♦ 4* ** • 9* » V'^^'V v^V-' t • O 5>^ ./%. ** v \ W w v .*»\ v,/ -isftfe W • / > UNDER THE HAT OF PEW Poor Richard's DICTIONARY of PHILADELPHIA Being an unusual collection of interesting facts that are be- coming more generally known about Historic and Commercial PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIA J. B. Lippincott Company Fis ■ 6~ Compiled by FRANK H. TAYLOR Copyright, 19 16, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY .' ' NOV -9 1315 Set up and Electrotyped at the WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON 'CI.A445571 THE HOME OF THE Annals of Surgery 227 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia Eight Squares East of the Bellevue-Stratford With the close of the year 1916, the J. B. Lippincott Company, Publishers of the ANNALS OF SURGERY, rounds out one century and a quarter of successful book publishing and the ANNALS completes its thirty-second year — as Dr. W. J. Mayo so well said, " the foremost surgical journal of the world," and more, he added, "I have read every number and almost every article." It can truly be said that the sun never sets on each succeeding issue of this pub- lication. As regularly as the first of each month comes around many thousands of copies begin a separate journey to nearly every part of the world. Here is a list of the countries to which it is sent each month. Sweden India Argentine Persia China Denmark Siam Haiti Japan Chile Brazil Belgium Mexico Ecuador Porto Rico Nicaragua Italy France Austria Switzerland Portugal guatamala Jamaica Hungary Uruguay Canada Australia Egypt Germany Netherlands New Zealand England — not a single copy, but many copies. Japan alone gets 13; China. 9; Australia. 37; New Zealand, 7; Canada, 364: even Si am gets 3, while England receives 455. Eighteen different languages and 25 nationalities are represented on our sub- scription list. As an illustration of authoritative and timely articles and the alertness of the Editorial staff the following achievement is incomparable. The great war in Europe was officially declared July 28, 1914. Just 3 days before (July 25) the ANNALS OF SURGERY issued a special number on War Surgery with articles contributed by Prof. De Page, of Brussels; Prof. Witzel, of Dusseldorf; Dr. P. vonKuzmik, of Budapest; Dr. E. Ullman, of Vienna; Dr. Henri Hartman, of Paris, and Dr. J. F. Binnie, of Kansas City. From the very first number issued — 32 years ago — to the present time the edi- torial management has been in the hands of Dr. Lewis Stephen Pilcher, generally acknowledged one of the ablest editors the profession has ever known, and the ANNALS stands to-day a glorious monu- ment to his ability and discernment. The interest shown in the ANNALS OF SURGERY by recognized surgical author- ities the world over warrants the statement that in a greater measure than ever before does the ANNALS adequately represent the best surgical work and thought everywhere. The illustrations continue to be a marked feature of the book, the general typo- graphical make-up being such as to par- ticularly fit it to present the best results attainable by modern illustrative art. We extend a hand of welcome to the visitors of the North American Congress of Clinical Surgeons on this, their second visit to Philadelphia. We give you a most cordial invitation to visit us during your stay here. Come see the home of the ANNALS OF SURGERY — see what is being accomplished under one roof. You will then understand how it is possible for J. B. Lippincott Company to have so many publications that " are foremost in the world." SITUATION, ADVANTAGES AND COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE QUAKER CITY On the banks of the Delaware, ninety-six miles from the ocean, stands the famous Quaker City — Philadelphia — third in the United States, ninth in the world, in population, and in certain respects ranking among the first of them all. Thus, in some of its industries it has no rival, while as a city of small and comfortable homes for its work- ing people it stands above any other upon the earth. A dream of beauty in its environs, an unsurpassed mart of industry in its manufact- uring section, and a realm of commodious homes in its residence districts, the people of Philadelphia have every reason to be proud of the Metropolis of Pennsylvania to which their active and intel- ligent labors have given rise. In the year 1681, when the English king, Charles II, sold to William Perm a great tract of land which he did not own, it presented a very dif- ferent aspect. Forests covered its site, tenanted only by wandering Indians and a few Swedish farmers who had made small clearings. Only a few hundred settlers, Swedes, Dutch and British, then occupied this portion of the New World, and there was every opportunity to build up the great and free Quaker community which the new pro- prietor had in mind. Commissioners were sent by him to the Delaware to select a suitable site for the city which he proposed to build. They were told to examine Upland, a Swedish settlement farther down the stream, since known as Chester. But they selected for the proposed city what seemed to them a more available site, some miles to the north. Here a second navigable river, called Schuylkill by the Dutch, ran into the larger stream and seemed to double its opportunities for commerce. When, in the following year, Penn sought his new domain in the good ship Welcome he was highly pleased with the site chosen by his agents, it appearing to him admirably fitted by Nature for the upbuilding of a great city. Penn was no ordinary man. In those days, when tyranny, religious bigotry, and cruel punishments for light crimes widely prevailed, he lost no time in giving his people powers of suffrage and self- government, and complete religious liberty, and cut down the penalty of death for crime to murder and treason. At that time people were hanged in England for small thefts and various other minor offences. The new city grew with encouraging rapidity. In the fifty years before Penn's arrival few settlers had sought the Delaware. Now they came abun- dantly, and when Penn returned to England in 1684 there were about 3000 people in the new city and 5000 in the province of Pennsylvania. When William Penn again visited his city, fifteen years later, he was surprised and delighted by the evidences of growth and prosperity he saw on all sides. He had left a city of about 600 houses, he returned to one of more than 2000, and so full of new faces that he felt almost like a stranger. New settlers had come in numbers, among them many Welsh, who settled in the country west of the Schuylkill, which became known as the Welsh Tract. Many more Germans had arrived, of vari- ous religious sects, these making their way into the country to the north, where their descendants still preserve their old language, oddly mixed with English words, and are known as "Pennsylvania Dutch." Meanwhile the city grew and prospered. A postal service was early established. Education was attended to, a Friends' Public Grammar School being founded in 1689. This still exists as the William Penn Charter School. Philadelphia was chartered as a city in 1701, shortly before Penn's final return to England. In 171 8, when William Penn died, his colony, then thirty-six years of age, was in a very prosperous condition, immi- grants coming in such numbers that Pennsylvania grew faster than any of the other colonies. Trade developed until the Delaware presented a busy scene, vessels coming and going in numbers, while business was active, land cheap, and the streets vital with stirring life. A city of the size of colonial Philadelphia would not be thought much of in our day, but at that period it was the largest city in America and its supremacy was widely acknowledged. Its citizens included various men of wide fame in science and literature. Benjamin Franklin, in the signal experiment by which he brought lightning from the clouds and proved it to be electricity, gave Philadelphia a high standing in science, which was added to by the fine work done by David Ritten- house in astronomy, the improvement of the quadrant by Thomas Godfrey, and the splendid achievements in botany of John Bartram, called by Linnaeus " the greatest natural botanist in the world." In literature Franklin gave it a standing by his "Poor Richard's Almanac" and his "Auto- biography," much the finest literary production of colonial America. Another man of literary note was the learned James Logan, who collected a library of about 3,000 volumes, a large private collection for that day. This collection is now a choice treasure of the Philadelphia Library. The Revolutionary period called forth the efforts of several able writers, chief among them being Thomas Paine, whose "Common Sense" and "Crisis" were so admirably adapted to the spirit of the time. The only able colonial author out- side of Philadelphia was Jonathan Edwards, who wrote solely on theological themes. That Philadelphia was then regarded as the Ameri- can metropolis was shown in the action of the Albany Congress of 1754, held with the purpose of uniting the colonies in defence against the French. Franklin's plan for the union of the colonies, accepted by the convention, named Philadelphia for the capital of the proposed con- federacy, proposing to make it the seat of a legis- lature elected by the colonies and a governor- general appointed by the king. The mutual jeal- ousy of the British authorities and the colonial assemblies prevented the adoption of this plan, but it pointed forward to the choice of Philadel- phia as the capital of the country, which it practi- cally became in 1774, twenty years later. PHILADELPHIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY With a population of 70,000 in 1800, it had defi- nitely entered upon that career of manufacturing activity for which it has since continued famous. The position of the city in the close vicinity of the world's chief supply of anthracite coal, with an abundance of iron within easy reach, gave it special advantages, which were utilized in the development of its array of great workshops, some of them destined to become the greatest in the world. Commerce was also active, Phila- delphia being at that time America's leading center of trade. In fact, not only before the Revolution, but down to the period of the Civil War, this city had a flourishing commerce, its many clipper ships, barges and brigs dealing largely with all parts of the world, especially with the West Indies, and to an important extent with the East Indies. Many enterprising merchants engaged in this commerce, among whom may be specially named Stephen Girard, famous for his wealth and enterprise. Active efforts to regain a fair portion of this trade are now in operation, including the deepening of the Delaware and the building of an ample array of wharves and docks. The Delaware and Schuylkill, including the Cam- den side of the former, have the extensive water frontage of thirty-eight miles, great part of which is still unutilized. The city has at present steam- ship service to all the leading ports of Europe and those of the south Atlantic, and the years to come will be sure to see a large increase in this traffic. Could William Penn look down upon his city to-day he would perceive a sea of buildings, spreading over many square miles. Instead of a wilderness of trees he would see a wilderness of dwellings, crowded with a busy population, to- gether with great industrial, financial, mercantile, and other edifices, a center of civic life ranking as the third in the United States and the ninth in the world, and one which, in some of its activities, claims rank as the first. It is a city which has justly won the title of "The City of Homes," since it has within its limits more houses occupied by their owners than any other city in the world. Its number of separate resi- dences is stated as more than 350,000, while New York has fewer than 150,000 one-family houses. These include broad expanses of neat and com- fortable two-story houses, provided with conven- iences formerly found only in the mansions of the wealthy. Among these the bath-room is an essential feature from the point of view of high civilization. Of these the city claims more than 7 350,000, while twenty public bathing places help to serve the needs of the poorer sections. To the number of buildings mentioned as dwellings may be added some 50,000 built for other purposes, Philadelphia having about 400,000 separate build- ings, more than any other city in the United States. Coming to the other feature in which it has gained eminence, those of its special industries, it may be said that in textile manufacture Philadelphia is to-day the leading city in the world. It has the largest lace factory and some of the largest carpet factories, while it holds first rank in knit goods, rugs, and felt hats. The Baldwin locomotive works, with a capacity for eight locomotives a day, has no rival in the world. Since 1710 Penn's city has led in American shipbuilding, and the two great shipyards of its port, Cramp's in Ken- sington and the New York Shipbuilding Company in Gloucester, have given the Delaware a just claim to the title of "The Clyde of America." Other lines of industry in which this city stands pre-eminent are the making of street cars, the manufacture of oil-cloth, linoleum, saws, sporting and athletic goods, upholstery goods and various other articles. It holds second place in women's clothing, millinery, paper goods, woollen goods, and sugar refining. In addition it covers every field of metal work, useful and ornamental, it has no superior in fine furniture, it yields one-third of the umbrellas and parasols of the country, and it has long been active in publication, while its commercial printing trade occupies 250 plants, with an annual output of $10,000,000. Such is Philadelphia industrially, one of the leading manu- facturing cities of the world, and in many fields of industry the leading city in America. "The largest industrial city in America" it was called by the French Trade Commission, on its visit here in December, 19 15, with a view of reopening trade after the war. THE LIBERTY BELL A bell for this purpose, one fitting the dignified structure in which it was to hang, was ordered from London, to bear the significant inscription: "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof." THE PHILADELPHIA OF TO-DAY As regards railroad service, Philadelphia is admir- ably supplied. Of the three roads that enter the city, two of them, the Pennsylvania and Reading, penetrate it to its very heart. The Broad Street Station of the Pennsylvania fronts directly upon the location of the Center Square which William Penn set aside as the hub of his new city, and the Market Street Station of the Reading lies but a short distance away. The Baltimore and Ohio Station is at the Schuylkill extremity of the origi- nal city planned by Penn. As for means of getting about within the city lim- its, the admirable system of electric cars offers ex- cellent opportunities, no city being better supplied in this particular. There is scarcely one of the wider streets of the city without its car line, run- ning north, south, east or west, with a mystifying abundance that appears difficult to unravel. The total length of trolley lines in the city is about 600 miles. The system is easy to comprehend and one soon gets to depend on the number given each sep- arate line, without troubling about its further directions. In the way of real ' ' rapid transit, ' ' the Market Street Subway and Elevated lines are of great service, and carry their multitudes daily. At the westward extremity of the Elevated, at 69th Street, the trolley service leaves the city and plunges into the country, spreading out like the fingers of a hand into a number of distinct lines, giving service to West Chester, to several points on the Main Line, and to Allentown by way of Norristown. Other out-of-town service is provided to Chester, Media, Wilmington, Doylestown, Easton, and more distant localities. Counting with these varied routes of rail travel the fast- growing multitudes of automobiles in daily use, it will appear that Philadelphia is amply provided for in the necessary function of getting about. Thus much for passenger travel. For freight car- riage ample facilities have been and are being pro- vided. A net-work of freight tracks crosses the city towards the wharves, including an elevated one of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. This company has 56 freight stations in Philadelphia and Camden, many of them on the river front, along which front a belt line for the transfer of freight extends to Port Richmond. At the latter port the Reading Railway Company has shipping piers and coal sheds a half mile in length. It should further be said that plans are now in prep- aration for doing away with all railroad crossings on grade in Philadelphia, and for building a com- plete modern series of wharves along the southern section of the river front, with accommodations for the largest ships. The city is, in fact, to be made a first-class fresh-water port, with every facility for freight and passenger carriage. There are still fourteen miles of unoccupied tide-water front, and hundreds of acres of bordering lands along the two rivers fitted for building great fac- tories, from which goods could be placed directly on shipboard. In addition to the modern piers now under process of building, Delaware Avenue is being widened and bulkheaded in concrete and the Delaware being deepened, the ultimate depth to be 35 feet. The plan now being worked out will utilize over 1,000 acres and provide wharfage for one hundred and thirty-one 600-foot ships. 10 The Delaware now bears a large traffic, and is well provided with light-houses and other aids to safe navigation, also with large and powerful ice- boats, capable of keeping the channel open in the severest winter weather likely to occur in its latitude. THE METROPOLIS OF PENNSYLVANIA So far we have dealt with Philadelphia as confined within its municipal limits. Within this space 1,750,000 persons dwell. But the real Philadel- phia, the Metropolitan City, the multitude of hives of industry which have grown up around the central municipality and of whose activities it is the true center, extends for miles in every direction around it, the total population included within the city and its circle of offsprings being estimated at 4,000,000. In this outer ring, or metropolitan dis- trict, may be included the Pennsylvania counties of Berks, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Montgomery, and Northamp- ton, with their 1,300,000 inhabitants; the nearby counties of New Jersey, with 600,000; the people of Newcastle County, Delaware, and the inhabi- tants of Atlantic City and other seaside resorts, outgrowths of the expansion of the Quaker City. Philadelphia throws its mantle of commercial and industrial association over this wide district, in which are the smaller cities of Wilmington, Ches- ter, Camden, Reading, Lancaster, South Bethle- hem, Coatesville, and various others, clustering like hives of busy bees around their great central city, to the numerous industrial plants of which they add some 30,000 others, some of these, like the Eddystone offshoot from Baldwin's, being simply transplanted sections of the city proper. Within this metropolitan district are 1 ,475 textile mills of which 91 1 are in the central city and 460 11 in the Pennsylvania counties named. Within these mills more than 200,000 workmen are employed, making this metropolis of industry in a double sense the world's largest textile center. The war in Europe brought to these establishments vast demands for textile goods, greatly increasing their normal output. And there is reason to believe that much of this active demand will sur- vive the war. At present more money in the form of wages is flowing into the hands of Philadelphia artisans than in any other city in the country, and great part of this falls to the textile workers. Iron and steel are the basis of another line of goods in which metropolitan Philadelphia is exception- ally busy, the plants within the city itself being supplemented by numerous active ones in the sur- rounding towns, of which South Bethlehem is a place of enormous activity. As for Philadelphia itself, the newly organized Midvale Steel and Ord- nance Company represents an outlying branch which occupies a part of the Baldwin plant at Eddystone, and is engaged in manufacturing 2 ,000, 000 Enfield rifles for the British Government; 25, 000 men are employed in this work. The duPont powder mills of Wilmington and its vicinity form another enterprising form of industry which adds an important share to the commercial standing of the metropolitan district. In Marcus Hook, a suburb of Chester, is one of the largest artificial- silk plants of the world. It is indeed not alone on war material that Phila- delphia is engaged. Machinery of all sorts is made, especially textile machines, which give busy employment to more than a score of workshops. These produce not only the ordinary implements, but also special machinery, such as electric cloth - cutters, finishing boards, lock-stitch loopers, fric- tion clutches, and other specialties. There is also an encouraging demand for milling tools, drills, 12 and various other types of metal-working machin- ery. Wire is a product greatly in demand, also chain and other forgings, planes, lathes, pulleys, files, farm and garden implements, and many more varieties of metal tools and hardware than we have space to mention. In fact, nowhere else in the United States is high-grade manufacturing so centralized. The production of patent medicines and com- pounds and druggists' preparations is prominent in this city, nearly 200 establishments being engaged in this line. The Powers-Weightman- Rosengarten Company is the largest maker of quinine-sulphate and morphine-sulphate in the country, and there are various other large manu- facturers of drug materials. Philadelphia is also prominent in the leather industry; tanning, curry- ing and finishing leather products being prosper- ous lines of labor. It is especially an important field for sole-leather and glazed-kid manufacture. Including the works in Camden and Wilmington, seventy-five per cent, of the world's supply of goatskins are tanned and finished here, the capac- ity of the Philadelphia factories being in the neigh- borhood of 60,000,000 goatskins a year. Another item of active Philadelphia industry is the manufacture of clothing, nearly 500 establish- ments being engaged in the production of men's and about 400 in that of women's clothing. These are a few of the active industries of Phila- delphia, the total list being a long one. To those mentioned may be added bread and bakery prod- ucts, petroleum refining, malt liquors, confection- ery, paint and varnish, soap, brass and bronze goods, twine and cordage, paper and wood pulp, fancy and paper boxes, furniture and refrigerators, and various other lines of manufacture. 13 Omitting the surrounding districts, we may esti- mate in Philadelphia to-day 10,000 manufacturing plants, in which are employed 400,000 skilled workmen, their daily wages footing up to $1,000, 000. If the metropolitan district be added, the daily wages would total $1,500,000, making in all a monthly payroll of $45,000,000. Coming now to commercial and financial business, Philadelphia possesses 1,000 wholesale mercantile houses, and has more than 100 banks, trust and saving-fund companies, with capital and surplus a gg re g at i n g $170,000,000 and deposits of $600, 000,000. Its saving-fund companies hold about $200,000,000, of which one, the Philadelphia Sav- ing Fund, has over $100,000,000. Among its pub- lic institutions may be enumerated two universi- ties, six medical schools, thirty-four hospitals, over eight hundred churches, and three hundred public schools, with many more institutions of diverse kinds. In value of products the first place must be granted to Philadelphia in hosiery and knit goods, rugs and carpets, fur and felt hats, locomo- tives, ships, dyeing and finishing textiles, street cars, oil-cloth, linoleum, saws, and sporting and athletic goods. It ranks second in women's cloth- ing, laces and millinery, woollen and felt goods, wool hats, leather, and sugar refining. What more may we say? A statistician makes the interesting estimate that for almost every minute of the day and night a railway train arrives in Philadelphia ; every time the clock strikes $150,000 in value of newly made goods are handed out by the city workmen ; the steam-railway tracks within the city are long enough to reach from Philadel- phia to St. Louis; every day brings ocean steam- ships to our docks and sends others away; each minute of the banking day sees a hundred deposi- tors pass money through the bank windows; when 14 the nation is sick it comes to Philadelphia for drugs and doctors; and when the government needs a new battleship it can go to only one place and obtain such a ship complete from keel to 13-inch guns without trespassing upon a county line, and that place is Philadelphia. These are not all the items that might have been given, nor is the description of Philadelphia insti- tutions in the foregoing pages intended to be exhaustive. Others of importance might have been mentioned, but enough have been spoken of to show the high standing which Philadelphia has won among the world's centers of population. is FIRST IN PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHING FIRSTS 1685 First Almanac printed in the Colonies, "America's Messenger." William Bradford. 1698 First School Book, written in Philadelphia, Francis Pastorius. 1718 First American-made Printing Press, Adam Ramage. 1728 First Weekly Newspaper, "The Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Penn- sylvania Gazette," Keimer. 1732 First German Newspaper, the "Philadelphia Zeitung," Benjamin Franklin. 1741 First American Magazine, Andrew Bradford (two issues only). 1741 Benjamin Franklin launched the "General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations in America" (six issues only). 1742 First Type, made by Christopher Saur, Germantown. 1743 First German Bible, Christopher Saiir. The third edition, printed in 1777, while still in sheets, was used to make cartridges at the time of the Battle of Germantown. 1764 First Religious Magazine, "Das Geistlische Magazin," Christopher Saiir. 1782 First English Bible, Robert Aitken. 1783 First Trade Journal, "The Price Current." 1784 First Daily Newspaper, "Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser." 16 1785 First American Edition of Shakespeare, Bioren & Madan. 1786 First American Book of Prayer of Prot- estant Episcopal Church. 1796 First Type Foundry, Binney & Ronaldson. 1798 First American Novelist, Charles Brockden Brown, who then published "Wieland." 1802 First Annual Book Sales. 1802 First Juvenile Magazine. 1802 First Law Library. 1804 First Printing Ink Works, Charles Eneu Johnson. 1808 First Ornithology, Alexander Wilson 1813 First Religious Weekly, "The Religious Remembrancer. ' ' 1819 First American Lithograph, Bass Otis. 1830 First Penny Newspaper, "The Cent," pub- lished by C. C. Conwell. 1830 First Successful Women's Magazine," Godey's Lady's Book," Louis A. Godey. 1833 First U. S. Dispensatory, Wood & Bache. 1840 First General Advertising Agency, Volney B. Palmer, Pine Street above Third Street. 1848 First Comic Weekly, "The John Donkey," published by Thomas Dunn English. 1852 First American Insurance Journal, Capt. Harvey G. Tuckett. 1853 First Gazetteer of the United States, Lip- pincott. 1880 First Etched Newspaper Illustration. 1891 First Perfected Screen, making half-tone en- graving and printing a commercial possibility, Levy Brothers. 1913 First Newspaper Advertising Campaign for Church Attendance, Associated Churches of Philadelphia. 17 NATIONAL FIRSTS 1774 First Continental Congress. 1774 First Articles of Confederation. 1776 First Proclamation of the Declaration of Independence. 1776 First American Flag, made by Betsy Ross. 1787 First Form of Constitution. 1790 First Capital of the United States. 1791 First Supreme Court of the United States. 1792 First United States Mint, east side of Seventh Street, below Arch Street. 1792 First American Flag raised above a Federal Building, at First U. S. Mint. 1797 First U. S. Frigate, "The United States," built by Joshua Humphreys. 1800 First U. S. Arsenal, Gray's Ferry Road. 1800 First U. S. Navy Yard, Front and Federal Streets. 1838 First U. S. Naval Academy. 1862 First Armored Battleship, " New Ironsides," built by William Cramp & Sons. 1876 First International Exhibition in America, The Centennial. BANKING AND INSURANCE FIRSTS 1752 First Fire Insurance Company, The Phila- delphia Contributionship. 1769 First Life Insurance Society, organized for the relief of the widows and orphans of clergymen of the ^Church of England and America. 1781 First Bank, The Bank of North America. 1809 First Life Insurance Corporation, the Penn- sylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities. 1816 First Savings Bank. 1816 First Saving Society, the "Philadelphia." 1831 First Building and Loan Association, The Oxford«Provident of Frankford. 1863 First National Bank. 18 SCIENTIFIC FIRSTS 1730 First Mariners' Quadrant, Thomas Godfrey. 1743 Philosophical Society, founded by Benjamin Franklin and his associates. 1769 First Accurate Astronomic Measurement of the Spheres. From observatory in Indepen- dence Square during the transit of Venus. 1790 First Astronomical Observatory, David Rittenhouse. 1802 First Oxygen Blowpipe, Dr. Robert Hare. 1816 First Electric Furnace, Dr. Robert Hare. 1839 First Daguerreotype made in America. View taken with a crude camera from rear win- dow of Chestnut St. Mint by Joseph Saxton. 