Suggestions and Plans for 
 
 Iowa Schoolhouses 
 and Grounds 
 
 Better Housing 
 
 OF 
 
 School Children 
 
 ISSUED BY 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 STATE OF IOWA 
 
 DES MOINES 
 
 1915 
 
Suggestions and Plans for 
 
 Iowa Schoolhouses 
 and Grounds 
 
 Better Schoolhouses and Grounds 
 for Iowa Boys and Girls 
 
 
 ISSUED BY THE 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 ALBERT M. DEYOE 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
 1916 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 MELVIN R. FAYRAM 
 
 Inspector State Graded and High Schools 
 

 D. of D. 
 JUN 23 1916 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Foreword 7, 8 
 
 Selection of Site • 9 
 
 Size of Grounds 10 
 
 Location of Building 10 
 
 Foundation 10 
 
 Plan of One-Room School Ground 11 
 
 Plan of Consolidated School Ground 12 
 
 Basements 12 
 
 Kind of Buildings 13 
 
 Fire Protection 13 
 
 Outbuildings 14 
 
 Shade Trees 14 
 
 Types of Buildings 14-15, 20 
 
 Plan of One-Room Schoolhouse 16 
 
 Floor Plan, One-Room Schoolhouse 17 
 
 Plan of Two-Room Rural Schoolhouse 18 
 
 Floor Plan, Two-Room Schoolhouse 19 
 
 Lighting of Schoolhouses 20 
 
 Corridors • • • 21 
 
 Cloak" Rooms 22 
 
 Stairways 22 
 
 Shades i 22 
 
 Heating and Ventilating Schoolhouses 22-24 
 
 Ventilating Systems 25 
 
 Arrangement of Rooms 25 
 
 Seating 26 
 
 Blackboards 26 
 
 Lighting, Artificial , 26 
 
 General Summary 27-29 
 
 Manual Training • 30-32 
 
 Agriculture 33 ' 
 
 Domestic Science 34, 35 
 
 High School Auditorium 36 
 
 Interior Views of Building 37-39 
 
 Playground Apparatus 40-43 
 
 Sanitary Fountains and Unsanitary Drinking Cups 43-47 
 
 Bathroom 4 ^ 
 
 Sanitary Toilets 49 ' 51 
 
 Plan of School Buildings 52-122 
 
Modern school building erected in the Consolidated Independent District of 
 Lamoille in 1914, at a cost of $14,000'. 
 
 Consolidated School Building. Superior. 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 This bulletin is the outgrowth of a demand by the people of Iowa 
 to have placed before them some ideas concerning the modern school- 
 house and its equipment. It is in no way exhaustive on any of the 
 subjects pertaining to the better and more modern housing of the 
 school children, but suggestive, rather. 
 
 The Department of Public Instruction desires that this bulletin be 
 placed at the disposal of every school officer who contemplates a part 
 in the erection of a new school building. 
 
 Many new schoolhouses have been erected in Iowa during the past 
 three years and many more are being built at the present time. 
 
 The building plans found in this bulletin were selected from some 
 of those used in the state where buildings have been just completed, 
 and are considered by the Department of Public Instruction as rep- 
 resentative of the best types of school buildings. The plans for the 
 one and two room buildings were prepared especially for this bulletin 
 by B. F. Egbert of the Architect's Office of the State Board of Control. 
 
 There should be a special state school building architect connected 
 with the Department of Public Instruction, to whom all plans and 
 specifications for school buildings shall be submitted for approval. The 
 Department of Public Instruction will be pleased to examine plans 
 for school buildings submitted by Boards of Education for criticism 
 and suggestions. A convenient and economic arrangement of space 
 in the buildings is important. The utmost care should be taken to 
 properly heat, light and ventilate all school rooms. Sufficient black- 
 board space should be provided and placed at the proper heights. 
 Sanitary indoor toilet systems should be provided in all buildings 
 wherever possible. The gymnasium and the assembly room for public 
 programs and gatherings are very desirable, but too often are made 
 too small to be of any use. Sanitary drinking fountains are necessary 
 health equipment. Adequate and well lighted rooms for home econom- 
 ics, manual training and for the physical and agricultural laboratory 
 are essential. In the new building recently dedicated at Sioux Rapids, 
 the stage in the high school assembly room is utilized for library pur- 
 poses and the central corridor may be opened into the high school room 
 and seated for public occasions. The above mentioned conditions are 
 no longer considered luxuries but necessities. 
 
— 8 — 
 
 There are many schoolhouses in Iowa, including one-room buildings, 
 that should be condemned as unfit for use for school purposes and the 
 authority to do so should be placed in the Department of Public 
 Instruction. 
 
 The special task of the preparation of this bulletin was entrusted to 
 Melvin R. Fayram, State Inspector of Graded and High Schools. 
 
 With the thought of a modern schoolhouse for all the children of 
 Iowa, this bulletin is respectfully submitted to the people of this state. 
 
 ALBERT M. DEYOE, 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa, December 29, 1915. 
 
Suggestions and Plans for Iowa Schoolhouses 
 
 and Grounds 
 
 The Selection of the Site. 
 
