginia 47S SIS.'!.'.' !."!!! !."!l,296 Total. . 442 . 536 . 439 .1.156 . 82 . 808 .2,.571 . 3:37 North Carolina.... 249 335 South Carolina.... 840 298. Georgia 754 229. Florida — — . Alabama 121 190. Mississippi 93 273. Louisiana 63 — . Texas — 32.. Tennessee 112 748.. Kentucky 93 414.. Ohio 82S 1,892. Michigan 427 — . Indiana 600 915., Illinois 176 1,409. . Missouri — 515.. Wisconsin 20 421.. 6.34 . 638 . 983 '. 311 . 366 . &3 . 32 . 860 . 507 .2,720 . 427 .1,515 .1.535 . 515 . 441 10,843 10,893 21,741 States. N 0. of miles in operation, . .394 No. of miles in progress. Ill Total. 605 New Hampshire. Vermont . 500 , 427 .1,140 42 ...... 66!!!..'! .... 542 .... 42T ....1,206 .... 82 ... 825 Rhode Island . 50 . 627 .2,123 . 254 .1,244 . 16 . 521 . 624 . 249 . 599 . 857 . 23 32 198 New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland 924 85 903 11 !!!!!! 6io!!!!!!! 248 296 C91 ....3,047 .... 339 ....2,147 .... 27 .... 521 ....1,234 North Carolina . . South Carolina. .. Georgia Florida .... 497 .... S95 ....1,548 28 Alabama Mississippi . 236 . 95 63 728 875 200 .... 964 .... 970 ... 263 Texas . 32 185 ! 509! ! .... 82 694 Kentucky . 94 1 385 661 1,755 .... 755 ... 3,140 . 755 979 ....1,784 Michigan Illinois . 427 . 296 '. 50!!!!!! !!!!!!i.772!!!!!!!! 515 470 .... 427 ....2,068 .... 515 Wisconsin .... 520 Total . .13,266 12,631. .25,947 Measures are in progress for establishing railroads in California, with the object of connecting San Francisco with some of the principal towns of the State ; and no doubt, ere the lapse of many years, that important division of the Union will be in possession of as large a proportion of these facilities for travel and business as her population and resources require. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. From the brief sketch of American railroads should not be excluded some mention of several projects which are not only closely connected with the interests of the United States, but possess Bomething of national importance. The first of these, in point of vastness of design, is the enter- prise of building a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. The routes proposed in this great work are almost as numerous as the persons who claim the merit of having first sug- gested and brought forward the scheme of thus completing the chain of railroad connection between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Union. No scientific survey of any route west of the fron- tier of Missouri has been made, but it is not probable that any could be found that would bring the line of travel between the Mississippi and the ocean within the limit of 1,600 miles. The natural obstacles to be overcome are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, the deserts between the Missouri and the former chain, and those of the great basin, the flying sands, and the want of timber. Further explorations may lead to the discovery of means to overcomo these difficulties. Should the cost not exceed the average of Western roads, it would form no ob- jection to the enterprise, since it would be only about l9''32,000,000, or only twenty-five per cent, more than has been expended upon the Erie Railroad — less than fifty per cent, greater than the aggregate expenditure upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and not two-thirds of that incurred by the State of Massachusetts on her railroads. The only question, then, affecting the probabil- ity of the construction of the Pacific Railroad is that of practicability. This can only be determined by thorough surveys of some or all of the routes proposed, from the valley of the Rio Grande, the Arkansas, the Missouri, and the Upper Mississippi. If this road were completed, and the route continued westward by steamship to Calcutta, it would reduce the time required for the circuit of the globe, by the American overland route, to 93 days, as follows : from New York to San Francisco, 4 days ; to Hang-Kong, 25 days ; to Calcutta, 6 days ; to Bombay, 13 days ; to England, 35 days ; to New York, 10 days. Total, 93 days. Another project for connecting, by the means of cheap and rapid conveyance, the two coasts of our confederacy, which deserves, as it has received, very great attention, is the proposition to build a railroad across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. Its feasibility is established. The length of the road, according to the report of the surveyors, will be 166 miles from sea to eea ; but only about 80 miles from the head of navigable water on either side. The cost of the road, with all the necessary equipments, station-houses, etc., is estimated at $7,848,000. The time expected to be required for its construction is three years. With this connecting link of communication completed, the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco will be performed in eight or nine days. For the purpose of comparison, the subjoined statement has been prepared, showing the number of miles of railroads, with their costs, according to the most generally received authorities in all the countries of Europe in which those improvements have been introduced : COUNTRIES. Great Britain and Ireland German States, including Prussia and Austria France Belgium Eussia Italy Miles. Aggregate cost. Coat p. mite 6,S90 $1,213,000,000 $177,000 5,3.32 325,875,000 61,000 1,018 2.38,905,000 254,000 532 46.288,000 49,000 200 15,000,000 75,000 ITO 15,000,000 88,000 14,142 1,859,068,000 131,300 By these statistics it is made to appear that the average cost of European railroads was .f 131,300 per mile. The average cost of American railroads completed previous to the commencement of the present year was $34,307 per mile. The excess of expenditure, therefore, in the construction of European roads over those in the United States, is .^95,993 per mile, or about 280 per cent. ; but it may be remarked that the average cost of consti-uction in the United States of all the roads does not exceed ,'}{;27,300 per mile ; so that the actual excess is $'103,000 per mile. The foregoing statements develop the striking fact that the United States possess an extent of railroad nearly equal to that of the rest of the world combined ; and, at our present rate of pro- gression, we are likely, in a few years, far to exceed it. 23 UNITED STATES OP AMERICA, VI. — COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. 1. Statistical Fieiv of the Commerce of the United States, exhibiting the Value of Exports to and Imports from each Foreign Country, and the Tonnage of American and Foreign Vessels arriving from and departing to each foreign country, during the year ending June 30, 1850. COUNTRIES. COMMERCE. VALrE OF EXPORTS. Domestic produce. Value of im- pjrts. NAVIGATION. AMERICAN TONNAGE. FOREIGN TONNAGE. Cleared from tlie U. States. Russia Prussia Sweden and Norway. Swedisli West Indies. Denmark Danish West Indies. . Ilanse Towns Hanover Holland Dutch East Indies . . . Dutch West Indies. . . Dutch Guiana Belgium England Scotland IreUind Gil-rallar Malta British East Indies Cape of Good Hope Mauritius Honduras British Guiana British West Indies Canada Newfoundland Falkland Islands British American Colonies Other British possessions , France on the Atlantic France on the Mediterranean . . French West Indies Miquelon and French Fisheries French Guiana Bourlion French possessions in Africa. . . Spain on the Atlantic Spain on the Mediterranean . . . Teneritfe and other Canaries. . . Manilla and Philippine Islands. Cuba Other Spanish West Indies Portugal Madeira Fayal and other Azores Cape de Verde Italy Sicily Sardinia Tuscany Ionian Islands Trieste and other Austrian ports Turkey Hayti , Mexico Central America New Grenada Venezuela Bolivia Brazil Argentine Republic Cisalpine Republic Chili Peru China , Liberia West Indies generally South America generally Europe generally Asia generally , Afric.-i generally Soul h Sea Islands Equailnr Sandwich Islands All other places 1666,4-35 70,645 608,580 98,1T6 165,874 867,140 4,320,780 2.188,101 180,533 364,335 97,014 2,168,357 64,666.959 3,021.740 1.025,031 186.307 75,329 502,613 143,219 171,984 502.776 8,612,802 4,641,451 8,116,840 16,934,791 1,015,486 269,377 2,.517 4:3.405 12,575 605,659 3,256,362 20,524 16,817 4,530,256 816.062 172.978 136,874 14.421 47.04;3 1,567.166 50.577 170,764 45,664 1,179.893 2ti4.397 1,211,007 1,498,791 57,225 970,019 678,462 2,723,767 718,331 60.024 1,297,13.3 258,939 1,485.961 67.934 22,256 315,463 730.9.32 169,025 24,414 $198,506 27,991 51.610 1,166 20,706 114.818 885,742 416,564 262,952 56,683 5,425 375.4113 4,210,271 183,679 42.693 60,482 39,051 156,&46 16,551 22,663 178,644 1,289,370 501,374 1,724,915 15S.155 18,291 1,382 2,200 2S..558 90.855 5,065 1.450 460,041 93,591 5,236 6,527 2,152 2,167 239,904 13,024 86,136 23,468 312.111 .5:?,:J44 139,181 514,036 12,967 28.5,600 840,008 473.347 &16.311 1,518 125,588 16,789 119,256 50,442 13.321 28..3:B4 20,837 10,511 $864,941 98,636 720,190 99.342 180,580 981,958 5,206,522 2,604,065 443,485 421,018 102,4-39 2.5*3,760 68,897,2.30 3,205,419 1,067,724 246,789 114,380 659.459 143,219 188,535 525,439 3.791,446 5,930,821 3,618,214 18,659,706 1,173,&41 287,668 2,517 44,787 14,775 634,217 3,353,217 25,589 18.267 4,990.297 909,053 173,214 14?.4(n 16.573 49.210 1.807,070 ■ 63.601 256,900 69,132 1,492,004 257,741 1,350.183 2,012,827 70,192 1,2.56,219 1,018,470 8,197,114 1,064,642 61.542 1,422.721 275,728 1,605,217 67.9.34 72,698 823.784 7.59,2()6 1S9.S02 34.925 $1,511,572 27.469 1,032.117 2.193 527 267,459 8,787,874 1,686,967 444,404 530,146 71,048 2,404,954 72,118.971 2,746.670 293,783 44,269 11354 2,865,016 72,206 178,690 14.591 1.126,968 4,235,470 1,358,992 497 25,835,170 1,702.855 75,684 12,551 10,005 880.181 1,702,214 85,228 1,336,866 10,292,398 2,007,360 339,763 114,729 10,328 2,105,077 822,029 205 407,001 801,023 1,544,771 2,135,306 261,459 .591,992 1,920,247 9,324429 2,653,877 1.796,877 170,753 6,593,462 9.417 86,659 402,599 524,722 4.018 64.474 20 12,877 240 8,.391 449 396 12,940 23,381 2,751 17,884 8,089 22,964 8,892 23,1133 439.839 18.900 10,022 2,3-34 168 23,537 773 4386 2,738 69,302 889,755 122 55,465 1,223 106,-307 8,560 2,859 618 1,224 359 17.533 12,827 2,173 10,259 249,307 41,768 2,708 1,580 1,050 31,417 1.833 6,701 803 4,398 0,070 44,090 22,585 3,549 104,176 11,536 846 62,965 18,930 90 14,510 5,100 21.909 993 945 8..531 1,101 331 9.267 89,065 5,048 049 2,454 502 19,375 21,156 14968 4.070 9,283 4,932 21,428 440.582 15,759 10,014 7,650 2,665 29,389 1,912 841 4.225 11.642 93,883 919,515 4.187 2,157 75,293 917 114,589 14,158 11,227 905 1,834 13,706 9,867 647 8,165 254,018 80,744 2,976 4,132 908 1,886 8.3-26 7,791 2,537 5,908 2,689 47,981 20,518 8,290 101,753 8,509 887 53,113 16,107 867 41,279 10,832 17,830 1,039 3,843 1,365 6,213 8,492 2,642 299 81,62;3 83,787 2,121 23,554 45 592 956 65,664 3,978 11,967 8,248 123 5,756 421,530 55,026 77,607 290 2-36 615 904 49,230 447,872 1,695 17,434 333,426 82,637 "10,215 4,627 98 266 4,779 22,894 1,215 1,176 88,030 8,074 5,013 336 1,717 9,511 7,399 7,871 2,205 429 6,289 86,039 653 5,295 2,708 1,280 9,363 13,081 1,185 18,369 1,808 7,445 2,5S6 884 1,891 828 4,195 458 3,990 1,88T 9,822 882 8,232 2,690 68,016 200 22,753 3,320 161 864 4,068 269,078 17,276 22,972 806 456 2,138 1,932 2,537 39,071 456,527 12,420 8,793 521,112 428 17,616 8,676 211 1,008 98 762 180 10,583 34,29T 1,376 2,592 , 29,703 3,103 7,581 1,379 161 611 1,6.33 6,800 960 6,889 8,127 80,104 1,722 6,237 2,697 370 8,569 9,200 1,107 25,383 7,340 8,106 - 849 549 Total 186,940.912 I 14,951,808 151,898.720 24 178.188.318 2.573,016 2,632,788 11,775,623 '1,728,214 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 2. Statement of the Commerce of each State, from July 1, 1849, to June 30, 1850. VALUE OF EXPORTS. VALUE OF IMPORTS. STATES. DOMESTIC PKODUOB. FOEEIGN PKODUCE. Total of In American In Foreign Total. In American vessels. [n Foreign vessels. Total. In Ameri can vessels. In Foreign vessels. Total. foreign produce. vessels. vessels. Maine $1,135,998 $400,820 $1,536,818 $14,564 $5,530 $20,094 $1,556,912 $609,155 $247,256 $856,411 N. Ilanip. . . . 2,835 5,887 8.722 — 205 205 8,927 19,962 29,117 49,079 Vermont .... 404,749 — 404,749 26,157 — 26,157 43,906 463,092 463,092 Mass;ichu8'ls. 7,000.103 1,253,370 8,253.473 1,898,497 529,793 2,428,290 10,680,703 22,106,011 8,268,673 30.374,684 Rhode Island 205.969 330 206.299 9,966 — 9,966 215.265 251,708 6,595 258,303 Connecticut. . 241,262 — 241,262 668 — 668 241,9.30 311,927 60.463 372,390 Newlork. . . 33,934,409 7,568,391 41.502,800 7,086,687 4,123,302 11,209,989 52,712.789 88,147,721 22,975,803111,123,524 New Jersey . — 1,655 1,655 — — — 1,655 — 1,494 1,494 Pennsylvania 3,428,150 621,314 4,049,464 363,225 88,917 452,142 4,501,606 10,795,462 1,270,692 12,066,154 Delaware . . . Maryland . . . 4,657,185 1,932,296 6,589,481 250,861 127,011 377,872 6,967,353 5,529,682 594,519 6,124,201 Dist.of Col... 72,175 8.213 80,388 200 — 200 80.583 59.219 600 59,819 Virginia N. Carolina.. 2,365,241 1,047,917 3,413,158 2,488 — 2,488 3,415.646 172,878 253,721 426,599 259.616 156.885 416,501 — — — 416501 179,249 144,443 323,692 S. Carolina . . 6,467,201 4,979.691 11.446,892 400 508 908 11.447,800 1,313,658 620.127 1.933.785 Georgia 2.622,1.52 4.929,791 7.551,943 — — — 7,551,943 306,883 330,081 636,964 Florida 1,113,978 1.493.990 2.607,968 15,656 — 15,656 2,623.624 30.241 65,468 95,709 Alabama 4.601.515 5,943,:M;3 10.544.858 — — — 10.544,858 10.3,1-34 757,228 865,362 Louisiana . . . 20,927,751 16,770,526 37,698,277 328,9.30 78.143 407,073 38,105,350 8,107,929 2,652,570 10,760,499 Mississippi. . . — ... — — — — Tennessee... — — — — — — — 27.966 27,966 Missouri — — — — — — 359,643 859,643 Ohio 117,989 99,543 217,532 — 100 100 217,632 398.999 183,505 582,504 Kentucky . .. — — — — — — — 190.987 — 190,987 Michigan 57,232 74.813 132,045 — — — 132,045 144.102 — 144,102 Illinois 1,232 16,437 17.649 — — — 17,699 7,783 7,922 15,705 Te.xas — 24,958 24,958 — — — 24,958 14,652 10,993 25,650 California . . . — — — — Oregon — — — — — — — — — — Total.... 89,616,742 47,330,170 136,946,912 9.998,299 4.953.509 14,951,808151,898,720' 1.39,657,043 38,481,275 178,138,310 3. Staleynent of the Navigation of each Stale. STATES. TONNAGE ENTERED UNITED STATES. TONNAGE CLEARED FROM U. STATES. AirERICAN. Foreign. Total. A.MBRICAN. Foreign. Total. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons, No. Tons. No, Tons. 253 9 330 1,345 100 109 4,187 352 295 T 69 140 163 47 56 40 524 178 ~97 18 3 140 53,309 3,572 86.828 339.508 17,847 22.580 1,502,290 100,009 70,427 1,260 12.190 19,185 52,711 11,883 7,518 11.914 175,969 21,628 7,254 6.690 494 47,950 1.040 101 174 2,732 19 79 8,832 17 185 143 2 88 38 142 71 39 112 374 136 394 4 13 355 89.877 7,472 12.607 271,941 2.075 11, .572 775.4;30 1,601 32,361 29,161 154 18,775 9,115 44,205 45,1.34 10,462 84.106 174,684 18,243 49.709 648 3.177 82,914 1,293 110 504 4,077 119 188 7,969 17 537 438 9 157 188 305 lis 95 152 898 814 491 22 16 495 143.186 11.044 99,435 611.449 19,922 34,1.')2 2,277.720 1,601 132,870 99,588 1.414 80.965 28,300 96,916 57.017 17,980 96.020 850,863 39,871 56.963 7,338' 8,671| 130,8641 585 5 322 1,149 94 87 3,610 1 809 359 8 187 212 205 58 60 76 493 137 112 4 8 303 111,123 682 81,073 272,278 16,770 17.515 1,411,557 150 81,276 89.296 1,520 42,091 30,739 72,222 21,039 10,022 32,268 211,800 15,485 7,982 1,043 591 104,266 1,046 102 20 2,757 16 69 3,693 10 170 162 2 98 62 170 83 42 106 350 131 390 5 12 320 91.014 7,531 1,783 274.674 1,705 9,802 737,539 981 30,342 87,523 200 23,367 11.493 52.830 51,524 12,134 80,717 153,137 18,322 46,719 998 3.017 75,862 1.631 107 342 3,906 IK 156 7,303 11 479 521 10 285 274 375 141 102 182 843 263 502 9 15 623 202,137 8,213 82,856 546,952 18,475 27,317 2,149,096 1,131 111,618 126,819 1,720 65,458 42,232 125,052 72,563 22,156 New Hampshire . . Vermont Massachusetts. . . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland D. of Columbia... Virginia North Carolina. . . . South Carolina Georgia 112 985 Louisiana Mississippi Tennessee Missouri Ohio 869,937 • 38,807 54,701 2,041 3,608 180,128 Kentucky Michigan Texas -. California Oregon Total 8,412 2,573,016 10,1001,775,623! 18,512| 4.348,639! 8,379 2,6-32,788 9,816 1,728,214 18,195 4,361,002 25 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 4. Statement exhibiting a condensed view of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United Slates on the 30th of June, 1850. DISTK1CT3. Passamaq'y Me. Machias ... " Fr'man's B. " Penobscot.. " Beltiist " Bangor .... " Wakloboro'. " WiSL'asset .. " Bath " Portland... " Saco " Kennebunk " York " Porisniouth. N. 11. Burlinston . Verm. Ne« biiryp'U Mass. Ipswich " Gloucester . " Salem " Beverly.... " Marblehead. " Bojlnn " Plvm.Hitl\ .. " Fall IMver. . " N. Be. 1 lord. " BarnslaWe . " Kdgartown. " Nantucket . " Providence. E. I. Bristol " Newport ... " Middletown. Conn. N. London . " StoniiiiTlon.. " N. Haven . . " Fairfield ... " Chaniplain . N. Y. Sackelt's H'r. " Oswego .... " Niagara " Genesee.... " Oswegatehie " Buffalo Cr. . " Sag Harbor. " Greenport. . " New York . . " C. Vincent.. " Cold Spring. " Perth Amboy N. J. Bridgetown. '• Burlington.. " Camden .... " Newark " L. El's liar. " G. Egg liar. " Philadeliihia Penn. Presque Isle " Pittsburg ... " Wilmington. Del. New Oaslle.. " Baltimore. .. M'yl'd Oxford " Knn.lled and i Total tnnnagt M,> 10.530 73 2.267 6,5 l.()4:3 21 5.713 40 13.S69 79 9,362 31 38,483 13 6.024 41 76,6uS 65 6il,3o4 43 1.570 00 9,101 34 14,978 92 16,213 57 2,873 OS 20,316 74 1,349 11 270.510 (19 3.966 S8 2.251 08 119.026 45 5.520 32 5,464 26 25,'37 SO 9.177 14 11.247 12 5,644 3:3 95 55 23.364 23 13.1S3 47 4,994 65 86S 35 10,953 68 4,236 29 441,336 76 2.376 40 133 69 77 58 64,205 10 1,651 63 90,669 82 9.454 73 19.050 67 30.525 27 31.237 38 31.725 48 15.9 ;6 49 57.847 25 12.217 08 27.1 d 7 25 26,197 S6 1,153 .30 2,247 82 1,361 45 8,117 41 4,530 32 7,048 29 578 39 19.601 00 8,599 34 3.173 04 5,493 31 50.177 17 6,755 81 10,S5o 76 8.933 69 85..^S1 67 2,145 28 3.174 S3 7 534 64 1.951 27 4.934 21 12.033 72 17,120 62 6.724 03 10.736 70 13,960 27 2,745 74 8,123 57 22,404 78 732 73 1,036 74 1.9S5 34 39.679 00 4,211 69 4319 46 394.230 SO 2,496 92 1,478 90 21,9.50 S2 14.472 ^4 7.578 67 9,569 32 6..551 05 6.1. S2 75 14.0.84 14 142,292 72 7,870 31 44571 30 7,808 70 7,259 14 5S,-349 51 12.343 46 19,985 51 21,318 37 32.168 48 86.950 78 45,595 32 25,268 80 96.:3.30 38 18,241 49 103 625 90 86502 34 2.723 30 11. .349 21 1361 45 23.096 38 4 530 32 23.2(;i 86 578 39 22.474 08 28.916 13 3.173 04 6.842 42 321.687 26 111.722 24 13.101 81 127.960 09 91.102 (14 7.609 54 29.012 6s 16,711 78 13.198 39 10.57S 54 12.129 32 40.484 85 19.912 .50 15.731 40 24,828 62 2,745 74 8.123 57 22,404 78 732 73 1,036 74 1.985 34 89,679 00 15,165 42 8.555 75 835,867 61 2,496 92 3,355 35 22.084 56 14.472 24 7,578 67 9.569 32 6,628 63 6,1.82 75 14,084 14 206,497 82 7.870 31 44.571 30 9.460 *3 7,2.59 14 149,019 38 12,343 46 DISTRICTS. Vienna M'yl'd SnowIIill... " St. Mary's.. . " Town Creek " Annapolis . . " Georgetown D.ofC. Alexandria . Virg. Norfolk " Petersburg.. " Richmond.. " Yorktown .. " Tappahan'k . " Accotnac c.h. " East Kiver . . " Yeocomico.. " Cherrystone. " Wheeling .. " Wilmington. N.Car. Newbern " Washington. *' Edenton " Camden " Beaufort " Plymouth ... " (.)eraeoke " Charleston . . S.Car. Georgetown. " Beaufort " Savannah .. . Geor. Suiibury " Brunswick . . " Hanhvick .. . " .St. Mary's ... " Pcnsacola . . . Flor. St. Augustine " St. Mark's... " St. John's ... " Apalachicola " Key West ... " Mobile Ala. Pearl Kiver.. Mi.ss. Vicksbiirg ... " New Orleans. La. Teche " Nashville . . . Tenn. Louisville . . . Ky. St. Louis Miss. Chicago 111. Cuyahoga . . . Ohio Sandusky ... " Cincinnati... " Miami " Detroit Mich. Michilim'kinac " Galveston . . Tex. Saluria " Astoria •^reg. San Francisco Calif. Point Isabel. Tex. Registered tonnage. Enrolled and Total tonna licensed of eacli district. 2,796 19 2,887 31 10,542 10 948 76 8,160 80 503 26 9.123 51 1,518 32 1,097 61 127 07 1,269 11 613 69 1,183 88 15.377 48 1,749 19 10,4;37 16 491 43 1,221 11 4,415 46 7,403 67 83,668 55 415 92 1,063 43 15,2S5 12 401 35 15.478 01 15,473 01 9,511 51 9,511 51 2,184 91 2,184 91 2,226 81 2,226 81 2,323 17 2,323 17 14,214 42 17,010 61 5,850 -19 8,737 80 13,592 79 24,134 89 1,759 27 2,703 08 5,297 40 8,453 25 4,806 70 4,806 70 5,320 93 5,324 24 4,082 75 4,082 75 4,868 61 4,863 61 3,283 90 3,283 90 1,232 03 1,232 03 5,933 70 5,933 70 6,074 76 15,198 .82 8,689 25 5,207 57 4,605 49 5,703 15 1,018 09 1,145 16 10,678 88 11,943 04 1,645 79 2,2.59 53 1,144 54 2,-328 47 1.423 15 1,458 15 17,915 10 33.292 53 1,030 31 2,779 50 9,293 67 19,7.30 8.3 533 81 533 SI 9-33 87 1.425 40 572 63 1,793 74 353 07 353 07 309^2 309 72 5,050 36 2,050 36 2,350 09 6.765 55 16,753 88 24,157 60 1,367 34 1,367 34 460 28 460 23 165,040 49 248,709 09 1.380 71 1,-380 71 3,776 05 3,776 05 14,820 19 14.820 19 28,907 47 28,907 47 21,242 17 21.242 17 35,315 84 .35,315 S4 7,32S 49 7,328 49 17,1>8 80 17,183 SO 2.629 20 2,629 20 36,893 89 36,893 59 1,250 55 1,250 55 2,892 88 8,308 S5 588 52 588 52 — 1,063 43 2,306 65 17..591 77 274 28 '675 63 1,949,743 01 3,535,454 23 6. The general Statement of Tonnage Accounts from June 30, 1849, to June 30, 1850. 1850. To amount of tonnage sold to foreigners in the year ending" 30th June, 1850. . . . To amount of tonnage condemned as un- seaworthy in tlie year To amount of tonnage lost at sea in the year ending 3oth June, 1850 30th June. To balance, as appears by general state- ment of tonnage (marked A) To this difference in the enrolled ton- nage, which is presumed arises from transfer to the account of registered . . . Register'd A» tonnage 13,467 4,666 23,724 1,585,711 18,467 6,753 34,748 3,535,454 1,627,5703,640,599 JuneS0th,lSi9. By balance of tonnage, per statement, rendered for the year ending 30th June, 1349 June 90th, 1S50. By amount of tonnage built, registered, enrolled, and licensed in the year 18.50 By this amount, being an increase of the registered tonnage By this araoiml, being an increase of the licensed tonnage under 20 tons 1,483,941 157,612 81,016 3,334,015 272,218 31,016 3.349 1,627,570 3,610,599 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 6. A comparative View of the registered and enrolled Tonnage of the United States, showing the Tonnage employed in the Whale Fishery ; also, the proportion of the enrolled and licensed Tonnage employed in the Coasting Trade, Cod Fishery, Mackerel Fishery, and Whale Fish- ery, from 1815 to 1S50, inclusive. Registered ton- nase. Proportion oft le enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the— Years. censed tonnage. Total tonnage. ill whale li.-liVv Coasting trade. Cod fishery. Mack'l fish'y. 1 Whale 1 fishery. ■Ions and 9,ith3. 1815.... 854,294 74 513.833 04 1,-368,127 78 1 — 4-35.066 87 26,570 33 _ 1,229 92 1816.... 8110.759 (53 571,458 85 1,.372.21S 53 1 — 479,979 U 37,869 80 — 1,168 00 181T.... 81I9.724 70 590,186 66 1.399,912 4] 4,874 41 481,457 92 53,990 26 — 349 92 1818.... 606.0^8 64 619,095*51 1.225,154 2(. 16,134 77 503,140 37 58,551 72 — 614 63 1819.... 612,930 4^ 647,821 17 1,260.751 61 31,700 40 523.556 20 65,044 92 — 686 35 1S20.... 619,047 53 661,118 66 1.280,166 24 85,391 44 539,080 46 60,842 55 , — 1,053 66 1821.... 619,896 4( 679,062 30 1,298,958 79 26,070 83 559.435 57 51,851 49 — 1,924 40 1822.... 628.150 41 696.548 71 1,324,699 17 45,449 42 573.080 02 58,405 35 — 3,133 50 1S2.3.... 639.920 76 696,644 87 1,336,565 68 39,918 13 566,408 88 67,621 14 — 585 37 1824.... 669.972 6C 719,190 87 1,889,163 02 33,165 70 589.233 01 68,419 00 — 180 08 1825.... 70(1,787 OS 722,323 69 1,423,110 77 35,379 24 687,273 07 70.626 02 — 1826.... T37.978 15 796.210 68 1,5.34,189 S3 41,757 32 666,420 44 63,761 42 226 83 182T.... 747,170 44 873.437 84 1,620.607 78 45,653 21 732.937 65 74.048 81 — 328 94 1828.... 812,019 .34 928,772 52 1,741,.391 87 54,621 08 758,922 12 74,947 74 — 180 M 1829.... 6,50,142 88 610,654 8S 1.260,797 SI 67.284 38 508,858 10 101,796 78 1830.... 576,675 33 615,311 10 1,191,776 43 38.911 82 516,978 18 61.554 57 85,973 .33 T92 87 18.31.... 620,451 92 647,394 32 1,267,846 29 82.315 79 539,723 74 60,977 81 46,210 80 481 82 1832.... 686.989 77 752,460 39 1,439,450 21 72.868 84 649.627 40 54,027 70 47,427 72 877 47 1833.... 750.126 72 856,123 22 1,606,149 94 101.158 17 744,198 60 62,720 70 48,725 43 478 89 1834.... 857.433 42 901,468 67 1,758.907 14 103,060 14 783.618 65 56,403 70 61,082 11 364 16 1835.... SS5.S21 60 939,118 49 1,824,940 14 97,640 00 792.301 20 72,-374 18 64,443 11 — 1836.... 897,774 51 984,328 14 1,882.102 65 144,680 50 873,023 21 63,307 .37 64,424 25 1,573 26 1837.... 81(1,447 29 1,0S6,238 40 1,896,685 69 127,241 81 956,980 60 80,551 89 46.810 90 1,894 86 1888.... 822,591 .^6 1,173.047 89 1,995,639 Si> 119,629 89 1,041.105 18 70,064 00 56.649 16 5,229 55 1839.... 834.244 54 1,262,234 27 2,096,473 81 131.845 25 1,153,551 80 72,258 68 35,983 87 439 69 1840.... 899,764 T4 1,280,999 35 2,180,764 16 1.36,926 64 1,176,694 46 76,035 65 28,269 19 1841 .... 845,803 42 1,184,940 90 2,1.30,744 ,37 157,405 17 1,107,067 88 66,551 84 11,321 13 1842.... 975,:^53 74 1.117,031 90 2,090,390 69 151,612 74 1,045,7.53 39 54,804 02 16,096 S3 377 31 1843.... l.(i(t9..305 01 1,149,297 92 2.158,601 93 152.374 89 1,076,155 59 61,224 25 11,775 70 142 33 1844.... 1,068,704 91 1,211.3.30 11 2,280,095 07 168.293 63 1,109.614 44 85,224 77 16,170 66 820 14 1845.... 1,095,172 44 1,321,829 57 2,417,002 06 190,695 65 1.190,898 27 69,825 66 21,413 16 206 92 1846.... 1.1.31,286 49 1,431.798 32 2,562.084 81 186,980 16 1,289,870 89 72,516 17 36,463 16 439 53 184T.... 1.241,312 92 1.597,732 80 2,839,045 77 193.858 72 1,452,623 35 70,177 52 31,451 13 — 1848.... 1.360,886 85 1,793,155 00 3,154.041 85 192,176 90 1.620,988 16 82,651 82 43,558 78 432 75 1849.... 1 4.38.941 53 1,895.073 Tl 3,334,015 29 180,186 29 1,730.410 8t 42.970 19 73,853 78 1850.... l/.s.^.7n 22 1,949,743 01 3,535,454 23 146,016 71 1,755,796 42 85,646 30 58,111 94 — 7. A Statement of the Number of Vessels built in the several States, and the Aggregate Ton- nage of each for the year ending 30th June, 1850. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Ehode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Marj'land District of Columbia, Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Tennessee Kentuclvy Missouri Illinois Ohio Michigan Texas Oregon Total CLASS OF VESSELS. Ships. Brigs. 115 2 46 5 27 50 35 39 12 125 27 23 16 3 3 9 112 17 107 3 159 826 10 1 121 14 47 224 57 185 16 150 8 34 34 5 13 31 14 1 2 1,360 91,211 73 6,914 82 77 41 85,836 14 3,587 15 4,819 79 53,.342 73 6,201 68 21,409 93 1,84,8 82 15,964 80 288 17 3,534 09 2,651 59 683 82 79 75 113 66 1,592 38 6,460 69 1,353 82 1,691 21 5,214 62 2,061 63 105 5t 122 42 272,218 64 27 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 8. Statement sliowing the Number and Class of Vessels built, and the Tonnage thereof, in the several States and Territories of the United Stales from 1815 to 1850 inclusive. 1815. 1&16. ISIT. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832 1833. 1834., 1835. 1836.. 188T., 1838.. 1839., 1840.. 1841.. 1842., 1843.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846., 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. CLASS OP VESSELS, Ships. Brigs. SclKtoners. 136 224 680 76 122 781 34 86 559 53 85 428 63 82 473 21 60 301 43 89 248 64 131 260 55 127 260 56 156 377 56 197 538 71 187 482 58 133 464 73 108 474 44 68 485 25 56 403 72 95 416 1.32 143 568 144 169 625 98 94 406 25 50 302 93 65 444 67 73 507 66 79 501 83 89 439 97 109 878 114 101 310 116 91 273 53 34 138 73 47 204 124 87 322 100 164 576 151 168 689 254 174 701 198 148 62;3 247 117 547 274 424 394 332 242 152 127 168 165 166 168 227 241 196 145 116 94 122 185 ISO 100 164 168 153 122 224 157 404 173 279 .«,42 355 392 547 370 290 Steamers. •5 H 1,314 — 1,403 — 1.073 — 698 — 650 5.34 507 — 623 15 622 26 781 35 994 46 1,012 88 934 33 884 43 785 87 637 84 711 100 1,065 65 1,1SS 68 937 30 507 124 690 185 949 90 898 125 858 64 872 78 782 137 1,021 79 482 163 766 163 1,038 225 1.420 198 1,598 175 1,851 208 1.547 159 1,360 154,624 39 131.668 04 86.393 37 82.421 20 79.817 86 47.784 01 55.856 01 75.346 93 75.007 57 90 9.39 00 114.997 25 120 4.38 35 104.342 67 98.375 58 77,098 65 58,094 24 85.962 68 144,539 16 161.626 86 11 8,-330 37 46.2.38 52 113.627 49 122.987 22 113.135 44 120,983 34 118.309 23 118.893 71 129,083 64 63.617 77 103.537 29 146,018 02 18-^,203 93 243,732 67 318.075 54 256.577 47 272,218 54 VII. STATEMENT OF THE DUTIES, REVENUES, AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURES DURING THE TEARS ENDING 30th JUNE, 1849 AND 1S50. From customs $28,346,738 82 From sales of public lands. 1,688,959 55 From miscellaneous sources 1,038,649 18 Total receipts $31,074,347 50 Avails of stocks, treasury notes, etc., issued $28,588,750 00 Balance in treasury 1st July, 1848 & 1849 153,534 60 lS.iO. $.39,668,686 42 1,859,894 25 1,847,218 33 $43,375,798 90 $4,045,950 00 2,189,964 28 Total means $59,816,632 10 $49,606,713 18 Civil list $2,865,615 88 $3,042,770 OT Foreign intercourse 7,972,^32 01 4,i^3'^,,594 76 Miscellaneous 3,179,192 66 6,958,360 24 Interior department — 3.400,524 87 War department 17,290,936 68 9,-101,239 16 Navv department 9,869,818 20 7,923,313 18 Public debt 16,453,272 39 7,437,366 41 Total expenditures $57,631,667 82 $43,002,168 69 Balances 1st July '49 & '50 $2,184,964 28 $6,604,544 49 VIII. 6TATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT 30th NOVEMBER, 1850. DENOMINATION OF DEBT. Principal and interest of old funded and unfunded debt. Treasury notes of 181: and Yazoo scrip Debt of the cities of the District of Columbia, assumed per act SOtli May, I'iSO Outstanding tre.isury notes issued previous to 22d July, 1346, payable or fuudaliU Outstanding treasury notes i.ssuod under act 26tli June, 1846, p.ayable or fundabU Outstanding treasury notes issued under ant 2Sth Jan. 1847, payable or fundabk Stock issued for treasury notes 1887-1843, under act 28th Jan. 1847 Loan of 15th April, 1842 " 3d March, 1843 " 22d July, 1846 " 28lh Jan., 1847 " 31st March, 1S48 ■Mexican indemnity stock When redeemable. On presentation $60,000 per annum On presentation On presentation On presentation 1st January, 1868 31st Dec. 1862 Ist July, 1853 121h Nov., 1856 1st Jan., 1868 1st July, 1868 9th Aug., 1851 $119,585 98 900,000 00 139,011 64 25,850 00 44,700 00 154..328 00 8,198,686 03 6,468,231 85 4,999.149 46 27.135,122 00 15,740.000 00 303,578 92 28 Total debt per statement lat December, 1850 $64,228,238 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. OOOOOOcMi-'OOSCOO'^'^COOO^tOOtMiO-rJ^cOrHT-HrfCOCOO'^i ■Tt;.'^^<^,-r-t'^'^ CN 53 CO C^ CN Gl 3 ^ rl ~ " ' QpCOC ■rH* O ■< P Ph w o 2 >^ »5 I— OO 1 lh— COT-HT-HlOCsCOh-'-OCMCOOC^lOOi-iCO-^l - CO T-H T-H lO C5 00 I iC lO — ' -j=> •^^ CO o c; c: (- oi .— 'jj ...' •— . ^... ■-■»■ -.— .-J w w. -J. -r -~' -^ ■ ■ ^- .- ^ ^. . 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COCOCOCOCOM^Tf-^'^'n^-^'^Tt^'^-^lO ooooa)c/:)GOcooococ/:oooococococoS^Soo r-l r-l 1-1 tH tH tH tH tH 29 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. X. STATISTICS OF COINAGE. 1. Deposits for Coinage, at the Mint of the United States and its Brandies, in the Year 1850. GOLD. Coins of U. S., old stand. Foreign Coins Uuilc'il Slates Bullion . . Foreign IJulliou Tolal of Gold KILVKK. United Slales Bullion. . Foreign Bullion Foreign Coins. Total of Silver Total . 1,303: 36.938 113 $269, 143, 1,526, $38,365,160 1,939,041 $40,304,201 2. Coinage of the Mint of the United Stales and its Branches, in the Year 1850. Denominations., Pieces GOLD. Doub. Eagles 1,311.261 '$26,225,220 00 Eagles Half Eagles.. Quar. Eagles Dollars Total Gold . COrPKE. Cents Half Cents , 348,951 172,1132 358,219 511,-301 3,489,510 00 860,160 (10 895,542 5ii 511,301 00 2,701,764 $31,981,733 50 4,426,844 39,812 44,263 44 199 56 Total Copper 4,566,656 1 $44,467 50 Denominations. Gold & Copper Coins SILVER. Dollars Half Dollars. Quar. Dollars Dimes Half Dimes . Total 7,268,420 47,.500 2.6S3,(iii( 6(12,8111) 2,411 ,.5111 1,645,000 14,588,220 $32,026,200 47,500 ,941.500 15(1,700 244,150 82,280 $33,892,301 3. Coinage of the Mint of the United Stales, from 1792, including the Coinage of the Branch Mints, from the Commencement of their Operations, in 1838. Years. Gold. Silver. Copper. WHOLE COINAGE. JSO. ol PleCM, Viilue. 1793-95 $71,4S5 00 102,727 50 103,422 50 2(15.610 00 213.285 00 317,760 00 422,570 00 423,310 00 258,377 50 258,642 50 17U.367 50 324,505 00 4:37,495 00 284,665 00 169,375 00 501.435 00 497,905 00 290.4:35 00 477,140 00 77,270 00 3,175 00 242,94t) 00 258,615 00 1,819,(.):30 00 189,325 00 68,980 00 72,425 00 93,200 00 150,385 00 92,245 00 131,565 00 14(J,145 (lO 295,717 50 64:3,1(15 00 714,270 00 798,435 00 978,55(1 00 8,954,270 00 2,1-16,175 00 4,1:35,700 00 1,148,3(15 00 1,8(19,595 00 1.355,8^5 00 1,675,:302 50 1,091,597 50 1,834,170 50 8,108,797 50 2.280 00 3,756,447 50 4.034,177 00 20,221,385 00 3,775,512 50 9,007.761 50 81,981,7:33 50 $370,683 SO 79,077 50 12,591 45 330.291 00 423,515 00 224,296 00 74.75S 00 58.34:3 00 87,118 00 100.340 50 149,388 50 471.319 00 597.448 75 684.300 00 707.376 00 638,773 50 608,340 00 814,029 50 620,951 50 561,687 50 17,308 00 28,575 75 007,783 50 1,070,454 50 1,140,000 00 501,680 70 825,762 45 S05,S06 50 895,550 00 1,752.477 00 1.564,583 00 2,002,090 00 2,869,200 00 1.575,600 00 1,994,578 00 2,495,400 00 3.175.600 00 2.579,000 00 2,769,000 00 3.415.002 00 3.443.003 00 3.6(16.100 00 2.096,010 00 2,3;3;3,213 00 2,189,296 00 1,726.703 00 1.1:32,750 00 2.332.750 00 3,834,750 00 2,2:55.550 00 1,873.200 00 2,558,5^0 00 2,374,450 00 2,040.050 00 2,114,950 00 1,866,100 00 $11,373 00 10,324 40 9.510 34 9,797 00 9,106 68 29.279 40 13,628 37 34.422 S3 25,2U3 03 12,844 94 13.483 48 5,260 00 9,652 21 13,090 00 8,001 53 15,660 00 2,495 95 10,755 00 4,180 00 3,578 80 28,21(9 82 39.484 00 31,670 00 26,710 00 44,075 50 3,890 00 20,723 39 12,020 00 14,926 00 16,344 25 23,557 32 25,636 24 16,580 00 17,115 00 33,603 60 23,620 00 28,160 00 19,151 00 39,4s9 00 2:3.100 00 55.583 00 53,702 00 31.2^6 61 24,627 00 15,973 67 23,833 90 24,2,83 20 23,987 52 88,948 04 41,208 00 61,836 69 64.1.57 99 41,9S4 32 44,467 50 1,834,420 1,219.370 1,095,165 1,868.241 1,365,681 8,.337,972 1.571,390 3.615.869 2,780.830 2.046.839 2,260.301 1,815.409 2.731,345 - 2,935.888 2,861,834 3.056.418 1,049,570 2,761,646 1.755,:331 l,S33,s59 69,S67 2,888,185 5,163,967 5,537,084 5,(174,723 6.492,509 8.139,249 3.m:3.78S 2,16(;.485 4.7-6,8!)4 5.17-.760 5,774.434 9,(197,845 6.196,S.V3 7,674,501 8,357.191 11.792.284 9.128.:387 10,:3o7.790 11,637,643 15.996 342 13.719.33:3 ]3.(ill).721 15,780.311 11,811,594 10,558,240 8,811.963 11,743,153 4,640,582 9.051,834 1.806,196 10,133,515 15,:392,344 12.649.790 12,066.6.J9 14,5>8,220 $+53,541 80 1796 192,129 40 179T 125,.524 29 1798 545.693 00 1799 645.900 68 1800 571,335 40 1801 1802 510,H56 37 510,075 83 1803 370,098 53 1804 371.>27 94 1805 3:33,2:39 48 1806 801. 0S4 00 1807 1,044.595 96 1808 982,055 00 1S((9 884,752 53 1810 1,155.868 50 1811 1.1(13,740 95 1812 1,116.219 50 1813 1,102,275 60 1814 642,535 80 1815 2(1.483 00 1816 56.785 57 1817 647,267 50 1818 l.:34o,064 50 1819 1,425,:325 00 1820 1.364.786 20 1821 l.OlS.977 45 1822 915.51(9 89 1823 967,975 00 1824 1,858,297 00 1825 1,7:.-!5,S94 00 1826 2,ll(i,(i79 25 1827 3.(i24,:342 82 1828 1,741.381 24 1829 2,:3((6.875 50 1830 3,155,620 00 1831 3,923.478 60 1832 8.401.(55 00 1883 3.765.710 00 1834 7,3^8423 00 1835 5.6(;8,607 00 1836 7.764.900 00 1887 3.299.898 00 1838 4.2(10.540 00 1839 3.570.467 61 1840 3.420.682 50 1841 2.2 4(i.:32l 17 1842 4.19(1.754 40 1843 11.907.830 70 1844 7.687.767 52 1845 5.608,595 54 1846 6.6:33.965 00 1847 22.6.57,071 69 1843 5,879.720 49 1849 11.104.095 82 1850 33,892,301 00 Total $117,330,935 00 $77,447,504 90 $1,296,21 102 370,536,129 1 $195,074,710 92 80 UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. •■f[X«Ai lUlas •^i!«a I I 1 s- 1 ::-■ I M S M I I I O C' O O O O O O O ' ' -0'-*<-^Cfi O"^ i-tw'JOOOt— COCST-Hi-'CCCCO^C'GO'^C^-T^tM I CC CD O T-^ -^ ^-; CO "^ C; »q 'w r-J o COCOQCr ' CO i-^tO ilDCO O CN CO *C CO rH OiTi COOOO' C> I CO w t^ t~^ O I kO W CO «D^ ' ' ' S .' * cicoo^ 04tH CO T-* <0 C5 ' CO (M C5 o -^ .CH133MIJX ill«lll'^MIIII"lllll~il^l'"llllllll ItH |(M I ItOt-tHelt-rH | I I I I I I I I I CiCOCOCOCOOi-i-'^b-COr-IOCO'^liOCOOi-ieOOCOi-'C^lCO^litiCDG'li-'OCDOi iHC^ ■V rH CO 1-1 "^ Cs CJ )crCit^.--e-'eDOCiO C^C^ COt-i la 1-1 r-l IC rH (?» CO CO ^ O <0 O CO lO t- tT 50 lO »0 O (M r-» -^ O CC CO O '^ 0» 1 rH e< TjlTJlrJt 0< (S rl O r-l O CO c5 (S c3l rH ^ . ^-^ r-i rl e» rHT-( 1 COlO I OrH CO r-f «0 CDCHM t-lC «0 -f r-rH b- o O O 05 CO (>) ^ « t-r-«t- (MCS lO I I r-( I (M I rH rH CO CO rH rH rH rH rH 0« C^ IM rH rH C4 rH C5 O C^ rH rH Ol (M | 1 ! O CO I O rH W5iC Cs CO (Nt- bHiO'-(CD«OCOeOO (NrH -^ C0«000 I "-f CO "^ rH rH eo I I P e» loi CO-WT-eISrHCO^I I I C.'— rt ^^ c ^ ill a i: C. a> > » s O) ^- rH r^ »} c rt <" j; c *> g^ ~ c: o r-. O ..-. Qt O C C4 II 3§ ^ a ^ ^^ C O S2 ■s >, CO C^ 4> ^ O V c c B c g c o o o 5 cs 2 ^ ■^ c = s 5 ^^ CO O O' O O O (3 Q, O O <= O O So* "^ as o 03 .S§ ^1 0.2 .-'.a ~ o . >. — (B a'd gi 3^ s £ S £ S £ i: ?? .^ 2 SSS oiua)Cj=i,.a5£Q)a'~C-£: sss;zi»;zi?ioPHM(aHE^f>t>^fig;2ioP 5 C3 = « £ °^ rt ^ 3 ^ 31 c;.4 fl a) £ O ^=« H UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The progress of the United States has been as rapid as astonishing. The exhibits of the fore- going tables incontrovcrtibly attest the fact in every department of industry and economy. The mind, indeed, becomes bewildered in contemplating the subject. The States composing the Amer- ican Union on the ratification of its independence were thirteen in number, viz. : Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Penn.'sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These States, the whole in- habited territory of which, with the exception of a few small settlements, was confined to the region extending between the Alleghany Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean, were those which existed at the period, they became an acknowledged separate and independent federal sovereign power. The thirteen stripes of the national standard continue to represent this number — the stars have increased to thirty-one, in accordance with the increase of additional sovereignties. The land area of these thirteen original States comprehended a superficies of 825,400 square miles. The United States as existing at the present time cover an area of about 3,260,000 square miles. The population at the first census in 1790 and that of 1850, compares as follows : Increase in 60 years. Classes. Census Census 1790. 1850. Abaolute. Per cent. White persons 3,172,464 19,630,733 16,458,274 518.73 Colored " —free 59,466 428,661 869,195 620.85 " " —slave 697,897 3,204,089 2,506,192 359.10 " " —total 757,363 3,632,750 2,875,387 379.65 Total population 3,929,827 23,263,488 19,333,661 491.97 — with such expansion of territory and augmentation of population may not the republican citizen indulge a feeling of satisfaction and gratitude. It presents the true test of the condition of a people, and the soundness and beneficence of the institutions under which such extraordinary results have accrued. The first accession of territory to the old Union was Louisiana, a territory extending from the British possessions in the north to the Gulf of Mexico (Texas excepted) on the south, and from the Mississippi on the cast to the Rocky Mountains on the west. The area within these limits is about 1,200,000 square miles. This vast territory is now occupied by the Stat^ of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and Iowa, the Indian and Nebraska Territories, Minnesota Territory, and the extensive territory yet unsettled, extending westward of Iowa and Minnesota and north of the 43d parallel. Louisiana was purchased from the French in the year 1803. By the terms of the cession of this country, the United States also acquired the French claim to the territory west of the mountains. Florida was purchased from Spain in 1819. It contains an area of 59,300 square miles, and is now one of the organized States of the Union. The act of cession secured to the United States not only the actual territory of Florida, but also the Spanish claim to all the territory between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains north of 42° latitude north. That portion of Florida now comprised in the States of Alabama and Mississippi was taken possession of by the United States as early as 1811. Texas was admitted into the Union in 1845, and added to the federal limits an area of 237,300 square miles. The line of demarkation between the British possessions and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, which had remained in doubt for many years, was settled in 1846; and a positive pos- session of a country extending over a space of 341,500 square miles was thus secured to the Union. The right of the United States to this territory dates from 1792, and was based on the discovery of the Columbia River by an American citizen (and had been strengthened by the cession of the French and Spanish claims) ; but until the period above named it could not be said to form an integr.al part of the federal territory. This acquisition is now divided into the Territories of Oregon and Washington. California Alta and New Mexico became parts of the Union by the terms of the treaty of Gua- dalupe Hidalgo, in 1848. The area of these Territories extends over about 596,500 square miles, and is now occupied by the State of California and the Territories of Utah and New Mexico. Are the present limits of the Union the ultimatum of its expansion, or if not, where is to be the line of our nationality .' Some there are whose ambitious views embrace the whole of North America and the Antilles in the American federation ; others do not confine themselves to so limited an ac- quisition, but already, with prophetic eye, see the star-spangled banner floating over the whole western hemisphere, and embracing in its ample folds the isles of the Pacific, and claiming sov- ereignty over the oceans on both its sides ; and again others foresee in the Union a palladium which 32 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. shall cover the earth and gather all nations into one great brotherhood. The future will unveil wonderful events. " Manifest destiny," indeed, points to an unlimited extension of the Union. Already the popular mind is made up on the propriety or policy of annexing Mexico, Cuba, and the Canadas, which in the course of time and favoring events will most certainly become States of, or States under the protection of, the United States. As the greater body attracts the lesser, so the more liberal government attracts a more despotic ; and thus on a principle of nature the amalgamation will be consummated. But if the old world is too distant for annexation, there is some satisfaction in knowing that its people are willing to mingle their destiny with ours within our own territories, which are large enough to harbor and provide for the whole human family. The swelling tide of immigration to our shores bears witness to the superior attraction of our in- stitutions to the millions on whom the iron heel of despotism presses hardest. " Excelsior !" A few historical facts connected with the formation of the original Union, and the admission of new States, will not be out of place in this connection. On Monday, the 5th September, 1774, there was assembled at Carpenters' Hall, in the City of Philadelphia, a number of men who had been chosen and appointed by the several Colonies in North America, to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain grievances imputed against the mother country. This Congress re- solved on the next day that each colony should have one vote only. On Tuesday, the 2d July, 1776, the Congress resolved, " That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and Independent States," etc., etc. ; and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declaration of Indepen- dence having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly after, on the 9th Sep- tember, it was resolved that the words " United Colonies" should be no longer used, and that the " United States" should thenceforward be the style and title of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th November, 1777, " Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States of Amer- ica" were agreed to by tl^ State delegates, subject to the ratification of the State legislatures severally. Eight of the States ratified these articles on the 9th July, 1778 ; one on the 21st July ; one on the 24th July, and one on the 2Gtli November of the same year ; one on the 22d February, 1779, and the last one on the 1st March, 1781. Here was a bond of union between thirteen inde- pendent States, whose delegates in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and executed cer- tain powers, so far as they were permitted by the articles aforesaid. On the 4th March, 1789, the present Constitution, which had been adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite number of States, went into operation, and thus a more perfect union for the general good was formed. The dates at which the State legislatures severally ratified this instrument are given in the annexed table : Original States, Date of Ratification. Delaware 7th December, 17S7 Pennsylvania 12tli " 17ST Kew Jersey ISth " 1787 Georgia 2d January, 178S Connecticut 9th " 1788 Massachusetts 2d February, 1788 Maryland 28th AprU, 1788 Original State3. Date of Ratification. South Carolina 23d May, 178S New Hampshire 21st June, 17SS Virginia 26th " 1788 New York 26th July, 1788 North Carolina 2l8t March, 1789 and Khode Island 29th May, 1790 The privilege of becoming members of the Union by ratifying the Constitution was confined to those States that were parties to the confederation by which the Constitution had been framed. The Constitution had been adopted by the convejition on the 17tli day of September, 1787. It re- quired that nine States should ratify it before its provisions could go into effect. Congress, on the 13th September, 1788, determined that as a sufficient number of States had ratified it — eleven hav- ing done so — that it should become operative on the first Wednesday (the 4th) March, 1789. North Carolina and Pihode Island had not yet given it sanction ; but as soon as they acceded to its pro- visions, they were admitted to a participation of its blessings. The usual practice observed on the admission of new States is first to form a certain part of the country into a sort of colonial appendage, with a governor and other executive and judicial oflScers appointed by the President. When the population of such organized Territory becomes equal to the ratio which entitles a State to one member in the United States House of Representatives, the people are authorized to petition Congress for leave to frame a State Constitution, and this done, the admission of the State is only a matter of form. The ratio on which a Territory is entitled to claim admission is altered after each general census. At first it was about 40,000 ; but as 233 is now the maximum number of members allowed for the lower branch of the federal legislature, and as the population is about 23,300,000, the ratio is not far from 96,000. The petition is sel- dom questioned, except, perhaps, at times when sectional feelings prevail, and even then the usages of the country eventually enforce its demands. The only interference by Congress being as re- 88 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Bpects boundaries, and that any constitution that may be framed by the new State shall be repub- lican in its form and not discordant with that of the United States. All the Western and Southern States have been admitted on these principles ; but in the case of Texas and California other prin- ciples have been necessarily adopted. Eighteen new States have been admitted into the Union since the confederation of the original thirteen colonies, as follows : 1. Vermont, which formed a part of the territory of New York and New Hampshire, was admit- ted on the 4th March, 1791. 2. Kentucky, which was formerly a part of Virginia, was admitted on the 1st June, 1792. 3. Tennessee, formed from the territory ceded to the United States by North Carolina, and which afterward was known as the " Territory south of the Ohio River," was admitted on the 1st June, 1796. 4. Ohio, the first State formed from the " Territory north-west of the Ohio River" — a territory which had been ceded to the United States by Virginia and other claimants, and which was erected into a government as early as 1787, was admitted on the 29th November, 1802. 5. Louisiana, a part of the vast territory of the same name, purchased of France by the United States in 1803, and subsequently known as the Territory of Orleans, was admitted on the 8th April, 1812. 6. Indiana, the second State formed to the north-west of the Ohio, was admitted within its present limits on the 11th December, 181G. 7. Mississippi, which was formed from the territory ceded to the United States by South Caro- lina and Georgia, was admitted on the 10th December, 1817. 8. Illinois, the third of the North-western States, was admitted on the 3d December, 1818. 9. Alabama, the second State formed from the South Carolina and Georgia cessions, was admit- ted on the 14th December, 1819. 10. Maine, originally a province of Massachusetts, but having been permitted to frame a State government by that State, was admitted on the 15tli March, 1820. 11. Missouri, the second State formed from the French purchase, vras admitted on the 10th August, 1821. 12. Arkansas, the third State formed from the Louisiana cession, was admitted on the 15th June, 1836. 13. Michigan, the fourth State formed from the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, was admitted on the 26th June, 1837. 14. Florida, -which has the same limits as when ceded by Spain, was admitted on the 3d March, 1845. 15. Texas, which had been an independent Republic for the ten preceding years, was admitted by a joint resolution of both Houses of Congress on the 29th December, 1845. 16. Iowa, the fourth State formed from the Territory of Louisiana, was admitted on the 28th December, 1846. 17. Wisconsin, the fifth State formed from the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, was ad- mitted on the 29th May, 1848. And 18. California, having been governed as a State for upward of a year, was admitted on the 9th December, 1850 ; and though the last, it is by no means the least important of the mem- bers of the great confederacy. Besides these thirty-one States which send representatives to Congress, in number according to their population, there are several local and dependent goverments, which are styled "Territories of the United States." Such are the Territories of Oregon, Washington, Utah, New Mexico, and Minnesota. The Territory of Nebraska is not yet organized, nor has the vast territory set apart for the Indians any aggregate existence, but each nation, within its own limits, is governed by its own laws. 1. Oregon was erected into a Territory on the 14th August, 1848 ; 2. Minnesota, on the 3d March, 1849 ; ^ 3. Utah, and 4. JVew Mexico, on the 9th September, 1850; and 5 Washington, originally a part of Oregon, was formed into a separate Territory at the session Of 1852-53. The only Territory now remaining without local government is that portion of the United States embraced in the Nebraska country, and the vast domain extending beyond Minnesota and Iowa westward to the Rocky Mountains and north of the 43d parallel of north latitude. 84 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The District of Columbia, or Federal District, is under the immediate government of Congress, and is not represented in that body. The statistics of population of the old colonies were obscure and uncertain at the commencement of the Revolution ; but the population at that time could not have been far from 3,000,000, more or less. Since the peace a census has been taken at decennial periods. In 1790 the number of inhabitants in the States amounted to 3,929,827, of which number 3,172,464 were white persons, 59,466 free colored persons, and 697,897 slaves. In 1800 the population had increased to 5,305,941, of which number 4,304,489 were whites, 108,395 free colored, and 893,057 slaves. In 1810 the population amounted to 7,239,814, viz. : 5,862,004 whites, 186,446 free colored, and 1,191,364 slaves. In 1820 the whole number amounted to 9,038,191, viz. : 7,866,569 whites, 233,524 free colored, and 1,538,098 slaves. In 1830 the population had increased to 12,866,020, of which 10,532,060 were whites, 319,599 free colored, and 2,009,043 slaves. In the aggregate of this census are included 5,318 seamen in the United States service. In 1810 the census returned 17,069,453 inhabitants, viz. : 14,189,705 whites, 386,292 free color- ed, and 2,487,356 slaves. Included in the aggregate are 6,100 seamen in the United States service. The census of 1850 gave the whole population at 23,263,488, of which number 19,630,738 were white persons, 428,661 free colored, and 3,204,089 slaves. The per centum increase of the several classes, from one decennial period to another, was a3 exhibited herewith : Classes. ngn.isoo. 1?00-10. 1810-20, 1820-30. 1?30-(0. 1840-61 "White persons 85.7 .... . . . . 36.2 . . . . .... 84.2 . . . . .... 38.9 .... .... 84.7 .... .... 88.3 Colored " —free S2.2 .... . . . . 72.2 . . . . .... 25.2 .... .... 86.8 .... .... 20.8 .... .... 10.9 " " — slave . . . 27.9 .... .... 33.4 .... .... 29.1 .... .... 80.6 .... .... 28.8 .... .... 28.8 " " —total.... S2.2 . . . . 37.6 .... . . . . 28.6 .... .... 31.4 .... .... 23.4 .... .... 26.4 Total population 36.0 .... . . . . 86.4 . . . . .... 3-3.1 .... .... 8.3.4 .... .... 32.6 ... . . . . 86.3 The above sums are independent of the Indian population, the enumerations of which have ever been uncertain, but what at the present time may probably amount to about half a million. Sixty years since, says the census report of December, 1851, the proportion between the whites and blacks, bond and free, was 4.18 to 1. In 1850 it was 5.4 to 1, and the ratio in favor of the former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as fast as the whites during these sixty years, their number, on the 1st June, would have been 4,686,410 ; so that, in comparison with the whites, they have lost in this period 1,053,660. This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emigration to the United States. Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon emigration, published at Boston, in 1848 — distinguished for great elaborateness of research — estimates the gain of the white population from this source at 3,922,152 No reliable record was kept of the number of immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, by the law of March, 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign pas- sengers arriving in their districts. For the iirst ten years, the returns under the law aiford materials for only an approximation to a true state of the facts involved in this inquiry. -Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of 6,431,088 inhabitants of the United States in 1820, 1,430,906 were foreigners, arriving subsequent to 1790, or the descendants of such. According to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of foreign pas- sengers from 1790 to 1810, was, as nearly as could be ascertained, 120,000 ; and from the estimates of Dr. Seybert, and other evidence, Hon. George Tucker, author of a valuable work on the Census of 1840, supposes the number, from 1810 to 1820, to have been 114,000. These estimates make for the thirty years preceding 1820, 234,000. If we reckon the increase of these emigrants at the average rate of the whole body of the white population during these three decades, they and their descendants, in 1820, would amount to about 360,000. From 1820 to 1830, there arrived, according to the returns of the custom-houses, 135,986 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, making for the twenty years, 715,356. During this period, a large number of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland came into the United States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such from 1820 to 1830 at 67,993 , and from 1830 to 1840 at 199,130— for the twenty years together, 267,123. During the same time a considerable number are supposed to have landed at New York with the purpose of pursuing their route to Canada ; but it is probable that the number of these was balanced by the omissions in the official returns. 85 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. From 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign passengers in the ports of the United States hare been as follows : 1842 . . . 1843 ... 1844 ... 88,504 1S45 . 101,107 1S46* 75,159 1S47 . 74,607 1S43 . 102,415 202,157 234,750 226,524 1S49 296,610 lS50t 173,011 Total 1,509,85') Within the last ten years there has probably been comparatively little immigration of foreigners into the United States over the Canada frontier ; the disposition to take the route by Quebec hav- ing yielded to the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities of the Union ; ■what there has been, may, perhaps, be considered as equaled by the number of foreigners passing into Canada, after landing at New York, many having been drawn thitlier by the opportunities of employment afforded by the public works of the province. As the heaviest portion of this great influx of immigration took place in the latter half of the decade, it will probably be fair to estimate the natural increase during the term at twelve per cent., being about one-third of that of the white population of the country at its commencement. Investigations instituted since the date of this report lead to the conclusion that the immigration through Canada virtually ceased with the ten years ending in 1840, and that during the decennial term from 1840 to 1850, at least 48,000 foreign immigrants passed from the United States into Canada in excess of the number which passed from that province into the States of the Union. This correction does not materially alter the table of immigration up to 1840, but slightly reduces the aggregate for the sixty years. Taking for granted the substantial correctness of the above estimates, and the accuracy of the returns during the last ten years, the following statement will show the accessions to our popula- tion from immigration from 1790 to 1850 : Number of foreigners arriving from 1790 to ISIO 120,000 Natural increase, reckoned in periods of ten years 47,560 Number of foreigners arriving from ISIO to 1S20 114,000 Increase of the above to 1S20 19,000 Increase from 1810 to 1S20 of those arriving previous to ISIO 53,450 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants iu 1S20 359.010 Number of immigrants arriving from 1S20 to 1830 203,979 Increase of the above 35.723 Increase from 1820 to 1830 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the country in 1820 134.130 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1S30 732,847 Number of immigrants arriving from 1830 to 1840 762,.369 Increase of the above 129,602 Increase from ISSO to 1840 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1830 254,445 Total number of immigrants and dcscemlants of immigrants in the United States in 1840 1,379,263 Number of immigrants arriving from 1S4U to 1860 1,521,850 Increase of the above at twelve per cent 183,942 Increase from 1840 to 1850 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1840 719,361 Total number of immigrants into the United States since 1790, living in 1850, together with descendants of im- migrants 4,304,416 Should the population increase in the average ratio (say 33J per cent, decennially) it has main- tained for the past sixty years, the United States will contain in 18G0, 31,018,000 ; 1870, 41,358,000 ; in 1880, 55,144,000; in 1890, 73,525,000; in 1900, 98,034,000; in 1910, 130,712,000; in 1920, 174,293,000; in 1930, 232,391,000; in 1940, 309,855,000 : and in 1950, 413,139.000. Thus in one hundred years hence the United States may equal in its population that of China — a nation, the age of which reaches beyond the dawn of history. That the mission of the United States is one of a high destiny, who can doubt. Its progress in the past and its prospects for the future are alike incomparable, for no other nation of the world has been so blessed with increase, nor has any ever adopted so mild, yet potent influences to guard its welfare. Of the past, present, and future of our country, Mr. Everett, one of America's great- est statesmen, thus speaks: "We live at an era as eventful, in my judgment, as that of '76, though in a difi'erent waj'. We have no foreign yoke to throw ofi", but in the discharge of the duty devolved upon us by Providence, we have to carry the republican independence which our fathers achieved, with all the organized institutions of an enlightened community, institutions of religion, " This return includes fifteen montlis. from July 1, 1S4.';, to TOtli September, 1846. t Tlie report fn.m the St«te Department for this year gives .ll'^.SSS as the total number of passengers arriTing in the Dnited States, but of liese, 30.023 wre citizens of tlie Atlantic States |>roreeding to California by sea. and 6,320 natives of the country returning from visits abroad A deduction of 11.16,870 ia miule from Iho baliinie lor that portion of the year from June 1 to September 30. 86 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. law, education, charity, art, and all the thousand graces of the highest culture, beyond the Mis- souri, beyond the Sierra Nevada! — perhaps in time around the circuit of the Antilles — perhaps to the archipelagoes of the central Pacific ! The pioneers are on the way — who can tell how far and how fast they will travel ? Who that compares the North America of 1753, but a century ago, and numbering but a little over a million of souls of European origin ; or, still more, the North America of 1653, when there was certainly not a fifth part of that number; — who that compares this with the North America of 1853 — its twenty-two millions of European origin, and its thirty- one States, will venture to assign limits to our growth — will dare to compute the time-table of our railway progress, or lift so much as a corner of the curtain that hides the crowded events of the coming century ? This only we can plainly see — the old world is rocking to its foundations. From the Gulf of Finland to the Yellow Sea, every thing is shaken. The spirit of the age has gone forth to hold his great review, and the kings of the earth are moved to meet him at his com- ing. The band which holds the great powers of Europe together in one political league, is strained to its utmost tension. The catastrophe may for a while be staved off, but to all appearance they are hurrying to the verge of one of those conflicts which, like those of Pharsalia and Actium, affect the condition of states for twice ten centuries. The Turkish Empire, encamped but for four centuries on the frontiers of Europe, and the Chinese Monarchy, cotemporary with David and Solomon, are alike crumbling. AVhile these events are passing in the Old World, a tide of emi- gration which has no parallel in history, is pouring Westward across the Atlantic, and Eastward across the Pacific, to our shores. The real political vitality of the world seems moving to the new hemisphere, whose condition and fortune it devolves upon us and our children to mould and regu- late. It is a grand, a solemn thought, well calculated to still the passions of the day, and to elevate us above the paltry strife of parties. It teaches us we are called to the highest, and I do verily believe, to the most momentous trust that ever devolved upon one generation of men. Let us meet it with a corresponding temper and purpose — with the wisdom of a well-instructed experience ; with the foresight and preparation of a glorious future — not only on the narrow plat- forms of party policy and temporary expediency, but in the broad and comprehensive spirit of 76." 87 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF STATES, ETC. States Are.i eq. miles. lTes : . . 30,000 .... 9.2S0 .. 10,212 .... T.S'iO.... 1.360 . . . 4,674 .... Population in 18R0 Territoriea. New England Stj Wliitea. Free Uolorea. .... 531,813.... 1,356.... . . . . 317,456 .... .520 . . . . .... 318.402 ... 718 .... 985,450 .... 9,064 . . . . . . . . 143.875 .... 8,G70 . . . . .... 363,099.... 7,693.... Slaves. Kew Hampshire . . Verraout Massachusetts .... Ehoile Island Connecticut — Total. 63,326 2,705,095 .... 23,021 . . II. Middle Atlantic States : New Turk 46,000 8,048,825 New Jersey 8,320 465.51 3 Pennsylvania 46,()00 2,258,463 , Delaware 2.120 71,169 Maryland 9,356 417,943 Total 111,796 6,261,413, III. District of Columbia 60 88,027 IV. Southern Atlantic States: Virsinia 61,852 894,800. North Carolina 45,000 553.028 . South Canlina 24,500 274,567 . Georgia 58,(i00 521..572 . Florida 59,2CS 47,211. Total. 248,120 2,291,178 V. Central Slave States, etc. : Alabama 50.722 Mississippi 47.156 Tennessee 45,600 Kentucky 37.6^0 Louisiana 46,431 Texas 237 ,.321 Arkansas 52,198 Missouri 67,380 . Indian Ter 187,171 426,486 295,718 756,753 761,417 255,491 1,54,034 162,169 592,004 . Total. 771,659 8,404,092 VI. Central Free States, etc. : Ohio 89.964 1,955,103 Indiana 33,809 977,628 Michigan 56,243 395.097 Illinois. Wisconsin .... Iowa Minnesota Ter. North-West Ter. Nebraska Ter 136,700 5,5.4u5 846,0.35 , 53.924 304,758 511,914 191,879 83,000 6,033 587,564 Total. 1,097,523 4,676,543 VII. Pacific States, etc. : California 188,981 ... New Mexico Tei'.. . . 210.7^4 . . . Ut.ih Ter 187.923 ... Oregon Ter I oii -p,., Washington Ter. . f -^i^^^'^ •• • Total 929,111 . . . 49.069 . 23,^20 , 53,323 . 18,073 . 74,723 . 219,003 . , 9,973 54,333 27,463 8.956 2,931 . 924 . 94,607 2,293 930 6,401 10,007 17,462 397 608 2,613 , 45,106 Grand Total .... 8,221,595 19,553,928 91,632 . . 61,530 . . 11,330 .. 13,083 . . 965 17 24 206 177,580 . . 19,553,928 . . . . 1,212 . . 433,643 1,567,051 842.892 309,878 239.460 210,981 244,809 58,161 47,100 87,422 . 40,716 .... 1,540,703 25,319 10,783 2,557 5.435 533 &35 26 Pop. 583.169 19,4 317.976 34,2 314,120 30.1 994,514 126.1 147,.545 108.0 870.792 79.8 2,728,116 43.1 3,097.304 67,6 1 489,5.55 60.0 2,311,786 50.2 91,532 43.6 5S3,0ai 62.3 ' 3,952,836 15.9 771,671 15.2 606,526 12.8 1,002,014 21.9 9^2,405 26,0 517.762 11.1 212..592 0.9 209,897 4.0 682,044 10.1 4,985,511 8.6* 1,980,427 49.5 9SS,416 29.2 397,654 7.0 851.470 15,3 305,391 5,6 192,214 .3.7 6,077 0,1 4,721,649 21.5* 92,.597t 0.5 61..547 0.2 11,330 0.1 13,294 0.1 178.818 0.1 23,191,673 1.4 • In calculating these ratios, the area of the uninhabited and Indian territory h omitted, f Tliis is the United States Census asceruinment. The census taken by the State authorities in 1853 allows a population ol 351,436. as 120 177 273 144 349 194 184 285 70 138 6,573,301 57.3 51,687 861.4 1 60 163 263 108 116 269 46 163 102 221 94 152 87 293 103 159 220 176 61 190 276 [281 I 296 THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Alabama, is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Georgia and Florida, on the south by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by Mississippi, and extends generally between latitudes 31° and 850 north, and longi- tudes 85° 10' and 88° 31' west from Greenwich, or 8° 08' and 11° 29' from Washington; a narrow strip, however, extends south beyond the main body of the State between Florida and Mississippi, reaching the Gulf of Mexico, which it strikes in about 30° 10'. Its length from north to south, excluding the strip of land above mentioned, is 228 miles, and its breadth varies from 1-16 miles on the north line to 210 on the south line ; and the area of the State is 50,722 square miles. The north-eastern part of Alabama, being traversed by several riiiges of the Allcghanies, which terminate in this State, is decidedly mountainous, but presents nowhere any considerable elevations. South of this mountain region the surface has a general declivity toward the Gulf of Mexico, first descending gradually from mountains to high bills, and then sinking to a vast plain, scarcely broken except by gentle swells; and the more southern portion is a dead level, but little above the water surface of the ocean. The southern half of (he State consists ofextensive prairies and pine-barrens, interspersed with alluvial river bottoms of great fertility; and the lands of the centre and north are generally covered ■with a good if not a very rich and productive soil. In the valley of the Tennessee, which occupies so large an area in the northern part of the State, alluvion is the prevailing formation ; and the rich bottom-lands of this region are extensive, and form one of the best agricultural districts within the limits of the State. With the exception of the Tennessee, which takes a circular sweep through Northern Alabama, but receives no con' slderable tributary on its southern side, all the rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico ; nearly the whole surface, indeed, is drained into one single channel, the Mobile Eiver, which by several large arms gathers up the waters of the whole south- ern slope, except those of a comparatively small tract in the south-east. The Chattahoochee, although a large stream, and ■washing the eastern border fur more than a hundred miles, receives only a few inconsiderable streams from this State; and the Choetawhatchee, Conecuh, and Perdido are, in point of size, secondary rivers. The Mobile, the great river of Alabama, is formed by the junction of two large rivers, the Alabama and Tombigbee, 50 miles above Mobile Bay. A few miles below its junction it gives out a large branch, called the Tensaw, which receives also an arm from the Alabama, and reaches Mobile Cay at Blakely. The Tombigbee, or Western Branch of the Mobile, is formed by the confluence of two large streams, the Tombigbee Proper from Mississippi, and the Black Warrior from Northern Alabama. It admits vessels drawing flve or six feet of water to St. Stephens, 93 miles from the bay, and steamboats to Tuscaloosa, on the Black Warrior, 285 miles, and to Columbus, on the Tombigbee Proper, in Mississippi, about 300 miles. The length of this river, by its tortuous channel, is about 450 miles, and it is boatable almost to its sources. The Alabama, or Eastern Branch, is navigable for vessels of six feet draft to Claiborne, 60 miles above its junction with the Tombigbee; 150 miles farther, to the mouth of the Cahawba, it has four or five feet of water, and to the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, of which it is formed, it has in the shallowest parts three feet of water. Steamboats ascend it to Montgomery, .300 miles by the course of the river, and even to Wetumpka, on the Coosa, several miles above. The Coosa and Tallapoosa both have their rise in Georgia. The navigation of all these rivers, however, is interrupted during the season of low water in the summer months, and at best afibrds only a precarious means of transport for merchandise. The sea-coast of Alabama extends only from the Perdido to the western line of the State, a distance of some 60 miles, but it contains Mobile Bay, one of the largest and deepest basins on the Gulf, and the great outlet of the navigable •waters of the Slate. This fine sheet of water is about 80 miles long, and from three to 18 miles broad, and the main entrance has 15 feet of water at low tide, but vessels of more than eight or nine feet draft can not approach nearer than 10 or 11 miles from Mobile city, except at high water. Smaller vessels may go hence to New Orleans by an inland chan- nel through Pascagoula Sound, a long, narrow lagoon, lying between a range of low sand-islands and the mainland. Perdido Bay, on the south-eastern edge of the State, is of little consequence to commerce, and is, moreover, ditflcult of access, on account of the sand-bars and islands which block its entrance to the sea. Alabama has great mineral resources. The whole central region is underlaid with vast beds of iron ore, or occupied by coal measures of great thickness and extent. The coal found here is of a highly bituminous character, and well adapted for steamboats and factories, and being in juxtaposition with the iron ores, will greatly facilitate the progress of mining industry. The country in this region is also well wooded, fertile, and easily attained from all directions, and in the succession of events must eventually become of great importance to the whole South. Bloomeries and rolling mills, with other establishments for manufacturing iron, have already been erected, and the products of these have become both extensive and valuable. The principal seats of these operations are on the Cahawba and Coosa rivers. Besides coal and iron, Alabama yields lead ore, manganese, several descriptions of ochres, limestone, and marbles, and in the north-eastern section gold in considerable quantities has been collected. Lead ore, or galena, is found in the limestone formation, chiefly in Benton County: it is a pure sulphuret and granular, closely attached to the rock, and passes it in irregular bunches. The carbonate is also found, and in its neighborhood there are veins of calx spar and sulphate of barytes. Manganese occurs also in the limestone region, ami has been used in the manufacture of chloride of lime. The ochres occur chiefly near Bucksville, and the rod ochre found here is sufficiently rich to be used as an ore of iron. The marbles found in this State occur most plentifully on the Cahawba, and many of the beds afford specimens of great beauty: some are gray, with red veins; others are red and yellow, and specimens with greenish veins are not uncom- mon. There is also a bufi'-colored maAle, filled with organic remains, and beds of white crystalline marble, clouded with red, occur. Black marble is also abundant. The compactness and thickufss of these formations are such as to elicit a favorable opinion of their value, and cause them to be looked upon with great interest in connection with tha 89 THE STATE OF ALABAMA. industrial resources of tlie State. The resources of Alabama, however, have never been thoroughly examined ; but there can be little doubt, taking the present knowledge of its mineral deposits as an index, that the researches now being instituted, will result in further and more valuable disclosures of a vast wealth of miueral within its borders, and be the means of placing the State in the first rank of mineral-producing districts. The soil, climate, and vegetation of Alabama vary with the position and elevation of its several parts. In the north, where mountain is the prevailing feature, the soil is but moderately fertile, but in the iutervales there is much that can not be excelled. The climate is here moderate, and the vegetation hardy : it is the region of the cereals, and a fine grazing country. The central pans of tliis State, less elevated and undulating, are well watered, and in the river-bottoms the land is extremely rich and productive. The valley of the Alabama is one of the most fertile regions of the Union. In the south the climate is very warm, the soils rich, but with great exceptions, and the principal growths of a tropical character. The sugar-cane has been found to succeed well in the extreme southern strip between Florida and Mississippi, and indigo was formerly raised in considerable quantities ; rice, also, grows well in the alluvial bottoms near the Gulf ; but cotton, which thrives throughout the State, is the great agricultural staple. The natural growths and animals are in no way different from those of the neighbormg States on the Gulf of Mexico. The most common of animals is the deer, and the country abounds in turkeys, partridges, geese, ducks, and various other species of smaller game ; and fish in abundance may be taken in the rivers and bays. Alabama is divided into 52 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : NoKiTiERN Alabama — IS counties. Counties. Dwell. Benton 2,1SS. Blount 1,12T.. Cherokee 2,039.. DeKalb 1,251.. Fayette 1,40S. Franklin 1,955.. Hancock 251 . Jackson 2,000.. Jefferson 1,140.. Autauga 1,114. Baldwin 39T. Barbour 2,306. Bibb 1,153., Butler 1,210. Chambers 2,1 3S. Choctaw 760. Clarke 873. Coffee 893 Conecuh 847. Coosa 1,725. Covington 503. Dale 928. Dallas 1,375. Green 1,730. Henry 1,142. Lowndes 1,354. Pop. Farms ncult. '^^: <^='^-'^'^- 1 Counties, Dwell. Pop. Farms Manuf. p..;,,i, in cult. Estab. Capitals. .17,163. .1,227. .31. .Jacksonville Lauderdale. . . . 1,868. .17,172. .1,180. .32. . Florence . 7,367. . 753. . 9. .Blountsville Lawrence 1,469. .15,258. . 930. .24. .Moulton .18,*34. .1,126. .15. . Centre Limestone 1,429. .16,483. . 649. .28. .Athens . 8,245. . 616. . S. .Lebanon Madison 2,046. .26,427. .1,080 .92 .Uuntsville . 9,6S1. .1,065 .24. . Fayette Marion 1,108. . 7,833. . 573. . 5. .Pikeville .19,610 . 913 .28 .Kussellville Marshall . 1,801 . 8,846. . 5S6. .12. .Warrenton . 1,542. . 144 . 1 .Hancock C. H. Morgan 1,103. .10,125. . 584. .13. .Somervillo .14,088 . 856 . 4 . Belletbnte St. Clair . 944 . 6,829. . 573 .— . .Ashville . 8,9S9. . 752 . 4 .Ely ton SOUTHKRN ALAB Walker AMA — 34 counties . 799 . 5,124 . 909 .11 .Jasper Pop. Farms M.inuf ncult. Estab • Capitals. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms ncult. ^r,!- capitals. 15,023. 711. .61. .Kingston Macon 1,849. .26,898. .1,203. .19. .Tuskegee . 4,414. . 121. .38. .Blakely Marengo 1,353. .27,831. . 818. . 4. .Linden 22.632. 1,325. .39. Clayton Mobile 8,027. .27,600. . 249. .61. .Mobile 9,969. 654. .13. . Ceutreville Monroe 1,005. 12,013. 692. 23. Claiborne .10,830. 553. .14. .Greenville Montgomery . . 1,SS1. .29,795. 962. . 6. MONTGOMEKT 23,960. . 3,737. 1,342. . 445. 56 Perrv 1,8.32. .22,285. .1,006. .1,438. ?1 . Marion . Butler Pickens 1.896. .21,512. .84. . Carroll ton . y,7S6. . 456. .16. . Clarkesville Pike 1.973. .15,920. 1,533. . 5. -Troy . 5,940. . 604. . 9. . Wellborn Randolph 1.904. .11,581. . 969. .23. . Weedowee . 9,322. . 498. .12. .Sparta Eussell 1.411. .19,548. .1,049. . 4. .Crawford .14,.543. .1,130. .13. .Kockford Shelby 1,170. . 9,536. . 693. . 9. . Columbiana . 3.645. . 138. . 6. . Andalusia Sumter 1,842. .22,250. . C6S. .12. .Livingston . 6,346. . 697. _ .Newton Talladega 1,861. .18,624. 998. .21. .Talladega .29,737. . 749. .82. . Cahawba Tallapoosa . . . 2,037. .15.584. .1,270. .18. . Dadcville .31,441. .1,310. .71. .Eutaw Tuscaloosa 1,914. .18,056. .1,115. .82. .Tuscaloosa . 9,019. . 671. ._. .Abbeville Wilcox 983. .17,352. . 666 . 6. .Camden .21,915. . 874. . 2. .Haynesville Washington . . . 258 . 2,713. . 141 •— ■ .Old Washington The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 73,070; of families, 78,786; and of iuhabitants, 771 671; viz., whites 426,507— males 219,728, and females 206,779 ; fr. col. 2,272— males 1,047, and females 1,225, and si. 342,892. Of 'the' whole population there were, deaf and dimib—y/h. 157, fr. col. 1, si. 28— total 186; blind— v,h. 164, fr. col. 3, b1. 141— total 808 ; insane— y/h. 208, fr. col. 2, si. 35— total 245 ; and idiotic— v/h. 863, fr. col. 0, si. 142— total 405. The Ga. 58,997, Flor. 1,060, Alabama 237,542, Miss. 2,852, La. 628, Tex. 55, Ark. 91, Tenn. 22,541, Ky. 2,994, Ohio 276, Mich. 18 Ind 93, 111. 114, Mo. 158, la. 7, Wis. 3; and the foreign population was composed of persons from— England 941, Ireland 3.639, Scotland 584, Wales 67, Germany 1,068, France 503, Spain 163, Portugal 89, Belgium 4, Holland 1, Turkey 1, Italy 90, Austria 33, Switzerland 113, Eussia 10, Denmark 18, Norway 3, Sweden 51, Prussia 45, Greece 7, Africa IS, British America 49, Mexico 89, Central America 3, South America 2, West Indies 28, Sandwich Islands 3, and Other countries, 116. , , c. . . i i tt. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the Srst census of the State, taken by the United States authorities: Colored Persons. Dece nnial Increase. „ TtTl ,ia. ■ . * — , T0t:il ' ' Census pgrll.ns free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1820 85.451 571.' 41,S79 42,450 127,901 - - 183o"' 190406 ....1,572 117.549 118,121 ..,309.527 181,626 142.0 1840 335'ls5' 2,039 253.532 255,571 590,756 281,229 90.3 1850"..."....426',507 2,272 842,892 345,104 771,671 180,915 30.6 40 . THE STATE OF ALABAMA. deer. 34,T4T " or 63.1 iiicr. 2,499,543 (t or 11.9 incr. 96,935 " or 6.9 deer. 3,734 a or 4S.5 incr. 290 '< or 500.0 The general statistics of the resources, products, manufixetures, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1S50, and other official documents referring to the same period, arc as exhibited in the following summary: Occupied Lands, etc. — Farm lands, improved 4,43.5,614 acres, and unimproved 7,702,(167 acres. Cash value of farms $64,323,224. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, was 41,964— in Northern Alabama 14,216, and in Southern Alabama 27,748. Value of tiirming implements and machinery, it5,125,663. Live-Siocl:—}IoTses, 128,001 ; asses and mules, 59,395 ; milch cows, 227,791 ; working oxen, 66,961 ; other cattle, 433,263 ; sheep, 371,880; and swine, 1,904,540. The live-stock of 1840, compared with the live-stock of 1850, exhibits the following results : Description. 1840. ISM. Increase. J^"''-:---; I 143,147head i 128,001 head I 44,749 head, or 31.3 per cent. Asses and mules ) I 59,895 " ) Milch cows J , 227,791 " j Working oxen l 668,018 " -J 60,961 " t 57,997 " or 8.9 " Other cattle. ) I 488,263 " i Sheep '. 163,243 " 371,880 " 208,537 " or 127.9 " Swine 1,423,873 " 1,904,540 " 480,667 " or 33.8 « —in 1850, the value of live-stock was estimated at $21,690,112. Products of Animtds. — Wool, 657,118 pounds; butter, 4,008,811 pounds; cheese, 31,412 pounds; and the valuo of animals slaughtered during the year had been $4,823,485. The wool crop, represented in the census of 1840, amounted to 220,353 pounds, and lience the increase of the crop in 1850 was 486,765 pounds, or in the ratio of 198.2 per centum. In 1840, the average clip per fleece was 21.6 ounces, and in 1850, 2S.3 ounces — making an increase per fleece amounting to 6.7 ounces, or 12.4 per centum — a fact which is sufliciently Indicative of the surprising success of sheep- farming in the extreme Southern States. A similar increase is apparent in Mississippi and Louisiana. Grain CV(>p«.— Wheat, 294,044 bushels ; rye, 16,261 bushels; Indian corn, 22,446,552 bushels; oats, 1,503,288 b.ishels ; barley, 3,953 bushels ; and buckwheat, 343 bushels. These crops compared with those of 1840, give the following results : Crops. 1S<0. I8,i0. Movement. Wheat 828,052 bushels 294,044 bushels deer. 534,003 bushels, or 64.4 per cent. Eye 51,008 " 16,261 " Indian corn 20,947,004 " 22,446,552 " Oats 1,406,353 " 1,503,233 " Barley 7,692 " 3,953 " Buckwheat 53 " 343 " Other Food O-ops.—Eice, 2,311,252 pounds; peas and beans, 892,701 bushels; and potatoes — Irish 246,001 bushels, and sweet 5,475,204 bushels. The rice crop of 1840 was only 149,019 pounds. The potato crop of the same year amounted to 1,708,356 bushels. Miscellaneous Crojjs. — Tobacco, 164,990 pounds; ginned cotton, 564,429 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 32,635 tons; clover- seed, 138 bushels ; other grass seed, 547 bushels; hops, 276 pounds; flax, 3,921 pounds; flax-seed, 69 bushels; silk cocoons, 167 pounds; sugar — maple 643 pounds, and cane 8,242,000 pounds; molasses, 83,428 gallons; beeswax and honey, 897,021 pounds; wine, 220 gallons, etc. The principal of these, compared with the crops returned in the census of 1840 exhibit the following movement: Crops. lS-(0. 18.nO. Movement. Tobacco 273,302 pounds 164,990 pounds deer. 108,312 pounds, or 39.6 per cent Cotton 117,138,823 " 225,771,600 " .... incr. 108,532,777 " or 92.6 » Hay 12,718 tons 32,685 tons .... incr. 19,967 tons or 156.9 " Sugar-maple ) 10,143 pounds ■} „ 643 pounds .... I .,^^^_ 8,232,500 pounds, or - « " cane ) ^ ( 8,242,000 " ....) .if . Wine 177 gallons 220 gallons i)icr. 43 gallons, or 24.3 " — the value of orchard products in 1850 was $15,408, and of market-garden products $84,821. Home-^nade manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $1,934,120. The same description of goods returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $1,656,119. Mantifactai-es. — Aggregate capital invested on Ist June, 1350, $0,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year then ending, $0,000,000 ; average number of hands employed 00,000 — male 0,000, and female 0,000 ; monthly cost of labor $000,000— male 000,000, and female $00,000; value of manufactures produced in the year, $4,464,006. The •whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the annual value of $500, was 1,022 — in the Northern District 341, and in the Southern District 631, and these were distributed to the counties as shown in the general table. Of the whole number 12 were cotton factories ; 14 iron works — 3 making pig iron, 10 making castings, and one making wrought iron; and 149 were tanneries. The total capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $2,130,064. The condition of the iron manufacture is exhibited in the annexed summary: Specifications. Tig Iron. Ca.st Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. ' Capital invested dollars. . . . 11,000 216,625 2,500 230,125 Ore used to7is 1,838 — — 1,838 Pig iron used " — 2,848 120 2,468 Coke and charcoal used lushels.. . .145,000 31,300 80,000 206,800 Value of r.iw material, etc dollars 6,770 102,085 8,000 111,855 Hands employed number.... 40 212 14 266 Monthly cost of labor dollars. ... 700 77,447 3,360 81,50T Iron produced tons 522 1,915 100 2,58T Value of year's products dollars. . . . 22,500 271,126 7,500 801,126 —in 1340, Alabama had in operation 1 furnace, producmg annually 30 tons, and 5 forges producing 75 tons, and the total capital invested in the manufacture was $9,500. 41 THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Capital invested in cotton manufactures, $051,900; value of all raw material, etc., consumed, $237,031 ; cotton con- Bumed, 5,208 bales ; hands employed, 715— males 346, and females 369 ; average monthly cost of labor, .$6,999— male |4,05.3, and female $2,946; products of tlie year— sheelina:, etc., 3,081,000 yards, and yarn 790,000 pounds; entire value of products $.382,260. The total capital invested in the cotton manufacture, in 1S40, amounted to $35,575. Capital invested in tanneries $200,570; value of raw material, etc., used, $158,247; hands employed 462 — males 46T, and females 5; average monthly cost of labor $7,745 — male $7,700, and female $45; sides of leather tanned during the year 153,066, and skins tanneil 13,922; value of annual products $335,911. According to the census of 1S40, there were in the Slate, 142 tanneries; sides of sole leather produced 86,705, and sides of upper leather 42,777; hands employed, 800; capital invested $147,463. In the manufacture of spirituous ligtiors, a capital of $500 was invested ; 2 hands employed ; 25 hogsheads of molasses used, and 3,000 gallons of rum produced. In 1840 there were in the State, 188 distilleries producing annually 127,230 gallons spirits; and 7 breweries, producing 200 gallons ale, etc. ; hands employed 220, capital invested .$34,212. The manutiictures, others than the above specified, consist chiefly of such as are fpi; the Tuseumbia and Decatur Railroad, now merged into the Charleston and Memphis railroad, crosses the St.ate in the north ; the Alabama and Tennessee Biver Railroad, 209 miles long, extends from Selma to GuntersviUe ; the Montgomery .ind West Point Railroad is 86 miles long, and there are several other important lines chartered, and some in progress ; these have been of comparatively small benefit as yet, but when opened for commerce, and their exterior connections built, the effect they will have in Stimulating production and consumption will be felt in every direction— the latent mineral wealth of the Stale will bo disentombed, the fine cotton lands on the rivers will be entered and cultivated, mechanic trades will be demanded every- where, and the whole country will experience a beneficial change in its material welfare. Besides these avenues of commerce, Alab.ama has two canals, the "Muscle Shoal Canal," and the '-Huntsville Canal;" the former .35i nnles l.mg from Florence, along the north bank of the Tennessee, and designeil to overcome the obstruction caused by the shoals ; and the latter exteniling from Triana on the Tennessee, 16 miles, to Huntsville. Banks.— In January, 1850, there was one bank in the State— the Bank of the State of Alabama— with branches at the principal points. Its aggregate condition, as published in the General Bank returns by the Federal Government, ia exhibited in the following figures: Assets— \ovi.m and discounts, $2,110,.591; stocks, $71,013; real estate, $1,^.2,001; other investments, $1,229,201 ; duo by other banks, $928,209 ; notes of other banks, $10,029, and specie, $1,307,392 ; and lldbilitie.s—ctq>\{&\, $1,500,000; circulation, $2,558,368; deposits, $1,216,319; due other banks, $20,740; and other liabilities, $395,124. Gwernment—The Constitution provides that every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, a resident of the State one year, and in the county, city, or town three months next preceding, may vole for the election of all constitutional officers. 42 THE STATE OF ALABAMA. The executive power is vcsteJ in a Governor, who is chosen by a pUirality of votes for two years; he must be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of Ihe United States, and have resided in the State four years. The General Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Representatives : the Senate of S3 members, elected for four years, cue half biennially, and the House of 100 members, elected for two years. The qualifications extend only to age and residence. The Assembly meets in Montgomery on the second Monday in November, every second year, commencing 1S2T. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice, and two associate -Justices, a Reporter, Attorney General, and Clerk ; a Coiu-t of Chancery, with separate chancellors for the three districts of the State ; Circuit Courts, each with a Judge, Solicitor, etc. ; County, or Probate Courts, etc. The judges of the Supreme and Chancery Courts are elected by joint vote of both Houses of the Legislature for six years. The Supremo Court has appellate jurisdiction only, and holds its sessions at the capital, annually, on the first Monday of January and June, for the hearing and determining points of law taken by appeal or writ of error from the Chancery, Circuit, and Probate Courts. The volumes of reported decisions are 37 in number. For chancery legislation the State is divided Into 3 Divisions and 37 Districts, in each of •which at least one court is held annually. Circuit courts have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases in the State, and hold two sessions (spring and fall) in each county annually. The State is divided into nine Circuits. In Mobile County, criminal jurisdiction has been transferred to the Special City court of Mobile, which holds three terms each year, and has concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Courts, except in real actions. The judges of probate are also clerks of the court and registers of deeds for their respective counties. Circuit judges, the judge of the City court of Mobile, and judges of Probate, are elected by the people for six years. Alabama, under the law regulating the distribution of Representatives to Congress, has a delegation of «<5»«t members. Finances.— On the 31st December, 1S50, the foreign debt of the State amounted to $6,693,SS8 93, and the domestic debt to $1,845,220 99— total debt $8,539,109 97. The annual liabilities of the Slate are— interest on debt .$418,627 70, and the estimated current expenses of the government $97,678— total .*516,.305 70. The immediate means of the treasury on the Ist Nov., 1849, were— balance from former dates $538,792 44, taxes for 1850 .$487,987 48, and interest on |1,100,000 U. S. 6 per cent, stock owned by the State $66,000— total $1,092,779 92, from which deduct annual disbursements, and the balance will be $596,474 22, of which .$438,016 is the amount of notes of the State bank in the treasury. The real balance then is $178,458 22, which sum is moreover liable for $60,000, appropriated for the rebuilding of the State House, burnt in December, 1849. The State has resources besides the United States Stock, and the treasury balance above alluded to, amounting to $1,766,907 64, its interest in the State bank, etc., all which may be applied to the discharge of the public debt. The militia force of the State, according to the returns of 1850, consisted of an aggregate of 58,048 men of all arms, of •which number 2,387 were commissioned officers, and 55,661 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 32 were general officers, 170 general staff-officers, 760 field-officers, etc., and 1,425 company officers. Every white male citizen, between 18 and 45 years of age, unless disabled or excused by law, is subject to military duty. Provision was made by the Legislature of 1851 and 1852, for establishing a State institution called the Alabama Insane Hospital, the selection of the site of which was intrusted to the Governor. The same Legislature also appropriated $5,000 for organizing and sustaining an Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Education. — The means of education in Alabama are ample; nor have the people been unmindful of its importance. Throughout the State are schools for the poor, and in all the cities and towns, academies and schools of a higher class are numerous. As a State formed from the territorial lands of the Union, it enjoys the benefit of the Congressional grant of school lands, which are becoming every day more valuable ; and with increased means the several beneficiary schools become more efficient. Besides its schools and academies, however, there are several colleges of a high grade, at the head of which stands the University of Alabama, an institution second to none in the South. The following is a list of the most important of these institutions, with their statistics to 1850 : Colleges, etc. Location. Founded. Professora. Alumni. Students. Vols, in libr. University of Alabama Tuscaloosa 1831 9 197 91 T,123 La Grange College (Meth.) La Grange 1830 6 Ill 70 8,T00 Spring Hill CoUege(U. C.) Spring Hill 1830 12 — 70 4,000 Howard College (Bapt.) Marion 1841 5 17 70 2,050 Howard Theol. Inst. (Bapt.) Marion 1843 2 — 10 1,000 Law Dept. Univ. of Ala Tuscaloosa — 1 — — — — all of which are in a flourishing condition both as respects their systems and the patronage they receive from the citizens. PuUic Libraries. — One State library 3,000 volumes ; 1 social — 1,454 volumes ; 4 college — 13,000 volumes ; 2 students' — 2,623 volumes ; 30 public school — 1,000 volumes. Total — 37 libraries, 18,077 volumes.- ^epoz-i of Libr. of Smithsonian Institution, 1851. Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Alabama on the 1st June, 1850, was 60, of which the political principles of 16 were whig, of 22 democratic, and of 6 neutral and independent — total political papers 44 ; and there were 2 devoted to literature, 1 to religious subjects, and the attributes of 13 were not specified. Of the whole number 6 were issued daily, 4 tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, 48 weekly, and 1 semi-monthly. The aggregate circulation of the dailies was 9,177 copies at each issue ; of the tri-weeklies, 550 copies , of the semi-weekly, copies ; of the weeklies, 24,120 copies; and of the semi-monthly, 750 copies — making in the aggregate about four million and a quarter copies annually. The counties, etc., in which published are as follows: Barbour, 3 weekly; Benton, Butler, Choctaw, and Cherokee, each 1 weekly; Coosa, 1 weekly and 1 tri-weekly; Clarke and Chambers, each 1 weekly; Dallas and FrankUn, each 2 weekly ; Greene, 3 weekly ; Henry, Jackson, Lawrence, Lowndes, Limestone, and Lauderdale, each 1 weekly ; Montgomery, 8 daily, 3 tri-weekly, and 3 weekly ; Madison, 3 -weekly ; Marshall, 1 -weekly ; Macon, 2 weekly and 1 semi-monthly ; Marengo, 2 weekly ; Moljile, 3 daily, 1 semi-weekly, and 2 weekly ; Morgan, 1 weekly ; Perry, Pickens, Sumpter, and Talladega, each 2 weekly ; and Tuscaloosa, 8 weekly. 48 THE STATE OF ALABAMA. lieligious Denominations.— Tho stiilUtics of the several religious denomiuatioiis in Alabama are as exhibited in the annexed table : Dennm^na- No. of Cliurc-h Value of ti'Tis. Cliurclies. accom Pin|iert.v, Baptist 505 . . ISS.SSO . . $227,297 Christian 13.. 8,550.. 6,1C5 Congregational. — . . — .. — Dutch Kef. — .. — .. — Episcopal 16.. 6,220.. 76,300 Free 5.. 1,S00.. 2,300 Friends — . . — . . — Denoinlna No. of ti.uis. Clmrclies. German lief — . Jewish — . Lutheran .' 1 , Monnonito — . Methodist 531 . Moravian — . Presbyterian . . .150 . Church Value of aocom. Property. - .. $ - 200.. 250 .150,675.. 276,939 . 5S,705.. 222,776 Denomina- tions. Roman Catholic. 5 , Swedcnborgian . . — Tunker — Union 4 , Unitarian 1 , Univcrsalist 1 , Minor Sects 8 . 5,200 . . 1,125 , . 1,000 , . 250 . . 1,000 . Value ol Property, $300,000 1,650 6,000 400 12.000 —making an aggregate of 1.235 churches, with accommodation for 383,605 persons, and valued as property at $1,132,076. Alabama is a I'rotestaat Episcopal Diocese of the same name, and with West Florida constitutes the Eoman Catholic Diocese of Mobile. Pauperism and Crime. — Whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 363 — 352 natives, and 11 foreigners ; and whole number of paupers at date above specified 315—306 natives, and 9 foreigners. Annual cost of support $17,559. The whole number of convicts in the Alabama Penitentiary at Wetumpka, 1st Oct., 1S51, was 156, of which number 153 were white persons — 149 males, and 4 females ; and 3 were free persons of color. Offenses against the person 55, and against property 101. Ages— under 20 years, 15 ; from 20 to 80, 69 ; from 30 to 40, 35 ; from 40 to 50, 20 ; from 50 to 6'1, 12 ; over 60, 2 ; luiknown 2, Historical (SXr^fc/i,— The thrilling and romantic, yet terribly fatal adventures of De Solo, Introduced the European for the first time to the wilds of Alabama. After a long and disastrous march through Florida and Alabama, the cavalcade of this heroic chieftain arrived by the waters of the beautiful Coosa. The province of this name extended over 300 miles, and embraced the present counties of Cherokee, Benton, Talladega, and Coosa. From Coosa, the expedition advanced toward Tallapoosa, and eventually to the town of Tallassee. Crossing the Tallapoosa, they were received by the chief of the country with apparent hospitality. The expedition reached soon after the banks of the Alabama. At Maubilia (he savages precipitated themselves on the strangers in one of the most terrible battles recorded in the annala of history. In this battle, which lasted nine hours, 82 Spaniards were slain, and 45 horses perished, an irreparable loss in tlwjir condition. All their equipage and supplies were consumed in the flames of the burning town. The Mobilians were almost annihilated, 11,000 having been destroyed, among whom was probably the chief Tuscaloosa. De Soto had been expecting the vessels of Maldonado to arri^'e at Pensacola, and learned at Maubilia that they had actually arrived. Notwithstanding this, and a knowledge of a conspiracy in his camp, he came to the desperate resolu* tion to turn his back on the shipping and plunge again into the forests of the north. Crossing the Warrior, and inter- rupted by daily savage attacks, the expedition reached the Tombigbee. Quarrels growing out of the cruel oppressions of the Spaniards soon led to a general outbreak and an engagement, scarcely less sanguinary than that of Maubilia. The subsequent fate of De S' Spread," as it is called by the inhabitants, extends for the space of about 50 miles, with a width in some parts of 20 miles, and is attributed to the earthquake of 1811, at which time a large tract of country sunk considerably below the former level, and the waters of the rivers were dissipated in numerous lakes and branches. The White River has its sources in the south-westerly part of the State, and passes into Missouri, whence it soon returns, reaching the Mississippi in a general south-easterly course. Its length is not less than 600 miles ; and although at present it is choked up in many places by accumulations of drift-wood, steamboats ascend it as far as Balerville, 260 miles, and on the removal of these obstructions will be able to ascend it 200 miles farther. The White Eiver receives several large tributaries from Missouri, of which the Big Black, a navigable stream, is the principal; the Cache and Little Ked Kiver have their courses wholly within this State. The Arkansas receives no considerable tributary. The Washita, a noble river running through a fertile and beautiful region, drains nearly the whole soutlieru part of the State ; rising near the western border, it flows nearly parallel with the White Kiver and the Arkansas, first east, and then south-east, and is navigable upward of 350 miles from its mouth. The Little Missouri, the Saline, the Bayou Bartholomew, the Bayou BceulT, and the Bayou Magon, are its principal tributaries. Arkansas is divided into 51 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows: Counties. Dwell. Pop. in cut. Estab. Car.tal. Arkansas . 328 . 3,245 . . 153 . . Arkansas Post Ashley 269 .. 2,058 . . 173 .. Hamburg Benton . 5T2 . 3,710 . . 295 . 5 Bentonville Bradley . 440 . 3,829 . . 303 e 1 Warren Calhoun (erected since 1850) Hampton Carroll . 686 . . 226 . 4,614 . 5,115 . . 541 . . 142 . 1 Carrollton Chicot Columbia Clark . 53T . 3,995 . . 362 . 2 Arkadclphia Conway . 595 . , 3,5S3 . 3S7 . 3 Lewisburg Crawford . 1,24T . 7,960 .499 . 10 Van Buren Crittenden . 360 . 2,643 . 192 . Marion Dallas . 740 . . 350 . 6,877 . 2,900 . . 399 . . . 118 . 9 Princeton Desha 2 Napoleon Drew . 430 . 3,275 . . 277 . 9 Monticello Franklin . 617 . 8,929 . . 454 . 3 Ozark Fulton . 288 . 1,819 . . 222 . Salem Greene . 436 . 2,593 . . 845 . Gainesville Hempstead. ... . 855 . 7,672 . . 550 . 8 Washington Hot Springs . . . . 579 . 8,609 . . 320 . 10 Hot Springs Independence . . 1,159 . 7,767 . . 694 . 10 Batesville Izard . 496 . 8,213 . . 332 . . 7 Athens Jackson . 447 . 8,086 . . 232 . 4 Elizabeth Jefferson . 595 . 5,884 . . 317 . 9 Pine Bluff Johnson . 777 . 5,227 . . 526 . 24 Clarkesville Lafayette . 849 . 5.220 . . 177 .. 2 Lewisvillo Lawrence . 800 . 5,274 . . 601 . Smithsville Madison . 843 . 4,828 . . 660 . 12 Huntsville Counties. Dwell. Marion 361 . . Mississippi 284 . . Monroe 310 . . Montgomery 319 .. Newton 288 . . Perry 154 . . Phillips 809 . . Pike 306.. Poinsett 850 . . Polk 139 . . Pope 695 .. Prairie 328 . . Pulaski 808 . . Randolph 538 . . St. Francis 643 . . Saline 621 .. Scott 514 . . Searcy 322 . . Pop. 2,302 . 2,368 . 2,049 . 1,958 . 1,758 . 978 . 6,935 . 1,861 . Capital. 255 . 170 . 1S3 . 215 . 230 . 752 . 409 . 207 2,808 . . 264 . 1,263 . . 155 . 4,710 . . 534 , 2,097 5.658 8,275 4,479 3,901 Sebastian Sevier 500 Union 964 Van Buren 448 Washington 1,430 Washita 1,122 White 455 Yell 473 3,0S3 . . 865 . . 1,979 . . 246 . . (erected since 1850) 4,240 . 10,298 . 2,864 . 9,849 . 9,591 . 2,619 . 3,341 . Farms Manuf, in cut. ^tab. 2 Yellville 2 Osceola Lawrenceville 6 Montgomery Jasper 2 Perryville 13 Helena 2 Murfreesboro' Bolivar 1 Dallas 16 Dover Brownsville 14 Little Rock 2 Pocahontas Mt. Vernon 16 Benton 10 Winfield Lebanon Greenwood 4 Paraclifla El Dorado Clinton 27 Fayetteville 1 Camdeu 2 Searcy 20 DanviUe . 155 . . 306 . . 396 . . 348 . . 405 . 326 , 679 380 850 697 , 307 830 The whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 28,252, of families 28,416, and of inhabitants 209,689, viz. : whites 162,068— males 85,699, and females 76,369; fr. col. 589— males 318, and females 271, and si. 46,982. Of the whole population there were (leaf and dumb — wh. 83, fr. col. 0, si. 6 — total S9 ; Mind—wh. 75, fr. col. 1, si. 5— total 81 ; insane — wh. 60, fr. col. 0, si. 3 — total 63; and idiotic — wh. 91, fr. col. 2, si. 9— tot,iI 102. The number of free persons born in the United States was 160,315, the number of foreign birtl* 1,628, and of birth unknown 824. The native popu- lation originated as follows: Maine 80, N. Hamp. 49, Verm. 82, Mass 174, R. I. 36, Conn. 121, N. Y. 537, N. Jer. IIT, Penn. 702, Del. 51, Md. 1,.S26, Dist. of Col. 49, Virg. 4,737, N. Car. 8,772, 8. Car. 4,587, Ga. 6,367, Flor. 88, Ala. 11,250, Miss. 4,463, La. 1,096, Tex. 336, ArkansaH 63,206, Tenn. 38,807, Ky. 7,428, Ohio 1,051, Mich. 17, Ind. 2,128, 111. 3,276, Mo. 5,328, la. 106, Wise. 13, Calif. 6, Territories 9; and \h6 foreign population was composed of persons from — England 196, Ireland 514, Scotland 71, Wales 11, Germany 516. France 77, Spain 3, Portugal 3, Belgium 2, Holland 2, Italy 15, Austria 0, Switzerland 12, Russia 6, Denmark 7, Norway 1, Sweden 1, Prussia 24, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 0, Asia 0, Africa 1, British America 41, Mexico, 68, Central America 0, South America 0, West Indies 7, Sandwich Islands 0, and other countries 50. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase, Census Nun 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. Persons. Free Slave. Total. 12,579 77 1,617 1,694... 25,671 141 4,576 4,717 30,333 16,115 112.9 77,174 465 19,935 20,400 97,574 67,186 221.1 162,068 589 46,952 47,571 209,639 112,065 114.8 47 Total Pop. 14,273 — 30,333 16,115 Per cent. THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. Arkansas is almost wholly oociii)ieJ in agricullural pursuits; its manufactures are merely in their inception, nor has it the advantages of a seaward commerce. Nevertheless it has increased in population and material weiillh within the decade preceding 1850, at a rate surpassed only by Iowa and Wisconsin among Its sister States. The following statistics exhibit its condition at the latter date: Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands 781,531 acres, and nnimproved lands 1,816,684 acres — together valued at $15,265,245. Value of farming implements and machinery $1,601,296. Farms in cultivation 17,753. Livestock.— Rorses, C0,107 ; asses and mules, 11,559; milch cows, 93,151 ; working oxen, .34,239 ; other cattle, 165,320; sheep, 91,256 ; and swine, 836,727. These numbers, compared with the live-stock of 1840, give the following results: Live stock. 18-10. IS-W. Increase. Horses ) , ( 60,197 head I Asses and Mules f ^^'^'^ ^'""^ \ 11,559 " I 20>2S4 head, or 39.8 per cent Milch Cows 1 I 9.3,151 " » "Working Oxen [-188,786 " < 34,239 " [-103,924 « or 55.0 " OtherCattle ' 1 165,320 " J Bheep 42,151 " 91,256 " 49,105 " or 116.5 " Swine 393,058 " 836,727 " 443,669 " or 112.8 " incr. 1,828 " or 129.4 incr. 4,047,307 " or 83.5 tncr. 466,630 (1 or 246.2 deer. 5S3 " or 76.7 incr. 87 (1 or 99.S —in 1850 the total value of live-stock is set down at $6,647,969. Products of Animals. — Wool, 182,595 pounds; butter, 1,854,239 pounds; and cheese, 30,083 pounds. In the year 1840 the wool crop amounted to 64,943 pounds, and hence the increase of that of 1850 is 181.2 per centum. The clip of 1840 averaged 24.6 ounces per fleece, and that of 1850, 32.0 ounces— increase, 7.4 ounces to the fleece, or 80.1 per centum. The value of animals slaughtered during the year preceding 1st June, 1850, $1,162,91.3. Grain Crops.— yv heal, 199,6-39 bushels; rye, 8,047 bushels; Indian corn, 8,893,939 bushels; oats, 656,183 bushels; barley, 177 bushels; and buckwheat, 175 bushels. Comparison of the crops returned in the censuses of 1840 and 1350, gives the followinf results : Crops. 1810. ISfiO. Movement. Wheat 105,878 bushels 199,639 bushels incr. 9-3,761 bushels, or 88.5 per cent. Rye 6,219 " 8.047 Indian corn 4,&46,632 " 8,893,939 Oats 189,553 " 656,183 Barley 760 •' 177 Buckwheat 88 " 175 Otft^r Food Crops. — Eice, 63,179 pounds ; peas and beans, 285,738 bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 193,832 bushels, and sweet, 788,149 bushels. The rice crop returned in the census of 1840, was 5,454 pounds, and the potato crop of that period amounted to 293,608 bushels ; and hence the increase in the crops of 1850 appears to be — rice 57,725 pounds, or 1,058.3 per centum, and — potatoes 668,373 bushels, or 2-34.4 per centum. Stapl^} a7td Mli-ceUanemis Cropts. — Tobacco, 218,936 pounds ; ginned cotton, 65,346 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 3,9T7 tons ; clover-seed, 90 bushels, and other grass-seed, 486 bushels; hops, 157 pounds; hemp — water-rottod, 15 tons; flax, 12,291 poimds; flax-seed, 321 bushels; silk cocoons, 88 pounds; maple-sugar, 9,330 pounds ; molasses, 18 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 192,338 pounds ; wine, 35 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $40,141, and of market-garden products S17,150. The most important of the above crops compare with the like crops returned in 1840 as follows: Crops. ■ 18<0. 1850. Tobacco 148,4.39 pounds 218,936 pounds incr. Cotton 6,028,642 « 26,138,409 " Hay 568 tons 3,977 tftns Hemp » jogg, „ ( 15 " Flax ) ( 12,291 pounds Silk cocoons 95 pounds 88 " Home'inade Manufactures produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $638,217. The same description of goods returned in the census of 1S40 were valued at $489,750. Manufactures. — Capital invested in manufactures on the 1st day of June, 1850, $338,154; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year then ending, $280,899 ; average number of hands employed 0,000 — males 0,000, and females 000; monthly cost of labor $00,000— male $00,000, and female $0,000; value of products for the year $668,815. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the value of $500 and ujiward annually, was at the date specified 271, of which 3 were cotton factories (aggregate capital $16,500), and the remainder of various ch;iracter, but chiefly such as are immediately necessary to the wants of an agricultural country, as saw mills, distiUcnes, carriage factories, blacksmith shops, wheelwright shops, tanneries, etc. ; of the latter there were 51 (92 according to the tax list), with an aggregate capital of $42,100. The distribution of manufactures in Arkansas is very unequal: of the counties 15 have no manufactures, 17 have less than five establishments, 7 have five and less than ten, 7 have ten and less than fifteen, 2 have fifteen and less than twenty, and 3 have twenty and upw.ard. The distribution are noted in the general table. C(/>nmerce, Intcrnid Communication, etc. — Arkansas has no direct intercourse with foreign countries. Its export staples, cotton, hemp and flax, corn, pork, beef, etc., are carried to New Orleans for shipment, and the great bulk of its supplies, dry-goods, groceries, etc., are drawn from the same quarter. On all the great rivers steamboats ply regularly, and in sufficient numbers for the present wants of the population. A large share of the produce of the country is also brought down in flat and keel boats, and other primitive ways. Few of the roads are good, being chiefly earth tracks, almost impassable in wet weather. No railroad exists throughout the State; but there arc several projected, and the spirit of eiiterjirise on the subject, appears to have become vitalized. The several conventions at New Orleans and Memphis have favorably reported on the prospects, and according to appearances, no long time can elapse before one or more of the great projects recommended are realized. The initial point of the system projected is Helena on the Missis- Movement, incr. 70.497 pounds , or 47.9 per cent. incr. 24,109,758 « or 399.7 " incr. 3,391 tons or 579.3 " \d-ecr.* 2,035,709 " or 98.1 " deer. 57 « or 60.0 " 48 See BOT> on tliis raiitter of liemp and flax, under the head of the " State of Ohio.' THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. sippi, wbere connection will be made with the roads eastward to the Atlantic ports. From this point a direct line will be built to Little Rock, the capital, with one extension from that place to the Ked Kiver to meet the Texas roads pointing east, and another extension by way of "Van Buren and Fort Smith to be ultimately carried into the Indian Territory, this latter being a part and parcel of tlie Great Southern Pacific Kailroad. From these trunk lines branches will be built, tapping the principal valleys, and giving to each section of the State facilities of direct railroad communication with the Mississippi Eiver and New Orleans, the natural outlet of Arkansas products. A railroad is also projected from the main trunlr, west of White Eiver, northward through the flue agricultural and mineral regions of Northern Arkansas and Southern Missouri. 5«;i/i«.—" No bank or banking institution shall be hereafter (1S47) incorporated or established in this State." None are now in operation, and the old "State Bank" has for some time been in liquidation. Government. — In accordance with the State Constitution, adopted 4th January, 1930, every free white male citizen of the United States, 21 years old, and a citizen of Arkansas for six months next before the election, may vote in the district or county in which he resides. The Legislature consists of a Senate of 25 members, and a House of Representativet of 75 members. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, inhabitants of the State for one year before the election, and of the district at the time, and are ohosen for four years. Repre8entati\'es must be at least 25 years of age, resident in their counties, and are chosen for two years. The Legislature meets at the capital biennially. The governor is elected by a plurality of votes; he must be 80 years of age, a native-bom citizen of the United States, and have resided in the State four years, and is chosen for four years (but is not eligible more than eight in any twelve years). His veto to any bill passed is negatived by a subsequent majority vote of each house. In case of his disability or death, first, the President of the Senate, and after him the Speaker of the Representatives, becomes governor to the end of the term. The Secretary of the State, auditor, and treasurer, are elected by joint vote of the two houses. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, which has a chief and two associate justices, an attorney, clerk, and reporter ; six circuit courts, each with a judge and attorney, and county courts, etc. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction only, except in particular cases pointed out by the Constitution. It holds two terms annually, in April and October, at the seat of government. The justices are elected by the General Assembly, by joint ballot, for eight years. Circuit courts have original jurisdiction over all criminal cases not expressly provided for otherwise by law, and exclusive original jurisdiction of all crimes amounting to felony at common law; and original jurisdiction of all civil cases which are not cognizable before justices of Uie peace ; and in all matters of contract where the sum in controversy is over $100. Two terms are held annually in each circuit. The judges and prosecuting attorneys are elected by the people, the former for four years, and the latter for two years. The justices of the peace in each county form a county court, and have exclusive jurisdiction in civil cases below $100. The justices are elected in towns for two years. Arkansas, under the law regulating the distribution of Representatives to Congress, has a delegation of two members. Fiwuices, State Debt, etc. — The specie receipts into the treasury from all sources from October 1st, 1S4S, to September 30tb, ISoO, amounted to $S9,9S8, which with $12,632 in the treasury at the former date makes the total specie resources for the biennial period $102,670. Specie expenditures for the same period $44,054. Balance in the treasury 1st October, 1S50, $5S,616. Of this balance there was due— to the 500,000 acres fund $41,524, to the seminary fund $14;351, to the school fund $G3, and to counties $5S9. Balance of specie applicable to the redemption of Treasurer's "Warrants $2,289, Amount "f Treasurer's "S^^arrants outstanding on the Ist October, 1S50, $16,362. Amount of funds to the credit of the State in the Bank of the State of Arkansas at the above date $74,726, and Arkansas bank paper in the treasury $2,001. The taxable property* in the State in 1849 and 1850 was as follows: Specifications. Number. — .. ..15,702,190 9,341 . . .. 1,239.530 82,399 . . . .13,455,976 144. . . 93,130 93 . 28,130 33. 2,680 — . 39,660 293 .. .. 36,566 45,916 . . .. 1,716,780 7,230.. .. 358,809 Jacks and jennies over two years old 333 . . Neat cattle " « 149,383 . . Merchandise Money at interest, beyond that for which in- terest is paid Capital in steamboats, ferries, and toll-bridges. "Watches and jewelry Capital invested in manufactures Value. $84,580 954,766 905,384 157,751 23,433 51,788 19,683 Specillcations. Number. Polls 26,727 Acres of land 4,987,919 Land and implements Town and city lots Slaves over 5 and under 60 years. . Saw-mills Tan-yard Distilleries Household furniture Pleasure carriages Horses and marcs over 2 years old. Mules " " The whole revenue for the biennial period ending 30th September, 1850, amounted to $829,615, and the whole amount received from all sources $495,195. Total paid out $4.33,975. Balance of various accounts in treasury, 1st October, 1850, $61,219 76. The value of the taxable property and the amount of taxes levied in a series of years has been as follows : Year. 1339. 1840. 1341. Total value of taxable property $34,995,835 Total tax 98,540 Property. Taxes. .$23,233,691... $30,446 . 22.011,433... 31,095 . 24,119,122... 81,956 Year. Property. 1S43... $22,302,990.. 1843... 21,090,267.. 1844... 19,940,343.. Tear. Property. Taxes. 1845. . .$20,765,514. . .$.30,154 1846... 21,159,357... 28,860 1847t.. 27,178,875... 70,498 Year. Property. Taxes. 134St. .$23,904,,596. . .$75,174 1349t.. 83,406,613... 87,936 1850t.. 34,995,886... 93,540 Taxes. $30,402 81,040 26,752 The public debt bonds unredeemed 1st October, 1850, are thus stated : For the State Bank. Principal. Payable. Interest. 89 five per cent, bonds $39,000 1st Jan. 1887 $17,062 936 six per cent, bonds 936,000 « 1868 519,480 1,455,480 Aggregate. Total $975,000 $536,542 , —on which the annual accruing interest is $2,808 12, and $87,323 80— total $90,181 92. $1,511,542 "■ Tins tax list will ser^e to show how extremely inaccurate are the census returns of 1850. The census, for instance, returns the land in farms at 2,593,215 acres, instead of $4,987,919 acres, _Tlie State returns are undoubtedly correct, as any inaccuracies would be attacked by those having laxes to pay, •} Under new Revenue law. D 49 THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. Softools and Edvcation. — Although Arkansas has hal3 in the State. In each township ihe ICth section is given by Congress for the support of schools, and the revenue arising from leases of salt springs, and from estrays sold, forms part of the school fund. There are academies and high schools in Little Kock, Fayelteville, Washington, Camden, and some other i>lace6. There is no State College, although Congress granted to the State seventy-two sections of lami for the purpose of founding an institution of learning ; this, by a law of the Legislatnro of 1849, and in utter defiance of the intentions of Congress, was distributed among the counties. The only effort to establish a college has been made by the Roman Catholics. In 1S50 the Legislature granted them a charter for the College of St. Andrews, near Fort Smith, in Crawford County. The college has a president and five professors, and its course of studies embraces all the branches taught in the best institutions. The Ecclesiastical Seminary is located on the college grounds, and is considered one of the finest edifices in the Union. St. Mary's Academy, for young ladies, at Little Bock, is also a Catholic institution. Public Libraries. — One State library ; one social library — 1,000 volumes, etc. Periodical Press. — In all the State there are but 14 periodicals — 13 are issued weekly, and one monthly. The aggre- gate circulation of the weekly papers is only 7,250 copies, or 377,000 copies annually. Of the whole number of papers, three are Whig in politics, and five Democratic, the remaining six being devoted to literature, religion, and various other subjects. Many single counties in New Tork and Ohio contribute more to literature than the whole of this State. There are published in Crawford County, 2 w. ; in Hempstead, 1 w. ; in Independence, 2 w. ; in Johnson and Jefferson, each 1 w. ; in Pulaski, 2 w. ; in Phillipps, 2 w. and 1 m. ; in Union and Washita, each 1 weekly. Peligious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in Arkansas according to the census of 1850 are as follows : Bennniina- No. of Clmrch Value of "Denonuiia- No. of Church Value of Denomiiia- No. of Church Value of tions. Cburclies accum. Property. lions. CI urchea . accom. Property. tioiie. Churches accom. Property Baptist 73 . 8,075 . . $19,790 German Eef. .. . — . . — . . $- Eoman Catholic. 6. 1,400 . . $6,650 Christian — . — . — Jewish . — . . — . — Swedenborgian. — . — . — Congregational. . — . — . — Lutheran . — . . — . — Tunker — . — . — Dutch Eeformed.— . — . — Mennonite . — . . — . — Union 5 . 1,800 . . 1,000 Episcopal 2 . 850. . 4,250 Methodist . 73. .14,250 . . 27,070 Unitarian — . — . — Free 1 . . 200 . 200 Moravian . — . . — . — Universalist — . — . — Friends — . . — . — Presbyterian... .25. . 7,200 . . 28,275 Minor Sects — . — . — —making a total of 185 churches, having accommodation for 89,930 persons, and valued as property at $89,315. Arkansas is a Missionary Diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is comprised in the Koman Catholic Diocese of Little Rock. Pauperi.'im and Crim<>. — The whole number of paupers who received support or relief within the year ending Ist June, 1850, was 105, of which number 97 were native born, and 8 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers re- ceiving support at that date was 67, all native born. Total cost of support $6,8SS. The State Prison at Little Eock waa consumed by fire 28th March, 1850. At that date it had 32 inmates, all men, and chiefiy convicted of larceny and counterfeiting. Historical Sketch. — Arkansas, originally a portion of the Louisiana purchase, and more recently in connection with Missouri, a part of the territory of the latter name became a separate Territory on the admission of Missouri into the Union in 1820. In 1836 it was admitted within its present limits as an independent State. In ISOO the whole territory contained only 1,052 Inhabitants, chiefly settled near the mouth of the Arkansas Elver, and consisting of Frenchmen, whose progenitors settled Arkansas Port, the oldest white settlement of the country. The early history of the State will be found Intermingled with that of Louisiana and Missouri. " Arkansas, with all that nature has done for her, is far behind her neighbors in improvements, population, and general prosperity. It is a source of humiliation to make these acknowledgments ; but the truth should be told, though the heavens falV Such was the language of the Committee on Arkansas Railroads at the New Orleans Convention iu 1851, and such must be the response of every intelligent resident of the State. With her increase of population and reviving prosperity, however, it is to be hoped that so magnificent a State, one so richly endowed and so blessed with a propitious climate and soil, will take heed and redeem itself from the just opprobrium of the enlightened among them- selves, and of the world that is observant of its progress. Succession of Governors.— Tt^rkitoi'.HlI. Govkknors: James Miller, 1819; George Izard, 1825; John Pope, 1829; William S. Fulton, 1835; and — Constitutional Governoks: James 8. Conway, 1886; Archibald Yell, 1840; Samuel Adams (acting), 1844; Thomas S. Drew, 1844; Thomas 9. Drew, 1848 ; John Selden Roane, 14th March, 1849; Elias 8. Conway, 1852. Little Rock, on the south side of the Arkansas, is the seat of government. It is 300 miles ftom the mouth of that river, and astronomically situate in lat. 34° 40' N., and long. 92° 12' W. from Greenwich. 60 THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. CALrroRNiA occupies all that portion of California Alta* westward of the following line, to wit — beginning at the intersection of 42° north latitude, and 120° longitude west from Greenwich, or 42° 5S' from Washington ; thence south in a direct course to 39° north latitude; thence south-east to where the Rio Colorado intersects the parallel of 35° north latitude, and thence down the mid channel of that river to the boundary between the United States and Mexico. Within those limits the surface measures ISS.DSl square miles, or 120,947,840 acres. This grand division of California (the only part, indeed, to which the name properly applies) is traversed from north to south by two principal ranges of mountains, called respectively Sierra Nevada, which divides the region from the greiit basin, and the Coant Range, running almost parallel to, and at a short distance from, the Pacific coast. The main feature of this region is the long, low, broad valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers — the two valleys forming one — 500 miles long and 50 miles broad. Lateral ranges, parallel with the Sierra, make the structure of the country, and break it into a surface of valleys and mountains — the valleys a few hundreds, and the mountains 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea. These form greater masses and become more elevated in the north, where some peaks, as the Shast6, enter the regions of pcrpetu.Tl snows. The great valley is discriminated only by the names of the rivers that traverse it. It is a single geographical formation, Iving between the two ranges, and stretching across the head of the Bay of San Francisco, with which a delta of 25 miles connects it. The two rivers rise at opposite ends of this long valley, receive numerous affluents — many of them bold rivers, becoming themselves navigable rivers — flow toward each other, meet half way, and enter the bay together in the region of tide water; making a continuous water line from one end to tho other. The resources of this valk-y, mineral and agricultural, are immense, and perhaps no part of the world affords greater facilities for easy development Gold and quicksilver are the most valuable of its mineral products. The soil and climate, though varying much with locality, are generally well suited for agriculture. Westward of the rivers, the soil is chiefly dry and unproductive ; but on the east side the country is well watered and luxuriantly fertile, being inter- sected by numerous fine streams, forming large and beautiful bottoms of rich land, wooded principally with white oaks. The foot hills of the Sierra, which limit the valley, make a woodland country, diversified with undulating grounds and pretty vales. Near the Tulare lakes, and on the margins of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the surface is com- posed of level plains, gradually changing into undulating, and rolling toward the mountains. The region west of the Coast Range to the Pacific — the only portion inhabited before the discovery of gold — has long been the seat of numerous misjions; and around these, generally situated in the must lovely vales, agriculture has converted the country into a perfect garden. All the cereals of temperate regions are cultivated, and the olive and grape thrive luxuriantly. Wheat is the first product of the north. The moisture of the coast seems particularly suited to the cultivation of roots, a;id to vegetables used for culinary purposes, which, in fact, grow to an extraordinary size. Few localities, indeed, can produce in such perfection so great a variety of grains and fruits. The coasts of California are generally precipitous and rugged ; and in relation to their extent present few good harbors. The bays of San Diego, Monterey, and San Francisco are the finest, and their capacities extensive. San Francisctf Bay is one of the most important in the world, not merely as a harbor, hut also and mainly from the accessory advant- ages which belong to it — fertile and picturesque dependent country, general mildness of climate, connection with the great central valley, etc. When these advantages are taken into account, with its geographical position on the line of communication with Asia, its importance rises superior to all contingencies. Its latitudinal position is that of Lisbon* its climate that of Italy ; bold shores and mountains give it grandeur ; the extent and resources of its dependent country are the cynosure of the world. The bay is separated from the sea by low mountain ranges, and only a narrow gate, about a mile wide, affords an entrance. It is land-locked in every sense of the word, and protected on all sides from the weather. Passing through this narrow entrance, the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direction about 35 miles, having a total length of 70 and a coast of 275 miles. It is divided by projecting points and straits into three separate compartments, of which the northern two are called San Pablo and Suisson bays. The surface is much broken by numerous islands — some mere rocks, and others grass-covered, rising to the height of 300 to 800 feet. Directly fronting the entrance, mountains, a few miles from the shore, rise about 2,000 feet above the water, crowned by forests of lofty cypress, which are visible from the sea, and make a conspicuous landmark for vessels entering the bay. Behind, the rugged peak of Mt. Diavolo, 3,770 feet high, overlooks the surrounding country of the bay and the San Joaquin. The shore presents a varied character of rugged and broken hills, rolling and undulating land, and rich alluvial tracts, backed by fertile and wooded ranges, suitable for towns, villages, and farms, with which it is beginning to be over- * California Alta in its full extent, as acquired of Mexico, lies between 3-2" and 42" N. lat.. and 106' and 124" W. long , and is hounded N. by Oregon. E. b.v the crest of the Rocky Mountains, S. by the Rio Gila and California Baja, and W. by tlie Pacific Ocean, on which it has a front of SOO m. The area included wit liin these limits 13 448,691 sq, m. This extensive territory is now divided into the State of Ualitornia, Utah Territory, and (in part) the Territory of New Mexico. 51 THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. spread. Such is the bay and proximate country and shore of San Francisco. It is not a mere indentation of the coast, but a little sea to itself, connected with the ocean by a defensible gate. The head of the bay is about 40 miles distant from the sea, and there commences its connection with the noble valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento. The climate of California is so remarkable in its periodical changes, and for the long continuance of the wet and dry seasons, dividing as they do the year iiito-about two equal parts, which have a most peculiar influence on the labor ap- plied to agriculture and the products of the soil, and, in fact, connect tlieraselves so inseparably with all the interests of the country, that it is deemed proper briefly to mention the causes which produce these changes, and which, it will be seen, must exercise an important and controlling influence on the commercial prosperity and resources of the country. It is a well-established theory, that the currents of the air under which the earth passes in its diurnal revolutions, follow the line of the sun's greatest attraction. These currents of air are drawn toward this line from great distances on each Bide of it, and, as the earth revolves from west to east, they blow from north-east and south-east, meeting, and, of course, causing a calm on the line. Thus, when the sun is directly, in common parlance, over the equator, in the month of March, these currents of air blow from some distance north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn in an oblique direction toward this line of the sun's greatest attraction, and form what are known as the north- east and south-east trade-winds. As the earth in its path round the sun gradually brings the line uf attraction north in summer, these currents of air are carried tclth it; so that about the middle of May the current from the north-east has extended as far as the 8Sth or 39th degree of north latitude, and by the 20th June, the period of the sun's greatest northern inclination, to the northern portions of Calilornia and the southern section of Oregon. These north-east winds, in their progress across the continent toward the Pacific Ocean, pass over the snow-capped ridges of the Eocky Mount- ains and the Sierra Nevada, and are, of course, deprived of all the moisture which can be extracted from them by the low temperature of those regions of eternal snow; and consequently no moisture can be precipitated from Ihem, in the form of dew or rain, in a higher temperatuie than that to which they have been subjected. They therefore pass over the hills and plains of California, where the temperature is very high in summer, in a very dry state; and, so far from being charged with moisture, they absorb, like a sponge, all that the atmosphere and surface of the earth can yield, until both become apparently perfectly dry. This process commences when the line of the sun's greatest attrac- tion comes norOi in summer, bringing with it these vast atmospheric movements, which on their approach produce the dry season in California, which, governed by these laws, continues until some time after the sun repat-ses the equator in September; when, about the middle of November, the climate being relieved from these north-east currents of air, the south-west winds set in from the ocean, charged with moisture, the rains commence, and continue to fall — not claccs where gold may have been lodged by some violent eruption. It is combined with the quartz in all imaginable forms and degrees of richness. The rivers present very striking, and it would seem, conclusive evidence respecting the quantity of gold remaining undiscovered in the quartz vems. It is not probable that the gold THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, in the dry digginga and that in the rivers — the former in lumps, the latter in dust — were created by different processes. That which is found in the rivers has undoubtedly been cut or worn from the veins in the rock, with which their currents have come in contact. All of them appear to be equally rich. This is shown by the fact that a laboring man may collect nearly as much in one river as he can in another. They intersect and cut through the gold region, running from east to west, at irregular distances of fifteen to twenty, and perhaps some of them thirty miles apart. Hence it appears that Uie gold veins are equally rich in all parts of that most remarkable section of country. Were it wanting, there are further proofs of this in the ravines and dry diggings, which uniformly confirm what nature so plainly shows in the rivers. The quicksilver mines of California are believed to be numerous, extensive, and valuable. Hitherto this metal, so useful in the arts and mining, has been chiefly derived from Spain and Mexico, and its production been a monopoly. The best known mine in California is that near San Jos6, which is claimed by Mr. Forbes, of Tepie, in Mexico. The cinnabar ore which produce the mineral lies near the surface, is easily procured, and the mine is believed to have been remarkably productive. Discoveries of other like mines are reported in other parts of the State, but little is publicly known respecting them, the belief being, however, that quicksilver will be eventually found in sulBcient quantities for all purposes of extensive mining operations, if not for export. It is, undoubtedly, a fortunate circumstance, that nature, in bestowing on this State such vast metallic wealth, has thus provided, almost in its immediate neighborhood, inex- liaustible stores of the only agent by which gold can be successfully separated from its matrices. It is also believed that California is rich in silver, copper, iron, and coal. A silver mine has been discovered a short distance from Monterey, •which affords a very rich ore, and has been productive in comparison to the labor bestowed in operating it. In the neighborhood of San Francisco bituminous coal is abundant, and the indications noted in many other sections leave no doubt of the great extent of coal formation in the State. With regard to other metals, time and circumstances are required to develop our knowledge of them ; but there can be but one opinion on the subject, that California is, in one part or other of its territory, bounteously supplied with all the more useful as well as the precious metals. California offers a very interesting and but partially explored field of research to the botanist. Almost every variety of vegetation, from the liuxuriant pro«'»(« Douglasii, first described by Douglas, is jjrobably the grandest of the whole vegetable kingdom. It is found on the mountains alwut the Bay of San Francisco, and in Bome other sections of California, generally on elevated localities. Specimens of this tree occur of the height of 240 feet, the base of whose trunks have a circumference of nearly 60 feet. The trunk is quite destitute of branches, until above more than half the altitude, when they grow outward and upward in such a manner as to give the top the form of an inverted pyramid. From the ends of the branches hang the cones or seed-vessels, from 12 to 15 inches in length, and egg-shaped. The seeds are as large as a good sized bean, and furnish a common article of food to the Indians, who collect large quantities of them in the autumn, and pound them into a kind of cake, which is baked on heated stones. The wood is very fine-grained, and contains a great quantity of resin. The pimis SahinU, p. Lcunhevtuma, p. iwt/ilis, and p. resinosa, are also fine species, though less in size than their gigantic relative. The former is, however, a large tree, being often found 110 feet high, and IVom 10 to 12 in diameter. Among the elevated plains of Upper California it grows quite plentifully, as also on the low hills, near the coast, where it attains a larger size. The natives frequently build their fires against these trees to save the trouble of collecting fuel ; by this means, also, a sweet gum is made to exude from the trunk, which serves them for sugar. The white oak grows on the low and level parts of the country. It is not generally a large tree, being from 40 to 50 feet high, and from 2 to 3 feet in diameter at the base. The top la extremely thick and leafy, forming an almost impenetrable mass of boughs. It is in some places very abundant. The gv^roiis navalia occupies the prairies, river banks, and lower hills, and is 4 or 5 feet In diameter, with branches of corresponding dimensions, extending horizontally i^-om the trunk. The live oak {q. mrens) grows only on the highlands. It is from 2 to 5 feet in thickness, and from 60 to 70 in height. The maple, the ash, the beech, the chestnut, in several varieties, compose large portions of the forests. It is impossible to give a full description of the flowering shrubs and plants of California, so great is their variety and beauty. A species of raspberry (^nles speciosimi) is one of the most elegant flowering shrubs of the country. It is exceedingly abundant in some localities, and, with its long crimson stamens, and its deep green leaves, presents an appearance truly lovely. The flowers bloom early in spring. In many places are found several species of mimulus, one of which is from 3 to 4 feet in height, and is a very Bhowy plant. This country also has numerous species of phlox and lieuchera, and innumerable quantities of epilo- iiumi, mnothera, or primrose, penUtemon, papci'ver, or poppy, delphinium, and salvia. A species of lily also grows here, the roots of which are eaten by the natives. The Seilla esciilenta grows along the whole coast ; this is called by the natives " quama-sh," and the root forms a very common article of food. To prepare this for eating, a hole is made in the ground, and a number of stones placed in it, on which a fire is kindled and kept burning until they are made hot, when the fire is extinguished, and the roots, wrapped in straw, leaves, and moss, arc placed upon them. They are well roasted in a few hours, and are then taken off and hung up to dry. This root is also sometimes pounded and made into cakes, which are preserved for future use ; the taste is sweet, and rather agreeable, but if eaten too freely they are apt to produce diarrhea. This plant is most abundant on the banks of rivers and on lowlands by the margins of forests, in which localities are also found several species oi pyrola, caprifoliunn and hipdmu^, which sometimes cover an immense extent of land. The arh^ctua is also abundant in similar situations. The larg« species («. procera), is a fine shrub frequently attaining a growth which entitles it to be called a tree. The a. wa iirsi is found in almost every part of the colder sections of the country, and its berries are frequently eaten by the natives, and even by travelers. A very useful plant to the native-S is the heloniaa tenaa-; the flbres of which are stronger than any hemp. Cords made of this are used by the Indians for the purpose of snaring deer and other animals, and one the thickness of the little finger is so strong as not to be broken by the largest elk. The gooseberry grows in California, and bears plentiftilly. The sand-hills and moors are covered with a great variety of syngenesious plants, and on the more fertile and humid soU grows a gaudy- flowered currant-bush, and a pretty species of honeysuckle. Perhaps the most remarkable shnib here is the ysdra, a poisonous plant, which, however, affects some particular constitutions only. By contact with the skin, it produces tumors and violent inflammation. It is a slender shrub, preferring cool and shady places, and bearing a trefoil crenated leaf. Two roots— the plants of which are very beautiful— are used by the natives for soap; these are called amolo and samate. On the rocky const of Monterey are immense collections of sea»weed, /«cws pprifornis, which 55 THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. are said to have gathered there in such abundance aa to have saved several vessels from splitting on the rocks, when driven on them by the tempest Tlie animal kiiigilom in California is made up of most of the zoological varieties found east of the Uocky Mountains, and of some few species peculiar to the region itself. The black bear {ursus Ainerioaiius) is an inhabitant of many districts, and in its habits and appearance differs little from its congener of the north ; the barren-groun-vus canaden- eis) roams through the valleys in immense herds. There are many other species of deer found in various parts, as tho black-tailed deer {c. macrotis), the long-tailed or jumping deer (c. leuounis), etc. ; and the prong-horned antelope (a. fwcifer) is found in considerable numbers. The mountain sheep, or argali (pvi-i montana), inhabits the loftiest and coldest mountains ; in its general appearance it resembles the largo domestic sheep, but has horns out of all proportion to its body, and is covered with a coarse short hair, of a dingy brown color, which can scarcely be called wool. The Dison {hos AmeHoanus) is seldom seen, but ia not altogether unknown to the hunter. The sea otter {Intra marina) is abundant along the coast, and at the mouths of rivers, and the land otter (/. Brazilien-^is) is found in many parts of the country. Of rats, mice, marmots, hares, rabbits, and squirrels, there are numerous species in all parts of the country. Among the feathered tribes of California, the first worthy of notice is the great vulture {mrcoramphos Cali/ornianns), second only to the huge condor of South America, and closely allied to it in many respects. It is met with along the whole coast ; it is solitary in its habits, rapacious, of enormous size, and singular in conlbrmation and appearance, and seems to hold the same position in the scenery of this country as its European congener, the lammergeyer, in that of the Alps. It builds in the highest trees of the mountain forests, and only approaches the valleys in search of its carrion food. When full grown, it measures about 4 feet 8 inches fVom beak to end of the tail, and from 9 to 10 feet from tip to tip of its •wings. Its color is brownish black, the bill and legs yellow, and its quills are much esteemed by the hunter for making tubes for his pipe. The turkey buzzard {cat}M)ix« aura) is also found here, but is not common, but the black vulture (cathart^^s atratus) is found in every part. The golden eagle {aqidUt cJiryfsotm), the bald eagle {aquila leiioocephala), the ospreyor fish-hawk {aquila halloa), the black hawk or peregrine Mcon {fahv peregrinus), tht^ ier-falcon ifalco islandimi-i), and several others of kindred species, but of lesser note, are found here, as the sparrow-hawk, the jjigeon- hawk, and the gos-hawk— the latter identical with the European species so celebrated in the royal sport of falconry. Owls of various species are found throughout the country ; and among the birds common to the temperate region of the ConUnent may be mentioned the shrike, the robin, the cat-bird, the thrush, the lark, the red-wing, the cross-bill, the raven, the magpie, the jay, tho wood-pecker in numerous varieties and species. In some parts of the south the humming-bird is quite numerous, and swallows of every description— barn, cliff, and bank swallows— are as common as in any other section of the Union. There is probably no other country which produces so many varieties of grouse, or in so great numbers. The bays, inlets, and rivers are alive with water-fowl, and the low lands near the outlets of some of the streams in the Pacific coast actually swarm with geese, ducks, widgeons, teal, cranes, curlews, snipes, and various other waders and swimmers. The swan {ei/gmis buccinator) is the largest swimming bird of the country, and seems to differ nothing from the same species elsewhere. The white pelican {p. onocrotaius) is found on the coast, and large numbers frequent the bays and harbors. Off the coast, too, may be seen the mighty albatross ; specimens of enormous size are sometimes seen, measuring 4 feet in length and 10 or 12 across the wings. The waters of California are replete with fish of every size and variety. The seas swarm densely, and the bays and rivers .iro alive with their peculiar denizens. The California Gulf produces great numbers of edible shell-fish. The oyster, tho pearl-shell, the muscle, several species of haliotis, all afford either food or articles of trade and ornament to the inhabitants. In California fish are generally little sought after, the productions of the earth being so numerous and plentiftd ; but in the colder regions of the north they afTord the common, and sometimes the sole subsistence of the natives. In the Columbia, as well as in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers, and in almost every water-course having its outlet in the sea, the number of {salino) salmon are almost incredible. On some of these rivers from two to three thousand are sometimes taken in a single day. The Indians sometimes capture them with a kind of wicker basket similar to that used by the fishermen on the Atlantic coast for taking lobsters. This is done in the spring, when the fish are on Uieir passage up the stream. They are also taken with the spear, which consists of a sharp piece of bone fastened to the end of a shaft of wood 12 or 15 feet in length, and which the Indians use with great dexterity, frequently securing salmon of from 20 to 80 pounds in weight. The fish are dried or salted, and preserved for future use. They are also Bomelimea taken with only a small scoop net, fastened to the end of a pole. Douglas speaks of an individual measured by him which was 3 feet 5 inches long, and 10 inches broad, weighing 35 pounarbara, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, and Monterey have reported 2,359,250 cabbages, valued at gO •^■j'^ The counties of Sonoma, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, and Monterey liave reported 80,271 bush, of beans, value 72,492 The county 'e, 5,509; Indian com, 65,230; oats, 8,1.34; barley, 75; buckwheat 878 ; peas and beans, 7,754 ; Irish potatoes, 28,292 ; sweet potatoes, 8,497 bushels ; tobacco, 7,800 poxmis ; hay, 2,279 tons , cloTer seed, 3 bushels; hops, 15 pounds; wine, SOS gallons; value of the products of orchards, $14,843; and of market- gardens, $67,222 ; beeswax and honey, 550; wool, 525 pounds; butter, 14,872 pounds; cheese, 1,500 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered, $9,038. Value of home-made manufactures, $2,075. Manufactures.— Aggn-'ps 4,573 poimds 554 pounds deer. 4,019 pounds, or " Flax 83,764 " 17,928 " deer. 65,836 " or " Wine 2,666 gallons 4,269 gallons incr. 1,603 gallons, or " Home-made manufaetiires were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $192,252. The samo description of goods returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $226,102. Manufaeture.s.—yo\s.\ capital invested in manufactures, $23,589,397; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in tho year, $23,589,397 ; average hands employed 000,000— males 00,000, and females 00,000 ; monthly cost of labor $000,000— male $000,000, and female $00,000; value of products for the year, $45,110,102. The whole number of manuiixcluring establishments producing annually $500 and upward on the 1st June, 1S50, wa.^ 3,913. Of wliich number 128 were cotton factories; 149 woolen factories; 91 iron works; viz., 13 making pig iron, 60 making castings, and IS making wrought iron; 115 tanneries, etc. The capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $13,069,139. The cotton manufactures in 1S50, employed a capital of $4,219,100 ; consumed 89,483 bales of cotton, 2,866 tons coal, etc., valued at $2.500,('62; employed 6,180 hands— males 2,708, and females 3,478, at a monthly cost of $92,739— to males $51,079, and to females $41,060, and produced in the year 51,780,700 yards of sheeting, etc., and 950,000 pounds of yarn, in all valued at $4,257,522. In 1840, there were 114 factories in the State, and the capital, including that employed in 6 dyeing establishments, was $3,152,000. In icoolen factories the capital invested was $3,773,950. Wool used in the year 9.414,100 pounds, and coal consumed 7,912 tons— valued together at $3,325,709; number of hands emjiloyed 5,488— males 2.907, and females 2,581 ; monthly cost of labor $103,357— male $70,141, and female $-33,216 ; products of the year— 9,403,777 yards of cloth, valued at $6,465,210. In 1840, the State contained 119 woolen factories. The statistics of the iron manufacture are exhibited in the annexed figures: Specifications. I'ig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrovight Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars. . . . 225,600 580,800 529,500 1,835,900 Ore used tons 85,450 — — 35,450 Pig metal " — 11,396 7,081 18.477 Oldmetal " — 837 — 837 Blooms " — — 1,644 1,644 Mineral coal " — 7,592 5,063 12,654 Coke and charcoal hmhels.. . .2,870,000 30,000 783,600 3,684.200 Value of all raw material dollars. . . . 289,225 351,369 858,780 999,374 Hands employed, males mtmher 148 942 374 1,464 " females " .... — 7 — 7 Monthly cost of labor, male dollars.. . . 3,907 25,453 11,814 20,234 " female " .... — 50 — 56 Iron manufactured tons 13,420 11,210 6.325 «... 30,9.55 Value of other manufactures dollars. . . . 20,000 70,000 5,0ii0 95.000 Value of entire products " .... 415,600 981,400 067,E0T 2,064,560 — in 1840, there were in the SUate 28 furnaces, producing 6,495 tons cast iron, and 44 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-milla producing 16,938 tons bar iron; hands employed 895; capital $577,.300. The capit.'il invested in tatineries in 1850, was $860,500; value of raw material $453,854; hands employed 407; monthly cost of labor $10,027; skins tanned 67,110, and sides of leather tanned 244,910; v.alue of products for the year $731,000. In 1S40, the number of tanneries was 197; men employed 1,359; products— 83,081 sides sole leather, and 126,867 sides upper leather; c.ipital $404,477. ' In the manufacture of onalt and .yi/ritiious liquors, the capital employed in 1850, was $15,500; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed — corn 20,000 Im.shels, rye 20,000 bushels, molasses 10 hogsheads, and hops 2 tons ; hands em- ployed 20; quantities of liquors produced— whisky and high wines 130,000 gallons, and rum 1,200 gallons. In 1850, there were in the State 70 distilleries, producing 215,892 gallons spirits ; hands employed 42 ; capital invested $50,380. The manufactures of Connecticut oilier tlian the above specified are very extensive, and more varied in their character than perhaps in any other State. They embraec machinery, cutlery (a very large manufacture), firearms (also exten- sive), gunpowder, paper, boots and shoes. India-rubber articles, and an indescribable number of manufactures of small 64 THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT, articles of general utility. Two of the tliree great pen manufjictories of the country are in this State, one, the oldest, at Birmingham, and another at Waterbury. Manufactures, indeed, within Connecticut are rapidly usurping the position it formerly occupied in regard to its agricultural interests : while the stock and products of the one decrease, the interests of the other appreciate. Commevce and Mtvigatimi.—'Fhe direct foreign commerce of Connecticut, although the State enjoys many peculiar facilities for engaging in such, is comparatively small, and chiefly carried on with the British Provinces and the West Indies. For the year ending 30th June, 1850, the exports were valued at $241,930, of which sum $C63 v<-as the value of re-exports ; and the imports for the same period were valued at $372,890. The shipping employed in carrying the merchandise above represented was as follows: KnterpJ. Cleared. Total, Nationality of t ' ^ ' filiipping. Vessels. Tons. Cre\v=. Vespe American '. 109 22,.5S0 1,367 87. Foreign 79 11,572 530 69. Total. .109. . 79. .188. Tons. Crews. Ve.s.sels. Tons. Crews, .17,515 1,058 196 40,095 2,425 . 9,802 458 148 21,874 983 .84,152 1,897 156 27,317 1,516 844 61,469 -.3,413 New Haven 89 16.177 095. Fairfield 60 6,895 872. New London 26 7,876 600. Stonington 10 2,894 213. Middletown 3 310 17. T2.. 56.. 18.. 9.. 1.. .13,400 591. . 6,322 349. . 4,943 380. . 2,591 191. . 61 5. .161. .116. . 44. , 19. . 4. .29,577 1,286 .1.3,217 T21 .12,819 980 . 5,4S5 404 . 371 22 The following table will exhibit the movements of foreign commerce in this State from 1791 to 1850 : Years. 1791 ... 1792 . . . 1798 , . . 1794 . . . 1795 . . . 1796 ... 1797 . . . 1798 . . . 1799 ... 1800 . . , 1801 . . , 1802 . . , 1803 . . . 1S04 . . , 1805 ... 1806 . . , 1807 . . . 1803 ... 1809 . . . ISIO . . . E.xpoits. Imports. $710,353 $ 879,753 770,255 812,765 • 819,465 1,452,793 • 814,506 763,128 1,143,818 ■ 1.114,743 1,446,216 1,606,809 1,284,571 1,516,110 1,443,727 1,715,828 1,624,727 — — 41.3,691 666,518 768,643 Years. 1811 . 1812 . 1813 . 1814 . 1S15 . 1816 . 1817 . 1818 . 1819 - 1820 . 1821 . 1822 . 1S28 . 1824 , 1825 . 1826 . 1527 . 1528 . 1829 . 1830 . E.^pn Imports. .$1,082, . 780, . 974. . 1,043, . 883, . 593, . 604, . 577, . 438, . 421 . 376, . 485 . 482, , 575! . 689, . 708, . 590 . 521 . 457 . 389, rts. 354 $ ,805 ,303 ,136 ,135 ,806 ,1-39 ,564 ,584 ,931 ,187 312,090 ,813 507,094 061 456,468 ,852 581,510 ,270 707,478 ,893 786,194 ,275 630.004 ,546 485,174 ,970 809,538 ,511 269,583 Years. 1831 . 18.32 . 1833 . 1834 . 18-35 . 1836 . 1887 . 1S38 . 1839 . 1840 . 1841 . 1842 . 1843 . 1844 . 1845 . 1846 . 1847 . 1848 . 1849 . 1850 . Exports. Imports. $482,883 $405,066 430,466 437,715 427,608 352,014 422,416 385,720 512,970 439,502 438,199 468,163 582,590 818,849 513,610 843,331 583,226 446,191 518,210 277,072 509,348 295,989 332,392 835,707 807,223 280,841 800,016 828,299 969,055 372,075 775,912 413,478 599,492 275,823 501,064 229,310 264,000 284,743 241,980 872,890 Tannage and Ship-luilding.—'Yhe. amount of shipping owned in Connecticut on SOth June, 1850, was 11-3,085 tons, Tiz. : registered "permanent" 41,555 tons, and "temporary" 956 tons; enrolled and licensed "permanent" 67,778 tons, and "temporary" 410 tons; and licensed "under 20 tons," in the coasting trade 1,179, and in the cod fishery 1,208 tons. Of the registered tonnage 11,483 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and 31,028 tons in foreign trade; and the proportion of the enroIIe Total r- ' ^ ^^■»''s- Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Pop. Numerical. Percent. 1790 46.810 3,S99 8,887 12,786 59,096 1800 49.S52 8,268 6,153 14,421 64,273 5,177 8.7 1810 55,.361 13,136 4,177 17,313 72,674 8,401 13.0 1820 5.5,282 12,958 4,509 17,467 72.749 75 0.1 1830 57,601 15,855 3,292 19,147 76,748 3,999 5.3 1840 58,561 16,919 2,605 19,524 78,085 1,337 1.7 1850 71,289 17,957 2,289 20,246 91,535 18,450 1T.2 Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people; but in the north, where there is abundance of water-power, manufactures have long been in existence, and are in a very flourishing condition. Commerce and trade are also com- paratively extensive, and the whale fisheries have been prosecuted with success from Wilmington. The statistics of the industry, wealth, and institutions of Delaware, according to the returns of the census of 1850, and other official docu- meuts referring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, efc.— Farm lands, improved 580,862 acres, and unimproved 875;2S2 acres— valued together at $18,880,031. Whole number of farms under cultivation 6,068. Value of farming implements and machinery $510,279. Live-Stock.— 'RoTse%, 13,852; asses and mules, 791; milch cows, 19,248; working oxen, 9,797; other catlle, 24,166; sheep, 27,503 ; and swine, 56,261. Tlie retiu-ns of 1840 compared with those of 1850 establish the following results: Live-stock, 18J0. IS50, Movement. Horses. I ..,,„,, , j 13,852 head I Asses and Mules f ^^'^^1 head \ ^g^ ,, )j incr. 222 head, or 1.54 per cent. Milch Cows ) ( 19,248 Working Oxen. . . Other Cattle ' ( 24,166 Sheep 39,247 " 27,503 " rfecn 12,744 " or 32.49 Swine 74,228 " 56,261 " deer. 17,967 " or 24.20 ) i 19,248 " ) [-53,883 " •] 9,797 " [deer. 672 ' ( 24,166 •' ) —the value of all live-stock in the State on the 1st June, 1850, amounted to $1,849,281. Products of Animah.—Vi oo\, 57,768 pounds; butter, 1,055,308 pounds; and cheese, 3,187 pounds. The wool crop represented in the census of 1840 was 64,404 pounds, and hence the decrease in 1850 amounted to 6,636 pounds, or 10.81 per centum. The clip per fleece in 1840 was 26.8 ounces, and in 1850, 86.6 ounces— increase, 7.3 ounces or 27.7 per centum. The value of animals slaughtered in the year ending Ist June, 1850, was $378,665. Grain C/'o;3.s.— Wheat, 482,511 bushels; rye, 8,066 bushels; Indian corn, 3,145,542 bushels; oats, 604,518 bushels; barley, 56 bushels; and buckwheat, 8,615 bushels. The crops of 1840 and 1850 compare as follows: Crops. 1S40. ISSO. Movement. Wheat 315,165 bushels 482,511 bushels incr. 167,846 bushels, or 53.09 per cent. Eye 83,546 " 8,066 " deer. 25,480 " or 75.97 « Indian com 2,099,359 " 8,145,542 " i;ic a 1,046,183 " or 49.83 " Oats 927,405 " 604,518 " deer. 322,887 " or 34.81 " Barley 5,260 " 56 " dear. 5,204 " or 98.93 " ^Buckwheat 11,299 " 8,615 " deer. 2,634 " or 23.75 » Otlier Food Crops.— T?ea.3 and beans, 4,120 bushels ; and potatoes— Irish, 240,542 bushels, and sweet, 65,443 bushels. The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 200,712 bushels, being less than that of 1850, 105,273 bushels, or 52,44 per centum. 