1839 First Daguerreotype Portrait taken (of him- self) by Robert Cornelius. 1876 First public demonstration of the telephone, at the Centennial Exhibition. MEDICAL-SURGICAL FIRSTS 1755 First Hospital — The Pennsylvania, Benjamin Franklin, Originator. 1762 First School of Anatomy, Dr. Wm. Shippen. 1765 First Medical College (branch of the College of Philadelphia) founded by Dr. John Morgan. First Graduate in Medicine, John Archer. 1768 First Medical Society. 1787 First College of Physicians. 1820 First Permanent Medical Journal, now the American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1821 First College of Pharmacy in the World. 1832 First Hospital for the Blind (Wills Eye Hospital). 1836 First Hospital for the Insane. 1848 First Homoeopathic Medical College. 1850 First Women's Medical College. 1852 First Medical Degrees given to Women. 19 CHEMICAL-INDUSTRIAL FIRSTS 1793 First Sulphuric Acid, John Harrison. 1798 First Oil of Vitriol, John Harrison. 1804 First White Lead, Samuel Wetherill & Son. 1823 First Ether, Rosengarten & Son. 1832 First Quinine, Rosengarten & Son. 1834 First Strychnine, Rosengarten & Son. 1834 First Nitric Acid and First Hydrochloric Acid, Carter & Scattergood. 1839 First Vulcanized Rubber Goods, Charles Goodyear. 1847 First Bleaching Powder Chlorine, Charles Lennig. 1850 First Use of Zinc in Paint Manufacture, Samuel Wetherill. MISCELLANEOUS FIRSTS 1682 First Brick House built in America — Penn's house. 1682 First Pleasure Grounds for the People, laid out in America, were dedicated in Philadelphia. 1684 First Iron Works, Frankford. 1684 First Pottery, Front and Prime Streets. 1684 First Glass Works, Frankford. 1685 First Printing Press set up in Philadelphia. 1687 First Brewery, built by Anthony Morris, on Front Street below Walnut Street. 1689 First Public School. Incorporated 1698. 1690 First Paper Mill, William Rittenhouse, on Wissahickon Creek. 1698 First Fulling Mill, Mathew Holgate, on Wis- sahickon Creek. 1704 First Presbyterian Church, Market and Bank Streets. 1706 First Presbytery, organized by seven minis- ters. 1712 First American Workhouse authorized by Common Council. 20 1712 First Ocean-going Merchantman launched in America. 1719 First Fire Engine (bought by any munici- pality) for public purposes. 1721 First Insurance Agency, John Copson. 1728 First Botanical Garden, John Bartram. 1730 First Turnpike Road, Lancaster Pike. 1731 First Public Library, established by Ben- jamin Franklin. 1732 First Dining Club, "The Colony in Schuyl- kill," now "The State in Schuylkill." 1733 First Fire _ Engine made in America, by Anthony Nicholls. 1736 First Volunteer Fire Company, the "Union," Benjamin Franklin the first secretary. 1742 First American Work on Botany, by John Bartram. 1746 First Stock Exchange started in America. 1748 First Exclusive Dancing Society, "The As- sembly," still maintained. 1752 First Proof that Lightning and Electricity were one and the same. Demonstrated by Franklin. 1753 First American Expedition for Arctic Explo- ration left Philadelphia, March 4th. 1766 First Permanent Theatre, Cedar (now South) Street. 1767 First American Drama, "The Prince of Par- thia," by Thomas Godfrey, Jr., staged at the South Street Theatre. 1769 First Methodist Episcopal Church in the world, still existent, Fourth Street below Vine Street. 1775 First Organization of Manufacturers, "The United Company of Pennsylvania for the Establishment of American Manufactures." 1775 First Carpets Woven on American Looms, William Calverley. 1775 First Piano, John Behrent, Third Street, below Brown. 21 1780 First American Work on Medicine by Dr. Benjamin Rush. 1783 First English Lutheran Church, Race Street below Sixth Street. 1783 First Free Quaker Meeting House erected — "Of the Empire 8." 1785 First Agricultural Society. 1786 First Steamboat, John Fitch. 1786 Protestant Episcopal Church of North America was organized in this city. 1787 First Church in America owned by persons of color; St. Thomas' African Methodist Episcopal, Fourth and St. James Streets. 1788 First Calico Printed. 1789 First Capital of the United States. 1790 First Law School. 1791 First Carpet Mills Operated. 1801 First Water-works System. 1802 First Law Library in America. 1804 First Automobile (steam), Oliver Evans. 1805 First Permanent Art Institution, The Acad- emy of the Fine Arts. 1809 First Experimental Railroad Tracks in the United States were put down in a yard adjoining the Bull's Head Tavern, Philadel- phia, in September. 1811 First Machine in the United States used in Manufacturing, Samuel Wetherill, Jr. 1816 First Rolling Mill (at mouth of the Wissa- hickon Creek). 1819 First Sugar Refinery. 1819 First Stationary Steam Engine, built by Thomas Hallo way for Francis Perot's Malt- ing House. 1820 First Shipment of Anthracite Coal received, 365 tons. 1824 First Exhibition of American Manufactures, under auspices of The Franklin Institute. 1827 First Horticultural Society. 22 1828 First American Journal of Pharmacy (first devoted to that profession). 1830 First Free College for Orphan Boys (Girard College). 1832 First Successful American-made Locomotive, built by Matthias W. Baldwin in Lodge Alley, west of Seventh Street. 1833 First Monument erected in America to Washington (National). 1836 First Public High School in America, The Central High School. 1842 First Wire Suspension Bridge, at Fairmount, built by Charles M. Ellet, Jr. 1844 First School of Applied Art, The School of Industrial Art for Women, was established. 1852 First Shakespeare Society, still in existence. 1854 First Y. M. C. A. formed in Sansom St. Hall. 1859 First Antiquarian Society in America. 1859 First Sleeping Car, designed and patented by Edward C. Knight. 1866 First Wood Pulp Paper, produced by sul- phide process, Benjamin C. Tilghman. 1867 First Exclusive Newspaper Building, the Public Ledger. 1870 First Compound Marine Engine, William Cramp & Sons. 1874 First Zoological Garden (laid out) in America. 1876 First World's Fair held in America, The Centennial Exhibition. 1878 First Store ever Lighted by Electricity, Wanamaker's. 1884 First Triple Expansion Engine, William Cramp & Sons. 1887 First Master Builders' Exchange. 1896 First Motion Picture Show, Bijou Theatre. 1899 First National Export Exposition in the United States, held in Commercial Museums. 1902 First Automatic Restaurant in the United States, 820 Chestnut Street, 23 PHILADELPHIA, " THE WORLD'S GREATEST WORKSHOP" Reports to the Government for 19 14 indicated an annual value of manufactured products in the nineteen important lines "made in Philadel- phia" aggregating $412,000,000. The industrial Bureau of the Chamber of Commerce estimates the total value of Philadelphia's "year's work," in its 8379 industrial plants, at One Billion Dollars. The following list includes our more important industries, giving the value of the annual product of each: Printing and publishing $55,600,000 Woollen and worsted goods 54,900,000 Foundry and machine-shop products 38,600,000 Sugar refining 37,600,000 Clothing, women's 30,100,000 Clothing, men's 29,000,000 Hosiery and knit goods 23,900,000 Leather, tanned, curried, finished. . . . 23,500,000 Carpets and rugs, other than rag. . . . 22,600,000 Cotton goods 22,500,000 Petroleum refining 22,500,000 Slaughtering and meat packing 22,000,000 Bread and other bakery products. . . . 19,000,000 Malt liquors 14,200,000 Tobacco manufactures 13,400,000 Locomotives 13,200,000 Steel works and rolling mills 11,700,000 Hats, fur-felt 10,400,000 Chemicals 9,600,000 Patent medicines 9,400,000 Paint and varnish 8,000,000 Furniture and refrigerators 8,000,000 Lumber and timber products 7,700,000 Copper and tinsmi thing 7,400,000 Soap 7,300,000 Confectionery 7,300,000 Electrical machinery and supplies. . . . 7,000,000 Boots and shoes 6,500,000 24 Silk and silk goods . $6,500,000 Dyeing and finishing textiles 6,300,000 Shipbuilding 6,000,000 Cars by steam railroad companies. . . . 5,300,000 Oilcloth and linoleum 5,000,000 Millinery and lace goods 5,000,000 Street railway cars 4,200,000 Fertilizers 4,200,000 Paper and wood pulp 4,100,000 Brass and bronze products 4,000,000 Leather goods 3,900,000 Boxes, fancy and paper 3,800,000 Paper goods, not elsewhere specified. 3,500,000 Marble and stonework 3,400,000 Cordage, twine, jute and linen goods. 3,300,000 Saws 3,000,000 — See Leading Manufactures and Some Industrial Leaders. PHILADELPHIA'S TIME-TABLE Every working day Philadelphia in its 8379 industrial plants produces articles to the value of Three Million Dollars. Of the 264 industries classified in the United States Census, all but 53 are represented here and their products can bear the mark " Made in Philadelphia." When Philadelphia gets into its working togs it strikes a gait like this: Every second, 15 cigars. Every second, 10 loaves of bread. Every second, 10 pairs of stockings. Every second, 15 bushels of wheat loaded. Every second, a new saw. Every second, 1 yi yards of carpet. Every second, 50 daily papers printed. Every two seconds, a new hat. Every three seconds, a pair of lace curtains. Every twenty minutes, a new house erected. Every hour, a new trolley car built. Every two-and-a-half hours, a new locomotive constructed. — See Manufactures. POOR RICHARD'S DICTIONARY OF PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES Race and Nineteenth Streets. Founded in 1 8 12. Notable collection of natural history- specimens. Free lecture courses. Admission free at all times. Upon the occasion of the Centennial celebration of this institution in 19 12 it was hon- ored by the presence of scientists from many foreign nations. — See Logan Square. ADELPHI (THEATRE) Broad and Cherry Streets. ADELPHIA HOTEL Chestnut Street, below Thirteenth Street. — See Roof Gardens. ADVERTISING The vast host meeting in our city in June repre- sents every phase of that old effort to cause others to know or remember or do which in modern times has been given the name of advertising. Aside from the wonderful advertising by means of which his City and Province were founded by William Penn, and later developed by Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia has the distinction of hav- ing originated the first general advertising agency. This agency was established in 1840 by Volney B. Palmer on Pine Street above Third. He soon moved to Third and Chestnut, and in 1857 was at Fifth and Chestnut. He also opened offices in New York and Boston. In 1858 his Philadelphia 27 and New York business was purchased by Joy, Coe & Company. They disposed of the Boston branch to S. R. Niles, now deceased. Mr. Joy handled the New York end of the Joy, Coe & Company business, and had associated with him Mr. W. W. Sharpe, who on the death of Mr. Joy succeeded to the business, which is still continued. Mr. Coe conducted the original Philadelphia end of the business under the style of Coe, Wetherill & Company until October 10, 1877, when the firm sold out to N. W. Ayer & Son, who now occupy at Third and Chestnut Streets the site of their progenitor, the first general advertising agency in history. The firm of N. W. Ayer & Son was organized April 1, 1869, by Nathan W. Ayer and F.Wayland Ayer, his son. In 1873 the father died. In 1874 George O. Wallace was admitted ; in 1 878 Henry N . McKinney ; in 1898 Albert G. Bradford and Jarvis A. Wood; in 191 1 Wilfred W. Fry and in 1916 William M. Gerdine. Mr. Wallace died in 1897. Advertising men declare that this firm's most dis- tinctive contribution to advertising is the open contract method of placing business, which gives the agent a remuneration that is definitely fixed, removing all occasion for attempts to make it larger or smaller, and placing the man who does the advertising and the man for whom it is done on the same side of the counter. Another phase of Ayer & Son's activity possesses interest for advertising men. They publish the American Newspaper Annual and Directory, now in its 48th year. This work annually gathers, prints and circulates the vital facts concerning all publications of the country that carry advertising, giving also essential data concerning the places where they are published. This vast industry is composed of more than twenty-four thousand publications, scattered in more than eleven thou- sand towns. The wisest advertising man can locate 28 and describe but few of these, yet all have their use. There are, of course, a great many changes in the number and rank of these publications, but the indispensable knowledge as to where they are and what they are is given anew each year in the Annual and Directory and nowhere else. All those who study advertising sooner or later discover that its greatest rewards go to those who keep at it. Recognition of this fact more than thirty years ago gave birth to the Philadelphia idea which has passed into the language and lives of the people — "Keeping Everlastingly At It Brings Success." — See Mariner and Merchant Building. ALDINE HOTEL Chestnut Street, above Nineteenth Street. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MUSIC Broad and Locust Streets. Built in 1856. First performance, February 25, 1857. Seats about 3000 people. For more than half a cen- tury this has been Philadelphia's largest and finest place of entertainment. AN EARLY SCHOOL The first public school of Philadelphia stood upon Darien Street (originally Chester Street) above Race Street. It was built in 1818. — See Public Schools. ARCHEOLOGY, MUSEUM OF, U. OF P. Thirty-third and Spruce Streets. This inter- esting "Museum of Science and Art" occupies buildings of beautiful exterior and environment. These structures contain the marvellous fruits of research work accomplished in ancient lands by successive expeditions sent out by the University of Pennsylvania. There are also displayed here important collections of domestic implements, weapons, jewelry, musical instruments, coins, and costumes from all parts of the world. Popular lectures are given weekly in the hall of the newly 29 completed rotunda building. The museum is open week-days and on Sunday afternoons. It is reached via cars of the Woodland Avenue or Chester Avenue lines to Thirty-third Street. — See University of Pennsylvania. ARMORY, FIRST TROOP PHILADELPHIA CITY CAVALRY Twenty-third Street, above Chestnut Street. This organization, which has preserved its iden- tity as a military body continuously from the year 1774, is the oldest in America. Its member- ship has always been limited to the scions of fam- ilies of position and wealth. In the Revolution, it was, at times, the chosen escort of General Wash- ington, and had a part in the Battle of Princeton. It holds the right to escort the President of the United States, when in Philadelphia. It was the first to carry a flag of thirteen stripes. The "Troop" also served in the Civil War, seventy- three of its members being officers of distinction. The historic uniform worn is ornate and dignified. — See National Guard. ARSENAL, U. S. Frankford, Phila. This year (1916) marks the Centennial of the establishment of this important source of munition supply. Here are manufac- tured a large percentage of the rifle ammunition and the shells for field, heavy and naval artillery. Many of the ingenious machines operated were invented by employees. At the present time, the Arsenal is being worked to capacity limit. It is justly regarded as one of Uncle Sam's most effi- cient workshops of preparedness. — See Frankford. ART CLUB 220 South Broad Street. This representative club is composed of the artistic, literary and social elements of the city, males only. Frequent exhibitions of paintings are held in the club's gallery. 30 ART JURY This permanent body was created by act of the Assembly in 1907, its function being a supervision over structures and works of a public character to the end that artistic and harmonious results may be assured. The Jury is identified with the city govern- ment. Its members are appointed by the Mayor. ASYLUMS More than one hundred such institutions are sus- tained by societies, churches and other beneficent organizations. A complete list may be found in the classified section of the Bell Telephone book. ATHLETIC CLUB OF PHILADELPHIA 1209 Walnut Street. This strong social club has a membership from among those who are, or have been, interested in amateur sports of all sorts. It is the successor of the old Schuylkill Navy Club. ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. America's greatest seashore resort is reached, in an hour, by fast trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad leaving (by ferry to Camden) at the foot of Market Street, or by the "bridge trains" from Broad Street Station. The trains of the "Reading" system leave (by ferry to Camden) from the foot of Chestnut Street. The "season" is continuous, the hotels being well patronized through the winter. A day upon the famous "boardwalk" affords to the stranger an experience not soon forgotten. — See Seashore Resorts. AUTO GLIMPSES HERE AND THERE Little whirls into pleasant suburbs may be made from the centre of the city by auto at small cost of money and time. Routes especially suggested are : 1. Up Broad Street, out Spring Garden Street (passing the great Baldwin Locomotive plant and the U. S. Mint), enter Fairmount Park at Green Street, East River Drive to and along the Wissa- 31 hickon Valley Drive. Returning, cross City Line bridge, go through West Fairmount Park, stop- ping at Belmont Mansion, Horticultural Building and Memorial Hall. Note that autos are barred from the upper portion of Wissahickon Drive. 2. Same route, continuing from Wissahickon Drive up Lincoln Drive into the Chestnut Hill district. 3. Out Broad Street and along the new Northeast Boulevard. 4. Out Broad Street and along Old York Road, through Oak Lane and Elkins Park to Willow Grove. 5. Out Walnut and Fifty-second Streets to and along Lancaster Pike and Gulf Road to Valley Forge, returning via the State Road and Devon. 6. Out Market Street and West Chester Pike to City Line Road, turn left to Lansdowne Avenue, over this road to Lansdowne, returning via Balti- more Avenue. 7. South on Broad Street to U. S. Navy Yard at League Island. For "Autos to hire" ask the policeman. Ask the price per hour before starting. — See Automobile Club, Main Line, Fairmount Park, Northeast Boule- vard and Some Northern Suburbs. AUTOMOBILE CLUB OF PHILADELPHIA 23 South Twenty-third Street. Here centres the "auto" element of the city. The club build- ing contains a roomy garage, meeting rooms, offices and a supply and repair department. The club's Monthly Bulletin is a magazine devoted to tour- ing and matters of interest to all auto owners. It is well worth while to own an automobile in Philadelphia. Hundreds of miles of splendid roads threading beautiful districts are connected with the city streets and boulevards. The array of autos parked daily along Broad Street forms an impressive picture. — See Auto Glimpses. 32 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE Philadelphia weather is rather better than the average, although the average Philadelphia!! does not brag very much about it. Government Weather Bureau tabulations covering forty-three years show that Philadelphia is cooler in summer than Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Spokane, and San Diego. This city is warmer in winter than most of the above-named cities. BAILEY BUILDING 12 1 8 Chestnut Street. Offices. BAKER BUILDING 1520 Chestnut Street. Offices and studios. BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS Broad and Spring Garden Streets. Matthias W. Baldwin, an ingenious young engraver and machinist, constructed a miniature locomotive which was operated at the museum of Mr. Frank- lin Peale, at Ninth and George Streets, in April, 1 83 1 . It hauled two cars, carrying four passengers. In the following year he built, at his shop in Lodge Alley, west of Seventh Street, the "Old Ironsides " engine, which was first used upon the Germantown railroad on November 23, 1832. The public was informed by advertisement that the engine was used only in fair weather. Five other locomotives were completed in 1834. Then Mr. Baldwin removed to Broad and Spring Garden Streets. From this small beginning, the present vast business has been built up. The plant now covers nine city squares, in addition to which a large establishment is operated at Eddystone, upon the Delaware River. The personnel of the firm has changed a number of times. At present, 12,000 men are employed . In 1 9 1 5 , 869 locomotives were built. — See Philadelphia, World's Greatest Workshop. 33 BALTIMORE & OHIO R. R. STATION Chestnut and Twenty-fourth Streets. Street cars westward on Walnut Street stop, at entrance gallery to this station, upon Walnut Street bridge. BANK OF NORTH AMERICA 307 Chestnut Street. Organized November i, 1 78 1, this bank is the oldest in the United States. The names of Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris are identified with its early history. The original site occupied by the bank was near its present location. Created in order to sustain the credit of the young nation, it has grown to its present commanding position through many vicis- situdes, but always with honor and safety. — See " Banking Firsts. 1 ' BANKS (OTHER) Philadelphia has fifty-seven Trust Companies working under State Charters, and twenty-seven National Banks. Of these, all of the National Banks and seven of the Trust Companies are members of the Clearing House. It has been estimated that five-eighths of the banking capital of the city may be found east of Seventh Street. The National Reserve Bank, located upon Chest- nut Street above Fourth, is our most recent financial accession. BAPTIST TEMPLE Broad and Berks Streets. — See Baptists (Churches). BARTRAM'S GARDEN (CITY PARK) The picturesque Bartram homestead, built "by John and Mary Bartram," in the year 1731, is located upon the western side of the Schuylkill River. Bartram here created the first botan- 34 ical garden in America. The place is now a public park. The Bartram descendants hold, here, an annual reunion. Visitors may conve- niently reach the place by the Woodland Avenue cars westward through the subway from Thir- teenth Street, leaving the car at Fifty-fourth Street and walking a short distance eastward. — See City Parks. BARTRAM (HOTEL) Chestnut and Thirty-third Streets. BASE-BALL Through many strenuous seasons our two pro- fessional clubs, the Athletics and Philadelphias, have, with varying fortunes, well upheld the honor of their home city, and through good luck and bad the "fans" have stood by the players. As for the amateur host of young America's base- ball teams it cannot be counted. No other single feature of city doings has as much newspaper space as the national game and nothing else in war or peace holds so many readers. This is a base- ball town with two big B's. The local profes- sional grounds are Shibe Park, Twenty-first Street and Lehigh Avenue, American League baseball. The home of the Philadelphia "Ath- letics," and one of the three or four largest ball grounds in the country, it seats 23,000 people. Games from April until October. Reached by many of the north-bound trolley cars running from the centre of the city. National League Ball Park, Fifteenth and Huntingdon Streets. Games by the "Philadelphia" team throughout the base ball season. Reached by either the Thirteenth or the Sixteenth Street cars. The Athletics have won the world title three times. The "Phillies" now hold the National League Championship. 35 BELL PARKWAY BUILDING The most modern and complete telephone building in the world. Situated at the intersection of Arch and Seven- teenth Streets and the Parkway. Constructed in 1914-1915, at a cost of over two million, it is the largest of the twenty-six Bell Telephone buildings in Philadelphia. Here, in addition to business and central offices, are located the headquarters of The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania and Associated Companies. " Spruce " and " Locust " as well as the Toll switch- boards, the Central Information Bureau and the Terminal Room, occupy most of the lower floors, while eight departments are distributed over the remainder of this sixteen-story building, two entire floors and the roof being set aside as dining and rest rooms for the comfort of the thousand young women employed. The first public demonstration of the telephone occurred forty years ago at the Centennial Exhi- bition in Philadelphia. Now more than 78,000 telephone calls are made in the city between nine and ten a.m. every business day (700,000 calls daily), and Philadelphia has more telephones to-day than Rome, Vienna and Paris com- bined; more telephones than are to be found in the whole of Russia; more telephones than have Norway, Servia, Greece, Spain and Italy all combined. Philadelphia uses 163,000 Bell telephones. BELLEVUE COURT OFFICE BUILDING Walnut Street, west of the Bellevue-Strat- ford Hotel. Headquarters of the Walnut Street Business Men's Association. 36 BELLEVUE-STRATFORD (HOTEL) Southwest corner of Broad and Walnut Streets. This lofty structure, one of the world's greatest hotels, occupies the site of the old "Strat- ford," once a house in high repute with travellers of distinction. Just across the street stood the "Old Bellevue," where the prince of bonifaces, Mr. George C. Boldt, established his early repu- tation as a manager. Under his control, the Bellevue-Stratford has done much to enhance Philadelphia's fame as a "city of good living." — See Manufacturers' Club. BELMONT MANSION Fairmount Park. Most notable of the Colonial residences preserved within the Park is ' ' Belmont, built, in 1742, by William Peters, whose patriot son became a distinguished jurist. Here, in the early days of the nation, Washington, Hancock, Jefferson, Lafayette, and other famed men of the time were entertained. From Belmont, the visi- tor gains a far-spread view of the Park, river and city. Take the Park electric cars from Belmont Avenue Entrance. — See Fairmount Park. BENEFICIAL SAVING FUND SOCIETY 1200 Chestnut St. Incorporated in 1853. The depositors number 15,878, and the total of their deposits, per latest report, was nearly $16,000,000. This society has in course of construction a building, upon the same site, of unusual artistic beauty and dignity. — See Saving Fund Societies. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Born in Boston, January 17, 1706, the youngest of thirteen children. He came to Philadelphia a penniless stranger youth in October, 1723. He was a citizen of Philadelphia sixty-seven years, in 37 the course of which he spent nearly twenty years in Europe, engaged, nearly all of that time, in the service of the Colony of Pennsylvania and the young American Republic. In his character were united the qualities of great ingenuity, tireless industry and mental versatility. He possessed the ability to interest men of power and authority in matters entrusted to his care. As a citizen of Philadelphia, he gave to the Art of Printing its proper place as a means of public influence. He had an honorable part in the found- ing of an academy which became the University of Pennsylvania. He was one of the founders of the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Amer- ican Philosophical Society and the Pennsylvania Hospital. He was one of the organizers and first Secretary of the Union Fire Company, first of its kind in the city. He proved by means of his kite the electrical character of storms, and invented the lightning rod as a protection. He founded the first Fire Insurance Company. The Franklin stove was one of his most useful innovations. As Commercial Agent of the Province in London, he accomplished much, and, as one of the American Commissioners in Paris during the War of the Revolution, he was chiefly instrumental in secur- ing money, munitions and troops which enabled Washington's forces to secure Independence. Poor Richard's Almanac, first issued from the office of his Pennsylvania Gazette, December 19, 1732, was continued by him through twenty-five years. It was translated into many languages and read all over the world. Franklin was honored by scientific societies throughout Europe. The best record of his early years may be found in his "Autobiography," in the form of a letter to his son. Franklin's home, in his old age, was located south of Market Street and east of Fourth Street. He died on April 17, 1790. Impressive funeral services were held at Zion German Lutheran 38 Church, Fourth and Cherry Streets. He was en- tombed in Christ Church Cemetery at the corner of Arch and Fifth Streets. — See Declaration of Independence, "Publishing Firsts," Philosophical Society, Franklin in Bronze, Pennsylvania Hos- pital, Franklin Relics, Franklin's Grave, Franklin Inn. BETSY ROSS HOUSE Arch Street, between Second and Third Streets. Reputed home of Betsy Ross (Mrs. Claypoole), in which she is said to have sewn the first flag of the stars and stripes, under the direc- tion of General Washington. Betsy's designing ability is to be credited with the five-pointed star, which, we are glad to say, is still very much in fashion. The building is maintained as a patriotic museum. Admission free. — See Little Walk. BINGHAM (HOTEL) Eleventh and Market Streets. BLIND, PENNSYLVANIA INSTITUTE FOR This notable home for the sightless is located in a group of beautiful structures designed in the mis- sion type of architecture. It is situated in the residential suburb of Overbrook. BOARD OF EDUCATION Stock Exchange Building, twelfth floor, Walnut Street, west of Broad Street. BOARD OF TRADE Bourse. Organized in 1 833, this commercial body has always been prominently identified with the business development of the city. Many of the most noted citizens of Philadelphia have been among its officials. 