I I (I THE ANATOMY or MELANCHOLY, WHAT IT IS, WITH AIL THE KINDS. CiUSES, SYMPTOMS, PROGNOSTICS, AND SEVEKAL CURES OF IT IN THREE PARTITIONS. WITH THEIR SEVERAL SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MEDICALLY, HISTORICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP- BY DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR, A SATIRICAL PREFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSE ^]fj(ttr Jdiimn CORRECTED, AND ENRICHED BY TRANSLATIONS OF THE NUMEROUS CLASSICAL EXTRACTS, By DEMOCRITUS MINOR. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED AN ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci. He that joins instruction with delight, Profit with pleasure, carries all the votes. PHILADELPHIA: CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER, 624, 626 & 628 MARKET STREET. 1875. 2^. • ^F /O x3 HONORATISSIMO DOMIITO, NON MINVS VIRTUTE SUA, QUAM GENERIS SPLENDORE ILLVSTRISSIMO, GEORGIO BERKLEIO, MIUTI DE BALNKO, BARONI DE BERKLEY, MOUBRBY, SE6RAVB. D DE BRDSE, DOMINO SUO MULTIS NOMINIBUS OBSERVANDO, HANC SUHM MELANCHOLItE anatomen, JAM SEXTO REVISAM, D. D. DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE LAST LONDON EDITION. Th e work now restored to public notice has had an extraordinary fate. At the time of its original publication it obtained a great celebrity, which continued more than half a century. During that period few books were more read, or more de- servedly applauded. It was th** delight of the learned, the solace of the indolent, and the refuge of the uninformed. It passed through at least eight editions, by which the bookseller, as Wood records, got an estate ; and, notwithstanding the objection sometimes opposed against it, of a quaint style, and too great an accumulation of authorities, the fascination of its wit, fancy, and sterling sense, have borne down all censures, and extorted praise from the first writers in' the English language. The grave Johnson has praised it in the warmest terms, and the ludicrous Sterne has interwoven many parts of it into his own popular performance. Milton did not dis- dain to build two of his finest poems on it ; and a host of inferior writers have em bellished their works with beauties not their own, culled from a performance which they had not the justice even to mention. Change of times, ana the frivolity of fashion, suspended, in some degree, that fame which had lasted near a century ; and the succeedhig generation affected indifference towards an author, who at length was only looked into by the plunderers of literature, the poachers in obscure volumes, The plagiaiism? of Tristram Shandy^ so successfully brought to light by Dr. Fer- RiAR, at length drew the attention of the public towards a writer, who, though then little knoWii, might, without impeachment of modesty, lay claim to every mark of respect; and inquiry proved, beyond a doubt, that the rails of justice had been little attended to by others, as well as the facetious Yorick. Wood observed, more than a century ago, that several authors had unmercifully stolen matter from Burton without any acknowledgment. The time, however, at length arrived, when ihe merits of the Anatomy of Melancholy were to receive their due praise. The book was again sought for and read, and again it became an applauded performance. Its excellencies once more stood confessed, in the increased price which every copy offered for sale produced ; and the increased demand pointed out the necessity of a new edition. This is now presented to the public in a manner not disgraceful to the memory of the author ; and the publisher relies with confidence, that so valuable a repository of amusement and information will continue to hold the rank to which it has been restored, firmly supported by its own merit, and safe from the influence and blight of any future caprices of fashion. To open its valuable mysteries to those who have not had the advantage of a classical education, translations of the countless quotations from ancient writers which occur in the work, are now for the first time given, and obsolete orthography is in all instances modernized. (V) ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. Robert Burton was the son of Ralph Barton, of an ancient and genteel timily at Lindley, in Leicestershire, and was born there on the 8th of February 1576,* He received the first rudiments of learning at the free school of Sutton Coldfield, in Warwickshire, t from whence he was, at the age of seventeen, in the lOng vacation, 1593, sent to Brazen Nose College, in the condition of a com- moner, where he made considerable progress in logic and philosophy. In 1 599 ne was elected student of Christ Church, and, for form's sake, was put under the tuition of Dr. John Bancroft, afterwards Bishop of Oxford. In 1614 he was admitted to the reading of the Sentences, and on the 29th of November, 1616, had the vicarage of St. Thomas, in the west suburb of Oxford, conferred on him by the dean and canons of Christ Church, which, with the rectory of Segrave, in Leicestershire, given to him in the year 1636, by George, Lord Berkeley, he kept, to use the words of the Oxford antiquary, with much ado to his dying day. He seems to have been first beneficed at Walsby, in Lincolnshire, through the muni- ficence of his noble patroness, Frances, Countess Dowager of Exeter, but resigned the same, as he tells us, for some special reasons. At his vicarage he is remarked to have always given the sacrament in wafers. Wood's character of him is, that * he was an exact mathematician, a curious calculator of nativities, a general read scholar, a thorough-paced philologist, and one that understood the surveying of lands well. As he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, a melancholy and humorous person; so by others, who knew him well, a person of great honesty, plain dealing and charity. I have heard some of the ancients of Christ Church often say, that his company was very merry, facete, and juvenile; *His elder brother was William Burton, the Leicestershire antiquary, born 24th Aunrust, 1,'>75, educated at Sutton Coldfield, admitted commoner, or gentleman commoner, of Brazen Nose College, 1591 ; at the Inner Temple, 20lh May, 1593; B. A. 2-2d June, 1504; and afterwards a barrister and reporter in the Court of Common Pleas. "But his natural genius," says Wood, "leading him to the studies of heraldry, genealogies, and anti- quities, he became excellent in those obscure and intricate matters; and look upon him as a gentleman, was accounted, by all that knew him, to be the best of hi? time for those studies, as may appear by his ' Description of Leicestershire.'" His weak constitution not permitting him to follow business, he retired into the country, and his greatest work, " The Description of Leicestershire," was published in folio, 1G22. He died at Falde. after suffering much in the civil war, 6th April, 1645, and was buried in the parish church belonging thereto, called Hanbury. \TKi is Wood's account. His will says, Nuneaton; but a passage in this work [see fol. 304 J mentions Sutton Co ^.leld : probablv he may have been at both schools. A ^ vi Account of the Author. and no man in his time did surpass him for his ready and dexterous interlarding bis commv>n discourses among them with verses from the poets, or sentences from classic authors; which being then all the fashion in the University, made bis compan y the more acceptable." He appears to have been a universal reader of all kinds of books, ajid availed himself of his multifarious studies in a very extra- ordinary manner. From the information of Hearne, we learn that John Rouse, the Bodleian librarian, furnished him with choice books for the prosecution of his work. The subject of his labour and amusement, seems to have been adopted from the infirmities of his own habit and constitution. Mr. Granger says, ** He composed this book with a view of relieving his own melancholy, but increased it to such a degree, that nothing could make him laugh, but going to the bridge-foot and hearing the ribaldry of the bargemen, which rarely failed to throw him into a violent fit of laughter. Before he was overcome with this horrid disorder, he, in the intervals of his vapours, was esteemed one of the most facetious companions ir the University." His residence was chiefly at Oxford; where, in his chamber in Christ Churcl College, he departed this life, at or very near the time which he had some years before foretold, from the calculation of his own nativity, and which, says Wood, " being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among themselves, that rather than there should be a mistake in the calculation, he sent up his soul to heaven through a slip about his neck." Whether this suggestion is founded in truth, we have no other evidence than an obscure hint in the epitaph hereafter inserted, which was written by the author himself, a short time before his death. His body, with due solemnity, was buried near that of Dr. Robert Weston, in the north aisle which joins next to the choir of the cathedral of Christ Church, on the 27th of January 1639-40. Over his grave was soon after erected a comely monu- ment, on the upper pillar of the said aisle, with his bust, painted to the life. On the right hand is the following calculation of his nativity : Account of the Author. vii and under the bust, this inscription of his own composition :— Paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, Hie jacet Democrifus junior Cui vitam dndit et mortem Melancholia Ob. 8 Id. Jan, A. C. mdcxxxix. Arms :— Azure on a bend O. between three dogs' heads O. a crescent G. A few months before his death, he made his will, of which the following is a copy: 1 Extracted from the Registry of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. In nomine Dei Amen. August 15th One thousand six hundred thirty nine because there be so many casualties to which our life is subject besides quarrelling and contention which happen to our Successors after our Death by reason of unsettled Estates I Robert Burton Student of Christ- church Oxon. though my means be but small have thought good by this my last Will and Testa- ment to dispose of that little which I have and being at this present I thank God in perfect health of Bodie and Mind and if this Testament be not so formal according to the nice and strict terms of Law and other Circumstances peradventure required of which I am ignorant I desire howsoever this my Will may be accepted and stand good according to my true Intent and meaning First I bequeath Animam Deo Corpus Terrse whensoever it shall please God to call me I give my Land in Higham which my good Father Ralphe Burton of Lindly in the County of Leicester Esquire gave me by Deed of Gift and that which I have annexed to that Farm by purchase since, now leased for thirty eight pounds per Ann. to mine Elder Brother William Burton of Lindly Esquire during his life and after him to his Heirs I make my said Brother William likewise mine Executor as well as paying such Annuities and Legacies out of my Lands and Goods as are hereafter specified I give to my nephew Cassibilan Burton twenty pounds Annuity per Ann. out of my Land in Higham during his life to be paid at two equall payments at our Lady Day in Lent and Michaelmas or if he be not paid within fourteen Days after the said Feasts to distrain on any part of the Ground or on any of my Lands of Inheritance Item I give to my Sister Katherine Jackson during her life eight pounds per Ann. Annuity to be paid at the two Feasts equally as above said or else to distrain on the Ground if she be not paid after fourteen days at Lindly as the other some is out of the said Land Item I give to my Servant John Upton the Annuity of Forty Shillings out of my said Farme during his life (if till then my Servant) to be paid on Michaelmas day in Lind- ley each year or else after fourteen days to distrain Now for my goods I thus dispose them First I give an Cth pounds to Christ Church in Oxford where I have so long lived to buy five pounds Lands per Ann. to be Yearly bestowed on Books for the Library Item I give an hundredth pound to the University Library of Oxford to be bestowed to purchase five pound Land per Ann. to be paid out Yearly on Books as Mrs. Brooks formerly gave an hundred pounds to buy Land to the same purpose and the Rent to the same use I give to my Brother George Burton twenty pounds and my watch I give to my Brother Ralph Burton five pounds Item I give to the Parish of Sea- grave in Leicestershire where I am now Rector ten pounds to be given to a certain Feoffees to the perpetual good o( the said Parish