3IisceUaneous Crops.— Hay, 30,159 tons ; clover-seed, 2,525 bushels ; other grass-seed, 1,403 bushels ; hops, 348 pounds ; flax, 11.174 pounds ; flax-seed, 904 bushels; molasses, 50 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 41,248 pounds ; wine, 145 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $46,574, and of market-garden products $12,714. The crops of 1840 and 1850 were aa follows : Crops. 1840. 18.50. Movement. Hay 22,483 tons 30,159 tons incr. 7,676 tons or 84.14 per cent. Hops 746 pounds 348 pounds deer. 498 pounds, or 66.75 " ^f"P j- 52iton3 \ ,~,"'°' \decr.9i,S2e " or 89.41 " Flax ) t 11,174 pounds ) Wine 322 gallons 145 gallons deer. 177 gallons, or 54.93 " The census of 1840 enumerates the following products — tobacco, 272 pounds ; cotton, 834 pounds, and silk cocoons, l,458f pounds. No returns of the like products are noted in the census of 1850. With regard to hemp and flax, the remiirks of the superintendent appended to the details of the miscellaneous crops of Virginia will also apply to Delaware. Home-made Manitfactures were produced in the census year 1850, to the value of $38,121. The same description of manufactures returned in 1840 were valued at $62,116. Jf«;ii//ctfiw/v5.— Total capital invested in manufactures on Ist of June. 1350, $2,978,945; total value of raw material, n THE STATE OF DELAWARE. fiiel, etc., consumed during Ibe year then ending, $2,864,607; number of hands employed —males and females average monthly cost of labor $ —male $ and female $ annual valuo of products $4,049,296. Whole number of manufacturing establishments producing to tho annual value of $500 and upward, and in operation at date 513, of which 12 were cotton factories, 8 woolen factories, 15 iron works (13 making castings and 2 wrought iron), 16 tanneries, etc. The total manufacturing capital returned in 1840 amounted to $1,539,215. Capital invested in tho cotton manufactures, $400,100; raw material, etc., consumed — cotton 4,730 bales, and coal 1,920 tons, together valued at $312,008; number of hands employed 838—413 males, and 425 females; average monthly cost of labor $11,352 — male $6,820, and female $4,926; products of the year— sheeting, etc., 3,521,636 yards, and yarn 533,000 pounds, valued together at $538,439. The statistics of this manufacture in 1840 was — factories, 11 ; capital, $330,500 ; hands, 560 ; value of products, $332,272. Capital investe < ' > Licensed Total. Permanent. "Wilmington 681 .... Newcastle — Temporary. ...971 .... ^rmanent. Temporary, (under 20 toi 7,289 207 813 7,124 — 185 9,401 7,259 Total. 681 971 14,413 207 448 16,720 Of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 2,774 tons were navigated by steam-power— 1,429 tons belonfrng to Wilmington and 1,345 to Newcastle. Vessels built at Wilmington in the official year— 12 schooners, 8 sloops and canal boats, and 1 steamer — total, 16 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 1,849 tons. Internal Co7nintinication.— Except in the north, where the Slate is crossed by a canal and two railroads, the lines of travel are over ordinary turnpike and M'Adam roads. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is an important work, connecting those bays by a channel navigable for sea-going vessels; it extends from Delaware City, 40 miles below Philadelphia, to Back Creek, a navigable branch of Elk Eiver, in Maryland, 13i miles, and is GO feet wide at the top and 10 feet deep, and it has two tide and two lift locks. The deep cut in this canal is 4 miles in length, through a hill 90 feet 72 THE STATE OF DELAWARE. %i high. The work waa completed in 1S29, at a cost of $2,250,000. A very considerable portion of its cost was furnished by the General Government in donations of land. The work bears a similar relation to the commerce of the country with the Delaware and Earitan Canal, and makes up a part of the same system of internal water navigation. It is also the channel of a large trade between Chesapeake Bay and Philadelphia and New York. The Newcastle and French- town E. E. extends also across the peninsula, between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, 16i miles, and, in connection with steamboats at each terminus, forms a convenient line of transportation between Philadelphia and Baltimore. This road, however, is at present of less importance than formerly, as it originally formed part of the route of travel East and West, which has now been supersedelind—y/h. 12, fr. col. 2, si. 12— total 26; i7isa7ie—w\i. 6, fr. col. 0, si. 2— total 8 ; idiotio—yvh. 29, fr. col. 1, si. 7— total 37. The number of free persons born in the United Slates, was 45,.820 ; of those born in foreign countries, 2,757 ; and of those whose country w.as unknown, 58 : he native population originated from— Maine 140, N. Ilamp. 61, Verm. 55, Mass. 235, E. I. 66, Conn. 179, N. York 614, N. Jer. 83, Penn, 240, Del. 9, Md. 194, Dist. of Col. .33, Virg. 643, N. Car.3,.537, S. Car. 4,470, Geo. 11,316, Florida 20,563, Ala. 2,-340, Miss. 92, La. 146, Tex. 8, Ark. 5, Tenn. 112. Ky. 87, Oh. 53, Mich. 7, Ind. 14. III. 8, Mo. 7, la. 0, Wise. 3, Calif. 0, and the Terri- tories 0; and the forelffn population was composed of natives of— England 300, Ireland 878, Scotland 182, Wales 11, Germany 307, France 67, Spain 70, Portugal 17, Belgium 4, Holland 8, Italy 40, Austria S, Switzerland 7, Russia 2, Nor- way 17, Sweden 23, Denmark 21, Prussia 17 Asia 3, Africa 23, British America 97, Mexico 5, South America 3 West Indies 599, other countries 37. 76 THE STATE OF FLORIDA. And tlie following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population : Colored Persona. Census. White , ■ Year. Persons. Free. Slave. 18.30 18,.3S5 S44 . . . . 15,501 . 1S40 2T,943 SIT ... . 25,717 . 1S50 47,167 925 Total. 16,.345 ... 26,534 . . , 39,309 .... 40,23-t . . . Total Population. . 34,730 . . . Decennial Increase. . 54,477 19,747 56.8 . 87,401 82,924 60.4 The industry of Florida is devoted almost wholly to agriculture and commerce, the manufactures of the State as yet being of small account, and consisting of such branches only as those the position of the inhabitants immediately demands. None of the great national manufactures have yet been introduced, and hence manufactured goods of almost every description are imported from the Northern States and exchanged for the indigenous agricultiu-al staples of the soil — an exchange creating a large commercial movement between the different sections of the Union, and in the interior of the State itself. The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State, according to the census of 1850, etc., are as foUows: Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 349,049 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,236,240 acres — valued in cash at $6,823,109. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 4,304. Value of farming implements and machinery, $658,795. Livestock. — Horses, 10,848; asses and mules, 5,002; milch cows, 72,876; working oxen, 5,794; other cattle, 182,415; sheep, 23,811 ; and swine, 209,453— valued in the aggregate at $2,830,058. (In 1840 there were 12,043 horses, mules, etc. ; 118,080 neat-cattle of all kinds ; 7,193 sheep, and 92,680 hogs.) Grain Craps. — Wheat, 1,027 bushels ; rye, 1,152 bushels ; Indian corn, 1,996,869 bushels ; oats, 66,586 bushels ; barley, bushels ; and buckwheat, 55 bushels. (The crops of 1839-10 were— wheat, 412 bushels ; barley, 80 bushels ; oats 13,829 bushels ; rye, 305 bushels ; buckwheat, bushels ; and Indian corn, 893,974 bushels.) Other Craps. — Kice, 1,075,090 pounds; tobacco, 998,614 pounds; ginned cotton, 45,131 bales of 400 pounds; peas and beans, 185,359 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 7,S28 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 757,226 bushels ; hay, 2,510 tons ; clover-seed, ; and other grass-seed, 3 bushels; hops, 14 pounds ; flax, 50 pounds; maple sugar, pounds; cane sugar, 2,752 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 352,893 gallons; wine, 10 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $1,200, and of market-garden products, $8,721. Tlie aimexed table wiU exhibit the staple crops of 1840 and 1850 comparatively : staples, 1840. 1850. Increase. Cane Sugar 276,817 pounds 2,752,000 pounds 2,476,683 pounds, or 899.57 per cent. Ginned Cotton 12,110,533 " 18,052,400 " 5,941,867 " or 49.06 « Tobacco 75,274 " 998,614 " 923,-340 " or 226.04 " Eice 431,420 " 1,075,090 " 643,670 " or 149.19 " Products 0/ Animals.— ^V 00], 23,247 (in 1840, 7,285) pounds ; butter, 871,498 pounds ; cheese, 18,015 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $514,685. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 6 (in 1840, 124;j) pounds, and beeswax and honey, to that of 18,971 pounds. Ilome'mademanitfactures for the year ending 30th -June, 1850, were valued at $75,532. (In 1840, $20,205). Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $547,060 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, $220,611 ; average number of hands employed, —males and females, ; average monthly cost of labor — male,$ and female, $ annual value of products, $668,835. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the annual value of $500 and upwtird, was one hundred and twenty-one. Conwwrce.—SXonAo., in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries to the value of $2,623,624, of which amount $2,607,963 represented domestic produce, and $15,656 foreign merchandise re-exported. The proportion of the total value of domestic produce carried in foreign bottoms, was $1,493,999— the remainder in national vessels. The foreign imports for the same year amounted in value to $95,709, of which $30,241 was carried in American, and $65,463 in foreign vessels. The greatest portion of the exports are cleared from Appalachicola, which is also the outlet of Eastern Alabama, and South-western Georgia, whence produce is brought down the river in steamboats. The shipping entered at all the ports of the State amounted to 17,980 tons, of which was foreign 10,462 tons ; and the shipping cleared, to 22,156, of which was foreign 12,184 tons. The tonnage owned in the several collection districts of the State, was as follows : oiled and Licensed. Collection Districts. Pensacola St. Augustine . St. Mark's .... St. John's Appalachicola lemp'ry. 1,221 . Perm't. 495 .. Temporary. 282 310 2,050 Licensed Total Navigated built under 20 tons. Tonnage. by Steam. 1349-50 .. 77 1,793 ... — ... .. 79 Key West 3,017 1,898 1,546 Total 3,017 2,619 4,683 546 546 259 6,766 407 11,272 79 2,050 56 2,185 79 The coasting trade of Florida is immensely larger than its direct foreign trade, and employs a large tonnage both of steam and sail vessels. Of the cotton exported in 1351, 70,547 bales were sent direct to foreign ports, and 111,532 coast- wise, and so with other staples — which facts illustrate the course of Florida commerce. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years, exhibit the following movements : Years. Imports. E.vports. 1821 $18,270 $ 1822 6,877 1,777 1828 4,308 1,510 1824 6,986 216 1325 8,218 2,865 1826........ 16,590 200 1827 257,994 57,486 1823 168,292 60,321 1829 153,642 56,036 1S30 32,689 T,570 Years. Imjiorts. E.xports. 18-31 $115,710 $30,495 18-32 306,345 65,716 1833 85,386 64,805 18-34 135,798 228,825 1835 93,173 61,710 1886 121,745 71,662 1837 805,514 90,084 1388 163,690 122,532 1839 279,233 884,806 1S40 190,723 1,858,850 Years. Imports. Exports, 1341 $145,181 $86,629 1342 176,930 83,384 184;3 158,682 760,638 1844 155,695 1,011,416 1845 107,868 1,514,745 1846 140,584 176,448 1847 143,293 1,810,538 1848 64,267 1,896,683 1849 63,211 2,513,027 1850 95,709 2,623,624 77 THE STATE OF FLORIDA. Iiiternal Communication. — Florida, beyond those provided by nature, has but few means of internal communication. In the south there are several military roads to depend on ; and in the north, where greater progress has been made in the settlement of the country, there are some short railroads, and more progress has been made in opening inter-communi- cation by ordinary roads. There arc, however, several jiublic works of great importance to the prosperity of the State projected ; one of which, the Ship Canal, or railroad across the neck of the peninsula, will be of vital importance to the commerce of the Gulf of Mexico; and the railroads from Savannah and Brunswick to Appalachicola, will also be the means of opening up the southern parts of Georgia to the Floridian Gulf ports. There is also a railroad projected from some point on the St. Mary's River to Pensacola. Government.~-1he constitution of Florida provides that all free white male citizens, twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in the State two years, and in the county six months next preceding, shall be eligible to vote at elections. The Legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Representatives and senators iu-e elected for terms of two years. Representation is apportioned every ten years according to population, thrcc-fitths of the slaves being connted in the representative numbers. The general election takes place on the first Monday of October, and the Assembly meets biennially on the third Monday in November. The governor is elected by a plurality of votes for four years, and is ineligible for the four years next after. He must be at least Uiirty years of age, and have been ten years a citizen of the United States, or an inhabitant of Florida at the adoption of the constitution, and a resident thereof for five years next before the election. The governor has a qualified veto on all legislative acts. In ease of the disability or dexith of the governor,^r.s*, the President of the Senate, and second, the Speaker of the House of Representatives act in his stearf.v in 1847 $52,100, in 1848 $41,835, in 1849 $88,417, and in 1850 $17,669; and imporU in 1847 $266, in 1348 $4,865, in 1649 $9,760, and in 1850 $15,705. Internal and Coasting Trade.— Tha means of intern.al communication in Illinois, except in one or two favored local- ities, are as yet very limited. Some of her interior rivers are navigable, and a cordon of navigable water almost insulates the State ; but until access to these be faeilitate-d by railroads, their use to commerce must be comiiaratively small. Never- theless, there are few ports that equal Chicago in its commerce, and Alton on the Mississippi is fast rising into importance, nor is Galena to be left unnamed in the list of commercial places. At these ports, as well as those on the Illinois Itiver and Canal, a vast amount of business is transacted- that of Chicago with the East, and that of Galena, Alton, etc., chiefly with tlie South. The interests of the two sections are partially blended by the canal which opens the lakes to the South and West, and will be completely united, when the vast system of railroads in course of construction is brought into action. The length of railroad now in operation within the State is 12S7 miles; the length in progress is 822 mUes; and 90 THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. the length projected and surveyed about 600 miles. The principal points from and to which the several lines extend are — Chicago, where at least eleven lines centre ; Alton, which is the terminus of three lines ; Galena, which is connected with Chicago on the east, and Cairo on the south ; Cairo, where the great central railroad connects with the Mobile and Ohio railroad; Rock Island, the west terminus of the Chicago and Hock Island Railroad; and on the Indiana line, Yin- cennes, Terre Haute, etc., from which latter places the principal east and west lines pass, uniting the system of Illinois with those of Indiana, Ohio, etc. All the lines referred to will be completed within the next three years, and by that time Illinois will have fairly entered upon that great commercial destiny that awaits her career. The proportion of completed railroads to superficies in this State in January, 1854, was as 1 mile of road to every 43 square miles, and to the popula- tion as 1 mile of road to every 662 persons. Bankis, etc. — The condition of the State bank of Illinois on the 1st January, 1S51, was as follows: assets— Achis of all kinds due, $706,S90 57 ; real estate at cost, $747,575 05 ; Illinois State bonds, $17,501 54, and interest, $20,240 43 ; Illinois State scrip, $14,555 20, and coupons, $4,750 36 ; sundry stocks, $9,674 99; due by other banks and bankers, $18,353 »3; broken bank notes, $12,S01 ; specie, $36,666 85; total, .$1,675,5.54 94; and liaUlities other than to stockholders— bonds of the bank outstanding, $134,000 ; interest on same to date, $49,,560 ; due to other banks and individuals, $1,652 89 ; and notes and certificates outstanding, $218,973 01 ; total, $445,190 90. All other banks in operation at the present time, 16 or 17 in number, are organized under the Free Banking Law of the State, and the notes are considered to be well secured, having government bonds and stocks as their basis. Government. — The first constitution of Illinois is dated 26th August, 1818. The constitution on which the government is based at the present time was adopted in convention 31st August, 1847, and accepted by the people 7th March, 1843. It provides that every white male citizen, 21 years old, resident in the State for one year, may vote for all elective offices. The legislature is termed the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives ; the Senate composed of 25 members, elected for four years, one-half every two years ; and the House of Representatives composed of 75 members, elected for two years. Members of both houses must be citizens of the United States — senators must be 80 years old, and have been resident in the State for 5 years; and representatives must be 25, and have resided in the State 3 years. These numbers may be increased when the population amounts to 1,000,000, but the number of representatives must never exceed 100. Pay of members $2 a day for 42 days, and $1 a day afterward. In forming senatorial or repre- sentative districts, the number of tvhite inhabitants is only to be regarded. The Governor is elected quadrennially by a plurality of votes. He must be 35 years old, a citizen of the United States and a resident of the State for the 10 years next preceding. The Governor must reside at the seat of government, and is not eligible for re-election at a consecutive term. A majority of the members elected to both houses may nullify the Gover- nor's veto on any act of Uie legislature. The Lieutenant-Governor is required to have the same qualifications as the Governor ; and in case of the death or disability of the chief executive, the Lieutenant-Governor acts in his stead, and he is also ex-officio President of the Senate. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. The State is divided into three grand judicial divisions, each of which elects a judge for nine years, who must be 35 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and resident in the State five years ; and the three judges compose the Supreme Court, the jurisdiction of which is original in cases relating to the revenue, cases of mandamus and habeas corpus, and in some impeachments — in all other cases appellate. One of the judges is elected every three years. This court holds one session in each division annually ; the terms are : 1st division, at Mount Vernon, on the second Monday in November ; 2d division, at Springfield, on the third Monday in December, and 3d division, at Ottawa, on the first Monday in February. There are fifteen judicial circuits, each of which elects a judge for six years, who must be 30 years of age, and otherwise qualified as are judges of the Supreme Court. Judges are not eligible to any other oflSce during their term, nor for one year after. Cook County has a District Court of Common Pleas. Each county elects a judge for four years, who holds a county court for the transaction of county and probate business, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. Among the provisions of the Constitution are the following: no State bank can be created nor revived ; acts creating banks must be submitted to the people and receive a majority of votes in their favor to become law ; stockholders are individually liable to the amount of their shares ; corporations not for banking purposes may be established under general laws ; slavery and lotteries are prohibited ; duelling is a disqualification for oflBco ; colored persons, free or slave, are not permitted to come into the State. To alter the Constitution, the amendments must be passed by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of members elected to both houses, published and referred to the next legislature, and if passed again by a majority, then they must be submitted to the people, whose approval by a majority vote makes them law. The calling of a convention to amend the Constitution, if recommended by a two-thirds vote of the legislature, is submitted to the people, and if a majority of votes are in its favor, the convention shall be called by the succeeding legislature. Amendments can be proposed to but one article of the Constitution at one session. The militia of Illinois, according to the Army Register for 1351, consists of 170,359 men of all arms, of which 4,618 are commissioned officers, and 165,741 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned oflSoers 30 are general officers, 99 general staff officers, 1,297 field officers, and 3,192 company officers. The principal State benevolent institi/timi is the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Springfield. This institution was opened in January, 1846. The number of pupils In January, 1849, was 60, of whom 26 were females ; and 10 were from Missouri and 1 from Iowa — the remainder from Illinois. The annual session commences the first Thursday in October. Finances. PuUic Debt, etc. — ^The receipts into the treasury for the two years ending 30th November, 1850, -svere ^02,179 27, of which $394,103 53 was derived from taxes, and $8,075 74 from all other sources ; and the expenditures for the same period amounted to $326,126 27, of which $137,196 16 was ordinary expenses of the government, $78,436 90 special appropriations and expenditures, $4,618 98 interest on funds due deaf and dumb asylum, $105,698 08 issued to school commissioners, and $176 15 interest paid on old warrants. The receipts for the two years exceeded the disburse- ments $76,053. The amount of interest fund tax received for the same period was $296,326 89, and the amount of Interest paid was $263,034 50. The whole amount of real and personal estate subject to taxation in 1849 was $105,432,752, upon which the State tax was $012,428, but which netted only $578,763 31. In 1850 the value of taxable property amount- ed to $114,732,645 (true or estimated valuation according to the census $156,595,006). The aggregate of the public debt on the 1st January, 1851, was $16,627,509 91 ; of this $8,784,481 43 was state debt proper, and $7,843,028 43 the canal debt. These two debts are explained as follows : 91 THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. STATE DEBT. Principal debt funded under act of 1S47 $5,590,565 3C Intereat ou same to same date 1,020,278 IS Arrears of interest funded 1,945,485 27 Unfunded internal improvement bonds $180,000 00 Other kinds of indebtedness 144,680 00 Interest on last two amounts 173,261 40 Wiggins loan, princ'l and interest 142,000 00 Liquidation bonds 150,000 00 789,941 40 $9,340,270 21 From which deduct interest paid from mill and a half tax, bonds surrendered, and sale of lands, etc 561,788 73 3,784,481 48 CANAL DEBT. Principal debt, exclusive of $1,600,000 loan. Balance due on canal loan of $1,600,000 From which deduct : Interest paid from mill and a half tax $255,818 61 Bonils and scrip redeemed and interest 13,270 14 7,079,117 OS 1,033,000 00 3,112,117 OS 269,038 65 Total canal debt $7,843,023 43 AGGBEGATE DEBT. State debt proper $3,784,481 4S Canal debt 7,843,028 43 Total debt $16,627,509 91 Federal lieprese-ntation.— Illinois, in accordance with the law regulating the distribution of members to the United States House of Kepresentatives, occupies niii'e seats in that body. Mlu<;ation.—llliaois has large funds devoted to school purposes. On the 29th December, 1S50, the permanent funds applicable to the support of common schools amounted to $790,120 66 ; and the university fund amounted to $90,889 58, and the seminary fund to $58,788 72— together making a total of $939,798 96. The whole of this sum has been borrowed by the State, which pays six per cent, interest on the amount. The interest on the common school fund is $47,407 23, which is divided among the several counties in proportion to the number of white children under 21 years of age. In 66 counties that made returns for the year 1S50, there were 2,641 organized districts and school-houses, of which 1,370 were log- houses, 925 frame, 139 brick, and 37 stone, and of the whole number 106 contained more than one room. There were school libraries in 108 districts. The total amount of public moneys paid out for teachers' wages during the year was $148,871 09 ; amount, other than public moneys, $81,841 20 — total cost of teaching, exclusive of buddings, repairs, etc., $230,712 29. The principal colleges in the State are, Illinois College, at Jacksonville, founded in 1S29, and in 1850 it had 7 professors, 93 alumni, 34 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes ; Shurtlefif College, at Upper Alton (Baptist), founded in 1835, and in 1S50 it had 6 professors, 3 alumni, and 13 students, with a library of 1,600 volumes; M'Kendreo College, at Lebanon (Methodist), founded in 1835, and in 1850 it had 4 professors, 33 alumni, 57 students, and a library of 1,700 volumes ; Knox College, at Galesburg, founded in 1837, and in 1850 it had 5 professors, 16 alumni, 53 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. Shurtleff College has connected with it a theological seminary ; and at Chicago is located the Kush Medical School, founded 1842, and in 1850 it had 6 professors, 70 students, and 10 graduates. Puhlic Libranes. — One State Library of 4,000 volumes, 2 social libraries of 2,821 volumes, 4 college libraries of 8,120 volumes, 2 student's libraries of 025 volumes, 2 academic libraries of 2,000 volumes, and 16 public school libraries of 2,350 volumes — total 27 libraries, and 19,916 volumes. Periodical Press, etc. — The whole number of newspapers and other periodicals published within the State Is 119, of which 73 are political, viz. : 39 whig and 30 democratic, and 4^3 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; and 10 are published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 94 weekly, and 11 at other periods. The daily papers have an aggregate average circulation of 3,580 copies, the tri-weekly of 1,650 copies, the weekly of 69,472 copies, and those published at other periods of 14,625 copies. Of the eleven periodicals published at other periods, as above, 2 are semi-monthlies, 7 monthlies, 1 quarterly, and one is issued eight times a year. Peliffiom Benaminatians. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 are exhibited in the following table: Denomina- No. of Church tions. Churchea. accom. Baptist 265 .. 91,620 . Christian 67 .. 80,7.54 . Congregat'l.. 46 .. 15,576 . Dutch Kef. . . 2 . . 875 . Episcopal ... 27 . . 14,000 . Free 2 . . 750 . Friends 6 . . 1,550 . Value of Property. $204,095 42,950 89,250 2,700 78,350 6,400 2,340 Denor tioi German Eef. .Jewish Lutheran Mennonite.. Methodist . . . Moravian. . . . I'resbyterian.l98 . Value of Property. 40 . . 16,440 . . 40,120 389 .. 2 .. 176,474 ., 400 .. 81,529 . . 327,290 350 895,130 Denomina- No. of Church Value o( tions. Churches. accom. Property, R. Catholic. 53 .. 29,000 . . $220,400 Swedenbor'n. 1 .. 140 . 800 Tunker 4.. 1,225 . . 2,250 Union 81 .. 8,875 . . 32,050 Unitarian ... 6 . . 1,500 . 9,000 Universalist . 4 . . 1,-300 . . 11,500 Minor Sects. . 17 . . 6,890 . . 11,050 Making a total of 1,167 churches, having accommodation for 636,478 persons, and valued at $1,476,335. The State con- stitutes the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Illinois and the Roman Catholic diocese of Chicago. Pauperism. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850, was 797, of which number 380 were native born and 411 foreign ; and at the date specified the number of paupers on the list was 434, of which 279 were native and 155 foreign born. The cost of supporting these had been during the year $46,213. Uistoi-ical Sketch.— The name which now pertains exclusively to this State was, during a great part of the last century, bestowed upon all that vast country which lies north-west of the Ohio, and was derived from the River Illinois, which in the indigenous language signifies the liiver ofJIen. The first settlements were made by the French, and were the con- sequence of the enterprise of La Salle in search of the Mississippi. This traveler set out from Canada in 1670, and passing across the lakes to Michigan, descended the Illinois River. After examining the country, with which he was greatly pleased, he returned to Canada, leaving Chev. de Tonte in command of a .small fort he had built and named Crevecoeur. While in Cailada he procured a number of volunteers to unite in the scheme of forming a settlement on the Mississippi in the Illinois country. They reached their destination in 1673, and founded the villages of Kaskaakia, Cahokia, and several others of less note; here La Salle left his colony, while he descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Soon after this settle- ment, many enterprising persons explored the country in search of mineral wealth, and after the establishment of a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, Iberville, the French governor, in company with others, undertook a similar expedition. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the settlements in Illinois are represented to have been in a flourishing condition. Kaskaskia had become a considerable town before any great progress had been made in the settlements on 92 THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. the Lower Mississippi ; and one who calculated the future by what the present exhibited would have aeeu little reason to foretell the rapid growth of Louisiana and the decline of Illinois, which afterward occurred. The descriptions given of Illinois by French writers were of the most captivating kind — its beautiful scenery, its fertile prairies, its supposed (now realized) mineral wealth, were painted in glowing colors, and a new paradise was opened to Frenchmen on the banks of the Illinois ; and to add to the attractions of the country, a monastery of Jesuits was established at Kaskaskia ; the settlers, however, soon degenerated, and assimilated by degrees their manners to those of the Indians among whom they resided. Of these savages, their number and varieties, at the epoch of the first settlements, and soil, arc not well ascer- tained. From the beginning to the middle of the ISth century, we hear little of the settlers ; as the colonies of France and England extended, disputes arose respecting the boundaries, which had never been sufficiently defined. Th.e French, anticipating a struggle for the preser\afion of their American possessions as early as 1749, strengthened themselves by fortifications on the lakes, on the Ohio, the Wabash, and Illinois, and in other parts of the Valley of the Mississippi, to which they laid claim. The British, on the other hand, claimed the country on the Ohio and the neighboring streams by virtue of the charters they had granted. The Ohio Company, which was formed soon after, produced hostilities between the two nations. At the close of the war, wliich gave to Britain the province of Canada, the whole of the French claim to the Illinois country was also ceded to Great Britain. During its continuance as a British dependency, nothing of importance seems to have occurred. Few or no additions were made to the settlements at Kaskaskia and the other French ports, the inhabitants of which were but little removed in scale of civilization above the Indians. At the peace of 1783, the Illinois country fell to the United States, and the whole territory, north-west of the Ohio Eivcr, was claimed by Virginia and other States as included in their charters. At the instance of Congress, a liberal cession of these claims •was made to the General Government, and by the ordinance of 17B1 a territorial government was established over the whole region. Ohio was made a separate territory in 1799, and in 1302 was admitted into the Union as a State, while the remainder of the territorj' retained its territorial attributes under the name of Indiana. In 1809 this territory was .again divided, the eastern portion retaining the name of Indiana, and the western taking that of Illinois. Indiana was admitted as a State in 1816, and Illinois, within its present limits, in 181S, since which period the progress of the country in popu- lation, general industry and wealth, has been still onward, and at the present day it h.as grander works of internal improvement than many of the States tliat at the era of the Revolution were flourishing and populous communities. StKcession o/" ffowz-nw^.— Tekkitomal: Ninian Edwards, 1S09 ; and— Under the Constitution: Shadrach Bond, 1818; Edward Coles, 1S22; Ninian Edwards, 1S26 ; John Keynolds, 1830; Joseph Duncan, 1S34; Thomas Carlin, 183S; Thomas Ford, 1842; Augustus C. French, 1846; Joel A. Matteson. Springfield is the political capital of the State, and has been such since 1840. Kaskaskia and Vandalia were suc- cessively the metropolitan cities. THE STATE OF INDIANA. Indiana* lies in tbo form of a parallelogram between Ohio and Illinois, and extends from Micliigan, on the north, to the Ohio Kiver, on the south. Geographically, it is situated between the latitudes 31° 51' and 41° 4()' north, and between the longitudes &5° 49' 30" and SS° 2' 30" west from Greenwich, or 8° 47' 30" and 11° 0' 30" from Washington. Ita ex- treme length from north to south is 276 miles, and its greatest width 176 miles ; but its average length is only about 242 miles, and its average breadth not more than 153 miles ; and within these limits the area of its superficies is 33,309 square miles. The general features of Indiana are those which pertain to all countries where mountain, in the strict sense of the word, is wanting; for if we except the river-hills and the accumulations of sand on the southern shore of Lake Michigan no portion of the country has any continuous or definite elevation which even a florid imagination could dignify by sucl) a term, and all of mountain that really appears is a few isolated "knobs," which serve only to diversify the scenery. Nearly two-thirds of the State is level, or at most, undulating, and a most singular feature of the country is the absence of any watershed or dividing ridge, such as almost every geographical region prt-scnts, from which the waters flow in different directions ; stiU, however, the country has continuous slopes of great extent, and the difference in elevation of the highest land imd the Ohio River at the Falls is nearly GOO feet, and a considerable difference is observed (about 70 feet) between the levels on the Ohio, at the Falls, and at the mouth of the Wabash, the latter being the lowest. The river-hills, of which previous mention has been made, extend at various distances from, and parallel to, the courses of the Ohio and other streams, and inclose what are termed the bottom-lands, which are chiefly covered with a rich alluvial soil, and thickly set with forests. These hills, along the Ohio Eiver, are generally as high as the highest levels of the interior, often of a rugged and broken aspect, and where torn through by the tributaries of the Ohio, present much imposing scenery. Behind these a table-land spreads out and forms what with propriety may be termed the interior of the country ; and now every thing is changed. Instead of the bottoms, with their mighty forests, the most various landscape appears ; here are extensive groves of oak, ash, and other trees — there vast prairies, sea-like in their dimen- sions, and with untroubled surface ; here the land undulates or rolls, as if formed into billows, by the dalliance of soft ■winds, and occasionally hills, rising from 100 to 3(i0 feet high, remind us of a tempest-tossed sea, when tlie waves accu- mulate in their might. There is such a marked difference between the several parts of the country, however, that no general description oould embrace its topography, and hence it is necessary to detail its principal characteristics and its divisions as indicated by nature. 1. The Ohio Valley, including that of the White Water, contains some 5.000 square mUes. This is a limestone region ; it was originally clothed with heavy forests ; and the soil in the l)Ottoins, hill-tops, and sides is very rich. The hills are abrupt and broken, and the numerous tributaries of the Ohio Kiver Ijreak through them in every direction. Many of these streams in dry weather show only the marks where the torrents have disappeared almost as soon as the storms which occasioned them. Of this division of the State, about two-thirds is good farming land, and the residue cither too hilly or the soil too poor for profitable culture. The poorest part is in the flats at the heads of the streams. 2. The White Eiver Valley extends from the Wabash centrally tlirough the State to the Ohio line, and covers about 9,000 square miles of surface. It is almost uniformly level and heavily timbered, except in the western parts, where there are some prairies and barrens, and ranges of low rugged hills. The whole valley is ilostitute of rock, and the soils are of the richest kind, with little that is unprofitable. Most of the streams are clear and never-failing, and ■water-power is generally abundant. 3. The AVabash Valley is the largest di\ ision, and embraces an aren of upward of 12,000 square miles. It interlocks with the valley of the White Kiver, and the eastern portion resembles it. It is tqually fertile, but more broken. The middle part of the valley has abundant water-power, but in the upper and lower parts it is less plentiful. From the river-liills, on the Ohio, to the Wabash, the surface is an inclined plane, and it is not a little curious to find streams, the head waters of which are near the borders of the Ohio Valley, traversing toward the W abash, a river so" much farther distant from their sources. 4. The north part of tlie State, watered by tli • St. .loseph's and the Kankakee, is much similar in its general character to the Wabash country, but is, perhaps, more swampy, and near the lake the country has extensive sand-hills, which are covered only with stunted and shriveled pines and burr-oaks. Indiana has numerous fine rivers, but for navigable purposes few of them except the Ohio, Wabash, White, etc., are at all eligible ; most of them, however, afford valuable water-power. The Ohio, the final reservoir of tlu' principal water- courses of the State, borders the whole country on the south, from the mouth of the Miami to that oi the Wabash, a distance, by the river's course, of 380 miles. Between these two points few streams of any volume empty into it, and none exceed 30 or 40 yards in width at their mouths. Laughery, Indian Kentucky, Silver, Indian, Blue, Anders(m, Big I'igeon, Little I'igeon, etc., are the principal. Tho White Water joins the Miami six miles above its entrance into the Ohio. The Wabash, which rises in Ohio, runs first north, then north-west, then west, tlien south-west, then south, and again south- ■west, nuiking the whole distance to its junction -vvith the Ohio, upward of 6(10 miles, of which more than one half is navigable. Its principal tributaries are : from the south and east, the Salamonie, Mississinewa, Wild Cat, Sugar or ilock, Kaccoon, White, and Patoka rivers; and from the west and north. Little Wabash and Einbarr;LS rivers in Illinois, Vermillion in both States, and in Indiana altogether, Tippecanoe, Eel, and Little rivers. White Kiver, the mor.t important of these, empties into the Wabash, 100 miles above its month ; the West Fork, its longest branch, rises in Itandolph County, near tin; Ohio line, and runs in a south-west direction, receiving in its course Eel Kiver, Fall Creek, etc. ; and the East Fork, the principal tributaries of which are Salt Creek, the Museatatuck, Sand Creek, Clifly, Flat Eock, and » Tbe definite iKiunJaries of tbe State, according to the ordinance of Congress, dated llHIi April, islfi, are as follows ; " Bounded on tlie east by the meridian line which forms the western boundary of the State of Ohio, being a north line from the mouth of the Miami; on the south by the river Ohio, from tlie mouth of the Great Miami to the moutjj of tlie river Wabash ; on the wtst by a line dr.iwn along the middle of the Wab.ish from its mouth to a point where a due north line, drawn Irom the town of ■yincennes, ■would last touch the north-western shore of the said river, and fro'n them e by a due north line until the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn through a point tea miles nortli of tbe southern Mlreme of Lake Jlichigan ; on the north by the said east and west line," etc,, to 'ueginning. 94 THE STATE OF INDIANA. Sugar creeks, rises in Itipley County, and nas a western course to its junction with tlie West Pork — the two form- ing White Iliver proper — about fifty miles from its entrance into the Wabash. The St. Josopli's and St. Mary's form the Maumee, which passes to Ohio and Lake Erie. Another St. Joseph's and its tributaries, the Elkhart, etc., pas.$ through the northern tier of counties, and ultimately fall into Lake Michigan. The Kankakee, the principal branch of the Illinois liiver, rises near South Bend, and runs sluggishly through the north-western counties for 100 miles, and in its course receives Yellow Eiver, a stream about 50 miles long ; extensive marshes everywhere bound its course. Deep and Calumic ri\'ers lie near and south of Lake Michigan, and in some places are only separated from it by banks of sand. The Iroquois or Pickarahik rises south of the Kankakee, and runs nearly parallel to it for 50 mllas, and joins it in Illinois. Besides Lake Michigan, on the northern border, there are numerous other but small lakes in different parLs of the State, principally to the north of the Wabash River. Several of them have no outlets ; they are generally clear, however, and have sandy shores and bottoms. They seldom exceed a few acres in extent, though some at the head of Tippecanoe Kiver and Turkey Creek, and near La Porte, cover several hundred acres. Mexancukkee Lake, a beautiful sheet of water in Marshall County, is three miles long and half as broad ; and Beaver Lake, six miles long and three miles wide, covers 10,000 acres. All these lakes abound in fish, and form in the surrounding scene objects which attract the gaze of the traveler. The concluding chapter of the Report of D. D. Owen on the Geology of Indiana, thus sums up the results of his recon- nolssance on th;it topic : " Three geological formations exist in Indiana. 1st, a bituminous coal formation, occupying that portion of the State west of the second principal meridian ; 2d, a limestone formation (similar to the mountain limestone of European geologists), prevailing in the counties east of that meridian ; 3il, a diluvium, consisting of deposits of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders, overlying, and in many places eovering up, the two other formations to a greater or less depth, particularly in the northern part of the State. Now, as in this country no jK'rfect seams of bituminous coal are found associated with calcareous deposits, similar to those of Middle and Eastern Indiana, the geologist can confliiently predict that it is a waste of time and labor to search for coal in any part of the State east of this second meridian — for instance, as has been done in the neighborhood of the black bituminous aluminous slate, stretching north in a narrow band, com- mencing at New Albany, in Floyd County, and extending through part of Clarke, Scott, Jennings, Bartholomew, Decatur, and probably beneath the dilu\iura in a northerly direction toward Elldiart. If we were to speculate, from geological observations, on the future condition of Indiana, we shoulil say that the western counties are destined to become one day the chief manufacturing counties; since, with a few exceptions, all large manufacturing towns and districts are situated on the coal formation. The freestones of this formation being soft and fissile, owing to the existence of mica disseminated in layers through their substance, and to the ferruginous cement which unites their particles, being liable to undergo alterations by the action of the atmosphere upon it, a careful selection by the builder is always neces- sary. In several places, particularly toward the base of the formation, or near its eastern boundary, as at Attica, WiUiams- port, on Pine Creek, and near the French Lick, with a little care, freestone, white and line grained, and excellently suited for architectural purposes, may be readily obtained. In character and geographical position it resembles the oelebiated Scotch freestone, of which the new town of Edinburgh, and a portion of the town of Glasgow are built. At New Harmony- there is a quarry of freestone, yielding rock that has stood the test of twenty years, yet it is by no means equal to the strata above alluded to in our eastern counties. A freestone of a very fine grain and white color is quarried at the French Lick, west of Paoh; it is manufiictured into whetstones, that answer admirably for putting a fine edge on tools, and for polish- ing ; they are exported to all parts of the United States. Good grindstones are also manufiictured from a similar stratum of these freestones, of a coarser grain. The eastern boundary or base of the coal formation is the most likely place to aflTord salt water; for we find the most productive salt wells throughout the Western country occupying in the inferior members of the coal formation. Thus, should symptoms of salt water make their appearance in the counties of Perry, Spencer, Dubois, Martin, Daviess, Greene, Owen, Clay, Putnam, Montgomery, or Tippecanoe, the encouragement to make a search would be greater than if found elsewhere in the State, Salt, however, is not, striclfy speaking, constant in its geological position. In Europe it usually occurs in the new red sandstone, a formation higher and of more recent origin than the bituminous coal formation ; while on the Ilolston, a tributary of the Tennessee River, there is a fine salt deposit, surrounded by gypsum or plaster of Paris, lying on the grauwaeke formation. Two or three salt wells have been sunk in the knobs east of Bloomington, through the silicious beds belonging to the sub-carboniferous group. The salt is of excellent quality ; but the water has hitherto proved too weak to afford a fair profit. The boriusf after salt is in truth, at all times attended with considerable uncertainty. Quantities of argillaceous iron ore— from which in Great Britain 6u0,000 tons of iron are annually obtained— occur in some of the clay slates of the bituminous coal formation of Indiana. Some of the clay slates answer well for fire-brick ; that now excavated near Troy is to be manufactured into fire-brick for sale— an important article of commerce in a country where steam-engines are so extensively used, and indispensable where furnace operations are carried on to any extent. Some of our clays in the coal formation answer well for the manufacturing of stone-ware and gray pottery-ware: such wares are now manufactured from them at Troy. Since I first called the attention of the proprietors to the deposit of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, near the Palls of Eel River, examinations have been made by digging in four or five different places ; ore has been struck in all of them ; many tons have been thrown up, and the prospects are so encouraging that the proprietors of the Falls are now- endeavoring to form a company, to erect a furnace, and commence, on an extensive scale, smelting the ore. Sandstone being the predominating rock in the coal formation, and the greatest part of the soil of those western counties being formed from its disintegration, we find it generally of a sandy character. The dip and position of the various beds belonging to coal measures are generally constant, unless where, from the protrusions of basalt or greenstone, those volcanic disturbances, called by the miners 'faults,' ' troubles; or ' dyJces,' have disturbed the regularity of position. If, then, the general dip and order of succession of the strata can be ascertained, and these should appear to be free from faults or material undulation, a pretty correct estimate might be formed of the depth of the various seams of coal and other strata in different parts of the coal-fields of Indiana. Most of the limestones in the oolitic series- that is, those oocurring in the counties of Crawford, Orange, Lawrence, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam— make good building materials. The encrinital limestones in Harrison, Washington, Jackson, Bartholomew, and Morgan counties, are .also very suitable for that purpose ; but the silicious strata, or sand rocks, in these counties, are generally soft and crumbling, and by no means durable. The only use that the black bituminous aluminous slate, occurring in the sub-carboniferous group, can be put to, is for the manufacture of alum. The sub-carboniferous group affords a water-lime, which appears to be a compound chiefly of limestone and clay, with some bituminous matter. It is associated with the black bituminous elummous slate above mentioned. Some of the limestone in its neighborhood— for instance, those rocks which are 95 THE STATE OF INDIANA. excavated at tho top of the hill behind Madi.wn — eontain green earth, and some arc impregnated with bitumen and sulphurct of iron. In making a selection of building materials in such strata, care should be taken not to use any such unless their dur.ibility has been well tested, for they are generally liable to decay. The fossiliferous liracstoues of East Indiana, namely, tliose found in Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Kipley, Franklin, Fayette, and Union counties, are durable rocks, and some of them make beautiful marbles. The sub-carboniferous formation of Indiana is identical with the formation occurring in Middle Tennessee, in which the enormous deposits of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, constituting so much of the mineral wealth of that State, are found. The deposits of this kind of ore in Indiana, how- ever, although found in the same formation, are not associated with exactly the same strata. In Tennessee they are in the silicious strata, just above the cnerinital limestone : those at present discovered in Indiana are either resting on the oolitic scries of limestone, or near the bituminous aluminous slate. The soil in Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam counties, being formed chiefly from tho oolitic limestones, has a calcareous character, and is admira- bly adapted for the growth of grasses. Clay will be found to predominate in the soil of the counties of Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jennings, and parts of Bartholomew, Decatur, Shelby, Johnson, Marion, and Hancock, because the soil of these counties is underlayed by clay slates. Hence we find the beech-tree, which delights in a clayey soil, there growing luxuriantly. The soil of Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Uipley, Franklin, Fayette, Union, and parts of Decatur and Eush, being formed upon alternating strata of clay and limestone, must partake chiefly of these two earths. This soil is also well adapted to the growth of grasses. The soil of the north-western counties appears to be a siliceo-calcareous sand, resting upon a clay bottom; this I conceive to be the reason why it is so much more productive than its external appearance promises. These points, however, I intend more fully to verify by analysis so soon as I can get samples of all the various soils. As yet, my opinion has oeen formed chiefly from ocular observation, and reasoning from gen- eral principles. The water in the north-western counties is strongly impregnated with carbonic acid ; this, acting as a solvent upon limestone and the protoxide of iron, dissolves them whenever it meets them in its passage to the surface. And thus we find these waters, often highly charged with these two ingredients, forming calcareous and chalybeate springs. As they lose very soon, by exposure to llie air, the excess of carbonic acid, which acts as a solvent of tliese ingredients — and as iron is brought also by the same exposure to air to a higher degree of oxidation, and therefore to a more insoluble form — these two causes acting together, soon produce deposits of calcareous tufas and bog-iron ore, so frequently found in that country. The quantity of bog-iron ore is therefore continually on the increase. The greater part of Indiana must have been, at some period of the earth's history, covered by an ocean, for most of the fossils in the limestones are of a marine origin. None of the precious metals will ever be found in Indiana, unless in minute portions in boulders, or in small quantities in combination with other metals, because the primitive and grauwacke formations, in which alone productive mines of gold and silver ore occur, do not exist in Indiana. It is true that, in some rare inst;inccs, silver is found as a sulphuret and as red silver ore in such formations as exist in the Western country ; but I have seen no symptoms of any such in our State. The same may be said of bismuth, tin ore, and native arsenic. The only metals which we need look for are iron, lead, antimony, manganese, zinc, cobalt, and possibly some varieties of copper aud arsenic ores. It is not likely that anthracite coal will ever be found in Indiana, because that mineral is usually found in the primitive and grauwacke formations. Several detached pieces of native copper have been found in the State, one weighing five pounds ; but, from the nature of the ore, its occurring in washed gravels, and only in isolated pieces, I have reason to believe that they do not originate in the State. I may add, that the Kupferschiefer of the German miners yields, at the mines of Mansfield, in Thuringia, an abundant supply of copper ore. This copper slate, as found at the bottom of the new red sandstone formation, which overlies the bituminous coal formation, and copper ores, have been found in the carboniferous and mountain limestone ; there is, therefore, a possibility of discovering workable copper ore in the formations of Indiana. The fertility of the soil of Indiana Is universally admitted, yet few are aware that it arises mainly from its geological position. It is well kno'mi to geologists that that soil is the most productive which has been derived from the destruction of the greatest variety of different rocks ; for thus only is produced the due mixture of gravel, sand, clay, and limestone, necessary to form a good medium for the retention and transmission of nutritive fluids, be they liquid or ariform, to the roots of plants. Now, Indiana is situated near the middle of the Great Valley of north-western America, and far distant from the primitive range of mountains ; and her soil is accordingly formed from the destruction of a vast variety of rocks, both crystalline and sedimentary, which have been minutely divided and intimately blended together by the action of air and water. It has all the elements, therefore, of extraordinary fertility." The forests of Indiana contain aU the trees natural to the soU and climate of the whole central region of the United States ; oaks and beech-trees, however, preponderate ; they are found in almost every portion of the State, and probably count two-thirds of tho whole number of its forest trees. Next in order are the sugar-tree, hickory, ash, walnut, poplar, elm, sycamore, cherry, hackberry, linden, coffee-tree, honey locust, and white maple, which are as widely diffused as the oak and beech. The black locust is abundant near the Ohio Eiver, but is not found in the interior; the chestnut is only found in the neighborhood of the upper course of the east fork of White River; tho pine is only found on the " knobs" near the Ohio, and on the sand-hills near Lake Michigan, while the tamarack is found only in the swamps of the Kankakee. The cypress, cat.alpa, and pecan, are chiefly found jn the counties on both sides of the White Eiver, below the junction of the forks ; and cotton-wood is rare, except on the bottoms of the southern streams. Of the smaller trees and undergrowths, the principal are the dogwood, pawpaw, spear, i)Ium, and thorn, and the persimmon and cralv apple. Many of the forest trees attain magnificent dimensions, and in numerous instances the oak, sycamore, walnut, and poplar have been found, measuring from five to seven feet in diameter, and more than 120 and 130 feet in height. Tho indigenous fruit trees found in Indiana comprise the wild plum, hawthorn, persimmon, pawpaw, wUd cherry, mulberry, crab-apple, etc. These are found intermingling with forest trees, or bordering the prairies and barrens. Cranberries arc abundant in the north, and wild grapes of excellent fiavor grow spontaneously, giving assurance that the corresponding domestic fruits can be cultivated with success. Walnuts, hickory nuts, and hazel nuts, are abundant, and generally oak and beech mast is found in such quantities .ns to contribute lurgcly both to feeding and fattening hogs. The native zoological distinctions of Indiana have, in a great measure, been effaced by the progress of settlement The buffalo and elk, once the monarchs of the plains, have entirely disappeared from the scene ; and the bear, wild cat, panther, etc., are now seldom encountered. Wolves, however, are still numerous; and still more numerous the deer, oppossum, raccoon, and squirrel. Besides these, the fox, porcupine, pole-eat, ground-hog, rabbit, mink, musk-rat, wea- sel, gopher, etc., are found in particular localities. But the wild animals of the forest and prairie arc fast disappearing, and in the older settlements their former haunts are usurped by the more useful of their kind — the ox, the horse, the Bbeep, and the hog, animals constituting the basis of the wealth of tho inhabitants. 96 THE STATE OF INDIANA. Indiana is divided into 91 counties the general statistics of Countie9. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manf Kstab Capitals. Adama ..1,002. . 5,797. 574. 11. Decatur Allen ..3,097. 16,919. 1,300. 127. Fort Wayno Bartholomew .2,149. .12,428. .1,249. 49. .Columbus Benton .. 180. 1,144. 149. 0. Oxford Blackford.. .. 514. 2,860. 306. 6. Hartford Boone ..1,914. 11,631. 1,393. 28. Lebanon Brown .. 790. 4,846. 535. 5. Nashville Carroll .... ..1,909. 11,015. 1,129. 79. Delphi Cass ..1,863. .11,021. .1,134. 108. . Logansport Clark ..2,757. 15,828. 1,048. 88. Charlestown Clay ..1,326. . 7,944. . 829. 10. .Bowling Green Clinton .... ..2,001. 11,869. 1,411. 21. .Frankfort Crawford . . ..1,027. . 6,524. . 540. 33. .Leven worth Daviess ..1,803. .10,352. .1221. 11. . Washington Dearborn .. ..3,549. .20,166. .1,520. 72. .Lawrenceburg Decatur ..2,662. .15,107. .1,377. 39. .Greensburg De Kalb . . . ..1,421. . 8,251. . 831. 16. .Auburn Delaware .. ..1,874. .10,843. 1,084. 34. Muncietown Dubois ..1,146. . 6,321. . 794. 9. .Jasper Elkhart.... ..2,254. .12,690. .1,226. 70. .Goshen Fayette ..1,818. .10,217. . 956. 116. Connersville Floyd ..2,448. .14,875. . 428. 106. .New Albany Fountain. .. ...2,251. .13,253. .1,357. .103. .Covington Franklin . . . ..3,286. ,17,968. .1,739. 121. . Brookville Fulton ...1,085. . 5,982. . 777. . 13. .Rochester Gibson .... . .1,833. .10,771. .1,220. . 23. .Princeton Grant ...1,884. .11,092. . 900. . 52. . Marion Greene .... ...2,089. .12,313. .1,227. . 39. .Bloomfield Hamilton . . ...2,159. .12,684. .1.261. . 16. .Noblesville Hancock ... ...1,685 . 9.698 .1,176. . 36 .Greenfield Harrison, .. ...2,645. .1.5,986. .1,650. . 19 .Corydon Hendricks.. ...2,390. .14,083. .1,444. .110. .Danville Henry ...3,064 .17,605. .1,666. 124. .Newcastle Howard . . . ...1,190. . 6,6.57. . 746. . 26. .Kokomo Huntinyton ...1,356. . 7,850. . 782. . 32. .Huntinston Jackson ...1,956 .11,047 .1,173. . 18 .Brownstown Jasper ... 592 . 3,.540. . 343. . 4 .Rensselaer Jay ...1,179. . 7,047. . 876. . 9 .Portland Jefferson . . ...4,092. .23,916. .1,396. .138. . Madison Jennings. .. ...2,064. .12,096. .1,208. . 78. .Vernon Johnson . . . ...2,067. .12,101. .1,153. . 25 .Franklin Knox ...1,969. .11,084. . 961. . 37. . Vincennea Kosciusko . ...1,783. .10,243. .1,127. . 21. . Warsaw La. Grange. ...1,479. . 8,387. .1.062. . 64. .La Grange Lake ... 715. . 3,991 . 423. . 5 .Crown Point La Porte. . . ...2,124 .12,145 .1,116 .122 . La Porte which and the capitals of each in 1850 were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^'.''J™ ^^ajj^". Capitals. Lawrence 2,012. . 12,097 . . 1,031 . . 19 . . Bedford Madison 2,159. .12,375. .1,494. . 67. .Anderson Marion 3,984. .24,013. .1,581. .179. .Indianapolis Marshall 928.. 5,348.. 570.. 10. .Plymouth Martin 1,025.. 5,941.. 633.. 18. .Dover Hill Miami 1,944 . . 11,304 . . 1,184 . . 48 . . Peru Monroe 1,892. .11,286. .1,230. . 46. . Bloomington Montgomery. .2,971. .18,084. .1,880. . 87. .Crawfordsville Morgan 2,401. .14,576. .1,392. . 14. .Martinsville Noble 1,395.. 7,946.. 772.. 16.. Albion Ohio 946.. 5,308.. 386. . 34. .Rising Sun Orange 1,841 . . 10,809 .. 1,118 . . 8 . . Paoli Owen 2,000.. 12,106.. 1,142.. 26.. Spencer Parke 2,468. .14,968. .1,390. . 63. .Rockville Perry 1,231.. 7,268.. 540.. 14. .Rome Pike 1,261.. 7,720.. 909.. 2. .Petersburg Porter 885.. 5,^4.. 467.. 13. .Valparaiso Posey 2,260. .12,549. .1,270. . 26. .Mount Vernon Pulaski 454.. 2,595.. 286.. CWinnamac Putnam 3,088. .18,615. .1,696. . 42. .Green Castle Randolph 2,513. .14,725. .1,477. . 12. .Winchester Ripley 2,667. .14,820. .1,495. . 49. .Versailles Rush 2,824. .16,445. .1,809. . 59. .Rushville Scott 1,040.. 5,885.. 719.. 14. .Lexington Shelby 2,721. .15,502. .1,620. . 59. .Shelby villa Spenc«r 1,485 . .- 8,616 . . 988 . . 28 . . Rockport Stark 100.. 557.. 53.. O..Knox Steuben 1,109.. 6,104.. 586.. 28.. Angola St. Joseph . . . .1,885. .10,954. . 847. . 45. .South Bend SuUivan 1.675. .10,141. .1,215. . 31. .SuUivan Switzerland . .2,254. .12,932. .1,270. . 79. .Vevay Tippecanoe .. .3,227. .19,377. .1,377. .204. .Lafayette Tipton 627.. 3,532.. 339.. 1.. Tipton Union 1,220.. 6,944.. 606.. 35. .Liberty Vanderburgh . 2,059 . . 11,414 . . 743 . . 76 . . E vansville Vermillion.... 1,.509.. 8,661.. 733.. 46. .Newport Vigo 2,645. .1.5,289. .1,113. .130. .Terre Haute Wabash 2,079 . . 12,138 . . 1,068 . . 57 . . Wabash Warren 1,273.. 7,387.. 782.. 18.. Williamsport Warrick 1,513.. 8,811.. 994.. 22. .Booneville Washington . .2,897. .17,040. .1,718. . 83. .Salem Wayne 4,515. .25,320. .1,934. .213. .Centreville Wells 1,02L . 6,152 . . 640 . . 14 . . Bluffton White 821.. 4,761.. 458.. 10..Monticello Whitley 913.. 5,190.. 522.. 8. .Columbia The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 170,178 ; of families 1T1,5G4, and of inhabitants 9?S,416, viz. : whites 9T7,605— males 506,400, and females 471,205 ; free col. 10,783— males 5,472, and females 5,816. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb—v/h. 514, fr. col. 4— total 518 ; Uind—wh. 340, fr. col. 9— total 349 ; irmnie — wh. 569, fr. col. 10— total 579 ; and idiotic— wh. 906, fr. col. 1:3 — total 919. The number of free persons born in the United States was 931,892, the number of foreign birth 54,426, and of birth unknown 2,598; the native population originated as follows : Maine 976, N. Ilamp. 886, Verm. 8,183, Mass. 2,678, E. I. 488, Conn. 2,4S5, N. York 24,310, N. Jer. 7,837, Penn. 44,245, Del. 2,737, Md. 10,177, Dist. of Col. 227, Virg. 41,819, N. Car. 83,175, S. Car. 4,069, 6a. 761, Flor. 21, Ala. 395, Miss. 287, La. 321, Tex. 44, Ark. 151, Tenn. 12,734, Ky. 68,651, Ohio 120,193, Mich. 1,817, Indiana 541,079, HI. 4,173, Mo. 1,006, la. 407, Wise. 99, Calif. 0, Territories 11 ; and \.\iq. foreign population was composed of persons from— England 5,550, Ire- land 12,787, Scotland 1,341, Wales 169, Germany 28,584, France 2,279, Spain 3, Portugal 6, Belgium S6, Holland 43, Italy 6, Au.stria 17, Switzerland 724, Paissia 6, Denmark 10, Norway IS, Sweden 16, Prussia 740, Asia 4, Africa 4, Brit. America 1,878, Mexico 31, Cent. America 0, S. America 4, West Indies 12, and other countries 103. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Census Years. 1800 1810 White I'ersons. 4,577 CoIoreJ Persons. Free. 163 . . 23,890 893 . . 1820 145,758 1,230 . . 1830 839,399 3^629 . . 1840 1850 Slave. . 185 . . 237 . . 190 . . 3 . , Total Total. Population. 298 4,875... 630 24,520 . . . 1,420 147,173 . . . 8,632 343,031 . . . 678,698 7,165 3 7,163 685,866 977,605 10,81] — 10,811 988,416 G Decennial Increase. Numerical. Per cent. 19,645 . . ...402.9 122,653 . . . . . 500.2 195,8.53 . . ... 133.1 842,885 . . ... 99.9 802,550 . . ... 44.1 97 THE STATE OF INDIANA. The statistical returns of the iuihistry and wealth of Indiana, as furnished by the census of 1S50, and other official documents referring to that period, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands 5,046,543 acres, and unimproved lands 7,T46,S79 acres — valued in cash at $136,3So,173. Number of farms under cultivation 93,S96. Value of farming implements and machinery $0,704,444. Live-Stock.— Kox&cs, 814,299 ; asses and mules, 6,599 ; milch cows, 2S4,554 ; working oxen, 40,221 ; other cattle 389,891 ; sheep, 1,122,493; swine, 2,263,776— total value of live-stock, $22,478,555. In 1840 there were in the State 241,086 horses, mules, etc., 619,980 neat cattle of all descriptions, 075,982 sheep, 1,628,006 swine, etc. Grain Crops. — "Wheat, 6,214,453 bushels; rye, 78,792 bushels; Indian eorn, 52,904,363 bushels ; oats, 5,655,014 bushels; barley, 45,483 bushels ; buckwheat, 149,740 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 were— wheat, 4,049,375 bushels ; barley, 28,015 bushels ; oats, 5,981,605 bushels ; rye, 129,621 bushels ; buckwheat, 49,019 bushels, and Indian corn, 28,155,887 bushels. Other Crops. — ^Tobacco, 1,044,620 pounds ; ginned cotton, 14 bales of 4'tO pounds each ; peas and beans, 35,773 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 2,083,837, and sweet, 201,711 bushels; hay, 403,230 tons; clover-seed, 18,329 bushels; other grass-seed, 11,951 bushels; hops, 92,796 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, 341, and water-rotted, 1,071 tons; flax, 584,469 pounds ; flax- seed, 36,S88 bushels ; maple sugar, 2,921,642 pounds ; molasses, 180,325 gallons ; wine, 14,055 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $324,940, and of market-garden products $72,864. In comparing the principal crops of 1840 and 1850, the following results are shown : Staples. 1840. 1850. Movement, Tobacco 1,820,806 pounds 1,044,628 pounds deer. 775,686 pounds, or 42.61 per cent Hemp — dew-rotted j ( 841 tons j " —water-rotted V 8,605Hons <.... 1,071 tons l .... (7<3o;-. 15,528,971 pounds, or 80.56 " Flax ) " (.... 584,469 pounds ) Wine 10,265 gallons .... 14,055 gallons .... incr. 5,790 gallons, or 86.93 " Products of Animals.— ^Voo\, 2,610,287 (.in 1840, 1.237,919) pounds; butter, 12,831,535 pounds, and cheese, 624,564 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered m the year had been $6,507,935. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 887 (in 1840, 379) pounds; and beeswax and honey to that of 935,329 pounds. name-made Manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were produced to the value of $1,631,089. Man iifactures — Aggregate capital invested, $7,917,818 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $9,847,920 ; average number of hands employed, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor, $ — male, $ and female, $ — total value of products for the year, $18,747,008 The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State in 1850, producing to the value of $500 and upward, was 4,326, and of these 2 were cotton factories, 33 woolen factories, 358 tanneries, and 19 iron manufactories, viz. : 14 for castings, 2 for pig iron, and 3 for wrought iron. The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $43,000 ; the cotton consumed during the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 676 bales ; and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., was $28,220 ; average hands — males, 38, and females, 57 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $495, and female, $380; entire value of products, among which were 300,000 pounds yarn, $44,200. The u-oolen manufactures had a capital of $171,545, wool consumed, 413,350 pounds, and value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $120,480 ; hands— males, 189, and females, 57 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $4,122, and female, $680 ; products of the year, 235,500 yards of cloth and 104,000 pounds of yarn— valued at $205,802. In tanneries the capital emi)loyed, $514,897; value of raw material, $405,833; hands— male, 886, and female, 2; monthly cost of labor— male, $15,199, and female, $14; products— skins, 57,070, and sides of leather, 283,098— valued at $714,813. The condition of the iron manufactures is exhibited in the annexed tabular form : Pig Iron. Castings. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars. . . . 72,000 82,900 17,000 171,900 Iron ore tons 5,200 — 3,150 8,350 Pig iron " — 1,908 50 2,018 Old metal " — 5 — 5 Coal, mineral " — 132 — 132 Coke and charcoal bushels... 810,000 29.000 85,000 ,.... 424,600 Value of raw material, etc dollars.... 24,400 60,918 4,425 95,743 Hands- male number. . . 83 143 22 253 " —female " ... — — 2 2 Monthly cost of labor— male dollars.... 2,290 8,081 604 6,575 " " — female " — — 8 S Ironmade tons 1,850 1.757 175 3,782 Value of entire products dollars. . . . 53,000 149,430 11,760 219,190 Indiana has also a large number of flour, grist, oil, saw, and other mills, asherics, etc., and the numerous trades and handicrafis, which constitute the aggregate of its manufacturing industry. Among its i>rincipal manufacturing places may be named M.adison, Indianapolis, New Albany, Cannelton, etc. — the last destined to become, at no distant day, the seat of a vast industry. Inland Communication. — Indiana has no direct foreign commerce, but it has a vast domestic and inter-state trade by means of its navigable waters and magnificent systems of canals and railroads, and besides it is well supplied with plank, M'Adam, and other roads, which facilitate travel and transportation. The State has (January, 1S53), within its borders 454 miles of canal and 1420 miles of railroad completed. The canals are, the Wabash and Eric Canal, extending from Evansville, on the Ohio, to Toledo, on Lake Erie, 467 miles, of which 379 miles are in Indiana ; and the White Water Canal, extending from Lawronceburg, on the Ohio, via Cambridge, on the National Eoad, to Ilagerstown, 77 mUes. The principal railroads of the State centre at Indianapolis, radiating in all directions, and forming links in the great national system which is rapidly springing into existence. There is also a large number of railroads in course of con- struction, the most important uf wliich are, the Cincinnati and St. Louis Eailroad, the Lawrenceburg and Upper Missis- sippi Eailroad, the upper portions of the New Albany and Salem Railmad, ami the Fort Wayne and Southern Eailroad. These will be opened within a year or two, and there are others already projected that mutt be built within a very short space of time. 98 THE STATE OF INDIANA. Banks, etc. — There are in Indiana 1 bank and 13 branch banivs, the same being the State Bank of Indiana, at Indianajiolis, and its several branches at Bedford, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Lafayette, Lawrenceburg, Madison, Micliigan City, New Albany, Eichmond, South Bend, Terre Haute, and Vinecnnes. The aggregate condition of these institutims in November, 1850, was as follows — liahilitUs: capital, $2,0S2,95S; circulation, $3,422,455; deposits, $630,335 ; due other banks, $112,1T5 ; and asseU — loans and discounts, $4,31)5,099 ; real estate, $364,233 ; other investments, $108,485 ; due by other banks, $815,062 ; notes of other banks, $224,842 ; specie, $1,197,880. The constitutional provisions respecting banking in this State are: that no banks shall be established except under a general law, and the stockholders shall be individually responsible for the debts of the corporation, in addition to their stock, to an amount equal thereto, and every bank must close banking operations within twenty years from its organization and promptly close its business. There are, besides the above-named banks, several others organized under the general banking law, but these have only lately been established, and have not yet published any returns. Their circulating notes are secured by pledge of pul>Iic stocks. Government, etc. — The first constitution of Indiana is dated 29th June, 1816; the constitution on which the present State government is based was done in convention 10th February, 1851 ; ratified by the people 4th August, and went into operation 1st November of the same year. It provides as follows : Every white male citizen of the United States, 21 years old, resident in the State six months next preceding an election, and every white male of foreign birth, 21 years old, resident in the United States one year, and in tlie State six months next preceding an election, who shall have duly declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, may vote. No negro or mulatto can vote. All elections by the people are by ballot, and all elections by the General Assembly iwa voce. All general elections are held on the second Tuesday in October. The General Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Kepresentatives. The senate, not exceeding 50 members, and representatives, 100 members, are chosen in their respective districts — the former for four years (half every two years), and the latter for two years. They must be citizens of tlie United States, residents of the State for the two years next preceding their election, and for one year of the district from which they are chosen. The sessions of the General Assembly are biennial, commencing on the Thursday next after the first Monday of January ; and no session can be prolonged beyond sixty-one days, and no special session beyond forty days. Representation is apportioned according to a census of all white males over 21 years of age, taken every six years. " In all cases where a general law is applicable, general and not special laws shall be passed." The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are chosen for four years by a plurality of voles; they must be severally 30 years of age, and residents of the United States and of the State for the five years next preceding their election. The gubernatorial term commence* on the second Monday of January. The Lieutenant-Governor is eae-offido President of ■ the Senate ; and in case of the removal or death of the Governor, he first, and after him such person as the General As- sembly may appoint, shall act as Governor. The Governor is not eligible more than four years in any period of eight years. The Governor h.is power to grant pardons for all olTenses, except in eases of treason and impeachment; and he may veto a bill, but, if afterward passed by a majority of those elected to each house of the General Assembly, it becomoa a law nevertheless. Th6<(nh)iini17,849 93. The chief sources of income are — permanent revenue, $455,630; state prison, $11,145; common school fund, |55,S63 ; university fund, $9,479; bank tax, $1,9S4; saline tax, $4,999 ; Wal)ash and Erie Canal (by trustees), $857,149, etc. And the principal fixpendituren were on account of— Legis- lature, $31,OlO; Executive, $5,s7S ; Judiciary, $19,7o0; put^Iic printing, $11,522 ; state prison, $3,606 ; treasury notes cancelled, $144,575; interest on treasury notes, $59,423; Interest on public debt, $1SS,595; Wabash and Erie Canal (by trustees), $S24,9S3; deaf and dumb, $27,979; blind, $11,781; in.sane, $32,501; university fund, $14,332; saline fund, $7,765; bank tax fund, $3,024, etc. Prior to 1S47 the State owed on her foreign debt— principal $11,043,000, and interest $3,326,640— total $14,874,640. In accordance with the acts of the Legislature of 19th January, 1846, and 27th January, 1347, proposals were made to the bond holders that they should comi)letc the Wabash anS05 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $1,172,869. Livestock. — Horses, 38,536 ; asses and mules, 754; milch cows, 45,704; working oxen, 21, '592 ; other cattle, 69,025; sheep, 149,960 ; and swine, 323,247 — valued in the aggregate at $3,689,275. In 1840 there were — horses, mules, etc., 10,794 : neat cattle, 38,549 ; sheep, 15,354; and swine, 104,899. Grain C/'op«.— Wheat, 1,630,5S1 bushels; rye, 19,916 bushels; Indian com, 8,656,799 bushels; oats, 1,524,345 bushels; barley, 25,093 bushels ; and buckwheat, 52,516 bushels. The crops of 1S39-40 consisted of wheat, 154,693 bushels ; barley, 728 bushels ; oats, 216,385 bushels ; rye, 3,792 bushels ; buckwheat, 6,212 bushels ; and Indian corn, 1,406,241 bushels. Other Crops. — Eice, 500 pounds; tobacco, 6,041 pounds; peas and beans, 4,775 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 270,120, and sweet, 6,243 bushels ; hay, 89,055 tons ; clover-seed, 342, and other grass seed, 2,096 bushels ; hops, 8,242 pounds ; hemp — dew-rotted, 0, and water-rotte56,410 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $2,093,844 ; average bands employed, —males , and females ; average monthly cost of labor — male $ , and female % ; annual value of products. $3,39.3.542. The whole number of raannfaeturing establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward, in 1850, was 482 ; and of these, 1 was a woolen factory, 14 were tanneries, and 3 were for the manu- facture of east iron. The balance of the manufactures and handicrafts, making up the sum of the establishments, consist of such as minister to the immediate wants of agricultural communities. The woolen manufacture employed a capital of $10,000; wool consumed, 14,500 pounds ; value of all raw material, $3,500; hands employed, 7; monthly cost of labor, $73; entire annual value of products, $13,000; cloth produced, 14,000 yards. The tannene« employed a capital of $20,350 ; value of raw material consumed, $10,745 ; average hands, 23 ; monthly cost of labor, $543 ; number of skins tanned, 850, and of sides tanned, 10,630 ; value of products, $24,520. In the manufacture of cast iron, $5,.5O0 is invested ; pig iron, 81 tons, and coke and charcoal, 200 bushels— valued at $2,524 — consumed ; average hands, 17 ; monthly cost of labor, $550 ; castings made, 71 tons ; value of entire products, $3,500. These summaries of the different national manufactures are relatively small ; but they are a germ which the immense water-power of the country and the spirit of the people will soon foster into interests of magnitude and importance. Commerce and Internal Comw unicaticni. — Iowa has no direct trade with foreign countries, but its trade with the Atlantic and Gulf ports is comparatively extensive, its exports consisting principally of the products of agriculture and the mines, and its imports of the manufactures of Europe and the Eastern States, groceries, wine, etc. The shipping ports are Keokuk, Fort Madison, Burlington, Muscatine City, Davenport, Lyons, BeUevue, Dubuque, etc., at all which places a busy trade is carried on with the interior. The annual value of the commerce of Keokuk, at the mouth of Dea Moines Kiver, though a city numbering less than seven years' existence, amounts to between five and six million dollars, and at the other ports the value of the import and export trade is little less in value. Keokuk is the entrep6t and dep6t of the whole valley of the Des Moines — a region in which more than half the population and agricultural wealth of the State is concentrated ; and when the contemplated improvements in the navigation of the river are completed, it must of neces- sity become one of the most important of Western commercial cities. The exports from Dubuque consist chiefly of lead. Keokuk, Davenport, Lyons, and Dubuque will shortly be connected with the interior by railroads, and hence their commerce will be indefinitely enlarged, and the interests of the whole State be developed by the increased facilities these highways will afl'ord to transportation. Most of the railroads will centre at Iowa City, from which point a grand trunk railroad will be carried westward to Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, and thence, in the progress of events, to the Pacific Ocean. None of these roads are completed ; but, perhaps, as a means of developing the wealth of the interior, these lines are of inferior importance to the grand project of opening the channel of the Des Moines to steam navigation, as before alluded to: it will thus become the channel through which the greater part of the commerce of the country will pass, and along its banks will rise up cities and towns, equal in magnitude and wealth, to those on the Illinois or the Hudson — in fact, it will become as important to lovwa as those rivers are to the States through which they have their courses. Through Iowa will also pass a link of the great chain of North and South railroads, connecting St. Louis with the extreme settle- ments of Minnesota, etc. That portion of this chain within Missouri is already provided for, and will have the aid of the State to build it, and the same policy in relation to State aid will probably be pursuwl in Iowa. Banking. — The constitution provides that "no corporation with banking privileges shall be created; and all persons or associations shall be prohibited by law from banking or creating paper to circulate as money." There is, however, a bank at Dubuque, called the Miners' Bank. * A census oftliis State wa.'i taken in the latter part of the year 1862: the pop\iIation of the counties was as follows: AUamaliee 2,000, Appanooss 4,243, Benton 1,137, Black Hawk 315, Boone 1,0-24, Bremer 309, Buchanan 1,023, Butler 73, Cedar 4,971, Clark 549, Clayton 6,318, Clinton 3,822, Dallas 1,216, Davis 7,553, Decatur 1,184, Delaware 2,615, Des Moines 12,52.5, Dubuque 12,-500, Fayette 2,065, Fremont 2,044. Guthrie 300, Henry 9,633, Iowa 1,32!, Jackson 8,231, Jasper 1,974, Jefferson 10,22.5, Johnson 5,788, Jones 4,201, Keokuk 5,306, Lee 20,360, Linn 6,890, Louisa 6,470 Lucas 1,046, Madison 1,832, Mahaska 7,479, Marion 6,289, Marsliall 710, Mills l,4b3, Monroe 3,430, Muscatine 6,812, Page 636, Polk 6,939, Pot towattomee 5,0.57, Poweshiek 915, Ringgold 250, Ilisley 122, Scott 8,628, Story 214, Tama 262, Taylor 479, Union T9, Van Buren 12,753, Wapello 8,888, Warren 1,488, Washington 5,881, Wayne 794, Winneshiek l,623,Yell 250. 105 THE STATE OF IOWA. Oovemment. — The constitution, the basis of the present government of Iowa, was adopted 3d August, 1846. Its prin- cipal provisions are as follows : Every white mule citizen of tlie United States, twenty-one years of age, insane and infamous persons excepted, having resided in tlio Slate sLx montlis and in tlio county in whicli he claims to vote thirty days, is allowed the right of suffrage. The general election is held biennially on first Monday In August. The Leginlature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate of 80 members, and a House of Keprcsenta- tives of C9 members. The number of representatives is not to exceed 72, and senators not less than a third, nor more than a half of that number. Senators are chosen for four years, one half every two years, and must be 25 years of age ; and representatives are chosen for two years — both senators and representatives must have been resident in the State at least one year next before the election. The governor's veto to any act of the Legislature is nullified by a subsequent two-tliirils vote of both houses in favor of the rejected law. No meml)er of either house is eligible to any office created or the emoluments of which have been increased during his term of service. No person holding any lucrative office under the State or United States, is eligible to a seat in the House of Representatives. No law shall embrace more than one object, and that shall be expressed in its title. No divorce shall be granted by the Legislature. A census of the Slate is taken every two years, and after each enumeration members arc apportioned among the several counties according to the number of white inhabitants in each. The Legislature meets at Iowa City biennially on the first Monday of De- cember. The governor is chosen for four years by a plurality of votes ; he must be at least 30 years of age, and have resided in the State two years next preceding. In case of disability of the governor, his place is occupied by the Secretary of State, and after him by the President of the Senatx; and Spealjer of the House of Ilepresentatives. Tlie chief administrative officers are a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, and a State Treasurer, chosen by the people each for two years. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and courts of local jurisdiction. The Supreme Court con- sists of a chief and two associate justices, elected by joint vote of the General Assembly for six years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Any two of the judges form a quorum. The court holds a session each year in each of the five Supreme Court districta into which the State Is divided. This court has appellate jurisdiction only in all chancery cases, and corrects errors at law under restrictions provided by the Legislature. The Supreme Court has a re- porter. For the purpose of holding District Courts, the State is divided into six districts. The judges of this court are elected by the voters of their district for five years, and until their successors are elected and qualified; a prosecuting attorney and cleric of the District Court are elected each for two years by the voters of eacb county. Each county also elects a judge of probate, etc. Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in civil cases where the amount in controversy does not exceed $100, and by consent of parties when it is below $500. Among the special provisions of the constitution are the following: No State debt shall be created exceeding $100,000 except in case of war or insurrection, unless authorized by a special law which shall provide for the payment of the in- terest and of the principal within 20 years, which law shall be irrepealable, and before going into effect must be submit- ted to the people at a general election, having been published in at least one newspaper in each judicial district for three months preceding, and be approved by a majority of the voters. Corporations other than for banking purposes may be organized under general laws with certain resolutions. The State shall never become a stockholder in any corporation. Finances, PuUia Debt, etc.— On the 80th November, 1S50, the funded debt of the State amounted to $79,442, on which the annual interest was $5,304; to this should be added auditor's warrants unpaid, $10,771 — total debt, $90,813. The expenditures for the two years ending at the above period amounted to $75,410, namely — expenses of legislature, $7,453; executive, $11,200; judiciary, $18,979; public buildmgs at Iowa City, $3,200; interest, $11,692; and public printing, $8,028. The revenue is derived from taxes upon real and personal property, which, according to the assessors' returns for 1S50, was valued at $22,623,334, being $4,114,567 more than in 1S49. The levy for State purposes was 2i mills on the dollar— the lax for 1849 was $47,296, and for 1850 $56,558. The toUowing are the various objects of taxation in 1850— polls, 332,289 ; land, 3,752,168 acres— $13,277,483 ; town lots, etc., $3,640,546 ; capital employed in merchandise, $887,237 ; mills, manufiictories, distilleries, carding machines, and fan yards, with stock, etc., $432,238 ; horses over two years old, 38,585- $1,460,475; mules and asses over a year old, 305— $15,591 ; neat cattle over two years old, 99,406— $1,106,055; sheep over six months old, 140,599— $155,765 ; hogs six months old, 206,452— $202,897 ; pleasure carriages, 3,923— $151,904; watches, 3,577 — $43,702; pianofortes, 55 — $8,135; capital, stocks, and profits in any incorporated or unincor- porated company, $13,107 ; boats and vessels, $]5,0S9 ; all other personal property over $100 — $207,554; gold and silver coin and bank notes in actual possession, $238,371 ; claims for money or other consideration, $470,858 ; annuities, $931 ; notes, mortgagees, etc., $105,956 ; miscellaneous property, $90,809— total, $22,623,334. Federal li/'prfsentation. — Iowa, in conformity with the law regulating the apportionment of members to the United States House of Ilepresentatives, occupies two seats in that body. Beliyiom Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 were as follows : No. of CImrch Churches, accom. 3,497 , Benomina tions. Baptist 16 . . Christian 8 . . Congregat'l. . . 14 . . Dutch Kef ... — . . Episcopal 4 . . Free — .. Friends 5 .. German Uef.. 1 .. 2,125 4,725 670 1,550 200 Value of Property, $19,550 6,800 21,550 5,000 6,300 800 Dennmina No of tions. Clinrclies Jewish — Lutheran 4 Mennonite ... — Methodist 50 Moravian 2 , Presbyterian 24 K. Catholic... 17 , Swedenbor'g — Vnlue of Property. 1,000 . . 6,950 12,197 .. 500 . . 6,655 . . 8,990 .. 43,450 2,200 28,350 28,260 Denomina- No. of tions Churches. Tunker — . . Union 2 .. Unitarian — .. Universalist.. 1 . . Minor Sects . . — . . 450 200 Value of Property. 7,100 1,600 Total.... 148 87,759 $177,400 The total number of churches in the State is 148, in which is provided accomniod.ition for 37,759 persons, and the v.ilue of church i)ropcrty is $177,400. Iowa constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is included in the Eoman Catholic diocese of Dubuque. Education. — A superintendent of pnllie inntruction is chosen by the people for three years. All lands granfe[ Ihe Register Rooms are inscribed thousands (if names. " Tiie Gothic Chapel, when illuminated with lamps, inspires the beholder with feelings of solemnity and awe." At the foot of the Devil's Armchair is a small basin of sulphur water. Then there is the Breastwork, tlie Elephant's Head, Lover's Leap, Gatewood's Dining Table, and the Cooling 'Pub, a basin 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep, of the purest water, Napo- leon's Dome, etc. Tlie Ball Room contains an orchestra 15 feet high ; near by is a row of cabins for consumptive patients— the atmosphere being always temperate and pure. The i'^oi- CVmmfter presents an optical illusion. " In looking up the spectator seems to see the firmament itself, studded with stars, and afar off a comet with a briglit tail." The Temple is an immense vault, covering an area of two acre.s, and covered by a single dome of solid rock, 120 feet high. It rivals the celebrated vault in the Grotto of Antiparos, which is said to be the largest in the world. In the middle of the dome there is a large mound of rocks rising on one side nearly to the top, very steep, and forming what is called the Mountain. The iJiuci- Ha/; descends like the slope of a mountain; the ceiling stretches away before you, viist and grand as the firmament at midnight. A short distance on the left is a steep precipice, over which you can look down, by the aid of torches, upon a broad, black sheet of water, 60 feet below, called the Dead Sea. This is an awfully impressive place, the sights and sounds of which do not easily pass from memory. The Mammoth Cave is said to be explored to the distance of ten miles without reaching its termination, while the aggreg.ate width of all the branches is over forts miles I Next to Niagara, it is the wonder of nature in the Western World, or, perhaps, throughout all her domains. 108 ■^^^\^x;;^^Vg\^^^^^^],'^^f^ ^ XtS^ ^^^^^i^^^^li.|^^^SA;i^'-'Qeriod the above returns refer. Nature has been most bountiful to this State in its noble rivers and useful streams. Beside the great peripheral waters, the Ohio, Mississippi, etc., several large and important water-courses traverse the interior, and, with the single exception of the Upper Cumberland, these flow in a uniform direction from south-east to north-west; and while the Ohio is the recipient of all the great rivers of the State, the Mississippi only receives a few inconsiderable streams of trifling use as avenues of commerce. The Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, and Cumberland rise in the same region in the mountains of the south-east. The Kentucky is a rapid stream, running, like the other rivers of the State, in a deep channel with a rocky bed and generally perpendicular banks ; it flows through a rich and highly cultivated country, and in high stages of the water is navigable for steamboats to Frankfort, GO miles, and for flat boats about 100 miles further. The Licking, which also flows through a rich region of country, enters the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, and affords boat navigation for about 80 miles. Salt Eiver rises in the centre of the State ; it has a great volume of water in proportion to the length of its course, and is navigable for boats for 100 miles. It receives from the south a large tributary, called the EoUing Fork. Green Hiver, likewise, rises in the centre of the State, and takes a westerly course, until having received the Big Barren Eiver from the south, it turns to the north-west ; it has a gentle current, with great depth of water. Steamboats go up to Bowling Green, on the Big Barren, 180 miles, and flat boats ascend nearly to the heads of the river. The Cumberland has its sources and its mouth in Kentucky, but the greater part of its course is in Tennessee. Eising on the western declivity of the Cumberland Mountains, it passes into the latter, and returning north, enters the Ohio in the former State. Its course is about 600 miles long, and steamboats go up to Nashville, Tenn., 200 miles, and in high stages of water even to Burkesville, in Kentucky. The Tennessee, being sepoxated from the Cumberland by the mountains of that name, has 109 THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. BO portion of its head waters in Kentucky, but it enters tlie State about 70 miles above its mouth, and admits steamboats to Florence, in Ala., a distance of about 300 miles. The navigjation of several of these rivers has been improved by locks, etc., and in some the obstructions are overcome by canals and railroads. Kentucky is divided into 100 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, according to the official returns referring to the year 1S50, were as follows: Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Adair .1,513. . 9,89S. .1,010. Allen ..1,249. . 8,742. . 74e. Anderson . . . . &S3. . 6.260. . 420. Ballard . 775. . 5,496. . 483. Barren .2,667. .20,240. .1,813. Bath .1,595. .12,115. .1,018. Boone ..1,615. .11,185. . 982. Bourbon .1,848. .14,466. . 784. Boyle .. 927. . 9,116. . 443. Bracken .1,437. . 8,903. . 728. Breathitt .... . 625. . 3,7*5. . 433. Breckenridge ..1,452. .10,593. . 889. Bullitt . . 970 . 6,774. . 562. Butler .. S97. . 5,755. . 629. CaldweU .1,746. .13,048. . 8S9. Callaway .1,191. . 8,096. . 933. Campbell . .2.319 .13,127. . 730. Carroll .. 766. . 5,526. . 876. Carter . 944. . 6,241. 654. Casey .1,005. . 6,556. . 758. Christian .1,966. .19,580. .1,190. Clark ..1,364. .12,683. . 792. Clay . 7S2. . 5,421. 511. Clinton . 774. . 4,889. . 499. Crittenden . . . .. 978. . 6,351. . 662. Cumberland.. . 942. . 7,005. . 607. Daviess .1,631. .12,353. .1,057. Edmonson . . . . 651. . 4,083. . 507. Estill . 934. . 5,985. . 604. Fayette .2,089. .22,7-35. . 799. Fleming .1.983. .13,914. .1,211. Floyd . 862. . 5,714. . 365. Franklin .1,453. 12,462. 850. Fulton . 586. . 4,446. . 361. Gallatin . 747. . 5,187. . 414. Garrard .1,2S5. .10,237. . 666. Grant .1,031. . 6,531. . 730. Graves .1.694. 11,397. 1,279. Grayson .1,065. 6,837. 824. Green .1,105. . 9.060. . 791. Greenup .1,529. . 9,654. . 453. Hancock . 551. . 8,853. . 319. nardin .2,005. .14,525. .1,406. Harlan . 687. . 4,268. 535. Harrison .1,753. .13,064. .1,130. Hart .1,212. . 9,093. . 829. Henderson . . .1,3-37. 12,171. 1,037. Henry .1,438. .11,442. .1,029. Hickman . 656. . 4,791. . 546. Hopkins .1,738. .12,441. .1,354. Estab. Capitals. . 19.. Columbia . 7..ScottsviIIe . 37 . . Lawrenceburg . 7..Blandville . 83.. Glasgow . 23. .Owingsville . 16.. Burlington . 34.. Paris . 53.. Danville . 21.. Brook ville . 15.. Jackson . IS. .Uardinsburg . 14..Shepherdsville . 8 . . Morgantown . 35..EddyviUe . 7 . . Wadesboro' . 12.. Newport . 17..Carrollton . 7.. Gray son . 11.. Liberty . 77 . . Hopkinsville . 17 . . Winchester . 11. .Manchester . 8.. Albany . 18 . . Marion . ll..Burkcsville. . 18. .Owensboro' . 4.. Brownsville . 2.. Irvine .156. .Lexington . 96..Flemingsburg . 4..Prestonburgh . 62. .Fkankfort . 9.. Hickman . 11.. "Warsaw . 21 . . Lancaster . 15. .Wiiliamstown . 85.. May field . 14.. Litchfield . 20..Greensburgh . 20.. Greenup . 15. .llawesville . 50..Elizabethtowu . 0.. Harlan . 54. .Cynthiana . 12. .MunfordsviUe . 44. .Henderson . 75. .New Castle . 9 . . Columbus . 10..Madisonville Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Jeiferson ..7,690. .59,831. . 877. Jessamine ..1,093. .10.249. . 651. Johnson .. 608. . 3,873. . 504.. Kenton .2,854. .17,038. . 656.. Knox .1,060. . 7,050. . 657.. Laurel .. 671. . 4,145. . 284.. La Itue . 846. . 5,859. . 420.. Lawrence . . . . 989. . 6,281. . 655.. Letcher .. 416. . 2.512. . 343.. Lewis .1,223. . 7,202. . 651.. Lincoln ..1.145. .10,098. . 614.. Livingston. . . . 915. . 6,578. . 485.. Logan .1,917. .16,581. .1,180.. M'Cracken .. . 835. . 6,067. . 348.. Madison .1,847. .15,727. 1,185.. Marion .1,428. .11,765. . 963.. Marshall . 865. . 5,269. . 415.. Mason .2,423. .1S..344. . 888.. Mead . 947. . 7,.393. . 489.. Mercer .1,762. .14,067. . 881.. Monroe .1.190. . 7,756. 746.. Montgomery. .1,103. 9,903. 856.. Morgan .1,201. . 7,620. 615.. Muhlenburgh .1.451. 9,809. 921.. Nelson .1,613. .14,789. . 844.. Nicholas .1,497. .10,361. 711.. Ohio .1,425. 9,749 . 1,122.. Oldham . 856. . 7.629. . 414.. Owen .1,623. 10,444. 917.. Owsley . 5SS. . 3,774. 481.. Pendleton. . . . .1,057. . 6,774. 6(16.. Perry . 471. 2,192. 396.. Pike . 91 15. 5,365. 448.. Pulaski .2.2(;3. .14,195. 1,528.. Rock Castle.. . 746. . 4,697. 441.. Patsscll . 840. . 5,849. 665.. Scott .1,566. 14.946. 758.. Shelby .1,803. .17.095. 1,202. . Simpson . 963. 7,733. 6S6.. Spencer . 810. . 6,842. 578.. Tavlor . 971. . 7,250. . 648.. Todd .1,316. .12,268. . 930.. Trigg .1.281. .10,129. . 843.. Trimble . 865. . 5,963. . 469.. Union .1.140. . 9.012. . 681.. Warren .1,798. .15,123. .1,145.. Washington. . .1,517. .12,194. . 867.. Wayne .1,-359. . 8,692. . 929.. Whitley .1,214. 7,447. 980.. Woodford .1,053. 12,423. 580.. ": Capitals. 614. .Louisville 67..Niclinlasville 5..Paintsville 109.. Independence 6..Barboursville 0. .London 12..LaKueC. H. . 10.. Louisa 0. . Whitesburgh 21..Clark8burgh 67.. Stan ford 13.. Salem 40. .Eussellville 87..Paducah 39. .Kiclmiond 47..Lel>anon 7.. Benton .211.. Wasliington 7. .Brandenburg 87..IIarrodsburg 9..Tompkinsville 32 Mount Sterling O..We.st Liberty 16. .Greenville 52. .Bardstown 33.. Carlisle 24.. Hartford 8..Westport 16..0wenton 25.. Boone ville 7.. Falmouth 0.. Perry 5..Piketon 14.. Somerset 8 . . Mount Vernon 13.. Jamestown 59.. Georgetown l-S2..Shell)yville 37. .Franklin 18. .Taylorsville . 22..Campbellsvil]e . 28..Elkton .37.. Cadiz . 19.. Bed ford 7. .Morganfleld 88. .Bowling Green 21.. Springfield 17. .Monticello 0.. Whitley 98.. Versailles. The whole number of dwellings in the State waa, at the above date, 180,769 ; of families, 132,920 ; and of inh.ibitants, 982,405; viz., whites 761,688— males 392,840, and females 368,848; free colored 9.736— males 4,771, females 4.965, and slaves 210,981. Of the whole population there were, deaf and duinh—v,h. 485, fr. col. 4, si. 50— total 539 ; blind— \fh. 421, fr. col. 19, si. 90— total 580 ; i>m(ne—v,'h. 4S8, fr. col. 3, si. 16— total 507, and idiotic— wh. 749, fr. col. 20, si. 80— total 849. The number of free persons born in the United States was 740,881, the number of foreign birth 29.189, and of birth unknown 1.354; the native population originated as follows: Maine, 227; New Hampshire, 225; Vermont. 277; Massachusetts, 665 ; Khode Island, 220 ; Connecticut, 44S ; New York, 2.831 ; New Jersey, 1,249 ; Pennsylvania, 7.491 ; Delaware, 507 ; Maryland, 6,470 ; District of Columbia, 176 ; Virginia, 54,694 ; North Carolina, 14,279; South Carolina, 8,164; Georgia, 892; Florida, 30; Alabama, 792; Mississippi, 657; Louisiana, 671; Texas, 71; Arkansas, 271; Ten- nessee, 23,623; Kentucky, 601,764; Ohio, 9,935; Michigan, 59; Indiana, 5,898; Illinois, 1,649; Missouri, 1,467; Iowa, 69; Wisconsin, 11; Territories 8; and ttio foreign population was composed of persons from— England, 2,Sn5; Ire- land, 9,466; Scotland, 6S3; Wales, 171; Germany, 13,6i)7; France, 1,116 ; Spain, 21; Portugal, 5; Belgium, 27; Hol- land, 3S; Italy, 143; Austria, 12; Switzerland, 279; Itussia, 70; Denmark, 7; Norway, IS; Sweden, 20; Prussia, 198 ; Sardinia, 1 ; Greece, 1 ; Asia, 3 ; Africa, 4 ; British America, 275 ; Mexico, 42 ; Central America, 1 ; South America, 2 ; West Indies, 41 ; and other countries, 133. 110 THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census Wl.ite ^_ . • , — , Total , . / . .... \ t .... 40,936 tons j ....[• 9,992i tons < .... 14,756 " t . . . . incr. 110,382,640 " " 492-lT " . . . . ) ( . . . . 7,793,123 pounds ) Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1790 61,133 114 11,830 11,944 T3,07T — — 1800 179,871 741 40,343 41,0S4 220.955 147,878 202.3 1810 324,237 1,713 80,561 82,274 406,511 1,85,5.56 S4.0 1820 434,644 2,941 126.732 129,673 564,317 157,806 3b.8 1830 517,867 4,917 165.213 170,130 687,917 123,6ii0 21.9 1840 590,253 7,317 182.258 189,575 779,828 919,111 13.3 1850 761,688 9,736 210,981 220,717 982,405 202,577 25.9 The statistics of the we.ilth, industry, productions, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850, and other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 11,368,270 acres, and unimproved lands, 10,972,478 acres — valued in cash at $154,.330,262 ; whole number of farms under cultivation, 74,777 ; value of fanning implements and machinery, $5,169,037. Live Stock. — Horses, 315,632 ; asses and mules, 65,609 ; milch cows, 247,475 ; working oxen, 62,074 ; other cattle, 442,763; sheep, 1,102,121; and swine, 2,861,163— valued in the aggregate at $29,591,387. In 1840 there were in the State 395,853 horses, mules, etc.; 787,098 neat cattle of all kinds; 1,008,240 sheep; and 2,310,5.33 hogs. Grain Crops. — Wheat, 2.140,822 bushels ; rye, 415,073 bushels ; Indian corn, 58,675,591 bushels ; oats, 8,201,311 bushels ; barley, 95,343 bushels; and buckwheat, 10,097 bushels. In 1S40 the crops were as follows — wheat, 4,803,152 bushels; barley, 17,491 bushels; oats, 7,155,974 bushels; rye, 1,321,373 bushels; buckwheat, 8,109 bushels; Indian corn, 39,847,120 bushels. Other Crops. — Rice, 5,688 (in 1840, 16,376) pounds ; tobacco, 55,501,196 pounds; ginned cotton, 758 bales of 400 pounds ; peas and beans, 202,574 bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 1,492,487 bushels, and sweet, 998,184 bushels ; hay, 113,655 tons ; clover- seed, 3,230, and other grass-seed, 21,451 bushels ; hops, 5,304 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, 40,936, and water-rotted, 14,756 tons ; fla.v, 7,793,123 pounds ; flax-seed, 75,579 bushels ; maple sugar, 437,345 pounds ; cane-sugar, 2S4 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 40,047 gallons; wine, 8,093 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $106,160, and of market- garden products, $293,120. The annexed form will exhibit the staple crops of 1840 and 1850 comparatively : staples. 1840. 1850. Movement. Tobacco 53,436,909 pounds .... 55,501,196 pounds .... incr. 2,064,287 pounds, or 3-86 per cent. Hemp — dew-rotted \ ( 40,936 tons " water-rotted Flax ) t 7,793,123 pounds 1 Kice 16,376 pounds.... 5,688 " ....deer. 10,688 « " 65-26 " Ginned cotton 601,456 " .... 303,200 " ....dtor. 888,256 " " 56-15 " Products of Animals.— Wool, 2,297,403 (in 1840, 1,786,847) pounds ; butter, 9,877,868 pounds ; cheese, 213,784 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $6,459,318. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 1,301 (in 1840, 737) pounds; and beeswax and honey to that of 1.150,939 pounds. Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $2,456,838. In 1840 the same class of goods were valued at $2,622,462. Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $14,236,964; value of raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, $12,458,786 ; average number of hands employed, —males and females average monthly cost of labor — male $ and female $ total value of products during the year, $23,278,301. The whole number of man- ufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward was 3,471 ; and of these 8 were cotton factories, 25 woolen factories, 275 tanneries, and 45 iron works — 20 for the manufacture of castings, 21 for pig iron, and 4 for wrought iron. The cotton manufacture employs a capital amounting to $239,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc,, consumed, $180,907; average hands employed — males 181, and females 221 ; entire wages per month to — males $2,707, and females $2,070 ; value of entire products during the year, $273,439. The annual quantity of ccjtton consumed was 3,760 bales, and the products consisted of 1,003,000 yards of sheeting, etc., and 725,000 pounds of yarn. Mineral coal used, 720 tons. The u-oo^CTi manufactures employ a capital of $249,820; value of raw material consumed, $205,287; average hands employed— males 256, and females 62 ; monthly cost of labor — male $3,919, and female $6S9 ; value of annual products, $318,819. The quantity of wool consumed was 673,900 pounds, and there were produced in the year 878,034 yards of cloth. The capital invested in the tanneries amounts to $763,455 : the value of r.aw material used was, in 1849-50, $537,147 ; the average number of hands employed — males 877, and females 2 : at a monthly cost of labor— male $14,417, and female $9 ; skins tanned, 69,3S0 ; and sides tanned, 392,400— together valued at $985,267. The iron interest is in accordance with the following schedule referring to the year 1849-50 : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars, . . . 924,700 502,200 176,000 ,602,900 Oreused tons 72,010 — — 72,010 Pig u-on used " — 9,731 2,000 11,731 Bloomsused " — — 1,600 1,600 Mineral coal used " — 2,649 — 2,649 Coke and charcoal used bushels, . ,4,576,269 432,750 280,000 5,289,019 Value of all raw material, fuel, etc. .dollars. . . . 260,152 295,533 180,800 736,485 Hands employed— males number.. 1,845 558 183 2,586 " " females " .. 10 20 — 30 Monthly cost of labor— male dollars.... 37,355 13,889 5,867 57,111 " " female " .... 47 S3 — 130 Ironproduced tons 24,245 5,883 3,070 33,203 Value of other products dollars 10,000 — — 10,000 « entu-e products " .... 604,037 744,.316 299,700 1,648,058 111 THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. The industrial establishments of Kentucky, comprised in the aggregate number, as before given, and not specially re- ferred to, consist of the handicrafts usually found in agricultural countries, and several which may be considered pecuhar to this State, as tobacco factories, rope-walks, bagging factories, etc., in which the great staples of the country are worked up and made rea<]y for the market. Foreign Commerce. — The internal position of Kentucky almost i)recludes it from a direct intercourse with foreign countries — its natural port is New Orleans, in the direction of which all ita great rivers point, and from that port chiefly are its products and staples shipped, although a considerable quantity finds its way to the Atlantic porta ria the Illinois Kiver and Canal to Chicago, and thence by the great lakes to Dunkirk and Buffalo, and from those points to New York, etc., by railroail, canal, and river. Its exports in some measure are also sent via the Ohio Eivcr and Pittsburg. But if Kentucky doi's not export its merchandise directly, the official returns for a number of years have noticed direct exports, of which the following are the values— 1S3T, $17,782 ; 1838, $8,932 ; 1889, .$0 ; 1840, $2,241 ; 1841, $0 ; 1S42, $17,30(3 ; 1S43, $8,145 ; 1S44, ,$25,627 ; 1845, $17,469 ; 1S46, $32,958 ; 1847, $26,956 ; 1848, $25,971 ; 1849, $79,738 ; and 1850, $190,937. The shipping owned in the collection district of Louisville in 1S50 amounted to 14,820 tons — the whole navigated by steam power, and employed in river navigation. Thirty-four steamboats were built in the State during the year ending 80th June, 1S50, and these had an aggregate burden of 6,461 tons. Internal Commwiication. — Kentucky is bountifully supplied with navigable waters, and in all its great rivers import- ant improyements have been made by locks, dams, and canals. The principal of these arc the works on the Kentucky, Green, Licking, and Big Sandy Eivcrs; and the Portland and Louisville Canal, overcoming the falls of the Ohio at Louisville, properly belongs to this State. This work, although less than three miles in length, is one of the most important improvements in the West; it is 50 feet wide at the top, and admits the passage of the largest river steamers. The fall between the two points at which it joins the river is 22} feet, which is overcome by four locks. Almost the whole line is excavated out of solid limestone, and was completed in 1833 at a cost of about $1,200,000. The cost of the improvements on the four interior rivers above mentioned amounted to $2,133,580. Kentucky has also an excellent system of turn- pikes, and recently has commenced to build plank-roads. With regard to railroads, as yet about 130 miles only have been completed ; but there are several vitally important works of .this description in a state of forwardness, and whieli will be completed w ithin the next two years. Of these the principal are the Kentucky portion of the Mobile and Ohio E. E., the Nashville and Henderson K. K., the Louisville and Nashville 11. E., the Covington and Lexington E. E., the Maysville and Lexington E. E., and several others pointing to the south and south-east, to the Gulf of Mexico and thQ ports of the Atlantic ; and the Maysville and Big Sandy E. E., which will connect with the lines terminating at Eieh- mond, Petersburg, and Norfolk in Virginia. Upward of 600 miles of these projected lines are now (.January, 1S58) in process of construction, and a considerable length of the whole contemplated has been surveyed and partially located. Tlie several railroads named (and others, no doubt, there are), when in full steam, will have a mighty effect on the inter- ests of the Slate, even as local channels of trade; but when their importance to the North and South, being links in the great chains in those directions, is considered, their very existence becomes the lever of all connection between the two divisions of the Union. In this point of view, Kentucky to the West of the mountains, and New Jersey to the East, are on a par, both essential to the building up of a national system of roads to connect the extremes of the country. The influence of these roads, even in the prospective, is well illustrated in the rapid advance in the value of property. In 1845 the assessment roll amounted to $22S,4>8,161 ; in 1850 it amounted to $299,331,465 ; and in 1851 it had increased to $817,082,6114 ; or in the latter year, which was one of great projects In matters of internal improvement, the increase amounted to $17,751,139, or about C per cent. Such facts as these are lessons applicable to every State and to every indi- vidual who has at heart the advancement of his country in wealth and prosperity. Banks, etc. — In January, 1851, Kentucky had 5 banks and 21 branch banks; the Bank of Kentucky (Louisville), has branches at Bowling Green, Dansville, Frankfort, Greenburg, Ilopkinsville, Lexington, and Maysville; the Farmerti' Bank of Kentucky (Frankfort) has branches at Covington, Henderson, Maysville, Mount Sterling, Princeton, and Somer- set ; the Northern, Bank of Kentucky (Lexington), has branches at Covington, Louisville, Paris, and Eichmond ; the South- ern Bink of Kentucky (pMS»c\\\iih'), has br.inches at Hickman, Owensboro, and Smithland ; and the Bank cf Louisville has branches at Paducah and Flemiiigsburgh. There are also other banks at Paducah, Covington, and Newport. At the date above referred to the aggregate statistics of all the banks and branches then existing, were as follows: Liahilitien — capital $7,536,927, circulation $7,613,075, deposits $2,823,607, and due other banks $1,256,589; and «.ssrf«— loans and dis- counts $12,506,305, stocks $694,962, real estate $419,070, other investments $410,127, due by other banks $2,451,155, notes of other banks $550,879, and specie $2,791,351. Government, etc. — The present constitution of Kentucky was adopted in convention on the 11th June, 1850, and was subsequently ratified by the people by a vote of 71,563 in favor to 20,302 against it. The first State constitution was framed in 1790, and a second in 1799. Every free white male citizen, 21 years of age, resident in the State two years, or in the county, town, or city one year next preceding the election, has the right ofmffrage, but he shall have been for 60 days a resident of the precinct in which he offers his vote. The general election is held on the 1st Monday of August. All votes are given 'oiva voce. The Legidnture consists of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. Senators, thirty-eight in number, are chosen in single districts, one-half the number biennially, and at the time of election must be citizens of the United States, thirty years of age, and resident in the State six years, and in the district one year next preceding the election; and representa- tives, one hundred in number, are chosen from single districts for two years, and must be twenty-four years of age, and resident of the State for two years — the last year of the district. Eepresentalion depends on the number of qualified TOters. In 1857, and every eight years thereafter, a census is to be taken, and representation apportioned accordingly. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, commencing 1st November (odd years). No session is to continue more than sixty days, unless prolongation is agreed upon by two-thirds of all the members elected to both branches of the Legisla- ture. Teachers of religion, and persons holding offices of profit under the State or the United States, are ineligible ; and members during their term, and for a year thereafter, can not be appointed or elected, except by the people, to any civil offlee of profit in the State created, or the pay attached to which is increased during such term ; nor are collectors of the public moneys eligible, unless six months before the election their accounts are closed and settled. The Legislature can not grant divorces, or change of names, or sales of estates of persons under legal disabilities, nor change the venue in any criminal or penal prosecution Ity special legislation, but by general laws shall confer such powers upon the courts. The governor and lieutenant-governor arc chosen quadrennially by a ]>lurality of votes; they must be thirty-five years Of age, citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State for the six years next preceding the election. The gov- 112 THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. ernor is not eligible for two consecutive terras : he enters upon office the fifth Tuesday after the general election, and continues in office until his successor has taken the oath of office. He grants pardons, etc., and may veto a bill, but a majority of all the members elect of both houses negatives his objections, and the bill becomes law. The lieutenant- governor is ea.'-qfficio President of the Senate, with the right to debate and vote, and when there is a tie to throw a casting vote ; and if the oJliee of governor become vacant he, and after him the Speaker of the Senate, shall act as gov- ernor if the vacancy occur after the first two years of the gubernatorial term — if before, the people All the vacancy. The administj-ative officers of the government are — a Secretary of State, appointed by the governor ; and the people elect a State Treasurer for two years, and an Auditor of Public Accounts, a liegister of the Land Office, an Attorney- general, and other inferior officers for four years. The Judiciary consists of a Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. At Louisville there is a separate Chancery Court. The Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction only ; the judges are elected for eight years by the people in districts, one every two years, and the judge having the shortest period to serve is chief justice. The judges must have been eight years practicing lawyers, and must be resident citizens, etc. Any three of the judges may const! • tute a court for the transaction of business. Circuit courts are established in each county, and for the election of judges of these courts the State is divided into twelve judicial circuii-s, each of which elects a judge to serve for six years. There is also a County Court in each county, consisting of a presiding judge and two associates, elected for four years, any two of whom may transact business. There are also in each county two justices of the peace, to hold office for four years. Attorneys for the Commonwealth, clerks of courts, surveyors, coroners, jailers, and assessors are elected in their several circuits, districts, or counties, and their terms of office are the same as that of the presiding judge of the circuits, districts, etc. Each county elects a sheritf for two years, and each justice's district a constable. " A commission to revise and arrange the statute law of the State, and another to prepare a code of practice, civil and criminal, shall be appointed by the Assembly at its first session." Regarding slavery, the constitution provides that no laws shall be passed for the emancipation of slaves without the consent of their owners, or without paying the owners, prior to emancipation, a full equivalent, and providing for their removal from the State. Owners of slaves may emancipate them, saving the rights of creditors. Immigrants to the State may bring their slaves with them, but slaves are not allowed to be introduced as merchandise, nor under any circum- stances slaves imported into the Union since January 1st, 1789. Masters must treat their slaves humanely, or the slaves shall be sold. Slaves shall not have the right of an inquest by the Grand Jury, but shall not be deprived of an impartial trial by a petit jury. Free negroes or mulattoes coming into or refusing to leave the State, are deemed guilty of felony, and may be sent to the Penitentiary. To amend the constitution, a majority of the members elect of each house must, within the first twenty days of a regular session, vote to lay the matter before the people, and at the next general election a majority of those entitled to vote for representatives, must vote therefor ; the Assembly, at its next regular session, must pass a vote to lay the matter again before the people, and the majority of all the votes, as before, must be given therefor, and then at its next session, the Assembly shall appoint an election for members to compose the convention, which shall consist of as many members as there may be in the House of Representatives, and no more — such convention to meet within three months after elec- tion for the re-adopting, amending, or changing the constitution. The State militia of Kentucky, according to a return of 1S51, consists of S1,S40 men of all arms, of which 4,805 are commissioned officers, and 77,035 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 43 are general officers, 145 general statf officers, 1,658 field officers, and 3,459 company officers. According to the constitution, all free white, able-bodied male persons in the State, between 18 and 45 years of age, except such as are by law exempt, compose the militia of the State, and elect their own officers. The principal State iiutitutions are — the Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, which, on the 1st January, 1850, had 366 in- mates ; the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, at Danville, which had at the same date 48 pupils ; and the Institution for the Blind, at Louisville, which had 38 pupils. A second Lunatic Asylum, at Hopkinsville, is nearly completed. Finances, Public Debt, etc. — The ordinary receipts into the treasury for the year ending 10th October, 1S51, amounted to $738,245 52, and the ordinary expenditures for the same year to $733,653 40— excess of income (including balance from 1850), $4,592 12. The value of taxable property in 1851 was $317,082,604— increase since 1850, $17,751,139. The rate of taxation is 17 cents on every $100 worth of property (10 cents for the ordinary expenses, 5 cents for the sinking fund, and 2 cents for the school fund). The objects of taxation are — general : land, 19,845,672 acres, valued at $146,477,116; town lots, 34.357— $85,742,374 ; slaves, 196,1SS—$6S,650,217; honses, 332,998— $12,658,510 ; mules, 49,694— $2,264,009; jennies, 2,476— $174,953; stores, 3,718— $9,362,457 ; surplus cash, bonds, etc., $39,092,992 ; and specijio : car- riages and barouches, 3,463 — tax $1 each ; buggies, 4,679— tax 50 cents each ; pianos, 1,883- tax $1 each ; gold spectacles, 1,422 — tax 50 cents each ; gold watches, 6,943— tax $1 each ; silver lever watches, 3,05S— tax 50 cents each ; studs, jacks, and bulls, 2,357 — taxed $5,636. Total white males over 21 years old who pay a poll tax for coimty p^irposes, 157,410. The public debt has been chiefly contracted for the purposes of internal improvement. In 1S29 so economically had the go\'ernment been administered, that there was a surj^lus in the treasury of some $200,000. This was distributed among the counties, and applied to internal improvements ; and stimulated by the resulting benefits and the " new impulse" ■which had seized upon the adjoining states, Kentucky, in 1835, borrowed $1,000,000, to be expended also on turnpike roads, of which the country was then woefully deficient ; other sums were subsequently borrowed, to be applied in the same way, for turnpikes, for railroads, and for locking, and damming, and creating slackwater navigation in the Kentucky, Green, and Licking rivers. For these purposes, also, a large share of the school fund was appropriated, for which the State now pays interest. The entire debt on the 1st January, 1S52, was $5,726,307 80, composed as follows : debt to individuals, $4,247,537 40 ; to Southern Bank of Kentucky for stock, $150,000 ; to what is known as the Craddock Fund. $2,000; and to Board of Education, $1,326,770 40. To pay the interest and principal of this debt, the State has a sinking fund, the receipts into which, in 1851, were $531,044 54, and the expenditures were $506,445 06 — excess of receipts, $24,589 48. The sources of income to this fund are— a tax from banks and di\'idonds on stocks in the same, premiums on State bonds, dividends on stocks in turnpike-roads, dividends for slackwater improvements, of 5 cents on $100 worth of property listed for taxation, tax on brokers and insurance companies, excess of ordinary revenue at the end of each fiscal year over $5,000. The interest on the State debt has been punctually paid and some portion of the principal — Kentucky stocks are always held at a large premium in the markets. Federal liepresentation.— Kentucky, in accordance with the ratio of apportionment adopted by the act of 23d May, 1850, sends 10 representatives to the national legislature, H 113 THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. Education. — The school fund in December, 1S51, amounted to $1,400,270, consisting of State and bank slock, and besides this the 2 per cent, tax, before named, is devoted to school purposes. The common schools are under a superin- tendent of public instruction, elected by the people for four years. According to his exhibit at the above date 99 countiea and 5 cities and towns had made reports; the number of children reported as attending the district schools iviis 1SI),111, and the average attendance was 74,^43. Money distributed to the reporting counties, cities, and towns .$111,600 Oil, the Banie having been paid from the iulerest on the i»ermanenl fund anil 2 per cent. tax. These statistics embrace only the schools connected with the Slate system ; the number of children in the State between the ages of 5 and 16 years was 205,755, many of whom are doubtlessly attending the numerous private schools and academies which exist in every part of the State. The principal collegiate institutions in the Stiite are — Transylvania University, at Lexington, founded 1798 —in 1&50 it had 7 professors, 610 alumni, and 40 students, anil its library contained 14,000 volumes; St. Joseph's College, at Bardstown, founded 1829 (Catholic)— in 1850 it had 15 professors, 196 alumni, 155 students, and a library of 5,0(i0 vol- umes ; the Center College, at Danville, founded 1820— in 1850 it had 7 professors, 3G3 alumni, and 152 student.?, ami 5,500 volumes in its library; Augusta College (Methodist), at Augusta, founded 1S25 — in lo50 it had 4 professors, 60 alunmi, 51 students, and a library of 2,500 volumes ; Georgetown College (Baptist), at Georgetown, founded 1840 — in 1850 it had 7 professors, 80 alumni, and 06 students, and a library of 6,500 volumes; Bacon College, at llarrodsburg, founded 1836 — in 1850 it had 5 professors and 75 students, and its library contaiucd 1,200 volumes ; We.ieoiis Crops. — Peas and beans, 161,732 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 95,632, and sweet, 1,4 8,453 bushels; hay, 25,752 tons; clover-seed, 2 bushels, and other grass-seeds, 97 bushels; hops, 125 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, tons, and water-rotted, tons; flax, pounds; flax-seed, bushels; wine, 15 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products for the year was, $22,359, and of market-garden products, $143,329. Products of Animals.— yf on], 109,897 (in 1340, 49,233) pounds; butter, 03.3,069 pounds; cheese, 1,957 pounds; and value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,458,990. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 29 (ia 1841), 317) pounds; and beeswax .and honey, to that of 96,701 pounds. JTome-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1350, were produced to the value of $189,282. The comparison of the principal crops in 1840 and 1S50 results as follows : Staples, 1840. Indian Com 5,952,91 2 bushels Rice 8,604,534 pounds Tobacco 110.S24 " Ginned Cotton 1,52..5.5.5.368 " Cane Sugar 119,947,720 " It is thus apparent that all the great crops, except that of cotton, have materially increased ; but the falling off iu the cotton cro]) is mo»e apjiarent than real, the greater part of it having been destroyed by the extraordinary and destructive floods, which swept over whole plantations in the fall of 1849, to which year the census returns of 1850 refer. It is a well- known fact, however, that the culture of sugar in Louisiana is employing tho labor formerly devoted to cotton, and this change of crops is annually progressing. 118 1850, Movetiient. 10,226,378 bushels . . . iner. 4,273,461 bushels, or 71-79 per cent. 4,425,349 pounds . .. tnc)'. 820,315 pounds, or 22-73 " 26.373 " .. deer. 9-2,946 •' or 77-57 " 71,494,300 « . . deer. 81,060,568 « or 53 14 " 226,001,000 " . . incr. 106,053,230 " or 38-42 " THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 3fanufactit,res.— Aggregate capital invested, $5,804,924; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $2,485,078; average number of hands employed, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor — male $ and female $ total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, .$7,043,814. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above date was 1,021 — in western district 121, and in eastern district 900 ; and of these, 8 were manufacturing castings of iron, and there were 15 tanneries, the remainder consisting of mills, and other establishments usual in a Southern agricultural State. The iron manufacture employed a capital of $255,000 ; pig iron consumed, 1,660 tons ; mineral coal consumed, 3,205 tons ; value of all raw material used, $75,300 ; hands employed, 347 ; average monthly wages, $85 60 ; castings made, 1,570 tons ; value of entire products, $312,500. The tanneries employed a capital of $88,800; value of raw material used, $26,440 ; average number of hands employed, 54 — males 51, and females, 3 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $930, and female, $22 ; number of skins tanned, 2,850, and of sides, 21,000 ; value of skins and hides when tanned, $55,025. The distribution of the manufactures is very unequal, and many of the parishes are entirely without them : of the 900 establishments in the eastern district, 521 are in Orleans parish, 147 in West Feliciana, 54 in Jefferson, 49 in Ea3t Feliciana, 36 in Livingston, 33 in St. Tammany, 14 in St John Baptist, 10 each in "West Baton Eouge and Iberville, 9 in St. Helena, 6 in St. James, 4 each in La Fourche and Terre Bonne, and 3 in St. Charles — Ascension, Assumption, East Baton Eouge, Plaquemines, Point Coupee, St. Bernard, and Washington, returning no manufactures ; and of the 121 iu the western district 24 are in Madison, IS In St. Laundry, 11 in Eapides, 10 in Carroll, 9 each in De Soto and Na'af7c.— The coasting trade of Louisiana is equally valuable with its foreign trade, and its trado with the interior is perhaps fully equal to both the foreign and coastwise trade together. These, however, will be fully examined under the head of " New Orleans," and hence, in this connection, the aggregates alone need be exhibited. The arrivals and clearances in the coasting trade for the year ending 30th June, 1851, were as Pillows : Movements. „ 1^' Quarter. Vessels. Tons. Entrances 205 93,608 Clearances 199 57,442 Value of exports coast^vise. . . $2,859,567 303 124,.oS5 275 76,789 $6,177,123 3d Quarter. Vessels. Tons. 365 125,032 424 121,-362 $11,707,593 -305 123,190 329 97,579 $6,484,624 Total. Vessels, Tons, ' 1,178 466,415 1,227 353,173 119 ^27,228,912 THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. The follo-ning will show the quantity and destination of some of the principal staples of export in the year above quoted • Flour. Pork. Bacon. Lard. Beef. Whisky. Corn. Cotton. Tobacco. Sugar. Molasses. Porta bbls. bbls. libds. kegs. bbis, bbls. sacks, bale.s, libds. hlids. bbls. lilids. bbls. New York .72,584. . .55,849.. 9,S5C.. .209,825.. . .3,055. ..1,381... 160,728... 52,393. .10,087.. . 13,595. . 655. ..509. ..22,G46 Boston 88,925... 77,806.. 6,530. . .224,333. . .13,435.. .2,^2.. . 32,401.. .82,540. ..1,594.. . 733.. 27...—... 2,172 Philadelphia 418. .. 5,538. . 2,703. .. 41,045.. . 421... 208... 9,477. ..14,807. . .1,118. . .10,264. . 867. ..—.. . 7,735 Baltimore... — .. .13,421. . 1,84:3. .. 32,585. . . 955. . .1,542. . . — ...2,511... 745. .. 8,670. . 237. ..—.. . 2,862 Charleston.. 6,173... 1,003.. 2,872... 2,769... 119.. 11,514... 23,978... — ... —...3,517.. 660... 9... 7,031 Other ports 150,960. . .22,890. .19,972. . . 40,046. . . 8,785. .30,333. . .150,125. . . 1. . . 291. . .12,303. .6,198. . .113. . .24,573 The total quantities of the above specified articles exported to foreign and domestic ports, were as follows: 583,418. .192,737. .46,241. . .738,956. . .42,415. .67,392. . .535,382. .997,458. .54,501. . .44,147. .8,644. . .636 . . 67,024 The receipts from the interior by the Mississippi Eiver in the same year (1850-51) were valued at $106,924,083, and comprised all the various staples for which the several regions of production are noted, alike mineral, vegetable, and ani- mal ; and there is, besides the river trade, an immense traffic on the new canal. The total number of flat-boats arriving at New Orleans during the year was 941, of which 218 were from Ohio, 58 from Kentucky, 298 from Indiana, 12 from Vir- ginia, 222 from Pennsylvania, 19 from Illinois, 104 from Tennessee, and 10 from Mississippi ; and the whole mmiber ol steamboat arrivals was 2,918. Internal Improvements. — Hitherto Louisiana has depended with confidence on the great natural facilities for inland communication the State enjoys by means of the magnificent river and its dependencies which traverse its surface ; but when it was discovered that the North had, by means of the Illinois Canal, constructed an artificial outlet for this great river into the lakes, this dream of security vanished, and the people interested in the commerce of the Gulf ports at once beset themselves to remedy the impending destruction of a commerce unequaled in extent by but one other section of the Union. The magnificent lines of railroads from^Ae '' father of waters" to the Atlantic Ocean, were also diverting a vast amount of the legitimate trade which naturally concentrated at New Orleans. And all these changes in the avenues of trade had been allowed to proceed, and with the exception of a few local railroads, Louisiana had not even extended her arms to arrest their influences. Awakened to a sense of duty, however, by the results of these new works— decreased receipts of produce, and decreased returning merchandise — no time was lost in premises, but the whole south-west met in convention at New Orleans, and imanimously resolved to cope with the leviathans which were sapping the foundations of their commercial prosperity. The principal remedies proposed were the extension of tlie railroad from New Orleans and the Gulf ports to the north and north-east, and seek a new market in the west by building Imes into Texas, Arkansas, etc. The first would countervail the northern improvements, which had superseded the old river-course of trade, and by offering a more direct and rapid channel to the sea, recover the preference the deposit at New Orleans had formerly enjoyed. The improvement of the channel of the Mississippi below New Orleans, was also recommended, and will doubtlessly be undertaken by the general government at no distant period. The results of the convention have been an active enforce- ment of its recommendations, and numerous Uncs of railroad are being laid out and constructed in the directions indicated, the most important of which arc the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. E., and the railroads from the Mississippi toward Texas, from Lake Providence, via Shreveport, Marshall, etc., from Natchez, via Shreveport, etc., and from New Orleans, via Opelousaa, Iluntsville, etc. Eailroads are also being built in almost every direction, to connect with the lines of other States, or afford facilities to the gulf ports generally; and at no distant day, it may be foreseen, Louisiana will be on a par with, or have outstripped many of her now successful competitors. Bcmkn, etc. — In December, 1850, the bank returns of Louisiana sliowed that there were a' that period 5 banks, and 20 branch banks in the State, the aggregate condition of which was as follows: Liabilities — capital $12,870,890, circulation $5,059,229, deposits .$8,464,389, and due other banks $1,334,232 ; and a.w!!.s'— loans and discounts $19,309,108, real estate $2,255,169, other investments $2,042,149, due by other banks $2,225,896, specie funds $1,2(10,000, and specie $5,716,001. The whole number of banks are located at New Orleans, the country banks being their branches. Government. — The present constitution, which superseded the first constitution of the State, formed in 1812, was ratified by the people on the 5th November, 1845. Every free white male person 21 years of age, two years a citizen of the United States, or resident in the State for two consecutive years next preceding the election, and the last thereof in the parish in which he proposes to vote, is allowed the ri(/ht of s^iffrage. Absence from the Stat« for more than 90 consecutive days, unless his house or place of business be occupied by his family or servants, interrupts the residence of the absentee. he Legislature consists of a House of Eepresentatives and a Senate ; representatives not less than 70, nor mure than 100 in number (now 97), and 16 senators, being half the whole number of senators, are chosen every second year, on the first Monday in November, and convene at the capital every second year, on the third Monday in Jamiary. Eepresenta- tives must be free white males, 21 years of age, citizens of the United States, and residents of the Stiite for the three years and residents of the parish for one year next preceding their election. A census will be taken in 1S55, and evi-ry ton years thereafter, which will form the basis of .apportionment; but every p.arish is entitled to at least one representative. Senators are chosen for four years. A senator must be 27 years of age, ten years a citizen of the United States, four years a resident of the State, and one year of the district he represents. Deducting the population of New Orleans from that of the State, the remainder, divided by 28, is the senatorial ratio for the districts. No session of the legislature sli.-ill hist more than 00 tUiys, and no act i)assed after being GO days in session is valid. Members may address either liotise in the French or English Languages, and the proceedings arc published in both languages. Any one who fights a duel, acts as second, or sends or accepts a challenge, shall neither hold an office, nor enjoy the right of sufl"rage in the State. The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and holds office for four years. He must be -35 years of age, and a citi- zen of the United States, and resident in the State for 15 years next preceding his election. The Lieutenant-governor is elected for the same term, in the same m.anner, and must be similarly qualified. The governor is ineligible for the four years succeeding his term. He may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses may pass it again, and it thus becomes law. The lieutenant-governor is eayojfficio president of the Senate. The principal administrative officers are the Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Surveyor-gcner.al, Adjut.ant and In- spector-general, Auditor of Accounts, etc. The Treasurer is chosen bieimially by joint ballot of the legislature. The Judiciary consists of the Supreme Court and District Ciuirts. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and three associate Justices, appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, for the term of eight years. The Court sits in New Orleans from the first Monday in November to the end of June inolusive. The Supremo 120 THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. Court has appellate jurisdiction only when more than $300 is in dispute, when the legality of any tax is in question, on all flues and penalties imposed by municipal corporations, and in criminal cases on points of law where death, hard labor, or a fine of more than $3U0 is imposed. The Court may issue writs of habeas corpus in all cases where they have appellate jurisdiction. If the Judges are equally divided, the judgment appealed from stands affirmed. The Court has a reporter and clerks in New Orleans, Opelousas, Alexandria, aud Monroe. The State is divided into seventeen districts. One district judge is appointed for each district, except for the district of New Orleans and Lafayette, where as many are appointed as are necessary. District judges must be citizens of the Uuilcd States, above thirty years old, resident of the State for five years, and have practiced law therein five years. District Courts have jurisdiction when more than $50 is at stake, and in ali criminal cases. The State has an Attorney-general, and in each district there is a District Attorney, appointed for two years. All civil oflScers, except the governor and the judges, are removable on an address of a majority of both houses of the legislature. Amendments of the constitution must first be approved by throe-fifths of both houses, then published in tlie news- papers throughout the State three months before the next general election, then approved by a majority of both houses in the next succeeding legislature, then published again as before, then submitted to the people, and if ratified by a majority of voters, the amendments shall form a part of the constitution.* The militia of Louisiana consists of 43,823 men of all arms, of which number 1,892 are commissioned officers, and 42,431 non-commissioned oificers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 10 are general officers, 55 general staff officers, 159 field officers, and 1,163 company officers. Every free white male person between the ages of 18 and 45 is liable to militia duty, unless exempt by law. The most noted of the benevolent institutions of the State is the Charity Hospital at New Orleans, the benefits of which have been experienced by thousands who have been taken sick in that malarious city, and as many thousands have blessed the nursing hand of the kind sisters whose vocation it may have been to attend to their wants. In 1S49 the number of admissions to this famous hospital was 15,558, of which 1,782 were natives of the United States, aud 13,634 were foreigners, and 71 were blacks and 12,210 white males, and 3,342 white females. The number of deaths was 2,745, of which 2,369 were males and 376 females, and 1,122 died of Asiatic cholera, 545 of yellow fever, 224 of typhus fever, and 56 of other fevers. The number of patients remaining in the hospital on the 1st January, 1850, was 719. The in- come of the hospital for the year was $89,951 80, and the expendituree $92,993 43, averaging $4 26 for each patient. Such an institution as this is an oasis in the wilderness of humanity. Finances, Belts, etc. — The financial statement is made up biennially. The total receipts into the treasury for the year 1850 were $1,008,175 91, and for the year 1851 $836,247 44— total $1,844,423 35; and the expenditures for 1850 were $951,545, and for 1851 $852,787 54— total $1,804,332 54, leaving a balance of $40,090 81 for future appropriation. In 1845 the liabilities of the State on account of the property banks amounted to $14,321,596 ; this has since been reduced $3,744,596, leaving the liabilities of the State in 1850 $10,577,000. The State debt proper amounted at the latter period to $915,566. The State holds property not now productive valued at $2,416,933. The constitutional provisions respecting legislative finance were made very stringent in the new fundamental law. The constitution provides that the credit of the State shall not be lent to any person or corporation whatever, but new bonds may be issued to replace outstanding bonds. No State debt shall be contracted for more than $100,000, except in case of war, invasion, or insurrection, unless authorized by law for some distinctly^^specifled object or work, wliich law shall impose taxes to pay the current interest during the whole term of the debt, and also to pay the debt itself at maturity, and this law shall be irrepealable till the debt and interest are fully discharged, and shall not go into force till a^ain enacted by the next legislature after its first passage. The State shall not subscribe to the stock of any company or cor- poration. No corporate company shall be hereafter created, renewed, or extended with banking or discounting privileges. After 1890 the charters of all corporations may be revoked, and no charter shall now be granted, except for municipal or political purposes for more than 25 years. The assessed value of all real and personal property in Louisiana, on the 1st June, 1850, was $220,165,172 ; but the true or estimate valuation of the same amounted, according to the returns of the federal census, to $233,998,764. Federal Representation. — Louisiana, according to the law of 23d May, 1850, apportioning federal representation, is entitled to send four representatives to Congress. Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850, as ascertained by the census of that year, were as follows : Denamina- No. of Cluirch Value of Denoniina- No. of Churoh Value of Denomina. No. of Church Value of tions. Churclies. accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property, Baptist 72 . . 15,358 . . $30,470 Germ'nEef. 1 . 500 . $4,000 R. Catholic . 55 . . 37,240 . . $1,045,650 Christian 2 . . 1,500 . 61,000 Jewish 1 . 600 . 20,000 Swedenb'g . — . . — Congregat'l . . — . . — . — Lutheran . . — . _ _ Tunker — .. — _ Dutch Ref. . . — . . — . . — Mennonite . — . . _ . — Union 6 . . 1,850 . 8,220 Episcop.il 12 .. 4,410 . . 57,900 Methodist.. 106 . 30,260 . 236,500 Unitarian . . — . . — . — Free 8 . . 675 . . 10,430 Moravian . . — . . _ _ Universalist 1 .. 1,000 . 100,000 Friends — . . — . . — Presbytcr'n. 17 . 9,510 . 149,300 Minor Sects 2 . . 1,650 . 59,000 Making the aggregate number of churches 268, valued as property at $1,732,470, and capable of accommodating 104,053 persons. Louisiana forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and the arch-diocese, or province of New Or- leans in the Roman Catholic Church, which has for its suft'ragan sees. Mobile, Natchez, Galveston, and Little Rock. Education. — The constitution provides that " there shall be a superintendent of education, to hold office fir two years. Free public schools shall be established throughout the State ; the proceeds of lands granted for the purpose, and of lands escheated to the State, shall be held as a permanent fund, on which six per cent, interest shall be paid by the State for the support of these schools." The school fund, 1st January, 1850, amounted to $40,272 63, on which $19,105 84 of interest had accrued up to that date ; and besides the proceeds of the school fund, the yearly sum of $250,000 is appropriated for * A convention was held at Baton Rouge in July, 18.52, to revise the constitution, and the revised constitution would be submitted to the people for ratification on Ihe 2d November of the same year. If ratified, the general elections were to take place on the fourth Monday of December, and the first Legislature would meet on the third Monday of January, 1853. The revised constitution provides for annual sessions of the Legis- lature, an elective judiciary, and removes some of the restrictions against the State's contracting debts, and permits the establishment o( ccrporations. 121 THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. the support of the free schools of the Slate, and is derived from a mill tax on property, and a poll tax of one dollar on each White male inhabitant. The whole nnmb'jr of school districts in the State on the 3()lh September, 1S49, was 521 ; number of schoiils in operation, 704 ; number of cliiUlren between 6 ami 16 years of a^e, 53,710 ; average attendance for the year, 22,927; and 20,202 children did not attend school. The average period of tnition was 6 months and 13 days. Amount expended for teachers' salaries, $195,3S9 ; expended for building, renting, and purchasing school-houses, $134,689. There are also in almost every parish numerous private, classical, and other high schools. The principal collegiate institutions in the State are — the University of Louisiana at New Orleans, founded in 1S49, and established with 7 professors : it haa also a medic.il department, which in 1S50 had 7 professors and 18S students; the Centenary College (Meihodist), at Jackson, founded 1S39 — in 1850 it had 7 professors, 40 alumni, 94 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes ; the St. Charles College (Roman Catholic), !it Grand Cotcau, founded 1838 — in 1850 it had 21 professors and 103 studenis, with a yaluable library of about 4,000 volumes ; Baton Uouge College, founded 1838 — in 1850 it had 4 professors and 45 students ; Franklin College, at Opelousas, founded 1839 — in 1850 it had 4 professors and 70 students ; and several others, among which are the Catholic Colleges at Baton Uouge and New Orleans, both of which are flourishing institutions. LihrariM.—Onc State library, 7,000 volumes; 1 social library, 10,000 volumes; 4 college libraries, 13,000 volumes — being a total f>f 6 libraries and 30,000 volumes. The census makes no returns of studenLs' libraries, the libraries of acade- mies and professional schocjls, the libraries of scientific and historical societies, nor of school libraries, although there arc numbers of each description in the State. Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State on the Isl June, 1850, was 60, of which 17 were whig and 17 were democratic — the remaining 20 being neutral in politics or devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of the whole number 11 were issued daily, circulating 31,730 copies ; 2 tri-weekly, 1.900 copies; 6 semi-weekly, 3,300 copies ; 40 weekly, 32,017 copies ; and 1 monthly, 12,200. Among the publications in New Orleans are many of the best conducted and most talented papers of the Union ; and no other city can boast of such a magazine of statistical information as Dc Bow's Review. Pmiperi-mi and Crime. — The whole number of paupers that received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850, was 423, of which 133 were native bom, and 290 foreign ; and the whole number of paupers at the above date was 100, of which 76 native born, and 30 foreign ; annual cost of support, .$39,806. The State Penitentiary is at Baton Ef>uge. The number of convicts remaining in confinement, 1st October, 1848, was 152, and the number received during the year fol- lowing was 10.5 — male, 257; 52 discharged, 2 pardoned, 7 died, and 2 escaped— in .all 63, leaving, 1st October, 1849, 194. The receipts for the year were $49,283 74; and the expenditures, $42,628 69 — making a net gain from convict labor equal to $6,055 05 Historical Steicli. — The legends of De Soto, Marquette, and La Salle, sh.iU not arrest our attention. These wild and daring passages belong rather to the romancer th.in to the historian. Louis XIV. seized upon the proposal of Iberville, and addressed himself in earnest to a new and vast country, which dazzled his ambition. Iberville, and Bienville, his brother, founded a colony of Frenchmen on the shores of Louisiana in 1699. This is the earliest era in the history of Louisiana. In 1712 the King of France granted a charter to M. Crozat, which covered the whole province. The aims of both parties were commercial, and included the whole of the Mississippi and its tributary bays, lakes, rivers, and bordering territories. M. Croz.it was endowed for twenty years with exclusive privileges of trade in these countries— to work mines for gold and precious stones, with a large share of the results. The laws, edicts, and ordinances of the realm, and the customs of Paris were extended over Louisiana. The privileges allowed to Crozat were ample; but so vain are the calculations of men when employed upon novel enterprises, they satisfied not one of his greedy desires after wealth in the AVestern "World. The grant was surrendered, after five years, into the hanils of the king, with the bitter complaint that from the imbecility of the colony, the strength of the Indians, the presence of the British, and the sterility of the soil, it had proved of no kind of value whatever to him, but rather a ruinous expense. There settled in Paris about this time a man from Scotland by the name of John Law ; he was a restless projector, a daring financier, and full of enterprise. This extraordinary man soon succeeded in gaining an influence over the Duke of Orleans, then regent, obtained a charter for a bank of $1,200,000, substituted paper for specie, and set the whole French nation mad with magnificent schemes of creating wealth, as it were, by the wand of a magiciiin. The Chancellor D'Aguesseau opposed tliis daring scheme with infinite peril to himself. To the Royal Bank of Law was attached a great commercial company, in which were to be concentred all the rights, privileges, and possessions of all the trading compa- nies then chart<'red in France. To this company was granted the great territory of Louisiana as it was surrendered up by Crozat. All France was in commotion — every man, woman, and child became a financier; the boot-black and collier of to-day were the grandees of to-morrow, and their splendid equipages dazzled the bewildered populace. The Royal Bank stock went up to six hundred times its par value, and dividemls were rendered at 200 per cent. The exhanstless mines near the Mississippi would reimburse any investment, it w.as said ; but in three years John Law w.as a bankrupt, tho government itself was prostrated, the deluded vot.aries of stock-jobbing were undone, the magnificent Western Company — ^the Mississippi Scheme — became a by-word ; the banking bubble, when inflated to the skies, had burst ! The charter of the company was granted for twenty-five years ; it was to have exclusive privileges of tr.ide, and of the purchase of beaver skins for exportation. To it belonged by prescription the right to make all Indian wars and treaties, work all mines, grant lands, construct fortifications, nominate governors, and appiVmt inferior judges. Its vessels and crews to be of the French nation, and the descendants of the colonists to be counted natural bom subjects of France, etc. There are difl"erent accounts of the condition of Louisiana during the time it remained under the Western Company, who enjoyed the privileges granted to Law. By some it is represented to have been in a deplor.ablc condition ; while others assert that these were the best years which Louisiana knew under the dominion of France, the white population having increased from 700 to 5,000, and the black from 20 to 2,000 ; " a vast number of handsome cottages lined botli sides of the river at the German coast; the culture of rice, indigo, and tobacco, and a regular administration of justice were provided for." The Western Company, in despair of finding the gold they had anticipated in Louisiana, from mineral researches turned their attention to agriculture. To promote their aims, large grants were made to powerful and wealthy individu- als : to Law they granted a plot of twelve miles square. These grantees were to introduce settlers, but they 8uceeejeets now only interesting to the historical antiquary. The face of European affairs in May, 170S, influenced the American people to put on then- armor. Washington was again appointed to the head of the army, and diflaculties with regard to Louisiana, and consequent losses to the govern- ment, forced upon all minds the absolute necessity for the acquisition of New Orleans, whatever might be the hazard. Louisiana, indeed, occupied an unenviable position at this time. She had been abandoned by France, and the French people had regarded the cession with regret and indignation, so much so, indeed, that on the breaking out of hostilities with tlie Spaniards, Mons. Genet, the young and rash minister from France, employed himself, immediately after hla arrival, in devising and carrying out a comprehensive scheme for the invasion of Louisiana with troops and arms procured in the United States. How his course was denounced at "Washington — how he appealed from tlie President to the people — and though his conduct was disowned by his own government, how that same government demanded the restoration of Louisiana to the French Republic, are matters of general history. In other respects was the position of Louisiana remark- able. The United States had long been regarding with jealousy the existence of a territory in the hands of a foreign power, capable of influencing the destiny of the great central valley. A plot had been laid, too, by an American citizen, Blount, then governor of Tennessee, the object of wliich was to throw down upon Louisiana, during the wars between England and Spain, in 1797, through the medium of the western waters, large numbers of British troops from Canada. The plot was discovered, Blount degraded by the Senate, and the English Government exonerated from the charge of any knowledge of the proceedings. The eyes of Spain were not closed to the difficulties of her position. Bonaparte had by this time assumed the reins of government, and he cherished the idea of bringing back to the parent country a province he conceived had been unnaturally severed from her. His sophisms soon prevailed over Spain ; he represented " that Louisiana, restored to France, would be a bulwark for Mexico, and a security for the tranquillity of the Gulf." On the Ist October, ISOO, was concluded the celebrated treaty of San lldefonso, and Louisiana again became a French colony. Bonaparte took immediate steps to enter upon his new possession. Gen. Victor was appointed Commissioner for accept- ing the transfer, and proclamations announcing the changed circumstances of tlie colony were issued. The Louisiaiiians prepared an adtlress in reply, in which they declared that the proclamations had filled the people with joy, and that they already felt the happiness of their reunion with their ancient nationality. Every thing, indeed, seemed favoraljle for the re-establishment of the French government in the province — and all was rojoicing and congratulation, when a vessel arrived at the levee from Bordeaux, and the news soon spread that the Corsican had sold their country and themselves to the neighboring republic. The treaty of Paris, signed 13th April, 1803, had coded Louisiana and aU its appurtenances for- ever to the United States ; and the United States had agreed to pay 60,000,000 francs to discharge certain claims of their citizens on France. The difficulties which immediately fcjllowed the acquisition were perplexing ; and even in the United States many there were who viewed the treaty as unconstitution.al ; but, like all difficulties, these came to an end, and the American flag waved over the city of New Orleans on the 20th December — the same day having witnessed the descent of the Spanish ensign and the elevation of the tri-color, fhe latter only having been raised to be re-placed by the stars and stripes. The first act of Governor Claiborne, on taking the chair of authority, was to organize a judiciary, which he did by es- tablishing a Court of Pleas, consisting of seven justices. The Act of Congress, 20th March, 1S04, established a territorial government, Louisiana was divided into two sections, of which that now constituting the State of the same name was to be known as tho Territory of Orleans. The Act provided for a governor, appointed for three years, a secretary for four years, a legislative council of thirteen freeholders, a judiciary, according to the regulations of the legislative council, but to be appointed by the President. The period that elapsed between the Act of 1S04 and the one of 2d March, 1S05, which set up another territorial government, was one of dissatisfaction to the people. They complained that the governor was unacquainted with the language, their laws, and their interests, and that he favored only his own countrymen, etc. On these subjects the citizens memorialized Congress. The council as established in tho meanwhile passed several acts bearing upon tlie proper organization ot the territory, dividing it into 12 parishes or counties, with inferior courts in each, institut- ing modes of procedure, defining crimes, etc., chartering the city, and establishing (on paper) a university. The effect of the dissatisfaction before alluded to produced the territorial act of 1S05, by which Congress set up a government in Louisiana similar to that of the Mississippi Territory, and provided for its admission into the Union when it should hare 60,000 inhabitants. This act gave to the people the election of a legislature, and to the legislature the election of a legis- lative council or Upper House. The first acts of the new government were the adoption of the " code Noir," or black code, for the government of the slaves, and the appointment of a commission to prepare a civil code based upon the former laws of the country. The latter was completed in 1803, and embraced, besides the compilation of the old codes, many of the provisions of the " code Napoleon." Having settled tliese points, Louisiana was prepared to meet the position of things which was forced upon her in relation to Spain, and in the anxieties which arose in relation to boundaries, and the opposing claims of the two nations, it is likely that hostilities would have occurred, had not the intimation of a vast scheme on foot for the separation of the ■western country from the Union, at the head of which was Aaron Burr, influenced Gen. Wilkinson and the Americans to compromise matters with the Spaniards, and concentrate every thing to meet the threatened danger. The reports which reached Louisiana each day in relation to this plot were alarming ; military preparations were being urged on all sides, and Burr himself, after a reward offered for his arrest, was taken at Fort Stoddard, and conveyed to liielimond. The conflicting claims of the United States and Spain, to the strip of territory east of the Mississippi Elver, and south of the 31st parallel to the I'erdido Biver, were brought to something like a crisis in ISIO, by the seizure of the Spanish post at Baton Rouge, the holding a convention at St. Francisville, declaring their independence, and setting up a constitution, and, by a proclamation of the President, taking possession of the territory. The event was peaceable, and the parishes of Feliciana, East Baton Rouge, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Biloxi, and Pascagoula were soon after established. On the 11th February, ISll, an act of Congress was passed to enable the inhabitants of Louisiana to form a constitution and State government, if the same should be the desire of the people, signified by the calling of a convention. This body 124 THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. l)eiug called, assembled at New Orleans, and unanimously signed a constitution based upon that of Kentucky, on the 22d January, 1S12. This constitution was superseded by that of 1S45, and another constitution, or a revision of the latter, ia now about to be voted on by the people. The share that Louisiana took in the war of 1812, though signalized in history, is so familiar as to require only a short notice. Wilkinson took possession of the country west of the Perdido, then in the occupation of Spain. The English colonel, Nichols, arrived at Pensacola, and made proclamation to all Englishmen, Spaniards, and Frenchmen to join his standard, and resist the encroachments of the United States. To the people of Kentucky this officer proposed similar terms ; and to the privateer La Fitte and his followers at Barrataria, he was most prodigal in his offers. The overtures, says Marbois, were repelled with indignation, and the men who saw no degradation in enriching themselves by plunder, had a horror of treason. The course of General Jackson, in relation to the Spaniards and English at Pensacola, is familiar to all. An attack on New Orleans being now inevitable, the most extraordinary preparations were made to raise forces, and provide fortifications and armaments to meet the impending danger. The city was all excitement. " The people were preparing for battle, as if for a party of pleasure," says a historian; "the streets resounded with martial airs, several corps of militia were constantly exercising, every bosom glowed with the feelings of national honor." The west was pouring down upon the city— martial law was proelauncd. The battle of New Orleans, of Sth January, 1S15, was fought and won to the high honor of the American people ; and the lasting laurels of the great man who commanded, and who, whatever his faults, is becoming every day more and more honored in the memory of his grateful and admiring countrymen. The history of Louisiana, since she has become a State, has yet to be written. The uninterrupted prevalence of peace in our country takes away from this chapter those lively features which characterize anterior periods. The records of revolution, of changing dynasties, of deeds of arms, and high renown, are not presented here, and perhaps to the general reader the whole is a hopeless blank. But to those seeking higher views of individual good and national destiny, the onward march of the arts of peace, the extraordinary development of industrial resources, the umnatched augmentation of population and wealth, the erection of an opulent State, with laws, government, and order, in a former French and Spanish province, are events worthy of the highest efforts of the historian, replete with interest, and deserving of careful study. Succession of Governors. — Territorial Go^'eenoe: "William 0. C. Claiborne, 1804 ; and — Constitutional Govkenors : William C. C. Claiborne, 1S12 ; James Villere, 1816; Thomas B. Robertson, 1S20; IL S. Thibodeaux (acting); Henry Johnson, 1824 ; Peter Derbigny, 1S28 ; A. Bauvois (acting), 1829 ; Jaques Dupre (acting), 1830 ; Andr6 B. Koman, 1830 ; Edward D. White, 1834; Andre B. Roman, 1833; iUexaiiderMouton, 1841 ; Isaac .Johnson, 1845; Joseph Walker, 1850. Baton Eouge, on the east bank of the Mississippi, has been the scat of government since the constitution of 1645 went into effect, until which time New Orleans w.as the State capital. 