39 BOURSE, PHILADELPHIA From Fourth to Fifth Street, north of Chestnut Street. This splendid edifice of the Bourse was completed in 1894. A permanent exhibit of machinery is located in the basement. The main floor is the exchange. A number of commercial organizations centre here, as well as some departments of the State and City- government. The upper floors are rented for office purposes. This centre of business activity presents a scene, at all times, of commercial pros- perity. It is much visited by strangers, being within a half block from Independence Hall. — See Board of Trade, Maritime Exchange. BOY SCOUTS The average wide-awake Philadelphia boy is a lucky chap ! He lives in a city where life is worth while. He has, for his leisure use, not only play- grounds costing millions of dollars, but he has the boy-scout habit. He belongs to one of the 170 "troops" of the city and believes in "prepared- ness." He will grow up into a staunch American citizen, not afraid to "do his bit" when soldiers are needed to defend the flag. The boy scout headquarters is in a historic building on old Independence Square, at Fifth and Chestnut Streets. About now the boy is saving his money to go up along the lovely Delaware River to "Treasure Island," where a real, soul-satisfying camp is all ready for him and where he can do a lot of real scouting and hiking no end. It's a big thing to be a Philadelphia boy — and a scout. — See City Hall, Old. BREWING The first brewery in Philadelphia, if not in the colonies, was built upon Front Street below Wal- nut Street, by Anthony Morris, in 1687, the business being maintained by successive genera- 40 tions of descendants, and is still existent in the con- cern of Francis Perot's Sons Malting Company, this being the oldest business house in America. It is stated that the first barrel of Philadelphia Burton Ale was brewed in 1774. The business thus initiated is still continued by the descendant Smiths. John Wagner produced the first lager beer made in America in a small brewery on St. John Street near Poplar Street, in 1840. The numerous great brewery plants in operation here in these days involve the use of vast capital. "Brewery town," around Thirty-second and Mas- ter Streets, where most of them are located, is a city feature. BROAD STREET (THEATRE) Broad Street, south of Walnut Street. BROWN BUILDING Chestnut and Fourth Streets. Offices. BRYN MAWR COLLEGE Bryn Mawr, Pa. Seven miles from Philadelphia upon the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Famous as an educational institution for girls. — See Main Line. BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS The earliest of these beneficent organizations was formed in Philadelphia in 1831 under the title of the Oxford Provident Building Association. The city now contains (in 1916) 1046 of these associa- tions, having a membership of above 300,000 and assets of more than $150,000,000, this being more than ten per cent, of the total realty values of the community. The good order, comfort and pros- perity of Philadelphia people are largely due to the beneficial and substantial work of these asso- ciations. — See Homes. 41 BULLITT BUILDING Fourth Street, north of Walnut Street. Offices. CABS AND TAXICABS The general rates for cab and taxicab service are as follows: First half mile or fraction, 50 cents; each additional quarter mile, 10 cents; each three minutes of waiting, 10 cents. Taxicabs, per hour, $4. Landaulettes, limousines and touring cars — 1 to 4 persons — per hour, $4. Small touring cars, per hour, $3. Ford cars, per hour, $2.50. Large touring cars or large limousines, $5. Special rates for waiting. For definite information and service, telephone any of the companies listed in the "Bell" book under Cabs, or inquire at office or your hotel. CAMAC STREET OR CLUB LANE East of Thirteenth Street, and south from Walnut Street. Philadelphia's little Bohemia has taken, in recent years, this small thoroughfare for its own. A range of small houses of long ago have been cleverly remodelled to meet club require- ments. The first to come was the Sketch Club, its membership composed of artists, still young with its record of sixty-five years behind it. Then fol- lowed the Franklin Inn, the centre of literary activity; the Plastic Club, haven of ladies devoted to the graphic arts. Then the Poor Richard Club, a busy hive of the "Ad men"; the Coin D'Or, quite a bit of the quartier Latin ; the Princeton Club, a new neighbor; the "Stragglers," and the "Meridians." There is nothing quite like Camac Street elsewhere; nothing, indeed, more joyous than the hospitality meted out to those who are so happy as to become guests. — See Poor Richard Club. 42 CAMDEN, N. J. This rapidly growing and busy manufacturing city is officially within the Port of Philadelphia. A considerable portion of its population of more than 100,000 people finds employment in Phila- delphia, with which the city is connected by sev- eral ferries. Camden's extensive water-front still offers large space for the manufactories of the future. With the exception of the "bridge" trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which leave Broad Street Station, all of the trains of the rail- road lines running to the seashore start from Camden. Among the important industrial plants located here are the Victor Talking Machine Company, New York Shipbuilding Company, and Campbell Soup Company. In the first decade of this century Camden's industrial products in- creased forty-six per cent. The city contains 343 manufacturing plants, capitalized at $102,000,000, having an annual product of $71,000,000. CAPE MAY, N. J. At the extreme southern point of the State, eighty miles from Philadelphia. This resort is one of the oldest upon the coast. Many excellent hotels and attractive cottages are well filled in summer. — See Seashore Resorts. CAPITAL AND WAGES Capital invested in our manufactories amounts to $700,000,000. 300,000 wage earners receive wages in the year aggregating $170,000,000. These fig- ures exceed those of any one of forty-three states. — See Lest You Forget. CARPENTERS' HALL At the end of a court south from Chestnut Street, between Third and Fourth Streets. Built by the Carpenters' Society in 1771, and im- proved in 1792. The First Continental Congress 43 convened in this building on September 5, 1774. The Provincial Convention and Committees of Safety met here in 1775. Used as a military hos- pital during the Revolution. The first Bank of the United States was an occupant from 1791 to 1795. Later the Bank of Pennsylvania was a tenant. In modern times, the Company of Carpenters has restored the building to its original condition. It is now preserved as a patriotic shrine, open daily, admission free. — See Little Walk and Girard National Bank. CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL This imposing building was erected by the Roman Catholics in 1 846 and through a series of following years. The first services were held therein on Easter Sunday, 1863. It stands upon Eighteenth Street, fronting upon Logan Square. Its beautiful interior is enriched with a number of paintings of religious themes. The massive dome rises 1 56 feet above the street level. — See Logan Square. CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOLS The church authorities of the Roman Catholic faith maintain a High School for boys at Broad and Vine Streets, and one for girls at Nineteenth and Wood Streets. Both structures are modern and of attractive architecture. They are largely attended. CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION, 1876 Four years before the advent of the Centennial year of American Independence, Philadelphia, the city of Liberty and the Nation's first capital, de- cided that the event must be adequately cele- brated. The burden of preparation fell upon the shoulders of a group of distinguished citizens who were later appointed by the National Government 44 as members of a Commission of which Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, became the President. The first illustration made in this connection was drawn by the compiler of this booklet for the Daily Graphic, depicting the ceremonies in Fair- mount Park of the transfer of ground as a site for the exhibition, which took place on July 4, 1873. Two weeks later competitive drawings for the buildings were shown in the hall of the old university upon Ninth Street. When these were finally decided upon actual construction began, the Board of Finance undertaking to raise the money as the work advanced. A million dollars was advanced by the Government upon assured condition that it should be repaid. It was repaid at the close of the exhibition. This is believed to have been the only instance of a full return of government money used in this country in behalf of any exhibition. The story of patriotic effort made by Philadelphia to accomplish the under- taking has never been told. On May 10, 1876, the Exhibition was officially opened by President Grant and Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, in the presence of the greatest assemblage of people ever gathered together upon the continent. The nations of the earth were there with their products. The wheels were set in motion by the great Cor- liss engine, largest ever built. The principal structures were the Main Building, Machinery Hall, Memorial Hall, Agricultural Building, Horticultural Hall and the Government Building. A city of foreign, state and concession structures filled all of Lansdowne plateau. One of the marvels in the public estimation was the instant gas illumination of the buildings by electric spark. The exhibition continued six months, having been open 150 week-days. The visitors numbered 8,004,000 and the receipts were $3-813,724.00. These figures are small compared with those of subsequent world expositions in 45 America; many now indispensable inventions were yet unknown, but the "Centennial" has never since been equalled in national, patriotic and industrial influence. It was the impelling power that started a reunited people upon a new era of aspiration and prosperity. The names of John Welsh, John Price Wetherill, N. Parker Short- ridge, Daniel M. Fox, Charles B. Morton and their associates should be ever gratefully remem- bered by Philadelphia — See Fair mount Park. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE The Trades League of Philadelphia, after more than two decades of effective work in behalf of the business interests of the city, together with the Merchants and Manufacturers' Association, united to form the Chamber of Commerce. This body, with a large accession of members, and reorgan- ized for comprehensive effort, occupies the twelfth floor of the Widener Building, upon Chestnut Street, east from Broad Street. With a membership in excess of 5000 the Chamber of Commerce apportions its tasks among seven Bureaus, covering Transportation, Foreign Trade, Conventions, Industries, Charities, Publicity and Membership. Eighteen standing committees are active in a multiplicity of details. There is also a Members' Council of about 275 delegates representing more than 100 lines of business. Within the first year of its existence, as reorganized, the Chamber of Commerce has accomplished a large amount of beneficent work for Philadelphia, details of which will be found in the annual report now available. The present officers are: Howard B. French, President; Alba B. Johnson, Cyrus H. K. Curtis, A. C. McGowin, Charles P. Vaughan and H. K. Mulford, Vice-Presidents; N. B. Kelly, General Secretary, and Richard L. Austin, Treasurer. 46 CHAMPIONSHIPS IN SPORTS Every citizen who has red blood should be proud of the following performances, by Philadelphians, in amateur athletics : Golf — Mrs. Clarence H. Vanderbeck, Present Na- tional Champion. Golf— Mrs. R. H. Barlow, United North and South Champion. Athletic— J. E.Meredith, World's Record Holder for Many Distances. Athletic — "Mike" Dorizas, U. of P., Holder of World's Strength Record. Tennis — R. Norris Williams, 2nd, Intercollegiate Champion. Tennis — Richard Harte and R. Norris Williams, 2nd, Intercollegiate Doubles Champions. Court Tennis— William H. Tevis Huhn holds American Doubles Title with Jay Gould. Clay Court Tennis — R. Norris Williams, 2nd, National Champion. Racquets — Stan-ley W. Pearson, National Squash Racquet Champion. Polo — Bryn Mawr Polo Club holds National Junior Title. Bowling — William Knox, only man who has ever bowled 300 perfect score in a National Tourney. Swimming — Charles B. Durborow, recognized long-distance swimmer of America. Trap Shooting — Charles H. Newcomb, Present National Champion. Boxing — Johnny Moloney won world amateur title at Copenhagen for 191 6. — See Golf and Base- ball. CHESTNUT TTTT.T. This attractive suburb covers a high ridge at the northwestern border of Germantown, the distance being about nine miles from the City Hall. Many of the most costly and artistic homes of our wealthy families are in this section. An auto tour over 47 the winding avenues hereabout must awaken the admiration of every visitor. Chestnut Hill is reached by local trains of both the Pennsylvania and "Reading" lines, also via the Germantown route of the Rapid Transit system. — See Auto Glimpses. CHESTNUT STREET OPERA HOUSE West of Tenth Street. CHEW MANSION, " CLIVEDEN » A colonial house at Main and Johnson Streets, Germantown, identified with the Revolutionary battle which was fought in that suburb on October 4, 1777. — See Germantown. CHILDREN'S PLAY HOUSE East Fairmount Park. A lovely place where tired mothers may turn the kiddies loose and forget there is such a thing as care. — See Fair- mount Park. CHRIST CHURCH On Second Street, north of Market Street. It stands on the site of the original church, which was built of wood. The present building was com- pleted, in part, in 1731; it was extended in 1744. The tower and steeple were added in 1754, when a chime of eight bells was installed. The interior was remodelled in 1834. Washington, Franklin, and other distinguished men of their time attended services here. Among the famous Americans buried in the graveyard are Robert Morris, Commodores Bainbridge and Dale, Gen. James Irvine, Mayor William Jackson, Gen. Jacob Morgan, Dr. Benjamin Rush, Peyton Randolph, and Francis Hopkinson. Visitors are admitted daily. Episcopal service on Sundays. — See Benja- min Franklin and Churches. 48 CHURCHES AND CONGREGATIONS Philadelphia contains 805 churches, having a money value of $55,340,000. The congregations of all sects sustain nearly 2000 ministers, priests and rabbis. The leading denominations are as follows : Episcopalians — This sect maintains churches numbering 119, members 36,500. Among the his- toric churches are Christ Church, Second Street, above Market; St. Peter's Church, Third and Pine Street's; St. Paul's, Third Street, below Walnut, and Old Swedes', Swanson Street, below Christian. This building is the oldest structure in the city and is much visited. — See Christ Church, St. Paul's Church, St. Peter's Church. Reformed Episcopal — There are in this city 1 1 churches with a total membership of 4600. Methodist Episcopal — The city contains 117 churches of this denomination with 48,305 members. Methodists — Including all branches of this sect in Philadelphia there are 138 churches with a mem- bership of 55,000. The first Methodist Church in the city, St. George's, organized in 1769, occupies a building at 220 North Fourth Street, which is the oldest Methodist meeting-house in the world used continuously for worship. The denomina- tional headquarters are in the recently erected Wesley Building at Seventeenth and Arch Streets. Reformed Churches — The two branches of the Reformed Church in Philadelphia number 15,500 members, having 37 churches. Of this number the Reformed Church in the United States num- bers 14,200 members, occupying 27 churches, and the Reformed Church in North America, 1300, occupying 5 churches. 49 In Philadelphia, also, is the Reformed Church Building at Fifteenth and Race Streets, in which are located the offices of the Publication and Sunday School Board. Presbyterians — There are, in Philadelphia, 116 churches of this denomination with 59,167 mem- bers. The first church was organized in 1698 and is now located at Washington Square and Seventh Street. Perhaps the best known church is Bethany, at Twenty-second and Bainbridge Streets, with its famous Sunday School, which John Wanamaker organized February 14, 1858. The Presbyterian Hospital is located at Thirty- ninth and Powelton Avenue. The denominational headquarters are in the Witherspoon Building on Walnut Street, east of Broad. — See First Presby- terian Church United Presbyterians — There are in this city 22 churches with a total membership of 6000. Baptists — There are, in Philadelphia, 105 churches of this denomination with 46,816 members. The first church was organized in 1698 and is now located in a beautiful building at Seventeenth and Sansom Streets. The Baptist Temple at Broad and Berks Streets, of which Russell H. Conwell has been pastor for nearly thirty-four years, has the largest seating capacity of any Protestant church in America. The publication, Home Missionary and Foreign Missionary Societies of the denomination have their headquarters in the Roger Williams Building at Seventeenth and Chestnut Streets. The Baptist State Convention, which includes the State Missionary and State Educational Societies, has its headquarters here, also. — See Baptist Temple and Colleges. Lutherans — Eighty-six churches are supported in Philadelphia by this denomination, including 50 those of all its branches. The total membership is 24,080. Lutheranism was introduced into the settlements on the Delaware River by the Swedes in 1638. Gloria Dei, at Wicaco, was built in 1700, St. Michael's Church on Fifth Street, above Arch, in 1748, and Zion Church at Fourth and Cherry, in 1766. The latter, as rebuilt in 1796, was the largest and finest church in the colonies. St. John's, upon Race Street, east of Sixth, built in 1808, was the first English Lutheran church in America. The simple beauty of its facade is still greatly admired. — See St. John's Lutheran Church. Catholics — There are in Philadelphia 120 churches and chapels of the Catholic faith, including four Ruthenian Greek churches. These are under the care of 338 priests. The best known church is, of course, the Cathedral, located at Eighteenth and Race Streets. The cornerstone was laid September 16, 1846, and the Cathedral dedicated November 20, 1864. The building is modelled after the Church of St. Charles in Rome. There are a number of historic churches — St. Joseph's in Willing's Alley, Fourth Street below Walnut, dating from 1733; St. Mary's, Fourth Street below Locust, 1763; Holy Trinity, Sixth and Spruce Streets, 1789; St. Augustine's, Fourth and Vine Streets, 1796. — See Cathedral. CITY CLUB A strong business and social organization which will soon occupy its new club house at 313 South Broad Street. — See Clubs. CITY COLORS The Ordinance of March 27, 1895, provided that the following shall be the forms, devices and colors of the Civic Flag, the City Ensign and the Pen- nant of the City of Philadelphia: 51 "The colors in the several forms shall be azure blue and golden yellow. "The Civic Flag, or Standard of the City, shall be as follows: Material shall be American-made bunting or silk of the colors designated, ten feet in length and six feet in width, or in proportion thereto. The same shall be parted vertically (per pale) in three equal parts, the first and third to be of azure blue and the second, or middle pale, golden yellow; upon the latter pale shall be em- blazoned the City Arms, as borne upon the City Seal, established by the Ordinance of Councils of February 14, 1874." — See City Government. CITY GOVERNMENT Philadelphia was granted a separate form of gov- ernment by William Penn in 1683. At that time the City proper had an area of two square miles, with a population of 400. The first year, 100 houses were erected. This form of government prevailed until 1691, when the City received a Charter naming Humphrey Morrey as Mayor. This Charter lasted until 1 701 , when a new Charter and new Seal were granted, and Edward Shippen was elected Mayor. Wards were first denned in 1 705. In 1 789, the City adopted a new Seal which was used until the period of consolidation in 1854. At this time, the City territory was made co-ex- tensive with that of the County of Philadelphia, and all independent forms of government within the County were consolidated. The different sections consolidated are represented by twenty- eight memorial lamp posts on City Hall Plaza. The City adopted a new Seal in 1874 that was used until October, 1908. The present form of govern- ment was approved on June 1, 1885, and adopted by ordinance of Councils in April, 1887, under what is known as the ' ' Bullitt Bill." The Departments directly under the Mayor are Public Safety, Public Works, Public Health and 52 Charities, Supplies, Wharves, Docks and Ferries, and the Civil Service Commission. The members of the Cabinet appointed by the Mayor are the Directors of Public Safety, Public Works, Public Health and Charities, Supplies, Wharves, Docks and Ferries, and the Civil Service Commission. The members of the Cabinet in whose selection the Mayor has no control are the Presidents of Select and Common Councils, Re- ceiver of Taxes, City Controller, City Treasurer, City Solicitor, the President of the Sinking Fund Commission, and the President of the Board of Education, who is elected by the Board. The cost of administering the municipal government in 19 1 5 was (exclusive of education) $33,046,- 377.92. — See Mayor and Ms Cabinet and City Hall, Common Council and Select Council. CITY HALL When this costly edifice was erected upon the Penn squares a generation ago, it was thought to be ade- quate for public business for all future time, but the City Departments have outgrown its capacity. The cost was nearly $25,000,000. Much higher buildings are clustered around it, but its lofty tower, rising 548 feet above the street level, is still one of the highest structures in the world. The most interesting features of the City Hall are the Mayor's Office, the Council Chambers and Courts. Another feature of perennial interest is the Mar- riage License Bureau. The building contains 662 rooms and has floor space of 14^ acres. The "hanging stairways" at the corners are of very unusual construction. A staff of guides is always in attendance to conduct visitors through the building, including, usually, the tower, which com- mands a fine outlook over the city. A small fee is generally paid to the guides, but this is not oblig- atory. — See City Government. 53 CITY HALL, OLD The dingy building at Fifth and Chestnut Streets was Philadelphia's first City Hall. It was built in 1790. For a time it was occupied by the United States Supreme Court. The structure was the headquarters of the city government until its removal to the present Public Buildings. It is to be restored to its original condition. — See Grand Army of the Republic and Boy Scouts. CITY HISTORY SOCIETY This organization, composed of members of both sexes who are interested in the lore of old Phila- delphia, meets monthly at the Normal School for Girls, at Spring Garden and Thirteenth Streets. The Society conducts frequent tours of research into nearby regions of interest. Occasional pam- phlets are printed for members. CITY PARKS ASSOCIATION Organized by public-spirited citizens in 1888, this association seeks to encourage the extension of our park system and the creation of small parked spaces in congested sections. In this work very- much has been accomplished and still more pro- jected, all tending to the consistent adornment of the city. — See Parks and Squares. CITY TRUSTS, BOARD OF The Board of Directors of City Trusts was created by act of the Legislature in 1869. It is composed of twelve members appointed by the judges of the Supreme, District and Common Pleas Courts. The President of the Board, at this time, is the Hon. Edwin S. Stuart. The Board has under its control forty-four trusts, involving a value of $33,250,000, all of which, excepting about $2,000,- 000, is represented by the Girard Estate. — See Girard Estate. 54 CIVIC CLUB 1300 Walnut Street. Justifying its title, the Civic Club believes in and works for a "better Philadelphia." At a notable exhibition, just closed, the enthusiastic civic ladies showed con- trasting models of a slum section and of attractive modern homes for work people which ought to occupy the same space. The idea illustrates one of the many practical ways in which Philadelphia folk constantly strive to house-clean the old town and make it sweet and healthful. CIVIL WAR In the course of the great war between the North and South, which ended half a century ago, Philadelphia recruited about one hundred and fifty regiments, batteries of artillery, and inde- pendent companies for service of more or less extended periods. The complete story of these organizations, and of the many auxiliary and allied associations for the care of the sick and wounded; of the naval contingent and its deeds; the return of peace and the resultant veteran associations, is told in a book published by the City in 19 14, en- titled ' ' Philadelphia in the Civil War. ' ' This com- prehensive book will be found in the libraries of the City and of the State of Pennsylvania. — See Grand Army of the Republic and Logan Square. CLOCK, CITY HALL TOWER This clock is 361 feet above the pavement. The length of the minute hand is 10 feet 8 inches; weight, 225 pounds. Every night at three minutes of 9 o'clock the lights are extinguished to the even hour, thus giving the exact time. This signal can be seen from the most distant sections of the city. A peculiarity of the clock may be noted by the close observer, who will find that plain bars are used instead of numerals upon the dials. — See City Hall. 55 CLOVER CLUB Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. This famous din- ing organization neld its monthly banquets, for many years, in the old Bellevue Hotel, which stood upon the site now occupied by the build- ing of the Manufacturers' Club. — See Bellevue- Stratford. CLUBS It is, indeed, the rare citizen, male or female, in Philadelphia, who is not identified with some sort of a club. The social and cooperative tendency is concretely expressed in the fact that the Bell Telephone book (classified section) contains a list of some three hundred clubs, and it is to said list that the reader of this "Dictionary" may best be referred in any quest requiring information of a clubby nature. COIN D'OR CLUB 251 South Camac Street. A popular dining club, limited to members. — See Camac Street. COLLEGE CLUB Spruce and Thirteenth Streets. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS Since its formation in 1787, this great institution has had six homes. Upon November 10, 1909, it entered into possession of a splendid modern struc- ture erected at a cost of $300,000, at Twenty-second and Ludlow Streets. This money was provided partly by Mr. Andrew Carnegie and Mrs. F. C. Penfield. This is not an institution of instruction, but, rather, a powerful centre for the spread of medical and surgical knowledge. It includes a comprehensive library of works related to medical discovery and practice. The County Medical Society and other professional bodies hold their sessions here. This building is open to visitors upon week-days. — See "Medical Firsts" and County Medical Society. 56 COLLEGES The more important of these institutions are : College of Physicians, Twenty-second Street below Market Street. College of Pharmacy, 145 North Tenth Street. Girard College, Corinthian and Girard Avenues. Jefferson Medical, Walnut and Tenth Streets. Spring Garden Inst., Spring Garden and Broad. Temple University, Broad and Berks Streets. University of Pennsylvania, Spruce and Thirty- fourth Streets. Women's Medical, North College Avenue and Twenty-first Street. — See "Medical Firsts." COLONIAL SOCIETY The Colonial Society of Pennsylvania, incorpo- rated in 1874 an d seated in Philadelphia, is com- posed of a membership of the descendants of the early families of the Province of Pennsylvania. This membership is now scattered in every part of the country. The society preserves and publishes records and manuscripts related to Pennsylvania history. These publications may be consulted at the Library of the Historial Society of Penn- sylvania. COLONNADE HOTEL Southwest corner of Chestnut and Fifteenth Streets. COLUMBIA CLUB Broad and Oxford Streets. COMMERCIAL BODIES Those of importance are the Chamber of Commerce, Widener Building; Bourse, in its own building, Fifth Street above Chestnut Street ; Commercial Ex- change, Bourse; Board of Trade, Bourse; Maritime Exchange, Bourse; Stock Exchange, Walnut Street above Broad Street ; Commercial Museums, Thirty- fourth Street, below Spruce Street. — See Bourse, Stock Exchange, Commercial Museums. 57 COMMERCIAL MUSEUMS This great enterprise, which had a modest be- ginning in 1897, occupies a group of three spacious buildings at Thirty-fourth Street south of Spruce Street (near the Univeristy of Pennsylvania). These buildings, located upon city land, cost $800,000, of which the city paid about one-third. A main object of these museums is to promote the commerce of America with foreign lands and to dis- seminate in this country a wider knowledge and appreciation of the customs and conditions of other nations and peoples. To these ends a splendid permanent exhibition of the raw mate- rials, manufactures, customs, ethnology, history, and scenery of all lands is maintained. This collection is constantly augmented. Free illus- trated lectures are given to school children daily and on Saturdays to adults. An extensive trade library is also an important feature. Travelling lantern lectures are sent to all Pennsylvania schools. The business of the world is set forth here for the benefit of all inquirers. The Com- mercial Museums are open daily, including Sun- day afternoons. This institution is not only one of Philadelphia's greatest assets, but is, as well, of national industrial importance. COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILDING Market and Fifteenth Streets, and West Penn Square. Offices. COMMON COUNCIL The forty-eight wards of the City are represented in this body by ninety councilmen. A ward is entitled to a member for every 4000 voters. Councilmen are elected to serve two years. — See City Government. 