Oxon* Item I give to my Niece Eugenia Burton One hundredth pounds Item I give to my Nephew Richard Burton now Prisoner in London an hundredth pound to reileem him Item I give to the Poor of Higham Forty Shillings where my Land is to the poor of Nuneaton where I was once a Grammar Scholar three pound to my Cousin Purfey of Wadlake [Wadley] my Cousin Purfey of Calcott my Cousin Hales of Coventry my Nephew Bradshaw of Orton twenty shillings a piece for a small remembrance to Mr. Whitehall Rector of Cherkby rnyne own Chamber Fellow twenty shillings I desire my Brother George and my Cosen Purfey of Cal- cott to be the Overseers of this part of my Will I give moreover five pounds to make a small Monument for my Mother where she is buried in London to my Brother Jackson forty shillings to my Servant John Upton forty shillings besides his former Annuity if he be my Servant till I die if he be till then my Servantj— ROBERT BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pcpp. t Witness. • So in the Registe^. t So in the Register. viii Account of the Author. An Appendix o this my Will if I die in Oxford or whilst I am of Christ Chu ch and with good Mr. Taynes August the Fifteenth 1639. I give to Mr. Doctor Fell Dean of Christ Church Forty Shillings to the Eight Canoi.s ti^enty Shillings a piece as a small remembrance to the poor of St. Thomas Parish Twenty Shil.tngs to Brasenose Library five pounds to Mr. Rowse of Oriell Colledge twenty Shillings to Mr. Heywood xxs. to Dr. Metcalfe xxs. to Mr. Sherley xxs. If I have any Books the University Library hath not, let them take them If I have any Books our own Library hath not, let them take them I give to Mrs. Fell all my English Books of Husbandry one excepted to her Daughter Mrs. Katherine Fell my Six Pieces of Silver Plate and six Silver spoons to Mrs. lies my Gerards Herball To Mrs. Morris my Country Farme Translated out of French 4. and all my English Physick Books to Mr. Whistler the Recorder of Oxford I give twenty shillings to all my fellow Students M^s of Arts a Book in fol. or two a piece as Master Morris Treasurer or Mr. Dean shall appoint whom I request to be the Overseer of this Appendix and give him for his pains Atlas Geografer and Ortelius 'J'heatrum Mond' I give to John Fell the Dean's Son^ Student my Mathe- matical Instruments except my two Crosse Staves which I give to my Lord of Donnol if he be then of the House To Thomas lies Doctor lies his Son Student Saluntch on Paurrhelia and Lucian's Works in 4 Tomes If any books be left let my Executors dispose of them with all such Books as are written with my own hands and half my Melancholy Copy for Crips hath the other half To Mr. Jones Chaplin and Chanter my Surveying Books and Instruments To the Servants of the House Forty Shillings ROB. BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pepper Witness — This Will was shewed to me by the Testator and acknowledged by him some few days before his death to he his last Will Ita Testor John Morris S Th D. Prebendari' EccI Chri' Oxon Feb. 3, 1639. Probatum fuit Testamentum suprascriptum, &c. 11° 1640 Juramento Willmi Burton Fris' et Executoris cui &c. de bene et fideliter administrand. &c. coram Mag'ris Nathanaele Stephens Rectore Eccl. de Drayton, et Edwardo Farmer, Clericis, vigore commis* sionis, &c. The only work our author executed was that now reprinted, which probably was the principal employment of his life. Dr. Ferriar says, it was originally published in the year 1617; but this is evidently a mistake;* the first edition was that printed in 4to, 1621, a copy of which is at present in the collection of John Nichols, Esq., the indefatigable illustrator of the History of Leicestershire ; to whom, and to Isaac Reed, Esq., of Staple Inn, this account is greatly indebtea for its accuracy. The other impressions of it were in 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651-2, 1660, and 1676, which last, in the titlepage, is called the eighth edition. The copy from which the present is re-printed, is that of 1651-2 : at the con- clusion of which is the following address: "TO THE READER. " BE pleased to know (Courteous Reader) that since the last Impression of this Book, the ingenuous Author of it is deceased, leaving a Copy of it exactly corrected, with several consider- able Additions by his own hand ; this Copy he committed to my care and custody, with directions to have those Additions inserted in the next Edition ; which in order to his command, and the Publicke Good, is faithfully performed in this last Impression." H. C. (/. e. HEN. CRIP PS.) ♦ Originating, perhaps, in a note, p. 448, 6th edit. (p. 455 of the present), in which a book is quoted as havmg oeen " printed at Paris 1624, seven years after Burton's first edition." As, however, the editions after that of 1621, are regularly marid3nbt that, in the note above alluded to, either 1624 has been a misprint for 1628, or seven years for thrit yean '''he Bumerous typographical errata in other parts of the work strongly aid this latter supposition. Account of the Author. ix The following testimonies of various authors will serve to jhow the estimation in which this work has been held : — "The Anatomy of Melancholt, wherein the author hath piled up variety of much e.iceller learning. Scarce any book of philology in our land hath, in so short a time, passed so inanj eflitions." — Fuller's Worthies, fol. 16. » 'Tis a book so full of variety of reading, that gentlemen who have lost their time, and are put to a push for invention, may furnish themselves with matter for common or scholastical discourse and writing." — Wood's Athense Oxoniensis, vol. i. p. 628. 2d edit. "If you never saw Buutox upox Melancholy, printed 1676, I pray look into it, and read the ninth pa^e of his Preface, * Democritus to the Reader.' There is something there which touches the point we are upon ; but I mention the author to you, as the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense. The wits of Queen Anne's reign, and the beginning of George the First, were not a little beholden to him." — Archbishop Herring's Letters, 12ma 1777. p. 149. "Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, he (Dr. Johr»son) said, was the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise." — Boswelfs Life of Johnson, vol. i. p. 680. 8vo. edit. "Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy is a valuable book," said Dr. Johnson. " It is, pe-- haps, overloaded with quotation. But there is great spirit and great power in what Burton says when he writes from his own mind." — Ibid. vol. ii. p. 325. "It will be no detraction from the powers of Milton's original genius and invention, to remark, that he seems to have borrowed the subject of V Allegro and // Penseroso, together with some particular thoughts, expressions, and rhymes, more especially the idea of a contrast between the&e two dispositions, from a forgotten poem prefixed to the first edition of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, entitled, 'The Author's Abstract of Melancholy; or, A Dialogue between Pleasure and Pain.' Here pain is melancholy. It was written, as I conjecture, about the year 1600. I will make no apology for abstracting and citing as much of this poem as will be sufficient to prove, to a discerning reader, how far it had taken possession of Milton's mind. The measure will appear to be the same ; and that our author was at least an attentive reader of Burton's book, may be already concluded from the traces of resemblance which I have incidentally noticed in passing through the L' Allegro and II Penseroso." — After extracting the lines, Mr. Warton ad<^s, " as to the very elaborate work to which these visionary verses are no unsuitable introduction, the writer's variety of learning, his quotations from scarce and curious books, his pedantry sparkling with rude wit and shapeless elegance, miscellaneous matter, intermixture of agreeable tales and illustiations, and, perhaps, above all, the singularities of his feelings, clothed in an uncommon quaintness of style, have contributed to render it, even to modern readers, a valuable repository of amusement and information." — \Varton''s Milton, 2d edit. p. 94. " The Anatomy of Melancholy is a book which has been universally read ai d admired. This work is, for the most part, what the author himself styles it, 'a cento;' but it is a very ingenious one, His quotations, which abound in every page, are pertinent; but if he had made more use of his invention and less of his commonplace-book, his work would perhaps have been more valuable than it is. He is generally free from the affected language and ridiculoU' metaphors which disgrace most of the books of his time." — Granger's Biographical History. " BuRTox's Anatomy of Melancholy, a book once the favourite of the Iearne;l and the witty, and a source of surreptitious learning, though written on a regular plan, consir*". chiefiy of quotations : the author has honestly termed it a cento. He collects, under every divis\-n, the •)pinions of a multitude of writers, without regard to chronological order, and has too QAjn the modesty to decline the interposition of his own sentiments. Indeed the bulk of his m.\ft;ials generally overwhelms him. In the course of his folio he has contrived to treat a great va-i-^ty of topics, that seem very loosely connected with the general subject : and, like Bayle, when he starts a favourite train of quotations, he does not scruple to let the digression outrun the princ'p."! question. Thus, from the doctrines of religion to military discipline, from inland navigation to the morality of dancing-schools, every thing is discussed and determined." — Ferriar's Illustraticru of Si erne, p. 58. 2 ^gfWf^e M-^. X Account of the Author. < The archness which Burtox displays occasionally, and his indulgence of playful digression* from the moit serious discussions, often give his style an air of familiar conversation, notwith- standing the laborious collections which supply his text. He was capable of writing excellent poetry, but he seems to have cultivated this talent too little. The English verses prefixed to his book, which possess beautiful imagery, and great sweetness of versification, have been frequently published. His Latin elegiac verses addressed to his book, shew a very agreeable turn for raillery." — Ibid. p. 58. " When the force of the subject opens his own vein of prose, we discover valuable sense and brilliant expression. Such is his account of the first feelings of melancholy persons, written, probably, from his own experience." [See p. 154, of the present edition.] — Ibid. p. 60. <' During a pedantic age, like that in which Buuton's production appeared, it must have been emrnently serviceable to writers of many descriptions. Hence the unlearned might furnish them- selves with appropriate scraps of Greek and Latin, whilst men of letters would find their enquiries shortened, by knowing where they might look for what both ancients and moderns had advanced on the subject of human passions. I confess my inability to point out any other English author who has so largely dealt in apt and original quotation." — Manuscript note of the late George Sieevens, Esq., in his copy of The Anatomt of Melaxcholt. (xi) DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR AD LIBRUM SUUM. Va.de libur, qualis, non ausim dicere, foelix, Te nisi t'oelicem fecerit Alma dies. Vade tamen quocunque lubet, quascunque per oras, Et Genium Domini fac imitere tui. I blandas inter Cliariles, mystamque saluta Musarum quemvis, si tibi lector erit. Rura colas, urbem, subeasve palatia regum, Submisse, placide, te sine dente geras. Nobilis, aut si quis te forte inspexerit heros, Da te morigerum, perlegat usque lubet. Est quod Nobilitas, est quod desideret heros, Gratior hasc forsan charta place re potest. Si quis morosus Cato, tetricusque Senator, Hunc etiam librum forte vide re velit, Sive magistratus, tum te reverenter habeto ; Sed nullus ; muscas non capiunt Aquilae. Non vacat his tempus fugitivum impendere nugis. Nee tales cupio ; par mihi lector erit. Si matrona gravis casu diverterit istuc, Illustris domina, aut te Comitissa legal : Est quod displiceat, placeat quod forsitan illis, Ingerere his noli te modo, pande tamen. At si virgo tuas dignabitur inclyta chartas Tangere, sive schedis hasreat ilia tuis: Da modo te facilem, et quasdam folia esse me- mento Conveniant oculis quae magis apta suis. Si generosa ancilla tuos aut alma puella Visura est ludos, annue, pande lubens. Die utinam nunc ipse meus* (nam diligit istas) In praesens esset conspiciendus herus. Ignotus notusve mihi de gente togata Sive aget in