125 THE STATE OF MAIIE. Maine, occupying a Utile less than one half the surface of New England, is of a long, irregular shape, extending between latitudes 4;j° and 47° 30' N., and between longitudes 66° 52', and 71° 06' W. from Greenwich, or 5° 06' and 10° 10' E. from Washington. The boundaries of Maine* as established by the treaty of Wasliington, 1S42, are the result of a controversy ■with Great Britain of a quarter of a century's standing, and one which came near involving llie two countries in a war. By the treaty, the St. Croix, and a line running due north from a monument at its source to St. John's Kiver form the boundary on the east. On the north the line follows the St John's and St. Francis rivers to Lake Pohenagamook. On tlio north-west it follows the highlands from that lake in a south-west dircctii»n to the north-east corner of New Ilampsliire, ■which State forms the greatest length of its west boundary. The Atlantic lies on the south. Within these limits the esti- mated area contains 80,000 square miles. There arc said to be as many islands on the coasts, and in the bays of Maine, as tliere are days in the year. Most of these are small, but many are of considerable size, fertile, and inhabited. The bays and inlets are proportionally numer- ous, and afford a scries of excellent harbors. The length of the coast in a straight line from Kittery Point to Quoddy Head is about 2'25 miles, but following its windings, nearly 1,000 miles. The Isles of Shoals are seven in numbcr,t and lie about eight miles south-easterly from the mouth of the Piscataqua River. Four of them belong to Maine, and the three others to New Uampshire. These islanils are little more than masses of rock, but at one time bad 500 or 600 inhabitants, attracted thither by the superior advantages they afforded for the pursuit of the fisheries, and they became celebrated for their dried fish, known by the name of Isles of Shoal duu-flsh, which were prepared by drying them slowly and carefully on the rocks. Their population in 1850 was 132. Casco Bay, a spacious basin between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, contains a great number of fine islands, among which Great Gebrag and Sebaseodegan Islamls are the largest. The shores of the bay afford several excellent harbors. Seguin Island, further east, is a no^ed landmark at the mouth of the river Kennebec. Parker's Island, on which is Georgi'town, the island of Cape Newagen, and Jeremiscjuam, are large bodies of land betweeen the Kennebec and Damariscotta rivers, south of which are the Damariscove islands, a group of small but inhabited islets. Farther from the shore are Monhegan, St. George's, Matinic, and Matinicus islands. Monhegan was formerly famous for its fisheries. The Fox Islind, Long Island, and Deer Island, are the principal islands in Penobscot Bay, which extends from White Head, on the west, to He au Haul on the east, and runs up about 35 miles inland. But the largest island on the coast is Mount Desert, containing about 60,000 acres. Several of its heights are consy/icuous objects far off at sea, and some of them attain an elevation of from l,5iX) to l.SOO feet. Farther east is Petit Menan, often corrupted to Titmenan, and at the entrance of Passamaquoddy Hay is Grand Menan, belonging to New Brunswick, to which province, also, Campobello and Deer Island, in that bay, are politically att^iched. Moose Ishuida belong to Maine. The surface of the interii.ir country beyond the coast region, which is somewhat fl.at an'l sandy, is, in general, pleasantly ■varied with hills and valleys. There is no connected ridge of mount;uns in the State, but the north-western part contains numerous detached elevations, which may be considered as "outliers" of the White Mountains, and from this section all the principal rivers descend in different directions. The Bald Mountain, to the west of Moosehead Lake, Katahdin Mountain, between the east and west branches of Penobscot Biver, Saddleback, Mt Abraham, and Mt. Bigelow, be- tween the Androscoggin and the Kennebec, and the Sugar Loaf Mountains at the head of the west branch of the Walloostook are thought to be the loftiest points. The highest pcnnt of land in the State is Mt. Katahdin, which rises 6,385 feet above the sea level. It is estimatt'd that one tenth part of the State is covered with water; and every portion is abundantly supi)lied with streams and rivulets which, for the most part, flow from or through lakes, and are copiously supplied froni these reser- voirs throughout the year. The rivers of Maine are characterized by numerous falls, which, while they impede the navigation of large craft, do not interrupt the desomit of logs and rafts, and furnish excellent mill-seats. Along the coasts the tide-waters often penetrate far inland, filling natural channels, which take the name of rivers, but which are, in truth, arms of tlie sea. The whole of the northern part is drained by the constituents of St. John liiver — the St. Francis, and Madawaska from the north, and the Walloostoolc, Allag;ish, and Aroostook from the south. The great river of the sonthern section is the Penobscot, which collects its tribute of waters from the wliole lirea Fort FairfielJ, (upper blockhouse) 40 46 07 .... — Fort Fairfield, (lower block house) — 67 49 42 Fort Kent (block house) 4T \r> 09 .... 6S 3> V- Hancock Barracks (flag st.-\ff) 46 07 39 .... 67 49 00 HeadofL. Bl.ack Kapids (St. Jolin Kiver) 47 05 30 .... C9 OS 34 He.-»d of Connecticut Kiver 45 14 58 71 12 57 Houlton (hotel) 46 07 28 .... 67 49 2.5 t Tlie '• Isles ol Shoals" are seven in number, viz., Hog. Smutty Nose. Star, Duck, White, Malaga, and T.on.lonner Islands. Tlie three fir.it consti- tute the town of Gossport, A'. Ilamp., and the four latter the town of Isles of Shoals, Mt. lliey were origin.illy «><© ©#^>® ©"®^^ ^#^^e e-@«s>o ®e®© »<&^^ ®o «^^ "^k THE STATE OF MAINE. below which it has a fall of 50 feet It receives tlie eastern or Seboois branch formed by confluents coming from tho same tract which sends oflf the Aroostook to the north. The Mattawamkeag and the Piscataquis, its prhicipal tributa- ries, then come in from opposite sides, and at Orono the river falls about 50 or 60 feet to the tide level. The tides at Bangor, (iO miles from the sea, and 30 from Belftiat Bay, rise 15 foet, and the river is navigable for the largest vessels to that place, but navigation is closed four or five months in the year by ice. The total length of its course is about 850 miles. The Kennebec preserves a remarkable parallelism with the Penobscot, but drains a less extent of country. Its head stream, the Moose, rising in the highlands, from which issue the south-eastern branches of the Chaudiere, flows east into Moosehead Lake, the outlet of which takes the name of Kennebec, and runs south to the sea. It is broken at Embden by the Carratuek Falls; at the mouth of Sandy Kivor by the Norridgewock Falls; below Norridge- wock by Skowhegan Falls, and at Waterville by Teeonnet Falls. The tide flows up to Augusta, 50 miles from the sea, and small vessels and steamboats go up to that place, and its whole length is about 200 miles. Below Merry Meeting Bay, where it unites with the Androscoggin, it often has the name of Sagadahock. The Androscoggin runs in a winding course, much broken by falls from the north-west corner of the State, south through Moosetogmaguntic and Umbago lakes, into New Ilampshire, then turning east repasses into Maine, and pursues a south-easterly direction to Merry Meeting Bay. At Brunswick, a few miles from its mouth, are Pejepscot Falls, with a total descent of 50 feet, and higher up are Lewiston Falls, and Pennacook Falls in Eumford. The Magalloway, which flows into Lake Umbagog, is its principal tributary. The Dead Kiver and Sebasticook are useful mill streams flowing into the Kennebec. The Saco, Union, and Machias, are small streams. The St. Croix, or Schoodic, which forms a part of the boundary toward New Brunswick, is formed by the confluence of two largo branches, each issuing from a cluster of Iakele*s ; the northern branch, called also the Cheputnatecook, is a rapid and broken stream, and there are several falls below the junction of the west branch. At Calais, 12 miles from its mouth, the tide rises 15 feet. The lakes of Maine are so numerous, and some of them so extensive, as to form one of the characteristic features of the country. Some of them are remarkable for the picturesque beauties of their scenery, and many of them will be use- ftil channels of communication when their neighborhoods become more thickly peopled. In the north tho Temiscouata discharges its waters into the Madawaska, and the Baamchenungamook and Pongokwahem are the reservoirs from which the Allagash is fed. In the centre are Moosehead Lake, the largest in the State, being about fifty miles in length, but very irregular — from five to fifteen miles in width, Chesuncook, twenty miles long, and Pemadumcook. The Moose- togmaguntic and Umbagog are on the western border, and the Schoodic, and the Upper Shoodic lakes on the eastern border. These are the largest and most conspicuous on the map, but there are hundreds of others, iu every direction, giving rise to, and receiving streams of various magnitudes. Maine is a country chiefly of primary rocks, with a large division of those that refer to the transition period, and toward New Brunswick it has an important region of the lower secondary formation. Everywhere it has alluvial and diluvial deposits, and vast igneous formations, not only in the interior, but forming a barrier against the ocean surge along a considerable part of an immense sea-coast, Its mineral deposits are various, and extensively distributed throughout its limits. Iron ore of excellent quality is found in great abundance, and in the south-eastern district, between the Kennebec and the St. Croix, there are indications of the existence of bituminous coal. Marble, granite, and limestone, however, ooustitute the principal mineral products, and all are extensively quarried. Lime is abundant, particularly at Thomaston and Camden, where It is burnt in greut quantities for exportation. Maine, indeed, supplies most of the States with this article. Granite is chiefly found near Ilallowell, and is peculiarly well adapted for material in public buUdings. It is abundant also in many other parts. Mica, taleose, and other slates occur in extensive beds between the Kennebec and the St. John Soapstone, sandstone, and brecciated rocks of many varieties are found ; also jasper, including the beautiful greenstone trap and its varieties and porphyry. The trap-dykes are numerous and exceedingly distinct; they cut thrcmgh most of the other rocks, and produce upon them most distinctly those peculiar effects which to a demonstration prove their igneous origin; while the diluvial deposits, the boulders and ruins, the diluvial furrows in the rocks, the Sea-shells now adhering to and inherent in rocks, which once formed the sea-coast, although now elevated 26 feet above the water, a salt spring at Luhec, and many other interesting phenomena illustrate other parts of scientific geology. Maine is also said to have its gold region, and of late some excitement has been produced among the inhabitants, by reports of successful mining, but it does not seem that any great amount of the mineral has been collected, nor is the estimate important enough to beguile the more wary (Vom their usual occupations. There is no doubt, however, of its existence in the State. It is found on the streams that rise on the east side of the height of land, and flow east into the west branch of the Penobscot, and also in the tributaries of Moose River. The whole neighboring country is mountainous, and similar, in many resjx'cts, to the muling regions of oUier countries. The Chaudiere Eiver, on the British side, is also said to yield the metal in considerable quantities. The soils of this State are of various compost and fertility : near the sea the lands arc sandy, and generally unsuited to the purposes of agriculture. In the more mountainous regions, though the soil is thin and not of the best quality, extensive tracts are found which might be used as grazing lands. The district between the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers, however, is eminently rich, fertile, and productive. That part of the State lying between the Penobscot and the Passama- quoddy, is what is called " White Pine Land" — the soil is moist and of consiilerable strength, and the principal natural growth is the white pine mixed with oak, white ash, and beech. At Wells and Scarboro are several tracts of salt marsh. Maine has a climate of extremes, but it is seldom so severe as to interrupt farm operations. Vegetation commences late, but it is rapid and vigorous. The season of growth extends from the middle of April to the middle of October, but it does not continue in its full force for more than three and a half months. The temperature ranges between 100° above and 20° below zero, but the changes are seasonal, and seldom interfere with personal health. Near the coast the summers are tempered and rendered pleasant by the recurrence of sea breezes, and in the eastern districts the atmospheric temperature is modified by the fogs and vapors rising from the Gulf Stream whidi in these latitudes sweeps the shores. The frosts ot winter are uninterrupted, and the lakes and rivers may be passed upon the ice from December to the beginning of April. The less hardy cereals frequently suffer from the early frosts. The greater part of the surface of Maine is covered with dense forests of pine, oak, beech, birch, etc. White pine and spruce, when dressed into masts, boards, and shingles, are largely exported. There is also abundance of timber suitable for ship-building, and from the facilities with which it is procured, Maine has become the greatest ship-building State of the Union, and in this department of industry on an average of years produces more tonnage than the three great States of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania together, or more than one-third that of the whole Union. Of the aboriginal tribes that formerly hunted in the deep forests of Maine, but few now inhabit the country. There are 127 THE STATE OE MAINE. about 500 still in Iho State ; they live principally on the islands of the Penobscot River, which tlioy own, and enjoy a consid- erable annuity secured to them by the government There is also an Indian settlement on the western side of Passama- quoddy Bay. The pre-seiit inliabitants are chiefly of British descent, and the greater portion of them tlie immediate descendants of the oriujinal colonists of New England. There are, however, large numbers of emigrants from other European countries, but the proportion of these classes is by no means so great as in most of the other States. The colored races form l)ut a small moiety of the people. Maine is divided into 13 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : Counfe.,. Dw^n. Pop. f„";;-'» J^,"°';'; Capitals. Penobscot 10,.3T4. .68,089. .3,99.?. .40T. .Bangor PiecaUiquis 2,5S9. .14,735. .1,779. . 61. .Dover Somerset 5.917. .35,581. .3,813. .155. .Norridgewock Waldo 7,631. .47,2.30. .4,415. .847. . Belfast Washington .... 5,S35. .38,810. .1,875. .310. .Machias York 10,564 . . 60,101 . . 5,004 . . 352 . . Alfred Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^,""1,, Estab.' Capitals. Aroostook 2,038.. 12.535. .1,228.. 59..IIoulton Cumberland 12,762. .79,549. .5,352. .644. .Portland Franklin 3,4S7. .20,027. .2,.521 . .135. Farraington Hancock 5,550 . 84,372 .. 2,27 1 .. 205 .. Ells worth Kennebec 10,162. .62,521 . .5,266. .881 . . AtratrsTA Lincoln 12,176. .74,875. .4,975. .526. . Wiscasset Oxford 6,712 . . 39,663 . . 4,2SS . . 150 . . Paris The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 95,797; of families, 103,787; and of inhabitants, 583,088; viz., whites 581,763— males 296,6:35, and females 285,123; free colored 1,825— males 705, and females 620. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb — wh. 229, fr. col. 1 — total 230; blind — wh. 201, fr. col. — total 201; insane — wh. 533, fr. col. 3 — total 536, and ^di5,973 ; value of entire ]iroducts, $2,596,3.')6. In this department of manufactures 81,581 bales of cotton were used, and 2,921 tons of coal consumed ; and the number of hands employed — males 780, and females 2,959. The products for the year were 82,852,556 yards of sheeting, etc. The u'ooUn manufactures employ a capital of $467,600; and usel,48S,4;W pounds of wool, ralued at $495,940 ; number of hands— males 310, and fem.iles 314; montlily cost of labor— male $0,998, and female $3,697; value of entire products, $753,300, and quantity of products, 1,023,020 yards of cloth, and 1,200 pounds yarn. 123 THE STATE OF MAINE. In tanneries, the invested capital is $732,747; value of liides and skins, $S92.34-3; hands employed — males, 787, and females 3; monthly cost of labor— male *17,229, and female $23; skins tanned 31,350, and sides of leather tanned 632,068; value of products, ^1,020,036. In the manufiicture of ;v/f/ iron, the capital invested is $214,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $14,939 ; hands employed — males, 71 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,562 ; pig iron made, 1,4S4 tons ; value of products, $36,616. The material consmned consisted of 2,9u7 tons ore, and 213,970 bushels coke and charcoal. In the mamifacture of iron eastings, the invested capital is $150,100; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $112,570; number of hands employed — males 2-43, and females 1 ; average wages per month — to males $29, and to females $5 ; entire value of products — 3,691 tons castings — $265,000. The material and fuel consumed consisted of pig iron, 3,591 tons ; old metal, 245 tons; mineral coal, 1,319 tons; and coke and charcoal, 14,000 bushels. Besides the above, Maine has other considerable interests— numerous mills, and various mechanical establisliments, etc., which, in the aggregate, make up a long list of industrial pursuits, for the profitable prosecution of which the fine streams of the country aflford special facilities. Commerce, jSTavigation, etc. — The total value of merchandise exported to foreign countries, from Maine, during the year ending 80th January, 1850, was $1,556,912, of which $1,536,818 was the value of domestic produce and manufac- tures, and $20,094 that of foreign goods re-exported. The value of domestic merchandise, exported in American vessels, was $1,135,998, and in foreign vessels $400,820 ; and the value of foreign merchandise, re-exported in American vessels, was $14,564, and in foreign vessels $5,530. The total value of imports for the same year was $856,411, of which $609,155 was the value of goods carried in American vessels, and $247,256 in foreign vessels. The following table exhibits the statistics of shipping employed in the foreign trade : SHIPrlNG EKTEBED. Natiimality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. American 253 53,309 2,084 Foreign 1,040 89,877 5,083 Total. .1,293 143,186 7,167 BHIPPINO CLEARED. Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. American 585 111,123 4,548 Foreign 1,046 91,014 5,131 Total .1,631 202,137 9,674 The tonnage cleared from Passamaquoddy district was 63,367 tons ; from Machias, 5,145 tons ; from Penobscot, 3,441 tons; from Waldoboro", 2,546 tons; from Wiscasset, 4,509 tons; from Belfast, 11,950 tons ; from Batli, 19,382 tons ; from Bangor, 12,310 tons; from Portlaml, 77,645 tons; from Kennebvick, 1,343 tons; and from Saco, 496 tons; and the tonnage entered at Passamaquoddy was 58,453 tons ; at Machias, 3SD tons ; at Penobscot, 4,140 tons ; at Waldoboro', 492 tons ; at Wiscasset, 1,025 tons; at Belfast, 820 tons; at Bath, 10,094 tons ; at Bangor, .3,.365 tons ; at Portland, 64,195 tons, and at Saco, 213 tons. The shipping owned in the State, on the 30th of June, 1S50, amounted to 501,421 tons; registered — permanent, 193,955 tons, and temporary, 41,524 tons ; eiu"olled and licensed — permanent, 259,845 tons, and temporary 499 tons ; licensed (under 20 tons) — empkiyed in coasting 904 tons, and in the cod fisheries 4,694 tons. Of the registered shipping 821 tons, and of the eurnlled and licensed shipping 5,259 tons, were navigated by steam. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed shipping employed — in coasting was 209,079 tons, in the cod fisheries 37,218 tons, and in the mackerel fisheries 12,046 tons. The statistics of the commerce of Maine for a series of years exhibit the following movements : Year. Export". Imports. Year. Exports. Imports. Year. Exports. Importa. 1820 $1,108,031 .... $ — 1831 $805,578 .... $941,407 1842 $1,050,523 .... $606,864 1821 1,040,848 .... 930,294 18.32 981,443 .... 1,123,-326 184-3 632,891 .... 250,260 1822 1.036,642 .... 943,775 183.3 1,019,8-31 .... 1,880,-308 1844 1,176,185 .... 570,824 1823 895,501 .... 891,644 1S34 815,277 .... 1,060,121 1845 1,255,105 .... 855,645 1824 900,195 .... 768,443 1835 1,059,367 .... 88.3,-3S9 1846 1,328,863 .... 787,092 1825 1,031,127 .... 1,169,940 1S36 850,986 .... 9-30,086 1847 1,634,203 .... 574,056 1S36 1,052,575 .... 1,245,235 1837 955,952 .... 801,404 1S4S 1,957,895 .... 79.5,565 1827 1,070,134 .... 1,333,390 1S38 935,5-32 .... 899,142 1S49 1,236,681 .... 721,409 1S28 1,019,517 .... 1,240,809 1839 895,485 .... 982,724 1850 1,556,912 .... 856,411 1S29 737,832 .... 747,781 1840 1,018,269 .... 628,762 1851 1,551,433 .... 1,176,590 18-30 670,522 .... 572,600 1841 1,091,565 .... 700,961 1852 — .... — Internal Cammu7iicatian.—T'he bays and estuaries of Maine, many of which, however, penetrate to a considerable distance inland, are the only natural ways for internal intercourse enjoyed by the State. The great interior back from the sea-board district is beyond their reach, and the chief rivers, except as far as they can be made to float down the timber and rafts of the vast forests which abound at their upper courses, are almost useless to navigation. The State, then, has had to depend on artificial channels for travel and transportation ; and from necessity, these are extensive and systematic. But the position of Maine to the British provinces has demanded of it something more than roads to the interior, and hence we find its system, completed and projected, extending into Canada on the one hand, and into New Bnmswick and Nova Scotia on the other ; while lines of railroad are in operation from the south-east part of the State to Boston, connecting with the general system of the Union, and furnishing a link in the great chain extending from Halifax, the northern terminus of European steam navigation, to the ports of the Gulf of Mexico. The Atlantic and St. LawTcnce Railroad, one of the greatest enterprises of the age, gives to Montreal and Quebec an outlet on the Atlantic, and avoids the tedious navigation down the St. Lawrence Eiver. The European and North American Kailroad will greatly facilitate and shorten the period of travel between Europe and the Union. The first of these is already complete, and the latter has so far progressed as to insure its completion within the next four or five years. With the exception of one or two short lines, the railroads as yet complete are found in the south-east part of the State, between the Kennebec Eiver and the line of New Hampshire. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st January, 1853, was 417 miles. The State has also constnicted the Cumberland and Oxford Canal, connecting Portland with Sebago Pond, twenty and a half miles long. It has 25 locks, and by another lock, in Saco Eiver, it is extended through Brandy and Long Ponds, making its whole length 50 miles. Banks.— The bank returns for October, 1S50, reported 32 banks. The following statement exhibits their condition at ihat period: Ziaifiiities—C3.inta.\ $8,248,000, circulation $2,651,208, deposits $1,223,671, due other banks $48,036, and oiher I 129 THE STATE OF MAINE. liabilities $33,285 ; and «««e banks are subject to the control of Bank Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Ocycernment, etc. — Tlie constitution of Maine went into operation in 1820, on tlie separation of the State from Massa- chusetts. It confers the right of suffrage on every white male citizen (except paupers, persons under guardiansliip, and Indians not taxed) 21 years of age, and for three nionihs next preceding any election a resilient, and such citizen may vote in the town where a residence is so established. The general election is held annually on the second Monday in Sep- tember. The Le^gidature is composed of a House of Kepresentatives and a Senate ; representatives nut loss than 100, nor more than 200 in number (now 151), and elected annually, must be 21 years of age, five years citizens of the United States, one year residents of the State, and three months next preceding the election inhabitants of the town they may represent. A town having 1,500 inhabitants, is entitled to one representative; having 3,750, 1 graduates. These institutions are liberally endowed, and have all the appliances, apparatus, etc., necessary to illustrate the various subjects taught. Palllc Libraries. — One State library — 9,000 volumes ; two social libraries — 6,370 volumes ; two college libraries — ^16,800 volumes ; six students' libraries — 13,134 volumes ; two academical and professional libraries — 10,800 volumes ; one scientific and historical library — 300 volumes; seventeen public school libraries — 152 volumes — total 31 libraries and 56,856 volumes. There is a great discrepancy between the account of the college libraries given by the census as above and that published in the annual catalogues of the respective institutions. Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals in Maine, according to the ascertainments of the census of 1850 was 55, of which 15 v>"ere whig in polities, 15 democratic, and 25 neutral or devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; and of the whole number 4 were published daily, 3 tri-weekly, 4 semi-weekly, 43 weekly, and one semi-monthly. The aggregate circulation of each issue of the dailies was 6,100 ; of the tri-weeklies, 370 ; of the semi-weeklies, 1,350 ; of the weeklies, 53,567 ; and of the setni-monlhly, 2,500. Of the dailies 2 were published in Portland, and 2 at Bangor ; of the tri-weeklies, 2 at Portland, and 1 at Bath; of the semi-weeklies, 1 at Gardiner, 1 at Bath, 1 at Thomaston, and 1 at Biddeford; of the weeklies, 9 at Portland, 1 at Farmingtou, 4 at Augusta, 1 at Ilallowell, 2 at Waterville, 4 at Bath, 1 at Newcastle, 1 at Lewiston, 1 at Rockland, 2 at Paris, 2 at Norway, 1 at Dover, 4 at Bangor, 2 at Skowhegan, 3 at Calais, 2 at Belfast, 2 at Saco, and 1 at Limerick ; and the semi-monthly, the " Scholar's Leaf,*' at Portland. The " Maine Farmer," an agricultural paper, published at Auausta, circulates 5,300 copies at each issue, and has the highest circulation of any periodical in the State. The " Transcript," a literary issue, published at Portland, cu-culates 4,608 copies, and has the second highest circulation. Pauperism ami Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 6,503, of which 4,553 were natives, and 950 foreign bom ; and the whole number of paupers on the list at the above 181 THE STATE OF MAINE. date was 3,535, of which 3,209 were natives, and 32G foreign born ; annual cost of support, $154,664. The State prison b located at Thoiiuiston. The whole number of convicts in this institution 30th April, 1S49, was 97, and the number received in the year next following was 81 — total 93. Discharged by e-xpiration of sentence 17, by pardon 5, and by death 1 ; and on the 30th April, 1350, 75 remained incarcerated. Of those convicted in 1349-50, 4 were for arson, 5 for burglarj-, 2 for forgery, 49 for larceny, 5 for murder, and 1 for passing counterfeit coin. The whole number of convicts received into the prison since 2d July, 1S24, up to the end of tlie official year 1850, was 931. ffistoHcxd Sketch. — The first settlements of Maine were for a long period interrupted by savage incursion. Though visited at an early period, no permanent colonies wore established until the commencement of the seventeenth century. In 1004 the French settled on the Kennebec, and in 1607 Sir John Gilbert arrived at the mouth of the same river with 100 colonists, but having passed the winter in great suffering, the party returned to England, representing the country as a " cold, barren, and mountainous desert." The unfortunate result of this enterprise discouraged any further attempts on the part of the English for some years. The French, however, had established themselves on dilTerent parts of the coast, and the Dutch also had a settlement at a place called Newcastle. After the formation of the Plymouth Company a more regular system of colonization was attempted, but no effectual settlement by the English was made before 1635. In that year the country was parceled into shares, but none of the holders, except Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who received a grant of the lands between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, obtained their patents. Ills charter, granted in 1039, gave him despotic power over the district, and the laws he promulgated on taking possession were aristocratic and feudal in their chiu-aeter, and little suited to the English emigrant of the time. The population of the province seems accordingly to have increased but slowly. The first general council was held at Saco in 1040. The government was administered in the name of Gorges until 1017, when, on his death being announced, the people took the administration of affairs into their own hands, and elected a governor from among themselves until 1652, in which year the province was incorporated with Massachusetts, and so remained until Charles 11. restored it to the heirs of Gorges. The government of Massachusetts, however, shortly after- ward purchased the whole countrj' for £1,200 sterling, and thenceafter it was governed as part of her territory, and was included in the new charter of >Iassachusetts in 1691. At that time the present State of Maine was divided into two parts — the country between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, which contained the principal settlements, and was exclusively called Maine, and that between the Kennebec and the St. Croix, which was known by the ancient French name of Acadie. The province was not supposed to extend back from the sea farther than 120 miles, and the territory beyond that distance was considered as crown lands. The whole country, from the Piscataqua to the St. Croix, was now granted to Massachusetts. From its first settlement to the middle of the eighteenth centurj- Uie inhabitants suffered grievously from Indian warfare. The savages opposed step by step the progress of the colony. In 1675 almost all the settlements were destroyed, and from 1692 to 1703 the province was a uniform scene of rapine. In 1720 the harassing conflict was renewed, and the settlers suffered severely until 1726, when a treaty was concluded which secured peace for several years. So late .as 1744 and 174S many of the inliabitants were killed or carried off from the towns. Since 1749, however, when another treaty was made, tranquillity has prevailed, and at the present time few Indians remain within the State. From the period of the union with MassaehusetLs to the final separation in 1820, the history of Maine has been merged in that of Massachusetts. "We hear little of the former during the Eevolutionary "War. In the war of 1312-15 a portion of the district was compelled to submit to the Erilish arms, and remained under their control until the return of peace. No attempt was made to dislodge the enemy. The separation of the district from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and its erection into an independent State, were frequently attempted, but without success. In October, 1785, a convention met at Portland for the purpose of considering the subject. In the succeeding year the question was submitted to the people of Maine, to be decided in town meetings, when it was found that a majority of the freemen were against the measure. The subject was renewed in 1802, when again a majority appeared adverse to a separation. In 1319, numerous petitions having been presented to the Legislature, an act w.as passed for ascertaining the will of the people, in conformity to which a vote was taken in all the towns. A large majority now voted in favor of the separation, and in consequence of the desires of the inhribitants thus expressed, a convention was called under the authorization of the Legislature of Massachusetts. A constitution was adopted which received the approbation of the people, and on the 15th March, 1320, the District of Maine became an independent State and a member of the United States. Succession of (?(>rer«o/-«.— William King, 1320; Albion K. P.iris, 1321 ; E. Lincoln, 1826 ; Jonathan G. Iluuton, 18.30; Samuel E. Smith, 1331 ; Robert P. Dunlap, 1334 ; Edward Kent, 1838 ; John Fau-fleld, 1339 ; Edward Kent, 1341 ; John Fairfield, 1342 ; Edward Kavanagh (acting), 1343 ; Hugh J. Anderson, 1844 ; John W. Dana, 1&17 ; John Uubbard, ISol. ■ Augusta, on the Kennebec Kiver, is the political capital and seat of the State Government. 182 THE STATE OE MAEYLAID. Maryland, the most southern part of that division of the United States of America usually called the "Middle States," is situate between the latitudes 88° and 39° 43' north, and between the longitudes 75° 03' and 79° 32' west from Greenwich, or 2° 31' and 1° 58' east from Washington. Its outline is extremely irregular, except on the north and east, where Mason and Dixon's line constitutes the frontier, and separates Maryland from the adjoining states of Pennsylvania and Delaware. On the south the Potomac River, with a winding channel and circuitous general course, is its limitary stream, and divides it from Virginia. The main body of the eastern section is bounded by Delaware State line ; but a narrow strip, projecting eastward to the sea, intrudes itself between that State and the Virginia portion of Chesapeake peninsula. The periphery of the State is estimated to be about 766 miles, namely : from the mouth of Potomac Eiver to the source of its north branch, 320 miles ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line, 85 miles; thence along that line east- ward, 199 miles ; thence along the west and south line of Delaware, 122 miles ; thenee along the Atlantic Ocean, 82 miles ; thence across the peninsula to the mouth of Pocomoke Eiver, 20 miles; and directly west to the confluence of Potomac Eiver with Chesapeake Bay, the place of beginning, about 38 miles. Within this outline is contained a superficies of 13,959 square miles ; but of this extent only 9,074 square miles are laud, the residue being covered by the waters of Chesapeake Bay and its numerous inlets and bays. Maryland is naturally divided into three distinct geographical sections. The J; rst section comprises that portion lyin"' to the east of Susquelianna Ei\'er and Cliesnpeake Bay, known locally as the "Eastern Shore," and which contains the counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Caroline, Queen Anne, Kent, and Cecil. It forms a part of that long peninsula which, projecting southward toward and into the Atlantic Ocean, divides the waters of Chesapeake and Delaware bays, and which, thougli of very limited extent, comprises the whole of one slate, and portions of two others. The surface of the whole tract is level, and but slightly elevated above the sea ; and in every part its soils are more or less sandy, but, in their general character, may be considered as above the average in respect of their adaptation to the pur- poses of agriculture. Few rocks are found in any part, and the mineral deposits are chiefly bog-iron ore, chromes, etc., with aluminous and magnesia salts. Marl, shell-lime, marsh mud, peat or turf, and other agents used as fertilizers, abound. In the northern districts of this region, however, the country is hilly, and in some parts has a rocky substratum — the rocks chiefly sandstone and slate. The forest growths consist principally of oaks of various species, hickory, chestnut, pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum, beech, and a great variety of shrub and herbaceous annuals. Wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco are the staple productions ; and in the more southern counties, the cotton plant is said to succeed well. The climate is temperate, and highly favorable to the enjoyment and extended duration of life. The land area of this section is computed at 3,386 sqare miles, or 2,167,040 acres. The peninsula, of which this portion of Maryland forms a part, is about 180 miles in length from the north line of the State to Cape Charles, and has an area of about 5,980 square miles; the neck between the inclosing bays is only about 17 miles wide ; but as it stretches southward, it expands gradually to the width of 70 miles, and then as gradually contracts until it terminates in a long, narrow tongue, called Accomac Penin- sula, about 50 miles In length and 10 miles wide. The coast on the Chesapeake is deeply indented by numerous spacious gulfs and estuaries ; such as those at the confluence with the bay of the Pocomoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester, and Elk rivers, each receiving considerable streams from the interior and aflbrding great facilities to navigation. The eastern coast presents a striking contrast when compared with the western coast. " Between the ocean and the cultivated portion of the country, there is a prolonged sandy beach, varying from a few hundred yards to a quarter of a mile or upward in breadth, and extending the whole length of the coast, without a single outlet to the ocean, from Indian Eiver, in Delaware, to the southern extremity of Chincoteague Island, in Virginia. Between this beach and the mainland lies Sinepuxent Bay, from one to four or five miles wide, and nearly 30 miles in length. It is a shallow sheet of water, navigable only to a short distance above South Point, at the lower end of Sinepuxent Neck." Some inlets that formcj-ly existed in this beach, and admitted the sea, are now closed, and the waters of the bay have become comparatively fresh. The second section, comprising what is usually called the Western Shore, consists of another peninsula lying inland between the Potomac Eiver and Chesapeake Bay, and up to the line of the river falls, which extend from above Port Deposit to above Georgetown. In its general features, soil, and productions, it closely resembles the section of country already described. It is alluvial in its formation, and lying principally on the western shores of the bay, or upon the eastern bank of the lower Potomac, has the same climate as the "Eastern Shore." The counties comprised in this section are St. Mar>-'s, Calvert, Charles, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Howard, parts of Montgomery, Baltimore, and Harford. The territ<:)rial extent of these counties is about 3,098 square miles, or 2,366,520 acres. The leading geographical feature of the north-western part of this section, is the ledge of primitive rocks which runs from the left bank of the Potomac, in Montgomery County, north-eastwardly to the Susquehanna Eiver, where it crosses the north line of the State. The primitive ledge forms a natural boundary between the alluvial region and the mountainous district of Maryland, which latter constitutes the thirc7, or western section, passing through which wc meet with, in succession, South-East Mountain, or Parr's Eidge, terminating with Sugar-Loaf Mountain, on the Potomac; Catoctin Mountain, reaching the same river at the Point of Rocks ; South Mountain, or Blue Ridge, crossing it at Harper's Ferry ; the Kittatinny, crossing it at Hancock ; Rugged Mountain, Wills Mountain, and other detached ridges ; and the great Alleghany ridge, traversing the far western part of the State. Many fine valleys interlie the mountains, which in climate and soil are not surpassed by the most favored 138 THE STATE OF MARYLAND. regions of the earth. This section extends along the left bank of the Potomac to the western boundary of the State, and following the sinuosities of the river, is nearly 175 miles in length, but so irregular in shape, that though it is more than 100 miles wide at the eastern end, it is compressed in the middle by the near approach of the border lines of Virginia and Pennsylvania to a width of less than 3 miles. From the base of the primitive letigc, which is, in fact, a lower branch of the Appalachian chain, the surface gradually rises to the head waters of the Potomac Pviver 2,0ii0 or more feet. This represents the rise from tide-water at Baltimore to the dividing grounds in Alleghany County, between (he waters of the Potomac ami those falling into Ohio Kiver. ICmbraced in this section are Carroll, Frederick, AVasliington, and Alleghany couirfies, which together cover an area of 2,590 square miles, or 1,657,600 acres. Chesapeake Bay, which divides the State into two unequal parts, in its greatest extent, lies within Maryland. It is a noble sheet of water, equaled in its commercial capacities by few of the great estuaries that in various parts of the world have attracted the notice and admiration of the mariner. Its entrance between Cape Charles and Cnpc Tlenry, in Virginia, is about 15 miles in width, and opens from east to west; but on penetrating the land it suddenly changes its direction, and stretches from south to north over a distance of ISO miles, with a width in the southern part of 2i» to 80 miles, and in the northern part of about 10 miles. It is, throughout, deep and navigable for large vessels, and it receives a great many deep and navigable rivers, of which the largest and principal are from Virginia. Its area is about 3,500 square miles. The Susquehanna lliver has its lower course in Maryland ; the tide reaches Port Deposit 5 miles from its mouth, above which there are falls; the Patapsco Piiver is a fine mill stream falling into the bay of the same name below Baltimore; the Patuxent, the principal river of the Western Shore, is a wide stream, flowing nearly parallel with the Potomac, and navfgaljle to Nottiiigliam, about 50 miles, for large vessels; the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, and Pocomoko, on the Eastern Shore, are na\'igablc for 80 or 40 miles; and the Monocacy Kiver, Antietam and Coneco- cheague creeks are the principal tributaries of the Potomac in Maryland. All these contribute to the volume of the waters of Chesapeake Cay, and, in their several courses, furnish fine avenues of internal trade, or provide water-power sufficient for all the purjioses of extensi\e manufacturing operations. The Potomac, common to Virginia and Maryland, forming the boundary Ijetween the two, is the most important of. all the streams of the latter, and the largest of the tributaries of the Chesapeake. It rises in the recesses of the Alleghany Mountains, and reaches the bay between Point Lookout and Smith's Point. This river is "J miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for ships of the greatest burden for 300 miles from the sea, 3 miles below the head of tide-water. Above this point, the navigation is obstructed by a succes- sion of falls, around which, however, canals have been dug, and the navigable channel so far improved as to render the river passable for boats to Cumberland, 191 miles above Washington. The descent of the Potomac, from the mouth of Savage River to Cumberland, a distance of 31 miles, is 445 feet; from Cumberland to the Shenandoah Falls, ISO miles, it is 490 feet ; hence to Great Falls, 40 miles, .99 feet; and between these and tide- water, 12 miles, 143 feet; making the whole descent from the mouth of Savage P.iver to tide-water, a distance of 213 miles, 1,117 feet, or on the average 5i feet in each mile. Piising westward of the Alleghany Mountains is the Youghiogeny, the only river of Marjland that does not empty its waters into Chesapeake Bay ; it flows northward through AUeghany County, and passing into Pennsylvania, falls into Monongahela Kiver, IS miles south-east of Pittsburg; and thence its waters are carried through the Ohio and Missi-ssippi rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. Commencing at the ocean and proceeding westward, we find a low and almost level region. This plain extends from New Jersey through the Southern States. As the soil composing this plain consists of incoherent materials, which are easily washed away, the tide flows across it and forms large estuaries, where it meets the rivers which flow from the interior. This plain does "not now present an unbroken surface, but is marked by minor irregularities and undulations, which have been due to the action of brooks, creeks, and rain torrents ; still, the general character of a broad level is preserved, as it is in the ocean, notwithstanding its surface is broken by waves. The portion of the plain lying in Mary- land, which is sometimes called the tide-water district, embraces nearly one-half of the territory of the State. This great region, which once formed the bed of an ancient ocean, and lias risen by means of those elevatory forces which have acted upon all the continents, contains beneath its surface unquestioned records of the epochs when its materials were deposited. In the strata which compose this plain toward the north, in New Jersey, fossils are found indicating that the strata belong to the cretaceous or chalk formation, which occupies in the geological scale the upper part of the secondary formation. The cretaceous strata, if tliey exist in Maryland, are concealed by the overlying deposits ; but they probably form the floor of these deposits iVom Ni'w Jersey to North Carolina, where they again appear at the surface. The fossils found in the cliffs and banks of the Atlnntic plain, prove that the strata which eomjiose it belong principally to the ter- tiary formation, which lies next the chalk. All the tertiary deposits, with the exception of the pliocene, occur in the State. The inclination of the tertiary beds in Maryland is very slight, and toward the south-cast, s* that the Potomac below Washington presents sections of each of the divisions, the lower beds rising to the surfa(X> as we proceed west. The later tertiary, or post pliocene, which represents the epochs next anteedcnt to the introduction of the human race, occurs in Maryland only in limited patches. The principal one is in St. Mary's County. To this period are referred the numerous beds of oysters which skirt the low margins of the islets and rivers of Maryland, and which are usually attributed to the agency of the aborigines. The deposit in St. Mary's County is interesting, as containing several southern species, and particularly the f/natlKUlmi caneatus, which is now found oidy in the warmer waters of the Gulf of Mexico; a fact indicating the prevalence in this region of a climate like that of Florida, at the period of the formation of this deposit. The miocene formation, which underlies the last named deposits, is the most widely extended of the tertiary beds. The principal marl beds are in this formation. It occurs near Chestertown, AVye Mills, on Choptank River, near Easton, and at other places near the Eastern Shore ; also through the counties of St. Mary's, Calvert, etc. Within the miocene, at Pisc.itaway, has been traced a remark.ible bed of silicious clay, entirely composed of silicious cases (of infusoria) so minute as only to be detected by a powerful microscope, yet containing distinct specific characters, enabling us to refer them to the miocene. Of the shells in the miocene deposits in this State, about seventeen per cent, have been identified with living species. Thus, at this remote period, the peculiar distribution of living moUusca, which now exists, had begun to prevail in the region of Maryland, while at this geological era the fauna were so distinct fVom the present, that four-flfths of the .species now living had not come into existence. An abrujtt line of \taS. invested, $18,108,793; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $17,320,734; average hands employed, 80,124— males 22,641, and females 7,483; average monthly cost of labor $614,556— male $544,931, and female $69,625; annual value of pr.iducts $29*592,019. The amount of capital invested in 1840 was $0,450,234, and heucc the manufacturing interests of Maryland have duplicated in the decade. The whole number of industrial establishments, manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward, on the 1st June, 1850, was 3,708, comprising 148 several pursuits, and of these 70 were agricultural implement factories, 232 blacksmith shops, 464 boot and shoe shops, 61 brick flelds, 141 eabmet-ware factories, 234 carpenters' and builders' shops, 125 cigar factories, 265 clothing shops, 52 coach, etc., factories, 99 coopers" shops, 21 curriers' shops, 16 distilleries, 33 cotton factories, 4;3 woolen factories, 5 forges, 10 brass founderies, and IS iron founderies, 19 furnaces, 15 machine shops, 245 flour-mills, 147 grist- mills, 25 paper-mills, 118 saw-mills; mines— 8 coal, 3 copper, 1 gold, and 21 iron; 10 piano-forte factories, 12 plumbing shops, 71 saddleries, 24 ship-building yards, 116 tanneries, 33 wheelwright shops, etc., the remaining handicrafts being those common to every civilized country. The following table will show the details of some of the largest manufactures : Manufactures, Ciip;t;il In- Value r,f Raw Average Hands Montlily Cost Value of Annual vested. Material, etc. Employed. of Laljor. Products. Boot and Shoe $297,905 $504,210 2,756 $50,264 $1,372,853 Brick-kilns 280,536 124.279 1,881 38,334 471,450 Cabinet-ware 301,215 208,895 903 23,0.S1 705,175 Clothing 628,940 1,827,481 5,293 70,616 2,662,127 Distilleries 184,300 457,638 52 1,435 560,064 Factories— Cotton . . 2,248,600 1,353,361 3,247 88,112 2,021,396 " Woolen . 258,100 176,518 870 6,144 319,240 Forges— Iron 94,500 78,985 90 2,353 186,000 - Foundries " 253,100 230,562 555 15,444 515,863 Furnaces " 1,0.33,500 576,225 1,351 26,071 1,048,250 Machinery 257,500 120,848 458 12,591 497,550 Mills— Flour 1,833,460 4,126,324 502 9,055 4,918,576 " Grist 264,150 432.588 185 2,806 589,689 " Paper 134.800 118,668 186 2,401 2.34,365 " Eolling 190,000 210,564 175 5,015 282,531 " Saw 19.5,350 185,6.30 804 5,191 399,778 Mining— Coal 605,000 — 210 5,450 196,000 " Iron 84,750 — 274 5,.844 171,675 Ship-building 164,000 278,985 673 26,722 832,100 Tanneries 628,900 725,612 479 8,034 1,103,139 In the cotton manufacture there were consumed 23,825 bales of cotton ; in the woolen manufacture, 430,800 pounds of wool ; and in the tanneries, 169.585 hides and 68,810 skins. Internal Communication.— Maryland has projected and completed a magniflcent system of railroads and canals. At an early period of its State history the necessity of opening communication with the west and the interior was agitated, and in some measure the projects of that day were matured by opening the navigation of the Upper Potomac, and more recently by building the great national road west from Cumberland. These works, however, have been superseded by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, extending from Alexandria in Virginia to Cumberland, 191 miles, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, from Baltimore to Wheeling, on the Ohio River, 819 miles. These two great thoroughfares secure to the principal sea-port of the State a vast amount of Western commerce, and open to the m.arkets of the East the rich mineral deposits of Alleghany County, etc. The other great avenues within the State are the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, and the Washington Branch Railroad, etc., which, with their external connections, communicate with every portion of the Union. Besides these there is a short canal and raih-oad across the neck of the Delaware Peninsula, the canal being navigable for sloops and barges, and also the Susque- 13T THE STATE OF MARYLAND. hanna and Tide-water Canal. The total length of completed railroad within Marjdand in January, 1S53, was 544 miles, or in the proportion of 1 mile to every IS square miles of its territory, or to every 1,072 inlial)ilant3. Forc-ign Commerce. — In regard of foreign commerce, Maryland ranks fli'lh or sixth among the United States. Accord- ing to the report of the Register of the Treasury fur the year ending .3i)th -June, 1S51), the total export-s were valued at $6,967,:553 ; the value of domestic produce was $6,!5Sy,-lSl, of which the value of that portion carried in American sliips was $4,057,185, and of that carried in foreign, $1,932,296; and the value of foreign produce was $377,872, of which the value exported in American ships was $250,861, and in foreign ships, $127,011. The value of imports amounted to $6,124,201, of which $5,529,632 was the value of merchandise carried in American ships, and $594,515 of that carried in foreign ships. The character, tonnage, and crews of the shi])ping employed in the foreign trade were as follows — Entrances : Vessels 438, burden 99,588 tons, and crews 4,111 men and bi^ys, viz., American, 295 v&ssels, 70,427 tons, and 2,770 men and boys ; and foreign, 143 vessels, 29,161 tons, and 1,-341 men and boys ; and — Clearances ; Vessels 521 , burden 126,819, and crews 5.275 men and boys, viz., American, 359 vessels, 89,296 tons, and 3,605 men and boys; and foreign, 162 vessels, 37,.^^23 tons, and 1,670 men and boys. The shipping owned within tlie State, at the date above appearing, was as follows : Registered. oiled and Licensed. Districts. Perm't, Tenip'ry. Perin't. Baltimore 67,061 23,609 57,012 Temp'rj. Oxford Vienna Snow Hill... St. Mary's... Town Creek. Annapolis .. . Total . 12,066 14,941 , 9,226 . 2,143 . 2,22T 2,299 , Licensed (unuer-20 tons.) ... 737 ... . Aggregate 149,019 13,115 277 12,843 — 537 15,478 — 285 9,511 — 42 2.1S5 — — 2,227 — 25 2,324 . . . 07,061 2,3,609 100,514. 1,903 , 836 193,087 13,151 The total amount of shipping built in the State, in the year endin; of 15,905 tons, of which 10 were ships, 5 brigs, 125 schooners, and (11,683 tons) were built in Baltimore district, 31 schooners (1,753 tons) 26 schooners (990 tons) in Snow Hill. The following table exhibits the movements in the values of imports and exports for a series of years embraced between 1791 and 1850 inclusive : ; as above, was 15 vessels, of an aggregate burden 4 steamers; and of the whole amount, 66 vessels in Oxford, 27 schooners (1,533 tons) in Vienna, and Years. Exports. 1791 $2,239,691 . . . 1792 2,623,808 . . . 1793 8,665,056 . . . 1794 5,686,191 . . . 1795 5,811,880 . . . 1796 9,201,315 . . . 179T 9,811,380 . . . 1793 12,746,190 ... 1799 16,299,609 ... 1800 12,264,.331 ... 1801 12,767,.530 . . . 1802 7,914,225 . . . 1808 5,078,002 . . . 1804 9,151,939 ... 1805 10,859,480 ... 1806 14,580,905 . . . 1807 14,298,984 . . . 1808 2,721,106 . . . 1809 6,627,320 . . . 1810 6,489.018 . . . Import.^ Yenra, E.xporls. 1811 $0,333,987 1812 5,885,979 1S13 8,787,805 1814.. 243,4.34 1815 5,036.601 1316 7,333,767 1S17 8,9.33,9-30 1318 8,570,034 1319 5,920,216 1S20 6,609,364 1S21 3,350,394 1322 4,536,796 1823 5,030,228 1824 4,863,283 1325 4,501,304 1320 4,010,748 1327 4,510,406 1828 4,8-34,422 1329 4,804,455 1330 3,791,482 Imports, y 4,070,841 4,792,436 4,946,179 4,551,442 4,751,815 4,923,569 4,405,708 5,629,694 4,804,135 4,523,866 Exports, 1831 $4,308,647 1832 4,499,918 1833 4,062,467 1334 4,163,245 13:35 8,925,2-34 1330 8,j675,475 1337 8,739,917 1333 4,524,575 1339 4,.570,501 1840 5,768,703 1341 4,947,166 1842 4,904,766 1343 5,015,556 1844 5,133,166 1845 6,369,053 1346 6,369,055 1847 9,762,244 1348 7,129,782 1849 8,000,660 1350 6,967,353 Imports. $4,826,577 4,029,803 5,437,057 4,647,483 5,047,153 7.131,807 7,357,033 5,701,869 6,995,285 4,910,746 6.101,313 4,417,078 2,479,132 3,D 17,750 4,042,915 4,042,915 4,4:32,314 5,343,043 4,970,731 0,124,201 Banl-^.—Ihe aggregate condition of 23 banks and 2 branch banks in Mar)land, according to the returns of Jan , 1851, were as follows: LiabiliUe,'i—capitxil ,$18,128,331, circulation $3,532,809, deposits $5,883,706, due other banks $1,923,206, and other liabilities $9,895 ; and assets— ]oiu\s and discounts $14,900,816, slocks $760,417, real estate $405,245, other invest- ments $763, due by other b.tnks $1,178,200, notes of other banks $965,796, specie funtl $78,552, and sjiccie $2,709,055. Gwermncnt. — The present constitution of Maryland was done in convention 13tli May, 1351, ratified by the people 4th June, 1351, and went into operation 4th July, 1351. It supplanted the old constitution of 1776, which haerations were suspended by fear of hostilities from the Indians. At the end of every mile they set up a stone, with the letter '• P" and the arms of the Pcnns engraved on the north side, and *' M," with the escutcheon of Lord Baltimore, on the south. In 17S2-3 a continuation was made of " Mason and Dixon's line" to its western terminus ; this, however, was looked upon as a mere temporary arrangement, and the controversies and recriminations continued ; and complaints were made to the Governor of Virginia, who appealed to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to come into some arrangement to effect a permanent and acknowledged boundary. " For this desirable purpose each State selected the best and most suitable men within its reach, so that their work, when completed, would merit and receive entire confidence in its accuracy." The commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania were David Kittenhouse, John Ewing, and Captain llutcliins; those on the part of Virginia were Andrew Ellieott, Rev. James Madison, Pev. Pobert Andrews, and T. Page. They performed the duty assigned them in the fall of 1784. The line having been thus carried to its western terminus, it only remained to run a meridian line from that point to the Ohio River to close this long-pro- tracted controversy. This task was committed to Messrs. Rittcnhouse ann Commissioners, 1697 to 1699; Nathaniel Blackstone, 1699; Thom.is Tench, 1703; John Sey- mour, 1704; Edward Lloyd, 1704; John Hart, 1714; Charles Calvert, 1720; Benedict Calvert, 1727; Lord Baltimore, 1733; Samuel Ogle, 1737; Thomas Bladen, 1742; Samuel Ogle, 1747; Benjamhi Tasker, 1751; Horatio Sharpe, 1753; Kobert Eden, 1769 ; Robert Eden, 1773 ; and — Constitutional Governors : Thomas Johnson, 1777 ; Thomas Simm Lee, 1779 ; William Paca, 1782 ; William Smallwood, 1785 ; John Eager Howard, 17SS ; George Plater, 1792 ; Thoma-s Simm Lee, 1792; John Haskens Stone, 1794; John Henry, 1797 ; Benj.amin Ogle, 1793; John Francis Mercer, 1801; Eobert Bowie, 1803; Eobert Wright, 1805; Edward Lloyd, 1809; Eobert Bowie, 1811; Levin Winder, 1812; C, Rilgley, of Hampton, 1815; C, W. Goldsborough, 1818; Samuel Sprigg, 1819; Samuel Stevens, 1822; Joseph Kent, 1826; Daniel Martin, 1829 ; T. K. Carroll, 1830 ; Daniel Martin, 1831 ; George Howard (acting), 1831 ; George Howard, 1832 ; James Thomas, 1833; Thomas W. Veasey, 1836 ; William Grason, 1838; Francis Thomas, 1841 ; Thomas G. Pratt, 1844; Philip F. Thomas, 1848; Enoch Louis Lowe, 1851. Annapolis is the political capital of the State. THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.' Massachusetts, the parent State of New England, and the cliief manufacturing district of the United States, is bounded north by New Ilamshire and Vermont, east by tlie Atlantic Ocean, south by the Atlantic, Khode Island, and Connecticut, and west by New Tork. It is situated between 41° 15' and 42° 52' latitudes north, and between G9° 54' and 7:P 34' longi- tudes west from Greenwich, or 3° 28' and 7° OS' east from Washington. This State has a general' breadth of not more than 5l) miles, with a length of about IGO miles; but in the eastern part it extends abruptly to the breadth of 90 miles, and shoots a long narrow tongue of sand into the ocean, which extends nearly 50 miles beyond the mainland. The area of the State is estimated at 7.S00 square miles. Although the surface is generally hilly, and in some places rugged, no part of it rises to an elevation of 4,000 feet, the isolated peak called Saddle Mountain, in the north-western corner of the State, the loftiest summit within its limits, being not more than 8,000 feet above the level of the sea. The Green Mountains enter the western part of Massachusetts from the north, forming the lloosic and Taghkannuc or Taconie ridges, which run nearly parallel to each other southward into Connecticut, The Taghkannuc ridge is near the western boundary of the State— its most elevated peaks are Saddle Mountain, above referred to, on the north, and Taghkannuc Mountain, in the south, the latter being 3,000 feet in height. The Hoosic ridge has no summits above half these elevations ; it divides the waters of the Connecticut from those of the llousatonic. The White Mountain range enters this State from New Hampshire, a little to the east of the Connecticut, and running southerly, divides below Northampton into the Mount Tom and Lyme ranges. Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke are peaks in this range — the first 1,214 feet and the latter S30 feet above the level of the Connecticut Kiver, which flows between them ; Waehusett, a solitary mountain in the north-eastern part of Worcester County, is 2,018 feet above the level of the sea. Eastward of these ranges, the surface is for the most part broken by gentle swells, and in the south-east spreads out into a level sandy plain, which extends from the margins of the ocean, and is continued in the peninsula of Cape Cod. The county of Barnstable is a peninsula commonly called the Peninsula of Cape Cod. Its shape is that of a man's arm bent inward both at the elbow and at the wrist. A great part of this peninsula is barren, and in many places wholly destitute! of vegetation. The inhabitants derive Uieir support principally from the ocean. Nantucket Island lies south of Cape Cod. It is of a triangular form, 15 miles long, and in its widest part about 11 miles ; and is little more than a heap of sand without a tree of native growth upon it — yet it maintains a numerous population distinguished for activity and enterprise. The island affords some pasturage, and cattle and sheep in considerable numbers are raised on it. The climate is much milder than that of the neighboring continent. South-east of this island, out of sight of land, lie the Nan- tucket Shoals, a dangerous s.and-reef about 50 miles long and about 45 miles broad, and which has been the scene of many dreadful shipwrecks. Martha's Vineyard, to the west of Nantucket, is about 21 miles long, and from 2 to 10 miles broad. The soil is for the most part poor, but many sheep and cattle are raised, and the people are nmch employed as pilots or in the fisheries. There is a spacious harbor on the north side of the island called Holmes's Hole, and vessels bound to the eastward are frequently seen here in great numbers, waiting for a wind to enable them to double Cape Cod. It is calcu- lated that more than 1,000 vessels anchor here in the course of a year. The Elizabeth Islands arc sixteen in number, ex- tending in a line from the elbow of Cape Cod Peninsula westward, and forming the south-eastern side of Buzzard's Bay. No lilan's Land is a small island south-west of Martlia's Vineyard. Plum Island, off the east coast, extends from Ncw- buryport southward to Ipswich. It is 9 miles long and 1 broad, and is separated from the mainland by a narrow sound, over which a bridge has been built. In the season when plums are ripe, this island is the resort of the neighboring iu- habitants, and a scene of lively amusement. The v.alley of the Connecticut, which, varying in width, extends through the State in a direction north and south, con- sists, for the most part, of a sandy alluvion. The lower flats are fertile, and jjroduce rich crops of grain. In the vicinity of Iladley in this valley are extensive fields of broom-corn, and the manufacture of this article into brooms absorbs a con- siderable portion of the labor of the towns in the neighborhood. A portion of this valley is occupied by sandy tracts, w hich yield light crops of rye and maize. Some of these plains are covered with low pine forests. The valley of the llousatonic extends nearly in the same direction with that of the Connecticut, and consists of alluvial tracts of the same description. The valley of the lloosic in the north-west consists of an almost uninterrupted succession of intervale, about a mile in width, extremely rich, and ornamented with the liveliest verdure. The waters of this stream are remarkably limpid, and wind their way along this valley through luxuriant meadows and pastiu-es, green to the water's edge, and fringed with willows and other moisture-loving growths. Every part of the State is well watered ; but in general the streams are more useful for agricultural and manufacturing purposes than as channels of communication. The Connecticut crosses the western part of the Slate from north to south, intersecting the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden, and passes into Connecticut. By means of short canals round several falls of the river, it has been made navigable for small vessels through its whole course in this State. Its principal tributaries are the Deerficld and Wesffield Pvivers from the west, and Miller's and Chicopee Pivcrs from the eastr-all of which afford the best of water-power, and at their several falls are scenes of busy industry. The upper waters of the llousatonic lie on the west of the mountains, and flow southward into Connecticut. The Quinnebaug and Black- stone Kivers have also their sources in this State. Charles' Eiver, reaching the sea at Boston, and Taunton Paver, which falls into Narragansett Bay, arc useful mill-streams. The Nashua and Concord Rivers are tributaries of the Merrimac, which last finds the sea at Newburyport, near the northern boundary line. The Merrimac, after entering this State from New Hampshire, has a course east and north-east, and is navigable for sloops to Haverhill, 20 miles fl-om its mouth. * The n.ime of this State probably arose from the name of a tribe oflndians formerly at Barnstable, or from tivo Indian words, mas and wetusel, the former signifying an Indian an-otehcad, and tlie latter a hilt. It is stated that the Sachem who governed in this region, on the landing of tUa pilgrims, lived on a hill in the form of an Indian arrow-he.ad, a few miles south of Boston, and was called by the natives Miswsxossi. 144 THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. The norlhcm shore of ^Massachusetts is bold and rocky, and the coast everywliere is deeply indented, and presents several far jirojectitig peninsulas and headlands, forming bays of immense extent. Massachusetts Bay, wliich gives its name to the StiUe, extends between Cape Ann, which projects sea-ward about IS miles on tlie north, and Cape Cod on the; south. It is about 70 miles in length, and comprises Boston Bay and Cape Cod Bay. On the southern coast is Buzzard's Bay, alwut 30 miles in length, and comprising a large number of fine and secure harbors. Boston Harbor is one of the finest in the world — capacious, safe, easy of access, and easily defended ; but in the winter season it is often ice-bound. New Bedford on ]!uzzard"s Bay has a fine harlior, and is the greatest whale-ship dop6t of the Union. The Peninsula of Nahant, a few miles north of Boston Harbor, is connected with the mainland l)y Lynn Beach, two miles in length, and from its fine open situation, has been a favorite place of resort during the hot season of summer. Massachusetts is not, as far as yet ascertained, rich in minerals. Iron is found in various parts of the State, and is ex- tensively worked. It appears chiefly in the form of bog ore. Sulphurct of iron, or pyrites, occurs in the central districts, where it is used for the manufacture of copperas ; and the plumbago found at Worcester and Stockbridge is used in the manufaclure of lead pencils and crucibles. Lead mines exist in the Connecticut valley. The white clay of Martha's Vineyard furnishes alum ; and anthracite coal is now obtained in the graywacke district to the west of Taunton River. It is on its building material, however, that Massachusetts relies for distinction. Granite of excellent quality abounds in Quincy and vicinity, and is extensively quarried and shipped to nearly every Atlantic port, in greater or lesser degree. The Astor House at New York, the front of the Tremont House at Boston, and the Bunker Hill Monument, are built of this stone. Blocks and shafts of almost any dimensions may be obtained. Granite suitable for building is also found at Gloucester, Fall Eiver, Fitchburg, and many other places. Gneiss, nearly answering the same purjioses, is found in many parts, and serpentine, suitable for ornamental architecture, exists in Middlefield, West Field, Newbury, etc. Lime- stone is extensively distributed. Berkshire is renowned for the fine marble it produces, denominated primitive marble. Its prevailing color is white, and some of the varieties admit of a fine polish; more or less is quarried in almost every town of Berkshire. The City Hall in New York, and the Girard College in Philadelphia, are built of marble from this district. Soap-stone, and argillaceous or roofing slate, are found in various parts, and potter's clay, used in the manu- facture of common delft, and kaolin, or jioreelaiu clay, are abundant. Peat is found and used as a common fuel in many towns in the eastern part of the State ; and what adds to the importance of this article is, that it is frequently situated where wood is scarce. / The clirrrffte of Massachusetts, though identical in many respects to that of the three States lyiiag north of it, is not so extreme as that of either. It is very favorable to health, and a large ratio of the inhabitants attain to a good old age. The extremes of temperature are from 20° below zero to 100° above, but such are rare and of short continuance. The season of growth commences earlier than in the more northern States, and the summer is more prolonged. On the eastern and southern shores the summer season is dt-lightfuUy tempered by the breezes from the ocean. The Indian population, a small remnant of the once powerful tribes that inhabited Massachusetts prior to the arrival of Europeans in the country, now numbers less than 1,000 souls. With the exception of the Naticks, who are scattered over the Commonwealth, they all live in separate communities ; but few of those are of pure blood, the majority coming under those classes which in South America would be termed Meztizos or Zambos, mixtures of white and Indian, and of black and Indian. The following tribes are enumerated in a report of a coimnission appointed in 1S4S to inquire into the condition of these people : Names of Tribes, Chappequiddic Tribe Christiantown " Gay Head " Marshpee " Herring-Pond " Fall Kiver « Dudley " Ilassanamisco " Punkapop " Yarmouth " Number, Resilience, Occupatiou, . , 8.5 Chappequiddic Island .". Agriculture. . . 40 N. W. shore of Martha's Vineyard Agriculture and fishing. . , 174 Gay Ilead.W. part of " " Agriculture — also alum manuf. .. 305 ,. 55 ,. 87 ., 4S . 26 S, W, shore of Cape Cod Agriculture and navigation. Near Pl)'mouth and Sandwich Agriculture and fishing. Fall River Township Very improvident Town of Webster Men beg — Women do worse. Grafton .. _, ' . "ja/ 'r\ J Industrious, but have no par- 10 Canton and Stoughton jd- ,. , ,. * 5S Town of Yarmouth -f ticiilar occupation. Naticks Scattered over the State, and extinct as a tribe. The more industrious of these tribes not only enjoy the necessaries of life, but also many of the comforts and even luxuries of civilization. Nearly all live in good houses, most of them decently furnished ; and their schools and churches are represented to be in a flourishing condition. Only two of the tribes are represented as degraded. The Indians are not members of the body politic ; they pay no taxes, nor do they have a voice in legislation. The State, indeed, allows to each tribe a small annuity for the promotion of their civilization. Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1S50, were as follows : Counties. Pwell. P<.p, f^^^'J- 85,276,. 789,, Barnstable., 6,532 Berkshire . , , 8,638 49 ,591,, 2,897, Bristol 12,134., 76,192, .2,550, Dukes 771.. 4,540,, 265. Manuf, Estab, 423.. 387,, 5C3, . Capitals. , , Barnstable , , Lenox ) New Bedford Counties, Dwell. 5,905, ^"P- in cult, E.stab. Capitals. Hampshire . 5,905 , . 35,732 , . 2,965 . . 319 ... . Northampton "] Concord Middlesex., 23,450, ,161,383.. 4,345,. 1,089, . [Cambridge J Lowell Nantucket,, 1,2S5,. 8,452.. 58.. 60... .Nantucket Norfolk . , . ,12,545, , 78,892, .2,637. . 906. . . .Dedham Plymouth.,, 9,506,. 55,697. .2,447. . 511. ,., Plymouth BuflTolk 16,567 ., 144,507 . . 76 . . 1 ,989 .... Boston Worcester , .21,709. .130,789. .7,239. .1,161 . . . .Worcester f Taunton 18 Edgartown ■] Ipswich Essex 18,878. .181,300, .2,816. .1,588, , i Newburj^jort J Salem Franklin . , , 5,832, , 30,867, ,2,535, . 286, , , , Greenfield Hampden... 9,083,. 51,281, ,2,616. . 389. .. .Springfield The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 152,835 ; of families 193,679, and of inhabitants 994,499, viz, : whites 9S5,7M— males 484,284, and females 501,420, free col. 8,795— males 4,314, and females 4,481. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dimib—vi\\. 360, fr. col, 4— total 364 ; Uind—V!\i. 490, fr. col. 7— —total 497; insane— Yih. 1,629, fr. eol. IS— total 1,647; and idiotic— vih. 7S5, fr. col. 6— total 791. The number of free J 145 THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. persons born in the United States was S30,OG6; the numl)er of foreign birth 160,009, and of birth unknown 3,539. The native population orisrinated as follows: Maine 29,5oT, N. Ilanip. 39.592, Verm. 17,040, 3f(imichu.ietU 695,230, E. I. 11,414, Conn. 1.5,002, N. York U,4S3, N. Jer. 778, Penn. 1,S81, Del. 90, Md. 744, Dist. of Col. 196, Virg. 790, N. Car. 196, 8. Car. 224, Ga. 237, Flor. 32, Ala. 71, Miss. 34, La. 179, Tex. 10, Ark. 10, Tenn. 25, Ky. 75, Ohio 59-3, Mich. 122, Ind. 60, 111. 165, Mo. 5S, la. 12, Wise. 32, Calif. 7, Territories 9: and ihn foreign population was composed of persons from — England 16,085, Ireland 115,917, Scotland 4,469, Wales 214, Germany 4,319, France S05, Spain 178, Portugal 290, Belgium 86, Holland IMS, Turkey 14, Italy 196, Austria 10, Switzerland 72, Kussia 38, Denmark ISl, Norway 69, Sweden 253, Prussia 99, Sardinia 1, Greece 23, China 2, Asia 31, Africa 27, British America 15,862, Mexico 32, Central America 7, South America 81, West Indies 303, Sandwich Islands 81, and other countries 466. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population : Colored Persons. Decennial Incre.ise. Cer.sui Wliite , ' , Total , > . Year. Persons. Free. SKlve. Tut.il. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1790 873,254 5,463 — 5,403 378,717 — — 1800 416,793 6,452 — 6,452 42-3,245 44,.528 11.7 ISIO 46.5,803 6,737 — 6,737 472,040 48,795 11.6 1820 516,419 6,863 — ........ 6,863 523,287 "51,247 10.8 1830 603,359 7,048 1 ........ 7,049 610,408 87,121 16.6 1840 729,030 8,609 ~ 8,669 7-37,699 127,291 20.8 1850 985,704 8,795 — 8,795 994,499 256,800 34.8 The stiitisljeal returns of the wealth, industry, products, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1350 and other official documents referring to the same period of time, are as fcjllows: Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 2,133,430 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,222,576 acres — valued in cash at $109,070,347. Number of farms under cultivation, 34,235. Value of farming Unplements iind machinery, $3,209,584. Live-Stocl:— Horses, 42,210; asses and mules, 34; milch cows, 130,099 ; working oxen, 46,611; other cattle, 83,284; sheep, 188,651; and swine, 81,119 — valued in the aggregate at $9,647,710. The number of animals of these descriptions in 1840 was— horses, mules, etc., 61,484; neat cattle of all kinds, 282,574; sheep, 878,226; and swine, 143,221. Products fy^;u'm«Z.s.— Wool, 585,136 (in 1840,941,906) pounds; butter, 8,071,370 pounds; cheese, 7,088,142 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year, $2,500,924. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 7 (in 1840, 1,741) pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 59,508 pounds. Grain Crop*.— Wheat, 31,211 bushels; rye, 481,021 bushels: Indian com, 2,345,490 bushels; oats, 1,165,106 bushels; barley, 112,385 bushels; and buckwheat, 106,095 bushels. In 1839-40 these crops yielded as follows: wheat, 157,923 bushels ; barley, 165,819 ; oats, 1,319,680 ; rye, .536,014 ; buckwheat, S7,000 : and Indian corn, 1,809,192 bushels. Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 43,709 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 3,585,354 bushels. In 18-39-40 the potato crop amounted to 5,385,652 bushels. JfisceUanemis (7yo;xs.— Tobacco, 138,246 (in 1840, 64,955) pounds ; hay, 651,807 tons; clover-seed, 1,002 bushels; other grass-seed. 5.085 bushels; hops, 121,.595 pounds (in 1840,254,795) pounds; flax, 1,162 pounds: flax-seed, 72 bushels ; maple sugar, 795,.'")25 pounds ; molasses, 4,693 gallons ; wine, 4,688 (in 1840, 19-3) gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $463,995, and of market-garden products, $600,020. ITmnc-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $205,333. The same class of productions, according to the census of 1840, were valued at $231,942. Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $83,357,642; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $85,856,771; average number of hands employed, — males anorfe, $8,253,473 was the value of domestic produce— in American vessels $7,000,103, and in foreign vessels $1,2.53,370, and $2,428,290 the value of foreign produce—in American vessels $1,808,497, and in foreign vessels $529,793; and of the imports $22,106,011 in American vessels, and $8,268,673 in foreign \essels. The entrances and clearances in the same year were as follows : ENTRANCES. Natkmality. Vessel?. Tonnage. Crews, American 1,345 839,.508 14,677 Foreign 2,732 271,941 15,933 Total 4,077 611,449 80, Newburj-port 138 8,605 Gloucester 178 11,667 Salem and Beverley 886 86,796 2 Boston 2,872 478,.S59 22 Marblehead 177 12,086 544. 3,713.' Plymouth 10 Barnstable 42 Fall River 78 12,739... New Bedford 1-34 33,154 . . . Edgartown 72 Nantucket — 13,286. CLEARANCES. Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. American 1,149 272,278 12.533 Foreign 2,757 274,674 15,755 Total 3,906 546,952 28,288 Newburyport 140 9,703 683 Gloucester 1T7 11,138 766 Salem and Beverley . . 872 ,35,003 2,091 Boston 2,839 437,760 20,812 Marl)lehead 176 11,414 768 Plymouth 10 Barnstable 81 Fall Kiver 87 New Bedford 118 Edgartown 6 Nantucket 1 544 35 ... 2,810 149 ... 5,479 290 ... 32,027 2,499 ... 1,223 99 851 25 The total shipping owned in the State at the date referred to amounted to 684,442 tons ; registered — permanent 411,978 tons, and temporary 61,350 tons; enrolled and licensed— permanent 208,767 tons; and licensed (under 20 tons)— in the coasting traile 1,821 tons, and in the cod fisheries 1,748 tons. Of the registered shipping 122,676 tons were engaged in the •whale fishery, and the enrolled and licensed tonnage was employed — in the coasting trade 115,846 tons, in the cod fishery 40,008 tons, and the mackerel fishery 42,895 tons; and 7,903 tons were navigated by steam-power. The tonnage of the several districts was — Newburyport 23,262 tons, Ipswich 578 tons, Gloucester 22,474 tons, Salem 28,916 tons, Beverley 3,173 tons, Marblehead 6,842 tons, Boston 320,687 tons, Plymouth 10,722 tons, Fall Kiver 13,102 tons, New Bedford 127,960 tons, Barnstable 91,102 tons, Edgartown 7,609 tons, and Nantucket 29,018 t(jns. The shipping built in the State during the year amounted to 121 vessels of all kinds — 51 ships, 19 brigs, 46 schooners, 3 sloops, and 2 steamers- of an aggregate burden of 85,836 tons; and of the whole number 10 (4,657 tons) were built at Newburyport, 26 (1,996 tons) at Gloucester, 1 (298 tons) at Salem, 3 (817 tons) at Marblehead, 43 (23,480 tons) at Boston, 5 (579 tons) at Plymouth, 5 (1,254 tons) at Fall Kiver, 4 (7S1 tons) at New Bedford, 23 (1,864 tons) at Barnstable, and 1 (109 tons) at Edgartown. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years — 1791 to 1850 — exhibit the following movements in the value of exports and imports : Year, Kxporta, 1791 $2,519,651 . . . 1792 2,888,104 . . . 1793 3,755,347 . . . 1794 5.292,441 . . . 1795 7,117.907.... 1796 9,949.345 . . . 1797 7,.502,(l47 ... 1798 8,639,252 . . . 1799 11.421,.';91 ... 1800 Il,.326,s76 ... 1801 14,870,556 . . . 1802 13,492,632 . . . 1803 8,768,566 . . . 1804 16,894,378 ... 1805 19,435,657 . . . 1806 21,199,243 . . . 1807 21,112,125 ... 1808 5,128,322... 1809 12,142,293 . . . 1810 13,013,048 . . . Inipurts. Year. E.vp^.rts, 1811 $11,2.35,465 ... 1S12 6,533,338... 1813 1,807,923 ... 1814 1,1.33,799... 1815 6,280,083... 1816 10,1-36.4.39 ... 1^17 11,927,997 ... 1818 11,998,156 ... 1819 11,399,913 ... 1820 11,008,922 ... 1821 12,484,691 . . . 1S22 12,598,525 . . . 1823 13,683,239 ... 1824 10,434,328 ... 1825 11,432,9S7 ... 1826 10,098,862 . . . 1827 10,424,883 . . . 1828 9,025,785 ... 1829 8,254,937 . . . 1830 7,213,194 . . . Year. Exports. 1331 $7,733,763 . . 1832 11,99.3,768.. 1833 9,683,122 . . 1834 4,672,746 . . 18.35 10,043,790 .. 1836 10,380,346 . . 1837 9,728,190 . . 1838 9,104,862.. 1839 9,276,085.. 1840 10,186,261 .. 1841 11,487,343 . . 1842 9,807,110 . . 1843 6,405,207 . . 1844 9,096.286 . . 1845 10,.951,0.30 .. 1846 10,81.3,118 .. 1847 11,248,462 . . 1.843 ...... 1-3,419,699 .. 1849 10,264,862 . . 1850 10,681,763 .. Imports. $14,209,056 18,118,900 19,940,911 17,672,129 19,800,373 25,681,463 19,984,663 13,800,925 19,385,225 16,513,858 20,318,003 17,986,433 16.789,452 20.296,007 22,7:^.024 24,190,963 34,477,008 28,647,707 24.745,917 30,374,054 Internal Imivovements. — In proportion to surface no other State of the Union is so thoroughly supplied with railroads and other means of communication as Massachusetts. It was the first State to adopt the railroad, and it h.as ever since maintained a pre-eminence in respect of railroads, and at the present time the several lines extend in every direction, forming a net-work of iron bands. The principal lines are those extending from Boston and "Worcester toward Maine and New Hamp.shire, passing through the great manufacturing towns of the north-east section, and those extending southward from those centres to the Atlantic and Long Island Sound. Two great lines also extend through the length of the State from Boston via Worcester to Albanv, and from Boston via Greenfield to Troy on the Hudson Kiver, both 147 THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. forming links in the chains toward tlie great lakes and the for "West. The total length of railroad in the Slate in 1353 was 1,261 miles, or al)out 1 mile of road to every 6i miles of surface. Massachusetts has also several canals, as the Blackstoiie Canal, from AVoreesler to Providence, 1.5 miles long; tlie Middlesex Canal, from Boston to the Merrimac IViver, '27 miles long; the Hampshire and Ilamjxlcn Canal, 22 miles long, and several short canals and river improvements for the purpose of overcoming falls and rapids in the rivers. The canals in this State, however, are at the present time little used as means of commercial intercourse, but in some instances their waters are valuable for manufacturing purposes. Bciiil\s and Savings Institutions. — In 1S51 there was a total of 130 banking institutions in Massachusetts, of which 30 were in Boston and 100 in other parts of the State. Tlie following exhibits their condition in the aggregate in that year: Liabilities. Boston Uiinks. Otlipr nniika. Totiil. Resources. Boston lianks. Otlier Bal^ks. Total. Capital ?;21,760.000 $10,505,000 $.38,265,000 CircHla.— $5 and upward G,6TS,31G 9,6S6.8T9 16,365,195 " —less than $5... 1,001,363 2.323,140 3,329,503 Net profits on hand 2,465,3"3 1,359,235 3,824,608 Dire other banks 6,787.148 214,773 7,001,921 Deposits without interest 8,796,575 4,173,200 12,969,775 " at interest 601,317 263,811 870,128 Total $48,000,092 $34,537,559 $82,627,051 Specie $1,S17,.388 $661,471 $2,473,859 Real estate 590,394 407,819 Wi^lS Bills ofothcr banks in State 5,3ii2,591 535,245 5,S37,&36 " ■> " clsewh'e 344,340 53,111 397,951 Due from other banks . . 3,223,354 3,326,879 6,550,233 Notes, bills of exchange, and all other stock ... 36,311,525 29,529,583 66,341,110 Total $48,090,092 $84,514,109 $82,604,202 Average dividends of 30 Boston banks in October, 1850, was a fraction over 3.4 per cent.— in April, 1851, it was a fraction over 3^9 per cent. ; average dividends of 100 other banks in October, 1850, a fraction over 3.39 per cent., and in April, 1851, a fraction over 3.7 per cent. In 45 savings institutions that made returns there were 86,537 depositors, and $15.5.54,033 deposits securely invested. The average dividends for the year was 4.78 per cent. The whole expense of managing these institutions has been $43,707 during the year. Goretument.— The constitution of this State was framed in 1780, amended in 1821, and since that period has undergone several modifleations. According to its provisions every male citizen, of the age and upward of 21 years, paupers and persons under guardianship excepted, resilient the last past year in the State, anted by the crown, and commissioners were ajipointcd to superintenil affairs. The navigation laws were enforced, and the destruction of the colonial charters resolved upon, but death marred the execution of the project by Charles II. His successor James was equally hostile to freedom. He determined to unite all the provinces of New England into one government under a president and council, and found a fit agent for his purpose in Sir Edmond Andross. After dissolving the charter govermnents of Connecticut and Khode Island, the president proceeded to Massa- chusetts, where lie compelled a temporary submission. Remonstrances were in vain. The infixluated monarch waa determined to crush the spirit of freedom in both hemispheres, and in furtherance of his designs, annexed New York and New Jersey to the Union already formed. The government of Andross expired with that of his royal master, and the former order of things v/as immediately restored. The people of Massachusetts, however, derived no great advantages from the Eevoiution. They petitioned for the legal 150 THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. restoration of their charter, which tlic judges of Cliarles II. had declared to be forfeited, but they found to their dissatisfac- tion that they were not to expect tlie same liberal provisions as before. The king was to appoint the governor, and bj him the assembly was lo be called, prorogued, and dissolved, etc. By the new charter, Plymouth was now finally united t( Massachusetts. Notwithstanding its objectionable provisions, the new government went into operation without any inter fercnee on the part of the people, and this may not seem extraordinary when it is considered that the right of voting, which hitherto had been confined to church members, was now extended to aU freeholders. Almost the first act of the governor was the institution of a court to try the unfortunate victims of popular delusion ac- cused of witchcraft at Salem. This delusion took possession of the minds of all, and so firmly convinced were the magis- trates that the Prince of Daricnoss was in their midst, using human instruments to accomplish his purposes, that the slightest testimony was deemed sufficient to justify a committal for trial. Many were tried, and received sentence of death. The jails were full of the accused, and, al.ns! before the spell of infatuation was broken, which was not before the rich and influential became involved by accusations, no less than twenty unfortunates had undergone the penalty of the law ! The war with the French and Indians, which began in 1690, was not yet terminated. For seven years the frontiers were ravaged. Peace between England and Fr.ance, which w^is concluded in 1697, was soon followed by peace \\[ith Uie savages. When war again broke out in Europe, in 1707, Massachusetts again joined in arms with the mother country, and contributed largely in money and men. While thus supporting the wars undertaken by England, however, the assembly did not forget its own rights, and was warmly engaged in contests with the royal governor. Every session presented a scene of altercation, and public business was with difficulty transacted, through the determination of the representatives not to give a fixed salary to theu- governor, which the latter was resolved to obtain. War again broke out between France and England in 1745, and an expedition against Louisburg was projected in Massachusetts. A powerful armament was prepared principally by this province, and the command given to Colonel Pepperell, a rich merchant of Boston. The fort was taken, but at the subsequent peace Louisburg was restored to the French, a proceeding which caused great discontent in Massachusetts. In the war which ended in the subjugation of Canada, Massachusetts surjiassed her former exertions in supporting the arms of England. In the year 1757 she had 9,000 men in the field, and maintained this number until the return of peace in 1763. The extraordinary exj'jenses of this war led to the imposition of internal taxes on the very colonies which had expended BO much blood and treasure in their support. Massachusetts was the first to remonstrate against, and the most strenuous to oppose, this injustice. At the recommendation of her court it was that the first continental congress was convened. When, after the repeal of the stamp act, the duty on tea was attempted to be imposed, the earliest popular movements appeared at Boston. The attempts of the British ministry to enforce obedience only strengthened the cause of the colonists, and the flame of w^ar which broke out in Massachusetts gradually extended itself over the whole Anglo-Americau possessions. Massachusetts was, in the early part of the contest, the theatre of hostilities, by which she suffered much, while she contributed greatly by her exertions to the successful issue of tlie conflict. The extreme pressure of the taxes consequent on these exertions led to serious discontent among the people after the peace of 17SS. The government was feebly administered, and at length, in 17S0, an open insurrection took place in the western counties. The insurgents, under a popular leader, named Shays, Committed great excesses, and all order for a time was suspended. They were at length overcome by General Sheppard, and their leaders driven out of the State. Massachusetts ratified the federal constitution on the 6th February, 1788. The poUcy of the State, during the war of 1812, was in opposition to that of the general government. Her political weight had always been cast in the scale of the federal party. The whole people were vehemently opposed to the war, and her governors refused to place the State militia under the control of their political opponents. From this period to tlie Convention at Hartford, in which Massachusetts took an active part, the acts of her party leaders uniformly tended to embarrass the government. Massachusetts suffered somewhat in her commerce during the latter part of the war, but except in the occupation of a part of the then district of Maine by British forces, experienced little injury from the contest. It was during the wars which succeeded the French Revolution, and tliis war, that the raanutixcturing interests of Massa- chusetts took root, and obtained a permanent stabilit}'. Maine hitherto had been attached to Massachusetts, but in 1820 this connection was dissolved by mutual consent, and the former was admitted as an independent State of the United States. Succe»f:ion of Governors. — Colonial Governors, elected annually by the people — "Plymouth Colony:" John Carver, 1620; William Bradford) 1621 ; Edward Winslow, 1633 ; Thom.as Prince, 1634 ; William Bradford, 1035 ; Edward Wins- low, 1686 ; William Bradford, 1637; Thomas Prince, 16-38; William Bradford, 1630; Edward Winslow, 1644 ; William Bradford, 1046; Thomas Prince, 1657; Josiah Winslow, 1673; Thomas Hinckley, and— "Colony of Massachusetts Bay:" John Winthrop, 1680; Thomas Dudley, 1034; John Haynes, 1635; Henry Vane, 1636; John Winthrop, 1637; Thomas Dudley, 1640; Eichard Bellingham, 1641 ; John Winthrop, 1643; John Endicott, 164ri; Thomas Dudley, 1645; John Winthrop, 1646; John Endicott, 1649; Eichard Bellingham, 1054; John Endicott, 1655; Eichard Bellingham, 1665; John Levcrett, 1673 ; Simon Bradstreet, 1079. Presidents of New England: Joseph Dudley, appointed 8th October, 1685 ; Sir Edmond Andros assumes the government 20th December, 1686, and is deposed by the people April 18th, 16S9, ■when the last governors of the separate colonies are re-elected, viz., Thomas Hinckley for Plymouth, and Simon Brad- street fur Massachusetts. EoYAL Governors under the Second Charter : Sir William Phipps, 1692; William Stoughton (Lieut.-Gov.), 1694; Earl of Bellamont, 1099; AVilliam Stoughton (Lieui.-Gov.), 1700; Joseph Dudley, 1702; Wiiliam Taylor (Lieut.-Gov.), 1715 ; Samuel Sluite, 1716; William Dummer (Lieut.-Gov.), 1723; William Burnett, 1728; William Dummer (Lieut.-Gov.), 1729 ; William Taylor (Lieut.-Gov.), 1730 ; Jonathan Belcher, 1730 ; William Shirley, 1741 ; Spencer Phips (Lieut.-Gov.), 1749; Thomas Pownall, 1757; Thomas Hutchinson (Lieut-Gov.), 1760; Francis Bernard, 1760; Thomas Hutchinson (Lieut.-Gov.), 1770; Thomas Hutchinson, 1770; Thomas Gage, 1774. Provincial Congress from 1774 to 1780. Constitutional Governors : John Hancock, 1780 ; James Bowdoin, 1785 ; John Hancock, 1787 ; Samuel Adams, 1794; Increase Sumner, 1797; Caleb Strong, 1800; James Sullivan, 1807; Christopher Gore, 1809; Eldridge Gerry, 1810; Caleb Strong, 1S12; -John Brooks, ISlC; William Eustis, 1523; Levi Lincoln, 1S25; John Davis, 1834; S. T. Armstrong (Lieut.-Gov.), 1835; Edward Everett, 18:36 ; Marcus Morton, 1840; John Dav;3, 1841: Marcus Morton, 184-3,; George N. Briggs, 1844 ; George S. Boutwell, 1851. Boston, on Massachusetts Bay, is the political capital of the State. 131 THE STATE OF MICHIGAI. MicuiGAN, consisting of two peninsulas, lies between latitudes 41° 45' and 48° N., ami between longitudes S'2° 25' and 90° 34' W. from Greenwich, or 5° 23' and 13° 32' from Washington. It is bounded* north, north-east, and east by Canada, from which it is separated by Lake Superior, the Saiilt St. Marie, Lake Huron, the Strait and Lake St. Clair, De» troit Strait, and Lake Erie; on the south by the States of Ohio and Indiana; and on the west by Lake Michigan, which divides it from Illinois and Wisconsin, and the Monomonie and Montreal rivers, separating it from the latter State. The total land surface comprises an area of 56,243 square miles, and the area of the waters within the constitutional limits of the State is computed at 36,324 square miles. The lake coast of Michigan is more than 1,400 miles long. The location of the separate peninsulas determines their nomenclature. The Southern^ or Michigan Proper, is bounded on the south by Indiana and Ohio ; on the cast by Lake Erie, Detroit Strait, the Lake and Strait St. Clair, and Lake Huron ; on the north by the Strait of Miehilimackinae, and on the west by Lake Michigan. In these limits are comprised nearly two-thirds the land surface of the State. The Northern Peninsula extends from the Montreal and Monomonie rivers to the St. Marie River, and has Lake Superior on the north and Lake Huron on the south of it. The surface of the Northern Peninsula is much diversified by mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. The eastern portion, from the head of the peninsula to the " Pictured Eocks," is represented as undulating, rising gradually from lakes Michigan and Superior to the interior, where it terminates in a more elevated table-land, with a shore on the north sandy, and on the south calcareous rock. Westward the country becomes broken into hills, with intervening plains, until it is interru])ted by the Porcupine Mountains, which form the dividing ridge separating the waters of Lake Superior from those of Lake Michigan. The highest peaks toward the western boundary have been estimated at from 1,800 to 2,0U0 feet high. The ridge is often broken through by the larger streams, bordered by extensive valleys. The spurs of these mountains project in different directions, often exhibiting their denuded cliffs upon the northern shores. This ridge has a greater proximity to the northern coast, which it lines with roek, from the Pictured Pvocks to the western extremity of this penin- sula, except where interrupted by occasional plains of sand. The stnicture of a part of the northern and eastern portion is of the primitive, and the southern of tlie secondary formation. Many parts exhibit little else than "developments of sublime scenery, and some portions appear like a dreary, deserted solitude, surrounded by all the frightful terrors incident to such northern latitudes. The greater portion of the peninsula, the sand plains excepted, is covered with immense forests, principally of white and yellow pine, a portion of spruce, hemlock, birch, oak, and aspen, with a mixture of maple, ash, and elm, especially upon the rivers. Of the pine lands, there are millions of acres stretching between the Sault St, Marie, the Ontonagon, and Montreal rivers. To convert this material into lumber, there are discharging into the lakes forty large and sixty smaller streams, which will furnish a hydraulic power sufficient for all purposes. These streams, the largest of which does not exceed 150 miles, irrigate the country abundantly, and by their facilities for navigation, furnish easy access to the interior. The head branches of the opposite lake-streams often interlock, and when they do not com- municate, furnish an easy portage from one to the other, by which navigation between the lakes is easily effected with the lighter craft. The lake coast of this section of the State has been estimated at between seven hundred and eight hundred miles in length, and that five-sevenths of the entire peninsula may be reached by the common lake vessels. This peninsula (the northern part of whicli has sometimes been called the Slheria of Michigan), it is probable will never be noted for its agricultural productif)ns, or immediately for the density of its poi)ulation. With the excei)lion of the fertile intervals on the rivers, the soil of the northern portion has aU the evidences of sterility, .xs is exhit>( stones. The rivers of Michigan are in general comparatively smaller but more numerous, having in the lower peninsula a greater length from their mouths to where they head, than is commonly observed in most other sections of the Union. This latter circumstance may, perhaps, be attributed not only to the uniformity of descent, but to the more favorable struc- ture of the interior to furnish them constant supjilies. The Dc^troit, St. Clair, and St. Mary's are more properly called straits and not rivers. They are tranquil, deep, copious, and expansive streams, uniting the great lakes, the waters of ■which they conduct toward the ocean. Tlie largest rivers of the lower peninsula are the Grand, Maskegon, St. Joseph, and Kalamazoo, which flow into Lake Michigan ; the Cheboygan and Thunder Bay rivers, that discharge into Lake Huron, and the Saginaw into Saginaw Bay. The streams flowing eastward are small, owing to the position of the dividing ridge, which is considerably east of the middle of the peninsula; the largest are the liaisin, Huron, Clinton, and Itouge. The largest rivers of the upper peninsula are the Montreal, the Great Iron, the Ontonagon, the Uuron, the St. John's, and the Chocolate, which put into Lake Superior; anil the Menomonie and Manistee, which flow, the former into Green Bay, and the latter into Lake Michigan. There are several other considerable streams, though of a smaller grade, and these with few exceptions, are lively, pure, and healthy, supplying mill-power, and draining the fine agricultural lands through which they course. Michigan is encompassed by five lakes, four of which are the largest collections of fresh water on the globe. These are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie, which are connected by the Straits of Detroit, St. Clair, Michilimackinac, and St. Mary. Of tlu-se Immense Mediterranean waters, LdK-e Superior is by far the largest. It lies directly north of the upper peninsula, and the greater part of its southern coast is bordered by it. Lake i[ichigan is the second in size. It is a long narrow lake, stretching a little north-eastwardly between the lower peninsula and the Stati'S of Wisconsin and Illinois. The northern part, together with the straits, separate the two peninsulas from each other. Luke Ifuron is next in dimensions, and is situate on the north-eastern border of Lower Michigan, separating it from Canada West. The shape of this lake is extremely irregular ; its principal indentations are Saginaw Bay, which extends down into the interior, and two others, one immediately north of Manito islands, and the other south-east of them. The latter, sometimes called the Manito Bay or Georgian Lake, is very large, estimated at one-fourth of Lake Huron. It empties through the Strait St. Clair, into St. Clair Laics, the smallest of the five bordering on Michigan, and this again discharges itself through Detroit Strait into Ijxke Erie. More than ZVi miles of this latter borders Michigan, and opens to the State a free navigation to the principal ports along its coasts, Buffalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Sandusky, etc. Nor is this State merely surrouruled by lakes, but the interior is interspersed with them from one border to the other. The country indeed is literally maculated with small lakes of every form and size, from .'in area of 1 to 1,000 acres, though, as a general rule, they do not perhaps average 500 acres in extent. They are sometimes so frequent that several of them may be seen from the same position. They are usually very deep, with gravelly bottoms, waters transparent, and of a cool temperature at all seasons. This latter fact is supposed to be in consequence of springs which furnLsh them constant supplies. Water fowl of various sorts inhabit their .shores, and their depths are the domain of abundance of fish, trout, bass, pike, pickerel, dace, perch, cat-fish, sucker, bull-head, etc., which often grow to an extraordinary size. It is usual to find some creek or rivulet originating in these, but what is a singular fact, and not easily accounted for, many of these bodies of living water have no perceptible outlet, and yet are stored with fish. A lake of this description, with its rich stores of fish and game, forms no unenviable appendage to a farm, and is properly appreciated. But with all its length of lake coast. Michigan can boast of but few good harbors, yet there are several that afford excellent shelter from the storms that frequently sweep over these great inland seas, and lash them into turmoil. Michigan is divided into 4:3 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows Counties. Dwell. Pop. , Allegan 997.. 5,125.. Barry 1,037.. 5,07-2.. Berrien 2,126. .11,417. . '::^.'^: capitals. 270.. 36..Alleg.m 733.. 2G..Ha.stlngs 690. . 64. .Berrien Spring I Counties. D\. Branch 2,300. .12,473. .1,442. . 53. .Cold Water Calhoun 3,433. .19,162. .1,724. . 61. .Marshall Cass 1.914.. 10,907.. 950.. 21. .Cassopolis Chippewa 1S7.. 893.. 17. . 10..Ste. Marie Clinton 946.. 5,102.. 614. . 13. .De Witt Eaton 1,323.. 7,053.. 746.. 4S. .Charlotte Genesee 2,257. .1-2,031. .1,255. . 33. .Flint Hillsdale 2,965. .16,159. .1,411. . 45. . Hillsdale Houghton 116.. 708.. 13.. 5. .Eagle lliver Huron 52.." 210.. 18.. 0.. — Ingham 1,.5S3.. 8,C31.. 991.. 32.. Mason Ionia 1,367.. 7,597.. 601.. 17.. Ionia Jackson 3.540. .19,431. .2,250. . 95. .Jackson Kalamazoo 2,387. .1.3,179. .1,098. . 51 . .Kalamazoo Kent 2.2.51.. 12,016.. 849.. 67. .Grand Kapids Lapeer 1,286.. 7,029.. 628.. 45.. Lapeer ■584. Pop. in cult. Estab.' Capitals. 136.. 0. 0.. Marquette 3,598.. 13. 89.. Mackinac 93.. 0. 5.. — 65.. 4. 0.. — 891.. 26. 6..6reenviUo Marquette 18 . . Michilimackinac & 21 other counties Mason 12. Midland 10., Montcalm 164., Monroe 2,544. ,14,698.. 1,277. . 45.. Monroe Newago 92.. 510.. 0..12.. — Oakland 5,699. ..31,270. .3,446. .146. .Tontiac Oceana 58.. 800. Ontonagon 46.. 389. Ottawa 1,129. . 5,587. Saginaw 473.. 2,609. Sanilac 372.. 2,112. St. Clair 1,816. .10,420. St. Joseph's 2,301 . .12,7-25. .1,879 Schoolcraft 5.. 16. Shiawassee 972.. 5,230. Tuscola 65.. 291. Van Buren 1,053. . 5,800. Washtenaw 5,142. .23,567. .2,.54;3 Wayne 7,063. .42,756. .1,635. .244. .Detroit 0. . 2. — 0. 0. . Ontonagon 278. 36. .Grand Haven 72. . 14. .Saginaw City 61. 27. .Lexington 492. 68. .St. Clair ,879. . 82. . Centreville 0. . 0. — 640. 48. .Corunna 18. . 0. — 459. IS. .Paw Paw ,.54:3. .154. . Ann Arbor Lenawee 4,892. .26,372. .2,470. .156. . A , Years. I'ersons. Free. .Slave. Total. Pojiulation. Numerical. Per cent. ISIO 4,613 120 24 144 4,762 — — 1820 8,591 805 — 305 8,896 4,134 86.8 1S30 31,346 261 32 298 31,639 22,743 255.6 1840 211,560 707 — 707 212,267 180,623 570.9 1S50 895,097 2,557 — 2,557 397,654 185,887 87.3 The statistics of the wealth, production, manufactures, and institutions of Michigan, as exhibited by the census of 1S50, and other official returns rcRrring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands 1,929,110 acres, and unimproved lands 2,454,780 acres — valued in cash at $51,872,446. The whole number of forms 84.089. Value of farming implements and machinery, $2,890,371. Zive-Stoci:~'ilorses, 58,506; asses and mules, 70; milch cows, 99,676; working oxen, 55,350; other cattle, 119,471; sheep, 746,435; and swine, 205,847 — valued in the aggregate at $8,008,734. The returns of 1840 exhibited the live-stock in the State as follows: horses, mules, etc., 30,144; neat cattle of aU descriptions, 135,190; sheep, 99,618; and swine, 295,890. Products of Animals.— 'Woo], 2,043.233 (in 1840, 153,875) pounds; butter, 7,065,873 pounds; cheese, 1,011,492 pounds; and value of animals slaughtered during the year, $1,328,327. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 8 (in 1840, 266) pounds ; and beeswax and honey to that of 359,232 pounds. Grain <7?-ops.— Wheat, 4,925,839 bushels ; rye, 105,871 bushels ; Indian corn, 5,641,420 bushels; oats, 2,866,056 bushels ; barley, 75,249 bushels ; and buckwheat, 472,917 bushels. The crops of the same cereals, in 1840, were : wheat, 2,157,108 bushels; Indian corn, 2,277,039 bushels; oats, 2,114,051 bushels; rye, 84,286 bushels; barley, 127,302 bushels; and buckwheat 113,592 bushels. Ot?>er Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 74,254 bushels; and potatoes — Irish, 2,359,897 bushels, and sweet, 1,177 bushels. The potato crop of 1340 amounted to 2,109,205 bushels. Miscellaneoiis Crops. — Tobacco, 1.245 pounds; hay, 404,934 tons: clover-seed, 16,989 bushels; other grass-seed, 9,785 bushels; hops, 10,663 (in 1840, 11,-331) pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 106 tons, and water-rotted 87 tons; flax, 6.994 pounds (crop of hemp and flax in 1840, 755^ tons); flax-seed, 1,421 bushels; maple sugar, 2,438,937 pounds ; molasses, 19,323 gal- Ions; wine, 1,654 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $132,650, and of market-garden products $14,7-38. Ilome-made manufactures for the } ear 1349-50 were produced to the value of $1,828,327. In 1839-40 the same de- scription of product.3 were valued at $113,955. M'unufaci-wres. — Aggregate capital invested, $6,443,816; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $6,221,.34S; aver- age number of hands employed — males , and females ; average monthly cost of labor $ — male $ , and female $ ; tnt.nl v.ilue of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $10,729,892. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above date, was 1,979, distributed among the several counties, as shown in the general table, and of these 15 were woolen factiiries, 64 iron factories — 63 for eastings, and 1 for pig iron, and 60 tanneries. The u-oolen manufactures employed a capital of $94,000, consumed annually 162,250 pounds of wool, valued at $43,402, employi'd 78 males and 51 females, at a monthly cost — for male labor, $1,639, and for female labor, $585, and produced 141 ..570 yards of cloth, valued at $90,242. The foundries manufacturing castings employed a capital of $195,450 ; used 2,494 tons pig metal, 901 tons mineral coal, and 16,200 bushels coke and charcoal, valued at $91,365; employed 337 hands, at average wages amounting to $23 68 to each hand, and produced 2,070 tons of castings and other products, valued in the aggregate at $279,697. The capital em- ployed in making ^}j(7 iron was $15,000, and the quantity manufactured was 660 tons, valued at $21,000. In the taimeries, the invested capital amounted to $236,000; value of raw material used, .$208,460 ; hands employed, 265 ; monthly cost of labor, $6,782 ; skins 28,600, and sides 144,730 tanned ; value of both, $363,980. The manufactures of Michigan, other than those enumerated, are various and large, consisting of flour-mills, saw-miUs, asheries, potteries, machine-shops, axe and edge-tool factories, distilleries, paper-mills, etc., etc.. There are about 260 flour-mills in the State, chiefly driven by water-power, and captible of making between 700,000 and 800,000 barrels of flour annually ; and the number of saw-mills is not far short of 650, of which 79 are driven by steam. Foreign Commerce. — The total value of the exports from Michigan to foreign countries during the year ending 30th June, 1350, was $132,045, of which $57,232 was the value of products carried in American bottoms, and $74,818 in foreign bottoms; and the total value of imports was $144,102, all of which were brought in American bottoms. The shipping employed in the carrying trade was 56,963 tons inward, and 54,701 tons outward — in detail as follows : INWABD. Nationality. Ships. Tonnage. Crews. American... 97 7,254 699 Foreign 394 49,709 8,944 Total 491 56,963 4,643 OtTTWAUD. Nationality. Ships. Tonnage, Crews, American 112 7,9S2 7^0 Foreign 890 46,719 8,903 Total 502! 54,701 4,628 Of the aggregate shipping inward, 54,130 tons entered in Detroit district, and 2,8-33 tons in that of Michilimackinac; and of the aggregate outward, 52,554 tons cleared from Detroit, and 2,147 from Michilimackinac districts. The shipping owned in the two districts amounts to 38,144 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and of which 18,015 tons are navigated 165 THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. by steam-power. In the Detroit district 14 vessels— 5 schooners, 6 sloops, and 3 steamers — of an aggregate hunk-n of 2,062 tons were built during the yoar above referred to. The greater portion of the external eommerc* of Mielngan is with the adjoining British provinces. The following table exhibits the movements of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years : Year. Exportn. Imports. Ve.ir. E.xjiorU. Imports 1336 $6l:>-n .... $502,259 1S44 $ — .... $19,379 1837 G'.l,790 .... — 1S3S 125,060 .... 256,062 1S.39 — .... — 1340 162,229 .... 139,610 1S41 SS,529 .... 137,800 1S42 202,229 .... 80.734 1S43 262,904 .... 76,370 1S45 251,220 .... 41,953 1S46 251,890 .... 164,923 1S47 9-3,795 .... 37,603 1843 111,635 .... 115,760 1S49 1.32,851 .... 98,141 1S50 132,045 .... 144,102 Year. ExpurU. Imports. 1828 $— .... $3,440 1S29 — .... 2,957 1330 1,533 .... 21,315 1831 — .... — 1832 9,2:34 .... 22.643 1833 9,054 .... 63,^76 1834 36,(;21 .... 1116,202 1S35 64,330 .... 130,629 Lake Commerce. — ^This department of commerce in Michigan is large, and yearly increasing. Twenty years ago it had no existence, and even ten years ago it w;is of very trifling importance compared with its present extent. Of the commercial movements on Lake Superior, no statistics have been published, but it is well understood that all the pro- ducts of the country bordering on it, from their very nature being mineral, must seek a distant market, and that the great bulk of necessaries o1' life must bo carried to the miners— thus creating a large commerce, and that an increasing one. A navigable canal, 5,267 feet long, around the Sault Ste. Marie, is about to be constructed, and hence the commerce on Lake Superior will be at once established on a sure and lasting basis. On Lake Huron the exports from the two districts of Sault Ste. Mtirie and Michilimackinac in 13.50-51 amounted to .^553,613, and the imports to .$294,534; on the lake and river St. Clair, from the districts of Algonac, St. Clair, Trenton, and Moimt Clemens, the exports in the same year amounted to $433,660, and the imports to $155,363 ; and on Lake Michigan, from district of St. .Joseph's, the exports were valued at $543,394, and the imports at $672,392— making a total of exports by lake valued at $1,531,172, and of imports valued at $1,823,289. The above figures embrace the total imports and exports on Lake Huron, and also on the river and Lake St Clair, so far as domestic ct)mmerce is concerned ; the total commerce on Lake Michigan, inclusive of that of St. Joseph's above, was in the same year — exports $8,836,103, and imports $15,434,723, or a total value of exports and imports amount- ing to $24,320,336, of which $398,083 belonged to Indiana, $11,903,777 to Illinois, and the remainder to AVisconsin. Internal Communication. — Michigan has two transverse railroads — one extending from Detroit, via New Buffalo, to Chicago, and the other from Toledo and Monroe, via White Pigeon and the Indiana Nortliern Eailroad, to the same destination. These two roads form links in Uie great chains running east and west connecting the northern Atlantic States and sea-board with the Mississippi, and ultimately with the shores of the Pacific Ocean. On these lines the transit of goods and passengers is immense, being tlie shortest routes hitherto constructed on the longitudinal extent of the country. Their connections with the railroads and steam navigation lines of other States and of Canada give to Michigan access by railroad and water to vast regions hitherto accessible only by ordinary roads, and tend to swell the already large com- mercial coimection of the State. There arc also several short railroads in the State, as the one from Detroit to Pontiac,and from White Pigeon to Constantine; and others are projected, as the line from Toledo to Detroit, and from Detroit to the mineral regions in the upper peninsula. A line is also projected from Jackson, on the Central Boad, to Lansing, the capital. The total length of completeil railroad in the State, on the Ist of January, 1853, was 481 mUes, which had cost about $12,000,000, or about one mile of railroad to every 117 square miles of territory. A canal is also about being constructed around Sault Ste. ^Marie, which will connect the waters of Lake Superior and the lower lakes, and thus open up the commerce of the richest mineral region of the world to the markets of the east. Banks. — On the 1st January, 1851, there were in the State five banks and one branch bank, the financial condition of which, at the date afilxed, was as follows: Liabilities— CB.\>\ia\ $764,022, circulation $397,364, deposits $416,147, due other banks $42,559, and other liabilities $.342,810 ; and assets— \oa.na and discounts $1,319,303, stocks $420,521, real estate $221,020, oilier investments $65,03-3, due by other banks $404,691, notes of other banks $109,036, specie fund $195, and specie $125,722. Government.— The government is based on the constitution approved by the people, in November, 1850. It provides that the 7'igM of suffrage be enjoyed by every white male citizen ; every white male inhabitant who, six mouths previously, has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, or who has resided in the State two an4; sheep, 304,929; and swine, 1,582,734— valued in the aggregate at $19,403,662. According to the census of 1S40, there were in the State at that date, 109,227 horses, mules, etc. ; 023,197 neat cattle of all kinds; 123,367 sheep; and 1,001,209 sheep. /'/■<)(?!;efeo/,4»?m«?.s.— Wool, 559,619 (in 1840,175,196) pounds; butter, 4,346,2-34 pounds ; cheese, 21,191 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year was $3,636,582. The quantity of beeswax and honey produced was 397,460 pounds. 0)ai?i (7/(>p.s.~Wheat, 187,990 bushels; rj-c, 9,606 bushels; Indian corn, 22,446,552 bushels; oats, 1,503,283 bushels; barley, 229 bushels, and buckwheat, 1,121 bushels. The crops of the several grains, according to the census of 1840. were —wheat, 196,626 bushels; rye, 11,441 bushels; Indiancorn, 13,161,2-37 bushels; oats, 668,624 bushels ; barley, 1,654 bushels; and buckwheat, 61 bushels. Other Food O-op-s.—Eice, 2,719,856 bushels; peas and beans, 1,072,757; potatoes— Irish, 261,482, and sweet, 4,741,795 bushels. The rice crop, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to 777,195 pounds; and the crop of potatoes to 1,630,100 bushels. MUcellaneom O'ops.— Tobacco, 49,900 (in 1S40, 83,470) pounds; ginned cotton, 484,293 bales of 400 pounds (in 1840, 193,401,577 pounds); hay, 12,505 (in 1840, 171) tons; clover-seed, 84 bushels; other grass-seed, 533 bushels; hops, 473 I)ounds ; hemp — dew-rotted, 7 tons, and water-rotted, tons ; flax, 605 tons ; flax-seed, 26 bushels ; silk cocoons, 2 pounds ; sugar— maple, pounds, and cane, 338 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 18,813 gallons ; wine, 407 gallons, etc. ; value of orchard protlucts, $50,405, and of market-garden products, $46,250. The table annexed exhibits the absolute and relative difference in the chief crops, as ascertained under the censuses of 1340 and 1850 : Stiijiles. ISlO. IS50. Movement Wool 175,196 pounils 559,619 pounds incr. 834,423 pounds, or 219.4 per cent Indian Corn 13,161,237 bushels 22.446,552 bushels incr. 9,285,315 bushels, or 70.5 " Kice ; 777,195 pounds 2,719,856 pounds incr. 1,942,601 pounds, or 249.9 " Tobacco 83,471 " 49,960 " deer. 33,511 " or 40.1 " Cotton 193,401,577 " 193,717,200 " incr. 315,623 " or 0.16 " Sugar 77 " 838,000 " incr. 887,923 " or 503.796.1 " Thus it would appear that of all the staples, except tobacco and cotton, the ratio of increase has been immeasurably ahead of the ratio of the increase of the population. Cotton has almost exactly kept its absolute status, which, in fact, is a relative decline in the production of the staple ; and if it had increased in like proportion with the population, the crop should have been about 322,350,000 pounds. This result in the crop of 1350 is accounted for by the terrible inundations of the Missis- sippi in 1849, and may in part be set down to drafting of labor to other fields ; the decline, however, is not permanent. mnne-made Ifanufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $1,164,020. The same denomination of manufactures in 1339-40, according to the census ot the latter year, were valued at $032,945. Manuf(ict'ires.--ToU\\ cR\n\.i\\ invested $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; average number of hands employed, —males , and females ; average monthly cost of labor, $ —male $ , and female $ ; value of manufactures produced in the official year $2,749,838. Amount of capital invested in manufactures in 1340, $1,797,722. The whole number of industrial establishments in the State, producing to the value of $500 and upward on the 1st Juno, 1350, was SCO— in the northern district 536, and in the southern district -3-30, and dis- tributed to the counties, as shown in the general table. Of the whole number, 2 were cotton factories, 92 tanneries, and 8 forges, besides which there are several machine-shops, carriage factories, etc. ; but the greater part of the capital invested is in grist and saw mills, and other establishments usual in an agricultural country. Capital employed in the eoUon manufacture, $9SfiOQ; annual consumption of cotton, 430 bales, valued at $21,500; hands employed, 36 ; monthly cost of labor, $371 ; annual products, 171,000 pounds yarn ; value ol entire products, $30,500. Capital invested in the iron manufacture, $100,000; material consumed in the year- pig iron 1,197 tons, mineral coal 243 tons, and coke and charcoal 92,000 bushels— valued together at $50,370 ; hands employed, 112 ; average wages per month, $37 91 ; castings made, 924 tons; total value of products, $117,400. Capital invested \n^t«»»; K?i-ieffi/OT).— Mississippi has hitherto been most miserably provided with the means of interconimnnica lion; and had it not been that nature bad given it highways in the form of navigable rivers, its great and fertile interior THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. must Jiave remained a wilderness in the midst of thriving populations. Its present condition, even, is little removed from such abnormal uselessness. Excepting its ordinary roads, which, however, are none of tlio best, the genius of modern times had done little or nothing to facilitate its access to the marlcets. True, it has not been backward in projects, yet none but in the single instance of the Yicksburg, Brandon, and Jackson Railroad has been brought to fruition. Here, then, is the present condition of the commercial avenues of the State. Its prospects for the future are more encouraging. There are now in progress the Mobile and Ohio Eailroad, and the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern Eailroad traversing the State north anulation originated as follows: Me. 311, N. Hamp. 304, Verm. 630, Mass. 1,103, R. I. 124, Conn. 742, N. Y. 6,010, N.J. 8S5, Penn. 8,291, Del. 518, Md. 4,253, Dist. of Col. 238, Virg. 8,357, N. C.-ir. 21,487, S. Car. 27,908, Ga. 17,506, Flor. 629, Ala. 34,047, Miss. 638, La. 746, Tex. 248, Ark. 2,120, Tenn. 44,970, Ky. 69.694, Oh. 12,737, Mich. 295, Ind. 12,752, III 10,917, Jfi.'i/ioiiri 277,604, la. 1,366, Wise. 123, Territories 80; and the foreign population was composed of persons from— England 5,379, Ireland 14,7-34, Scotland 1,049, Wales 176, Germany 44,352, France 2,138, Spain 46, Portugal 11, Belgium 58, Holland 189, Turkey 7, Italy 124, Austria 71, Switzeriand 984, Russia 29, Denmark 55, Norway 155, Sweden ' A census of Missouri, taken under State autliority, for 1852, gave the population at 724,687 — 634,934 whites, 2,528 fr, col., and 87,207 slavea. 170 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 87, Prussia C97, Sardinia 1, Asia 3, Africa 7, Britisli America 1,053, Mexico 94, Central America 0, South America 20, West Indies 50, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 954. The fiillowing table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities ; Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White , ' , Total , • , Years. J*ersons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 1810 17,227 607 8,011 3,913 20,845 — — 1820 56,081 283 10,222 10,505 66,586 45,741 219.6 1830 114,803 561 25,091 25,652 140,455 73,869 110.9 1840 323,838 1,574 58,240 59,814 33.3,702 24-3,247 173.2 1S50 592,078 2,544 87,422 89,966 632,044 298,342 77.8 The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited by the census of 1850, and other official documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows : Oeciij^ied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 2,924,991 acres, and attached lands unimproved, 6,767,937 acres — valued together in cash at .$63,057,482. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 54,45S. Value of farming implements and machinery, $8,965,945. Zive-Stocl:— Horses, 228,593 ; asses and mules, 41,508 ; milch cows, 228,.553 ; working oxen, 111,263 ; other cattle, 445,615 ; sheep, 756,309 ; and swine, 1,692,043— valued in the aggregate at $19,766,851. In 1840, according to the census of that year, there were in the State : 196,032 horses, mules, etc. ; 433,875 neat cattle of all kinds ; .348,013 sheep ; and 1,271,161 swine. Products of Animals.— \ioo\, 1,615,860 pounds; butter, 7,792,499 pounds; cheese, 202,122 pounds; and the cash value of animals slaughtered during the year amounted to $3,349,517. The production of silk cocoons was 186 pounds ; and the quantity of beeswax and honey obtained -was 1,827,812 pounds. Grain Oops.— Wheat, 2,966,928 bushels ; rye, 44,112 bushels ; Indian com, 86,069,543 bushels ; oats, 5,243,476 bushels ; barley, 9,631 bushels ; and buckwheat, 23,590 bushels. The crops of these cereals, aceordfng to the census of 1840, were : wheat, 1,037,386 bushels; rje, 68,003 bushels; Indian corn, 17,.382,524 bushels; oats, 2,234,947 bushels; barley, 9,801 bushels ; and buckwheat, 15,318 bushels. Other Food Crops. — Eice, 700 pounds; peas and beans, 45,974 bushels; and potatoes — Irish, 934,627 bushels, and Bweet, 332,120 bushels. The potato crop reported in the census of 1840 was 783,768 bushels. Miscellaneotis Crops. — Tobacco, 17,100,884 pounds ; hay, 116,743 tons ; clover-seed, 615 bushels; other grass-seed, 4,337 bushels; hops, 8,130 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 17,207 tons, and water-rotted 5,-351 tons; flax, 520,008 pounds; flax-seed, 13,641 bushels; maple sugar, 173,750 pounds ; molasses, 5,686 gallons; wine, 10,563 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $512,527, and of market-garden products $99,454. In the census of 1840 the production of cotton is noted at 121,122 pounds— this crop is not noticed in the census of 1850. The following table wUl exhibit the increase of Uve-stock, and of the principal crops in the decade ending 1st June, 1850 : staples. 1840. 1850. Increase. Wheat 1,037,386 bashels .... 2,966,923 bushels .... 1,929,542 bushels, or 186.0 per cent. Indian corn 17,332,524 " .... 86,069,543 " .... 18,737,019 " or 108.1 " Oats 2,284,947 " .... 5,213,476 " .... 3,003,529 " or 134.6 « Tobacco 9,067,913 pounds .... 17,100,334 pounds ... . 8,032,971 pounds, or 88.6 «' Hemp, dew-rotted "] f 17,207 tons "l " water-rotted I 18,010i tons ] 5,851 " I 10,705,743 « or 26.5 » Flax J I 520,008 pounds J Neat Cattle 4-33,875 heads .... 785,436 heads .... 351 ,561 heads, or 81.0 " Swine 1,271,161 " .... 1,692,043 " .... 420,832 " or 33.1 " Sheep 348,013 " 756,309 " .... 403,291 " or 117.3 " Wool 562,265 pounds 1,615,360 pounds 1,053,595 pounds, or 187.4 " — furnishing results indicative of the more rapid development of the agricultural interests of the State, than the ratio of increase in the population would warrant ; and these results are the more astonishing, when the increase of mining and manufacturing interests, which have been relatively extensive, are taken into consideration. Home-made maniifacture^i for the year ending 1st June, 1850 were valued at $1,663,016. The same class of goods made in 1839-40, were valued at $1,149,544. Manufactures.— hgs,rega.iQ capital invested, $9,194,999; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $12,408,457; average number of hands employed —males and females ; average monthly cost of labor $ -male $ and female $ ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $24,250,578. The whole number of manufacturing establistiments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annuaUy, at the above date, was 3,030, and of these two were cotton factories, one a woolen factory, 13 iron manufactories— 6 of castings, 6 of pig iron, and 1 of wrought iron, and 148 were tanneries. Nearly one-half the total number of establishments are in and about St. Louis, where almost every trade and handicraft has gained a footing, while in the interior counties the manufactories consist of the kinds usually found in agricultural and mining countries. The total capital invested in manu- factories in 1840 was $2,704,405. The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $102,000, and consume annually 2,160 bales of cotton, and 1,658 tons of coal, valued at $36,446 ; employ 155 hands— males 75, and females 80 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,620 ; products, 13,260 bales of batting, and value of entire products, $142,900. In the woolen manufacture $20,000 are invested ; 80,000 pounds of wool is used annually ; total value of raw material, fuel, etc., $16,000 ; hands employed 25—15 males and 10 females, at a monthly cost amounting to $545 ; products of the year, 12,000 yards of cloth, and 6,000 pairs of blankets, valued in the whole at $56,000. The iron, manufactures are stated, in the census of 1850, as follows : Ma„„r-,M„re, Capital In- Value of Raw Average Hands Monthly Cost Product. Value of Annual Manufactures. ^1.^^^^^ Material, etc. Employed. of Labor. Tons. llZi^^^k Pig u-on $619,000 $97,367 334 $3,112 19,250 $-314,600 Cast iron 137,000 133,114 297 5,830 6,200 886,495 "Wroughtu-on 42,100 24,509 101 3,030 963 68,700 ITl THE STATE OF MISSOURI. In 1S40 there were SO men eniiiloyed in the manufacture of iron, anJ tlie capital invested in all iron manufactories amounted only to $79,000, and hence the increase has been nearly 1,000 per cent, in the 10 subsequent years. The lend mines have been comparatively deserted for the past few years, on account of the miners having gone to Cali- fornia, and otiier circumstances. The receipts of lead at St. Louis alone, in 1S50, was 563,300 pigs of 70 pounds, being a decrease of 210,109 pigs from the receipts of 1S47. Of the receipts at other ports on tlie Missouri there are no accessible reports. In tan7)eries the capital invested amounts to $228,095 ; value of hides and skins used, $247,956 ; hands employed, 417 ; monthly cost of labor, $8,347 ; sides of leather produced, 241,334, and skins tanned, 44,493 ; value of products, $460,214. Foreign Commerce. — Missouri, from its inland position, can never enjoy any large share of direct commerce with foreign nations. The U. S. Treasury reports, except for the year 1844, have not mentioned exports being made directly, and for that year they were Valued at $293,901 ; but for many years imports, increasing in value year by year, are entered at the ports. In 1S50 the imports were valued at $3r)9,643. The value of imports in a series of years, commencing with 1833, were as follows : in 1833, $5,881 ; in 1836, $3,227 ; in 1833, $15,921 ; in 1340, $10,600 ; in 1341, $33,375 ; in 1842, $31,137 ; in 1344, $120,673; in 1345, $544,291; in 1S46, $73,569; in 1347, $167,195; in 1S4S, $14S,560; in 1349, $130,332; in 1350, $359,04;3. The shipping owned in the district, of which St. Louis is the port of entry, amouuted in 1350 to 23,907 tons, all employed in the river trade, aud of which 24,955 tons were navigated by steam. During the year ending 30th June, 1350, five steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,353 tons, were built in the district. Biter and Internal Trade. — Missouri, if shut out from foreign commerce, has a river and internal trade, which fully compensates its disadvantages. The Mississippi Eiver forms its great external highway, and the Missouri River, with its wide-spreading affluents, gives it access to the interior. On these rivers an immense trade is constantly being carried on, St. Louis being the great receiving and distributing dep6t of the State. It would be almost impossible to estimate the extent or value of this commerce. In 1351 of steamboats alone 2,641 arrived at St. Louis, and of these 300 were from New Orleans, 401 from ports on the Ohio River, 634 from the Illinois River, 639 from the Upper Mississippi, 801 from the Missouri River, 43 from the Cumberland River, 119 from Cairo, and 175 from other ports. These bring aud take away the material of a vast trade, and give to St. Louis all the advantages that port could have if near the sea-board. But beside these, barges and keel boats navigate all the waters, and perhaps transport an equal amount of merchandise ■with the steamboats. The whole tonnage entered in the year above named was 683,140 tons. Internal Improvem-ents. — Common roads and bridges excepted, Missouri is almost blameless of works of internal im- provement. Every other interest of the State is far ahead of this, the most needful to its permanent prosperity. At the commencement of 1850 there were only five macadamized roads in. the whole country, and these, all centering at St. Louis, only passed a few miles into the interior. The spirit of modern improvement, however, has not slept, nor have the people been unmindful of the benefit that the railroad wiU realize to the country. A splendid system of raihoads has been provided for, which will carry two lines directly across the State — one from Hannibal, on the Mississippi, to St. Jo- sephs, on the Missouri, and the other from St. Louis to the mouth of Kansas Eiver — both intended to be carried ultimately to the Pacific Ocean, and from the latter a south-western branch will be built to the borders of Arkansas. From St. Louis will also be built a railroad northward and through Iowa to the settlements of Minnesota. Besides these a railroad will be built from St. Louis to the Iron Mountain ; and other roads contemplated are the Platte County Railroad, the Lexing- ton and Daviess County Railroad, and the Canton and Bloomfield Railroad. The whole length of these railroads pro- jected is about 1,200 miles, but less than 40 miles was in use on the 1st January, 1353. The following sums have been appropriated by the General Assembly to aid in their construction : for the Hannibal and St. Josephs Railroad, $1,500,000 ; the Pacific Railroad and its south-western branch, $4,000,000 ; the North Missouri Railroad, $2,000,000 ; the Iron Mountain Railroad, $750,000 ; the Platte County Railroad, $500,000 ; the Lexington and Daviess County Raih-oad, $300,000, and the Canton and Bloomfield Railroad, $300,000. The right of way through the public lands is also granted by the General Government. With these means and facilities the works ought to progress rapidly to completion. Banks. — The Bank of the State of Missouri, at St. Louis, and its branches at Lafayette, Jackson, Lexington, Palmyra, and Springfield, were the only banking institutions in operation on the 1st January, 1851, and their aggregate condition at that date was as follows: Lialilities—ca\>\\.s\, $1,209,181 (of which $954,205 were owned by the State, and $254,926 by individuals) ; circulation, $2,522,500 ; deposits, $1,093,981, and duo other banks, $76,230 ; and— rt«.srf.s .• loans and discounts, $3,533,403 ; real estate, $123,928 ; other investments, $273,317 ; due by other banks, $63,028 ; notes of other banks]^37,513 ; and specie, $1,193,263. There is a constitutional prohibition against establishing more than one bank, with not more than five branches, and the capital is limited to $5,000,000, of which at least one half must be held by the State. Government. — The government is based on the constitution "done in convention" on the 12th June, 1820. The right of suffrage is enjoyed by every free white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the State one year before the election, and three months in the place where he offers his vote. The general election is held on the first Monday in August biennially. Legidative power is vested in a General Assembly, composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Represent- atives, in number not above 100, and chosen in counties every second year, shall be fi-ee white male citizens of the United fitates, 24 years of age, inhabitants of the State for two years, and of the county for one year next before the election, and shall have paid a tax. Senators, in number not more than 33, nor less than 14, shall have attained the age of 30, and bo citizens of the United States, resi) by a body of English and Indians, 1,540 strong, from Michilimaekinac and the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. During the siege, which lasted a week, about 60 persons were killed in the town and vicinity, and it Is impossible to tell to what extent the enemy might have gone, had not the timely .arrival of General Clarke from Kas- kaskia turned the tide of fortune in favor of the settlers. The general peace of 1783 put an end to hostilities. Spam re- tained her previous possessions, and received, in addition, the whole of Florida, of which she had been dei)rived 20 years before. Great Britain resigned East Louisiana, called also the Illinois country, to the United States, retaining only her northern possessions. Emigration into Spanish Louisiana began once more on the restoration of peace, and trade and agriculture to flourish. The hardy settlers of the western part of the Ignited Stiites now built their cabins in numerous places on the west side of the Mississippi. As might have been expected, difficulties soon arose between Spain and the Union. The foreign power be- came je.ilous of the increasing greatness of the latter. A dispute relative to the navigation of the Mississippi was settled by treaty (20th Oct., 1795), by which Spain granted to the United States free navigation of that river. But Spain never acted faithfully in this matter, and threw obstacles in the way of Americans n.ivigalinglhatstrc-am. War, indeed, seemed inevit- able, and was only prevented by the ces^sion of Louisiana to France, on the 21st March, 1801, and its disposal by that power to the United States on the 30th April, 1803. At the time of this last cession, the province contained 49,500 iuhab- 174 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. itants, of whom 6,028 were living in Upper Louisiana. The products of its agriculture ia 1802 had been chiefly cottoa and sugar — of the former 20,000 bales, and of the latter 5,000 hogsheads. The commerce of New Orleans had become extensive ; its exports coming from the province and the western States and territory, and consisting chiefly of flour, pork, salt beef, tobacco, cotton, sugar, molasses, peltries, naval stores, etc., amounted to 40,000 tons. The commerce of Upper Louisiana was flourishing, and a prosperous trade was already carried on between St. Louis and New Orleans, and with the settlements on the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers. The annual crop was about 88,000 minots (264,000 bushels) of wheat, 84,000 minots of Indian corn, and 28,627 pounds of tobacco. The mines produced 1,700 quintals of lead, and the salines about 1,000 barrels of salt. The fur trade brought in about $70,000. Louisiana henceforth formed part of the United States, itself'' an empire," bought, to use the words of Napoleon, " fur a mere trifle." The new purchase wa.s immediately divided into the "Territory of Orleans" (since 1812, the St.ate of Louisiana) and the " District of Louisiana," erected in 1805 into a territorial government, administered by a governor and judges, under the title of "Territory of Louisiana." The seat of the government was St. Louis; its districts, St. Charles, St. Louis, Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, and Arkansas. In 1812, on the admission of the present State of Louisiana into the Union, the name of this territory was changed to "Missouri Territory." The territory extended from latitude 33° to 41° north, and the government became representative. The first governor under the new government was William Clarke. The legis- lature consisted of a council of 9 members appointed by the President, and a House of Representatives, one member for every 500 free white males, elected by the people. The limits of the Territory on the west were gradually extended by treaties with the Indians. People from the western States began to move in from the time of the purchase, so that in 1810 the population numbered 20,845, of whom all but about 1,500 belonging to Arkansas were settled within the present limit* of the State of Missouri. The French settlements were now overrun by Americans from Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, etc., and American habits, usages, laws, and institutions soon became prevalent. The original settlers were quicklj merged and almost lost among the later and more active population, imtil at length the whole became a homogeneous people. Immigration was so rapid, that in 1817 the territory contained 60,000 souls. St. Louis counted at this tin^e 5,000 inhabitants against 1,000 in 1804. It had already become the emporium of the Upper Mississippi. In 1817, application was made by the Assembly to Congress for authority to frame a State constitution preliminary to admission- into the Union. A fierce and stormy debate arose at once on the subject in Congress. A powerful party demanded that the new States should exclude slavery by their constitutions. The discussion raged for two ye.ars, threatening to tear the Union asunder ; at length, however, the debate was stopped by the passage of the compromise resolutions of Mr. Clay, by which it was agreed that the institution of slavery should be recognized in Missouri, but in no other new State north of latitude 36° 30'. The State constitution, somewhat modified since its adoption, was framed by a convention of forty delegates, ■which met at St. Louis on the 12th June, 1S20, and adopted on the 19th July following The new State was found, by a census taken the same year, to contain a population of 66,586, of whom 10,222 were slaves. From this time until the present there has flowed a constant tide of immigration from the southern, western, and northern States, and fVom Europe ; agriculture and corameroo have more than kept pace with the increase, and mining and manufactures, though not made prominent industrial pursuits, have been gradually developed. Few other States, indeed, can boast of so rapid a devel- opment of the material resources it may possess, which, though in a great measure duo to the fiicilities afforded by the country itself, yet much must be accorded to the enterprise of its hardy, intelligent, and industrious inhaliitant*. Succession of Governors. — Territorial Governors: Amos Stoddart, 1804; James Wilkinson, 1805; Meriwether Lewis, 1807; William Clark, 1813; and — CoNSTmjTioNAi, Governors: Alexander M'Nair, 1820; Frederick Bates, 1S24 John Miller, 1828 ; Daniel Dunklin, 18.32; Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836; Thomaa Reynolds, 1340; John C. Edwards, 1844 Austin A. King, 1848 ; Sterling Price, 1852. jErFEESON City, on the south bank of the Missouri River, 143 miles from its mouth, is the political capital of the State. 175 THE TERRITORY OE lEBRASKA. Nebraska is an unorganized Territory of the United States, occupying all the country below the parallel of 42° north latitude to the north boundaries of the Indian Territory, the State of Texas, and the Territory of New Mexico, and extend- ing east and west between the Roclcy Mountains, bordering Oregon and Utah Territories, and the western line of tho States of Iowa and Missouri. The area of this immense region is estimated at 136,700 square miles. Across this Territory flow several of the great rivers of the Continent — the Nebraska, or Platte, from which the Territory takes its name, the Kansas and its wide-spreading tributaries, the Arkansas, etc. The Missouri Kiver forms a great part of its eastern boundary, and is the common recipient of the rivers above named, cxc«pt tho Arkansas. The Nebraska rises by two forks in the Rocky Mountains, and these uniting in latitude 41° 05' 05" N., and longitude 101° 21' 24" W., flow in a united stream to a confluence witli the Missouri, In latitude 41° 03' 13" N., or about 620 miles above the entrance of the latter into the Mississippi, and 52 miles below Council Bluffs. It has few tributaries, and none of any great size; the principal are Elkhorn River, Loup Fork, and Wood River on tlie north, and Saline River on the south. It is from one to three miles broad, and so shallow, that, excepting in high flood, it is fordable in almost any part. It is full of Islands covered with cotton wood, willows, and shrubs, and the shifting sands in its bed, together with the rapidity of its current, etfectually prevent navigation. Colonel Long estimates that only 40 miles of its lower course are open to steam- boat navigation. The north fork of the river rises in the same region as the Colorado of the West, about 40° 30' N., and having received Sweet-water River and other aflluents in its course northward, breaks through the main range of the Rocky Mountains, and flows thence in a direction E. S. E., and the South Fork rises near the sources of the Arkansas, and flows E. N. E. to the junction. The great emigrant* route to Oregon, Utah, and California, follows this river and its North Fork— the Fremont route of 1S43 takes the South Fork. The Kansas River meets the Missouri in 390 06' 03" north latitude, and 94° 32' 54" west longitude, nearly equidistant between Fort Leavenworth and Independence. It is naviga- ble for steamboats for 150 miles from its mouth, and its width at its entrance into the Missouri is 340 yards. The sources of this river are near tlie eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, between the Nebraska and Arkansas, and the distance between its two forks — the Republican and Smoky Hill forks— is at least 120 miles through the greater part of their course. Republican Fork rises in a considerable lake in latitude 39° 52', and longitude 103O 30', and Smoky Hill Fork rises in the mountain region eastward of the South Park ; the junction is made near tlie meridian of 96° 30'. These, as well as the main stream, receive numerous large tributaries, which drain at least one half the Territory. The Arkansas rises to the south of South Park and Pike's Peak, near the sources of the Rio Grande del Norte, and has a general east course, forming in part the north boundary of the Indian Territory, and then taking a course to the south-east, it passes through that country to the Mississippi, wliich it strikes on the parallel of 83° 40', and is navigable for steamboats 603 miles from its confluence. This river was formerly the boundary between the Mexican Republic and the United States, westward of the 100th meridian ; but by tho recent changes in the political divisions of the country, the whole length from that point has been thrown into the present Territory of Nebraska. The whole of this country is yet in its primitive wilderness state. Little or nothing is known of its topography, and tha delineations on maps are but the isolated reminiscences of travelers and traders. The red man still roams over its prairies and mountains in quest of game and plunder ; and as the ocean to the sea-farer, so its wilderness to the emigrant, it is only traversed as the highway to countries beyond its limits. The great features of the Territory, however, are known ; in the east it is chiefly prairie, and in the west are the outliers of the Rocky Mountains, which rise up in grandeur and m.ijesty, forming the water-shed between the mighty rivers that drain the western portion of the Central Valley and the Pacific slope of the Continent. The central portions are unprofitable, irreclaimable wUdemess, with scarcely an oasis to relieve the monotony of its dreariness ; it is the great American Desert, in crossing which the way-farer has more to dread than the mariner that dares the deep, not only on account of the inhospitable character of the country, but also from the hostilities of the native savages besetting his path and seeking his destruction. Thousands have perished under the rifle and tomahawk, and at every step the grave of some unfortunate gives warning of dangers to be avoided, or tells of the Bufferings endured by the hardy men whose tracks are the tide-marks of empire flowing to its western destination. Nebraska, with the exception of a small strip on its southern border, south of the Arkansas, was a portion of the Louisi-ana purchase, and came into the possession of the United States in 1S03. It has never received as yet any white settlers, except those engaged in the service of tho United States as Indian agents and military occupants, or missionaries of tho several Christian denominations. Fort Leavenworth and Council Bluffs are within this Tenitory — the first a military station, established for the surveillance of the Indians, and the latter an Indian agency. But It is now proposed to organize the Territory, and prepare it for the emigrant For this purpose, a bill was introduced into Congress as early as 1S45, but was not acted upon ; and another bill was brought forward in 1S53, with tho like result. The day, however is not far distant when the white settlements will break through their present limits, the Indian be driven back, and the portions of the country in the immediate Valley of the Missouri be opened to the enterprising pioneer. Whither will the Indian retreat, and what his destiny before the tide of civilization ? The past and present will answer for the future. "■ For a minute description of this route, tlie reader is referred to " Horn's Overland Guide to California," published by J. H. Coltim, No. 86 Cedar-street, New York, 1853. Refer, also, to Fremont's Reports. 176 THE STATE OE NEW HAMPSHIRE. New HAMPSimiE is situated between 43° 41' and 45° 11' latitudes north, and between 70° 40' and 720 28' longitudes, west from Greenwich, or between 4° 34' and 6° 22' east from Washington. It is lx)unded on the north by Lower Canada, on tlie east by the State of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the State of Massachusetts, and on the east by that of Vermont, from whleli it is separated by the Connecticut Eiver. From north to south its length is 168 miles, and its width, from east to west, from 90 to 20 miles, its form tapering toward the north. It contains an area of 9,280 square miles. New Hampshire has a sea-coast of but IS miles in length. The shore is little otherwise than a sandy beach, bordered in front by salt marshes, and indented by creeks and coves, which form, however, eligible harbors for small craft. Behind there is a narrow, level, or gently undulating tract of 25 or 30 miles in width, and beyond this zone the general siirfacf becomes mountainous, principally in the north, the hills increasing in height as they recede from the sea, until they swell to the lofly grandeur of the "Wliite Mountains. This range, which may be considered as a continuation of the AUeghanies, enters New Hampshire between the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers, and of which the Grand Monadnock, 3,254 feet in height, Sunapee, 4,036 feet, and Moosheloc, 4,636 feet, appear to be links, reaches its greatest elevation in Mount Washing- ton, the summit of wliich is 6,428 feet above the level of the sea, and the highest culmination east of the Rocky Mountains. The other principal peaks in this range, fur as such it may be described, although it is not always continuous, are : Mount Adams, 5,960 feet ; Mount Jefferson, 5,800 feet ; Mount Madison, 5,620 feet, Mount Monroe, 5,510 feet ; Mount Franklin, B,C50 feet, and others little inferior in elevation, and the Kearsarge Mountains rise to the height of 2,480 feet. These mountains are composed of luige rocks of granite and gneiss, and round their bases are forests of heavy timber, which is succeeded by a belt of stunted tir trees, from 10 to 15 feet high, above this a growth of thick bushes, and farther up the surface is covered with a dark pall of mosses and lichens. The snow lies on their summits for nine or ten months of the year, giving them the appearance from which they take their name. The " Notcli" is a remarkable chasm two miles in length, and where narrowest it is only 22 feet wide. It is the only pass through the great mountain barrier. Through tlie high, steep precipices,whieh form its walls, flows one of the head branches of the Saco River, and in its course receiving the waters of several cascades which leap down the declivities. This stream, after a heavy liiU of rain, becomes fearfully Bwollen, and frequently at such times sweeps away all opposing obstacles, and fills the valley with ruin. In 1836, a violent rain storm caused a slide of earth, rocks, and trees, which choked up the streams, and flooding the country, spread desolation far and wide, and in the general confusion a family of eleven persons, residing at the Notch House, were overwhelmed. The general slope of the State is from north to south, and in that direction the principal rivers flow, following the courses of the local valleys. The slope toward the Connecticut valley is short and precipitous, and in this dh-ection the only streams of consequence are the Ammonoosuc and Ashuelot. The Androscoggin passes through the north-eastern part of the State, but this is properly a river of Maine. The Piscataqua, the only considerable river that has its whole course within the State, is formed by the junction of Salmon Falls and Cocheco rivers from the north, and se\'eral smaller streams from the west, and it is only from this junction to the sea, a distance of ten miles, that it bears the name of Piscataqua. At its mouth is the harbor of Portsmouth, one of the finest in the United States. The Merrimac rises in the White Mountains, not far distant from the sources of the Saco, and running south through the centre of the State, passes into Massachusetts, where it tarns and runs in a north-easterly direction, and falls into the Atlantic. The principal tributaries of the Merrimac are from the west, the Nashua, which, after bending beyond the State line, again enters New Hampshire, and empties itself in the town of Nashua ; the Contoocook, which empties itself at Concord, and Baker's River, which rises in Moosheloc Mountain, and empties itself at Plymouth ; and from the east the principal tributaries are Winnipiseogee River, (he outlet of the lake of the same name, and Squam River, which is the outlet of Squam Lake. None of the rivers of New Hampshire, however, are much used for navigation, but afford the best of mill-sites. It is estimated that 110,000 acres of the surface of this State are covered with water. Lake Winnipiseogee (Win-ne-pe- sok-ee, I)u7kin) is the most extensive sheet of water within its limits. It is 23 miles in length, and from 2 to 10 in breadth. Upward of 860 islands are sprinkled over its bosom, and its shores are indented by numerous bays formed by gentle swells of land projecting into the lake and rising gracefully from its waters. It abounds in fish, and its waters are remark- ably pure. Being on the route to the White Mountains, it is much \isited by travelers, and a steamboat is employed on the lake during the summer season. Lake Umbagog, on the eastern State line, and others in the south and west, are smaller but all have attractive scenery, and are the recipients and outlets of sever,al streams. Ofl' the coast are the Isles of Shoals, seven in number, which belong partly to Maine and partly to New Hampshire (see Maine). They lie about eight miles out to sea, between Portsmouth and Newburyport, and are hardly more than a cluster of rocks rising above the water. For more than a century before the Revolution they were quite populous, con- taining at one time 600 inhabitants, who found there an advantageous situation for carrying on the fisheries. To this day the best cod are those known under the name of Isles of Shoals sun-flsh. From 3,000 to 4,000 quintals were once annually taken and cured here, but the business has of late years declined. New Hampshire has been called the " Switzerland of America." Its scenery is full of grandeur and wild magnificence. L 177 THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. From the lofty suraniita of its nigged mountains the eye surveys one of the wildest, and at the same time enchanting, countries of the world, and is never drowscil by monotony. liocks piled on rocks, clothed in gigantic forest growths and Bhrubs, placid lakes embosoming countless verdant islets ; pleasant valleys and farm lands in the highest state of cultiva- tion, sui'eessively greet the eye, while the foaming cataract and leaping cascade, now rushing down the slopes .ind dashing to the vales, and now reposing into the gently gliding streams, and anon swelling into rivers, coursing like molten silver through the plains, and winding their way to the sea, enchant the seizes and cheat the mind of its cares. From Mount Washington the prospect is nolile and extensive, only bounded on the one hand by the dim distance of the ocean, and on tlie other by the blue horizon resting on the green base of the land. From Monadnock and Mine, hemlock, ash, beech, and birch; and these in former times constituted the chief merchantable products of the region, and when formed into masts, staves, planks, boards, etc., were largely exported. The sugar-maple is also abundant, and the pitch-yielding pine. Wolves, bears, and other fur-bearing animals are still found in the State, and although a boimty has long been paid by the govern- ment for their destruction, the farmers continue to complain of their visits. The rivers and lakes are well stored with fish, and wild fowl and game are plentiful in all parts. New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties and 243 townships, the general statistics of the counties and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. j^/'™' ^n^b. Capitals, Belknap 3,4.36. . .17,721 . . .2,438. . .163. . . .Gilford Carroll 3,724. . .20,156. . .2,805. . .135. . . .Ossipee Cheshire. . . .5,302. ..30,144. ..2,805. . .377.... Keene Coos 2,114. ..11,853. . .1,489. . . 