58 CONGRESS HALL This building, at the southeast corner of Chestnut and Sixth Streets, adjacent to the west wing of Independence Hall, was originally constructed in 1789, for county purposes. The structure was loaned by the City of Philadelphia as the tem- porary Capitol of the Nation to the Federal Government, and Congress met here for the ensuing ten years. Here Washington was in- augurated for the second time as President in 1793. Here John Adams served as Vice-President and later as President. Thomas Jefferson, as Vice- President, presided over the Senate upon the second floor. The old building, long used as a court house, has been restored to its original con- dition. It was rededicated by President Wilson on October 25, 19 13, with public ceremonies worthy of its great part in our national history. The lower floor of Congress Hall— the early home of the House of Representatives — now contains a remarkable collection of fifty paintings by J. L. G. Ferris covering the Romance and History of our country. Visitors to Independence Hall should not fail to see these beautiful and instruc- tive paintings, as nothing of like scope or char- acter is to be found elsewhere. — See Independence Hall. CONTEMPORARY CLUB Land Title Building, Broad and Chestnut Streets. CONTINENTAL HOTEL Southeast corner of Chestnut and Ninth Streets. When built, in 1 860, this was considered to be the finest hotel in the United States. It is still well patronized, although it is the last of the historic hotels east of Tenth Street. 59 COUNTRY GENTLEMAN Weekly magazine. The oldest agricultural jour- nal in the world. It was formed by the con- solidation of The Genesee Farmer, founded in 1 83 1, and The Cultivator, dating from 1834. Curtis Publishing Company, Independence Square. — See Curtis Publishing Company. COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY (PHILADEL- PHIA) This representative organization of physicians was formed in 1848, as a constituent of the Med- ical Society of the State of Pennsylvania. Its objects include the maintenance of approved ethics in medical and surgical practice, mutual conference, and moral and financial assistance where required. Meetings of the Society are held at the College of Physicians. — See College of Physicians. COVINGTON HOTEL (APARTMENTS) Thirty-seventh Street above Chestnut Street. CRAMP, WM, & SONS, SHIP AND ENGINE BUILDING CO. Located in Kensington, at Beach and Ball Streets. This establishment dates from 1830, William Cramp, its founder, being then twenty- three years old. It has long been one of the great industries of the city. After the introduction of iron and steel shipbuilding, it was' rapidly devel- oped, and has since been famous in the production of a large number of ships of war for the National and foreign governments, as well as fleets of modern passenger and freight vessels. The aver- age number of employees is about 5000. Visitors should apply for admission at the company's office at the works. — See Kensington. 60 CRICKET CLUBS Philadelphia is the home of the game of cricket in America. Clubs especially interested in the game are the Merion, at Haverford, Pa.; the Philadel- phia, at St. Martin's, Germantown; the Frank- ford Coimtry Club; and the Germantown, at Manheim Station, Germantown. There are also numerous minor clubs located in the suburban sections. — See articles upon the above clubs. CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY The largest and most splendidly housed publishing plant in the world occupies the entire block bounded by Sixth, Seventh, Walnut and Sansom Streets. It is constructed of white marble and brick, and is an enduring monument to the genius and energy of Cyrus H. K. Curtis. The Curtis publications, The Ladies' Home Journal, the Sat- urday Evening Post and the Country Gentleman, are read in every English speaking country. Visitors to this vast publishing hive are always welcome, a staff of guides being espe- cially employed to show them through the various departments. Thirty-five thousand persons availed themselves of this privilege in 19 15. The Maxfield Parrish panels and his famous decorative work the "Dream Garden," done in Favrile glass by Louis Tiffany, are splendid fea- tures of adornment. Another notable feature is the large collection of Franklin imprints. — See Ladies' Home Journal, Saturday Evening Post and Country Gentleman. CUSTOM HOUSE U. S. The Customs branch of the Government service at the Port of Philadelphia is housed in a classic, but inadequate, structure originally built for the second home of the United States Bank, in 1824. It faces north upon Chestnut Street, east of Fifth Street. The United States Sub-Treasury is located here. 61 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE The venerated document bearing this title was written by Thomas Jefferson, Chairman, and a Committee of Congress, including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and R. R. Livingston, charged with that duty, at his rooms in a house at the southwestern corner of Market and Seventh Streets, where the Penn National Bank is now located. It was read and adopted at the State House on the fourth day of July, 1776, and was first read to the people, in Independence Square, four days later, by John Nixon, a member of the Committee of Safety. The original document is preserved at the Treas- ury Department in Washington. — See Indepen- dence Hall, Penn National Bank. DELAWARE RIVER Historians differ with regard to the discovery of this broad and busy river by Europeans, but it is believed by those of most credence that Lord Delaware entered its estuary in 16 10. All agree that one Captain Cornelius Jacobson Mey came here in 1623 and built a fort, calling the stream the "South River," to distinguish it from the Hudson, then known as the "North River." The first comers were the Dutch (163 1). Later, in 1643, the Swedes set up a formal government at Tene- cong, now Tinicum, below the site of Philadelphia. English authority was peacefully established in 1674. William Penn came five years later. The Delaware River is navigable to Trenton, N. J. The location of many large shipbuilding plants along its shores justifies the term, as applied to this busy river, as the "Clyde of America." — See Port of Philadelphia, Camden, Cramp & Sons, William Penn. 62 DENTISTRY, SCHOOL OF Spruce and Fortieth Streets. The Thomas W. Evans Museum and Dental Institute occupies a splendid building recently completed under a fund of about $1,500,000 devised for the purpose by Dr. Evans, famed as a dental practitioner in Paris in the period of the Empire. The Institute stands upon the site of the donor's childhood home. The institution is a department of the University of Pennsylvania. Its instructors number 64, and students 750. Connected with the Museum are displayed valuable relics of Napoleon III, with whom Dr. Evans was on intimate terms. — See University of Pennsylvania. DEPARTMENT STORES Retail concerns under this head are numerous. Those most important are: John Wanamaker, Chestnut and Market Streets, west of Thirteenth Street. Snellenburg & Co., Market and Twelfth Streets. Gimbel Bros., Market, Eighth and Ninth Streets. Strawbridge & Clothier, Market and Eighth Streets. Lit Brothers, Market, Eighth and Seventh Streets. Berg Brothers, 1007 Market Street. Bonwit,Teller & Co., Chestnut and Thirteenth Sts. — See special articles, Wanamaker, Snellenburg, Gimbel Bros, and Strawbridge & Clothier. DOCK STREET This highway of the old city extends from Third Street diagonally to Water Street. It follows the course of Dock Creek, a harbor in Colonial times. Dock Street is the great produce centre, busy and picturesque. DOONER'S HOTEL Tenth Street above Chestnut Street. Men only. 63 DREXEL BUILDING Fifth and Chestnut Streets. Offices. Bank- ing House of Drexel and Company. — See Drexel Institute. DREXEL INSTITUTE OF ART, SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY The late Anthony J. Drexel devoted an ample sum for the creation and maintenance of this splendid institution devoted to the education of the youth of both sexes, in manual and mental training. The building, located at Chestnut and Thirty-second Streets, is a beautiful structure. The course of instruction is divided into twelve departments. There are maintained here a notable museum of craftsmanship, a library and reading room, and a large auditorium in which popular lectures are occasionally given. DRUG EXCHANGE The Bourse, Fifth Street above Chestnut Street. — See Bourse. DUMONT'S (MINSTRELS) Arch and Ninth Streets. EASTERN PENITENTIARY Twenty-first Street and Fairmount Avenue. This state prison, established in 1829, is one of the most interesting penal institutions of America. Permits to visitors are to be had from the warden or the inspectors. Admission upon week-days between 2 and 4 p.m. At the present time the prisoners number 1456 persons. The "honor and friendship ' ' system now in vogue has done much to mitigate the sad lot of these prisoners. EDUCATION, BOARD OF Temporarily located on the twelfth floor of the Stock Exchange building, Walnut Street, west of Broad Street, — See Public Schools. 64 EDWIN FORREST HOME FOR ACTORS Out of the garnered wealth of his long career as a tragedian, Edwin Forrest gave his spacious country home at Holmesburg, Pa., to provide a happy- refuge for retired and worn-out fellow actors of both sexes. This place was associated with the happiest years of his wedded life and also with the real tragedy of his separation from his wife. The city residence of the Forrests was at Broad and Master Streets, where he died. It was long occu- pied by the School of Design. The body of Edwin Forrest reposes in the yard of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, on Third Street, below Walnut Street. — See St. Paul's Church. ELKS, ORDER OF Juniper and Arch Streets. ENGINEERS' CLUB Located at 131 7 Spruce Street, just east from Broad Street. EVENING BULLETIN Filbert and Juniper Streets. Afternoon paper, published on week-days. Established in 1847. EVENING LEDGER Ledger Building. Afternoon paper, published on week-days. Established in 19 15. FAIRMOUNT park The original Fairmount Park was created by Councils on September 28, 1855, and comprised 1 10 acres upon the eastern side of the Schuylkill River. This is one of the most extensive pleasure grounds in the world, maintained by a municipality. It comprises 3526 acres, covering high ground upon both sides of the Schuylkill River and the ro- 65 mantic glen of the Wissahickon stream. It will soon be connected with the centre of the city by the spacious Parkway. The Park is especially rich in well-preserved Colonial buildings. The Memorial Hall art gallery and Horticultural Building are permanent reminders of the Centen- nial exhibition. The West Park may be seen by taking the cars of the Park electric railway from Belmont Avenue Entrance. East Park and Wissa- hickon drive require carriage or automobile. No other great park in the world is so largely and unreservedly used as a playground by the people. In addition to Fairmount Park, the city owns eighty minor parks and public squares. These are under the supervision of the Fairmount Park Commission. — See Fairmount Park Art Association. FAIRMOUNT PARK ART ASSOCIATION This is an organization of private citizens devoted to the embellishment of the park by statuary, fountains, and artistic approaches through the expenditure of money donated by members and others. — See Fairmount Park. FARM JOURNAL Monthly published by the Wilmer Atkinson Com- pany at the Farm Journal Building, Seventh and Locust Streets (Washington Square). — See Wash- ington Square. FEDERAL BUILDING West side of Ninth Street, between Market and Chestnut Streets. In addition to the gen- eral Post Office, the Federal Courts and other local departments of the United States govern- ment are housed in this building, which, though comparatively modern, has become inadequate for the business now transacted here. — See Post Office. 66 FIRE DEPARTMENT Our fire fighters number a total of 1037 officers and men. The equipment comprises 58 steamers, 8 chemical engines, 20 ladder trucks, 2 water towers, and 1 fire boat. These constitute the Fire Bureau, Department of Safety. As an inde- pendent feature of the Service, the Fire Insur- ance interests maintain three Fire Salvage com- panies. These men are equipped as firemen and are provided with automobile wagons. It is their duty to protect goods and other property, as far as possible, from fire and water. — See High Pres- sure Service. FIRE INSURANCE The first association formed in America for the mitigation of losses by fire was the Philadelphia Contributionship, organized in 1752. The oldest joint stock insurance corporation is the Insurance Company of North America, founded 123 years ago. Nearly fifty companies now do business here . The traditional fire-insurance district is along lower Walnut Street, from Dock Street to Fifth Street, and in nearby Fourth Street. Some im- portant companies, however, have removed to the sky-scraper centre near Broad Street. — See Fire Department. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH Seventh Street and South Washington Square. Organized in 1698, under the title of "Independents," this is the oldest Presbyterian congregation in America. From 1704 to 1793 the church was located at High and Bank Streets. The present building was completed in 1822. — See Churches. 67 FOR THE HUNGRY VISITOR Restaurants are maintained by all of the leading hotels and the department stores. Among the largely patronized and centrally located cafes are those at the Pennsylvania and Reading Terminals; Kugler's, 141 2 Chestnut Street; Cafe L'Aiglon, Fifteenth and Chestnut Streets; Arcadia, Widener Building; Hanscom's, 1221 Chestnut Street; Boothby's, 1225 Chestnut Street; Central Y. M. C. A., 142 1 Arch Street; Little Wilmot, 14 10 South Penn Square, and Bourse, Fifth Street Entrance. — See Roof Gardens. FORREST (THEATRE) Broad Street, north of Walnut Street. — See Edwin Forrest. FRANKFORD A busy manufacturing and residential section in the northeastern part of the city. In this vicinity is located the "Bridesburg" United States Arsenal, which employs many hundreds of skilled workers in the manufacture of ammunition for large and small arms. — See Arsenal, U. S. FRANKFORD COUNTRY CLUB Oxford and Summerdale Streets. — See Frankford. FRANKLIN IN BRONZE As you proceed along Chestnut Street, west of Ninth, Benjamin Franklin, seated benignly in front of the Post Office — the Post Office that he started — greets you. This bronze is one of Philadelphia's artistic treasures. It was modelled in 1899 by John J. Boyle and presented to the city by Justus C. Strawbridge. It bears, in the words of Wash- ington, this tribute to his fellow patriot : ' ' Vener- ated for Benevolence. Admired for Talents. Esteemed for Patriotism. Beloved for Philan- thropy." Observe the thoughtful, amused expression on Ben's face. He is thinking of the time when, in 1737, he kept the Post Office in a cracker box, and of 1753. when his salary, as Postmaster General, was $1000.00, and how he ordered that the North- ern mail from Philadelphia for New England should set out weekly, whereby it became pos- sible to send a letter to Boston and get a reply in three weeks instead of six weeks as before. Some change, Benjamin ! — See Post Office. FRANKLIN BUILDING Northeast corner of Broad and Chestnut Streets. Offices. FRANKLIN FIELD Thirty-third Street, north of Spruce Street. Athletic field of the University of Pennsylvania. Here on Saturday afternoons in the spring there are intercollegiate base-ball games, which are well worth seeing. Intercollegiate foot-ball continues in the fall until late November, the long series of games between ' ' Penn " and other colleges ending with the famous Army-Navy game after Thanks- giving. Reached by Walnut Street cars. — See University of Pennsylvania. FRANKLIN'S GRAVE In Christ Church Burial Ground, at the SOUTHEAST CORNER OF FlFTH AND ARCH Streets. Here a section of the old brick wall has been removed and the graves of the great philosopher and Deborah, his wife, and their chil- dren may be seen through the railing. Access may also be had to the cemetery, where many Colonial and Revolutionary notables are interred. — See Benjamin Franklin. 69 FRANKLIN INN CLUB In Cam ac Street, south of Walnut Street. This famous club is limited to men of letters and art — those who have gained wide recognition as authors, painters, and illustrators. These meet there daily to lunch in congenial company and surroundings. A small "theatre" fills the upper floor. — See Camac Street. FRANKLIN INSTITUTE The time-worn building, which is the home of The Franklin Institute, stands upon the east side of Seventh Street, south of Market Street. This society was organized in 1824 for the promotion of the mechanic arts. In this field it has exercised continuous activity, doing more to encourage inventive Americans than any other institution in America. Its medal is regarded as an honor of the highest rank. Its notable collection of mechanical appliances and library of technical books are un- equalled elsewhere. The Journal of The Franklin Institute, published since 1826, maintains the highest standards of scientific excellence. — See Benjamin Franklin. FRANKLIN RELICS PRESERVED IN PHILADELPHIA Philosophical Society : Model of a Franklin stove ; a combined chair and step-ladder, and an original electric battery. Nearly all of the philosopher's manuscripts and papers are preserved here. Independence Hall Museum: Lightning rod and an air pump. Franklin Institute: Electric generator; a dress sword presented to him in France in 1755. Library of Philadelphia: Electric generator; the minute-book of the Union Fire Company, partly in the handwriting of Franklin, as Secretary. 70 Historical Society of Pennsylvania : China punch keg presented to him in France; a burning-glass and a heavy wine glass. Curtis Publishing Company: Large collection of Franklin imprints. A press upon which Franklin worked is preserved at the National Museum in Washington. — See Benjamin Franklin. FRANKLIN SQUARE Located between Race and Vine Streets and west of Sixth Street. This is one of the four public spaces set apart by William Penn. For- merly surrounded by spacious residences, it is now largely environed by trade and manufacturing. A portion of the square was formerly used as a cemetery by a German congregation. FRATERNAL ORDERS A complete list of these will be found in the classi- fied directory of the Bell Telephone Company. — See Masonic Temple, Lu Lu Temple, and Elks. FRATERNITIES For the addresses of the Greek letter and other fraternities, consult the classified directory of the Bell Telephone Company. FREE LIBRARY OF PHILADELPHIA This library system was chartered February, 1891. Pending the erection of the new $3,500,000 Main Library Building on the Parkway, the Library is administered at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust Streets. There are 26 Branch Libraries, 18 of which occupy buildings erected out of a fund of $1 ,500,000 presented to the city by Andrew Carnegie, for 30 Branch buildings. The Main Library and its Branches contain 494,992 volumes and 229,607 pamphlets. The circulation of books during 191 5 amounted to 2,730,173 volumes, and 1,813,201 persons used the books for reference. 71 The Library is governed by a Board of Trustees composed of the Mayor, ex officio; the Presidents of City Councils, ex officio; one citizen, to be elected annually by each Branch of Councils, and eighteen other citizens. The expenses are provided for by an annual appro- priation to the Mayor, and by the income from trust funds given by George S. Pepper and others. The total value of the Library property {i.e., land and buildings), excluding books, is estimated at $1,753,023.23. The present officers are: President, Henry R. Edmunds; Librarian, John Ashhurst. — See Libraries. GARRICK THEATRE Chestnut Street, east of Broad Street. GAZETTE German daily, at 924 Arch Street. Established in 1879. GENESIS OF PHILADELPHIA Having completed the survey of the proposed city Thomas Holme began the sale of lots in 1683. In 1684 Philadelphia was represented in the Provin- cial Council and the Assembly by three delegates. Borough government was superseded by city con- trol in 1 69 1, when the charter was granted. The city was divided into wards in 1705. — See William Penn. GEN. GRANT'S CABIN (FAIRMOUNT PARK) This interesting relic of the Civil War was removed to Philadelphia from City Point, Virginia, soon after the war closed, and was rebuilt at Lemon Hill. It was occupied as headquarters by Gen. U. S. Grant during the winter of 1864-1865. It is treasured as a little shack which sheltered many great men. — See Fairmount Park. 72 GERMAN HOSPITAL Corinthian and Girard Avenues. This hos- pital, one of the most efficient in the city, was established by German citizens in 1862, at 20th and Norris Streets. During the Civil War it was converted into a military hospital. The present site was bought in 1873. GERMANTOWN CRICKET CLUB Manheim and Morris Streets. Take German- town train, Pennsylvania R. R. — See Germantown. GERMANTOWN, PHILADELPHIA This northern section of the city derives its name from a settlement of German immigrants who built their homes here long before the first visit of William Penn to his American domain. Al- though the city has absorbed it, there yet remain within its confines more buildings of interest to the historian than may be found in any other simi- lar community of the land. The masonry of the buildings is considered remarkable. An important battle of the Revolution was fought, in 1777, through its fields and streets. Its modern avenues are adorned with miles of beautiful homes. An interesting historical collection is preserved at the rooms of the Germantown Site and Relic Society. — See Site and Relic Society. GERMANTOWN SAVING FUND SOCIETY This society was formed in 1854. Its depositors number 29,680 and its liabilities are $10,744,976.83. — See Germantown. GIMBEL BROTHERS' STORE Market Street, Eighth to Ninth Streets. " Gimbel " has been a Philadelphia household word for almost a generation. The House of Gimbel counts nine sons and grandsons of Adam Gimbel, 73 merchant, of Vincennes, Indiana. In area occu- pied for retailing, the Philadelphia store, ten floors high, conducted by the Gimbels, covers nearly twenty-four acres. It is one of the five great stores of the world. An annex of the store fronts on Chestnut Street. Gimbel stores are located, also, in New York and Milwaukee. — See Department Stores. GIRARD, STEPHEN This remarkable citizen and merchant was born near Bordeaux, France, on May 20, 1750, son of an officer of the French navy. At the age of fourteen years he became a seaman in the mer- chant trade. In 1774 he came to the port of New York, and two years later he visited Philadelphia, and, being impressed with the prosperity he saw here, he became a grocer and ship chandler. In 1777 he married Mary Lum, the daughter of a shipbuilder. They lived for a time at Mt. Holly, N. J. Mrs. Girard became demented after eight years of wedded life. She never recovered, and died insane about the year 181 1. She bore no children, and after the death of his brother, who had been his partner, Girard was alone, and so devoted himself to business, as a consolation. He so far succeeded that when he died, on Decem- ber 26, 1 83 1 , aged 8 1 years, he left a fortune of above $7,000,000. An ardent patriot, he aided the Government in the time of need, and especially during the War of 18 12. He became a banker in 181 1. While his business methods were exact, he was always just. His beneficences were con- stant, but he is best remembered as the founder of Girard College, completed and opened for the education of orphan boys in 1848. — See Gir- ard Estate, Girard College, and Girard National Bank. 74 GIRARD ESTATE When the Board of Directors of City Trusts ivas created, in 1869, the value of the estate be- queathed by Stephen Girard to the municipality was carried upon the books at about $6,000,000. It is now estimated at $31,000,000, while there has been expended in the meantime $18,500,000 for maintenance of the college, etc., and $2,500,000 for new buildings upon the college property. In addition, the Board has erected three large office buildings, viz. : The Stephen Girard Building in 1897, the Mariner and Merchant Building in 1900 and the Lafayette Building in 1907. The offices of the estate are located in the last-named structure, at Fifth and Chestnut Streets. Out of the Girard Fund, also, there have been built a large number of handsome modern dwellings upon the site of Girard 's old farm in the southern por- tion of the city. Under the provisions of his will, much of the city water-front is lighted along Delaware Avenue. The estate now pays one per cent, of the total amount of taxes collected by the city. — See Girard, Stephen. GIRARD COLLEGE Corinthian and Girard Avenues. This great educational institution, founded by Stephen Girard, was opened for the education of orphan boys in 1848. The original outlay was about $2,000,000. The present value of the property is $5,000,000. It is administered by the Board of Directors of the City Trusts, a department of the City government. More than 9500 boys have been resident and have received educations here. The present number of students is about 1500. The average age is eight and a half years. Within the high stone wall , enclosing forty acres, are seven- teen buildings, including the new High School, costing $600,000, now being erected. The main building, of marble, is a reproduction of the famous Parthenon of Athens. The tomb of Stephen Girard is in this structure. His birth- day, May 21st, is celebrated by the cadets as "Founder's Day." Admission for visitors by card from the office of the Girard Estate in the Lafayette Building, at Chestnut and Fifth Streets. The name of Girard is perpetuated in Philadelphia by more than fifty institutions, corporations and business concerns. Girard Avenue is one of our most important highways. — See Girard, Stephen. GIRARD NATIONAL BANK Third Street, south of Chestnut Street. This important banking corporation, organized in 1864, occupies the stately old building erected in 1 797 for the first Bank of the United States, and subsequently purchased by Stephen Girard, who called it his "little institution." One of Uncle Stephen's strong boxes may be seen just inside of the bank's door. The structure is still owned by the Girard Estate. — See Girard, Stephen, and l> Banking Firsts." GLOBE THEATRE (MOTION PICTURES) Market Street and East Penn Square. " GLORIA DEI " (OLD SWEDES') CHURCH Swanson Street, below Christian Street. A visit to this quaint little church, far down town, is an excursion into Colonial days. Here, at Wicaco, a generation before William Penn and his English colonists came to claim the land, a Swedish out- post had its church and watch tower. Reassured, after his coming, the present brick church was built and continued to be sustained by the Swedish government as a Lutheran congregation to 1843. Thereafter, the members of the church adopted English service, and the tenets of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The interior is especially 76 interesting. Services are still held here, and strangers are made welcome. This is said to be the oldest structure in Philadelphia. Take cars south on Second Street to Christian Street, walk eastward to Swanson Street. — See "Old Swedes'" and Churches. GOLF Excellent private golf courses are numerous and popular in the beautiful environs of the city. This season, an ideal eighteen hole ground has been completed by the city authorities, under the direc- tion of the Park Commission. It is located along Cobb's Creek, upon the western margin of the city. Club houses have been fitted up for men and women. It is pronounced one of the most attrac- tive courses in the country. The amount ex- pended for this purpose was about $30,000. Among the leading golf links in and near the city are those of the Philadelphia Cricket Club at St. Martin's, Chestnut Hill; The Whitemarsh Valley Country Club, near Chestnut Hill; The Bala Golf Club, Belmont and Conshohocken Avenues; The Frankford Country Club, Oxford and Summerdale Avenues; and the Aronimink Golf Club, Drexel Hill. In professional golf, James M. Barnes, of the Whitemarsh Valley Club, holds open North and South Championship. — See Championships. GRAIN SHIPMENTS While the handling of grain at this port has been double that of preceding years in the fiscal year to June 1, 1916, that being 45,000,000 bushels, this equals but half that of Baltimore and one- fifth of the amount handled by New York. This was partly due to car shortage. The Penn- sylvania Railroad Company is now building a million-bushel elevator and the time is not far distant when Philadelphia will be able to do a f-ar greater business in this particular. 