ludis, pulpita sive colet, Sive in Lycoeo, et nugas evolverit istas, Si quasdam mendas viderit inspiciens. Da veniam Authori, dices ; nam plurima vellet Expungi, quae jam displicuisse sciat. Sive Melancholicus quisquam, seu blandus Amator, Aulicus aut Civis, seu bene comptus Eques Hue appellat, age et tulo te crede Icgenti, Multa istic forsan non male nata leget. Quod fugiat, caveat, quodque amplexabitur, ista Pagina fortassis promere multa potest. At si quis Medicus coram te sistet, amice Fac circumspecte, et te sine labe geras : Invenict namque ipse meis quoque plunnia scriptis, Non leve subsidium quae sibi forsan erunt. Si quis Causidicus chartas impingat in istas, Nil mihi vobiscum, pessima turba vale ; Sit nisi vir bonus, et juris sinfe fraude peritus,. Tum legat, et forsan doctior inde siet. Si quis cordatus, facilis, lectorque benignus Hue oculos vertat, quae velit ipse legat ; Candidus ignoscet, metuas ail, pande libenter, Offensus mendis non erit ille tuis, Laudabit nonnulla. Venit si Rhetor ineptus, Limata et tersa, et qui benti cocta petit, Claude citus librum ; nulla hie nisi ferrea verba, Offendent stomachum quae minus apta suum. At si quis non eximius de plebe poeta, Annue ; namque istic plurima ficta leget. Nos sumus e numero, nullus mihi spiral Apollo, Grandiloquus Vales quilibel esse nequit. Si Crilicus Lector, lumidus Censorque moleslus, Zoilus et Momus, si rabiosa cohors : Ringe, freme, et noli tum pandere, turba ma- lignis Si occurrat sannis invidiosa suis : Fac fugias ; si nulla tibi sit copia eundi, Contemnes, tacile scommata quaeque feres. Frendeat, allalret, vacuas gannitibus auras Impleat, haud cures ; his placuisse nefas. Verum age si forsan divertal purior hospes, Cuique sales, ludi, displiceanlque joci, Objiciatque tibi sordes, lascivaque : dices, Lasciva est Domino et Musa jocosa tuo. Nee lasciva tamen, si pensitet omne ; sed esto ; Sit lasciva licet pagina, vita proba est. Barbarus, indoctusque rudis spectator in islam Si messem intrudat, fuste fugabis eum, Fungum pelle procul (jubeo) nam quid mihi fungo ? Conveniunt stomacho non minus isla suo. Sed nee pelle tamen; laeto omnes accipe vultu, Quos, quas, vel quales, inde vel unde viros. Gratus erit quicunque venit, gratissimus hospesi Quisquis erit, facilis difficilisque mihi. Nam si culparit, quasdam culpasse juvabit, Culpando faciei me meliora sequi. Sed si laudaril, neque laudibus efTerar ullis, Sit satis hisce malis opposuisse bonum. Haec sunt quae nostro placuil mandare libello, Et quae dimiltens dicere jussit Herus. ♦ Hec comic« dicta cave ne mal* capias. (xii) DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO HIS BOOK. PARAPHRASTIC METRICAL TRANSLATION. 'Jo forth ray book niio the open day ; Happy, if made so by its garish eye. 3'er earth's wide surface take thy vagrant way, To imitate thy master's genius try. The Graces three, the Muses nine salute, Should those who love them try to con thy lore. The country, city seek, grand thrones to boot. With gentle courtesy humbly bow before. Should nobles gallant, soldiers frank and brave Seek thy acquaintance, hail their first advance : From twitch of care thy pleasant vein may save. May laughter cause or wisdom give perchance. Some surly Cato, Senator austere, Haply may wish to peep into thy book: Seem very nothing — tremble and revere : No forceful eagles, butterflies e'er look, rhey love not thee: of them then little seek, And wish for readers triflers like thyself. Of ludeful matron watchful catch the beck. Or gorgeous countess full of pride and pelf. They may say "pish !" and frown, and yet read on: Cry odd, and silly, coarse, and yet amusing. Should dainty damsels seek thy page to con. Spread thy best stores : to them be ne'er re- fusing : Say, fair one, master loves thee dear as life; Would he were here to gaze on thy sweet look. Should known or unknown student, freed from strife Of logic and the schools, explore my book : Cry mercy critic, and thy book withhold: Be some few errors pardon'd though observ'd : An humble author to implore makes bold. Thy kind indulgence, even undeserv'd. Should melancholy wight or pensive lover. Courtier, snug cit, or carpet knight so trim Our blossoms cull, he'll find himself in clover. Gain sense from precept, laughter from our whim. Should learned leech with solemn air unfold Thy leaves, beware, be civil, and be wise : Thy volume many precepts sage may hold. His well fraught head may find no trifling prize. Should crafty lawyer trespass on our ground, CaitiflTs avaunt ! disturbing tribe away ! LTnless (white crow) an honest one be found ; He'll better, wiser go for what we say. Should some ripe scholar, gentle and benign, With candour, care, and judgment thee peruse: Thy faults to kind oblivion he'll consign; Nor to thy merit will his praise refuse. Thou may' St be searched for polish' d words and verse By flippant spouter, emptiest of praters : Tell him to seek them in some mawkish verse : My periods all are rough as nutmeg graters. The doggerel poet, wishing thee to read. Reject not ; let him glean thy jests and stories. His brother I, of lowly sembling breed : Apollo grants to few Parnassian glories. Menac'd by critic with sour furrowed brow, Momus or Troilus or Scotch reviewer : Ruffle your heckle, grin and growl and vow : Ill-natured foes you thus will find the fewer. When foul-mouth'd senseless railers cry thee down, Reply not : fly, and show the rogues thy stern : They are not worthy even of a frown: Good taste or breeding they can ne^er learn; Or let them clamour, turn a callous ear. As though in dread of some harsh donkey's bray. If chid by censor, friendly though severe, To such explain and turn thee not away. Thy vein, says he perchance, is all too free ; Thy smutty language suits not learned pen : Reply, Good Sir, throughout, the context see ; 'Thought chastens thought ; so prithee judge again. Besides, although my master's pen may wander Through devious paths, by which it ought not stray. His life is pure, beyond the breath of slander: So pardon grant ; 'tis merely but his way. Some rugged ruffian makes a hideous rout — Brandish thy cudgel, threaten him to baste ; The filthy fungus far from thee cast out ; Such noxious banquets never suit my taste. Yet, calm and cautious moderate thy ire. Be ever courteous should the case allow — Sweet malt is ever made by gentle fire : Warm to thy friends, give all a civil bow. Even censure sometimes teaches to improve. Slight frosts have often cured too rank a crop, So, candid blame my spleen shall never move. For skilful gard'ners wayward branches lop. Go then, my book, and bear my words in mind Guides safe at once, and pleasant ihein you'll find. (xiii) THE ARGUMENT OF THE FRONTISPIECE, Ten distinct Squares here seen apart, Are joined in one by Cutter's art. I. Old Democritus under a tree, Sits on a stone with book on knee; About him hang there many features, Of Cats, Dogs and such like creatures, Of which he makes anatomy. The seat of black choier to see. Over his head appears the sky. And Saturn Lord of melancholy. To the left a landscape of Jealousy, Presents itself unto thine eye. A Kingfisher, a Swan, an Hern, Two tight ing-cocks you may discern, Two roaring Bulls each other hie, To assault concerning venery. Symbols are these ; I say no more, Conceive the rest by that's afore. The next of solhariness, A portraiture doth well express, By sleeping dog, cat: Buck and Doe, Hares, Conies in the desert go : Bats, Owls the shady bowers over, In melancholy darkness hover. Mark well : If 't be not as 't should be, Blame the bad Cutter, and not me. I'th' under column there doth stand Inamorato with folded hand; Down hangs his head, terse and polite, Some ditty sure he doth indite. His lute and books about him lie. As symptoms of his vanity. If this do not enough disclose. To naint him, take thyself by th' nose. Hypocondriactis leans on his arm, WinH in his side doth him much harm. And troubles him full sore, God knows. Much "ain h*. hath and many woes. About him pots and glasses lie, Newly brought from's Apothecary. This Saturn's aspects signify, You see them portray'd in the sky. Beneath them kneeling on his knee A superstitious man you see : He fasts, prays, on his Idol fixt. Tormented hope and fisar betwixt: For Hell perhaps he takes more pain, Than thou dost Heaven itself to gain Alas poor soul, I pity thee. What stars incline thee so to be ? But see the madman rage downright Whh furious looks, a ghastly sight. Naked in chains bound doth he lie. And roars amain he knows not why ' Observe him ; for as in a glass, Thine angry portraiture it was. His picture keeps still in thy presence; 'Twixt him and thee, there's no difference VIII, IX. Borage and Hdlehor fill two scenes, Sovereign plants to purge the veins Of melancholy, and cheer the heart, Of those black fumes which make it smart To clear the brain of misty fogs. Which dull our senses, and Soul clogs. The best medicine that e'er God made For this malady, if well assay'd. Now last of all to fill a place, Presented is the Author's face; And in that habit which he wears. His image to the world appears. His mind no art can well express. That by his writings you may guess. It was not pride, nor yet vain glory, (Though others do it commonly) Made him do this: if you must know, The Printer would needs have it so. Then do not frown or scoff at it, Deride not, or detract a whit. For surely as thou dost by him. He will do the same again. Then look upon't, behold and see, As thou lik'st it, so it likes thee. And I for it will stand in view. Thine to command. Reader, adieu. (xiv) THE AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT OF MELANCHOLY, a.«ac>5,. Whe.v I go musing all alone Thinking of divers things fore-known. When I build castles in the air, Void of sorrow and void of fear, Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet, Methinks the time runs very fleet. All my joys to this are folly, Naught so sweet as melancholy. When I lie waking all alone, Recounting what I have ill done, My thoughts on me then tyrannise, Fear and sorrow me surprise, Whether I tarry still or go, Methinks the time moves very slow. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so mad as melancholy. When to myself I act and smile, With pleasing thoughts the time beguile. By a brook side or wood so green, Unheard, unsought for, or unseen, A thousand pleasures do me bless, And crown my soul with happiness. All my joys besides are folly. None so sweet as melancholy. When I lie, sit, or walk alone, I sigh, I grieve, making great mone. In a dark grove, or irksome den, With discontents and Furies then, A thousand miseries at once Mine heavy heart and soul ensonce. All my griefs to this are jolly. None so sour as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methinks I see. Sweet music, wondrous melody, Towns, palaces, and cities fine ; Here now, then there ; the world is mine, Rare beauties, gallant ladies shine, Whate'er is lovely or divine. All other joys to this are folly. None so sweet as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methinks I see Ghosts, goblins, fiends; my phantasy Presents a thousand ugly shapes. Headless bears, black men, and apes, Doleful outcries, and fearful sights, My sad and dismal soul affiights. All my griefs to this are jolly. None so damn'd as melancholy. Methinks I court, methinks I kiss, Methinks I now embrace my mistress. blessed days, O sweet content. In Paradise my time is spent. Such thoughts may still my fancy move, So may I ever be in love. All my joys to this are folly. Naught so sweet as melancholy. When I recount love's many frights, My sighs and tears, my waking nights, My jealous fits ; O mine hard fate 1 now repent, but 'tis too late. No torment is so bad as love, So bitter to my soul can prove. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so harsh as melancholy. Friends and companions get you gone, 'Tis my desire to be alone ; Ne'er well but when my thoughts and 1 Do domineer in privacy. No Gem, no treasure like to this, 'Tis my delight, my crown, my bliss. All my joys to this are folly, Naught so sweet as melancholy. 'Tis my sole plague to be alone, I am a beast, a monster grown, I will no light nor company, I find it now my misery. The scene is turn'd, my joys are gone, Fear, discontent, and sorrows come. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so fierce as melancholy. I'll not change life with any king, I ravisht am: can the world bring More joy, than still to laugh and smile, In pleasant toys time to beguile ? Do not, O do not trouble me. So sweet content I feel and see. All my joys to this are folly, None so divine as melancholy. I'll change my state with any wretch. Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch • My pain's past cure, another hell, I may not in this torment dwell ! Now desperate I hate my life, Lend me a halter or a knife ; All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so damn'd as melancholy. (16) DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO THE READER. (lENTLE reader I presume thou wilt be very inquisitive to know what antic or ^ personate actor this is, that so insolently intrudes upon this common theatre, to the world's view, arrogating another man's name; whence he is, why he doth it, and what he hath to say; although, as 'he said, Primum si noluero, non respondebo^ quis coacturus est? I am a free man born, and may choose whether I will tell; who can compel me? If I be urged, 1 will as readily reply as that Egyptian in ^Plutarch, when a curious fellow would needs know what he had in his basket, Quum vides velatam, quid inquirls in rem ahsconditamf It was therefore covered, because he should not know what was in it. Seek not after that which is hid; if the contents please thee, '''and be for thy use, suppose the Man in the Moon, or whom thou wilt to be the Author;" I would not willingly be known. Yet in some sort to give thee satisfac- tion, which is more than I need, I will show a reason, both of this usurped name, title, and subject. And first of the name of Democritus ; lest any man, by reason of it, should be deceived, expectmg a pasquil, a satire, some ridiculous treatise (as I myself should have done), some prodigious tenet, or paradox of the earth's motion, of infinite worlds, in infinito vacuo^ ex fortuitd atomorum coUisione^ in an infinite waste, so caused by an accidental collision of motes in the sun, all which Democritus held, Epicurus and their master Lucippus of old maintained, and are lately revived by Copernicus, Brunus, and some o^liers. Besides, it hath been always an ordinary custom, as ^Gellius observes, "for later writers and impostors, to broach many absurd and insolent fictions, under the name of so noble a philosopher as Democritus, to get themselves credit, and by that means the more to be respected," as artificers usually do, JYovo qui marmori ascribunt Praxatilem suo. 'Tis not so with me. 5 Non hie Centaurus, non Gorgonas, Harpyasque | No Centaurs here, or Gorgons look to find, Invenies, hominem pagina nostra sapit. | My subject is ofman and human kind. Thou thyself art the subject of my discourse. " Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, I Whate'er men do, vows, fears, in ire, in sport, Gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago libelli. I Joys, wand'rings, are the sum of my report. My intent is no otherwise to use his name, than Mercurius Gallobelgicus, Mercu- rius Britannicus, use the name of Mercury, "'Democritus Christianus, &c.; although there be some other circumstances for which I have masked myself under this vizard, and some peculiar respect which I cannot so well express, until I have set down a brief character of this our Democritus, what he was, with an Epitome of his life. Democritus, as he is described by ^Hippocrates and ^Laertius, was a little wearish old man, very melancholy by nature, averse from company in his latter days,'° and much given to solitariness, a famous philosopher in his age, ^'cocbvus with Socrates, wholly addicted to his studies at the last, and to a private life : wrote many excellent works, a great divine, according to the divinity of those times, an expert physician, a politician, an excellent mathematician, as ''Diacosmus and the rest of his works do witness. He was much delighted with the studies of husbandry, saith '^Columella, and often I find him cited by '^ Constantinus and others treating of that subject. He knew the natures, differences of all beasts, plants, fishes, birds ; and, as some say, could 'Hmderstand the tunes and voices of them. In a word, he was omnifaridm doctus, a general scholar, a great student ; and to the intent he might better contem- • Seneca in ludo in mortem Claudii Cresaris. « flip. Epist. Dameget. 9 Laert. lib 9. lo Hor- « L"t). de Curiositate. s Modt> hec tibi usui sint, tulo sibi cellulam seligens, ibique seipsum includens, quenivis auctorem fingito. Wecker. ^ Lib. 10, c. vixit solitarius. '' Floruit Oiympiade i>0; "700 annis 12. Multa a mal6 feriatis in Demjcritl nomine com- poslTroiam. " Djacos. quod cunclisoperibiis facil* menta data, nobilitatis, a«ctoriiaiisque ejus perfugio excellit. LaSrt. ^3 (jol. lib. 1. c. 1. '^ Const, lib. itlrntibus. s Martiali8,lib. 10, epigr. 14. « Juv. de agric. passim. "> Volucrnm voces et linguat ■a*. 1 ' Auih. Pet. Besseo edit. Coioniae, If '6. | intclligere se dicit Abderitaus Ep. Hip 16 Democnfus to the Reader. plate, ^ I find it related by some, that he put out his eyes, and was in his old ag^ voluntarily blind, yet saw more than all Greece besides, and '^ writ of every subject, wV7/i// in toto oplficio naturcB, de quo non scripslt}^ A man of an excellent wit, pro- found conceit ; and to attain knowledge the better in his younger years, he travelled to Egypt and '^Athens, to confer with learned men, ^""admired of some, despised of others." After a wandering life, he settled at Abdera, a town in Thrace, and was sent fur thither to be their law-maker. Recorder, or town-clerk, as some will ; or as others, he was there bred and born. Howsoever it was, there he lived at last in a garden in the suburbs, wholly betaking himself to his studies and a private life, *'^' saving that sometimes he would walk down to the haven, ^^and laugh heartily at such variety of ridiculous objects, which there he saw." Such a one was Democritus. But in the mean time, how doth this concern me, or upon what reference do I usurp his habit } I confess, indeed, that to compare myself unto him for aught 1 have yet said, were both impudency and arrogancy. I do not presume to make any parallel, Jlntlstat mihl mill'ibus trecentis, ^^parvus sum^ nullus sum., altum nrc spiro., ?iec spero. Yet thus much J will say of myself, and tliat I hope without all suspi- cion of pride, or self-conceit, I have lived a silent, sedentary, solitary, private life, mihi et musis in the University, as long almost as Xenocrates in Athens, ad senecfam fere to learn wisdom as he did, penned up most part in my study. For I have been brought up a student in the most flourishing college of Europe,^^ august isslmo collegioj and can brag with ^^Jovius, almost, in ed luce domicilii Vacicani., tot ins orbis ceJe- berrijni^ per 37 annos multa opportunaque didici ;" for tliirty years I have continued (having the use of as good ^® libraries as ever he had) a scholar, and would be there- fore loth, either by living as a drone, to be an unprofitable or unworthy member of so learned and noble a society, or to write that which should be any way dishonour- able to such a royal and ample foundation. Something I have done, though by my profession a divine, yet turbine raplus ingenii., as ^^he said, out of a running wit, an unconstant, unsettled mind, I had a great desire (not able to attain to a superficial skill in any) to have some smattering in all, to be aliquis in omnibus.^ nullus in sin- gulis^^ which ^^ Plato commends, out of him ^"Lipsius approves and furthers, "as fit to be imprinted in all curious wits, not to be a slave of one science, or dwell alto- gether in one subject, as most do, but to rove abroad, centum puer artium., to have an oar in every man's boat, to ^' taste of every dish, and sip of every cup," which, saith ^^ Montaigne, was well performed by Aristotle, and his learned countryman Adrian Turnebus. This roving humour (though not with like success) I have ever had, and like a ranging spaniel, that barks at every bird he sees, leaving his game, I have followed all, saving that which I should, and may justly complain, and truly, qui ubique cst^ nusquam est^'^ wdiich ^^Gesner did in modesty, that I have read many books, but to little purpose, for want of good method ; I have confusedly tumbled over divers authors in our libraries, with small profit, for want of art, order, memory, judgment. I never travelled but in map or card, in which my unconfined thoughts have freely expatiated, as having ever been especially delighted with the study of Cosmography. ''^Saturn was lord of my geniture, culminating, &c., and Mars prin- cipal significator of manners, in partile conjunction with my ascendant; both fortunate in their houses, &c. I am not poor, I am not rich ; nihil est^ nihil deest., I have little, I want nothing : all my treasure is in Minerva's tower. Greater preferment as I could never get, so am I not in debt for it, I have a competence [laus Deo) from my noljle and munificent patrons, though I live still a collegiate student, as Democritus in liis garden, and lead a monastic life, ipse mihi theatrum., sequestered from those tu- mults and troubles of the world, Et tanquam in specula positus., C^as he said) in some '«Sabellicusexenipl., lib. 10. Oculisse privavit, ut me- Hisl. 26 Keeper of our college library, lately re- I1U3 comemplationi operand daret, snhlinii vir infienio, vived by Otho Nicolson, Esquire. '^^ Scalicer. profuridas cogitationis, &c. '■ Naliiralia. moralia, 2« Somebody in everylhiiifj, nobody in each thing, mathematici, liberales disciplinas, arliumqne orii- m In Tiieat. ao Thil Sfoic. li. diff. 8. Dogma cu- nium peritiam callebat. i** Nothing in nature's pidi.'* et ruriosi? ingeniis imprjmendum, ut sit talis qui power to contrive of which he has not written, nnlli rei serviat, ant exacts unum uliqnid claboret, alia J' Veni Athenas, et nemo me novit. "^o Idem con- nejilisrens, ui artifices, &c. si Delibare gratuin de temptiii et admirationi habitus. 21 Solebat ad quociinque cibo, et pittisare de quocuiique dolio ju- portam amhiilare, et inde, &c. Hip. Ep. Dameg. cundum. ^ Essays, lib. 3. "^ He that ia "2 Perpetuorisu pulmonem agitare solebat Democritus, everywhere is nowhere. 84 praefat. bibliothec. Juv. Sat. 7. ■^3 Non sum dignus praestare matePa. 36 Ambo fortes et fortunati. Mars idem magislerii do- Mart ■■" Christ Church in Ovford. *i Praefat. minus juxta primam Leovitiiregulain. >* Hensiu*. Democritus to the Reader. 17 liig'l, place above you all, like Stoicus Sapiens, omnia scvculu., prcr.terita present! «iqw vide.is^ uno velut intuitu^ I hear and see what is done abroad, how others ^"run, ride^ turmoil, and macerate themselves in court and country, far from those wrangling^ i3wsuits, aul(B vanifatem, fori ambitionem^ riderc mecum soleo : I laugh at all, ^^onl) secure, lest my suit go amiss, my ships perish, corn and cattle miscarry, trade decay, I have no wife nor children good or bad to provide for. A mere spectator of other men's fortunes and adventures, and how they act their parts, which methinks are diversely presented unto me, as from a common theatre or scene. I hear new news every day, and those ordinary rumours of war, plagues, fires, inundations, thefts, murders, massacres, meteors, comets, spectrums, prodigies, apparitions, of towns taken, cities besieged in France, Germany, Turkey, Persia, Poland, &.C., daily musters and preparations, and such like, which these tempestuous times atlbrd, battles fought, eo many men slain, monomachies, shipwrecks, piracies and sea-fights \ peace, leagues,, f^tratagems, and fresh alarms. A vast confusion of vows, wishes, actions, edicts, petitions, lawsuits, pleas, laws, proclamations, complaints, grievances are daily brouglit to our ears. New books every day, pamphlets, currantoes, stories, whole catalogues of volumes of all sorts, new paradoxes, opinions, schisms, heresies, con- troversies in philosophy, religion, &c. Now come tidings of weddings, maskings, mummeries, entertainments, jubilees, embassies, tilts and tournaments, trophies, triumphs, revels, sports, plays : then again, as in a new shifted scene, treasons, cheating tricks, robberies, enormous villanies in all kinds, funerals, burials, deaths of princes, new discoveries, expeditions, now comical, then tragical matters. To-day we hear of new lords and officers created, to-morrow of some great men deposed, and then again of fresh honours conferred; one is let loose, another imprisoned; one purchaseth, another breaketh : he thrives, his neighbour turns bankrupt ; now plenty, then again dearth and famine ; one runs, another rides, wrangles, laughs, weeps, &c. Thus I daily hear, and such like, both private and public news, amidst the gallantry and misery of the world ; jollity, pride, perplexities and cares, simplicity and villany; subtlety, knavery, candour and integrity, mutually mixed and oflering themselves ; I lub on privus privatus ; as I have still lived, so I now continue, statu quo prius., left to a solitary life, and mine own domestic discontents : saving tliat sometimes, ne quid menfiar., as Diogenes went into the city, and Democritus to the haven to see fashions, I did for my recreation now and then walk abroad, look into the world, and could not choose but make some little observation, non tarn sagax observatory ac simplex recitator^^ not as they did, to scoff or laugh at all, but with a mixed passion. Ilor. Ep. lib. 1. ••iK.,20. 