 In the selection of a site for a public school building, one of the most 
 important considerations should be the convenience of all the children. 
 It seems to take some nearly magical power to awaken a community to 
 realize the importance of a large and well located school ground, as 
 related to the comfort and general welfare of their children. At best, 
 school locations generally compel some children to walk a greater dis- 
 tance than others to reach the school ground; but that should be of 
 little moment, if by so doing a larger and more hygienic school ground 
 may be secured. 
 
 The following suggestions should have full consideration before the 
 final selection of the school ground is made : 
 
 (1) It should be so situated as to be convenient to the greatest 
 number, but the size of the playground and the hygienic conditions 
 should not be sacrificed. 
 
 (2) It should be at a reasonable distance from all factories and the 
 general hum of industry and not within 600 feet of a railroad track. 
 Quietness is one of the important psychological factors to be considered 
 in the development of child life. 
 
 (3) The altitude of the school ground, as compared with the adja- 
 cent territory, is of vital importance. The best authorities are agreed 
 that public buildings should be located on soil as free from moisture as 
 possible and subject to natural drainage. 
 
 (a) Made land or land impregnated with organic matter is not 
 desirable. 
 
 (b) Springy and marshy land or sites near sluggish streams should 
 never be selected. 
 
 (c) Dampness is one of the leading causes of tuberculosis, rheuma- 
 tism, typhoid and malarial fever. The breathing of damp atmosphere 
 is one of the causes of languor and headache. 
 
 (d) It is a crime against humanity to compel children to spend 
 the best and the most vital hours of their lives in a building, which 
 is located in such an unsanitary place as to be injurious to their physi- 
 cal welfare. 
 
 (e) Flat ground may be rendered suitable for school grounds by 
 artificial drainage, but low grounds are always to be condemned. 
 
— 10 — 
 
 Size of Grounds. 
 
 The least amount of playground should be approximately : 
 The rural one-room school, not less than one acre. 
 The rural two-room school, not less than two acres. 
 *The consolidated school, not less than four acres. 
 The town or city, ample room for a large playground. 
 Dr. Thomas Wood, Chairman of the Committee of Health Problems 
 of the National Council of Education, says: "The playground is not 
 a luxury but a necessity. A school without a playground is an educa- 
 tional deformity and presents a gross injustice to childhood." 
 
 Location of Buildings. 
 
 It is generally satisfactory to locate the building near the center and 
 toward the front of the ground. This will give ample space for a 
 lawn, flower beds and ornamental trees, and also plenty of ground 
 along the rear and sides of the building for the boys' and girls' play- 
 grounds, and toilets adjacent to each, when outside toilets are neces- 
 sary. It is always desirable that a small seed bed or garden plot be 
 placed at the extreme rear of the ground. "Where the size of the 
 ground will not permit a portion of it to be used as a garden plot, it 
 will be necessary to secure additional grounds for such a plot, either 
 adjacent to the present school ground or near by. In many cities 
 vacant lots are used for this purpose. 
 
 Every building should be so placed that its basement will have good 
 drainage, whether it be natural or artificial. 
 
 Note: The windows, which are to give the light for studying should 
 open toward the east or west. 
 
 Foundation. 
 
 The under foundation of a school building is of the greatest impor- 
 tance as upon this depends the solidity and stability of the building. 
 It should be broad, well anchored and constructed, preferably, of con- 
 crete. The main foundation should be made of vitrified brick or con- 
 crete as either are less porous than the common grades of brick. The 
 concrete or the mortar, if brick is used, should be water-proofed. 
 
 All basements should be as free from damp, foul air as possible. This 
 is especially true when it is intended that such a basement is to be 
 used for general school work. 
 
 *From five to fifteen acres is recommended by the State Department of 
 Public Instruction for consolidated school grounds. 
 
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 PLAY GROUND 
 APPARATUS 
 
 
 
 One Room School Ground. — Planned by B. F. Egbert, Des Moines, Iowa. 
 
—12 
 
 PubETic RTjad 
 
 Suggested Hayfleld Consolidated School Ground.— Planned by Thorwald Thorson, 
 
 Forest City, Iowa. 
 
 It is advisable to have tile so placed around the outside of the sub- 
 foundation as to draw off all downwater. The gutters should be con- 
 nected with the underground tile by means of downpipes. 
 
 Basements. 
 
 The dirt under a building is generally dry and thus has a tendency 
 to draw moisture, so the greatest precaution possible must be taken to 
 secure good drainage for all surface water. Prof. Dressier says: "A 
 well constructed basement provided with good means of ventilation 
 and under-drainage is one of the most effective agencies in preventing 
 the rise of moisture in the walls and ground air into the class rooms 
 and halls. ' ' 
 
 The use of glazed tile in lavatories, toilets and gymnasiums is very 
 effective in keeping the moisture from rising in the walls. It is not 
 
— 18- 
 
 v. isc to have the floor, even of the gymnasium or furnace, over 4 or 5 
 feet below the surface of the ground and the remaining floor of the 
 basement not over 2 feel helow grade. All basement floors should 
 have a sub-floor of concrete mixed or coated with some moisture proof 
 material. The foundation for the columns which carry the girders 
 for the support of the floor should be of proper size and construction. 
 Such columns arc preferably of steel as they occupy less space than 
 piers of masonry and thus intercept less light. 
 