77 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC Although the ranks of the Union Veterans of the Civil War are being rapidly depleted, there still remain in this city thirty-two posts of the Grand Army of the Republic. The local membership in- cludes many famous officers. Among the obser- vances of Memorial Day, at the end of May, are patriotic addresses by veterans before all of the public schools of the city, and the decoration of the graves of soldiers in all of the cemeteries. In this duty the order of the Sons of Veterans assists. The general office of the Department of Pennsylvania G. A. R. is at Chestnut Street and Fifth Street. The total number of surviving vet- erans in Philadelphia on June I, 191 6, is 2398. Among the valuable collections of Civil War tro- phies and relics those of Meade Post No. 1, in the Parkway Building, and of Post 2, on 12th Street, above Wallace, are the most important. — See Civil War. GRAND OPERA HOUSE Broad Street, north of Columbia Avenue. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL Fifteenth Street above Race Street. This was the original centre of the Homoeopathic School of Medicine. HAMILTON (HOTEL) 1334 Walnut Street. HANOVER (HOTEL) Arch and Twelfth Streets. HARRISON BUILDING Market and Fifteenth Streets. Offices. 78 HAVERFORD COLLEGE Haverford, Pa. This widely known college was founded by the Orthodox branch of the Society of Friends in 1883. It is located upon the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad nine miles from the city. — See Main Line. HAYES MECHANICS' HOME Belmont and Lankenau Avenues. This insti- tution may be reached via the Fairmount Park electric railway. It provides a home, in their declining years, for worthy mechanics who may need the "helping hand." This is the only Mechanics' Home in the state. HIGH-PRESSURE FIRE SERVICE This modern auxiliary in fire protection is the best in the world. The pumping stations at the Delaware River, foot of Race Street, and at Broad and Race Streets are capable of doing the work of eleven steam fire-engines through forty-nine miles of mains covering the business and manu- facturing districts. The system has its own private telephone alarm. The pressure flow may be concentrated at any given point instantly. Three pipe line wagons carry the special hose required for use in connection with the high-pres- sure water delivery. The high-pressure service is administered by the Water Bureau. — See Fire Department. HIGH SPOTS IN PHILADELPHIA Elevations above tide level are as follows: Billy Perm's Hat, 592 feet. Broad and Chestnut Streets, 44 feet. Broad Street and Columbia Avenue, 89 feet. Lehigh Avenue and Seventh Street, 99 feet. Thirty-second Street and Lehigh Avenue, 141 feet. Belmont and City Avenues, 292 feet. Sixty-first Street below Walnut Street, 114 feet. Fifty-third Street and Whitby Avenue, 106 feet. Summit, Chestnut Hill, 440 feet. 79 HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA This honored institution, founded in 1824, has an ample home in a fire-proof building at Thirteenth and Locust Streets. Its collection of books, about 80,000 bound volumes, and its quarter million of pamphlets is of immense value. The portrait and historical gallery is large and interesting. The reading room is open daily to the general public. HISTORICAL SOCIETIES (OTHER) All of the larger libraries sustained from private sources are repositories of a wealth of historical material of local interest. Societies for the pres- ervation and discussion of our civic annals include the City History Society; the Site and Relic Society, Germantown; and the Frankford His- torical Society. — See Site and Relic Society, City History Society, and Frankford. HOMES Within the city limits there are nearly 370,000 separate and distinct residences. Less than 13,000 of these are of frame construction. By far the greater number are of two floors and a base- ment, and those built in the newer extensions of the city contain conveniences quite unknown, excepting to the wealthy, a generation ago. A fashion exists in Philadelphia, amounting almost to a passion, for ownership. More houses in this city are owned by their occupants than in any other large city in the world; these number 125,000. This is due to the building and loan associations, of which there are more than one thousand. The average size of the Philadelphia family is 5.10 persons, which is above that of any other city. — See Building Associations. 80 HORSE SHOWS These notable shows are held at Devon and Bryn Mawr upon the "Main'Line" and at St. Martin's, Chestnut Hill. At these shows public interest is divided between the gathering of wealth and fashion and the riding and driving events upon the programme. — See Main Line and Chestnut Hill. HORTICULTURAL BUILDING, FAIRMOUNT PARK Built by the city as a central glory of the "Cen- tennial," this graceful Moresque structure of iron and glass is carefully preserved, as it encloses the finest palm garden in the land. The little palm- lets of forty years ago have grown into stately trees. They fill the conservatory, which has 80 by 230 feet of floor space. In the adjoining floral halls are shown, at all seasons, the wealth of a thousand blossoming plants. Here is the Mecca of every horticulturist who comes to Philadelphia, and it is worth a long journey to see. — See Cen- tennial, Fairmount Park. HOSPITALS Eighty-two hospitals are maintained by the city, the University and Medical Colleges, and pri- vate corporations. Free medical and surgical treatment is provided at many of these beneficent institutions. — See Jefferson Medical College, Medico-Chi, and Pennsylvania Hospital. HOUSING ASSOCIATION 130 South Fifteenth Street. Organized to promote the betterment of slum districts through repairs, rebuilding and the introduction, by the city, of proper sanitary conditions. HOUSTON HALL, U. OF P. This is a general exchange, club, and lecture hall for the students of the University. — See University of Pennsylvania. 81 HOW PHILADELPHIA BEGINS THE YEAR The New Year is greeted in the Quaker City with a burst of splendid harlequinry. Miles of kings, queens, courtiers and clowns come marching up spacious Broad Street to the music of a hundred bands, and all Philadelphia turns out to enjoy the glittering pageant. Not only Philadelphians, but thousands from afar come and fill the hotels. The Mummers belong to us and they are an institution. They annually serve notice, to all concerned, that we have, here, the livest community on the map, bar none! INDEPENDENCE HALL Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth Streets. This is the best loved building in America. Designed by Andrew Hamilton, speaker of the Colonial Assembly. Building commenced under authority of the Province of Pennsylvania in 1 732 ; completed in 1 741 . The lower part of the present tower was built in 1750. The present upper part of the tower was built in 1828, being 60 feet higher than the original steeple. The Colonial Assembly occupied the building until the Revolu- tionary period. Occupied by Continental Con- gress from 1775 to the close of the Revolution (excepting period of British occupation). Wash- ington was appointed here Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, June 16, 1775, and on July 9, 1778, the Articles of Confederation were adopted. Here on November 3, 1781, the twenty- four standards captured at Yorktown were pre- sented to Congress. The Declaration of Inde- pendence was signed here on July 4, 1776, but it was not made public until July 8th. The Constitution of the United States was framed and adopted in this building. The State Legislature met here until 1799. The City of Philadelphia bought the buildings and square in 18 16. East room was restored in 1824, on Lafayette's visit 82 to this City. City Councils met here from 1854 until the new City Hall was built. The buildings were restored to present condition in 1899. The Independence Hall is open on week-days and Sun- day afternoons. Nearly a million people visit this ''birthplace of American Nationality " every year. INDEPENDENCE SQUARE The nation may thank the authorities of the Prov- ince of Pennsylvania, for long the owner of Inde- pendence Square, that this restful public park remains to provide a spacious view of Indepen- dence Hall and its flanking structures. The square has been the scene of many imposing patriotic assemblages. It is, and will ever continue to be, a spot sacred to every American who walks beneath its wealth of foliage. The city has recently effected extensive repairs to the buildings and improve- ments of the grounds. — See Congress Hall and Independence Hall. INQUIRER 1 109 Market Street. Philadelphia daily morn- ing paper. Established in 1829. INSURANCE The first insurance policies written for Americans were for marine hazards, and were issued in Lon- don. The first American Insurance agent was John Copson, who engaged in the business in 172 1 "at his house on High Street, " Philadelphia. The first fire insurance company in America was organ- ized by Benjamin Franklin and his friends on April 13th, 1752, under the title of "The Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire." The earliest life insurance com- pany organized in America dates from 1769, its purpose being "the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of Clergymen of the Church of England and America." — See "Banking and Insurance Firsts." 83 JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE Walnut and Tenth Streets. This institution was originally a branch of the Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Pa. It was established in Phila- delphia in 1824 and chartered in 1828. A hospital of great convenience, because of its central loca- tion, adjoins the college. — See Hospitals. JEWELLERS* CLUB 1 1 10 Chestnut Street. JEWISH CHARITIES Our Jewish citizens maintain seventeen charities which are notable because the money devoted to their use, amounting annually to more than $200,000, is derived entirely from voluntary sub- scriptions by persons of that faith. An associa- tion for the care of Jewish immigrants has existed here since 1884. JEWISH HOSPITAL Church Lane, Germantown. JUNGER M^NNERCHOR CLUB 1643 North Broad Street. KEITH'S (THEATRE) Chestnut Street below Twelfth Street. KENSINGTON, PHILADELPHIA An important industrial section of the city, in the northeastern quarter. — See Cramp & Sons. KEYSTONE (HOTEL) Market and Sixteenth Streets. LADIES' HOME JOURNAL Monthly magazine. Curtis Publishing Company, Independence Square. Established by Cyrus H. K. Curtis, this was the first of the Curtis maga- zines to achieve, through his genius, a world circulation. Editor, Edward W. Bok. — See Curtis Publishing Company. 84 LAFAYETTE BUILDING Northeast corner of Chestnut and Fifth Streets. Offices. The offices of the Girard Estate are located here. — See Girard Estate. LAND TITLE BUILDING Southwest corner of Broad and Chestnut Streets. Offices. LEST YOU FORGET Philadelphia has grown from one house 233 years ago to 430,000 properties in 19 16. Of these about 366,000 are dwellings, all of which, excepting some 13,000, are of brick or stone. There are, within the city limits, 750 miles of railroad trackage. Of the 264 lines of manufacturing industry classi- fied in the last U. S. census 211 are represented in the 8379 manufacturing establishments of Philadelphia. Forty per cent, of the wealth and 30 per cent, of the national population are found within 250 miles of this city. If the streets of the city were placed end to end they would extend from Philadelphia to Denver and at night they would be illuminated continu- ously by electric and gas lamps 170 feet apart. — See Capital and Wages. LIBERTY BELL— BEST LOVED RELIC IN AMERICA The Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, desiring a bell for the tower of the State House (Independence Hall) , ordered one from England in 1752. It was strangely prophetic that the Assembly caused a quotation from Leviticus to be cast upon this bell. It reads: "Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land and to all inhabitants thereof." Upon being tested, the bell cracked. Two founders, Pass and Stow, were employed to recast it. This they 85 did twice. The bell was in use until 1835, when it cracked, while being tolled, during the funeral of Chief Justice John Marshall. The old bell has been taken from its home in Independence Hall nine times, the most recent of which was its tour to the Pacific Coast. Philadelphia is proud to show this splendid old relic now and then to millions of Americans afar. To look upon it is to become a better, a more patriotic citizen. It is America's most beloved relic. The journeys of the Liberty- Bell have been: 1777, to Allentown upon the approach of the British Army; 1884, to New Orleans; 1893, to Chicago; 1895, to Atlanta; 1902, to Charleston; 1903, to Boston; 1904, to St. Louis; 1908, on Founder's Day, at Philadelphia; 191 5, to San Francisco. — See Independence Hall. LIBRARIES Philadelphia is well provided in the matter of reading material by some fifty libraries. Those of most interest to visitors are: The Philadelphia Library, Locust Street at Jun- iper Street. The Ridgway Branch of same at Broad and Chris- tian Streets. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Thir- teenth and Locust Streets. The Mercantile Library, Tenth Street above Chestnut Street. The Masonic Library, Masonic Temple. The Free Library System is administered from Thirteenth and Locust Streets. In addition to the palatial Josephine Widener Library, the Carnegie fund of $1,500,000 provides for the con- struction of thirty libraries, the majority of which have been erected. — See Special Articles on above institutions. LINCOLN BUILDING Broad Street and South Penn Square. This was formerly the Betz Building. Offices. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, J. B. Poor Richard's Dictionary was made into a book by the J. B. Lippincott Company, an institution that has been making good books in this old town since 1792. For eighty-nine years it has been directed by the same family, the present head being J. Bertram Lippincott; the Vice-President, Joseph Wharton Lippincott; Secretary, Horace S. Ridings; Treasurer, Ellis W. Bacon; General Manager, Alfred C. Balch. It would take a volume larger than this to describe the output of this house in the century and a quarter of busy life during which it has carried the name of Phila- delphia as a publishing centre to the four corners of the earth. The Lippincott plant is modern and complete and conducted in line with the highest ideals of the art. Whether it be a literary, educational, scientific, medical or genealogical book that is required, one has simply to give Lip- pincott the manuscript and they will do the rest. LITTLE WALK TO HISTORIC SHRINES Eastward along Chestnut Street leads to Congress Hall at Sixth Street and its even more revered neighbor, Independence Hall. Just south of Chestnut Street on Fifth Street is the building of the American Philosophical Society. Midway between Fourth and Third Streets, reached by a court upon the south side, is Carpenters' Hall. On Third Street south from Chestnut Street stands America's oldest bank building, now occupied by the Girard National Bank. Christ Church is upon Second Street north from Market Street, and should be included. Proceeding up Second Street to Arch Street leads to the Flag House, where, at 229 Arch Street, Betsy Ross, Quaker matron and maker of flags, is said to have sewn the first "Old Glory, "under the direction of Washington. At Arch and Fifth Streets is the grave of Benjamin Franklin. On Seventh Street below Arch Street (at 37 North Seventh Street) 87 is the site of the first U. S. Mint (1792 to 1832). Here stood the first piece of real estate ever owned by our National Government. At the south- west corner of Seventh and Market Streets stood the house in which Thomas Jefferson penned the Declaration of Independence, see Tablet on the front of the Penn National Bank. Just below, upon the east side of Seventh Street, stands the venerable Franklin Institute. Across the way is the Master Builders' Exchange, where formerly stood the first German Society in America. — See Philosophical, Carpenters' Hall, Girard, Christ Church, Betsy Ross, Franklin's Grave, Mint, U. S., Penn National Bank, Franklin Institute, Master Builders' Exchange. LOITERINGS IN THE OLD SECTIONS Another "close by" ramble may begin at Sixth and Walnut Streets. Here, where the great Curtis Building stands triumphant, was situated, in far- away times, the Loganian Library, first of its kind, and where the new Penn Mutual Building rises there was for more than seventy years the city prison, tragic of memory. A diagonal walk across Washington Square brings into view at Seventh and Locust Streets the First Presbyterian Church, oldest of our congregations. On Locust Street, west from Eighth Street, is the once-famous Musical Fund Hall. Upon Eighth Street, near Locust, is the historic Morris residence, a beauti- ful example of colonial architecture. At Walnut and Ninth Streets the visitor may see America's oldest theatre, and, walking thence down Ninth Street to Pine Street, he will come upon the beneficent Pennsylvania Hospital. Returning to Spruce Street and turning westward he will traverse a well-preserved residential section typi- cal of the dignity and comfort our grandsires sought and found here when it was the outer margin of their Philadelphia. 88 Lastly, if one cares to glimpse the crowded pur- lieus of old downtown, let him begin at Broad and South Streets, loitering eastward along that cheerful, busy, polyglot thoroughfare, with de- tours into its intersecting streets, picturesque and full of movement, quaintly foreign in its curb- stone markets, rich in worth-while bits for the snap-shot camera. Here is Philadelphia's melting pot in which the children of the Old World are happily becoming citizens of the New. — See Presby- terian, Musical Fund, and Walnut Street Theatre. LITTLE WILMOT (HOTEL) South Penn Square, west of Broad Street. LOGAN SQUARE Between Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Race and Vine Streets. This attractive public space, one of Penn's five squares, will form a central feat- ure of the new Parkway. Here, in 1864, was held the U. S. Sanitary Fair in aid of the sick and wounded Union soldiers and sailors of the Civil War. A worthy memorial monument to the soldiers and sailors of 1861-65 is to be placed in this square. The Roman Catholic Cathedral, Wills Eye Hospital, and Academy of Natural Sciences face upon the square. — See Parkway, Cathedral, Academy of Natural Sciences. LOYAL LEGION, MILITARY ORDER OF This order originated in Philadelphia at the close of the Civil War and upon the day of President Lincoln's death. Its membership is confined to commissioned officers of the Union service in the Civil War or Union soldiers and sailors of that war who subsequently gained commissions in the army or navy of the United States, also the male de- scendants of such officers. The order is of national 89 scope. The headquarters of the order is, in Phila- delphia, in the Flanders Building, at Walnut and Fifteenth Streets, where a military museum and extensive military and naval library are maintained. — See Civil War. LU LU TEMPLE (NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE) 1337 Spring Garden Street. " MAIN LINE » To live out along the " Main Line " of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, anywhere within a dozen or even twenty miles of the city, is in itself a patent of social position. Beyond Overbrook, at the city limit, the residential villages and boroughs of most consequence are Merion, Narberth, Wynnewood, Ardmore, Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Rosemont, Villa Nova, Radnor, St. David's, Wayne, Devon, and Berwyn, the last named being about seven- teen miles from the City Hall. The traveller, coming from the westward, thus approaches the city through a lovely park-like region, strewn with beautiful country estates, which present a picture of ideal rural life not equalled elsewhere in America . — See Auto Glimpses and Pennsylvania R. R. MAJESTIC (HOTEL) Broad Street and Girard Avenue. MANAYUNK, PHILADELPHIA This important manufacturing suburb is located along the Schuylkill River and within the city limits. Here are the first of a continuous array of great industries which border the stream for many miles. Manayunk is reached by Schuylkill Valley trains of the Reading and Pennsylvania lines and by electric street cars of the Ridge Avenue route. 90 MANUFACTURERS' CLUB Broad and Walnut Streets. The organization of this powerful and representative club was ef- fected at a meeting held in the Continental Hotel on April 25, 1887. The first club house was in a large private residence at 13 19 Walnut Street. Two years later removal was made to the building adjoining the Bellevue Hotel on the west. The latter building was annexed after it was vacated as a hotel. This historic hotel was removed in 19 13 to make room for the club's present splendid building which was opened on March 1, 19 14. The property represents a value of nearly $3,000,- 000. The membership at present is two thousand. — See Manufactures. MANUFACTURES Philadelphia adds more value to raw material in the course of manufacture than does any other city. It leads every other city in the value of its manufacture of textiles, carpets, rugs, leather goods, hosiery, knit goods, woollen goods, loco- motives, steel railway cars, iron and steel ships, felt hats, saws, upholstered goods, oil-cloth and many lesser articles. It has over nine thousand manufacturing plants operated on the factory system. In the production of foundry and machine shop products, sugar and molasses re- fining, petroleum refining, worsted goods, chemi- cals, druggists' preparations, dyeing and finishing textiles, cordage and twine, and fertilizers, Phila- delphia stands pre-eminent. The capital invested is seven hundred millions of dollars ($700,000,000). — See Philadelphia, the World's Greatest Work- shop, and Philadelphia s Time-Table. 91 MARINER AND MERCHANT BUILDING Third and Chestnut Streets. This modern down-town office building is in the heart of Philadelphia's traditional financial centre. It is owned by the estate of Stephen Girard, deriving its name from the opening clause of his famous will, "I, Stephen Girard, Mariner and Merchant," etc. The structure occupies the site of the former offices of the Public Ledger, Record, Evening Bulletin and Evening Telegraph. In the building of the latter the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co. was located in the Civil War period. The upper floors are devoted to the advertising business of N. W. Ayer & Son. — See Advertising. MARITIME EXCHANGE This important exchange was organized in March, 1875, for the gathering and dissemination of all marine information related to the Delaware River and the Port of Philadelphia. In this field of service the Exchange has long been one of the leading factors in the growing commerce of this port. The offices are located upon the first floor of the Bourse. — See Bourse and Port of Phila- delphia. MARKET STREET This broad and busy street is generally regarded as the central highway of the city. It was originally called High Street. Its later name was due to the range of market buildings formerly placed along the centre of the street. The great department stores front on Market Street. From the Pennsyl- vania Railroad ferry -house to the City Hall is just one mile. Market Street extends sixty-three blocks, its rural extension beyond the city line being West Chester Pike. Surface, subway and elevated railways traverse its entire length. — See Subways and Department Stores. 92 MARKETS Borrowing the old English idea of market shelters, Philadelphia built its first permanent street market structure at the foot of High Street in 1709. These sheds were afterward continued to Eighth Street. They existed until 1859. There were also two squares of markets west of Fifteenth Street. Similar markets were built on other of the older streets. Those on Second Street are still in use. They were generally superseded by large buildings erected by corporations. The majority of these are yet in service. In the new outer sections of the city most of the housewives now patronize supply stores. The largest market in the city is under the Reading Railway Terminal, on Twelfth Street above Market Street. — See Old Markets. MARLBOROUGH (HOTEL) 1 108 Walnut Street. MARRIAGES, BIRTHS AND POPULATION Each day adds eighty-two persons to Philadel- phia's population. There is a marriage every forty minutes and a birth every twelve minutes. The population increases at the rate of 30,000 per year, equivalent to the total population of a city the size of Pasadena, Cedar Rapids, or Lansing. The present number of residents in Philadelphia is above 1,700,000. This exceeds the combined population of Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico and Utah. — See Philadelphia and the Census. MASK AND WIG CLUB 310 Quince Street. MASONIC TEMPLE Prior to the Revolutionary War, the order of Free Masons had built the first Masonic Hall in Amer- ica. It was located upon the south side of Lodge Street, the site now being covered by the United 93 States Appraisers' Building. The Grand Lodge met, in its history, in various inns and halls. In 1802, it built a hall in Filbert Street, west from Eighth Street, and ten years later moved to a then splendid building on Chestnut Street, north side, west of Seventh Street. This was burned in 1819. The Masons rebuilt it, and, in 1853, replaced it with a fine Gothic hall, long the pride of Chestnut Street. The present great Temple at Broad and Filbert Streets was dedicated in 1873. It is the most costly Masonic building in the world. Its beautiful series of lodge and Templars halls, the library, and Masonic Museum are open to the public on week-days after 10 a.m. — See Libraries. MASTER BUILDERS' EXCHANGE 18 South Seventh Street. Dating from 1887, this is the oldest of the now numerous Builders' Exchanges of the country. Acquiring the old German Society building in 1889, which had long been leased as offices of the city gas works, the Builders' Exchange has greatly improved the property. A permanent exhibition of building materials occupies the first floor. The member- ship of about seven hundred includes representa- tives of all the building and allied trades. The greater part of the construction impetus of the city centres here. — See Little Walk. MAYOR AND HIS CABINET Mayor of Philadelphia, Hon. Thomas B. Smith. Director of Public Safety, William H. Wilson. Director of Public Works, George E. Datesman. Director of Supplies, Joseph S. MacLaughlin. Director of Public Health and Charities, Wilmer Krusen, M.D. Director of Wharves, Docks and Ferries, George S. Webster. Director of City Transit, William S. Twining. — See City Government. 94 MAYOR'S OFFICE (CITY HALL) The sumptuous reception chamber bearing this title is located on the second floor, north front, of the City Hall. It contains portrait paintings of the successive Mayors of the city. — See City Govern- ment and City Hall. MEDICAL PUBLISHING Philadelphia has always been the leading source of supply in medical works. The leading concerns in this line of publishing are P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Boericke & Tafel, F. A. Davis Company, Lea & F.ebiger, J. B. Lippincott Company, W. B. Saunders Company and S. S. White Dental Company. — See " Medical Firsts." MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL COLLEGE Fronting upon Cherry Street, from Seven- teenth to Eighteenth Street. The hospital department of this college contains the finest clinic amphitheatre in the United States. The college provides instruction in Medicine, Dentistry, Phar- macy and Chemistry. This institution has been merged with the University of Pennsylvania. MEMORIAL HALL Fairmount Park. This substantial building has been preserved as a permanent reminder of the National Centennial Exhibition of 1876, during which it was used as a gallery for foreign and American art works. Many interesting articles presented by foreign governments at the close of the Exposition are displayed here. Extensive collections of ceramics, carvings, textiles, coins, armor, etc., given or loaned by private collectors, are among the treasures to be seen. There are also numerous and excellent paintings. Memorial Hall is open daily, including Sunday afternoons. From the centre of the city the best route to Memorial Hall is via the subway-elevated line to Fortieth Street Station on Market Street, trans- ferring there to car of Route 40. — See Fairmount Park and Centennial. 95 MEMORIAL TABLETS Bronze tablets of historical import are being located throughout the city in many places. Those now existent include the following: John Nixon, south wall, Independence Hall. Chief Justice John Marshall, Congress Hall, Sixth and Chestnut Streets. Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to Frankford, at Frankford. Jolly Post Inn, Frankford. Commodore Stephen Decatur, St. Peter's P. E. Church, Third and Pine Streets. Declaration of Independence, Independence Hall. Benjamin and Deborah Franklin, Arch and Fifth Streets. Benjamin Franklin, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. John Morgan, University of Pennsylvania (Medical). Robert Morris, University of Pennsylvania (Whar- ton School). Members of Continental Congress who were U. of P. men, University of Pennsylvania. James Wilson, Christ Church. 