4' Per. A laughter with a petulant spleen. b2 ^2 Flor. lib. 1, sat. 9. *^ Secnndnm mcEnia locus eral frondosis populis opacus, vitiinisque sponte naiis, tennis jirope aqua defluebal, placide murmnians, ubi sedile et donius Deniocrili conspicicbatur. ^' Ipse composite considebat, supe. penua volumen habent, et utrinque alia patentia parata, dissectaqne animaliA cumulatim Rtrata, quorum viscera rimabatur. ^E^V^^HB^ 18 DemocrUus to the Reaaer. *'*' teach others how to prevent and avoid it. Which good intent of his, Hippoctauis highly coinmenaed : Democritiis Junior is therefore bokl to imitate, and because he left it imperfect, and it is now lost, quasi succenluriator DemocrUi^ to revive again, prosecute, and finish in this treatise. You have had a reason of the name. If the title and inscription offend yoar {rravity, were it a sufficient justification to accuse others, I could produce many sober treatises, even sermons themselves, which in their fronts carry more fantastical names. Howsoever, it is a kind of policy in these days, to prefix a fantastical title (o a book which is to be sold ; for, as larks come down to a day-net, many vain readers will tarry and stand gazing like silly passengers at an antic picture in a painter's shop, that will not look at a judicious piece. And, indeed, as '^'^Scaliger observes, " nothing more invites a reader than an argument unlooked for, unthought of, and sells better than a scurrile pamphlet," turn maxlme cum novitas cxc'itat ^'pa- latum,. " Many men," saith Gellius, '•'• are very conceited in their inscriptions," "and able (as "''' Pliny quotes out of Seneca) to make him loiter by the way that went in haste to fetch a midwife for his daughter, now ready to lie down." For my part, I have honourable ^"precedents for this wliich I have done : I will cite one for all, Anthony Zara, Pap. Epis., his Anatomy o{ Wit, in four sections, members, subsec- tions, &c., to be read in our libraries. If any man except against the matter or manner of treating of this my subject, and will demand a reason of it, I can allege more than one ; I write of melancholy, by being busv to avoid melancholy. Tiiere is no greater cause pf melancholy than idleness, '•' no belter cure than business," as ^"Rhasis holds : and howbeit, stiiltus lahor est ineptiarwn^ to bt busy in toys is to small purpose, yet hear that divine Seneca, allud agere qiiam mliil^ better do to no end, than nothing. 1 wrote therefore, and busied myself in tliis playing labour, otiosaq ; diligentid ut vltarem torporrmferl.andi with Vectius in Macrobius, atq ; otium in utile verterem negotlum. 61 Simiil et jiiciinda et idonea dicere vitae, Leclorem delcictando simiil alque nioiiendo. Poets would profit or delight mankir-l, And with the pleasing have th' insvructive joined. Profit and pleasure, then, to mix with art, T' inform the judgment, nor offend the heart, Shall gain all votes. To this end I write, like them, saith Lucian, that "recite to trees, and decitaim to pillars for want of auditors:" as ^^ Paulus iEgineta ingenuously confesseth, "'•not that anything was unknown or omitted, but to exercise myself," which course if some took, I think it would be good for their bodies, and much better for their souls ; oi peradventure as others do, for fame, to show myself ( Scire tuiim nihil est^ nisi te scire hoc sciat alter). I might be of Thucydides' opinion, ^^" to know a thing and not to express it, is all one as if he knew it not." When I first took this task in hand, et quod ait '"^ilk., ivipellcnte genio negofium suscepi^ this I aimed at; ^''vel ui Icnirem animum scrihcndo^ to ease my mind by writing; for 1 had gravidum cor^ fcetum caputs a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be unladen of, and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this. Besides, I might not well refrain, for ubi dolor^ ihi digitus^ one must needs scratch where it itches. I was not a little offended with this malady, shall I say my mistress "•melancholy," my Alger'm^ or my mains genius ? and for that cause, as he that is stung with a scorpion, 1 would expel clavum clavo^ ^^ comfort one sorrow with another, idleness with idl'>» ness, ut ex viperd Theriacum^ make an antidote out of that which was the prime cause of my disease. Or as he did, of whom ^^ Felix Plater speaks, that thought he liad some of Aristophanes' frogs in his belly, still crying Brecc^ ckex^ coax^ coax^ oop,, oop, and for that cause studied physic seven years, and travelled over most part ••'' Cutn tnundiis extra se sit, et mente captus sit, et ] Antimonj', &c. ^oCont. 1. 4, c. 9. Non est nescial se lanirnere, ut medelam adhibeat. •"^ Sea- j cura mclior qnim lahor. ^i jjor. De Arte Poxt. liuer, E|). ad I'atisonem. Nihil inagis lectoretn invitat 52 iVon quod dc novo quid addere, aut A veteribus pr«. •luatn inopinatuniargumentum, neque vendihiliornierx , tertnissuni, sed proprine ex ercitationis causa. ^^ Qui I'st qua.ui petulans liber. '• Lib x.x. c. 11. Miras i novit, neque id quod seniit expriniil, perirde est ac si ♦equuntur inseriptionnm festivitates. •" Prnr-fat. j ne?ciret. *' Jovius Pra'f. Hist. "-Erasmus. Nal Hist. Patri ohstetriceni parturient! filijE accersenti ^c )tiumotio dolorcm dolore sum f-->latus. s^ Ob* iioran: injicere possunt. *'■* Anatoitiy of Popery, set vat. 1. 1. inatomy of immorlalily, Angelas salas, Anatomy of DemocrUus lo the Reader. 10 of Europe to ease himself. To do myself good I turned over such physicians a,s our libraries would afford, or my '^'^ private friends impart, and iiave taken this pains. And why not ? Cardan professeth he wrote his book, ^^De Consolatione" aficr iiis son's death, to comfort himself; so did Tully write of the same subject with like intent after his daughter's departure, if it be his at least, or some impM.«tor's put out in his name, which Lipsius probably suspects. Concerning myself, 1 can pei adven- ture aflirm with Marius in Sallust, ^''" that which others hear or read of, I felt and practised myself; they get their knowledge by books, I mhie by melancholising:" Erpertn crede Roberto. Something I can speak out of experience, cprumnabi/is expe- rientia me docuit ; and with her in the poet, ^^Hnud ignara mail miseris suecurreip, disco; I would help others out of a fellow-feeling; and, as that virtuous lady did of o^'. '*'" being a leper herself, bestow all her portion to build an hospital for lepers^" I will spend my time and knowledge, which are my greatest fortunes, for the common good of all. Yea, but you will infer that this is ^^ actum agere^ an unnecessary work, crajiihen bis cocfam apponnere^ the same again and again in other words. To what purpose.'' "•^^Nothing is omitted that may well be said," so thouglit Lucian in the like theme. How many excellent physicians have written just volumes and elaborate tracts of this subject.'' No news here; that which I have is stolen from others^ ^^Dicif que mihi mea pagina fur es. If that severe doom of ^'Synesius be true, ''■ it is a greater offence to steal dead men's labours, than their clothes," what shall become of most writers .'' I hold up my hand at the bar among others, and am guilty of felony in this kind, habes confitenfem reum^ I am content to be pressed with the rest. 'Tis most ivwe^ tenet insanabile muUos scribendi cucoethes^ and ^^" there is no end of writing of books," as the Wise-man found of old, in this ^' scribbling age, especially wherein ^*" the number of books is without number, (as a worthy man saith,) presses be oppressed," and out of an itching humour that every man hath to show himself, ^^ desirous of fame and honour {^scribimus indocti doctique ) he will write no matter what, and scrape together it boots not whence. '""Bewitched with this desire of fame, etiam mediis in niorbis^ to the disparagement of their health, anc' scarce able to hold a pen, they must say something, "'"and get themselves a name," saith Scaliger, " though it be to the downfall and ruin of many others." To be counted writers, scriptores ut sahitentur^ to be thought and held Polumatlies and Polyhistors, apud imperitum vulgiis ob ventosce nomen artis^ to get a paper-kingdom : nulla spe qucEsfus sed ainpl'i famce^ in this precipitate, ambitious age, nunc ut est scpxulum^ inter immaturam erudLtion''m^ ambitiosum et prcEceps ('tis "Scaliger's cen- sure) ; and they that are scarce auditors, i? /a; auditores^ must l3e masters and teachers before they be capable and fit hearers. They will rush into all learning, togatatu armatam^ divine, human authors, rake over all indexes and pamphlets for notes, as our merchants do strange havens for traffic, write great tomes. Cum nan sint re verr doctiores^ sed loquaciores^ whereas they are not thereby better scholars, but greater praters. They commonly pretend public good, but as "^Gesner observes, 'tis pride and vanity that eggs them on ; no news or aught worthy of note, but the same ii< other terms. JVe feriarentur fortasse typographic vel idea scribejidum est oliquid ut se vixisse testentur. As apothecaries we make new mixtures every day, pour out of one vessel into another; and as those old Romans robbed all the cities of the world, to set out their bad-sited Rome, we skim of!' tlie cream of other men's wits, pick the choice flowers of their tilled gardens to set out our own sterile plots. Vastrant alios ut libros suos per se graciles alicno adipe sujfarciant (so ''*Jovius /nveighs.) They lard their lean books with the fat of others' works. Ineruditi fures, &c. A fault thai every writer finds, as I do now, and yet faulty themselves, »'' M. .Toh. Roui, our Protobih. Oxon. M. Hopper, M. Giilliridire, &c. 69 q,|jb illi aiitlire et lejrore soleiit, eorum parliin vidi ejoniet, alia gessi, quae illi literi*. ejro iiiilitando didici, nunc vos existiniate facta an dicta pliiris sint. "" Dido Viriuin mortunruui lucubrationes, qukn. ?€««•« fura* •« EccI ult. «' Libros Eunuchi gigniint, steriles parinnt. «*• D. Kine priefat. lect. Jonas, the late rifiht reverend Lord T. of London. «9 Homines fainelici t'l^riip ad osten- tatiofieni eruditionis undique conjierunt. Huchananiis '" EfTacinati etiam laudis aniore, &c. Justus IJarfmins. '1 Ex ruinisalienspexistiniritionissiliiL'radum adfamain strnunt. 7:2 Exercit. 288. 7j Omrifs sibi fanuim qua-runt et quovis modo in orbeni apargi contendutil, ui novae alicujus rei haheantur auclores. PrEf. bibli- oib. '< Praefat. hist. ^mr. 20 Democritus to the Reader. '^ Trlum TUerarum Jiomines^dii] thieves; they pilfer out of old writers to stuff up theii new comments, scrape Ennius dung--hills, and out of "''Democritus' pit, as I hare Jone. By which means it comes to pass, '^" that not only libraries and shops are lull of our putrid papers, but every close-stool and jakes, Scribunt carmina qua Icgunt cacant.es ; they serve to put under pies, to '^^lap spice in, and keep roast-mea^ from burning. "With us in France." saith ''^Scaliger, "every man hath liberty V write, but few ability. ^"^ Heretofore learning was graced by judicious scholars, bux now noble sciences are vilified by base and illiterate scribblers," that eitlier write (or vain-glory, need, to get money, or as Parasites to flatter and collogue with some g?eat men, they put out ^^ hurras^ quisquUldsque ineptiasque. ^^ Amongst so many thousand authors you shall scarce find one, by reading of whom you shall be an) whil better, but rather much worse, qulbus inficitur potius, qudm perfcUur, by which he is rather infected than any way perfected. -Qui talin legit. Quid ditlicit tandem, quid scit nisi souinia, nugasi So that oftentimes it falls out (which Callimachus taxed of old) a great book is a gi^eat mischief. ^^ Cardan finds fault with Frenchmen and Germans, for their scrib- bling to no purpose, non inquit ah edendo deterreo^ modo nomim aliquid invenlanf, he doth not bar them to write, so that it be some new invention of their own ; but we weave the same web still, twist the same rope again and again; or if it be a new invention, 'tis but some bauble or toy which idle fellows write, for as idle fellows to read, and who so cannot invent ? ®^" He must have a barren wit, that in this scrib- bling ao-e can forgfe nothinor. ^^ Princes show their armies, rich men vaunt their build- iiigs, soldiers their manhood, and scholars vent their toys;" they must read, they must hear whether they will or no. ST Et quodcinque semel cimrtis illeverit. omnes I y^^^^, ^^^^ ^^ g^j,, ^^j ^^it, all men must know. Gesiiet k furno redeuntes scire lacuque Et pueros el anus Old wives and children as they come and go. '^What a company of poets hath this year brought out," as Pliny complains to Sossius Sinesius. ^^"This April every day some or other have recited." What a catalogue of new books all this' year, all this age (I say), have our Frankfort Marts, our domestic Marts brouglit out.'' Twice a year^^^''^ Prof erunt se nova ingenia ef ostentanf^ we stretch our wits out, and set tliem to sale, magno conatu nihil agimus. So that which ^°Gesner much desires, if a speedy reformation be not had, by some Prince's Edicts and grave Supervisors, to restrain this liberty, it will run on in infi- nitum. Quis tarn avidus lihrorum helluo^ who can read them ? As already, we !