 Kind of Building. 
 
 Buildings may be designated as fireproof, semi-fireproof and non- 
 fireproof, according to the material of which they are constructed. 
 
 A fireproof building is one built of incombustible and waterproof 
 material with the probable exception of the finished floor in rooms, 
 doors, windows and the usual trimmings of rooms. The construction 
 of such a building is especially desirable in larger towns and cities, 
 where a great number of pupils are to be housed. 
 
 A semi-proof building is one in which the walls, and possibly the 
 corridors and stairways, are incombustible, but the floors and partitions 
 are combustible. Such buildings are adaptable to small town and 
 consolidated schools where the finances are somewhat limited. 
 
 The non-fireproof building is one in which the main walls and inside 
 construction are of combustible material. Such buildings should seldom 
 be used and only as one-room rural school buildings. 
 
 Fire Protection. 
 
 In all buildings, regardless of their construction, possibly the one- 
 room rural building excepted, there should be ample fire protection. 
 A fire hose and chemical fire extinguisher should be placed on each 
 floor, including the basement. The law provides that all school build- 
 ings three or more stories high and those in which the basement is five 
 or more feet above the ground shall be provided with properly con- 
 structed fire escapes. It also provides that two story buildings that do 
 not have inside stairways at opposite ends shall be equipped with fire 
 escapes at second floor. Exits to fire escapes must be on floor level 
 and fire escapes must reach the ground. Persons in each room should 
 have direct or easy access to a fire escape exit, and all class-room doors 
 should swing outward. (See Sections 4999-a7, -a9, Supplemental Supple- 
 ment to the Code, 1915, or School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 
 
 In schoolhouses where there is not water pressure there should be 
 at least two chemical fire extinguishers on each floor, including the 
 basement. A well regulated fire drill must be a part of the program. 
 
— 14 — 
 
 every public school. (See Section 2468-k, Supplement to the Code, 1913, 
 or School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 
 
 Outbuilding's. 
 
 When it seems necessary to have privies placed on the school 
 grounds, as in the one-room rural school ground, they should be placed 
 on the opposite sides and near the rear of the grounds. They should 
 be so arranged as to have the boys' adjacent to the boys' playground 
 and the girls' adjacent to the girls' playgrounds. Before the privy 
 there should be placed lattice work covered with vines. Special atten- 
 tion should be given to keep such buildings sanitary. Dr. F. D. Wood 
 in his Minimum Sanitary Requirement for Rural Schools says: "The 
 privy should be rain-proof, well ventilated and one of the following 
 types : 
 
 1. Dry earth closet. 
 
 2. Septic tank container. 
 
 3. Water-tight vault or box. 
 
 All containers of excreta should be water-tight, thoroughly screened 
 against insects and easily cleaned at frequent intervals. No cesspool 
 should be used unless it is water-tight and easily emptied and cleaned. 
 All excreta should be either burned, buried, treated by subsoil drainage 
 reduced by septic tank treatment, or properly distributed on tilled land 
 as fertilizer. All schoolhouses and outhouses should be thoroughly and 
 effectively screened against flies and mosquitoes. 
 
 In rural school buildings the fuel room, when it is not possible to 
 have it in the basement, should be near the rear of the schoolhouse and 
 in the least conspicuous place. 
 
 In consolidated and city schoolhouses it is desirable to have the 
 furnace and fuel room adjacent to the main building and as nearly 
 under ground as possible. 
 
 Shade Trees. 
 
 Shade trees are very valuable, not only for improving the orna- 
 mental effect of the school grounds, but they will add greatly to the 
 comfort and health of both teacher and pupils. All trees should be so 
 placed as not to interfere with the light by casting shadows through 
 the windows or interfering with the playground.' (See Section 2787, 
 Code of Iowa, or School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 
 
 Types of School Buildings. 
 
 This bulletin contains suggestive plans of a few T school buildings, 
 which after a careful study, will enable school boards to form some 
 idea of the plan of building which will be necessary to meet the needs 
 of their community. 
 
— 15 — 
 
 In suggesting the plans of school buildings it is not the intention of 
 the Depart incut of Public Instruction to lay out any specific plans; 
 but a few general ones which seem to meet the needs of the children 
 of the present day. In such plans considerable attention has been given 
 to the problems of properly lighting, heating and ventilating school 
 buildings so that the child's interests may be advanced both physically 
 and intellectually. 
 
 There are four types of school buildings which have a place in our 
 school system; namely, the one-room rural; consolidated; small town; 
 city. The plans of all schoolhouses must be approved by the county 
 superintendent. (See Section 2779, Code of Iowa, or School Laws of 
 Iowa, 1915.) 
 