88th Regiment P. V., Fairmount Park, at Falls of Schuylkill. First Supreme Court of U. S., at Congress Hall. Congress Hall, Sixth and Chestnut Streets. Provost William Smith, University of Pennsyl- vania. Gen. David B. Birney, Logan, Philadelphia. Stephen Girard, Girard Bank. Site of Markoe residence, Record Building. Site of Morris's "Folly," 714 Chestnut Street. "Hail Columbia," Chestnut Street Theatre, 605 Chestnut Street. Soldiers' Home, 1864, Sixteenth and Filbert Streets. Satterlee U. S. Military Hospital (Marker), Clarence Clark Park, Baltimore Avenue and 44th Street. 9G MERCANTILE CLUB Broad Street above Master Street. — See Clubs. MERCANTILE LIBRARY Tenth Street above Chestnut Street. The Mercantile Library Company was formed in 1 82 1 . In 1844 it erected a building upon Fifth Street opposite Independence Square. It was removed to its present location, having purchased the Franklin Market House. The library is of a gen- eral character and has always been popular with the public. MERION CRICKET CLUB Haverford. Local trains, Main Line, Pennsyl- vania R. R. Situated in the heart of the fashion- able "Main Line" district, this club is a leader in many forms of amateur athletics. — See Main Line and Cricket Clubs. METROPOLITAN OPERA HOUSE Broad and Poplar Streets. Built in recent years, this beautiful auditorium ranks first among the entertainment houses of the city. MINT, U. S., THE FIRST The first United States Mint was built upon Sev- enth Street, south of Arch Street, under the direc- tion of President Washington, in 1792. Its group of three buildings formed the first real estate owned by the Nation. The first Director was David Rittenhouse. All of the early coinage of the land was made here. This Mint was in operation to 1832. The old buildings were removed, a few years ago, by Mr. Frank H. Stewart, whose com- pany, engaged in electric manufacturing, occupies the site. Mr. Stewart has done much to preserve the history of the old Mint and its records. — See Mint, U. S. t The Second. 97 MINT, U. S., THE SECOND Chestnut Street below Broad Street. Built in 1832, this classic structure was for nearly sev- enty years a leading attraction for visitors. Prior to 1873, the office of the Director of Mints was located here. Here also were made all coinage dies. The standard pound was kept here. A comprehensive collection was always on exhibition. The site is now covered by the new Widener office building. — See Mint,U. S., Present Building. MINT, U. S., PRESENT BUILDING Spring Garden Street west of Sixteenth Street. This splendid national structure was occupied by the Government in 190 1. It is built of Maine granite and has a frontage of 400 feet. It is the finest Mint building in the world, costing $2,400,000. Two-thirds of our entire coinage is made here. A large staff of guides is constantly in attendance to show visitors through the de- partments. Open week-days from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. — See Mint, U. S., The First. MONUMENTAL FEATURES IN FAIRMOUNT PARK The superb Washington Group, a fountain, pre- sented by the Society of the Cincinnati, Green Street Entrance. This is the largest American bronze monument. Lincoln Monument, Lemon Hill. Morton McMichael, Lemon Hill. Robert Burns Group, East River Drive, Lemon Hill, near boat houses. Garfield Monument, East River Drive, below Girard Avenue. Joan D'Arc, east end of Girard Avenue Bridge. Gen. U. S. Grant Equestrian Monument, East River Drive, above Girard Avenue Bridge. John Welsh Memorial, on site of the main building of the Centennial Exhibition. 98 Civil War Memorial, Centennial Concourse, erected at a cost of $500,000 by the estate of Richard Smith. Anthony Drexel, Lansdowne Drive. Gen. George Gordon Meade Equestrian Monu- ment, Lansdowne Drive. Soldier of the Civil War, near George's Hill. Catholic Fountain, west of Belmont Drive. Columbus Statue, Italian, Belmont Drive. "Religious Liberty," Jewish, Horticultural Hall. German Monuments, Horticultural Hall. 88th Regt. P. V. Camp Site, Falls of Schuylkill.— See Centennial and Fairmount Park. MOTHERS' DAY "Mothers' Day," now observed generally upon the second Sunday in May, was first suggested by a Philadelphia lady, Miss Anna Jarvis. It is a renewal of an old English mid-Lent custom. _ It became a national memorial day by Proclamation of the President on May 8, 19 14. The symbol of Mothers' Day is a white carnation. MORRIS BUILDING 1 42 1 Chestnut Street. Offices. MUNICIPAL AREA The area of the City and the County of Philadel- phia are coincidental, being 129^ square miles. This exceeds the combined area of Boston, Balti- more and Cleveland. Upon its longest axis the city extends twenty miles. MUSICAL FUND HALL Locust Street west of Eighth Street. This now neglected public hall is remembered only by elderly persons as a once fashionable auditorium. It was built by a society organized in 1820 for the relief of distressed musicians. Upon its stage have appeared the world's greatest songsters and in- strumentalists. It was long considered the best concert hall in the United States. — See Loitering in the Old Sections. 99 MUSICAL PHILADELPHIA Philadelphia has always enjoyed a reputation as a musical centre. Musical Fund Hall, built in 1824, by a Society of Musicians, was one of the first and long the most famed concert hall in America. The triumph of the Philadelphia Orchestra, this present year, here and in New York, is a matter of nation-wide interest. We have, in addition to that capable organization led by the talented Stokowsky, a number of notable groups in the musical world. Best known of these are the Mendelssohn Club, the Choral Society, the Junger Maennerchor, the Operatic Society, the Fort- nightly Club, Behrens Opera Club, Fellowship Club and Orpheus Club. Military bands, pro- viding popular concerts in the summer months, attract large and appreciative audiences at the City Hall Plaza and Convention Hall. The Municipal Band provides music in the many small parks and there are also frequent con- certs in Fairmount Park. Those at Willow Grove and Woodside Park nightly are elsewhere men- tioned. The Municipal Department of Safety has, in its Police Band, a fine parade and concert organization, and there are few regimental bands in America superior to those attached to the local bodies of the Pennsylvania National Guard and the Independent State Fencibles. — See Fairmount Park, Willow Grove, Academy of Music, Metro- politan Opera House, Musical Fund Hall. MUTUAL LIFE BUILDING Northwest corner of Chestnut and Tenth Streets. When erected by the Mutual Life Insurance Company in 1875 it was the highest business structure in the city and the first modern office building. 100 NATIONAL GUARD OF PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia Contingent In every emergency Philadelphia has responded with disciplined citizen soldiery at the call of Nation or State. Under the present State admin- istration the official staff of the Governor includes the following Philadelphians : Colonels Edward de V. Morrell, Horace L. Haldeman, J. Warner Hut- chins, Lieutenant Colonels Walter T. Bradley, Thomas E. Murphy, Samuel T. Lit, Benjamin Wolf, Louis J. Kolb, John Gribbel and J. Howell Cum- mings. Efficient Philadelphia officers are identified with the several Departments of the State Military force. The organizations in the city are: Field Hospital No. 2, Tacony, Philadelphia; Engineer Battalion, Co. B, 2025 Sansom St.; First Regi- ment Cavalry, Colonel, 521 N. 22d St.; First Squadron Cavalry, Major, 520 Walnut St. ; First Troop, Philadelphia, City Cavalry, 23d and Ranstead Sts. ; Second Troop, Phila. City Cavalry, 330 S. 22d St. ; Troop A, 330 S. 22d St. ; Troop G, 1622 Jefferson St.; First Brigade, 400 Lincoln Building; First Infantry, Broad and Callowhill Sts.; Second Infantry, Broad St. near Diamond St.; Third Infantry, Broad St. near Wharton St.; Sixth Infantry, 41st St. and Mantua Ave. (The majority of the companies of this command are located in near-by communities.) First Battalion, State Naval Militia, 333 Walnut St. NATIVE AND FOREIGN BORN Census figures of 1910 show that Philadelphia contained, at that time, 583,976 white Americans of native parentage, this being 37.7 per cent, of the total population. The balance was composed of foreign born or the children of foreign born per- sons. This proportion has not materially changed to date. 101 NAVAL HOME AND HOSPITAL Gray's Ferry Avenue and Bainbridge Street. This dignified, old-fashioned structure, set in the midst of a spacious ground, was built nearly a cen- tury ago, and was used as the first U. S. Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845. Since the latter year, it has been a "snug harbor" for sick or dis- abled mariners of both the naval and merchant marine services. — See "National Firsts.' 1 WAVY YARD, U. S. The Philadelphia Navy Yard occupies "League Island," at the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, four miles south from the City Hall. It is one of the Nation's most important marine establishments, and every year makes more obvious the unusual advantages which it possesses. Modern ships of war may be visited here at all times. The Navy Yard may be best reached by electric cars south on Twelfth or Fifteenth Street. — See Port of Philadelphia. NEIGHBORHOOD AND STREET ASSOCIATIONS The spread of new residential and retail business sections around the old city has led, in the last twenty or more years, to the formation of Local Associations, active in securing needed public improvements. The more effective of these now numerous associations enlist the cooperation of their councilmanic representatives in their proj- ects for betterments with very general advantage. Strong associations also exist among the business men of certain central streets, notably Market, Chestnut and Walnut Streets. The plan of associated campaign has been a marked success in Philadelphia and is being copied in other cities. 102 NEW CENTURY CLUB (LADIES) 124 South Twelfth Street. This club was organized early in 1877 as an out- growth of the Woman's Committee of the Cen- tennial Exhibition. It has been the parent club of many other helpful organizations in the city dedicated to the interests of women. — See Clubs. NEW YORK SHIPBUILDING COMPANY Camden, N. J. This now immense industry has been in operation sixteen years, in the course of which it has broken several American records for annual tonnage, the greatest number and greatest length of ships. The plant covers 141 acres, and has a river front- age of 3600 feet. Some of the greatest and most powerful ships of war in the world have been launched here, not only for our National Navy, but for foreign governments. About 5000 men are usually employed. — See Camden and Port of Philadelphia. NORTH AMERICAN Daily morning paper. The North American Build- ing. This journal, dating from 1771, is the oldest American newspaper, being the successor of the Packet and Weekly Advertiser, which began a daily issue in September, 1784, and was the first daily newspaper in America. — See "Publishing Firsts." NORTH AMERICAN BUILDING Broad and Sansom Streets. NORTHEAST OR TORRESDALE BOULEVARD Extending northeastward from Broad Street from Hunting Park is the new and spacious Boulevard completed nearly eight miles to the Bustleton section, thus making accessible a great suburban 103 region for home and industrial building. This forms a link in the best Bristol-Trenton route for autos. It also connects with the new Pennypack Park drive near Holmesburg. — See Auto Glimpses. OCTAVIA HILL ASSOCIATION 613 Lombard Street. A beneficent and practical organization which reconstructs old houses in the neglected quarters of the city, making them com- fortable and sanitary. These properties are then rented at moderate rates to families of the worthy poor. OFFICE BUILDINGS IN PHILADELPHIA Abbott Broad and Race American Fire 308 Walnut Bailey 1218 Chestnut Baker 1520 Chestnut Baxter 1414 South Penn Square Bellevue Court 1418 Walnut Beneficial Saving Fund 1200 Chestnut Bornot 1535-39 Chestnut Bourse 5th above Chestnut Boyertown 1211 Arch Brown Bros 4th and Chestnut Builders' Exchange 20 S. 7th Bulletin Juniper and Filbert Bullitt 131 S. 4th Burd 9th and Chestnut Central Trust 4th and Market Church House, Diocese of Penna. 12th and Walnut City Hall Broad and Market Commercial 8th and Chestnut Commercial Trust 15th and Market Commercial Union 420 Walnut Commonwealth Trust 12th and Chestnut Crozer 1420 Chestnut DeLong 13th and Chestnut Denckla nth and Market 104 Drexel 5th and Chestnut Drury Juniper below Chestnut Empire 13th and Walnut Estey Hall 17th and Walnut Federal 9th and Chestnut Fidelity Mutual 114 N. Broad Finance 1426 South Penn Square Flanders 15th and Walnut Forrest 1 19 S. 4th Francis 420 Sansom Franklin 133 S. 12th Franklin Bank Broad and Chestnut Freeman 1200 Walnut Fuller 10 S. 18th Greble 1708 Chestnut Hale 1328 Chestnut Harris 22d and Market Harrison 15th and Market Heed 1213 Filbert Hornor 925 Chestnut Keith 1 1 18 Chestnut Knickerbocker 6th and Arch Lafayette 5th and Chestnut Land Title Broad and Chestnut Ledger 6th and Chestnut Lehigh 106 S. 4th Lincoln Broad and South Penn Square Lippincott 12th and Filbert Manhattan 4th and Walnut Mariner and Merchant 3d and Chestnut McCaul 10th and Sansom Merchants' 44 N. 4th Metropolitan Broad and Wallace Mortgage Guarantee 927 Chestnut Morris 142 1 Chestnut Mutual Life 1001 Chestnut North American Broad and Sansom Parkway Broad and Cherry Penn Square 1416 South Penn Square Pennsylvania 15th and Chestnut People's Trust 12th and Arch 105 Perry 16th and Chestnut Philadelphia Bank 421 Chestnut Pitcairn nth and Arch Presser 1712 Chestnut Professional 1831 Chestnut Provident 4th and Chestnut Reading Terminal 12th and Market Real Estate Trust Broad and Chestnut Record 919 Chestnut Reformed Church 15th and Race Robert Morris 919 Walnut Roger Williams 1701 Chestnut Scott 1217 Filbert Sharswood 931 Chestnut Sibley 1214 Filbert Spreckels 123 S. Orianna St. George 13th and Arch Stephen Girard 12th above Chestnut Stock Exchange 141 1 Walnut Transportation 26 S. 15th United Gas Improvement Co. . .Broad and Arch Waldron 426 Walnut Washington 608 Chestnut Watkins, Jr., S. P 1033 Chestnut Weightman 1524 Chestnut West End Trust. . . Broad and South Penn Square Widener Juniper and Chestnut Winston 1010 Arch Witherspoon Walnut and Juniper Wood, R. D 400 Chestnut OCEAN CITY, N. J. One of the most successful seashore communities upon the coast, Ocean City is also one of the most attractive. No saloons or hotel bars are allowed. There are plenty of good hotels and amusement features. Fast trains of the Reading and Pennsyl- vania rail lines connect the place with Philadel- phia. Electric trains connect Ocean City with Atlantic City. — See Seashore Resorts. 106 OLD MARKETS The only survivals of the once numerous street markets of the city are upon Second Street. The older one extends from Pine Street to South Street. It was started in 1745. The feature of the clock and bell tower was added in 1819. During the British occupancy in 1 777-1 778, this market was utilized for stabling cavalry horses. The upper market, from Fairmount Avenue to Poplar Street, is also still in use. — See Markets. OLDEST PUBLISHING HOUSE The Christopher Sower Publishing Company, 124 North Eighteenth Street, is the lineal de- scendant of the establishment of Christian Saiir, of German town. The house dates from 1738. There has been, at all times, a Saur in the mem- bership of this concern, which has long been engaged in publishing school books. — See "Publish- ing Firsts." OLD SWEDES' CHURCH — See Gloria Dei. OVERBROOK A fashionable residential suburb reached by local trains upon the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad or by street cars via Market and 63d Streets. — See Main Line. PALACE THEATRE (MOTION PICTURES) Market Street above Twelfth Street. PARKS AND SQUARES In addition to the four original squares provided for in Penn's rectangular plan, the city has some eighty minor squares and open plots of public ground which are maintained in good order by the Park Commission. To these, others are con- stantly being added by private bequest or city purchase. 107 PARK (THEATRE) Broad Street and Fairmount Avenue. PARKWAY This costly project, now partially completed, will provide a broad diagonal avenue extending in a direction northwest from the City Hall to Fair- mount Park. At its outer extreme, the Art Mu- seum will be located, and the intermediate space, above and below Logan Square, will be bordered with a perspective of stately public, scientific and museum buildings, the whole forming an approach to the Park unsurpassed in beauty by any of the great avenues of the world. — See Fairmount Park and Logan Square. PARKWAY BUILDING (FORMERLY ODD FELLOWS' TEMPLE) Broad and Cherry Streets. Offices. PELHAM COURT (HOTEL) APARTMENTS Chelten Avenue Station, Penna. R. R. f Germantown. PEN AND PENCIL CLUB 1026 Walnut Street. Its membership is limited to those identified with journalism. The club has a national reputation for its entertainments and good-fellowship. PENN CHARTER SCHOOL, THE WILLIAM The first American public school was organized in 1689, in charge of George Keith. It was located upon the east side of Fourth Street, below Chest- nut Street. In 1698, this school was incorporated "by the overseers of the public school, founded by charter, at the request, costs and charges of the people of God called 'Quakers.' " This "Penn Charter" school is still counted among the most efficient of the private schools of the city. It occupies the historic old school-house on Twelfth Street below Market Street. Its athletic field is at Queen Lane. — See Society of Friends. 108 PENIS CLUB 720 Locust Street. PENN MUTUAL BUILDING Southeast corner of Walnut and Sixth Streets. This notable structure of white marble faces Independence Square. It is one of the most costly and beautiful insurance structures in the world. It was occupied by the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company in 19 15. It stands upon the site of the old Walnut Street prison. PENN NATIONAL BANK Seventh and Market Streets. Located upon the site of the house in which Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. — See Declaration of Independence. PENN SQUARE BUILDING 1416 South Penn Square. Offices. PENN'S COTTAGE Fairmount Park, near western end of Girard Avenue Bridge. Awakened historical interest rescued William Penn's little house in Letitia Court, a forgotten river-front alley, from its fallen estate and set it up in our great playground as a worthy relic of the Quaker Founder of the City and State. — See William Penn. PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING Northwest corner Chestnut and Fifteenth Streets. Offices. 109 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL Pine Street, from Eighth to Ninth Street. Built, in 1755, upon ground secured through the persistent efforts of citizens from the heirs of William Penn, this historic institution continues upon its original site, distinguished as the first hospital maintained in America. In this, as in so many helpful matters, Benjamin Franklin was ac- tive. A dedication inscription by him is engraved upon the corner-stone. It reads as follows: "In the year MDCCLV, George the Second happily reigning (for he sought the happiness of his people), Philadelphia flourishing (for its inhab- itants were public spirited), this building, by the bounty of the Government and of many private persons, was piously founded for the relief of the sick and miserable. May the God of Mercies bless the undertaking!" And the God of Mercies certainly has done so; making this humane undertaking the seed of thousands like it, and so blessing old Pennsylvania itself that after 161 years it is still in the front rank of institutions devoted to the care of the sick and the suffering. In front of the Hospital is an excellent statue of William Penn, presented by his grandson. Within the main structure is preserved Benjamin West's great painting, "Christ Healing the Sick." The extensive asylum for the insane, in West Philadelphia, commonly known as "Kirkbride's, " is administered by the Pennsylvania Hospital. — See Benjamin Franklin. PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM AND SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ART Broad and Pine Streets. An institution de- voted to the study of the fine arts, applied art, textile design and craftsmanship. 110 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD The Terminal Station and executive offices of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company are located at Market Street and West Penn Square, facing the City Hall. Other important stations for through and local traffic are at West Philadelphia (Thirty- second Street) and at North Philadelphia (Broad Street). Through and local trains depart from the Terminal Station for travel over all of the radiating divisions, including some of the fast trains to Atlantic City. All points upon the New Jersey coast are reached via the foot of Market Street (ferry to Camden, N. J.). The local trains leaving the Terminal Station for nearby points upon the Main Line are run by electric power. A number of fast trains over the Pennsylvania lines do not come into the Broad and Market Streets Terminal. These trains discharge passengers at either the West or North Philadelphia Station. — See Penn- sylvania Railroad System. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD SYSTEM The Pennsylvania Railroad is the biggest single thing that Philadelphia brains, industry, enter- prise and foresight have ever produced. It was started here seventy years ago with Philadelphia capital to conserve for this city its share of the commerce with the wonderful new empire fast arising in the West. In its history, the Pennsylvania Railroad has served far more than this original purpose. It has become a large factor in the trade of the world. It is, to-day, the greatest carrier of freight and people in either hemisphere. Its manage- ment has never departed from the city of its birth. Fifteen of the seventeen men upon its present Directorate live in Philadelphia or its suburbs. Here is the executive headquarters of the entire system. ill The Pennsylvania lines measure 12,103 miles, having a trackage of 26,705 miles. The Pennsylvania Railroad System operates in thirteen States and the District of Columbia. It normally employs 225,000 men. It has 636 miles of four tracks, 828 miles of three tracks and 3762 miles of two tracks. The rolling stock includes 7373 locomotives, 6706 passenger cars and 276,619 freight cars. These include one-third of all steel cars in the United States. The company operates 3000 passenger trains and 4000 freight trains daily. The daily freightage is nearly 1 ,000,000 tons. The daily passenger aver- age is 500,000 persons. Nearly one-half of the total operating revenue is paid out in wages, this item amounting to more than $500,000 per day. Out of more than 400,000,000 passengers carried in three years to June 1, 19 16, there has been no fatality due to accident. In the past 1 5 years the company has paid out to the employees upon its Roll of Honor pen- sions to the amount of $12,600,000. It has more than 4500 pensioners at the present time. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company has nearly 100,000 stockholders, of whom 46,000 are women. — See Pennsylvania Railroad. PENN TREATY TREE, SITE OF A small city park beside the Delaware River, above Shackamaxon Street, now marks the traditional spot where the great elm stood beneath which William Penn is said to have concluded a treaty of amity with the Indian inhabitants of the soil, in 1782. As a matter of fact, the Proprietor made a number of such treaties The old tree was blown down during a gale, in 18 10. The place where it stood is now indicated by a monument. Thereon 112 are engraved the words, " Unbroken Faith." Scions from this tree have been planted at Haver- ford, in Cooper Park, Camden, at the Stenton House, Germantown, and on the campus of the University. — See Willian Penn, Kensington. PHARMACY, COLLEGE OF 145 North Tenth Street. Established in 182 1, then the first College of Pharmacy in the world. — See "Medical Firsts." PHILADELPHIA AND THE CENSUS The first census taken in the city was made during the British occupancy (1777) by order of General Howe. The records indicated a population of 2 3»734 (exclusive of the soldiery) and that the buildings numbered 5985. The national census of 1790 gave Philadelphia, with 42,520 inhabitants, a lead over New York City of 9381 persons. In 1800 this lead was 9798. In 1810 New York led (having 96,373) by 291 persons. Ten years later Gotham's popu- lation had increased beyond that of the Quaker City by 15,590. Philadelphia contains to-day nearly three times the population the city held fifty years ago, more than double that of the Cen- tennial period. — See Marriages. PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAILWAY CO. Terminal Building, Market and Twelfth Streets. From this Terminal, all trains depart for points in the Schuylkill Valley, Bethlehem and the Lehigh Valley, and New York. Local trains run to Germantown and Chestnut Hill and to Frankford. Trains to Atlantic City and points on the New Jersey coast south thereof are taken by ferry to Camden from the foot of Chestnut Street. Valley Forge is reached in one hour upon Reading trains. — See Seashore Resorts, Valley Forge and Reading System. 113 PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE AND WASHINGTON R. R. This rail line southward was built in 1838. It is now a part of the Pennsylvania Railroad System. The old historic station of the P., W. & B. R. R., located at Broad Street and Washington Avenue, is still existent, but all trains over this route now leave from Broad Street Station. — See Pennsyl- vania Railroad. PHILADELPHIA CLUB Walnut and Thirteenth Streets. Occupying a substantial old residence, this club maintains a reputation for exclusive membership and quiet, old-fashioned comfort. The club was organized in 1834, and has occupied its present home since 1 85 1.— See Clubs. PHILADELPHIA COUNTRY CLUB West Fairmount Park. — See Golf. PHILADELPHIA CRICKET CLUB Willow Grove Avenue, Upper Germantown. Take Chestnut Hill train, Pennsylvania R. R., to St. Martin's Station. — See Golf and Chestnut Hill. PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY The Philadelphia Electric Company is one of the youngest big businesses in the East. Formed in 1902 by the association of seventeen of the pri- vately-owned electric companies which were then serving Philadelphia, it has rapidly grown to the position of one of the three leading Central Station Companies in the United States. It now serves about 75 per cent, of all Industrial Philadelphia with both light and power, while of the residence business it can be said that almost every building operation which has been constructed within the 114 past five years has been connected to its circuits. This enormous growth requires an exceedingly elastic organization as well as a tremendous gener- ating capacity. There are nineteen distinct stations, spread throughout Philadelphia like chessmen on a board, and like chessmen each one placed after much thought and planning. Each point is the heart of a district, generating the great force which lights and furnishes power to the homes and manufacturing places within its borders. These points, while acting independently, are inter-connected so as to insure constant service to the individual customers and to eliminate, as much as possible, the danger of interruption to service. An example of the gigantic requirements and equipment necessary to keep this great City of Philadelphia properly electrified is shown in the new station at Twenty-eighth and Christian Streets. This station is one of the most complete generating stations in the country. Its design contains the good points of all stations built before it and provisions for requirements far in the future. You are invited to visit and inspect this station, to see the elaborate mechanism needed to give Electric Service in any quantity and at any time. There are, in this station, the two largest turbo- generators in the world, producing enough elec- tricity to light the Lincoln Highway from end to end. This station furnishes most of the energy to the larger power customers, such as the Penn- sylvania Railroad Co., Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., Girard Point Grain Elevators and others whose requirements are of this class. To see these massive machines in motion, to real- ize the enormous force which is literally held in leash, subject to the turn of a dial, is to appre- ciate what Power means. You should make a visit to this station a part of your trip. The ladies especially will be interested 115 — they will appreciate the details which must be looked after. And you will be sure that when you return home you will not only be thoroughly posted on Philadelphia's historical points of in- terest, but you will have a tale of a visit to the very Heart of Philadelphia's Industrial Activity. PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY Locust Street east of Broad. The Library Company of Philadelphia was instituted in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Hopkinson and other men of letters. Its invaluable col- lection of books, documents and historical material is accessible to the public at all times. The corporation also administers the Ridgway Branch Library at Broad and Christian Streets, where the Loganian Library collection is pre- served intact. This library, originally the private property of James Logan, secretary to William Penn, whose home, "Stenton," still stands near Logan Station, a wonderful example of Colonial architecture, was housed in Colonial days in a small building on the ground now covered by the Curtis publishing plant. It was the pioneer public library of the station. — See Benjamin Franklin , Ridgway, and "Miscellaneous Firsts." PHILADELPHIA SAVING FUND SOCIETY Southwest corner of Walnut and Seventh Streets. In November, 19 16, this beneficent institution, the first of its kind in America, will celebrate the Centennial of its organization. The Society was incorporated by the legislature on February 25, 17 19. The first office was located on Sixth Street, west side, between Market and Chestnut Streets. After several removals, the company built and occupied, in 1827, the marble structure at 306 Walnut Street, still existent. The present spacious home of the Society was erected in 1869. At the present time the deposi- 116 tors number 288,000 and the liabilities amount to about $138,000,000. The interest rate is 3.65 per cent. It has been well said that this great benefi- cence "belongs to nobody." It exists, and has existed from the beginning, for the encourage- ment of thrift. Its twenty-four managers are appointed by the Courts. — See Saving Funds and "Banking Firsts." PHILADELPHIA SCHOOL OF DESIGN FOR WOMEN Broad and Master Streets. This art school was founded in 1850 under the patronage of The Franklin Institute. It enjoys a wide reputation for thorough methods of training in drawing and painting. PHILOMUSIAN CLUB (LADIES) 3944 Walnut Street. PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, AMERICAN The historic relics and large library of the ancient and honorable Society, of which Benjamin Frank- lin was one of the founders (1743), are still pre- served in the venerable building on Fifth Street below Chestnut Street. The library contains 45,000 books. The correspondence and essays of Benjamin Franklin in manuscript are preserved in seventy-two volumes. The rooms of the Society are open to the public on week-days. — See Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Relics and "Scientific Firsts." PHYSICIANS, COLLEGE OF Twenty-second Street north of Chestnut. 