*hall have a vast Chaos and confusion of books, we are ^' oppressed with them, ^^ oui eyes ache with reading, our fingers with turning. For my part I am one of the number, nos numerus sumus, (we are mere cyphers) : I do not deny it, I have only this of Macrobius to say for myself, Omne meum^ nihil meum^ 'tis all mine, and none mine. As a good housewife out of divers fleeces weaves one piece of cloth, a bee gathers wax and honey out of many flowers, and makes a new bundle of all, Flori- feris ut apes in sallihus omnia Jibant^] have laboriously ^^ collected this Cento out of divers writers, and that sine injuria., I have wronged no authors, but given every man his own ; which ^^Hierom so much commends in Nepotian ; he stole not whole verses, pages, tracts, as some do now-a-days, concealing their authors' names, but .still said this was Cyprian's, that Lactantius, that Hilarius, so said Minutius Felix, so Victorinus, thus far Arnobius : I cite and quote mine authors (which, howsoever some illiterate scribblers account pedantical, as a cloak of ignorance, and opposite ''sPlautus. '76E Democriti puteo. i^ Non : mense Aprili nullus f^re dies quo non aliquis recitavil. tarn refertse hibliothecsB quain cloacce. '^8 Et quic- cjuid cartis amicilur ineptis. "Epist. ad Petas. iti regno Frariciae omnibus scribendi datur libertas, paucis facultas. fcuQIim literae ob homines m precio nunc sordent ob homines. ^' Ans. pac. f^-'Tnte tot mille volumina vix unus a ciijus lectione quis melior evade' immo potius non pejor. ^'■' Palin- penius. What does at-y one, who reads such works, learn or know but dreams and trifling things. ^^ Lib. 5.- de Sap. ^5 Sterile oportet esse ingeninm quid in hoc scriplurifntum pruritus, rk. The firs% second, and third edition were suddenly gone, eagerly read, and ds I have said, not so much approved by some, as scornfully rejectecl by others s Hor. * Hot. o Aatwerp. fol. 1607. e Mu- retus. * Lipsius. f Uor. ••> Fieri non po- test, ut quod quisq\ie cogiiat, dicat uicus. Muretus. »*Lib. ). de ord., cap. 11. 'i Erasmus. '- An- lal. Totn. 3. ad annum 360. Est porcus ille qui sacer- dotem ex amplitudine redituum sordide demetitur '3Erasm. dial. '^ Epist »< Epist. 86, ad Casulam presb. ss Lib. 12, cap. 1. Mutos nasci. et omui sclenlia egere salius fuisset, qu4ui sic in propriam perniciein iusanire. ^ But .t would be better not to write, for silence is the safer ■eut*^. S' 'nf«^liv mnrtahtas inutilibus uussliun- ! ibus ac disceptationibus vitam traducinius, natursc principps thesauros, in qiiibus gravis^im^ niorboruio nu'diciniE collocata; sunt, interim inta( tos relinqiiimus. Nee ipsi soluin relinquimus, sed et alios prolribemna. impedimus, condemnamus, ludibriisque atficinius. °'' Ciuf)d in nra.\i minime fortunatus esset, medicinaiii reiiquit,et nrdinibus initiatus in Theol;)gia postmodunj scripsit. Gesner bibliotheca. ^^ P. Jovius. .Democrilus to 'he Reader. 27 gr€i!ily patrons hold us to such hard conditions, as commonly they ilo. they wii mace most of us work at some trade, as Paul did, at last turn .asker^- malt steis, costermongers, graziers, sell ale as some have done, or worse. Howsoevei in undertaking this task, I hope 1 shall commit no great error or indecorum^ if all be considered aright, I can vindicate myself with Georgius Braunus, and Hieronymus Hemingius, those two learned divines; who (to borrow a line or two of mme ^''eldei brother) drawn by a " natural love, tlie one of pictures and maps, prospectives an() corographical delights, writ that ample theatre of cities ; the other to the study ot genealogies, penned theatrum genealogicumP Or else I can excuse my studies with *'Lessius the Jesuit in like case. It is a disease of the soul on which I am to treat and as mucli appertaining to a divine as to a physician, and who knows not whai an agreement there is betwixt these two professions ? A good divine either is oi ought to be a good physician, a spiritual physician at least, as our Saviour calls himself, and was indeed, Mat. iv. 23 ; Luke, v. 18 ; Luke, vii. 8. They differ but in object, the one of the body, the other of the soul, and use divers medicines to cure; one amends animam per corpus^ the other corpus per anhnam^ as ^'^our Regius Pro- fessor of piiysic well informed us in a learned lecture of his not long since. One helps the vices and passions of the soul, anger, lust, desperation, pride, presumption, &c. by applying that spiritual physic ; as the other uses proper remedies in bodily diseases. Now this being a common infirmity of body and soul, and such a one that hath as much need of spiritual as a corporal cure, I could not find a fitter task to busy myself about, a more apposite theme, so necessary, so commodious, and generally concerning all sorts of men, tliat should so equally participate of both, and require a whole physician. A divine in this compound mixed malady can do little alone, a physician in some kinds of melancholy much less, both make an absolute ^^Alterius sic altera poscit opem. when in friendship joined A mutual succour in each other find. And 'tis proper to them both, and I hope not unbeseeming me, who am by my pro- fession a divine, and by mine inclination a pliysician. I had Jupiter in my sixtli house ; I say with ^^ Beroaldus, non sum medians^ ncc medicinal prorsus expers^ in the theory of physic I have taken some pains, not with an intent to practice, ^but to satisfy myself, which was a cause likewise of the first undertaking of this subject. If these reasons do not satisfy thee, good reader, as Alexander Munificus that bountiful prelate, sometimes bishop of Lincoln, when he had built six castles, ad invidiam operis eluendam^ saith ^^Mr. Camden, to take away the envy of his work (which very words Nubrigensis hath of Roger the rich bishop of Salisbury, who in king Stephen's time built Shirburn castle, and that of Devises), to divert the scandal pr imputation, which might be thence inferred, built so many religious houses. If this my discourse be over-medicinal, or savour too much of humanity, I promise thee that I will hereafter make thee amends in some treatise of divinity. But this J hope shall suffice, when you have more fully considered of the matter of this my subject, rem snhstratam^ melancholy, madness, and of the reasons following, which were my chief motives : the generality of the disease, the necessity of the cure, and the commodity or common good that will arise to ail men by the knowledge of it, as shall at large appear in the ensuing preface. And I doubt not but that in the did you will say with me, that to anatomise this humour ariglit, through all the members of this our Microcosmus, is as great a task, as to reconcile those chronological errors in the Assyrian monarchy, find out the quadrature of a circle, the creeks and sounds of the north-east, or north-west passages, and all out as good a discovery as that hungry ^^ Spaniard's of Terra Australis Incognita, as great trouble as to perfect the motion of Mars and Mercury, which so crucifies our astronomers, or to rectify the Gregorian Kalender. I am so affected for my part, and hope as ^'Theophrastus did ™ M. W. Burton, preface to his description of Leices- tershire, printed at London by W. Jasgard, for J. White, 1C22. ci ]n Hygiasticon, neqnt; enini h.'ec tractatio aliena videri debet a. theologo, &c. agitur de morbo aniinse. oi i>. Clayton in comiliis, anno 1621. 63Hor. 6 montis verticein ctlsiorem, specnlarc iiide rcrnm ja- affectiones, si diutius inhsereant, pravos generaiu ha- cenlium facies, et oculis in diversa porrertis, flnctii- bitus. 's Lib. 28, cap. 1. Synt. art. inir. Morbus amis miiiidi turbines intuere, jam simul ant ridebis nihil est aliud quam dissolutio qused.im ac perturbaiio *ut miserebi ri.s, jtc. ^i Coutrov. 1. 2. cont. 7. et foederis in corpore existentis, sicut et sanitas est cq:; • . 6. cont. 7-iioratius. '^Idem, llor. 1. 2. ' genlientis bene corporis consummalio qusdaia. Dtmocritus to tht Reader. 2ft ftot passion, anger, envy, disconlcnt, fear and sorrow reign ? Who labours not i f this disease ? Give me but a little leave, and you shall see by what testimonies, con- fessions, arguments, I will evince it, that most men are mad, that they had as much need to go a pilgrimage to the Anticyrae (as in '''Strabo's time they did) as in our days they run to Compostella, our Lady of Sichem, or Lauretta, to seek for help; that it is like to be as prosperous a voyage as that of Guiana, and that there is much more need of hellebore tlian of tobacco. That men are so misaffected, melancholy, mad, giddy-headed, hear the testimon} ■i)f Solomon, Eccl. ii. 12. "• And I turned to behold wisdom, madness and folly,' Stc. And ver. 23 : "• All his days are sorrow, his travel grief, and his heart taketh no rest in the night." So that take melancholy in what sense you will, properly or improperly, in disposition or habit, for pleasure or for pain, dotage, discontent, fear, sorrow, madness, for part, or all, truly, or metapliorically, His all one. Laugh-, ter itself is madness according to Solomon, and as St. Paul hath it, " Worldly sorrow brings death." " The hearts of the sons of men are evil, and madness is in theii hearts while they live," Eccl. ix. 3. " Wise men themselves are no better." Eccl. i. 18. " In the multitude of wisdom is much grief, and he that increaseth wisdom increaseth sorrow," chap. ii. 17. He hated life itself, nothing pleased him : he hated his labour, all, as ''he concludes, is " sorrow, grief, vanity, vexation of spirit." Ana though he were the wisest man in the world, sanctuarium sapicnlia;^ and had wisdom in abundance, he will not vindicate himself, or justify his own actions. " Surely I am more foolish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man in me," Prov. XXX. 2. Be they Solomon"'s words, or the words of Agur, the son of Jakeh, they are canonical. David, a man after God's own heart, confesseth as much of kimself, Psal. xxxvii. 21, 22. '<• So foolish was I and ignorant, I was even as a beast be- fore thee." And condemns all for fools, Psal. xciii. ; xxxii. 9 ; xlix. 20. He com- pares them to " beasts, horses, and mules, in wliich there is no understanding." The apostle Paul accuseth himself in like sort, 2 Cor. ix. 21. "-I would you would sutler a little my foolisliness, 1 speak foolishly." '•'• The whole head is sick," saith Esay, *' and the heart is heavy," cap. i. 5. And makes lighter of them than of oxen and asses, '*• the ox knows his owner," &c. : read Deut. xxxii. 6 ; Jer. iv. ; Amos, iii. 1 ; Ephes. V. 6. " Be not mad, be not deceived, foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you r" How often are they branded with this epithet of madness and folly .'' No word so frequent amongst the Withers of the Church and divines ; you may see what an opinion they had of the world, and how they valued men's actions. I know that we think far otherwise, and hold them most part wise men that are in authority, princes, magistrates, "® rich men, they are wise men born, all politicians and statesmen must needs be so, for who dare speak against them ? And on the other, so corrupt is our judgment, we esteem wise and honest men fools. Which Democritus well signified in an epistle of his to Hippocrates : "^ the " Abderites account virtue madness," and so do most men living. Sliall I tell you the reason of it.'