 The One-Room Schaolhouse should be provided with small rooms 
 to the rear or side of the main room for Domestic Science and 
 Manual Training. These rooms, in fact, are to be a part of the main 
 room. By such an arrangement the pupils may work in these rooms 
 during the noon hour and yet be under the direct supervision of the 
 teacher. The rooms may be opened at any time it is convenient to 
 conduct the work in these subjects. The domestic science room may be 
 used to an advantage in serving lunch at the various social gatherings 
 which are held in the schoolhouse. A glance at the following cuts will 
 give a clear idea of the plan. 
 
 The Consolidated Schoolhouse is one that is now meeting the 
 needs of the present rural conditions. It has been conceded by the 
 General Assembly of the State that the rural boys and girls are in need 
 of as efficient intellectual training as are the city children. The state 
 has eome to the financial assistance of such schools. (See Sections 
 2794-b, -c, -d, Supplement to the Code, 1913, or School Laws of Iowa, 
 1915.) 
 
 The plan of the schoolhouse should be such as to give ample room 
 for the teaching of agriculture, domestic science and manual training. 
 A gymnasium, with separate boys' and girls' dressing rooms, toilets 
 and shower baths, should be provided. When possible the domestic 
 science room should be adjacent to the gymnasium and they can be 
 used together as a place to hold "Community or Social Center" meet- 
 ings. 
 
 The grade rooms should be on the first floor. An assembly room, 
 superintendent's office, physics laboratory, recitation rooms and a 
 library should be on the second floor. It is sometimes advisable to have 
 the reference library in the front part of the assembly room. 
 
L6 
 
17- 
 
 Floor plan of the One Room Rural Schoolhouse Showing Manual Training 
 and Domestic Science Rooms. — Architect, B. F. Egbert. 
 
— 18 
 
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-20 — 
 
 All consolidated school buildings must be approved by the State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction before the district can draw state 
 aid. (See Sections 2794-b, -c, -d, Supplement to the Code, 1913, or 
 School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 
 
 It is recommended that all plans for consolidated school buildings 
 be submitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction for his ap- 
 proval before such plans are accepted by the school board. 
 
 This bulletin contains some plans of the consolidated school build- 
 ings which it is suggested should have your careful attention : 
 
 Small Town Buildings •" Such buildings should, in general, be of 
 the same style as the Consolidated School Building. 
 
 City Buildings: The general demand of the city is so varied that 
 it becomes impossible to recommend any specific plan for such a 
 building. Such plans can only be suggestive. 
 
 There should be suitable rooms for domestic science and manual 
 training and laboratories for agriculture and physics. Each of these 
 rooms should be so equipped as to enable the students to do efficient 
 work. It is generally planned 1 to have the domestic science and dining 
 room on the same floor as the assembly room. 
 
 Main toilets may be placed on each floor and if the grades are to 
 have a place in this building, the first three grades, including the 
 kindergarten, should have separate toilets for the boys and girls. 
 
 An auditorium is always a valuable place for the general intellectual 
 activities of the school and should be on the first floor. 
 
 When it is not possible to connect a school building with the city 
 water system, the water may be delivered to the building by means 
 of a power pump and pressure tank. The water by this means will be 
 furnished for the sanitary fountain, toilets and lavatories. It may be 
 necessary to use a gasoline engine, steam or motor to develop the 
 power for running the pump. 
 
 Lighting of Schoolhouses. 
 
 There has never been any time in the history of education or the 
 industrial world when the demands have been so great on the eyes, 
 especially of school children. 
 
 It must be held in mind that the problem of heating, lighting and 
 ventilating the schoolhouse is far more complex than that of lighting, 
 heating and ventilating the home. Whatever can be done to better 
 any of these conditions will lessen fatigue and increase the child's 
 efficiency. 
 
 The study rooms should be placed on one side of the building so as 
 to admit either the morning or the afternoon sun. The south light is 
 
-21 — 
 
 loo constant and the teacher cannot regulate the shades so as to 
 prevent injurious pencils of light coming into the room. Even the 
 flat hlinds or adjustable shades will not remedy this condition. The 
 following is good advice : "Do not construct your schoolhouse in such 
 a way that windows will open from any study room towards the south." 
 
 The windows of each study room should be placed as close together 
 as possible; that is, banked, and near the rear of the room. "THE 
 GLASS SPACE SHOULD NEVER BE LESS THAN ONE-FIFTH OF 
 THE FLOOR SPACE." 
 
 The windows should never be less than four feet from the floor and 
 not over six inches from the ceiling. This will lessen the shadows that 
 may otherwise be formed and also prevent any passing objects from 
 destroying the direct interest of the children. It is true that in large 
 school buildings, the above suggestions may not always be carried out ; 
 but the rooms which vary most can be used as laboratories and rest 
 rooms. Such an adjustment will aid in the general advantages, happi- 
 ness and health of the children. 
 
 The rooms, which are in continuous use, should during some part of 
 the day receive the direct rays of the sun as sunlight is one of the 
 greatest disinfectants. This is the principal reason why the north 
 light is unsatisfactory. 
 
 The mullions between the banked windows should be of steel, thus 
 reducing the possibilities of shadows to a minimum. 
 
 Corridors. 
 