117 PLASTIC CLUB (LADIES* ART) 247 South Camac Street. Frequent pleasing exhibitions of paintings and sketches are arranged at their cosey club house of "Bohemia." — See Camac Street. PLAYGROUNDS FOR EVERYBODY Our public recreation system represents one of the most wise and beneficent investments of municipal expenditures. The movement for the provision of playgrounds was initiated in 1907 by an Associa- tion dependent for financial support upon private citizens, foremost of whom were Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Clark, who gave the money to create "Happy Hollow," the first of these establishments. Two years later the Public Board of Recreation was created by Councils and thus the city inaugu- rated a comprehensive plan under which there are now in operation twenty-eight Recreation Centres, Playgrounds and Recreation Piers. The Board of Recreation is located in Room 587, City Hall. Substantial buildings have been erected upon many of the grounds. Plans have been completed for a new structure at Kingsessing Centre (for- merly Belmont Cricket Club ground) , at Fiftieth Street and Chester Avenue, which when completed will represent an expenditure here of about $300,000. A recreation enterprise introduced in 191 1 provides for summer camps located in pict- uresque regions of the State, separately main- tained for boys and girls. The Playgrounds Asso- ciation cooperates with the city authorities in the development of these centres of relaxation. POLICE Philadelphia is safeguarded by a force of about 3500 police, officers and men. This force is organized as a Bureau of the Department of Safety. Some 2500 men are classed as patrolmen, nearly 300 are enrolled in the mounted force and 118 there are 50 cycle patrols. The considerate and watchful men of the "traffic squad," who control movement at the intersecting streets of the busi- ness section, and their allies, the mounted men, are the admiration of all visitors. The harbor police employ four patrol boats. These are equipped with fire pumps and hose. The police have an ex- cellent military band and maintain a pension fund. POOR RICHARD CLUB 239 South Camac Street. The unique club colony in quaint little Camac Street welcomed "Poor Richard" as a worthy fellow Bohemian, when, one day, he came, in his cocked hat and with genial smile, "down the alley," and picked out a home. So, presently, being well pleased with his choice, his " Ad " men moved in and, from that day, they have multiplied and been content ; for they happily typify, in their domicile, the simple dignity that Ben Franklin taught, and the virtue of honest, brotherly love implanted on this soil by William Penn. The members of the Poor Richard Club consider their "name saint," Benjamin Franklin, as the most interesting character in American history. It is difficult to estimate the effect of his life upon the lives of the men of his day, of our day or of days to come. Many of the conveniences and institutions that lighten and brighten our lives have come from the wise head and warm heart of Poor Richard. It is one hundred and twenty-five years since his worn-out body was laid at rest beneath the Christ Church-yard trees; but the soul of Poor Richard has been steadily marching on. It is marching on by way of that wonderful quartet — the Philo- sophical Society, the Circulating Library, the Hospital and the University. By way of the printing press and the newspaper — our daily North American and everybody's Satur- 119 day Evening Post. By way of the telegraph, the telephone, the electric light and the trolley. By way of the Post Office, the Fire Depart- ment, the State Militia and the Government of Pennsylvania. By way of The Franklin Institute, the Franklin Clubs and the Poor Richard Club. By way of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States and American Diplomacy. By way of his countrymen's love, a world's respect and mankind's gratitude the soul of Poor Richard is to-day marching on, marching on. — See Camac Street. PORT OF PHILADELPHIA The affairs of the Port of Philadelphia, within city bounds, are administered by the Department of Wharves, Docks and Ferries. The control of the river Delaware and its marine traffic is vested in the Commissioners of Navigation, a body acting under State authority. Both of these bodies have their offices in the Bourse Building. This Port is located eighty -eight miles from the Ocean. The water frontage of the city, upon both the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, is thirty-seven miles. About one-half of this frontage is now improved. Many costly modern wharves have been built or are under construction. Adequate rail connections are also planned. With respect to foreign tonnage, this Port is second, in importance, in the United States. — See Delaware River and Camden. PORT RICHMOND, PHILADELPHIA An industrial suburb upon the Delaware River. A busy terminal for sea-going freightage. Here is the great coal terminal for the product of the Pennsylvania mines and a group of towering wheat elevators. — See Port of Philadelphia. 120 POST OFFICE AT PHILADELPHIA Ninth Street from Market to Chestnut. Under the energetic administration of our present Postmaster, the Philadelphia Post Office system has become highly efficient, handicapped though it be by need of more room. Forty-four branch postal stations are located in various parts of the city, some of them employing the pneumatic tube for the quick dispatch of mail. The Philadelphia office does a business of between eight and nine million dollars in the year. Seventy-five per cent, of the entire mail is carried by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The Philadelphia and Read- ing line handles fifteen per cent. The Parcel Post and Postal Savings Bank have greatly increased the work of the post office force. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, FIRST Seventh and Locust Streets. Oldest Presby- terian church in America. Established in 1704. — See Churches and Loiterings. PRESS, PHILADELPHIA Daily morning newspaper. Chestnut and Seventh Streets. Established in 1857. PRINCETON CLUB Composed of graduates of Princeton University. The club has a modest but attractive home at Locust and Camac Streets. — See Camac Street. PRODUCE EXCHANGE Front and Chestnut Streets. — See Commercial Bodies. " PUBLIC BUILDINGS » A term often applied to the City Hall, and quite correctly, as a number of county officials and the courts are in occupancy. — See City Hall. 121 PUBLIC LEDGER Daily morning paper. Founded under same title in 1 836. Made famous by George W. Childs ; now controlled by Cyrus H. K. Curtis. An after- noon edition is now published. The Ledger build- ing, southwest corner of Chestnut and Sixth Streets, opened in 1867, was the first exclusive newspaper structure in the country. — See Evening Ledger. PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Public School System was organized in 181 8, with 6 schools employing 10 teachers. The pupils numbered 2845. The cost per pupil was $3.57 in the year. In 1916 the schools number 231, classi- fied as follows: Normal Training, 2; Teachers, 53; Pupils, 874. High, 8; Teachers, 634; Pupils, 14,359. Trades, 1 ; Teachers, 22 ; Pupils, 458. Elementary, 220; Teachers, 4389; Pupils, 193,480. The annual cost per pupil is: Higher Schools, $105.95. Trades School, $104.07. Elementary Schools, $32.95. Average cost per pupil in Evening Schools, $12.04. The Board of Education now levies its tax directly, at the rate of 50 cents per $100.00 of realty. The outlay for public education in the year 19 15 was $9,194,982.10. Many of the newer school buildings erected rank among the most costly and elaborate educational structures in the United States. This is espe- cially true of the Central High, Northeast High, Southern High and West Philadelphia High Schools. A fine modern example of the elemen- tary school building is the recently completed S. Weir Mitchell School at Fifty-sixth and King- sessing Avenue. — See Board of Education. 122 PURE WATER Philadelphia's water supply is pumped from her two rivers, thoroughly filtered through costly and extensive plants, and distributed to all parts of the city through 1800 miles of mains and pipes. Since the present filtration service was put into operation, deaths from typhoid have decreased from an annual average of 73 persons to 13 in each 100,000 of population. Philadelphia uses five times as much water per capita as the city of London. The daily capacity of the 65 city filters, covering nearly 50 acres, is 40,000,000 gallons. QUARANTINE SERVICE The Port of Philadelphia is doubly guarded, as the State of Pennsylvania and the National Govern- ment both maintain Quarantine Services. The State Quarantine, at Marcus Hook, is the oldest in the United States. The National Quarantine Station is at Lewes, Delaware. — See Port of Phila- delphia. RACQUET CLUB Sixteenth Street, below Walnut Street. RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY This corporation operates, as lessee, the numerous street car lines of several underlying companies which were formerly conducted separately. The Mayor and one member from each of the Councils represent the City on the Board of Directors. The trackage of the street-car system of Philadelphia measures 665 miles. The company operates 2500 cars, all moved by electric power, monthly. The elimination of old style cars in favor of large and convenient cars of the closed door type, together with the comprehensive addition of many miles of subways, elevated and surface lines, for the construction of which the people have voted for 123 the expenditure of $57,000,000, will, within a few years, provide the city with transit facilities ade- quate for the present and future. At present straight fares are 5 cents, with free transfers at many intersections. Fares with exchanges are sold at 8 cents. — See Subways and Street Car System. READING SYSTEM The Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company, as a corporation, is the successor of the Philadel- phia and Reading Railroad Company, which was chartered in 1 833 and ran its first train from Potts- ville to Philadelphia on January 8, 1842. The line became the active competitor of the Schuyl- kill Navigation Company and, in course of time, developed a vast traffic in anthracite coal. The present company maintains, at the Port of Phila- delphia, immense tide-water terminals, supplying cargoes to a large fleet of coal-carrying vessels. The "P. & R." was a pioneer in passenger traffic. The first locomotives employed in regular train service, operated in Pennsylvania (if not in America), were the "Old Ironsides," built by Matthias W. Baldwin in 1832, and the "Pioneer," an English engine, used later, which were em- ployed on the Philadelphia and Germantown Railroad. The important New Jersey Division of the "Reading" system includes the "Bound Brook" route to New York and a network of lines to seashore points. — See Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company and Seashore Resorts, READING TERMINAL STATION Market Street, north side, east of Twelfth Street. — See Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company. REAL ESTATE TRUST BUILDING Southeast corner of Chestnut and Broad Streets. 124 REAL HOMES Of the approximately 400,000 buildings in the city, 365,000 are separate homes, mainly of two floors, with ample exterior space and interior comfort. — ■ See Building Associations. RECORD Daily morning paper. Record Building, Chestnut Street, west of Ninth Street. Established in 1877. RECORD BUILDING This ornate publishing structure occupies the site of a notable residence built by John Markoe in 1 8 10, which when erected was the only house in the square and was surrounded by ample gardens. After the death of Mr. Markoe, in 1835, three stories were added and the building became a boarding hotel as the Markoe House. The Record Building was erected in 1880. RELIGIOUS PRESS Philadelphia is the most important centre of the religious press in the world. Twenty publishing concerns issue forty-six weeklies, twenty-six monthly and one hundred and forty-six quarterly papers and magazines. These have a total annual output of 138,978,000 copies. — See Churches and "Publishing Firsts." RIDGWAY BRANCH OF PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY Broad and Christian Streets. The imposing structure in which this library is housed was erected at the instance of Dr. James Rush, by his executor, as a memorial to his wife, who was a daughter of Jacob Ridgway, a wealthy merchant. The building has a frontage upon Broad Street of 220 feet. The library is administered as a branch of the Library Company of Philadelphia. A price- 125 less collection of rare books, manuscripts, and scrap-books is preserved here, among them the Loganian Library, the earliest collection of the kind in America. Open daily, including Sunday after- noons. — See Philadelphia Library. RITTENHOUSE CLUB 1811 Walnut Street. RITTENHOUSE (HOTEL) Chestnut and Twenty-second Streets. RITTENHOUSE SQUARE Between Eighteenth and Nineteenth Streets, south of Walnut Street. This is one of the four outlying squares reserved for public use upon Penn's plan of the city. Its name per- petuates the fame of David Rittenhouse, scientist and statesman. Here we have a fine example of parking adornment initiated and paid for by the nearby citizens. Within recent years, this square has become the beauty spot of the old city and now provides a lesson in civic spirit which other sec- tions may well follow. RITZ-CARLTON (HOTEL) Southeast corner of Broad and Walnut. ROOF GARDENS Summer nights are made joyous to thousands by the popular ' ' roof gardens ' ' crowning the Bellevue- Stratford, Continental, Adelphia, Bingham and other leading hotels. Good fare, good music and merry company are always within the reach of Philadelphia stay-at-homes in the good old sum- mer time. ROTARY CLUB Business men's social organization. Meets at Adelphia Hotel. 126 SATURDAY EVENING POST issued by the Weekly. Curtis Publishing Co. "Founder the title 1728, by Benj. Franklin," is the legend^ Atlantic by this publication every week to more thai, million homes. The number of its readers greater than the entire population of the countr> when the Saturday Evening Post was started. ^ Benjamin knew what the people wanted, and Cyrus knows how to give it to them. — See Curtis Publishing Company. SAVING FUND SOCIETIES The oldest of the Saving Fund institutions in Philadelphia celebrates its Centennial this year (19 1 6). The youngest of them, the "German- town," is sixty-two years old. The system upon which they are conducted has been adopted all over the country. They are safeguarded, in Penn- sylvania, by wise State laws. They are permitted to invest only in approved mortgages and bonds. Since 1872, the societies are required to make returns to the State Treasurer of all amounts held for which there are no claimants. These moneys are converted to the State funds, but as every effort is made to discover the rightful claimants, the amounts, thus accounted, are not large. In the course of thirty years, the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society paid to the State, under the law, but $32,000, representing 694 accounts. The four largest of these institutions carry accounts with nearly 400,000 depositors. The total deposits are in excess of $200,000,000. — See Beneficial, Western, Germantown and Philadelphia Saving Funds, and "Banking Firsts." " SCHUYLKILL ARSENAL " Strictly speaking, Philadelphia contains but one arsenal, that being at Frankford. The name of the old Schuylkill Arsenal on "Gray's Ferry Road" was changed, in 1873, to "Philadelphia Depot of 127 the Quartermaster's Department, U. S. Army." Here a large force of employees is always busy making uniforms. All of the national flags used by the government are also manufactured here. — See Frankford and U. S. A rsenal. SCHUYLKILL NAVY Fairmount Park, East Park Drive, Lemon Hill. The picturesque boat houses of the many rowing clubs are ranged along the shore of the Schuylkill River, within the Park. — See Schuylkill River. SCHUYLKILL RIVER From its headwaters in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, this picturesque river traverses a rich agricultural country. It was formerly a channel of large freightage by boats. It flows for several miles through Fairmount Park, this rowing course being called the "American Henley." It is admittedly the best stretch of protected water in America for important intercollegiate contests. The river is navigable for sea-going vessels to Walnut Street Bridge. — See Fairmount Park and Schuylkill Navy. SEASHORE RESORTS The entire New Jersey coast, from Sandy Hook to Cape May, is dotted with pleasure settlements, all of which are speedily reached by rail from Phila- delphia. Atlantic City, one hour from Philadel- phia by express trains, is America's greatest resort. The resorts north of Atlantic City are Beach Haven, Barnegat City, Sea Side Park, Bay Head, Point Pleasant, Ocean Grove, Asbury Park and Long Branch. Southward from Atlantic City are Longport, Ocean City, Sea Isle City, Avalon, Stone Harbor, Anglesea, Wildwood, Wildwood Crest and Cape May. A complete list of all of the summer settlements from the 128 Highlands to Cape May has been issued by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company under the title of "Forty Beaches of New Jersey." — See Atlantic City, Ocean City, Wildwood, Cape May. SELECT COUNCIL The present membership of this body numbers forty-eight, one from each ward. Select council- men are elected to serve four years. — See City Government. SITE AND RELIC SOCIETY, GERMANTOWN This energetic association of those who are interested in local history has its museum in Vernon Park, upon Germantown Avenue. — See Germantown. SKETCH CLUB, THE PHILADELPHIA This club of artists, organized in 1 86 1 , is believed to be the oldest of the art clubs of ^ America. Many of those who have been, or continue to be, active in its affairs have become noted as painters, sculp- tors and illustrators. The quaint club house, located in Camac Street, south of Locust Street, is a centre of real Bohemia. The club maintains a cafe, excellent library of art books and a spacious exhibition gallery. — See Camac Street. SNELLENBURG & COMPANY The name " Snellenburg " first became known in Philadelphia merchandising in 1873, when the store at 936 Market Street was opened. At the end of nine years Snellenburg & Company built a store at Fifth and South Streets at the junction of Passyunk Avenue, which is still operated. In 1889 the firm located at Market and Twelfth Streets, from which foothold it extended its space, year by year, until, in 1902, it had occu- pied the entire block. The existing vast business is still conducted by its founders, now associated with their sons. — See Department Stores. SOCIETY OF FRIENDS Although the numbers and influence of the "Quak- ers" are decreasing and those garbed in the time- honored dress of this sect are not often in evidence upon our streets, a substantial element in our business and social circles remains true to the old principles and faith implanted in Pennsylvania by William Penn and his associates. The safe con- servatism which has ever obtained in the "Quaker City" is largely due to the comfortable, prudent, peace-loving "Friends,'' whose "yearly meetings" are one of the events peculiar to the city. The Society maintains a central and several branch schools, libraries and a number of charities. SOCIETY FOR ORGANIZING CHARITY Founded in 1879. The helping-hand is never idle in Philadelphia. The existence of a large number of charitable bodies has in the past resulted in wasteful methods of relief. The Society for Organizing Charity, located at 419 South Fifteenth Street, exists for the purpose of enforcing system in local charity. It maintains numerous supply branches, employs 82 paid in- vestigators and is assisted by 300 volunteer workers, who are the almoners for about 4000 contributors. The operations of the society in- volve the annual outlay of $150,000. About 6000 families are, at all times, under the care of the society's agents. SOME INDUSTRIAL LEADERS John B. Stetson Company, Fifth Street and Mont- gomery Avenue, greatest felt hat manufactory in America. Standard Roller Bearing Company, Fiftieth Street and Lancaster Avenue, largest in this line in this country. 130 J. G. Brill & Company, Woodland Avenue and Sixty-second Street, employing 3000 people. Largest electric car and truck concern in the world. H. O. Wilbur & Sons, 235 North Third Street, second oldest and third largest chocolate factory in America. Burk Brothers, Bodine and American Streets, largest manufacturers of exclusively glazed and mat kid in this section. Harrison Bros., Gray's Ferry Road, extensive manufacturers of ready-mixed paints. Founded in 1793. Welsbach Company, Gloucester, N. J. Here are made the famous Reflex mantles and a great variety of artistic gas-lighting appliances. Fayette R. Plumb & Co., Frankford, manufactu- rers of axes, hammers and similar tools, one of the largest of this line in the world. Aberfoyle Manufacturing Company, Chester, Pa., largest eastern manufacturer of men's shirtings. American Viscose Company, Marcus Hook (on the Delaware River, below Philadelphia), largest manufacturers of artificial silk in the United States. William H. Horstmann & Co., Fifth and Cherry Streets, oldest and largest manufacturers of mili- tary goods. Established in 18 16. Henry Disston & Sons, Tacony, largest American saw manufacturers. Electric Storage Battery Company, Allegheny Avenue and Nineteenth Street, largest American plant in this line. — See Workshop of the World. SOME NORTHERN SUBURBS Within or near the northern borders of the city are many park-like residential sections where beautiful homes and perfect roads charm the visitor. They are all within close touch with busi- ness Philadelphia by way of the New York lines of the Philadelphia and Reading Railway and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Along the former may 131 be noted Tabor, Oak Lane, Melrose, Ashbourne, Elkins Park, Chelten Hills, Wyncote, Jenkin- town, Somerton and Glenside. Those along the Pennsylvania route, close to the Delaware River, are Tacony, Holmesburg, Torresdale, Eddington and Bristol. Just across the river, upon the New Jersey shore, are ranged Palmyra, Riverton, Delanco, Beverly, Burlington and Bordentown. In all of these fine old settlements American rural life is found at its best. They form a part of Philadelphia's glorious suburban corona. Taken as a whole, they present to the auto explorer an impressive evidence of the wealth and taste of a vast and substantial element of our local population. — See Auto Tours. SPRING GARDEN INSTITUTE Northeast corner of Broad and Spring Garden Streets. Founded in 1853, this insti- tution has exercised a beneficial influence upon the lives and careers of many thousands of our young people through its library, lecture courses, and instruction in applied art. STANLEY THEATRE (MOTION PICTURES) Market Street above Sixteenth Street. STATE FENCIBLES, BATTALION OF Armory, Broad Street, north of Arch Street. This famous corps is a municipal organization now more than a century old. Its brilliant uniform and precision of drill have won a nation-wide reputation. The Armory is on Broad Street above Arch. ST. JOSEPH'S CATHOLIC CHURCH Willing' s Alley below Fourth Street. The present building, consecrated in 1839, stands upon the site of the original church built in 1732. St. Joseph's is identified with Longfellow's poem, "Evangeline." 132 11 STATE IN SCHUYLKILL " Under the above quaint title, this ancient, pecu- liar and exclusive club, the oldest in America, still holds its "Castle" and observes its time-honored customs. Its membership, from the period of its organization in 1732 (as the Colony in Schuylkill), has included men of social position and civic im- portance. The club's fishing house or "Castle" stood, from the beginning, upon the shores of the Schuylkill River, but, in 1888, it was removed to a point upon the Delaware River near Eddington. The present members number about thirty persons . STATISTICIAN ON THE JOB The city administration maintains a modern fea- ture which might well be called the ' ' Bureau of Op- timism." Its chief is known officially as the "City Statistician." ' His name is Edward James Cattell. A man of tireless research and original methods in the statement of broad facts, he has pleaded the case of Philadelphia long and well all over the land. He has done more to put the city in all of its phases of greatness and aspiration "on the map" than any other citizen. To know Cattell is to know Philadelphia. STEAMSHIP LINES, PORT OF PHILADELPHIA, TRANSATLANTIC AND COASTWISE American-Hawaiian Line; Dickinson Street; in- bound service from Hawaiian Islands and Pacific Coast ports via Panama Canal; monthly sailings. American-Indian Line; Kenil worth and Christian Streets; inbound service from Bombay, Calcutta; monthly sailings. American-Levant Line ; Kenil worth Street ; outbound service to Smyrna, Alexandria; inbound service from Smyrna, Alexandria; monthly sailings. American Line; Washington Avenue; outbound service to Liverpool, Queenstown; inbound ser- vice from Liverpool, Queenstown; weekly sailings. 133 Atlantic City Transportation Company; Dock Street; outbound service to Atlantic City; inbound ser- vice from Atlantic City; bi-weekly sailings. Atlantic Transport Line ; Christian Street and Wash- ington Avenue, below Federal Street; outbound service to London ; inbound service from London ; semi-monthly sailings. Atlantic Fruit Company ; above Chestnut Street ; out- bound service to Jamaica and others; inbound ser- vice from Jamaica and others; weekly sailings. Austro-American Line ; Dock Street ; outbound ser- vice to Trieste, Fiume; inbound service from Trieste, Fiume; semi-monthly sailings. Bombay-American Line; Girard Point, Schuylkill River; inbound service from Bombay; monthly sailings. Clay Line; Noble Street and Girard Point, Schuyl- kill River; inbound service from Fowey; semi- monthly sailings. Clyde Line ; above Market Street ; outbound service to Norfolk, Newport News, New York; inbound service from Norfolk, Newport News, New York; bi-weekly sailings. Earn Line; Girard Point, Port Richmond, Green- wich Point; outbound service to West Indies; inbound service from West Indies; tramp sailings. Furness Line; Port Richmond and Noble Street; outbound service to Leith, Middlesboro, Glasgow; inbound service from Leith, Middlesboro, Glas- gow; semi-monthly sailings. Great Northern Paper Company; Vine Street; out- bound service to Stockton Springs, Me.; inbound service from Stockton Springs, Me.; monthly sail- ings. Hamburg-American Line; Christian Street and Washington Avenue; outbound service to Ham- burg; inbound service from Hamburg; bi-monthly sailings. 134 Hanes Line; Christian Street; inbound service from Calcutta; monthly sailings. Holland- America Line; Washington Avenue; out- bound service to Rotterdam ; inbound service from Rotterdam; sailings every three weeks. Italia Line; above Vine Street; outbound service to Naples, Genoa; inbound service from Naples, Genoa; sailings every three weeks. Luckenbach Steamship Company; above Reed Street; outbound service to San Francisco and Pacific Coast ports via Panama Canal; inbound service from San Francisco and Pacific Coast ports via Panama Canal; sailings every ten days. Manchester Line; Port Richmond; outbound service to Manchester; inbound service from Manchester, St. Johns, N. B.; bi-monthly sailings. Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company; Spruce to Lombard Street; outbound service to Jacksonville, Savannah, Boston; inbound service from Jacksonville, Savannah, Boston; semi- weekly sailings. Munson Line; Port Richmond, Greenwich Point; irregular service; tramp sailings. North German Lloyd; Kenilworth Street; inbound service from Bremen; semi-monthly sailings. Philadelphia-New Orleans Transportation Company ; above Vine Street; outbound service to New Orleans, Charleston; inbound service from New Orleans, Charleston; weekly sailings. Philadelphia Transatlantic Line ; Willow Street and Port Richmond; outbound service to London; in- bound service from London; bi-weekly sailings. Quaker Line; Dock Street; outbound service to San Pedro, San Francisco, Seattle; inbound service from San Pedro, San Francisco, Seattle; semi- monthly sailings. Red Star Line; below Federal Street; outbound ser- vice to Antwerp, Dover; inbound service from Antwerp; bi-weekly sailings. 135 Scandinavian- American Line; Noble Street; out- bound service to Christiania, Copenhagen ; inbound service from Christiania, Copenhagen; monthly sailings. Sota and Azaar; Girard Point, Schuylkill River; inbound service from Spanish ports; occasional sailings. Southern Steamship Company; Christian Street; outbound service to Tampa, Key West, Jackson- ville, Charleston; inbound service from Tampa, Key West, Jacksonville, Charleston; bi-weekly sailings. Sweden and Norway Steamship Line ; Willow Street and below Neff Street; outbound service to Chris- tiania and Gothenburg; inbound service from Christiania and Gothenburg; monthly sailings. United Fruit Company ; above Arch Street; outbound service to Jamaica and West India ports; inbound service from Jamaica and West India ports; bi- weekly sailings. West Indies Importing Company; Race Street; out- bound service to Jamaica; inbound service from Jamaica; weekly sailings. OIL LINES Atlantic Refining Company; Point Breeze, Schuyl- kill River; outbound service to English and other European ports; inbound service from Sabine, Port Arthur, Texas; bi-weekly sailings. Gulf Refining Company; Gibson's Point, Schuylkill River; inbound service from Port Arthur, Texas; bi-weekly sailings. Pure Oil Company; Marcus Hook, Delaware River; outbound service to New York; bi-weekly sailings. Sun Company; Marcus Hook, Delaware River; out- bound service to English and other European ports; inbound service from Sabine, Texas; bi- weekly sailings. Texas Company; Marcus Hook, Delaware River; inbound service from Port Arthur, Texas ; bi-weekly sailings. — 136 LOCAL AND INLAND LINES Augustine Amusement Company; Arch Street; ser- vice between Philadelphia and Augustine Park; sailings three times a week. Bush Line; Race Street; service between Philadel- phia and Marcus Hook, Wilmington, New Castle; daily sailings. Chester Shipping Company; Arch Street; service between Philadelphia and Chester and intermedi- ate points; daily sailings. Delaware River Transportation Company; Chestnut Street; service between Philadelphia and Burling- ton, Bristol, Trenton and intermediate points; daily sailings. Denny Line; Arch Street; service between Philadel- phia and Pennsgrove; daily sailings. Dover and Philadelphia Navigation Company ; above Arch Street; service between Philadelphia and Bowers Beach, Lebanon and Dover; sailings three times a week. Ericsson Line; Chestnut Street; service between Philadelphia and Chester, Delaware City and Baltimore; daily sailings. Frederica and Philadelphia Navigation Company; Chestnut Street; service between Philadelphia and Bowers Beach and Frederica; sailings three times a week. Milf ord and Philadelphia Transportation Company ; Chestnut Street ; service between Philadelphia and Milf ord and intermediate points; sailings twice a week. Odessa Steamboat Company; Arch Street; service between Philadelphia and Fort Mott, Port Penn, Middleton and Odessa; sailings twice a week. Philadelphia, Rancocas and Mt. Holly Transportation Company; Arch Street; service between Philadel- phia and Rancocas, Mt. Holly and intermediate points; daily sailings. 137 Salem Freight Company; Arch Street; service be- tween Philadelphia and Billingsport, Pennsgrove, Pennsville and Salem; daily sailings. Smyrna Steamboat Company; Arch Street; service between Philadelphia and Smyrna and intermedi- ate points; sailings twice a week. Trenton Transportation Company; Race Street; ser- vice between Philadelphia and Trenton; daily sailings. Wilmington Steamboat Company; Chestnut Street; service between Philadelphia and Chester and Wilmington; daily sailings, 4 in winter, II in summer. Woodland Steamboat Company; Arch Street; service between Philadelphia and Chester, Pennsgrove, Augustine Park and Woodland Beach; sailings Sundays until July 4th, then daily until Labor Day. — See Port of Philadelphia. STENTON (HOTEL) Broad and Spruce Streets. STEPHEN GIRARD BUILDING Twelfth Street, north from Chestnut Street. Offices. This handsome office structure is owned by the Girard Estate, and stands upon the site first intended by Girard for his college. — See Girard, Stephen, and Girard Estate. STOCK EXCHANGE Walnut Street, west of Broad Street. Within the past year, the Stock Exchange has removed to its new twelve-story building in the imme- diate vicinity of the Broad Street group of clubs, hotels, and office structures. — See Stock Exchange Building. 138 STOCK EXCHANGE BUILDING Walnut Street, west from Broad Street. This modern financial and office building was com- pleted in 1915. It is owned by the Exchange. — See Stock Exchange and Board of Education. STRATHMORE (HOTEL) 1208 Walnut Street. STRAWBERRY MANSION East Fairmount Park. This is one of the old- time structures existing from the period when all of the beautiful domain of the Park was composed of private estates. A good restaurant is main- tained. Strawberry Mansion may be reached by the cars of the Ridge Avenue line or by those of the Park electric line starting from the Belmont Ave- nue entrance. Consult conductor of latter line as to transfer en route, as alternate cars do not cross the river bridge. — See Fairmount Park. STRAWBRLDGE & CLOTHIER This was the first of the "large" stores of the city. The firm was formed in 1868 by Justus C. Strawbridge and Isaac C. Clothier and the busi- ness is now owned and conducted by the sons of the founders. The store that was opened at Eighth and Market Streets has spread north and west from that corner. The firm also owns a large wholesale building and warehouses else- where located. The members of the firm are identified with the Society of Friends. Straw- bridge & Clothier were pioneers in employees' relief and beneficial work. This welfare commu- nity of interest inures to develop the spirit of loyalty in all of the 5000 employees. The Straw- bridge & Clothier Chorus ranks among the fore- most of our musical organizations. The firm maintains an athletic field and gymnasium in the 139 suburbs. Upon the ground occupied by the retail store stood the home of Thomas Jefferson at the time of his incumbency of the office of Secretary of State. The third Masonic Hall was also located here, fronting on Filbert Street. — See Department Stores. STREET CAR SYSTEM The first street cars were operated in the city upon Fifth and Sixth Streets in 1858. The first electric cars were introduced in 1892. The lines of the Rapid Transit Company now extend to every suburb, but the spread of population has far out- run the existing facilities and the city is now ex- pending vast sums in the building of more sub- ways, elevated and surface lines. Single fares are five cents. These include "transfers" at many intersections, but at other points "exchanges" at eight cents are issued. Cars run north on streets with odd numbers and south on even numbers. — See Rapid Transit and Subways. STREETS Those extending north and south are numbered (from Second Street), with the exception of Dela- ware Avenue, Water, Front and Broad Streets. The latter takes the place of Fourteenth Street. Intersecting streets bear distinctive names. Street numbers read north and south from Market Street and westward from Delaware Avenue. An additional hundred begins at each intersection. There are 75 numbered blocks north and south and 63 westward. — See Street Car System and A rea. ST. PETER'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH Third and Pine Streets. This beautiful and historic church was founded by Christ Church. It was built in 1758-61 . The interior is especially interesting with its high-back pews. A chime of bells was presented to the church by Benjamin Wilcocks in 1842. — See Churches. 140 ST. PAUL'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH Third Street below Walnut. Historic, dating from 1 761. The grave of Edwin Forrest may be seen at the right of the portal. — See Churches and Edwin Forrest, SUBWAYS Philadelphia's only existing passenger subway ex- tends under Market Street from Front Street to the Schuylkill River. A comprehensive system of subway, elevated and surface lines will, it is ex- pected, be developed within a few years. — See Rapid Transit. SUNDAY SCHOOLS There are in this city 750 Sunday Schools of all denominations, with 20,294 teachers and officers and 314,226 scholars, which includes 20,000 men in adult Bible Classes. When this army goes on parade, as is the case each year in September, it is an impressive sight. The American Sunday School Union is located at 1816 Chestnut Street. The leading adult Sunday School paper of the world — The Sunday School Times — is published at 1 03 1 Walnut Street. — See Churches. ST. JOHN'S LUTHERAN CHURCH Race Street east of Sixth. Built in 1808, this was the first English Lutheran church in the United States. In front of the church is the tomb of Gen. W. H. C. Bohlen, a gallant Union officer killed in 1862 at Freeman's Ford, Va. He was a son of Bohl Bohlen, a Philadelphia mer- chant. A son of General Bohlen is now the head of the great Krupp plant at Essen, Germany. — See Churches. 141 TAXES The tax rate for 191 6, collected by the city, is $1.00 per $100.00. The school tax, separately assessed, is at the rate of 50 cents per $100.00. According to the last census Philadelphia has a lower tax rate and a lower per capita tax rate than any other large city in the United States excepting Washington. The tax rates of Boston and New York City are more than double those of this city. — See City Government. TELEGRAPH, EVENING Week-day afternoon paper. 704 Chestnut Street. Established in 1864. TEXTILES, EARLY PRINTS Calicos were printed by Stewart, in German- town, and Thorburne & Son, at Darby, in 1803. Still earlier, about 1788, John Hewson, a Revolutionary soldier, started a print works at Dyottville (Richmond, Philadelphia). In 1809, Thorp, Siddall & Co., of German town, made the first calicos from copper rolls. This was the beginning of the modern calico trade in America. — See "Miscellaneous Firsts." THANKSGIVING DAY In 1864 Mrs. Sarah Josepha Hale, Editress of Godey's Lady's Book, at Philadelphia, proposed a "day of thanksgiving." The suggestion was approved by President Lincoln and he made it a national observance by proclamation. It is now recognized officially by both the National and the State Governments. THEATRES The first American theatre, the first native play and the oldest existing theatre in the United States (the Walnut, at Ninth and Walnut Streets) belong in the list of things Philadelphian. The 142 first motion picture show in the world was opened at the Bijou Theatre by Keith, twenty years ago. Theatres and "Movie" houses are now counted by the hundreds. The best of them will be found by consulting the daily papers. A few of those in central locations are mentioned in this book. — See Walnut Street Theatre and " Miscellaneous Firsts. 1 ' THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS Broad Street, north of Arch Street. The oldest art institution in America, founded in 1805. The original Academy building on Chestnut Street, west of Tenth Street, was occupied to 1870. The present building was dedicated in 1 876. Thorough instruction in art is given. There is an extensive collection of paintings and sculpture. Admission fee on week-days; free on Friday and Sunday afternoons. — See " Miscellaneous Firsts." TOYS FOR THE WORLD The largest exclusive toy factory in the world (A. Schcenhut Company) is located at Adams and Sepviva Streets. This factory is not only ship- ping toys to all parts of the United States, but to Great Britain, Continental Europe, South America, Australia and other remote communities where German toys were once supreme. TRADE AND MANUFACTURING ASSOCI- ATIONS Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association; Chinese Merchants' Association; Clothiers' Asso- ciation; Drug Exchange; Dry Goods and Milli- nery Association, Wholesale; Delaware River Transportation Association, Chestnut Street Wharf; Foundrymen's Association; Glass Bottlers and Blowers' Association; Lumbermen's Associa- 143 tion, Crozer Building; Master Builders' Exchange Seventh Street, above Chestnut Street; Morocco Manufacturers' Association; Oil Trade Associa- tion; Paper Trade Association; Paper Box Trade Association; Paper Stock Dealers' Association; Paint Club; Stationers' Association; Shoe Manu- facturers' Association. — See Philadelphia, the World's Greatest Workshop. TRADE PRESS Serial publications printed in the interest of a variety of industries are numerous in Philadelphia. Some of the more substantial are the American Carpet and Upholstery Journal, Automobile Trade Journal, Confectioners' Journal, Eastern Dealer in Implements and Vehicles, Medicinal Council, Musical World, Modern Merchant and Grocery World, National Baker, Shoe and Leather Facts, Trunks, Leather Goods and Umbrellas, Tobacco World, The Keystone, Camera Maga- zine, Commercial Car Journal, and the National Coopers' Journal. Some of these magazines have been established many years. Nearly all of them are members of the Philadelphia Trade Press Club. — See ''Publishing Firsts. 1 ' "U. G. I." The main office building of the United Gas Im- provement Company is at Broad and Arch Streets. The activities of this important corporation cover not only the gas supply of Philadelphia and a number of other cities, but also extensive electric interests. The show of modern lighting, heating and cooking appliances upon the main floor of the handsome building one square north of the City Hall is interesting to all visitors, suggesting, as it does, a great variety of kitchen and home conveniences and comforts, not to say economies, quite undreamed of by the housekeepers of days gone by. 144 UNION LEAGUE This dominant organization of Philadelphia's men of affairs originated at the end of 1 862 in a meeting held by patriotic citizens for the purpose of sus- taining the Union cause. The club occupied a spacious private house at 11 18 Chestnut Street (the site of which is now occupied by Keith's Theatre) until the completion of its present Broad Street building in 1865. In recent years, a modern addition has been carried through to Fifteenth Street. The "League" is one of Philadelphia's permanent institutions and becomes stronger with the years as a factor in the social and political affairs of the city and the nation. — See Civil War. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OFFICES These are chiefly located in the Federal Building, at Chestnut and Ninth Streets, the Custom House Building, Chestnut Street, west of Fourth Street, and in the Bourse. — See Federal Building. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA The story of this important centre of education dates from 1749, when the "Academy" was founded. This "first public school," however, ab- sorbed a "charity school " started ten years earlier. The "College Academy and Charitable School," established in 1750 through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin and chartered in 1755, was merged with the University (incorporated by the State) in 1 79 1, under the title of "University of Pennsyl- vania." The original Academy building was upon Fourth Street below Arch Street. From 1798, the University was located on Ninth Street below Mar- ket Street. The present group of seventy build- ings in West Philadelphia was commenced prior to 1874. There are 117 acres in the _ Campus. Visitors to the University are specially interested in the Museum of Science and Art, the Library, the Zoological and Anatomical Collections and 145 the Gymnasium at Franklin Field. The dormi- tories are among the finest in America. Notable departments aside from the College are the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, Towne Scientific School, School of Education, Graduate School, Law School, Medical School, Dental School, and Veterinary School. The teaching staff of the University numbers above six hundred. There are enrolled 8069 male and female students; of these 3223 are Philadelphians, 2468 are Pennsylvanians from outside of this city, 2147 come from twenty-four other States, and 221 are from foreign lands. Under a recent agreement the Jefferson Medical and Medico-Chirurgical Colleges are to merge with the University. The titles of these insti- tutions are to be preserved. The group thus formed will be under the control of the "United Medical Committee. ' ' The merger becomes effec- tive with the opening of the next college term. — See " Miscellaneous Firsts" Archaeology, Franklin Field, and Dentistry. U. S. S. "IDAHO," SUPERDREADNOUGHT This powerful coming addition to our navy is under construction at the plant of the New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, N. J. It is one of three vessels of the "California" class now building and is about 53 per cent, completed. These fighters have clipper bows and but one smoke-stack. Each will cost $14,500,000. The battery consists of 12 fourteen-inch guns, fifty- eight feet long, 22 five-inch guns, four three-inch aero-guns and four torpedo tubes. The "Idaho" will be ready for business in 1918. VALLEY FORGE This shrine of the American patriot is distant from the centre of the city nineteen miles. It is reached by trains of the Philadelphia and Reading Railway, or by automobile over splendid roads and 146 through constantly beautiful suburban scenes. Valley Forge Park is a State Reservation, includ- ing the ground, about 450 acres, upon which the little army under Washington encamped in the winter of 17 77-' 78. All portions of the park are accessible over fine drives. The chief objects of interest are Washington's Headquarters, Wash- ington Inn, the several farm buildings occupied by the superior officers, the entrenchments, old School House (built by Letitia Penn), Wayne Monument National Arch and the Memorial Chapel. The view from the top of the iron ob- servation tower on Mount Joy is beautiful and extended. For the guidance ot visitors a direction dial points out places of interest and distances. Dinners and lunches may be had at the "Inn" near the railroad station. The number of visitors in 19 1 5 was 244,000. — See Philadelphia and Read- ing Railway and Auto Tours. VENDIG (HOTEL) Filbert and Thirteenth Streets. WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE Montgomery Avenue and Seventeenth Street. Founded by Prof. William Wagner in 1855, this institution provides an extensive library, museum and annual course of free lectures upon scientific and popular topics. WALNUT STREET THEATRE Walnut and Ninth Streets. This, the oldest and most famous of American theatres, is still a popular place of entertainment. Its management celebrated the centennial of its beginning in 1909. The histrionic careers of many celebrated actors and "stars" commenced under the old roof of the "Walnut." 147 WALTON (HOTEL) Broad and Locust Streets. WANAMAKER STORE The calendar of John Wanamaker, as a merchant in Philadelphia, reads as follows: 1 86 1 — Began business at Sixth and Market Streets. 1876 — Occupied the old freight station of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at Thirteenth and Market Streets. 1883 — Acquired the last item of property which gave him possession of the entire block. 1902 — Began the work of building a new store. 191 1 — Completion of the entire store, from Market to Chestnut Street, celebrated by a Golden Jubi- lee. The dedicatory address was delivered by President William H. Taft. The floor space in this new store covers nearly 45 acres. Here, in this vast marble palace of retailing, eight thousand salespeople attend upon the wishes of a multitude of shoppers and visitors per diem. At the Wanamaker Store in New York the business is of like magnitude. Special features of the Wana- maker Store include: The great organ in the grand court : daily recitals from 9 to 11 A.M. and 4.45 to 5.15 p.m.; Egyptian Hall; Greek Hall; Moorish Room; Byzantine Chamber, and Empire Salon. The Wanamaker Musical Organization — which includes a chorus and choral society, the Military Band, Junior Boys' Military Band, Boys' Bugle Corps, Girls' Bugle Corps and an orchestra; Military — the First Regi- ment J. W. C. I., six companies ; Educational — the John Wanamaker Commercial Institute and the American University of Trade and Applied Com- merce; an athletic "playground" upon the roof, provided with a running track, tennis and basket- ball courts. One may talk with friends upon far ships over the Wanamaker wireless system. The largest private branch telephone exchange in 148 the world is located in the Philadelphia Wana- maker Store, where 2024 telephones were required to take care of 1 ,833,823 messages in the year 19 15. Visitors' Headquarters and guides will be found on the eighth floor. — See Department Stores. WASHINGTON EQUESTRIAN MONUMENT East Fairmount Park, Green Street En- trance. This superb bronze memorial, the largest in America, was dedicated by the Society of the Cincinnati in 1897, President McKinley offi- ciating. Its height is 44 feet. The cost was about $250,000. — See Fairmount Park, WASHINGTON SQUARE Sixth to Seventh Street and south of Walnut Street. The old "South East Square," for long a potter's field, a burial place for those soldier patriots who perished in the gloomy prison hard-by; then, in later times, a fashionable resi- dential centre; still later, a busy hive of the lawyers, this old square has come to a new chapter. The Curtis and Penn Mutual Buildings, the Lippincotts and the Farm Journal have set the pace for great things which will make this ground an honor to the name by which, for nearly a cen- tury, it has been known. — See Curtis Publishing Company, Penn Mutual, Farm Journal and Lip- pincott. WESTERN SAVING FUND SOCIETY Tenth and Walnut Streets. Incorporated in 1847. A total of 64,235 persons have on deposit with this Society the sum of $36,481,427.01, as shown by the report of January 1, 1916. — See Saving Fund Societies. WEST END TRUST BUILDING Southwest corner of Broad Street and South Penn Square. 149 WEST PHILADELPHIA This is the designation of all that portion of the city which is west of the Schuylkill River. Its present population includes nearly, or quite, twenty per cent, of the whole. Although it contains many large industries, it is essentially a residential district, built upon modern architect- ural lines. Its growth, in recent years, has been most rapid. West Philadelphia, regarded as a distinctive community, is called "the third largest city in Pennsylvania." WHERE VISITORS VISIT The Bureau of City Property supplies figures (see Wanamaker Diary) which show that nearly 2,500,000 persons visited the following buildings and places in IQ15: University of Pennsylvania, 100,000. U. S. Mint, 100,000. Academy of Natural Sciences, 128,000. Zoological Garden, 174,000. Academy of the Fine Arts, 182,000. Commercial Museums, 379,000. Memorial Hall, 400,000. Independence Hall, 962,000. — See special articles upon the above build- ings and places. WIDENER (JOSEPHINE H.) MEMORIAL LIBRARY Broad Street and Girard Avenue. This palatial building was devised to the city by Mr. Peter A. B. Widener as a memorial to his wife. It is administered as a part of the Free Library system. — See Free Library. WILLOW GROVE PARK This famous pleasure resort is in Montgomery County, fourteen miles from City Hall. It is maintained by the Rapid Transit Company. It is reached via electric cars or automobile out Old York Road, or upon frequent local trains, from the Reading Terminal Station. Willow Grove Park 150 provides not only a wide variety of amusement features, but afternoon and evening concerts by military bands of national reputation. A summer evening, in this lovely refuge from the city's heat, is a glimpse into fairyland. — See Auto Tours. WINDSOR (HOTEL) 12 1 7 Filbert Street. WHITEMARSH VALLEY COUNTRY CLUB Near Chestnut Hill. — See Golf. WILDWOOD, N. J. Upon the lower^ New Jersey coast, eighty miles from Philadelphia, Wildwood occupies Five Mile Beach, and has a large resident population. It is widely known as a summer resort. Numerous excellent hotels are open throughout the year. — See Seashore Resorts. WILLIAM PENN More than two centuries ago, a British king, who had wrested certain lands in America from Hol- land, ceded them to the son of one of his admirals, as a convenient way of discharging a personal debt. The young owner of this distant, unknown terri- tory, which the king named "Pennsylvania," was an idealist endowed, however, with that great quality which makes dreams come true. He forthwith planned a city on paper and began to advertise it. These advertisements came out of a clear head, a fair mind and a kind heart, and they had great "pulling power." Men who de- sired liberty, opportunity, peace and brotherly love were attracted by the description and the name of Philadelphia. On October 29, 1682, William Penn and a goodly company of men and women, who were weary of 151 old-world ways and wars, landed from the ship "Welcome" and proceeded to establish their "Greene Country Town" between the Schuylkill and the Delaware. A period of activity and prosperity at once set in ; many houses were built ; many industries started ; most liberal laws were enacted, and treaties were made with the original Indian owners of the soil, which were to become famous for all time because of "unbroken faith." Happy days these, for the inhabitants of Philadelphia and their liberty- loving leader, whose aim was to "put the power in the people" and who declared that "planting colonies is great and glorious work." The experiment, however, soon met difficulties. A king had arisen who knew not William, and Penn was recalled to England to struggle lor his be- loved province and city. His title was reaffirmed in 1694, but the new century was dawning before the Proprietor could again visit the land where he hoped to spend the remainder of his days among a busy and happy people. At this visit, he found some 5000 inhabitants living in 700 houses. , He located his own home far up the Delaware. For a brief period all was peaceful and prosperous, but unkindly fate still pursued, and after a two years' sojourn, Penn was obliged to return again to England, where persecution, imprisonment and death awaited him. Such was the man Penn — the path-finder, the home-maker, the state-builder, whose statue to- day looks down on millions who have easier lives and better homes because of his brave and life- long struggle for civilization, liberty and humanity. And such is the City of Philadelphia, built on Penn's broad and deep foundation, busy and happy to-day — "the workshop of the world — the work- shop of the nation" — offering a hearty welcome to all who come within its borders. — See Genesis of Philadelphia. 152 WISSAHICKON The romantic valley of the Wissahickon stream is included in Fairmount Park for a distance of seven miles. A park drive parallels the stream. It is closed to automobiles in the upper section. — See Fairmount Park. WITHERSPOON BUILDING Walnut Street, east of Broad Street. Offices. WOODSIDE PARK This is a popular amusement park upon the west- ern borders of Fairmount Park. It is conveniently reached by the Park electric cars starting from Belmont Avenue Station. — See Fairmount Park. WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE At the last election eight wards gave a majority in favor of "Votes for Women"; forty wards opposed it. Those in favor of the cause were the most important and progressive residential wards. This fact reveals the intelligent character of the aggressive element engaged in this movement in Philadelphia. YACHTSMEN'S CLUB 1300 Walnut Street. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION The Central Branch occupies a spacious building upon Arch Street west of Broad Street. A phys- ical training department is conducted here. Branch Y. M. C. A.'s are located as follows: North Branch, 1013 West Lehigh Avenue. West Branch, Fifty-second and Sansom Streets. South West Branch, 1720 Christian Street. Naval Branch, Thirteenth and Shunk Streets. Penna. R. R. Branch, Forty-first Street and West- minster Avenue. Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Branch, Ninth and Spring Garden Streets. 153 YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION Arch and Eighteenth Streets. Many young women find here a comfortable home under Chris- tian influences. Many stranger girls coming to the city are cared for until they can secure work and safe abiding places elsewhere. ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN West of the Schuylkill River, south from Main Park Entrance at Girard Avenue. The Zoological Society was incorporated in 1859. The garden and collection were first opened to the public July 1, 1874. Admission prices are 25 cents for adults and 10 cents for children, with the exception that, on Saturdays, the charge is 10 cents for adults and 5 cents for children. This applies also to all holidays excepting the Fourth of July. The garden _ is open on Sundays. An annual city appropriation is made under which the children of public schools are admitted free at stated times. The city is represented upon the Board of Managers by two members of Councils. 98 w "*o>* & '"W c : > •^•° A %. •* & % •" o. WERT ~ll BOOKBINDING U Grantville Pd H JUtV • AUG 1989