* ^Fortune and Virtue, Wisdom and Folly, their seconds, upon a time contended in the Olympics ; every man thought that Fortune and Folly would have the worst, and pitied their cases ; but it fell out otherwise. Fortune was blind and cared not where she stroke, nor whom, without laws, Audahatarum instar^ &c. Folly, rash and inconsiderate, esteemed as little what she said or did. Virtue and Wisdom gave ^' place, were hissed out, and exploded by the common people ; Folly and Fortune admired, and so are all their followers ever since : knaves and fools commonly fare and deserve best in worldlings' eyes and opinions. Many good men have no better fate in their ages : Achish, 1 Sam. xxi. 14, held David for a madman. ^^ Elisha and the rest were no otherwise esteemed. David was derided of the common people, Ps. ix. 7, " I am become a monster to many." And generally we are accounted fools Tor Christ, 1 Cor. xiv. " We fools thought his life madness, and his end without honour," Wisd. v. 4. Christ and his Apostles were censured in like sort, John x. ; "I-ib. 9. Geogr. Plures olim gentes navigabant illuc ] stultitiatn. Scd praeter expectationem res evenit, Au- Banitatis causa. " Eccles. i. 24. "8 Jure IiJEredi- I dax stnltitia in earn irruit, &c. ilia cedit iriisa, el tario sapere jubentur. Euphnrmio Salyr. -» Apud | plures hinc liabet sectatores sluititia. «' Non eel '1U08 virtus, in.sauia et furor esse dicitiir. ''ofal- respondendum stuUo secundum stultitiam. »* tagninus Apol. oranes mirabaiitur, putantes illisam iri 1 Reg. 7. c 2 30 Democritus to the Reader. Mark lii. ; Acts xxvi. And so were all Christians in ^^ Pliny's iime^ fue runt ct alu sivulis dcmciiticv^ Sac. And called not long after, *"* Fc5an/« seclatores^ eversores hojui- num., pollu'i novatores., fanatlci^ canes^ malcjici., vewjic'i^ GoUIceI homuncioncs., &c. 'Tis an ordinary thing with us, to account honest, devout, orthodox, divine, religious, plain-dealing men, idiots, asses, that cannot, or will not lie and dissemble, shift, flatter, accommodare se ad aim locura uhi naii sunt^ make good bargains, supplant, thrive, pafronis inservlre ; solcnnes asccndcndi modos apprchcnderCf leges., mores^ consuetu- d'lncs recti ohservare^ candide laudare^fortiter drfcndere., scnfentias amplecti., dicbi- tare de mdliis., credere omnia., accipere omnia., nihil reprehendere., cceteraqiie qua ■prornofionem ferunt ei securitafem., quai sine ambage fa^licem., rcddunt homincm., et vere sapienfem apud nos ; that cannot temporise as other men do, ^^ hand and take bribes, &c. but fear God, and make a conscience of their doings. But the Holy Ghost that knows better how to judge, he calls them fools. '^ The fool hath said in his heart," Psal. liii. 1. " And their ways utter their folly," Psal. xlix. 14. " ^'For what can be more mad, than for a little worldly pleasure to procure unto themselves eternal punishment V As Gregory and others inculcate unto us. Yea even all those great philosophers the world hath ever had in admiration, whose works we do so much esteem, that gave precepts of wisdom to others, inventors of Arts and Sciences, Socrates the wisest man of his time by the Oracle of Apollo, whom his two scholars, ^^ Plato and ''^Xenophon, so much extol and magnify with those honourable titles, " best and wisest of all mortal men, the liappiest, and most just ;" and as ^^ Alcibiades incomparably commends him ; Achilles was a worthy man, but Bracides and others were as worthy as himself; Antenor and Nes- tor were as good as Pericles, and so of the rest ; but none present, before, or after Socrates, nemo veteri/m neqiie eoriim qui nunc sunt., were ever such, will match, or come near him. Those seven wise men of Greece, those Britain Druids, Indian Braclimanni, ^.thiopian Gymnosophist, Magi of the Persians, ApoUonius, of whom Philostratus, JVon doctus., sed natus sapiens., wise from his cradle, Eoicurus so much admired by his scholar Lucretius : Ciui fjeniis humaniini ingenio siiper;ivir, et omnes Perstrinxit siellas exortus iit aethcrius sol. Or that so much renowned Empedocles, so Ut vix Ininnna videatur stirpe creatus. All those of v/hom we read such ^' hyperbolical eulogiums, as of Aristotle, that he was wisdom itself in the abstract, ^-'a miracle of nature, breathing libraries, as Euna- pius of Longinus, lights of nature, giants for wit, quintessence of wit, divine spirits, eagles in the clouds, fallen from heaven, gods, spirits, lamps of the world, dictators, .Yulla feronl talem sccla fufura virum : monarchs, miracles, superintendents of wit and learning, oceanus., phainix., atlas., monsfrnm., po'rfentum hominis^ orhis universi mnsaum., ultimus humana naluriE ^onafus., nafurce maritus, meril5 cui rfnctinr orliis Siibmissis defert fascibu^^ impcriuin. As Mian writ of Protagoras and Gorgias, we may say of them all, tanium a sapientihus ahfuerunt., quantum a viris pueri^ they were children in respect, infants, not eagles, but kites-, novices, illiterate, Eunuchi sapientice. And although they were the wisest, and most admired in their age, as he censured Alexander, 1 do them, there were 10,000 in his army as worthy captains (had they been in place of command) as valiant as himself; there were myriads of men wiser in those days, and yet all short of what they ought to be. ^^Lactantius, in his book of wisdom, proves them to be dizards, fools, asses, madmen, so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets, and brain-sick positions, that to his thinking never any old woman or sick person doted worse. ^^ Democritus took all from Leucippus, and left, saith he, " the inheritance of his folly 83 Lib. 10. ep. 97. 84 Aiiij. pp. 1T8. so Q„is ii'si mentis inops, &c. t-*' Quid insanius quam pro nmniontanea felicitate spternis te nianripare suppliciis? " In fine Phiedonip. Ilic finis fiiit aniici nostri 6 Eii- crates, nnstro qiiideiri j\idicio omnium quos experti Kiimiis optiini et apprime sapic.aistfimi, et justissimi. t* Xpnnp. 1. 4. H-^ dictis Socratis ad finem. talis fuit P^-crates qiiH.u omnium optimum et Apliiissimum sta- luam. *>" Lib. 2.7. Platonis Convivio. *i Lu- -stius. 81 Anaxagoras olim mens dictus ab anti- Whn^e wit exceli'd the wif.^ of mf^n as far, As the sun rising doth obscure a star, qiiis. ^ Repula naturae, nature miracvluu), iisa erudilio dtemonium hominis, sol scientiarum. mare, sophia, antistes literarum et sapientia", ut Srioppius oli... ^f. Seal, et Ileinsius. Aquila In nnbihus, In.pe- rator liier.itorum, columen literarum, abyssus erudi- tionis, ocellus Eiiropa', Scaliger- >" Lib. 3. de sap c. 17. et 20. omnes Pbiiosophi. aut stiiiti, aut in&!»/)i; nulla anus nulltis fpjrer ineptius deliravir. »» De- mocritus in Leucippo doctus, ha^reditatem stullHiar reliquit Epic, Democritus to the Reader. 31 o Epicurus," ^^insanicntl dum sapiential.^ &c. The like he holds ol Plato, Aristippus, dud the rest, making no difference ^"^ betwixt them and beasts, saving that they could speak." "Theodoret in his tract, Dc cur. grcc. affect, manifestly evinces as much of Socrates, whom though that Oracle of Apollo coniirmed to be tlie wisest man then living, and saved him from plague, whom 2000 years have admired, of vhoui some will as soon speak evil as of Christ, yet re vera., he was an illiterate idiot, as ^^ Aristophanes calls him, irriscor et amhitiosus., as his master Aristotle terms him, scurrn. Jjtticus., as Zeno, an ^^ enemy to all arts and sciences, as Athaneus, to phih'so- phers and travellers, an opiniative ass, a caviller, a kind of pedant ; for his manners, as Theod. Cyrensis describes him, a ^^ sodomite, an atheist, (so convict by Anytus) iracvndus et ebrius^ dicax, &.c. a pot-companion, by '^"Plato's own confession, a sturdy drinker ; and that of all others he was most sottish, a very madman in his actions and opinions. Pythagoras was part philosopher, part magician, or part witch. If you desire to hear more of Apollonius, a great wise man, sometime paralleled by Julian the apostate to Christ, I refer y(ni to that learned tract of Eusebius against Hierocles, and for them all to Lucian's Fiscator., Icarnmenipjms, JVccyomantin : their actions, opinions in general were so prodigious, absurd, ridiculous, which they broached and maintained, their books and elaborate treatises were full of dotage, which Tully ad Jitticiim long since observed, delirant plcrumq ; scripfores in lihris suis., their lives being opposite to their words, they commended poverty to others, and were most covetous themselves, extolled love and peace, and yet persecuted one another with virulent hate and malice. They could give precepts for verse and prose,>but not a man of them (as ' Seneca tells them home) could moderate his aflec- tions. Their music did show us Jiehiles rnodos., &c. how to rise and (all, but they could not so contain themselves as in adversity not to make a lamentable tone. They will measure ground by geometry, set down limits, divide and subdivide, but cannot yet prescribe quantum homini satis., or keep Mdthin compass of reason ann discretion. They can square circles, but understand not the state of their own souls, describe right lines and crooked, &c. but know not what is right in this life, qiiid in vita rectum sit., ignorant ; so that as he said, JVescio an Jinticyram ratio illis destinet omnem. I think all the Anticyraj will not restore them to their wits, ^ if these men now, that held ^Xenodotus heart. Crates liver, Epictetus lanthorn, were so sottish, and had no more brains than so many beetles, M^iat shall we think of the com- monalty ? what of the rest ? Yea, but you will infer, that is true of heathens, if they be conferred with Chris- tians, I Cor. iii. 19. "■The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, earthly and devilish," as James calls it, iii. 15. "• They were vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was full of darkness," Rom. i. 2 1 , 22. " When they professed themselves wise, became fools." Their witty works are admired here on earth, whilst their souls are tormented in hell fire, hi some sense, Christiani Crassiani., Christians are Crassians, and if compared to that wisdom, no better than fools. Quis est sapiens? Solus Deus., "'Pythagoras replies, '•'- God is only wise," Rom. xvi Paul determines " only good," as Austin well contends, " and no man living can be justified in his sight." ''■ God looked down from heaven upon the children oj men, to see if any did understand," Psalm liii. 2, 3, but all are corrupt, err. Rom. iii. 12, "None doeth good, no, not one." Job aggravates this, iv. 18, "Behold he found no stediastness in his servants, and laid folly upon his angels," 19. "How much more on them that dwell in houses of clay .^" In this sense we are all fools, and the ''Scripture alone is arx MinervcE., we and our writings are shallow and imperfect. But I do not so mean ; even in our ordinary dealings M^e are no bctte: than fools. "All our actions," as ^ Pliny told Trajan, "upbraid us of folly," ouj whole course ol" life is but matter of laughter : we are not soberly wise , and the world itself, which ought at least to be wise by reason of his antiquity, as ^Hugo do t*' Hor. car. lib. 1. od. 34. 1. epicur. 9*^ Nihil interest niter hoR et bestias nisi t|uod loquantiir. de i-a. 1. 2fi. c. 8. »; Cap de virt. «^ Neb. et Unnis. «•' Omnium ilisciplinariiniignarus. '"« Pul- »hrornin adolescenluin txi!isd freqwentur gymnas tnti cfficntiie non possiint. ^ Cor Xenodoti et jeriir Craleti?. ^ Lib. dc nat- boni. •' Uic proCundissiniJE Sopbitc fodiiia^ <= Pani'eyr. Ira- jaiio omnes actiones exprolirare stultitiam videninr 4 in dniiii Pal. Mnndus qui ob antiquilaieni de- fibibnt &c. » Seneca. Seis rotunda nietiri, fed \ beret esse sapiens, semper stiiltizat, et niiliis flat'ellis C-«ii tunm aniiDum. 2 Ab uberibus sapientia lac- *iieralur, sed ut puer vult rosis et floribiis coronari 32 Vemocntus to the Reader. Prato Fiorido will have it, semper sfuJtizat^ is every day more foolish than other the more it is whipped, the worse it is, and as a child will still be crowned with roses and flowers." We are apish in it, asini bipedes^ and every place is full inver- sorum Apidciornm^ of metamorphosed and two-legged asses, invcrsorum Silcnorum, childish, pueri instar himiili^ tremuld pafris dormientls in ulna. Jovianus Pon- tanus, Antonio Dial, brings in some laughing at an old man, that by reason of his age was a little fond, but as he admonisheth there, JVe mireris mi hospes de hoc scne^ marvel not at him only, for tola hcec clvitas delirium^ all our town dotes m like sort, ®we are a company of fools. Ask not with him in the poet, ^ Larva hunc 'mtcmpericE insania^que agitant senem f What madness ghosts this old man. but what madness ghosts us all ? For we are ad unum omnes., all mad, semcl insani- vimus omnes^ not once, but alway so, et semel^ et simul^ et semper.