 Many of the present day architects sacrifice entirely the corridors 
 of the school building. The corridors are in many cases poorly lighted, 
 heated and ventilated. The width and advantage of the corridors to 
 the recitation or assembly rooms is never taken into consideration. 
 
 The corridors must be wide enough to prevent the congestion of 
 pupils, especially in the morning, the noon hour and at the changing of 
 classes in the high school department. This will also be true when 
 departmental work is done. It is advisable to have the corridors not 
 less than twelve feet in width, with plenty of direct light. Such a 
 width furnishes not only a roomy space, but will afford walls upon 
 which some appropriate pictures may be hung, also a floor space for 
 the busts of the leading men and women in the world's activities. 
 Such constructed corridors will become attractive instead of the dun- 
 geons which are so common in some of our school buildings. The 
 floors of the corridors should be of tile or cement. A good hard maple 
 floor, when properly cared for, will be very durable. 
 
- 22 — 
 
 Cloak Rooms. 
 
 The cloak rooms should be spacious and in every way sanitary. Each 
 should be adjacent to the room it is to serve. The doors, in and out, 
 should be so placed as to make it convenient and at the same time be 
 advantageous to the general discipline of the school. A cloak room 
 should never be isolated so that it will become a loafing place and 
 should be not less than five feet in width. It is the present day tendency 
 to do away with the cloak room and have sanitary lockers in the cor- 
 ridors or sanitary wardrobes in the various rooms. 
 
 Stairways. 
 
 In two-story buildings there should be two stairways leading from 
 floor to floor and then an outdoor exit to each. The stairways should 
 be placed at the opposite ends of the building and should be of fire- 
 proof material. Steel frames incased in cement and treads of the 
 same material are very desirable. Hand railings should be placed on 
 both sides of the stairway so that two columns of pupils may be moved 
 rapidly but yet with safety when emergency demands it. The above 
 suggestion will apply to all stairways in the building. The stairways 
 should not be less than five feet wide and consist of two runs of stairs. 
 For the grade rooms the risers should not be more than six inches and 
 the tread eleven inches. For the high school and advanced grade 
 pupils the risers should be seven inches and the tread ten inches. 
 
 Shades. 
 
 In placing or hanging shades it seems that the most satisfactory plan 
 is to have the movable curtains. Such shades work in slides and can 
 be shifted by means of a string so as to meet the rays of the sun. 
 However, the double shade, one rolling from the upper sash and the 
 other from the lower, is also acceptable. 
 
 It is a somewhat difficult matter to determine just what color of 
 shades should be used, but it is generally agreed that a light unob- 
 trusive tan or light slate will prove the most satisfactory. 
 
 Heating and Ventilating of Schoolhouses. 
 
 A thermometer should be placed in the rear of the room and a tem- 
 perature of about 70 maintained. 
 
 Ventilating room heaters, when properly constructed and installed, 
 are quite satisfactory for one and two-room school-houses. These sys- 
 tems should be so constructed that fresh air from out doors may be con- 
 stantly brought in through ducts and discharged in the space between 
 the heater and casing, which should be lined with asbestos and tin with 
 
-23 — 
 
 an air space between so as to cut off direct radiation. The air when 
 heated rises and circulates throughout the room, giving an even heat 
 distribution without creating drafts. To facilitate the heating of the 
 room and obtain the best circulation, it is essential that the bottom 
 edge of the casing should be raised from eight to fourteen inches from 
 the floor. To prevent over-heating or scorching of the air, there should 
 be a space of at least six inches between the casing and heater. An 
 exaporating pan, or humidifier, placed near the top of the heater keeps 
 the air from becoming too dry and prevents irritation of the membranes 
 of the throat and lungs. 
 
 It is necessary to provide an outlet for the vitiated air, and in order 
 to insure a positive draft in this foul air duct, adequate provision must 
 be made for having it heated. This may be done successfully in one 
 or two ways, namely: (a) By mixing smoke and foul air and removing 
 the same through a single flue chimney not less than 12x12 inches, in- 
 side measurement, for each room, so that all the waste products of com- 
 bustion may be available for inducing ventilation, (b) By providing 
 a large chimney about 20x20 inches, inside measurement, with a metal 
 stack in the center connected with the heater and extending up through- 
 out the chimney, so that the heat of the smoke pipe may be available 
 for heating the foul air in the chimney surrounding the stack, thus 
 causing the foul air to rise and pass out through the top of the chimney. 
 
 Care must be taken to have the ventilator in the same end of the 
 room as the heater, and in no case should the bottom of a foul air out- 
 let be above the floor line, or less than four feet from the heater, so 
 as to avoid conflict between the action of the foul air ventilator and the 
 rotating of the air through the bottom of the easing. The fresh air 
 ducts and foul air ventilators should be provided with dampers so that 
 they may be closed during the night. 
 
 In the two-room or even larger school buildings the hot-air furnace 
 will prove satisfactory if it is put in in a satisfactory way. When 
 a gravity furnace is used as the basis of the heating system it should 
 be of generous size. It should be set far to the north and west side of 
 the building, which is most exposed to the winter winds. 
 