69. . . .Lancaster Grafton 7,898. . .42,ai3. . .5,063. . .421. . -j pi^n^^'^f^ _, . -r, ,1 Ti Farms Manuf. -, ., , Countie?. Dwell. Pnp. / ^.^^ jjjab. Ca]Mtal,«. Hillsboro' 9.939. . .57,477. . .3,675. ..399. . . .Amherst Merrimac 7,400. . .08,445. . .3,220. . .215 Concobd Eockingham. .9,113. . .50,986. . .3,811 . . .934. . i pi^r^^^uth Strafford 4,764. . .29,364. . .1,844. . .894. . . .Dover Sullivan 3,649. . .19,375. . .2,129. . .141. . . .Newport The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 57,339, of families 62,287, and of inhabitants 317,864, dz., whites 31 7,.389— males 155,902, and females 161,487; free colored 475— males 143, and females 232. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb— -wh. 163, fr. col. 0— total 163; llind—v/h. 1.34, fr. col. 2— total 136; insan-e—wh. 385, fr. col. 0— total 385 ; and idiotic— y/h. 343, fr. col. 4— total 352. The number of free persons born in the United Slates, was 304,227; the number of foreign birth, 12,571 ; and of birth unknown, 178. The native population originated as follows: Maine 9,636, A'ejo Hampshire 261,591, Verm. 11,250, Mass. 18,495, K. I. 364, Conn. 1,105, N. York 1,171, N. Jer. 49, Penn. 148, Del. 10, Md. 84, Dist of Cot 14, Virg. 48, N. Car. 10, S. Car. 21, Ga. 16, Flor. 1, Ala. 13, Miss. 9, La. 9, Tex. 2, Ark. 8, Tenn. 8, Ky. 11, Ohio 66, Mich. 48, Ind. 20, 111. 31, Mo. 12, la. 4, Wis. 10, Calif. 1, Territories 2; and Vh . Years, Persons. Free. .Slave Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1790 141,111 630 158 7SS 141,899 — — 1800 182,878 856 8 864 18.3,762 41,863 29.5 1810 213,-S90 970 — 970 214,360 30,598 16.6 1820 243,236 925 — 925 244,161 29,801 13.9 1830 268,721 604 3 607 269,.328 25,167 10.3 1840 284,036 587 1 538 284,574 15.246 5.6 1850 817,-389 475 — 475 317,864 83,290 11.16 The stiitistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, and institutions of New Hampshire, as ascertained by the census of the Slate, talcen in 1850, and other official reports referring to the same year, are as follows: Occupi-ed Lands, etc.— Ira'provcA lands, 2,251,488 acres; and unimproved lands, 1,140,926 acres — valued in cash at $55,245,997. "Whole number of farms under cullivation, 29.229. Value of farming implements and machinery, $2,314,125. Li re- Stock.— llonas, 34,238; asses and mules, 19; miloh cows, 94,277; working oxen, 59,027; other cattle, 114,606; sheep, 884,756 ; swine, 63,487— valued in the aggregate at .$8,871,901. The returns of 1840 exhibited tlic live-stock as follows : Horses, mules, etc., 43,892 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 275,562 ; sheep, 617,390; and swine, 121,671. Products of Animah.— 'Woo], 1,364,034 (in 1840, 1,260,517) poimds; butter, 6,977,056 pounds; cheese, 3,196,563 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year, $1,522,873. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 4,191 (in 1840, 419}) pounds, being two-sevenlhs the whole product of the United States ; and beeswax and honey to the amount of 117,140 pounds. Grain Crops. — Wheat, 185,658 bushels; rye, 183,117 bushels; Indian corn, 1,573,670 bushels; oats, 973,-381 bushels; barley, 70,256 bushels; and buckwheat, 65,265 bushels. Tiie crops of 1839, according to the census of 1840, were as follows: "Wheat, 422,124 bushels; rye, 303,143 bushels; Indian corn, 1,162,572 bushels; oats, 1,296,114 bushels ; barley, 121,899 bushels ; and buckwheat, 105,103 bushels. Ot?i,er Food Crops.— Veas and beans, 70,856 busliels ; and potatoes, Irish, 4,804.919 bushels. The potato crop of 1339^0 amounted to 6,206.606 bushels. ^li^ceUaneou.i Crops. — Tobacco, 50 pounds; hay, 598,854 (in 1840, 496,107) tons; clover-seed, 829 bushels; other grass-seed, 8,071 busliels; hops, 257,174 (in 1840, 243,425) pounds; flax, 7,652 pounds; flax-seed, 189 bushels; maple sugar, 1,294,863 pounds; molasses, 9,811 gallons; wine, 344 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $248,563; and of market-garden products, $56,810. Home-made Mamifactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $39.3.435. Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $18,242,114; v:due of all raw material, fuel, etc., 12,745,460; hands mployed — males, and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ ; entire v-alue of products. $23,164,503. The capital employed in manufaeUires in 1840, was $9,252,448. The whole number of manufacturing establishments pro- ducing to the value of $5«'0 and upward annually, on the 1st .June, 1850, was 3,301 ; and of this number 44 were cottou factories, 61 woolen factories, 163 tanneries, and 29 iron manufactories — 26 making castings, 1 pig iron, and 2 wrought iron. The following are the general statistics of these several manufactures : In the cotPin manufacture a capital of $10,950,500 is invested, and hence in this interest New Hampshire is second only to Massachusetts, and equal to one-seventh the aggregate of Ihe United States. It consumes annually 83,026 bales of cotton, and 7,679 tons coal, valued together at $4,839,429, and employs 12,122 hands— 2,911 males and 9,211 females, at a monthly cost of $199,844— to males $75,713, and to females $124,181. The annual products are 113,106,247 yards of sheeting, etc. and 149,700 pounds of yarn— valued at $8,8.30,619. In 1840— capitiil invested, $5,523,200; hands, 6,991 ; value of products, $4,142,.304. The u'ooh'ti manufacture employs a capital of $2,437,700 ; wool consumed, 3,604,103 pounds ; and coal, 3,600 tons- valued at $1,267,.329; hands, 2,127— males 926, and females 1,201; monthly cost of labor, .$38,628— male .$21,177, and female $17,451 ; annual products, 9,712,840 yards of cloth, and 165,200 pounds yarn— together valued at $2,127,745. In 1840- capital, .$740,345; hands, 893; value of products. $705,784. Tanneries use a capital of $ 141,976 ; value of all raw material, $543,779 ; hands, 502 ; monthly cost of labor, $11,737 ; skins tanned, 109,595, and sides of leather tanned, 333,158 ; value of products, $900,421. In 1840, capital $386,402 ; hands, 776. The statistics of the iron manufacture are as follows : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars... 2,000 232,700 4,000 2-36,700 Iron ore used tons 500 — — 500 Other iron used " — 6,673 145 6,318 Mineral coal consumed " — 1,680 — 168 Coke, charcoal, etc " 50,000 20,500 50,000 120,.500 Value of .ill raw material dollars... 4,900 177,000 5,600 187,560 Hands employed number.. 10 374 6 890 Monthly cost of labor dollars... 180 12,-361 192 12,7.33 Iron annually made tons 200 5,764 110 6,074 Value of all products dollars. . . 6,000 871,710 10,400 388,110 Besides the above principal manufactures, there are in New Hampshire a great vari#ly of others, less conspicuous, Ifldeed, but which m the aggregate are little less valuable. Among these may be mentioned her numerous grist and saw- mills, her carriage factories, paper-mills, powder-mills, machine-shops, hardware, cutlery, etc., factories, etc. Commerce, Navigation^, etc.— 'New Hampshire, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries, pro- duce and merchandise to the value of $8,927, and imported to that of $49,079. Of the exports, $8,722 was the value of domestic produce— in American vessels $2,835, and in foreign vessels $5,837, and $205 was the value of foreign produce re-exported; and of the imports, $19,962 was the value of goods carried in American vessels, and $29,117 that of goods carried in foreign vessels. The entrances and clearances for the same year were as follows : 179 THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. EXTRAXCES. Natinnality. Vessels. Tonnage. American 9 3,572 Foreign 101 7,47'2 Total. 110 11,044 Crew a. . 131 . 512 643 CLEAKANCK3. Nationaliljr. Vessels. American 5 ... Foreign 102 ... Total 107 Tonnage. . 6S2 . . 7,531 . 8,213 Crews. 34 . 517 651 This commerce belongs to the port of Portsmouth, the only port of entry in the State, The great bulk of the commercial material of New Hampshire is cnrrieJ to Boston for exportation, and it.s foreign supplies are chiefly brought through the same channel. The following table will exhibit the variations of the imports and exports for a series of years: Year, Exports. 1791 $142,859 1792 181,413 1793 198,204 1794 153,860, 1795 229,427 1796 375,161 1797 275,840 1798 861,453, 1799 861,789 , ISOO 431,836 1801 555,055 1802 565,394 1803 494,620 1S04 716,091 1805 608,408 1806 795,263 1807 680,022 1803 125,059 . 1809 286,505, 1810 234,650 . Imports. Vear. Exports, Imports. 1811 $368,863 $ 1S12 203,401 1813 29,996 1S14 87,.3S7 1S15 109,782 1S16 140,293 1S17 197,424 1S18 180,645 1819 157,919 1S20 240,800 1821 260,766 850,021 1S22 199.699 33ii,052 lS-23 237,705 571,770 1S24 185,883 245,513 1S25 19S.0SO 331.244 1826 167.075 348,609 1S27 177,398 .302,211 1828 124,433 299.849 1S29 10.5,740 179,889 1830 96,184 130,828 Year. 1831 . . 1832 . . 1833 .. ISU . . 1S;35 . . 1S.36 . . 1837 .. 1888 .. 1839 . . 1840 .. 1841 . . 1842 . . 1843 . . 1844 .. 1845 .. 1846 .. 1847 .. 1843 . . 1849 . . 1850 . . Exports. Imports. $111,222 ... . . . $146,205 115,.582 ... ... 115,171 1.55,258 . . . ... 107,754 79,656 . . . ... 118,695 81,681 . . . .. 71,.514 16.520 . . . . . . &4.a54 34,641 . . . . . . 81.4-34 74,670 . . . ... 169,985 81,944 ... ... 51,4iJ7 20,979 . . . ... 114,647 10,343 . . . . . . 73.701 2S.547 . . . . . . 60,431 44,774 . . . 8,289 6,684 . . . . . 81,420 2,384 . . . . . . 22,639 5,072 . . . . . 16,485 1,690 . . . . . 16,935 S,24;3 . . . . . . 61,803 5,878 . . . . . 64,851 8,927 . . . . . . 49,079 The total shipping owned in the State at the date rcfen-ed to amounted to 23,096: registered shipping, 14,979 tons; enrolled and licensed, 7,893 tons ; and licensed (under 20 ton boats), 224 tons. ITie proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the coasting trade was 4,025 tons, in the cod fishery 2,664 tons, and in the mackerel fishery 1,204 tons. The shipping built in the State during the year consisted of 8 ships and 2 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 6,914 tons. Internal Improvement. — ^New Hampshire has completed a fine system of railroads, the principal lines being in a N. W. and a S. E. direction^ or between the Atlantic sea-board at Boston and Portsmouth, and the Connecticut River, where connection is made with the Vermont lines to Lake Champlain and Canada. The great Atlantic and St. Lawrence Kailroad also traverses the State in the North section. Most of the lines in the southern part of the State centre at Concord, the capital, and thence diverge in every direction. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st of January, 1853, was 480 miles, or 1 mile to every 17 square miles of territory, or to every 002 inhabitants. Bankn, etc. — There were 22 banks in the State, in December, 1850, the condition of which was as follows: Liahilities — capital, $2,375,900 ; circulation, $1,897,111 ; and deposits, $566,634 ; and rt.s«ffe— loans and discounts, $3,821,120 ; real estate, $43,670 ; due by other banks, $477,453 ; notes of other banks, $91,444 ; and specie, $129,399. Thirteen savings" institutions at the above date had deposits to the amount of $1,641,512. Government. — The constitution of 1784, as amended in 1792, is the fundamental law of the State. A new constitution was framed by a convention in 1850, but was subsequently rejected by the people. The n'(/ht of suffrage is secm'ed to every male inhabitant 21 years old, excepting paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request. The general election is held on the 2d Tuesday in March annually. The General Coxtrt consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives shall have resided for the last two years in the State, shall have an estate valued at $100 (at tlie rate of six shillings and eight ponce the ounce of silver), one-half thereof to be freehold within their district, and shall be inhabitants of their district. Every town of 150 rateable polls, 21 years old, may choose 1 representative, and every 300 such polls adilitional shall entitle the town to an- other representative. There are also classed towns, and towns allowed by special act to send representatives. The Senate consists of 12 members, who must be 80 years old, inhabitants of the State for seven years, and seizcil of a freehold of $200 value within the State. Senatorial districts, 12 in number, shall be set off " according to the proportion of public taxes paid by the said districts." In case of a vacancy in a senatorial district, one of the two candidates having most votes in the district shall be chosen by the legislature on joint ballot. The legislature thus constituted meets on the 1st Monday of June annually. * The Executive Council consists of 5 councilors, and is elected annually by the people. Councilors must be 30 years of age, 7 years resident in the State, and poss(»scd of an estate of $500, of which $300 shall bo freehold. Vacancies are filled as in the Senate. The governor convenes the council, and their resolutions and advice are recorded in a public record, and signed by those agreeing thereto. The Governor shall hare the qualifications of a councilor, except as to his estate, which shall be $300, one-half freehold. If there be no choice of governor by the people, one of the two highest candidates shaU bo chosen by the General Court on joint ballot. The governor may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses voting sub.scquently in favor of its passage, it becomes law nevertheless. With the .assistance of the council he shall nomin.ate and appoint all judici.al officers, the Attorney-general, solicitors, sheriffs, and registers of probate. The governor and council shall have a negative on each other, both in nominations and appointments. The Jiulicidnj consists of the Superior Court, Courts of Common Plena, Courts of Probate, etc. The superior court consists of a chief-justice and four associate justices. At the session of the legislature in June, 1S51, provision was made 180 THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. for appointing four circuit justices of common pleas : two only are now appointed. If a vacancy other than in the office of the chief-justice occurs in the superior court, it is not to be filled, but an additional circuit justice of the common pleaa is to be appointed until the whole number of four is filled up, and after that the superior court will consist of the chief- justice and two associate justices, any two of whom will be a quorum. Two terms of the superior court are held annually at Concord, on the 2d Tuesdays of July and December, for the hearing and determining of questions of law and petitions for divorce from all the counties in the State. This court is also vested with chancery powers. At the trial of capital cases two justices of the superior court, or one justice of the superior court and one circuit judge arc required to be present. The judges of the superior court of judicature are ea-officio judges of the court of common pleas. This court,«bcfore which all actions for recovery of debts, enforcement of contracts, etc., and all jury trials are brought, consists of one of the justices of the superior court, or one of the circuit judges of the court of common pleas, and of any two county justices, who are generally appointed from among the yeomanry, whose principal duty it is to .attend to the ordinary business of the county, its roads, expenses, etc. Terms of the common pleas are held semi-annually in each county. Grafton Co\mty is divided into two judicial districts, and terms are held semi-annually in each district. County treasurers aniierty. Baptist 180 .. 62,021 . . $318,756 German Ref. — . . — $- R. Catholic. 2.. 1,450 .. $20,000 Christian.... 23 .. 7,260 . . 30,350 Jewish — . . — — Swedenbo'n . — . . _ _ Congregat'1..172 .. 79,656 . . 527,340 Lutheran ... — . . — — Tunker — . . Dutch Ref. . . — . . — . — Mennonile . . — . . _ _ Union 32 . . 10,450 .. 39,350 Episcopal ... 11 . . 4,425 . . 41,400 Methodist... 99 .. 32,:340 . 175,290 Unitarian.... 13 .. 8,-380 . . 72,800 Free 2.. 750 . 4,000 Moravian ... — . . — — Universalist.. 36 .. 14,2S0 . . 83,100 Friends 15 .. 4,700 . . 15,200 Presbyterian 13 . . 6,500 . 71,000 Minor Sects. 4 .. 1,100 .. 3,000 • — making a total of 602 churches, having accommoilations for 233,8!>2 persons, and valued as property at -Jl, 401 ,586. New Hampshire constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a portion of the Roman Catholic diocese of Boston. Panpermn aiul Crime. — The whole number of paupers who were relieved or supported in the State during the year ending 1st June, 1850, wjis 3,600, of whom 2,S53 were native-born, and 747 foreign-born; and the whole number of pau- pers on the list at the date specified, was 2,1S3, of whom 1,993 were native-born, and 186 foreigners. Annual cost of sup- port, $157,351. The State Prison is located at Concord, and was first opened for the reception of convicts in 1812, from which period to Jime, 1850, there had been 790 commitments. Whole number of inmates on 31st May, 1849, eighty-tiDO ; received in 1849-50, thirty-si\B; and discharged, 27; leaving in prison 91 — S3 males, and 3 females; and of these 72 were committed for ofl'enses against property, 1 for arson, 8 for rape, 2 for manslaughter, and 4 for murder. Expenditure for the year, $7,509. The first settlements in New Hampshire were made by Gorges and Mason, two of the most active members of the Plymouth Company. In 1G21, Mason obtained a grant of all the lands between the Naumkeag and Merrimae, and in the next year another grant was made to Mason and Gorges of the country between the Merrimae and Sagadahock rivers. The first tract was named Mariana, and the latter Laconia. Designing to establish fisheries, they sent over in 1623 a colony — one division of which lauded at Little Harbor, on the southern shore of the Piscataqua, and the other settled at Dover. Other settlements were effected on the coast both by the granters under Mason, and by emigrants from Plymouth and Massachusetts. Fishing and trading being the sole objects of these parties, the settlements were slow in their progress for many years. In 1629, Mason procured a further grant of the land between the Piscataqua and Merrimae, and extending 60 miles into the country, and this he called New Hampshire. In 1631, a house, called the Grc.it House, was built at Strawberry Hill, now Portsmouth. In 1C3S, John Wheelwright, the brother of the celebrated Mrs. Hutchinson, banished from Massachu- setts for his Antinomian principles, came with a number of his adherents to Squarascot Falls, where they founded Exeter. Here they combined, as a body politic, chose rulers and swore to oj^ey them. Similar governments were established by the colonists at Dover and Strawberry Hill. All tliese jietty establishments, however, placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts in 1641, and were governed as a part of that colony until 1630, the year previous to which a decree was passed constituting New Hanii)shire a separate province. A president and council were now appointed by the crown, and a house of representatives elected by the people. The first assembly, consisting of eleven persons, met at Portsmouth the same year. At this session a code of laws were enacted, of which the first declared, " That no act, imposition, law, or ordnance should be imposed upon the mhabitants of the province, but such as should be made by the assi-mbly. and approved by the president and council." From 1675, to the accession of James II., the colony was much disturbed by contentions between the heirs of Mason and the holders of l.aud ; nor was it, indeed, until 1747, that peace was secured — in that year all claims having been purchased by the government. These contentions retarded greatly the progress of the colony, and were a main source of the grievances which alienated the public affections from the mother country. On the accession of .Tames to the English throne, new schemes of oppression were meditated for the colonies, and every vestige of liberty was to be erased. In 1686, Sir Edmond Andros arrived at Boston, commissioned as Governor in Chief over all New England, and authorized with his council to make such laws and impose such taxes as ho thought proper. New Hampshire had already declared her will, which was offensive to the governing powers, and, like her sister colonies, became a prey to his tyranny — the press was shackled, liberty of conscience invaded, and oppressive taxes imposed, and, to prevent complaints being heard, no person was allowed to leave the country without express license. This state of things continued until the Revolution in England, when Andros was seized by the people and sent home a prisoner. New Hampshire being now without a government, the people determined to return to their ancient connection with Massachusetts. This union only lasted tliree years, a separation having been determined on and effected by the English auUiorities. New Hampshire was, perhaps, of all the colonies, the one that Suffered most from Indian hostilities. From her earliest settlement her progress was retarded by savage inroad, nor did the Indian cease from his forays until the reduction of 182 • THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Quebec. In the twelve years of peace tliat followed, New Hampshire increased wonderfully in population and wealth. Her settlements extended farther west than the original limits prescribed by the patents, and until 1764 it was supposed that the territory which now forms the State of Vermont was part of the province, and grants were accordingly made by the authorities in that direction. The district, however, was allotted to New York, and a vexatious controversy ensued, which continued until the independence of Vermont was acknowledged in 1790. During the contest many towns lying near the Connecticut attached themselves to the Vermontese, but in the end returned to their former allegiance. The State bore an active and honorable part in the war of the Revolution. On the arrival of news of the battle of Lexington, 1,200 men marched to the assistance of their brethren at Boston. The royal governors were obliged to seek safety in flight, and a temporary government was established. In 1792, a permanent constitution was formed. The present prosperous condition of the State may be attributed to the unswerving patriotism and virtues which have ever distinguished its people. Still there are many points in the institutions of New Hampshire which savor of intoler- ance and bigotry, and of these none stand so prominently pre-eminent as the ProteMant clauses of the Constitution, and the virtual exclusion of the moneyless man from the higher offices of State. A closer contact with the neighboring States, which the railroad system of the coimtry will now insure, must, however, at no distant day, liberalize the views of the people, and effect all desirable reforms. The provisions of the rejected constitution of 1850 would have done much toward this end had it been approved, and all cause of reproach would have hence been removed. The document referred to, indeed, is a sufficient indication that no little progress has been effected, and that New Hampshire has sons who know how and are willing to redeem her from the antiquated errors that envelop her government policy. Swcces-non of Governors.— Vmi & l Governors : John Cutt, 1680 ; Eichard Waldroa, 1681 ; Edward Craufield (Lt.-Gov.), 1632; Walter Barefoot (Dep.-Gov.), 1685; .Joseph Duilley, 1686. {Under the government of Sir Edmund Andros, 1686- 89.) {With 3fmsaehuseUs,16SQ-92.) John Usher (Lt.-Gov.), 1692; William Partridge (Lt.-Gov.), 1697; Samuel Allen, 1698. (With 3fassaohmetts amJN'ew Fo;*, 1699-1702.) (With MassacJmsetts alone, 1102-41.) Benning Wentworth, 1741 ; John Wentworth, 1767. (The Engllnh government terminated in 1775, and in 1776 a temporary government was formed, which continued during the war, Meshech Weare being annually elected President.) Presidents under thb CoNSTFTUTioN OF 1784 1 Meshcch Weare, 1784; John Langdon, 17S5; John Sullivan, 1786; John Langdon, 1788; John Sullivan, 1789 ; Josiah Bartlett, 1790. Governors under the Constitution of 1792 : Josiah Bartlett, 1792 ; John Taylor Oilman, 1794; John Langdon, 1805 ; .Jeremiah Smith, 1809; .John Langdon, 1810 ; William Plumer, 1812; John Taylor Oilman, 1813 ; WiUiam Plumer, 1816 ; Samuel Bell, 1819 ; Levi Woodbury, 1823 ; David L. Morril, 1824 ; Benjamin Pierce, 1827 ; John Bell, 1828 ; Benjamin Pierce, 1829 ; Matthew Harvey, 1830 ; S. Dinsmoor, June, 1831 ; William Badger, 1884 ; Isaac Hill, June, 1836 ; John Page, 1839 ; Henry Hubbard, 1842 ; John H. Steele, 1844 ; Anthony Colby, 1846 ; Jared W. Williams, 1847 ; Samuel Dinsmoor, 1849 ; Noah Martin, 1852. CoscoED, on the Morrimac river, is the political capital of the State. 1S3 THE STATE OE NE¥ JERSEY. Netv Jersey lies between 35° 5S' and 41° 21' latitudes north, and between 73° 5S' and 75° 29' longitudes west from Greenwich, or 1° S3' and 3° O-l' cast from 'Washington. It is bounded on the north and east by New Tork ; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, the latter dividing it from the State of Delaware, and on the west by the Delaware Kivcr, which separates it from Pennsylvania. The State is almost encircled by water, the Hudson Kiver, the Atlantic Ocean, and Delaware Bay and Kiver, surrounding it, except on the north, where its boundary is a conventional line running north-west from a point on the Hudson River, in hit. 41° N. to the Delaware Kiver, which it strikes in lat. 410 oi'_ ii greatest length from Cape May to Carpenter's Point is 1G7 miles, and its breadth varies from 40 to 96 miles, being narrowest in the centre. The superficies of the State is 8,320 square miles. The norlh-westcrn part of the State is hilly, rather than mountainous, being traversed by the prolongation of several mountain ridges from Pennsylvania. These hills nowhere rise to a great height, but they abound in boUl and varied scenery, and are interspersed with fertile and pleasant valleys, comprising some of the finest lands in the Union. Schooley's Mountain, the most prominent of these elevations, is much resorted to in summer, on account of the salubrious effect of its atmosphere, and for the purpose of using its mineral waters, which possess medicinal properties. The eastern line is formed by a bold ridge of trap rock, called the Palisades, or Cloister Hill, which, presenting a precipitous wall to the river at several places, as at Weehawken, 200 feet in height, gives an air of picturesque wildness to the scenery. This wall of rock extends about 20 miles along the shore, and forms one of the principal objects which distinguish the noble pano- rama of the Hudson Kiver. The southern part of the State, from Earitan Bay and Trenton to Cape May, consists of a great sandy plain, nowhere rising more than CO feet above the sea, except at the Navesink Hills, which, although only 300 feet high, form a prominent object on the general level. From the low projecting sand-bank, called Sandy Hook, opposite the Narrows, to the similarly formed point of Cape May, the whole eastern coast consists of a long line of sandy beaches, here and there interrupted by inlets, and inclosing narrow, shallow lagoons, behind which extends for several miles inland a low marshy tract This coast is constantly changing — several old inlets having been closed, and new ones opened since the settlement of the country; and being exposed to the heavy surf, and affording no eflScient harbors, it has been the scene of many shipwrecks. Barnegat, Great Egg Harbor, and Little Egg Harbor inlets, are the principal points of access to the inland waters. The south-western coast on Delaware Bay consists chiefly of a strip of salt marsh, which gradually terminates in the predominating sandy plain. On the shores of the Delaware Kiver the land is more elevated, the line being intersected by the mountain ridges trending eastward from Pennsylvania, and over a ledge of whidi, crossing the Delaware River, the Falls of Trenton leap. The rivers of New Jersey are better adapted for economical purposes than for navigation. None of them admit of the passage of ships of a large size. The Ilaekensack and the Passaic fall into Newark Bay. The former, which rises in New Tork, near the line of this Slate, is navigable for sloops to Hackensack village, 15 miles from its mouth, and the latter, which rises in Morris Coimty, after receiving several considerable streams from the north-west and south, has a fall of 72 feet at Paterson. The great falls of the Passaic are surrounded by a scene of wild beauty, but much of their natural magnificence has been destroyed by turning their waters for mill purposes, and it is now only in time of flood that their normal grandeur is rec^nized. From these falls the course of the river is south, and it is navigable for small vessels from Aquackannock to its confluence with the Bay, a distance of 12 miles. About 5 or six miles above Paterson, the river has another descent of 51 feet, by two leaps, and a rocky rapid in the distance of half a mile — these descents are called the Little Falls of the Passaic. The Raritan, which is navigable for small craft to New Brunswick, 17 miles up, rises to the south of the hills ; and having collected its several tributaries, it takes a course eastward, almost across the State, and falls into KariUn Bay, opposite the southern point of Staten Lsland. The principal streams in the southern part of the State are Great and Little Egg Harbor rivers, which admit of sloop navigation for about 20 miles inland, and Maurice Kiver, which falls into Delaware Bay. The streams emptying into the Delaware River are numerous, but not navigable. Although the State is bounded on three sides by navigable waters, it possesses few harbors. The sea-coast and shores of Delaware Bay present many inlets and coves, but none frequented by large shipping. Raritan Bay, between Sandy Hook and Staten Island, affords a ready communication from Amboy, the principal sea-port of the State, to the ocean, Newark Bay, to the mouth of Staten Island, has navigable communications through the " Kills," narrow straits, with New Tork Bay and Raritan Bay. Delaware Bay washes the south-western shore. The southern extremity of the State is Cape May, the northern point of the entrance from the ocean into Delaware Bay. Sandy Hook, the southern cape of Earitan Bay, is a low, sandy island, about three miles in length, and is constantly extending by the accumulation of sand ftnd other debris, and thus is always influencing and changing the currents to and from the Bay of New Tork. The geological structure of New .Jersey has been explored by scientific men, and many of the most useful minerals have been found embedded in its hills. All the rocks referable to the primitive, secondary, and transition eras exist ; gneiss sieuite, graywacke, and graywaeke slate, calcareous rocks, etc., are the principal formations in the northern region, and contain vast masses of metals and metallic oxides. Iron in all its forms occurs abundantly, and copper, which appears in the secondary formations, is also found in considerable quantities. Nearly a century ago, several lumps of virgin copper were ploughed up near New Brunswick, and a mine, near Belleville, on the Passaic, was discovered as early as 1719. There are many veins in the latter which might be worked with profit, and it is said that these mines contain a good quantity of silver ore. There is still another mine north of Somerville, which contains, according to Dr. Torrey, a native copper, carbonate and phosphate of copper, green and red oxide of copper, native silver, green quartz, chrysophase, phrenite, etc. In the mountain section, which extends in breadth varying from 15 to 35 miles in right angles, with the 184 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. general course of the mountains, the geologiea! formations are strongly blended. Eocks of a pretty uniform character however, are found in the primitive ridges, but they are of a coarse and uneven texture, and surface aggregated with crystals of quartz and felspar. Sometimes they contain shorl, garnets, hornblende, epodite, and mica. Granite, gneiss and sienite are formed iu this section by tlie blending and combination of these materials; and at some points the primitive greenstone is seen. The richest and most productive iron mines are also found here ; some of the beds are from 8 to 12 feet in thiclvness. There is also found liere large quantities of graphite. Blaciv mica is found on the Kamapo liiver, near the Monroe worlis, and highly magnetic iron ore in SchoQley's and Musconetong mountains. Wallliill Valley, west of the ITamlnirg Mountains, is noted for the number and variety of its miuerals. The bottom of tlie valley rest* on white chrystaline limestone and marble. The first bed of minerals, which is at Franklin Furnace, appears like a black mountain mass, but it contains iron ore, very little magnetic, and, as a new metallic combination, it has received the name of " Franklinite." It is composed of 60 per cenL of iron, 16 of zinc, and IT of red oxide of manganese. This ore is not only irreducible to iron, but it obstructs the fusion of other ores. Large masses of this miner.al are also found at Sterling. In Schol's Mountain, capacious mines of magnetic iron ore are worked, and the same exists plentifully through the whole primitive region. At Mendham a beautiful marble is found, wliicli is capable of being highly polished, and is suitable for ornamental architecture, resembling much in its appearance the marble of Florence. The recently discovered zinc mines of Sussex County are among the most valuable of the world, and arc now being BuccessfuUy worked by the New Jersey Exploring and Mining Company. The principal mines are at Sterling Hill, on the westerly side of Wallkill. Foliated, or lamellar zinc, which has hitherto been considered a rare production and highly prized for cabinet collections, is abundant in these mines, and in one instance a mass weighing over 1,200 pounds, seven-tenths of which was foliated, was excavated. The ore, however, is chiefly in the form of red oxide associated With iron and manganese, neither of which being volatile leave a very fine metal on reduction. The zinc ores of Europe are either carbonates or sulphurets, and in many instances are mechanically combined with galena, arsenic, and anti- mony, volatile metals which deteriorate the chemical purity of the fused metal. The company working these mines is at the present time confining its operations to the manufacture of zinc paint, and for this purpose has erected extensive works at Newark. This paint is more durable than the paints having the oxides of lead for their bases. The soils of New Jersey vary materially with the topograpliy of the country. The mountain section is principally in its natural state, only now and then a cultivated farm being seen on the hill-sides. The soil bc^t adapted for agricultural purposes is found in the alluvial valleys. The sandy plain in the south is not unfruitful, but its soil requires some con- siderable preparation to render it profitable to industry. Clay and marl abound in some districts, and are eminently useful to the farmers as manures for the more sterile soUs. The vegetation of New Jersey is similar to that of the centred region of the United States generally : on the mountains are found the oak, pine, and other forest trees, which in many in- stances occupy large tracts. Abundance of stunted oaks and other trees cover the southern plain, and these, though use- less for building purposes, have been found a valuable resource for steamboats and for consumption at the glass-houses which have been established in this region. The middle section is the most highly improved and wealthy part of the State. The apples and cider of this section are as noted for their superior quality as the peaches of the southern section, and these find a ready market in New York and Thiladelphia. The climate of New Jersey is much influenced by locality and elevation : in the north, where the hills are highest, it is much cooler than in the south, wliere the influence of the ocean is most felt, and where a low situation and reflecting sands accumulate heat in the superiucumbent atmosphere. In those parts where the mephitic vapors of the swamps taint the air with their poison, agues and fevers of a malignant type pre\ail, but generally the State, especially in the higher lands, is very salubrious, and at Shrewsbury, on the eastern coast, and at Cape May in the summer season invalids and -pleasure-seekers find a balmy retreat, in which they may enjoy all the luxuries and benefits of country retirement and refined society. The earliest estimate of the inhabitants of New Jersey was that of ITOl, when the number was stated at 15,000 ; in 1760, it had increased to 60.000, and on the taking of the first United States census in 1790, it amounted to 184,139. From the latter period to 1840, its decennial rate of increase was very equal, having generally not varied much from 15 per cent. ; but from 1840 to 1850, this rate has been doubled, most probably a result attributable to the influx of people from New York and Philadelphia, who, while doing business in those cities have their families residing on their opposite shores, and perhaps in some measure to the immigration of persons engaged in the manufactories and mines, which of late years have attracted the attention of capital in a greater degree than formerly. The general movement of tho population will exhibit the results more definitely, and are as exhibited in the subjoined table : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White , ' , Total , ■ , Years. I'ersons. Free Slare. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 1798 169,954 2,762 11,423 14,185 184,139 — — 1800 195,125 4,402 12,422 16,824 211,949 27,810 15.1 ISIO 226,861 7,843 10,851 18,694.... 245,555 83,606 15.9 1820 257,409 12,609 7,557 20,166 277,575 82,020 13.0 18.30 800,466 18,103 2,254 20,-357 -320,823 43,243 15.5 1840 851,588 21,044 674 21,718 373,306 52,483 16.3 1850 466,240 23,093 222 23,315 489,555 116,249 31.1 New Jersey is divided into 20 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Dwell, Pop. iif. cult. Kstab. C,apitals, Atlantic 1,584.. 8,961.. 32T.. 62. .May's Landing Bergen 2,606 . . 14,725 . . 1 ,128 . . 71 . . Haokensack Burlington .... 7,356 . . 43,203 . . 1 ,633 . . 452 . . Mount Holly Cape May 1,218.. 6,483.. 285.. 4. .Cape May C. H. Camden 4,090. .25,422. . 731. .148. .Camden Cumberland... 3,281. .17,189. . 884.. 19. .Bridgeton Essex 10,964. .73,950. .1,745. .836. .Newark Gloucester 2,600. .14,655. . 954. .141. .Woodbury Hudson 2,861.. 21 ,821.. 254.. 52.. Bergen Hunterdon .... 5,167 . . 28,989 . . 2,486 . . 309 . . Flemington Counties. DweJl. Pop, f^»™|J p^^"!;{,[ Capitals. Mercer 4,624. .27,992. .1,051.. 191. .Teenton Middlesex 4,657. .28,635. .1,523. .196. .New Brunswick Monmouth. . . . 5,155. .30,313. .2,014. .377. .Freehold Morris 5,076 . . 30,159 .. 1,843 .. 242 . . Morristown Ocean 1,758.. 10,032.. 579.. 52. .Tom's River V. Passaic 8,369 . . 22,575 . . 610 . . 247 . . Paterson S.alem 3,.545. .19,467. .1,313. . 142. .Salem Somerset 3,448. .19,688. .1,550. .137. .Somervilla Sussex 3,851 . .22,989. .1,653. .184. .Newton Warren 3,854. .22,358. .1,537. .341. .Belvidere 185 THE STATE 0P> NEW JERSEY. The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 81,064; of families, 89,080; and of inhabitants, 439,555; viz., whites 466,240— males 233,746, and females 232,494; fr. col. 23,093— males 11,542, and females 11,551, aud si. 222. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dwnh—vh. 192, fr. col. 11, si. 0— total 203; llind—wh. 1S6, tr. col. 27, si. 0— total 213; insane— vih. 375, fr. col. 11, si. 0— total 386; and idintic—v/h. 310, fr. col. 16, si. 0— total 326. The number of free persons born in the United States was 434,431, the number of fijreign birth 489,326, and of birth unknown 521. The nutim population originated as follows : Me. 287, N. llamp. 301, Verm. 2S0, Mass. 1,494, K. I. 264, Conn. 2,105, N. Y. 20,561, M'w Jersey 385,429, Penn. 15,014, Del. 1,384, Md. 1,400, Dist. of Col. 82, Virg. 628, N. Car. 98, S. Car. 141, Ga. 87, Flor. 17, Ala. 36, Miss. 43, La. 83, Tex. 6, Arlc. 2, Tenn. 21, Ky. 64, Oh. 872, Mich. 66, Ind. 61, HI. 61, Mo. 28, la. 7, Wise. 15, Calif. 3, Territories 1; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 11,377, Ireland 81,092, Scotlaneci(icatiuns. Pig Iron. Castings. Wrouglit Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars.... 967,000 593,250 1,016,843 2,577,093 Iron ore used tons 51,266 — 14.549 6.5,815 Pig iron " — 10,666 10,430 21,096 Oldiron " — 3.50 — 850 Mineralcoal " 20,865 5,444 4,50T 80,816 Coke and charco.il bushels. . .. 1,621,000 175,800 1,994,130 3,790,980 Value of raw material, fuel, etc dollars 832,707 801,045 820,950 954,706 Hands employed number... 600 303 593 1,996 Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 12,720 19,344 16.473 48,537 Metal produced tons 24,031 10,259 8,162 42,453 Value of entire products dollars. . . . 600,544 636,430 629,278 1,876,247 -Capital in l&iO, $1,721,820. 186 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. Besides tlie above, New Jersey is distinguished for its machine shops, saddleries, carriage and locomotive factories, jew- lary works, glass-houses, potteries, fire-liriclc yards, paper manufactories, small arms factories, distilleries, paint-works, etc^ and has also a large number of grist, saw, and other mills. The principal seats of manufacturing industry in the State are Newark and Patterson. Trenton and Jersey City have also considerable m^inufacturing interests, and many of the interior towns are employed in the manufacture of shoes and boots, hat-s, etc. Commerce. The foreign business of New Jersey is mostly transacted at the ports of New York and Philadelphia, and hence the direct commerce as reported in the United States treasury returns, is comparatively insignificant. The value of direct exports to foreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1S50, was $1,655, and the value of imports $1,494. En- trances 17 (1,601 tons), and clearances 11 (1,131 tons). Total amount of shipping owned in the State at the jKiriod above referred to. 80,300 tons, viz.: registered shipping 201 tons, enrolled and licensed shipping T7,735 tons, and licensed ship- ping (vessels under 20 tons), 2,364 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 5,489 tons are navigated by steam. The Importance of the several districts in relation to their tonnage is as follows: Perth Aralwy 22,034, Bridgetown 14,472, Great Egg Hartxir 14,084, Burlington 7,578, Camden 6,569, Newark 6,628, Little Egg Harbor 6,183. Fifty-seven vessels of all kinds, with an aggregate capacity of 6,242 tons, were built during 1849-50, viz., 1 ship, 1 brig, 35 schooners, 17 sloops, and 3 steamers ; and of the whole number and capacity, Perth Amboy built 21 (2,637 tons), Bridgetown 9 (926 tons), Camden 9 (425 tons), Newark 2 (271 tons). Little Egg Harbor 5 (599 tons), and Great Egg Harbor 11 (1,342 tons). The value of the commerce of New Jersey for a series of years from 1791, exhibits the following variations : Year. Exports. 1791 $26,9SS 1792 23,406 1793 54,179 1794 58,154 1795 130,814 1796 59,227 1797 18,161 1798 61,877 1799 9,722 1800 2,289 1801 25,406 1802 26,227 1808 21,311 1804 24,829 1805 20,743 1806 33,867 1807 41,186 1808 20,799 1809 819,175 1810 430,267 Imports. Year. Exports. 1831 $11,430 1832 61,794 1833 82,753 1834 8,131 1835 74,041 1836 62,809 18-37 44,217 1888 28,010 1S39 98,076 1840 16,076 1841 19,166 1842 70,909 4S43 10,621 1844 18,189 1845 1846 4,087 1847 19,128 1848 62 1849 868 1850 1,655 Imports. 17,670 829 635 4,83T 1,885 4,253 1,494 Year. Exports. 1811 $1,871 1812 4,186 1813 10,260 1814 — 1815 5.279 1816 9,746 1817 5,849 ISIS 25,957 1S19 1,474 1820 20,511 1821 83,711 1822 83,551 1823 26,064 1824 23,989 1825 47,213 1S26 37,965 1827 25,627 1828 1,822 1829 8,022 1830 8,824 Interyial Improvement.— Tlhe railroads of New Jersey, as weU as the canals, are mostly constructed with a view to intercourse between New York and Pennsylvania. The Union Eailroad is the only line running m any other direction, end this connects the travel west and cast on the New York and Erie Railroad with New York, passing through Paterson, one of the chief manufVicturing cities of the State. The canals are, the Morris Canal and the Delaware and Earitan Canal-the first extending from Easton to Jersey City, and ft-rming an outlet of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania ; and the latter extending from Bordentown and Trenton, on the Delaware, to New Brunswick, on the Earitan, and is the channel through which the coal of Maryland is brought to the New York market. All these lines are of mflmte ad- vantage to internal commerce»and through travel. The total length of completed raih-oad in the State on the 1st of January, 1853, was 348 miles, being in the proportion of 1 mile to every 27 square miles of territory and to every 1,406 in- habitants, n-u i -A Banks.— On the 1st January, 1S51, there were 26 banks In operation, and thc-u: condition in the aggregate at that period was as follows: Zia&i7«(>«-capital, ,$3,754.900 ; circulation, $3,046,658 ; deposits, $2,411,861; due other banks, $373,458 ; and a.s.srf.s— loans and discounts, $7,058,977; real estate, $270,546; other investments, $183,468; due by other banks, $1,578,008; specie, $022,884. Since the above return was made a Free Banking Law has been adopted, and numerous banks have organized under its provisions. The constitution under which the State is organized was adopted on the 13th August, 1S44, and went into operation oa the 2d September of the same year. The right of voting is conceded to every white male citizen of the United States of 21 years of ago and upward who Las resided in the State for one year and in the county where he claims to vote for five months next before the elecUon. All votes are taken bv ballot. The general election is held on the second Tuesday in October annually. The legislature consists of a Senate and General Assembly (house of representatives). Each county is entitled to return one senator, and the members of the assembly, not to exceed 60 in number, are apportioned among the counties in ratio of their population ; but each county is entitled to at least one member. The ratio is determined accordmg to the decennial censuses of the United States. Senators must have attained the age of 30 years, and members of the assembly that of 21 years. One-third of the senators and all the members of the assembly are elected annuaUy ; and the legisla- ture meets at Trenton on the second Tuesday in every January. i, tt •( ,1 The chief eaxeutive officer is styled Governor. He must be at least 80 years of age, have been a citizen of the Umtea States for 20 years, and a resident of the State for seven years next before his election. He is elected by a plurality ot the popular votes, or in case of an even vote, by a majority of the members of both houses of the legislature m joint mee^ ing. The term of office is three years, and the same person is not eligible for the three years next following. 1 he powers of the governor are limited; he may veto a biU. but a majority of both houses may pass it notwithstanding his objection ; he may also grant reprieves for 90 days after conviction, and he, the chancellor, and the judges of the court ot en-or ana appeals may jointly grant pardons. During the last week of his official term he is forbid to nominate or appoint to any office. There is no lieutenant-governor, but in case of vacancy in the office of governor, the President of the Senate, 187 THE STATE OP NEW JERSEY. and after him the Speaker of the General Assembly becomes eossess great beauty. Ferns, etc., frequently occur, indicating the approach to that period of vegetable luxuri.-ince which marks the coal formation. The avicula deltliyris and other conchifera are found embedded in the rocks. Petroleum, called Seneca oil, occurs in several localities, and in a number of places carburetted hydrogen is evolved from the surface, and in such quantities as to bo used for illumination. The soil where the Ludlowville shales form the surface rock is fertile, though rough and broken : in the higher regions occupied by the Chemung limestone, the character of the soil is different, and the white pine and hemlock take the place of the oak, maple, and beech of the lower lands, and attain a gigantic growth. These lands produce grasses abundantly, and as they become cleared will afliird i)asturage of the best character. The Erie series covers nearly the whole of Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Allegh.iny, Steuben, Yates, Tompkins, Che- mung, and Tioga counties, together with portions of Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Ontario, Livingston, Genesee, and Erie, as well as a narrow tract in Sullivan, Ulster, Greene, Schoharie, and Otsego counties. This completes what for convenience has been termed the New York transition system. The remaining group properly belongs to the transition system of the English geologists, and is by them ilenominated old red sandstone, that rock being its principal constituent. It is predominant in the Kaattsberg, and hence the State geologists have given it the name of that locality. It consists of old red sandstone, overl\ ing the Chemung sandstone, and of conglomerate, which is immediately beneath the coal-bearing limestone of Pennsylvania. The san.lstone imparts its red hue to the soil that covers it. It contains comparatively few fossils— the scales and bones of some lizard-like fish have been discovered in it. Bog- iron ore and calcareous spar are the only miner.ils of consequence found in this form.ition. The conglomerate affords fine grind-st(mes, and has been used to some extent for mill-stones. The overlying soil is good. Hemlock, beech, maple, elm, basswood, butternut, etc., are the principal trees— oak seldom occurs. This series is chiefly local, and occupies only the south-western counties in tha neighborhood of the Kaatsbergs. The diluvial regions are chiefly in the neighborhood of the St. La^vrenee, Lake Chamiilain, and the Hudson, and com- pose the surface of the northern half of Long Island. They consist of a stitf, blue clay beneath, a yellowish-lirown clay above this, and sand on the surface. The marine shells found in these clays, belong in some instances to extinct species. To this system belong also the boulders scattered so widely over the State. The alluvial deposits, consisting of gravel, sand, loam, etc., thrown up by the waters, and deposited on the lake shores and river banks, and still in j)rocess of aggregation, constitute the last of the geological formations. To these belong portions of the valleys of the rivers and lakes, and the southern half of Long Island. The soil of both the diluvial and alluvial deposits is mainly fertile. Trap and porphyry do not in this State constitute a separate formation. They occur either in columnar masses, like the Palisades, or in narrow dykes traversing rooks of an entirely different constitution, and their position is evidently the result of the action of subterranean fire. Porpliyry is only found occupying a tract of a few miles in length on Lake Champlain. In connection with the geology of the State, the "ridge road" is worthy of more extended notice. This road consists of a bank of sand, gravel, etc., varying in height from 100 to 150 feet, and extending along the whole southern coast of Lake Ontario at a distance of six or eight miles from it, forming a natural highway. It is said that a somewhat similar ridge exists along the northern shore of the lake. That this ridge once, and at no distant period, formed its shore, is proved by the existence of small sand hillocks, evidently heaped up by the action of the waves, by the absence of Indian mounds and fortifications on the north side of the ridge, and their frequent occurrence immediately south of it, and, above all, by the etructure and composition of the ridge itself. 193 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. The deep channels cut in the rocks by many of the rivers are also subjects of geological Interest. The Hudson, the St. Lawrence, Oswego, etc., either have banlcs sloping to the water's edge, or if they occasionally pass through narrow and precipitous defiles, have not worn themselves a passage by the action of their waters upon the rocky barrier which opposed them, but have availed themselves of a route opened by some conyulsion of nature. Such is not the case with the Mohawk, the Chenango, the Genesee, and the Niagara, Descending from elevated table-lands, they have, by their ceaseless flow, hewn out a channel through the shales, slates, and marly sand and limestones, in some instances 400 or 500 feet below the level of the surrounding country. The constant action of the waters upon these decomposing rocks has also caused the Falls of Niagara to recede, as some geologists suppose, a distance of five or six miles, and this recession is still in progress. Among the useful metals, iron is that most abundant in New York. It is found in five forms. The magnetic oxide ia most al)undant in Essex, Clinton, Franklin, Warren, Orange, and Tutnam counties; tlie abundance is immense ; a single vein (the Stafford vein, in Essex County) being estimated by Professor Emmons to contain ore sufficient to yield 3,000,000 tons of malleable iron. This ore is confined to primary rocks. The specular oxide is found chiefly in St. Lawrence, Jefferson, and Franklin counties imbedded in sandstone, and though less abundant than the former, is still founrl in large quantities. The argillaceous ore, called also bog ore, is found in various parts, evidently deposited by diluvial and allu- vial action in the clay and gravel. The hematitic ore frequently occurs in crystals of fantastic and beautiful forms ; it is found extensively in Kichmond, Orange, Ulster, Putnam, Duchess, Clinton, "Warren, and Wayne counties ; also in West- chester and Eockland, and usually makes its appearance in the lower limestones of the transition system. The car- buret of iron, or graphite, occurs abundantly in Duchess County, and in considerable quantities in Essex and Clinton counties. Lead is found in immense quantities in St. Lawrence County, and less abundantly in the Shawangunk Mountains, in Sullivan and Ulster counties, etc. It does not seem to be eonflned to any geological era, but occurs in nearly all the formations. Zinc and copper occur in various parts, and arsenic has been discovered In Putnam County. Barytes and strontian are abundant in Schoharie and Jefferson, and alum is found in many districts. The existence of gypsum and hydraulic cement has already been noticed. Serpentine and its kindred minerals, soapstone, talc, carbonate, hydrate and sulphate of magnesia, together with asbestos, and amianthus, occur abundantly in Putnam, Orange, Westchester, Jefferson, and St. Lawrence counties, and in considerable quantities in other parts. Numerous other minerals, of interest only to the professed geologist, are found everywhere. Mineral springs, the waters of which are of great value, exist in various districts. The chalybeate springs of Saratoga, the sulphur springs of Ai on, Eoehester, and Chittenango, the brine sjirings in Genesee, Erie, and Orleans counties, the petrifying springs of Madison and Saratoga counties, etc., are well known and appreciated. The oil springs found in Cattaraugus and Alleghany counties, the nitrogen springs of New Lebanon and Iloosic, and the carburetted hydrogen springs in the neighborhood of Lake Erie and the Niagara Kiver, are also well worthy of notice. The village of Predonia, and the light-house at Barcelona, are illuminated by the latter. Springs of the same character are also found in Duchess, Ofteida, and Monroe counties. The botany of this great State is exceedingly diverse in its characteristics. Holding a geographical position midway between the north and the south, the trees, shrubs, grasses, etc., of both extremes are found within its borders. Immense forests still occupy the uncultivated regions north and west, consisting mostly of oak, pine, beech, etc., while chestnut, hickory, and maple, with a number of others less numerous, but not less valuable ti'ces are scattered over its territory. The mountain sides and woods are clothed in a shrubby undergrowth, and in the open plains flourish hundreds of more humble herbaceous plants, among which may be found many that are rare and curious. Flowery shrubs and plants cover the surface; the anemone, ranunculus, and violet put forth their flowers in every sheltered place; and the dock tribe flourish luxuriantly in the marshes. Among the lobelia tribe there is the cardinal flower, Indian tobacco {inflata), etc. ; and in the deep recesses of the forests, the arum and orchis tribes, of strange forms and brilliant colors, are met with. In the fall season the asters and golden-rods are the pride of the plain. Medicinal plants are in abundance — the cicuta, conium, stramonium, are found on every side, and the mints are abundantly distributed. Among the shrubs also are many highly useful in medicine. But the most important vegetation of the State is undoubtedly its forest trees. Of the coniforce there are nine distinct families, viz. : the pitch pine, white pine, hemlock, spruce, balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce, tamarack, etc., also the red cedar, white cedar, arbor vitoe, and the yew. Oaks are more numerous in species, and among these are many of the most valuable kinds of timber ; white, black, scarlet, black chestnut, willow, swamp, mossy, black-jack, etc., are the best known. Elm, ash, maple, walnut, beech, etc., in numerous species, are found in different parts. Of the maple species, the sugar maple is most valuable, on account of its furnishing domestic sugar, which is now used by the farmers, of the interior almost to the exclusion of cane sugar. No class of plants is so widely distributed as that of grasses. The Flora of this Slate contains many native species, but only a small number of these is of any value, and the meadow grasses, with few exceptions, are of foreign origin. The principal of these are, the timothy, sweet vernal, meadow, blue and rough grasses. Wheat, rye, and oats are culti- vated extensively, and the zigania aquatiea, a wild rice, which forms a principal article of the food of the Indian, grows abundantly in the northern counties. Wild oats and chess are common. Some grasses are confined to particular soils. Many in sandy soils have matted roots, and by forming a thick sod, prevent the loose soil from being carried away by the flood or winds, and others by their annual decay fertilize soils which otherwise would be arid and unproductive. Ferns and fern-like plants occupy a wide extent of territory, while mosses and rushes aj© equally abundant, and form in many instances most vaiaable adjuncts to the comforts of domestic life. The whole number of flowering plants in this State is about 1,450, and of these 1,200 are herbaceous, and 150 may be regarded as ornamental. Of woody plants there are 250 species, including about 80 that attain to the stature of trees. Of plants that are reputed medicinal, there are, native and naturalized, about 1»0 species. The animal kingdom is replete with objects of interest, and opens a wido field for the study of natural history. The carnivorous animals existing in this State are the black bear, the raccoon, wcjvevine, skunk, fisher, weasel, pine martin, ermine weasel, mink, otter, native dogs, the gray and black wolf, the panther, wild cat, bats, the mole, and the shrew. Of the marsupial, or pouched, animals the opossum is the only species. The ordet- rodentia, or gnawers, are numerous, and comprises the beaver, muskrat, rabbit, prairie hare, squirrels, woodchucks or marmots, and rats and mice of numerous kinds. The American deer, the moose, stag, and reindeer, belonging to th,e ungulata, were formerly numerous ; to this family belong also the horse ass, ox, hog, goats, and sheep, but these are not iftdigenous, In tl^e waters are many cetac&> 199 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. ous animals — whales of several species, with the porpoise, grampus, etc. The mastodon has been found in a fossil state in all parts, and the teeth and other remains of elephants, etc., have been occasionally dug up. Among the birds of prey natives of New York there are, of the vulture tribe, the turkey buzzard ; of the falcon tribe, the golden and bald eagle, tlio goshawk, the fish liawk, the marsh h.-irrier, with four oilier species of hawk, and six of buz- zard, and of the owl tribe, ten species; of birds of passage, 20 diffiTcnt tribts and 149 species are enumerated; belonging to the gallin.acea arc the wild turkey, American quail, partridge, grouse, iii:iirie hen, etc. The grallo, or waders, are very numerous, counting 62 species in seven families. Lobipedes, or lobe-footi^l birds, are represented in the coot, the horned, crested, and red-necked grebe, and the dipper; and among the natatores are pulling loons, petrels, pelicans, gulls, and the goose and duck, in all C families and 71 species. Among the latter are the canvas-back duck, so famous with epicures, the American widgeon, and the American swan. Of the buzzard tribe the blue-tailed shink, or stripid buzzard, asid the brown swift-legged are the only species, the first in the southern counties, and the latter frequenting the woods in every district. There are but Ihree orders of reptiles in New York. Among the turtle tribe we find the green turtle, which, though a native of more southern latitudes, frequently appe.irs in the waters of tliis State; the leather turtle, a gigantic species; tho soft shell turtle, which inhabits the Mohawk and the lakes; the snapping turtle, terrapins, tortoises (the geograjihic and pseudo-geographic), etc. Serpents are numerous, but of these only two species, the copper-head and northern rattle-snake, are considered to be venomous. In all there are about 40 species known to naturalists. The amphibious animals are comprised in four families ; of the ranidte, or frog tribe, there are 13 species ; of salaman- ders, 12 species ; of the triton tribe, 4 species ; and of the proteus tribe, 2 species. The banded proteus is a very singular animal, having the body of a lizard and the gills of a flsh. The fishes indigenous to the waters of the Slate are very numerous. Bony fishes arc comprised in six orders: among the pectinibranchi the best known are the perch, bass, bull head, sheep head, porgee, pilot fish, mullet, black fish, mack- erel, etc. ; of the abdominals, tho shad, herring, salmon trout, caX flsh, carp, pike, pickerel, minnow, etc. ; of the jugulares, the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounder, turbol, sole, etc. ; of the apodales, the eel and the conger ; of the lopliobranchi, the pipe fish and the Hudson River sea-horse ; and of the eleetrognathi, the balloon flsh, the puffer, the globe fish, etc The cartilagurous family comprises three orders, viz., the eleutheropomi, of which the sturgeon is the only example ; the plagiostoini, which embraces the shark and the ray ; and the cyclostomi, of which the lamprey, or tamper eel, is tlie repre- senUitive. Twenty-flve or thirty species of fishes have been found in a fossil state, and of these several species belong to families now extinct. The crustaceaj are embraced in 10 orders. There are but 27 species of the order decapoda, of which lobsters, crabs, shrimps, etc., are the best known species ; of the stomapoda there are but three species, among which are the opossum- shrimp and squill ; of the amphipoda four species exist, as the sand flea, etc. ; of the loemipoda, the whale-louse and sea- measuring worm are the only specimens ; of the isopoda there are 14 species, 7 of which are parasitical — barnacles are an example of this order ; of the pcecilipoda 5 species, as the horse-shoe, etc. ; of the phyllopoda, lophryopoda, braachiopoda, and ostrapoda, but few specimens are found, and those few are known only to the curious zoologist. Molluscous animals are very numerous. Among the cephalopoda are the cuttle-fish, spirula, etc. The clio is a repre- sentative of the pteropoda. The gasteropoda include a vast variety of snails and animals inhabiting turbinated shells. Oysters, clams, etc., which are arrayed under eight sub-divisions, consist each of several species. Meml)ers of the orders cirrhopoda and tunicata are not very numerous. Geologists have discovered many specimens of fossil mollusca imbedded in tho limestone and sandstone formations — the most remarkable of these are variovis species of the trilobito, the encrinite, the pentamerus, etc. No full account of the insects of New York has yet been published, but these are very numerous, and many of them of rare and beautiful appearance. The coleoplera, or beetle tribe, alone numbers some 1,200 varieties, and many of these have brilliant colors, and are of great magnitude. The orlhoptera, or roach tribe, includes tho the cockroach, cricket, grasshopper, etc., everywhere as plentiful .is need be for comfort. The katydid, so well known by the peculiar shrill sound it produces, belongs to this order. The hoemoptera include a large variety of locusts, among which there is one remarkable for remaining 17 years in the grul) state. The hcemoptera comprise many bugs injurious to vegetation, particularly the May bug, the lady-bug, the apple-tree blight, etc. The order of lepidoptera probably numbers not less than 1,000 species, and includes butterflies and moths, the size and brilliant colors of many being astonishing. Spiders, which range under the order arachni.s.— Wheat, 13,121,498 bushels; rye, 4,148,132 bushels; Indian com, 17,858,400 bushels; oats, 20,552,814 bushels; barley, 3,535,059 bushels; buckwheat, 3,133,955 bushels. In proportion to the crop of the United States, that of wheat is approximately one-eighth, that of rye one-fourth, that of Indian corn one thirty-secmul, that of oats more than 201 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 1,168,859 " or 39.2 6,886,114 " or 62.7 5,876,967 " or 28.4 1,064,991 " or 42.2 1,696,070 " or S2.4 ) I l'«" 1 V l,130f tons -I 3 tons V dear. 1,533,063 lbs., or 62.5 ) I 940,.577 11)8 ' one-.sii-th. ihat of barley two-thirds, and that of buckwheat one-third of the aggregate. The comparisou of the several crops in 1^40 and 1S50, as returned by the censuses of those years, was as follows : Crop. lS-40. laiO. Increase. "Wheat 12,286,418 bush 18,121,498 bush 835,080 bush, or 6.8 per cent. Eye 2,979.323 " 4,148,182 Indian Com 10,972,286 " 17,858,400 Oats 20,675,847 " 26,552,814 Barley 2,520,063 " 3,58.5,0.59 Buckwheat 2,237,885 " 3,183,955 Other Food Crops. — Peas and bc.ans, 741,036 bushels ; and potatoes— Irish, 15,393,362 busliels, and sweet, 5,C23 busheU. The potato crop of 1839, as exhibited in the census of 1840, was 30,123,614 bushels, showing a decrease of 14,719,292 bushels, or 48.8 per cent, in the subsequent decade. MUvdlanemts Crops. — Tobacco, 83,189 pounds; hay, 3,723,797 tons; clover-seed, 83,222 bushels; other grass-seed, 96,493 bushels; hops, 2,536,299 pounds, being three-fourths of the aggregate crop of the Union ; hemp — dew-rotted. 1 ton, and waler-rotted, 3 tons; flax, 940,577 pounds; flax-seed, 57,963 bushels; silk cocoons, 1,774 pounds; ni.aple sugar, 10,357,484 pounds; molasses, 56,529 gallons; beeswax and honey, 1,756,190 pounds; wine, 9,172 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, .$1,761,950, or nearly one-fourth the value of these products in the United States; and of market- garden products, $912,047, or more than an eighth the aggregate. On comparing the above with the returns of 1840, the following results are obtained : Crops, etc. 18-in. iS.50. Miiver.ieiit. Tobacco 7441bs 83,189 lbs incr. 82,445 lbs., orll,0S1.3 percent. Hay 3,127.041 tons 3,728,797 tons inor. 601 ,750 tons, or 19.2 " Hops 447,250 lbs 2,536,299 lbs incr. 2,039,049 lbs., or 442.5 Hemp — dew-rotted j j 1 ton " w^ater-rotted . . Flax ) ( 940,.5771bs. Maple Sug.ir 10,043,109 lbs 10,3.57,484 IKs incr. 309,375 lbs., or 3.1 " Tftine..... 6,799 gals 9,172 g.ils incr. 2,373gl3.,or 32.9 " Home-made manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st .Tune, 1*50, to the value of $1,280,333. The samo class of goods for the year antecedent to the census of 1840, were valued at $4,630,547. Decre.ase, $3,356,214, or 72.4 per cent, Maiivfciciures. — Capital invested, $09,004,405 ; value of all raw material, fuel etc., consumed, $134,655,674 ; hands em- ployed, — males , and females monlbly cost of labor, $ — male $ and female $ value of i)rodiicts, $237,.597.249. Number of manufacturing establishments in operation 1st June, 1850, and producing to the value of $.500 and upward annually, 28,8'23— m northern district 16.877, and in southern district 6,946, and distributed to the counties as shown in the general table. Of Ibis number 86 were cotton factories, 249 woolen factories, 942 tan- neries, and 401 manufactories of iron — 323 making ca.st iron, 18 pig iron, and 60 wrought iron. The total capital invested in 1840 amounted to $.55,252,779. Capital invested in cotton manufitcfures, $4,170,920 ; cotton used, 37,778 bales ; coal consumed, 1,589 tons ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $1,935,973; hands employed, 6,320— males 2,632, and females 3,638; monthly cost of labor, $8.3.94:3— male .$48,244, and female $35,699; average monthly wages— to males $13 .33, and to females $9 63; annual products, 44,901,475 yards sheeting, etc., and 2,180,600 pounds of yarn— in all valued at $3,591,989. Capital in 1840, $4,900,772 ; hands employed, 7,407 ; value of goods produced, $3,640,237. Ca])ilal invested in ivoolen mnnnfactiires, $4,459,370 ; wool consunjed, 12,5-38,736 pounds ; value of all raw material, etc., used, $3,838,292; hands employed, 6,074— males 4,262, and females 2,412; monthly cost of labor, $113,524— male $85,147, and female $28,877 ; average monthly wages— to males $21 46, .and to females $11 41 ; cloth manufactured, 7,924,252 yards, and yarn, 201,700 pounds— in all valued at $7,030,604. Capital in 1840, $3,469,349; hands, 4,636; value of goods produced, $3,537,837. Capital invested in ton.nmc«, $5,025,143; value of all raw material used, $6,065,221; hands, 4,945— males 4,914, and females .31 ; monthly cost of labor, $103,404— male $41,245, .ind female $308 ; t.inned— skins, 871,894, and sides, 3,415,724— in all valued at $9,804,000. Capital in 1840, $3,907,348 ; hands employed, 5,579. In the m.anufacture of malt and spirituous liquors \he capital invested is $2,585,900 ; quantities .and kinds of grain, etc., consumed— barley 2,062,250 bushels, rye 909,067 bushels, oats 6,707 bushels, apples 00,940 bushels, molasses 24,500 hogsheads, and hops 531 tons ; hands employed, 1,380 ; quantity of liquors produced — ale, etc., 644,700 barrels, whisky and high wines 9,231,700 gallons, and rum 2,438,800 gallon.s. The statistics of the iron m,annfactures in operation within the State, at the date of the taking of the seventh census, were as exhibited in the annexed table : Values, products, etc. Pig Tron. Ca.it Iron. Wrouglit Iron. Total. Capit.al invested dollars. . . 605.000 4,622,482 1,131 ,-300 6,358,732 Ore used tons 46,385 — 44,642 101,027 Pig iron used " — 108,945 8,530 117,475 Oldmctalused " — 3,212 — 3,212 Mineral coal consumed " 20 22,755 13,908 36,633 Coke and charcoal consumed.... bushels... 3,000,074 181,190 6,554,150 8,735,414 Value of all raw material, etc.... dollars... 821,027 2,,39.3,768 838,314 8,553,109 Hands employed number.. 505 5,925 1,037 7,46T Average monthly wages. dollars... 20.80 27.49 26.00 — Products tons 18,420 104,583 13,636 251,644 Value of products dollars. . . 415,000 5,921,980 1,423,968 7,761,543 —total capital in 1840, $2.103,413 ; hands, 3,456. Foreign Commerce.— 'Iha imports from foreign countries in the year ending SOth June, 1850. were valued at $111,128,524, 302 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. and the exports at $52,712,789. Of the exports, .$il,502,SOO was tlie value of domestic produce, of which .$33,934,409 represented the value of merchandise carried in American bottoms, and $7,568,391 that carried in foreign bottoms; and $11,209,989 was the value of foreign goods reexported, of which $7,086,687 in American bottoms, and $4,12-3,.302 in foreign bottoms. Of the imports, .$58,147,721 was the value of merchandise brought in American bottoms, and $22,975,803, that brought in foreign bottoms. The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry' for the same year, exhibits the annexed aggregates : SirrPPLNG EMPLOYED IN THE FOP.EIGN TT.ADE, 1S49-50. Entered. Cle.ired. Total. N.itionality of Shipping. American . Vessels, Tons. . 4,1.37.... 1,502,290.. Foreign 3,882 .... 775,4;50 . . Vessels. Tons. . 8,610.... 1,411,557.. . 3,693.... 737,5.39.. 65,575.. 39,439.. Vessels. . 7,747.... . 7,525.... Tons. 2,913,847.. 1,512,969.. Crews. 114,585 80,219 Total 7,969.... 2,277,720.... 99,790.... 7,303. viz. Atlantic Ports. 3,165.... 1,145,885.... 44,218.... 2,612. " Lake Ports... 4,804.... 1,131,885.... 55,577.... 4,691. 2,149,096.... 95,014... 15,272.... 4,426,816.... 194,804 983,289.... 38,133... 5,777.... 2,129,124.... 82,346 1,165,807 .... 56,881 . . . 9,495 .... 2,297,692 .... .112,458 The Atlantic ports are included in the collection districts of New York, Cold Spring, Greenport, and Sag Harbor; and the lake and St. Lawrence ports, in the districts Oswego, Oswegatchie, Niagara, Cape Vincent, Saekett's Harbor, Buffalo Creek, Champlain, and Genesee. New York entered 3,163 vessels, 1,145,331 tons, and 44,166 men In crews, and cleared 2,609 vessels, 982,478 tons, and 88,060 men, thus monopolizing the great bulk of the Atlantic trade. The relative import- ance of the Lake Ports is exhibited in the order observed in the priority of their arrangement ;n the list above noted. The total amount of shipping owned within the State at the period referred to, was 9#1,349 tons ; registered (all belonging to the Atlantic ports) 458,903 tons — 875,955 tons of the class permanent register, and 82,948 tons temporary ; enrolled and licensed 473.556 tons — 884,790 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 88,766 tons in the lake districts ; and licensed (under 20 tons) 11,890 tons of the registered shipping, 86,148 tons were navigated by ste.-ini-power, and 6,029 tons were employed in the whale fisheries. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed shipping employed in the coasting and river trade was 485,109 — 388,239 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 97,870 tons in the lake districts, and in the cod fisheries 337 tons. Of the coasting shipping there is employed in steam navigation, 94,809 tons^in the Atlantic districts, 64,191 tons, and in the lake districts, 80,618 tons. As a ship-building State, New York is only second to Maine. During the year 1849-50, there were built iu the Atlantic ports, chiefly at New Nork city, 205 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 55,944 tons, .and of these 26 were ships, 8 brigs, 44 schooners, 104 sloops and canal boats, and 28 steamers. In the ports of the lakes and the St. Lawrence, the number of ships built was 22 (2,398 tons) — 1 brig, 6 schooners, 8 sloops, etc., and 4 steamers. Of the lake ports, Oswego built nine, Buffalo seven, Niagara two, and Genesee ane. The movement of exports and imjtorts for a series of years commencing 1791 and ending 1850, was as follows : Year. Exports. 1791 $2,.505,465 1792 2,535,790 1793 2,932,370 1794 5,442,183 179.5 10,304,581 1796 12.208,027 1797 13,308,064 1793 14,300,892 1799 18,719,527 1800 14,045,079 1801...... 19,851,1.36 1802 18,792,276 1803 10,818,387 1804 16,081,281 1805 23,482,943 1806 21,762,845 1807 26,857,963 1808 5,606,058 1809 12,581,562 1810 17,242,830 Imports. Year. 1811 $1 1812 1818 1814 1815 1816 1817 181S 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 Exports. Imports. 266,215 ,961,922 185,494 209,670 ,675,373 ,690,081 707,433 ,872,261 ,587,378 ,163,244 162,917 ,100,482 ,038,990 897,184 ,259,261 ,947,791 834,1.37 ,777,649 119,011 697,983 23,629,246 85,445,628 29,421,849 36,113,723 49,639,174 38,115,630 88,719,644 41,927,792 34,74:3,307 85,624,070 Year. Exports. 1831 $25,535,144 1833 26,000,945 1833 25,395,117 1834 18,849,469 1835 80,-345,264 1886 28,920,688 1837 27,338,419 1833 23,008,471 1839 88,268,099 1840 84,264,080 1841 33,139,833 1842 27,576,778 1843 16,762,664 1844 82,861,540 1845 36,175,298 1846 36,935,413 1847 49,S44,.368 1848 5-3,351,157 1849 45.96-3,100 1850 52,712,789 Imports. ....$57,077,417 .... 53.214,402 .... 55,918,449 .... 73,185,594 .... 88,191,-305 ....118,253,416 .... 79,.301,772 .... 68,453,206 .... 99,882,4.33 .... 60,440,750 .... 75,718,426 .... 57,875,004 .... 31,358,5-10 .... 6.5,079,516 .... 70,909,085 .... 74,254,233 .... 84,167,-352 .... 94,525,141 .... 92,567,-369 ....111,128,524 Coasting, Lake, and Internal Trade.^So other State in the Union has such facilities for e.xtemal and internal commerce as that enjoyed by the State of New York. Favorably located with regard to its seaward outlet, and its immense lakes and noble rivers, the first bounding it outwardly, and the latter penetrating to its very centre, it seems as if it had been designed by nature fi.ir the proud preeminence to which it has attained. Thousands of vessels are constantly traversing its waters, carrying freight valued at millions of dollars, and furnishing to every part, facilities Ibr the inter- change of commodities. It is also preeminent in its grand works of internal improvement — its canals, railroads, plank- roads, and turnpikes, while the magnetic telegraph extends in every direction, an instantaneous communicator of informa- tion between the several commercial centres. The canals of New York are features in its economy which distinguish it from other States — they extend from the waters of the Hudson to L.ike Erie, a distance of 364 miles, and have branches in every direction : to Lake Champlain, to Lake Ontario, and several to the south, and others, more local in their utility, are formed in various parts. The traffic on the Erie Canal is immense, and this forms the great highway between the Western States and the sea-board. The Delaware and Hudson Canal is chiefly used for the transportation of coal from Pennsylvania. The railroads have a present length of nearly 2,500 miles, and others are constantly beuig opened ; and with regard to plank-roads, which for many purposes are equal to the railroad, almost every trade centre is connected by them with the producing regions. The turnpikes and the county and town roads are everywhere well kept, and in excellent condition. (For the details of the canals and railroads, see appendix.) THE STATE OF NEW YORK. JBanks.—Oxi the SOlh June, 1S50, there were in the State, 192 banks and branch banks, and their financial condition at that date was as follows : KESOUECES. Loans and discounts $91,193,645 Loans and discounts to Directors 4,799,227 All |um3 due from brokers 2,437,909 Real estate 8,a44,514 Bonds and mortgage 8,009,163 Stocks 12,627,494 Specie 11,653,339 Cash items 9,131,431 Bills of solvent Banks on hand 8,071.749 Due from solvent Banks on demand 10,551,966 Due from solvent Banks on credit 497,501 Total resources (including the above) $153,095,237 LIABILIXrES. Capital $47,779,727 Profits 8,113,064 Notes in circulation not registered 615,763 Kegistered notes in eirculution 23,593,573 Due Treasurer of the Slate of New York 1,473,901 Due depositors on demand 46,691,465 Due individuals and Corporations other than Banks and depositors 821,365 Due Banks on demand 22,180,537 Due Banks on credit 731,252 Due to others 1,353,313 Total liabilities (including the above).. $153,095,287 Government, etc.— The constitution of New York was adopted in convention October 9lh, 1846, and ratified by the people on the 2d November foll(jWing. Every adult white male citizen who shall have been such for ten days, a resident of the State for one year, of the county for four miinths, and of the district for 30 days next preceding an election, may vote at all elections in his place of residence ; but no man of color is eligible as an elector unless he shall have resided in the State for 3 years, be a freeholder to the value of $250 atove all enciunbrances ft)r one year, and have paid taxes thereon. Persons convicted of infamous crimes, and persons betting on the result of an election, are by law deprived of the franchise. The general election is held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November annually. The Legislature is composed of a Senate and House of Assembly : the Senate consists of 82 members elected from single districts, and the Assembly of 12S members apportioned among the several counties — senators are elected for two years, and assemblymen for one year. Every white male voter is eligible for election. Members of both houses are paid $3 a day during their session, and 10 cents for each mile of travel. No person holding office of profit under the State or United States can sit as a member. The Legislature meets at Albany ou the first Tuesday in January an- nually. Executiee poieers are vested in the governor, who holds office for two years. No person can be governor who has not attained to the age of 30 years, nor unless a citizen of the United States and resident for the last five years of the State. The governor has the right to veto any act of the legislature, but a two-thirds vote subsequently legalizes the act. The lieutenant-governor is elected in the same way as the governor, and is ex-ojfficio president of the senate, in which, how- ever, he has only a casting vote. On the demise or disability of the governor, he, and after him the president of the senate ^9ra t-empore, succeeds to the chair. The Secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general, etc., are elected for two years; the three canal commissioners and three inspectors of State prisons for three years, one of each set of officers annually; and county, town, city, and village officers, for one year. The JucUciary of the State is composed of several courts provided for in the constitution : the court for the " trial of impeachments" is composed of the President of the Senate (who is president of the court), the members of the senate, and the judges of the courts of appeals. It is a court of record, and when summoned, meets at Albany, ami has for its clerk and officers the clerk and officers of the senate; if the governor be impeached, the chief judge of appeals, and not the lieutenant-governor, presides. Two-thirds of the members present must concur before a conviction can be had, and the judgment of the court extends only to removal and disqualification, the party adjudged being still liable to in- dictment. The court of appeals is composed of eight justices, of whom four are elected, (one every second year) by the people at large, and four selected each year from the justices of the Supreme Court having the shortest time to serve. The judge (of those elected) whose term first expires, presides as chief judge, and any six of these judges constitute a quo- rum. Four terms are held annually, and every two years there must be one term in each judicial district. This court has power to correct and reverse the decisions of the supreme court or of the old supreme court and court of chancery. The supreme court has general jurisdiction in law and equity and power to review judgments of county courts and old courts of common pleas. For the election of justices, the State is divided into eight districts, each of whicli elects four justices, to serve respectively eight years, one judge retiring every second year. The justice in each district whose term first expires, and who is not justice of the supreme court, is the presiding judge, and the clerks of the several counties serve as clerks. One general term must be held annually in every county having 40,000 inhabitants, and in all others one term biennially; and every county has at least two special terms and two circuit courts, except the county of New York, in which the circuit court has four sessions. Any three or more (including the presiding judge) hold the general terms, and any one or more the special terms, at which are heard all equity causes, and the circuit courts, which are held exclu- sively for the trial of issues of fact. The county or surrogate's courts have local jurisdiction only. Each c^sunty, except that of New York, elects one judge for four years, who acts also as surrogate ; but counties having 40,000 inhabitants elect a separate surrogate. The powers of the court extend to all cases when the debt or damages are not abt)ve $2,000; to actions for personal injury or trespass, where the claim is not over $500, and to replevins, where the property claimed is not above $1,000, etc. Surrogates' courts have the ordinary jurisdiction of courts of probate. The criminal jurisdiction of the State is vested in courts of oyer and terminer and courts of sessions. The court of oyer and terminer in each county, except that of New York, is composed of a justice of the supreme court, who presides, the county judge, and two justices of the peace chosen members. In New York county this court is composed of a justice of the supreme court and any two of the following officers : judges of common pleas of the county, and the mayor, recorder and aldermen of the city. Courts of sessions are composed of the county judge and two justices of the peace, designated as members. All these courts .nre held at the same time and at the same jtlace as circuit courts. The civil courts of the city and county of New York are the superior court and the court of common pleas, the former of which has six justices, and the latter three justices. There is also the marine court, which has two judges. Federal Representation.— In accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, New York sends thirty-two representatives lO the United States Conaress. 204 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. The 'militia force of the State, in accordance with the United States Army Eogistor for 1351, consisted of 205,293 men of all arms, of which 7,662 were commissioned officers, and 257,631 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 99 are general officers, 315 general staff officers, 1,543 field officers, etc., and 5,705 company officers. Every white male citizen, between 18 nnd 45 years of age, is liable to military duty, unless exempt by law or having paid the commutation fine. The volunteer and uniformed militia of the State, and especially of the city, is the best instructed body of soldiers in the Union. New York has numerous henevolenl inMitiUions, many of which are partly supported from the public funds and partly from local sources. The principal of these are the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Institution for the Blind, both at New York City, the State Lunatic Asylums at Utica, the New York City Hospital, etc ; and besides these, almost every city has numerous similar institutions, which will compare well with those of the oldest European States. The number of pupils in the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, on the Slst December, 1850, was 227— 12S males and 99 females; receipts $39,216 39, and expenditures $39,432 93. The Institution for the Blind had 135 pupils; receipta $30,117 85, and expenditure .^28,451 19. The State Lunatic Asylum had 449 inmates— 226 males and 223 females. Finances. — The general fund and railroad debt, at the close of the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1850, waa $6,859,693 32; and the canal debt at the same period was $16,171,109 10— in the aggregate $22,530,802 48, on which accrues annually nearly $1,235,360 interest. There is also a contingent debt, consisting of State stock and controller's bonds of $938,036, upon which the State does uot pay interest. This wiU make the total State debt, absolute and contin* gent, $28,463,838 64. The property of the State, in addition to the educational funds mentioned hereafter, consists of the works of internal improvement, which at their cost valuation {i. e., the amount expended upon them to date), are worth $35,115,237 75. But the whole amount of tolls derived from them during the year was $3,254,051 71 — which gave, after deducting expenses, the not income of $2,650,200 49, which is 6 per cent, interest upon $44,170,108, a sum which in reality repre- sents the value of the works. The average iiet annual income for the last five years is $2,518,044 87, which is equal to a capital of $41,967,414 50, at per cent, interest. The amount of debt incurred for their construction, and yet unpaid, is as stated above $16,171,109. The taxable property in New York in 1843, was $727,494,533, being $571,690,807 the assessed value of 27,912,076 acres of real estate, and $158,183,480 of personal estate. The State and county taxes amounted to $4,592,051, and the town taxes to $1,420,736— total $6,812,787; making the rate of State, county, and town taxes, 8.6 mills on a $1 valuation. The highest rate was 25.7 mills on $1 in Hamilton County, and the lowest 3.1 mills in Ontario and Putnam counties. The revenue of the General Fund, on which are charged the ordinary expenses of government, for the year ending 30th September, 1850, was $881,241 57, and the expenditures for the same period, $326,720 29 — excess of revenue, $54,521 23. The chief sources of income were — auction duties, $35,909 69 ; salt duties, $44,304 03 ; fees of secretary's office, $2,110 71 ; peddlers' licenses, $1,700 ; foreign insurance companies, $802 79 ; Interest on arrears of county taxes, $4,273 19 ; surplus revenue of canaJs (annual appropriation), $200,000; State tax, $272,422 25; sales of lands, $3,700 S3; redemption of laud sold for taxes, $34,230 47; arrears of county taxes, $25,048 46; Columbia County, for enforcing law, $5,000; Duchess County, for ditto, $934 97 ; miscellaneous and temporary receipts, $31,856 67 ; and the principal objects of expenditure were : Executive expenses, $87,554 65 ; judiciary, $100,911 58 ; legislature, $96,007 99 ; commissarj-'s department, $14,487 68 ; commissioners of code, $2,450 ; commissioners on practice and pleading, $2,360 23 ; State printing, $92,528 53; deaf and dumb, $25,784 10; blind, $11,918 85; agricultural societies, $6,107; Onondaga Salt Springs, $29,027 ; State prisons, $82,376 97 ; State Library, $0,937 52 ; postage, $8,504 42 ; Hospital at New York, $22,500 ; House of Eefuge for Western New York, $13,000: foreign poor, $20,000; orphan asylums, $5,500; New York Arsenal, $920 OS ; geological survey, $16,913 32 ; Attorney-general's Library, $1,499 49 ; miscellaneous and temporary expendi- tures, $84,233 48. The special funds held by the government in trust are the Bank Fund, the Free Bank Fund, and the School Fund : The Bank Fund is made up by annual contributions from the incorporated Safety Fund banks, of one half of one per cent, on their respective capitals, and is by law appropriated to the payment of the debts of such banks, liable to contrib- ute the same as may become insolvent. The fund has been exhausted, and there are $721,330 11 of 6 per cent, stock now outstanding to meet the wants of the fund — which stock, except $59,450 54 now in the treasury or invested, is to be pro- vided for out of the future contributions by the banks to the fund. The whole circulation redeemed for insolvent banks is $1,503,740 64, and debts paid, $1,023,684 43— total $2,586,425 07. The aggregate .amount of contributions up to January, 1806, when aU the safety fund bank charters expire, will be $994,225 60. The notes of every insolvent bank have been redeemed. There are now (1350) 73 of these banks in operation, and one branch, the aggregate capital of which amounts to $27,664,360; circulation to which they are entitled, $22,161,870; and actual circulation, $20,609,173 50. The Free Bank, Fund coftsists of bonds, and mortgages, and stocks deposited with the Bank Commissioner, and moneys received on the same and held by him for the redemption of the circulating notes issued by banks and individual bankers under the general banking law. The whole number of associations is seventy-one, and of individual banks atxtij-five — in all 136, the aggregate capital of which (1st December, 1S50) was $14,203,115 ; and the whole amount of deposits $14,823,037 46. Of iXxQ funds devoted to education, the capital and revenue of each description for the year ending 30th September, 1300, was as follows: "Common School Fund," capital $2,290,673 23, and revenue $128,090 78 ; the " United States De- posit Fund," capital $4,014,.520 71, and revenue $255,323 35; .and the " Literature Fund," capital $272,830 12, and revenue $37,948 12. Total— capital $6,578,074 06, and revenue $416,367 75. There has also been paid from the general fund for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, $25,784 10, and to the Institution for the Blind, $11,913 85, making the whole sum paid during the year for education, $454,070 70. The Common School Fund also owns about 801,759 acres of land, and the Literature Fund, about 10,830 acres. Of the funds devoted to education, as above what is exclusively the Common School Fund, may be stated as follows : Productive capital of the School Fund, $2,290,673 28 ; such an amount from the United States Deposit Fund as will produce $165,000 — the sima annually appropriated therefrom for the su]>port of com- mon schools, at six per cent, interest, $2,750,000— and sum reserved by the constitution to be added annually to the capital of the School Fund, $25,000, making a total of $5,065,673 33. The annual interest on this sum, at six per cent., is $303,840 39. The balance of the income of the United States Deposit Fund ($90,82S 85) is appropriated to the support of colleges, academies, the Normal School, Indian schools, teachers' institutes, etc. The income of the Literature Fund must, by the constitution, be applied to the support of academies. The whole amount of public money received from all sources by the commissioners of cities and town superintendents, during the year ending 1st July, 1850, was $1,035,854 85, 205 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. of wTiich was apportioned to teachers' wages $730,798 12, and for libraries $91,303 90, leaving a balance apportioned for contingent expenses amounting to $213,692 83. The amount paid on rate bills for teachers' wages besides public money, was $608,724 56. Total cost of supporting common schools, $1,644,579 41. Educution.—ln the 878 Uiwns and 81 wards of cities of the State, there were on Ist July, 1850, 8,894 common school districts, and 5,625 parts of districts ; and returns were received from 8,336 whole, aud 5,475 parts of districts. The average length of schools in all districts, 8 months. Volumes in district libraries, 1,449,950. Children taught during the year, 794,500, and the number of children between 5 and 16 years of age returned, 735,183 ; of these 200,128 pupils attended Bchfwls less than 2 months, 198,022 less than 4 months, 167,732 less than 6 months, 106,100 less than 8 months, 59,315 less than 10 months, 18,455 less than 12 months, and 9,079 12 months. In 52 schools for colored children there were 4,971 scholars, and for the support of these $11,480 44 was appropriated. There were besides, schools for the instruction of Indian children in the several reservations; in 1S49, 641 Indian children between 5 and 10 years of age, were reported, and about 500 attended school ; about 250 attend the Normal School at Albany annually, and on the 1st January, 1S51, there were 226 pupils in the institution — 77 males, and 149 females. The whole number of graduates was 494 — 270 males, and 218 females ; and during the year then ending 9 Indian youth — 6 males, and 3 females — were taught, to prepare them for teachers among their own people. Teachers' institutes are held annually in the counties, but the reports say that of late a diminished interest in regard of them has been observed. Mt)St of the large centres of population have incorporated academies which are supervised by the Regents of the University ; and there are a large number of unincorporated academies, seminaries, and private schools, self-supporting. About 75,000 children are annually taught at the private institutions.- The collegiate establishments within the State are also numerous and highly efficient as institutions of learning. The principal of these, includmg academic, law, medical, theological, etc., with their statistics in 1850, are as follows : Names. yountled. Location. Professors. Alumtii. Students. Librao". Columbia (Epi-sc.) College 1754 N. York City 7 1,450 Ill 17,000 vols. Union College 1795 Schenectady 12 2,725 266 15,000 " Hamilton College 1812 Clinton 9 45S 129 10,.500 " Madison (Bupt.) University 1819 Hamilton 9 200 127 7,000 « Geneva (Episc.) College 1823 Geneva 5 131 42 5,4t10 « University of New York 1831 N. York City 11 320 150 4,000 " St. John's {R. Cath.) College 1841 Fordham 16 43 65 12,60C " St, Paul's (i?i5?.sc.) College 1837 College Point 11 880 29 2,800 " University of Albany — Albany — — — — " Law School — University of Albany — Albany 3 — — — vols. College of Physicians and Surgeons 1S07 N. York City 6 852 219 — " Medical Institute— (?«?)«i'rt CbMcf/s 1835 Geneva 6 98 60 — " Medical Faculty— rw/remYy of N. York 183T N. York City 6 697 421 — " Albany Medical" CoUege 1839 Albany 8 58 114 — " Theological Institute, Prot. Episc. Church 1817 N. York City 5 836 64 10,000 " Union Theological Seminary 1836 N. York City 5 211 106 18,000 " Theological Seminary of Auburn 1821 Auburn 4 580 30 6,000 " Hamilton Literary and Theolog. Institute 1820 Hamilton 4 133 32 4,000 " Hartwick Seminary 1816 Hartwick 2 52 5 1,2:')0 « Theological Seminary, Asso. Kef. Church 1686 Newburg 1 143 11 3,200 '• There are numerous other local schools besides the above, as the ward schools of cities, various mechanics' schools, endowed schools, the Free Academy at New York and others, which are not included in the above returns, but which are nevertheless of essential utility in the field of education; and with regard to literary, scientific, and artistic institutions, no other State in the Union is so amply provided with them. PuUic Libraries. — Three State libraries— 34,099 volumes; 21 social— 151,894 volumes; 8 college — 1.3,376 volumes; 21 students' — ^19,319 volumes ; 171 academic and professional — 143,465 volumes ; 4 scientific and historical — 25,253 volumes ; 8,070 public school— 1,333,848 volumes. Total 8,298 libraries, and 1,766,254 volumes. Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in the State, on the 1st June, 18,50, was 458, and of these 141 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics, in the latter class being also included all literary, religious, scientific, etc., periodicals, and all the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the aggregate number, 54 were published daily, 1 four times a week, 13 tri-weekly, 13 semi-weekly, 313 weekly, 13 semi-monthly, 25 monthly, and 3 quar- terly ; and the circulation at each issue of the dailies was 230,995, or 72,301,435 annually; of the one published 4 times a week 1,100, or 228,800 annually ; of the tri-weeklies 36,975, or 5,768,100 annually ; of the semi-weeklics 30,365, or 3.157,960 annually; of the weeklies 694,414, or 36,109,528 annually; of the semi-monthlies 7S,,')00, or 1,88^1,000 annually; of the montlilies 433,750, or 5,205,000 annually; and of the qviartcrlies 6,150, or 24,000 annually; total copies at each issue 1,512,249, or 124,679,423 annually. In the city of New York the periodicals numbered, 14 dailies, 8 semi-weeklies, 6S weeklies, 8 Sunday papers, 6 semi-monthlies, 89 monthlies, and 2 quarterlies. In Albany County there are 5 d. and 9 w. ; in Alleghany, 3 w. : in Broome, 1 d. and 3 w. ; in Cattaraugus, 5 w. ; in Caynga, 1 d., 6 w., and 1 m. ; in C'hautauqut% 9 w. ; in Chemung, 9 w. ; in Chenango, 4 w. ; in Clinton, 3 w. and Ira.; in Columbia, 1 d., 6 w., and 1 s.-m. ; in Cortland, 5 w. ; in Delaware, 3 w. ; in Duchess, 6 w. ; in Erie.. 6 d., 1 four times a week, 4 t.-w., 1 s.-w., 10 w., and 2 m. ; in Essex, 3 w. and 1 m. ; in Franklin, 2 w. ; in Fulton, 2 w. ; in Genesee, 4 w. ; in Greene, 3 w. ; in Herkimer, 4 w. ; in Jefferson, 6 w. ; in Kings, 8 d. and 3 w. ; in Lewis, 3 w. ; in Livingston, 6 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Madison, 5 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Monroe, 8 d., 9 t.-w., 10 w., 2 s.-m., and 2 m. ; in Montgomery, 6 w. ; in Niagara, 1 d. and 4 w. ; in Oneida, 4 d., 13 w., 2 s.-m., and 1 m. ; in Onondaga, 4 d., 1 s.-w., 12 w., 1 s.-m., and 3 m. ; in Ontario, 5 w. ; in Orange, 2 s.-w., 6 w., and 1 q. ; in Orleans, 4 w. ; in Oswego, 2 d. and 6 w. ; in Otsego, 4 w. ; in Putnam, 1 w. ; in Queens, 5 w. ; in Rensselaer, 3 d., 4 w., and 1 m. ; in Richmond, 1 w. ; in Rockland, 2 w. ; in St. Lawrence, 7 w. ; in Saratoga, 8 w. ; in Schenectady, 2 w. ; in Selioharie, 2 w. ; in Seneca, 4 w. ; in Steuben, 5 w. ; in Suffolk, 1 s.-w. and 6 w. ; in Sullivan, 3 w. ; in Tioga, 2 w. ; in Tompkins, 1 d. and 2 w. ; in Ulster, 5 w. ; in Wasliington, 7 w. ; in Wayne, 7 w. ; in Westchester, 5 w. ; in Wyoming, 2 w. ; and in 1 ales, 3 weeklies. 206 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. Religious DenmninaUons. — The statistics of the several religious denominations, in 1850, were aa follows : Valu I of perty. $15,000 120,000 252,200 2,050 2,885,543 36,000 Presbyter'n. 662. . 369,314. . 4,847,206 Germn Ref. 1. 600. Jewish 9. 5,600. Lutheran. . . 80. 87,ST0. Mennonite. 4. 1,000. Methodist.. 1,215. 478,145. Moravian.. 3. 1,500. Denoniina- No. of Cliurih Vuliie of tions. Cliurclies accnrn. Property. E. Catholic. 174. 123,588. $1,509,876 Swedenb'g . . 2 . 4.50. 1,400 Tunlver — . — . — Union 74. 27,379. 110,300 Unitarian... 23.. 10,225. 292,075 Universalist 110.. 52,470. 327,100 Minor Sects. 22.. 8,500. 64,900 Denoniina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, accmn. Property. BapUst 776.. 334.274.. $2,252,350 Christian... 02.. 20,000.. 76,050 Congregat'-l. 214 . . 102,430 . . 779,304 Dutch Ref. . 232 . . 131,025 . . 3,542,850 Episcopal . . 275 . . 138,965 . . 4,110,824 Free 15.. 4,600.. 28,700 Friends .... 132 . . 49,314 . . 309,380 —making a total of 4,084 churches, accommodating 1,890,229 persons, and valued as property at $21,132,707. The State constitutes two dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Church, viz., the diocese of New York, and the diocese of Western New York; and in the Roman Catholic Church, it constitutes the dioceses of Buffalo and Albany, and the arch-diocese of New York, in the latter of which. East New Jersey is included. Pauperism and Crime. — Tlie whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 1st June, 1860, was 59,855, of whom 19,275 were native-born and 40,580 foreign-born; and the whole ninnber receiving public charity at that date was 12,833, of whom 5,755 were native-l)orn and 7,078 f.ireigners. Annual cost of support $817,336. Jn the above, the foreign paupers under charge of the Commissioners of Emigr.-ition are not accounted for, aa they are chargeable on a special fund raised by capitation tax on themselves. The number of convictions in courts of record in the year 1849, was 1,531—1,487 males, and 94 females : offenses against the person, 897—385 males and 12 females ; offenses against property, with violence, 150—145 males and 4 females ; offenses against property, without violence, 545—500 males and 45 females ; offenses against the currency, 37 (all males) ; and other offenses, 404—371 males 33 females. Tlie ratio of convictions of females to those of males is as 1 to 15.18. Upon convictions, 4 were sentenced to be hung, 545 to the State prison, 51 to House of Refuge, 299 to the local prison, 32 to bo fined and imprisoned, 565 to fine, and the sentences of 33 were suspendesmchust>tts, settled on Cow Neck, but were driven off by the authorities. In the autumn of the same year, however, they returned, and founded the towns of South- ampton and Southold. The Indians saw, with daily increasing envy and dislike, the heritage of their fathers thus falling from them. "War was the consequence, which desolated the colony for five years. In 1645, Peter Stuyvesant became governor, and only terminated his administration by the capture of his colony by the English, on the 6th September, 1GG4. The name (jf the colony and city was now changed to that of New York, and Colonel Nichols was appointed by the Duke of York, to whom the territory had been granted by the King, as governor. On the 12th .June, 1GC6, the governor granted a charter to the city of New York. The colony was recaptured by the Dutch on the 7th August, 1673. The name of the city was now changed to New Orange, that of Albany to Williamstadt, and the fort previously called Fort .James to 'William Hendrick. Captain Anthony Coh e was appointed governor. The country, however, was not destined to be Dutch, for by the treaty of 9th February, 1074, it was restored to the English, and given up the following autumn. Some doubts existing relative to the validity of the Duke of York's patent, both on account of the Dutch occupancy and the fact that it was wrested from that nation in time of peace, he deemed it advisable to obtain a new patent fVom his brother, the king, in 1674. In the autumn of that year Major Edmond Andros, afterward so well known as the tyrant of New England, arrived in New York and assumed the office of Governor. In February, 10S5, the duke ascended the throne, under the title of James II., and among the first acts of this bigot were his instructions to allow no printing press to be established in the colony. But his reign was short, having been put an end to by the Revolution of 16SS, and the proclamation of William and Mary as heritors of the throne. No important event occurred from this time for many years. In 1741 occurred the negro plot, so famous in the annals of New York. In 1744 war was declared between England and France, anti the colonists prepared to carry it on with vigor. In 1745 New England and New York united in an att;ick upon the French fortress at Louisburg, and New York furnished ten pieces of cannon and £S,000 toward the expedition. It was surrendered in July of that year. The colonies were so severely molested during the year 1746 by the Indians in pay of the French, that it was determined to attack Crown Point and Niagara, and to capture Quebec. For this purpose New York raised £40,000. The enterprise proved unsuccessful, and the peace of Aix la Chapelle was concluded in 174S. For a few years after this the colony prospered, and began to recover from its losses by the wars. In 1754 a convention from all the colonies north of Mason and Dixon's Line met at Albany, to devise some plan of common defense against the French, whi) had again commenced hostilities. At this convention. Dr. Franklin, afterward so eminent in the history of the Eevolution, proposed a plan of political union. In the spring of the following year an expedition was sent against Fort Du Quesne, but entirely failed, Braddock, the leader of the expedition, having been killed. Nor was the campaign of 1756 more successful. In 175S Wihiam Pitt was placed at the head of the English government, and a new impulse was given to tlie energies of the nation. Success soon followed. Forts Frontenac and Du Quesne were captured. Stinniluted by these successes. New York, in 1759, raised $025,000 and a force of 2,6S0 men. Tieonderoga was captured early in the season, and Crown Point surrendered a few days later. Fort Niagara was reduced, and on the 13th September tlie brave General Wolfe laid down his life, in the moment of victory, when the English banners floated over the towers of Quebec The ensuing year the French made an iinsuccessful effort to recapture Quebec, and on the Sth September all the French possessions east of the MississipY)i were surrendered to the British, and the French power extinguished. Two small islands off the southern coast of Newfoundland alone were preserved to them of their former vast possessions. About this time the difficulties between New Hampshire and New York commenced, respecting their respective limits, which only ceased with the admission of Vermont into the Union after the Revolution. The imposition of the Stamp Act, in 17C4, and the other atrocities of the British Government which followed it, and which led to the overthrow of the British power in the colonies, need not be enlarged upon in this connection, being a part of the general history of the Union. On the first Tuesday in October, 1765, a congress, composed of delegates from the New England and Middle States, assembled at New York, to take into consideration their grievances. South Carolina had also delegates. T'his congress made declaration of the privileges and rights of the colonies. Liberty-poles had, at this period, been frequently erected in New York city, and as often been destroyed by the British soldiery. On the 5th September, 1774, a congress from several colonies met at I'hiladelphia, in which, however. New York was not represented. In April, 1775, a provincial convention met at New York, and elected delegates to the second congress. The news of the b.ittle of Lexington caused great excitement in the city, and the arms of the city were ordered to Boston, but seized by the authorities before their shipment. The war had now commenced. Tieonderoga, Crown Point, and Whitehall, in this State, were captured by the provincials, and the entire command of Lake Champlain was obtained. On the 9th July, 1776, the provincial congress met at White Plains, and took the title of Representatives of the State of New York. On the first day of their meeting they received the Declaration of Independence, and immediately passed a resolution approving it The fortunes of the continental army from this time to the acknowledgment by England of the will of the sovereign people were various, and in New York were fought many of the famous battles of the period— those of Brooklyn Heights, Harlem Heights, Bemis' Heights, Stony Point, Tieonderoga, Fort Schuyler, Stillwater, and Saratoga, at the last of which Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans. On the 12th March, 1777, a constitution for the State of New York was reported by a committee of the provincial con- gress, and on the 20tli April ensuing was adopted as the basis of the government. Lender the new constitution George Clinton was elected Governor. At this lime there were fourtc^en counties in the State, viz.. New York, Richmond, King's, Queen's, Suffolk, Westchester, Duchess, Orange, Ulster, Albany, Tryon, Charlotte, Cumberland, and Gloucester. The last two, together with part of Albany and Charlotte counties, were within the limits of the present State of Vermont In 1790 the difficulties which for so long a time had existed between New York and Vermont were amicably adjusted, and New York, in its present limits, entered upon her career of greatness, untrammelc3. 647,736., 808,319.. Imports, 400,944 200,673 885,951 258,761 432,417 188,953 5SS,733 465,836 553,390 311,808 581,740 867,545 449,287 276,791 523,747 268,615 564,506 28.8,-547 899,-333 221,992 Year. Exports, Imports. 1831 $341,140 $196,.356 18-52 842,041 215,184 1833 4.33,035 198,758 1384 471,406 222,472 1835 819,.327 241,931 1886 429,851 197.116 1837 551,795 271,623 1838 545,223 290,405 1839 427,926 229,2;33 1840 337,484 252,532 1841 83:3,056 220,.360 1842 344,650 187,404 1843 171,099 110,976 1344 293,401 209,142 1845 379,960 280,470 1846. 1847. 1843. 1849. 1860. 414,398 242,859 284,919 142,884 340,023 195,814 270,076 113,146 416,501 32-3,092 THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. Internal Improvementis. — Great efforts are being made in this State to build up a system of railroads between the in- terior and the sea-board, and also to connect the railroads of North Carolina with those of the adjoining States. As yet, however, tlie only through line is the Weldon and Wilmington K. E. at Weldon, uniting with the Petersburg R. R., run- ning north, and the Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. to Norfolk, and at Wilmington with the Wilmington and Manchester E. R., which forms a connection with the South Carolina railroads. The North Carolina Central R. R., running from a point above Goldsboro', on the Weldon and Wilmington R. R., through Raleigh, Ilillsboro', Greensboro', Lexington, and Salisbury, forms a junction with the South Carolina system at Charlotte, and this road will probably be extended ft-om its eastern terminus to Beaufort. A railroad has long been in operation from Gaston, on the Roanoke, to Raleigh, at which latter point it connects with the central and at Gaston with the Greenville and Roanoke E. R., which leaves the great Southern line at Ilicksford. The total length of completed railroad in this State on the Ist Jan., 1853, was 249 miles, or in the proportion of one mile to every IS square miles of territory. The only canals in use within the State are the Dis- mal Swamp Canal and its north-west branch, which are used chiefly for lumbering purposes, and Harlow Canal, extend- ing from the Neuse to Beaufort. Important improvements are also contemplated in Deep and Cape Fear rivers, so as to make them an outlet for the mineral wealth of their vicinities. Banks. — According to the bank returns of November, 1S50, there were in the State 5 banks and 15 branch banks, the aggregate condition of which, at that period, was as follows: Liabilities — capital, $7,7S9,250; circulation, $4,249,933; deposits, $942,093; due other banks, $G0,G32 ; all other liabihties, $4,325; and a.9«^<5— loans and discounts, $6,056,783; stocks, $150,000 ; real estate, $127,306, other investments, $18,785 ; due by other banks, $1,074,794 ; notes of other banks, $483,947 ; and specie, $1,645,028. The Bank of Cape Fear, located at Wilmington, has branches at Asheville, Fayetteville, Greensboro', Ealeigh, Salem, Salisbury, and Washington, and the Bank of the State of North Carolina, at Raleigh, has branches at Charlotte, Elizabeth City, Fayetteville. Milton, Morgantown, Newbern, Tarboro', and Wilmington. Bank3 besides these are also established at Fayetteville, Wadesboro', Washington, Wilmington, and Newbern. Government, etc. — The government of the State is based on the constitution of 1786, as amended in 1335. The right of suffrage is allowed to every free white man, 21 years old, an inhabitant of his district 12 months preceding an election, and owner of a freehold within the same for six months. Such may vote for senators, but in voting for repre- sentatives, the freehold qualification is not needed, if the voter has paid taxes. But no descendant of a negro, to the fourth generation, though one ancestor in each generation be white, is to be accounted a white man. The general elections are held biennially on the 1st Thursday in August. The Leginluture is composed of a House of Commons and a Senate. Members of the House of Commons (120 in number) must have resided in their respective counties one year, and have owned for six months next before their election 100 acres as freehold, and are chosen biennially, not less than one in each county. Senators (50 in number) are chosen biennially in districts set off on the basis of taxation, and must be possessed for the same time of 300 acres therein in fee. An apportionment of both houses was made in 1351, and apportionment will be made every twenty years there- after. The General Assembly, thus constituted, convenes on the third Tuesday in November biennially. No special law shall be passed to alter the name of any person, to legitimize bastards, or to restore to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes ; but general laws for these purposes may be passed. The Governor is chosen by the persons qualified to elect members of the house for two years (but no such elected per- son shall serve more than four years out of any six years) by a plurality of votes, or in case of an even vote by the two houses of the General Assembly on joint ballot. An Executive Council of State, consisting of seven councilors, shall be chosen at every regular session, who shall keep a journal of their proceedings, open to the General Assembly. The gov- ernor may lay an embargo for thirty days, with the consent of the council. If the office of governor be vacant, it is to be filled by the Speaker of the Senate, and he failing, then by the Speaker of the House of Commons. No clergyman, while in the exercise of his duties as such, shall be a member of the council. Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution, are the following : Every foreigner who comes to settle may take take the oath of allegiance and hold real estate. Judges of the Supreme and Superior courts are appointed by joint ballot of both houses, and may be removed dr mental or physical inability upon a resolution of two-thirds of the mem- bers thereof. Their salaries shall not be diminished during their term. No person toho shall deny the lieing of a God or the truth of the Christian religion, or the divine authority/ of the Old or New Testa^nent, or who shall hold religious principles inccnnpatible with the freedom or safety of the State, shall hold any civil office. To amend the constitution, a convention of the people may be called by a vote of two-thirds of the members of both nouses. Amendments, if agreed to by three-fifths of the members of each house, shall be puWishod six months before the next election ; and if approved by two-thirds of both Ijouses, shall be submitted to the people ; and if approved by a ma- jority of votes of the voters qualified to elect members of the House of Commons, shall be adopted. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Superior or Circuit courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a chief- justice and two associate justices, the attorney-general, a reporter and two clerks, one at Ealeigh, and one at Morgan- town. This court holds three sessions in each year — two in the city of Raleigh, on the 2d Monday in June and the last Monday in December ; and one at Morgantown, on the 1st Monday of August, for the western part of the State, and con- tinues to sit at each term until all the business on the docket is determined or continued upon good cause shown. It has power to hear and determine all cases in law or equity brought belhre it by appeal or by the parties ; and has original and exclusive jurisdiction in repealing letters patent, and has also power to issue all writs necessary and proper for the exer^ else of its jurisdiction. The Superior or Circuit courts are composed of one judge and solicitor in each circuit ; these arc courts of law and of equity, and are held twice a year in each county of the State. There are seven circuits, of about ten counties each, which the juilges ride alternately, never visiting, however, the same circuit twice in sucoesaion. The judges of these courts have complete equity jurisdiction. The militia of North Carolina is composed of T9,44S men of all grades, of which number 4,267 are commissioned oflScers, and 75,131 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 28 are general officers, 133 general staff officers, 657 field officers, etc., and 3,449 company ofiScers. Every white male citizen, between the ages of 18 and 45 years, unless exempt by law, is liable to military duty. The charitable and benevolent institutions supported by the State are the North Carolina Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for the Insane. The foundation stone of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was laid on the 14th April, 1848. It is located at Raleigh on a plot of four acres, and near the StatCTHouse. The Lunatio Asylum is not yet commenced. The legislature of 1850 imposed a tax of one cent and three-quarters on every one hundred dollars-worth of land, and five and a quarter cents on every taxable poll per annum for four years to raise a 215 THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. fund for building an institution of this description— taxes wliich are expected to yield |S0,000 in the time specified. Tho legislature, also at the same session, passed a bill authorizing an agricultural, mineralogical, and botanical survey of the State. The surveyor, whose appointment rests with the governor, is required personally or by his assistants, " to visit every county of the State and examine every thing of interest or value in cither of the above departments, to ascertain the nature and character of its products, and tho nature and" character of its soil, as well as to give an account of ita minerals." Public Debt, Finances, efc.— The receipts from all sources for the year ending Slst October, 1850, amounted to $219,006 47, and the expenditures in the same year to $228,113 24 — being an excess of expenditures over reeeipts of $9,166 77. The chief sources of income are the public taxes, bank taxes, interest on railroad bonds, income from interest in railroads, etc. ; and the principal objects of expenditure are executive, legislative, and judicial expenses, public print- ing, interests on investments, repayments of loans, etc., election expenses, public library, etc. North Carolina, properly speaking, has no public debt; it has, however, a contingent liability, which arises from its endorsement by the State of bonds of railroad companies to the amount of $1,100,000, but from this must be deducted $13,000 for bonds not used, and $110,000 for bonds paid, which reduces the amount for which the State may be liable, to $977,000. Since the above date other liabilities have been assumed for the progressing railroads. The value of real and personal estate of the inhab- itants of North Carolina, including the value of slave property in 1S50, was assessed at $212,071,213. True valuation, $226,800,472. Federal Representation.— North Carolina, in accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, is entitled to eight represent- atives in the Congress of the United States. Education. — Before the llevolution, literature was hardly known in this State, much less a subject of cultivation. There ■were in the province at the end of the royal government, only two schools in operation, one at Newbem and one at Edenton. The constitution of 1776, directed that " a school or schools shall be established by the legislature for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at low prices ; and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities." Till within late years, however, no system of free schools was introduced throughout the State. Liberal provision was made for the purpose in 1825, by the creation of a school fund. This fund now amounts to nearly half a million dollars, besides the income of stock held by the State in several railroads, the proceeds of the sale of swamp lands, and the tract acquired from the Cherokees in the south-west In order to apply these funds, a Board of Literature was established in 18:^7, to devise a plan of common schools ; but as yet nothing eflicient for the increasing population has been brought to fruition. At the present time there are some 200 academies, and between 800 and 900 common schools in the State, at which from 18,000 to 20,000 youth are annually taught. The principal collegiate establishments in the State are the University, Davidson College, and Wake Forest College. The University of North Carolina is located at Chapel Hill, in Orange County, and in 1S50 had a president, 10 professors, and 230 students. It was founded in 1789, and its alumni numbered 964, of which about 70 had entered the ministry. It has an excellent library of 13,500 volumes. In 1853 a school of science and art was attached to it. In the law department there were, in 1S50, ten students. Davidson College, founded in 183S, is situate in Mechlenburg County, and iu 1850 had 4 professors, CO students, and a library of about 5,000 volumes, and its alumni num- bered 140, of which 24 were in the ministry. "Wake Forest College (a Baptist institution) was founded in 1838, and in 1S50 had 3 professors, and 24 students ; its alumni numbered 11, of which 6 were in the ministry, and its library contained 4,700 volumes. Public Libraries.— One State library— 3,000 volumes; 3 college— 9,401 volumes; 2 students'— 8,846 volumes; 2 academic and professional — 3,000 volumes ; total, 8 libraries, and 24,247 volumes. This account is from the Eeport of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, 1850, and is probably under-rated. Periodical Press. — The whole number of newspapers, etc., published in the State in 1850, was 52, of which 24 advocated whig principle, and 9 that of the democracy, and 19 were neutral in politics, or devoted to literature, religion, etc. Of the whole number, 1 was published tri-weekly, circulating 340 copies at each issue, or 53,040 copies annually ; 3 semi-weekly, circulating 8,437 copies, or 399,088 annually; 41 weekly, circulating 28,427 copies, or 1,478,204 annually; 4 semi-monthly, circulating 3,775, or 90,000 annually ; and one monthly, circulating 450, or 5,400 annually. The counties in which published are — Anson, 1 s.-w. and 1 w. ; Buncombe, 2 w. ; Beaufort, 1 w. ; Caswell, 1 w. ; Chowan, 1 w. ; Cherokee, 1 w. ; Craven, 2 w. ; Cumberland, 3 w. ; Chatham, 1 s.-m. ; Edgecombe, 1 w. ; Guilford, 1 w. and 1 m. ; Granville, 1 w. ; Halif:ix, 2 w. ; Lincoln, 2 w. ; Mechlenburg, 2 w. ; New Hanover, 1 t-w., 2 s.-w., and 3 w. ; Orange, 2 w. ; Pasquotank, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Euthcrford, Randolph, and Eowan, each 1 w. ; Wake, 1 s.-w., 6 w., and 3 s.-m. ; Wayne, 2 w. ; and Washington and Warren, each 1 weekly. Peligioiis Petwminations. — The statistics of the .several religious denominations in the State, were as follows : Denornina- No. uf Church Value of Denomjna- No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of lions. Churches. accom. Property. tioQs. Churches. accom. Property. tions. Cliurche8. accom. Propert}'. Baptist 573 .. 195,727 . . $201,448 German Ref. 15 . . 6,725 . $17,200 R. Catholic. . . 4 . . 1,400 . $5,900 Christian .... 29 . . 11,600 . . 10,575 Jewish — . . — . — Swedenbo'n .. — .. — . — Congregat'I. . — . . — . — Lutheran ... 47 . . — . . 29,025 Tunker 1 .. 200 . 100 Dutch Kef. . . — . . — . — Mennonite . . — . . — . — Union 4 . . 1,200 . 650 Episcopal ... 47 . . 14,970 . . 112,100 Methodist ... 727 . . 19,550 . . 284,930 Unitarian — .. _ . — Free 51 .. 14,545 . . 15,860 Moravian ... 7 . . 214,937 . . 34,000 Universalist... — .. — . — Friends 30 . . 12,620 . . 7,575 Presbyterian 143 . . 3,000 . . 170,030 Minor Sects. . — . . — . — — making a total of 1,678 churches, having accommodation for 558,204 persons, and v.alued as property at $889,393. The State forms the Protestant Episcopal diocese of North Carolina, and is a constituent portion of the Roman Catholic diocese Of Charleston, Pauperism. — The whole number of persons relieved or supported during the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 1,981, of which number 1,913 were native-bom and IS foreign-born ; and the whole number receiving support at tlie date speci- fled was 1,5S0 ; viz., 1,567 native-born and 13 foreigners. Tho cost to the public amounted to $60,085. Historical Sketch. — The first English settlement in North America was made in 1585 on Roanoke Island, in this State. The patron of the infant colony was Sir Walter Raleigh, to whom Queen Elizabeth granted, in 1584, a jiatent for such lands as he might discover in America, "not possessed by any Christian people." The same year he dispatched two small vessels to make discoveries, and those dropped their anchors early in July in Ocracoke inlet. The adventurers lauded on an island near Roanoke, called by the natives Wococon, where they were received with every mark of hospi- 216 T THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. Jality. After visiting the neighborliood they returned to England and gave a highly favorable account of the climate and soil. The name of Virginia was bestowed upon the country, and Raleigh's patent was confirmed by act of Parliament. Sir Walter sent out at once, under Ralph Lane as governor, the colony above mentioned. Soon, however, Indian hostili- ties, provoked by the tyrannical behavior of the leaders of the colony, were commenced, and much suffering from this cause, as well as scarcity of provisions, was endured by the adventurers. They became discouraged, and finally returned home. A few days after their departure, a ship, under Grenville, arrived, and learning the destination of the colonists, left 15 men, with provisions for two years, to keep up the settlement Undeterred by his first failure, Raleigh sent out another colony in 1587, with orders to settle on Chesapeake Bay, where they were to build the projected " City of Raleigh." The new colonists, however, were put ashore at Roanol;e. They found no trace of Grenville's men, who had probably fallen under the wrath of the Indians ; and scarcely had they themselves landed than they were engaged in combat with the natives. Their governor. White, returned to England for supplies, but owing to the troubles consequent on the Spanish invasion of England, he was detained from revisiting the colony until the autumn of 1590. On arriving, he found the site of the settlement inclosed by a strong palisade, but not a colonist remained, and to the present day their fate has been a subject of conjecture. Thus ended Raleigh's attempt to colonize Virginia. Early in the reign of Charles I. (1G30) a tract of land south of the Chesapeake, designated as Carolina, was granted to Sir Robert Heath, but as he planted no colony on it the grant was revoked. Out of the same territory Charles II. formed, in 1663, the province of Carolina, and conveyed it by charter to eight royalist noblemen of England. This charter, as amended in 1665, defines the limits of the province to be the 29th parallel of north latitude on the south, the Pacific on the west, the Atlantic on the east, and on the north the parallel of .360 30' — afterward and now better known as the Missouri Compromise Line. The grantees were made proprietors of the soil, and were intrusted with powers of jurisdiction over the colonists. Already previous to this conveyance, settlers had located in the northern part of the province, and for some years refugees from Virginia had been coming, a few at a time, into the neighborhood of the Sound afterward called Albemarle, in honor of General Monk, whose ducal title was such. A little colony had also been planted by adventurers fr(im New England near the mouth of Cape Fear River. The soil, however, proved sterile, and the colony dwindled slowly away, and would have totally disappeared, had not some planters from Barbadoes, under Sir John Yeamans, removed thither in 1665, and formed the settlement of Clarendon, by which the few remaining New Englanders were rapidly absorbed. These new settlers supported themselves with difficulty by shipments of boards, shingles, and staves. Gradually, by nu- merous migrations southward, the colony again became reduced, until at length, before 1690, it was entirely exhausted. The proprietaries in 1670 sent out emigrants under the command of William Sayle to form a new settlement, to be called the County of Carteret. The colonists located themselves first at Port Royal, South Carolina, but they soon removed, and formed a settlement between Cooper and Ashley rivers, which they called Charleston. Sayle dying next year. Sir John Teamans was appointed governor of Carteret, the southern province. Thus there were in 1671 two permanent settle- ments in Carolina, Albemarle and Carteret, and these two constituted the nuclei of North and South Carolina as now existing. At the request of one of the proprietors, the celebrated John Locke framed a scheme of government for the whole province of Carolina. "The Grand Model," as it was called, though complete of its kind, was too complicated, if not too monarchical fTar an infant colony, yet the prf>prielaries adopted it as the fundamental law of the province, and such for 20 years it nominally remained. As a matter of fact, however, it was never brought into operation, though the governor of each district of the province strove hard to comply with its requisitions, in spite of the continued and ultimately success- ful opposition of the colonists. The settlement at Albemarle was augmented by accessions from Virginia, New England, and the Bermuda Islands; William Drummond was appointed first governor. He was succeeded by Samuel Stevens, under whom were enacted the first laws of the colony, by an assembly composed of the governor, the council, and twelve delegates. Every encourage- ment was given by these laws to whomsoever proposed settling in the colony ; bounty-lands were granted at a moderate quit-rent (id. per acre) ; taxes could be imposed only by consent of the assembly ; and religious liberty was promised to members of every Christian denomination. Intestine commotion, proceeding partly from discontent with the " Model System," and partly owing to a general feeling of restlessness prevalent sometimes in new colonies, soon disturbed the peace and welfare of Albemarle. The Culpepper and other rebellions distinguish this period. This discontent and tur- bulence were not removed until the arrival (1695) of John Archdale, one of the proprietors, as governor, invested with unusually extensive powers. Sagacious, and possessed of rare prudence, the Quaker Archdale succeeded in reducing both provinces to comparative order. During the preceding period, North Carolina had received a decided check to her prosperity. Many fled the country. At the beginning of the troubles, the province contained 1,400 taxable inhabitants — in 1694, 787 were all that could be found within its limits. Under Archdale, the colony began again to flourish. Settle- ments were made (1698) on the Pamlico River, upon the Tar and the Neuse, and Bath County was set ofi" to the southward. Kice and t.ar, two of the staples of North Carolina, began now to be exported ; churches were for the first time erected, and religion began to receive the support of the authorities, given, however, in an illiberal and sectarian spirit, inconsist- ent with the promise to the first colonists. The Episcopalians had a majority in the legislature, and failed not to use their power to the repression of all dissenters. The Carey rebellion now disturbed the prosperity of the colony, which was not quelled till several engagements had been fought and much blood spilt. Meanwhile the province was involved in a general war with the Indians. Since the settlement of Albemarle, until this time, uninterrupted peace had existed between the whites and Indians. As the settlement increased, however, the Indian began, not without reason, to fear for his future safety In 1707 a colony of Huguenots had removed from Virginia and settled on the Trent, and in 1709 a colony of Ger- mans from Heidelberg and vicinity founded the settlement of New Berne (Newbem) at the confluence of the Trent and the Neuse ; they received a liberal grant from the proprietaries, and it was the surveying of these lands that led to the Indian outbreak. Regarding these surveys as encroachments on their independence, the Tuscaroras seized the surveyor-general and put him to death, and an immediate attack was also made on the white settlements south of Albemarle Sound. Other tribes joining the Tuscaroras, the war became general. All Carolina did not at that time con- tain 2,000 men capable of bearing arms ; yet when assistance was sought from the southern province, it was at once Obtained. The Indians were worsted in several actions, and finally compelled to take refuge in a fort near the Neuse, Here they would have been forced to surrender at discretion, but the commander of the colonists concluded with them a 217 THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, hasty and disadvantageous peace, aixJ shortly afterward hostilities were renewed. The situation of the colony now be- came truly critical ; aid was again sought of the neighboring provinces, which was granted. The war was prosecuted ■with vigor, and iu 1T13 the power of the Tuscaroras was completely broken ; and haWng emigrated to the North, the tribe confederated with the Seuecas and other tribes, which afterward became the "Six Nations." The other hostile tribes soon after sulnnitted to the rule of the victors, and in 1717 peace was finally concluded. The sufferings of the colony during the Carey rebellion and the Indian war were extreme. Not a few settlers abandoned their homes altogether ; and notwithstanding the new accessions and the natural increase of the population, the number of taxable inhabitants in 171T did not exceed 2,000. For some time after this period the country was demoralized by the imposition of a worthless succession of governors. In July, 1729, the king purchased for £17,500 seven-eighths of the whole province ; the remaining eighth was retained by Lord Carteret, and was laid-off for him (not, however, till 174.3) adjoining the Virginia line. Previous to this the bound- ary between the two had been settled upon its existing basis. The spirit of anarchy and resistance to legal authority, hitherto prevalent, was now brought more under control ; still justice and obedience to the laws were by no means universal. During the Indian troubles paper money had been issued by the Assembly, but although gradually sunk by taxes, it depreciated. In 1729, £40,000 were issued, and in 1734 £10,000 additional. Depreciation went on, until in 1739 the rate was seven and a half for one of sterling. This depreciated currency the Assembly attempted in 173S to circulate, by making it a legal lender for quit rents. In the disputes that ensued, the governor, who was opposed to paper money, dissolved two successive assemblies. Other acts, equally unjust and impolitic, were passed at various times, nor was the governor wholly free from the imputation of irregular and partial administration. These, and other adverse circum- otances, as M'Culloch's speculation in crown lands, the breaking out of hostilities between England and Spain, by which the Carolinas were involved iu war with the Spanish settlements of Florida, retarded in no small measure the progress Of the colony. In spite of all, however, the increase in inhabitants was decidedly rapid. During Johnstone's adminis- tration, three distinct and extensive settlements were made: one chiefly by Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, who settled in Carteret's lands in the north-west; another by Moravians, who obtained from Carteret a grant of 100,000 acres between the Yadkin and Dan; and the third by a large body of Highlanders, chiefly from Argyleshire, for whom land had been purchased by their leader, Neal M'Neal, near the present Fayettevilie. All these colonies were successfully established, and their numerous descendants inhabit the State at this day. Notwithstanding every effort at conciliation, unfriendly Indian tribes, especially after Braddook's defeat (1755), har- rassed the western frontiers. Among these tribes the Cherokees were foremost in committing depredations ; they, aa well as the upper Creeks, by whom they had been joined, were finally forced to sue for peace. Differences between the governor and legislature also at this time e.xisted, and the dissatisfaction was constantly increasing. To allay it, William Tryon, a military officer, was sent out, who subsequently himself became governor. Tryon (1766) found the colony rest- less and unquiet. Many were ripe for open rebellion. But the new incumbent ruled with a steady hand, and maintained the laws. Early in Ills administration the dispute between England and the colonies began, lie managed for a time to avoid a collision with the Assembly, but at length, when that body declared (4th November, 1769) against the right of England to tax North Carolina, he dissolved iL Previous to this, however, the country was distracted by a formidable insurrection of the so-called " Ilegulators ;" neither property nor life was safe from their violence. Tryon at length (1771) raised a body of troops and marched against these disturbers, who were chiefly poor and uneducated men, but led on by wily, p>olitical anarchists. Encountering them near Great AUaniance, 3,000 strong, he attacked them with his 1,000 militia, and gained a decisive victory. After their defeat the insurgents in general took the oath of allegiance. In the following August Tryon, who, on the whole, had been a popular ruler, was succeeded by Josiali Martin. One of his first acts was the set- tlement of the boundary line between North and South Carolina. Disputes soon arose between him and the General Assembly, and the trouble was increased by the persistence of England in her policy of taxing the colonies. The governor sided with the crown, as also did the Regulators, whom he had the meanness to conciliate by the detraction of Tryon, but the remaining inhabitants generally adopted the cause of the colonists. North Carolina, in spite of the Governor's opposition, was represented in the first Continental Congress (Sept. 1774), and its delegates joined in adopting the Declaration of Colonial llights. The Provincial Congress approved of their pro- ceedings, and appointed delegates to the next. An association for the defense of colonial rights was also formed, and the citizens of Mechk-nburg County even went so far (May 21, 1775) as formally to declare their independence of the British connection. Alarmed at the progress of the disaffection, the Governor retired (July) on board a sliip of war in Cape Fear Eiver. The revolution in North Carolina was now complete. A State Convention was formed (20th August), and the raising of three (afterward five) regiments of troops authorized, and all were taken by Congress into Continental pay. The Tory influence, however, was strong, especially among the Regulators, and attempts, which failed, however, were made to form a junction with General Clinton, who was on the coast, waiting for reinforcements from England prepara- tory to making a descent upon the country — S50 of them were captured and made prisoners. Four more regiments were now ordered to be raised. Clinton, though reinforced, despairing of local assistance, sailed away to the attack of Charles- ton. In April succeeding (1770), the Convention taking the lead, authorized their delegates in Congress to join with other colonies in declaring independence. On the 4th July that independence was solemnly declared. MeanwhUe the Chero- kees, in league with the British, ravaged the western frontiers. Promptly met by a strong force from the Carolinas and Virginia, they were subdued, and forced to surrender to their conquerors a large tract of country, including the yet infant settlements on the Tennessee. The territory apportioned to North Carolina was erected into the District of Washington, the original province being now (since December ISth, 1776) a State, having a regular government Settlers were en- couraged to locate in the District, lands being granted at the rate of £2 10s. per 100 acres. In 1779 the Southern States were the chief scene of the lievolutionary War. In May, 17S0, Charleston surrendered to the British, and within a month all South Carolina was in possession of the victors. The loyalists at once flew to arms; of two parties assembled to aid the British one succeeded in reaching the outposts, but the other was dispersed by the militia. After the defeat of Gates at Camden (0th August) there was left no organized force in either of the Carolinas. Comwallis prepared to make an eruption into the North State — the battles of King's Mountain, of the Broad River, of the Tyger Eiver, and of the Cowpens followed in quick succession. The mutual animosities of the Whigs and Tories now exhibited itself in savage ferocity. Fort Watson, Ilobkirk's Hill, and Ninety-Six were also the scenes of warfare. The fortunes of war had hitherto vacillated ; at one time the State was, to all appearances, subdued, and at another, elated by Buccess. On the 8th September, 1731, the British were totally defeated by General Greene. Soon after the caoturo of 218 THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. Cornwallis (ITtli October) Wilmington was evacuated (January, 17S2), and toward llie end of tlac year peace was declared, and tlie British dominion within the State ended. The history of North Carolina, since the Kevolution, exhibits few changes and few events of more than ordinary importance. During that period she acted with fortitude, and by her great sacriflcos in men and money contributed much to the successful result of the struggle. The Legislature acceded to the federal constitution on the 27th November, 17S9, by a vote of 193 yeas to 75 nays, and since then the people of no other State have adhered more firmly to the Uniom Succession of Goverrio-s— (Until 1727, North Carolina was under the .same proprietarj- government as South Carolina) — KoTAL Governors: Sir Eichard Everard, 1727; GabrielJohnstone, 1734; Mathew Rowan, 1753; Arthur Dobbs, 175i; William Tryon, 1766 ; Josepli Martin, 1773 ; and— Constitutional Governors : Richard Casswell, 1777 ; Abner Nash, 17S0; Thomas Burke, 17S2; Alexander Martin, 17S4; Richard Caswell, 17S5; Samuel Johnston, 17S8; Alexander Martin, 1790 ; Richard D. Spaight, 1793 ; Samuel Ashe, 1796 ; Benjamin Williams, 1799 ; James Turner, 1802 ; Nathaniel Alex- ander, 1S05; Benjamin Williams, 1S07; David Stone, 1808; Benjamin Smith, ISIO ; WUliam Hawkins, ISll ; William Miller, 1814; John Branch, 1817; Jesse Franklin, 1820 ; Gabriel Holmes, 1821 ; Hutchins G. Burton, 1824 ; James Iredell, 1827; John Owen, 1828; Monfort Stokes, 1830; David L. Swain, 1833; Edward B. Dudley, 1836; John M. Morehead, 1840 ; William A. Graham, 1844; Charles Manly, 1849 ; David S, Eeid, 1351. Raleigh is the political capital of the State. 21& THE NORTH WEST TERRITORY. The North "West Tereitout is situate between the parallels of 43° and 49° latitudes north, and extends east and west between 99° and 112° long, west from Greenwich, or 21° 5S' and S4P 55' from Washington. It is bounded on the north by the British possessions, on the east by White Earth and Missouri rivers, which separate it from Minnesota Territory, on the south by Nebraska Territory, and on the west by the crest of the Eocky Mountains, which divides it from Oregon and Washington territories. On the east and west its outline is irregular, conforming to the course of the Missouri on one side, and to that of the Rocky Mountains on the other side. The average length of the country, east and west, is about SOO miles, and the average breadth, north and south, about 420 miles, with an area of 523,725 square miles. (The extent of the region, according to the census of 1S50, is stated at 587,564 square miles, a statement evidently incorrect). The general surface of this region is highly diversified by mountains, valleys, and plains. The greater portion of the country is inclosed betwefen the Eocky and Wind Eiver mountains and the Black Ilills, a continuation of the latter north- ward. The immense basin formed by these mountains is drained by the Missouri and its great tributary, the Yellow Bloue, which, with their numerous affluents, reach to its farthest boundaries west, south, and east. On the north of the basin is also a watershed dividing the streams flowing northward through the British possessions from those tributary to the great rivers just noticed. It is thus hemmed in on every side, and forms a distinct geographical section. The Mis- souri rises in numerous head streams from the Eocky Mountains in the vicinity of the sources of the southern branch of the Columbia of Oregon. Its course is first north, then east to the Black Ilills, near the edge of which it receives the Yellow Stone, a river having its principal sources in the Wind Eiver Mountains, and after turning the Black Hills in about latitude 48^ north, it has a course south-east and south, forming in its meanderings the eastern border of the Ter- ritory. From the east side of the Black Hills it also receives numerous tributaries, but none of large size. The slopes of the country arc indicated by the direction of its streams : within the basin the inclination is to the north and north-east up to the Missouri, and from thence the country rises to the north, and outside, cast of the Black Hills, it slopes to the east. Both the Missouri and Yellow Stone are navigable for light draft steamers, and hence, whenever this country becomes the residence of civilized man, the capacity of these streams will open to him a highway to the markets of the South and East, while their tributary streams, rapid and broken as they are, will afford every facility for milling and the manufactures. On the whole, it is an eligible country for settlement, having timber of various kinds of magnificent growth, a fine soil, and a climate, if not congenial to the tender plant, on account of its northern inland situation, yet one in which most of the usual farming operations may be profitably carried on. For salubrity it is unsurpassed. It is a second Utah, as regards its topography, without its deserts and sandy plains. This Territory formed a part of the Louisiana purchase. It is not yet organized, but retains the name of the North West Territory, from lis being the only unorganized remnant of that once large district so named, and to which it was attached soon after its acquisition by the United States. The hunter and trapper, or the red man of the forests, are ita sole occupants at the present time, but the day is not far distant on which the pioneer of civilization will cross the great river to make his home in its rich valleys, and drive his flocks aud herds to the hills for range and pasture. 220 THE STATE OF OHIO. Ohio, the most wealthy and prosperous of the new States, north-west of the Ohio Eiver, is situated between 38° 24' and 42° latitudes north, and between 80° 34' and 84° 42' longitudes west. It is a compact mass of land, lying between Penn- sylvania and Virginia on the east; Kentucky on the south, from which it is separated by the Ohio Eiver; Indiana on the west, and Michigan and Lake Erie on the north, along which its coast-line extends 257 miles. Its general length is 220 miles, and its breadth, north and south, about 200 miles, with an area of 39,964 square miles. Though the surface is much and delightfully varied, it nowhere presents any considerable elevations above the general level; but the country is a lofty table-land, which, in its middle zone, is about 1,000, and on the northern and southern borders from 600 to 800 feet above the sea level. A slightly elevated ridge of highlands divides the waters flowing north into Lake Erie from those flowing south into the Ohio. From this there is a rather rapid descent to the level. The lake, and the courses of the rivers on the Erie slope, are rapid, and considerably broken by falls. The general slope toward the Ohio on the south is interrupted by a subordinate ridge, which crosses the State in the latitude of Zanesville and Co- lumbus, between which and the river the surface is very much diversified with hills and valleys. The central belt consists of extensive flat tracts, with numerous broad swells rising gently from the plains; and swamps and morasses occasionally occur. The northern or Erie slope also contains extensive morasses. The extent of swamp lands in the State, however, is only 303,829 acres, or one-eighteenth part of the whole. Nine-tenths of the surface of the State is susceptible of cultiva- tion, and nearly three-fourths of the soil is eminently productive ; even the hills are generally cultivable to their summits, and covered with a fertile soil. The river bottoms are extensive and exuberantly fertile. In the centre and north-west, prairies or natural meadows are numerous and extensive, but the greater part of the country was originally covered with magnificent forests of gigantic trees, and even at the present day limber is abundant. The rivers of Ohio debouch either into the Ohio or into Lake Erie. The Ohio runs along the southern border for nearly 500 miles, and the principal rivers falling into it are the Muskingum, the Hockhoeking, the Scioto, the Little Miami, the Miami, etc. The Muskingum, which enters the Ohio at Marietta, rises in the northern watershed, near the head waters of the Cuyahoga, and drains a beautiful and fertile district. It is about 120 miles in length, and is navigable during a greater part of the year by small steamboats to Zanesville, 75 miles, and by batteaux to Coshocton, 110 miles, and above tills small boats ascend to within a mile of the Cuyahoga. Sandy Eiver and Wills Creek, on the east, and Walhouding or "White-woman's Eiver, and the Licking, from the west, are its principal tributaries, and are useful mill streams. The HocTcJiocking rises on the southern ridge, and roaches the Ohio at Hocking Port, after a course of SO miles through a hilly and picturesque country, abounding in yellow pine. It is narrow and deep, and navigable for small boats to Athens. The Hocking Canal follows the course of this river. The Scioto is a fine navigable stream, entering the Ohio at Portsmouth. It flows through a wide and fertile valley, and in the upper part of its course is surrounded by rich and beautiful prairies. Boats have ascended almost to its source, near Bucyrus, and passed by a portage of 4 miles into the Sandusky and Lake Erie. Delaware, Columbus, Cireleville, Chillieothe, and Piketon are the principal places on its banks. The Little Miami has its rise in the southern ridge, and although too much broken by falls to be useful as a navigable channel, it is a fine mill stream, furnishing an abundant supply of water for manufacturing purposes. It enters the Ohio about 12 miles above Cincinnati. The head waters of the Miami, or Big Miami, approach very near to those of the Scioto, the Auglaise, and the St. Mary's ; its current is rapid, but it is navigable for some 70 or SO miles. At several points— at Sidney, Troy, Day- ton, and Hamilton — it furnishes excellent water-power, especially at Dayton, where it has been greatly improved for manufacturing purposes. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and enters the Ohio in the south-western corner of the State, after a course of 100 miles. Among the northern rivers are the Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, etc. The Maumee, or Miami of the Lake, which has its source in Indiana, is the principal ; it is formed by the junction of Little St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, and Great and Little Auglaize rivers. Its length is about 100 miles, and 50 miles from its mouth it is 70 rods wide. The navigation is open to schooners and steamboats IS miles to Perrysburg, and in spring and fall it is beatable to Fort "Wayne, and at all times furnishes extensive water-power. The river bottoms are extensive and fertile, and the banks are high and heavily timbered. It enters Lake Erie through Maumee Bay. The Sandusky is a rapid stream, but navi- gable during high stages of the water. To Fremont City the navigation is always open. It enters the lake through Sandusky Bay, an Immense basin, destined to be the scene of a mighty commerce. Sandusky City, on its south-east shore, is one of the principal ports of the lake, and the terminus of several lines of railroad, connecting with the interior and the shore district. The Cuyahoga rises near Lake Erie, but taking a south-westerly course, it approaches the head of the Muskingum, and thence flows northward into the lake at Cleveland. It is one of the most important rivers of Northern Ohio. It is more than 60 miles long, and has numerous falls and is an excellent mill stream. Along its banks several flourishing manufacturing villages have sprung up. The mouth of the river, which has been improved and ex- tended by piers, forms the harbor of Cleveland. Besides these there are other important streams flowing into the lake, as Portage Eiver, navigable for 12 miles from Port Clinton; Huron Eiver, navigable to Milan, 14 miles, and entering the lake at Port Huron ; Vermillion Eiver, Black Erver, Eocky Eiver, etc., all of which are navigable to a greater or less extent, and which, at their mouths, furnish harbors. Ohio is one of the richest mineral States of the Union. Iron, coal, and lime — the most useful of minerals — abound in all the eastern portion of the State, and are deposited in beds of vast thickness. Salt springs are numerous in the same region. The coal of Ohio is bituminous, and lies very accessible, requiring comparatively little capital to handle it, but as yet there is, except in some of the principal cities — Cincinnati, Dayton, Cleveland, etc. — but little manufacturing, and in a large portion of the State the people are not suflSciently near the mines or public works to use coal in competition with wood. Time and the axe, however, are rapidly destroying the forest, and wood is fast rising in price ; and the period is not distant when the whole people of the Central "West will use coal. The progress of the raih-oad will hasten this revo- lution in the industrial and domestic economy of the State. The marketable production of coal in Ohio may be deter- 221 THE STATE OF OHIO. mined approximately by the report of the Board of Public Works. The principal points of coal mining are at Talmadge, Summit County ; Pomeroy, Meigs County ; Nelsonville, Athens County ; and some points in Stark and Coshocton counties. The amount brought to market from tliese several points in 1S50-51 was as follows : from Akron, 3,052,850 bushels; from Massilon, 1S6,S93 bushels; from Dover, 59,150 bushels; from Eoscoe, 260,250 bushels; from Nelsonville, 930,150 bushels; and from Pomeroy, about 2,000,000 bushels — in all, 6,489,299 bushels. This is but a sixteenth part of the coal brought to market from Easton, Pennsylvania, yet it is a large amount, and a large increase on the production a few years since. It is about the production of Pennsylvania 15 years ago. May not the increase of the coal trade in Ohio be as rapid as that of Pennsylvania? If so, what an important effect it will have on tlie industry and internal commerce of the State. The consumption of coal in the interior towns is gradually increasing. In 1S50 Columbus took 2s5,521, and in 1851, 499,951 bushels: Circleville, in 1850, 66,109, and in 1S51, 93,S29 ; Chillicothe, in 1850, 183,1.39, and in 1S51, 205,867 ; M'Connells- ville, in 1850, 46,285, and in 1S51, 68,444; Middletown, in 1850, 19,025, and in 1851,16,305; Dayton, in 1S50, 89,953, and in 1851, 6-3,840; and Piqua, inlS50, 3,863, and in 1851, 9,677 bushels; total in these places— in 1850, 689,900 bushels, and in 1S51, 957,893 bushels. These are nominally small quantities, but the increase (50 per cent.) in one year is quite remarka- ble, and proves that as wood rises in price, as manufactures increase and railroads extend, that the consumption of coal will increase more than proportionately. The coal carried to market annually by Pennsylvania brings back to her $20,000,000. An income like this, dug out of the earth, in a single article, is alone enough to stimulate other States, pos- sessing it to foster its production, and become prosperous and independent through the same means. That the iron business of the same region is destined at no distant day to become of equal magnitude and importance, must be apparent to the most casual observer. Extending through the counties of Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, Meigs, Vinton, Athens, and Hocking, is a belt of iron ore, averaging some twelve miles in width, and extending a distance of one hundred or more in length, each square mile of which can be made susceptible of keeping up a furnace employing one hundred hands, and yielding eight tons of iron per day, for any desirable period of time. Coal of the very best qual- ity, from three to twenty, and even thirty feet in thickness, also underlies, as before remarked, the counties named, together with others, sufficient to last for ages as a means of fuel for manufacturing in their midst as well as supplying the market demand north, west, and south of the mineral region. England, with an available coal region occupying an area less than the counties of Meigs and Athens united, produces annually .$50,000,000 worth of iron, and yet at this day the mineral region of Ohio alone is susceptible of being rendered four-fold more valuable than the entire mineral region of England. If a patch containing but a few square miles has done so much for central England, what may not the fields containing many hundred square miles do for Ohio? That the salines of Ohio are immensely valuable, although not in the same proportion as its collieries and iron deposits, can not admit of a doubt. There are salt wells on Yellow Creek, above Steubenville ; on Will's Creek ; on the Muskin- gum River, from the Coshocton to near its mouth ; on (he Hockhocking ; on Leading Creek, and in numerous other places. At the lower wells on the Muskingum, the salt rock is reached at 900 feet from the surface, and in some of the localities farther up the river at 650 to 700 feet. Of brine from the former, 100 gallons yield as many pounds of salt of an excellent quality ; the upper springs are not so strong. On the Hockhocking the salt is reached near Athens at a depth of 800 feet, and higher up the river it is much nearer the surface. Marble and freestone, well adapted for building purposes, and gypsum, also occur. The Yellow Springs, in Greene County 64 miles north of Cincinnati, are situated in a delightful region, and have been resorted to with advantage in some cases ol chronic diseases. The White Sulphur Springs, in Delaware County, have also been found efficacious in some complaints. The agricultural productions of Ohio are such as are common to the Eastern and Middle States. Indian com is the staple grain, and of this crop Ohio produces a larger quantity than any other State, and exactly one-tenth of the whole crop of the United Sates ; its wheat crop is one-seventh of the aggregate of the Union, and only surpassed by that of Pennsylvania ; Pennsylvania and New York alone produce larger crops of oats and buckwheat, and New York alone a larger crop of barley. It ranks seventh as a tobacco-producing State, second in relation to wines, and fiflh for silk culture. New York alone exceeds it in the value of its live-stock. It owns one-tenth the number of horses in the Union, and more than any other State ; only one State (New York) has a larger number of milch cows and other cattle. It has more sheep than any other State, and in only four States are there a larger number of hogs. Cincinnati, its largest city, is renowned as the greatest hog-packing centre of the West. One-ninth of the butter produced in the United States is made in Oho, and one-flfth of the cheese — in the production of the first Pennsjivania and New York exceed it, and of the latter New York alone. In the production of wool it has no competitor, and of this article one-fifih of the whole product of the country is clipped in Ohio. No markets in the United States are more profusely or cheaply supplied with meats and vegetables than those of the large cities of Ohio. Fruits of all kinds are raised in great plenty, especially apples, which grow to a large size, and are finely flavored. Its potato crop is only exceeded by the crops of two other States. The rapid growth of Ohio has never been paralleled ; in the sixty years from 1790 to 1S50, its population rose from 8,000 to 1,980,408. Its fertile lands attracted immigrants from all parts to settle in its smiling valleys and rich plains. The Germans, among the foreign population, are in the largest number; next the Irish, English, French, British American* Welch, Scotch and Swiss, most numerical in the priority of position here assigned them. Ohio is divided into 87 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Farms Counties. Dwell. Pop, Adams 3,205.. 18,883.. 1,509. . Allen 2,070.. 18,109. .1,146.. AshUind .... 4,123.. 23,792. .2,2.35.. Ashtabula... 5,306.. 28,766.. 2,243.. Athens 3,121.. 18,215.. 1,872. . Auglaize.... 2,020.. 11,.338.. 1,373.. Belmont.... 5,823.. 84,600.. 2,552.. Brown 4,833 . . 27,3.32 . . 1 ,843 . . Buder 5,.315.. 80,789.. 2,262. . Carroll 3,068.. 17,685.. 1,926. . Champaign. 3,4.37.. 19,762. .1,677. . Clark 3,753.. 22,173. .1,.393.. Clermont... 5 4;37.. 30,465. .2,093. . 22S: eZI: capital.. 26.. West Union 51. .Lima 71.. Ashland 251.. Jefferson 60.. Athens 30..Wapakonetts 185.. St. Clairs villa 92. .Georgetown 269. .Hamilton 41 . . Carrollton 93..Urbana 156.. Springfield 173..Batavia Counties. Dwell. Pop.' ^^"™' Clinton 8,245.. 18,838. .1,366. . Columbiana 5,834.. 8.3,621. .2,338.. Coshocton... 4,.325.. 25,674. .2,736. . Crawford... 8,070.. 13,177. .1,210. . Cuyahoga.. . 8,289. . 48,099. .2,228. . Darke 8,476.. 20.274. .2,151. . Defiance.... 1,237.. 6,966.. 296.. Dehaware... 3,7M.. 21,817.. 1,855. . Erie 3,362.. 18,568. .1,021. . Fairfield.... 5,207.. 80,264. .2.883. . Fayette 2,155.. 12,726. .1,007. . Franklin.... 6,701 E^Vr Capital.. S3. .Wilmington 180.. New Lisbon 153 . . Coshocton 8. .Bucynis 162.. Cleveland 10.. Greenville 31.. Defiance 95. .Delawiira 78.. Sandusky 162.. Lancaster 29. .Washington Fulton 1,355.. 42,910 . . 2,666 . . 241 . . Columbus 7,781.. 826.. 32.. Ai THE STATE OF OHIO. Counties. Dwell. Pop. -^ ^.^^ Gallia 2,975.. 17,063. .1,190.. Geauga .... 3,240.. 17,827.. 1,906. . Greene 3,760.. 21, 946.. 1,626.. Guernsey... 5,079.. 30,438. .2,209.. Hamilton. . .21,021. .156,843. .2,602 Hancock.... 2,824.. 16,751. .1,636.. Hardin 1,402. . 8,261 . . 783. . Harrison.... 3,526.. 20,157. .1,668.. Henry 610.. 3,4,35.. 307.. Highland... 4,477.. 25,781. .2,-323.. Hocking.... 2,367.. 14,119. .1,180. . lab.' Capitals, 9..GaI!ipolis 36..Cliardon 132..Xenia 78 . . Cambridge 1,463.. Cincinnati 35..Finlay . 26.. Kenton 74.. Cadiz 15.. Napoleon 151..Hillsboro' 15. .Logan 122..Millersburg Holmes 3,436.. 20,452. .2,171. . Huron 4,619.. 26,203.. 2,414. . 256. .Nor walk Jackson 2,120.. 12,721 . .1,164.. 14.. Jackson Jefferson.... 5,191.. 29,1-32. .1,8-38. . 381 . . Steubenville Knox 4,853.. 28,873. .2,268. . 117. .Mount Vernon Lake 2,700.. 14,654. .1,449.. 250. .Painesville Lawrence .. 2,553.. 15,246.. 254.. 29. .Burlington Licking 6,639.. 3S,546. .3,-313. . 832.. Newark Logan 8,243. . 19,162. .1,6-26. . 88. .Bellefontaine Lorain 4,674.. 26,086.. 2,430. . 64..Elyria Lucas 2,225.. 12,363.. 683.. 101. .Mauraee City Madison .... 1,742 . . 10,015 . . 774 . . 46 . . London Mahoning.. 4,298.. 23,7-35 .. 2,052 . . 105..Canfield Marion 2,158.. 12,618.. 919.. 14.. Marion Medina 4,430.. 24,441. .2,461. . 77. .Medina Meigs 3,136. . 17,971 . .1,149. . 57. . Pomeroy Mercer 1,312.. 7,712.. 675.. 9..Celma Miami 4,391 . . 24,996 . .1,882 . . 177 . . Troy Dwell. Fa Ma ^"P- in cult. Estab! C^Pi'^''. Morgan 4,886.. 28,585. .2,126.. 95. .M'Connellaville Morrow 3,652.. 20,280. .1,-552.. 51. .Mount Giload Muskingum. 7,757.. 45,049.-2,690.. 358. .Zanesville Ottawa 613.. Paulding,... 807.. Perry 3,587.. Pickaway .. 3,600.. Pike 1,935.. Port.ige 4,512.. Preble 8,749.. Putnam 1,246.. Kichland . .. 5,205.. Eoss 5,575 . . Sandusky... 2,437.. Sciota 3,086.. Seneca 4,645.. 27,105.. 2,582 Shelby 2,405.. 1-3,958. .1,-363 Stark 6,778.. Summit 4,885.. Trumbull... 5,429.. Tuscarawas. 5,441 . . Union 2,059.. Van Wert... 786.. Vinton 1,1569.. 11.. Port Clinton 4.. — 25. .Somerset 71..Circleville 28..Piketon 127. .Eavecna -3,308.. 227.. 1,766.. 77.. 20,775.. 1,814.. 21,008.. 1,261.. 10,953.. 731.. 24,419.. 2,264.. 21,736.. 1,799.. lU9.. Eaton 7,221.. 603.. IL.Kalida 80,879 . . 2,522 . . 118 . . Mansfield 32,074. . 1,435. . 141 . . Chillicothe 14,305 . .1,891 . . 57 . . Fremont 18,428.. 751.. 73.. Portsmouth 199.. Tiffin 28.. Sidney 39,878.. 3,177.. 294.. Canton 27,485.. 2,329.. 292.. Akron 133 . . Warren 30,490.. 2,753.. 81,761.. 2,250.. 12,204.. 1,255.. 4,813.. 317.. 9,-353.. 806.. 159..N. PhiladeJphia 16. .Marysville 13.. Van Wert 24.. M' Arthur Warren .... 4,494 . . 25.561 . . 1,9S5 . . 231 . . Lebanon Washington. 4,906.. 29,540.. 1,776.. 108. .Marietta Wayne 5,712.. 32,981. .2,904. . -380. .Wooster Williams ... 1,-390.. 8,018.. 651.. 29.. Bryan Wood 1,542.. 9,157.. 704.. 21 . . Perrysburg Wyandolt... 1,964.. 11,292.. 928.. 37 .. U. Sandusky Monroe 4,892 . . 28,351 . . 2,637 . . 43 . . Woodsfleld Montgomery 6,527 . . 33,219 . . 2,068 . . 224 . . Dayton The whole number of dwellings in the State, was at the above date 336,098, of families 348,523, and of inhabitants 1,980,408, viz., whites 1,956.108— males 1,004,111, and females 951,997; fr. col. 24,-300— males 12,2-39, and females 12,061. Of the whole population there were debnuix. Banks. — According to returns made to the office of the Auditor of the State, on the 1st August, 1851, the condition of the banks was as follows : RESOURCES. 12 Independent Btinks. 41 Brandies of State Banks, 5 Old n.inks. Notes and bills discounted $2,670,372 84 $11,218,205 54 $3,658,535 09 gpecie 313,300 44 2,008,059 75 438,384 25 Notes of other banks, etc 241,64:3 55 710,199 06 289,638 00 Due from other banks and bankers 242,873 56 585,473 58 256,835 21 Eastern deposits 394,840 55 1,541.900 39 470,392 18 Checks and other cnsh items , 29,092 62 45,891 53 53,37163 Bonds deposited with State Treasurer 1,465,480 8S 922,323 40 — Keal estate and personal property 113,695 92 199.274 76 149,002 04 Other resources 65,149 54 270,941 50 132,573 25 Total resources $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,443,731 70 LIABILITIES. Capital stock paid in $864,630 00 $4,836,240 00 $1,928,926 00 Circulation 1,375,295 00 8,62-3,702 50 1,636,784 00 Safety Fund 1,262,310 83 58,246 94 — Due to banks and bankers 269,474 84 844,973 98 502,676 33 Due to individual depositors 1,510,903 14 3,005,006 58 1,000.193 89 Surplus and undivided profits 25,144 10 225,681 89 a37,130 04 Bills payable and time drafts 112,071 83 135,840 81 15,975 00 Discounts, interest, etc 71,726 31 238,149 06 12,396 19 Dividends unpaid 12,985 93 22,821 80 6,764 60 Other Uabilities 31,856 97 1,611 50 7 ,8J5 75 Total liabilities $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,443,731 70 —thus it appears that the aggregate capital of the Ohio banks is $7,614,756 ; specie, $2,759,743 ; circulation, $13,635,781 ; and discounts, $17,542,112. Government— 'Yhe present constitution of Ohio was done in convention 10th March, 1S51, ratified by the people 17th June, and went into operation Isl September of the same year. It provides: The right of suffrage is enjoyed by every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the State one year next preceding the election, and in the county, town, or ward in which he lives such time as may be pro- vided by law; but no idiot or insane person is allowed to vote, and the General Assembly may disfranchise and make ineligible to hold office any person convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime. All votes are given by ballot, and tlie general elections are held on the second Tuesday of October biennially. The General AssemUy consists of a House of Kepresentatives and Senate, tlie House consisting of one hundred mem- bers and the Senate of thirty-five members, elected in districts for two years, their terms commencing on the Ist .Tanuary after the election. The apportionment of representatives and senators is based on the results of the federal decennial census. Members must be residents of their respective districts one year next preceding their election, unless absent on the public business of the State or of the United States. No person convicted of embezzling public funds, or who shall be in any way connected with a duel, can hold oflfice, nor any person holding public monies have a seat in the Assembly. No member during his term, and for one year after its expiration, shall be eligible to any office that may have been created, or the pay of which may have been increased, during his term. No money shall be paid by special act or any claim unless by a two-thirds vote of the members elected. In all elections by the Assembly the vote shall be vivd voce. The eaecMtive functions are vested in a Governor, who is elected biennially by a plurality of votes. The Lieutenant- governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney-general are elected in the same way and for the same term, to commence on the second Monday of January. The Auditor is elected for four years. These officers continue in office until their successors are elected and qualified. The Governor has power to pardon, except in cases of treason and impeachment, but must report each case, with his reasons, to the Assembly. In case of the death of the Governor, the Lieutenant-governor succeeds ; after him the President of the Senate ; and he failing, then the Sjieaker of the House. The Lieutenant-governor is ea--officio I'resident of the Senate. The Auditor, Treasurer, Secretary, or Attorney-general dying, being disabled, or removed, the Governor may fill the vacant office pro tempore, but the vacancy shall be filled at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it happens ; and the person then elected shall hold office for the full term. The Judieiary consists of a Supremo Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, etc. The Supreme Court con- sists of five judges cho.sen by the people at large, a majority of whom form a quorum and pronounce a decision. Ono judge is elected annuaUy for five years. The court has original jurisdiction in quo warranto, mandamus, habeas cor- THE STATE OF OHIO. ptis, and procedendo, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law, and holds at least one term in each year at the seat of government. For the purpose of electing judges to and holding Courts of Common Pleas, the State is divided into nine districts (of which Hamilton County forms one), and each district is subdivided into three parts, from each of which one judge — to reside while in office in his district — is chosen by the electors of each subdivision for five years. Courts of Common Pleas are held by one or more of the judges in every county as often as the law may provide, and niore than one court may be held at the same time in each district. District courts, composed of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the respective districts, and one of the judges of the Supreme Court, any three of whom forms a quorum, are held in each county of the several districts at least once In each year. The district courts have original jurisdiction in the same classes of cases as the Supreme Court, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law. In each county there is a Probate Court, open at all times, holden by one judge chosen by the voters of each county for three years. Justices of the peace are elected in the several townships also for three years. All other judges are chosen by the voters of their respective judicial districts for not more than five years. Vacated judgeships are filled pro tempore by the Governor, but a successor to the vacating judge is elected at the ne.\t general election, if occurring more than thirty days after the vacancy happens. A Clerk of the Common Pleas is chosen in each county for three years, and such cleric is clerk of all the courts of record in his county, unless otherwise provided by law. Courts of Con- ciliation may be established. The Legislature, at its first session, provided for the appointment of three commissioners to revise and simplify the practice, etc, of the courts, and, as far as practical and expedient, to abolish distinct forms of action, and the difference between law and equity. In Cleveland and Cincinnati there is also a Superior Court, and in Cincinnati a Commercial Court, the jurisdiction of all which is local. A Board of Public Works, consisting of three members, one elected annually for three years, has charge of the canals, railroads, and other works belonging to the State. Among the other principal provisions of the constitution are the following : no new county shall be made, or county line or county seat changed but by a vote of the county ; lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, shall be prohibited ; a bureau of statistics may be established ; imprisonment for debt, except, in cases of fraud, shall be abolished ; compensa- tion, assessed by a jury, shall be paid for all property taken for the public use without deduction for benefits to any adjacent property of the owner; all white male citizens, resident in the State, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, shall be enrolled in the militia; the principal of all funds arising from the sale of lands or other property granted or entrusted to the State for educational and religious purposes, shall be forever inviolable, and the income therefrom faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants; a thorough and efficient system of common schools shall be secured throughout the State ; institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, shall always be fostered and supported by the State ; tho State shall never contract any debt for the purposes of internal improvement, but it may contract debts to meet casual defects in the revenue, or expenses not otherwise provided for — the aggregate never to exceed .$750,000 ; it may further contract debts to repel invasions, etc., or to redeem the present outstanding debt ; the credit of the State shall never be lent to any individual or corporation, nor shall the State become a stockholder in any association, or assume any debt except in the cases above provided for; the Secretary of State, Auditor, and Attorney- general shall be the commissioners of the Sinking Fund, which consists of the net annual income of the public works and stocks, and of such funds raised by taxation or otherwise as may be provided by law, which shall be made sufficient to pay the accruing interest on the public debt, and annually not less than $100,000. To amend tlve constitutimi, it is necessary that three-fifths of the members elected to each house shall vote in favor of the proposed amendments, which shall be entered upon the journals, with the yeas and nays, and shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county for six months preceding the next general election, and at such election the amend- ments shall be separately submitted to the people; and if a majority vote therefor, they shall become a part of the constitution. At the general election, in 1871, and every twentieth year thereafter, the question, "Shall there be a con- vention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution'/" shall be submitted to the people; and at any time, if considered necessary by two-thirds of the Assembly, and a subsequent majority of the people, a convention may be called for the same purpose. The ^nilitia force of the State consists of 176,455 men of all arms, of which 2,051 are commissioned officers, and 174,404 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 91 are general officers, 217 general staff officers, 462 field officers, etc., and 2,20S company officers. The principal benevolent iniiitutiom of the State are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the Institution for the Blind. All these are located at Columbus. The number of patients in the Lunatic Asylum, on the 15th November, 1849, was 323 — 1C9 males, and 154 females; the number received during the subsequent year, 193 — 112 males and 81 females, and the number discharged during the year, 19S— lOS m.ales and 90 females. Of those discharged, 99— 49 males, and 50 females, were recovered ; 9—5 males and 4 females, much improved ; 15 improved ; 53 unimpro\'ed ; (43 chronic cases) and 22 died. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb has been in actual operation 21 years, and during that period there have been 462 pupils. The number in the Institution for the Blind, including graduates and pupils, on the 25th December, 1850, was 73 — 40 males and 33 females ; 13 pupils were received during the year, and 10 discharged. Applicants for admission must be between the ages of 6 and 21 years. If able to pay, the two last institutions charge $100 for the 10 months' session, from 1st October to 1st August. Finances, efc.— The total amount of receipts, for the year ending November 15th, 1850, was $2,536,558 40 ; total resources of the treasury (including balance for former year), $3,091,993 80. Disbursements for the same period, $2,900,927 IS. Ejcess of resources, $131,066 12. The "chief sources of income" were— taxes on real and personal property, including arrears, $1,243,564 83; taxes on professions, peddlers and foreign insurance companies, and auction duties, etc., $30,297 52 ; taxes on banks and State insurance companies, $56,428 95 ; canal tolls, water rents, etc., $728,085 73; dividends, tunipike, and ean.'d, $29,838 20; principal of surplus revenue, .$177,213 85; interest on surplus revenue, $58,741 88; canal lands sold, $42,691 43; road tolls, $49,103 04; taxes paid through Auditor of State, $.37,380 47; school and ministerial lands sold, $68,371 03; claims collected. $4,271 52; and miscellaneous, $7,467 54; and the principal "objects of expenditure" were— bills drawn for appropriations, .$.391,186 48; common school fund. $200,000; interest on foreign debt, $1,022,.358 95 ; interest on special school and trust fund, $97,272 81 ; interest on domestic bonds, $28,694 66 ; repairs on canals and public works, $329,595 ; repairs on national road, $47,242 66 ; State debt paid, $657,886 34. The Slate debt, on the 15th November. 18.50, amounted to $18,744,594 32, the annual interest on which was $1 ,124,536 13. The constituents of this debt were— domestic bonds outstanding, .$493,824, drawing annually $26,940 10 interest ; irreducible Stock, school and trust funds, $1,683,996 63— annual interest, $101,039 80; and foreign debt, $16,566,773 69— annual interest, 227 THE STATE OF OHIO. $996,556 23. During the year ending as aljove, $.35,763 33 of the domestic bonds had been redeemed. The irreducible stock, on wliich tlio State pays 6 per cent, interest to the townships and districts from which the funds were received, forms part of the State debt which is not to be rep.iid. The United States surplus revenue, amounting to $2,007,200 54, and loaned to the l'un No. <.f Church Value of Denomiaa. No. of Church Value of Denomiiia- No. of Church Value ot acccim. Property. tions. Churches . accoiti. Property. tions. Cliurches. accom. Property. 184,098.. $598,730 Germ'n Eef. 71 . . 26,315. $71,800 R. Catholic. 130. 76,215.. $768,807 30,190.. 56,155 Jewish 3. . 1,300. 29,000 Swedenb'g .. 2. 700.. 15,800 41.920.. 207,880 Lutheran... 259.. 90,848. 259,975 Tunker. 10.. 4,550.. 9,975 1,150.. 2,600 Mennonite. 9.. 1,730. 1,825 Union 4S. . 18,646.. 37,900 31,975.. 367,425 Methodist.. 1,520.. 539,840. 1,542,181 Unitarian. . . 1 . . 650.. 15,000 5,100.. 9,550 Moravian.. 158.. 49,545. 93,072 Universalist. 53.. 20,765.. 100,590 80,866.. 82,175 Presbyter'n. 659 . . 271,499. 1,388,199 Minor Sects. 41.. 20,250.. 111,950 Churches. Baptist 545.. Christian... 90.. Congregat'l. 100.. Dutch Eef.. 5.. Episcopal.. 79.. Free 13.. Friends 94.. —making a total of 8,S90 chxu-ches, having accommodation for 1,447,652 per sons, and owning property to the value of $5,705,149. The State forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Roman Catholic archdio- cese of Cincinnati, and the suffragan diocese of Cleveland. The towns of Covington and Newport, in Kentucky, and the adjacent territory for three miles, belong also to the province of Cincinnati. Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 1st June, ISoO, was 2,513, of which 1,904 were native-bom, and 609 foreigners; and the whole number on the rolls on the 1st June as aforesaid, was 1,673, of which 1,254 were native-born, and 419 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $95,250. From the report of the attorney-general it appears that during the year 1850 there were 2,008 prosecutions, 1,273 convic- tions, and 295 acquittals. The punishments were — penitentiary for life, 3; for ten years and over, 6 ; and for under ten years 118; and 221 were sent to the county jails. The amount of flues was $14,224 58, of costs $19,290 60, and of col- lectable costs $9,076 08. The Ohio penitentiary, on the 30th November, 1849, contained 836 convicts; admitted during the year 193, and discharged 105, leaving 424 In confinement at the end of the oflScial year 1850. Of those discharged, 42 was by expiration of sentence, 82 by pardon, 21 by death, 5 by writ of error, 2 by pardon of President of the United States, and 3 escaped ; and of the 193 committed 145 were convicted of offenses against property, 7 of arson, 13 of forgery, and 32 of offenses against the person. Eeceipts from convict labor $35,740 74, and expenses of maintaining prison $26,877 56 — balance in favor of prison $8,863 18. There is a library of nearly 8,000 volumes connected with the prison, for the use of the convicts. JlUtorieal Sketch. — As a district territory, Ohio dates from the first year of the present century. Previous to this time it constituted a portion of the " Territory North-west of the Ohio," over which Congress had exercised jurisdiction since 1787. The French were the first to explore the waters of the Ohio. In 1680, La Salle traversed the tract between the lakes and the Mississippi, and for upward of half a century Frenchmen seem to have been the only visitors of this region. Their object was the fur trade ; nor did they, like their English neighbors, manifest any disposition to appropriate the country by settlements. Witliiu the actual limits of Ohio, indeed, no settlements appear to have been ever made by the French. About the middle of the eighteenth century, a controversy, between the Canadian traders and the English, respecting this country, sprung up and fiually involved both nations in war, and ended only with the overthrow of French power in America. The charters of many of the British provinces extended their claims to the Pacific, and their settlements liad proceeded grad- ually westward. The French claims, on the other hand, proceeded from north to south, and consequently intersected those of the English, or, as respects actual occupation, their possessions formed a cordon round those of the English. In 1750, an association, chiefly residing in Virginia and England, obtained from the crown a grant of 600,000 acres lying in the country claimed by both nations. Trading houses were immediately established, and surveys commenced, of which measures the governor of Canada soon became acquainted. France and England being then at peace, remonstrances were made on the subject, but expostulation and threats having had no effect, the French seized two British subjects, who were found trading with the Indians, and sent them to Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, where a strong fort had been erected. This and other acts of violence determined the governor of Virginia to send an officer to the French posts. The illustrious Washington, then a major of militia, was commissioned for the purpose, who, after great difficulties, delivered a letter to the commandant, at a fort on the river La Bteuf, requiring him to withdraw from the British territory on the Ohio. The answer was of such a nature that, on the return of Washington, the Virginia legislature caused a regiment to be raised, in which he received the second command. In April, 1754, his chief haring died, the command devolved upon himself, and he, with two companies, advanced into the disputed country ; but, on his route to the head of the Alleghany and Monongahela, was attacked by a superior force, and compelled to surrender. Soon after this event, open war was declared, and the British government sent out a powerful force under General Braddock. The object of the campaign of 1755 was the capture of Fort Du Queene, and the secure possession of the country on the Ohio. The expedition was unsuc- cessful, and tlie French maintained possession of the country until the surrender of Canada in 1768, which included also the whole country westward to the Mississippi. From whatever cause, though now thrown open to the American trade, the beautiful valley of the Ohio was left in undis- turbed occupancy of its original inhabitants. The government, indeed, seems to have had no disposition to encourage settlement. The Indians were still numerous and powerful, and, on the breaking out of the Revolution, were incited by the British against the frontier settlers, and committe^ 325,018 lbs 912,651 lbs incr. 537,6.33 lbs., or 1 SO.S per cent Hay 1,-311,6-13 tons 1,842,970 tons »»(•;•. 531,-327 tons, or 40.5 " Hops 49,481 lbs 22,083 lbs deer. 27,393 lbs., or 55.3 " Hemp— dew-rotted \ t 232 tons \ " water-rotted V 2,649} tons -j 2,006 tons V deer. 292,641 lbs., or 4.9 «« Flax ) ( 523,079 lbs ) Maple sugar 2,205,755 lbs 2,826,.525 lbs incr. 60,770 lbs., or 2.T « Wine 14,828 gals 25,590 gals incr. 11,262 gals., or 78.6 " Home-made Mnmifactures were produced in the year to the value of $749,132. The same manufactures, according to the census of 1840, were v.ilued at $1,303,093. Decrease in value, $5.>3,961, or 42.5 per centum. 3fan7ifactwes. — Aggregate capital invested, $94,478,810 ; cost of all ruAV materi.1l, fuel, etc., consumed, $87,206,877 ; tiverage number of hands employed, —males and females ; monthly wages paid, $ —to 240 THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. males $000,000, and to females $00,000 ; value of products for the year, $00,000,000. Total number of manufacturing eatab lishments proilucing to the annual value of $500 and upward, on the 1st June, 1850, 22,03G— in the eastern district 13,S82. and in the western district 8,154. Of the total number of establishments 2o8 were cotton factories, 380 woolen factories, and 631 iron-works, viz., 320 manufacturing castings, ISO pig iron, and 131 cast iron. The number of tannerieswas 1,039. In the manufacture of cotUm. the c.-ipital invested amounts to $4,528,925; material and fuel consumed $3,152,530; pro- ducts of the year, 45,746,790 yards of sheeting, etc., and 5,308,561 pounds of yarn ; total value of products, $5,322,262. Cotton used, 44,162 bales; coal consumed, 24,189 tons; hands employed, 7,663— males 3,564, and females 4,099; entu-e wages per month, $104,298— to males $63,642, and to females $40,656. The capital employed in 106 cotton factories in 1840 was $3,325,400; hands employed, 5,522; value of articles manufactured, $5,013,007. In the icoolen manufactures the capital invested amounts to $3,005,064; wool used, 7,560,379 pounds; coal consumed 10,777 Ions; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $3,282,718; hands employed, 5,726— males 3,490, and females 2,236; entire wages jwr month, $90,417— to males $67,138, and to females $23,279 ; products of the year, 10,099,234 yards of cloth, and 1,941,621 pounds of yarn; value of entire products, $5,321,866. Capital in 1840, $1,510,546; hands employed, 2,930 ; value of products, $2,319,061. The statistics of the iron manufacture are exhibited in the annexed table :* Pig Iron. Castings. Wronglit Iron. Total, 8,570,425 8,422,924 7,620,066 19,613,415 877,288 233,203 819 20,405 691,255 27,505,186 276.855 3,939,998 81,722,039 8,732,427 2,372,467 5,488,391 11,593,285 Specifications. Capital invested dollars Ore used tons. . . Pig Iron used " . . Old Metal used " . . Blooms used Mineral Coal consumed 877,233 _ 69,501 163,702 — 819 — _ — 20,405 « 816,060 49,228 825,967 Coke and Charcoal consumed husJiels .... Value of all raw material, etc dollars . . . Hands employed — male number. . . " " female " Monthly cost of labor — male dollars . . . " " " female " Metal produced t07is Value of all other products dollars. . . Value of entire products 9,285 9 . 201,039 46 . 285,702 40,000 4,782 6,764 , 1 T, 181,744 187,227 6 53 57,810 182,506 . 661,160 219,500 20,881 17 520,010 105 526,018 920,660 6,071,513 5,354,881 8,902,907 20,329,301 -about two-thirds of the aggregate capital is employed in Eastern Pennsylvania, and one-third in Western Pennsylva- * The table given above is from the census of 1850. A fuller and more elaborate aeriea of tabular statistics on the iron manu- facture of Pennsylvania is published iu "Hunt's Merchants' Magazine" for November, 1851, to which those interested in the sub- ject are directed. The following is a compend of the article referred to, which, though differing somewhat in its results from the census ascertainments, is nevertheless of great value: FURNACES. Annual Prcd'ct Larjrest Cap'city. in 1S49. Frod'ct. Tons. Tons. Tons. ...221.400.. Deecript'n of^Vks. Condit'n. In. Out ■g' r Anthracite & Blast .. .. 29 23. Q Charc'lSi. Hot Blast.. .. 31 36. ^1 .. SLColdBlast .. -.27 33. Prcd'ct in 1S49. Tons. ..109.168.. Power Employed Men. Anim'ls. St'm. Watr. S.&W. .151.331 4225 2126 42 12 1... ..101.175 43.336 T7.860 4694 2499 5 53 9... .. 69.!524 29.697 52.231 3183 1830 4 54 2... Capital Invested. . $3,221,000 . 2.867.B00 . 2.356.500 'xl [Total Eastern Dist 87 92.. ^ fCharc'l ii. Hot Blast .... 10 8... 2 •■ StCoIdBlast ....49.... 2] RawBtm.Cl.&,H.B 3.... S I Coke &. Hot Blast.... -■■■■ " [Total Western Dist 62 51. ..392.399 185.201 281.422.... 12.104. . 8 29.230 11.9i36. .35 104.130 50.908- . 4 12.600 4.900. . 4 12.000 . .. 16.659... .. 72.924... .. 7.800... - 10,000... 6435 61 119. 7 10.. ..12 $8,445,000 ..1310. 713 ..5353 3320 28.. .. 513 220 6.. .. 900 100 4.. . 1 .11 . 1 $611,000 2.813.876 223.000 800.000 .157.960 67.834 107.3S3.. 8.078 4653 45 55 13 $4,447,876 rAntbracite k. Blast .... 29 23 221.400 109.168 151.331 4225. .2126. 12 1. ri Charc"l Tons. Tons. Men. Anim'ls. St'm. Wt'r. S.&W. . 91.598 54.738 3648 511 22 31.-. 3 . 72.132 53.620 3010 610 22 1..-- Capital Invested. -$ 3.128.700 . 2.435.500 Total ...79 434 292 186 606 163.730 108.358.... 6658 1121 44 33 3 $5,554,200 District of State. No. of Works. No. of Fires. No. of Hamrs. BLOOMERIESi Largest Product. Tons. Product 1849, Tons. Power Employed. Capital. Invested Men. Animals. W'ater, Eastern 6 12 7 645..- 335 97 40 6 $28,700 r 241 THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. nia. In 1S40 there were in the State 213 establishments, manufacturing annually 9S,395 tons of cast-iron, and 169 bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills, manufacturing 87,244 tons of bar iron ; total fuel consumed, 855,903 tons ; hands employed, 11,522, and capital invested in the manufacture, $7,781,471. The counties having the largest interest in the iron trade in 1S50 were Alleghany, Armstrong, Lancaster, Chester, Berks, Clarion, Columbia, Blair, Huntingdon, and Luzerne— in these ten counties more than one-half the invested capital is employed. Of the sixty- two counties of the State, forty-five contain iron-works, and of the remaining seventeen, nine abound in iron and coal, so that only eight can be regarded as not suited to the manufacture of iron. The following will exhibit the relation the iron manufacture of Pennsylvania holds to that of the whole Union : Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrnuglit Iron. Total. Capital in Pennsylvania $8,570,425 $3,422,924 $7,G20,066 $19,613,415 " " United States 17,346,425 17,416,361 14,495,220 49,252,006 Proportion in Pennsylvania 49.4 p. c 19.6 p. c 52.6 p. c 89.S p. c. Eaw material, fuel, etc., in Pennsylvania $3,782,427 $2,372,467 $5,438,391 $11,593,235 " " " in United States 7,005,289 10,346,855 9,693,109 27,049,753 Proportion in Pennsylvania 53.3 p. c 22.9 p. c 56.6 p. c 42.8 p. c. Iron made in Pennsylvania— tons 235,702 57,310 182,506 526,013 " " in United States " 564,755 322,745 278,044 1,105,544 Proportion in Pennsylvania 55.6 p. c 17.9 p. c 65.9 p. c 45.1 p. c. Value of total products in Pennsylvania $6,071,513 $5,354,831 $3,902,907 $20,329,301 « " " in United States 12,746,777 25,103,155 16,744,074 54,601,006 Proportion in Pennsylvania 47.6 p. c 21.3 p. c 53.2 p. c 87.4 p. c. Besides the above manufactures, Pennsylvania has many others, which, though neither so extensive nor valuable, are very important in their bearing on the interests oi the commonwealth. It is conspicuous for its manufacture of railroad machinery and carriages, its extensive cabinet-ware manufactures, and numerous other crafts, which in the aggregate employ the vast capital indicated by the late census returns. As a manufacturing State, indeed, it is only less important than New York and Massachusetts. Its great manufacturing centres are Philadelphia in the east and Pittsburg in the west, and there are also extensi\'e manufactures carried on in the towns on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and others in the interior. If Pennsylvania is mentioned as the great producer of coal and iron, it is only because those inter- ests are paramount, and eclipse minor Interests which in the aggregate are really as valuable and important. The capital invested in tanneries amounts to $3,540,318 ; value of all raw material, etc., used, $3,169,309 ; hands em- ployed, 2,930 ; monthly cost of labor, $54,301 ; skins tanned, 293,798, and sides tanned, 1,852,900 ; value of products for the year, $5,275,492. In 1340 there were in the State 1,170 tanneries; hands, 3,445; and capital, $2,783,636; sides of sole leather tanned, 415,655, and of upper leather, 405,933. In the manufacture of malt and spirituotis liquors, the investment amounts to $1,719,960 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed — barley 550,105 bushels, oirn 1,433,555 bushels, rye 517,130 bushels, oats 24,990 bushels, apples 61,200 bushels, molasses 10 hogsheads, and hops 263 tons ; hands employed, 911 ; quantities of liquor produced — ale, etc., 189,531 barrels, whisky and high wines 6,543,810 gallons, and rum 1,500 gallons. The census of 1340 returned 1,010 distilleries, producing 6,24(),193 gallons of spirits ; and 87 breweries, producing 12,765,974 gallons of ale, etc. ; hands employed, 1.607; capital invested, $1,589,471. New York and Ohio produce more spirits, and New York alone more ale, etc., than Pennsylvania. Foreign C<>mnierc«.— Pennsylvania, in regard to its foreign commerce, holds a fourth rank among the States of the Union. The oflScial returns exhibit the value of this branch of industry to have been for the year ending 30th June, 1850, as follows: exports, $4,501,606 and imports, $12,066,154. Of the exports, $4,049,464 was the value of domestic products, and of this $3,428,150 was that of merchandise carried in American and $021,314 of merchandise carried in forei^ vessels, and $452,142 the value of foreign produce and manufactures, of which to the value of $363,225 was carried in American and $33,917 was carried in foreign vessels. Of the imports, $10,795,462 was the value of those brought in American and $1,270,692 those brought in foreign vessels. The shipping employed in the carrying trade oon- nsted of Entered. Clenred. Total. Nationality ofSbipping. Vessels. Tuns. Men, Vessels. Tons, Men. Vessels. Tons. Men, American 852 100,009.. ..4,006 809 81,276 8,822.... 661 .... 131,235 7,828 Foreign 135 82,861 1,606 170 80,ai2 1,516.... 855.... 62,703 8,212 Total 537 182,370 5,702 479 111,618 4,838 .... 1,016 .... 243,938 10,540 Philadelphia is the only district in which foreign commerce is carried on. In 1350 there were owned in that district 46,885 tons of permanent registered shipping and 17,820 tons of temporary registered shipping, of which latter class 66 tons were navigated by steam. The distribution of the enrolled and licensed tonnage was as follows : Enrolled and Licensed. * V Licensed under Enr'd. and lie. ton. Collection Dictricts, Permanent. Tempt.rary. 20 tons. Nuvig:ited by steam. Philadelphia on Delaware 136,577 2,581 8,184 15,476 Presque Isle on Lake Erie 7,870 — — 5,351 Pittsburg on Ohio Pviver 43,476 — 1,095 89,984 —total tonnage in Philadelphia district 206,498 tons ; in that of Presque Isle 7,S70 tons, and in that of Pittsburg 44,571 tons— making for the State 257,939 tons. During the year ending as above there were built in the State 185 vessels (21,410 tons): 166 (7 ships, 1 brig, 34 schooners, 107 sloops and canal boats, and 17 steamers), of the burden of 18,150 tons at PhiladelDhia ; 1 schooner (22 tons), at Presque Isle, and 18 vessels (4 schooners and 14 steamers— 3,238 tons), at Pittsburg. THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State from 1T91 to the year 1S50, exhibit the following movem(aits: year. Exports. 1791 $8,436,093 . . . . 1791 3,820,662 . . . . 1793 6,958,836 . . . . 1794 6,643,092 . . . . 1795 11,518,260.... 1796 17,513,866 . . . . 1797 11,446,291 . . . . 1793 8,915,463 . . . . 1799 12,431,967 . . . . 1800 11,949,679 . . . . 1801 17,488,193 . . . . 1802 12,677,475 . . . . 1808 7,525,710 . . . . 1804 11,030,157.... 1805 13,762,252 . . . . 1806 17,574,702 . . . . 1807 16,864,744 . . . . 1808 4,013,330 . . . . 1809 9,049,241 .... 1810 10,998,898 . . . . Imports. Year. Exports. 1811 $9,560,117 , 1S12 5,973,750 . 1813 8,577,117 . 1814 . 1815 4,593,919 . 1816 7,196,246. 1817 8,735,592 , 1S18 8,759,402 . 1819 6,293,788 . 1820 5,743,549 . 1821 7,391,767. 1822 9,047,802 . 1823 9,617,192. 1824 9,.S64,893 . 1S25 11,269,981. 1826 8,831,722 , 1827 7,575,833 . 1823 6,051,480 . 1829 4,089,9-35 . 1830 4,291,793 . Imports. Year. Exports. 1831 $5,513,713 . 1832 8,516,066, 18-33 4,078,951 , 1834 2,031,803 . 1835 8,739,275. 1836 3,971,555. 1S37 8,841,599 . 1833 3,477,151 . 1839 3,299,415. 1840 6,820,145 . 1841 5,152,501 . 1842 8,770,727 . 1S43 2,354,948 . 1844 8,535,256. 1845 3,574,863 . 1846 4,751,005 . 1847 8,544,391. 1S4S 5,732,3.33 . 1849 5,343,421 . 1850 4,501,606 . Imports. $12,124,083 10,678,.353 10,451,250 10,479,263 12,359,937 15,068,233 11,680,111 9,860,731 15,050,715 8,464,aS2 10,346,698 7,385,853 2,760,6-30 7,217,267 8,159,227 7,989,396 9,587,516 12,147.584 10,645,500 12,066,154 Interior Comimmication. — Pennsylvania has numerous magnificent works of internal improvement, on which an immense commerce is conducted. The great line of railroad from Philadelphia to Pittsburg is one of the longest and most expensive lines in the Union, forming a road 357 miles long ; and another through line from Philadelphia ma Sunbury to Erie, on the lake of the same name, is in progress of consfniction, and, when finished, will no doubt form oue of the most profitable lines connecting the lakes with the sea-board. Other railroads connect Philadelphia with Baltimore, and in the north-eastern portion of the State there are numerous short railroads connecting the coal mines with navigation, or passing into the State of New York, furnishing an outlet for its mineral wealth In that direction. Many other railroads are in progress or contemplated, all of which will connect with or intersect the trunk lines already built or provided for. The canals of this State are also magnificent works, and in their construction a great portion of the heavy debt of the State has been contracted. They follow generally the great valleys of the interior, and in their courses accommodate an immense area of fertile and productive country. These are still incomplete, but every year is adding to their length and consequent value, nor can it be any long period before they will yield a revenue commensurate to the outlay that their construction has demanded. [See statistics of railroads and canals in Appendix.] Banks, etc.— The number of banks in the State, in November, 1850, was 46, and 5 branch banks. The financial con- dition of these, at that period, was as follows: Xta&i/rt/^.s — capital, $17,701,206; circulation, $11,798,906; deposits, $17,659,212 ; due other banks, $5,811,157, and other liabilities, $93,015 ; and «ssrf.s— loans and discounts, $3S.423.274 ; real estate, $1,114,738 ; stocks, $1,417,073; due by other banks, .$4,214,174; notes of other banks, $2,570,139 ; specie funds, $2,787,665, and specie, $4,337,594. Government, etc. — The first constitution of Pennsylvania was adopted in 1776, the second in 1790, and the present, ■which was amended in 1850, in 1333. The 7-ight of mffrage is given to every white free man, 21 years old, resident In the State for one year, and in his election district for ten days before the election, and who has paid within two years a State or county tax, assessed at least ten days before the election, but white free men, between 21 and 22 years old, being citizens of the United States, need not have paid a tax; and qualified voters, who are citizens of the United States, and who have removed from the State and returned, may vote after six months' residence. The general election is held on the second Tuesday of October annually. The legislature is composed of a House of Eepresentatives and a Senate. Eepresentatives, not less than 60, nor more than 100 in number (now 100), must have attained the age of 21 years, must have been citizens and inhabitants of the State for the last three years, and for the last year of the districts they represent, and are elected annually. Senators in number not less than one-fourth, nor more than one-third (now one-third) the number of representatives, are chosen for three years, one-third of their number annually. They must be at least 25 years of age, must have been citizens and inhabitants of the State for the four years preceding the election, and for the last year of their districts. The General Assembly meets on the first Tuesday of January annually. The constitution provides that there shall be an enumeration of taxable inhabitants every seven years, to fix the number of Senators and Eepresentatives, and every county shall have at least one representative, but counties erected after 183S shall have none until entitled thereto by their population. No representative shall be appointed to any civil office created or increased in pay during his term. The governor must have attained his 30th year of age, have been a citizen and inhabitant of the State for the last seven years, and holds office for three years, his term commencing on the third Tuesday in January ensuing his election. lie receives a fixed compensation, and is not eligible for more than six years out of every nine years. He may remit fines, and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and may vet-o a bill of the legislature, but it may be passed into law by a two-thirds vote of both houses, notwithstanding his objections. The administrative otHcers of the State are — the Secretary of State, who is eoe-officio Commissioner of Common Schools ; the Deputy Secretary of Slate, the State Treasurer, the Auditor-general, the Surveyor-general, the Deputy Surveyor- general, the Adjutant-general, and the three Canal Commissioners. The jitdiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, District Courts of the city and county of Phila- delphia, and of the county of Alleghany, County or Probate Courts, and other local courts. By the amended constitution, all judges are now elected by the people. The judges of the supreme court are chosen at large, and for a term of fifteen years. The judge having the shortest term to serve is chief justice. The resident judges of the several courts of common pleas and other courts of record, and all other judges required to be learned in the law, are elected by the electors of the districts over which they are to preside, and for a term of ten years. The associate judges of the common pleas hold their 243 THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. offices for five years. AH judges liokl office for their respective terms tluring pood behavior, but for reasonalile cause, though not sufficient grounds for impeachment, the governor may remove them upon the address of two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature. Any vacancy is filled by appointment of the governor, the incumbent holding office until the first Monday in December succeeding the next subsequent general election. During the continuance in office, the judges of the supreme court must reside within the commonwealth, and the other judges in the district or county for which they were elected. The supreme court Is composed of a chief and four associate justices, and the attorney-general, and has a reporter of supreme court decisions, and a prothonotary for each of the four districts into which the SUite is divided. The district court of the city and county of Philadelphia consists of a president and two associate judges, and that of AUo- ghany County of a president and one associate. For the sessions of the courts of common pleas, the Slate was formerly divided into 21 districts, but in 1S50 the number was increased to 24 districts, each of which (except the first, comprising the county of Philadelphia, which has also two associate judges) has a president judge. The district courts are invested with the civil jurisdiction of the common pleas in their respective districts in all cases exceeding a certain sum. Federal licpresentttUon.—ln accordance with the law of 23d May, 1S50, Pennsylvania la entitled to iwenty-Jlve repre- sentatives in the Congress of the United States. The militia force of the State consists of 276,070 men of all arms, of which T,51S are commissioned officers, and 203,552 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and i)ri\'ate3. Of the commissioned officers, 55 are general officers, 164 general staff officers, 1,245 field, etc., officers, and 6,054 company officers. The governor is ex-officio commander-in-chief Of the military force of the State; and every white male citizen between the ages of IS and 45 is liable to military duty. Puhlic Fi>iance.s:.—TLhe debt of the State, funded and unfunded, on the Ist December, 1S50, amounted to $4(i,775,4S5 42, composed as follows: fancied debU-6 per cent, stocks, $2,312,022 51; 5 per cent, stocks, $37,.350,S92 ; and 4i per cent stocks, .|;200,000 ; making a total funded debt of $39,002,914 78 ; and unfunded delt—mlM notes in circulation, $652,164; interest certificates outstanding, $162,135 90, and unclaimed, $4,448 38; interest on unclaimed and outstanding certificates, to be added to them when fimded, $10,504 57 ; domestic creditors, $83,317 79— make the total unfunded debt, $012,570 64. The commissioners of the sinking fund, at the date specified, held $459,122 93, which, to ascertain the exact liabilities of the State, must be deducted from the aggregate, which would leave it $40,316,302 44. The regular annual interest on loans amounts to $2,004,714 51, and the interest guaranteed on internal improvement companies' assumed debts to $32,500, making the total annual interest paid by the State amount to $2,037,214 51. The asseU of the State consist of its canals and railroads, which had cost $29,204,787 35; stocks of incorporated com- panies amounting to $1,907,948 52— total $31.112,7.35 85, and deposits (unavailable) in the Bank of the United States, $28;3,000. The fiiuincial condition of the railroads and canals owned by the State for the year ending on the 30th Novem- ber, 1850, is exhibited in the following details: Wnrks Gross Revenue. Expenses. Bailroads— Columbia $638,447 56. . . ..$310,834 30 " Alleghany Portage . 241,817 43.... 247,844 17 Canals— Main Line 479.446 89 ... . 161,900 77 " Delaware Division 215,.347 87 ... . 60,834 22 Works, Gross Revenue. Expenses. Canals — Susquehanna Division \ North Branch V $193,150 19 ... . $76,304 64 " West Branch ) Expenses of Canal Commissioners 53,000 00 —making a gross revenue of $1,768,209 46, and an expenditure amounting to $862,528 00. Net revenue, $905,681 46. The value of real and personal property liable to taxation under the triennial assessment of 1848, was $468,031,458 ; and the tax assessed in 1350, $1,545,956 44. The true value of real and personal property in 1850, according to the census of that year, was $722,480,120. The revenue and disbursements of the Treasury for the fiscal year were as follows : revenus — receipts during the year, $4,438,131 51; balance from 1849, $926,207 24— making a total means of $5,364,.338 75; and disbursements— payments during the year, $4,567,053 94 ; depreciated funds in treasury (unavailable), $41,032 00 ; surplus available funds, $754,252 81. The principal sources of revenue, and the chief olyects of expenditure, were as follows : sources of revenue — lands, $16,378 58 ; auction commissions, $18,673,75 ; auction duties, $44,893 22 ; tax on bank dividends, $153,877 14 ; tax on cor- poration stocks, $136,510 14; tax on real and personal estate, $1,317,821 55; tavern licenses, $107,427 49 ; retailers' licenses, $171,062 26 ; peddlers' licenses, $2,525 05 ; brokers' licenses, $10,228 73 ; theatre, circus, and menagerie licenses, $2,384 50 ; distillery and brewery licenses, $4,203 91 ; billiard room, bowling saloon, and ten-pin alley licenses, $3,045 81 ; eating- house, beer-house, and restaurant licenses, $6,530 97; patent medicine licenses, $2,033 04; pamphlet laws, $345 53; militia fines, $12,953 73 ; foreign insurance agencies, $2,760 S3; tax on writs, wills, deeds, etc., $45,409 47; tax on certain offices, $14,047 21 ; collateral inheritance tax, $102,295 07 ; canal and railroad tolls, $1,713,843 10 : canal fines, sales of old materials, etc., $6,9.53 64; tax on enrollment of laws, $10,270 00; premiums on charters, $89,262 21; tax on loans, $119,856 30; loans, $270,000 00; interest on loans, $13,721 27; dividends on turnpike and bridge stocks, $2,460 00; sales of turnpike stocks, $13,685 44 ; accrued interest, $3,678 82 ; refunded cash, $13,278 61 ; fees of the public offices, $3,687 20 ; Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, $177 00; miscellaneous, $1,740 33; and— ohJecU of ea'pe7uliture : public improve- ments, $1,438,79974; expenses of government, $262,899 71; militia expenses, $16,282 25; pensions and gratuities, $17,277 91; charitable institutions, $02,207 S5; common schools, $213,728 49; commissioners of the sinking fund, $318,864 03; loans, $8,150 19; interest on loans, $2,004,714 51; guaranteed interest, $.32,500 00; domestic creditors, $6,337 41; damages on the puljlic works, $23,068 84; special commissioners, $2,551 03; State Librarj', $1,000 00; public buildings and grounds, $2,002 73; eastern reservoir of the Pennsylvania Canal, $1,W7 00; weigh-Iock at Beach Haven, $163 00; use of patent rights, $.3,000 00; penitentiaries, $19,233 79; House of Kefuge, $6,000 OH; conveying fugitives, $100 00; Nicholson lands, $192 75; amendmenU to the Constitution, $2,500 00; escheats, $1,740 53; abatement of State tax, $43,525 04; re-issuing relief notes, $10,940 00 ; counsel fees and commissions, $5,934 15 ; miscellaneous, $S,130 44. The following exhibits the condition of the treasury at the end of each of the named fiscal years : INCOME. DISBtTKSE.\lENT8. Years. li.il. Irom last year. Annual Rpceipts. Total Revenue. 1845 $603,8.51 88 $3,010,002 34 $3,673,914 22 1846 884,886 09 8,529,057 28 3,913,943 87 1847 884,673 70 8,977,025 89 4,361,704 59 1848 630,390 85 3,831,770 22 4,512,067 07 1849 557,299 39 4,4-3.3,633 65 5,010.979 04 1850 926,207 24 4,433,131 51 5,304,838 75 244 Years. Interest on Loans, Pub. Improvements. Total Expend. 1845 $1,784,182 65 $661,.340 06 $3,289,023 18 1346 1,931,623 77 694,505 12 3,529,264 67 1347 2,002.2-10 41 690,575 95 3,680,813 74 134S 2,005,740 79 990,592 70 8,9.35,376 03 1849 2,047,616 99 951,249 03 4,084,771 80 1350 2,004,714 51 1,488,799 74 4,569,053 94 THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. Education. — ""Wisdom and virtue are qualities which, because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth." Such was the sentiment of the illustrious founder of this State; but although the principle of universal education was thus authoritatively recognized at the earliest period of her history, no system of popular instruction in the commonwealth was attempted, nor common school fund established, until the 2d April, 1831. By a legislative act of that date, certain moneys, arising from the sale of lauds and other sources, were set apart as a common school fund, at an interest of 5 per cent, and this interest was directed to be added to the principal, until the proceeds should amount to $100,000 annually. By a subsequent act (1st April, 1834), the State was divided into districts, and $75,000 was ordered to be paid out of the school fund, for the year 1S35, and annually thereafter, to be dia- tributed among the several counties that should comply with the provisions of the said act, until the year when the fund Bhould yield an interest of .$100,000. Provision was also made by this law for levying a tax on the districts iiot less than douUe the amount of the appropriation. On the 13th June, 1S36, an act was passed, appropriating .$200,000 for the year 1837, and annually thereafter, to be apportioned among the several school districts and the city and county of Philadel- phia, and authorizing the levying of a tax not less than equal to nor more than trehle the amount of each district's por- tion of the State appropriation. By resolution of 3d April, 1837, $500,000 was appropriated to the common school fund for the year 1838, "to be applied by the several districts either for building, repairing, or purchasing school houses, or for education, as they might deem best." On the 12th April, 1S3S, the appropriation was increased to a sum equal to one dollar for every taxable inhabitant in the State, to be increased triennially, with the increase of such inhabitants, but with- out any increase of taxation above that authorized by the act of ls36. Various acts, resolutions, and supplements were Bubsequently passed, not, however, materially changing any important features of the law regulating the system, until, by the act of 11th April, 1848, it was made to embrace every county in the commonwealth. Provision was also made by this act for tlie payment to those districts from which the undrawn appropriations were taken by the act of 29th April, 1844, of the oive-fourth of the State tax levied in such districts, to be applied exclusively to the erection of school houses therein. On the 7th April, 1849, an act was passed, revising and consolidating all former acts relating to common schools, and effecting many valuable improvements in the system, and greatly simplifying the law. Since, and including the year 1844, the annual appropriation by the State, for the support of schools, has been $200,000. Such is the history of the enactments of the legislature, creating and providing a fund as the basis of the whole system of common schools. The following exhibit aflfords a condensed view of the operations of the system for the year ending 1st June, 1850 : Number learning German 11,041 Average number of scholars in each school 40 Cost of teaching each scholar, per month $1 44 Amount of tax levied $768,422 State appropriations distributed $159,367 Whole number of districts Number paid during the year Whole number of schools Number yet required Average number of months taught Number of male teachers Number of female teachers Average monthly salaries — males $1 7 20 Average monthly salaries — females $10 15 Number of male scholars 233,392 Number of female scholars 190,952 1,387 1,273 8,510 674 5.1 6,972 3,935 Total funds raised $92T,T89 Cost of instruction $609,37T Fuel and contingencies $63,829 Cost of school-houses, purchasing, renting, build- ing, and repairing $253,741 Total funds expended $926,44T The following table exhibits the progress of the system in its main features, since its establishment in 1834 : Wliole Di'itrictB Dist's. p.iid. Whole Whole Whole No. Apportion't Tax levied Eip'd for Exp'd for Year. No. of Dist's. accept- ing. reported. No. of Schools. No. of Teachers. of Scholars. 32.544 to accpptiiig Districtfl on accepting Districts. School- houses. instruction, fuel, etc. 1835 907 " 536 156 763 808 $ - $ - $ - $ - 18.36 987 745 603 573 3,384 3,394 139,604 98.670 207,105 111,803 193,972 1837 1,001 796 765 664 4,089 4,841 182,355 463,749 231,552 202,230 493,071 1838 1,0113 861 820 628 3,939 5,034 174,733 323,794 335,788 149,132 560,450 1839 1,050 879 857 633 3,152 4,666 181,913 276,826 332,527 161,334 579,162 1840 1,050 879 867 633 3,152 4,666 181,913 264,536 395,918 161,-384 580,262 1841 1,072 902 8S5 734 5,179 6,086 227,699 249,400 397,952 123,004 524,.343 1842 1,113 905 905 861 6,116 7,494 281,085 250,065 398,766 119,006 439,872 184:3 1,139 945 946 865 6,156 7,594 288,762 272,720 419,307 92,749 484,454 1844 1,172 939 939 846 5,993 7,585 288.402 264,520 391,340 75,918 470,223 1845 1,189 1,012 1,018 961 6,690 8,031 327,418 192,813 370,744 77,173 375,982 1846 1,246 1,067 1,056 994 7,096 8,468 329.805 186,417 406,740 60,900 486,475 1847 1.249 1,105 1,054 1,048 r.320 8,674 331,967 187.269 436,727 60,410 487.201 1848 1,330 1,330 1,129 1,07S 7,845 9,096 360,605 193,035 501,681 90,539 505,505 1849 1,-344 _ 1,218 1,194 8,287 10,050 385,175 182,883 5S3,1S7 146,144 562,930 1850 1..3S7 — 1,273 — 8.510 10.907 424,-344 186,763 76S.422 253,741 609,377 The number of the schools in the several counties, in 1S50. was as follows : Adams 127, Alleghany 280, Armstrong 128, Beaver 111, Be4ford 195, Berks 214, Blair 101, Bradford 312, Bucks 189, Butler 162, Cambria 102, Carbon 45, Centre 126, Chester 265, Clarion 119, ClearfieKl 83. Clinton 50, Columbia 171, Crawfor.l 298, Cumberland 152, Dauphin 1.51, Delaware 69, Elk 25, Erie 271, Fayette 164, Franklin 172, Greene 118, IIuntmg, were as follows : Name. Locutifin. Founded. Professors, Students University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 1755 7 83 . Dickinson College Carlisle 17S3 8 Jefferson College Canonsburg 1802 8 Washington College Washington 1S06 8 Alleghany College Meadville 1817 7 Pennsylvania College Gettysburg 1S32 Lafayette College Euston 1332 MarshaU Mercersburg 1835 Theological Seminary (Lutheran) Gettysburg 1S25 Theological Seminary (Germ. Kef.) . . . Mercersburg 1S25 2 179 . 197 . 1S7 . 106 . 65 62 . 58 . 26 . 18 , 48 , , 83 40 . , 35 . 13 9 450 Alumni, Vols, in Lib'y. 6,142 5,000 673 14,100 1,000 10,000 .. 3,300 .. 8,200 .. 6,000 .. 5,000 ., 6,000 227 9,000 121 6,000 252 6,000 441 144 163 101 155 147 85 5,316 2,000 8,000 1,500 7 514 2,036 7 176 73 ,.. 75 250 Western Theolog. Seminary (Presb.). . Allcg. Town 1S23 2 Theological School (Assoc.) Canonsburg 1792 2 Western Theol. School (Cong. Unit) . Meadville 1S44 4 Theological Seminary (Asso. Ref.) . . . Pittsburg 1323 3 Theolog. Seminary (lief. Presb.) Philadelphia — 3 Law Depart. Dickinson College Carlisle — 1 Medical Depart. University Penn Philadelphia 1765 7 Jefferson Medical College Philadelphia 1S24 Medical Depart. Penn, College " 1333 7 College of Medicine " 1347 7 Homoeopathic Medical College " 1346 10 — — — Female Medical College " 1349 7 — — — CoUege of Pharmacy " 1322 4 — — — Besides the schools and colleges above enumerated, there are numerous academies, public and private, in every part of the State, scientific institutions, and societies founded for the encouragement of literature and the arts, Girard College, in Philadelphia, is a school for the education of orphans, and in its several departments highly efficient. Church schools are also numerous, and many of them in a highly prosperous condition. Pennsylvania, within the past ten or twelve years, indeed, has made great and wonderful progress in its educational facilities, and now stands deservedly in the foremost rank among States which make education a primary necessit) in their economy. Piihlio Libraries. — According to the Report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, there were in the State, in 1851, the following libraries: one State library, 10,000 volumes; 16 social, 125,335 volumes; 10 college, 37,375 volumes; 12 students', 29,350 volumes ; 7 academic and professional, 83,300 volumes ; 5 scientific and historical, 33,473 volumes ; 29 public school, 8,131 volumes ; total — 30 libraries, and 237,519 volumes. Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals published in the State of Pennsylvania on the 1st June, 1850, was 828, and of these 96 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics ; the latter class embraces those devoted to literature, religion, science, etc., and those the character of which was not ascertained. Of the aggregate number, 25 were published daily, circulating at each issue 152,076 copies, or 49,120,543 annually; 3 tri-weekly, 500, or 7S,000 annually ; 1 semi-weekly, 600, or 62,400 annually ; 275 weekly, 526,642, or 27,335,334 annually ; 8 semi-monthly, 130,800, or 3,139,200 annually; 12 monthly, 159,700, or 1,916,400 annually; and 2 quarterly, 1,900, or 7,600 annu.iUy; total copies at each issue, 972,213, or 79,792.532 copies annually. The counties in which published are as follows: in Adams, 3 w. and 1 q. ; Alleghany (Pittsburg, etc.), 13 d., 2 t.-w., 20 w., 1 s.-m., and 2 m. ; Armstrong and Beaver, each 2 w. ; Bedford, 8 w. ; Berks, 9 w. ; Blair, 4 w. ; Bradford, 8 w. ; Bucks, 7 w. ; Butler, Cambria, and Centre, each 3 w. ; Carbon, 2 w. ; Chester, 5 w. ; Clarion and Clinton, each 2 w, ; Clearfield, 1 w. ; Columbia, 3 w. ; Crawford and Cumberland, each 5 w. ; Dauphin, 1 d., 7 w. ; Delaware, 3 w, ; Elk, 1 w. ; Erie, 1 t.-w., 4 w. ; Fayette, 10 w. ; Franklin, 7 w. ; Fulton, 1 w. ; Greene, 2 w. ; Huntingdon, 2 w. ; Indiana, 3 w. ; Jefferson and Juniata, each 2 w, ; Lancaster, 10 w., 1 m. ; Lawrence, 2 w. ; Lebanon, 5 w, ; Lehigh, 5 w., 1 s.-m. ; Lucerne, 2 w. ; Lycoming, 4 w. ; M'Kean, 1 w. ; Mercer, 4 w. ; Mifflin and Monroe, each 2 w. ; Montgomery, 6 w. ; Montour, 2 w. ; Northampton, 8 w. ; Northumberland, 4 w. ; Perry, 2 w. ; Phil- adelphia, 11 d., 1 8,-w., 3S w,, 5 s.-ra., S m.. 1 q., 1 an. ; Pike, 1 w, ; Potter, 2 w. ; Schuylkill, 9 w., 1 m. ; Somerset, 2 w. ; Susquehanna, 2 w. ; Tioga, 4 w. ; Union, 7 w., 1 m. ; Venango, 2 w. ; Warren, 3 w. ; Washington, 4 w. ; Wayne, 2 w. ; Wyoming, 2 w. ; Westmoreland, 4 w. ; York, 7 weekly. Relifjious I)e7iominations.— The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1350, were as stated in the table annexed : Cliurrh Value of Denomina- Chnrches. accom. Projiert; 208.. 104,262.. $639,210 7.. 3,175.. 45,700 495.. 259,502.. 1,683,356 86.. 2-3,870.. 82,400 878.. 839,026., 1,715,653 84., 82,715,. 221 ,.350 755.. 857,431 Dem.mina- No. of Cliurrh Value of Denomina- tifms. Uhun-Iies. aiTdin. rr-rerty. tions. Baptist 317. 127,.S08,. $806,395 Germ'n Ref, Christian,.. 19, 6,400,, 24,400 Jewish Congregat'l. 9 , 8,100,, 17,250 Lutheran, , . Dutch Ref,, 7. 6,640.. 79,500 Mennonite, Episcopal., 1.85. 67,824.. 1,483,700 Methodist,, Free 22 . 6,400.. 15,050 Moravian . . Friends.... 141. 60,974.. 661,737 Presbytcr'n. Derjomina- No. of tions. Churches. R. Catholic. 139.. Swedenb'g.. 3.. Tunker 14., Union SO.. Unitarian. . , 4 . . Universal ist. 19.. [Ihurch Value of acc()m. Property. 89,251., $1,084,204 1,475.. 6,100.. 23,300.. 1,6-30.. 8,920,. 2,574,700 ! Minor Sects. 92.. 82,560. 11,000 11,700 78,825 28,000 82,800 254,700 —making a total of 3.509 churches, having acconmiodation for 1.566,413 persons, and valued at $11,551,885. This State comprises the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Pennsylvania, and the Roman Catholic dioceses of Pittsburg and Pliiladel- phia, in the latler of which are also included West New Jersey and the State of Delaware. Pauperism.— The whole number of paupers that received assistance or support during the year ending 1st June, 1S50, 246 THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. was 11,551, of which number 5,89S were native-born, 5,653 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers on the lists at the date specified was 3,811, of which 2,054 were native-born, and 1,157 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $232,133. mstorical >S/fc«fc^.— Pennsylvania is the only State of the Union which bears and transmits to future ages the name of a private individual. William Penn, the illustrious founder of Pennsylvania, a name given to the infant colony by Charles II., was the son of Admiral Penn, who in the year 1655 acquired distinction as a commander in the conquest of Jamaica, and in the war with the Dutch. At an early period of life, Penn had joined the Qualcers, who began about that period to attract public attention, and it seems to have been the intolerance manifested toward the sect that first turned his mind toward America. He and some others purchased a large quantity of land in New Jersey, but becoming dissat- isfied, he formed the design of acquiring a separate estate. The crown was indebted to his father's executors in the sum of about £16,000, and as an acquittance for this, a large tract was granted to him in severalty. His charter conveyed to him all that tract of country bounded on the east by the river Delaware, extending westward five degrees, and north and south between the 40th and 42d parallels, except an area around New Castle, circumscribed by a radius of 12 miles. From want of sutflcient attention to former charters, this grant interfered both with that of Maryland on the south, and with the claims of Connecticut on the east, and hence arose contentions which disturbed the repose of the colonies for a century afterward. In May, 16S1, the proprietary sent over Markham, with a few others, to take possession of the territory, and in July he sold 20,000 acres to a company of merchants, at the rate of £20 the thousand acres, entering into articles of agreement with them, entitled " Conditions and Concessions." In the foUowing year, Penn published his " Frame of Government," by which the supreme power was to be vested in a governor and general assembly, consisting at first in the whole body of the people, and afterward in a House of Representatives. A provincial council was established, consisting of 72 per sons, to be chosen by the freemen. The governor, possessed of three votes, presided in this council, which prepared and digested all laws, leaving to the people the entire right of rejecting or affirming. This constitution was after a while laid aside, and another, resembling those established in the other pro-iinces, was adopted. In October, 1682, Penn, accompa- nied by about 2,000 settlers, arrived at New Castle, on the Delaware. He had previously acquired from the Duke of York a conveyance of the land at present included in the State of Delaware. His first step on landing was to convoke an assembly, which was held at Upland (now called Chester), in December, 16S2. In a short session of three days, a constitution modifying that drawn up by Penn in England was adopted, and several important laws passed. Among other provisions, that great principle, to an adherance to which the province owed much of its prosperity, was adopted, that " none acknowledging one God, and living peaceably in society, should be molested for his opinions or practice, or compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry whatsoever." Another principle of Penn's system, equally novel and praiseworthy, regarded the treatment of the Indians. Soon after his arrival, he summoned them to a council, and treat- ing with them on an amicable and equal footing, as men and brethren ; obtained from them, in return for valuable pres- ents, a cession of as much land as his exigencies required. The same course was pursued in his subsequent intercourse with them, and it was seen with surprise by mankind that kindness and good faith were as useful assistants as the sword in the affairs of a colony. No one of the colonies made such rapid advances in prosperity as Pennsylvania. The salu- brity of the climate, and the general fruitfulness of the soil, had some influence, but the moral attractions predominated. The persecutions at home drove thousands to a place where religious worship was free, and the prospect of enjoying equal rights in civil matters, attracted from the continent of Europe a vast number of industrious and moral emigrants. The city of Philadelphia was founded at an early period after the arrival of the first settlers, and the second assembly of the colony was held at this place, in April, 16S3. Among other important laws adopted by this assembly was one abrogating the common law of England respecting descents, and distributing the estates of persons dying intestate among the children, giving to the eldest son, however, a double share. The Revolution in England produced some change in the government of Pennsylvania. Penn, being suspected of being disaff'ected toward the House of Orange, was suspended from the privi- lege of appointing a deputy for his province ; ai\d in 1692 Pennsylvania was annexed to New York and subjected to the administration of the governor of that province. Two years after, however, the proprietary was reinstated, and ap- pointed a new governor. Notwithstanding the pacific disposition of the governor and people, and the general concordance of their opinions, Pennsylvania proved to be no Utopia for the worthy proprietary. Bickerings about the constitution or the laws, or the manner of disposing of the lands, almost constantly existed. The charter had twice been altered, but the colonists were still discontented. A third charter was given them in 1701, which provided that the assembly should consist of deputies from each county, and that it should have the right to originate, amend, or reject all bills ; that the governor should nominate his own council, exercise the whole executive power, and have a negative on the proceedings of the assembly. The delegates from Pennsylvania assented to this constitution, but those from " the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware," as they were called, refused to adopt it, and seceded from the assembly. From this period the Three Counties had a distinct assembly, though they were subject to the same governor as Pennsylvania. The constitution thus adopted continued in force until the Revolution. Penn died in 1718, at the age of 74 years. Since his founding the State that immortalizes his name, his life had been a uniform scene of vexation and disquiet. His private fortune had materially suffered by his advances to promote the infant colony, and at one time he was compelled to submit to S. temporary depri- vation of liberty. He left, however, to his descendants an inheritance of great value, which they enjoyed until the overthrow of the British power, when the Commonwealth became the possessor, and, as an indemnification, granted them an ample sum of money. From the death of Penn the history of the colony is little more than a narrative of petty quar- rels between the proprietary governors and the assembly. The chief subject of dispute arose from the lands of the pro- prietary, which it was wished to exempt from taxation, to which other lands were liable. The assembly resisted the exemption, and this disagreement frequently prevented the passage of necessary laws. In 1749, an important treaty was made with the Indians of the Six Nations at Philadelphia, in which, for goods of considerable value, they granted to the proprietary all the lands on the Susquehanna, south as far as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and north to the Kittatinny Hills, or Blu" Mountain. The whole Indian title to lands within the State was subsequently merged. A large portion of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania were Quakers, but notwithstanding their peaceful inclinations, the colony opposed with as much zeal as her sister colonies, the arbitrary measures of the British government which led to the Revolution. The first congress of deputies from the States, and most of the subsequent sessions of the same assembly, were held in Philadelphia, and it was at the same place that the Declaration of Independence was adopted and proclaimed. During a considerable part of the war the State was the theatre of hostilities. On the Declaration of Independence the pro- prietary government was abrogated, and the people, by their representatives, formed a new constitution. The form of government adopted at this period was found, after the peace, to be liable to serious objections. Two parties then arose, 24T THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. the republicans and the constitutionalists— the former, desiring a constitution in which the legislative power should be exercised by two branches and the executive invested in a single person, finally triumphed, and in 1790, a constitution, Bimiliir to Ihat of the United States, was adopted. In 1794, an insurrection l)rokc out in four of the western counties, in oppositinn to the law of the United States imposing a tax on spirits. From this, called the "Whisky Insurrection," serious consequences were at first threatened, but by a happy union of firmness and lenity on the part of President Washington, the revolt was quelled. In Northampton County, in 1797, some deluded persons attempted to resist the process of the marshal, but the power of the laws again triumphed. In 1799, the public offices and the sittings of the legislature, which, from the settlement of the colony, had been held at Philadelphia, were removed to Lancaster, and in 1812, they were transferred from Lancaster to Harrisburg, the present capital. From this period no conspicuous event of history has transpired. The State, indeed, has gone through many financial diflieuUies, and for a time even her con- dition was considered as a blot on the honor of the nation. The fair name of the State, however, has been redeemed, and the debt, which circumstances forced her to suspend, is now liquidated, interest having been regularly paid for many years, and the principal is being reduced by the operation of a sinliing fund. The day of her degradation indeed is passed, and she now looms up among that glorious galaxy of states which circumscribes her boundaries, as one of the most glorious and honored. Succession of (;o«e;?i<3r«.— Propkietort Governors: William Penn, 1682; Thomas Lloyd (Pres.), 1684; John Black- well (Dep.-Gov.), 16SS; Benjamin Fletcher, 1693 (also governor of New York); William Markham, 1693 ; William Penn, 1699; Andrew Hamilton (Dep.-Gov.), 1701; Edward Shippen (Pres.), 1703; John Evans (Dep.-Gov.), 1704; Charles Gooken (Dep.-Gov.), 1709; Sir William Keith (Dep.-Gov.), 1717; Patrick Gordon (Dep.-Gov.), 1726; James Logan (Pres.), 1736; George Thomas (Dep.-Gov.), 1738; Anthony Palmer (Pres.), 1747; James Hamilton (Dep.-Gov.), 1748; Kobert H. Morris (Dep.-Gov.), 1754; William Denny (Dep.-Gov.), 1756; James Hamilton, 1759; John Penn, 1763; James Hamilton (Pres.), 1771 ; Richard Penn, 1771 ; John Penn, 1773-1776;— Presidents under First Constitution : Thomas Wharton, 1777; Joseph Iteed, 177S; William Moore, 1781; John Dickinson, 1782; Benjamin Franklin, 1785; Thomas Mifflin, 17S8-1790; and— Governors under the Sroond Constitution: Thomas Mifflin, 1790; Thom.as M'Kean, 1799 ; Simon Snyder, 1808; William Findlay, 1817 ; Joseph Hiester, 1820 ; J. Andrew Shulze, 1823; George Wolf, 1829; Joseph Kilner, 1835; David K. Porter, 1S3S; Francis E. Shunk, 1844 ; William F. Johnson {ea>-officio), 9th July, 1848; William F. Johnson. 1849 ; William Higler, 1851. Hakbisburo, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, is the political capital of the State. 24S £i p-w^ii Bi. m,. THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, Ehode Island (or more properly Rhode Island and Providence Plantotions), although the smallest Slate of the Uniou, is considerably larger than many of the sovereignties of Europe, and in point of intelligence and productive powers, far in advance of any American community of the same population. It is situated between 41° 22' and 42° 03' latitudes north, and between 11° 06' and 71° 38' longitudes west from Greenwich, or 5° 24' and 6° 56' east from Washington. Massachusetts bounds it on the north and the east, the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and Connecticut on the west. About 42 miles long, and in its greatest width 35 miles, it contains a land area of 1,360 square miles. The surface of the State is generally hilly and broken, but nowhere does it present any elevation deserving of the name of mountain. Mount Hope, in Bristol, the highest land in the State, is only 300 feet above the sea level. In the neighborhood of Narragansett Bay, and on the islands within it, the land is more level, and at most exhibits but slight undulations. The rivers are little more than mill streams, with courses of not more than 50 or 60 miles in length, and discharging an Inconsiderable amount of water ; but as they descend from 200 to 450 feet, and are steady in their supply of water, they furnish v'aluable power, which is extensively applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, the principal river, rises in Massachusetts, where it has the name of Blackstone River, and running south-east into this State, falls into Providence River, one mile below the city of Providence. There are falls of about 50 feet descent four miles from its mouth— below the falls it boars the name of the Seekonk River. Providence River is formed by the Wanasquiatucket and Moshasuck. two small streams which unite a short distance above the city of the same name. It falls into the northern arm of Narragansett Bay, and is navigable to Providence for ships of 900 tons. Pawtuxet River, rising by several branches, and flowing east, enters Providence River, Ave miles below the city. It abounds with falls, which furnish fine locations for mills and manufacturing establishments. Pawcatuck River, formed by Wood and Charles rivers, waters the south-western part of the State, and falls into Stonington harbor— in the latter part of its course it is the boundarj' between this State and the State of Connecticut. Narragansett Bay, a fine body of water, divides the State into two unequal proportions. It extends more than 30 miles inland, and is about 15 miles wide at its southern pari, but a considerable portion of this space is occupied by islands. It communicates with the ocean between Point Judith on the west, and Seaconet Point on the east. The north-eastern arm of the bay is called Mount Hope Bay ; the north-western arm Greenwich Bay, and the northern arm Providence Bay. The principal rivers falling into it are the Providence and the Taunton, the latter from Massachusetts. It affords great advantages to ship navigation, having many excellent harbors, and being accessible at all seasons. Newport harbor, in the channel, between Canonicut and Rhode Island, is one of the finest in the world ; the entrance is protected by Fort Walcott, on Goafs Island, and Fort Adams, on Rhode Island — the latter a large stone castle of great strength. Rhode Island, lying in Narragansett Bay, gives name to the State. It is 15 miles long, and on an average 3} miles wide, containing an area of about 50 square miles. Its climate is delightful, and the soil very fertile. Travelers hare called at the " Eden of America," and southerns have chosen it as a summer residence. Canonicut is a beautiful island to the west of Rhode Island. It is about seven miles long and one mile broad. Prudence Island lies to the north-east of Canonicut, and Block Island about ten miles south-west of Point Judith. The latter is about seven miles long, and about four miles broad. The islanders derive their support chiefly from fishing, but they have also large numbers of cattle and sheep, and produce cheese and butter of the finest quality. The climate of the whole State, influenced by the vapors from the Atlantic, is mild, though changeable, and in its general characteristics is said to assimilate that of Great Britain. The seasons are more uniform than in the more northern parts of New England— the winters are sensibly milder, and the heats of summer are much modified. Spring commences in March, and summer reigns from June to September. The latter month, and also October, have delightful ■weather. Winter sets in with November, and continues to the middle of March. The air is at all times pure, and the longevity of the inhabitants, as indicated by the census, is a true indication of its salubrious qualities. The mineral productions of Rhode Island are of little importance. Some iron ore is found in different parts. Anthracite occurs, but although it has been pronounced to be of a gfiod quality, little has been done to bring it into use. It is found chiefly in the same graywacke formation with the Massachusett's coal. Limestone abounds in the north-eastern section of the State, and in these calcareous shale. There are some excellent quarries of marble. Serpentine is also abundant, and there are in various places extensive quarries of freestone. On the continental portion of the State the soil is generally a gravelly loam, which is tolerably fertile, but difiScull of cultivation. The soil of the islands is slaty, yet they are the most productive and valuable lands in the State. There is very little alluvial land. Pine plains are found in several low regions, but there are no extensive forests. Oak, walnut, ami chestnut, are the prevailing growths. Fruits and culinary vegetables are produced in great perfection, and in abundance. Grain is grown in considerable quantities, in reference to the area of the State, but, on the whole, the lands are better adapted for grazing than for cereal agriculture. Rhode Island is divided into five counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850 were as follows : Counties. Dwell. P„p. F^' ^l"^^- Capitals. Bristol 1,167.. 8,514.. 200 .. 87 .. Bristol Kent 2,625 . . 15,063 . . 688 . . 90 . . E, Greenwich Counties. Dwell. Pop. F»™J_ ^^^2[' ^»P''»"- Providence. 12,760 . . 87,525 . . 2,162 . . 804 . . Pbovidenob Washington 2,891 . . 16,430 . . 1,308 . . 95 . . Kingston Newport .... 2,936 . . 20,007 . . 1,027 . . 68 . . Newport The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 22.379; of fiimilies, 28,216, and of inhabitants, 147,544 ; viz., whites 144,000— males 70,417, and females 73,583 ; fr. col. 3,541— males 1,660, and females 1,834. Of the 249 THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. whole population there were, deaf and dttmb—vih. 61, fr. col. 8— total 64; blind — wh. 61, fir. col. 3— total 64; insane— wh. 24S, fr. col. 4 — total 252 ; and idiotic — wh. 104, fr. col. 3— total 107. The number of free persons born in the United States was 124,299, the number of foreign birth 23,111, and of l)irth unknown l:?.5. The natice population originated as follows: Me. 7G3, N. llamp. T16, Verm. 459, Mass. 11,883, lihode Island 102,041, Conn. .3,976, N. Y. 2,055, N. Jer. 193, Penn. 447, Del. 50, Md. 365, Dist. of Col. 64, Virg. 191, N. Car. 76, S. Cxt. 57, Ga. 68, Flor. 22, Ala. 13, Miss. 33, La. 21, Tex. 4, Ark. 0, Tenn. 4, Ky. 19, Oh. 98, Mich. 22, Ind. 11, III. 1.5, Mo. 13, la. 9, Wise. 6, Calif. 0, Territories 40 ; and ihe/breign population was composed of persons from — England 4,490, Ireland 15.944, Scotland 933, Wales 12, Germany 230, France 80, Spain 14, Portugal 58, Belgium 2, Holland 12, Turkey 1, Italy 25, Austria 1, Switzerland 8, Russia 1, Denmark 15, Nor- way 25, Sweden 17, Prussia 5, Asia 1, Africa 9, British America 1,024, Mexico 7, Central America 4, South America 4, West Indies 57, Sandwich Islands 8, and other countries 52. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the flrst census of the State, taken by tho United States authority : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White . ' \ Total / ' > Years. J'ersons. Free. Slave. Total. Pop. Numerical. Per cent. 1790 64,689 8,469 952 4,421 69,110 — — 1300 65,437 3,304 381 3,685 69,122 12 0.0 1810 73,314 3,609 103 -3,717 77,0.31 T,909 11.4 1820 79,418 3.593 48 3,646 8-3,059 6,023 T.9 1S30 93,621 3,561 17 3,578 97,199 14,140 17.0 1840 105,537 3,238 5 3,243 103.830 11,631 11.9 1350 144,100 3.554 — 3,554 147,654 33,824 35.6 The general statistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, etc., of the State, according to the census of 1850 and other documents referring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. — Improveil lands, 356,487 acres, and unimproved lands, 197,451 acres — valued in the aggregate at f!l7,070,S02. The whole number of farms in operation on the Ist June, 1S50, was 5,335. Value of farming implements and machinery, $497,201. Livestock.— Roracs, 6,168; asses and mules, 1 ; milch cows, 23,698; working oxen, 8,139; other cattle, 9,375 : sheep, 44,296, and swine, 19,509 ; in all valued at ,$1,532,637. In 1840 the stock consisted of 8,024 horses and mules, 36,891 neat cattle of all kinds, 90,146 sheep, and 30,659 swine. ProdiicU of Animals. — Wool, 129,692 pounds ; butter, 995,670 pounds ; cheese, 316,508 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been .$607,486. The wool returned in 1S40 was 183,830 pounds. Grain Crops. — Wheat, 49 bushels; rye, 26,409 bushels; Indian corn, 539,202 bushels; oats, 215,232 bushels; barley, 18,875 bushels; and buckwheat, 1,245 bushels. Compared with the crops e.\hibited in the census of 1840, the following results are obtained : Crops. 1840, I860. Movement, Wheat 3,093bushel3 49 bushels deer. 8,049 bushels, or 93.4perceut> Eye 34,521 " 26,409 " deer. 8,112 « or 23.5 " Indian corn 450,493 « .5-39,202 " i?ic?-. 83,704 " or 19.7 « Oats 171,517 " 215,2-32 " iwcr. 4-3,715 " or 25.5 " Barley 66,490 " 18,875 " tfocr. 47,615 " or 71.6 " Buckwheat 2,979 " 1,245 " deer. 1,734 " or 41.7 " Other Food Crops.— Vnai and beans, 6,346 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 65t,029 bushels, and sweet, bushels. The potato crop of 1339 amounted to 911,973 bushels. Mincellaneom Crops— ll&y, 74,813 (in 1840, 63,449) tons; clover-seed, 1,323 bushels ; other grass seed, 3,703 bushels; hops, 277 pounds ; flax, 85 pounds ; maple sugar, 23 pounds ; molasses, 4 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 6,347 pounds ; wine, 1,018 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $63,994, and of market-garden products, $93,293. Hoine-iaade 3[anvf(ictiu-es were produced in the year to the value of $26,495. The same class of goods returned m the census of 1840 were v.ilued at $51,180. Munufactures.—1oii\\ capital invested in manufactures, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $ ; monthly cost of labor, $ —male $ , and female $ ; value of products for the year, $ The number of manufacturing establishments in operation within the State on the 1st June, 1350, was 1,144, distributed among the counties as shown in the general table. Of this number 158 were cotton fact(jrie3, 45 woolen fac- tories, 10 tanneries, and 21 engaged in the manuf;icture of iron, namely, 20 in the manufacture of castings and 1 in that of wrought iron. The aggregate capital invested in manufactures in 1840 amounted to $10,096,136. In the cottwi manufacture the capital employed was $6,675,000 ; the value of raw material, ftiel, etc., consumed, $8,484,579 ; and the products for the year, 96,925,612 yards of sheeting, and 1,902,980 pounds of thread and yarn, valued at $0,447,120. Cotton consumed, 50,713 bales, and coal, 13,116 tons; hands employed, 10,875— males 4,959 and females 5,916 ; entire wages paid per month, $103,933— to m.ales $92,282 and to females $76,656. The census of 1840 returned 209 factories and 17 dyeing establishments; capital, $7,326,000; hands, 12,086 ; and v.ilue of annual products, $7,116,792. In W\B woolen manufacture the capital invested was $1,013,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $1,46:3,900; products of the year, 8,612,400 yards of cloth, 46,000 pounds of yarn, etc., valued at $2,381,825. Wool consumed, 4,108,870 pounds, and coal, 2,032 tons ; hands employed, 1,758— m.iles 987, and females 771 ; monthly wages paid, $32,139— to m.iles $20,431, and females $11,708. In 1840 there were in the State 45 fulling-mills and 41 woolen factories; capital, $685,350; hands, 961 ; and value of products for the year, $842,172. In tanneries the cai)ital invested amounted to $42,900 ; value of hides and skins used, $40,615 ; hands employed, 33- at a monthly cost of $829; skins tanned, 14,861, and sides of leather tanned, 21,142, together vttiued at $75,040. In 1840 there were in the State 27 tanneries ; capital $72,000 ; hands employed, 89 ; products— 1,534 sides of sole leather and 50,860 Bides of upper leather. The iron manufacture is comparatively a small interest on Rhode Island. No manufactures of pig iron are returned in the census of 1850. In the manufactiu-e of castings the capital invested amounted to $428,800 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used, $258,267 ; hands employed, 800— at average wages $29 63 per month ; pig iron used, 8,913 tons, and min- 250 THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, eral coal, 4,670 tons ; castings made, 8,55S tons, and other products to the value of $119,500 ; total value of prodacts for the year, 1728,105. The capital invested in the manufacture of ivrought iron was $208,000; pig metal used, 3,000 tons, and mineral coal consumed, 6,000 tons ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $111,750 ; hands employed, 220, at wages aver- aging $26 per month; wrought iron made, 2,650 tons; value of entire annual products, $222,400. In 1840 there were 5 furnaces in the State, producing 4,126 tons of cast iron, consuming 227 tons fuel, and employing 29 men. The capital invested in the manufacture of iron in that year was $22,250. In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, the capital Invested amounted to $17,000; the number of hands employed was 9 ; and the consumption of barley, 12,500 bushels, and of hops, 6 tons; ale, etc., produced, 3,900 barrels. In 1840, 4 distilleries produced 855,000 gallons of spirits, and 3 breweries 819,600 gallons ale, etc. ; hands, 42 ; and capital invested, $139,006. Among the manufactures of the State others than those specified above, the most important are those of hardware, machinery, cutlery, etc. There are also considerable investments in the manufacture of jewelry, hats and caps, saddlery, paper, and in the various descriptions of mills. Foreign Commerce. — The direct foreign commerce of Rhode Island, once considerable, is now comparatively of small amount, and relatively to its population and manufacturing importance, very small indeed. Indirectly, its connection with foreign countries is commensurate with its rank as a manufacturing State. It imports and exports chiefly through the ports of Massachusetts and New York, to which it has easy access by railroads and other means. The value of the exports and imports for the year ending 30th June, 1850, was, according to the treasury report, as follows — exports: do- mestic products, in American vessels, $205,969, and in foreign vessels, $330— total value of domestic exports, $206,299 ; and foreign products, $9,966, all in American vessels — total value of all exports, $216,265— and imports : in American vessels, $251,708, and in foreign vessels, $6,595— total value of imports, $253,303. The statistics of navigation exhibit the en- trances and clearances thus : Entered. Cleared. Total. Nationality of Shipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews, American 100 17,847 821 . Foreign 19 2,075 118 . Total 119 19,922 Providence 69 11,786 540 Bristo' 33 5,534 273 Newport 17 2,602 126 Vessels. . . . 94 . . . . 16 . Tons. Crews. 16,770 8;33 . 1,705 99 . Vessela. , . 194 . . .. 35., 110 50 43 17 18,475 932 229 Tons. Crews, 84,617 1,654 8,780 217 33,397 1,871 8,457 , 7,266 2,752 403 ... . 402 ... . 127 .... 119 20,243 943 76 12,800 675 84 5,354 253 — of this aggregate. Providence entered 69 vessels (11,786 tons), Bristol 33 vessels (5,534 tons), and Newport 17 vessels (2,602 tons) ; and Providence cleared 50 vessels (8,457 tons), Bristol 43 vessels (7,266 tons), and Newport 17 vessels (2,752 tons). The total shipping owned in the State at the above date was 40,439 tons. The amount of registered shipping amounted to 26,068 tons, of which 21,497 tons were of permanent register, and 4,571 of temporary register, and of this 5,829 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and the remainder in the foreign trade. The enrolled and licensed ship- ping amounted to 18,722 tons, of which 13,178 tons were employed in coasting, 155 tons In the cod fisheries, and 389 tons in the mackerel fisheries, and 432 tons were navigated by steam. The licensed shipping (under 20 tons) amounted to 699 tons, of which 360 tons were employed in coasting, and 339 tons in the cod fishery. Total registered, 26,063 tons ; enrolled and licensed, 13,721 tons; and licensed, 699— aggregate tonnage, 40,488 tons. Owned in Providence district, 16,712 tons; in Bristol, 13,193 tons; and in Newport, 10,578 tons. Fourteen vessels, viz., 5 ships, 5 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer, were built in the State during the year, and of these the burden was 3,587 tons— built at Bristol, 2,191 tons ; at Providence, 1,299 tons ; and at Newport, 95 tons. The statistics of the imports and exports of Pvhode Island from 1791-1810 exhibit the following movements: Year. Exports. 1791 $470,181 .... 1792 693,109 .... 1793 616,432 .... 1794 945,599 .... 1795 1,222,917.... 1796 1,589,872.... 1797 975,530 .... 1798 917,827 .... 1799 1,055,278.... 1800 1,822,945.... 1801 1,832,773 .... 1802 2,433,363 .... 1808 1,275,596 .... 1804 1,735,671.... 1805 2,572,049 .... 1806 2,091,835.... 1807 1,657,564 .... 1808 442,034 .... 1809 1,5(84,532 .... 1810 1,331,576 .... Imports. $ Year. Exports 1811 $1,571,424 Imports. 1812 . 1813 . 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817. 755,137 .... 236,802 .... 472,434 .... 561,183 .... 612,794 .... 950,467 .... 1818 .... 1819 . . 1,027,291 . . . . . 1,281,484 . . . . . 1,072,762 . . . 996,828 . . . 1820 1821 .... . 1,082,968 1822 .... 862,363... . 1,834,144 1823.... 933,114 . . . . 1,412,958 1824 .... 872,899 . . . . 1,388,836 1825.... 678,467 . . . 907,906 1826.... 781,540... . 1,185,9.34 1827 .... 804,187... . 1,241,828 1828 .... 722,166 . . . . 1,128,226 1829.... 890,881 . . . 423,811 1380 . . . . 278,950 . . . 488,756 Year. Exports. 1881 $867,465 . 1832, 1883 , 1834 1885. 18-36 , 1837, 1838 , 1889 , 1840, 1841 , 1342 , 1843, 1844. 1845, 1846. 1847. 1943 . 1S49, 1S50, 534,459 . . . 485,481 . . . 420,885 . . . 296,003 . . . 228,420 . . . 488,258 . . . 291,257 . . . 185,254 . . . 206,989 . . . 278,465 . . . 348,696 . . . 105,847 . . . 260,777 . . . 191,082 . . . 224,364 . . . 192,369 . . . 221,6.31... 178,152 . . . 216,265 . . . Imports. $562,161 657,969 1,042,286 427,024 597,713 555,199 523,610 656,613 612,05T 274,534 339,593 828,692 155,753 269,437 274,330 210,489 805,489 851,590 237,478 258,303 Internal Improvements.— Rhode Island has several excellent railroads and other improvements. The principal rail- roads are those connecting it with Boston and Worcester on the one hand, and with the ports of Long Island Sound and New York on the other. The first comprise the Boston and Providence E. R. and the Providence and Worcester R. K., and the latter the Stonington E. E., the Providence, Hartford, and Fislikill R. E., and the New York and Boston R. E., the two latter yet incomplete. The Blackstone Canal also extends from Providence to Worcester. The condition of theso •everal works is shown in the " Appendix." 251 THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. Bmiks. — In September, 1S50, there were in the State 63 banking institutions, the assets and liabilities of which at that date were as follows: asaeU — loans and discounts, $15,492,547; stocks, $151,277; real estate, $233,344; other investments, $13,461; due by other banks, $441,164; notes of other banks, $5;j7,761 ; and specie, $297,661; and Uahilitien—cz\)\\a\, 111,645,492 ; circulation, $2,553,S65 ; deposits, $1,4S8,596 ; due other banks, $650,560 ; any tho United States authorities : Colored Persons. Dec'»nnial Ini'rr*a!»e. Census 'White , > , Tntal , ■ > Years. Persons. Fre». Slave Total. P(>|Mil..linn. Numerical. Percent. 1790 140.17S I.Sni 107,1194 108,^95 219.073 — — 1800 196.255 3.185 146,151 U9.Zm 345 591 96,518 8S.7 1810 214.196 4.654 196,365 200.919 415.115 69.524 20.1 1820 237.540 6.72G 258.475 2i;5 201 .5 '2,741 87,626 21.1 1830 257.863 7.921 315,401 32S.322 .581,1-5 78.444 15.6 1840 259.089 8,271 817.038 32.=),3n9 59t..'!98 1.3,213 2.3 1850 274,623 8,900 384,954 393.SS4 668,507 74,109 12.8 The general statistics of the State reganling its productions, manufactures, commerce, and institutions, aceording to tho census of lS5ii, and other official reliiriis for ihat ye:ir, were as follows: Occicpied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 4,072,651 acres, and unimproved lands, 12,145.049 acres — valued together at 182.431.684. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 30th June, 1850, was 29,969. Value of farming implo- ments and machinery, .$4,136,3."j4. Live-Stock — The number of live-stock or domestic animals for the two periods 1S40 and 1350, according to the census of those years, was comparatively : Description. )S40. ls.=,o. Increase. ^"""^'^ hon«.,i .„„^ I 97.171 head ) 4,733 head, or 3.6 per cent I 37.483 " ) y < y \ I 193,244 " J [-572,608 " -j 20,504 " V 205,075 " or 35.8 " ) I 503 9-35 " ) ,129,921 head Mules and Asses I ( 37.483 Milch Cows 1 ( 193,244 "Worliiiig Oxen Other Cattle... Bheep 232,981 " 285,.^51 " 52.570 " or 22.6 incr. 97,923 bushels 1 or 101 per cent. deer. 3,049 " or 2.1 " «)icr. 1,448.649 " or 99 " incr. 845.947 " or 56.9 " incr. 610 '' or 1,5.5 11 incr. 211 " or 273.0 « Swine 87S..532 " 1,065,503 " 186,971 " or 21.3 « — the value of all live-stock in 1850, was -$15,060,015. Prodiict.<< of AnimaU. — Wool, 4S7.2.33 pounds ; butter, 2,981,850 pounds ; cheese, 4,970 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $1,302,637. The wool crop according to the census of lS4n amounted to 299,170 pounds; and hence the increase exhibited in 1850, was 18S.063 pounds, or 62.8 per cent. The product per fleece in 1840, was 20.1 ounces, and in 1S50, 27.3 ounces, showing an incre.^se of 7.2 ounces, or 35.8 p r cent. Grain Tro/i.v.— Wheat, 1,066.277 liushels; rye, 4-3,790 bushels; Indian corn. 16.271.454 bushels; oats, 2,322.155 bushels; barley, 4,583 bushels; and buckwheat, 283 bushels. Comparing the above with the products according to the census of 1840, the following results are obtained: Crops. If40. tS50. Movement. Wheat 968,354 busheli 1,066.277 bushels Eye 44,7-38 " 43.790 " Indian com 14,722.805 " 16..501.454 " Oats 1,486.208 " 2,322,165 " Barley 3,9«7 " 4,583 " Buckwheat 72 " 283 " Other Food Crops. — Rice, 159,930.613 poimds; pens and beans, 1,02%900 bushels; potatoes— Irish. 136.494 bn.sbels, and sweet. 4,337,469 bushels. The rice cr^p of X^if) was 60.590,861 pounds, and the inereii.so in 1850 was 99.3'i9.752 pounds, or 163.9 per cent. About three-fourtb.s of the whole rice crop grown in the United States is produced in South Carolina, the proporiions being as 1.699 to 2.153. The crop of potatoes in 1840, amounted to 2,698,313 bushels, and hence the increase over this in 1850 was 1,775,650 bushels, or 60.0 per cent. Miscellaneous Crops.— Toharcn. 74,285 pounds; cotton, 33",991 bales of 400 poimds; hay, 20,925 tons; clover-seed, 376 bushels; other grass seed, 30 bushels: hops, 26 pounds: flax, 333 pounds; flax-seed, .^5 bushels ; silk cocoons. 123 pounds; sugar— maple 200 pounds, and cane. 671 hi 'gsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 15,904 gallons; beeswax and honey.216231 pounds; wine, 5,880 galloas. etc. Value of orchard products .$35,108, and of market-garden products $47,256. The prin- cipal of these crops in 1840 and 1850 compare as follows: Cnipa. I8-)0. 18'n. Movement. Tobacco 61.519 pounds 74.285 pounds increase 23,776 pounds, or 46.1 per cent Cotton 61,710,274 " 132,396.410 " " 70,686,126 " or 114.3 " Hay 24.618 tons 20.925 tons decrease 3,693 tons or 15 " Sugar 30,000 pounds 671,200 pounds increase 641.200 pounds, or 2,237.3 " Wine 643g:illons 5,680 gallons " 5,137 gallons, or 79^.9 " Bilk cocoons, 2,080 pounds 123 pounds decrease 1,957 pounds, or 90.7 " ITomf^made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1S60, to the value of $909,525. The same class Of gooils for the year preceding ihe census of 1840, were valued at $9.30.703. Manufiictures. — Total capital investeil, $6,060,565; value of all raw material, fuel, etc. consumed, $2.8u9,.''i34; bands employed -males and females ; monthly cost of labor % — male $ and female % ; value of products for the year, $7,076,077. The number of m:mufacluring esU-iblishments in operation and producing to the annual value of $500 and upward on the 30th June, 1850, was 1.473, distributeil to the counties according to the ex- hibit of the general tjtble. Of this number 18 were cotton factories, 91 tanneries, and 6 iron works. The total capital ia- vested in manufactures in 1840, amounted to $3,216,970. Capital invested in cotton manufactures, $557,200; cotton used, 9.929 hales; value of all r.iw material, $295,971 ; hands employed, 919— males 399, and females 62u; monthly cost of labor, $10,716— male $5,565, and female $5,151 ; annual pro- 258 THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. ducts— sheeting, etc. 6,563,737 yards, and yam 1,34S,343 pounds ; value of entire products, $749,338. In 1S40, there were in tlie Slate 15 cotton factories— cajiUal $617,450; liands, 570; value of manufactures, $359,000. Capilal invested in tanneries, $184,335; value of lii.jes and skins used, $131,679; liauds employed, 264; monthly cost of labor, $3,667; products of ihe year, IS.S-M skins, and 110,000 sides of leather, valued together at $261,.332. In 1840, the capitid in^ ested in 97 tanneries was $212,020 ; hands 281, and products — 68,081 sides of upper leather, and 89,586 sidea of sole leather. The iron mamifacture of South Carolina is conBned to the manufacture of eastings. In 1850 there were 6 establish- ments in operation, ha\ ing an aggregate cai)ital of $185,700. The material used in these was 169 Ions of pig iron, 2,800 tons ore, and 405.560 bushels of charcoal and coke, valued as raw material at $29,128. Hands employed 155— males 153, and females 2; average wages per monih— to males $13 59, and to females $4 ; castings manufactured, 1 236 tons; total value of annual products, $87,683. In 1S40 there were in the State 4 furnaces, producing 1.250 tons, and 9 liloomerieB forges, and rolling-mills, producing 1,165 tons ; fuel consumed, 6,384 tons; hands, 24S ; and capital investe of Sliippiiii;. Vessels. Tuna. Crew>. American 163 52.711 2.206 'Foreign 142 44,205 1.947 3l'5 96,916 4,153 Ve..,sel9. 205 . . 170 .. Ton!). . . . 72.222 . . . . . 52,830 . . . . 2.781 . . . . . . 2,2.35 . . ... 5,016 .. . . 4,859 . . . . . 157 .. . Vessels. .... 363 . . .... 312 .. .... 680 . . .... 424 . . .... 26 . . . TlHlS. . . 124,933 . . . . 97,035 . . . . 221,963 . . .. 217,986 .. . . 3,982 . . Crews. ... 4.98T ... 4,182 375 .. 351 . . 24 . . . 125.052 . . .. 121.367 .. .. 8,685 .. . . 9,169 . . 8.998 .. 171 Total.. Distriits. Charleston .308 96.619 4,139 Georgetown 2 297 14 The total amount of shipping owned in the Stale was 36,072 tons, of which 17,126 tons was registered shipping, 18,926 tons enrolled and licensed, and 69 tons licensed (under 20 tons). Of the registered tonnage 1,116 tons was navigated by steam, and of the enrolled and licensed ship|)ing 6.339 Ions. No shipping had been built during the year. The statistics of the value of the foreign commerce fur a series of years exhibit the following movements: rear. KxpiirH. 1791 $2,693,268 .. 1792 2,428.250 . . 1793 3.191,867.. 1794 3,867,908 . . 1795 5.998,492 . . 1796 7.620.049 . . 1797 6.505,118.. 1798 6,994,179 . . 1T99 8,729,015 . . 1800 10.66.3,510.. 1801 14,304,045 . . 1802 10.639.866 . . 1803 7.811,108.. 1804 7,4^1,616.. 1805 9,066,625 . . 1806 9,743.782 . . 1807 10,912.564.. 1808 1,664,445.. 1809 3,247.341 . . 1810 5,290,614.. Vear. Kx|...rts. 1811 $4,861,279 1812 2.030,195 1813 2.968,484 1814 737.899 1S15 6.07.5,129, 1816 10.849.409 1817 10,872.613, ISIS 11,4^0,962, 1819 8.2.511,790 , 1-20 1821 l'.-22 1823 1824 1-25 1S26 8 SS2,940 . . 7,200,511 .. Imports. . $1,2.38,163 , 1,21:5,725 . 1,517,705 lear. Exports. 1831 $6,575,201 , 1832 7.752,781 1883 8,4.34,.325 1.834 11 ,1 19,565 1.787,267 18.35 11,338,016 1,891,805 1836 13,684.376 2.801,361 1837 11,220,161 2,510.860 18-33 11.042,070 2.318.791 1839 10,387,426... 1840 10.036,769... 1S41 8,043,284 ... 1842 7,525,7-23... 1843 7,760,809... 1844 7.433.282 ... 1845 8,89ii,648 ... 1346 6,848,477 9ii2,536 1847 10,431.517 1.580,653 1843 8,081,917 1,485.299 1849 9,701,176 1,475.695 1850 11,447.800 1,93-3,785 3,086,077 2,058.870 1,557.431 1.359.465 1,294.709 1.131.515 1,143,158 3,007.113 7.260 3'30 2 283.5-^6 6,89S814 2.4191111 8.034,1 82 2.16!i.lS5 1,056,742 1,892,L'97 7.554,0-36 1,534.433 1827 8.322,561 1,434.106 1828 6..5.50.712 1.242.048 1829 8.175..".86 1,1.39,618 1830 7,627.031 1,054,619 Coa.stiiiff Trade, Internal Jmprovementf:, ftc.~The great bulk of the commercial material of Soulh Carolina and the States westward using its p'Tts, is carried to New York for a market and for exportation, and in like manner these Slates are supfilied with foreign goods from the same mart. This arrangement creates an immense coasting trar roads in New York are to tlie sea-board in that quarter, and have done more than all the natural facilities enjined by the country to swell the volume of iis industry and wealth. These are noticed at length in Ihe Appkndix. K.xcept Georgia, no other Southern Slate has in operation such a successful system of railpiads, and it was in South Carolina that the American railroad system was first tested as an agent in commercial movements. Bankf!, etc.— On the Ist .Tanuary, 1S50. there were 12 banks and 2 branch banks in the State, the condition of which at that date was as foUows: «((W^«ie«— capital, $13,139,571 ; circulation, $8,741,765; deposits, $3,322,132- due other banks. THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. $2,047,777; and olh.T liabilities, $642,231 ; anef(jrc the election; if residents of their districts, shall own a freeholgress of the country during the period commencing with the eighteenth century, and ending with the general peace of 1T63. The coasts were ravaged, the frontier settlements broken up, and numbers left tbe country in despair, and, to add to the misfortunes of this state of matters, the small-pox raged with violence during the latter portion of this calamitous period. During the thirteen years intervening to the breaking out of the Revolution of 1TT6, the province enjoyed uninterrupted peace and prosperity, and in that time nearly doubled its popuUition ; and the Southern colonies were at that time little inclined to disturb the peaceful order of things, then existing, by joining in the revolt against the mother country. But though this feeling animated the inhabitants generally, there was also a minority favorable to the revolution; and aljout this time a revulsion was brought about even among the monarchical party, by orders having been given the governor to use immediately and effeclually the military in the subjugation of the dissentients. This circumstance seems to have determined the conduct of the colonists. During the long struggle that followed, this State suffered much both from the British and Indians, and the lory interest among themselves. The war in South Carolina was remarkable both for gene- ral actions of great imporUmce to the public cause, and for the di.-play of individual bravery and patriotism. The battles of Cowpens and Eutaw Sjirings may vie with any in the contest for skill and courage, and the names of Mariim, .Sumter, and Lee will ever live on the page of history. The city of Charleston was twice besieged — once in 17T6, unsuccessfully, and once in 1780, when after a determined resistance its inhabitants and garrison fell into the hands of the enemy. The victory of Eutaw Springs in 1781 relieved the State from the pressure of war, and contributed not a little to the successful issue of the contest. The scenes of the battles and sieges within South Carolina occurred iu the following chronological order: Fort Moultrie, 2Sth June, 1776: Port Royal, 1779 ; St. John's, 1779 ; Monk's Corner, 14th April, 1730 : Charles- ton. 12th May, 17So; Camden, 16th August, 17S0: Broad A'/v^/-, October, 17S0 ; TV?*'- i^iw, October, 1780 ; Cowpens, 17tli January, 1781 ; Fort Wntnon, 14th April, 1781 ; Hobkirk's Hill, 25 April, 1731 ; Ninety-Six, ISth June, 1751; Eutaw iSpringn, 8th September, 1781, the scenes of American success being noted in italics. The history of the State since this period has been one of interest. It notes many phases in politics which have startled the public mind, and though comparatively a small State, its procet'dings have occupied a large share of public attention. Its altitude on several important federal questions has been peculiar and indei)endent, and so tenacious of '• State rights" have the people appeared, that on several occasions they have even gone so far as to threaten a separation from the Union. In these manifestations of sovereignty, however, the patriotism of the people has not suffered in the general esteem of the world ; and it amy be added that the influence of the conduct of South Carolina has not been without its benelils to the Union, in restraining the federal aggressions and upholding the rights of States to the management of their own internal affairs. South Carolina, too, has given to its sister States an example worthy of imitation, in its advocacy of Southern iixiustry and improvement. Among Southern States, this is second to none in its public works, and in many of its industrial employments ranks superior to any other in which slave labor is used as a producing power. Siicc-esftioii of Governors.— V:iT>^R the Proi'riktaky : 'William Sayle. 1669 ; Joseph West. 1671 ; John Yeamans, 1671 ; Joseph West, 1674; Joseph Morton. 16^2; Joseph West, 1CS4; Richard Kirk. 1684; Robert Quarry, 1684; Josei)h Mor- ton, 1685; James Colleton, 1036; Selh Sothwell, 1690; Philip Ludwell, 1692; Thomas Smith, 1693; Joseph Blake, 1694; John Arehdale, 1095; Joseph Blake, 1096; James Moore, 1700; Nathaniel Johnstm, 1703 ; Edward Tynte, 1706; Robert Gibbes, 1710; Charles Craven, 1712; Robert Daniel, 1716; Robert Johnson, 1719; James Moore, \119 -.—ArtAur Middletwi, 1719-21, during which a temporary republic existed ;— Under the Royal Govebn.ment: Francis Nicholson, 1721 ; Arthur Middleton. 1725 ; Robert Johnson, 1730 ; Thomas Bronghton, 17-35 ; William Bull, 1737 ; James Glen, 1743 ; William II. Littleton, 1756; William Bull, 1760; Thomas Boone, 1762; William Bull, 1763; Charles Montague,-1766; William Bull, 1709 ;— Unukr thk First Constitution : John Rutledge, 1775 ; Rawlins Lowndes, 1778 ; John Rutledge, 1779; John Mathews, 1732; Benjamin Guerard, 1783; William Moultrie, 1735; Thomas Pinckney, 1737; Charles Pinckney, 1789 ;— Under the Skcond Constitution: Charles Pinckney, 1700; Arnoldus Vanderhorst, 1792; William Moultrie, 1794; Charles Pinckney, 1796; Edward Rutledge, 1793; John Drayton (acting), 1300; John Drayton, 1300; James B. Richardson, 1S02 ; Paul Hamilton, 1804 ; Charles Pinckney, 1806 ; John Drayton, 1808 ; Henry Middleton, 1310; Joseph Alston, 1812; David R. Williams, 1814; Andrew Pickens, 1816; John Geddes, 1818; Thomas Bennet, 1820; John L. Wilson, 1822 ; Richard J. Manning, 1324 ; John Taylor, 1826 ; Stephen D. Miller, 1S2S ; James Hamilton, ISoO; Robert T. Hayne, 13-32 ; George M-Duffie, 1834 ; Pierce M. Butler, 1336; Patrick Noble, 1833 ; B. K. Hennegan (acting), 1840; John P. Richardson, 1340; James H. Hammond, 1342 ; William Aiken, 1344; David Johnson, 1840; W. B. Sea- brook, 1S4S ; John II. Means, 1350 ; John L. Manning, 1352. CoLUiiBiA, on the east side of Congaree River, is the political capital of the State. 262 THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. Tennessee lies in the form of a parallelogram, with Kentucky and Virginia on the north, North Carolina on the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on the south, and tlie Mississippi Eiver on the west, which divides it from Missouri and ArivJiDsas, and extends east and west between SP 37' and 90° 2S' west from Greenwich, or 4° 35' and 13° 26' west from Washington, and between the latitudes 35° and 36° 35' north. From North Carolina it is separated chiefly by the Alleghanies. Its area is computed at 45,600 square miles. Tennessee is perhaps more diversified in the character of its surface than any other of the central States. In the east, mountain prevails, and in this section the country is traversed in a north and south direction by several ridges of the Appalachian chain, and in its topography presents much picturesque and beautiful scenery. The middle portion of the State is less bold in its outlines, and the surface imperceptibly declines by gradations from a region overspread by hills and .swells of ever-changing and varying elevation and character, to a rolling country of exquisite fertility, and watered by innumerable streams, affluents of its great rivers, the Cumberland and Tennessee. Between the Tennessee and the Mississippi ill the west, the surface is nearly level, tlic general evenness being interrupted only by the courses of the low water-shed dividing the tributaries of the two rivers, or by alternations of woodland and prairie. In all the country, however, there are but few portions so hilly and broken as to interfere with its agricultural capacities; the hills are clothed with wood to their summits, and the soil is everywhere sufficiently fertile for profitable cultivation, or yields nour- ishing grasses for pasturage to the hill-tops. The cast abounds in minerals, the rich deposits of which are only now being disclosed, and the spurs of the mountains contain in the various rocks materials useful for building purposes and ornamental architecture. The Kittatinny range, under the local name of Stone, Bald, Iron, Smoky, and Unika mountains, forms the dividing lino between Tennessee and North Carolina, while the prolongation of the Alleghany chain, of Chestnut Eidge and of Laurel Ridge, traverse the State north and south. The latter, which here takes the name of Cumberland Mountains, spreads out in this State to a breadth of about fifty miles, filling that section of the country which lies be. ween the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers, before they take a western course, with long regular ridges of no great elevation. Perhaps none of their summits exceed 2,000 feet in height, but the chains are continuous, interrupted only at great intervals by gaps or passes. In some places they are rocky and rugged, while in others, and generally, they swell gently from their elevated bases and embosom numerous, delightful, and fertile valleys. The valleys of the small rivers are extremly beautiful, and rich beyond any of the same description west of the Alleghanies. The valleys of the great streams— the Tennessee and Cumberland— differ little from the alluvions of the other great rivers of the central region of the Union. In the small valleys are many fine plantations, so lonely that they seem lost among the mountains. Noble rivers, open to navigation, and fine pure streams, furnishing ample power for economical purposes, are distin- guishing features of Tennessee. The Mississippi washes the western border for 160 miles, and its banks within this State afford some of the most valuable commercial sites to be found in its long course. The Cumberland has its sources and its mouth in Kentucky, but runs for about 250 miles in Tennessee, through which is its most southern bend ; it enters this State about longitude 85° 40', and leaves it about longitude 8S° 12', and within 10 miles to the east of Tennessee Eiver. Steamboats have ascended to Burkesville, in Kentucky, but they rarely pass above Carthage, the point where Caney Fork meets the principal stream. To Nashville, the capital of the State, steamboat navigation is Ciisy and conve- nient. The Tennessee also rises beyond the limits of the State. The Clinch and Holston have their sources in the Alleghany ridge of Virginia, but Uie Watauga, a tributary of the Holston, the Nolichucky, and Big Pigeon, branches of the French Broad River, the Little Tennessee, and the Iliwassee — all rise in the Blue Ridge. The Little Tennessee is often considered as the m.ain river, but it is much inferior to the Holston, with which it unites, and the confluence of the Holston anil Clinch form the Tennessee Eiver. Most of these rivers are navigable by boats, and they receive numerous valuable mill-streams. The junction is effected at Kingston, whence the course of the Tennessee is south and south-west until it enters Alabama, through which State its course is generally west to the Mississippi State line, on which it takes a north direction, through Tennessee and Kentucky, to the Ohio. After re-entering Tennessee, it flows 200 miles within its limits, and is navigable throughout that distance for steamboats. The Elk and Duck rivers are its only considerable tributaries; rising in the same district, on the western slope of the Cumberland Mountains, they reach their common recipient at a distance of 200 miles from each other, and are both navigable for a considerable distance. The Sequatchee is a smaller stream, flowing through a rich and beautiful v.illey in the Cumberland Mountains. Caney Fork, and Stone's Kiver, tlie principal tributaries of the Cumberland, are navigable streams: the former rises within the mountains, and the latter on their western slope. Western Tennessee is almost entirely drained by affluents of the Mississippi. The mineral resources of Tennessee consist of valuable deposits of iron, copper, lead, etc., of which the ores are ex- ceedingly rich ; these are mostly located in the eastern and middle divisions of the State. Copper is of recent discovery, and promises to become a rich acquisition to the known resources of the country. Iron is extensively reduced along the borders of Cumberland River. In December, 1852, there were In this region 19 furnaces, 9 forges, and 2 rolling-mills in operation,* .nd producing in the aggregate 44,5i>0 tons of metal annually. The lead-mines have lieen partially worked * The fulluwiiig statistics are from Hunt's " Merchants' Magazine" for May, ls't3. Number Products. Value nf Capital of Works. 18)2. Products. Invested. Furnaces 19 29,200 tons pig metal $6ii7,lino $766,000 1,045 For;;e8 9 lO.fiOO " blooms 68.3,000 23n,000 260, KollingMills 2 4,700 " bar iron 421,000 225,000 90 Total 30 44,500 $1,673,000 $1,216,000 1,395 1,910 THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. The gold region extends into the north-eastern part of Tennessee, but the metal has not been found in any large quanti- ties. Coal of excellent quality has been mined in the Cumberland Muunlaius, but, except for local purposes, can be of little value, the means of transportation being inferior, and the coal-fields of the Ohio basin being much more accessible and more cheaply wrought. Formerly this coal was mined to a considerable extent, and carried from Crab Orchard Mountain, near Emory's lliver, down the Tennessee to New Orleans. The supposed coal of Williamson, Davidson, and Maury counties is, according to Professor Troost, aluminous slate. The State contains quarries of excellent marble and Other calcareous formations ; gypsum is also abundant; nitrous earths are found in the limestone caverns, and there area variety of other useful minerals throughout the country; east of the Tennessee salt is abundant. In the eastern section there are numerous sulphur and other mineral springs. Many of the caverns are of great extent— some have been ex- ploreil for a distance of ten miles, and contain spacious apartments, and are traversed by considerable streams. The climate of Tennessee is mild and genial, being free from the scorching heals of the South and the chilling blasts of the North. Cattle may graze on the plains throughout the winter. Its salubrity is unquestionable; the low valleys where the waters are stagnant, and the alluvions of the great rivers, being exceptions. The soil of East Tennessee, prin- cipally calcareous, is eminently fertile. In the west the soils vary, and the strata descend from the mountains in the fol- lowing order: first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and sand ; next, yellow clay; next, a mixture of red sand and red clay ; and lastly, white sand. In the southern parts are immense beds of oyster shells, on high table-land, at a distance from any stream. Nearly all the forest trees of the central country are found in this State ; juniper, red cedar, and 8a\in cover the mountains. The pine-forests of the eastern section are valuable for their tar, turpentine, etc. The sugar-maple is very abundant. Fruit in all its varieties is raised in great perfection in every part of the State. The agricullural pro- ductions are similar to those of the Ohio Valley generally, with the addition of cotton, which is grown chiefly in the south and west. The east is chiefly engaged in cattle-raising, and exports largely to the south. Tobacco and hemp are also staples of Tennessee, and in quality are excellent. Tennessee is divided into 79 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: Eastern Tennessee — 2S counties. Farma Manuf. ^.„,..,. Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^^^J™ Johnson 565 . . 3,705 . . 325 . Knox 2,804 . .18.755 . .1,403 . Counties. Anderson nweli. Pop. . 1,091 .. 6.9,W .. Bledsoe 854.. 5.951 .. Blount 1,992 ..12,.3S2 .. Bradley 1.955 ..12,25'J .. Campbell 916 .. 6.(168 .. Carter 1,002 .. 6.296 .. Claiborne .... 1,425 . . 9,369 . . Cooke 1,295.. 8,3(10.. Granger 1.894 ..12.370 .. Greene 2,938 ..17,824 .. Hamilton 1,590 . .10,075 . . nancoek: 939 .. 5,660 .. Hawkins 2.019 ..13,370 .. Jefferson 1,975 698 . 325 . 976. 886 . 521 . 565. 944 . 836. 723. 1,346 . 633 . . 10 787 . . 17 735 . . 21 13,204 . . 904 . . 72 2.. Capitals, Clinton Pikeville 38 . . Marysville 44 . . Cleaveland 14 . . Jacksboro' 47 . . Elizabethtown 24 . . Tazewell 85 . . Newport 84 . . Eutledge 47 . . Greenville . Harrison . Sneedville . Eogersville . Danbridge Marion 957 . . 6,314 . . 724 . Meigs 819 . . 4.879 . . 598 Monroe 1,816 . .11,874 . . 918 Morgan 581 . . 3.430 . . 430 , M'Miim 2,040 . .1.3,906 . .1,688 . .115 Polk 1,012 . . 6,-338 . . 561 . . 11 Ehea 681 Roane 1,812 , Scott 296 Sevier 1.071 SulUvan 1,826 , . 4,415 . . .12,185.. . 1,905 . . . 6,920 . . .11,742 .. 305.. 842.. 290.. 531 .. 816.. 922.. ■sub: Capitals. 42 . . Taylorsville 67 . . KnoxvUle 9 . . Jasper 1 . . Decatur 59 . . Madisonville 3 . . Montgomery Athens Beuton Washington Kingston Counties SweU. Bedford 2.754 . . Cannon 1.326 .. Coffee 1,179 .. Davi.lson .... 4,257 . . Dick.son 1,080 .. De Kalb 1,247 .. Fentress 707 . . Franklin 1,638 .. Giles 2,830 .. Grundy 4.35 . . Hickman 1,296 .. Humphreys . . 919 . . Jackson 2,325 . . Lawrence 1,364 . . Lewis 599 . . Lincoln 3,010 .. Pop 21,513 9,982 8,351 litnls. Middle Tennessee F. ^ Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Popniation. Numerical. Percent, 1790 32,013 361 3,417 3,778 35,791 — — 1800 91,709 309 13,584 13,893 105.602. , .69,811 195.0 1810 215,875 1,317 44.535 45,852 261.727 156,125 147.8 1820 339.927 2.779 80,107 82,856 422,813 ...161,086 61.5 1830 535,646 4.655 141,603 146,258 681,904 259,091 61.2 1840 640,627 5.524 183,059 188,683. . .. .... 829,210 147.306 21.6 1850 756,893 6,271 239,461 245,732 1,002,725 173,615 20.9 The general statistics of the industry, products, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the census returns of 1850, and other official documents referring to the same year, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 5,175,172 acres, and unimproved attached lands, 13,808,849 acres — valued together at $97,851,212. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 72,710, of which 21,232 were in Eastern, 32.545 in Middle, and 18,933 in Western Tennessee. Value of farming implements, etc., $5.360,'J20. ZM'f-.S7w*.— Horses, 270,636 ; asses and mules, 75,303 ; milch cows. 250,456 ; wi or 6.4 deer. 2,950,306 b ush .els, or 64.5 per cent. deer. 225,157 or 73.9 " iner. 7,293,035 or 16.2 « incr. 667,408 or 9.4 " deer. 2,072 or 43.1 « iticr. 2,309 or 13.4 «' Indian corn 44,986,188 " 52,279,223 Oats 7,035,678 " 7,703,086 Barley 4,809 " 2,737 Buckwheat 17,118 " 19,427 OtAer Food Crops.— Uice, 258,854 (in 1840, 7,977) pounds; peas and beans, 369,321 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 1,060,844 bushels, an■ incr. 4,291,167 pounds, or 57.2 Flax ) 1 367.807 pounds ' Sugar — maple > < 158 557 " > « cane [ 258,073 pounds {248^000 « } "'"''• 148,434 pounds, or 57.5 Wine 653galIons 92galIons.. dear. 661 galloni, or 85.9 265 THE STATE OP TENNESSEE. Boms-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1S50, to the valne of $3,137,710. The same claaa Of goods for the cfiisns year of 1840, were vidued at .$2,886,661. Increase $251,0-19. or 8.7 per cent. Mamtfiictiires. — Agiiregalc capital invested, $7,044,144; value of all raw niatirial. fuel, etc., used and consumed, $4,757,2,57; hands employed — males and lemales ; monlhly cnst of labor $ —male $ and female $ ; value of the year's products, $9,443,701 The whole number of manufacturing establishments in opera- tion on the 1st June. 1850, and producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 2,789 — in the Eastern District 941, in Ihc Middle District 1,297, and in the Western District 551, and distributed to the counties of each disirict as exhibit- ed in the general table. Of the aggregate number 33 were cotton factories, 4 woolen factories, 81 iron works — Hi making castings, 23 making pig iron, and 42 making wrought iron— and 394 were tanneries. The total capital employed in man- ufactures, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to $3,731,589. Cotton ninmifactures employ a capital of $(i69.60u; cimsume annually 6,411 bales of cotton, and 3,010 tons of coal, valued :.t $297,500 ; hands employed 891— males 310, and females 581 ; monlhly cost of labor, $7,124— male .$3,392, and fe- male $3 730; produclsof the year— sheeting, etc., 363,250 yards, and yarn 2,326.25ii pounds; value of entire piixlucts, $510,644. In 1840 there were in the State 3S factories, with an aggregate capital amounting to $462,240, employing 1,542 hands, and producing to the annual value of $325,719. Wuol-en miinufniture.f have a capital of $10,900 ; used 6,200 pounds of wool, valued at $1,675; hands employed 17 — males 15, and females 2 ; monthly cost of labor $277 — male $2(55, and female $12; hats manufactured 2, 22l», valued at $6,310. There are probably other woolen factories producing to a less amount than $500 annually. In 1840. the number Of factories was 26, and fulling-mills 4, with an aggregate capital of $25,000, employing 45 hands, and producing to the value of $14,290. Jro7i matiufactures enumerated in the census of 1850, exhibit the following statistical details : Specifirations. Pig Iron. Cist Iron. Wrouglit Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars.... 1,021,400 139,500 775,050 1,9:?5,950 Iron ore used tons 88,810 5,050 9,161 103,011 Pig Iron used " — 1,682 11,696 13,378 Blooms used " — — 325 325 Mineral Coal consumed " 177,167 24,690 6,2.33 208,095 Coke and Charcoal con.sumed httshUs.... 164,000 13,2m0 — 173,200 Value of all raw material, etc dollars... 254.900 90,035 385,616 730,551 Hands employed— male number. . . 1,713 261 731 2,705 " •' female " ... 109 8 55 172 Monthly cost of labor— male dollars... 21,958 4,687 11,111 37,756 " '• " female .... " ... 558 36 275 869 Iron produced tans 30,420 3,-384 10,348 44,152 Value of all other products dollars... 41.9U0 , — 38.800 80,700 Value of entire products " ... 676,100 264,325 670,618 1,611,043 — in 1840 there were in Tennessee 34 furnaces, producing 16,128} tons cast iron, and 99 bloomeries, forges, and rolling- mills, producing 9 673 tons bar iron ; fuel consumed, 187,453 tons; hands employed 2,266, and aggregate capital invested in the manufaciure, $1,514,786. Tanneries employ a capital of $490 320; value of hides and skins, $396,159 ; hands employed 921 — males 916, and fo males 6 ; mil^^^^\ t:::^l^^#l^ ^-^^^ .^^^.^^^.^^__,^.^^^^ THE STATE OE TEIAS. Texas is bounded north by New Mexico and the Indian Territories, from the latter of which it is divided chiefly by the Red and Arl.-y rise near the salines, in a picturesque valUy, an.l are highly apjtricialed fur their medicinal virtues. Kot I'ar Ihini these, and near the Bedais, is a while sulphur spring, supersaturated with magnesia, and possessing all the bealini: properties of the celebrated Virginia springs. Thirty miles west, in the same couTity, is a blue sulphur spring. Near Cibolo, and about thirty miles from Bexar, is a mineral spring, the waters of which are in high repute. Besides these there are others of great value. Kear Carolina, in Montgomery County, is a white sulphur spring, the waters of, which are efTieacious in many distempers. All who have visited Texas concur in aseribing to it the most delightful of climates. Though varying with location from tropical to temperate, it is reniarUaldy pleasant and salubrious. The average notation of the thermometer in the summer season is about 80° Fahr., and refreshing breezes from the south blow almost wilhout interrujilion. During the winter ice is seldom seen, except in the northern part of the State. From March to November but little rain falls. The southerly winds are invigoKiting. In November the slrino to the Nueces, is one enlire belt of timber. The eastern section probably embraces more woodland than any oilier. It is heavily limbered with pine, oak, ash, walnut, hickory, pecan, mulberry, cc;lshilure, Ihey sliall be valid, and form |)art ol the constitution. Finniice.s, Debt, etc. — Acconliii}; lo ihe Comptroller's report, dated 12ih November, 1851, the debt of tlic late Republic Of Texas, whirh has been recognized and adopted by tlie State, iMcluding inieri'sl, amounted ostensibly to <;12,I3G.991, or at par to 4(G.S2T,278. Of tlie dibt, ^9.047 253, or $4,807,774. par. had b.-en filed according to the act (»f 20th Marcli, 1843, and $2,7s9,7oS, 0,966, the number of foreign birth 32,831, and of birth unknown 323. The native population originated as follows: Maine 835, N. Hamp. 19,6(i9, Vermont 232,086, Mass. 15,059, R, I. 801, Conn. 4,551, N. Y. 7,218, N. Jer. 171, Penn. 138, Del. 1, Md. 23, Dist, of Col. 5, Virg 21, N, Car, 7, S, Car. 5, Ga, IS, Flor. 9, Ala. 6, Miss. 5, La. 12, Tex. 1, Ark. 2, Tenn. 6, Ky. 7, Oh. 166, Mich. 86, Ind. 15, III. 34, Mo. 10, la, 5, Wise. ;32, Calif. 0, Territories 1 ; and the foreign popula- tion was composed of persons from — England 1,546, Ireland 15,377, Scotland 1,045, Wales 57, Germany 218, France 40, Bpain 3, Portugal 5, Belgium 0, Holland 2, Italy 7, Austria 0, Switzerland 2, Russia 1, Denmark 1, Norway S, Sweden 0, Prussia 6, Greece 0, Asia 7, Africa 0, British America 14,470, Mexico 0, Central America 0, South America 3, West Indies 6, Sandwich Islands 4, and other countries 23. The following table will show the deceimial progress of the population since the first census of the State : Colored Persons. Derennial increase Census Wliite / Years. rer.sons. Free. 1790 85,144 255 1800 153,908 557 1810 216,963 750 1820 234,846 918 1830 279,771 881 1840 291.213 730 1850 312,902 709 17 Total. Total. Numer, Per cen .272 85,416 — — .557 154.465 69,049 80.8 ,750 217.713 63,248 40,8 .918 2.35,T64 18,051 8,3 ,881 280,652 44,883 19,0 ,780 291,943 11,296 4,0 ,709 313,611 21,563 , T.4 The general statistics of the wealth, industry, productions, manufactures, and institutions of Vermont, as ascertained by the census of 1850, and other official reports made in the same year, afford the following results : Ocotipied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands 2,591,379 acres, and unimproved lands 1,525,368 acres — together valued in cash at .$59,727,7.31. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 29,687. Value of farming implements and machinery $2,790,237. Idve^Stock.— Horses, 61,057; asses and mules, 218; milch cows, 146,146; working oxen, 48,497; otlier cattle, 1.54,025; sheep, 919,992, and swine, 66,278, Compared with the live-stock in the State In 1S40, the following movement is shown: 1810. 18.10. Decrease, 62,402 Live-stock. Horses ) Asses aT;d mules ) Milch cows Working oxen Other cattle Sheep 1,681.819 Swine 203,800 :;[ head \ ^^fif^^T'^ ;■;■;[ 1,127 head, or 1.8 per cent. 384,341 146.146 « 48,497 " 154.025 " .,, ) 919,992 " ., 761,827 66,278 " 137,522 35.673 « or 9.3 or 45.3 or 67.4 —in 1850 the aggregate value of live-stock in cash was f 12,640,243. 379 THE STATE OF VERMONT. Products of Animals.— VfooX 3,410,993 pounds, butter 11,871,451 pounds, cheese 8,729,834 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,871,468. The quantity of wool returned in the census of 1840 was 8,699,235 pounds, or 288,242 pounds more than in 1850, and hence the decrease shown in the latter year amounts 7.8 per cent. The production in relation to the number of sheep, however, has been much larger at the latter than at the former period ; in 1840 it was 35.2 ounces per fleece, and in 1S50, 59.3 ounces. In the production of butter only five States surpass Verumnt, and of cheese only two — New York and Ohio, and of the latter article it produces one-twelfth the quantity made in the Union. Grain Craps.— Vt'hetil 525,925 bushels, rye 176,207 bushels, Indian corn 2,032,016 bushels, oats 2,307,714 bushels, barley 42,147 bushels, and buckwheat 203,699. The crops of 1840 and their comparative quantities, with those of 1850, are as follows : Crops, IS40. 1850. Movement Wheat 495.800 bushels 525,925 bushels incr. 80,125 bushels, or 6.1 per cent Eye 230,993 " 176.207 " deer. 54,786 " or 23.7 " Indiancorn 1,119.678 " 2,032,016 " incr. 912,338 " or 81.5 " Oats 2,222,584 " 2,307,714 » incr. 85,130 " or 87.8 « Barley 54,781 " 42,147 « d&cr. 12,634 « or 28.1 « Buckwheat 228,416 " 208,699 " decr> 19,717 " or 8.6 " Other Food Crops.— 'Beam and peas 104 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 4,947,351 bushels. Tho potato crop reported in the census of 1840 amounted to 8,869,751 bushels, and hence the decrease between the returns of 1840 and 1850 has been 8,922,400 bushels, or 44.2 per centum. MUcelUmeous Crops.— Ihiy, 806,989 tons; clover-seed, 760 bushels; other grass-seed, 14,996 bushels; hops, 258,518 pounds; flax, 20,752 pounds ; flax-seed, 939 bushels ; silk cocoons, 26S pounds; Maple sugar, 5,930,955 pounds; molasses, 6,997 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 249,432 pounds; wine 659 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, 1315,045, and of market-garden proie of Representatives, at present, consists of 230 members, one from each town. Representatives shall be persona noted for wisdom and virtue, resident in the State for the last two years, and for one year in the town. Two-thirds of the members elected are required to form a quorum, when a State tax is voted. The Legislature is renewed annually. The Lieutenant-governor is ex-officio President of the Senate, otherwise the officers of both houses are chosen by the member? thereof respectively The chief (■vecuti'iie is vested in a Governor, chosen annually by a majority of votes. In case of no choice being made, the three candidates having the highest poll numbers are presented lo the Legislature, which in joint ballot elects one of their number to be governor. The Lieutenant-governor and Treasurer are elected in like manner. No one is qualified for these offices unless he has resided in the Slate for the preceding four years. Twelve Councilors, assistants to the executive, are chosen annually by general ticket, and by a plurality of votes. The Governor and Council appoint to offices and fill vacancies, and may grant pardons for all crimes excepting treason and murder, in which they may grant reprieves until the end of the next session of the General Assembly, and e.xcepting also impeachments, which can be reversed only by act of the Assembly. The Governor presides in the Council and has a casting vote only. He may veto a bill, but two- 2^ THE STATE OF VERMONT. thirds of both houses may pass it again, and it thus may become law notwithstanding. He is allowed a Secretary of civil and military affairs, chusen t>y himself and paid by the State. Juflicidri/ paicers are vested in a Supreme Court, consisting of a chief and two assistant justices ; in County Courts, or Courts of Common Pleas comprising four eircuits, each County Court being composed of one Judge of Circuit, elected by the Legislature, who is esc-nfficio chief justice of tlie County Courts of his Circuit, and two assistant judges for e;icli county, elected by ttie people ; and in .Tustices of the Peace. The Supreme Court sits in each county once, and the County Courts twice in each year; an additional term of the Supreme Court is also held once a year in each district, at such time and place as the court may order. Each .Judge of the Supreme Court is Chancellor of a Circuit, The Court of Chancery has two stated sessions annually in each county, and is always in session for all purposes, except the final hearing (!f a cause. An appeal from a decree of the Chancellor lies to the Supreme Court. Judges of the Supreme Court, county and probate Courts, sheriffs, and justices of the peace, are elected by the General Assembly in joint ballot. The Constilulion prohibits slavery, and permits imprisonment for debt only in cases of fraud. It abolishes perpetuities. Every alien of gofid character coming to settle in the State, and swearing allegiance thereto, is permitted to hold land. By a law of 18-50, a homestead of the value of $500 is secured from attachment or execution. Once in .seven years, 13 censors are chosen on one ticket by the people, whose duty it is to inquire whether the Con- stitution has been observed in every particular, etc., and also to call a convention for amending the Constitution within two year.s, six months' public notice beini: given of the amendments proposed. T\i& Jinranch of Monongahela Eiver, and enters the Ohio at Parkersburg. The Kanawha, the 285 THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. principal rivi r of Western Virginia, rises in the Blue Ridge, in North Carolina, and bears the name of New River until it unites wiih Gaiiley River, a small affluent from Greetibrier Moiintiiin. The Greenbrier, above the latter, ami the Elk and Coal rivi-rs below it, are its prieuipal tributaries. It is navigated by steamboats to Charleston, 60 miles from its mouth. The Covington and Ohio R. R., and the James River and Kiinawha Canal travtrse the valley of this river. The Guyan- dotte and Big Sandy enter the Ohio below the Kanawha— the latter forminj partof the boutulary between Kentucky and Virginia. The Ilolsion and Clinch, which drain the south-western section of the Great Valley of Virginia, pass into Ten- nessee, and uniting at Kingston in that State, form the Tennessee River. Virginia is an almost boumlless field of mineral wealth, and within its limits, not only the useful, bu«, also the precions metals are found in one part or the other. GoM, copper, had. iron, coal, salt, lime, marls, gypsum, magnesian and alum earths, marbles, granites, soai)-stones, and sand-stones are among the treasures, as yet for the most part lying unheeded in the bowels of the earth. Mining industry, however, has been commenced, and within the past few years has been ■wonderfully developed. The Urst coal-field is found at the junction of the Tide- Water and Piedmont sections, and this extends from the Pamunky by Richmond to the Appomattox, a distance of about thirty-five miles, with a breadth of from ime or tw< to eight miles. The coal is bitumin lUs, in seams of enormous thickness, being 30, 4(1, and even 60 feet thick, and of excellent quality. Coal has also been found on both sides of the Upper Appomattox. The coal of the Richmond basin is now extensively mined, and a railway to the {)rinci|)al mines has been built to facilitate its transportation to tide-water. Anthracite of great purity is found in the valley from the Potomac to the James River, south of which it contains a considerable portion of bitumen. Beyond the Alleglianies there are some of the most extensive and valuable deposits of bituminous coal in the United St;ite8, which derive additional value from their being associated with not less important beds of iron and salt. At Wheeling, on the Ohio, and for fourteen miles down the river, the bank presents an uninterrupted bed of highly bitu- minous coal, upward of 16 feet thick. The Wheeling basin, indeed, extends for 30 mib s up and down the river in Ohio and Virginia. Another vast field stretches above Clarksburg, on the Monongah la to Pittsburg, and far beyond to tho north-east in Pennsxlvania. There is also a valuable coal-field on the head-waiers of the north branch of the Potomac. Thus we have five tiers of coal seams, with an average thickness of from 30 to 3o feet There ate also coal seams associ- ated with salt springs on the Little Kanawha, and springs of petroleum, or rock oil, occur in the same tract. On the Great Kanawha is a!so a very rich and extensive coal-field ; and on Coal, Gauley, and other rivers in this portion of Western Virginia, the beds of this mineral are frequently brought to view, and in fact ni> better general description can be pre- sented of its extent than that it is almost continuous with the vast beds of sandstone which spread in nearly horizontal planes over nearly the whole of this broad region. The salines of Virginia are almost wholly in the west. Salt-springs occur on the Ilolston, on the New River, and on the Greenbrier; but the most important w( British coal, ami of equal quality, should be reduced to the actual production of less th.m 200,ii00 ton.s, of the value of $650,000, while Great JJritain with little more than half the extent of coal measures, produces annually 37,000,000 tons, of about the value of .$37,1100,000 at the mines, and $180,000,000 at the market of sale. And in regard to the iron-trade, while Virginia has an utilimiled supply of the finest ores, easily accessib.e for use and transportation, with the greatest abun2. .20.868. . 9,4S7. .17,4-30. . 10,.'i27. .10,352. .. 4,400. ,. 5,639. .25,902. .1.5,153.. .43,.572. . 8.872. . 9.853. . 4,020.. . 5,971. . 8,779. .1.007. . 935. . 94. . 3,54. . 728. . 502. .1,-364. . 655. . 616. . 758. , 715. . 563. . li)9. , 564. . 504. , 39S. , 703. . 173. 828. , 610. , 889. . 454. 1.299. . 573. , 4c5. . 301. . 242. 1,3(19. 603.. 4.54. 523. 629., 129.. 279., 3S8. y.sln . 17. .102, . 89. . 5. . 0, . 10. . 16. . 4 . 5. .119. . 51. . 6, . 6. . 30. . 53. . 9. . 71. . 12. . 17. . 8. . 62. . 51. . 47. . 53 . 49. . 24. . 3. . 21. 32. 23(1. , 41. 13. 0. 8. 10. I'lJ' Capitals. . . Accomac . . Charlottesville .. Alexandria .Amelia , .Amherst .Appomattox .Liberty ..Lawrenceville .Buckingham .Campbell .BowlingGreen ..Charlotte .Charles City .Cliesterfield .Culpepper .Cumberland .Dinwiddle .Hampton .Tappahannock .Fairfax . Warrenton .Palmyra . Kocky Mount .Gloucester .Goochlatid .Stannardsville Hicksford .Halifax .Hanover .RlCUMOND .Martinsville .Smithfield .Williamsburg .King George .King William Counties. King & Queen. Lancaster Loud(m Louisa Lunenburg M.-dlison Mathews Mecklenburg . Middlesex Nansemond . . . Nelson New Kent Dwell. 892.. 426. 2,8-34. 1,254. 820. 827. 711. I,5e0. 401. 1.623. 1,217. 535.. Pop. .10,319. . 4,7(t8 .22,079 .16,691 .11,692 . 9.831, . 6,714 .20.630 . 4.394. .12,283. .12.758. 6.064. Fnrms Mnnuf. in cult. . 502. . 299 .1,256 . 8-38, . 54S. . 513. . 293. . 666 , 280. . 731. . 638. 313. . 6..King&Q.C.H . 4.. Lancaster .139..Leesl>urg . 22.. Louisa . 13. .Lunenburg . 38.. Madison . 3.. Mathews . 25.. Boyd town . 14..l'rbanna . 32..Siifi"olk . 70. .Loviiigston . 12.. New Kent Norfolk Northampton . . Norihumberl'd. Nottoway Orange Patrick Pittsylvania . .. Powhatan Prince E«- ' ' < < ' > Bhipping, Vessels. Tons. Crews. Veasels. American 69 12,190 564 187.. Foreign 68 18,775 823 98.. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. 42,091 1,710 256 54.281 . 23,867 956 186 42,142 Crews, 2,274 , 1.784 65,458 2,664 442 90,423 4,058 11,534 474 123 22.172 916 , 26,765 1,163 214 41.046 1,847 1.946 63 14 5,463 194 ,24,821 903 77 26,132 "934 892 44 14 1,610 86 Total 157 80,965 1,892 285 , Alexandria 59 10,638 442 64 Norfolk 74 14,2S1 684 140 Petersburg 9 3,517 131 5 Richmond 8 1,811 76 69 Tappahannock,.. 7 718 42 7 The shipping owned in the several districts of the State in 1850, amounted to 74,071 tons ; of this 18,043 tons was "registered" shipping— 7,092 permanent, and 10,591 temporary; 52,535 tons was "enrolled and licensed"— 51,514 tons permanent, and 1,021 temporary; and 3,493 tons was "licensed under 20 tons." The tonnage of the districts was as follows— Alexandria, 8,738 tons; Norfolk, 24,135 tons; Tetersburg, 2,708 tons; Richmond, 8,458 tons; Yorktown, 4,807 tons ; Tappahannock, 5,824 tons ; Accomac, 4,083 tons ; East River, 4,869 tons ; Yeocomico, 3,284 tons ; Cherrystone 1,282 tons, and Wheeling, 5,984 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, all of which is employed in the coasting and river trade, 8,726 tons are navigated by steam-power— in the Atlantic districts, 2,792 tons, and in Wheeling district, on Ohio River, 5,934 tons. Within the year specified there were built in the State — 1 ship, 1 brig, 27 schooners, and 5 steamers— total, 34 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 8,584 tons. The serial statistics of the foreign commerce from 1791 to 1850, are comprised in the following table Year. Exports. 1791 $3,130,865 , 1792 3,552,825 . 1793 2,987,098 . 1794 3,821,036 . 1795 3,490,041 . 1796 5,268,655 . 1797 4,908,713 , 1793 6,113,451 . 1799 6,292,986 . 1800 4.430,689 , 1801 5,655.574 , 1802 3,978,363 , 1603 6,100,708 , 1804 5,790,001 , 1805 5,606,620 1806 $5,055,396 1807 4,761,234 1808 526,473 1809 2,894,125 1810 4,622,611 Imports. I Year. Exports, Imports. 1811 4,822,307 1S12 3,091,112 1813 1,819,722 1814 17,581 1815 6,676,976 1816 8,212,860 1817 5,628,442 1S18 7,010,246 1819 4.392,821 1820 4,557,957 1821 $3,079,209 $1,078,490 1822 8,217,889 864,162 1823 4,006,783 681,810 1824 8,277,504 639,787 1825 4,129,520 553,502 1826 4,596,732 635,438 1S27 4,657,988 431.765 1828 3,340,1 85 375,233 1829 3,787,431 895,852 1830 4,791,644 405,739 5,409.240 837,.325 6.064,063 691.255 $6,192,040 $1,106,814 3,702,714 813,862 8,986,228 577,142 1S34 . 1835 . 1.836 . 1837 . 1833 . 1S39 — — 1840 4,778,220 545,685 1841 $5,630,286 $377,237 1842 3,750,3=6 816,705 1843 1,957,1 65 187,062 1844 2,942,279 207,654 1845 2,104,581 267,653 1846 $3,529,299 $209,004 1847 5,658,374 386,1 27 1848 3,081,412 215,081 1849 3,373,788 241 ,935 1850 3,415,646 426,599 Internal Communication, etc. — The railroads and canals of Virginia, which are among the most magnificent works of the kind in the Union, extend generally from the Atlantic ports to the West, and are continued through Ohio, Ken- tucky, and Tennessee, to all the chief places in the north-west, west, and south-west. Alexandria, Richmond, and Norfolk are the initial points on the Atlantic; from Alexandria diverge the Orange and Alexandria Railroad and the Manassas Gap R. R.— the one directed toward Gordonville, where it joins the Central road, and the other crossing tho first mountains, and passing down the valley to Harrisburg and Staunton, there unites with tho same line ; the Central Railroad, starting at Richmond, passes through Gordonsville, Staimton, etc., to Covington, and there unites with tho Covington and Ohio Railroad, extending westward to Point Pleasant, on the Ohio, there uniting with the Ohio system, and to the mouth of Big Sandy River, where it joins the Kentucky lines to Maysville, Lexington, and Louisville, and through them connects with the lines stretching to the north and toward Nashville and New Orleans, and from Norfollt 290 Year. Exports, Imports. 1831 4,151 ,475 488,522 1832 4,510,650 553,639 1833 4,467,587 690,891 THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. and Petersburg a. line extemls through the southern counties to the Tennessee line, whence it is continued to Knoxville, connecting at that point with numerous lines directed to every important central station in the south-west, etc. These railroads furnish to the State ample means of transportation, and will carry to and from the seaboard an immense com- mercial material. They will also be the means of reviving the general commerce of the State, and of furnishing an outlet at Virginian ports for much of the produce of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, which now finds its way to more northern markets. In the north-west several lines are being built to connect the systems of Pennsylvania and Maryland with those of Ohio and the "West, and of these the North-western Railroad is, perhaps, the most important, as it will furnish the shortest route from Cincinnati to Baltimore. In the south-east the Seaboard and Koanoke Railroad furnishes an important route from the seaboard into North Carolina. The great southern line of railroads also passes through Virginia, having Fredericksburg, Richmond, and Petersburg in its route, and being continued south and south-west to Wilmington, Columbia, etc. This is the route of the great southern mail. There are, besides these, numerous short lines, branches, etc., diverging from the main lines to several important points. The whole extent of completed railroad in the State on the 1st January, 1853, was 624 miles, and about 800 miles more were in course of construction. The canals of Virginia are — the James River and Kanawha Canal, the Dismal Swamp Canal, and the Alexandria Canal. The Baltimore and Ohio Canal, though in Maryland, is to all intents and purposes as much a canal of Virginia as of that State, being only separated from it by the channel of the Potomac River. The Alexandria Canal, which is a continuation of the Baltimore and Ohio Canal, from Georgetown to Alexandria, is 7i miles long, and is carried over the Potomac on a splendid aqueduct. The James River and Kanawha Canal, second only in extent and importance to the Erie Canal of New York, is carried through the valley of James River, and is now complete to Balcony Falls, from which point it will be continued along the valley of Kanawha River to the Ohio. This great work has been of vast advantage to the interior of Virginia, and on an average transports about $12,000,000 valuation of merchandise. " Without the Erie Canal," says Governor Floyd, " the city of New York would have been second still to Philadelphia. Great as the advantages of this work unquestionably are, those of the James River and Kanawha Canal are undoubtedly superior. It possesses the striking advantage of lying five degrees south of the great northern work, and is therefore free from the ice which obstructs the navigation there for so large a portion of the year. It touches the Ohio River far south of any water communication from the Atlantic whatever, and at a point south of which there can be across the country no other water connection. It will command all the trade of a great part of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana. Illinois, and Missouri, and most probably those regions lying slill higher up toward the sources of the Missouri after that period it Is unsafe to send produce north. We will see," says the governor, " canal boats laden at the Falls of St. Anthony or Council Bluff discharging their cargoes at Lynchburg, Richmond, and Norfolk," etc. This work is now rapidly pro- gressing to completion. The Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound, extending from Deep Creek to Joyce's Creek, 23 miles. At present it is chiefly valuable as an avenue for the transportation of the lumber, naval stores, etc., of the region through which it passes. With such works as the above, who can not but foresee that Virginia will, at no distant day, be one of the most successful commercial States of the Union, and its ports, so long forsaken, the marts of a trade not surpassed by that of the present great emporia of the country. Banks. — In October, 1850, Virginia had 6 banks and SI branch banks. The condition of these establishments, at that date, was as follows : /ir(WZii!i>4— capital, .