 The air ducts leading to the furnace should not be too long as the 
 movement of the air depends upon gravity and too great friction will 
 cause the air to move slowly. It is necessary to observe definitely that 
 the air outlets are so located and constructed that they will be able 
 to carry the vitiated air. Whether the chimney, for this purpose, is 
 located in the main hall or directly connected with the room, the 
 
— 24 — 
 
 same should be of such a capacity as to keep all the rooms properly 
 ventilated. 
 
 Prof. F. D. Dressier in "American Schoolhouses, 1910, Bulletin No. 
 5," says, "All things considered, and especially when a furnace of 
 ample radiating surface is installed, when the ducts leading to the 
 rooms are mathematically proportioned and are not too long, and when 
 proper means are afforded for moistening the air to the hygienic 
 degree of saturation, there seems at present to be no system of heating 
 better suited to small and medium sized school buildings than the hot- 
 air furnace. ' ' 
 
 The method of heating consolidated, town and city schools by steam 
 is now becoming the most used system. In all schoolhouses above 
 eight rooms this system can be made to give better general results than 
 any other. The fresh air can be drawn into the room by a ventilation 
 radiator through a wall opening, to the air duct, near the floor line. 
 This air duct should be provided with a damper to regulate the amount 
 of air coming into the room. The air passing over the ventilating 
 radiator is heated to a moderate temperature, and then raised to the 
 proper temperature by other radiators in the room. A vitiated air 
 duct should be placed on the side of the room opposite the ventilating 
 radiator with a register near the ceiling. In this air duct is placed an 
 aspirating coil to accelerate the outward movement of the vitiated air. 
 By this plan the room will have ample ventilation without the annoy- 
 ance of drafts. 
 
 In the larger school buildings it is more desirable to use the fan 
 system. The fresh air should be fanned through moderately heated 
 coils so that the temperature on entering the room should not be less 
 than 70 degrees and the direct radiation of each room should be 
 sufficient to maintain the proper temperature of 70 degrees. 
 
 The ducts for the outlet of the air should be so placed that the 
 vitiated air of the rooms can readily escape. A system of thermostats 
 should be connected with the direct radiation in each room and the 
 heating coil so that a constant temperature may be maintained. All 
 exit ducts should open into the wa\l near the floor on the same side 
 on which the fresh air enters. 
 
 In case a cloak room is connected directly with the class room one 
 of the vitiated air exits may be placed in such cloak room. Great care 
 should be taken to see that the corridors are properly heated. 
 
 The power for running the fan may be an electric motor, steam 
 power from the heating plant, or a gasoline engine. 
 
— 25 — 
 
 A specialist in heating and ventilating should be consulted before 
 any system is allowed to be installed. The proper amount of fresh air 
 lor each pupil should he figured accurately. 
 
 Hot water heating, is general, has not given satisfaction and unless 
 there is some local condition or special reason to be taken into consid- 
 eration, it would not be wise to install such a system. 
 
 Ventilation. 
 
 Ventilation systems may be summarized as direct, indirect and 
 forced. 
 
 The direct is when the windows and doors are used for ventilating 
 purposes. This method is subject to drafts, but such can be minimized 
 by raising the lower sash of the window and thus allowing the air to 
 come in between the sashes. Deflectors should be attached to the lower 
 sash so that when it is raised the deflectors will cover the opening 
 made. This system is very satisfactory in small buildings. 
 
 Indirect ventilation has to do with the fresh air ducts and vitiated 
 air outlets and room ventilators. Buildings which have such a system 
 will necessarily depend on the direct system when it is not cold 
 enough for a fire. 
 
 The forced system -of ventilation is usually controlled by a fan, which 
 forces the air throughout the building. All air inlets, outlets and roof 
 ventilators must be of such a capacity as to carry the proper amount of 
 air. (See heating for further explanation of the indirect and forced 
 systems.) 
 
 In heating and ventilating buildings we note that Gilbert S. Morrison 
 says : ' ' Small children, 2500 cubic feet ; high school pupils, 3,000 cubic 
 feet, and college students, 3,500 cubic feet per hour, is the necessary 
 amount of fresh air." 
 
 All satisfactory ventilating systems should change the air in each 
 room at least once in ten minutes. 
 
 In spite of all of the systems and schemes for ventilation, which 
 are now being advanced, it will take a great amount of so-called com- 
 mon sense, on the part of the teacher and janitor, to even approach 
 an ideal condition. 
 
 Note: Every system of heating should be provided with the proper 
 ))><ans of humidifying the air. 
 
 Arrangement of Rooms. 
 
 The arrangement of the rooms in the basement is very important in 
 the general convenience of the school building. Unless the basement is 
 to be used as a place for "social center" gatherings it would seem wise 
 to have the general toilets for the boys and girls on the first floor with 
 
— 26 — 
 
 individual room toilets for the first three grades including the kinder- 
 garten. 
 
 In many buildings the corridors of the basement are so adjacent to 
 the gymnasium as to be used to an advantage, for movable amphi- 
 theater seating. 
 
 The gymnasium should be placed far enough below grade to get a 
 general height of about 17 feet and, if possible, not less than 40 feet 
 in width and 60 feet in length. Special attention should be given to 
 the heating, lighting and ventilating of this room. 
 
 The size of the grade rooms should not be less than 24x32x12 feet, 
 especially the primary rooms. 
 
 The recitation rooms and laboratories will vary in size ; but none of 
 them should be less than 20x30x12 feet. 
 
 It must be kept in mind that all the doors from rooms and corridors 
 of any public building must open outward. 
 
 The interior finish of each room should be as free as possible from 
 projections which will serve as places for the accumulation of dust 
 or disease germs. The glass transom over a door, if it tends to affect 
 the general lighting of the room, should not be used. The so-called 
 glass door should generally give way to the plain panels. The artistic 
 panel designed door will not only be more serviceable, but will also 
 add to the attractiveness of the corridors. 
 
 Seating. 
 
 The seats should be sanitary and adjustable. They should be placed 
 in the room so as to allow the light, especially when pupils are studying, 
 to come over the left shoulder. 
 
 Blackboards. 
 
 In our Iowa schools a great amount of blackboard is needed. Since 
 all blackboards absorb light there should be a light colored curtain so 
 arranged as to cover it on dark and gloomy days. It has been known 
 by such a means to increase the light during such days by fifty per 
 cent. A slate blackboard is the most desirable and is recommended. 
 
 The height from the floor to the blackboard in primary rooms should 
 be 24 inches, intermediate rooms 26 to 28 inches, and high school 
 rooms 30 to 32 inches. The most convenient width of a blackboard is 
 42 inches. The teacher's desk and cabinet should be of movable types 
 so that they may be placed where most convenient. 
 
 Lighting. 
 
 A complete system of electric or gas lighting should be installed in 
 not only the assembly room, but in each of the rooms in the building. 
 
A General Summary 
 
 It has been thought wise to give a general summary of the conditions 
 which should be a part of a modern school building. 
 
 1. An auditorium, when possible, should be placed on the first floor, 
 and such an auditorium should have a stage or an elevated platform. 
 This will be desirable especially in the larger cities where the school 
 seems to demand a general meeting place for school activities. 
 
 2. An assembly room with a platform and space on the platform 
 for the reference library will be desirable. 
 
 3. The superintendent's office should be on the first floor and the 
 principal's office on the second. 
 
 4. Every school building should be provided with special rooms 
 for Domestic Science, Manual Training and Agriculture. 
 
 5. All laboratories and supply rooms should be convenient to the 
 assembly room. It may be necessary in a consolidated school to have 
 the agriculture laboratory in the basement. 
 
 6. A domestic science room, store room, dining room and sewing 
 room should be on the first floor, except as suggested in the consoli- 
 dated school. 
 
 7. The manual training room and workshop should be placed in the 
 basement. It is necessary that the room used for this purpose should 
 have a wood floor. 
 
 8. The grade rooms should be mainly on the first floor with room 
 toilets for the first three grades and kindergarten. There should be 
 two toilets placed on each of the floors, one for the boys and the other 
 for the girls. 
 
 9. A gymnasium with separate dressing rooms, shower baths and 
 toilets for boys and girls, should be placed in the basement. These 
 should be so planned as to have their entrances to the gymnasium oppo- 
 site each other. 
 
 10. There should be a water pressure system throughout the 
 building. 
 
 11. The lavatories and flush toilets should be connected with a 
 sewer or septic tank. It is recommended to have one closet bowl for 
 every fifteen girls and one urinal and closet for every twenty-five 
 boys. It is necessary to have air ducts carefully constructed so that 
 all toilets will be properly ventilated. 
 
— 28- 
 
 
 12. At least two sanitary fountains should be placed on each floor, 
 including the basement. It is necessary that paper towels and soap 
 cups be a part of the sanitary equipment of the school. 
 
 13. The purity of the water used in any schoolroom should be 
 guarded with the utmost care. 
 
 14. All doors should open outward. 
 
 15. Fire escapes should be adjacent to all rooms above the first floor. 
 
 16. A fire hose should be connected with the water system and on 
 each floor. A chemical fire extinguisher should also be placed on each 
 floor. 
 
 17. All windows in the study rooms should be banked so that the 
 light in general may come over the left shoulder. The glass space should 
 be equal to one-fifth of the floor space. 
 
 18. The windows of the gymnasium do not need to be banked ; but 
 there should be enough glass space to make it cheery, even on dark 
 days. 
 
 19. All corridors and openings should be properly ventilated, heated 
 and lighted. The walls should be made attractive by proper decorations. 
 
 20. All lighting, heating and ventilating systems should be thor- 
 oughly tested before the same are accepted by the board. 
 
 21. A steam heating plant is generally the most satisfactory in the 
 larger buildings; the furnace, hot air, in the smaller towns and con- 
 solidated school buildings; and the modern heating jacketed stove 
 ventilating system in the one and two-room rural buildings. 
 
 22. Thermostats should be connected with steam heating systems. 
 
 23. A roof ventilator should be of such a capacity as to carry off 
 ail vitiated air which is forced to the attic through the air ducts. 
 