$9,814,545 ; circulation, $10,256,967 ; deposits, $4,717,732 ; due other banks, $-338,841; and assets— \o&na and discounts, $19,646,777; stocks, $269,914; real estate, $764,282; other investments, $210,498; due by other banks, $1,925,652; notes of other banks, $552,153; and specie, $2,928,174. Since the date of these returns several banks have been established in accordance with the new banking law, depositing security for the redemption of their notes. The returns above given are those of the old chartered banks, which enjoy a high credit at home and abroad. These are — the Bank of the Valley, at Winchester, with branches at Charlestown, Leesburg. Rom- ney, Staunton, and Christianburg ; the Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at Buchanan, Charlestown, Danville, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Portsmouth ; the Exchange Bank of Virginia, at Nor- folk, with branches at Abington, Alexandria, ClarkesviUe, Petersburg, liichmond, Salem, and Weston ; the Farmers' Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at Alexandria, Charlottesville, Danville, Farmville, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, Winchester, and Wythesville ; the Merchants' and Mechanics' Bank, at Wheeling, with branch at Morgantown ; and the North-western Bank of Virginia, at Wheeling, with branches at Jeffersonville, Park- ersburg, and Wellsburg. Governtnent, etc. — The present constitution of Virginia was adopted in convention on the 1st of August and ratified by the people on the 25th of October, 1851. It superseded the constitution of 1776 and the amendments of 1831, The right to vote is given to every white male citizen 21 years old, resident of the State two years, and of the county, city, or town one year next preceding an election. The exceptions are those common to other States. Votes are given ■vivd voce, and not by ballot ; but dumb persons may so vote. The general election is held on the fourth Thursday of Octfiber biennially. The Legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Tlouse of Delegates and a Senate. The house con- sists of 152 members, chosen biennially, apportioned on the basis of the white population. The Senate is based on population and taxation combined, and consists of 50 members, elected in districts by the voters therein for the term of four years, one-half the number being chosen biennially. Delegates must have attained the age of 21 and senators that of 25 years, and none but qualified voters are eligible for election. Persons holding lucrative offices, ministers of the Gospel, salaried officers of banks, and attorneys of the Commonwealth are ineligible. Any elective officer removing from his district vacates his office. In 1865, and decennially thereafter, there shall be a re-apportionment. The sessions of the Legislature commence on the second Monday of January biennially, and continue not more tlian 90 days, unless a prolongation be concurred in by three-fifths of all the members, nor in any case shall a session be extended beyond the ordinary term for more than 30 days. Bills may originate or be amended in either house. The executive poioer is vested in a Governor, elected by the people for four years, commencing from the 1st .January succeeding election. The governor is ineligible for any other office during his terra, and can be elected for two succes- sive terms. He must be 30 years of age, a native citizen of the United States, and for 5 years a citizen of the State. He must reside at the seat of government, A Lieutenant-governor, with like qualifications, etc., is elected for a like term, and is the constitutional successor of the governor in case of death or disability ; he is also eo>officio president of the Senate. The principal administrative officers are — a Secretary of the Commonwealth, a Treasurer, and an Auditor of Public Accounts. These are elected by joint vote of the General Assembly for two years. For the purpose of electing the 291 THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. Board of Public Works, the State is divided into three districts, each of which shall elect one commissioner. Their term is six years, and tliey are so classified that one of their number shall retire every two years. The General Assembly by a three-filths vote may abolish the board. The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court of Appeals, District Courts, and Circuit Courts. In each circuit (21 in number), a jud^e is elected by the voters for tlie terra of eight years, and who holds two circuit courts in the counties of his circuit annually. In each district (10 in number), a district court is held by tlie judges of the circuits constituting the District, and the Judge of the Supreme Court for the Section, any three of whom may hold a court. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals are also elected by the voters for 12 years, each section (5 in number), electing 1 Judge. The 5 judges so elected constitute the Supreme Court, any three of whom may hold a circuit. It has jurisdiction only where the matter iu controversy is not less in value than $500, except in certain specified eases. Special Courts of Appeal may be organized. Circuit Judges must not be less than 30, nor Supreme Court Judges less than 35 years of age, and no election for judges shall be held within 80 days of the time of holding the election for President, for Congressmen, or for members of the State Legislature. Officers of the Supreme and District Courts are appointed by the Judges thereof; but Clerks of Circuits are elected by the voters for six years. When a Governor is elected, an Attorney-general is also elected for the term of four years. County Courts are held monthly by not less than three, nor more than five Justices. Each county is divided into dis- tricts, and each district elects 4 Justices for the term of 4 years. The Justices so elected choose one of their own body to attend each terra of the Court, and classify the rest for the performance of their duties. The voters of each county elect also a Clerk of the County Court, and a Surveyor, for 6 years, an Attorney of the Commonwealth for 4 years, and a Sheriff, and Commissioner of the Kevenue, for 2 years. Constables and overseers of the poor are elected by the voters. Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution are the following : the writ of iMheas corpus shall not be sus- pended, nor shall any bill of attainder be passed, nor any ev.-pxM-facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, or taking private property without just compensation, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or establishing any religion, or prescribing any religious test, or conferring any privileges or advantages on any one sect or denomination; no law shall erabrace more than one object, and when amended, shall be reenacted at length; provision may be made, rendering ineligible for office those who fig'it or are engaged in a duel; the Senate shall try impeachments made by the House, and may sit for this purpose during recess ; slaves hereafter emancipated shall forfeit their freedom by remaining in the Commonwealth more than 12 months ; restrictions may be imposed upon emancipation, but the General Assembly shall not emancipate ; it may relieve the State from the free negroes by removal or otherwise; yeas and nays shall be taken on all tax and appropriation bills ; no incorporated company shall be released from its liability to the State, nor shall the faith of the State be pledged for the debts of any company ; seven per cent, of the State debt existing, Ist January, 1S52, shall be annually set apart as a sinking fund to redeem said debt ; no loans shall be contracted for a longer period than 34 years ; whenever a debt is contracted, there shall be set apart annually for 84 years, a sum exceeding by one per cent, the aggregate amount of the annual interest agreed to be paid thereon at the time of its contraction, which sum shall be a part of the sinking fund ; stocks held by the Commonwealth may be sold, but the proceeds must be applied to the payment of the public debt ; no charter shall be granted to any church, but title to church property may be granted to a limited extent; no lottery shall be authorized, and the buying and selling of tickets shall be prohibited; no new county shall be formed with an area less than 600 square miles ; powers shall be conferred on the Courts exclusively to grant divorces, to change tlie names of persons, and direct the sale of infants' estates; there shall be a periodical regis- tration of voters, and of births, marriages, and deaths, annually ; a census shall be taken every five years after the national census. Federal Representation.— In accordance with the act of 23d May, 1S53, Virginia elects thirte^i representatives to the Congress of the United States. The militia force of the State, in 1831, consisted of 125,128 men of all arms, of which number 6,494 were commissioned officers, and 118,6-34 non-commissiuned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 32 were general officers, 60 general staff-officers, 1,423 field-officers, etc., and 4,973 company officers. All white persons between the ages of IS and 45 are subject to military duty. The princijjul benevolent institutions of the State are the Lunatic Asylum, at Staunton, and the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, at the same place. These institutions are liberally supported by annual legislative appropriations. Public Finances, etc. — The aggregate debt of Virginia, on the 1st April, 1851, was as follows : Kevolutionary War debt (6 p. c), $24,039 17 ; war debt of 1812 (7 p. c.), $319,000 ; internal improvement debt (6 p. c), $9,864,916 04 ; internal Improvement debt (5 p. c), $1,065,600; internal improvement debt (5J p. c), $25,300; debt for subscription to banks, $460,107 — total debt, $11,248,962 21 ; but of this there was held by State agents, under the control of the Legislature— by Literary Fund $1,125,606 50, and by Board of Public Works $375,912 41, or in all $1,501,518 91, leaving an actual out- standing debt of $9,747,443 30. The State is also liable conditionally for guaranteed bonds for internal Improvements $3,947,894. The State holds assets, consisting of stocks and debts due — productive of $7,060,565 48, and — not now pro- ductive, $6,052,206 53 : total $13,112,832 11. The valuation of property, real and personal, assessed for taxation, in 1850, amounted to $-381 ,370,000. The valuation of the same, according to the U. S. census of that year, was $430,701,082. The valuation for taxes in May, 1852, amounted to $415,542,189 70, being an increase of over $84,000,000 in two years, and it was estimate5 persons, sailed from London in December, 1606, and after a tedious and circuitous passage entered the Bay of Chesapeake in April, 1607. On a peninsula a little distance up James River, a settlement called Jamestown was begun. The colonists soon experienced the difficulties of their new position, and to the great exertions of Captain John Smith, distinguished among the adventurers of the age, the colony was indebted to its pres- ervation. An inoi iting the region to be traversed ; but for any demonstration of an opposite feeling, the party will be well prepared. The Hudson's Bay Company has manifested a laudable disposition to render every aid in its power to facilitate the operations of the expedition, and the hospitality of its posts, and the friendly offices of its agents, may be depended upon. Though some of the Indian tribes of this territory are reputed to be ferocious and malignant in character, they are generally superior to those of Jieir race with whom we are better acquainted. In industry, thrift, and intelligence, they far excel the eastern tribes. To act justly toward them, and to merit their respect and confidence, will be the policy of Governor Stevens and his companions, in commendation of whom we might say much, did we not know that they possess the entire confidence of the administration and of the country. Their duty is one of some peril, and will be attended with great privations and hardships. Often, we doubt not, apparent impossibilities will arise before them in such form as would deter irresolute men from the consummation of the task assigned them. But the reality of such appearances will undoubtedly in each instance be fully tested by this chosen band, in whose safety and welfare, and in the triumph and success of whose enterprise, their whole country will feel the deepest interest. 297 THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. ■Wisconsin embraces all of that portion of the North West Territory lying north of the parallel of 42° 30' north latitude, and west of Lake Michigan, excepting the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and that part of Minnesota lying east of the Mississippi Eiver. It is bounded north by Minnesota and Michigan : northeast and east by Lake Michigan ; south by Illinois, and west by Iowa and Minnesota; or, according to the constitution, as follows, to wit: "Beginning at the north- cast comer of the State of Illinois, that is to say, at a point in the centre of Lake Michigan, where the line of 42° 30' of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menomonee River ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Bnile Kiver ; thence op said last-mentioned river to Lake Bnile ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brdle, in a direct line to the centre of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal Kiver, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Montreal Eiver to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the centre of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis Kiver ; thenco up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollet's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the river St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the centre of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois, to the place of beginning." Its greatest extent north and south is 2S5 miles, and east and west 255 miles. Its land area is 53,924 square miles. The natural feature peculiar to Wisconsin, says J. W. Hunt, Esq., in his Gazetteer of the State, published 1S53, is the uniformity of its elevation, and shape of its surface, which is neither mountainous, hilly, nor flat, but gently undulating. The country west of Sugar Kiver and south of the Wisconsin is somewhat broken, principally by the dividing ridge upon which the roail from Madison to Prairie du Chien passes. In this section, known as the Mines, are several peculiar elevations called Mounds. West of the Wisconsin Kiver is a range of high hills, being the only elevations in the State either deserving or assuming the dignity of mountains. The south-eastern portion of the State is marked by ravines at the streams, but little depressed below the surrounding level. Its prominent features are the prairie, destitute of tree or shrub, covered only by a luxuriant growth of grass, interspersed with flowers of every hue ; the oak opening, the lake, the woodland on the border of streams, and the natural meadow. Proceeding north, to the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and Green Bay, the timber increases, and the soil gradually changes from the vegetable mold of the prairie to a sandy loam. The surface also becomes somewhat depressed and uneven, diversifled with timber, rolling prairie, large marshes and extensive swamps, having an abundant growth of cranberries and wild rice. Still, north and west the surface be- comes more uneven, and the streams rapid, affording an abundance of water-power for the manufacture of lumber from the immense forests of evergreen, scarcely surpassed on the Western Continent. The soil of the prairie consists of a dark brown vegetable mold, from one to two feet in depth, very mellow, and entirely destitute of stone or gravel, and, for fertility and agricultural properties, can not be surpassed. The subsoil is a clayish loam, similar to the soil of the timbered lands, and is also suitable for cultivation. The soil of the timbered land is less rich than the prairie, not so deep, and contains less carbonate of lime, which enters into the composition of the latter in the proportion of from 20 to 40 per cent. The mining region, unlike that of any other mineral district, promises a liberal reward, as well to the farmer as to the miner. The soil of the evergreen district is mostly sandy, and not so rich as in other portions of the State. It is nevertheless well adapted to agriculture and grazing. The prairies of Wisconsin are not so extensive as those of other States, and are so skirted and belted by timber, that they are well adapted to imme- diate and profitable occupation. The openings, which comprise a large portion of the finest land of the State, owe their present condition to the action of the annual fires which have kept under all other forest growth, except those varieties of oak which can withstand the sweep of that element. This annual burning of an exuberant growth of grasses and of under-brush, has been adding, perhaps for ages, to the productive power of the soil, and preparing it for the plow- share. It is the great fact, nature has thus " cleared up" Wisconsin to the hand of the settler, and enriched it by yearly burnings, and has at the same time left sufficient timber on the grouml for fence and fire wood, that explains, in a great measure, the capacity it has exhibited, and is now exhibiting, for rapid settlement and early maturity. There is another flict important to be notied in this connection. The low level prairie, or natural meadow, of moderate extent, is so generally distributed over the face of the country, that the settler on a fine section of arable land finds on his own farm, or in his immediate neighborhood, abundant pasturage for his stock in summer, on the open range; and hay for the winter for the cutting — the bounty of Nature supplying his need in this behalf till the cultivated grasses may be introduced and become sufficient for his use. The limestone underlying the coal fields of Illinois forms the immediate basis of the alluvion of Southern Wisconsin. This geological district, in addition to that portion of the State which lies southerly of the valley of the Wisconsin River, comprises the whole of the slope toward Lake Michigan. In many portions of this district the lime rock dis- appears, and the out-cropping standstone furnishes a fine material for building. The lead-bearing rock of the mineral region is a porous limestone, prevailing throughout Grant, Lafayette, and Iowa counties, comprising four-fifths of the "lead district" of the Upper Mississippi, the remaining one-fifth being in the States of Illinois and Iowa. Deposits of iron ore, water limestone, and beds of gypsum, together with other varieties of minerals, are found in localities more or less numerous throughout the limestone region. All of that section of the Slate which lies between Lake Superior on the north and the Falls of St. Anthony on the Mississippi, and the falls of the other rivers flowing southerly, is primitive in ita prevailing geological character; and it is within this primitive* region that the copper mines of Lake Superior are tHE STATE OF WISCONSIN. found — probably the richest in the world, and apparently inexhaustible. In all that portion of the State lying betw'een the primitive region just described and the limestone formation of the south and east, the transition sandstone prevails, interspersed with limestone and more sparsely with rock of a primitive character. Tliis formation comprises that section of the country drained by the 'Wisconsin and other rivers tribj^tary to the Upper Mississippi and below the falls of those streams. Within this geological district are found quarries of white marble, which promise to be abundant and valuable. Wisconsin, says J. A. Lapham, Esq., does not fall behind the other portions of the Western country in the monu- ments it affords of the existence of an ancient people who once inhabited North America, but of whom nothing is known except what can be gathered from some of the results of their labors. The works at Aztalan, in Jefferson County, are most known and visited, but there are many other localities which are said to equal them in interest and importance. The substance called brick at this place is evidently burned clay, showing marks of having been mixed with straw, but they were not molded into regular forms. There is a class of ancient earth-works iu Wisconsin, not before found in any other country, being made to represent quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and even the human form. These representa- tions are rather rude, and it is often ditheult to decide for what species of animal they are intended ; but the effects of time may have modified their appearance very much since they were originally funned. Some have a resemblance to the buflalo, the eagle or crane, or to the turtle or lizard. One representing the human form, near the Blue Mounds, is, according to E. C. Taylor, Esq., 120 feet in length ; it lies in an east and west direction, the head toward the west, with the arms and legs extended. The body or trunk is SO feet in breadth, the head 25, and its elevation above the general surface of the prairie is about 6 feet. Its conformation is so distinct that there can be no possibility of mistake in assign- ing it to the human figure.* A mound at Prairieville, representing a turtle, is about 5 feet high, the body is 56 feet in length ; it represents the animal with its legs extended and its feet turned backward. It is to be regretted that this interesting mound is now nearly destroyed. The ancient works are found in all parts of the territory, but are most abundant at Aztalan, on Eock Kiver, near the Blue Mounds, along the Wisconsin, the Neenah, and the Pishtaka rivers, and near Lake Winnebago. The mounds are generally scattered about without any apparent order or arrangement, but are occasionally arranged in irregular rows, the animals appearing as if drawn up in a line of march. An instance of this kind is seen near the road, seven miles east from the Blue Mounds, in Iowa County. At one place near the Four Lakes it is said that one hundred tumuli, of various shapes and dimensions, may be counted — those representing animals being among others that are round or oblong. Fragments of ancient pottery of a very rude kind are often found in various localities. They were formed by hand, or molded, as their appearance shows evidently that these vessels were not turned on a " potter's wheel." Parts of the rim of vessels, usually ornamented with small notches or figures, are most abundant. A mound is said to have been discovered near Cassville, on the Mississippi, which is supposed to represent an animal having a trunk like the elephant, or the now extinct mastodon. Should this prove true, it will show that the people who made these animal earth-works, were cotemporaries with that huge monster whose bones are still occasion- ally found ; or that they had then but recently emigrated from Asia, and had not lost their knowledge of the elephant. The salubrity of the climate (Mr. Lapham is again quoted), the purity of the atmosphere and of the water, which is usually obtained from copious living springs, the coolness and short din-ation of summer, and the dryness of the air dur- ing winter, all conspire to render Wisconsin one of the most healthy portions of the United States. The wet meadows, marshes, and swamps are constantly supplied with pure water from springs ; and as they are not exposed during summer to a burning heat, they do not send forth those noxious and deleterious qualities so much dreaded in more southern and less favored latitudes. Many of our most flourishing towns and settlements are in the immediate vicinity of large swamps and partially overflown meadows, yet no injurious effects upon the general health are produced by them. It has usually been found, in making new settlements in the Western wilderness, that as the fjrests are cleared away, and the surface thereby exposed to the direct influence of the sun and winds, a deleterious effect is produced on the general health— the decaying vegetable matter being thus suddenly made to send forth its malarious qualities. But in Wisconsin no such result is apprehended, or can be produced, for a large proportion of the country consists of oak-opening and prairie, and may therefore be considered as already cleared. The removal of the few remaining " burr oaks" can not have the same effect upon the soil as the cutting down of the dense forests of the other States. And besides this, the fires that have an- nually raged over the surface, often kindled purposely by the Indians, on their hunting excursions, have prevented that rapid accumulation of vegetable matter which is always found in deep shady woods, where the fires do not so often pene- trate. It is believed that the facts here stated will be sufficient to satisfy the reader of the truth of the opinion expressed by our most intelligent physicians, that Wisconsin is, and will continue to be, one of the most healthy places in the world. The amount of lead shipped fi-om Galena during the last year was 40,000,000 pounds, nine-tenths of which was raised in Wisconsin. Considerable more than the remaining one-tenth of the amount above stated has been shipped from ports in this State, from which it will be seen that this estimate is small. To the practical miner, as capitalist or operative, the lead region of the Upper Mississippi offers the most substantial inducements to settlement. The exceeding abundance and richness of the mineral, the comparative ease with whicli it may be mined, and the high price it commands the mo- ment it is brought to the surface, open to the industrious and prudent operator a highway to wealth. New leads of the richest promise have been recently discovered in the mineral district, and an increasing emigration to that section of the State promises to replace the California draft, and to meet the growing demand for the mineral. The copper mines of Lake Superior are of established celebrity throughout the world, and open an inviting field for enterprise. The mining interest in that region is fast losing its character of adventure, and is attracting the attention of the prudent capitalist and the practical miner, as a remunerative branch of business. The iron mines of Wisconsin have not yet been opened to any extent, but are worthy the attention of the immigrant. There are rich localities of ore near the head-waters of the Eock, and on the Upper Mississippi and its branches. The following statement exhibits the shipment of lead from Galena from the year 1841 to 1852 inclusive, and the value of the same at four dollars per hundred weight: Years, No. of Pounds. Value. 1S41 29,749,909 $1,189,996 1842 29,424.329 1,176,973 1843 36,878,797 1,475,151 1844 41,036,293 1,641,451 No. of Pounds. Value, 1845 51,144,822 $2,045,792 1846 48,007,938 1,920,317 1847 50,999,303 2,039,972 1848 49,783,737 1,991,349 Years, No, of Pounds. • Value. 1849 45,985,839 $1,839,4-33 1850 41,485,900 1,659,436 1851 34,500,384 1,880,015 1852 40,000,000 1,600,000 * Tlie reader is referred to the " Notice of Indian Irtounds, etc., in Wisconsin,'' in Silliman's Journal, vol. xxxiv. p. 88, by R. C. Taylor, and to the " Description of Ancient Remains in Wisconsin," by S. Taylor, vol. xliv. p. 21, of the same work, for more detailed descriptions, and drawings of these interesting animal mounds. 299 THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. There are also large qiiantilies of lead shipped at different points along the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers, the precise amount of which no data has been furnished upon which an intelligent estimate can be made. In reviewing the forego- ing statement, it should be recollected that Wisconsin is rajjidly increasing, not only in population and wealth, but in the amount and quality of its resources, manufactures, and products. The richness of the soil of Wisconsin, and its ability to produce in abundance all kinds of grain, as well as the facility by which ihe lands are brought under subjection, create a permanent demand for all kinds of agricultural implements and mechanical labor. Architectural elegance in public and private buildings, and elaborate perfection in complicated machinery is not to be expected in new settlements ; but many of them in Wisconsin compare favorably with those of the older States. The rapid growth of towns, and the great influx of farmers with their families, create a necessity for tem- porary buildings, soon to be superseded by comfortable dwellings and out-houses, and give constant employ f(>r the mason, the carpenter, and all other mechanics. The immense flouring-mills of the Slate already in operation, as well as those in progress of erection, provide labor for the millwright and machinist, anil furnish not only their respective vicinities with all kinds of mill stuff, but more than 100,000 barrels of flour annually for exportation. To the lumberman, the pineries of Wisconsin present inducements for investment and settlement, which can be hardly overrated. That of the Upper Wisconsin and its tributaries is the most extensive; and distinguished' still more for the fine quality than the inexhaustible quantities of its timber. The other localities of the white pine and other evergreens are mainly on the Wolf, the great northern atBuent of the Fox, the tributaries of Green Bay, and on the La Crosse, the Black, Chippewa, and the St. Croix, branches of the Upper Mississippi. The rapids of tlicse streams furnish abundant water-power for the manufacture of lumber, and on the annual spring rise, and occasional freshets at other seasons of the year, the yield of the mills is floated from the Wolf into Lake Winnebago and the Lower Fox, and from most of the other streams into the Mississippi. Scarcely ten years have elapsed since the Alleghany pine of Western New York and Penn- sylvania had undisputed possession of the market, not only of the Ohio Valley, but of the Mississippi and its tributaries above New Orleans, at which point it competed with the lumber of Maine and New Brunswick. The course of the lumber trade may now be considered as permanently changed. The pineries of Wisconsin now control, and will hold exclusive possession of the market of the valleys of the Mississippi and its great western affluents. The amount of pine lumber estimated to be sawed iu Wisconsin annually, is as follows : Black Eiver, 15,000,000 ; Chippewa, 28,500,000 ; Green Bay, 21,000,000; Manitouwoc, 24,500,000; St. Croix, 20,000,000; Wisconsin, 58,500,000; "Wolf, 25,500,000— total number of feet, 193,000,000. Aside from the manufacture of pine lumber, reaching as it does nearly 200,000,000 feet per year, saw-mills, driven by both steam and hydraulic power, are now in operation in every section of the State where timber is found, and large quantities of oak scantling and plank, and basswood siding and lath, are yearly manufactured. Wisconsin is divided into 31 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : Farms Manuf. „ .. , in cult. Estab. Capitals. 35.. 22..ManitouwocE. Counties. Dwell. Adams 40.. Brown 1,003.. Calumet 883.. Chippewa 94. . Columbia 1,853.. Crawford 5T1.. 2,493 80. Dane 3,203. .16,641. .1,501. Pop. 187. 6,215. 1,743. 614. incult. E8tab.' Capitals. 0.. CAdamsC. H. 190.. 27..DePere 125.. 4. .Stockbridge 0.. S.ChippewaC.H. 9,565.. 833.. 24.. Ft. Winnebago 11. .Prair. duChien 87.. Madison Counties, Dwell. Manitouwoc 715 . Mar,athon 76. Marquette 1,778. Milwaukie 5,630. .31,077 Portage 204.. 1,250 Pop. 3,702. 508.. 7.. 15..Wau3au 8,642.. 827.. 7.. Marquette 935.. 236.. Milwaukie 5.. 15.. Plover Portage Racine 2,578. .14,978. . 971 . .104. .Racine Richland 178 . . 903 . . 58 . . 4. . Richland Cent. Rock 3,618. .20,708. .1,965. .125. . Janesville Saint Croix 181.. 624.. 4.. 2.. Willow River Sauk 844.. 4,371.. 245.. 7..Baraboo Sheboygan 1 ,7S3 . . 8,378 . . 328 . . 29 . . Sheboygan Walworth 3,112. .17,861. .1,834. . 81..Elkhoru Wiishington 8,770. .19,484. .1.353.. 22.. Ozaukee Waukesha 8,408 . .19,174. .1,703. . 78. .Waukesha Winnebago ,...1,889.. 10,125., 888.. 32..08hkosh Dodge 3.600.. 19,138.. 2,1.32.. 28.. Juneau Fond du Lac... 2,721.. 14,463.. 921.. 16. .Fond du Lac Grant 2,861. .16,170. . 704.. 78 .. Lancaster Greene 1,481.. 8,563.. 763.. 45. .Monroe Iowa 1,846.. 9,530.. 470.. 24. .Mineral Point Jefferson 2,934.. 15,317.. 982.. 74. .Jefferson Kenosha 1, 812.. 10,732. . 914.. 51. .Kenosha Lafayette 2,076. .11,541. . 399.. 21. .Shullsburg. LaPointe 74.. 489.. 5.. L.LaPointe The whole wimber of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 56,316; of families, 57,008; and of inhabitants, 805,191 ; viz., whites 304,565— males 164,221, and females 140,344 ; fr. col. 626— males 305, and females 261. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb — wh. 65, fr. col. — total G5; hlind — wh. 50, fr. col. — total 50; insane — wh. 4S, fr. col. 0— total 48 ; and idiotic— yih. 76, fr. col. 1— total 77. The number of free persons born in the United States was 197,912, the number of foreign birth 106,695, and of birth unknown 784. The natiTe population originated as follows: Maine 3,252, N. Ilamp. 2,520, Verm. 10,157, Mass. 6,285, R. I. 690, Conn. 4,125, N. York 63,595, N. Jer. 1,566, Penn. 9,571, Del. 141, Md. 462, Dist. of Col. 33, Virg. 1,611, N. Car. 322, S. Car. 107, Ga. 495, Flor. 4, Ala. 49, Miss. 35, La. 78, Tex. 4» Ark. 67, Tenn. 449, Ky. 1,429, Ohio 11,402, Mich. 1,900, Ind. 2,773, 111. 5,292, Mo. 1,012, la. 445, Wi^conMn 63,015, Calif. 0, Territories 26 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 18,952, Ireland 21,043, Scotland 3,527, Wales 4,319, Germany 34,519, France 775, Spain 4, Portugal 4, Belgium 45, Holland 1,157, Italy 9, Austria 61, Switzerland 1,244, Russia 71, Denmark 146, Norway 8,651, Sweden 88, Prussia 3,545, Sardinia 1, Greece 1, Asia 17, Aft-ica 1, British America 8,277, Mexico 9, Central America 11, South America 6, West Indies 20, and other countries 191. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first general census of the State : C , Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical Percent, 1840 80,749 185 11 196 80,946 — — 1850 304,565 626 — 626 305,191 274,246 886.2 The general statistics of the resources, productions, manufactures, wealth, and institutions of Wisconsin, in accordance with the census of 1850, and other authentic reports referring to the same period of time, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved IVirm lands, 1,045,499 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,931,159 acres — together valued at 128,523.503. The total number of farms in operation on the Ist June, 1850, was 20,177. Value of farming implements and machinery $1,641,568 800 THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Iwe-Siock.—'Uorses, 30,179 ; asses anJ mules, 156 ; milch cows, 64,339 ; working-oxen, 42,801 ; other cattle, 76,293 ; sheep, 124,892 ; and swine, 159,2T6. The live-stock of 1S40 and of 1S50 compared, give the following results : Live-stock. 1840. 1S50. Increase. Dorses I 5,735 head -j 30,179 head ) 24,600 head, or 428.9perceut Asses and Mules ' ' 156 " ) Milch Cows ) ( &4,.339 " » Working Oxen > 80,269 " -< 42,S01 " [• 153,164 " or 506.0 " Other Cattle ' ( 76,293 " J Sheep 34,624 " 124,892 " 121,430 " or 3,507.5 " Swine 51,383 " 159,276 " 107,393 « or 209.8 " — in 1850, the value of live-stock amounted to $4,879,385. Products of Animals.— "Woo}, 253,963 pounds; butter, 3,633,750 pounds; cheese, 400,283 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $920,178. The wool crop of the census year of 1840 amounted to 6,777 pounds ; and hence that of 1850 exhibits an increase of 247,186 pounds, or of 3,499.8 per centum. The clip per fleece, in 1840, was 31.3 ounces, and in 1850, 32.5 ounces — being an average Increase of 1.2 ounces per fleece. Grain Crops.— Wheat, 4,286,131 bushels; rye, 81,253 bushels; Indian corn, 1,988,779 bushels; oats, 8,414,672 bushels; barley, 209,692 bushels ; and buckwheat, 79,878 bushels. These crops, compared with the crops of 1840, result as follows : Crops. 1840. 1860. Increase. Wheat 212,116 bushels 4,286,131 bushels 4,074,015 bushels, or 1,920.6 per cent. Bye 1,965 " 81,253 " 79,283 " or 4,0-35.1 " Indian com 379,359 " 1,988,979 " 1,609,620 " or 426.9 " Oats 406,514 " 3,414,672 " 3,008,153 " or 739.8 " Barlev 11,062 " 209,692 " 193,630 " or 1,795.6 « Buckwheat 10,654 " 79,878 " 69,224 " or 649.8 " Other Food Crops.— Peas and beans, 20,657 bushels; potatoes, Irish, 1,402,077 bushels, and sweet 879 bushels. The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 419,603 bushels ; and hence the crop of 1850 exhibiU an increase of 983,343 bushels, or 234.3 per centum. Miscellaneous Crops.— Tobacco, 1,268 pounds; hay, 275,662 tons; clover-seed, 433, and other grass-seed, 342 bushels; hops, 15,930 pounds ; hemp— dew-rotted, 300 tons, and— water-rotted, 2 tons ; flax, 68,393 pounds ; flax-seed, 1,191 bushels ; maple sugar, 610,976 pounds; molasses, 9,874 gallons; beeswax and honey, 131,005 pounds; wine, 113 gallons, etc., etc. Value of orchard products, $4,823, and of market-garden products, $32,142. The principal crops, compared with similar crops of 1840, exhibit the results appended : Crops. 18-10. 1850. Increase. Hay 30,933 tons 275,662 tons 244,724 tons or 802.6 per cent. Hops 133 pounds 15,930 pounds 15,797 pounds, or 11,125.5 " Hemp — dew-rotted . .. \ i 300 tons j " water-rotted... J- 2 tons < 2 " [•.. 744,392 " or 16,526.6 « Flax I ' 68,393 pounds ) Maple-sugar 135,288 pounds 610,976 " 475,658 " or 851.6 " Wine Ogallons 113 gaUons 113 gallons or 11,300.0 " Eome-made manufactures were produced, in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $43,621. The same class of goods made in the cen.sus year of 1840, was valued at $12,567. Manufactures.- A^gregsAe capital invested, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; average number of hands employed, —males , and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ -to males $ and to females $ ; value of products of the year, $ The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the Ist June, 1850, and manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 1,273, the groat portion of them being mills of various descriptions, and other agricultural manufactories, and of the strictly national man- ufactures the following : 9 woolen factories, 16 iron works — one making pig iron, and 15 making castings ; and 8 tanneries. The total capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $635,926. In the woolen manufacture there is a capital of $31,225 invested ; wool consumed, 1-34,200 pounds ; value of all raw material, etc., $32,630 ; hands employed, 25 ; monthly wages paid, $562; products of the year— cloth 36,000 yards, and yarn 94,850 pounds ; value of products $87,992. This interest has risen to its present condition since 1840. The capital invested in the manufacture of pig iron is $15,000 ; ore used, 3,000 tons ; coke and charcoal consumed, 150,000 bushels ; hands employed, 60; monthly wages $1,800 ; pig iron produced in the year, 1,000 tons; value of entire products, $27,000. In the manufacture of iron castings, a capital of $116,350 is invested ; pig iron used, 1,371 tons: old metal, 15 tons; coal 595 tons; and coke and charcoal, 2,700 bushels ; value of all raw material, etc., used in the year, $86,930 ; hands employed, 228; average monthly wages, $26 73; products of the year— castings 1,342 tons, and, including $64,025, the value of other products, these were valued at $216,195. In 1840, there was but one furnace in the State, which produced only 8 tons cast iron, and employed 3 hands, and a capital of $800. In ta-rtwe^'ie-s, the capital invested amounts to $73,950 ; value of hides and skins used, $93,380; hands employed, 75; monthly cost of labor, $1,710 ; tanned during the year, 14,900 skins, and 59,600 sides of leather, valued at $175,710. In 1840, but one tannery was reported, employing 8 hands and $2,000, and producing annually 150 sides of sole leather, and 150 sides of upper leather. The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors amounts to $98,700 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed— barley, 91,020 bushels ; corn, 29,900 bushels ; rye, 9,200 bushels ; hops, 28 tons ; hands employed, 98 ; quantities of liquors produced— ale, etc., 31,820 barrels ; whisky, 127,000 gallons. In 1840, there were 3 breweries, producing 14,200 gallons ale, etc., and 3 distilleries, producing 8,300 gallons spirits, etc., together employing 11 hands, and a capital of $14,400. Commerce and Internal Improvements. — The commerce of Wisconsin, chiefly carried on at its lake ports, is very Taluable and extensive. The statistics of its foreign trade with Canada are embraced in those of the districts of Mich- 801 THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. iJIimackinac and Chicago, and hence can not be stated separately. The trade in that direction, however, is not large. The coasliiig trade is relatively of immense importance, both on the lake and on the Mississippi. The exports and im- ports at the lake ports are shown under the head of Lake Michigan. The chief ports of the Mississippi are Prairie da Chien, Ca-SN ille, etc., and tiie exports from those are chiefly mineral. The internal commerce of the State is carried on with great activity, radiating from the principal commercial towns to every portion, and large supplies are needt-d in the northern pineries, which supply so valuable a material to general commerce. The internal improvements of Wisconsin are more prospective than existing, but great progress has been made in building railroads, one of which will extend along the lake shore from Chicago to Fond lelo is that from Milwaukie to Madison, which, under the name of Milwaukie and Mississippi K. E., will stretch across the Slate. The improvement of Fox and Wisconsin rivers is in progress, with the intention ultimately of connecting the rivers by a canal, and thus giving uninterrupted navigation from the lake to the Mississippi. Sanks. — The only banking institutions of the State, of which the names are known in the markets are, the Milwaukie Bank, Eichnumd's Exchange Bank, and the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, all at Milwaukie. The Slate constituiion does not recognize banks of any description. Government. — The constitution now in force was adopted in convention on the 1st February, 184S. and approved by the people at the election held in April following. All males 21 years old, residents of the State for one year next before the election, who are white citizens of the United States, or white foreigners who have declared their intention to become such citizens, or persons of Indian blood once declared by the laws of the United States to be citizens, subsequent laws to the contrary notwithstanding, or "civilized persons of Indian descent" not members of a tribe, are entitled to vole at all elections; and the right of suffrage may be extended by a law approved by a majority of votes at a general election. The exceptions refer to incompetent persons and those convicted of treason or crime. The general elections arc held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novemher annually. The Leyidatnre consists of an Assembly and Senate. Members of the Assembly (in number between 54 and 100) are chosen aimually, and Senators (not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth the number of Assemblymen) are chosen for two years, one-half each year. Both must be qualified voters in their districts. An apportionment is made after each federal census and after each decennial State census, the first of which will be taken in 1S55. The Legislature meets at Madison on the first Monday of January annually. The Governor shall be a qualified voter and citizen of the United States, and is chosen for two years by a plurality of votes, and if there be no choice the Legislature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of the persons having the highest equal number of vol^s. Ii» default of the governor, his duties are discharged by the Lieutenant-gr)vernor, who is iliosen with the same qualification and for the same terra as the governor. lie is ea^officio President of the Senate. If the Lieutenant- governor defaults, then the Secretary of Slate fills the office. The governor's veto may be defeated by a vote of two- thirds of the members present in each house. The Juillciary is comprised in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and Justices of the Peace. Justices of the Peace are elected in the several towns, hold office two years, and have jurisdiction throughout their counties in civil matters when the debt or damages claimed do not exceed .$100. A county court is established in each county, and the judge is elected by the voters of the county for the term of four years; his court has jurisdiction concurrent with the circuit courts in all civil actions arising within the county, and in civil actions originating out of the county, when the damages claimed are not more than !}i500, and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases of appeal or ceiiiorari from justices of the peace, also probate powers and jurisdiction. The State is divided into six judicial circuits, the voters of each of which elect a judge f.r six years. The circuit courts have general original jurisdiction in actions civil and criminal at law and equity within their circuits. The supreme court is composed of the judges of the circuits, one of whom is elected by the other judges Chief Justice. Except the power to issue writs of mandmmis, quo warranto, and tlie like, this court has appellate jurisdiction only, and is the court of last resort. There can be no trial by jury in this court. Tribunals of conciliation may be established, and in every organized county the Legislature may appoint one or more persons with powers not exceeding those of a circuit judge at chambers. Sheriffs, coroners, registrars of deeds, and district attorneys are chosen by the people for two years. Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution are the following : no lottery or divorce can be granted by the Legislature ; laws shall be passed providing a way for suing the State ; the credit of the State shall never be lent, nor shall any dettt be contracted nor money paid for internal improvements, unless the State hold trust property dedicated to such uses ; except in cases of war, invasion, or insurrection, no debt exceeding $100,000 shall be contracted ; a university without '• sectarian instruction" shall be established ; the Legislature shall prevent towns and cities from contracting debts ; no general or special law to create a bank or banks shall be passed till a m;ijority of the votes at a general elec- tion shall have been in favor of a bank, and until such a majority have afterward approved the act as passed ; any person implicated in a duel loses the right of 8ufl"rage and of holding oflfice ; no public defaulter shall hold office; in criminal prosecutions for libel the jury are judges of law and fact; all lands are allodial, and leases of agricultural lands, ■With rent or service reserved for more than fifteen years, are void ; resident aliens have all the property rights of citizens ; imprisonment for debt on contract is prohibited ; no religious opinions shall disqualify a witness, etc. Amendments to the constitution, agreed to by a majority of members of both houses, shall be published for three months before the next election, and referred to the Legislature then chosen ; and if again approved by such majority, Bhall be submitted to the people. A convention may be called in like manner. Federal Repres&itdtion. — Wisconsin, in accordance with the apportionment act of the 2.3rd May, 1S50, has thi'ee rep- resentatives in the United States Congress. The vnlitia force of the State as reported to the Adjutant-General of the United States army consists of .32,203 men of all arms, of which 1,804 are commissioned officers, and 30,399 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and pri- vates. Of the commissioned officers, 9 are general officers, 81 general stafif officers, 212 field officers, etc., and 1,552 com- pany officers. The principal benevolent institution of the State is the Asylum for the Education of the Blind at Janesville, a tax ol one-fifteenth of a mill on every duU.ir of fax.-iMe property in the State is levied for its aid. It was opened 1st August, 1850, and on the ISth December, 1S51. had S pupils— 6 boys and 2 girls. Annual cost of support, $1,8-30. THE STATE OP WISCONSIN. Finances, Debt, etc.— The total receipts for the year ending 31st December, 1850, amounted to $93,SS9 53, and the expetuiiturL'S to $62,746 20. The total receipts since the organization of the State government had been to date, $100,218 53, and the total expenditures, $152,969 61— excess of receipts, $7,248 92. The chief sources of revenue are taxes and the sales of lands. The principal expenditures are those — for salaries of executive and judicial officers, 13,592 S3 ; legislative expenses, $14,309 58 ; printing, $8,793 44 ; State convicts (there being no prison), $.3,093 52 ; mis- cellaneous (including revision of statutes in 1849), $16,356 59. There is a territorial debt of $12,892 75, which would be due in June, 1S51. Statistics of Educatio7i.—'The superintendent of public instruction reported the capital of the school fund as amount- ing on the 1st June, 1S51, to $538,094 41, which at 7 per cent, interest yielded an annual revenue of $37,666 61. This had been derived from sales of school-lands in 1849 and 1850, from the 5 per cents., and from fines. It is expected that $5,301,943 44 will be eventually realized from the sales of the school-lands. The sum of $47,416 77 was, Jan. 1st., 1851, in the treasury, to be apportioned among the several towns, which would give about 50 cents for each child attending school. For the year ending August 1st, 1850, out of 2,105 dislricls, 1,700, and out of 764 part districts, 650 had reported schools. In the districts reported, each school had been taught on an average 4.96 months, and all received $65,604 26 of public money. Out of 92,047 children between the ages of 4 and 20, 61,597 attended schools, and 1,020 under 4, and 688 over 20, also attended. Average wages to teachers— male $17 14, and female $9 02. There were at the date indicated 88 school-houses of brick, 51 of stone, 5GS of logs, and 540 framed, and all valued at $173,246 67. The highest valuation of any school-house was $5,000, and the lowest, 5 cents. There were also in the State 87 private or select schools, with an average of 75 pupils. The State University is located at Madison ; it was founded in 1848, and is well endowed. The Beloit College was founded in 1846, and in 1850 had 6 professors, and 25 students ; and its library contained about 2j000 Tolumes. These institutions promise to be of essential utility when their organization is perfected. Public Librari-es. — One State library — i,000 volumes; 1 social— 1,000 volumes; 33 public school— 2,163 ; total, 85 libraries and 7,163 volumes. — Report of I Abr. of Smitlmonian Institution, 1851. Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in Wisconsin in 1850 was 49, of which 11 were con- ducted on whig principles, 29 on democratic principles, and 9 were neutral in politics, including literary, religious, and all issues, the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the whole number, 6 were daily newspapers, 5 tri-weeklies, 36 weeklies, and 1 monthly. The circulation of the dailies amounted to 3,365 copies at each issue, the tri-weeklies to 1,525 copies, the weeklies to 25,624 copies, and the monthly to 1,500 copies. There was published in Brown county, in Columbus and in Crawford county, each 1 w. ; in Dane, 3 w. ; in Fond du Lac, 2 w. ; in Greene and Grant, each 1 w. ; in Jefferson, 2 w. ; in Kenosha, 2 w. ; in Milwaukie, 6 d., 5 t.- w., 6 w. ; in Racine, 4 w. and 1 m. ; in Rock, 3 w. ; in Sauk, 1 w. ; in Sheboygan, 3 w. ; in St. Croix and Washington, each 1 w. ; in Winnebago, 2 w. ; and in Walworth and Wauke- sha, each 1 weekly. Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850 were as follows • Dennmitia- No of Church Value of tio-is. Churches accom. Property. Baptist .. 28. ., 9,505.. ..$52,500 Christian. . .. 2 . .. 700.. . . 1,200 Congregat' ..33. ..10,585. .. 61,260 Dutch Ref. 2 .. .. 550.. 750 Episcopal . . 19 . .. 5,140.. .. 45,750 Free .. 2.. .. 275.. 250 Friends . . . .. — . .. — .. — Value of Property. Deiiomina- No. of Church tions. Ciiurcliea. accom. German Ref. — — $ — Jewish — — — Lutheran... IS.... 5,000.... 13,650 Mennonite. . . — — .... — Methodist. ... 54 . . . .15,008 .... 62,430 Moravian — — — Presbyterian. 21 .... 6,000. ... 35,800 Denomina- N< tions. Chu R. Catholic... Swedenbo'n . . Tunker Union Unitiirian Universalist.. Minor Sects . . Church accora. .23,717. 400.. 300.. Value of Property .$66,085 SOO 8,000 — making a total of 244 churches, liaving accommodation for 78,450 persons, and valued at $350,600. Wisconsin forms a missionary diocese of the Protestant Ej)iscopal Church, and comprises the Roman Catholic diocese of Milwaukie. Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 666, of which number 169 were native, and 497 fiireign born ; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified was 338, of which 72 were natives, and 166 foreigners. Cost of support within the year, $14,743. A State prison has just been erected at Waupun,in Fond du Lac County. Historical Sketch.* — Wisconsin was first visited by French missionaries in 1660, in October of which year Mesnard reached Che-goi-me-gon, on Lake Superior. In 1672, Aloues and Dablon visited Green Bay, and the country between the Fox River and the south end of Lake Michigan. In the year following, on the 13th of May, Marquette, a Jesuit mis- sionary, and Joliet, an agent of the government of France, with five other Frenchmen, embarked from their mission, nea Mackinac, and arrived at Green Bay, where they found an Indian village and procured guides to accompany them up Fox River to the Portage with the Wisconsin. They descended this river to its mouth, where they arrived on the 17th of June, 1673, and made the first discovery of the Upper Mississippi River. The Territory remained under the govern- ment of the French, who claimed it, until 1763, when, at the treaty of Paris, it wa-s ceded to Great Britain, who retained it until the Independence of the United States was acknowledged by that country in 17S3, when it was cl.iimed by Vir- ginia, as a part of the Illinois country conquered by Col. George Rogers Clark. It, however, remained in the possession of Great Britain until 1796, when it was surrendered in accordance with Jay's treaty, ratified the previous year. On the first day of March, 1784, it was ceded by Virginia to the United States. By the celebrated ordinance passed the 18th of July, 1787, a government was provided for the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, which territory was divided into two separate governments, the western called Indiana, by an act passed May 7th, 1800. An act dividing the Indiana Territory and organizing Illinois, was passed and approved February 3d, 1809. By the act of Congress to enable the people of Illinois to form a State government, approved April 18Ih, 1818, all that portion of said territory north of the parallel of latitude 42° 80' west of the middle of Lake Michigan, was attached to the Territory of Michigan, which had been set off from Indiana in 1805. In 18-35, Michigan having assumed a State government, John S. Homer, Secretary and Acting Governor, convened a session of the Legislature, at Green Bay, from the remainder of said Territory. No business was transacted, except tho * This slietch of the history of Wisconsin is talien from " Hunt's Gazetteer" of that State, advance sheets of which were kindly furnished to tha Editor of the S, G. of U, B. It is a work of great value, and reflects high credit on the industry and ability of the learned author. 303 THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. passage of several memorials to Congress, among whieh was one aakiug for the organization of the Territory of 'Wiscon- 8in, with the seat of government at Cassville, on the Mississippi. An act establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, was passed and approved April 20th, 1836, and the Terri- tory fully organized July 4th, 1S36. On the 12lli of June, 1S3S, an act was passed dividing the Territory of Wisconsin, and establishing that portion on the west side of the Mississippi (which had been attached to Michigan in 1834) into a separate government, under the name of Iowa. In 1S36, Governor Dodge, by proclamation dated Sept. 9th, convened the Legislature at Belmont, now in Lafayette County, on the 25th day of October in that year. The second session was held at Burlington, now in the State of Iowa, November 6th, 1S37, at which session the seat of government was located at Madison, where the first session of the 2d Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin was held November 26th, 1S3S. A Convention was held at Madison, October 5th, 1846, for the purpose of drafting a State constitution, which was adopted in convention, December 16th, 1S46, but rejected by the people at the election held on the first Tuesday in April, 1847. A second convention was held December 16th, 1847, and a constitution agreed to February 1st, 1S48, which was approved of by the electors at the election held April, 1843, and Wisconsin was admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with the other States, on the 29th day of May, 1843. Successian of Governors.— Tz^RnornxL Qovebnoks : Henry Dodge, 1836 ; James D. Doty, 1842 ; Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, 1844 ; Henry Dodge, 1845 ; and— Constitutional Goveenobs: Nelson Dewey, 1348; Nelson Dewey, 1850; Leonard J. Farwell, 1852. Madison, on the isthmus between Third and Fourth Lake, is the political capital. 304 ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES OE AMERICA. Aberdeen, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Miss. : on the W, bank of the Tombigbee r., 830 m. from its mouth, and 142 m. N. E. Jackson. Steamboats ascend the r. from Mobile for 7 months in the year, and during high flood have gone 40 miles above. It is a village of recent date, but is already the most thriving place in the N. E. part of the State, and the dep6t of a large portion of the prairie section, the staple of which is and ever will be cotton. Between 35,000 and 40,000 bags of this article are annually sent down the river to Mobile for exportation. Its trade with the neighboring counties is very heavy. The route of tlie New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. E. passes near or through Aber- deen, and that of the Mobile and Ohio E. E. a few miles W. of it, both of which will add greatly to its importance as a commercial dep5t. The village is pleasantly situate, and contains the court-house, extensive warehouses and stores, several churches, and two academies ; and here are pub- lished two weekly newspapers, the "Monroe Democrat," and the " Independent," Pop. about 4,000. Akron, p. v., and cap. Summit county, Ohio: on Little Cuyahoga r., lOS m. N. E. Columbus, and on the route of the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati E. E., 40 m. from Cleveland. At this point is also formed the junction of the Ohio and the Pennsylvania canals. Akron is chiefly in- debted to these great works for its prosperity, and is the dep6t of a large country rich in agricultural products, which are here shipped in Immense quantities. The canals, in connection with the river, also furnish a large water-power, ■which has been improved by the establishment of various manufactures. In 1850 the village contained two woolen factories, five or six flouring mills, a furnace, a machine- shop, etc. ; and fire-proof paint is manufactured largely from a mineral deposit in the vicinity. There is also an extensive stove and hollow-ware manufactory in the place. The principal buildings are the court-house, churches, and schools. Two newspapers, the " Summit Beacon," and the "Free Democratic Standard" are issued weekly. Akron was founded in 1824. In 1840 it contained 1,065, and in 1850 3,226 inhabitants. Albany, p. v., Baker co., Ga. : on the "W. side of Flint river, and at the mouth of Kinchafoonce cr., 118 m. S. S.W. MiUedgeville. This is an active business place, and large amounts of cotton are annually shipped by steamboat to Appalaehicola, Flor., and its trade with the neighboring plantations is considerable. In 1S50 it contained three churches, twenty stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. The " Albany Patriot" (dem.) is issued weekly. This village is destined to become a great railroad centre ; the Savannah and Albany E. E, will connect it with the Atlantic coast, and already the South-western E. E. is being extended to this point, and the Brunswick and Florida E. E. Company propose to build a branch of their line from Troupsville. Albant, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Albany co., and T cap. of the State of New Yorh : on the W. bank of the Hud- son r., in lat. 42° 39 43" N., and long. 78° W 49" W., 376 m. N. N. E. Washington, and 145 m. N. New York city. The portion of the city near the river is built on a low flat, but beyond this the surface rises rapidly to an elevation of about 200 feet. The older portions are irregularly laid out, and several of the streets are narro\« The newer parts, however, are spacious and handsome, and contain many flue public buildings, stores, and dwellings. The public buildings, except the Exchange, are principally located on the heights, and have a commanding position, overlooking a wide, beautiful, and fertile country. Among these the Capitol, the State House, and the City Hall are the most conspicuous. The Capitol is a large freestone building, 115 feet long and 90 broad, fronting east on a flne park. It contains accommodations for the Senate and Assembly, the State library, and numerous apartments for the State gov- ernment. The State House, a handsome marble edifice, is situate on the E. side of Park Square, and accommodates the executive and administrative oflScers of the State; and the City Hall, an edifice of similar materials, also on the same side of the Park, contains the municipal offices. The Exchange is a large granite building at the foot of State Street, and contains the post-offlce, lecture-room and librarj- of the Young Men's Association, the Eotunda, in which the Board of Trade meet, and numerous mercantile and pro- fessional offices. The other public buildings are — the Al- bany Academy, the Medical College, the State Normal School, and numerous benevolent and literary institutions. The old State House, on the south side of State Street, is now used as a depository for the geological collection made by the State surveyors. The Penitentiary is a large build- • ing in the Norman-Gothic style of architecture, and cost between $80,000 and $100,000. The city contains about 60 or 70 churches of various denominations, many of which are substantial and elegant structures. Among these the new Catholic Cathedral is pre-eminent. Many of the ho- tels are large and convenient. The government of the city is exercised by a mayor and common council, the latter consisting of an alderman and au assistant alderman from each ward. Its police is excellent — a plentiful supply of water and well-lighted streets being distinguishing features in its economy. For the purposes of government, it is divided into ten wards. By the assess- ment-rolls, completed 26th December, 1852, the total valua- tion of property was as follows : Real Personal Real Fersoral ^ards. Estate. Property. Wards. Estate, Prt»perty. 1st. $778,235. .. $22,000 6th.. $1,701,190. . $255,450 2d . 921,588. . 55,000 7th.. 1,114,125. , 85,200 8d . 1,501,138. 189,000 8th.. 820,160. . 20,000 4th. 8,034,182. 918,580 9th.. 1,898,400. . 128,200 5th. 2,925,867. 2,302,341 10th. 1,637,295. . 77,90e 305 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. —making a total of $15,531,030 as the value of real estate, and $4,073,071 as that of personal property. The equalized valuation of real and personal estate was fixed at $18,322,138. Taxes for city expenses were levied for $152,000, and to- ward joint city and county taxes a further sum of $62,582, or a l^3tal of $216,055 94, the rate being about $1.0SJ per cent. Albany was originally a trading port of the Dutch, and dates as such from 1623. It was successively known as Beaverwyk and Wilhelmstadt ; but after the capitula- tion in 16C4 it obtained the name of Albany in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, the proprietary of the colony. In 1686 it was chartered as a city, and in 1797 it became the peat of government. The following table shows the population of Albany at several periods : 1755 1,800 1790 3,506 1800 5,319 1810 10,762 1820 12,541 1830 24.216 1S40 33,721 1845 41,139 1850 50,763 1853 about 70,000 It will be seen from the above table that the increase of the population has been uniform, with the exception of the decade from 1810. This period included the last war with Great Britain, and the years of commercial depression which immediately succeeded it. The Erie Canal was opened in 1825. From that year the population began again to increase, and nearly doubled in the ten years from 1820. The subsequent completion of the great railroads centering at this city has also exercised a very marked in- fluence on the population. The stationary population of the city, however, is not the true index of in prosperity, for during the year from 2,000,000 to 2,500,000 persons pass through, or stay a longer or shorter time within its limits, and in a great measure enhance the value of its local trade. Albany is the gateway of a vast commerce and travel be- tween the East and West. One of the longest canals of the countr)' here meets tide-water, and extends W. to Lake Erie, and by means of lateral canals the commerce of a great portion of the State is brought to this main trunk ; vast lines of railroad also traverse in almost the same parallels ; and here also railroads from every direction form junction. It is improbable that any other internal town of the world has greater or more perfect facilities for intercourse, and its commerce is commensurate. The commerce of Albany is almost as ancient as its set- tlement, though it was first made a port of entry In 1833. No reliable records of its river commerce were kept previous to that date. As early as 1770, Albany sloops visited the West Indies in large numbers, and in 1785 the "Experi- ment," a sloop of 80 tons was fitted out here for China, being the second adventure from this country to Canton. The application of steam as a propelling power nearly rev- olutionized the commerce of the ports on the Hudson, and the ancient foreign trade of the river ports is now extinct. In 1791 no less than 42 sail arrived at or passed Albany to places above in a single day. After Albany was erected into a port of entry, Congress made an appropriation for the removal of the obstructions to navigation about six miles below the city, known as the Overslaugh. Although much was done to clear the channel, the passage is still dif- ficult at low water, and requires further and more efficient improvements. No detailed statements of the river com- merce are attainable, but much may be learned from the reports of the canal officers with regard to the articles arriving at and going from tide-water. This will give nearly all the commerce of the river at Albany and points above. The number of vessels arriving and departing at Albany, consisting of schooners, sloops, brigs, steamers, propellers, and scows, was, in 1848,788; in 1849,785; in 1850, 845; and in 1851, 814; and the tonnage of the same class of vessels for a series of years, was as follows : 1838 36,721 tons 1S39 40,369 " 1840 89.410 " 1841 50,797 " 1842 49,.156 « 1S43 55,-3.54 " 1S44 65.607 " 1845 70,985 tons 1846 71,011 « 1847 97,019 " 1848 77.9S3 " 1849 79,122 " 1850 80,548 " 1851 80,810 " — much of this tonnage trades to Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. The following table shows something of the value of the commerce of all the tide-water purls for a series of years, as given in the canal returns : ■ at TiJe .itei. 1837 122,130.. 1S38 142,802.. 18.39 142,035.. 1840 129,580.. 1841 162,715.. 1842 123.204.. 184-3 143,595.. 1844 176,737.. 1S45 195,000... 1846 213,795.. 1847 288,267... 1S4S 829,557... 1849 815,5.50... 1850 418,370.., 1851 467,961... 1852 531,527... Value. .$25,784,147.. . 33,062,858.. . 40,094,-302.. . 36,.398,039.. . 50,798,447 . . -32,314,998.. . 42,253,483.. . 53,142,403.. . 55.453,998.. . 64,628,474.. . 77,878.766.. . 77,477,781.. . 78,481.941.. . 74,826,999.. . 80,739,899.. .118,896,444.. Tons, 611,781. 640,481. 602,123. 669,012. 774,334. 660,626. .. 8-36,861. ..1,019,1194. ..1,204,943. ..1.362,319. ..1,744.233. ..1,447,905. ..1,579,946. ..2,03-3,863. ..1,977,151. ..2,234,822. Value. ...$21,822,354 .. 23,038.510 .. 20,163.199 ... 23,21-3,573 .. 27,225,-322 ,.. 22,751,013 .. 28,453,408 .. 34,183,167 .. 46.452.321 .. 51,105,256 .. 73,092,414 .. 50,883,907 .. 52,375,521 .. 55,474,037 .. 53,927,508 .. 06,893,102 The proportions of each class of property coming to tide- water in the years 1849, '50, '51, and '52, were as follows: Produce of. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1853. Tiin.s. Tons. Tons. T ns. The Forest 665,.^7 .... 947,768 .... 913,267 . . . .1,064,677 Agriculture 769,600. . . .743.232. . . .891,418. . . . 989,268 Manufactures . . . 44,283 . . . 89,069 .... 52,302 .... 47,512 Merchandise.. . 5,873.... 7,105.... 4,580.... 10,605 Other articles . . . 94,638 .... 113,273 ... . 115,531 . 122,700 The tonnage going west from tide-water consists chiefly of merchandise. Of the receipts, the r)rincipal are lumber of various de- scriptions : in the form of timber, boards and scantling, shingles, staves, etc. ; products of the dairy and salted meats ; flour anil grain ; domestic spirits, leather, iron, etc. The value of these articles is immense, as before shown. Next to the flour and grain interest, Albany is second to no other place in the Union as a lumber market. The quan- tity of the principal articles under this head received in 1850, '51, and '52, were as in the annexed table : Year. Scantlin». Shingles. Timber. Staves, 185O..2ie.7S6,890ft...84,226M .. 28,832c. ft. 150,.517,2S01b3. 1851.. 260,233,003 "..34,136 " ..110,200 " ..115,087,299 " 1852.. 215,135,020 " ..29,3-34 " ..291,714 « ..109,961,239 " Besides this array of tonnage arriving at and leaving tide- water on the canals, there was in 1851 of the same classes of property to the value of $3,332,441 landed at Troy and Albany by railway from the west. There also went from the c;ist by railway 29,112 tons bt merchandise, furniture, and other property. From the foregoing statements It may be seen that all the property from the Canadas, via Lake Champlain, and all that from the Western States, via the canals and central line of railroads destined for New York or Boston, must pass through these tide-water ports, which it rarely does without being either transhipped or handled sufficiently to pay a tribute to the commerce of some one of them. Thus advantageously situated, connected by railroad or canal with Canada and the Great West, and with Boston and New York, Albany must continue to increase in wealth and importance, so long as the East on the one hand, and CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. the West on the other, maintain and multiply their present traffic with each other. The local trade of Albany— though the city owes most to the commerce passing through it — is also extensive, and makes no mean item in its wc^alth. Stores of every fiescrip- tion, wholesale and retail, are found here, and an extensive country is dependent on its .supplies. Many of the stores are equal in their assortment, extent, and splendor to those of New York, Philadelphia, or Boston. Broadway and State Street have numbers of the bc.«t class of stores. The river front is devoted chiefly to the wholesale trade, while in the northern districts are extensive lumber-yards. The freighting business is immense, and in the forwarding of emigrants to the West it more than equals New York. From these sources Albany has become a very wealthy city, and many of her citizens hold princely fortunes. The manufacturing interests of the city have rapidly ex- panded, and within the past few years it has become one of the first industrial places in the State. The capital invested in lliis branch is estimated at not less than seven million dollars. The principal manufacture is that of iron, which is made into stoves, steam-engines, and castings of every description, and gives employment to large numbers. The business of malting and brewing is carried on to a great ex- tent in Albany ; more than twenty of such establishments are now in operation, and Albany ale is found in every city of the [Tnion, and not unfrequcntly in the cities of South America and the West Indies. The annual product is up- ward of 100,000 barrels of beer and ale. The manufacture of hats, fur caps, etc., is also a large interest. Among other branches, large and small, may be enumerated the argillo manufacture, soap and candles, tobacco, carriages, and rail- way cars, flre-briek, and pottery, etc. Argillo is a cl;iy which is fashioned into door-knobs, table-tops, tiles for floors, and a variety of other articles, and has the hardness and beauty of marble. In the manufacture of railway-cars. Albany is now famous, and in the establistiment of (roold & Company has one of the largest in tlie Union. There are six banks in the city, viz., the Albany Exchange Bank, cap- ital $300,000; the Commercial Bank of Albany, $300,000 ; the New York State Bank, $-250,000; the Bank of Albany, $240.000 ; the Albany City Bank, .$500,000 ; and the Me- chanics' and Farmers' Bank, $.300,000— total capj(|$1.001,100. The press of Albany is one of the most talented and best conducted in the country. Its annals form an Important feature in its history and in that of the country from its active participation in the political affairs of the State and Union. In 1771 the "Albany Gazette," the first newspaper published in the city, was issueil. but was discontinued in 1775 or 1776. In 1782 the '• New York Gazetteer" appeared, and in 17S4 the " Albany Gazette." The latter, which was a continuation of the " Gazetteer," was published until 1845. The "Balance" was published from lS08tol811. Cotem- poraneous with the " Balance" was published the " Political Eegister." The one was the organ of the Federalists, and the other of the Republicans, anank of Maryland), and about 420 dwellings, many of which are elegant and ■pacious. St. John's College, formerly a branch of the University, is located lierc; it was founded in 17S4, and in 1S50 had 6 professors, 30 studojits, 150 alumni, 8 of whom were ministers, and a library containing. 3,'292 volumes. The public press consists of two newspapers, the " Maryland Ke- publieau," and the " Free Press," issued weekly, together circulating 1,200 copies. Shipping owned in the collection district of Annapolis, on the 1st June, 1S50, was 2,323 tons, of which 336 was navigat(td by steam-power. Some small manufactures are carried on, and the consting trade hence is on a liberal scale. The city communicates with the in- terior lines of travel by the Annapolis and P^ldridge E. K., 21 m. in length, diverging from it in a N. W. direction to a junction with the Washington Branch It. It., at a point IS ID. from Baltimore, 22 m. from Washington. ArPALAcnicoLA, p. v., port, and cap. Franklin co., Flor. : on a bluff at the W. side of the entrance to Appalachicola r., C2 m. S. W. Tallahassee. The harbor is deep enough for large vessels, and tho port has considerable coasting trade. Tho tonnage in 1S50 was 2,050 tons, all navigated by steam, and chiefly employed on the river. In the foreign trade 17,132 tons cleared, and 12,196 tons entered in the same year. A newspaper, the " Commercial Advertiser," is is- sued weekly. The village occupies a plot one mile square, and is regularly laid out. It contains the county buildings, and has numerous substantial warehouses and dwellings. Astoria, p. city, port, and cap. Clatsop co., Oreg. Ter. : on S. side Columbia r., 8 m. from its mouth. It is a port of entry, and was formerly a noted trading post, founded in 1811 by John J. Astor, the modern Crwsus, and even at the present time is little more. There arc many more eligible places than this for both foreign and internal commerce near the mouth of the river. Augusta, p. city, and capital Eichmond co., Ga.: on Savannah r., and at the intersection of the South Carolina, the Georgia, and the Burke County railroads. It is au im- portant commercial point, and the depOt of an extensive and ferlile country, the produce of which, cotton, tobacco, etc., is sent sent down to Charleston, 137 m,, by railroad, and to Savannah by tho Savannah r. The city is well laid out, and has many spacious stores and dwellings. The public buildings are a City Uall, county court-house aud jail, a theatre, arsenal, hospital, and numerous churches. The " Sentinel" and " Constitutionalist" are published daily, and have also trl-weekly and weekly editions; the "Ee- public" is issued tri-weekly and weekly, and there are two monthly publications issued — the "Southern Medical Jour- nal" and the "Southern Cultivator." Population iu 1830, 4,200 ; in 1840, 6,430 ; and in 1850, 9,550. Augusta, t., p. city, and cap. Kennebec co., il/e., aud cap. of the State of Maine : on both sides of Kennebec r., at the head of steamboat navig.ition, 43 ra. from the ocean. Lat. 440 IS' 43" N., and long. C90 50' W. from Greenwich, or 7° 12' E. from Washington, and distant 595 m. N. E. Washington. A fine bridge, 520 feet long, connects the two parts of the village, which is regularly laid out, and rises gradually from the shores of the river. It contains the State House, Insane Hospital, the county buildings, a U. S. Arsenal, and numerous churches and school-houses, many of which are elegant structures. The Slate House is located half a mile S. of tho village. Tho building is of whito granite, and has spacious halls for the legislature and ex- ecutive officers. Four newspapers are published weekly, the " Kennebec Journal" (whig), the " Age" (dem.), the "Maine Farmer" (agric), and the "Gospel Banner." The Kennebec and Portland K. It. terminates here, connecting the village with Portland and other New England cities, 308 and steamboats ply regularly between this place and the principal North Atlantic ports. Pop. 8,225. Austin, p. city, and cap. Travis co., Tex. : on the N. bank of Colorado r., 200 m. from the Gulf of Mexico, and about 100 m. N. W. Houston. In 1889 this place contained only 3 or 4 cabins; it is now capital of the State, and con- tains at least 1,000 inhabitants. The government buildings are of respectable construction, and there are several good wanhousus, stores, and dwellings, although the greater number are built of wood, and many arc log-houses. The site is elevated and remarkably beautiful, and the surround- ing country presents some of the most picturesque scenery in America. Considerable commerce centres here, and railroads are projected in various directions diverging from this point. Its prospects, indeed, are better than its pres- ent condition. There are published here two weekly news- papers, viz., the " State Gazette," and the " South-westeru American." It has a college, and several other schools. Baltimore City, sea-port, p. city, and cap. Baltimore CO., 2Id. : on the N. side Patapseo r., 14 m. from its en- trance into Chesapeake Bay, and 204 m. from the Atlantic Ocean by ship-channel, and 28 m. N. Annapolis ; lat. Z^ 17' 23", and long. 0° 24' E. Washington. The city is pleasantly situated on a slightly undulating ground, and some of the elevations in the vicinity com- mand fine views. As laid out, it includes four miles square, and is built around the bay. The streets are regular and spacious, the buildings mostly of brick, and some of them exhibiting beautiful architectural combinations. Jones' Falls, a small stream from the N., divides the city into two parts, and over it are erected several handsome stone and wooden bridges. The harbor of Baltimore is capacious and safe, and con- sists of an inner basin and an outer harbor— the latter at Fell's Point, and accessible to the largest ships. The en- trance is commanded by Fort M'llenry. The principal public buildings are the City Hall, the County Court-house, the State Penitentiary, County Prison, and House of Eefuge, the Eoman Catholic Cathedral, the finest in the Union, and numerous buildings devoted to collegiate, academic, and other literary and cduc.itional purposes. The monuments of Baltimore, and its numerous fountains, ^e distinguishing features in tho adornments of the city. The population, in 1850, amounted to 169,054 souls, of which 140,666 were white, 25,442 fr. col., and 2,946 si. The total value of real and personal estate was $80,237,960, and tho taxes raised, $617,994, of which $381,509 was city ta.x. Baltimore has 4 colleges, 67 academies and private schools, aud 71 primary and public schools. The Uui\'cr»ity, St. Mary's College, and Washington Medical College, are the principal collegiate institutions. There are 99 churches of all denominations, of which 6 are Baptist, 10 Episcopal, 3 German Reformed, 8 Lutheran, 42 Methodist, 4 Presbyte- rian, 8 Eoman Catholic, and 8 others not specified. The public pres» consists of daily, 4 tri-weekly, 10 weekly,! semi-monthly, and 2 monthly periodicals and newspapers ; and of these 6 are religious, 1 agricultural, 1 musical, and 1 colonization ; the remainder are devoted to politics and general news. The industrial employments of the citizens arc various and extensive. There are 2,24:3 establishments ; the man- ufacturing capital invested, $6,541,922 ; males employed, 15,442; females employed, 5,044 ; raw material consumed, $9,441,244 ; monthly cost of labor, $459,441 ; annual prod- ucts, $20,416,511 ; of these establishments, 71 are black- smith, 856 boot and shoe. 111 cabinet ware, 120 cigar, 233 clothing, 26 coach and carriage, 10 brass founding, 13 iron founding, 10 gunsmith, 12 machine, 10 piano-forte, 17 print- ing and publishing, 24 sail-making, 21 ship-building, 13 ship-joiner, 16 ship-smith, 81 silver-smith, etc., 19 stove, 15 weavers, 21 wheelwright, and 10 whitesmith— the remain- der various, aud of common interest. CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. As a commercial city, Baltimore ranks next to New Or- leans among the Southern ports. It has an immense inland trade, which will be greatly increased when the lines of communication are completed to a junction with those of Ohio and other Western States. la 1850, the principal re- ceipts from the interior for consumption and export, were : Cumberland coal, 146,645 tons, and anthracite, 160,000 tons ; wheat, 2,600,000 bushels (about 1,750,000 bushels taken by millers, and 850,000 bushels shipped) ; Indian corn, 3,000,000 bushels ; oats, 450,000 bushels, and considerable lots of rye, barley, peas, and beans ; beef, pork, and bacon ; tobacco, 41,833 hhds.; wool, 500,000 lbs., etc.; the inspections of flour amounted to 896,592 barrels ; of corn meal, to 46,000 barrels ; and of rye flour, to 5,441 barrels ; of leather, to 413,974 sides. Flour and tobacco, however, are the two great staples of Baltimore, and well has it been designated as " the greatest market for tobacco in the United States, and the principal flour market in the world." Its coastwise trade is also very extensive, and the shipping of Baltimore is found in every port from Passamaquoddy Bay to the Rio Grande ; the lumber of Maine, and the cotton and sugar of the Gulf States are brought here in vast quantities, as are also the various manufactures and merchandises of the in- termediate Atlantic ports ; in 1S50, 25,000 cotton bales were landed from Southern ports, and 63,000,000 feet of lumber from Bangor and other ports of Maine. The shipping owned in the collection district, of which Baltimore is the port, amounted on the 1st of June, 1S50, to 140,019 tons, of which was registered 90,670 tons; enrolled and licensed, 57,612 tons, and licensed under 20 tons, 737 tons ; and of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 13,115 tons, navigated by steam-power. In 1849-50, 66 vessels, of an aggregate bur- den of 11,683 tons, were built in the port district. The Bal- timore clippers are pronounced to be the perfection of naval architecture ; and they are no less fitted for trade than for privateering, in which capacity they made a great figure in the last war with England. Boston, New York, and New Orleans are the only sea- board ports of the Union the foreign commerce of which exceeds that of Baltimore In 1849-50, the entrances amounted to 438 vessels and 99,583 tons, and the clear- ances to 621 vessels and 126,819 tons ; and the value of merchandise imported was $6,124,201, and of that export- ed, $6,967,353. The great bulk of the foreign commerce of Baltimore is carried on with the States of South America and the West India colonies, and the continent of Europe. With the British ports in Europe the connection is very limited. There are 10 banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate capital of .$7,101,051. The circulation in 1850 amounted to .$2,073,578, discounts to $10,925,106, and deposits to $3,648,819, and the amount of specie on hand to .$2,113,753. There are also a number of insurance companies and sav- ings' institutions. The city is bountifully supplied with pure and wholesome water from public springs and fountains; these are inclosed by circular railings, and covered by small, open templets, consisting of columns supporting a dome, which are highly ornamental. The city, however, derives its great supply from an elevated part of Jones' Falls, from which the water is conducted through an aqueduct to a reservoir on Calvert Street, whence it Is distributed in pipes. The lines of travel diverging from Baltimore, are : the Baltimore and Philadelphia R. R., 97 m. long; the Balti- more and Susquehanna R. R., extending to Harrislnirg, Penn. ; and the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., with a branch E. E. to Washington; and lines of steamships or sail-vessels ply to Philadelphia, Norfolk, and other Atlantic ports. These great routes of communication unite the city with every part of the Union, and insure a rapid and certain transit to its ever-increasing trade. Baltimore was first laid out as a town in 1729, and in 1765 it contained only 50 houses. It was chartered as a city in 1797. Since this period its increase has been constant, and its prosperity material. Baton Kouqb, p. v., and cap. East Baton Rouge par., La., and cap. of the State of Louisiana : on E. bank of Mis- sissippi r., 245 m. from its mouth, and 1,120 S.W. Washing- ton. It is the site of a U. S. barracks, and contains the State House, the Louisiana Penitentiary, county offices, and other handsome public and private dwellings. It is mostly built upon an elevated plain, some 25 or 30 feet above the river, the business portion being at the foot of the blulT. Tha " Baton Rouge Gazette," and " Democratic Advocate" are published weekly. Pop. 8,905. Beloit, t. and p. v., Rock co.. Wise. : at the junction of Tur- tle cr. with Rock r., 45 m. S. by B. Madison. Drained prin- cipally by Rock r. and its tributaries. Surface varied ; soils rich and productive. The v. lies on both sides of Rock r., and has commercial and manufacturing facilities of a su- perior character. In 1850 it contained 6 churches and 3 ho- tels, 18 dry goods, 10 groceries, 2 hardware, and 3 drug stores ; 3 stove and tin, 2 shoe, 4 clothing, and 2 book stores ; 2 cabinet, 2 jewelers, 4 market, and 2 paint shops ; 3 saddle and harness, 4 blacksmiths, and 2 coopers ; 1 tobacco fac- tory ; 3 flouring, 1 oil, and 1 saw mill ; 1 flax factory, 1 foun- dry, 1 machine-shop, 1 agricultural-implement factory, 2 carriage factories, 1 scale, 1 woolen, and soap and candle factory. The " Beloit Journal" is issued weekly, and schools are nuraerous. Beloit is destined to become a great rail- road centre ; branches extend hence to the Galena and Chicago Union R. R., and the Beloit and Madison R. E. is being constructed. These will connect it with the interior of the State, and also with the late port of Illinois. Pop. of t. in 1850, 2,732. The pop. of the v. in 1853 was estimated at 3,000. Boston, p. city, sea-port, and cap. Suffolk co., and cap. of the State of ^^us■•^. : at the head of Massachusetts Bay, near the confluence of Charles and Mystic rivers. These streams are navigable only for a few miles, but uniting with Neponset and Weymouth rivers, form one of the noblest harbors of the world — land-locked, accessible to ships of the line, easily defended, and rarely obstructed by ice. It ex- tends 14 m. from Point Alderton to Medford, and from Chelsea to Ilingham is at least 8 m. wide, covering 75 sq. m., and would hold all the shipping of the Union. The en- trance for large vessels is very narrow, barely sufficient for two to sail abreast It is defended by three fortresses, two of which, on George's and Castle islands, are on the largest scale, and constructed with all the improvements of modem science. The third, or Citadel, on Governor's island, is not yet completed. These will effectually command the en- trance, and, when finished, make it impregnable. The har- bor is well adapted to commerce. The peninsula and island of Boston is literally fringed with wharves and docks, while around the harbor and its affluents are clustered many cities and villages, into which Boston overflows, all of which have piers and landing-places, viz., Hingham, Hull, Quin- cy, Milton, Dorchester, Roxbury, Brookline, Brighton, New- ton, Watertown, Cambridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, Maiden, Medford, and Somerville. Lat. 42° 21' 23" N., and long. 71° 04' 09" W., 432 m. N. B. Washington City. The early settlers chose for their residence, in 1630, a peninsula, connected with the main by a narrow isthmus, occasionally overflowed, and divided at high tide into two islands. Theentire tract contained 600 acres. It was called Shawmut or Trimountain, and derived its name from its springs and three lofty hills. The spot was undoubtedly selected for pure water, facilities for commerce, and security from wolves and Indians. Boston soon became an import- ant sea-port, and at an early period became distinguished for her enterprise and commerce, and was peculiarly noted for h(r ship-building and fisheries. In 1740 the population was 17,000. For more than half a century from this period the growth of the city was checked by wars and the re- strictive policy of England, and hence in 1790 the city con- 309 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. tained only 18,033 inhabitants. Before the Revolution she was the first commercial city on the coast; her reputation was identified witli the country, and the colonists were gen- erally known as Bostonians among the French and Cana- dians. But during that eventful struggle her citizens were compelled to abandon their firesides, and their commerce was literally mined. Her sacrifice for the common cause was severe, and her recovery slow. New York and Phila- delphia consequently outstripped her. But since 1790 the city has advanced rapidly. She embarked largely in the trade to India and China ; in voyages to the North-west Coast, and in the fisheries, carrying trade, etc. ; and opened an extensive busine.ss with Kussia, the Mediterranean, South America, Liverpool, and the British Colonies. When commerce was paralyzed by the embargo and war of 1S12, she commenced manufactures, which liave since expanded into every variety of form. More recently her citizens have taken a deep interest in railroads, and opened to the city an interior to which nature gave her no access. A peninsula, less than one mile square, was soon found insufficient for Boston, and the State annexed to her Dor- chester Point, a peninsula of COO acres. To this, now called South Boston, slio is united by four bridges. At a later period ferries were established to Noddles Island (COO acres), and this now forms a ward of the city. Some hundred acres have also been nsclaimed from the sea; but these narrow limits, about 3 sq. m. in extent, proved inadequate, and have long been exceeded, and the population outside the chartered limits of Boston already equals the population within. As a metropolitan district, Boston, indeed, may be said to extend a circuit of nine miles round the Exchange, within which limits the population in 1850 was 269,ST4. The population of Boston proper, at successive decennial periods, has been as follows : in 1790, it was 1S,03S ; in ISOO, 24.937 ; in 1810, 33,250 ; in 1820, 43,298 ; in 1830, 61,391 ; in 1840. 93,3S3 ; and in 1850, 130,881. As Boston grew in population and manufactures, the nat- ural spring, which gave it the Indian nanje of Shawmut, gradually failed; and the water deteriorated, and the cit- izens were obliged to deepen the ancient wells from year to year. It was at length necessary to resort to a foreign sup- ply. In 17;i5 wooden pipes were laid by a company from Jamaica Pond, and as the demand increased, 10-ineh iron pipes were substituted. This source having proved insuffi- cient, a new aqueduct was constructed from Cochiluate Lake, 20 m. from the Exchange, and was opened in 1&19. The mean elevation of the lake is 120 feet above the marsh level. The water is carried 14| m. by a brick conduit of an elliptical form, 6 feet 4 in. by 5 feet, with a regular descent of 3 1-0 inches per mile, to a large reservoir in Brookline. Here a pond of 22 acres, and holding 100,000,000 gallons, has been formed by closing the outlet of a valley. The res- ervoir is 123 feet above the sea. The water is carried over Charles r. by two parallel pipes 30 in. diameter. From Brookline, large iron pipes carry the water to a granite reservoir on the summit of Beacon Hill, holding 2,500,0u0 gallons, and to another on Dorchester Heights, holding 6,000,000 gallons. These are 120 feet above the sea, and the water is hence conducted through 70 m. of pipe through the streets, and has generally been introduced into dwell- ings and stores. The head is sufficient to throw a 3 in. jet 92 feet high from the fountain on the Common. The aque- duct is competent to supply 14,000,000 gallons daily. East B)Stoti is also supplied from this source, i)ipes being con- ducted over Charles and My.>itic rivers. The city proper now is, atid the suburbs soon will be, lighted with gas. The principal public buildings in Boston and its vicinity, are Quincy Market, a granite structure, 500 by 38 feet; the State House, a large and commodious building ; Fancuil Hall, an ancient brick edifice; the Massachusetts GenenU Hospital, a large stone structure, at West Boston ; the olil State House; the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 310 the Institute for the Blind at South Boston; the Orphan Asylum ; the Farm School ; the City Hall, and Sulfoilc Court-house, large granite buildings; the Registry of Deeds' Offices; the Merchants' Exchange, of granite, also; the Athenaeum, of freestone ; the Custom-house ; a Club House, of freestone ; 23 large School-houses, costing $703,000 ; 41 Primary School-houses; 3 Theatres; a Museum; and 2 large buildings of granite, used for concerts and lectures. Boston has also erected an extensive Jail, of Quincy granite, and a spacious Alms-house, at Deer island. At Kainsford"» island she has also the Quarantine Hospital, and the build- ings hitherto used for jails and alms-houses at W^est and South Boston. The citizens of Boston have rarely been wanting in the cause of benevolence, and many of their in- stitutions are richly endowed. Previous to 1845, a single institution, the General Hospital and M'Lean Asylum, had received $040,942; and the entire amount of donations to such public objects was ascertained to have been, prior to 1846, .$4,992,659. Very few of the ancient burial-grounds are now used for interments ; several have been planted, and contribute much to the ornament of the city. In 1831, Mount Auburn, in Cambridge, a spot remarkable for its natural beauties, was selected as a rural cemetery. It contains 113 acres, and during the last 18 years 1,750 lots have been sold, real- izing $176,000. Koads and paths have been opened, a granite gateway and chapel built, and iron railing set round it ; many tasteful monuments of marble have been erected, and it has become a place of frequent resort for the living as for the dead. At Forest Hill, Koxbury, is another beau- tiful cemetery, and others at Brighton and Wood Lawn. The cemetery of Mount Auburn is the first instance in America of a large tract having been chosen for its natural beauties, and improved by landscape gardening, to prepare it for the reception of the dead. Boston is the commercial emporium of New England, .ind next to New York among the commercial cities of the Union. In 1S50, the shipping owned in the district amount- ed to 320,687 tons. The foreign arrivals amounted to 2,877 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 478,859 tons ; and the foreign clearances, 2,839 vessels, of 437,760 tons. The ship- ping built in the year 1849-50, was 23,480 tons. _ The value of imports in 1S49 was $24,117,175 ; and of exports', $8,84.3,974. Boston enjoys, also, a large local and coast-wise trade. Within the borders of Massachusetts are two cities with over 30,000 inhabitants, ten with 10,000 to 20,000, ten towns with 6,000 to 10,000, twenty with 4,000 to 6,000. Between these and Boston an active commerce exists ; and by her iron arms she reaches through this populous interior to the north and west, to Canada and the Mississippi. The coast- wise importations in 1849 consisted in part of 269,813 bales of cotton, 262,632 tons anthracite, 987,988 barrels of flour, 30,002,593 bushels of corn, 621,513 bushels of oats, rye, and shorts, 33,199 barrels of turpentine, 603,530 sides of leather, 156,556 barrels of pork, 200,500 pigs of lead, etc. Large im- portations are also made, particularly from New Orleans, of beef, hemp, sugar, molasses, tobacco, and other articles. Vessels of all sizes, from 50 to 1,000 tons, are engaged iu the coasting trade. The arrivals in 1S49 were 6,100 vessels, which number docs not include sloops and schooners, laden with wood, stcme, and sundries, some thousands annually, that do not report at the custom-house. By railroad the ton- nage transported amounted to 1,107,129 tons. The trade of Boston with the West and South is immense ; her niaiiufactures and imports are sent by railway and packets to the farthest limits of the country. Lines of pack- els run to all the soa-board cities, freighted with the cottons, boots, shoes, and other domestic goods, the produce of the State's industry. With California, also, Boston has had large dealings ; at least one-fiah of the shipping that sails from Atlantic ports for " El Dorado," hails from Boston. In 1850, there were 29 banks in the city, and the banking capital amounted to $21,460,000. The amount deposited in CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. savings' banks was $3,9T7,T99, owned by 29,T99 depositors. The stoclv capital of Boston insurance companies was $5,483,000. There were also in the city numerous mutual, and several foreign insurance companies. The assessed value of property in Boston is $179,525,000, and the city debt about .$7,000,000, chiefly owing on account of the water-works. This debt is small compared with the wealth and resources of the city. The property of the city consists of the " Common," a beautiful park of 4S acres, encircled by an iron fence ; the Public Garden, con- taining 1-t acres, and several public squares and areas, em- bellished by fountains. These are all devoted to the health and recreation of the citizens. She owns also valuable property tliat may be sold ; the whole is valued at $5,071,000, and at the present time yields a revenue of $300,000 annual- ly. The expenses of the city are chiefly for her schools, street improvements, watch, and the support of correctional and humane institutions. Some of the artificial structures which connect Boston ■with the main deserve notice. The Western Avenue, 7,000 feet long, leads from the old peninsula to Brookline, Eoxbury, and Brighton; it is a solid structure of granite, filled in with earth, and cost $700,000. Besides forming a ■wide carriage road, it creates a large water-power, and has redeemed many acres from the harbor. West Boston Bridge and Causeway, 6,190 feet long, connects Boston with Cambridge ; Canal Bridge is 2,796 feet long ; Warren Bridge, 1,390 feet ; Long Wharf, 1,800 feet long and 200 feet wide ; Central Wharf, 1,379 feet long and 150 feet wide ; India Wharf, 980 feet long. Along these wharves are con- tinuous blocks of warehouses, 4 or 5 stories high, and from 60 to SO feet deep. Granite, Connecticut, and Lewis's wharves are of like size, and have ranges of large stone warehouses. The schools of Boston are frequently referred to as mod- els of perfection. Their number and excellence, with her liberal patronage of education, have given the city the title of the Modern Athens, and their merit and importance can not be overrated. In 1850 her primary schools had 11,876 scholars, her grammar schools 9,154, and other schools 471 scholars. Boston has also a Latin and High School, in which the higher branches are taught with sig- nal ability. All these schools are open free of charge to aU. Without the chartered limits of the city are Harvard Uni- versity, with its Law and Theological Schools, a Baptist college, and many excellent schools and academies. There are several public libraries in the city. The Athe- neum Library, the Boston and Mercantile libraries, the Law Library, the State Library, and several libraries of Harvard University. These together contain upward of 150,000 volumes. There are 80 periodicals and newspapers published in Boston, several of which are worked by steam presses, and have large circulations. These refer to almost every de- partment of literature, religion, science, agriculture, banks, railroads, belles-letters, statistics, history, medicine, law, education, etc. The religious and charitable institutions of the city are also numerous. It has nearly 200 churches and places of worship. There is also a General Hospital, two Insane Hospitals, an Asylum for the Blind, an Eye and Ear In- firmary, a Lylng-in-IIospital, an Asylum for Orphan Girls, and a Farm-school for Boys. Most of these are liberally enver3 and port-holes, and provided with cannon and small-arms, was established be- tween Cincinnati and Pittsburg, each making a trip once in four weeks. During this period the town progressed but slowly, while idleness, drinking, and gambling prevailed in the army, and w:is to some extent participated in by the citizens. The population at various periods is shown above. From 1800 to 1810 it progressed pretty rapidly, and consider- able trade was carried on with New Orleans in keel-boats, which returned laden with foreign goods. The passage to New Orleans then occupied about 25 days, and the return 65 days. In 1819 the city was incorporated, since which pe- riod its progress in population and material wealth has been uninterrupted and rapid in an astonishing degree, considering thediffleulties it had to contend with before the establishment of steam navigation on the rivers and rail- roads throughout the country. It would be invidious to cumpare the early career of Cincinnati with that of Chicago, Mihvaukie, and some others; they were founded under quite different auspices; the one in the midst of a country, surrounded by hostile savages, bare of population, without a road, and scant of river facilities; and the olhers with every facility of travel perfected, and a tide of immigration unceasingly pouring upon them. The position of Cincinnati is ailmirable. It is in the cen- tre of a beautiful valley, surrounded by hills. It occupies the whole of the first and second planes above the Ohio r., and extends a mile over llie third, or still higher elevations of Mount Adams, Mount Auburn, Mount Washington, etc.; these comprise the greater portions of the first, eleventh, and twell'tli wards. The first of these planes or tables, called the bottom, is at an elevation of 50 fec^t above low-water mark ; the second, called the hill, about 60 feet higher, and is densely built upon, and more populous than the other two ; it is elevated 541 feet above tide-water and 23 feet be- low the level of Lake Erie. Above this table are the hills of Mount Auburn, etc., 200 feet higher. To an eye placed on th&e highest elevations, the city appears to occupy the centre and base of an immense basin, the view being in every direction terminated by swelling hills. The grade of these planes or terraces has for years been changing to conform to the general improvement of the city, and now affords the regular and facile ascent and descent required by heavy draughts, as well as to permit the safe drainage of water from the upper tables of the city. Many of the streets are ornamented with elegant edifices and beautiful shade trees. The city is regularly laid out in streets and alleys, cross- ing each other at right angles. The streets running E. and W. are denominated Water, Front, Columbia, Pearl, Third, Fourth, etc., while those running N. and S. are named Broadway, Sycamore, Main, Walimt, Western liow, etc. Main Street extends from the steamboat landing, on the river, northwardly to the northern bounds of the second plane. Tlie streets are generally paved, and the foot-paths bricked. The city contained, in 1853, 19,904 houses, 91 churches, many of them very fine edifices; 3 colleges, 5 medical schools, a law school, a female college, several female seminaries, 6 classical schools, a large number of finely-built public schools, the Mechanic's Institute, 6 char- tered and 14 private banks, and 17 insurance companies, etc. ; a great number of public halls, the county and city courts; the new court-house, a massive and elegant edifice, covering an area of 41 .209 feet ; a mercantile exchange, ami numerous ■^ libraries — one of these, the Young Men's Mercantile Library, contains 14,000 vols., and has connected with it one of the best reading rooms in the United States; and literary, phi- losophical, and charitable institutions, an observatory, 4 thea- tres, a museum, gas-works, water-works, custom-house, etc In fact, it has all the appliances necessary for the physical, in- tellectual, and moral enjoyment of a large population ; and in its manufactures, commerce, and general wealth, is pre- eminent among the cities of the world. The maiuifactures of Cincinnati embrace almost every department of industrial employment. It woiUd be impos- sible to enumerate them in the compass allowed to this article; but there are some industries that so distinguish the city, that their enumeration is necessary. It has 6 dis- tilleries; 140 bakeries; 12 bell and bra.ss founderies; 82 blacksmith shops ; 10 boiler yards ; 15 book-binderies ; 874 boot and shoe factories ; 31 breweries ; 60 brick yards ; 203 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. mason shops ; 121 butchers' shops ; 284 p.irpentcr and IniiMor shops; 24 carriacje factories; 63 coopers' shops; 43 copper- plate printins: establishments; 13 beef and tongue curing establishments; 4 cutleries; 32 daguerreotype establish- ments; 16 domestic liquor manufactories; 15 dye houses; 19 edge-tool factories; 14 engravins; establishments; 14 feed and flour mills; 44 founderies and engine shops; 136 furniture factories ; 10 gilding establishments ; 2 glass works ; 6 gunsmith shops ; 40 hat factories ; 14 ice-packing establish- ments; 5 iron rolling-mills; 3 iron safe factories; 5 iron railing factories ; 10 lever lock factories ; 4 lithographic es- tablishments; 7 looking-glass factories; 22 machinist shops ; 5 marble works; 6 mathematical and optical instrument factories; 10 upholsteries; 60 millineries; 7 morocco leather factories ; 6 musical instrument factories ; 1 castor oil fac- tory ; 84 oil, lard, and stearine factories ; 3 linseed oil mills: 72 paint and glazing shops ; 9 paper mills ; 14 patent med- icine factories ; 7 plane factories ; 1 planing machine fac- tory ; 6 platform scale factories ; 6 plow factories ; 16 plumb- ing shops; 14 potteries; 33 pork, beef, and ham-curing factories (employing 2,450 hands, and producing annually $5,760,000); 12 publishing houses; 40 saddleries; 25 sash, blind, etc., factories; 22 sausage factories; 15 saw mills ; 2 saw factories ; 5 sheeting, etc., factories ; 15 shirt and stock factories; 38 soap and candle factories; 7 steamboat build- ing yards; 3 stereotype founderies; 23 stonecutting yards; 86 stone mason yards; 157 tailor establishments; 30 tan- neries ; 62 tobacco, cigar, and snufT facturies ; 30 turners' shops ; 2 type founderies ; 26 vinegar factories ; 42 wagon factories; 40 wine manufactories; 5 wire-working establish- ments; 4 locomotive manufactories, etc. Tliere are 180 sev- eral industries pursued, and the total number of all manufac- turing and industrial establishments in the city was about 3,400. The total number of hamls employed, about 32,S50, aud the annual value of products, .$55,000,01)0. There are few cities of the Union so well furnished with facilities of locomotion. It has one of the finest rivers in the world fronting it. Its river commerce is commensurate with the immense internal trade centering at this point, and with the daily increasing manufacturing industry of the city. It is carried on chiefly in steamboats plying hence to Pittsburg, St. Loui.s, New- Orleans, and intermediate places. Its steamers also penetrate all the great navigable rivers of the West — tributaries of the great Father of Waters — an inland navigation of 45.000 miles, unsurpassed by any other internal navigation on the globe. The steamboat ar- rivals for the year ending August 31, 1853, numbered 4,058 ; of these, 619 were from Pittsburg, 233 from St. Louis, 2.54 from New Orleans, 2,952 from other pons ; and the depart- ures were 4,146, namely, for Pittsburg 567, for St. Louis 288, for New Orleans 250, other ports 3.041. Two hundred and ninety-eight different boats arrived during the year, with an aggregate tonnage of 76,647 tons custom-house measure- ment. The actual tonnage of the entire number of arrivals was 1,890,541. The commerce of the city is greatly aided by the canals extending North and West. The Miami Canal, commenc- ing at Cincinnati, extends up the valley of the Great Mi- ami, passes the summit at St. Mary's, thence down the Maumee Valley, and terminates at Toledo, on Lake Erie. Connecting with this, at Junction, is the Wabash Canal, making an aggregate canal navigation through the valleys of the Miami, Maumee, and Wabash, of 600 miles. The amount of freight transmitted on these canals from these great and productive valleys is immense, especially their heavy products. The Whitewater Canal connects the city With the eastern and central parts of Indiana, and is an important avenue of trade. Fifteen macadamized turnpike roads lead from Cincin- nati to various points in Ohio and the neigftbctring St.atcs. The table-land between the Ohio r. and Lake Erie is the grand gateway over which must pass the railways from the Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic cities. Most of these con- nect with Cincinnati, making it the principal centre of the railway system of the West. These works, riv.^ling Roman grandeur, are gradually and .almost imperceptibly extend- ing the commerci.al enterprise of this vigorous and growing city to the remotest plains and valleys of the luxuriant West. Twenty-six railroads will bring to this mart of com- merce the tr.ade of great portions of the States of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, etc., and bear within her grasp the products of more than 800,000 square miles of territory unsurpassed for productiveness. The limits of this article forbid detail further than to say here, that railroad connec- tions are now completed with New York and the principal cities of the sea-board, ina Cleveland, and also via San- dusky City, with Philadelphia, with Chicago, and every lake port from thence to Niagara, with Albany, Indianap- olis, and soon will be with Baltimore, St. Louis, Lexington, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans. A sec- ond railroad is being built to Xenia, although a portion of the present railway has a double track ; and a second road is also being constructed to Dayton, which passes out of the city through a tunnel 10,000 feet long, part of the way at a depth of 160 feet. Railroads are being constructed in all these directions, and when completed will build up Cincin- nati, and make it a competitor for the wealth of commerce second to no other city of the world. It has already had the foretaste of its future, and is now stretching out its arms to gather in the vast, illimitable wealth with which nature has surrounded it. It has also telegraphs, giving it instan- taneous communication with every large city from Maine to Florida, and from the Atlantic to beyond the Missi.ssippi. It is the great pork market of the West. During the year ending August 31, 1853, there were received here packed the products of 325,000 hogs ; packed here 361,000, of the value of $8,250,000. Her commerce has increased with unprecedented rapidity. From a supply of goods furnished by the two keel-boats named above, and a few pack-horses, a little more than half a century since, its imports have increased for the year last named to $51,230,641, and its exports for the same period, $36,266,108. In the immediate vicinity the culture of the grape is car- ried on to a greater extent than in any other place in the Union. In the centre of a large extent of lower Silurian formation, the fertile loamy and argillaceous soil on the .slopes of the higher table-lands are admirably adapted to vineyards. They form a most delightful portion of the scenery on the graceful declivities of the hills. The mean annual temperature is 54.6° ; of winter, 34 5° ; spring, 54.6° ; summer, 73.9° ; autumn, 54.8°. Annual mean quantity of rain 48.33 inches, snow 19.70 inches, showing an exceed- ingly fjivorable climate for the vine. Although the culture of the vine is in its Infancy here, the vintage of 1853 is esti- mated at 500,000 gallons, which, when bottled in the wine cellars, will be worth $2,0ii0,000. The wines produced are chiefly the still and sparkling Catawba, and are said to be equal to the wines of France in flavor and body, and are now manufactured for commerce, and the demand exceeds the supply. The city of Cincinnati is governed by a mayor and a city council, composed of two councilmen from each of the six- teen wards into which it is divided. Three judges of the court of common pleas of the county, each hold three terms of court here annually. A State district court is held twice a year. The city has also a separate police court. The amount of taxes collected for city purposes for the year 1852, was $464,324; to wit, for general purposes, $139,808; interest on city debt, $46.603 ; sinking fund, $11.651 ; House of Eefuge, $46,603 ; Poor House, $81,555 ; city watch, $58 253 ; common schools, $79,851. Debt of the city, $1,800,000; value of city property, $2,230,543. The newspaper and periodical press of Cincinnati consists of 12 daily papers, all of which issue weekly editions, and 823 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 a tri-weekly edition; of 22 weekly papers ; of 1 semi- monthly, and U monthly periodicals. The daily 2)apers are the " C. Gazette" (whii;), the " 0. Commercial" (indep't), the " C. Enquirer" (dem.), tlie ■' Chronicle and Atlas" (whig), the " 0. Times" (indep't), the " Dispatch and Democrat" (.dem.), the "Democratic Journal" (dem.), "Columbian' (indep't), « Volksblat" (Germ.), " Kepublikaner" (Germ.), " Tags- blatt" (Germ.), " Yolksfreund" (Germ.), and the "Nonpa- reil." These circulate a weekly aver.age of 2,000 to 22,000 copies each. The weekly papers are, " Cist's "Weekly Ad- vertiser'' (commer'l), the " Pictorial Advertiser," the " Co- lumbian" (lit), the " Price Current" (commer'l), the " West- ern Police Gazette," " Life in Cincinnati," the " "Warning Bell"' ^fireman's), the " Proclamation Eeformer," the " Pho- netic Advocate," the " Star of the West," the " Presbyterian of the West," the " Journal and Messenger" (relig.), the " Youth's Friend," " the " Catholic Telegraph," the " Chris- tian Age," tlie "Western Christian Advocate,'' the " Chris- tian Apologist," the " Western Fountain" (temperance), the " Central Christian Herald," the " Wahreet's Freund" (Germ.), the " "United Presbyterian," the " ZiUblatter" (ra- tionalist), the " Hochwaechter" (socialist), and the " Demo- cratiehes Woehenblatt" (Germ.). The " Sunday School Ad- vocate" is published semi-montMy. The monthly periodi- cals are, the " Ladies' Repository," the " Templar's Maga- zine," " Lord's Counterfeit Detector," " Dye's Bank Mirror," the " Masonic Keview," the " Western Lancet" (med.), the " Dental Pvegister," the " Law Journal," the " Crisis" (lib- erty), the " Congress Halle'' (Germ.), the " School Friend" (education), the " Genius of Liberly" (lit.), the " Genius of Taste," the " West American Pveview," "Journal of Man," "Western Horticultural Iteview," the Eclectic Medical Journal," the " Golden Eule," the " United Presbyterian," " Goodman's Counterfeit Detector," the " Railroad Jour- nal," the " Young Reaper" (S. School), the " Physico-Medi- cal and Surgical Jourual," the " Pulpit" (Presb.), and the "Parlor Magazine." Thus it would appear that politics, religion, science, literature, etc., have their special advo- cates, and that all the great interests of the people have a special organ to herald their peculiarities to the world. Many of the above are conducted with great energy and talent, and have a circulation beyond their own locality. Adjoining the city, on the east, is the large village of Fulton, and on the north the beautiful village of Walnut Hills, which is mostly occupied .ts country seats by persons doing business in Cincinnati. Walnut Hills is the seat of Lane Seminary, a theological institution owned by the New School Presbyterians. Four miles N. W. of the city are two fine cemeteries—" Spring Grove Cemetery," containing about 220 acres, and the " Wesleyan Cemetery," containing about 40 acres, the former is tastefully laid out in landscape style, with numerous avenues 20 feet wide, and made to conform to the undulating features of the ground. A more beautiful and appropriate spot for this " rural city of the dead" could scarcely have been selected. In the centre of an immense region unsurpassed for pro- ductiveness, daily being augmented by the aid of scientific agriculture; with an increasing and energetic population; with her hundred avenues of commerce, by land and by water ; with her thousands of skillful artisans, manufactur- ers, and other producers ; with her many merchants and their immense capital usefully and profitably employed ; with the victorious industry and untiring enterprise of her citizens ; with the rapid strides of her past as a guaranty for her future, we place on record a prediction, made years since, without indorsing it, but with the remark, that the probability of its being verified is much greater now than when it was written. " Not having before my eyes the fear of men, ' who with too much pride to study and too much wit to think, under- value what they do not understand and condemn what they do not comprehend,' I venture the prediction, that within one hundred years from this time Cincinnati will be 824 the greatest city in America, and by the year of our Lord 2000, the greatest city in the world." {Omimunicated by John Frazer, Eaq. Cleveland, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cuy.Thoga co., Ohio : on Cuyahoga river, where it discharges into Lake Erie, 126 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Lat. 41° 31' 07" N., and long. Sio 45' 57' W. Cleveland is the commercial empo- rium of northern Ohio, and second only to Cincinnati in population and general progress. It possesses great facil- ities for the transit of goods and passengers : the Ohio Canal, extending to the Ohio river at Portsmouth, -309 m., has its northern terminus here, and another canal, branching off from it at Akron, connects it with Pittsburg. It is con- nected with all the ports of Lake Erie by the lake-shore chain of railroads extending from Niagara Falls to Mil- waukie; with Pittsburg, by the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. R., and the Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. ; and with Cincinnati by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R. ; these, running to the seaboard at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, uniting with the various railroads, Baltimore, etc., to the southward into Kentucky, Tennessee, etc., to Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans, and to the westward to and beyond the Mississippi river, give it access to every part of the settled portion of the Union, and serve as conduits of the vast commerce which centres at this point. And besides these great avenues, it has numerous plank and macadamized roads leading from it in all directions; and its telegraphic connections extend to every important city from the British Provinces to New Orleans, and from the Atlantic to the utmost western bounds of civilization. Regu- lar lines of steamboats ply to Dunkirk, to Buffalo, to Detroit, to Toledo and Sandusky, and to the upper lake country. Cleveland is one of those great cities of the West that have risen up as if by magic within the past twenty years. In 1S80 the place contained less than 1,000 inhabitants; in 1S40 it had 6,071, and in 1S50 its population amounted to 17,041.* It derives its name from General Moses Cleveland, an agent of the Connecticut Land Company, who accom- panied the first surveying party upon the Connecticut Western Reserve. The place on which the city now stands was surveyed under his direction in 1796. In 1799 there was but one family residing here, and even in 1S25 there were under 500 persons within its limits. In 1S14 Cleve- land was incorporated as a village, and in 1830 it received a city charter. The city, except a small portion of it immediately on the river, is built on a gravelly plain, SO feet above Lake Erie, of which it has a commanding prospect. The location is dry and healthy, and the view of the meanderings of the Cuyahoga river, and of the steamboat and lake craft ever entering or leaving the harbor, or on the waters of the lake to the horizon, presents a fine picture of commercial activ- ity. The country around is replete with rich scenery, and for miles around is under a high state of cultivation. The plan of the city is rectangular, the streets being usually SO feet wide, except Main Street, running through the middle of the city, which is 120 feet wide. Near the centre there is a public square of 10 acres, divided into four equal parts by intersecting streets, neatly inclosed and adorned with shade trees. The Court-house fronts on this square. The city contains numerous well-built churches * In the latter part of 1813, a census of the city, compared with that of 1850, slioweJ the following results ; 1850. 1853. Istward 7,837 6,3'.15 caward 5,390 10,277 3d ward 3,603 4,339 4th ward — 10,203 years. 17,011 31,619 14,578 6,375 9,992 3,617 23,416 41,611 18,19S , CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, of all denominations, public institutions, schoois, etc. Many of the private dwellings are expensive and tasteful. The harbor is one of the best on the lake ; it is formed by the mouth of the Cuyahoga, and improved by a pier on each side, extending 425 yards into the lake, 200 feet apart, and faced with substantial masonry. The natural aijvantages of the harbor are unsurpassed in the West. There is a light-house on the high bank of the lake, and another at the entrance to the harbor. The coast-wise commerce of Cleve- land, in the year 1S50, amounted in value to $13,SS6,531, of which $7,030,957 represented the imports, and .|6.S55,556 that of the exports. The shipping owned in the district v/as 35,315 tons, of which 9,994 tons were navigated by steam power. The shipping built within the year was 6S6 tons. Cleveland has also considerable commerce with Can- ada. The great bulk of its commercial material, however, is now conveyed on the railroads and canals, to and from the seaboard, etc., but the exact amount can not be a.scer- tained. Manufacturing, though in its infancy, is carried on to some extent Most of the engines, and other equipments for the steamboats and railroads of the neighborhood, are manufactured at the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace ; and there are also two large flouring mills here, one worked by steam, and the other by the surplus water of the Ohio Canal. Of the ordinary mechanical trades there is a fair representa- tion, and among them are several extensive establishments. The public schools of the city are numerous, and are un- der efficient management The buihiings are generally of brick : that on St Clair Street is an ornament to the city. The course of instruction is graduated, and when the schol- ars are suf35ciently advanced, they are promoted to the high school, in which they are instructed in several branches of natural science. There are also many highly efficient pri- vate schools and seminaries, and the city has several literary associations and reading-rooms. At the Lyceum lectures are delivered during the winter evenings. There are three musical halls in the city. The public press of the city con- sists of three daily newspapers (which issue, also, weekly editions), and two weekly newspapers. The dailies are, the "C. Ilerald'' (whig), the ''C. Plainde.iler" (dem.), and the " True Democrat" (free soil) ; and the weeklies are, the " 0. Advertiser" (neutral), and the " 0. Germania" (Germ, dem.). Ohio City, on the opposite side of the Cuyahoga river, is virtually a part of Cleveland ; but it has a separate incorpo- ration. It is in the same position as New Tork city and Brooklyn, distinct corporations, with interests alike. The municipal authorities of Cleveland consist of a mayor, and one alderman and three councilmen for each ward. The police arrangements of the city are excellent, and the clean- liness and order of the place are remarkable. Columbia, p. city, and cap. Eichlaml dist., S. Car., and capital of the State : on the E. side of Congarce river, im- mediately below the confluence of its constituents. Broad and Saluda rivers, in lat 83° 57', and long. 81° 07' W., 500 miles S. by W. "Washington. The river is here open to light draft navigation. The city is built on an elevated plane of about three or four miles in extent, the descent sloping in all directions gradually. ^ It was founded in 1787, and is laid out on the rectangular plan, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and 100 feet wide. The principal buildings are the State House, the county buildings, market- house, banking houses, academies, and churches. The State House, in the central part of the city, is 170 feet long and 60 feet wide, two stories high. Columbia is also the seat of Ihe South Carolina College, founded in 1804, and which, in 1S50, had 8 professors and 195 students, and a library of 17,000 volumes. The college buildings are very extensive and of brick, surmounting one of whifh is a fine observatory, which possesses apparatus of great value. This institution is under the patronage of the State. The Southern Theological Seminary is also located here ; it is a Presbyterian institution, and in 1850 it had 6 professors and 32 students, with a library of 4,600 volumes. The dwelling- houses are chiefly of wood, but there are several built of brick in a style of elegance becoming the capital of the State. The city is supplied with pure water from springs, raised by steam power, and distributed through iron pipes. The high situation the city occupies contributes greatly to the health of the inhabitants, and also affords an extensive view of Ihe surrounding scenery, which is chiefly a cotton and corn region, in the highest state of culture. Columbia has three daily and two weekly newspapers ; the dailies are, the "State Rights Republican" (dem.), the " South Carolinian" (dem.), and the " Telegraph" (indep.), the last two of which issue also tri-weekly and weekly edi- tions; and the weeklies are the -'Palmetto State Banner" (dem.), and the " South Carolina Temperance Advocate." The city has also considerable manufactures, which have been altogether initiated within the past decade, and its trade and commercial connection has greatly advanced since the completion of the lines of railroad diverging in all directions from this the chief railroad centre of the State ; and when the system proposed for South Carolina shall have formed junctions with the lines of the surrounding States, the commercial prosperity of this city will be indef- initely enhanced. The railroads now centering in Colum- bia are, the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina E. E. ; the Charlotte and South Carolina E. R. ; and the Green- ville and Columbia E. R., with their branches and con- nections west and north. The design is to continue the last through Rabun Gap to Chattanooga, thus connecting this place directly with the Ohio Valley railroads, and those ex- tending to and beyond the Mississippi river. Pop. 6,059. Columbus, p. city, and cap. Muscogee co., Ga. : on the E. side of Chattahoochee river, at the head of steam navi- gation, and immediately below the falls of the river, which have a descent of 111 feet in 3 miles, 118 m. W. by 8. Mil- ledgeville. It is 175 miles above the junction with Flint r., and 275 miles above App.alachieola Bay. Immediately be- low the falls the river has a width of only 118 yards, but soon expands to 250 yards wide. The site of the city is 60 feet above the ordinary height of the river, and covers 1,200 acres. Two streets running parallelwith the river, N. and 8., are 165 feet wide, and six others have a width of 132 feet; these are intersected at right angles by twelve other streets, which are 99 feet wide. It contains a court-house, jail, several banks, a market-house, numerous churches, and about 2,400 dwellings; and it also has several large cotton mills, and woolen factories, and flouring mills. It is one of the great commercial centres of Georgia, and a de- p6t of a large extent of rich cotton country. The Muscogee E. R. terminates here, and extends hence to Macon, con- necting with the Central R. R. to Savannah, and the Macon and Western R. R., etc., to Nashville and Knoxville, Teun. ; from Gerard, on the opposite side of the river, a railroad is about to built to Mobile. The bridge over the river at this point cost $30,000. A large number of steamboats ply on the river, carrying cotton, etc., to the seaboard and New Orleans ; at all se.asons, boats drawing five feet of water, can come up to this place. Columbus is a city of modern date, having been laid out in 1828 ; its growth has been rapid. In 1840 it had 3,114 inhabitants, and in 1850 about 5,942. It has three newspapers, the "C. Times," published tri weekly and weekly, and the '• C. Enquirer" and the " South em Sentinel," published woekly. Columbus, p. city, and cap. Franklin co., OJiio, and cap. of the State of Ohio : on the E. side of the Scioto river, just below the confluence of the Whetstone river, in lat .390 57' N., and long. 83° 03' W., 396 m. from Washington. The land on which the city is built rises gradually from the river, and the streets are laid out at right angles. Broad Street extends from Ihe river along the National Road to the E. of the city, and is 120 feet wide ; and High Street, 100 feet wide, crosses Broad at the N. W. corner of the Public 825 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Square, of 10 acres, running N. and S. Tliis is the princi- pal business street. All other streets are SS feet wide, and the alleys 33 feet wide. The public buildings are the Cap- itol or Slate House, tlie Peiiiltntl.iry, asylums severally for the insane, the deaf and dumb, and the blind , several col- leges, seminaries, and numerous churches of all denomina- tions. The old Stale House was destroyeil by fire on the 1st Feb., 1552, and in consequence a great number of docu- ments illustrating the history of the State were lost, never to be restored. The new Stale House is one of the most magnificent buildings in the Union. It is 304 feet long and 1S4 feet wide, covering an area of 55,936 square feet. The basement is 16 feet above the common surface ; the height of blocking course is 62 feet, and to the top of the rotunda 157 feet, its diameter being 61 feet. The first floor contains 28 fire-proof rooms for the public offices ; and the second floor contains the Hall of Eepreseiitatives, which is 84 feet long and 72J feet wide, the Senate Chamber 56 feet by 721; the library, the U. S. Court-room, and 26 committee rooms. The State Penitentiary is also a spacious and elegant edifice on the Scioto river, N.W. of the Slate House. It is a splen- did building, of hewn limestone ; the centre is 56 feet long, 4 stories high, and the two wings each 200 feet long and S stories high. The private dwellings are generally neat, substantial, and many of them elegant. The avenues of travel and commerce connecting Colum- bus with other parts of the State and Union, are the Na- tional lioad, a branch of the Ohio Canal, the Columbus and Xenia K. R., the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., the Central Ohio E. E., etc. The railroads are the creations of the last ten years, and have been the cause of the e.xtraordinary triplicati(m of the population in that pe- riod. As a commercial dep6t, the city has eminent facili- ties — as a central position, in regard to every portion of the State, lis location on one of the largest rivers, and its grand works of internal improvemi-nt. It has numerous and ex- tensive manufactures, and, on the whole, is one of the most prosperous among Western cities. There are published • within the city two daily newspapers, both of which also issue tri-wcekly and weekly editions; four weekly, one semi-monthly, two monthly, and one occasioned. The dai- lies are the "Ohio State Journal' (whig), and the "Ohio Statesman" (dem.). The weeklies are the " Ohio Standard" (whig), the " Dollar," and " Swan's Elevator" (neutral), and "Der Westbote" (Germ.). The semi-monthly is the '• Ohio Cultivator" (agric). The monthlies are the " Western Lit- erary Magazine," and the " Ark ;" and the " Conventional Eeporter" is published occasionally. Previous to 1S12, when it was fixed on for the State cap- ital, the site of the city was in the wilderness. lu 1820 it contained 1,400 inhabitants; in 1830, 2,439; in 1840, 6,048; and in 1850, 17,88.3. Concord, t., p. v., and cap. Merrimao co., N. ITamp., and cap. of the State: it lies on both sides of the Merrimac river, in l.at. 43° 12' 29" N., and long. 71° 29' W., 474 m. N. E. Washington. There are five ponds in the town, the largest of which are Turkey Pond in the S. W., and Long Pond in the N. W. sections, the outlet streams of wh.ich fur- nish extensive hydraulic i)Ower. The Contoocook river joins the Merrimac on the N. line of the town, and forms at the junction the celebrated "Duston's Island.'' The in- tervale lands of the M<-rrimac are very fertile, and highly cultivated. Soon after entering Ci>noord the river passes over Sewell's Falls, and thence has no natural obstruction until it reaches the falls at the S. E. extremity of the town, where is a vast water-power. Locks arc here constructed, and boat navigation secured. The river is here about 100 yards wide, but during freshets the water rises 20 feet above the ordinary level, presenting to the eye a body of water a mile wide. There are handsome bridges spanning the river. There are three villages in the towu, the princi- pal of which, and the seat of its chief business, is on theW. side of the river, extending along it about 2 miles. The 826 State House, Court-house, Stale Prison, and other public buildings are in this village. The State House occupies a beautiful site in the centre, and is constructed of hewn granite. It is 126 feet in length, 49 feet in width, and with a projection in the centre of 4 feet on each froiiL The coat of the building was $30,000. The State Prison is also a massive granite building, 70 by .36 feet, surrounded by a high stone wall. The second principal village is at Sewell's Falls, and the other in the W. part of the town. Concord, origin.^lly called Pffiiacook, was granted by Mas- sachusetts to a company of sc;ttlers, 17th .Jan., 1725, and the settlement was begun in the following year. In 1733 it was incorporated under the name of Euraford, whieh name was changed in 1765 to Concord. The population in 1775 was 1,053; in 1790, 1,747; in 1800, 2,052; in 1810, 2,.393; in 1820, 2,8:33; in 1830, 3,727; in 1S40, 4,897; and in 1850, 8,584, its progress during the last decade having been stim- ulated by the development of its manufacturing facilities and the extension of the railroad system centering within it. Concord is now, indeed, one of the chief seals of New England industry. It has numerous large cotton factories, paper mills, boot and shoe shops, and a variety of other in- dustrial establishnu'nts. Its neighborhood also abounds in granite, which is exported. In the t. are also potteries, fulling mills, etc. ; and in the publishing business Concord has long been remarkably successful. In 1850 four news- papers were published weekly, and one semi-monthly ; the weekly papers were, the "N. H. Patriot and State Ga- zette" (dem.) ; the " N. H. Statesman" (whig) ; the " In- dependent Democrat" (free soil) ; and the " Congregational Journal" (relig.) ; and the semi-monthly, was the " Under- Current," a paper devoted to temperance. Concord lies on the route of travel and commerce between Boston and Montreal, and Boston and the far West, and hence has become a principal centre of the New England system of railroads. It has also a railroad connection with Portsmouth. The railroads centering here are, the Con- cord K. E., extending to Nashua and Boston ; the Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E., extending to Haverhill on the Connecticut, anil to Montreal; the Concord and Clare- mont v.. E. ; the Portsmouth and Concord E. E. ; the North- ern New Hampshire E. E., extending to West Lebanon, on the Connecticut, and continued by the Vermont, New York, and Canada railroads to Eouse's Point, Montreal, Ogdens- burg, Kingston, etc. Covington, p. city, Kenton co., Ky. : on the W. side of Licking r., on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, 60 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. It is built on a beautiful ]ilain, most of which is above high-water mark ; and the streets are so arranged as to appear from the hills back of Cincinnati as a continua- tion of that city. Newport lies on the opposite side of the Licking. It is connected with Cincinnati by a steam ferry. Covington is a highly flourishing place, and is destined to become a large city. It contains a city hall, S churches, a theological seminary, belonging to the Baptists ; 70 or 80 .stores, 35 tobacco factories, 3 ropewalks, a rolling-mill, and numerous other manufacturing establishments. About a mile back from the city is Linden Grove, a beautiful rural cemetery, and 4 m. in the interior are Latonian Springs, a very fashionable and pleasant resort in the summer season. Two weekly newspapers are put;lishea here; and also a monthly literary paper. Pop. in 1S50, 9,408. In 1853 it had risen to 12,151. Valuation, .$5,359,630. From Cov- ington, railroads are in course of construction ^> Louis- ville, Lexington, etc., which will form the connecting links between the systems of railroads already built, or being built on all sides S. of the Ohio, and those of Ohio and the other Western States. CiiMBEKLANi), p. V., and cap. Alleghany co., Md. : on the N. bank of the Potomac river, at the mouth of Wills' cr., 146 m. W. N. W. Annapolis, and by railroad from Baltimore, 179 m. It is the centre of the vast mining region of Alle- ghany county, and au eutrepOt on the great line of travel CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. from the Atlantic to the "Western States. The B.altimore and Ohio R. K. passes through it, and here commences the great National Eoad leading to the Mississippi river. The ChesapealvC and Ohio Canal also terminates here. Besides these great works of internal improvement, there are di- verging from Cumberland several lines of railroads con- necting with the various mines of the Cumberland coal and iron companies. The village contains a court-house, the county prison, a market-house, two banks, and several fine buildings, workshops, etc., connected with the public works ; also several handsome church edifices. Three newspapers arc published here weekly : the " 0. Civilian" (whig), the " Alleghanian'' (dem.), and the " Unionist" (neutral) — each circulating from 400 to 500 copies of each issue. In 1S50 the population of Cumberland was 6,067, of which 5,5T6 were white persons, 267 free colored persons, and 224 slaves, and hence it is the second town of Maryland in re- spect of population. In 1S40 the population was only 2,428, the increase in the subsequent decade having been 149.8 per centum. The coal of this region is semi-bituminous, of excellent quality, and suitable for ocean steamships and a variety of other purposes to which the anthracite has hith- erto been applied ; it is brought to the markets of the East on the railroad and canal to Baltimore, and thence is tug- ged through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the •Delaware and Raritan Canal, to the harbor of New York. The quantity of this mineral, delivered in Baltimore inlSSO, was 146,645 tons, and about 80,000 tons were deposited at Alexandria. The delivery at Baltimore in 1845 was only 16,000 tons; in 1846, 18,-393 tons; in 1847,50,259 tons; 1843, 66,289 tons; in 1849, 71,699 tons ; and in 1850, as above re- lated. In 1851 the delivery amounted to 16.3,855 tons, and is now increasing in a rapid ratio. The Coal Company have loaned money to the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. to fur- nish increased means of transportation, the want of which has alone been the cause of limiting the deposits. Cumber- land coal contains 77 parts of carbon, 16 parts of volatile matter, and 7 parts of ashes. The Cumberland Coal and Iron Company is an amalgamation of the several compa- nies before existing in that vicinity under various names; it was organized by the Legislature of the State in 1852, and now holds about 12,000 acres of mineral lands, and has a working capital of about .$5,000,000. Dayton, t., p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Ohio : at the confluence of the Mad and Miami rivers, in lat. 89° 44' N., and long. 84° 11' W., 66 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It is one of those new centres of trade and commerce which have sprung up in the great West with the progress of internal improvements, and which, during the decade ending with 1850, have been so wonderfully developed. The ground on which the city is built was originally purchased by John Cleve Symmes about the year 1795, and afterward it ap- pears that Governor St. Clair and .Jonathan Dayton, with several associ.ites, contracted with Symmes for the purchase and settlement of so much of the original purchase as was included in the corporate limits of the present city. The embryo town received the name of Dayton. Symmes being unable to meet his payment, the land reverted to the gov- ernment, and afterward (in 1799), Daniel C. Cooper, of New Jersey, succeeded to the proprietorship. The town was then laid out upon a plan originally furnished by St. Clair, with streets 100 feet wide, crossing each other at right an- gles. The town plot was divided into 280 lots, 100 feet front by 2rtO feet in depth, .ind upward of 50 out-lots of 10 acres each were laid off at the same time. But it was not till within the present century that the town had a tangible existence. In 1805 it was incorporated by the Legislature, and in 1806 the first brick dwelling was erected; and in 1810 it had only 8>3 inhabitants. Its progress, indeed, seems to have been quite slow until the completion of the internal improvements connecting it with the commercial centres of the West were completed. Population in 1820, 1,039; ia 1830, 2,954; in 1840, 6,067; in 1850, 10,977; and in 1853, 16,562. In 1829 the Miami Canal, between Cincin- nati and Dayton, was completed, and on the 25lh January of that year a canal boat traversed the distance (60 miles) between the two places. From this date the prosperity of Dayton commences. At a later period the canal was opened to Lake Erie. The amount of tolls collected at the port of Dayton, in 1S41, w.is $27,0..'5S ; in 1350, $32,876. There are also now upward of 250 miles of macadamized roails radiating from the city in all directions ; and it is now ccmnected, through the following railroads, with all the principal points of the Union : the Mad Eiver and Erie E, R., 156 m., terminating at Sandusky ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton R. E., 60 m., terminating at Cincin- nati ; the Little Miami R, R., 84 m., at Springfield ; the Dayton and Western R. R., 40 m., at the State line ; the Greenville and Miami R. E., 36 m., at Greenville and Union ; the Dayton and Michigan E. R., 140 m., at Toledo; and the Dayton and Xenia R. R., 16 m., at Xenia. These connect with lines reaching the length and breadth of tho United States ; and a continuous line of railroad is under contract from a point on the Ohio r., connecting with the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. to lUinoislown, opposite St. Louis. The principal points on this road will be Columbus, Day- ton, Indianapolis, Terre Haute, and St. Louis. The com- merce on all the completed railroads is immense, but there is no immediate means of ascertaining its tonnage, descrip- tion, or value. The commerce of Dayton by canal, was in 1850, as exhibited in the following table, which gives the amount of the principal articles received and shipped at the port in the year referred to. Articles. Arrived. Cleared, Ale and beer bbK 31 .... 2,013 Flour " 381.... 64,434 Fish, fresh-water " 2,047 .... 208 Oil, linseed " 4.... 4,522 Oil,lard « 47.... 580 Pork " — .... 472 Salt " 9,331 .... 89 Whisky " 88 ... . 86,237 Rye, barley, and malt bush. 1,831 .... 14,789 Corn " 10,765 .... 184,269 Coal,mineral " 89.953.... 938 Coke " 18,359.... — Oats " 340.... 17,149 Seeds, grass, etc " — 2,521 Seed, flax " 9,568.... 11,174 Wheat " 5,014.... 16,877 Butter lbs. 392 .... 34,541 Burr blocks " 98,053.... — Furniture and baggage " 107,586 .... 404,478 Bacon and pork " 11,022.... 723,799 Coffee " 279,170.... 83,989 Cotton,raw " 294,962.... — Cottonyarns " ,2,056.... 192,864 Candles " 795.... 28,541 Cutstone " 16,887.... 1-3,126 Crockery, foreign " 116,662.... 2,700 Eggs " — ■••• 58,477 Fruit,green " 11,729.... 150,633 Feathers " 837 ... . 2,014 Grindstones " 62,066.... 676 Gypsum " 55,395.... 1,400 Gl.ass-ware " 163,113.... 8,963 Hemp " 11,933 .... — Hides aud skins " 9,105.... 78,433 Ice " 78,705 .... 1,696,000 Iron, pig, etc " 1,774.712 .... 59,073 Iron, cast " 2,896,715 .... 43,069 Lard " 1,653.... 498,805 Leather'. " 45,776.... 88,059 Machinery " 89,333 .... 106,822 Merchandise " 1,985,092 .... 330,744 Molasses " 857,352 .... 13,000 82T CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Arrive.!. Cleared. 888,369 . . 8,758 — .. . 3,167,176 24,111 . . . 531,536 6,681 .. 15,222 T.TIT . . 38,087 673,448 . . 9,562 858 .. . 121,713 16,311 . . 27,161 94,831 . . 14,209 — .. . . 58,486 47,394 . . 1,015 2,066,495 . . . 1,219,938 851,110 . . 72.974 — .. .■: 3,497 1,657,758 . . 5,400 8,420,250 . . . 116.250 1,140,200 .. 57,000 4,395,273 . . . 298,466 117,741 . . 4,226 Articles. Nails and spikes lbs. Oilcake " Paper, Ohio " Powder, Oliio " Pot and pearl ashes " Sugar " Tallow " Tobacco " Tobacco, manufactured " Wool " White lead " Sundries " Hoop poles num. Hogs " Staves, etc " Shingles " Lath " Lumber feet Timber " The several locks of the canal afford considerable motive power within the limits of the city ; and in 1S45 the Dayton Hydraulic Company constructed a hydraulic canal from a point at Mad r., 4 m. above the city, by means of which the waters of a large and unfailing stream are brought through the place, the surplus water being discharged into the canal, and thence into the Miami river, below the city. The whole of the power thus obtained is leased to manu- facturers, and this addition of motive force is justly ranked as one of the chief sources of the prosperity now enjoyed by the city. A further increase of hydraulic facilities is projected by conducting the waters of the Miami above the city, through a canal, and discharging them into the same river below. Dayton surpasses all other Western cities of its size in the variety and extent of its manufactories. Among the most notable and extensive are those for the manufacture of railroad cars on the largest scale; paper mills, which supply no small part of the West with wrap- ping, news, and book paper ; founderies for stoves, hollow- ware, etc., the annual value of these branches alone being at least $500,000. There is no city in the West so largely engaged in Ihe manufacture and export of linseed oil and oil cake as Dayton. In 1850 1-34,000 bushels of seed, valued at ^163,348, produced 294,500 gallons of oil, worth at 72 c. per gallon, $212,040 ; and 8,680 tons of oil-cake, worth at $10 per ton, $26,800, the difference between the raw seed and manufactured articles being $75,492, which represents the gross earnings of labor and capital employed. The amount of superfine flour manufactured annually in the city is equal to 125,000 barrels. There are three chartered banks in the city : one a branch of the Slate Bank, one an independent bank, and one a free bank under the new law. The aggregate capital of these is $350,000. Besides these, there are several private banks which employ capital amounting to $200,000, making the banking capital of the place $550,000, a sum inadequate to the increasing wants of the manufacturing and commercial interests of the community. The charter for a city government was granted by the Legislature in 1841. The city, for municijial purposes, is divided into six wards, and its affairs are managed by 12 councilmen, representing the several wards in a single body. The present revenue of the city from taxes, licenses, etc., amounts to $20,000, one-third of which is devoted to educational purposes. The public buildings, though nei- ther so costly nor so perfect in architectural detail as those of the old and wealthy cities of the country, are neat and substantial. The Court-house is one of the most elegant in the valley of the Ohio; its dimensions are 127 feet inlenglh by 62 feet in breadth. It is built of hewn blocks of coarse but compact white marble, which abounds in the vicinity ; the roof is of stone and the doors of solid iron, and the style of architecture that of the Parthenon, with slight improve" ments. The plan seems to be faultless, and the effect of the building imposing : its whole cost exceeded somewhat $100,000. The streets of the city are lighted with gas, sup- plied by a company chartered for that purpose, as are the public buildings, and, as a general thing, also the stores. the gas is made from the bituminous coal found about the head waters of the Ohio, and affords a cheap and excellent light. Coke and tar are also obtained from the coal used in supplying the works. There are two market-houses in the city. The principal one is 400 feet long, and paved with blocks of limestone ; and a part of the second story of the building is occupied as a City Hall and Council Chamber. The markets exhibit the overflowing abundance of the valley, and prices are here about 20 per cent, below those of Cincinnati, and 40 or 50 per cent, below those of Boston and New York. As the population of the city increases, however, this disproportion in prices will of course be less. Besides an excellent female academy and several private schools, there are six free schools in the city, which are conducted in the most admirable manner. Five of these are "common schools;" the sixth is called the "High School," a popular college, into which the pupils from the other schools are admitted when they have attained a pre- scribed advancement in the usual English studies, and sus- tain a good character. The principal literary instituti(m is the Library Association, which has laid the foundation of a valuable library, having now upward of 2,000 volumes of selected works. The library is open to minors, under cer- tain restrictions, and a course of lectures is usually deliv- ered before the association during the winter months, which is free to the citizens generally. The periodical press of Dayton consists of four daily newspapers (.all issuing, likewise, weekly editions), and one weekly paper : the dailies are, the "Western Empire" (whig), the "Transcript" (neutral), the "D. Journal" (dem.), and the " D. Gazette" (whig) ; and the weekly newspaper is the " D. Advertiser" (whig). In point of energy and talent, the Dayton press is not surpassed by the press of older and more wealthy cities. Detroit, p. city, and cap. Wayne co., Mich. : on the N.W. bank of Detroit strait or river, 82 m. E. S. E. Lansing ; 420 24' N., and long. 82° 53' W., 526 m. from Washington. The city extends along the river more than a mile and a half, the centre of it being about 7 m. from Lake St. Clair and 18 m. from Lake Erie. The original bed of the river opposite Detroit, and for a mile above and about three miles below, varies from 48 to 52 chains in width, averaging five-eighths of a mile, the width from the docks of Detroit to the opposite docks of Sandwich being abo\it half a mile. The depth between the docks varies from 12 to 48 feet, averaging 32 feet ; the descent from Lake SL Clair to Lake Erie is about 6 feet, or 3 inches per mile ; and the velocity of the current in the deepest part of the channel opposite the city is 2J m. an hour. The stream is so deep and its current so strong and uniform, that it keeps itself clear, and its navigation is not affected as is that of the Mississippi, with either rocks, sand-bars, trees, or sawyers. Its current also carries along the ice with a slow and uniform motion, so that it is never dammed up in winter, while the St. Law- rence, at Montreal, is slwallow and full of rocks, ag.ainst which the ice lodges, and often forms a dam across the river and raises the water from 20 to 25 feet, overflowing its low banks for miles, and sweeping off and destroying large amounts of property. These peculiarities of Ihe river make Detroit a secure and accessible harbor in all seasons. The plan of the city is rather uncouth, and labored with much mathematical ingenuity, better suited, it is acknowl- edged, to flatter the fancy than to promote practical utility. Upon the river, and for 1,200 feet back, it is rectangular — in the rear of this triangular. The streets are spacious; among the more noted are the eight avenues— Madison, CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. Michigan Grand, and Washington Grand avenues, each 200 feet wide ; Woodward, Monroe, Miami, Macomb, and Jef- ferson avenues, each 120 feet wide, and all, except Mich- igan, Monroe, and Jefferson, terminating at one point, called the Grand Circus. The other streets are sixty feet wide, and generally cross at right angles. Atwater Street, upon the river, and Woodbridge Street, running parallel with it upon the declivity, are mostly occupied by stores and deal- ers in heavy merchandise. Woodward Avenue, leading from the river at right angles with Jefferson Avenue, through Campus Martius and the central part of the city, ranivs as amona; the first business streets. The principal street running with the course of the river upon the summit of the declivity, and through the central and most densely populated part of the city, is Jefferson Avenue. Upon this are most of the public and private offices located, as well as the dry goods and fancy stores generally. The Campus Martius is one of the most noted of the public squares ; there are several others. The argillaceous nature of the soil renders the streets unpleasant in wet weather, but much has already been effected to abate this drawback by paving aaid sewerage. The city is supplied with water from the Detroit river by means of a hydraulic establishment in the upper part of the city. The reservoir which contains the water is of cast iron, 60 feet diameter and 20 feet deep, secured by strong iron bolts and rivets; supported by a circular brick building, G2 feet in diameter, at an elevation of 47 fret from its founda- tion. It is inclosed with a frame building, standing on a brick foundation, 65 feet in diameter and 24 feet high, with a conical roof. The reservoir is supplied by means of a steam-engine, which works a forcing pump that is fixed several feet below the surface of the river, and is found fully adequate to furnish an abundant supply of good and whole- some water to the whole city. Connected with these works there are said to be about 4 miles of iron pipe and 10 miles of tamarack logs, and 50 hydrants or fire-plugs, all of which cost the city some $150,000. Detroit, although one of the most ancient settlements in North America, is, to every appearance, and in reality, of recent growth. Of the ancient style of the French build- ings scarcely a vestige remains. The city is mostly built of wood, although there are a goodly number of substantial brick buildings. The most interesting of the public build- ings are the old Slate House; the United States buildings (of polished limestone) ; the State buildings for the Su- preme Court and public offices ; the County Court-house ; the County Jail ; the City Hall and market ; and the Fire- mens' Hall. There are also 16 churches in the city, many of which are worthy of special notice ; of these 4 are Ro- man Catholic, 2 Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Scotch Presbyterian, 1 Congregational, 3 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 1 German Lutheran, and 1 Sailors' Bethel. The new Catho- lic Cathedral, or St. Peter's Church, is a large and substan- tial edifice, and being high, massive, and of good propor- tions, it has an imposing appearance. It is built of brick, and is 160 feet long and SI feet wide. The corner stone was laid 29th June, 1845, and it was consecrated 29th June, 184S. The Cathedral of St. Aime, known as the French Church, is 116 feet long by 60 feet wide. The First Presbyterian Church is also a good, substantial, and well-api)earing brick edifice, with a portico and colonnade in front, including which its length is 100 feet and its breadth 60 feet. In ad- dition to these churches there are several religious societies which meet in other public buildings. Detroit has several extensive manufactories. It has five large steam saw-mills, which annually turn out upward of 9,000,000 feet of lumber and 4,000,000 laths. These are sit- uated directly on the river, and receive, without the trouble of lund-carriage, the lumber chiefly brought down from the northern parts of the State. Ship and boat building is also a very large and important branch of business. There are also three large founderies, with machine-shops connected with them, which manufacture steam-engines, mill-irons, machinery of various kinds, stoves, plows, etc. These em- ploy about 200 hands. There are also two boiler factories for the manufacture of boilers for steam-engines, and sev- eral machine-shops for working in iron and some in brass. There are likewise two pail factories, a sash factory, a steam flouring mill, two tanneries, and Ave breweries. Cabinet- making, and most other kinds of mechanical employments, are pursued to a considerable extent, and something is done at shoeraaking; but much the largest portion of the boots and shoes worn in Michigan are made in Massachusetts, and most of the cabinet-ware and coarse clothing comes from New York. In addition to the retail trade there is a heavy wholesala business done in Detroit, and the amount of it is annually increasing. Nearly all the merchants of the interior depend on Detroit to replenish their stock, and a large portion of them buy all their goods there. The export and import trade of Detroit is immense. The imports coastwise, for 1S4S, are estimated at $3,502,666, and the exports at $2,781,192, and the port has also a consider- able trade with Canada, much of it illicit. The greater portion of the agricultural products of the State are shipped from this port. The shipping belonging to or owned in the collection district are 39 steamers, 4 propellers, 1 barge, 8 brigs, 109 schooners, and 36 sloops— in the aggregate, 23,619 tons. Regular lines of steamers sail and arrive daily to and from all parts, connecting here with the Michigan Central R. R., and with it forming a direct line from the north and east to Chicago and the Mississippi, and the Great Western R. R. also terminates here, and completes the line to the sea-board, viu Hamilton, Niagara Falls, Ca- nandaigua, Albany, and New York. There are several charitable institutions in the city, and much attention has been paid to education. Among the charitable institutions, the orphan asylums stand pre-emi- nent, and reflect much credit on the inhabitants. There are also several scientific and literary societies, as the His- torical Society, the State Literary Institute, the Medical So- ciety, etc. Here, also, is one of the branches of the Univer- sity, and 3 m. above the city is St. Philip's College ; primary and public schools are numerous, and there are a sufficient number of classical schools to supply all exigencies. The periodical press of Detroit consists of 8 daily news- papers, 1 tri-weekly, 7 weeklies, and 2 monthlies; the dailies are, the " D. Free Press" (dem.), which has also a tri-weekly and weekly issue ; the " D. Advertiser" (whig), which has also a weekly issue ; and the " Daily Tribune ;" the weeklies are the " Peninsular Freeman" (free soil) ; " Le Citoyen" (French); the "Western Advocate" (whig); the " New Covenant" (religious) ; and the " Michigan Christian Herald'' (Baptist) ; and the monthlies are " Wellman's Mis- cellany" (lit.) ; and the " Michigan Farmer" (agric). All these are conducted with an energy and talent surpassed only by the metropolitan press. Detroit has 4 banks, the condition of which, on the 26th Dec, ISol, was as follows: liabilities— capital, $761,228; de- posits, $705,692; circulation, $607,588; due banks, .