 24. All playgrounds should be fully equipped and regularly super- 
 vised. 
 
 25. All school grounds should be made as ornamental as possible. 
 The flower bed, well kept lawn, trees and shrubbery will make the 
 school more attractive and home-like. ' 
 
 26. An experimental plot for agriculture should have a place at 
 the rear of all school grounds; or„ at least, adjacent to the same. When 
 possible it will add to the general activities of the school to have a 
 regular athletic field, independent of the playgrounds. 
 
 27. The janitor is no less important than the teacher in the main- 
 taining of sanitary conditions in the schoolhouse and grounds. 
 
 28. A janitor's work should not consist in just the care of the 
 building, but also the general care of the grounds. 
 
— 29 — 
 
 29. All school boards, before contracting for the installation of a 
 schoolhonse sewage disposal plant, should have the plans and specifi- 
 cations for such disposal plant prepared by a competent and experi- 
 enced sanitary engineer and when such plans and specifications have 
 
 I ii prepared they should be submitted to the State Board of Health 
 
 for final approval, before installation of the same. (See Rule 9, Iowa 
 State Board of Health.) 
 
 30. The board of directors of every school district should take every 
 precaution possible to keep their schoolhouse in a sanitary condition 
 and provide for the fumigation of the same as often as it may seem 
 necessary. 
 
 One-room Schoolhouse, Lincoln Township Center, Wright county. As it used to 
 
 be and as it is now. Departments in the basement for Domestic 
 
 Science, Manual Training and Furnace. 
 
80 
 
--31- 
 
32 
 
 A Class in Manual Training. Corning. 
 
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 Finished Models in Manual Training. Washington. 
 
— 33 — 
 
 A Practical Application of the Study of Agriculture. Orchard Consolidated 
 
 School. 
 
 A Study of Seed Corn. Story C:ty. 
 
— 34 — 
 
 
 
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 A Class in Sewing. Oelwein. 
 
 A Convenient Arrangement of the Equipment in Domestic Science Department. 
 
 Rockwell City. 
 
— 35 
 
 A Domestic Science Class at Work. Osage. 
 
 A Class in Domestic Science. Red Oak. 
 
36 
 
 High School Building, Fairfield. 
 
 High School Auditorium. Fairfield. 
 
37 — 
 
— 38 
 
— 89 — 
 
40 
 
 A Rural School Ground made Attractive to Children. 
 
 The Teeter is Enjoyed by both Boys and Girls. 
 
— 41 — 
 
42 
 
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The slide is enjoyed by the Rural Children. 
 
 A Play Ground Supervised by a Teacher. 
 
-44 — 
 
 
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— 47 — 
 
 INSULATION. 
 
 CONCAVE 
 
 BUBBLER 
 toULATl 
 
 A P ml?w 2. r n kln ^- P ° Unta . ln - (Sectlonal View.) An inexpensive 
 
 method of providing sanitary drinking facilities for country 
 
 schools— (Smith System.) 
 
— 48 — 
 
— 49 
 
 A Sanitarv Chemical Toilet adapted to meet needs and 
 conditions in localities where a system of sewers is 
 not available— (Smith System.) 
 
— 50- 
 
 Seat Action Toilets. Water Tank, out of reach of children. 
 
— 51- 
 
 Seat Action Toilets. Water Tank, concealed. 
 
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 BASEMENT 
 ALBERT CITY SCHOOL 
 
 INGOLD UNIT SYSTEM CO. 
 
 SCHOOL ARCHITECTS 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA, 
 
 Basement Plan. 
 
— 107- 
 
 STUDY ROOM . 
 
 STUDY ROOM 
 
 FIRST FLOOR 
 ALBERT CITY SCHOOL . 
 
 First Floor Plan. 
 
 INGOLD UNIT SYSTEM CO 
 
 SCHOOL ARCHITECTS 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA. 
 
108- 
 
 STUDY ROOM . 
 
 STUDY ROOM 
 
 SECOND FLOOR 
 ALBERT CITY SCHOOL . 
 
 INGOLD UNIT SYSTEM CO. 
 
 SCHOOL ARCHITECTS 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, • IOWA 
 
 Second Floor Plan. 
 
— 109 — 
 
— 110 — 
 
JtCOfiD- PtOOl^- PlsArt 
 
- 112 
 
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— 113- 
 
 HEYADA OT AND 
 
 JUNIOR XttOOL 
 
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 ACCH1TICT 
 3 T. PAUL MlWt 
 
 T)joivmt Floor Pla/i 
 
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114 — 
 
 NEVADMIG11AND 
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 NEVADA, IOWA. 
 
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 AECmTICT. 
 Ot. Paul Mj/m. 
 
 fjTOT TlOOH PLA/i 
 
 Scale ts" - I'-o" 
 
 NEVADA Hlftt AND 
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 HIYADA IOWA 
 
 ARCHITECT 
 Ot Paul Mi/m 
 
 Dico/iD Tloot^ Pla/i. 
 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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 029 452 176 8 
 
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