$22,85S ; and profits, $375,084: and resources— loans, $1,202,648; spe- cie, $150,244 ; bank balances, $275,933 ; real estate, $193,025 ; and stocks, mortgages, etc., $650,000. The Michigan State Bank had a capital of $151,578 ; the Farmers and Mechan- ics' Bank, $327,580 ; the Peninsular Bank, $100,000 ; and the Michigan Insurance Bank, $182,070. The present site of the city of Detroit seems to have been visited by the French as early as 1610. In 1720 the Fort Pontchartrain had been previously located here. In 1759 the country fell into the hands of the English, and in 1783 became a part of the United States. In 1S02 the village was incorporated ; in 1805 it was destroyed by fire ; in 1810 the act of incorporation was repealed ; in 1812 the fort and town surrendered to the British, but were reoccupied in 1813 ; in 1815 it was reincorporated. Such is the chronol- 829 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Ogy of its history. In ISIO it contained T70 inhabitanfa; in 1820, 1,44-2 ; in 1830, 2.222 ; in 184i», 9,102 ; in 1S4.5, 13,065 ; and in 1S50, 21,019. In Oct., 1853, the pop. was 34,436. Dtjbcquk, p. v., and cap. Pubuque co.. In. : on the W. bank of Ihe Mississippi river, 424 ra. above St. Louis, and 72 miles N. E. by N. Iowa City. It is built on a table area, or terrace, which extends along the river for several miles, and the streets are laid out at right angles with each other. Dubuque was settled by Canadian French as early as 16S6, Ibr the purpose of tradins; with the Indians. Besides bein/? the great mineral dep6t of the Iowa lead region, it is a place Of much traffic, and interchanges largely with the vast in- terior, of which it is the chief outlet. Its chief export is lead, which is sent down the river in vast quantities. In the village are several wholesale stores, and one of the largest hotels of the West. The U. S. Land-office for the northern dislrict of Iowa, and the office of the Surveyor- general of Iowa and Wisconsin, are located here. The population is now 4,071, and is rapidly increasing. There are four newspapers published in the village, the "Miner's Express" (dem.), the " D. Tribune" (whig), the " D. Tele- graph" (whig), and the " Norwestliche Democrat" (Ger- man). Lead ore is found in abundance within the corpo- rate limits of the village, and for miles around on every side. Easton, p. 1)., and cap. Northampton co., Penn. ; on the W. side of Delaware r., where it receives the Lehigh r., 93 miles E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. It is built on a point of land formed by Ihe Delaware and Lehigh rivers and Bushkill cr. The streets are laid out along the cardin.il points, crossing each other at right angles, and forming in the centre of the borough a square area, on which stands the court-house. The part of the village on the Delaware is level, but con- siderably elevated above the river, and the ground rises gradually toward the W. to a considerable heiglit. There are flne bridges and viaducts over the streams above mentioned. Easton is the entrep6t of a vast internal commerce be- tween the coal anil iron flelds of Pennsylv.ania and the Eastern markets, and will in time become an important point in the line of travel from East to West, being situated at the most eligible pass between the two sections. Al- ready it is the terminus of several lines of railroad, and of three canals, viz., the Morris Canal, the Lehigh Canal, and the Delaware Canal. Here terminates the New Jersey Central K. R., and also railroads coming from the western borders of Pennsylvania on Lake Erie, and from Pittsburg ; and others are projected to Lake Ontario. The distance from New York to Erie via Easton. when the lines contem- plated are completed, will be 4G2 miles, and to Pittsburg 423. As a business place, Easton is one of the most prosper- ous towns of Pennsylvania. It will give some idea of the magnitude of its various interests, to state that there are ■within a radius of three miles of the place 18 merchant and grist mills, C saw-mills, 3 oil-mills, 3 tanneries, 5 founderies, 7 distilleries, 1 planing-mill and wire factory, 3 large blast furnaces, 2 cotton factories, and other smaller factories, all in full operation. At South Easton there is a vast water- power, sufficient for a great increase of manufactures ; be- sides which the Lehigh river has a fall of 200 feet between the Lehigh Water Gap and Easton, a distance of 25 miles, ■which would afford any additional water-power required. The surrounding country is remarkable for the exquisite beauty of its natural scenery and its uncommon healthiness, as well as for its exceeding fertility and great advantages for manufactures, trade, and business. The excess of flour over and above the home consumption that is annu- ally sent to market from Easton and its vicinity, exceeds 110,000 barrels, and 50,000 barrels of corn meal. At E.aston alone, during ISol, there were manufactured 90,000 barrels of flour, 14.000 barrels of whisky, 8,000 tons of pig metal, and 900 tons refined iron. Immense deposits of the finest kinds of iron ore have been found in the vicinity, and no section of the United Stales is more favorably adapted to the Buccessful manufacture of iron. In short, the position 830 and resources of Easton are so favorable, and its growth so rapid, that nothing but the opening of the lines of railroad now projected is wanting to enable it to take a position among the most prosperous of our inland cities. The borough is well supplied with the means of educa- tion and religious instruction. It has numerous Sabbath schools and churches, and several primary and public schools, academies, etc. ; and here is located Lafayette Col- lego, one of the best institutions of the State, manual labor forming a branch of its curriculum. This institution was founiled in 1832; in 1850 it had a president, 7 professors, and 82 students; its alumni counted 101, of which 80 were in the ministry, and its library contained 5,000 volumes. The press of Easton consists of 8 weekly newspapers, viz., the " Northampton Correspondent" (dem.), " Der Dem- ocrat" (Germ, dem.), the "E.Whig," the "E. Sentinel" (dem.), the " Independent Democrat," the " Eastonian" (whig), the "Northampton Courier" (dem.), and the "Dem- ocrat and Argus" (dem.), all issued weekly. The population of Easton in 1820 was 2,370; in 1S30, 8,529; in 1840, 4,865; and in 1850,7,2.50. Elmika, t, p. v., and cap. Chemung co., IV. Y. : 158 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by creeks of Chemung river. Surface uneven; soil in the valleys and flats very fertile. The v. is located on the left side of Chemung river, at the entrance of Newton's cr., where is extensive water-power. It contains a court-house and other county offices, and has a number of m. an \ifac luring establishments, stores, ware- houses, etc. It is also a great lumber market, and h.as a considerable trade. The Chemung Canal has its southern terminus at this point, and the New York and Erie R. R. passes through the v., ami 4 m. W. of the v. is tapped by the Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. Three new.ipapers are published here, the " E. Republican" (whig), the " E. Ga- zette" (free soil), and the " E. Courier" (whig)— all issued weekly. Two bridges cross the Chemung river, over one of which the R. R. passes, and over the other the turnpike. Pop. 6,212. The original name of the t. was Con-e-uvi-icnJi. It was settled in 1788, and called " Newton," and in 1791, the V. having been located by Moses De Witt, its name was ch.inged to " Dewittsburg." In the last year the first frame-house was built, and the lands were sold to settlers at 18 pence per acre. The t. finally received its present title from some gentleman who named it after his wife. Pop. of t. 8,166. ERra, p. b., port of entry, and cap. Erie co., Peyin. : on Presque Isle Bay of Lake Erie, 218 m. N. W. by W. Ilar- risburg. Lat. 42° 10' N., and long. 80° OS' W. The bor- ough extends along the bay for 3 m., and from it 1 m. The harbor of Erie is one of the best and safest on the lake, with 8 or 10 feet of water on the bar, and the depth within it averages 20 feet. In extent it is about 6 sq. m. The borough contains the county court-house, a jail, and other offices, a bank, churches of all denominations, schools, and .acad- emies, numerous wholesale stores, commission and forward- ing houses, and lumber-yards; also founderies, mechanic shops, and manufacturing establishments of various kinds. Its population in 1840 was 3,412 ; in 18.50 it contained 5.858 ; and in 1852, by estimate, 8,500. At the first period it had few facilities of internal communication — at the last, the line of railroads from Buffalo was completed, and also the line to Cleveland, thus extending its commercial highw.ays to the extreme West and East of the Union. As yet, how- ever, the prosperity of the borough is only in its first grade of development. Its harbor is being improved ; Ihe line of canal from Pitlsburg is progressing to completion ; a rail- road is being built to connect it with the Erie R. R. and New York city ; another from Erie, vin Sunbury to Phiha- delphia, in Pennsylvania; and still another to Pittsburg. These lines of travel and transportation w\\\ place it on a par with Buffalo, Dunkirk, Clevel.and, Sandusky, etc., and make it, in a commercial point of view, one of the most important ports of Lake Erie. The lake commerce center- CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. ing at this port is as yet comparatively small, and the ship-t. ping owned by the inhabitants in 1S50 was only 7,870 tons, of which 5,350 tons were navigated by steam-power. Fa- voring circumstances now compel the fortunes of the place, and its rise will be rapid; and it is not improbable that when the census enumeration of 1S60 is taken that Erie will count a population of nearly 2ii,000 inhabitants. The newspaper press of Erie consists of a tri-weekly paper and four weekly papers: the tri-weekly is the "Erie Observer" (dem.). of which also Is issued a weekly edition ; the " E. Chronicle" (whig), the " E. Gazette" (whig), and the " Com- mercial Advertiser" (whig). Erie has long been a port, the position and local advantages of which were appreciated by the lake navigator, and it has as long been a harbor of refuge to the national vessels in war or storm. It was here that Perry, in the last war with Great Britain, fitted up his fleet ; and in case of war again ensuing, no port on the lake has the same advantages for defense and sate harbor, Presque Isle being a natural breast-work, easily defended against the enemy. Fall Eivkr, t., p. v., and port of entry, Bristol co., 3rass. ; 46 m. S. Boston. Drained by streams falling into Taunton river and Mount Hope bay, a branch of Narraganset bay. Surface elevated, rough, and uneven. The town takes its name from Fall river, the outlet of Watuppa Pond, at the union of which with Taunton river the great manufacturing village of Fall Kiver is located. This town is without a parallel on the American continent in regard to its com- bined facilities for navigation and hydraulic power. Fall river rises 2 m. E. of the village, in Watuppa Pond, which is 11 m. long and 1 mile broad, originating in perennial springs. The descent of the river to Taunton river is 136 feet, and the volume of water constant and of suflicient power for the largest manufactures. The harbor on Taun- ton river is safe and easy of access, and of depth sufficient for the largest ships. It is one of the great manufacturing centres of the State, and has extensive cotton mills, woolen factories, print-works, bleacheries, boot and shoe factories, foundcries, etc. ; it has also several banks and insurance oflSces. In 1849-50 the foreign entrances were 78 vessels (12,739 tons) ; and clearances, 37 vessels (5,479 tons). It has also a large coasting trade, and is engaged in the whale and other fisheries. The tonnage owned in the district in 1850 was 18,102 tons, of which 2,251 t(ms were registered, 10,748 enrolled and licensed, and 103 licensed (under 20 tons). In the whale fisheries there were 928 tons employed ; in coasting, 10,701 tons ; and in the cod fishery, 47 tons ; and the shipping propelled by steam amounted to 4,784 tons ; and 1 ship, 3 schooners, and 1 steamer (in the aggre- gate 1,254 tons), were built in the year next preceding. The port is connected with New York by a regular steam line, and with Boston by the Fall Elver R. K., etc. Two newspapers, the " Weekly News" (dem.), and the " F. R. Monitor," are issued weekly, circulating 700 to 800 copies each. Pop. in 1820, 1,594; in 1830, 4,159 ; in 1840, 6,738; and in 1S5;>, 11,522. Fatettevii.le, p. v., and cap. Cumberland co., 2\f. Car. : on the W. side of, and 1 m. from. Cape Fear r., and at the head of uninterrupted boat navigation, 49 m. S. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 03' N., and long. 79° 58' W. It is one of the large towns of the State, is regularly laid out with streets 100 feet wide, and has a court-house and other county buildings, three banks, and a United States arsenal of construction. Its trade in flour, tobacco, and naval stores is considerable. Three newspapers, the " North Carolinian" (nstitutc with it but one place of business. The growth of the city is rapid and unrivaled by any other in the country except Lowell. The Manchester and Lawrence E. K., Concord K. E., and the New Hampshire Central K. E., all diverge from this point, IS m. distant from Concord. The city is lighted with gas. There are 10 churches in the town — 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopalian, 3 Baptist, 2 Methodist,! Universalist. and 1 Unitarian; 2 banks, the Manchester Bank, capital $125,000, and the Amoskeag Bank, capital $150,0o0. The "Granite Farmer"' (weekly, agric), '• Manchester Messenger" (week- ly), '-Maiiehester American" (weekly, whig), " Manchester Mirror"" (daily), and " The Democrat" (weekly, dem.), are published here. Pop. of t. 13,932. Massilon, p. v., Stark co., Ohio: on the left bank of Tus- carawas r., 93 m. K. E. Columbus. At this point also tlie Ohio Canal and the Ohio and Pennsylvania li. E. intersect, furnishing avenues of travel and transportation in every di- rection. Massilon was fi,iunded in 1S2(3 — in ISIO it contain- ed 1,422 inhabitants, and in 1350 upward of 8,500 inhabitants. It is one of the most flourishing interior towns of the State, and is the depfit of a rich and extensive agricultural vicinity. It has been called, and not inaptly, the " wheat city," its trade in that staple being enormous. The v. is neatly and substan- tially built, and many of the dwellings and warehouses are of stone, which is abundant in the neighborhood, and the bridge over the Tuscarawas is also an elegant stone struc- ture. The manufactures of Massilon arc in a flourishing condition, and comprise a considerable variety of handi crafts — iron-ware and flour being the principal products. Bituminous coal ot an excellent quality is abundant, and h;is been mined for several years. The aggregate exports and imports of this place are estimated at nearly |o,000,000 an- nually. A bank is located here. The newspapers publish- ed here are, the " M. News" (indep.), the " Wheat City Mercury"' (dem.), and the " Missionary Messenger"' (Luth.), all published weekly. The v. has several good schools, among which the Union School stands pre-eminent, and also churches of the princi|)al Christian denominations. The location of Massilon i^ well chosen, and is one abounding in rich and warm scenery; its vicinity is thickly settled, and villages have sprung up on all sides. On the west side of the river is a suburb of the v., called West M.assilon, which will probably become a large place, having equal faciiities with the original village. MAUcn CuuNK, t., p. b., and cap. Carbon co., Penn.: 71 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. Surface mountainous ; soil gravelly. Drained by Beaver, Maueh Chunk, and other creeks which empty into the Lehigh r. The v. is situate at the head of the Lehigh Canal, on which the great bulk of the coal is carried to market, and on the W. bank of Lehigh r., in a beautiful ravine, walled in on either side by rocky mount- ains of a great height, forming a very picturesque appear- ance. This being an important coal region, the inhabitants are chiefly employed i-n mining and shipping coal. There is but little of the t. under culture, provisions being brought from a distance. There are two anthracite blast furnaces here, each having an annua! capacity of 2,000 tons. The great coal mine is reached by an inclined jilane some 700 feet in length witli a 200 feet rise. A railway extends to the mine. The Mauch Chunk and Sunnnit Ilill E. E. verges from here and connects wilh the Philation, used for the purpose of protecting the country against the Chickasaws. The bluff on which it stands is thirty feet above the highest floods, and its base is washed by the river for a distance of 3 m., while a bed of sandstone, the only known stratum of rocks below the Ohio, juts into the stream, and forms a convenient landing. From the mouth of the Ohio to Vicksburg, CoO m., it is the only site for a commercial mart on either side of the Mississippi. Some distance from the brow of the bluff, a handsome range of fine buildings extends for several squares. Every day gives additional evidence of the increasing prosperity of this already prosperous city ; and although the commerce is great, yet the citizens do not intend to rely on that alone. Manufactories will soon claim a part in adding to her wealth. Preparations are making for building a boat yard on as extensive a scale as any in the west. The gentleman who opens the yard is said to be one of the most experienced boat builders in the Union. In addition to this, there is an extensive flour-mill just completed, capable of making 62,000 barrels of flour annually ; also a large cotton manufactory, employing a large number of operatives. There is a fine, Well laid out navy yard situate here, wHh facilities to build the largest size vessels, at which a commander and usual complement of officers are stationed. It bids fair to be one of the finest navy yards in the United States. The public spirit is such in Memphis, that it will soon be one of the finest cities in the AVest. The Memphis and Charleston R. E. is now partially in operation, and other public works arc in contemplation. There are a large number of fine dwellings, stores, workshops, etc. The " Inquirer," daily a7id weekly (dem.), " Eagle," daily and weekly (whig), "Ap- peal," weekly and semi-weekly (dem.), "Express," daily and weekly (dem.), " Christian Advocate," weekly (Meth.), " The Southerner," weekly (Indepen.), and " Daily Dime," daily (neut.), are the names of the newspapei-s published here. Pop. S,S41. MiLT.EDviEvii,i,E, p. city, and cap. Baldwin co., Ga. : and capital oi the State : at the head of navigation of Oconee r., CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. and at the confluence of Fishing or., in lat. 3.3° 7' 20" N., and long. 53° 19' 45" W.— 642 m. 9. W. "Washington. The city is built on an elevated and somewhat uneven site in the midst of a rich and populous cotton-growing region, and is the centre of a considerable commerce. It is laid out regu- larly, having ten streets running parallel with the river, and ten others intersecting tliem at right angles, all of which are 100 feet wide, except Washington Street, which is 120 feet. There are three pul)]ic squares, named respectively, State- House Square, Governor's Square, and Penitentiary Square, the sides of each of which are 450 feet long. State-House Square is near the centre of the city, and on elevated ground, and on this is built the State House, a fine Gothic ediflec, Burmounted by a cupola, and containing in Us halls portraits of Gen. Oglethorpe and other eminent men of olden times. The building cost about $120,000. On this square are also the State arsenal and a powder magazine. Other prominent buildings are the penitentiary and the governor's house, which give names to two of the squares, a market-house, 4 or 5 churches, etc. Five periodicals are published here; the "Federal Union" (whig), the "Southern Presbyterian" (relig.), and the "Southern Eecorder," all weekly issues; and the " Star of Truth" (literary), and the " Gem" (literarj'), monthly issues. The Jililledgeville and Gordon E. E. ex- tends hence 17 m. to a connection with the Georgia Central E. E. at Gordon, 170 m. from Savannah, and 11 from Macon. A railroad is also completed to Eatonton. The Oconee r. is here spanned by a toll-bridge. Milledgeville was founded in 1S08— in ISIO it had 1.250'inhalMtants'; in 1S20, 1,411 ; in 1S.30, 1.599 ; in 1S40, 2,095 ; and in 1850, 2,216 inhab. In the V. of Medwny, near Milledgeville, is located Oglethorpe College, founded 1886— in 1S50 it had a president, 6 profes- sors, S3 alumni, and 85 students, and its library contained 4,500 volumes. MiLWAUKiE, t., p. city, and cap. Milwaukie co.. Wise- on the TV. shore of Lake Michigan, 75 m. E. Madison. Lat. 43° 04', long. 81° 57'. Drained by Milwaukie r. and branch, which former, running parallel with the lake, divides the t. Surface uneven, along the banks of the ri\er and lake hilly ; soil rich and very productive. The shore on Lake Michigan consists of a bank of clay from 20 to 100 feet high, and as nearly iieq^endicular as the nature of the material will admit of. The country rises gradually to the W. The city is the most important town on Lake Michigan (except Chicago, which is some 90 miles farther S.), and is of some twenty years' growth. The inhabitants, of whom a large number are Dutch, Swiss, Norwegians, .and Irish, are of a quiet, industrious turn. It is noted for its splendid blocks of buildings, and its superior trick, which probably surpass those of any part of our nation. They have become a valuable article of export, being hard, smooth, and of a beautiful straw color. The Milwaukie and Mississippi K. E. extends from here as far as Janesville, a distance of 70 miles, and, when completed, will extend to Dubuque, thus connecting the lake with the Mississippi river. The city is situate on the river of same name, near its mouth, on an elevation, 90 m. from Chicago, and 78 m. duo E. from Madison. It was laid out as a village in 1835, and such ■was the rapidity of its increase, that in June of the succeed- ing year it numbered 1,206 inhabitants. The bay is a semi- circular indentation of Lake ^Michigan, about 6 m. across, and 3 m. deep. The N. and S. points, or capes, protect the shipping from the effects of all storms and gales of wind, except from the E., which seldom occur. The bottom is composed of clay, aflFording excellent anchorage ground. There are 39 sail vessels owned in and sailing out of this port, of which the total tonnage is 5,.542 ; also stock in steamboats and propellers of 3,000 tons, making the total tonnage owned in the port 8,542. Sixteen sail of vessels are engaged exclusively in the lumber trade, and the remainder In freighting produce and merchandise. The arrivals dur- ing the season of 184S were, steaml)oats, 498 ; propellers, 243 ; barks and brigs, 119 ; schooners, 511 ; making a total of 1,176. The exports of wheat from 1845 to 1819 inclusive, was 4,372,400 bushels, as follows: 1845, 133,310; 1846, 292,228; 1847, 662,211; 1848, 1,076,134; 1849, 2,208,517 bushels, being an increase at the rate of more than 100 per cent, per animm. There are invested in manufactories over two million of dollars, the products of which consist of woolen goods, machinery, castings, carriages, wagons, leather, lumber, cabinet-ware, tin, sheet iron, and copper manufactories, saddles and harness, soap and candles, burr mill-stones, steam-boilers, sails, rigging, plows, fanning mills, paper, clothings, smithings, tobacco, and segars, book- binding, coopers' wares, brick, etc. In addition to this, there are 5 flouring mills, propelled by water-power, and 1 by steam containing 17 runs of stones, each run capable of turning out SO to 100 barrels of flour per day, and consum- ing in all 7,000 bushels of wheat daily. The imports amount to near four million dollars annually, consisting chiefly of merchandise, salt, furniture, coal, lime, plaister, fruits, lumber, etc. The exports, amounting to two and a half million dollars annually, consist of wheat, barrels of flour, pork, beef, lead, shot, hides, and sundry manufactured arti- cles. There is a United States land oEBce situate here. The " Wisconsin Banner," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (dem.), "Taglicher Volksfreund," daily and weekly (dem.), "Commercial Advertiser," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (dem.), " Milwaukie Sentinel," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (whig), "Free Democrat," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (free soil), tri-weekly, and weekly " Wisconsin," daily (dem.), are the names of newspapers published here. The progress of the city has been most remarkable. In 1834 it was surrounded by a wilderness, and contained only two log-houses, since which time it has increased rapidly. In 1840, there were 1,700 inhabitanta • 1S42, 2,700 ; 1846, June 1, 9,655; 1849, December 15, 15,071; 1850, the city, 20,061, but including the town, 21,402. Mobile, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Mobile co., Ala. : on the W. bank Mobile river, just above its entrance into Mobile bay, 163 m. S. W. Montgomery. Lat. 30° 41' 48" N., and long. 87° 59' 04" W. The site is but very little elevated above the water, but sufficiently so for all purposes of con- venient drainage. The soil is dry and sandy. Immediately opposite the city, on the E., is a large low island, covered with high grass and rushes, and known as " the marsh ;" above on the N. is a large swamp, extending along the banks of the r. ; and back of the city on the N. W., W. and S., the dry sandy pine hills commence, afibrding delightful and healthy retreats from the heat, sickness, and annoyances of the city during the summer ; and here have sprung up the pleasant villages of Toulmiiiville, Spring Hill, Cottage Hill, Summerville, and Fulton. South from the city, the shores of the bay arc dotted for many miles with elegant residences, and these spots have been usually exempt from epidemic diseases. The city is not compactly built, except in the portions occupied by the commercial and business houses. Tho streets generally are wide, and run mostly north and south, and east and west. Much attention has been paid of late years to planting shade trees along the pavements, and the comfort and probably the health of the place has been much improved thereby. The prevailing winds during the winter months are the N. and N. E.; from the middle of April (at which time the warm spring weather begins), the S. winds, cool, refreshing, and laden with moisture, make the heat quite bearable, and these, being also the prevailing summer winds, even in that hot season, negative in a great measure the climatic extreme. The climate, however, is warm and relaxing to the energies, and even in the winter months is trying to the constitution, from the m.any and sudden changes that occur. During the coldest weather the ground is but seldom frozen. Most rain falls in Decem- ber, January, .June, and .July. No system of underground drainage has ever been at- tempted at Mobile ; the light, porous character of the soil 343 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. answering the same purpose, and making the streets dry Immediately after the heaviest fall of rain. The city is sup- plied with good wholesome water through the water-works from a stream some few miles distant. The sanitary condition of Mobile has greatly improved of late years; for a long period it enjoyed the unenviable reputation of being a very unhealthy place, and the devas- tating epidemics of 1S19-25-29-37-S9, and '-l-S, in truth gave a coloring to the accusation. Since the last-named year there has been no severe visitation of sickness, which may be accounted for in some measure by the fact, that the wet, muddy morasses that until then had occupied the northern part of the city have been filled in, and their places are now the sites of large cotton presses and warehouses. The deaths in 1849-50 numbered only 611, or one to every 33i living. A better system of drainage has also been adopted, and more exertion has been used in cleansing and purifying the streets than heretofore. Mobile contains the county court-house, several United States courts, the municipal courts, the city hall, a jail, and other public buildings ; a splenditl Koman Catholic cathedral, numerous churches of various denominations, hospitals, schools, markets, a theatre and circus, several first-class hotels, etc. The hospitals— the United States Marine Hos- pital and the City Hospital — are large and commodious buildings, each capable of accommodating from 250 to 300 patients ; and there are other charitable institutions worthy of notice, among which stand pre-eminent the Catholic and Protestant Orphan Asylums, the Benevolent Society, whicb„ among other functions, has charge of destitute widows, and the Samaritan Society. A blind asylum has also been founded, and an asylum for the deaf and dumb provided for. There are three cemeteries belonging to the city. Mobile was originally a Spanish settlement, and at a later period a portion of Louisiana. It was surrendeftid to the Americans in 1813. In 181 -i it was chartered as a town, and in 1S19 became a city. In 1814 the total valuation of prop- erty in the town was only $350,950 ; in 1819, $764,510 ; in 1824, $1,107,500; in 1829, $2,719.148 ; in 1834, $6,756,025 ; in 1839, $24,480,315 ; In 1844, $18,093,877 ; in 1849, $12,629,700 ; and in 1850, $11,985,790. The population of the city in 1830 was 8,194; in 1840,12,672; and in 1850, 20,515. The commercial statistuis of the city will be found under the head of Alabama. Mobile is the only sea-port of the State open to foreign commerce, and from this point is shipped the great bulk of the cotton of Eastern Mississippi and Western Alabama. The total quantity shipped for the year ending 31st August, 1852, was 575,104 bales, or one- sixth of all the cotton produced in th(; Union. Of this amount 807,513 bales were sent to England, 95,917 to France, and 27,048 to other foreign States; and 144,026 coastwise to domestic ports. Staves, lumber, and naval stores, are also shipped in large quantities. There are two commercial banks in the city— the Bank of Mobile and the Southern Bank of Alabama. The Planters' and Merchants' Bank has lately closed its business. Mobile has four newspapers- the "Alabama Tribune" (indep.), daily; the "M. Advertiser" (whig), daily and semi-weekly ; the " Register and Journal" (dem.), daily and weekly; and the "Alabama Tlanter" (agric), weekly. The local trade of Mobile is very extens- ive and valuable. The Mobile and Ohio E. R. will connect the city with the whole north-west ; the Girard and Mobile E. E. will connect it with the Atlantic ports, and a railroad to Madisonville will connect it with New Orleans. None of these are built except a portion of the first named. As a commercial mart of the Gulf, Mobile is second only to New Orleans in its facilities and available position. Immense rivers connect it with an extensive and highly productive interior, and a flue bay gives it access to the sea. Mobile Bay sets up from the Gulf, and is 30 m. long, and on an average 12 m. broad ; it communicates with the Gulf by two straits, one on each side of Dauphin Island. The strait on the W. side will not admit of vessels of more 844 than 5 feet draft ; but that on the E. side, between the island and Mobile Point, has IS feet water, the channel passing within a few yards of the point. There is a bar across the bay near its upper end, which has only eleven feet water. Mobile river, which falls into the bay immediately below the city, is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tom- bigbee rivers 50 m. above the city. A few miles below the junction it divides into several channels. The main W. channel is called Mobile, and the main E. channel, which is the deepest and widest, is called the Tensaw. It is navig.iblo for vessels drawing less than six feet water by the Tombig- bee branch to St. Stephen's, and by the Alabama branch to Claiborne. In times of flood it sometimes rises 50 or 60 feet. The entrance to the harbor is defended by Fort Morgan, situated on a long, low, sandy point, at the mouth of the bay, 30 m. below the city, opposite to Dauphin Island. Mo.NTOOMKRT, p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Ala., and capital of the State : on the left bank of the Alabama r., and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof, in lat. 32° 22' N., and long. 86° 26' W., 118 m. S. E. by E. Tusca- loosa, the old capital, which it succeeded in 1847. The city is built on a high bluff, and contains the capitol and other State buildings, and the usual county offices, also churches of the principal denominations, and is the location of the U. S. land oJfice of the Montgomery land district. The sur- rounding country is one of the most productive cotton re- gions of the State, and from this point that staple is shipped down the river to Mobile, or carried east to the Chattahoo- chee by the Montgomerj- and "West Point E. E.,'S8 m. to West Point, and shij)ped to Appalachicola, in Florida. When the La Grange E. E. is finished there will be a continuous railroad route from Montgomery to Savannah, 407 miles, and to Charleston, 483 miles. A railroad is also projected from Montgomery ma Greenville to Mobile. The news- pajiers published here are, the " State Gazette" (dem.), daily and weekly ; the " Atlas" (dem), and the " AJabama Jour- nal" (whig), both daily,- tri-weekly, and weekly; and the " Alabama State Eegister" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly. It is one of tlie most progressive cities of the South-west ; it was laid out in 1817— in 1840 had 2,170 inhabitants, and ia 1850, 8,723. Pop. in 1854 (State census) 6,695. MoNTPBLiBR, t., p. v., and cap. Washington CO., Verm., and capital of the State: on Winooski r., in lat. 44° 17' N. and long. 72° 36' W., 524 m. N. N. E.Washington. Drained by tributaries of the Winooski, which afford fine water- power and numerous mill-scats. Surface uneven and hilly ; soil various— on the hills furnishing fine pastures. The v. is the centre of a large commerce and of roads diverging in every direction. The Vermont Central R. E. touches Mont- pelier, 77 m. from Windsor, and 40 m. from Burlington. The public buildings are the State House, court-house, jail, etc. The State House is an elegant granite structure, 150 feet long— the centre, including portico, 100 feet deep, and the wings 72 feet deep ; the centre front has a fine Doric portico of columns, each 6 feet diameter and 36 feet high, and the whole edifice is surmounted by a dome 100 feet from the ground. In the interior are convenient State oflB- ces and spacious and eU'gant rooms for the Senate and Representatives. Montpelier became capital in 1805. It has several workshops and factories, a bank, and numerous wholesale and retail stores ; and five newspapers, the " Ver- mont Patriot" (dem.), the " Verm. Watchman" (whig), the "Green Mountain Freeman" (free soil), the " Christian Re- pository," and the " Christian Messenger"— all weekly pub- lications. Pop. in 1830, 1,792 ; in 1840, 3,725; and in 1850, 2,310. The t. of Ilast Montpelier wiia taken from the orig- inal t. in 1848, and iu 1S50 contained 1,447 inhabitants. Nantucket, port of entry, t., p. v., and cap. Nantucket CO., Ji/(ts.s, .• on N. side of Nantucket island, 90 m. S. B. E. Boston. Lat N. 41° 16' 56"; long. W. 70° 6' 12". The v. is situated at the bottom of the bay, which is 6 m. long, and almost entirely land-locked, being divided from the ocean by a narrow beach. The projecting points of beach, which CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES thus lock in the harbor, are f m. apart, and furnished with light-houses, as is also the harbor. The harbor is good. Two miles N. of the harbor is a bar, with 7i ft. of water at low tide. The shore on which the v. is built is more inclined to the water than tlie rest of the island. It is built very compactly, with narrow streets. In 1846, July 18th, it suffer6y the Nashua Company in 1845, is occupied by man- ufacturers of steam-engines, machinists' tools, locks, guns, axes, etc., and here several hundred men are employed. The "Nashua Iron Company," established in 1848, have a capital of $100,000, and employ 60 men ; they use 3,500 tons coal yearly ; their sales are $175,000. Baldwin's factory of shuttles and spool bobbins employs 120 men ; yearly sales, $100,000. There are other large factories, foundries of stoves, large iron castings, etc. Summary of N. cotton man- ufactures : no. of spindles, 49,994 ; looms, 1,483 ; male ope- ratives, 240 ; females, 1,200 ; yards manufactured, 18,000,000 ; capital invested, $1,480,000. The total capital invested in factories in N. is about $2,000,000 ; male operatives, 1,000; females, 1,300. The Nashua and Jackson companies each have a savings institution for their employees. Four railroads connect N. wth the large towns adjacent, viz., Lowell and Nashua,Worcester and Nashua,Nashua andWilton.and Con- cord R. R. There are 2 banks, cap. $225,000, and 7 churches. Three newspapers are published weekly, " N. II. Telegraph" [whig), " N. Gazette" (dem.), "The Oasis" (lit.) Pop. 5,820. Nashville, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Davidson co., Tenn., and cap. of the State of Tennessee : on the left bank of the Cumberland river, 120 m. above its entrance into the Ohio, and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof. Lat. 86° 09' 33", and long. 86° 49' 03"— 714 m. W. by S. "Washington. The city is built on an elevated bluff of lime- stone, and on every side presents to the approaching trav- eler an imposing appearance. From Capitol Hill, within the city, a more interesting scene is seldom witnessed. Covering the base of the hill, and crowding to the extremest margin of the business-laden Cumberland, is the city itself, its streets alive with the bustle of an active commerce, and its suburbs literally growing under the eye of the spectator? Surrounding it with a border of beautiful cultivation, lie extensive and valuable farms, intersected by numerous turn- pikes, which, centering in the city, radiate to opposite neigh- borhoods ; and in every direction is seen the railroad, com- plete and incomplete, which will open outlets to one of the richest agricultural and mining regions of the great "West; and giriling in all to a quiet security, rise a range of low and pleasant hills, partly covered with native cedars, and adorned with graceful dwellings. But it is not altogether Uie natural beauties of the locality that attract the traveler's attention ; the country for miles around is rich in soil and abounding in minerals, yielding to industry a compensatory rewani, and to commerce material of no mean valuation. Nash\aUe was laid out at the latter part of the last century, but although always a place of some consideration, the tide of its prosperity rose slowly until within the last half the term of its existence. In 1830 it contained only 5,566 inhab- itants, and even in 1840 only 6,929. In 1850 its population had increased to 10,165, or in the ratio of 51.2 per cent, in » the decade between 1840 and 1850. Its commerce has increased in even a larger proportion, owing to the extent of roads having been multiplied, and to the improvements in the navigation of the river. The tonnage owned in the district of which Nashville is the port amounted in 1S50 to 3,797 tons, all comprised in steamers, some of them magnifl- cent passenger boats, navigating the Cumberland and its tributaries, or sailing between Nashville and the ports of the Ohio river. The railroads centering here are the Nashville and Chattanooga R. R., extending in a S. E. direction to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, wliere it connects with the railroads to Charleston and Savannah, the distance from Nashville to the first being 599 m., and to the latter 583 m. ; the New Orleans and Nashville R. R., extending S. "W. in the direction of the first named place; the Memphis and Nashville R. R. ; the Nashville and Paris R. R. ; the Nash- ville and Henderson R. R. ; the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, and the Lexington and Nashville R. R. Of these several lines only the first is completed, but most of the others are progressing, or under contract to be built forth- with, and the whole system will probably bo in operation la three or four years from the 1st Jan., 1853. These, when completed, will connect this commercial centre with every part of the Union — with the Gulf, the Ohio and Mississippi, the great lakes, and the Atlantic, from Maine to Florida — and make it one of the most important receiving and dis- tributing dep6t3 of the internal commerce of the central valley. The city was originally laid out on a plot of 200 acres, but it has long since overstepped the limits its projectors assigned to it, and hence suburbs almost equal In extent and popula- tion to tlie city proper have grown up around it. The city has a handsome public square, on which stands the county court-house, market-house, etc. The court-house Is a splendid building, 105 feet in front by 63 feet deep, with basement and two stories, surmounted by a dome, the top of which is 90 feet from the ground, and supported by eight Ionic columns ; the market-house is also a spacious and substantial edifice, a portion of which is occupied as a city hall and clerk's ofiice. The other public buildings are the State-house, the University, the Lunatic Asylum, the State 845 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Prison, 12 or 14 churches of various denominations, numer- ous schools anJ academies, 8 banks (capital $3,058,500), etc. The State-house is located on one of the hifihest eminences of the city. It was built about 10 years ago, on a four acre plot, presented by the city to the Slate, anil is a noble edifice, towering above tlie place, and serving as a landmarlc for miles around, being the first olyect descried by the ap- proaching traveler. It has spacious halls for the legislature, and other convenient offices. The Lunatic Asylum is a large and commodious building, three stories high, and will accommodate 100 patients. The Penitentiary or State Prison is located in the western suburbs, and has a front of 310 feet, and is 350 feet deep. It has apartments for the keeper, an hospital, guard-room, and cells for 200 convicts. The Halls of ihe University were founded in 1S06. The main building is 200 feet long and 50 feet deep, three stories high, wilh wings, and an extensive building used as a chemical laboratory. All the college buildings, except the president's house, are within the college campus, an area of 8 acres. In 1S50 it had 7 professors and 75 students, and its library contained 10,207 volumes. The number of its alumni at that date was 393. The medical department had 7 professors. Near Nashville is also Franklin College, founded in 1S45, and which, in 1S50, had 5 professors, 26 alumni, SO stui3tructors, 66 students, 513 alumni, and 10,000 vols, in library. In the vicinity is the Tbeol. Seminary of the Dutch Eeformed Church, estab- lished in 1784, having 3 professors, 34 students, 179 alumni, and 7,000 vols, in library. The city contains the court-house and jail, 9 churches, etc. ; 2 banks, cap. $200,000, and several large factories. Three newspapers are issued weekly — " N. Jersey Union"' (dem.), "N. B. Times" (dem.), "Fredonian" (whig.) The constant communication of New Brunswick with New York for the last few years has greatly increased its business and population. Pop. in 1830, 7,831 ; in 1810, 8,663 ; in 1850, 10,019. Newburg, t., p. v., and semi-cap. Orange co., N. Y. : on W. bank Hudson r., 84 m. S. by W. Albany, 54 m. N. New York. Lat. 41° 31' N., long. 74° 1' W. Surface of t. elo- vated, somewhat broken, and hilly. Drained by the Hud- son and small creeks. Soil clay and gravelly loam, fertile, but best adapted to grazing. This vicinity, with the rest of Orange co., is celebrated for its superior dairy products and excellent live-stock. The v. is handsomely situated on an acclivity rising from the shore to an elevation of 800 feet, where is afforded a most delightfid and extensive prospect of the river, which here widens into Newburg Bay, fertile and beautiful valleys, the Highlands, and the villages of West Point and Fishkill. This v. was settled in 1701 by Germans, and incorporated in ISOO. General Washington had here his head-quarters during the winter of 1782-3, at which period the celebrated Newburg letters were written. The old stone-house in which he resided is still standing in good preservation. On 23d June, 17>3, the troops here sta- tioned were disbanded. The v. contains a court-house and jail, numerous churches, seminaries, etc. The Theological Seminary of Assoc. Eef. Church, established in 1836, has 1 professor, 11 students, 143 alumni, 3,200 vols, in library. There are large factories of carriages, machinery, chairs, cordage, plaster, flour, candles, etc., iron foundries, brew- eries, tanneries, stone and lumber yards, etc. ; 4 banks have a capital of $700,000. A steam ferry connects the v. with Fishkill and Hudson Eiver E. E. The Newburg branch E. E. connects with Erie E. E. at Chester junction, 19 m. The immense quantities of agricultural products, etc., of the vicinity and interior, which are here received for the Neir York markets, with the other commerce of the v., constantly employ many freight barges, sloops, and steamboats. Four newspapers are issued weekly, "N. Gazette'' (whig), "Tele- graph"' (dem.), " Excelsior" (dem.), " Highland Courier" (dem.) Pop. in 1830, 6,424 ; in 1840, 8,933 ; in 1850, 11,415. Newbubypokt, p. city, port of entry, and one of the cap3. Essex CO., Mass. : on the S. bank of Merrimac r., 4 m. from the ocean, 34 m. N. N. E. Boston. Lat. 42° 48' 82" N., long. 70° 52' 47" W. The harbor is safe and spacious, and pro- tected by a break- water, but its entrance is obstructed by a sand-bar. The city is beautifully situated on a gentle ac- clivity, and very regularly laid out, with wide streets, those parallel with the river rising like terraces. This place has 847 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Buffered severely by fires, commercial losses, and otherwise, but for tliu last fow years it has been steadily increasing in wealth and importance. A U. S. naval officer is stationed hero. It is still largely eng.nged in the mackerel and cod fisheries, coasting trade, and foreign commerce. Five large cotton manufacturing companies have a capital of $1,1S0,000. Shi]>building is extensively carried on. There are 3 banks ; capital .$570,000. The principal buildings are, custom- house, of rough granite, with fine wrought Doric portico ; court-house, of brick ; stone jail, 10 churches, a fine academy, lyceum, etc. Much attention is given to education. The Putnam High School is endowed with $70,000. Anotlier in- stitution, chiefly for classical studies, has a large fund, given by Mr. Moses Brown. Eev. George Whitefield, the celebra- ted divine, died in this town, Sept. 21, 1770; his tomb and monument are in the First Presbyterian Church. The Eastern K E. passes through the city, 34 m. from Boston. The Ncw- buryport E. E. branches off to Bradford, connecting with the Boston and Maine E. E. Two daily papers are issued, "Hcraid" (wliig), "Union" (dem.); 1 semi-weekly, "N. Herald" (whig). On 80th June, 1S50, the total tonnage of N. district was 23,262 tons, of which 1G,214 tons were re- gistered, and 7,048 tons enrolled and licensed. Of register- ed tonnage, 14,018 were permanent, and 2,190 temporar}-. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 7,043 were permanent, 494 tons were employed in the coasting trade, 3,739 tons were in the cod fishery, and 2,815 tons in the mackerel fishery. During the year previous the number of clearances for foreign ports was 140 — 9,703 tons ; number of entrances 128—8,605 tons. Vessels built, 10 (8 ships, 2 schooners), 4,657 tons. Pop. in 1S30, 6,375; in 1S40, 7,161; in 1850, 9,572. New Haven, t., p. city, port of entry, and cap. New Haven CO., Conn.: one of the capitals of Connecticut, is situated at the head of New Haven Bay, which sets up N. 4 m. from Long Island Sound. Lat. N. 41° IS' 28", long. W. from Greenwich 72° 56' 45", and E. from Washington 4° 5' 15". It is 36 m. S. S. W. Hartford, the other capital of the State ; firom Boston by E. E. 160 m. ; from New York 76 m. ; from Washington 223 m. New Haven colony was settled in April, 1638; the city incorporated in 'itP*.. The city is on a large and beautiful plain, slightly inclined to the water, surrounded on three sides by liills, the termination of the western trap range, of which the extreme points, c.iUed E.ast and West Eocks, are very bohl, rocky eminences — the former 370, the latter 400 feet high ; these are rude, bare trap rocks, of light-red color, with nearly perpi^ndicular fronts, the most notable natural objects in the vicinity, and much visited in summer by citizens and strangers to enjoy the delightful prospect which they afford of tho city, bay, and Sound. New Haven (city) occupies about 6 sq. m., and is very regularly laid out. The streets are so generally lined with noble elms that the city is called "the City of Elms." The central square, a public park, is bordered and crossed with numerous rows of elms, and is considered the finest public ground in the United States. The "Temple-street row of elms" is not surpassed for beauty in the world. In this square are 3 fine churches, the State House, an elegant edifice of Grecian architecture, built of brick, painted white, and the monument to Colonel Dlxwell, one of the regicides, erected in 1849. The profusion of foliage, the fine and cleanly streets, with the rural appearance of many houses, surrounded by trees, Shrubbery, and gardens, which char- acterize this city, combine in it the attractions of both city and country. The churches, 22 in number, are handsome structures. Of these, 8 are Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 4 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 2 Catholic, 1 Univers.alist, 1 Jewish Synagogue. The cemetery, in the N. E. part of city, is beau- tifully laid out, has an imposing entrance of freestone, in Egj-ptian architecture, and surrounded by high and massive iron fence and stone wall. Here are interred the remains of Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Rev. J. Ashmun, Colonel Humphrey, and many other eminent men. The new cem- etery, and Wooster Square, are fine grounds, well laid out The State Hospital, founded in 1832, is a substantial stone edifice, on elevated ground. The new E. E. Station-house is one of the finest structures of the kind in the United States. A few of the manufactories are very extensive, par- ticularly those of carriages and clocks. There are 4 banks, with a capiUil of $1,987,625. The tax.ible property in 1851 was assessed at ,$12,720,911. Three newspapers are pub- lished daily, publisliing, also, tri-weekly and weekly edi- tions: "Journal and Courier" (whig), "Palladium" (whig), " Columbian Eegister" (dem.), two quarterlies, " Now En- glander" (Cong.), and "Church Eeview" (Episc.) The "American Journal of Science," commenced in 1819 by Professor Sillim.in, now published bi-monthly, ranks with the ablest scientific journals in Europe. " The Yale Literary Magazine" is published by the students monthly. Yale Coller/e.— This noble institution (the third college established in United States), founded in 1700, and removed here in 1717, is, next to Harvard College, the principal uni- versity in America. At present, and for a number of years past, it has had a larger number of students in the collegiate course than any other. Total number of alumni in 1850, 5,9.32, of whom 1,587 had entered the ministry; instnictors, 22 ; students, 432 ; volumes in library, 51,000 ; commence- ment, last Thursday in July. The edifices present a fine appearance, fronting the public green. In the front range are five large brick edifices, four stories high, occupied by students ; three buildings, having cupolas, between tlie col- lege halls, are used as chapel, recitation rooms, etc. In the rear are the library buildings, mineralogieal cabinet, Trumbull Gallery, etc. ; the former are fine edifices of brown freestone, of Gothic architecture, divided into five separate fire-proof compartments. The central edifice, 151 feet long, contains the college library ; the others contain libraries of societies of students. The cabinet of minerals and geolog- ical specimens is tlie most valuable in the United States, and surpassed by only two in Europe. The Trumbull Galle- ry, erected 1831, contains the splendid collection of paintings of Col. John Trumbull, consisting of eight historical paintings from subjects founded on the American Eevolution. and about250 portraits of distinguished persons. With the college proper are associated four professional schools, viz., of med- icine, law, theology, and scientific department. The Med- ical College, founded in 1813, has a fine edifice, valuable anatomical museum, 6 professors, 38 students, 595 graduates. The Theological Department, established 1822, has 8 pro- fessors, 38 students, 621 graduates, 900 volumes in library. Law School, 2 professors, 26 students. Scientific School, 2 professors, SO students. Besides Yale College, New Haven has many seminaries, male and female, of high reputation, various learned societies, and two popular lyceums, having libraries, reading-rooms, etc. Commerce. — The harbor is spacious but shallow, and gradually filling up. It receives three rivers, Quinnipiac and Mill r. on the E., and West r. on the W. To accom- modate large vessels, a wharf, called " Long Wharf," was constructed many years since. The filling up of the harbor has several times required its extension ; it is now nearly a mile in length, the longest in the United States. New Haven has a larger commerce with foreign countries than any other port in the State, and an extensive coasting trade. Its fisheries in oysters, clams, etc., are extensive and valua- ble. The total toun.ige of New Haven district, on 30th June, 1850, was 15,731 tons, of which 4,995 tons were regis- tered " permanent," and 10,736 tons were enrolled and licensed. Of the latter 10,440 tons were employed in the coasting trade, and 2,568 tons were propelled by steam. During the year ending 30th June, 1850, the total of clear- ances was 72—13,400 Ums, men in crews, 591; number of entrances, 89—16,177 tfms, men in crews, 695, Vessels buUt during the year, 13—1,110 tons. A passenger steamboat plies daily to New York. Four imi)ortant railroads now terminate at New Haven, and connect at tho main station : CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. to New York, 76 m. ; to Spriiigfielcl, 62 m. ; to New London, 50 m. ; to Tarififville, 45 m., which will be continued to North- ampton. To Iheso will be abided the direct line to Boston, via Middletown. Pop. of city in 1S30, 10,130 ; in ISIO, 12,960 ; in 1S50, 20,31.5. Pop. of oily and t. in 1S40, 14,890 ; in ISoO, 22,539. New London, t, p. city, port of entry, and semi-cap. Now London co., Conn. : on W. bank of Thames r., 3 m. from its entrance into Long Island Sound, 43 m. S. E. Iliirtford, *3 m. E. New Haven. Lat. N. 41° 22', long. W. "2° 9'. The harbor is the best in the State, and one of the best in the United States. It has a depth of 30 feet, is spacions and safe. Its entrance is narrow and defended by forts Trumbull and Griswold ; the former is garrisoned by a company of U. S. Artillery. It is one of the whaling ports Of New England. In 1S49 it received 1,949 barrels of sperm oil, 3S,030 barrels of whale oil, and 301,100 pounds of whalebone. The city is built upon an acclivity, rising from the r. toward the W. and N. Back of the city is a summit of high ground, where the observer has a fine view of the harbor and surrounding country. The surface is uneven, lying on granite rocks, on which account the city was laid out irregularly ; but lately various improvements have been made. This t. was settled in 1646, and a large portion of it burnt by the British under Arnold, Sept. 6, 1781. It contains the county buildings, 7 churches, academies, etc. There are 3 banks with capital of $414,625. New London is con- nected by railroad with New Haven, 50 m. ; with "Willimantic, 80 m. ; and with Worcester from Allyn's Point, 66 m. There is also a daily line of steamboats from New York. Two newspapers are published daily, " Chronicle" (whig), and "Morning Star" (dem.); two weekly, "Chronicle," and '■ Democrat." This is the principal port in the State ; and the inhabitants are extensively engaged in the coasting trade and the fisheries. On the 80th June, 1850, the total tonnage of this district was 40,485 tons. The registered tonnage was 23,364 tons, of which 22,504 were permanent and 860 temporary; 2,622 tons were in the whale fishery. The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 17,121 tons, of which 16,178 tons were permanent, 8,879 propelled by steam, 11,577 were in the coasting ti'ade, 3,594 in cod fishery, 1,007 iu mackerel fishery ; of tonnage licensed under 20 tons, 181 tons were in the coasting trade, and 762 in cod fishery. During the year preceding, the clearances for foreign countries were 18 — 4,943 tons; number of entrances, do., 26 — 7,876 tons; number of vessels built, 8 (schooners) — 606 tons. Pop. in 1830, 4,-356 ; in 1840, 5,519 ; in 1850, 8,991. New Orleans, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Orleans par., La. : on the E. or left bank of the Mississippi river, 105 m. above its mouth, and in a direct line 7S m. S. E. Baton Eouge. Lat. 29° 57' 30" N., and long. 90° W. A traveler is struck on entering the city "with the old and narrow streets, the high houses ornamented with taste- ful cornices, iron balconies, and many other circumstances peculiar to towns in France and Spain, and pointing out the past history of this city, fated to change its masters so often." The newer parts of the city are, however, built more in the American style, the streets being wide and regularly laid out. Many of the dwellings are built in a style of magnificence and beauty that will rival those of any other city, while the beautiful grounds attached to them, filled with the luxuriant foliage of the south, give to them an air of comfort and ease which are seldom enjoyed by the city resident. There are in the city six public squares, laid out with taste, inclosed with handsome fencing, and adorned with a variety of trees and shrubbery. These afford a pleasant retreat from the heat and glare of the streets, and tend also to improve the health of the city. The old city is built in the form of a parallelogram. The present city consists of this part, the suburbs of St. Mary's, Anunciation, and La Course, called Faubourgs, and the City of Lafayette above, and the suburbs of Maugney, Dournoisi and Declouet below, and Treme and St. .John in the rear. Including these, it extends about 5 miles along the river, and is rapidly being extended back toward Lake Pontchartrain, with which it communicates by means of the Basin, Canal, and Bayou St. John, with Mobile, Pensacola, and the whole Gulf shore. It also communicates by means of the bayoux Plaqueminc and Lafourche with the Attakapas country, and lias many other communications by means of the numerous bayoux and lakes with the lower part of Louisiana. The charter of this now opulent city was granted in 1S05. In 1836 it was thought advisable to divide the city into three separate municipalities, each with distinct municipal powers. These municipalities extended backward six miles to Lake Pontchartrain. The first municipality was divided into five wards, and the second and third into four wards each. Each had a recorder and twelve aldermen, except the third, which had only seven aldermen. A mayor and twelve aldermen, four aldermen from each municipality, elected by general ticket, and called the general council, presided over the whole city. This system was altered in 1S52, when the city was organized into one community, embracing also the city of Lafayette, under a single admin- istration. The Mississippi opposite the city is half a mile wide, and from 100 to 160 foet deep, and continues of this depth to near the Gulf, where there are bars, having only from 13 to 16 feet of water. The city is built on an inclined plane, the declivity falling gently from the river to the swamps in the rear. At high water it is from three to nine feet below the water snrfoce, and, to protect it from inundation, an em- bankment called the Levee is raised on its border. " Levee" is a French word of primary importance within the Slate of Louisiana ; it pervades its statute books, and is hoard daily within its halls of justice. There is little or no land on the banks of the river in this State, if we except an inconsider- able quantity in the neighborhood of Baton Eouge, which would not be covered with the waters of the Mississippi in the spring months, were it not for the artificial embank- ment which the industry of man has raised to exclude them. The Levee of New Orleans is one continuous land- ing-place or quay, four miles in extent, and of an average width of 100 feet. It is 15 feet above low water mark, and 6 feet above the level of the city, to which it is graduated by an easy descent. Like the river it margins, it holds a ser- pentine course, advancing or receding as the Mississippi encroaches upon the city, or falls off toward the opposite bank. It is constructed of deposit, a rich alluvion swept from the N., and held in suspension by the waters until their rapidity is checked by a sudden change of direction, or swollen to overflowing, they spread over the adjacent swamps again to retire and again to bless the land they have visited by an increase of soil. The deposit is so great, and the con- sequent formation of new land so rapid immediately in front of that portion of the quay, which is most used for the pm-j)oses of commerce, that it has -within a few years be- come necessary to build piled wharves, jutting out from 50 to 100 feet into the river. The new formation which is governed as to its locality by what may well be termed thn freaks of the Mississippi, is called " batture," and when it h:is progressed to such an extent as to be left bare by the returning water at its lowest stage, is held capable of own- ership. Here may be seen what New Orleans was before the application of steam to navigation. Hundreds of long, naiTow, black, dirty-looking, crocodile-like rafts lie slug- gishly witliout moorings upon the soft batture, and pour out their contents upon the quay— a heterogenous compound of the products of the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries. These are rafts, or flat-boats, as they are technically called, each frequently carrying cargoes valued at from .$3,000 to $15,000. Twenty years ago, and these were the only craft on the river! nor has their number been decreased since the introduction of the steamboat. Not less characteristic of New Orleans is the landing of the latter class of craft. The quay is here all action, and the very water is covered 349 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. with life. Huge vessels float upon its bosom which ac- knowledge none of the powers of air and wait no tide. One is weighed down to the guards with cotton, a freight of 3,000 bales— $180,0(10 ! Twenty more lie side by side laden With the same commodity. Huge piles, bale upon bale, Story above story, cover the levee. Pork without end, as if the Ohio had emptied its lap at the door of New Orleans ; and flour by the thousand barrels rolled out upon the quay and heaped up — a large area is covered with these two products of the up-country, and still appears seemingly un- diminished, although the SL'llor, the buyer, and drayman are busy in the midst of it. Here is a boat freighted with lead from Galena ; and another brings furs and peltry from the head waters of the Missouri, 3,iX)0 miles to the north-west! The Illinois, the Oliio, the Missouri, the Aric- ansas, and Red Kiver, all are tributaries to this commercial dep6t, and send down to its wharves merchantable materi.il of the annual value of one hundred million of dollars more or less. Nearly 20,000 miles of inland navigation is tribu- tary to this city. The quay appropriated to the foreign and coastwise shipping presents another and a different scene. Here the cotton bale, tobacco hogshead, pork and flour bar- rel, and the whisky cask yield to bales of foreign and do- mestic manufactures, pipes of wine, and crates of wares. The shipping stretches away as far as the eye can reach, two miles or more in extent three tiers deep, with their heads to the current curving with the river — a beautiful crescent. The English, the French, the Spanisli, the Dane, the Russian, the Swede, the Hollander, etc., are here com- mingled, and compete for the commerce of the teeming West. The following statistics will exiiibit the extent and value of the trade of New Orleans, in 1S50-51 : 1. — Receipts down the Mississippi, from the interior : Apples bris.. Bacon cks. . Bacon brls. . Bacon, hams. " .. Bacon in blk. lbs. . Bagging pes. . Bale rope coils. Beans brls.. Butter kegs. Butter brls.. Beeswax brls. . Beef bl. &tc. Beef, dried... lbs. . Buff, robes. ..pks.. Cot.,La.& Mi. bales 54,808 48,602 9,274 44,478 2.35.000 72.804 107,224 4.2.36 64,967 2.720 2.30 48,066 15,-300 155 618,156 Cot., Lake " .. " N. Ala. & Ten " .. " Ark " .. " Mnntg. .. " .. " Mobile... " .. " Florida . " .. " Te.\as... " .. Corn meal . . .brls.. Corn in cars . " .. Corn shelled. sks. . Cheese bxs. . Candles " . Cider brls.. Coal, westem.bsh. . 14,399 286,821 62,793 18,051 24,473 11,091 9,252 3,662 42,526 1,298,932 78,894 80,748 245 700,000 Drd. peaches. " . Dried apples. " . Flax-seed . . .tcs. .. Flour brls. . Furs pkgs. Feathers bgs. . Hemp bis. . Hides No.. Hay bis. . Iron, pig tons . Lard tcs. . . Lard kgs . Lime brls.. Lead pigs. Lead bars . Lead, white.. kegs. Molasses brls.. Oats " .. Onions " . . Oil, linseed . . " . . Oil, castor " .. Oil, lard " .. Pickles " .. 2,685 4,168 204 941,1U6 1,289 3,645 25,116 140,338 4S,2S1 152 115,570 157,931 8T,738 825,505 629 1,930 184,483 479,741 14,297 478 4,145 17,157 893 Potatoes " . . Pork " .. Pork bxs. . Pork hhds. Pork in bulk. lbs. .10, Porter & ale. . brls. . Packing yarn.rls. . . Skins, deer ..pks.. Shot kgs . Sugar hhds. Sugar brls.. Soap bxs. . Shingles SUives 9, Tallow brK. Tobacco, leaf. hhds. Tobacco, .^ chewmg. ) Tobacco bis. . . Twine bdls.. Whisky brls.. Window gla.ssbxs. . Wheat, brls. & sks.. 192,922 786,084 1,980 1,231 ,513,895 384 4,190 1,119 2,044 125,755 18,675 9,4S4 5(1,000 ,000,000 6,164 64,030 4,116 220 3,156 157.741 16,428 8S,79T Value in 1850-51,$106,924,OS3 " 1849-50, 96,817,873 Value in 1S48-49, $81,989,692 1S47-4S, 79,779,151 2. — Receipts by Cotton bis. Timber feet Wood crds. Bricks No. Sand brls. Shells " . Charcoal " . Tar " . Shingles No. Laths " Staves " Siish and door prs. Sp.Turp brls. Rosin " . Salt sks. Cotton gins.. .No. Hides " . Com mills. . . " . Domestics bis. Sheepskins . . " Hay " Buckets doz. Lake F 40. .3.3,107, 27. .24,000. 197. 52. 110, 2, 2,392. 3,1130. 632, 7. 3. 10, 15, ontchartrain and the New ,329 ,000 ,820 ,000 ,600 ,200 ,600 ,2.39 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,800 ,094 ,250 ,799 549 1,955 70 959 8 85 632 Tobacco, leaf. bxs. . Merchandise. bxs. . Moss bis. . Cotton seed.. bgs.. Wool « . Sugar hhds. Molasses brls.. Fish " .. Knees No. . Pickets " .. Clapboards... " .. Gunny b.igs.. bis. . Hoop poles . . No. . Horned cattle. " .. Pork brls.. Paper bdls. Castor oil cans . Lime brls. . Lime cks. . Hemp bis.. . Cement brls.. Plaster hhds. Canal : 758 22 205 95 80 970 772 50 1,480 24,900 43,900 135 40,000 200 95 61 81 1,002 129 20 150 12 8. — Principal exports, coastwise, including exports via Pontchartrain Railroad and New Canal, to Mobile, etc. : Ports. Bales. New York 52,398 Boston 82,540 , Philadelphia... 14,867 Baltimore 2,511 Charleston — Savannah — Korfolk, etc. ... — Alexandria — Mobile — Appalac, etc. . . — Other ports 501 10,087 1,.594 1,118 754 291 13,595 . 7.33 . 10,264 . 8,670 . 3,517 . 4,072 552 3,840 1,071 2,833 , larrels. Barrels. 655 . . T2,5S4 . . 27 . . 88,925 . . 867 .. 237 .. 660 .. 89 .. 120 .. 418 6,175 55,849 77,806 , 5,533 13,421 1,003 Haion. Lara. Hliil.i. Kegs. 9,856 . .209,825 6,503 ..224,3.33 2,763 .. 41,045 Beef. Wliiakj. 1,843 2,872 82,585 . 2,769 . . 3,055 . 13,4:35 421 955 1,881 ..160,728 2,242 . . 32,461 263 .. 1,542 . . 9,4TT 2,266 . . — . . — . . — 254 . . — . . — . . — 3,469 ..150,960 .. 22,890 .. 19,972 119 . . 11,514 . . 23,978 3,785 .. 50,383.. 150,125 4. — Principal exports to foreign countries, in 1849-50 : Ciitton, Tobacco. Country. Bales. Hlids. Great Brit^dn 582,372 13,223 France 130,862 4.182 North of Europe 47,786 9,893 South of Europe, etc 84,120 13,859 Flour, 264.356 barrels; pork, 16,230 brls.; lard, 188,353 kegs ; beef, 20.645 barrels ; corn, 158,013 sacks. 850 40,046 The arriv.ils at New Orleans from the interior, etc., in 1849- 50 were: ^at boats 941— from Ohio 218, from Kentucky 53, from Indiana 293, from Virginia 12, from Pennsylvania 222, from Illinois 19, from Tennessee 104, and from Mississippi 10 ; and the river steavihodU 2,918. The total value of domestic merchandise exported from New Orleans to foreign countries from the 1st July, 1850, to 30lh June, 1851, amounted to $5.3,988,01.3, of wliich to the value of $33,022,609 was carried in American, and $15,965,401 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. in foreign bottoms ; and the total value of foreign merchan- dise re-exported was $445,950, of which to the value of $338,265 was carried in American, and $57,685 in foreign bottoms. Tlie fallowing arc the entrances and clearances in the foreign trade in the year above named : Clearances : American, Foreign Quarter enJing i * ^ f — ' * ^ Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. 80th September, 1S50. ...109.... 44,549.... 52.... 19,S6T 81st December, " ....114.... 53,946.... 66.... 20,937 SlstMarch, 1851 . ...18S. . .. 85,747. .. .119. .. . 53,762 80th June, " ... 2-34.... 108,716. ... 88.... 34,-383 Total 645. . . .292,958. . . .325. . . .128,949 Entbancbs : Quarter ending American. Foreign. Vessels, Tonnage, Vessels. Tonnage. SOtli September, 1850.... 61.... 16,177.... 42.... 14,347 81st December, " ....158.... 61,487. .. .106. .. . 40,827 SlstMarch, 1851. .. .178. .. . 64,104.... 97.... 45,208 80th June, " ....146.... 5.3,368.... 88.... 36,618 Total 543. . . .195,136. . . .833. . . .137,000 The total number of entrances in the coastwise trade In 1850-51 was 1,227 vessels, of the aggregate burden of 353,175 tons, and the total number of clearances was 1,178, of the aggregate burden of 435,892 tons. The manufactures of New Orleans are not extensive. There are several furnaces, machine shops, distilleries, eugar refineries, lumber yards, steam saw-mills, tobacco factories, etc. — ^in all using a capital of some three millions Ca.sh Liabilities. Banks — Specie paying. Circulation. Total. Louisiana Bank $831,239 $.3,939,406 ... Canal and Banking Co 1,301,595 .... 2,761,022 . . . Louisiana State Bank 1,712,975 .... 4,448,714 . . . Mechanics' andXraders'Bank 932,855 .... 3,153,043 ... Union Bank 25,810.... C9,S92 ., Non Specie paying. atizens' Bank 11,061 .... 13,608 . . Consolidated Association.... 20,295.... 21,047.. Total $4,835,831 . . . $14,407,538 . . A branch of the United States mint is located here; also the U. S. land office for the land district of New Orleans ; the U. S. custom-house, and other federal establishments. The mint has extensive buildings on the Esplanade; the main edifice is 282 feet long and 108 feet deep, and its two wings are 81 feet by 29 feet, the whole of three stories. The coinage at this branch is only gold and silver. For the year ending 1st July, 1851, the value of gold deposits was $8,285,637, and of gold money coined, $5,994,000 ; of the de- posits, $8,152,879 was California gold, and of the coinage, $6,670,000 were double eagles, $1,495,000 eagles, $165,000 half eagles, $510,000 quarter eagles, and $154,000 dollar pieces ; and the value of silver deposits was $822,085, of which $57,572 was silver extracted from California gold, and of the coinage $3,000 were dollar pieces, $856,000 half dol- lars, $69,000 quarter dollars, $53,000 dimes, $51,500 half dimes, and $18,000 three cent pieces. Total deposits, $9,107,722— coinage, $10,044,500. The custom-house at this place, when completed, will be one of the most expensive buildings in the Union, and a great ornament to the city. It is situate on the Levee at the corner of Canal Street. The building will also contain apartments for the U. S. Courts, and other accommodations for the general government. It will be almost as large as the Capitol at Washington with the additions now being made. The material is to come from the celebrated Quincy quarries. On the right and left of the cathedral on the Place d'Armes are the district and city ofifices — one in the Tuscan and the other in the of dollars ; and besides the.se there are the handicrafts com- mon to all large cities, which in the aggregate make up a respectable list of occupations. The most extensive foundry and machine shop of the south-west is that of John Leeds & Co. in this city ; it employs 175 men, and from 4 to 5 tons of metal are daily melted down and run off into the thou- sand-and-one things f )r which iron and brass may be used — a steam-engine and sugar-mill down to a nut ami screw. This establishment has grown up from a little shop owned by the father of one of the principals 20 years ago, and is a fair illustration of what, from small beginnings, American energy, perseverance, and enterprise, can accomplish. Ifa cotton presses are among the largest in the Union, and cover an immense area. The New Orleans Cotton Press occupies an area of 194,656 square feet, most of which is covered by the buildings. On an average, 160,000 bales of cotton are annually pressed at this establishment. The market houses of New Orleans are in general substantial and expensive buildings; the meat market on the Levee is a conspicuous building, and is one of the principal objects seen from the river; St. Mary's Market is 486 feet long, and 42 feet in width; and Washington Market is also an extensive build- ing. These are well supplied with all kinds of south-west- ern produce, and abound in tropical fruits and esculents. The retail trade of New Orleans is e.xtravagantly provided for; its stores and sales-rooms are magnificent, and their pa- tronage beyond precedent large. The dress, haljits, and customs of the inhabitants require this lavish exhibition of mercliandise, and they willingly support it at an immense cost to individual revenue. The New Orleans banks are seven in immber, and their condition on the 30th Nov., 1850, was as follows : Cash Assets. Specie. Total. $1,.354,08S .... $5, 701, .551 .. 1,126,140 .... 3,895,059 .. 1,649,045 .... 4,971,969 .. 1,526,957 .... 4,177.313 .. 81,717 403,668 Total Liabilitie.s, Total exclusive of Capital. Assets. . . . $3,939,406 .... $?,Si)2,741 2,761,028 .... 7,010,966 4,448,714 .... 6,745,741 3,153.843 .... 5,22S,45T 69,892 .... 4,459,931 14,448 .... 24.5,008 .... 6,943,496 .... 6,457,779 7,694 .... 14,767 .... 1,6.38,491 .... 1,281,139 .$5,760,039 . . . $19,409,335 . . . $22,954,871 . . . $39,845,904 Doric style, and both two stories high. These accommodate the city council, the ccjurts of the district and parish, the police, city guard, etc. New Orleans was capital of the State until 1849, in which year the State records were re- moved to Baton Eouge. The old State-house, formerly the Charity Hospital, is a good building, occupies a square be- tween Common and Canal streets, and consists of a main building and two detached wings. New Orleans is magnificent in its church buildings though there are complaints that there is not sufficient ac- commodation for the large population it contains. Includ- ing chapels, there are 19 Catholic places of worship. The Cathedral of St. Louis, on the Place d'Armes, is a venerable and imposing structure. It was founded in 1792 by Don Audrfe on the condition that masses be offered every Satur- day evening for the repose of his soul, and the tolling of the bell at sunset on that day still proclaims the observance of the custom. The Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, etc., have also churches. The Methodist church on the cor- ner of Poydras and Carondolet streets is a splendid copy of the temple of Theseu.s, with a steeple 170 feet in height The Second Presbyterian church in Lafayette Square, is also a handsome structure, and has a fine portico of Groeco-Doric architecture. The Episcopal churches, of which there are 3, are substantial, without any distinguishing features. The newspaper press of New Orleans is world-renowned, and its issues are among the most talented in the Union There are 9 daily newspapers, the " Crescent" (neut.), the 851 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. " Delta"' (dera.), the " Picayune" (whig), the " True Delta" (neut.), all of which also issue weekly editions, the " Bulletin" (whig), which has also a semi-weekly edition, the " Orlean- ean" (neut.), the -'State Gazette" (dom.), the "Bee" (whig), and the " Courier" (dem.) The " Franco-American" is issued tri-weekly, and the "Prices Current" semi-weekly. The ■weeklies are "La Proi)agateur Catholique" (relig.), and "La Patria" (whig). De Bow's " Ueview of the Southern and Western States" (statistical), is published monthly. The last-named is one of the most useful and complete works of the kind in the Union, and ought to be in the library of every person wishing to keep up with the progress of the country. The " Resources of the Southern and Westtm States" lately published by Professor De Bow, is also a work Of great and lasting value, more e.xact and detailed in its subjects than any work hitherto issued from the American press, and has been of essential service in the compilation of this Gazetteer. The means provided for education are ample. Besides the public seliools and academies, the city contains se\'eral collegiate establishments and literary institutions. The Uni- versity was founded in 1S49. The buildings consist of a central edifice 100 feet front and 104 feet deep, with two de- tached wings. The main building is occupied by the medi- cal department, and contains three large lecture-rooms, each of which will contain more than GOO persons, a large museum of anatomy, dissecting-rooms, etc., and the other buildings are appropriated to the academic, law, and other departments. There are 7 professors in the academic de- partment, 3 in the law department, and 7 in the medical department. There is also a chair of political economy, at present ably filled by Professor J. D. B. De Bow, head of the Census Bureau at Washington. The students in the medi- cal department enjoy clinics in the Ch.arity Hospital, an insti- tution which surpasses all others in the United States as a school of practical instruction. This hospital is situate on Common Street, between St. Mary and Girond streets, and is 290 feet long, and three stories high. There are generally 1,000 patients in the wards. In 1S51 the whole number of patients admitted was 13,476, discharged 15,989, and died 1,884, leaving 1,603. The surgical cases numbered about 2,600; and about one-half the medical cases were intermit- tent and remittent fevers — of the first 6,871 cases, and of the latter 2,366 cases are reported. From the cupola of the building the view is magnificent. This institution is the refuge alike of the citizen and stranger in times of sickness, and is attended chiefly by those cxemjilary women whose deeds of charity reflect so great an honor on the Catholic Church, New Orleans has nine cemeteries: the Protestant, the Catholic, Cypress Grove, the Odd Fellows', St. Vincent de Paul, St. Patrick's, Potter's Field, the Charity Hospital, and Lafiiyette. These are all conspicuous appendages of the city. The Catholic and Protestant cemeteries are unique in place and method of interment. Each is inclosed in a brick ■wall of arched cavities, or ovens, as they are here called, made just large enough to admit a single coffin, and raised tier upon tier to the height of about 12 feet, with a thickness of 10. The whole inclosure Ls divided into plats, with gravel paths intersecting each other at right angles, and is densely covered with tombs built wholly above ground, and from one to three stories in height. This method of sepulchre is adopted from necessity, and burial underground is never attempted excepting in the Potter's Field, where the stranger ■without friends, and the poor without money find an uncer- tain rest, the water with which the soil is always saturated often forcing the coffin and its contents out of its narrow and shallow cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch of heaven. The cemeteries here indeed look as if modeled after a growing city. The tombs have an air of freshness about them; the peculiarity of their structure, their close juxtaposition, filling plats like blocks of buildings, the well- graveled walks between, the walls about the whole, ■with 852 their numerous receptacles of the dead, rising story above story, almost persuade the visitor that he stands in the midst of a panorama of the great mart of commerce, the former inhabitants of which now inhabit these cities of the dead. The total number of burials in the several cemeteries in 1849 was 9,802, of which 3,569 were of foreigners, 1,303 of the United States, of which number only 774 were natives of New Orleans, and 4,985 of birth unknown. These facta speak volumes — one half the deaths of persous without name or country ! and yet thousands press on to fill the void thus created, and in their turn to be numbered with the unknown dead. The hotels and theatres of New Orleans are also distin- guishing features of the city, and among its most splendid buildings the St. Charles Theatre, on the east side of St. Charles Street, cost about $350,000, and is 132 feet long, by 170 feet deep. The Orleans, or French Theatre, is also a large and expensive building, rimning from Orleans Street to St. Anne Street, and the perfurmances are done in the French language. The American theatre, corner of Camp and Poydras streets, is 16U feet by 60, and cost about $130,000. These three theatres will in the aggregate accommodate 4,500 persons, and are nightly filled, often to suffocation. Among the hotels, the principal are St. Charles', Exchange, City Exchange, Verandah, Orleans, and others, almost equal in extent and good accommodations. Some of these are not surpassed in beauty of structure, substantiality, and popular- ity by any in the Union. The St. Charles' was destroyed by fire in 1850, and is now being rebuilt on a more magnificent scale than before, at a cost estimated at $600,000. As the majority of persons having business in the cily reside there only temporarily, these are constantly crowded with boarders. The city is supplied with water from the Mississippi. The water-works, which belong to the Commercial Bank, cost about $725,000. The reservoir, into which the water is raised by a steam-cngiiie, is constructed on an artificial mound, and is 21 feet high at its base, with sides 250 feet in length, and capable of containing nearly 10,000,000 gal- lons. The reservoir has four compartments, and when the water is cleared, it is distributed through iron pipes to the city. There is also an aqueduct built at the expense of the city, costing $120,000, which, by conducting water to cleanse the gutters, tends greatly to neutralize or wash away the filth of the streets, and to the promotion of general health in the hot se-ison. New Orleans, from its low situation, more than from its warm and moist chmate, suffers periodically from the yel- low fever. No summer, indeed, passes over without the visitation of this terrible malady, and it not unfrequently rages as an epidemic. In 1841, '43, '47, this distemper was very fatal, while in 1842, '44, '46, '48, and '49, the number of cases were comparatively small, and in 1845 only one case is reported. In 1847 the admissions into the Charity Hospi- tal, on account of yellow fever, numbered no less than 2,811, and the admissions for intermittent and remittent fevers were commensurately great, having been nearly 4,000. These visitations have no doubt been the means of retard- ing the grow th of the city, but that the salubrity of the cli- mate is gradually being improved is certain, and when in a few years the swamps in the neighborhood are filled in, the location will be as healthy as that of any other southern port. During the winter and spring the climate is reputed healthy, and thousands flock to the city from all quarters of the world— some for health, others for pleasure, and still more in connection with the immense business of all kinds which is here transacted. Perhaps no city of the Union is so diversified in its popu- lation. The sunny isles of the Antilles, Mexico, Central America, and South America, France and Spain, and the other States of Europe, and the sister States northward, have each representatives among the inhabitants. The colored races, however, preponderate, and slave or free make up one- half at least. Of the white races, the American, French, and CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Spanish constitute the larger portion, and in those classes are found what may be denominated the aristocracy. The Irish here, as in other quarters, thoun;h forming a large class, are but the " hewers of wood and drawers of water" — the laborers and levee-men, respectable only on election day and among themselves. The English and Scotch are few in proportion, and are chiefly connected with the foreign commerce as mer- chants or factors, seldom remaining longer in the city than is necessary for the transactii:in of their particular business ; nor do the Germans form a large class. This admixture of racea is in some degree embarrassing ; somany languages, various customs and manners, and in habits so different, no thor- ough amalgamation can take place ; and it is even necessary to support newspapers and periodicals of different lan- guages, each of which in its opinions and ideas is at vari- ance with the other.. But this circumstance has also its advantages — it elicits much that is useful and cosmopolitan, tending to soften the asperity of nationalities, and to the fra- ternization of races. The vices and virtues of such a com- munity stand in bold relief, and Sunday bull-baiting, gaming, and balls, contrast harshly with the divine exercises appro- priate to that day of rest. The railroads diverging from New Orleans are as yet few In number, designed chiefly to facilitate the transit of goods by short routes to and from the adjacent shipping places. These are the roads to Lake Pontchartrain, to Lake Borgne, and to CarroUton on the Mississippi. The commercial men of the city, however, have determined upon the prosecution of several important lines, which will secure to it a com- merce which was fast lapsing to the Atlantic ports. The principal of these are the New Orleans, Jackson, and North- em E. E. ; the New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western R. R. ; the New Orleans and Nashville E. E. ; and a rail- road fnim Mobile, connecting with the navigation of Lake Pontchartrain, which will supersede the tedious navigation of the passes along the southern shore of Mississippi. The canals of New Orleans have been opened with the same design as that fulfilled by the existing railroads Opposite to New Orleans, and connecting with it by a ferry, is the town of Algiers, the principal workshop of the city. Here are several extensive ship-yards, and numerous artisans engaged in building and repairing vessels. At Maedonough, above and adjing business. Broadway is not less an avenue of business than the promenade of beauty and fashion. Its lower part is now almost all taken up by splendid stores and warehouses. It contains the chief book-stores, jewelry, upholstery, hat and cap, tailoring, millinery, retail dry goods, and other like establishments. In Cedar Street, just off Broadway, is the famous Map and Geographical Emporium of 86.' 1 J- H. COLTON, No. 86. the largest and most varied in the Union. Grand Street and Catherine are devoted to heavy dry goods and variety stores. Ferry, Jacob, Gold, and neighboring streets, conslitule the great leather district The hardware trade is chiefly in Piatt, John, and Pearl streets. In Nass.au are extensive news- paper eslablishtnents, book-binderies, and publishing con- cerns, and in William Street are a great variety of hosiery and fancy goods stores. Maiden Lane and Cortland Street, CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. and Broadway, near the junction of these, is the location of the principal wholesale jewelers. M^KU-ves. — The water edges of the city are fringed with seven miles of wharves and docks. On each side there are about 60 piers, averaging 200 to 300 feet in length, and from 50 to 60 feet wide. The shipping lies along these as safely as in a tide-water dock. Foreign shipping lies mostly at the wharves of the East River, as being a more secure posi- tion than on the .)ther side. Usually these docks are crowded with vessels of all nations, and on an average 2,000 coasting vessels are in harbor at a time. Some load- ing, some unloading, and others waiting their turn for berths. With all these vast accommodations for shipping, however, there is scanty room for so large a commerce as centres at this port ; and to furnish the additional facilities which the increasing commerce of the city demanded, the Legislature, in 1840, chartered the Atlantic Dock Company with a capital of $1,000,000. Their docks at Brooklyn are spacious, and deep enough to float the largest vessel ever built The British steamers dock at Jersey City. Rivers and Ilarhor. — The width of the North River is one mile to Jersey City, at the ferry, and one mile and a half to Iloboken. The width of tlie East River is from one third to half a mile. At the South Ferry it is 1,800 yards, at Fulton Ferry 731 yards, and at Catherine Ferry 786 yards. The Bay of New York is from \\ to 5i miles broad — average 3 miles, 8 miles long and about 25 miles in per- iphery, forming a basin of capacity sufiScient to receive the navies of the world. The Bay of New York communicates with Newark Bay, through the Kills, in the west, between Staten Island and Bergen Neck, and with another bay, at the south, called the outer or lower harbor, through the Narrows a compressed strait between Staten and Long islands. This latter bay opens directl into the ocean. The inner harbor, as well as being one of the best, is also one of the most beautiful in the world. Besides all the natural beauty of the scene, there can hardly be a finer spectacle than is presented in the great city spread before it, with its piers crowded with a dense forest of masts, bearing the flags of all nations the shipping at anchor, and the count- less steamboats and vessels coming and going perpetually. The depth of Water and Tides. — The currents in the rivers and bay are very strong, keeping these waters open often when the rivers and bays much farther south are frozen up. The whole harbor was covered with a solid mass of ice in 1780, and again in 1820. Very rarely since has either river been frozen. In the month of January, 1852, the East River was obstructed for a short period, but the North River re- mained open. Thousands crossed over the ice from Brooklyn PKODUCTTVE ESTABLISHMENTS OP NEW YORK CITY. No. of productive Hands emplc.yed. Capital in%-ested. to New York. The rise of the tide is nearly 7 feet. Going northward the rise increases, and in the Bay of Fundy is 90 feet, the maximum of the coast. Southwardly it decreases, and in the Gulf of Mexico is but 18 inches. The time of the tide at other places on the coast, or on waters connecting with the ocean, varies from that of New York as follows — earlier : Halifax, N. S., 2 h. 1 5 m. ; New Bedford, 1 h. 40 m. ; Providence, h. 41 m. ; Sandy Hook, 2 h. 45 m. ; Norfolk, h. 41 m. ; and Richmond, 2 h. 25 m. ; and later: Eastport, 2 h. 9 m. ; Portland, 1 h. 89 m. ; Boston, 2 h. 19 m. ; Holmes' Hole, 1 h. 4 m. ; Philadelphia, 5 h. 19 m. ; Baltimore, 5 h. 07 m. ; Charleston, 10 h. 19 m. ; Mobile Point, 1 h. .54 m. ; Albany, 6 h. 34 m. ; Quebec, 8 h. 49 ra. The depth of water at the wharves is 6 or 7 feet, and increases rapidly outward. It is sufficient in either river to float the largest ships. At the old channel, on the bar at Sandy Hook, the depth is 21 feet at low tide, and 27 at high tide. That of the New, or Gedney's Channel, is at low water 82 feet The channel inside varies from 35 to 60 feet. 2)^/CTi.se,s.— The harbor is well defended. The principal works are at the Narrows, which, at the point selected, is but one-third of a mile wide. Here are built, on the Long Island side, forts Hamilton and Lafayette, the latter on a reef of rocks 200 yards from the shore, with three tiers of guns. On the Staten Island side are Forts Tompkins and Rich- mond, the former on the heights, and provided with a num- ber of subterranean passages. These forts are in excellent condition. The entrance from the Sound to the East River is defended by Fort Schuyler, on Throg's Neck. Within the harbor are batteries on Bedloe's and Ellis' islands, on the west side of the bay, and on Governor's Island, 8,200 feet from the city, are Fort Columbus, in the form of a star, commanding the south side of the channel ; on the south- west point, Castle William, a round tower 600 feet in circuit and 60 feethigh,with three tiers of guns, and South Battery, on the south-west side, commanding the entrance through But- termilk Channel. In case of war, too, the whole surround- ing heights could be readily fortified, and Castle Garden, and the Battery esplanade would furnish ready-made sites for an extensive armament No port in the world, indeed, is better defended by permanent fortifications, or could be more easily placed in a condition of defense. Manufacturer. — Although New York employs the greater portion of its capital in foreign commerce and domestic trade, it is also distinguished as the greatest maimfacturing city in the United States, having a greater capital therein invested, more hands employed, and deriving a greater profit therefrom, than any other city. The general returns of the census are exhibited in the following table : Wards. 1 or manufacturing C establisliments. 137 2 851 3 9 4 189 5 83 6 156 7 422 8 233 9 189 11,013,500 3,620.... 12,672,995 19,648 .... 607,000 633.... 1,68S,800 1,952.... 1,227,562 • 1,783.... 9,125,880 • 2,963.... 3,493,275 4,098.... 861,890 2,230.... 793,300 2,095.... 96 309,700 809.... 149 2,051,850 4,197.... 19 341,550 350.... 172 299,110 993.... 72 965,700 1,029.... 93 1,045,550 1,036.... -29 3;2S0,380 2,207.... 145 892,400 1,216.... 199 1,227,780 2,266.... 44 3.34,600 568.... Fc Total. red. 6,087 9,707 $3,906,337 16,056. 27. 943. 358. 1,072. 1,849. 555. 359. 226. 237. 70. 288. 531. 140. 556., 119. 862. 102. Total. .3,387. 1,232,822 53,703.... 29,917. 35,704 31,310,642 660 1,801,700 2,895 4.885,211 2,146 4,473,214 4,040 3,823,191 5,947 9,641,038 2,785 4,080,484 2,454 2,883,180 1,085 1,678,422 4,4.34 20,056,409 420 520,500 1,281 2,07.3,428 1,560 1,-546.627 1,176 1,376,818 2,763 4,868,175 1,335 2,579,312 2,618 2,920,760 670 1,293,860 88,620 $105,218,308 855 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. By tliese statistics it appears that the operatives in the manufactories, etc., form nearly onc-sixtti of the whole pop- ulation of the city ; that the proportion of the annual pro- ducts to tlie capital invested, is SOT per cent. ; and that the average value of the product of each operative is $1,258. The manufacturing interests have had as rapid increase as those of commerce. In 1810, the total capital in manufac- tures was $11,228,894: ; and in 1S50, as stated above, it amounted to $.34,232,822. The branches of manufacturing industry wliich are here most extensively prosecuted are these directly developed by the preat commerce of the city. Pre-eminent among these the the great iron foundries and machine-shops, of which the largest are the Novelty Works, Morgan Works, Allaire Works, and the Fulton and West Street foundries. The two former employ each about 900 men. These and other establishments are engaged in casting and making the largest class of steamship engines, their bed plates, and other iron works, locomotives, mills, presses, gearing, boilers, etc. There are 10 sugar refineries, all of which are very large establishments, superior to any others in the United States, and having a greater annual product. The value of cabinet furniture annually made is above $1,000,000. There arc numerous breweries and distilleries, •which employ a large capital. The following summary statement of the number of establishments which in 1850 prosecuted the principal branches of manufacturing indus- try, is compiled from the " Business Directory" for that year: Boat-building, 27; boiler manuf., 10; brass and bell founders, 89 ; breweries, 42 ; bakeries, 475 ; black and whitesmilhing, 185; britannia-ware manuf., 13; block and pumpmaking, 83 ; bookbinders, 55 ; boot and shoemaking, 1,877 ; brushes, etc., 40 ; building of houses, etc., 136 ; cab- inetmaking, 255 ; carpentering, 260 ; chairniaking, 34 ; olockmaking, 29 ; clothing, 288 ; coaches and carriages, 53 ; confectionery. 265 ; cordage, etc., 6 ; dressmaking, 440 ; edge tools, 11 ; goldbeating, 21 ; gold pen manuf., 20 ; guns, etc., 20 ; ink manuf., 11 ; iron foundries, 38 ; lock manuf., 24 ; machinery, 79 ; millinery, 256 ; morocco manuf., 28 ; musical instruments, 41 ; nails, 15 ; organs, 5 ; patent medicines, 54 ; perfumery, 26 ; piano-fortes, 55 ; saddles and harness, 90 ; sails, 51 ; sash and blind manuf., 61 ; segars, 119; ships, 19; silver manuf., 39; silver plating, 27; soap and candle, 43 ; steam-engine manuf., 77 ; steel manuf., 10 ; tailoring, 561 ; trunk factories, 58 ; typo foundries, 9 ; varnish manuf., 14; white lead manuf., 9. Commerce. — Commercial interests originated the settle- ment of New York, developed its rapid growth, have always directly influenced its changes of fortune, and are now the main support of its greatness. With the fluctuation of the course of events, with regard to general commerce, there has always been a corresponding change in the ratio of the increase of its population, and of its general prosperity. Its first period of great prosperity, subsequent to the lievolution. ■was from 1790 to 1800 ; during which decade its population increased at a ratio of 82.16 per centr-viz., from 83,181 (1790), to 00,489 (1800). During this period the old world, involved in wars, was making constant demand upon the industry of the new ; and the produce of the interior and of the neighboring States was pressing to the Atlantic, whence the shipping of New York carried it abroad, returning again with goods for dii>iribution, both in its own and the neighboring markets. The business of the city conse- quently wonderfully increased, and its attendant advantages drew thither capital and also men to participate in the pro- fits arising from the large investment then made. During the next decade (1800 to 1810) there was a falling off of the ratio of increase of population and wealth, and business enterprise was greatly depressed. Thougli the population increased in this period at a ratio of 59J- per cent, [from 60,489 (1800), to 96,373 (1810),] the increase in wealth was out 8 per cent.— viz., from $24,486,370 to $26,436,370. In ttie succeeding ten years, the war of 1812 with Great Britain 856 entirely destroyed the foreign commerce of the city for 5 years; after which, from 1815 to 1820, it again revived and greatly advanced in wealth. The increase of its wealth during the entire decade (1810-20) was 163 per cent, (from $26,436,370 to $69,530,758). While the increase in popula- tion was only 28} per cent. (96,373 to 123,706), whicli ratio is less than that of any other decade, and exhibits with extra- ordinary clearness the dependence of New York city upon commerce, since during this same period the increase of the population of the State was more rapid than ever. In 1820 commerce again revived, and steadily increased until 1825, in which year it reached a climax that was not again attained until 1831. In 1826 the completion of the Erie Canal opened a new source of prosperity to com- merce, and which assisted in the formation of the great speculations which soon characterized the financial career of the city. The revulsion which followed this unnatural expansion, and for a time prostrated all branches of busi- ness, most seriously affected the commercial interests of the city. Since its recovery from that reversion of fortune, its com- mercial prosperity has for the most part been steailily on the increase, though,of course, somewhat affected by the changes in the tariffs of the national government, and the changing relations of the nations with which it has intercourse. The following table shows the amount of imi)orts and ex- ports, and the duties collected on the Importation each year : y Iniport8 from Amount of duties Exp(»rt3 to Foreign countries. on imports. For'gn count's. 1821 $36,020,012 .... $7,24-3,542 .... $12,124,045 1822 83,912,453 .... 9,941,702 .... 15,405,694 1828 80,601,455 .... 9,022,4:35 .... 21,089,696 1824 37,785,147 .... 11,178,139 .... 22,309,302 1825 50,024,973 .... 15,752,100 .... 34,0-32,279 1826 84,728,064 .... 11,525,862 .... 19,4-37,229 1827 41,441 ,882 .... 13,217,695 .... 24,014,035 1823 89,117,016 .... 13,745,147 .... 22,185,487 1 829 34,972,493 .... 13,052,070 .... 1 7,609,000 1830 88,6.50,004 .... 15,012,553 .... 17,066,624 1851 57,291,727 .... 20,090,136 .... 20,142,719 1832 50,995,924 .... 15,070,124 .... 22,792,599 1838 56,527,976 .... 13,089,181 .... 24,723,903 18.34 72,224,-390 .... 10,183,152 .... 22,196,061 1835 89,304,108 .... 14,408,110 .... 29,035,7.^5 1836 118,886,1 94 ... . 17,114,305 .... 27,455,223 1837 68,874,558 .... 9,487,593 .... 23,5:J4,010 18:38 77,214,729 .... 10,494,055 .... 22,182,248 1S39 97,078,087 .... 13,970,.3.32 .... 86,662,223 1840 50,845,924 .... 7,537.441 .... 30,180,470 1841 75,268,015 .... 10,998,899 .... 30,781,519 1812 52,415,555 .... 10,01-3,122 .... 23,090,199 1843 50,036,067 .... 11,300,407 .... 28,440,320 1844 75,749,220 .... 21,457,830 .... 84,628.470 1845 68,9-32,207 .... 17,607,858 .... 84,800,-343 1846 71,093,819 .... 16,867,275 .... 84,196,184 1847 95,2^8,697 .... 17,842,402 .... 45,087,954 1S4S 89,315,909 .... 20,839,081 .... 80,331,441 1S49 86,611,902 . , . . 19,811,334 . . . , 86,720,224 1850 103,250,508 . . , . 24,487,610 .... 88,661,517 1851 1.30,683,030 . . . 31,757,199 .... 53,595,376 1852 117,739,457 . . . 28,678,910 .... 44,187,-329 Of the imports, very nearly one-half consists of dry goods. The following table exhibits theur value compared with the whole importation of foreign merchandise in— Mannlactufps, 1848-9. 1849-50. 18B061. 18.'-.l-5-3. Woolen ,... $9,199,-578. $14,6-37,060. $17,067,031. $14,-388,565 CoUon 10,783,807. 10,660,857. 11,671,500. 9,982,547 Silk 14,801,816. 16,079,227. 24,858,850. 22,319,951 Flax 4,245,-513. 7,084,663. 8,058,731. 6,840,299 Miscellan'us. 4,144,525. 2,820,828. 8,957,035. 4,183,740 Tot im. d.g. $41,074,739. $51,382,0-35. $04,613,747. $57,221,062 " mer. 63,932,207.10-3,250,508.130,683,030.117,789,457 Prop. d. goods 60.5 p. ct. . ,49.7 p. ct.. ,49.5 p. ct.. .48.6 p. ct. CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. The following table gives a statement of the duties col- lected at the port of New York, compared with the total collections of the United States, in various years between 1789 and the present : Years. New York, U. S, 1825. . $15,752,100 . $20,098,714 1830.. 15,012,553. 21,922,391 1835.. 14,-16S,116. 19,391,311 1S40.. 7,537,441. 13,499,502 1845.. 17,667,858. 27.528,113 1850.. 24,487,610. 89,668,656 1851.. 31,757,199. 49,017,597 1852.. 28,678,910. 47,320,316 The revenue collected at Now York compared with that of the other principal ports of the United States in the year ending June 30, 1851, was as follows: Years. New York. U.S. 1789.. $145,320. $ - 1792.. 1,233,903. 3,443,071 1795.. 2,717,361 . 5,558,461 1800.. 8,611,588. 9,080,933 1805.. 6,958,008. 12 936,487 1810.. 5,223,696. 8,583,309 1816.. 10,785.354. 86,306,875 1820.. 5,487,974. 15,005,612 New York $31,757,199 Boston 6,577,540 rhiladelphia.... 3,667,888 New Orleans $2,296,686 Baltimore 1,047,278 Chfirleston, 8. C. 600,712 According to the Business Directory of the city for 1850, the number of importers of different articles was as follows : of dry goods, 139 ; fancy goods, 100 ; hartlware, 107 ; watches, 61; wines and liquors, 108; silks, 21; laces, 36; woolens, 11 ; drugs, 84 ; essential oils, 15 ; china-ware, 40 ; plate glass, 11 ; hides, 12 ; hosiery, 7 ; buttons, 7 ; baskets, 5 ; burr blocks, 3 ; general importers, 23, etc. The imports and exports of specie and bullion are not included in the above table, but the following will exhibit their amounts for the last six years : Years. Imports. Exports. 1850.. $10,502,115. $5,885,103 1851.. 10,390,501. 26,622,781 Years. Imports. Exports. 1847.. $8,307,380. $9li5,841 1848.. 1,173,406. 12,028,798 1819.. 2,813,380. 4,789,903 1852.. 2,528,391. 87,278,703 Registered. Tons. 9otli9. Ell For the calendar year 1851, the import of gold and bullion from California, was $43,671,482, and the export of gold and silver to all countries, was $43,728,209. Tonnage of New York City. — The following statement from the annual reports of the secretary of the treasury, exhibits the registered, the enrolled and licensed, and the total tonnage belonging to the district of New York from the year 1826 to the present time. The year ends with December 31, up to 1835, thence with September 30, to 1843, and from that time it ends with June 30: Total. Tons, '.lilhs. 316.289 01 346,356 82 389,404 79 261,704 33 256,558 02 286.438 59 298,832 59 323.738 86 359,222 24 376,697 72 404,814 14 410,871 75 4<^i0,971 79 430,800 88 414,818 04 4.38,014 38 459,478 63 496.965 56 525,162 03 550,359 49 572,522 70 646,043 30 733,077 35 796,491 79 835,867 61 931,193 74 Years. 1826 158,451 38 1827 165,014 87 1828 158.237 70 1829 110,993 21 1830 101,947 04 1831 122,457 92 1832 129,807 62 1833 151,915 38 1834 178,022 40 1835 191,626 43 1836 192,964 79 1837 191,322 11 1838 169,922 32 1889 183,566 55 -1840 208,536 68 1841 225,174 36 1842 226,072 61 1843 237,240 29 1844 253,888 23 1845 248,917 00 1846 260,896 36 1847 297,516 04 1848 336,804 40 1849 378,976 89 1850 441,336 76 1851 504,309 27 157,837 58 181,341 90 181,167 09 150,711 12 154.710 93 163,980 62 169,524 92 171,818 53 181,199 79 185,071 29 211,849 30 219,549 64 281,049 47 246,734 33 211,281 36 212,840 02 238,401 02 259,725 27 271,273 75 301,642 4S 311,626 34 84S.527 26 896,272 90 417,504 85 894,230 80 436,884 47 "Within this period of 26 years, it will be seen that the tonnage of this district has nearly trebled in amount. Comparison of the tonnage of New York with that of Boston, and of the United States at different periodij New York, Boston. United States. Years, Tons, ysihs. Tons. 9otlis. Tuns, aitbs. 1826 816,2S9 01 171,976 12 1,534,189 83 1830 256,558 02 135,009 17 1,191,776 43 1835 376,697 72 226,041 74 1,824,940 40 1840 414,818 04 220,248 74 2,180,764 16 1845 550,359 48 225,103 21 2,417,002 06 1850 835,867 61 818,192 00 8,535,454 23 1851 931,193 74 842,936 09 3,772,449 43 The tonnage of several other of the leading ports was, in 1851, as follows : Tons, 9.5th3. New Orleans 251,900 14 Philadelphia 222,428 90 Baltimore 160,511 64 New Bedford. . .. 131,409 46 Bath, Jr« 103,795 91 Tons. 96tUs. Waldoboro', 3Ie. 103,593 51 Portland " 97,571 70 Bamstable,il!/fm. 72,997 44 San Francisco ... 58,063 54 Charleston, 5. (7.. 31,910 27 Employment of Tonnage. — The following table presents the proportions of the tonnage employed in coasting trade, in steam navigation, and in the whaling business since 1829. The table of the coasting trade embraces only the " en- rolled and licensed tonnage," and does not include the tonnage " licensed under 20 tons," of which a subsequent statement is given, for the years ending June 80th, 1849, and June 30th, 1850. The table of steam navigation includes both " registered" and " enrolled and licensed" tonnage. A separate compar- ative statement of these classes for the years ending June 80th, 1849, and June 80th, 1850, is also given subsequently under " steam inarijie." 173,130 84 1,048 64 — 142,829 38 12,103 30 — 146,788 33 12,756 56 — 156,049 45 13,488 52 — 161,415 19 13,112 91 — 163,477 80 14,678 94 — 172,663 84 15,903 28 2,486 5T Years. 1829 . 1830 . 1881 . 1832 . 1833 . 1834 . 1835 . 1836 202,677 65 19,681 57 934 63 1837 210,.346 88 24,118 53 714 31 1838 221,601 89 25,419 36 863 91 1889 237,024 72 30,654 41 2,460 49 1840 201,559 67 34,754 36 — 1841 203,052 19 31,727 21 1,76183 1842 223,466 87 85.260 81 1,451 TT 1843 249.677 27 36,317 53 370 23 1844 261,134 75 86,305 30 473 2T 1845 291,209 66 42,270 01 370 23 1846 309,894 23 46,557 93 379 57 1847 337,668 54 52,420 S3 — 1848 885,020 49 64,229 19 — 1849 406,156 48 71,818 73 — 1850 382,886 71 95,115 56 465 00 1851 426,747 19 121,541 52 — The following table exhibits the tonnjige "licensed under 20 tons," for the two fiscal years specified : Year ending June 30. 1849. Tons. flStlis. Year ending June 30, 1850, Tons. 95ths. Coasting trade 11,199 90 11,227 90 Codfishery 148 42 116 14 Of enrolled and licensed tonnage, none was employed during theiso two years in the m.aekerel fishery. Stean: Tonnage. — The following table exhibits the amount 357 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. and classiflcalioa of the steam tonnage for the two fiscal years specified : Year ending Year ending Steam tonnage. JuneSO, I84'J. June 20, law. Tons. !)nths. Tons. 9Btli8. Eegistered 10,642 T6 88,148 4T Enrolled and licensed. 61,175 92 58,967 09 Total 71,818 73 95,115 56 This table exhibits a part of the great increase of registered steam tonnage, which, beginning in 1847, has since been steadily increa.sing, and now pre-eminently characterizes New Yorlv. Further statistics of the steam tonnage will be found under the heads of " vessels built" and '■ ocean steam- ships." The total steam marine of New York is nearly equal to that of the empu-e of Great Britain witii all its dipenden- cies, which in 1851 was stated at 1,184 boats of 142,u80 tons. According to the U. S. Treasury Keport on the U. S. steam marine in 1851 — the number of passengers carried on the Hudson river in the year ending July 1, 1851, was 995,100, between New York and Thiliulelphia by steamboats 840,000, and on Long Island Sound 302,307. The steam tonnage of New York compares as follows ■with that of several other cities — of the several coasts, in- land divisions, etc. — and of the United States in 1851 : Tons. ' Ton*. New Orleans 156,654 1 Baltimore 14,2S5 New York 121,541 Pittsburg 47,911 6t. Louis 29.568 Detroit 21,944 Philadelphia 20,717 Buffalo 19,9S3 Northern frontier 69,165 Oliio basin 67,601 Mississippi valley . . . 67,957 Atlantic coast 154,270 G uir of Mexico 23,244 Pacific coast 87.986 Total U. S. steam marine 583,607 Arrivals and Departures. — Annexed is a tabular state' ment of the amount of tonnage entered and cleared the port of New York, from and for foreign ports, in each year from 1821 to 1851, a period of 31 years, distinguishing the Ameri- can from the total tonnage. The years end with September to 1843, thence with .Tune. Amount of tonnage entered the port of New York from, and the amount cleared the port of New York for foreign ports : ENTEUED. OLEAKBD. Amerii-iin. Total American. Total Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1821 155,723 171,963 14.3,741 154.472 1822 20-3,082 226.790 158,970 180,223 1823 204,308 226,789 196,189 217,202 1834 206,080 3.58,769 218,480 2.3.3.9-31 1825 2.59..524 280,179 24.5.512 263,4-31 1826 246,174 274,997 21-3.234 232.466 1827 255.276 292.872 223,224 256,563 1828 236,308 275,677 207,124 248,267 1829 255.691 281,512 200,763 226,201 1830 280,918 .314,715 209.599 24-3,285 1831 274,237 337,009 234.469 294.235 1882 295,293 401,718 221,687 316,120 1883 320,083 430,918 2.39,415 341,527 1834 852,225 444.904 235,768 825,876 1835 373.465 464,464 289,562 869,590 1836 4ii7,(i95 5.56.7.30 271,746 404,957 1837 868,011 ..... 5.39,372 248,786 405,959 1838 877.563..... 463,890 268,887 356,654 ...422,349 565,-335 331.590 464.347 .... 409.453 527,594 275,393 892,.597 .... 423.952 549.045 296,84? 407,325 1839 1840. 1841 1842 1843 1844 .406,623 555.315 .300,738 451,889 ..247,950 812,214 221,733 285,481 ..434.690 576.480 871,968 495.254 1845 4.39,676 579,218 841,094 483.525 1846 493,995 655,877 396,498. . . . 553.716 1847 543,065 853,668 495,509 785,7^5 1848 6.39,.305 932.493 491,219 788..S.35 1849 711.720 1,117,800 569.711 931,509 1850 734.431 1,145,-331 596,812 982,478 1851 956,879 1,448,763 793,229 1,230,082 85S ENTRANCES. New York. United .States. The entrances and clearances at New York, at different periods, compare as follows with those of the United States for the same years : CLEARANCES. New York. U. States. Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1821 171 ,963 1,570,024 .... 154,472 888,020 1S25 280,179 973,631.... 263,431 1,055,446 1826 274,997 1,047,860. . 1830 314,715 1,099,027.. 18-35 464,464 1,993,963. . 1840 527,594 2.289.309. . 1845 592,218 2.946,049. . 1850 1,145.331 4.348,6-39. . 1851 1,448,768 4,993,440 . . During the year ending 31st Dec, 1861, the nationality and character of vessels arriving at New York was as follows : .. 232,466 1,052,429 .. 243,285 1,105,196 .. 869,590 2.031, ;?41 .. 892 597 2 35.3.495 .. 433 525 2,984.252 .. 932,473 4,361,002 ..1,230,082 5,130,054 Nationality. No. Italian 27 Spanish 12 Brazilian Oldenburg Sardinian Venezuelan Uruguay Lubec Mechlenburg Hanoveran Uostock Genoese Peruvian Central America, (Guatamalan) . . Total. .3,833 Nationality. No. American 2,331 British 966 French 30 Bremen 133 Swedish 43 Austrian 9 Norwegian 54 Sicilian 7 Hamburg 44 Danish 24 Russian 12 Dutch 23 Belgian 18 Prussian 29 Columbian 2 Neapolitan 4 Portuguese 14 Of these 941 were ships, 833 barks, 1,303 brfgs, 583 schooners, 166 steamships, 2 ketches, 1 sloop, and 4 galliots. Vessels Bniltin the District of New York. — Table show- ing the immber of vessels of all kinds built in the district of New York, with their measurement, from 18-34 to 1851. com- piled from the Treasury reports, the years ending with De- cember 31, to 1834, thence with September 30, to 1343, thence with June 30 : Years. Sliips. Brif;8. Scl.'ra. ^(.'"^Vu f"<=»"''>''3. Total. Tons. 18-34.. 26... 7... 36.... 39 5.... 113.. 2.3,13.8 lSa5.. 16... 2... 33.... 51 T.... 109.. 17,368 18-36.. 14... 3... 23.... 47 16.... 103.. 16,689 18-37.. 10... 5... 25.... 62 16.... 118.. 20,-303 1838.. 7... 8... 23.... 55 7.... 105.. 14,229 1839.. 10... 7... 17.... 44 16.... 94.. 16,683 1840.. 6... 18... 17.... 24 8.... 68.. 1.3.35T 1841.. 13... 5... 8.... 21 5.... 52.. 16.121 1842.. 6... 3... 12.... 132 18.... 171.. 18.8:35 1S43.. 5... 2... 8.... 102 5.... 122.. 1-3,179 1844.. 11... 6... 16.... 89 14.... 1.36.. 18,026 1845.. 13... 2... 25.... 130 17.... 192.. 26.621 1846.. 11... 3... -37.... 160 23.... 234.. 29,465 1347.. 16... 2... 43.... 117 15.... 193.. 37.591 1348.. 26... 3... 59.... 200 19.... 807.. 57.977 1849.. 15... 7... 44.... 145 17.... 228.. 37.938 1850.. 26... 2... 42.... 104 23 202.. 55,525 1851.. 23... 1... 56.... 81 47.... 208.. 71,214 Which compare in different years with the ship-building of the whole United States, as follows: New York. United .States. Proportion iu N. Y. Years. Tons Vessels, Tons. Vessels. Tonnage. 1834.... 113.. 23,183... 1,183.. 161,626.. 9.6 14.3 1836.... 102.. 16,6S9... 507.. 46,2-38.. 20.1 36.1 1841.... 52.. 16,121... 872.. 118,309.. 5.9 13.6 1345 ... 192.. 26,621... 1,038.. 146,018.. 18.5 18.9 1851.... 208.. 71,214... 1,357.. 298,203.. 15.3 23.8 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. The following exhibits a comparison of ship-building in New York, in 1851, with that of the other leading ship- building States and districts : States. Vessels. Tons. District. Vessels. Tons. ( Bath 40.. 18,TS2 Maine 254. . 77,393^ WaMoboro. ... 44. . 17,794 (Portland 27.. 12,-309 Massachusetts . 133. . 41,324. .Boston 50. . 23,141 NewYorlc.... 229.. 76,305. .New York .... 203.. 71,214 Pennsylvania.. 200.. 28,623. .Philadelphia .. 118.. 20,056 Maryland 130 .. 18,027 . . Baltimore 72 . . 15,094 Com-mercial Resume.— Sammary view of the proportion of New York, in the whole imports, exports, custom-reve- nue, and tonnage of the United States at different periods : Years. Imports per cent. Exports percent. Duties percent. Tonnage per cent. 1769 . . . . 14.14 ... 1792.... .... 9.71.... 35.33... 1795 ... — ....15.34.... ....43.83... _ 1800.... _ 14.85.... ....39.77... — 1805.... — .... ....23.12.... ....53.78... _ 1810.... — ....28.12.... 60.86... — 1816.... — ....15.90.... ....29.70... _ 1820.... — ....16.90.... ....36.57... — 1821.... ....57.55.... 16.89.... ....36.57... _ 1825.... ....51.92.... ....44.80.... ....78.37... 20.62 1830.... ....54.54.... ....23.93.... ....68.43... 21.53 1835.... ....59.58.... ....23.86.... ....74.61... 20.64 1840.... ....53.05.... ....22.85.... ....55.84... 19.02 1845.... 58.78.... ....29.83.... 64.18... 22.77 1850.... ....57.96.... ....25.44.... ....61.73... 23.64 1851 .... ....64.73... ....60.60... 24 63 1852.... Ocean Steamships. — New York is distinguished for its great lines of ocean steamships, which have all been brought into existence since 1846. These vessels have all been built at New York shipyards, and received their machinery from New York foundries. The total number of steamships built at this port, and launched previous to 1853 is 59 ; of ■which the number launched in 1349, was 3; in 1850, 14; in 1851, 11 ; in 1852, 11. The present number (1353) of steam- ship companies is 16, having 76 steamers, with total lotm.ige of 129,010 tons. Of these, the following table will exhibit the different lines, the number of their vessels, with their aggregate tonnage, etc. : No.ot Total No. of Total Lines. Vessels Tonnage. Lines. Vessels. Tonnage. Liverpool . . . ... 5.. . 15,000 Richmond 2.. . 962 Havre ... 2.. . 4,400 Mobile, etc 1.. . 1,900 Bremen ... 2. . 3,400 Savannah 3.. 3,950 Charleston . . ...4. . 6,200 Norfolk 2. . 2,100 New Orleans ... 2.. . 2,000 New Orleans, etc. 3. . 4,S00 California Lines. — Aspinwall, 0. A., 10 vessels, 19,600 tons, which connects with Pacific Mail Co., consisting of 14 steamers, 15.536 tons. The New York and San Francisco Steamship Co. consists of 4 steamers (2 on each side), aggregate tonnage 7,400. The Empire City Line for San Francisco consists of 3 steamships, with aggregate tonnage of 6,000. Vanderbilt's line, r«f Nicaragua, consists of 10 vessels, with aggregate tonnage of 13.000 tons. The British Eoyal Mail Line (Cunard) have 11 steamers, 16,000 tons. The Glasgow Line has 1 steamer, 2,000 tons; and a second in construction. Domestic Trade. — The amount of trade carried on by New York ^vith the coast cities and the interior of the United States, vastly surpasses in magnitude that of its foreign commerce. Of this internal trade full accounts are not made. An approximate statement of particular divisions of this trade is exhibited by the following statistics. The statistics of total tonnage arriving at Albany by way of the Erie Canal, which follows, exhibit approximately the receipts of New York, since by far the greater part of them are directly sent to New York, and whatever proportion is not sent is fully compensated by the trade furnished from the towns and counties on the Hudson River: Total tonnage arriving at tide-water 1836-1852 by the Erie Canal : 1836 54,219 364,906 419,124 1337 56,255 .331,251 387,506 1338 83,233 3S6,016 419,249 1839 121,671 264,536 386,267 1840 153,148 309,167 467,315 1841 224,176 308,314 532,520 1842 221,477 258,072 480,149 1343 256,376 378,969 635,345 1844 303,025 491,391 799,816 1845 304,551 655,039 959,590 1346 506,830 600,662 1,107,270 1347 812.340 618,412 1,4:31,253 1348 660,154 534,133 1,184,337 1849 763,659 493,063 1,266,724 1850 773,358 598,001 1,371,859 1851 966,993 541,634 1,.50S,37T 1852 1,151,978 492,721 1,644,699 the whole quantity of wheat Hudson River, from 1844 to ;ate market value of the same : Year. Tons. Value. 1849 .. . 4.34,444 . . . $19,308,595 1S50... 461,781... 20,218,188 1851... 457,624. .. 16,487,653 1852... 576,772... 22,564,256 Of the above total amount and flour which came to the 1352 inclusive,with the aggreg; Year. Tons. Value. 1S44... 277,865... $11,211,677 1845... 320,463... 15,962,250 1846... 419,366... 18,836,412 1847... 501,205... 32,890,938 1848... 431, 641... 21,148,421 The following is a statement of several of the leading articles arriving coastwise, in 1851 : Articles. Amount, Rice, trcs 42,433 S.alt, bushels 10,180 Sugar, hhds 21,443 " trcs 58 " bbls 36,263 « boxes 3,599 " bags 13,738 Tobacco, hhds 14,827 " bales, etc. . . 428 "Wool, bales 10,692 Articles. Amount. Cotton, bales 456,637 Coffee, bngs 62,331 Figs, drums 77,350 Hemp, bales . 19,476 Hides, No 203,628 Lead, pigs 176,583 Molasses, hhds 12,650 " trcs 1,247 " bbls 39,797 Raisins, boxes 32,041 " casks 1,035 The aggregate of the trade carried on by means of the various railroads which centre at New York is most im- mense. Of these railroads the principal one is the Erie Railroad, which bears a relation to the entire southern portion of New York, and northern of Pennsylvania, etc., very similar to that sustained by the Erie Canal to the northern part of New York State. On all the railroads diverging from this city toward Philadelphia, Boston, and Albany, the traffic is also immense, and ever increasing. The following are the several principaljines from this city : Miles. Hudson River 150 Harlem 15S New York and New- Haven 76 Housatonic 110 Long Island 96 Camden and Amboy 90 Central (N. J.) 78 Morris and Essex 44 Union 83 New Jersey, etc 87 New York and Erie .... 469 By means of these railroads, New York is directly con- nected with every section of the country; and the various lines with which these are interwoven form a great net- work of several thousand miles of iron highway. Of the total internal trade furnished from the city, dry goods form probably the greatest portion ; but that of man- 859 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, nfactures is well-nigli as extensive. Book-publisliing is a principal business, and from the mercantile arrangements of the trade, by semi-annual trade sales, commission pub- lishers, etc., has become a great feature of the internal trade of the city, and a branch it has acquired at the expense of other cities. Of the general character of the internal trade of New York, it may summarily be said, that it surpasses that of all other cities in the Union, and differs from that of the entire nation only in degree. £anks.—ThQTe are 40 banks, with an aggregate capital of $35,834,950. In 1830, th.e bank capital of New York was $16,280,000; in 1$36, $20,361,200. The following statement exhibits the capital and rate of dividends of the banks of the city in each year, 1845 : Tears. Capita}, per cent. 1845... $2.3,084,100 ....6.21 1846... 23,084.100 ....7.09 1847... 23,084,100 ....7.25 1848,,, 23,034100 ....8.09 Yeara. 1S19.. 1850.. 1851.. 1S52.. Capital. $24,457,890 27,440,270 28,057,450 35,834,950 Div. per cent. ...8.28 ...8.69 ...S.93 Insurance Ccnnpanies. — There are 87 fire and marine insurance companies, with an aggregate capital of $6,654,010 ; and 6 life insurance and trust companies, with an aggregate capital of $5,000,000. Public Buildings.— Tha City Hall, standing near the centre of the Tark, is a handsome edifice, built chiefly of white marble, and is 21C feet long, 105 feet wide, and 51 feet high. It is two stories high above the basement, with a third story in the centre, from which rises a cupola of very beautiful proportions, surmounted by a colossal figure of Justice ; erected 1803-12, at a cost of $538,731. It contains 28 rooms and public otBces for the accommodation of the mayor, common council, etc., of which the Governor's Room is the principal one, and eont.iins many large portraits of great national characters. Other rooms contain valuable paintings, etc. The New City Hall is a large brick building in the rear of this edifice, which is occupied by the courts, public offices, etc. East of the City Hall is the Hall of Ke- cords, where are preserved all the records and public docu- ments of the city. The Custom House is one of the most perfect buildings of its size in the world. Its site is at the corner of Wall and Nassau streets, and was formerly occu- pied by the Old City Hall, in which Washington was inau- gurated first president of the United States, and the American Congress held their sessions in New York. It is built in imitation of the Parthenon, at Athens, in the Doric order, of white marble, and is 200 feet long, 90 feet wide, and 60 feet high. Each of the north and south fronts has a portico of 8 Doric columns, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter ami 32 feet high. The entire exterior, including the roof, is constructed of white marble, excepting the stei)s, which are of granite. In the construction of the interior, marble, granite, and brick alone were used, thus rendering it perfectly fire-proof. Some of the largest blocks of marble used weigh 33 tons. It was commenced in M-iy, 1S34, and finished in May, 1841. Its cost, ground included, was $1,195,000 — building alone, $950,000. The interior is divided into a grand rotunda and numerous spacious offices. The rotunda is a magnificent room, 60 feet in diameter and 80 feet in the recesses; its dome is supported by 16 columns 30 feet high, which are beautifully wrought, and have capitals of the most exquisite workmanship. The number of officers employed in the Custom House is about .350. The Merchants' Exchange, in Wall Street, is the most magnificent edifice in New York. It covers the entire block bounded by Wall Street, William Street. Hanover Street, and Exchange Place. Its front upon "Wall Street is 198 feet, its height 77 feet— to the top of the dome 124 feel. It is constructed in the most substantial form, and perfectly fire-i)roof, of Quincy granile, and cost, including the ground, $1,800,000. The front on Wall Street has a recessed portico, with IS massive columns. 38 feet high and 4 feet 4 iuelics m diameter, each formed from a 360 solid block of stone, and weighing 43 tons, which cost $3,000 each, and are among the largest in the world. The build- ing belongs to the '• Merchants' Exchange Company," in- corporated in 1823, with a capital of $1,000,000. It contains a grand central rotunda and numerous spacious offices used by bankers, insurance companies, etc. The rotunda is a most magnificent room, 80 feet in diameter, with 4 recesses, and 51 feet high, and is surmounted by a dome which as- cends 30 feet higher, termin.iting in a sky-light 37 feet in diameter. The dome is supported in part by 8 columns of Italian marble, 41 feet high, in the Corinthian order, and splendidly polished. In this spacious hall, at exchange hours, the chief merchants of the city daily .assemble. The Board of Brokers also meet here daily, and the Chamber of Commerce here holds its monthly sessions. The Halls of Justice occupy an entire block between Cen- tre, Elm, Leonard, and Franklin streets, having their prin- cipal front upon Centre Street. The building is constructed of granite, in the most massive manner, in Egyptian archi- tecture, and is 253 feet long and 200 feet wide. Its front has a recessed portico, supported by 14 massive granite columns. The edifice is occupied by the Court of Sessions, police courts, officers' rooms, prison cells, etc. The gloomy aspect of the building has won for it the general name of " The Tombs." Tlie City Penitentiary, with the buildings of the Lunatic Asylum, Alms-house,Work-house, etc., are situated on Black- well's Island, about 5 miles from the City Hall. These are very large stone buildings, and, though of simple archi- tecture, present a very imposing appearance. They are seen to fine advantage from steamboats in passing through the East River. The penitentiary has an entire length of nearly 500 feet, and consists of a central building 4 stories high, sur- moimted by a square tower and two wings, each 4 stories high and 200 feet long. The alms-house is 3 stories in height, 325 feet in length, and 55 feet wide, with two large wings at each end. The lunatic asylum consists of a central edifice, with four wings. The new State Arsenal, situated on Fifth Avenue, between Sixty-second and Sixty-fourth streets (4i miles from the City Hall), a largo and commodious edifice, containing arms and munitions belonging to the State, was erected in 1S48, cost- ing $30,000. It is built in the Gothic castellated style, pre- senting a massive and appropriate appearance ; its dimen- sions are 200 feet in front, by 5i) feet deep, exclusive of the towers, of which there are 8 — 1 in front, and 1 at each angle — 69 feet high. The first story is of brown stone, the remain- der of brick, and the roof is of iron. It contains great num- bers of cannon, small arms, etc., and some interesting trophies taken from the English during the Revolution and the last war. The Post Office, formerly the Middle Dutch Church, in Nassau Street, between Liberty and Cedar streets, is note- worthy for its history. It was erected before the Revolu- tion, and much of its interior woodwork and steeple was brought from Holland. During the Revolutionary War, this church, in common with others used by the British, was much injured from its occupation as a prison, hospital, etc. In 1790 it was repaired, and again used for public worship, in which service it continued until rented by the U. S. Gov- ernment for the general post office of the city. The descriptions of the large and commodious edifices used by the benevolent institutions of the city, also those of education, etc., will be found under their appropriate heads. The Crystal Palace, for the exhibition of the industry of all nations, built in 1853, for the purposes of a World's Fair, is situated on Sixth Avenue, between Fortieth and Forty-sec- ond streets, on Reservoir Square, adjoining the Distributing Reservoir of the Croton Aqueduct, 3J miles from the City Hall. The Association which has erected this magnificent structure, was incorporated for the purpose by the Legisla- ture, March 11, 1S52, having previously received the lease of CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. tho square from the Common Council of the city, on Jan. 3(1, 1852. It was incorporated with a capital of ii;200,000, with leave to increase it to $300,000. The phm of the build- ing was adopted 26th Aug., 1S52, and its foundation formally laid Dec, 1852. The building is entirely constructed of iron and glass, with the exception of the floor. The general plan is that of a Greelv cross, w'ith a dome over the Intersection, Its site is a nearly square piece of ground, having an ex- treme length from Fortieth to Forty-second Street, of 455 feet; and an extreme width, from the Sixth Avenue to the Reservoir, of 445 feet. The Crystal Palace occupies the greater part of this square, and consists of 2 principal stories, the second being of less extent than the first, a third eliiefly ornamental, and a magnificent central dome. The area of the first floor is 111,000 square feet, of the galleries 62,000 square feet — total area, 173,000 square feet. By direction of the U. S. Treasury Department, the building will be made a bonded warehouse, during the exhibition, so as to re- ceive all foreign goods free of duty, and encourage the cooperation of foreign nations in this fair of world-wide in- terests. HoUds. — Among the public buildings of New York, its large hotels form a great feature. Of these the Astor House is the most distinguished. It is situated on Broadway, op- posite the Park, and forms the block between Vesey and Barclay streets. It is built of Quincy granite, in the most substantial and splendid manner, is 5 stories high, and con- tains upward of 360 rooms. In its appointments and gen- eral style of accommodations, it is not surpassed by any hotel in the world. It was erected by J. J. Astor, at a cost of $800,000, and was opened in May, 1S36. The Irving House, on Broadway, occupying the block between Cham- bers and Keade streets, is built of granite, 5 stories high, contains about 300 rooms, and is a hotel of much resort. The St. Nicholas Hotel, on Broadway, between Broome and Spring streets, is a new and very large hotel, built of white marble, 6 stories high, containing 270 rooms, and sur- passing, in the splendor of its apartments and general mag- nificence, all other hotels in the city. The Metropolitan Hotel, on Broadway, corner of Prince Street, 6 stories high, built of brown freestone, is a very imposing edifice. It con- tains about 400 rooms, many of which are elegantly painted and furnished. The entire cost of the building, without furniture, was about $5'i0,000. The New York Hotel, on Broadway, occupying the block between Washington and "Waverley places, is a very large and fashionable family hotel. It is built of brick, in plain style, but very spacious, and containing about 2S0 rooms. The Union Place Hotel, in Union Place, is a large and fashionable establishment. Many other public houses in tlie city are very large, well kept, etc. ; but their great number precludes their particular description. The United States Hotel, on Fulton Street, oc- cupying the block between Pearl and Water streets, is built of marble, 7 stories high, and was the first of the mammoth hotels. It contains 225 rooms, and cost $350,000. Hotel-keep- ing, as iiracticed in New York by the best houses, is brought nearer perfection than in any other city in the world. Clmrches. — Many of the churches of New York are very costly edifices, and are among the most splendid ornaments of the citj'. Of these. Trinity Church, on Broadway, oppo- site Wall Street, is the most distinguished. This edifice, which is the third built upon the same site, was erected 1841-45, at a cost of about .$400,000. It is of Gothic archi- tecture, and constructed entirely of brown sandstone. Its dimensions are — length 189 feet, width 84 feet, height — to the eaves of the clerestory 64 feet, to the apex of tlie spire 264 feet. The interior presents a very impressive appear- ance. There are no galleries, and it accommodates only about 900 persons with seats. Tho church is generally re- garded as the finest specimen of pure Gothic architecture in the United States. The edifices of the Protestant Episcopal Church are generally more elaborate and expensive struc- tures than those of other denominations, which mainly re- sults from the great wealth of the corporation of Trinity Church. Of these the most noted are — Grace Church, on Broadway, corner of Tenth Street, a most elaborate struc- ture of white marble, of Gothic architecture, erected in 1845, at a cost of $200,000; St. George's Church, near Stuy- vesant Square, a very large edifice in the Eoman style, of brown freestone; St. Paul's Chapel, on Broadway, between Fulton and Vesey streets, a large but plain edifice, of dark brown stone, having a spire of very graceful proportions, 203 feet high ; St. John's Chapel, fronting on St. John's Park, an imposing edifice of brown sandstone, in the Cor- inthian order, erected in 1807, having a splendid portico of 4 very large Corinthian columns, and lofty spire 215 feet high ; St. Thomas" Church, on Broadway, corner of Houston Street, of stone, rebuilt 1852, a handsome Gothic edifice; Church of the Holy Communion, on Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street, erected in 1345, of well-dressed red gran- ite, one of the most correctly built Gothic church edifices in the Union ; Chiu-ch of the Annunciation, in W. Fourteenth Street, an imposing stone edifice, of gr,ay stone; Calvary Church, Fourth Avenue; Trinity Chapel, in Fifth Avenue, besides many others which are costly ediflces and very fine specimens of architecture. Of Eoman Catholic churches, the best edifices are — St. Patrick's, the cathedral, in Prince Street, a very spacious church, of stone, in Gothic architea- ture, erected in 1815, having an interior of imposing ap- pearance, with arched nave, side aisles, etc. ; SI. Peter's, in Barclay Street, a very massive edifice of granite, with grand Ionic portico; Church of the Eedeemer, in Third Street, a very large structure of brick, erected 1852, and used by a German congregation ; St. Bridget's, near Tomi>- kins Square, etc. The First Presbyterian Church, in Fifth Avenue, presents a majestic appearance- — it is of reddish hewn stone, in full Gothic architecture, with large buttresses, pinnacles, and tower, and spire 160 feet high. The Church of the Puri- tans (Cong.), in Union Place, is a splendid edifice of white marble. The Dutch Reformed churches in Lafayette Place and University Place are noted for their elegance. Two Unitarian churches, both in Broadway, are fine structures. The First Baptist Church, in Broome Street, is a handsome Gothic edifice nf blue limestone, erected in 1841. The total number of churches in New York is 250, of which there are 45 Episcopal, 46 Presbyterian, 40 Methodist, 31 Baptist, 21 Eoman Catholic, 20 Dutch Eeformed, 10 Con- gregational, 5 Lutheran, 4 Universalist, 4 Friends', 4 Primi- tive Christians, 2 Unitarian, 2 New Jerusalem, 2 Second Advent, 1 Moravian, and 12 Jews' Synagogues. This table gives nearly the proportion of 1 church for every 2,100 of the population. The average number which can be accom- modated is probably not more than 800, giving the aggre- gate of church accommodation 200,000 seats, or about -J- of the present (1 S53) population. Theatres, etc. — The places of amusement in New York are numerous an New Vork Society Library, est.ib- lished 1754, is the oldest literary association in the city. During the Ecvolutionary War, its volumes were scattered and lost. On the restoration of peace it was reestablished. In 1838 and '39, it erected its present edifice, on Bro.idway, corner of Leonard Street, at an expense, including the ground, of $120,000, which is one of the finest library build- ings in the Union. It contains about 45,000 volumes, which have been selected with much care. In 185-3, it has dis- posed of its building, and will be removed to the upper part of the city. The Mercantile Library Associ.ition, formed in 1820, for merchants' clerks, occupies a large portion of Clinton Uall, on Beekniun and Nassau streets, CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. which was erected in 1S30 for its accommodation, at a cost of $53,000. Its library is particularly rich in periodical literature, and contains about 36,000 volumes. The New York Historical Society, founded in 1804, have a very valuable library of American history, of 17,000 volumes. and some collections of historical interest. The Society have monthly meetings, and have published numerous volumes of their researches, etc. Their rooms are at the Univorsity, but a building for their accommodation is in contemplation. The Geographical and Statistical Society hold monthly meetings, and have commenced the formation of a library. The transactions of this society are published in a '• Bulletin," the first number of which was issued in August, 1852. The Apprentices' Library, established in 1S20, occupies a large building at 32 Crosby Street, and contains 14,000 volumes. The American Institute have 6,000 volumes; the Typo- graphical Society, 3,000 volumes, free to printers, etc. ; the New York Law Institute, in the City Hall, 5.000 volumes ; the Mechanics' Institute, 8,000 volumes; besides which, the New York Lyceum and the Lyceum of Natural History have each valuable libraries and other collections. The Astar Libiary was founded by .John Jacob Astor, who, in his will, appropriated $400,000 for "the establish- ment of a public library upon the most ample scale and liberal character, for general use, free of expense to persons resorting thereto." Of this amount, Mr. Astor directed that a sum, not exceeding $75,000, should be expended in the erection of a building, on the E. side of Lafayette Place; that $120,000 should be expended in the first outlay for books and other objects ; and that the residue, over $200,000, should be permanently invested as a fund for its main- tenance and gradual increase. The library edifice, built of brown freestone and brick, is a very handsome structure, both in exterior and interior. Its dimensions are — 65 feet front, 120 feet in length, and 2 stories in height, 67 feet from the side-walk to the top of the parapet. The intcrioris most commodiously arranged, and will conveniently contain 100,000 volumes. Over 60,000 volumes have already been piu-chased, chiefly in Europe. The library will be opened for public use in 1853. Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in the city in June, 1850, was 12.5, of which 14 were issued daily, 8 semi-weekly, 58 weekly, 8 on Sunday, 5 semi-monthly, 30 monthly, and 2 quarterly. Names of dailies: "Herald" (indcp.), "Tribune" (whig), "Sun" (neu- tral), "Courier and Enquirer" (whig), "Journal of Com- merce" (neutral), "Express" (whig), "Morning Star" (neu- tral), " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), " Evening Post" (free soil), " Evening Mirror" (whig), " Merchants' Day- Book" (whig), " Globe" (dem.), Deutsche Schnell Post" (German), and "New Yorker Demokrat" (German). Each of these issue other editions weekly or semi-weekly. The dailies, with many of the weeklies, surpass those of any other city in the Union in their intrinsic merits, size, capital involved, and circulation. The total circulation of the 8 dailies in 1850, at each issue, was 154,261 copies, being over one-sixth of all the dailies printed in the United States. The largest circulations attained by different issues, were : Of dailies, the " Sun," 55,000 copies ; of weeklies, the " Trib- une," 48,000 ; of monthlies, the " American Messenger" (rehg.), 211,000. City Government, Pepartmmits, Institutions, Public Works, etc. — The government is vested in the mayor, re- corder, and Common Council, which body consists of the two boards of aldermen and assistant aldermen, each com- posed of 19 members, 1 from each ward. The mayor and aldermen are elected once in 2 years, the assistant aldermen annually. There are 9 executive departments, viz., police, finance, streets, repairs and supplies, streets and lamps, Croton Aqueduct, city inspectors, alms-house, and law. The number of civil courts is 4, besides 5 ward courts ; of crimi- nal courts, 3, besides 3 police courts. Expenses oj Government,— The total expenses of the city government in each year since 1800, is exhibited in the fol- lowing statement of the amount raised each year for city purposes : Years. Amount. Yenrs. Amount. Years. Amount. 1801 ... .. $75,000 1819 .. . $250,140 1836 . . . $1,085,130 1802 . . . . 75,000 1820 . . . 270,361 1837 . . . 1,260,000 1803 . . . . 75,000 1821 .. . 259,430 183S. . 1,300,000 1804 . . . . 75,000 1822 .. . . 302,106 1839 . . 1,200,000 1S05 . . .. 127,947 1S23 .. .. 351,814 1840. . 1,100,000 1806 . . .. 127.815 1824 . . . . .353,328 1841 . . 1,265,000 1807 . . .. 119.155 1S25 . . . . 336,864 1842 . . 1,100,000 1808 . . .. 1.38.985 1326 . . . . 583,759 1843 . . 990,000 1S09 . . .. 1.39,027 1S27 . . . . 4.37,692 1844. . 1,298,922 1810 . . .. 129,727 1S28 .. . . 485,752 1S45. . 1,339,487 ISll ... .. 176,978 1829 .. .. 507,107 1846. . 1,754,323 1812 .. .. 174,920 1830 . . . . 509,178 1S4T. . 1,746,361 1SI3 .. .. 174,727 1S31 .. . . 562,104 184S. . 1,992,150 1814 ... .. 214,225 1832 . . . . 665.386 1849 . . 2.302,564 1815 .. .. 197,913 1833 . . . . 971,860 1850. . 2,578,325 1816 ... .. 180,654 1S34 .. . . 835,605 1851 . . 2,924,493 1817 ... .. 216,720 1835 . . . . 965,603 1852. . 3,378,335 1818 ... .. 255,741 The debt of the city, on 1st January, 1845, was : Permanent Debt $12,881,750 42 Temporary « 1,147,914 80 Total , $14,029,665 22 In 1852, according to the message of the mayor, it was : Permanent debt redeemable from sink, fund $14,578,908 00 Temporary debt redeemable from taxation . 710,000 00 Total $15,238,908 00 The following table exhibits the amount of taxation in decades of years since 1800, and the comparative increase of taxation and population during the same periods : Increase of Periods. Amount. / * ' — s Tax. per ct. Pop. per ct. ... — 59 ... 95 28 ... 95 64 ... 141 54 1801-10 $1,082,656 . 1311-20 2,112,379 . 1821-30 4,127,030 1831-40 9.945,694 . 1341-50 16,367,132 65 65 Total tax in 50 years, $33,634,891 ; in 1851 and '52, $6,302,828. Total tax in 52 years, 39,937,719. The rate of tax, per head, In different years was as follows : Years. Rate. 1800. ,$1.24 1805. . 1.69 1810. . 1,35 Y.-ars. Rate. 1815. ,$2.32 1S20. . 2.18 1825, . 2.03 Years. Rate. 1S30..,$2.51 1835... 3,57 1840... 3.52 Years. Rate. 1845.,, $-3.61 1850... 5.00 The amount of corporation property owned by the city in 1851, consisting chiefly of real estate, piers, wharves, etc, as estimated under direction of the controller, was $19,505,310 88. Of this property, a large portion lying in the upper part of the city was sold at auction in 1852. The same estimate gave as the total cost of the Croton Aqueduct, $14,041,583 95; of the Receiving Reservoir, $134,000 00; of the Distributing Reservoir, $152,000 00. The statistics of the various departments of the city are as follows : Police Deparitnent. — The city is divided into 19 patrol districts, each ward constituting one, which are patrolled by a total force of 941 policemen, averaging 50 to each ward. Criminal Statistics. — The statistics of the criminal courts of the city for the years 1351-52 are as follows : Whole number or trials 1852, 1851. In the Court of Oyer and Terminer 14.. 14 In the Court of General Sessions 447 . . 41T In the Court of Special Sessions 2,405 . . 2,079 Total 2,866 . . 2,510 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. The total number of convictions in tliese courts during the year 1651 was 2,494; of whicli 1.530 were for petit lar- ceny ; for assault and battery, 703 ; burglary, 47 ; grand lar- ceny, 105; forgery 17, etc. During 1851, the number com- mitted to tlie city prison was 1(5,522, making, with 221 remaining on January 1, 16,543. Of tliese, 12,955 were discharged, 3,390 sent to the pi.nitentiary, 192 to the State prison, and 3 were executed. The statistics of the peniten- tiary on Black well's Island for the year 1802 were as follows : Kemaining in penitentiary Dee. 31, 1851 879 Eeceived during the year 1S52, males 2,017 " " " females 2,348 Total Discharged, males 1,913 " females 2,290 Remaining in penitentiary Dec. 31, 1852 Alms-ITouse Department. — This department has charge Of all the city institutions for the relief of the poor, etc. ; the penitentiary, prisons, work-house, asylums, hosi)itals, etc. The principal buildings on Blackweirs Island are very large, and contain several thousand inmates. The charge of these institutions is committed to a board of 10 governors. The real estate occupied by this department was valued in 1851 at $1,200,000. The combined statistics of the total expenses of the city hospitals, asylums, nurseries, and prisons for the year 1850, were as follows : Institutions. Total Expenses. Aims-House $30,108 38 Bellevue Hospital 45,279 13 City Prison 13,802 81 Colored Home 7,664 58 Colored Orjihan Asylum 2,607 13 Lunatic Asylum 31,044 11 Nursery 3S,2(t6 53 Nursery Hospital 14,040 93 Office 23,127 09 Out-Door Poor 60,507 04 Penitentiary 69.895 52 Penitentiary Hospital 3,917 62 Police, Oftice of the Chief of 55 01 Prison. 2d District 1,695 98 Prison, 3d District 1,369 44 Randall's Island 10,507 S3 Small Pox Hospital 643 55 Storehouse, Black well's Island 29,445 68 Storehouse, Kandall's Island lO.SSS 75 Work-House 11,430 85 New Work-House Building 2,455 40 Tp. at close, lncrea.se. Ratio. Cent, equiv. Before.... 1613-1790... 3.3,1-31... 33,131... — — After 1790-1850. . .515,507. . .452.376. . .1,456 2,427 The population of the city has doubled, since 1656, nine times, orin each average period of 21Jyears; since 1790,/oj(.r times, or in each 15 years ; since 1800, three times, or in each average period of 16f years. Comparison of the growth of the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore, since 1790: Years. N.York. Philad. Boston. Bait. JljI'J^^ a'ol'tire" 1790.. 33,131.. 42,520.. 18,038.. 13.503.. 74,061.".!?. 44.7 1800.. 60,489.. 81,005.. 24,297-. 26,514.. 131,816 4.5.9 1810.. 96.373.-111,210.. 35,250., 46,4.55.-192.915 50.0 1820.-123,706.-1.37,097-. 43,298.. 62,739. .243,133 51.0 1830. .202,589-. 188,961.- 61,392.. 80,620.. 330,973 61.2 1840- .312,710- -25S,037. . 93,.383- .102,513- .453,933 68.9 1860. .515,507. .408,815. .138,788. .189,048- -734,734 70.2 By the census of 1850, New York exceeds in population fourteen of the States of the Union. irorUiUty. — The annual ratio of deaths to the population has for several years been 3 per cent., which large propor- tion is to be attributed in a very great degree to the foreign immigration, the alms-houses, etc., and not to the natural unhealthiness of the city. Wealth. — The following statements exhibit the valuation of property in the city from 1800 to 1852 inclusive. The first statement exhibits the total valuation until 1825; the second table, from 1825-52 inclusive, distinguishes each class of estate : Years. Valuation. ISOO $24,4S6..370 1805 25,645.867 1806 26.529,6.30 1807 24,959,955 180S 2.5,118,720 1809 24,782,267 1810 20,436,370 1811 26,045,730 1812 26,243,040 1813 27,640,230 1814 82,901,497 866 Years, Valu.ation. 1815 $81,636,042 1816 82,074,201 1817 78,895,725 1818 80,245,091 1819 70,113,061 1S20 69.530,753 1821 68,282,070 1822 71,289,144 1823 70,940,820 1824 83,075,676 Years. Iteal Entate. 1825 $58,4::!5,895 . . . 1826 64.942,851 ... 1827 72,617,770,.. 1828 77,139,880 ... 1829 76,531,890 ... 18-30 87,603,580... 1831 97,221,870 ... 1832 104,042,405 ... 18-33 114,129,561 .. 1S84 123.249.280 ... 1835 143,732,452 ... 1836 233,74;3,303 . . . 1837 194,450,109 . . . 1838 194.543,359 ... 1839 196,778,4.34 ... 1840 187,121.464 ... 1841 186,347,246 ... 1842 176,512,342 ... 184.3 164,950,515 ... 1844 171,936,591 ... 1845 177.160,790 . . . 1846 183.480,934 ... 1847 187,-314.386 ... 1848 193,027.576 . . . 1849 197,761,919 ... 1850 207,146,173 ... 1851 227,013.856 ... 1852 252,186,753 ... Personal Estate. . $42,734,131 .. . 42,534.931 .. . 39,694,156 . . . 36.879,653 . . 85,984,136 . . , 37,684,938 . . , 42,058,344 . . , 42,260,213 . . 52,365,626 . . . 63,299,231 . . , 74,981,278 . . , 75,758,617 .. . 67,297,241 . . . 69,609,582 . . 70,014.796 . . 65,721,699 . . , 65,430.456 . . , 61,294,559 .. . 63,046.576 . . . 64,023,456 . . , 62,777,528 .. 61,471.571 .. , 59.837,917 . . 61,164.451 . . 58,455,174 . . 79,939,240 . . 93,094,502 . . 98,520,043 . . Total, .,$101,160,046 .. 107.477,781 .. 112.211,926 .. 114,019,533 .. 112.516,026 .. 126,288,518 .. 1-39,280,214 .. 146,302,618 .. 166,49.5,187 .. 186.548,511 .. 218,72.3,703 . . 309,501,920 .. 263,747,850 .. 264,152,941 .. 206,780,230 .. 252,84.3,163 .. 251,777,702 .. 237.806,901 .. 227,997,091 .. 235,960,047 .. 239,938,318 .. 244.952,505 .. 247,152.306 .. 254,192,027 .. 256.217,093 .. 286,085,416 .. 320.108,.36S .. 351,706,796 The amount of wealth per head at the different periods named, has been as follows: 1800 $404 80J 1810 274 311 1820 502 06 1830 $618 43i 1840 806 41 1S50 554 99* In 1850, 2 estates were assessed for over $1,000,000. Ex- clusive of incorporated companies, 7 estates were assessed on $500,000 and upward. The several properties above $17,500 were : amounts. Kstat.-r«. $500,000 to $1 ,000,000 ... . 7 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 500,000.... 2 400,000.... 24 300,000.... 58 200,000.... 222 100,000.... 43 90,000.... 04 Estates. $70,000 to $80,000. 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 17,500 70,000 109 60,000 195 50,000 271 40,000 445 80,000 957 20,000 778 The proportionate increase of population and wealth in New York, in each consecutive period of 10 years, since 1800, is as follows : Increase, Increase. Pop Years. Pop. Wealth. ' "V- "'ealth ' >; lu- percent, percent, 1800-10 85,884 , . . . $1,950,000 .... 59 .... 8 1810-20 27,333 .... 43,094,383 .... 2*J . . . . 168 1820-30 78,883 .... 55,757,765 .... 64 .... 80 1830-40 110,121 .... 127.554,645 .... 54 .... 102 1 840-50 202,835 .... 33,242,253 .... 65 .... 13 1800-50 455,056 .... $261,599,046 .... 853 .... 1,168 BistoHcal Sketch. — The history of New York city is dircclly divided into three periods, during which it has belonged to the three governments, Holland, Entrland, and the State of New York, viz.. 1609-1664, 1664-17S3, 1783-1853. Dutch period : Sept. .3, 1609, Hendrik Hudson discovered the island ; 1613, the settlement of ''New Amsterdam" was commenced ; 1621, the Dutch West India Oompany com- menced operations; 1626, the island was purchased for $24; 1652, New Amsterdam was incorporated, and the govern- ment passed from the West India Company into the hands of 2 burgomasters and 5 assistjints called schepens, and 1 schout or sheriff; Sept., 1664, the English took the province. CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. English period : 1664, name changed to New York ; July, 1673, retaken by the Dutcli and called "New Orange," and held by them 1 year ; 1686, James II. abolished the repre- sentative system, etc, ; 16S9, Leisler insurrection ; 1690, a polonial congress assembled here ; Nov., 1696, city lighted by ordinance ; 1711, slave market established in Wall Street ; 1720, 2 per cent, laid on European imports ; 1725, " New York Gazette" appeared; 17o0, enlarged charter granted by Gov. Montgomerie; 1782, stage routes established to Boston and Philadelphia, traversed once a month ; Sept. 21, 1776, 493 houses consumed by tire, i of whole city; 1741-2, "Negro plot" and yellow fever; 1765, a colonial congress assembled here; 1776-1788, Revolution; Nov. 25, 1783, evacuation of British army and end of English rule. American period : April 30, 17S9, Washington inaugur- ated first president at Federal Hall, on site of present custom-house; 1798, yellow fever, 2,086 deaths, which re- turned in 1803 and in 1805, and again in 1822 ; lb.07, Fulton's steamboat on Hudson river; 1811, large fire; 1812-15, war with Great Britain, which suspended all commerce; 1826, Erie Canal completed and great celebration ; 1832, Asiatic Cholera-^,860 deaths; Dec. 16, 1835, conflagration of 648 buildings, UttaX loss $25,000,000 ; 1837, commercial revulsion ; Oct. 14, 1842, celebration of completion of Croton Aqueduct; 1&46, conflagration of 546 buildings— loss $0,000,000 ; 1849, cholera; 1850, Collins' Steamers to Liverpool; May, 1851, Erie E. R. completed to Dunkirk ; 1852, avenue railroads; 1853, success of the Ericsson Caloric Steamship; city charter reformed. The environs of the city, though physically separated, and of themselves large cities (separately described in their alphabetical order), are, to all intents and purposes, part of the metropolis, originating from, and dependent upon, its prosperity. See Brooklyn, Williamsburg, etc. Of the entire metropolitan district, now the first in the New World, it may summarily be said, that the past is indicative of its future, promising to increase with each succeeding year its permanent prosperity, until it surpasses all cities, ancient and modem. Norfolk, p. b., port of entry, and cap. Norfolk county, Virff. : on the N. E. bank of Elizabeth r., at the confluence of its two branches, 8 m. above Hampton Roads, 32 m. from the ocean ; 80 m. 8. E. by E. Richmond. Lat. N. 86° 60' 50" ; long. W. 76° 18' 47". This is the chief com- mercial port in Virginia, and is remarkable for its harbor, which is very accessible, spacious, and deep enough fjr the largest vessels. Its site is on low and marshy ground, and formerly unhealthy, but is now provided with sewers, and kept clean. The streets are generally irregular, though some are wide, straight, and neat. The houses are not re- markable for elegance, but many of them are substantial buildings. It contains a court-house, jail, fine market-house, custom-house, an athenajum, with a library, academy, orphan asylum, 3 banks— capital $991,000, some good hotels, and 8 churches. The cemetery, ornamented with cypress trees, is very beautifully laid out and adorned. Norfolk is chiefly dis- tinguished as being the principal naval station in the United States, having the finest n.avy yard, dry dock, and naval hospital in the nation. The navy y.ard is on the W. side of the r. at Gosport. The dry dock is constructed of hewn granite, and cost .$974,536. At this station is the ship Penn- sylvania, built at Philadelphia, and launched in 1837, four- decker, the largest in the navy, mounting 120 guns, which is here used as a receiving ship. The hosi)ital is on a point directly opposite Norfolk, very large, commodious, and healthily situated. A naval oflScer is stationed at this port. The total tonnage of Norfolk district on 30th June, 1850, was 24,135 tons, of which 10,542 were registered, 13,593 were enrolled and licensed. Of registered tonnage 8,144 tons were permanent, and 7,3?8 tons temporary. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage 12,351 were permanently employed in the coasting trade ; 1,.354 tons were propelled by steam ; 1,242 tons were licensed under 20 tons. During the year ending Juno 30, 1850, the total number of clear- ances for foreign countries was 140, tons 26,765, men in crews 1,163; total number of entrances from foreign conn- tries 74, tons 14,2S1, men in crews 684. Vessels built during the year 6, total tonnage, 608. Norfolk is connected by the Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. (from Portsmouth to Weldon, N. C, SO m.), with the great line of R. R. on the Atlantic coast. A r.'iilroad from Petersburg to Norfolk is in construc- tion. A line of steamships plies semi-wceUly to New York. Four daily newspapers are published at Norfolk: "Bea- con," (neut.), " Argus'' (dem.), " Courier" (neut,), " N. and P. Herald" (whig). Each of those issue tri-weekly editions. Pop. in 1S40, 10,920 : in 1S50, 14,.326. NouwALK, t., p. b., and sta., Fairfield co., Co7in. : on both sides of Norwalk r., bounded S. by Long Island Sound, 30 m. W. S. W. New Haven, 63 m. S. W. Hartford. Surface oft. uneven; soil very fertile. The b. is on both sides of the r., which is navigable to this point for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. Here are 3 churches, and 1 bank — capital $175,380. The t. contains 2 extensive factories of felt beaver cloth, besides other manufactories. Two newspapers are published weekly, "N. Gazette" and "Fairfield Co. Re- publican." The New York and New Haven R. R. passes through the b., 44 m. from New York, 32 m. from New Haven, connecting here with Danbury and Norwalk R. E. Two m. S. is the p. v. of South Norwalk, the terminus of D. and N. R. R., and the landing of the New Y'ork steam- boats. Pop. of t. in 1S40, 3,863 ; in 1850, 4,651. Norwich, t., p. city, and semi-cap. New London CO., Conn. : on Thames r., at head of navigation ; 36 m. E. S. E, Hartford, 47 m. E. N. E. New Haven. Lat. N. 41° 33', long. W. 72° 7'. The surface of t. is uneven and hilly ; soil fer- tile, well watered. The t. contains, besides the city, three v., Norwich Town, Norwich Falls, and Greenville. The city is situated at the junction of Quinnebaug and Yantic rivers, on a steep declivity, and presents a very beautiful and romantic appearance. It contains a court-house, jail, town hall, 8 churches, etc. There are 4 banks, with cap. of $1,937,725, and 3 large insurance companies. Two newspapers are published, " N. Courier" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly ; and " N. Aurora" (dem.), weekly. Three railroads pass through the city ; from New London, 13 m. ; from Worcester, 59 m. ; from AVillimantic, 57 m. A line of steamboats plies daily from Allyn's point to New York. Both Quinnebaug and Yantic rivers afford very great water-power, which is improved by numerous manufactories of paper, cotton, and woolen goods, hardware, pottery, etc. The Yantic Falls are a picturesque cataract, and invested with historical interest. Pop. in 1830, of city, 8,144 ; t. inc. city, 5,179 ; in 1840, city, 4,200 ; of t. inc. city, 7,2-39 ; in 1850, t. inc. city 10,265. Ogdensburg, p. v. and port of entry, St. Lawrence co., iV. Y. : on the right bank of St. Lawrence r., at the mouth of Oswegatchie r., 161 m. N. W. Albany. The Northern E. E. has its western terminus at this place, and steamers ply hence daily for the river and lake ports, making it a dep6t of great importance. Prescott, a large town, lies on the opposite side of the river, here IJ m. broad, and is con- nected by a steam ferry. The v. contains immense depOfs, and other warehouses, stores of every description, 3 banks, foundries, machine shops, and other industrial establish- ments, schools, and churches, and, on the whole, is one of the most progressive villages of the State. The manufac- tures of this place find an immense water-power on the Oswegatchie, on which there are falls. It is at the lower termination of sloop navigation, but steamboats go to the rapids, 40 m. below, and thence pass by Ogdensburg to the various places on Lake Ontario. Pop. about 6,000. The v. is connected with Boston and New York by railroad — dis- tance to Boston 403 m., and to New York City 482 miles. Ogdensburg has 4 newspapers, the St. Lawrence Repub- lican" (dem.), the " O. Sentinel" (whig), the " O. Forum" (whig), and the " Northern New Y'orker" (neut.), all pub- lished weekly. The shipping owned here in 1850 amouiited 86T CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. to 1,985 tons, all navigated by steam. The foreign arrivals, in the district of which Ogdensburg is the port of entry, in 1850, were 330 vessels, and 196,915 tons, and the departures 875 vessels, and 189,705 tons. This is exclusive of the vast amount of shipping engaged in the domestic coasting trade, and is indicative of the extent of its connection with the British provinces. The coastwise trade is valued at $7,000,000 annually. Oswego, p. city, port of entry, and alternately with Pu- laski, cap. Oswego co., N. Y. : on both sides of Oswego r., at its entrance into Lake Ontario, 149 ni-W. N.W. Albany. The mouth of the river forms the harbor, which has been much improved by artificial works, and it has falls just above which, though preventing its being navigated, furnish im- mense hydraulic power. Next to Sackelt's Harbor, that of Oswego is the best on the south side of the lake. The har- bor improvements consists of piers jutting into the lake, forming a " gut," in which the water has a depth of from 12 to 20 feet. It is connected with the Erie by the Oswego Canal at Syracuse, and with the Central Railroad by the Syracuse and Oswego line. These afford it facile commu- nication with tide-water, and are the channels of an im- mense commerce coastwise, and from Canada. At present it is the chief American dep6t for the trade passing through the Welland Canal, and from Toronto and other British ports on the lake. The collection district of which Oswego is the port of entry, commences at Stony Point, and extends to the W. shore of Sodus Bay, SO miles. The shipping places are Texas, Port Ontario, Sandy creek, Oswego, Little Sodus, and Sodus Point. The tonnage of vessels enrolled and licensed within the district in 1850 was 22,404 tons, of which 4,079 tons were n.avigated by steam. Nine vessels (.500 tons) were built during the year. The clearances in the foreign trade in 1850 were 1,598 (251,799 tons), of which 660 were American (182,789 tons), and 938 foreign (69,010 tons) ; and the entrances were 1 ,657 (195,793 tons), of which 681 were American (122,311 tons), and 976 foreign (73,482 tons). The commerce of iho. jwH of Oswego for the year 1848, according to the report of T. D. Andrews to Congress, in December, 1850, is exhibited in the annexed table : Arrivals. Clearances. Vessels. No. Tons. Men. No. Tons. Men. American... 292.. 91,218.. 4,101. . 813. .101,774. . 4,219 Foreign 5.37.. 42,104.. 2,560.. 522.. 88,478.. 2,417 Coastwise. . .1,563 . .342,403. .16,489. .1,448. .-336,949. .15,532 Total 2,392 475-,925 23,150 2,283 477,201 22,103 The total value of imports from foreign countries was 1524,045, of which $103,360 was the value of merchandise brought in foreign vessels, and $415,085 of that brought in American vessels ; and the total value of goods exported to foreign countries was $1,391,471, of which $938,544 was the value of foreign, and $452,927 of domestic goods Of the foreign goods exported, the value carried in American ves- sels was $242,609, and in foreign vessels, $695,935. Among the imports are enumerated the fallowing articles: Articles, Paying Duty. Free of Duty. Warehoused. Lumber 26,640,000 feet .. — .... — feel Wheat 98,043 bush. . . — .... 58,708 bush. Flour 19 bbls. . . — .... 49,252 bbls. "Wool 31,279 11)8. .. — .... 2,000 lbs. VaLofall imports $216,011 .. $7,751 .. $300,273 Among the exports of foreign goods, the following are enumerated : Articles. EntlM to Drawback. NotEntitleJ. From Wareh 'e. Sugar 3,972,049 lbs. . . — lbs. . . 216,642 lbs. Tea — .. 647,884" .. — " Spirits 8,200 gis. . . — . . 2,700 gls. Wines 2,401 " . . — . . 2,932 " ValofaU for. ex-p. $293,035 ..$547,993 ..$918,544 868 Among the exports of domestic goods are the following; In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. Articles. Quantity. Value. Quantity. V.lue. Salt, bbls 15,529.. $17,020. .62,141. . $66,450 Flour" ^ 1,172.. 5,860.. 471.. 2,836 Pvice, tierces 55 . . 1,650 . . 1 ,827 . . 5,460 Leather, rolls 155 . . 8,600 . . 230 . . 4,470 Merchandise, pkgs.... — .. 99.230.. — .. 176,000 Tobacco, boxes 1 ,538 . . 38,500 .. 3,499 . . 6,797 Tallow, bbls 846.. 6,230.. — .. 6,515 Groceries — .. 18,200.. — .. 45,000 Cotton & wool manufactures, ) and boots and shoes f OU,dyb.. .. Total (including sundries) $252,650. . . . $452,927 The following is an abstract from the canal ofBce-books of i)roperty landed at Oswego, in the year 1848, with the estimated value and its original destination • Articles. Western States. Canada. New York. Forest Products $ — .... $ — .... $16,783 Ani[n.al " 7-37.... 20,510.... 27,303 Vegetable Food .... 99 ... . 48 ... . 354,039 Manufactures 476,374 .... 100,114 .... 132,028 Merchandise 3,796,892 .... 2,126,037 .... 3,754,469 Other articles 15,473 .... 8,969 .... 59,272 Total $4,239,575 . . .$2,255,673 . . . .$4,343,944 The above are the latest uniform series of statistics on the commerce of the port accessible. Had we the returns for 1852 complete, they would show at least 100 per cent, in- crease in its amount and value — a f;ict indicated by isolated returns on different articles. The canal tolls, fur instance, which in 1848 were only $71,504, had risen in 1352 to $104,366, in spite of great reduction in the rates ; and the following table exhibits a few leading articles carried ou the canal in 1851 : To Oswego. E. E. iron. . . . 98,381 ,007 lbs. Iron 6,482,867 " N.'iUs&Spks. 3,693,267 " Steel 490,852 « Merchandise. 25,517,835 " Sugar 14,244,321 " Salt 131,904,646 " From Oswego. Flour 888,181 bbls. Wheat 1,676,212 bush. Corn 1,192,217 " Barley 179,971 " Pork 23,545 bbls. Beef 15,854 " Sawed Imbr. .82,925,676 feet. The tonnage of all property reaching Oswego in 18.50, was 129,252 tons, and in 1351, 180,715 tons— increase in one year, 51,463 tons. A few of the leading articles from Canada in 1849 and 1850, comparatively show the rapid increase of business in that direction : Articles lS-<9. 1850. Flour, barrels 198,623 ... . 260,874 W heat, bushels 632,930 .... 1 ,094,444 Oats, bushels 55,700 .... 90,156 Potatoes, bushels 6,648 .... 10,372 Lumber, feet 44,187,237 .... 50,685,683 Butter, lbs 115,759 .... 225,087 Peas and beans, bushels 16,322 ... . 22,880 The annexed table copied from the books of the custom- house, exhibits the tot.al value of foreign and domestic imports and exports for six years : Years, Imports, E.Tports. Tot,al 1845 $2,973,698 . . . .$4,979,711 .... $7,951,409 1S46 5,038,100 .... 4,464,372 .... 9,502,972 1847 8,090,576,... 9,977,243 .... 18,047,819 1348 7,021,353 .... 10,566,541 .... 17,537,894 1849 8,100,279 .... 10,458,968 , . . . 18,559,247 1850 8,325,789 .... 15,687,342 .... 24,018,181 A Large proportion of the commerce of Lake Ontario and Oswego comes from Lake Erie through the Wetland Canal, the increase of business on which, from 1850 to 1851, was CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. nearly 40 per cent. The same incre.ise is also apparent in the subsequent year, 1S.')2. Tlie revenue from the canal (86 miles long), for 1S51, amounted to $200,000. Many articles, the product of the Mississippi valley, are also pre- ferring the lake to the southern route, and of course seeking the port nearest to the point of destination. Oswego as such port lias many advantages, but will perhaps have a com- petitor when the Sodus Canal and railroad are completed. That the rapid progress of Oswego, however, is not tempo- rary, is too apparent to allow of a doubt. The past is but a prelude to the future, which will pour upon Oswego an amount of commerce unprecedented and astonishing. When the proposed system of railroads in Canada is completed, the commerce of Lake Ontario will become even greater than that of Lake Erie as being nearer to tide-water, and more accessible at a less cost from the sea-board cities. As before remarked, Oswego is built on both sides of the river. The two parts are united by a bridge 700 feet long, and the ground rising on both sides from the river, affords excellent drainage, and many beautiful sites for building. The place is laid out with streets running at right angles, and public squares on which are the principal buildings. The streets are 100 feet wide. Many of the residences are costly and handsome structures ; the court-house is located on the east side of the river, anci on an elevation to the west of the river are the Presbyterian and Episcopal churches, two of the best edifices of the place. There are also Baptist, Methodist, Eoman Catholic, and other churches. Other buildings of much architectural beauty are found in various directions, and much taste is everywhere developed in both the public and private edifices. Oswego has great advantages as a manufacturing city. The water-power afforded by the river and canal is immense, and is used in a variety of manufactures, but chiefly by several extensive flouring-mills. On both sides of the river large manufacturing establishments arc located, among which is a large starch manufactory, w'hich supplies an extensive market with that article. The water-power of the place has been greatly improved by the construction of a leader dam Ti feet high, about a mile above. In the place there are a number of commission houses in the foreign trade ; numerous warehouses and retail stores, several fine hotels, an extensive railroad depfit, the canal warehouses, a custom-house, three banks, several insurance offices, printing-offices, lumber yards, etc. The periodicals printed here are — the " Commercial Times" (whig), daily and weekly; the " Daily News;" the " O. Paladium" (dem.), weekly ; and the '■ People's Jour- nal," weekly. Besides the common schools, which are numerous, there are also located here an incorporated academy, and a first-rate female seminary, both in a very flourishing condition. There are also numerous private schools. The city is defended by Fort Oswego, a strong fortification built on the site of the old firt of the same name, celebrated in the French and colonial wars. It is built on the E. side of the river, near the lake, on a tract of land ceded to the United States for such purpose. It commands the harbor, and is a sufficient defense against an enemy. Daily lines of steamboats, for the conveyance of passen- gers, run between this port and the lake ports of the United States, and Canada generally. Oswego was incorporated in 1S28. In 1830, it had 2,703 inhabitants ; in 1840, 4,665, and in 1850, 12,205— the increase between 1S30 and 1S40 was 72.58 per cent., and in the last decade the increase was 161.62 per cent. Paekeesbukg, p. v., and cap. Wood co., Virg. : on the Ohio, immediately above the entrance of Little Kanawha r., 252 m. W. N. W. Eiehmond. It has an extensive river and inland trade, and valuable manufactures, which must be greatly increased by the completion of the Cincinnati, Ilills- boro', and Parkersburg E. E. and the North Western E. K., the latter to connect the Baltimore and Ohio K. K. with Uie Ohio r. at this place. It contains a court-house and jail, a bank, 2 academies, a dozen stores, 2 steam saw-mills, 2 steam flouring-mills, numerous smaller manufacturing es- tablishments, and a population of 1,218 souls. The " P. G.Tzette" (whig) and " P. News" are published weekly. Pawtucket, p. v. and sta., Providence county, li. J. : on Pawtucket r., 4 m. N. Providence, on Worcester and Prov- idence E. E. This large and flourishing v. is located on both sides of the r., which here furnishes great water-power. The first manufacture of cotton goods in this country by water-power machinery was commenced here in 1790, by Mr. Samuel Slater, an Englishman. The present factories are for the most part engaged in making cotton goods. There are 7 churches, 3 banks, 12 cotton factories, etc. The "Gazette and Chronicle" (miscel. ) is issued weekly. Pop. 7,000. Pawtuxet, p. v., Kent co., H. I. : on Pawtuxet r., near its mouth, 3 m. S. Providence. The harbor is spacious, safe, and convenient. The v. is upon both sides of the r. and crossed by a bridge. The great water-power here afforded is improved by extensive factories of cotton and woollen goods, grist-mills, etc. Pop. about 1,500. Pembina, p. v., and cap. Pembina co., 3finn. Ter. : on E. bank of Eed r. of the N., at the N. boundary line of the State, 334 m. N. N. W. St. Paul. This settlement contains upward of 1,000 population, principally persons of mixed Indian and*white blood, who subsist chiefly by agriculture and hunting. There is a Catholic church in which to ac- commodate the varied population ; sermons are preached in English, French, and Chippeway. Pensacola, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Escambia co., Jflor. : on Pensacola bay, 10 m. from the Gulf of Mexico, 176 m.W. Tallahassee. Lat. 30O 24' N., long. 87° 10' 12" W. The harbor is deep and affords good anchorage, but near the city is shallow, and hence a long wharf has been extend- ed into the bay. The city is built on a sandy plain, 40 or 50 feet above the level of the water, and is regularly laid out with wide streets crossing at right angles, having also two large public squares. It contains a court-house, custom- house, market, and 2 churches. Two newspapers are is- sued, "P. Gazette" (whig), weekly, and "Florida Demo- crat," semi-weekly. This is the principal port and city in Florida, and has considerable trade. On SOth June, 1850, the total tonnage of its district was 1,794 tons, of which 1,221 tons were registered and permanent, and 573 tona en- rolled and licensed ; 496 tons permanently, and 77 tons li- censed under 20 tons. The latter was entirely employed in the coasting trade. During the year previous the total of clearances for foreign ports was 7—1,233 tons ; total of entrances, do., 2,337 tons— all of which (9) were American vessels. Vessels built during the year, 2 schooners — 80 tons. The project of a railroad to Montgomery, Ala., has long been agitated. Pop. about 2,164. About 6 m. below the city, and 5 m. from the entrance of the harbor, is the U. S. Navy Yard, covering nearly 80 acres of ground, inclosed by a high brick wall. It contains houses for the officers, store-houses, boat-houses, etc., all of which are built of brick and tastefully arranged. Here is also a dry dock capable of receiving the largest vessels. Outside of the yard are about 25 cottages and a Catholic church. A mile and a half below the navy yard are Barrancas Bar- racks and the Naval Hospital. At the entrance of the har- bor are forts Pickens and M'Eee, on Foster's and St. Eosa's islands, and on the latter island is a light-house. See Light- houses. Perth Ambot, p. city, and port of entry, Middlesex co., A^. Je): : at the head of Earitan bay, and confluence of Earitan r. with Arthur kill, or Staten Island Sound, 82 m. N. E. by E. Trenton. It has a spacious harbor, with 24 feet of water in the main channel, and easily accessible. It was laid out in 1698, and chartered as a city in 1784. The compact portion is chiefly on the bank of the kill, over which a ferry plies to Staten Island, It contains an acade- CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. my, a manufactory of locks, mechanical implementa, etc., 12 or 15 stores, and 1,865 inhubitanls. Tonnage of the district in 1850 (which includes the E. coast of the Slate from Eliza- bethtown to Little Egg Ilarlwr), 22,085 tons; all except 13 tons engaged in the coasting trade. Peru, i>. v., La Salle county. III. : on the N. bank of the Illinois, at the head of navigation, 269 m. above its mouth, 106 m. N. by E. Springfield. It is 1 m. below La Salle, the terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and forms with it one continuous v. along the r., on which are the commer- cial houses, the residences occupying the high lilulTs imme- diately back of it. The chief business is shipping the great staples by river and canal, but a large trade is kept up with the back country, with all parts of which it has, or soon will have, easy communication. A rich and highly cultivated alluvial island lies in front of it, with a chatmel between that floats the largest steamers, and from which a lateral branch leads to the canal. Its favorable position for com- merce has given it its chief importance, and must eventually make it one of the first cities in the State. It has a daily communication with St. Louis and the immediate ports by packets and steamers, and with Chicago by canal and the Chicago and Rock Island E. R., which al.so connects it with the Upper Mississippi ; and the Central Illinois R. R., which here crosses the r.,will bring to it the trade and products of rich districts N. and S. of it. The '• La S. Co. Democrat" and the " P. Telegraph" are published weekly. ^Distance to Chicago 100 m., the same by railroad and canal. Popula- Uon about 3,000. Petbbsbubo, p. b. and port of entry, Dinwiddle county, Virg. : on S. branch of Appomattox r., 12 m. above its con- fluence with James r., 22 m. S. by E. Richmond. Lat. N. 37° 13' 5i", long. W. 77° 20'. The r. is navigable to this place for vessels of 100 tons, and the falls immediately above it afford extensive water-power A canal is cut round these falls, thus affording boat navigation upon the river above for 80 m. This is a very handsome and important com- mercial town, and exports largely flour and tobacco. It suffered most severely in July, 1S15, by a conflagration, which destroyed 400 buildings, and property estimated at $2,000,000. The buildings and houses are now built prin- cipally of brick. It contains a court-house, jail, 8 churches, 3 banks with aggregate capital of $1,170,000, insurance office, etc. There are several cotton and woolen factories, flouring and saw mills, ropewalks, and some other manu- factories. Two newspapers are published daily, " P. In- telligencer" (whig), " Daily News" (neut.) ; 1 tri-weekly, " South Side Democrat." Four railroads now centre at P., giving it great business advantages, viz., Richmond and Petersburg R. E., Petersburg R. R. (to Weldon), South Side E. R., Appomattox R. E. (to City Point.) The Petersburg and Norfolk E. R. is in construction. The steamships ply- ing semi-weekly between New York and Richmond, and others, coimect with Petersburg by Appomattox R. R. from City Point. On 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of P. district was 2,708 tons, of which 949 tons wore registered (and permanent), and 1,759 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 1,681 tons were permanently employed in the coasting trade, 80 tons in steam navigation ; licensed under 20 tons in coasting trade, 79 tons. During the year preced- ing, the tiitid Tersey 13, Delaware 8, and the institution 13. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, founded 1833, located in Race, between Schuyl- kill, Second, and Third streets, has a large edifice, 4 stories high, with beautifully decorated grounds, and contained in 1852, 93 pupils, of whom the State of Pennsylvania sup- ported 45, New Jersey 6, Maryland 5, Delaware 1, the in- stitution 15, with 15 by their own industry, and C by their friends. The Wills' Hospital for Diseases of the Eye and Limits, in Race Street, opposite Logan Square, was founded by the late James Wills, of Philadelphia, with a legacy of $108,396, bequeathed to the city for that purpose. The building, erected 1832-34, is a neat stone structure, SO feet long, 50 feet deep, which cost, including lot, $57,203, and is surrounded by ample and beautiful grounds. From its foundation to 1S52, upward of 2,000 persons had been re- lieved as inmates, and about 5,000 had been treated at their homes. Othtr hospitals are— St. Joseph's, near Girard Col- lege; Christ Church, for indigent females of the Episcopal Church; and the City Hospital, Spring Garden, established in 1818 by Uie State as a pest hospital, is a briciv structure of central building with wings. The U. S. Naval Asylum is previously described. Orphaii and other Asylums, etc. — The principal institu- tion for orphans, that of the Orphans' Society of Phila- delphia, founded 1814, is on Race Street and Schuylkill Fifth ; a large brick structure, 110 by 153 feet, built fire- proof and in the most substantial manner ; erected 1823. The first edifice was destroyed by fire Jan., 1822, when 23 inmates perished. St. John's Male Orphan Asylum (Roman Catholic), is on W. side of the Schuylkill, 2i m. from Market Street bridge, on the Lancaster turnpike. The building, in Elizabethan Gothic style, is of brown stone ; in extreme length 220 feet, consisting of centra! edifice '4 stories high, and wings 3 stories high, and can accommodate 250 orphans. St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum, corner of Spruce and Seventh streets, has an a\erage number of 100 orphans. The Colored Orphans' Asylum, in Thirteenth Street, in 1852 had 67 children. Other asylums are— the Widows' Asylum, instituted 1819, with 60 inmates ; St. Ann's Widows' Asylum ; Philadelphia Lying-in Asylum; House of Industry, in Moyamensing, organized 1846, with eommodious buildings; Preston Retreat, used by the Foster Home Association, which provided in 1S.52 for 74 children; and 3 Magdalen asylums. There are 4 dispensaries, of which the principal is the Philadelphia, founded in 1786, which in 1851 treated 7,S62 patients. Other charitable institutions are numerous. The City Alms-house, fronting on W. side of the Schuyl- kill, comprises 4 buildings, inclosing a rectangular area, each 500 feet long and 3 stories high, besides basement, sur- rounded by a farm of 10 acres, with out-buildings, etc. The main front facing the city is ornamented by an elegant por- tico in tho Tuscan order, having 6 columns, 5 feet diameter at base and 30 feet high. The average number of paupers in 1851 was 1,813, maintained at an expense of $97,926, or $1 04 per week each. Attached is the Children's Asylum, which in 1S51 contained about 1,850 children — 362 boys and 1,4SS girls — sustained at an annual expense of $70,000. The insane department contained in 1852, 390 inmates ; the hospital 349 patients. The total cost of supporting the poor at the alms-house and in the city and districts during 1S51, was $228,977. The Moyamensing Alms-house is the public charity for that district. The Friends' Alms-house is a pri- vate institution and has but few inmates. Municipal Government^ Departments. — The county of Philadelphia is divided into different local governments. The incorporated districts directly adjoining the city proper, viz., Southwark, Moyamensing, Spring Garden, Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Richmond, have similar organi- zations, each governed by boards of commissioners. The consolidation of these districts with the city proper into one municipal corporation, has for some time been agitated. The government of the city proper, under the general su- perintendence of the mayor, is composed of police depart- ment, select and common councils, board of city commis- sioners, and board of city and county commissioners. The police department, exclusive of officers, embraces 200 watchmen. The consolidated police force, established 1850, has ISO policemen, distributed as follows : city 55, Spring Garden 26, Kensington 24, Northern Liberties 21, Southwark 18, Moyamensing 12, Penn 4, Richmond 4, West Philadel- phia 3, under 12 lieutenants and the marshal. The number of arrests by this force, from Nov. 21, 1S50, to Nov. 1, 1S51, exceeded 12,000. Fire Department. — In 1852 there were 70 companies — engine 35, hose 33, hook and ladder 2 — each having about 30 members. The Association for the Relief of Disabled Firemen, established 1835, in 1852 possessed $17,500 per- manently invested ; and had previously distributed $9,000. The Board of Health, consisting of 18 members, has charge of the sanitary condition of the city, the city hospital, and the lazaretto at quarantine ground, 14 m. below the city. The statistics of the alms-house, county prison, etc., are previously given. Markets. — These are noted for their excellence, abundant supplies, cleanliness, etc. The principal ranges of stalls are in Market Street, extending from the Delaware to Eighth Street, and from Schuylkill Sixth to Eighth streets, erected in 1836 ; there are 10 others. The wholesale provision trade is principally carried on in Water Street, and near the wharves, chiefly by extensive firms. The following table shows the number of cattle offered at the Philadelphia cattle market during each of the six years, from 1845 to 1850 inclusive : Years. Beeves. Calves. Sheep. Swine. 1345 49,290 8,630 25,700 79,000 1846 65,940 11,980 29,160 77,900 1847 51,500 12,295 86,410 57,189 1S48 66,370 13,365 46,680 75,270 1849 67.410 15,100 49,700 78,500 1850 70,820 15,265 33,340 95,450 Fairmmmt Water-Works. — These water- works which supply the city with water, are situated on E. bank of Schuylkill r., a little N. of the city proper, and have been in operation since July 1, 1822. A dam extends across the river, 1,248 feet long, erected in 1819. The water backed up by the dam passes into an artificial forebay, 419 feet long, 90 feet wide, and 60 feet deep. The mill-building is of stone, 238 feet long, 56 feet wide, containing 8 double- acting forcing pumps, each of which will lift about 1,250,000 S73 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, gallons into the reservoirs iu 24 hours. The water is elevated 92 feet. The reservoirs, 4 in number, cover 6 acres, are 12J feet deep, constructed in very substantial manner, together contain 22,031,976 ale gallons, and cost $1R3.S22. They are fortlie most part upon artificial ground, raist'd in some parts 40 feet above the original of the hill. When full, the water is 102 feet above low tide in the Schuylkill, and 56 feel above the highest ground in the city. One of thi'ra is divided into 8 sections for the purpose of filtration. The water passes from the reservoirs to the city, through 3 main iron pipes, in diameter 20, 22, and 80 inches respectively ; and is then distributed through the city in pipes front 3 to 10 inches diameter, chiefly 3 and 6 inches, of whieli the total length in January, 1S52, was: in city proper 81 m., in dislricls of Southwark and Moyamensing 20i ni. The average daily consumption of water in the city and districts in 1360, throughout the whole year was 4,7S5,o.3S ale gallons ; in IS.*)!, 5,690,744 gallons. Water rents in 1S51, $13S.S74. The entire cost of these works to Dec. 31, 1S50, was .tl, 1)1.5.170 ; addi- tional expenses in 1S51, $92,380— total cost to 1S5-2,.$1.T07,550. Spring Garden and Noiiliern Liheitie.s Water- Works. — Situated on E. side of the Schuylkill, about 1 m. above Fairmount. The engine-house is of granite, in Egyptian Style. The reservoir, 15 feet deep, 115 feet above low-water mark, contains 9,800,000 gallons, and has 2 distributing mains, 16 inches diameter. This work was completed in 1&45, at a cost of $159,075. Manufactures. — In the amount, and value, and variety of its manufactures, Philadelphia is one of the most im- portant cities in the United States. Many of these are brought to more than an ordinary degree ofpirfeetion. The following statement of the manufactures in the city and county of Philadelphia, is from the census returns of 1850 : Value of Capital invested. Phil. City proper.. $13,207,695. . , North'n Liberties. 3,922,251 . . . Spring G ard en .. . 2,9 1 3,445 . . , Kensingt(jn 3,755,711... Southwark 2,171,065... Moyamensing. . . . 530,364. . Townships, etc. . . 7,237.380 . . $33,737,911 The following statements of their wages, are from the same nplMj.ed. Raw material inrl. fuel. .$12,665,211..., . 3,764,-341 . . . , . 3,046,216..., . 6,166,071.... . 2,197,347..., 575,237..., .. 6.090.733 ..., $31,505,156 the number of source : f Average AnnunI products. $26,309,265 7,(173,023 5,876,781 10,083,904 8,734,730 1,299.201 10,2.37..30S $64,114,212 hands, and iiale Phila. City proper. 17,020.. 9,046 $415,675.. $97,955 Nortliern Liberties. 4,463.. 1,181 115,657.. Spring Garden ... 4,326.. 854. Kensington 6,723.. 1,890. Southwark 2,089.. 167. Moyamensing 1,970. . 2S.S . Townships, etc.... 6,705., 2,.S77. 43,296 15.803 93,.S03.. 16-3,010.. 60,021.. 46,868.. 1-38,265.. 12,200 9,538 13,279 1,344 2,872 71,396 $1,002,809 $208,584 Total employees 59,099 Month, cost of lab.$l,271,393 Among the principal manufactures, are those of machin- ery, hardware, cutlery, precious metals, cordage, furniture, musical instruments, upholstery, ornamental and other iron furniture, with large sugar refineries and marble works, etc. Banks and In.surance Companies. — There were in 1852 in the city and districts 13 banks, with aggregate working capital of $10,050,000, paying fair dividends, with 4 savings banks. Number of fire insurance companies, 10 ; of fire and marine do., 4; of marine do. 5; of life, annuity, and trust do., 9— total 28. Railroads, etc.— The following is the list of railroads diverging from Philadelphia, with their lengths : Philadel- phia and Trenton K. K., and thence by New Jersey K.R. to Kew York, 87 m. ; Camden and Amboy E. li. to New York, 874 I 90 m. ; Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown K. R. I 17 m. ; Germantown Branch R. R.,-6 m. : Philadelphia, Reading, and Poltsville R. E., 93 m. ; with short branch from Schuylkill falls to Port Richmond coal dei)6t. Colum- bia and Philadelphia R. E., 82 m., which connects at Lan- caster by Ilarrisburg and Lancaster R. R., with the Penn- sylvania E. R. to Pittsburg, 357 m. ; Philadelphia and Westchester E. E., 30 m., M'hich branches from Columbia and Philadelphia E. E. at Paoli; Philadeli)hia, Wilming- ton, and Baltimore E. It., 98 ra. The city derives great advantages from the Schuylkill Navlg.-itlon Canal, hence to Port Carbon, 108 m. ; the Chcsajicake and Delaware Canal, and others which contri- bute to its prosperous trade. Domestic Trade. — The following statement exhibits the nmiiber of coastwise arrivals, from 1S35 to 1S51 inclusive : Vessela Ve sets. 1835 3.573 1811 9,246 1847 18,069 18-36 3,761 1842 7,973 1*13 2-3,921 1837 7,476 1843 7.659 1849 24,594 18-38 10.860 1844 7,717 1850 27,0-35 1839 11,183 1S45 8,029 1851 26,484 1S40 9,706 1846 6,018 The coal trade is by far the most prominent part of the domestic trade of the city. During the calendar year 1851, the arrivals at Port Eiehmond, the terminus of the Eeading E. E., were as follows: 3 ships, 92 barks. 467 brigs, 5,379 schooners, 2ii2 sloops, 1,983 barges— total 8,126. The following statements of the annual inspections of flour and meal, and of the measurement of the principal grains, from 1846 to 1850 inclusive, are derived from the Re- port of the Philadelphia Board of Trade of January, 1861: Wheat Flour. Corn Meal. Rje bbia \Mi. bills. 1846 674.64S 170,143 83,520 1847 708,981 800,609 27,906 1848 511,279 162,983 24,74T 1849 633,533 100.514 39.109 1850 658,828 103,210 34,776 Years. Wheat— bn.iliela. Corn— bushels. Oats— bualiela. 1846 983,923 665,178 359,942 1847 947,598 1,093,264 369,171 1848 723,694 1,-302,318 327,734 1849 945,465 1,283,692 424,316 1850 1,103,206 1,163,666 401,-396 Annual inspections of tobacco, all American, from 1839 to 1850 inclusive: Years. Hhds. Years. Hhds. 18-39. 1840. 1841. 1842. Hhdii. .2,552 .5,298 .6,210 .3,540 1843., 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. ....6,7-33 .,..4,418 ....4,182 ....2,527 1847 5.9-34 1848 3,218 1849 4,451 1850 3,745 Duties. Years. Value of In Duties. The imports of cotton, 1847-50, were— in 1847, 41,8.35 bales; inlS4S, 41,516; in 1849,45,393; in 1850, 50,944 bales. Foreign Commerce. — In foreign commerce Philadelphia is now the third city in the Union. The fallowing statement, prepared from official docu- ments, exhibits the value of the imports annually into the port of Philadelphia, and the duties accruing to the United States from 18-30 to 1851 inclusive: „ Value ol Ys^""- Imports. 1830 . . $9.,525.S93 . . $3..537.516 1831., 11,67.3,755,, 4,-372.526 1832., 10.048,195.. 3,500,298 1S33.. 11,153,757.. 2,935.096 1834 . . 10,6>6.073 . . 2.1 1 0.477 1835. . 11,368,529. . 2.501,621 1836.. 16,116.625.. 8,146.4.58 18-37. . 10,130,838. . 1,820,993 1888. . 10,417,815. . 2.109,955 1839. . 14.753.589. . 2,884,98* 1840.. 8,624,484.. 1,517,207 porff. 1841 . . $9,948,593 . . $1,933,682 1842.. 6,201.177.. 1,812,843 1843.. 4,916,5-35.. l,4:i7,S33 1844.. 8,310,865.. 2,931,573 1345.. 7,491.407.. 2,370,.516 1.S46.. 8,308.615.. 2,608,068 1847.. 12.15-3,9-37.. 2,904.749 1848 . . 10,700,865 .^ 2,767,459 1849 . .10,160,479. . 2.604,245 1850. .13,381.759.. 3,412,240 1851.. 12,795,440.. 8,673,12-1 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Foreign A rriva Is.— The following table exhibits the total number of arrivals from foreign countries in each year from 1836 to 1851 inclusive : Years. Air, Years. Arr, 1844 1845 Years 1836. 183T. 1839. .421 .409 .464 .521 1840. 1S41. 1843. 1843. .456 .504 .454 .3T2 1846. 1847. .4T2 .387 .459 .657 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 542 5S5 618 576 Eiifports. — The number of clearances for foreign countrier during the two fiscal years, 1848-49 and 1849-50, each end- ing June 80, were as follows : 1848-49. 1849 50. Vess. Tons. Men. Boj 8. Vess. Thus. Men. B y.q. American.. 360. .93,322. .3,806. .93 309. .81,276. .3,189. .133 Foreign... 179.. 27,005.. 1,417.. 15 170. .80,342. .1,480.. 36 Total. . .539.120,327. .5,223.113 479.111,618. .4,669 . .169 Exports of Breadstuffs. — These, with meat provisions, and manufactures of iron and wool, constitute the greater portion of the exports. The following is a statement of the exports of wheat flour, corn meal, wheat, and corn, from 1S31 to 1851 inclusive: Voar= Wlieat flour. Corn meal. Wlieat. Corn. ^*""- bills. bhis. bush. bush. 1831 259,785 45.532 61,282 42,293 1832 151,917 50,328 2,258 48,859 1833 132.622 51,903 — 66,708 1834 87,905 50,018 — 31,526 1835 96,093 50,869 2,903 25,457 1836 67,113 42,798 — 19,117 1887 33,680 63.803 — 21,486 1838 69,622 64,002 — 17,037 1839 191,.3S0 73,800 37,881 17,117 1840 284,774 89,456 280,047 76,749 1841 195.555 108,822 56,571 80,266 1842 161,866 97,884 87,953 83,722 1843 128,517 106,484 32,235 74,613 1844 196,433 101,856 23,375 110,068 1845 201,956 115,101 86,089 129,256 1846 366,610 144,857 245,136 279,820 1847 420,684 300,531 523,5-38 1,102,210 1848 179,507 140,014 207,092 817,150 1849 220,786 91,319 177,-312 906.823 1850 83,024 94,8.34 205,670 602,080 1851 299,466 65,385 225,201 554,545 The exports of rye flour in the same years were as follows : Years. 1831.. R, flou bbla. Years. R.flo 8,4:33 18-33 14,211 18-32 13,040 1833 27.939 18-34 2.3,795 18-35 21,0-38 1836 27,429 183T 17.276 On June 30, 1849.. " 1850. . " 1851 . . 1845 17,098 18-39 24,527 1S46 19,730 1840 36,471 1847 20,407 1841 26,866 1843 15,537 1842 22,530 1849 26,.i36 1843 22,303 1850 25,054 1844 21,904 1S51 10,505 Tonnage for the two fiscal years 1848-9 and 1849-50, also in 1851, which, though not from any official documents, is doubtless correct : TONNAGE OF PHILADELPHIA. Rpgi.stereil Enrolled and Licensed Total Tons. 9.-,tlis. Ton^. Wilis. Tons. !«lhs. .5-3,821 91 . . . .184,265 25, . . .188,087 21 .64,205 10. . . ,142,292 72. . . .206,497 82 — .... — ,...222,428 90 Classification and employment of tonnage on June 30, 1849, and June 30, 1850 : KEQISTEP.ED TONNAGE. Permanent Temporary Total Tons. H5tli». Tuns. Moths. Tons, o.^iths. June 30, 1849. . . .40.343 26. . . .13.473 65. . . .53,821 91 " 1850 ... . 46,384 91 ... . 17,820 14 ... . 64,205 10 Of the above, in 1850, 66 tons were propelled by steam ; in 1849 none. ENROLLED AND LICENSED TONNAGE. Permanent Temporary Co.-ist Trade St'm Nar'n. Tons. 9otlis. Tons, gntlis. Tons, a-ilha. Tons. H.ltlis. June 30, 1849.. 121, 722 85.. 9,530 93.. 131, 253 83.. 1.3,631 22 " I80O.. 136,577 23.. 2,581 87.. 139,159 15.. 15,475 56 The amount " licensed under 20 tons" in 1849 was 3,011 tons ; in 1850, 8,1.34— all in the coasting trade. Vessels built in the district of Philadelphia in the two fiscal years, 1848-49, and 1849-50, each ending June 30: v....rc, ci,;.,„ H..:,o CI,'..* Sloops and Steam- Total Years. Ships. Bngs. Sell rs. ^^^^l^ ^,^^ ^^^^_ \^^»^\3. Tons. 1848-49 3 2.... 26 102.... 9.. . .142. ...13,741 1849-50 7 1. . . .34 107. . . .17. . . .166. . . .18,150 Su«tmnry of Navigation. — The following table exhibits the total arrivals of vessels at Philadelphia in each year, from 18-35 to 1851 inclusive. Their separate divisions into foreign and coastwise vessels are previously given under their proper heads of domestic trade and foreign commerce: Years, 1835 4,002 1836 4,185 1837 8,185 18.38 11,-344 1S.39 11,709 1840 10,162 Years. 1841 . , 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. ..9,750 ..8,427 ..8,031 ..8,189 1845 8.416 1846 6,477 Years. 1847 18,726 1848 24,468 1849 25,169 1850 27,553 1851 27,060 Population.— In 1749, the city proper had 7,391 inhabit- ants, and 1,864 dwellings; Soutliwark 595 population, 150 dwellings; Northern Liberties 244, 62 dwellings. In 1750, city 7,635. In 1777, the British (then in possession of the city, which had decreased in population by the war) took the census of the city, Southwarlc, and the Northern Liber- ties, and found their united population 23,734, dwellings 5,985. In 1790, by U. S. census, the city, 28,522 ; South- wark, 5,661 ; unincorporated Northern Liberties, 8,337 — total 42,520. Population of Philadelphia, city and county, from 1800 to 1850 inclusive : ISOO. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1S40. 18S0. City Of Phila-f 4^220 53,722 63,802 80,458 93,665 121,417 delphia ) ' SOUTH OF CITY AND EAST OF SCHUYLKILL KIVEK. Southwark .... 9,621 13,707 14,713 20,740 27,516 38,799 Moyamensing.. 1,592 2,887 3,963 6,822 14,573 26,979 Passyunk 884 952 \,(m 1,441 1,594 1,60T NORTH OF CITY ANB EAST OF SCHUYLKILL RIVER. Unincorp' N. i Liberties .. P^'^'f^ 21,558 1,810 2,456 3,332 1,938 N. Liberties.... — — 19,678 28,923 84,474 47,223 Spring Gartlen* -. — 3,498 11,141 27.849 58,895 Kensington* . . — — 7,118 13,326 22,814 46,776 Penn District*. — — — — ^_ 8 9,30 Richmond* ... — — — — 5,840 PennTownship* — 8,798 3,105 2,507 8,342 2,687 Oxford 1,518 973 1,315 1,502 1,582 1,78T Frankford ^ 1,283 1,405 1,6-37 2.-376 5,346 Lower Dublin. 1,495 2,194 2,640 2,705 3,298 4,297 Byberry 579 765 8T6 1,018 1,055 1,130 Moreland 362 400 443 418 469 493 Bristol 7T1 965 1,257 1,495 1,734 2,2-SO Germantown... 3,220 4,243 4,3U 4,642 5,482 8,336 Roxborough , . . 1,048 1,252 1,682 3,334 5,797 2,660 Manuyunk ^- — _ ^^ _^ 6,210 Bridesburg .... — — — — -^ 915 Aramingo -——.--.— — 594 Whitehall . — — — — ^ 489 WEST OP THH SCHUYLKILL. Blookley 1,091 1,618 2,655 3,401 8,318 5,910 W.Philadelphia — — — ..^ 2,896 5,670 Kingessing. ... 634 903 1,188 1,068 1,389 1,778 Total 81,005 111,210 137,097 188,961 253,037 409,045 FormeriV a part "f the Northern Liberties. 875 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Historieal Sketch.— X&H. The colony of Swedes wliich had previously been settled on the Delaware Bay, arrived here and took possession. 167T. First Swede's Church built. 1681. The State was granted to William Penn by James II. king of England, and in same year the first settlers arrived flrom London. 1CS2. William Penn arrived. 1GS3. City laid out, and first post established to Newcastle. 16S4. Pop. 2,500. 16S5. First two Friends' Meeting-houses erected. 1686. Additional colonists arrived (Baptists). 1695. Christ Church Society (Episcopal) organized, also first Presbyterian. 1698. First Baptist Church erected. 1700. Second Swede Church (now standing) built, and post-ofiice eslablished. 1701. Philadelphia incorporated into a city. 1710. First Market (High St.) built. 1719. "American Weekly Mercury," published by Andrew Bradford. 1723. " Pennsylvania Gazette," published by S. Keiner, subsequently by Dr. Franklin. 1727. Christ Church (now standing) commenced, finished in 1753. 1729. Independence Hall commenced, completed in 1734. 1731. Philadelphia Library Co. organ- ized, opened in 1732, with books brought from London. 1738. First Fire Co. originated. 1743. American Philo- sophical Society organized. 1751. Pennyslvania Hospital incorporated. 1753. Daily delivery of letters by carriers introduced. 1754. Tri-weekly post established to New York City. 1755. University of Pennsylvania (from 1750 an academy) erected into a college, in 1779 into an university. 1T65. Medical Department of University established. 1771. "Pennsylvania Packet" issued weekly, in 1784 daily, first in U. S. 1774, Sept. 4th. First Colonial Congress assembled. 1770. July 4th, 2 p. m. Declaration of Independence read from the steps of the Hall. Autumn of same year. Congress retired to Baltimore. 1777, Sept. 26lh. City taken by the British. 1780, March 15th. American Philosophical Society fUlly established. 17S1. Bank of North America chartered by Congress. 17S7, 17th May. Convention met, 17th Sept. following, agreed upon a Constitution for U. S. In 1793 and '98. Yellow fever prevailed. 1789. College of Physicians chartered. 17S9. Present City Hall erected. 1791. Lan- caster Turnpike Co. chartered, finished in four years. 1794. Southwark incorporated. 1801. Navy yard located. 180.3. First Hose Co. 1804. Germantown Perkiomen Turnpike Co. chartered, completed in two years. 1817. Medical Institute founded. 1809. Masonic Hall erected. 1S20. Musical Hall finished. 1822. FairmounJ AVater- works completed. 1826. House of Eefuge incorporated. 1S29. U. S. Mint building commenced. 1833. Girard College corner-stone laid, com- menced 1st Jan., 1848. 1835. Gas works creeled. Pittsburg, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Alleghany eo., Penn. : at the point formed by the confluence of the Alle- ghany and Monongahela, the great constituents of the Ohio r., and by railroad 252 ni. W. by N. Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 32' N., and long. 80° 02' W. Its suburb, Alleghany City, also occupying a point of land, is located to the north-west and on the opposite side of the Alleghany, and to all intents and purposes, having the same interests, is a part of Pittsburg. South Pittsburg and Birmingham are manufacturing vil- lages on the opposite side of the Monongahela r. ; and there are in the vicinity, in every direction within the suburban district, numerous other villages of considerable population and industrial character. Pittsburg is built on a triangular plain, hemmed in on the rear by several hills. It is a compactly built and large city, but has the dingy appearance which so well indicates the industrial occupations of the inhabitants. The city was originally laid out on the N. E. bank of the Monongahela, and planned after the model of Philadelphia, with streets running parallel with the rivers, and others crossing them at right angles. The streets on the Alleghany are laid out on a similar plan, and hence a short distance from the Alle- ghany the old and new streets meet in oblique directions, assimilating its appearance to that of the lower section of New York City. Both rivers are spanned by bridges, which With several steam ferries, connect the city with the sub- 876 urbs. The Pennsylvania Canal crosses the river by an aqueduct The site of Pittsburg is a natural amphitheatre ; the rivers flow in channels from 450 to 4C5 feet below the highest peaks of the neighboring hills. These hills, inclosing the city, are full of bituminous coal, which is easily mined, and affords to the place the vast manufacturing facilities for which it is famed. The coal strata lie SuO feet above the alluvial plain, and the coal formation, as general in the Ohio valley, is horizontal. Along the base of these hills and some distance up their declivity, the city expands itself, and on every side the eye rests upon a scene of rich and varied landscape. Old Fort Du Quesne, so celebrated in the French and colonial wars, formerly occupied the site on which the city now stands. At the close of the Revolutionary War it was still but an insignificant village. In 1784, the ground, which belonged to the heirs of Penn, was laid out into town lots, and two years later the village contained about 100 dwell- ings. It was constituted the capital of Alleghany county in 1791. In 1796, its population amounted to 1,395. Among the public buildings of Pittsburg, the Court-house is conspicuous. It is a handsome building of GrKco-Doric architecture, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep, and the height of the dome 148 feet from the ground. About $200,000 were expended on its construction. The Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, on Grant's Hill, is also a noble edifice, and many of the other churches, between 70 and 80 in number, are in the best style of ecclesiastical building. It contains, besides, 4 large banking houses, several insurance offices, 3 market- houses, a well furnished museum, numerous large and splendid hotels, railroad dep6ts, etc. The Western Uni- versity of Pennsylvania is located here, and numerous as- sociations, which afford great conveniences to the inhabit- ants in literary and scientific pursuits. As a manufacturing city, Pittsburg is second in the State only to Philadelphia, and has, perhaps, no competitor in the branches of industry which are carried on in its work- shops. It is the Birmingham of America. In 1S50 it had 13 rolling-mills, with a capital of $5,000,000, employing 2,500 hands, consuming 60,000 Ions of pig metal, and producing annually bar iron and nails to the value of $4,000,000 ; 80 large foundries, with several smaller ones, with an aggre- gate capital of $2,000,000 and 2,500 hands, using SO.Odo'tons of pig iron, and yielding articles valued at $2,000,000 annu- ally ; 2 establishments for manufacturing locks, latches, cof- fee-mills, scales, and other iron casting, employing 500 hands and a capital of $250,000, using 1,200 tons metal, and pro- ducing annually to the value of .$3,000,000; 5 large cotton factories, and several smaller ones— capital $1,500,000, hands 1.500, cotton consumed 15,000 bales, and products valued at upward of $1,500,000 annually; 8 flint-glass manufactories — capital $300,000, hands 500, and producing various articles of glass, in the manufacture of which 150 tons lead and 200 tons pearl ash are used, to the value of $400,000 annually; 7 phial furnaces and 11 window-glass factories — capital $250,000, hands 600, and annual products $600,000 ; 1 soda- ash factory, employing 75 hands, and producing annually 1,500 tons ; 1 copper smelting house, producing 600 tons re- fined copper annually, valued at $380 per ton ; 1 copper rolling-mill, producing annually 800 tons sheathing and bra- zier's copper ; 5 white lead factories — capital $150,000, hands 60, and producing 150,000 kegs annually, worth $200,000. There are also a number of manufactories of the smaller sizes of iron, sever.al extensive manufactories of axes, hatchets, etc., and spring-steel, steel springs, axles, anvils, vices, mills, cross-cut and other saws, gun barrels, shovels, spai7!Y7>/t, capital stock, $9,518,810 ; bills in circulation, $1 .831.339; deposits on interest, $159,497 ; deposits not on interest, $1,133590; del)ts due other banks, $831. 79S; dividends unpaid, $21 ,409 ; and net profit^* on hand, .$592,709 ; and assetn: debts due from directors. $261,914; from stock- holders, $303.3J8; and others. $12,031,937; specie actually in bank, $177,078; bills of other b;inks, $525,464; deposits in other banks, $428,464 ; stock of bank, $1,484; and of other banks, etc., .$36,3,'>6; real estate, $131,867; and other property, $6.309— total $14.0ii0,193. The average semi-an- nual dividend amounts to 311-16. The retail trade of the city is extensive, and one of the main features in its economy. Stores of every description, exhibiting soods of the richest descriptions, are numerous, 832 and in the provision trade, both wholesale and retail, a large business is done. Many of the stores are equal to those of New York, Philadelidiia, and Boston, in the splendor of their assortments anm.), all weekly, and the " Western Legal Observer" and the " Western Temperance Maga- zine," both monthly. This v. will be the W. terminus of the Northern Cross R. R., which will bring it in!o connection with Chicago, Springfield, and the whole North and East The neighborhood is thickly settled and highly cultivated. Pop. in 1850, 6,9 2. QuiNCY, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Braintree bay, an arm of Boston Harbor, 8 m. S. by E. Boston. Sur- face pleasantly diversified and somewhat hilly; soil of ex- cellent quality and well cultivated. It contains large tracts of salt meadow. The v. is centrally situate and has several neat and some costly buildings. The town-house is a noble building of granite, 85 by 55 feet. A newspaper, the "Q. Patriot," is issued weekly. Quincy Point and Germ.antowu are well known places on the shore, and are eligibly situated for ship-building and the shore fisheries. Squantum is noted as having been tlie residence of the Indian sachem, Chichataubut, and is also a pleasant resort for fishing and bathing. Consion the hills and more elevatetl grounds on either side of this depression, which have a beautiful variety of surface, and afford in many parts highly picturesque situations for dwellings and for public edifices. Splendid views of the city and surrounding country are presented from different points, each varying the scene. The soil is red clay. The river flows over a bed of granite, of which there are inexhaustible quarries on its banks, extensively used for building and otlier purposes. The city is regularly laid out with streets crossing at right ai\gles. Its entire area embraces about 3i sq. m., of which the built portion is about 3 m. long, and } m. wide. The dwelling houses are gener ally neat and convenient, of brick and wood. Many private residences are very elegant and costly. The capitol occupies a very commanding situation on an elevated plain called Shockoe hill, in the W. division of the city. It stands in CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Capitnl Square, a beautiful public grounil contafning about 8 acres, oruameuted with trees, grass plats, walks, etc. It is a spacious and elegant building, surrounded on 3 sides by a lofty and imposing portico, in the Ionic order. It con- tains a statue of Washington, the only one ever taken from life, executed by Houdon, a celebrated Frencli artist, and erected in 17S8; a bust of Lafayette, etc. The City Hall, on Broad Street, fronting Capitol Square, is an elegant edifice of Grecian architecture, with a portico at each end of 4 Doric columns. The Governor's House is at the E. end of the square. The County Court-house is about 1 m. from the Capitol. The State Penitentiary, in the W. suburbs, is 300 feet long, and 110 broad, in the form of a hollow square, sur- rounded by extensive grounds. The Alms-house, a spacious building, is in the N. suburbs. The Armory is a large edifice 320 feet long by 2S0 feet wide. The Female Orphan Asylum is supported partly by the corporation, and partly by private munificence. There are about 25 churches, many of which are very han,077 tons ; number of entrances, do., the same statis- tics. Vessels built during the year, 1 schooner — .58 tons. Population— in 1812, 15; in 1315, 831; in 1820, 1,500; in 1S25, 4,274; in 1830, 10,863; in 1835, 17,160; in 1840, 20,191 ; in 1845. 25,265; in 1850, 36,403. The E. side of the river has of late increased its population in greater ratio than the W. side. R. was laid out in 1812, incorporated as a v. in 1817, and as a city in 1834. In 1S12 it contained only 2 wooden frame buildings. It has frequently suffered heavy losses by fire, but has overcome these reverses. The agri- cultural district surrounding it is among the most fertile in the Union, and has contributed greatly to its prosperity. The health of the city is affected by the proximity of the lake, and sudden changes of the weather, high westerly winds, etc. ; but is generally good. Mt. Hope Cemetery, in the S. suburbs, is an extensive inclosure of the most heauti- ftil grounds, improved by art, splendid monuments, etc. Rock Island City, p. c, and cap. Rock Island county, III. : at the junction of Rock river with the Mississippi river, .50 miles below Van Buren, and 131 miles N. N. W. Springflidd. It has been laid out on an extensive plan, is rapidly increasing, and promises to become a place of con- siderable importance. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. The position of the city is one of the best on the Upper Missis,'!ippi,and the country surrounding it affords fine agri- cultural facilities, timber, limestone, and coal in abundance, large quantities of which are transported to other points. The " Rock Island Advertiser"' (whig) is a weekly issue. The Chicago and Rock Island R. R. has its terminus at this point. Pop 1,711. RocKTON, p. v. and sta., Herkimer county, JV. T. : 91 m. Vt. N. W. Albany. Formi,rly called Little Falls. Surface of t. hilly and mountainous ; soil sandy and nrgillaceous loam, watered by Mohawk r., on the S. side of which nms the Erie Canal, and on the N. side the Utica and Schenec- tady R. R. The V. is beautifully situated on both sides of the Mohawk r., and is of some resort for its romantic scen- ery. The gap through which the r. passes is comparatively narrow, and on both sides the wooded hills rise from .350 to 400 fi-et. Their bases are of sandstone, above which are ex- tensive beds of blue limestone, much used for building pur- poses. The canal here ascends in the space of a mile, by 4 locks, about 40 feet. It is supplied with w.ater by a feeder carried across the r. by a handsome aqueduct of 3 arches, one of 70 feet, and two of 50 feet span. At one point the brow of a hill projects into the river, by which the canal was constructed, with expensive diggings and embankments, and by occupying a part of the river bed for the canal. The river has here a fall of 42 feet in half a mile, affording great water-power. Its bed is of granite gneiss, very hard, but easily quarried for building stones, and abounding with quartz crj'stals. The v. is principally on the N. side of the river, and contains several flouring, plaster, and paper mills, woolen factory, machine shop, several furnaces, and other manufactories ; 1 bank, capital $200,000, academy, and 5 churches. Two newspapers are issued weekly, " Mohawk Courier" (dem.), and " Herkimer Journal" (whig). The v. is supplied with water from a spring in the hills, 300 feet above the tops of the houses. Pop, of t. in 1840, 3,881 ; in 1850, 4,855. Rome, t., p. v., sta., and one of the caps. Oneida co., K Y. : on the Mohawk r., 91 m. W. N. W. Albany ; by R. R. from Albany 109 m. Surface of I. chiefly level, or gently undu- lating; soil a fertile clay and sandy loam. Drained E. by Mohawk r., on which is excellent land, and Wood cr., which flows W. into Oneida lake. These streams almost interlock, being only 1 m. separate, and were connected by a small canal before the construction of the Erie Canal, which was bought out when the latter was made. The v. on Mohawk r. is built upon the site of old Fort Stanwyx, built in 1758, and rebuilt in the Revolutionary War, and called Fort Schuyler. The Syracuse and Utica R. R. passes through it, 14 m. from Utica, 38 m. from Syracuse. Here conmiences the Watertown and Rome R. R., completed to Cape Vin- cent, 97 m. The Erie Canal here receives the ecmnection of the Black River Canal, affording communicatiim by water with Lake Ontario, etc. The v., incorporated in 1819, is, withWhitcsboro', a half shire-town for Oneida co., and con- tains a court-house and jail, a flourishing female seminary, 2 banks, with aggregate capital of $287,200, 6 churches, a cotton factory, blast furnace, flouring and saw mills, etc. Here is a United Slates arsenal, to which are attached a magazine and a number of workshops. Two newspapers are issued weekly, " R. Sentinel" (whig) and "Roman Citi- zen" (whig.) Pop. of t. in 1S4(I, 5,680 ; in 1850, 7,918. Rousk's Point, p. v. and sta., Clinton co., iV K .• on the W. side of Lake Champlain, 166 m. N. by E. Albany. It is about J m. S. of the Canada line. Soon after the war of 1812, the United States commenced the construction of a strong fortiflcation, a short distance N. of the v., to guard the entrance of the lake. It was subsequently found that this site was within the Canada line, and the further con- struction of the work, upon which some $400,000 had been expended, was abandoned. However, this spot has since been ceded to the LTnited States, and this fine foitifloation, now in dilapidation, may at some period be completed. At this point, the great railroad route between Ogdeiisburg and Boston, here crosses the lake. Previous to the construction of the raiIroaicturesque appearance, and many of the streets are lined with oaks and sjcamores 6 feet in di- ameter. It is a level and pleasantly situated place, embra- cing a square of about a mile and a half to the side, and derives its name from the river so called. From a fort and its outbuildings, which a few years since constituted the whole inhabited tenements, it has suddenly become a flour- ishing city, and is tiie grand dep3t for the supply of all the northern mines. In April, 1S49, there were 4 houses in the place. The original price of embarcadero, or river lots, was $500, they now command as many thousands. Every thing indicates that this place has received an impetus which other localities will find it difficult, if not impossible, to retard. According to the census of 1850, Sacramento City contained 323 stores of various kinds, 65 blacksmith shops, 6 steam-mills, 5 soda and syrup manufactories, 2 breweries, 80 clothing stores, 8 cabinet shops, 8 livery sta- bles, about 150 eating saloons and hotels — some of the latter of the most costly description ; also 90 physicians, 70 law- yers, 6 churches — 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist (1 colored), and 1 Baptist. A Roman Catholic church is in course of erection. The number of inhabitants in the city proper, or within the city limits, was 6,000 ; but had the res- ident population all been in the city, the number would not have fallen much short of 12,000, while in the country there are about 3,000 citLzens. Out of the whole number there are but 1,460 females of all kinds, grades, and complex- ions. The banks of the river in the. vicinity furnish one of the best farming regions in the State, though the crops on the low lands are exposed to great ravages from the period- ical floods. The gold diggings commence about 30 m. E. of the city, at the entrance of the hills, which rise rapidly to the eastward till they terminate in the high ridge of the Sierra Nevada. The gold was first discovered on the 8. fork of the American r., 50 m. from Sacramento, and all that neigliborhood is still much resorted to by miners. Steamboats ply daily between this city and San Francisco, I and considerable trade is carried on by sailing vessels. The river is navigable up to the town at all seasons of the year, and the trade is rapidly increasing. Like San Francisco, this city has suffered considerably by fire, which, although causing immense losses, has tended to beautify it, in the form of neater and more substantial buildings. In 1850, the public press consisted of the " Transcript," a daily and weelpearance; they are generally two stories higli, with the second story pro- jecting over the first, the first story of sii.ne, stuccoed, the second story of wood. The streets are narrow, and many Of them very crooked. The climate is celebrated for its mildness, and has made the city a favorite resort for invalids from the Northern Stales. Tlie winter season sometimes passes without a single frost, and there are but one or two months in the year in which they ever occur. In summer, the heat of the day is tempered by the sea breezes, and the evenings are rendered cool and pleasant by the land breeze. An abundance of trees give the place a very rural appear- ance. There is a fine large public square in the E. part of the city, fronting on the sound ; on its W. side is the court- house ; on the N. side a splendid Catholic church, and on the S. side Trinity church, Episcopal, a neat Gothic edifice. There are two other churches and a neat market-place in front of the harbor. Here is a ITnited States land office and the station of a surveyor-general. In the S. part of the city, fronting the Matanzas, are extensive barracks. At the N. end of tlie city, and commanding the harbor, stands Fort Marion, formerly the old Spanish castle of St. Mark, which was completed about a century ago. It contains a number of Spanish guns, etc., which came into possession of the United States with the fort, one of which bears the date of 1 7:'5. One newspaper, " The .Ancient City," is issued weekly. The foreign commerce of St. Augustine, during the year ending June 80, 1S50, consisted in the entrance and clearance of one foreign vessel of 68 tons, having a crew of four men. During the year no vessels were built, and it has no tonnage whatever of its own. This is the oldest set- tlement in the Union, having been founded in 1564 by Spaniards. The present population is about one-half com- posed of Spanish, French, and citizens descendants of other foreign countries. Since the incorporation of the Slate with the Union, this portion of the populiition has been rapidly Americanizing. Pop. in 1S50, 1,934. Saint Louis, p. city, port of entry, and cap. St. Louis co., Mb. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., on the first bluff, 20 m. S. of the confluence of the Missouri r.. and in lat. .3S° 8T' 28" N., and long. 90O 15' 16" W. The distances by river course from New Orleans are 1,210 m. ; from the falls of St. Anthony, 863 m.; from St. Paul, 822 m.; from Galena, 395 m. ; from Alton, 22 m. ; from Pittsburg, 1,189 m. ; from Cincin- nati, 705 m. ; from Louisville and J<'ffersonville, 564 m. ; from mouth of Ohio r., 170 m. ; from Council Bluffs, 687 m. ; from Fort Leavenworth, 418 m.; from Independence, 371 m. ; and from Jefferson City, 157 m. It is the great commercial dep6t of the Upi>er Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Missouri, and their numerous tributaries, furnishing connected water- ways of upward of 8,000 m., and passing through countries rich beyond description in mineral, vegetable, forest, and animal product.s, and requiring for the support of their in- habitants a vast amount of manufactures and productions of foreign countries and the sea-board States. Next to New Orleans, it is the principal port on the Mississippi, and among western cities, is second only to Cincinnati in pop- ulation and wealth. St. Louis occupies the geographical centre of the Missis- sippi Valley. Its advantages, as a commercial dep6t, can not be excelled, and the resources of its immediate vicinity in Missouri are immense. In a circuit of less than 90 m. from the city, iron, coal, lead, and probably copper, are suffi- ciently abundant to supply the Union fir indefinite ages, and of this region St. Louis is the only outlet. Capital alone is wanted to develop these wonderful riches. Nor is this all ; the country around is a magniflcnt agricultural district, yielding abundantly of all the staples of the latitude, and at 390 this point the hunter, the miner, and overland emigrant, take in their supplies before setting out on their various adventures. The locality was first settled in 1764. The site is elevated many feet above the flood-marks of the Mississippi, and is favored in this respect in salubrity. It rises from the river by two plateaux; the first, the alluvial bottom, is 20 feet above the highest flood, and the second, a limestone bank, to the level of the back country, is 40 fn Sun- day morning. St Louis Is the see of the Catholic archdiocese of the same name, and also of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Mis.souri. Among the charitable institutions the most conspicuous are tlie Protestant and Catholic Orphan A.'ylums — the first under the direction of Protestant ladies, and the latter of the CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Sisters of Charity. There are also hospitals, dispensaries, and other charities, for the medical care of the destitute. Literary institutions are numerous. The University of Bt. Louis is some 3 or 4 miles north from the city, but for the accommodation of the medical department, there are appropriate buildings within its limits. The University was founded in 1832, and has 17 professors ; and in 1S50, had 160 students, and a library of 1'2,000 volumes ; and at the same period the medical department had 7 professors and 107 students. The Western Academy of Sciences is estab- lished here, and has a fine museum ; and besides this tliere is a museum of Indian antiquities, etc. According to the census of 1S50, there were within the city 44 common schools, with 2,847 pupils; 15 private schools, with 2,-378 pupils; 9 Eoman Catholic schiwls, with 1,356 pupils ; a Catholic col- lege, with 250 pupils ; two medical schools, with 14 profes- sors, and 262 students. St. Louis is also the site of a United States arsenal, and a few miles below the city are Jefferson Barracks, with accommodations for a garrison of 700 men. The office of the Land District of St. Louis is located here, and also the office of the surveyor-general. The city is supplied with water from the river, which is raised by a steam-engine into a reservoir upon the summit of an ancient mound, and is thence distributed through iron pipes. The streets and public buildings are generally lighted with gas, which is supplied by a company. The public press of St Louis consists of 7 daily, 3 tri- weekly, 1 semi-weekly, and 13 weekly newspapers, and 6 monthly periodicals. The "St Louis Times'' is issued in daily, tri-weekly, and weekly editions; the "St L. Intelli- gencer," daily and weekly ; the " Organ and Reveille," daily and weekly; the "St L. Kepublican," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly ; the " St L. Union," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly ; "Die Wochentliche Auseiger des Westens," daily; "Die ■Wochlentliche Deutsches Tribune," daily ; the " St L. Price Current," the " Union Banner," the " American Banner," the " Shepherd of the Valley," the " Unfere Beit," the " Western Watchman," and the " St. L. Presbyterian," are issued weekly ; and the " Valley Farmer," the " St. L. Probe," the "Insurance Reporter," the "Western Journal," the " Bank Note Detector," and the " Signet," are issued monthly. As a general thing, the press of St. Louis is con- ducted with a high standard of talent, and occupies a first rank in the great department of journalism. Many of its issues have a wide circulation. The growth of St Louis, within the past 20 years, has been wonderfully rapid, and each great interest has kept pace with the whole. It is not alone in commerce that St. Louis is a great city, but in manufactures, the arts, and all other departments of industrial economy. Improvement has gone hand in hand with her general prosperity, and the old shanty of the settler has given place to the substantial dwell- ing of the resident In every thing the change has been great, and a city of grand proportions, with all the elements of future success, has gained a footing where so lately a scattered village, depending on Indian trade and the trap- per for support, alone existed. The census of 1S50 gave St Louis a population of TT,860 of which 73,842 were white— 42,384 males, and 31,458 fe- males; 1,862 were free colored persons — 725 males, and 637 females, and 2,656 were slaves. These numbers constituted 13,161 families, and occupied 9. 662 separate dwellings. The population, in 1S30, was 4,377; in 1840, 16,469— increase 280.9 per cent ; and in 1850, 77,680 — increase 172 7 per cent* The population of the city includes 23,774 Germans, 11,257 Irish, 2,933 Fnglish, and 2,450 natives of other countries, mak- ing an aggregate of 40,114 natives of foreign countries, leav- ing 87,051 for natives of the United States. This presents * A census taken under the State autliorities in 1852, gave the popu- lation of the rity at 94,819, and of the county at 211.0^1— total, 123,85.3, of which 118,385 were white persons, 1,341 free persons of color, and 4,069 slaves. The census of whita persona in the city gives 51,351 males and 4(1,791 females. even a greater disparity between the native and immigrant population that has been supposed to have existed. The im- migrants, however, constitute one of the principal sources of the wealth and prosperity of the city. They have added mil- lions to the value of its real estate, immensely increased the aggregate of the annual returns of its productive industry, and created an important market for the productions of the soil and the wares of the mechanic and the merchant The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st .June, 1850, and producing to the value of $500 and upward, annually, was 1,308, in which was in- vested a capital of $4,377,711 ; and these employed 7,-321 males, and 1,130 females. The annual product of this branch of industry amounted to $15,400,340. The following table, showing the number of e.ach kind of business, the capital invested, etc., is compiled from the census of the year specified : Business, C.-ipital. 104 Carpenters $150,265. . 9 Stone-cutters 28,100 , , 7 Shirt manufacturers 43,000, . 106 Tailors 205,500, 14 Hatters 26.700,. 8 Carriage-makers 56,600 . 9 Iron foundries 389,000, 2 Brass foundries 17,000, 71 Blacksmiths 72.4-30, 16 Breweries 197,550, 50 Cabinet-makers 72,760, 35 Tinners & coppersmiths. 129,300. 1 Type founder 61,800. 10 Chandlers and lard oil i melters ) 3 Tent and awning makers 1,709. 7 Eope-makers 70,230 . 50 Bakers 62,250. 110 Boot and shoe makers . . 73,975. 5 Gur^raiths 4,800. 1 Fire-safe maker 700. 28 Painters and glaziers . . . 67,1-30, 7 Book-binders 7,300 , 3 Plane-makers 5,300, 3 Trunk-,makera 7,700. 7 Locksmiths 3,710. 1 Chair manufactory 1,500, 6 Plumbers 12,500, 6 Tobacco manufactories,, 23,000, 3 Spirit gas distilleries 20,500, 2 Drug and chem, factories 21,000 , 1 Flouring-mill 600 , 1 Shot factory ,.,,. 40,000, 1 Bucket factory 4,000 , 9 Tanneries 70,200. 9 Saw-mills 115,000. 22 Milk dairies 12,8.30, 10 Upholsterers , . . , 49,960 , 24 Saddlers.,. 83,916. 6 Turners , 2,.330. 2 Venetian blind makers. . 4,000. 5 Wire- workers 16,800 . 1 Gold-pen maker 1,000. 19 Flour-mills 439.500 . 3 Planing.mills 47,000 . 3 Patent medi'nemanuf 8. 14,000. 58 Coopers 32,485. 2 Glass factories 50,000 , 3 Sugar refineries 177,000, 2 White lead, castor and 1 j4gooo linseed oil factory ) 4 Soda-watermanufacto's. 16,000 10 Confectioners 6,700 t Whip-maker 600 Males, .557. . 90. .268.. .181.. . 16., 10. ,.$1,171,580 . , 122,700 43,000 650,550 85,150 1.30,000 569,000 25,000 303,1.30 285,925 182,800 287,328 150,000 99,300.. 126.. 100.. 493,950 . 10. . 97. .122, .272. . 14. . 7. .170. . 27. . 15. 13, 5, 30, 7.. . 16,. , 2,. . 25., , 10.. 78.. 103.. , 25., , 46.. .178,. . 8,. , 5., , 15,, , 1.. .181,, , 85,. ,,,8,. ,248.. , 70.. .211., ..160., 91. 28. T. 6,300 215.000 276,640 402,900 10,360 7,000 217,000 55,300 48,000 74.500 12,6-38 3,.500 65,000 67,000 63,00b 45,000 8,600 375,000 6,000 223,900 243,000 83,840 122,800 260,860 12,800 6,500 26,000 2,000 2,367,760 96,000 96,000 288,823 64,000 1,213,600 600,000 -^ . . 60,500 — . . 57,500 — . . 4,800 891 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. BufiiaesB. 4 Lime-kilns 1 Cork manufactory 88 Cigar-makers 2 EcctifiiTS 6 Machinists 5 Starcli factories 44 Brick-yards 6 Sausage-makers 1 Cotton-yarn factory 13 Bricklayers 2 Organ builders 6 Cap-makers 2 Jewelers 3 Bandbox-makers 3 Match factories 40 Butchers 1 Gas company 1 Cotton batting factory . . 1 Fire and Waterproof i roof manufactory . . . ) 1 Spice-mill 1 Lead pipe and sheet | lead factory ) 2 Brush-makers 2 Mustard factories 1 Basket-maker 1 Umbrella-maker 7 Milliners 2 Oil cloth manufactories . 2 Saw factories 3 Vinegar factories 2 Bellows-makers 5 Pork houses 1 Woolen factory 32 Wagon-makers 1 Boat (yawl) builder 2 Distillers 4 Piano-makers 1 Comb-maker 2 Nailors 1 Mill-stone factory 6 Daguerreans 2 MaUiematical instru- | ment makers ) 2 Edge-tool makers 1 Block and pump maker. 2 Saddle-tree makers 1 Ship (steamboat) yard . . „ .. , HanJs employed. Capital. jj.,|^5_ jlg^_ $2,330.. 14.. — .. 2,500.. 8.. — .. 20,180.. 92.. — .. 4,000. 6.. — .. 30,100.. 100.. — .. 25,000.. 17.. — .. 89,000.. 619.. — .. 505.. 6.. — .. TO.OOO.. 40.. 80.. 16,500.. 104.. — .. 3,500.. 8.. — .. 6,150.. 11.. — .. 2,100.. 4.. — .. 420.. 7.. — .. 5,500.. 39.. — .. $49,920.. 111.. — .. 220,000.. 40.. — .. 32,000.. 85.. — .. 9,000.. 10.. — , 14,000.. 12..— 35,000.. 11.. — .. 75,000 Annual I'mJurt. $•21,200 8,700 80,270 28,006 98,000 165,000 301,470 9,600 170,000 104,750 9,200 11,900 5,000 3,700 16,800 $349,650 43,000 73,000 13,500 50,000 14,500 2,100 2,160 7,500 29,500 30,000 34,000 12,500 32,000 799,522 45,000 146,585 750 82,000 8,000 1,000 2,000 10,000 18,000 7,600 8,500 9,000 15,000 125,000.. 85.. — .. 150,000 2,500.. 20.. — . 1,900.. 3.. — . 400.. 2.. — . 4,000.. 8.. 2. 4,300.. 1.. 48. 3,000.. 30.. — . 16,500.. 16.. — . 1,450.. 7.. — . 1.500.. 3.. — . 239,800.. 23.. — . 20,000.. 15.. 10. 27,275.. 121.. — . 150.. 1.. — . 89.000.. 37.. — . 5,500.. 4.. — . 600.. 1., — . 300.. 3.. — . 10,000.. 10.. — . 8,000.. 8.. — . 2,000.. 2. 3,500.. 15. 8,000.. 17. 3,500.. 34. Total $4,377,711 7,321 1,130 $15,400,340 St. Louis must, at nirdistant day, become important as a manufacturing city. The heaviest business, as shown above in this department, is that of iron-ware. The State boasts of her mountains of ore, and the coal region is at the im- mediate doors of the city. Within a few years past, the articles made of iron have multiplied beyond any expecta- tion ; railing, fencing for agricultural u.se, window-sashes, door-fronis, columns, caps, telegraph-wire, and water-pipe, are only a few of the uses to which iron has lately been applied ; and already speculation begins to whisper about entire buildings being constructed, and entire streets paved with it. The shops of St. Louis already compote with the best artisans elsewhere, for the manufacture of steam-engines, and of every species of machinery. A connection with Pilot Knob, and Iron Mountain, by railway, will obviate at once the difficulties of transportation, by placing the ore at the furnace, cheaply and expeditiously, and thus bring into general use this great metal. Missouri contains, then, within her own bosom, an element of wealth that has not yet been brought into requisition, and which is destined, at no distant day) to give a strong and vigorous pulsation to her growth in wealth. Besides this, lead and copper ore are abundant, exhaustless, and second in quality to the yield of no other region. The contiguity of these minerals to St. Louis, ren- der the mines of far more value than those of Lake Superior., and will bring a belter return for capital than the invest- ments made in the mines of that region. If St. Louis, during the ten years preceding 1'550, increased from a fraction over 16,000 to nearly 80,000 witlioul the im- pulse of railroads, and notwithstanding many drawbacks, what must be her progress, and what her population during the decade next succeeding, when, independent of other causes of increase, the city will have more railroads concen- trating within her limits, than Boston now has. To say that it will have half a million of inhabitants, and be the third cily in the Union in size, would be only relying upon what the past and present is proving, and what the future Indicates un- erringly. It has hitherto duplicated its population every four years, and hence the reader may easily calculate the result at the period alluded to. The people of St. Louis and of the State have decided for themselves what shall be their destiny. They have entered upon measures of public improvement, the vastness of which is only equaled by the wisdom tliat has planned them ; and such is the solid wealth, credit, and fixed purpose of the people, that they will certaiidy carry out what they have begun, and push on to completion the great railroads — the Pacific, the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Louis and Northern Missouri, and others in various directions. Knowing its own resources, St. Louis views with no jealous eye, the efforts made in Illinois and elsewhere, to carry out railroad enterprises, such as the Central E. E. from Galena and Chicago to Cairo, and the various cross lines that are being extended from the lakes to the Mississippi — the latter, profitable as they may be to the parties interested, will yet mainly benefit St. Louis, by converting the thinly inhabited country tlmsugh which they pass into populous and flourish- ing districts, whose people will resort to her to exchange their products for her manufactures, and the various supplies which now reach her from the West Indies, from the south and the east; while the Central Eailroad, by developing a still greater region, comparatively unimproved, and sparsely settled, extending through Illinois north and south, will create and open to the trade of St. Louis a populous belt of country in front and to the right and loft, the main road through which will be reached in less than two hours' time, by the cross lines to the east. By virtue of railroad connections, St. Louis will thus be m.ade the immediate centre of commerce and manufacture of 1,500,000 people in Illinois and Missouri, while in ten years its own people, in all probability, will approach half a million, and itself be the acknowledged exchange mart of 4,000,000 people. The receipts at St. Lmiis of principal articles of produce for the years 1849, '50, '51, and '52, were as follows : Articles. 1849. IS.'iO. l&M. 1852. Wheat bush 881,428 927,346 1,700,708 1,591,886 Flour, per riv., bis 301,983 298,231 ) jgg ^^^ jg^ ggj " " wagon " — 32,852 i ' ' Corn sacks 142,182 484,014 1,840.900 344,720 Oats " 126,835 84S.716 794,421 823,081 Barley " 44,613 34,744 101,674 47,264 Pork bbis 113,909 101,562 103,013 66,306 " tierces — 1,873 15,793 2,704 Salt sacks 2S9,.580 261,230 216,933 266,616 " bbls 22,557 19,158 46,250 42,281 Hemp bales 45,227 60,862 65,336 49.122 Lead pigs 591 ,S51 573,502 503.571 409,314 Tobacco ....hhds 9,664 9,055 10,371 14,053 " ....bo.xes — — 8,380 12,388 " bales — — — 300 Beef bbls 14.837 6,049 8,S72 11,165 " tierces .3,121 2,586 5.G40 6,546 Dry Hides.... No. 68,395 94,228 99,736 42,201 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. Articles. Nails kegs Whisky bbls Sugar hhds " bbls " boxes " bags Coffee sacks Molasses bbls Lard " " tierces Bacon tierces " ca^ks Bacon bbls " boxes " pieces " lbs " Bag'd Hams Bulk Pork . . casks " "... boxes " " ..pieces " " lbs 12, Lumber feet 24. Shingles " 7. Laths "10, Staves " Bagging ..pieces Bale Rope... coils 1849. 28,4T1 22,814 3,000 3,004 58,T02 31,21T 64,615 11,041 15,512 2,195 21,764 1,040 2,263 ,589,-360 ,188,651 ,334,500 ,290 IS.iO. 25,959 25,796 5,034 ) 12,383 ) 73,078 29.518 61,525 i 17,925 I 14,5-19 7,087 23,248 1 3,019 ) 1,330 I 46,978 82,496 2,893 1,096 100 301,381 1,481,747 14,676,099 4,316,000 283,000 807,033 18.'il. 57,862 47,991 29,276 97,148 40,446 35,283 84,687 27,672 — 31,745 101,904 96,240 40,251 54,935 52,208 42,515 14,450 11,815 16,791 11,285 1,654 1,790 6,629 18,809 2,746 84,088 3,650 42,121 The commercial importance of the city is more readily made visible by a view of its shipping trade. Below will be found statements showing the arrivals, tonnage, etc., of steamboats and barges in the years 1847, '48, '49, '50, '51, and '52 respectively : Arrivals from 1S47. 1843. 1S49. 18,50. 18.M. I&i2. New Orleans 502. .. .426.... 313. ...303.... 800.... 330 Ohio River 430. . . .429. . . .401 . . . .493. . . .401. . . .520 lUinois River 658. . . .690. . . .686. . . .788. . . .634. . . .858 Upper Mississippi. 717 697. Missouri River 314 827. Cumberland — — . Cairo 146. ...194. .. .122. . .. 75. . . .119. . ..223 Other ports 202 ... .396 ... .217 .... 215 ... .175 .... 201 806. ...635. ...639. ...705 •355.... 890.... 301.... 317 — .... — .... 43.... 30 Total 2,969.. 3,159.. 2,975. . 3,2.39.. 2,612.. 3,174 Tonnage... — .. —633,892 681,252.. — .. — Keel boats. — .. — .. 166.. 115.. — .. — The imports from foreign countries, according to the U. S. Treasury Reports in 1850. were valued at $859,643. Ton- nage owned in the district 28,907 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and of which 24,956 tons were navigated by steam. Five steamers (1,354 tons) had been built during the year. The following is a statement of the principal transactions at the custom-house in the years 1851 and 1852 ; 1852. 18.51. The foreign value of goods,wares, and merchandise, imported into St Louis from foreign countries, and entered for consumption at this port in 1852 $954,956 00 $757,509 00 Foreign value of merchandise re- maining in public store on 81st Dec., ult 11,566 00 8,261 89 The foreign value of merchandise entered at other porta for trans- portation hither, but not yet re- ceived, estimated 72,951 00 107,902 00 Total $1,089,478 00 $878,672 89 Of the above-mentioned goods, wares, and n\erchandise, enter- ed for consumption in 1852, the imports were from the following countries : From England, the foreign value of which was France Germany and Holland Spain and Dependencies 262,886 00 220,770 00 Brazil 98,086 00 68,983 00 Manilla (E. I.) 62,963 00 Other countries 6,705 00 $431,.343 00 .$406,118 00 75,258 00 38,404 00 22,695 00 23,2.39 00 Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 1413,172 00 $2,S9,753 00 118,276 00 1.33,401 00 182,894 00 100,211 00 80,729 00 98,786 00 59,826 00 81,482 00 110,814 00 24.287 00 32,985 00 24,712 06 520 00 2,257 00 756 00 2,618 00 5,733 00 The general descriptions of mer- chandise imported and entered for consumption are, viz. : sugar and molasses, foreign cost Hariiware, cutlery, etc Railroad iron Earthen and glassware Tin-plate, tin, iron, copper, etc. . . Dry goods and fancy goods Brandies,wines, gins, cordials, etc. Burr stones Drugs and medicines Cigars Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 Amounts of duties on imports col- lected $290,168 85 $239,818 68 Hospital moneys 8,129 89 2,941 03 Total amount collected in 1852 $293,298 74 $243,259 Tl Amount expended in 1852 for re- lief of sick and distressed sea- men $3,162 01 $5,44144 Tonnage on steam vessels remain- ing on 81st Dec, 1852 86,372 00 St. Louis is divided into six wards, and is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and common council. Besides the ordi- nary State courts, it has also a separate court of common pleas, with jurisdiction very similar to the circuit court, a criminal court, a court of probate, and a recorder's court. These are local courts, exercising jurisdiction only in the county, and the reconier's jurisdiction is confined to small offenses within the city limits. The following is the valua- tion of the old and new limits of each ward in 1851, together with the tax which each ward paid in that year. YAUTATION IS 1851. Wards. Old Limits. First Ward $501,794.... Second Ward .... 652,021 .... Third Ward 6.263.644.... Fourth Ward 6,379,725 .... Fifth Ward 2,920,098.... Sixth Ward 861,992.... New Limits. Total. $3,267,984... $3,769,723 834,265... 1,486,286 2,519,861 . . . 8,783,505 1,952,429... 8,832,154 1,287,420... 4,207.518 4,790,021... 5,152,013 Total $17,079,274 $14,651,930 $31,731,204 TAXES IN 1851. Wards. Old Limits. New Limits. Total. First Ward $5,696 $36,696 $42,892 Second Ward 40,681 9,286 49,967 Third Ward 68,999 21,654 90,653 Fourth Ward 70,404 27,790 98,194 Fifth Ward 82,824 15,044 47,368 Sixth Ward 4,026 53,988 58,014 Total $222,130 $164,458 $386,588 A list embracing the names of those citizens who own property within the city limits exceeding $100,000 in value has been compiled from the assessment books. No one CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. will misconceive the sense of the list. The figures opposite every name indicate, not the assessed value of all their real estate, nor the total of their wcallli, but the value of their properly within the city limits only, as affixed by the city tissessor : Allen, Thomas Ashley, Elizabeth.. . Benoist, Louis A Berlhold,I5. est Biddle. John Bogy,L. V Boyce, Octavia Brant, J. B Carr, Wm. C Chamber, Charles... Chouteau, P., Jr Chouteau, Henry.. . . Clemens. Jame.s, Jr. Deaver, Larldn, est.. Ewing, Benoist, et al Finney, J. and AV... Gaty, McCune & Co. Gay, J. H Graham, Eiohurd. .. $3"4.610 r21,.3U0 200,000 101,600 115,700 191,000 310,000 312,600 128,000 125,000 290,000 185,500 342,000 115,300 113.000 163,000 171,000 11.5,800 200,000 Harney, W. S. Harney, Mary Lindell, Jesse G.. . . Lindell, Peter Lindell, P. and J. 6. Lucas, James II Lucas & Hunt MuUanphy, Bryan.. O'Falton, Col. John. Page, D. D Pratte, Bernard Rankin, Kobert, est. Shaw, Henry Slickney & Scollay.. Tyler, Robert Waddingham, Wm. Walker, Isaac Walsh, J. and K. . . . Wood, James $181,900 266,000 102,700 420,000 148,400 452,000 593,000 291.000 328,300 427.500 118,200 155.700 204,100 132,000 337,000 110,600 307,500 166.500 107,000 Besides the above, there are 273 persons whose property is severally valued from 20,000 to 99,000 dollars. The thirty years since 1S20 have effected vast changes in the wealth and general circumstances of St, Louis, and an exhibit of the assessment of that day along with one of the present time can not prove altogether without interest. Many wealihy citizens of the old times have now, from some cause or other, dwindled into poverty, and many others who a few years since did not own a foot of real es- tate, have become millionaires to-day. The contrast, if in some cases painful, is at all events curious. Only those tax- payers whose representatives, or who themselves are still living, are noticed in the following list. Of the 429 tax-pay- ers that there were at that time, the names of only the prin- cipal 85 are given. Basseroa, Charles $6,225 Berthold, Bartholomew 7,600 Bates, ¥.dv.\\ 1.000 Bobb, John 2,800 Benoist, Toussain and Seraphim 1,200 Chensa, Antoine 9,175 Clark, Gov. William.. . 9,9.30 Chambers, William... 1,200 Chouteau, Sr. Pierre. .13,025 Choute.au, Sr. Augnste 9,105 Duchoquette, Baptiste. 3.500 Duehoquette. Francois 1,245 Duncan, Pvobert 1,865 Everheart, George 720 English, Elkanah 1,020 Essex & Hough 3,600 Forsyth, Thomas 2,215 Farren & Walker, Drs. 1,700 Farrar, Barnard G .3,700 Furgusnn, Peter 1,925 Finney, John 240 Geyer, Henry S 4,330 Gratoist, Charles 8,300 Gamble, Archibald 2.500 Giddings, Salmon 1,200 Hunt, Wilson P 600 Hawkin, Jacob 5-30 Hanley. Thomas 8,530 Hunt, Theodore 1,200 Hammond, Samuel... 7,900 Keimerly, James 6,125 894 Kennerly, Jas. & Geo.. $8,000 Kerr, Bell & Co 20,000 Kerr, Matthew 3,600 Lisa's, est 10,065 Labadie, Maria Antoin- ette, est 5,000 Lindell, J. & Co., com- posed of P., J., &,T.L. 5,050 Labeaume, Louis, est. . 300 Laveille, Francois 415 Long, G.abriel 2,000 Lakenan, James 1.720 Lee, Mary Ann 1,720 Lane, William Carr. , . 1,000 Labbadie, Joseph L, . , 1,525 Landreville, Andre 7,875 Lecompte, Margaret. . . 9,305 Lucas, John, B. C 10.000 Mullanphy, John 8,100 Mackay, James 1,,500 Moore, James 1,2S0 M'Nair, Alexander 6,400 M'Guire, Thomas 1,910 M'Knight & Brady 8,300 O'Fallan, John 2,450 Papin, Alexander 8,715 Provencher, J. L 1,500 Provencher, Peter 1,215 Prim, John 1,200 Paul, Rene 4,6S0 Paul, Gabriel, 4,850 Papin, Hypt. and Sylv. 5,985 Papin, Theodore $2, Phillibert, Joseph 4. Paul & Ingram 20, Pratte, B, and Jos 11, Price Eisdon H 8. Phillipsen, Jos 11, Pratte, Bernard 10, Quarlas, Robert 3, Reed, Jcs.?e 4, Rector, Wm 10, Rankin, Robert Roubidox, Jas. and P. 9, Reed, Jacob, est 1, Rector, Elias 1, Riddock. Thomas F... 7, Reynard, Hyacinth 7, Sullivan, William 2, Sarrade Jean 1, Smith, William, est 5, Scott, Moses 1. Smith, Oliver C 2. Simpson, Robert 4, Sarpy, John B $6 Sanguinette, Marianne G Stokes & Ashley 4 Scott, Alexander 2, Thornton, John. .. Tisson, Louis H. . . Tesson, Michael 9, Town & Dent 2 Tracy AWahrendorff.. 3 Vcmphul, Henry 5 Valnis, Francois 3. Wiggins, Samuel 1 Whetmore, Alphonzo, 1 White, Isaac W White, Joseph Wolford, Ann 2. Walker, David C 2,: Wilier i& Page 1 Wherry, Mackay 1. Wash, Robert 3. Yosle, Theaste 4, 8T0 ,415 000 ,500 5C 800 ,stwi.ie. American. Foreign. Total. No. •runs. Ko. Tons. No, Tons. No. Tons, Steamers. 90. 57,758. 66. 68,511. 2.. 778.. 158. 127,047 Ships.... 22. 18,739.141.112,1.35. 93. .51,4->S. .256.182,302 Barks.... 43. 12,170. 74. 21,868.134. .52.577.. 256. 86.615 Brigs.... 92. 16,416. 64. 11,625.107. .18.477.. 263. 45,518 Schooners453. 29,424. 46. 5,545. 59.. 6.728.. 558. 41,657 Total ..705 1.33,507 391 219,644 405 129,9831,491 483,139 The amount of gold dust shipped by steamers from the port of San Francisco, during the year euding 31st Dec, 1852, was, according to a table carefully prepared by Adams & Co., $45,587,803 ; of which .$39,007,367 was destined for ' New York, $470,783 for New Orleans. $6,020,027 for Lon- don, $46,000 for Panama, and $43,626 for San Juan. The shipments for the several months were, .$2,905,770 for Jan., $1,770,122 f>r Feb., $2,173,304 for March, $3,467,293 for April, $5,470,923 for May, $3,570,266 for June, $4,119,509 for July, $3,619,929 for Aug., $4,108,6.30 for Sept., $5,067,386 for Oct., $5,253,499 for Nov., $4,056,172 for Dec. The amount of gold dust manifested and shipped by sail- ing vessels during the same time was $213,518 ; of which $97,907 was sent to Valparaiso, $22,611 to Hong Kong, .$47,000 to Canton, $7,000 to Shanghae, and 39,000 to ports in China. The amount of coin manifested during the same time was $455,253; of which $185,061 was shipped to Hong Kong, $12,000 to Whampoa, $25,000 to Shanghae, $75,350 to ports in China, $32,432 to Valparaiso, $49,8.!>0 to Manilla, $4,000 to Punta Arenas, and $71,000 to Honolulu. The total amount of gold dust and coin manifested and shipped on board steamers and sading vessels during the year 1S52 was $46,256,574. This, of course, does not show- all the gold dust exported during the year, as many vessels are in the habit of taking large amounts abroad without noting them on their manifests. To obtain the actual export it would be necessary to add these unknown shipments, and also an estimate for the amount taken away in the hands of passengers. This last may safely be put down for the year at $10,000,000, showing a total export of gold from California during the year 1852 of about $56,000,000. The history of San Francisco since the American occu- 899 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. pancy, is full of inlerest and instruction. Within the brief space of 5 or 6 years, it has risen from a comparatively small village, to a mighty city, commatiding the trade of the world, and the destined port of a large moving population. The war with Mexico, which brokt; out in 1S46, gave a first impulse to its commerce, by requiring the shijiment of sup- plies for military purposes. In March, 1S47, there were in the harbor the extraordinary number of six vessels — the imports for the last quarter of that year amounted to $49,600, and the exports to $53,600. At tiiis period, the number of inhabitants, exclusive of Indians, was 875. Eight months later, when a census was taken by the Board of School Trustees, the number exceeded 800, of which CO were of scholastic age. This increase of more than 100 per cent, in eight months, took place before the discovery of gold, and when California was sought merely for agricultural and commercial purposes. The first school-house was completed in Dec, 1S47, and the town council passed a resolution, that "not exceeding $400 be appropriated to the payment of the teacher of the public school of this place, $200 to be paid at the expiration of the first six months, and $200 to be paid at the expiration of twelve months, from the commencement of the school. This was the day of small things. Gold was a scarce article, except as a hidden treasure. The first American school in California was duly opened on Monday, 8d April, 1S4S. It appears that the early settlers were bent on reducing the town to the order and decorum of some Atlantic cities. Ordinances were passad in 1S47 imposing a fine of $5 on any person allowing hogs to run at large, and a fine of $20 on any person discharging fire-arms within a mile of the public square. Complaints wore even made in the newspaper, against the practice of smoking cigars in the magistrates' office and other public places. In January, 1S47, an ordinance was published, directing that the name of Yerba Buena, as ajiplied to the town, be changed to San Francisco, in all public documents and records. On the 13th Sept., the first election was held, for six members of council. The number of votes polled was 200. The "steamboat" made its experimental- trip on the 15th Nov. of that year. This pioneer in steam navigaticm was a diminutive vessel, the name of which is not given. In April, 1S47, a semi-monthly mail was established to San Diego and other southward points. On the 1st of April next "year, tlie " California Star Express'' left by the overland route. This formidable enterprise, the first regular convey- ance to the States, was announced to go through, as far as Independence, in 60 days. The postage on a letter was 50 cents. Early in 1848, an excitement appears to have taken hold of the public mind, in regard to the supposed mineral treasures of the country ; but it is worthy of remark, that gold was the metal least thought of. The quicksilver mines near San Jos6 had long been known and worked. Copper was discovered somewhere, saltpetre and sulphur also, a quarry of limestone was opened, and coal had been found near San Francisco. Silver it was said had also been discovered. To this metal, indeed, more than any other, was expectation directed, and people seemed to have an idea that the land was underlaid with silver ore. The first discovery of gold was made near Sutter's Fort, .30 miles from New Helvetia, in Dec, 1847, and by the ensuing spring, the " yellow fever" as it was facetiously called, had carried off the greater part of the population. Stores were closed, and houses left tenantless, and every thing wore a desolate and sombre look. Lawyers, merchants, grocers, carpenters, and cooks, rushed in one motley assemblage to the mines. The newspapers ceased their issues. This .suspension of trade and business, however, was soon succeeded by the most extraordinary activity. Adventurers from all nations, and merchandise of all kinds began to pour into the town, on its way to the mining regions. The forsaken buildings re- ceived a new tenantry, and the store-houses were in demand for mercantile purposes. In August, emigrants began to arrive at the rate of 500 a month, and in the middle of 400 September, the harbor is described as crowded with ship- ping, the wharf lined with goods, and the streets filled with a busy throng. In the first two months of the golden ago, the amount of dust brought into San Franeisap was estimated at $250,000 ; and in the next two months, at $600,000. In Sept., 1848, an era took place in the history of the city: a square-rigged vessel — the brig Belfast, from New York, had arrived, laden with a valuable cargo. She hauled up at Broadway wharf, the only one accessible to such a vessel, and there discharged. No sooner was she known to be landing her cargo, than real estate rose 50 per cent. A vacant lot on the corner of Washington and Montgomery streets, at that time bordering on the water, which had been offered for $5,000 and refused, sold readily the very next day for $10,000. The first brick building was erected at the corner of Montgomery and Clay streets, in Sept., 1S4S. About this time projects were started for establishing a temperance society and rflyceum, but most persons thought that a theatre was most the suitable moral exponent ; a pro- position was also made to establish a hospital for miners etc In November, at a public meeting, the Eev. T. D Hunt was elected " chaplain for the city." At the election in October, 1848, 158 votes were polled ; in December, 1848 the voters numbered 347, and in the August next year 1,519 votes were polled. In December, 1848, the public school was re-opened. In November, 184S, when the people re- turned from the mines for the winter, the effects of the gold discovery were most generally felt. Lota that in the spring were sold at from $100 to $2,000, now ranged from $1,000 to $15,000, and rents had quintupled. In February, 1849, the population was estimated at 2.000. The duties collected at the custom-house in 1848 were — 1st quarter, $11,9.31 ; 2d quarter, $8,885; 3d quarter, $74,827, and 4th quarter, $100,480. The exports of merchandise amounted to about $1,000,000, and the imports of coin to about the same amount, while the exports of gold dust for the last six months were $2,000,000, or something less than the quantity regularly exported every two weeks fonr years after. The first fire, for which incidents San Francisco has become famous, occur- red in January, 1849, burning the Shades Hotel, and in June, the ship Philadelphia was burnt in the harbor. On the 1st February of the same year the "California," the first steamship in the mail service, arrived. On the 18th of May arrived the ship Grey Eagle, of Philadelphia, having made the passage in 117 days — thus far the quickest passage. It was computed that the number of emigrants in the country in June of this year was 15,000, of whom the greater portion had debarked at this port. Sixty-four vessels were in the harbor. In the month of July there arrived by sea 3,614 souls. Some idea of the rapid march of the country in those times may be formed, from the fact that, on a single day, the 1st July, there arrived 17 vessels with 889 passengers. In August the population was computed at 5,000. The num- ber of arrivals during the month had been 3,895. In Sept., 5,802 arrived, and in October about 4,000. The Baptists built the first Protestant house of worshq) in California, and dedicated it on the 5th .Vugust, 1849. Central wharf was finished in the latter part of this year. In October a little iron steamboat was launched, and was placed on the route to Sacramento. On one of her trips she brought a number of salmon from Sacramento, which sold readily at $1 per pound, and some of the fish brought as high a price as $45. The steamboats MKim_ and Senator were shortly after put on the same route. All these vessels were crowded with passengers. An election to adopt the constitution, and to choose State officers, was held on the 13lh November, when the number of b.allots cast was 3,169, of which only 5 were in the negative. In the winter of 1819-50 the business of San Francisco was almost suspended on account of the im- p.nssable condition of the streets from rain, and in nuraerousA instances persons are said to have perished in the mud. At this period the most motley population in the world was congregated in San Francisco, and the capricious taste of CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. the citizens, in regard of dress, served to ndd to Mie ap- parent diversity. Every man had liis own standard of fashion entirely independent of the rest of the world. As the female population increased, however, the costume of the men began to approach a more uniform standard, and now, even the slouch hat, which so long distinguished the Californian, has given place to trim and formal modes from Broadway and Chestnut Street. In those days the humor of the people inclined them not in the slightest degree toward intellectual pursuits. From the multitude of gam- bling and drinking houses, and the crowds that filled them, one might have inferred that drinking was a universal habit, and that gambling was a regular occupation of one- half of the people, and the nightly diversion of the other half. In the progress of civilization and refinement, during the winter two theatres were kept in operation, and a por- tion of the citizens began to amuse themselves with con- certs, balls, dinner parties, and military suppers. The first rush homeward took place in this winter. Driven from the mines by the weather, many of the most fortunate adven- turers looked toward their distant friends. All tickets for the steamers being taken, extraordinarj' prices were offered for them — for steerage tickets, the original cost of which was $1.50, as much as $450 was frequently given. The first of the series of calamitous conflagrations that have marked the history of the city, broke out on the 24th Dee., 1S49, and consumed, in houses and merchandise, property valued at $1,000,000. The Are of Nov., 1S52, burned over a portion of the same ground, tjut with less destruction. Early in 1S50 an express wagon made its appearance in the streets ; and in January of this year, a curious incident transpired, in the public sale of three females from Sidney, to pay their passage money. They were sold for five months at $15 each — the captain of tlie vessels pocketing the money with entire satisfaction. In March was formed the " Stranger's Benevolent Society," for the relief of the indigent sick. From the 12th April, 1849. to the 29th Jan., 1S50, a period of little over nine months, there arrived by sea at San Fran- cisco, 39,3SS immigrants, of whom 1,421 were females. Of S05 vessels from which they landed, 4S7 were American and 318 foreign. In the year ending 15th April, 1850, there had arrived 62,000 passengers in 695 American and 418 foreign vessels. The winter of 1849-50 witnessed the first step to- ward the formation of the present enormous debt of the city. The expenditures for December were $135,000, and the re- ceipts $175,000, being a balance in the treasury of $40,000. In January and February the expenditures were $201,000, and the receipts only $137,000, leaving a deficit of $24,000, which was the nucleus of the present debt. Two-thirds of tl'.e receipts were from the sale of city lots. The debt then begotten increased rapidly, and in a little more than a year readied the enormous sum of $1,000,000. When the treasury was exhausted, scrip was issued, bearing interest at 3 per cent per month. The credit of the city growing worse and worse, the scrip depreciated until it would not command over one-third of its nominal value. Persons having claims against the city drew up bills for two or three times the amount of the claim, so that they might realize from the sale of the scrip the full amount of the debt in cash. Thus a tradesman furnishing a $1,000 worth of sup- plies to the hospital would present his bill for $3,000, and receive that amount in scrip bearing interest as above. When the debt was funded and converted into 10 per cent, bonds, he received bonds equal to the amount of the scrip and interest, that is to say, if the scrip had nm six months the city paid him $3,540 in bonds, with an annual interest of $354, or more than one-third the original debt. A more extraordinary specimen of financiering can scarcely be con- ceived. In the course of the year 1850 the principal streets were graded and laid with planks. Commercial Street, from Montgomery to Kearny, was first completed. Antici- pating another winter like the past, the preparation of the streets was hastened as the autumn advanced, and when Z the season of rain arrived, the chief thoroughfares were ef- fectually covered with wood. The winter, however, brought but little rain, and the fires of May and June following, de- stroyed a large portion of the costly expenditure which had added largely to the debt of the city. After introducing the subject, says Dr. Gibbons, from whose " Brief Sketch of San Francisco" the greater part of this article has been re- duced, it would not be right to pass without commendatory notice, the arrangements finally adopted to redeem the credit of the city and to pay off the million and a half of dei:)t. The funding of the debt and the issuing of bonds bearing interest at 10 per cent, per annum, has already been mentioned. The bonds were made payable in twenty years, and provision was made to redeem apportion annually. The citizens co-operated earnestly in the movement, and submitted cheerfully to the imposition of a heavy tax for the purpose. The credit of the city was at once restored, and the bonds rapidly approaclied to their par value. The transition from utter and hopeless bankruptcy to a basis of secure.and permanent credit, and that, too, after the disas- trous fires of May and June, 1850, and the still more ruin- ous conflagrations of May and June, 1S51, which laid the city in ashes a second time, was rapid and extraordinary, exhibiting a degree of energy and courage rarely met with in the history of municipal governments. In the spring of 1S50 there were three daily papers published in the city, the " Alta Californian," the " Pacific News," and the " Jour- nal of Commerce." To tliese were added during the year, the " Evening Picayune," the " Herald," and the " Courier." In less than a year after there were eight daily papers ex- isting in San Francisco. San Jose, p. v., Santa Clara CO., Calif. : the former seat of government ; is located in one of the most pleasant and healthy valleys in the State, 50 m. from San Fran- cisco, and 100 m. S. VaUejo. It is an agricultural place, and its advantages for garden fruits and grains are of the highest order. There is a wharf here, and it is the dep6t where the small craft that ply to and fro in the bay deposit and take in their freights. The vessels range from 10 to 20 tons. The principal quicksilver mines in the State are about 20 m. S. of this place. Pop. 1,200. Santa Fe, p. city, and cap. Santa Fe co., and capital of the Ternionj of New Mexico : is situated about 20 m. E. from the Rio Grande. Lat. 35° 41' 6" N., long. 106° 02' 03" W. Its site is a wide plain, surrounded by lofty mountains. Its elevation above the sea is about 7,047 feet. A small creek, rising in the hills, and flowing past the city to the Eio Grande, supplies it with water. The land around is sandy, poor, and destitute of timber, but the mountains are covered with pine and cedar. The climate is delightful, without extremes ; the sky is clear, and the atmosphere dry. The streets are irregular and narrow. The houses are built of adobes, one story high, with flat roofs, and in square form, with an area in the centre. There are two churches (Catholic) with steeples, but of ordinary construction. The inhabitants are chiefly a mixture of Spaniards and Indians, with a few Americans. Their manners and customs are those of the whole country, and similar to those of other settlements of Spanish origin. For many years this place has been the main point of trade in this region, and many of the companies engaged therein have amassed large for- tunes. In 1850 two newspapers were published, " The New Mexican," weekly, and " Santa F6 EepubUcan," tri-weeldy. Pop. in 1850, 4,846. Santa F6 was founded about 1581. Its history, with that of the territory, previous to belonging to the United States, is a continuous record of barbarism and tyranny. It was taken by Gen. Kearney, on September 8th, 1846. Saratoga Spkings, t., p. v., and sta., Saratoga co., N. Y.: 86 m. by railroad N. Albany. Drained by several smaU streams flowing into Kayaderosseras cr., which bounds it on the S. Surface on the N. hilly, elsewhere level ; soil sandy loam. It contains some manufactures, a number of miUs, 401 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, mechanic shops, etc. This is the most celebrated watering- place in tlie United Stales. Located closely together are a number of mineral springs with various properties, princi- pally me, and received its city charter May 25th, 1S52. In 1TS6, during Shay's rebellion, it was in part the theatre of his movements. Since the construction of the railroads which now so closely connect it with other im- portant cities, it has rapidly increased in population, wealth, and importance. Pop. in 1810, 2,T67 ; in 1820, 3.914 ; in 18-30, 6.734 ; in 1840, 10,985. "When the census of 1840 was taken, it was a much larger township than at present, then comprising also Chicopee Falls, Cabotville, Williraansett, etc., now embraced in ('liicopee township, the population of which with that of Sjiringfleld in 18.50, amounted to 21,602. Tlie sep.irate population of Springfield t., in 1850, and as at present constituted, was 11,706. Springfield, t., p. city, and cap. Clark co., Ohio: on S. side of E. fork of Mad r., 43 m. W. by S. Columbus. It has great water-power, well improved by a variety of mills and manufacturing establishments. It contains a handsome court-house, and other county buildings, 2 banks (one is a branch of the State bank), several academies, and 7 churches. Newspapers in 1S50: "Republic" (whig), tri- weekly and weekly ; and 3 other weeklies, "Gospel Herald," " District Expositor" (dem.), and " M-ad li. Gazette" (whig). Here are located the Wittenberg College, and Theological Seminary, both founded iu 1845. In 1850 the college had T instructors, 37 students, and 4,500 volumes in library ; while the Theological School had 2 professors and 8 students. Several important lines of railro.ad pass through the city, viz.. Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., 134 m. from Sandus- ky, and 24 m. from Dayton, 84 m. from Cincinnati ; Little Miami R. R., from Cincinnati, 84 m. ; Springfit-ld, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg li. R.. in construction to Loudouville, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. E., 115 m. ; and the Springfield and Columbus R. R., 19i m. to connection at Loudon with Columbus and Xenia R. R.. 43 m. to Colum- bus—all of which have connections with other principal railroads. Pop. of city in 1840 (then a village), 2,0(j2 ; in 1850, 5,108. Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,349; in 1850 (including City), 7,814. Steubenvii-lk, t, p. v., and cap. Jefferson county, Ohio: on an elevated plain on right bank of the Ohio river, -30 m. above Wheeling, Virg.^Vl'i m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a tributary of the Ohio r. The v. is neatly and regularly laid out, was incorporated in 1835, and has many fine man- sions, several churches, a neat and commodious court-house, and other county buildings, a bank, and considerable manu- factures, a rope-walk, boat-yard, and printing offices. Itis 406 altogether a handsome village, and an important one. The manufacture of woolen and cotton goods, steam en- gines, silver-plating, glass, etc., is carried on ; there are also iron and brass foundries. In the vicinity the raanufacinries of copperas yield 160 tons per annum. Over a thousand persons are employed in the factories, and the town is fast increasing year by year. Much attention is paid in the neighboring country to the raising of Merino and other su- perior breed of sheep. Inexhaustible beds of stone coal are found throughout a great portion of this region. The v. contains 6.140 inhabitants. It has several academies of re- putation, and IS amply provided with common schools, etc. The newspapers published here are the " Messenger" and " Herald," semi-weekly and weekly issues, and the " Amer- ican Union," a weekly. Steubenville is on the E. and W. line of railroads connecting Pennsylvania and Ohio, and it is also connected with Cleveland on the one hand and Wheeling on the other by an extension of the Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. The t. of Steubenville in 1S40 had 5,203 inhabitants, and in 1850, 7,224. Stockton, p. v., and cap. San Joaquin co., Calif. : on the Stockton slough or canal (which contains the "back wa- ters" formed by the junction of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers) about 3 m. from its junction with the San Joaquin. 100 m. E. by water from San Francisco, and 59 m. direct from Vallejo. This is one of the principal cities of the State, ranking next to San Francisco and Sacramento. First settled in 1844, by C. M. Weber, who obtained a grant from the then governor of Calilbrnia for a largo section of country; made a pueblo in 1845, when there were seven residences, and was abandoned in the succeeding year. In 1848 the settlement was successfully established, .ind in 1819 it was a c.invas city of 1,000 inhabitants, with a fleet of mer- chant vessels lying before it. The Stockton slough is divided into three branches ; the city occupies the peninsula between the two northern, and extends also S. to the third branch. The ground on which it is built is liigh, and not subject to overflow, and is in the centre of the two great tracts of ara- ble land which constitute the valleys of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. The San Joaquin is navigable at all seasons to this place for vessels drawing not over nine feet of water, and such is the peculiar formation of the bank that they can hiy directly along it and discharge their cargoes. It is the dep6t for the supply of all the southern mines, and every thing indicates that this point is destined to become one of the great inland martsof this wonderful and growing country, and it is believetoinac, com- manding a beautiful and extensive view, over a broad ex- panse of water, toward the cities of Washington and Georgetown on the N., and Alexandria on the S. The channels of both rivers running near the Arsenal shore, afford all requisite facilities for receiving and shipping ord- nance and other military stores. Although this site was ("■riginally reserved for the purpose of an arsenal, it was not occupied by any building of importance until after the peace of 1S14, when the building of the present establish- ment was commenced under the direction of the late Col. George Bomford. From the small square eiiibracod in the first plan, the buildings have been gradually extended until they occupy nearly the whole reservation, and form one of the principal arsenals of construction in the United States. The workshops contain much useful and ingenious machin- ery, propelleted seems not at all deleterious to longevity, for from their statistical reports of the ages of those who have deceased in their society since its first establishment in this country, show an average of flfty-fiiur years. It is a fact, that these singular people strictly adhere to a life of chastity and virgin purity, and do neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but believe that true Christianity consists in purity of heart, and a life devoted to God in all things — being ingrafted into the true vine, and living the life and imitating the example of Ilim who overcame the world, with all its affections and lusts. Consequently, they have nothing to do with war and blood- shed, and the political strifes of the world, but choose to live in peace with all men. They are temperate and sober la their habits, discarding entirely the use of ardent spirits and its attendant evils, excepting occasionally in medicinal preparations. In lliis society, as in other branches of their community, equal rights and privileges are enjoyed, as no one claims aught as his own ; but each and all receive according to their needs and circumstances, possessing all things in com- mon, whether of a spiritual or temporal nature. The first established and largest Society of Shakers is at New Lebanon, Columbia county, New York, 2i m. S. of Lebanon Springs. There is also another small Society in this State, at Groveland, Livingston county. The following is a brief statement of the several societies located in the other States. Mas^acluiHetts. — Hancock, Berkshire county, 5 m. W. of rittsfield. — Tyringiiam, in the same county, 16 m. S. of Hancock. — Harvard, Worcester county, 80 miles N. W. from Boston. — Suirlby, Middlesex county, 7 miles W. from Harvard. Netc IlampHhire. — Canterbury, Merrimac county, 12 m. N. by E. from Concord.— Enfield, Grafton county, 12 m. S. from Dartmouth College. Connecticut. — Enfield, Hartford county, 5 ra. E. of the Connecticut r., and 18 m. N. E. from Hartford. Maine. — Alfred, York county, 30 m. S. W. from Port- land.— New Gloccesteb, Cumberland county, 25 m. N. W. from Portland. Ohio. — Union Villagf,, Warren county, 4 m. W. from Lebanon, and 27 m. N. by E. from Cincinnati; this is the 418 oldest and largest Society in the Western country. — Also, Watervliet, Montgomery county, 6 m. S. E. from Dayton. — Wuitewatek, Hamilton county, 22 m. N. W. of Cincin- nati. — North Union, Cuyahoga county, 7 m. S. E. from Cleveland. Kentucky. — Pleasant Hill, or Suakertow:^, Mercer county, S m. E. from Harrodsburg ; pop. 342.— South I'nion, Logan county, nearly central between Kussellvillc and Bow- ling Green, 14 m. from the latter, and 50 ra. N. of Nash- ville {Tenn.) ; pop. in 1850, 245. West Point, p. v.. Orange co., N. Y.: on W. bank of Hudson r., 91 m. 8. by W. Albany. Lat. 41° 23' 31. 2" N. long. 73° 57' 03" W. The U. S. Military Academy, here lo- cated, was established in 1802. Its site, with 250 acres at- tached, was ceded by New York to the United States in 1S26. It occupies an elevated plain, commanding most de- lightful views of the river and vicinity, and is surrounded by high hills. The buildings are numerous, and hand- somely built of stone. The number of cadets is 250, of in- structors 35. The course of instruction, chiefly military and scientific, is of the highest order, and occupies four years. Upon graduation, the cadets are immediately appointed as officers in the U. S. army. The average annual appropria- tion of Congress for this academy is .$160,000. This place is of great historical interest, from its connection with the Revolution. In 1777 it was fortified and occupied by the American army, and during the war was garrisoned by a strong division of troops. Avery massive chain was here stretched'across the Hudson, thus preventing, with the aid of the forts, the British from ascending the Hudson and communicating with the Canadian provinces. The niins of Fort Putiuim are still seen. In 1794 a military school was here commenced, but the building was destroyed by fire two years afterward, and the school suspended until 1802, when the present academy was organized. West Troy, p. v., Albany county, N. Y. : on W. bank of Hudson r., 6 m. N. by E. Albany. This flourishing village was incorporated in 1S36, and has had a rapid growth. The Erie Canal here connects with the Hudson r, by lateral canals and locks, and transfers to it a large proportion of the canal-boats with their freight of produce, merchandise, etc., unbroken, which are thence towed by steamboats to New York. A large number of steam-barges, sloops, and schooners are here owned and employed in transportation. The surplus waters of the canal afford very great water- power, improved by numerous factories and mills. Other manufacturing establishments using steam-power, are also numerous. The Meneely bell foundry is the most extensive of the kind in the Union. The general interests of this place are directly connected with Troy, of which it is prop- erly a suburb. It also contains 10 churches, and the Water- vliet arsenal, established here in 1813 by the United States. This is the largest arsinal of construction in the Union, comprising about 40 buildings upon its grounds of 100 acres, employs about 200 men, and at all times has on hand im- mense quantities of munitions of war. The " W. Troy Ad- vocate" (neut.) is issued weekly. Pop. 7,564. West Winsted, p. v. and sta., Litchfield co.. Conn. : on Mad r., a br.inch of Farmington r., 23 m. N. W. by W. Hartford, 45 m. N. by W. New Haven. Here terminates the Naugatuck Pv. R., 62 m. from Bridgeport. This v. is noted chiefly for its manufactures. Water-power is fur- nished by the outlet of Long Lake, an interesting pond 8^ m. long, i m. wide, which lies in an elevated plain, nearly } m. above the plain below. This outlet is but a small stream, in a narrow cb.^nnel, but affords great and perma- nent power to the factories on its banks. Among these are an extensive cutlery establishment; one coach axle do. ; a large machine shop ; a tannery 140 feet long, and 4 stories high; various establishments making hoes, shovels, edge tools, sashes, and blinds; also large scythe factories; 2 woolen do., making satinets and cassimeres ; an iron foun- dry, etc. The flourishing condition and prospects of Win- CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. steel have most favorably affecled its growth, and many new buildings are erecting to accommodate tlie increase of pop- ulation ; among which is a fine hotel, containing over 100 rooms. The Winsted Banli has a cap. of $100,000. "Wheeling, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Oliio county, Vii'Cf. : on E. bank of the Ohio r., 24T m. N.W. Richmond— lat. 4

eef{Ub tons) .... " JEel Grass Shoal (41 tons) ... " Eaton's Neck Jf. Y. Execution Rocks " Sand's I'oint « Old Field Point « Fire Island Inlet " Throgg's Neck « Stony Point " Fort Tompkins « Coxsackie " Four Mile Point " riaugerties " Stuyvesant « Eondout Creek " Montauk « Little Gull Island " Plumb Island " BufTalo (on pier) " Portland Harbor « Dunkirk « On Great or Sandy Point, the N. point of N. Island On Brant Point, Nantucket Harbor Nantucket Harbor, S. side N. E. Point, Martha's Vineyard Chatham Harbor, inside On S. side of Capo Cod, inside of ent. Hyannis Har. On W. chop of Holmes's Hole Harbor W. side Tarpaulin Cove, Vineyard Sound On B. Isl., in Buz. Bay,E. side of ent. to Sippic'n Har. On Sandy Point, S. extremity of Cape Cod On N. point of Vineyard Sound Buz. Bay, S. S.W., N. Bedford, & of Clark's Pt. Light At entrance to E. Harbor, Martha's Vineyard Near Mattapoissett, E. New Bedford E. side Cape Cod Harbor Light, inside C. Cod, head of Wellfleet Bay In Nantucket Harbor — 2 harbor beacons On S. head, S. E. end of Nant. Isl. (flashes li & 3 m.) At entrance H. Harbor, Barnstable co On Wing's Neck, Sandwich, in Buzzard's Bay On N. E. end of P. Island, in New Bedford Harbor On Cohasset Eocks, 9 m. S. E. i E. Boston On N. side of P. Harbor, S. end of Tower of Truro . (Two lamps, 12 cylindric wicks each) On Cross Eip, N. W. of Nantucket (1 lamp & 8 wicks) Near " Sow and Pigs" Eocks (2 lamps, 9 wicks ea.) . Ofl" Chatham (1 lamp and 9 wicks) On Beaver Tail, S. point of Canonicut Island On W. Point, S. E. of Stonington, about 2 m On S E. point of Narragansett Shore On N. end of Goat Island, Newport Harbor. On S. end of Dutch Island On S. end of Warwick Neck (bay light) On N. Point, Providence River (bay light) . . On N. end of Block Island Wickford, North Kingston (bay light) On J. Isl., L. Champlain, 8. side cut. to Burlington W. side of entrance to River Thames On Faulkner's Island, off Guilford Harbor Mouth of the Connecticut River, W. side On point E. side entrance to Stonington Harbor. . . On N. side of Fisher's Island Sound, near Mystic. . Entrance to New Haven Harbor, E. side At entrance of Stratford Harbor Entrance to Black Eock Harbor, Fairfield At entrance of Norwalk River On G. C. Island, near Greenwich Pt., Fairfield co. On North Dumplin Island, in Fisher's Island Sound Off New London (1 lamp, 9 wicks) , On Eel Grass Shoal (1 lamp, 12 wicks) On E. side of Huntington Bay, Long Island Off Sand's Point, Long Island Sound On Sand's Point, E. entrance to Cow Bay On O. F. Point, N. side L. Isl., opposite Strat. Light On E. side of F. Island Inlet, S. side of Long Island On S. E. point of Throgg's Neck, E. of Hell Gate On W. side of Hudson River, below West Point. . . On Staten Island, W. side of Narrows On the W. side of Hudson River, near Coxsackie. . At F. M. Point, 4 m. from Hudson, W. side of river At mouth of Saugerties Creek Near Stuyvesant, on E. side of Hudson River Oppos. mouth of E. Cr. and ent. Del. & Hud. Canal E. end of Long Island On L. G. I., near N. E. end of L. I. S., S. side of m. ent. NearN. E. end of L. I. S'd, and N. of Gardiner's Bay At junction of Buffalo Creek and Lake Erie At Portland, S. E. shore of Lake Erie At Dunkirk, S. E. shore of Lake Erie 41 23 24 41 17 24 41 16 00 41 25 IS 41 40 16 41 36 35 41 23 5T 41 28 07 41 45 09 41 33 35 41 30 67 41 32 17 41 23 27 41 41 01 41 51 40 42 55 00 41 16 5S 41 38 00 42 16 08 41 26 .30 41 IS 09 41 21 35 41 30 00 41 29 30 41 34 00 41 44 00 41 13 24 41 35 00 44 27 00 41 18 55 41 12 3S 41 16 13 41 i9 34 41 IS 54 41 14 41 09 02 41 03 27 41 02 50 40 58 52 40 57 09 40 51 52 40 53 33 40 37 46 40 48 15 40 37 57 41 04 10 70 03 01 70 05 51 70 06 00 70 27 19 69 57 12 70 16 16 70 36 27 70 45 45 70 43 21 09 59 56 70 39 37 70 55 36 70 30 29 76 02 00 69 57 21 70 02 00 69 58 16 70 IS 00 70 45 55 71 24 24 71 52 03 71 29 25 71 19 50 71 26 00 Tl 29 00 71 22 00 71 35 04 71 26 40 73 13 00 72 05 56 72 89 46 72 20 59 71 54 52 71 59 54 72 54 47 73 06 46 73 13 31 73 25 43 73 37 59 73 24 IS 73 44 21 73 07 41 73 13 33 73 48 01 74 03 50 71 51 5S 41 12 18,72 06 57 11 10 21 [72 13 14 42 50 00 1 78 59 00 42 32 41 — m Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fbced Eevol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fi.xed Fi.xed Eevol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol'g F.&E. Fixed Eevol'g Eevol'g Fixed Fi.xed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fi.xed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fi.ved Fixed Eevol'g FLxed Eevol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol'g Fixed Fixed Eevol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol'g Fixed FLxed Fixed 89 160 50 63 47J LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. GaUoo Island J^. Y. Oswego Beacon " Cattaraugus Beacon " Dunkirk Beacon " Genesee (t-e»ip. beacon) " Sodus Bay and Beacon " Tibbctfs Point " Horse Island " Niagara Fort " Stony Point " Ogdensburg " Prince's Bay " Esopus Meadows " Bobbin's Reef " Cedar Island " Silver Creek " Salmon Kiver " Eock Island Beacon " Sunken Rock Beacon " Conover Island Beacon " Cumberland Head " Split Rock " Stratford Paint (100 tons) . . " Sa7idij Ilooh (230 tons) " Sandy Hook (light and 2 b'ns)iV^. Jer. Highl'ils of Nev'sink (2 lights) " Barnegat Shoals " Cape May " Egg Island (gas) " Cohanzey Creek (gas) " Tucker's Beach (red shades) " Bergen Point " Maiu-ice River " Passaic River " Presquc Island Penn. " " Beacon " Fort Mifflin " Brandy wine Shoal " Cape Henlopen Del. Cape Henlopen Beacon " Bombay Hook " Mahon's Ditch " MispiUion Creek " Christiana River (gas) " Eeedy Island (gas) " Breakwater (red) " Five Fathom Rock (195 tons) " Upper Middle Shoal (131 tons) " Bodkin Island Jl/S. North Point, No. 1 " " " "2 " Thomas' Point " Pool's Island « Smith's Island " Concord Point " Cove Point " Point Lookout " Lazaretto Point " Clay Island " Turkey Point " Pincy Point " Sharp's Island " Greenbury Point " Hooper'' Shoals (72-i tons). . . " Cape Henry Virg. Old Point Comfort " Smith's Point •' New Point Comfort " Smith's Island " 424 Geographical Position. On W. point of G. Island, E. part of Lake Ontario On end of W. pier, at entrance of 0. Harbor On pier, Cattaraugus Creek, Lake Erie Dunkirk Harbor, Lake Erie Entrance to port of Genesee, Lake Ontario W. .side entrance to Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario S. E. side of S. entrance to St. Lawrence River . . . On W. end of H. Isl., and "W. of Sackett's Harbor. At junction of Niagara R. ami Lake Erie, E. side. On Stony Point, E. end of Lake Ontario On St. Lawrence River, mouth of Oswegatchio R.. On Staten Island, near S. E. end Opposite Esopus, W. side of Hudson River Off the N. end of Staten Isl., S. W. part of N. Y. Bay Near N. end of Long Island, in Sag Harbor Entrance to Silver Creek Harbor, on Lake Erie . . . N. side of entrance to Port Ontario On R. I., one of the Thousand Isles, St. Lawr'nce R. On S. E., or Rush I. (1,000 isles) St. Lawrence R.. . On C. I (Thousand Isles), St. Lawrence River Near Plattsburg, on Lake Charaplain Near Essex, on Lake Chaniplain Off St. Pt., on middle ground, L. I. Sound (2 lights). 7 m. outside S. Hook, in 15 fathom water (2 lights). S. of ent to N. Y. Har. (main light and 2 beacons) On II. of N. to S. of Sandy Hook lights S. sfde of B. Inlet and N. end of Long Beach. . S. W. point of C. M. and N. of entrance to Del. Bay Del. Bay, N. side, nearly N. N. W. of Cape May W. side Cohangy Creek and N. side Delaware Bay Near Medway, between Old and New Inlets On a block at the end of a reef of rocks of B. point On the bank of M. R. Cove and S. W. side Hays'k I. Near head of Newark Bay At entrance of Presque Island Bay, Lake Erie On pier in Delaware River, opposite Eort Mifflin. . On Brandywine Shoal in Delaware Bay On Cape Henlopen, S. side of entrance to Del. B. . About three-fourths of a mile from main light N. W. end of Bombay Hook Isle, in Delaware Bay On Mahon's Ditch, S. side Delaware Bay At mouth of M. Creek, in Delaware Bay, S. side. . At mouth of Christiana River, N. side On Reedy Island, entrance of Delaware River On Delaware Breakwater On Sandbank off Cape May (2 lights) N. W. of Brandywine Shoal, near middle of Del. B. On B. Island, S. side of entrance to Patapsco River On N. side of ent. to Pat. E. and Port of Baltimore \ 3. of entrance to Annapolis In Chesapeake Bay, N. E. of North Point In Chesapeake Bay, opposite entrance to Potomac At entrance of Susquehanna River N. side of entrance to Patuxent River N. side of entrance to Potomac River N. side of entrance to Baltimore Harbor N. extremity of Tangier S'nd, mo'th of Nanticoke E. At entrance of Elk River, W. side On Potomac River, E. side, 14 m. from its mouth . . Off the entrance of Choptank River N. side of entrance to Annapolis Harbor In Chesapeake Bay, E. side and S. of Hooper's Isl. S. side of entrance to Chesapeake Bay N. side of entrance to Hampton Eoads Near the mouth of Potomac River, S. side 18 m. N. of 0. P. C. and W. side Chesapeake Bay N. E. of C. Charles and of N. ent. to Chesapeake B. Astronom. Position. Latitude. d. m. s. 4:3 51 00 23 00 12 80 19 00 09 00 45 00 30 22 89 21 02 IS 42 00 12 00 27 39 23 40 45 54 55 45 10 2& 20 15 30 17 42 08 14 83 46 85 3S 47 21 39 21 43 39 10 13 38 56 34 89 43 12 39 29 57 83 47 50 39 08 39 00 39 00 33 54 39 17 87 53 39 32 33 23 33 02 39 15 33 13 39 26 38 87 42 36 56 00 37 00 00 37 51 00 87 13 00 3T 13 00 Long'ude, d. m. 6. 76 30 00 74 13 24 74 04 30 72 16 06 73 20 00 73 18 00 74 00 42 73 59 42 74 06 50 74 53 83 75 03 56 75 22 12 74 17 31 75 05 37 75 05 44 75 31 13 75 24 3S 75 19 24 75 81 50 75 34 44 75 07 08 76 25 50 76 27 17 76 26 54 76 27 34 76 16 -21 13 76 14 39 30 76 05 42 00 76 23 17 14 76 19 43 89 76 84 33 52 75 5.- 50 55 76 00 54 76 22 36 76 04 00 76 22 12 76 22 00 76 21 00 75 52 00 I.ifht. Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed R. & F. Fixed Fixed Fixed Revol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed FLxed Fixed Fi-xed Fixed Fi.\ed Fixed FLxed FLxed Fixed R. & F. Fixed Revol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fi.xed Fi.xed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed FLxed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fi.xed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Revol'g [ — 25 106 66 32 2T 52 45 110 60 46 50 81 120 85 LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. Geographical Position, Astronom. PoBition. Latitude. Long'ude. d. m, 6. d. m. s. Light. Back River Point Vivg. Assatcaque Island " Little Watt's Island " Smith's Point (120 tons) " Craiwy Island (70 tons) " WUlortghby's Spit (400 tons) " Wol/tra}) Shoals (ISO tons). . " Windmill Pol nt(V15 Ions.)... " Bo^oler's Pock (54 Ions) " Upper Cedar Point (72 tons) " Loioer Cedar Point (72 tons) " Bald Head N. Car. Federal Point " Cape Hatteras " Pamptico Point " Body's Island " Ocracoke " Cape Lookout " Oak Island (2 beacons) " Orton's Point " Price's Creek (2 beacons) .... " Campbell's Island " Long Shoal {lib Ujm) " S. W.pt. ofR.Shoal (140 tons) « Mn^ Feet Shoal (70 tons) ... " Mtndh offense P. (125 tons) " £ra7i t Inland Shoal (1 25 tons) " Sdrbor Inland (72 tons) " Wade's Point Shoal (76 tons) " Poanoke Island {"12 Ions)... " 3Io uth Roa n oke P. (130 tons) " Horse Shoe (72 tons) " Charleston (and beacon) S. Car. Raccoon Key " North Island " Morris' I. (2 beacon lights) . . " Sullivan's I. Beacon, No. 1 . . " " " Beacon, No. 2. . " St. Helena Bar (72 tons) .... " Tybee Ga. Tybee Beacon " Fig Island Beacon " St. Simon's Island " Sapelo Island " Wolf's Island Beacon, No. 1. " \ " " Beacon, No. 2. " ) Little Cumberland Island " Oyster Beds Beacon " Cockspur Island Beacon " Tybee Channel (125 tons). ... " Tybes I. Knoll (72 tons) " St. Augustine Flor. St. John's River " Cape Canaveral " Cape Florida " Dry Torlugas " Sand Key " Key West " Cape St. George " St Mark's « Pensacola " Amelia Island " Cape St. Bias « Dog Island « Egmont Key " Carysfort Reef (225 tons) « Key West (145 tons) « Sand Key (140 tons) " iVbout 5 m. N. E. O. P. C. and S. side of cnt, to B. R. On an isl. between C. Hen. and C. Char, on the ocean On L. W's I., E. side of C. B., N. E. of S. ent. T. 8. S. E. of S. P. in Chcs'ke B. and of m'th of Potomac Near C. I., W. side of cnt. to Eliz. R. and Norfolk S. side of entrance to Hampton Roads Between mouths of York and Rappahannock Rivers Off W. P., N. side of entrance to Rappahannock R. Near said rock in Rappahannock River Off said Pt., b. the Narrows, and 44 m. b. Mt. Vernon Between said P. and Yate's P. above Kettle Bottom Near mouth of 0. Fear River, E. side On Federal Point, N. side of inlet to C. Fear River. On C. Hatteras, about 1 m. N. of high-water mark. S. side of entrance to Pamptico River On said Island, 1} m. S. of a new inlet made in 1S47 S. W. of C. Hatteras, and E. side of Ocracoke Inlet. Near the end of the Cape Lights range with chan. on entering Cape Fear R. On W. bank of Cape Fear River On W. bank of C. Fear R., mouth of Price's Creek On 0. I., in C. Fear R., S. W. cor. of its lower end On E. point of Shoal, in Pamlico Sound On pt. of Shoal, Pamlico S'd. W., 9 m. from Ocracoke 4 m. N. by W. of Ocracoke, & N. E. side of Royal S. Near ent. of R. into Pamlico Sound, off Marsh Pt. On point of Shoal in S. part of Pamlico Sound On H. Isl. Bar, between Pamlico and Cove Sounds S. side of Pasquotank River, on Albemarle Sound Near R. I., between Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds Near its entrance into Albemarle Sound On II. S., bet'n N. in. and Price's Cr. in C. Fear R.. Oh Lighthouse Isl., and W. of ship chan. to harbor On C. Romain, 10 m. S. W. of ent. to Santee River On S. end of N. Isl., E. side of ent. to Peedee River On M. Isl., for the overall channel to Charleston. . . Back of S. Isl., ) ^^ . jg ^^gj. Charleston Bar ■! S. of F. Moultrie, ) I Off the entrance to St. Helena Sound, etc N. E. end of T. I., and S. side of ent. to Savannah E. \ m. E. light-house On E. end of F. I., in Savannah River (red shades) On S. end of St. S. Isl., and N. side ent. to the Sound On S. end of S. Isl., and N. ent. to Doboy Sound. . E. side, near N. end W. Isl., i brick ) and S. 8. E. of Sapelo Light ( wood S S. side of ent. to St. Andrew's Sound and SantiUa R. On Oyster Beds in Savannah River On a knoU connected with C. Isl., in Savannah R. At Martin's Industry 15 m. E. Tybee Light Off the knoU N. of T. Island, in Savannah River . . On N. end of Anastatia I., and S. side of ent.to St. A. Near mouth of St. John's River, S. side of entrance On Cape Canaveral, S. S. E. of St. Augustine Off S. E. point of Florida or on Key Biscayne On Bush I., one of the Westernmost of Florida Reef About St m. S. W. by S. Key West (destroyed 1846) Key West Island, S. W. of Cape Sable About 2} m. E. of W. pass to St. George Sound. E. side of entrance to St. Mark's Harbor E. side ent. to P. Bay, N. W. of fort on St. Rosa Isl. S. side of ent. to St Mary's River, N. end of island On C. St Bias, about 2 m. from its S. point On Dog Isl., E. side of middle ent of Tampa Bay On Egmont Key, entrance of Tampa Bay About 1° E. of Cape Sable (two lamps) At N. W. passage, near 12 m. from Key West. . At Sand Key (temporary) 37 05 00 76 7 54 36 75 37 45 00 33 51 30 33 56 30 35 15 00 35 47 21 35 06 30 34 37 00 32 42 00 33 01 00 33 07 30 32 46 51 32 45 29 31 OS 00 31 21 30 31 20 00 30 56 00 29 52 18 30 20 30 25 41 00 24 37 20 24 23 80 24 32 32 21 00 21 45 04 00 Revol'g Fixed Fi.xed 59 30 55 00 30 00 i 81 39 i 53 00 : 33 00 54 12 24 00 01 30 53 00 52 55 SO 52 00 30 04 00 30 20 48|87 30 42 00 81 29 46 20 84 Fi.ved Fixed Fixed Fixed Revol'g Revol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed 1 Ip. 9 w. 1 Ip.llw. 1 Ip. 9 w. 1 Ip. 9 w. 1 Ip. 9 w. 1 Ip. 9 w. 1 Ip. 9 w. 1 lp.l2w. 1 Ip. 9 w. Ilp.l2w. Revol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed I Fixed 1 lp.l2w. Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Revol'g J Fixed I Fixed 34 00 Revol'g Fixed Fixed 1 Ip. 4 w. 1 Ip.l2w. 25 00 Fixed Fixed Revol'g 05 00 — 52 22 Fixed 49 30 Revol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed 17 00 Revol'g 30 Revol'g Revol'g 38 09 Revol'g Fixed 1 lp.l2w. llp.]2w. 91p.l2w. 1 lp.l2w. 425 36 00 24 00 81 24 30 81 32 00 48 30 84 11 00 LIGHT-HOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES. Geographical Position. Mobile Point Ala. Choctaw Point " Sand Island " Cat Island Mi-ss. Pass Christian '• Eound Island " Biloxi " Bayou St. Jolin L(7. Frank's Island " South-Wcst Pass (2 lights) ... " South Point (Gordon's Island) " Pleasanton's Island '• Tchefuncta River " Point de Fer " Port Ponteliartrain " Pass Manchac (red) " New Canal " Vermillion Bay " Bon Fonca " Chandeleur Island " Proctorsville TJeaeon " Merrill's ShtllBank (401) tns.) " Ship Sfi.Pleusonton (IGO tns.) " Atcha/alat/a Binj {72 Ions).. " Grand Pviver Ohio. Grand River Beacon " Cleveland " Cleveland Beacon " Vermillion River Beacon " Turtle Island " Sandusky " Port Clinton " Conneaut River Beacon " Mouth Huron River Beacon. " Mouth Black River " Ashtabula Beacon " Cedar I'oint Beacon " "Western Sister Island " Fort Gratiot Mich. Windmill Point " Monroe « Bols Blanc " St Joseph's River " Thunder Bay Island " Gibraltar •' Grand River " 8. Manitou Island " New Buffalo (and beacon)... " Presquc Isle " Kalamazoo River " Pottawottamie " Saginaw Bay " Clinton River " Point aux Barques " Detour « "White Fish Point " Copper Harbor " Eagle Harbor " Manitou Island " Grass Island Beacon " Mamajuda Beacon " Skillagalee Rock " Mackinaw Straits (121 tons) " Michigan City Ind. Chicago (and beacon) HI. Little Fort " Mil waukie (and beacon) Wise. Boot River (Racine) « 426 jE. side of entrance to Mobile Bay On Choctaw Point, a little S. of Mobile About 3 m. S. S. W. fi-om Mobile Point On "W. point of 0. Isl., E. of cnt. to Lake Borgne. . On mainland, about 6 i m. N. W. of Cat Island light On Round Island, off Pascagoula Bay In Biloxi village, W. of W. entrance to Biloxi Bay Mouth B. St. J., on L. Ponteliartrain, 5 m. N. Orleans On F. I., at mouth of Mississippi R., N. E. pass, N. s. Entrance of Mississippi River, S. W. pass, W. side Entrance of Mississippi R., near S. Pass, 8. "W. side E. of L. Pontehartrain, near mouth of Pearl River Lake Ponteliartrain, near Madisonville At entrance of Teche R. or Atchafalaya Bay Near E. end of railroad S. side m. P. M.,b. Lakes Manrepas & Pontehartrain Lake Pontehartrain, entrance canal On March Island, near S. W. entrance to V. Bay. . Near mouth of Bayou Bon Fouca On N. end of said island On Lake Borgne At Merriirs Shell Bank (iron-boat) W. end S. I. Shoal, in 5 fath. water, near Dernier I. In Atchafalaya Bay Month of Grand li., Fairport, Lake Erie On pier, mouth of Grand River Cleveland Harbor, Lake Erie On pier Cleveland Harbor, Lake Erie On ])ier Vermillion Harbor, Lake Erie On Turtle Island, mouth of Maumee Bay Near entrance to Sandusky Bay On Lake Erie, N. "W. of Sandusky Bay On Lake Erie, on pier, N. E. corner of Ohio On Lake Erie, Huron co., on pier On Lake Erie, Lorainc co., on pier On Lake Erie, Ashtabula co., on pier Entrance to Sandusky Bay (on Keeper's House). On "Western Sister Island, "W. part of Lake Erie. ^ m. al50ve outlet of Lake Huron Near head of Detroit River, "W. side W. end of Lake Erie N. side of Bois Blanc Island, near Mackinaw At nuiuth, E. side Lake Michigan (& beacon on pier) Lake Huron, N. E. of Saginaw Bay Mouth of Detroit River E. side of Lake Michigan N. part of Lake Michigan Near S. end, E. side of Lake Michigan N. "W. shore of Lake Huron E. shore of Lake Mieliigan On Pottawottamie Island, entrance Green B.iy .... In bay at mouth of Saginaw River Mouth of Clinton River, in Lake St. Clair Mouth of Saginaw Bay At D.. where the R. Sault St Marie enters L. Huron On "White Fish Point in Lake Superior 'it Copper Harbor, in Lake Superior In Eagle Harbor, in Lake Superior On Maniton Island, in Lake Superior On Grassy Island, in Detroit River On Mamajuda Shoals, in Detroit River On Skillagalee Rock, Lake Michigan At junction of Lakes Huron and Michigan S. end of Lake Michig.an S. bank C. River, Lake Mieliigan (beacon on pier) In L. F. v., S. side of r., 9. "W. shore L. Michigan Mouth of Milwaukie River, "W. side of L. Michigan Mouth of Root River, "W. aide of Lake Michigan . . Astronom. Position. Latitude. Long'ude. d. m 30 13 30 44 30 13 .30 13 30 IS 30 20 30 03 29 OS 28 58 28 59 42 87 58 00 Revol'g 00 SS 12 00 Fixed SS 10 53 89 05 00 89 10 26 88 40 00 29 19 30 41 23 41 21 90 00 00 89 01 24 89 20 00 89 07 24 91 33 00 81 23 00 31 51 00 42 55 00 42 49 33 82 22 00 8T 40 22 Fixed Fi.xed Fixed Fixed FLxed Fixed Fixed Fixed Revol'g Fixed Fi.xed Fixed Revol'g Fixed Fixed Revol'g Fixed Fixed Fixed 1 lamp 2 Ips. i 1 lp.l2w. Fixed Fixetl Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Flxe".— At S. entrance to Westport. Two white lights: 40 feet above high tide. Barrington Light— On Cape Latour. Eevolv'g light : 50 feet above sea level. Lat. 43° 26' 09", and long. 65° 2S' 07". And the following lights are on the outer coast of Nova Scotia : ». M. B. J>. M, 5. Pictou Rarhor Lat. 45 41 30 Long. 61 29 20 Cansco Gut " 45 41 49 Guysboro'' Harbor " 45 22 00 Canseau " 45 20 00 Sidney « 46 16 16 Scatarie Island " 46 02 17 Louisliurg Harbor " 45 53 00 Beaver Islands " 44 49 00 Halifax Harbor " 44 36 05 Sambro Island " 44 26 17 Lunenburg Bay " 44 22 00 Liverpool Bay « 44 01 50 Shelhourne Harbor. " 43 37 31 Seal Island " 42 23 50 Yarmouth " — 61 29 20 61 31 00 60 51 46 60 10 00 59 40 00 59 50 00 62 51 00 63 35 40 63 35 16 64 06 00 64 40 49 65 16 SO 66 00 20 427 RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1853. NAMES. Aj.abama. : Alabama and Florida Alabama and Mississippi Alabama and Tennessee River Ci'lunibus and Opelika F(irt Gaines and I'onsacola Girar.l an.t M.)bilc Memphis and Charleston Mi)bile and Ohio Monlfiomery and West Point Na.-h\ille and Florence . ; Knme and .Taeksonville Will's Valley Winchester and Alabama Arkansas: Arkansas Central Helena and Little Rock Little Rock and Texas Little Rock and F.>rt Smith White River Valley California: Marysville and Benicia Oro City and Bear River Pacific and Atlantic Connf.cticut: CoUinsvillc Branch Danbury and Norwalk Haiilord, Providence, and Fishkill HoiisaUmic Middletown Branch Naugatuck New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield New Haven and Ncirthamplou. . . New Haven and New London . . N. London, Willimantic, annton East Tennessee and Georgia Georgia La Grange Macon and Western Milledgeville and Gordon Musci igee Pensacola Rome Rome and Jacksonville Savannah and Albany Sav:inM:ih River Valley South-Western Warreiiton Branch Western and Atlantic Wilkes County Illinois : Alton, Mount Carrael,and N. Albany Aurora Branch Aurora E.\tension Belleville and IlUnoistown Beloit Branch Central Illinois Central Hlinois and Indiana Central Military Tract Chicago and Milwaukie Chicago and Mississippi Chicago and Rock Island Chicago, 8L Charles, & Mis. (air line) Chicago and Savannah Junction Danville and Paris 428 pJeted. gress'g, 21 121 91 83 171 53 101 IT 50 20 50 4 140 72 100 142 30 29 129 55 10 80 59 A 14 20 593 192 85 80 Total Length, 164 118 182 30 78 225 2ii4 83 8S 19 42 82 21 112 153 127 116 85 43 11 24 146 74 10 62 62 56 50 66 100 63 66 33 10 43 10 6 22 126 28 26 40 97 164 51 21 191 20 110 171 81 101 17 50 20 42 208 109 4 140 18 182 13 86 14 20 699 145 l'-'5 92 257 180 NAMES. pletcd. Pro- I Total grcBB'g. Lengili. Illinois — Cantinued : Fox River Valley Galena and Chicago Union Great Western Central Illinois and Wisconsin Mississippi and Atlantic Mississippi and Rock River Junction Naples and Decatur Northern Cross O'Fallon's Coal Bluff Ohio and Mississippi Paducah and Vinceiines. Peoria and Bureau Valley Peoria and Oquawka Peoria and Warsaw Rockford and Rock Island Sangamon and Massac Savannah Branch St. Charles Branch Terre Haute and Alton Wabash Valley Western Branch, G. and Ch. Union Indiana : Auburn and Eel River Aurora and Indianapolis Central Illinois and Indiana Cincinnati and St. Louis Cincinnati and Indianapolis Columbus and Shelbyville Branch.. Eel River Erie, Wabash, and St. Louis Evansville and Illinois and Branches Evansville, Indianapolis, & Cleveland! Fort W ay ne and Chicago Fort Wayne and Lafayette | Fort Wayne and Mississippi (air line) Fort Wayne and Southern F(jrt Wayne, Union, and Cincinnati . Goshen Branch Indiana Central Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Indianapolis and Springfield Jefferson ville Junction Kosciusko, Elkhart, and Miami Lafayette and Indianapolis Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi Logansport and Chicago Madison and Indianapolis Marion and Mississinewa Valley Martinsville Michigan City Branch New Albany and Salem, etc Gosport and Indianapolis Branch. Newcastle and Richmond Northern Indiana Ohio and Indiana Ohio and Mississippi Peru and Chicago Peru and Indianapolis Shelbyville and Knightstown Sliell ly ville Lateral Shelbyville and Rushville Terre Haute and Richmond White River Valley Iowa: Cedar Rapids Branch of M. and M. . Dubuque and Keokuk Lyons, Iowa City, and Council Bluff Mississippi &, Missouri (N. Missouri). St. Louis and Northern Kentucky : Columbus Branch Covington and Lexington Covington and Louisville Knoxville and Cincinnati Lexington and Big Sandy Lexington and Danville Lexington and Frankfort Louisville, Clarkesville. and Memphis Louisville and Nashville Louisville and Frankfort Louisville and Newport Maysville and Big Sandy Maysville and Lexington Mobile and Ohio Nashville and Henderson Paducah Branch 27 14 172 113 55 172 130 130 32 120 137 176 146 84 8 147 130 98 120 38 198 85 7 172 239 48 132 21 235 150 94 109 78 65 10 72 84 62 107 39 64 91 27 14 286 103 113 21 152 73 27 16 20 73 138 288 300 200 5 96 100 123 125 120 29 102 180 65 73 91 67 APPENDIX.— RAILROADS. Louisiana : Clinton and Port Hudson Mexifiiin Gulf Mllnebiirgand Lake Pontchartrain.. Nashville and New Orleans ... New Orleans and Carrolton .. . . N. Orleans, Jackson, & Gt. Northern New Orleans and Mobile N. Orleans. Opelousas, & Gt. Western Brar.eh to Hreaux Briquehanna Cumberland Coal Company's Cumberland and Pennsylvania .... George's Creek ' Georgetown and Catoctin Franklin Frederick Branch Metropolitan Mount Savage Newcastle and Frenchtown Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Balti more Washington Branch Westminster Branch MASSACIIirSETTS : Agricultural Branch Amherst and Belcherlown Barre and North Brookfield Berkshire Boston, Barre, and Gardner Boston and Lowell Branch Boston and Maine Branches Boston and' Providence Branches Boston and Worcester Branches Cape Cod Branch Branches Charles Eiver Branch Charles Ptiver Cheshire Connecticut Kivcr Branch Dorchester and Milton Branch Dan vers and Georgetown Eastern Branches Essex Branch Fall Eiver .'.,', Fitchburg " .* Branches Fitchburg and Worcester ..." Grand Junction and DepSt Company Hartford and New Haven Harvard Branch Lexington and West Cambridge . 20 55 149 153 IS 6 ST 173 18 20T 26 52 55 149 13 12 33 164 57 26 2 74 9 41 12 45 24 28 2 12 54 50 2 3 88 20 20 1 42 51 17 14 6 6 - ' 7 Massaohusetts — Continued : Lowell and Lawrence Marlboro' Branch Mod way Branch Na>hna and Lnwell New Bedford and Taunton Branch Newbiiryport New London, Willimantic, & Palmer Norfolk County Norwich and Worcester Old Colony Branches Peterboro' and Shirley Pittsfield and North Adams . . . Providence and Bristol Providence and Worcester .... Salem ami Lowell Saugus Branch Soutlibriilge and Blackstone... South Reading Branch Branches South Shore Stockbridge and Pittsfield Stony Brook Stoughton Branch , Taunton Branch Branch Troy and Greenfield Vermont and Massachusetts Branches "Ware River Western West Stockbridge Williamstown and Hancock Worcester and Nashua MieniGAN : Constantine Branch Detroit and Pontiac Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo Erie and Kalamazoo Michigan ( 'cnlral Michigan 8n, and Tuscumbia. . Columlms Branch Mississippi Central Mobile and Ohio New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern New Orleans and Nashville New Orleans and Mobile Raymond Branch St. Francis and Wood ville Tennessee River Branch Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon Missouri : Canton and Bloomfield Hannibal and St. Joseph's Iron Mountain Lexington and Daviess County . . . North Missouri Pacific Platte County South-Western New Hampshire : Atlantic and St. Lawrence Ashuelot Boston and Maine Boston, Concord, and Montreal ... Bristol Branch Cheshire Cocheco Concord Concord and Claremont Contoocook Valley Eastern Great Falls Branch Great Falls and Conway Manchester and Lawrence , New Hampshire Central Northern Peterboro' and Shirley Portsmouth and Concord Portsmouth and Dover Sullivan White Mountain 17 9 8 22 11 22 13 4 11 1 69 18 118 3 4 25 35 273 131 60 180 273 - — 51 24 34 93 16 13 54 23 35 — 25 26 14 16 3 13 8 26 26 69 9 47 — 26 — - 13 4 15 20 1 16 66 26 59 3T 8 14 19 25 17 9 118 3 17 46 S5 278 131 10 92 143 12 ISO 273 823 230 7 28 2.3 60 210 84 250 290 310 51 24 34 109 13 54 28 35 51 14 16 3 59 26 26 69 9 4T — 25 429 APPENDIX.— RAILROADS. New Hampshire — Cuntinued : Wilton Worcester and Nashua New Jki-.sev : Belvie M;iy Fleniiiirrtiin llram-h Morris and K.vsex New I5nin3« ick and Trenton New Jersey New Jersey Central Trenton Branch Union Warren Braneli Woodbury Branch New York : Albany Northern Albany and I'iattslnirg Albany and Susquehanna Albany and .•^elienectady Albany and West Slocl;idi'nsbnrg) Osweg') and ,'^vr:iciise , Plattsl)urg and" Montreal riattsburg and Whitehall Potsdam and W'atertown Rensselaer and Saratoga Rochester. I>o<-k[)ort, &; Niagara Fall: Rocliesler ami Luke (Ontario Rochester ami lloneoye Falls Rochester an^l Piti.sburg Rochester and Syracuse (direct) Roclieslcr and Syracuse Rutland and Washington Backett's Harbor and Elli.sburg Baratoga and Sackett's Harbor Saratoga Branch Baratoga and Schenectady Baratog.-i and Washington Bcheneclady and Troy Sixtli A veinie. New York Skanealeles and Jordan Bodus I'oint and Southern Btaten Island Syracuse and Binghampton Syracuse and Utica Thinl Aveinie Troy and (Jreenbush Troy and lienninglon Troy and lioston LTtica and Schenectady Utica and Syracuse (air line) 430 2 144 U 3 95 19 IT 446 118 35 23 80 104 38 75 153 IT 3S T4 11 100 30 1.33 91 22 20 G9 GS 3 6T 92 33 14 2 144 34 SO 50 3 95 78 19 IT 44G 6 130 SIS lis 35 23 T5 82 76 80 104 38 IS New YoiiK — Coiitinued : Utica and Binghampton Watertown and Home Williamsport and Elniira NoKTii Cakolina: Atlantic and North Carolina Charlotte and Soulli Carolina Gaston and Raleigh Greenville and Riianoke North Carolina Roanoke Valley Seaboard and Roanoke Wilmington and Weldon Wilmington and Manchester Ohio: Ashtabula and New Lisbon Atlantic and Ohio l!ainl)ridge Branch Beaver Extension of C. and P Bellefontaine and Indiana Carrolton Branch Central Ohio Cincinnati and Dayton Cimdnnati, Hamilton, and Dayton.. Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus Cincinnati and Fort Wayne Cincinnati, Hillgboro', & Parkersburg Cincinnati, Lelianon, and Xenia. . . Cincinnati W'estern Cini-innati.Wilunngton, & Zanesvi Cleveland and Mahoning Cleveland. Medina, and Tu.scarawas Clevel.and, PainesvilU-, & Ashtabul Cleveland, Wooster,ct Muskingum V Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati Cleveland and Pitt.sburg Clinton Line Columbus and Lake Erie Columbus and Parkersburg Columbus and Xenia Cohnnbus, I'iqna, and Indiana 3 Branches (46, 32, and 24 miles). Dayton and Michigan Dayton and Western Dayton and Springfield Dayton and Xenia Erie and Kalam.azoo Findlay Branch Franklin and Warren Frfemont and Indiana Gallipoiis Greenville and Miami Hamilton and Eaton Hanover Branch Iron Junction Little Miami Mad River and Lake Erie Mansfl

rleans. Opelousas, & G. Western San Antonio and Gulf Texas Central Vehmont : Bennington Branch BrattU iioro' Branch Burlington Branch Connecticut and Passumpsic Riven New York and Bennington Rutland ami Biirliriglon Rutland and Washington South Vermont Troy and Rutland Vermont and Canada Vermont Central Vermont Valley Western Vermont Virginia : Alexandria, Loudon, and Hampshire Appomattox Baltimore and Ohio Blue Ridge Chesterfield Chesterfield and James River Clover Hill Covington and Ohio Greenville and Roanoke Dee|i Run Ilempfield Manassas Gap Morganlown and Independence . . . Norfolk and Petersburg North- Western Oranire and Alexandria Port Walthall Branch Petersburg Pittsburg and Steubenville Richmond and Danville Ricbuioiid, Freilerick, and Potomac. Richmond ani[arietta Dunkirk, New York, and Pittsburg ("aniden and Cape May, N. Jer Camden and Mount Holly, N. Jer New York and Sandy Hook Cleveland and N. Orleans, by Cincinnati 310 310 100 100 200 200 1,966 1,966 32 32 824 824 72 T2 22 23 12 12 120 720 809 309 98 98 51 51 72 T2 75 75 810 620 90 90 638 633 90 90 60 60 380 3S0 25 25 830 830 40 40 40 40 80 30 26 26 100 100 66 66 200 200 100 100 25 25 SO SO 1,200 1,200 89 16.735 23,281 CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES. Names of Canals. LeiigUi m Miles. Maine : Cumberland and Oxford 20.5 Songo River Improvement 30.5 New ilAMPsniBK : Bow Falls 75 Hookset Falls 13 Amoskeag Falls 1. Sewell's Fulls 25. Union Falls 9. Middlesex — Vermont : White Kiver Falls 5 Bellow's Falls 16 Waterqucchy 4 Massachusetts : Middlesex 27. Pawtucket 1.6 Blackstone 4.5. Hampshire and Hampden 22. Montague Falls 3. South Hadley Falls 2. Rhode Islano: Blackstone — Connecticut: Farmington (filled in) 56. Enfield Falls 5.5 New York : Erie 364. Champlain Junction 64. Waterford Junction 2. Oswego 33. Cayuga anrl Seneca 21. Crooked Lake 8. Chemung 89. Chemung Feeder 16. Chenango 97 Genesee Valley 108.5 Danville Branch 11. Black River 77.5 Feeder 10. Delaware and Hudson 83. Harlem (not used) 3. Croton Aqueduct 40.5 432 Names of Cane-. I., n^lli in Mile.s Oneida 8. New Jersey: Delaware and Raritan 42. Morris 101.7 Salem 4. Pennsylvania : Delaware Division 59.7 Eastern do 44.5 Susquehanna do 39. Juniata 127.5 West Branch 75. North Branch 73. Western Division 105. Franklin 22. Erie and Beaver 136. French Creek Feeder 27. Lackawaxen 22. Bald Eagle 25. Susquehanna, or Tide SVatcr . 45. Conestoga 18. Codonis 11. Union 82. Schuylkill 103. Lehigh Navigation 47 Dei-aware: Chesapeake and Delaware ... 14. Maryland : Chesapeake and Ohio 184. Ches.ipeake and Delaware — District of Cohtmbia : Chesapeake and Ohio — Virginia : Alexandria 7.2 James Kiver and Kanawha . .143. Dismal Swamp 23. Branches 11. North Carolina: Weldon 12. Club Fort and Harlow 1.5 I>i9iual Swamp — South Carolina: Santee 22. Winyaw 7.5 Names of Canals. Length in Miles Saluda 6.2 Drehr's 1.3 Lorick 1. Lockhart's 2.7 Wateree 4. Catawaba 7.8 Georgia : Savannah and Ogeechee 16. Brunswick 12. Alabama : Muscle Shoal 85.7 Huntsville 16. Louisiana : Orleans Bank 4.2 Canal Carondelet 2. Barataria 85. Lake Veret 8. Kentcckt: Kentucky Eiver Navigation . .100. Licking do. . . 94. Gceen do. . . 190. Barren do. ..100. Louisville and Portland 2.5 Illinois : Illinois and Michigan 118. Indiana ; Wal>ash and Erie 468.7 Whitewater — Ohio: Ohio and Erie 307. Zanesville Branch 14. Columbus do 10. Lancaster do 9. Hocking Valley 56. Walhoiiding Branch 25. Eastport, do 4. Dresden do 2. Miami and Branches 87.7 Miami Extension and do 189. Wabash and Erie — Muskingnm Improvement 91. Sandy and Beaver, Mahoning. 86 p :■■.: ■■ : :,:■:■,• '^ .;.■■. - :;■■■: : ,' -. - ■ : . . . ■ ::^; : ;": :;■■;:: _. • . " ■ ;. . . ' 1: t fttitir '■ 1 inn inHfir LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 005 834 784 A