^ ever and altogether as bad as he ; and not senex bis puer^ delira anus., but say it of us all, semper pueri^ young and old, all dote, as Lactantius proves out of Seneca ; and no difference betwixt us and children, saving that, majora. ludimus., et grandioribus pupis. they play with babies of clouts and such toys, we sport with greater baubles. We cannot accuse or condemn one another, being faulty ourselves, deliramenta loqueris^ you talk idly, or as '°Mitio upbraided Demea, insanis, aitferte^ for we are as mad our ownselves, and it is hard to say which is the worst. Nay, 'tis universally so, ^^Vitam regit foriuna^ non sapientia. When '^Socrates had taken great pains to find out a wise man, and to that purpose had consulted with philosophers, poets, artificers, he concludes all men were fools; and though it procured him both anger and much envy, yet in all companies he would openly profess it. When '^Supputius in Pontanus had travelled all over Europe to confer with a wise man, he returned at last without his errand, and could find none. "Cardan concurs with him, "Few there are (for aught I can perceive) well in their wits." So doth '^Tully, " J see everything to be done foolishly and unadvisedly." Ilirt sinistrorstim, hie dextrorsum, umis utrique I One reels to thi.s, another to that wall, Erroi, sed variis illudii partihus onines. | 'Tis the same error that deludes them all. '^They dote all, but not alike, Mavio. yap 7i(xrsiv u^ota, not in the same kind, "• One is covetous, a second lascivious, a third ambitious, a fourth envious, &c." as Dama- sippus the Stoic hath well illustrated in the poet, n Desipiunl omnes jeque ac tu. I ^/"^ they who call you fool, with equal claim I May plead an ample title to the name. 'Tis an inbred malady in every one of us, there is seminarium stulfilia^ a seminary of folly, " which if it be stirred up, or get a-head, will run in infinitum., and infinitely varies, as w^e ourselves are severally addicted," saith '^Balthazar Castilio : and cannot so easily be rooted out, it takes such fast hold, as Tully holds, allce radices slullifi^x^ '^so we are bred, and so we continue. Some say there be two main defects of wit, error and ignorance, to which all others are reduced ; by ignorance we know not things necessary, by error we know them falsely. Ignorance is a privation, error a positive act. From ignorance comes vice, from error heresy, &c. But make how many kinds you w^ill, divide and subdivide, few men are free, or that do not impinge on some one kind or other. ^° Sic plerumque ogitat stultos inscitia^ as he that examines his own and other men's actions shall find. ^' Charon in Lucian, as he wittily feigns, Avas conducted by Mercury to such a place, where he might see all the world at once ; after he had sufficiently viewed, and looked about. Mercury would needs know of him what he had observed : He told him that he saw a vast multitude and a promiscuous, their habitations like Tiolehills, the men as emmets, " he could discern cities like so many hives of bees, wherein every bee had a sting, and they did nought else but sting one another, some domineering like hornets bigger than the rest, some like filching wasps, others as « Insanumte omnes pueri, clamantqne puellte. Hor. alius alio morho laboret, hie libidinis, ille avaritiw, »Piautus Aubular. '" Adelph. act. 5. seen. 8. amltitionis, invidiic. " Ilor. 1. 2. sat. 3. '"Lib. •Tully Tusc. 5. fortune, not wisdom, governs our 1. de aulico Est in unoquoq ; nostrum seminarium lives. '2 Plato Apologia Socratis. ^^ Ant. aliqnod stultitiae, quod si quandoexcitetur, in infmituiu Dial. " Lib. 3. de sap. pauci ut video saniE mentis facile excre.scit. '^ Primaque lux vita' pri-na sunt. '« Stult6 et incaute omnia agi video. ; juroris erat. 20 Tibulliis, siulii pr;etereunt dies, '« Insania non omnibus eadem, Erasm. chil. 3. cent. | their wits are a wool-gathering. So fools commonly 10. nemo mortalium qui non aliqua in re desipit, licet dote. 21 Dial, coniemplanies, Tom. 2 Democntus to the Reader. 33 drones." Over their heads were hovering a confused company of perturbations, hope, fear, anger, avarice, ignorance, &c,, and a multitude of diseases hanging, whicli they still pulled on their pates. Some were brawling, some fighting, riding, runnings soUicite ambientcs^ callide Uliganics^ for toys and trilles, and sucli momentary thiings, Their towns and provinces mere factions, rich against poor, poor against rich, nobles against artificers, they against nobles, and so the rest. In conclusion, he condemned them all for madmen, fools, idiots, asses, O st.ulli, quccnam hcBC est amcniia f O fools, O madmen, he exclaims, insana studia^ insan'i lahores^ &c. Mad endeavours, mad actions, mad, mad, mad, ^^O secJuvi insiplcns et infacetnm^ a giddy-headed age. Heraclitus the philosopher, out of a serious meditation of men's lives, fell a weeping, and with continual tears bewailed their misery, madness, and folly. Democritus on the other side, burst out a laughing, their whole life seemed to him so ridiculous, and he was so far carried with this ironical passion, that the citiz^i^^ ui /iociera luun. him to be mad, and sent therefore ambassadors to Hippocrates, the pnysician, that he would exercise his skill upon him. But the story is set down at large by Hippocrates, in his epistle to Damogetus, which because it i-s not impertinent to this discourse, I will insert verbatim almost as it is delivered by Hippocrates himself, with all the circum- stances belonging unto it. When Hippocrates was now come to Abdera, the people of the city came flocking about him, some weeping, some intreating of him, that he would do his best. After some little repast, he went to see Democritus, the people following him, whom he found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs all alone, '^^'^ sitting upon a stone under a plane tree, without hose or shoes, with a book on his knees, cutting up several beasts, and busy at his study." The multitude stood gazing round about to see the congress. Hippocrates, after a little pause, saluted him by his name, whom he resaluted, ashamed almost that he could not call him likewise by his, or that he had forgot it. Hippocrates demanded of him Mdiat he was doing : he told him that he Mas ^^" busy in cutting up several beasts, to find out the cause of madness and melancholy." Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure. And why, quoth Democritus, have not you that leisure } Because, replied Hip- pocrates, domestic affairs hinder, necessary to be done for ourselves, neighbours, friends ; expenses, diseases, frailties and mortalities which happen ; wife, children, servants, and such business which deprive us of our time. At this speech Demo- critus profusely laughed (his friends and the people standing by, weeping in the mean time, and lamenting his madness). Hippocrates asked the reason why he laughed. He told him, at the vanities and the fopperies of the time, to see men so empty of all virtuous actions, to hunt so far after gold, having no end of ambition ; to take such infinite pains for a little glory, and to be favoured of men ; to make such deep mines into the earth for gold, and many times to find nothing, with loss of their lives and fortunes. Some to love dogs, others horses, some to desire to be obeyed in many provinces,^^ and yet themselves will know no obedience. ^^Some to love their wives dearly at first, and after a while to forsake and hate them ; begetting children, with much care and cost for tlieir education, yet when they grow to man's estate, ^'^to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the world's mercy. ^Do not these behaviours express their intolerable folly .'' When men live in peace, they covet war, detesting quietness, "^Meposing kings, and advancing others in their stead, murdering some men to beget children of their wives. How many strange humours are in men ! When they are poor and needy, they seek riches, and when' they have them, they do not enjoy them, but hide them under ground, or else wastefully spend them. O wise Hippocrates, 1 laugh at such things being done, but much more when no good comes of them, and when they are done to so ill purpose. There is no truth or justice found amoiigst them, for they daily plead one against another, ^°the son against the father and the mother, brother against brother, kindre-d 32 Calull'is. 23 Sub ramosa platano sedentem, bilisq ; nataram disquirens. 25 Aust. 1. 1. in Gen. tolum, dis:alceatum, super lapidem, valde pallidum Juinoiui & servi tui obsequium rigide postulas, et lu ac maciler.;um, pmniissa barba, libruni super genibus nnlliiin praslas aliis, nee ipsi Deo. -' V. xorna ♦labenlem. -^ I)e furore, mania melancbotiascribn, ducnnt, mox foras ejiciunt. 2'' Puerns amant, mox ut sciaui quo pacto in honiinibus gignatur, fiat, crescat, f.istidiunt. -'* Qrid hoc ab insania deesi 1 '^' K#- cnmuletur, minuatur ; haec inquit aniiualia quje vides ges eiigunt, depon.iut. so Contra parentes, frat cm, *ru(iierea seco, non Dei opera perosus, sed fellis cives, psrpetuo rixantur, et inluir.itias agunt. .i^u:\.vAJ.j^i^V 9 JJ.UJP.^^J ^^^^^^^^EI^^^^^^^^^^WBy 34 Dcmocritus to the Reader. and friends of the same quality ; ami all this for riches, whereof after death they cannot Se possessors. And yet notwithstanding they will defame and kill onp another, commit all unlawful actions, contemning God and men, friends and countrv They mike great account of many senseless things, esteeming them as a great pan of their treasure, statues, pictures, and such like movables, dear bought, and so cun- ningly wrought, as nothing but speech wanteth in them, ^'and yet they hate lirmg persons speaking to them.^^ Others affect difficult things ; if they dwell on linn land tliey will remove to an island, and thence to land again, being no way constant to their desires. They commend courage and strength in wars, and let themselves be conquered by lust and avarice ; they are, in brief, as disordered in their minds, as Thersites was in his body. And now, methinks, O most worthy Hippocrates, you should not reprehend my laughing, perceiving so many fooleries in men; ^"^for no man will mock his own folly, but that which he seeth in a second, and so they justly mock one another. The drunkard calls him a glutton whom he knows to be sober. Many men love the sea, others husbandry ; briefly, they cannot agree in their own trades and professions, much less in their lives and actions. When Hippocrates heard these words so readily uttered, without premeditation, to declare the world's vanity, full of ridiculous contrariety, he made answer. That necessity compelled men to many such actions, and divers wills ensuing from divine pennission, that we might not be idle, being nothing is so odious to them as sloth and negligence. Besides, men cannot foresee future events, m this uncertainty of human aliairs ; they would not so marry, if they could foretel the cau-es of their dislike and separation ; or parents, if they knew the hour of their children's death, so tenderly provide for them ; or an husbandman sow, if he thought there would be no increase ; or a merchant adventure to sea, if he foresaw shipwreck ; or be a magis- trate, if presently to be deposed. Alas, worthy Democritus, every man hopes the best, and to that end he doth it, and therefore no such cause, or ridiculous occasion of laughter. Democritus hearing this poor excuse, laughed again aloud, perceiving he wholly mistook him, and did not well understand what he had said concerning perturbations and tranquillity of the mind. Insomuch, that if men would govern their actions by discretion and providence, they would not declare themselves fools as now they do. and he should have no cause of laughter; but (quoth he) they swell in this life as if they were immortal, and demigods, for want of understanding. It were enough to make them wise, if they would but consider the mutability of this world, and ho\\ it wheels about, nothing being firm and sure. He that is now above, to-morrow is beneath ; he that sate on this side to-day, to-morrow is hurled on the other : and not considering these matters, they fall into many inconveniences and troubles, coveting things of no profit, and thirsting after them, tumbling headlong into many calamities. So that if men would attempt no more than what they can bear, they should lead contented lives, and learning to know themselves, would limit their ambition, ^Uhey would perceive then that nature hath enough without seeking such superiluities, and unprofitable things, which bring nothing with them but grief and molestation. As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences. There are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and the^-e- fore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest. These are things (O more than mad, quoth he) that give me matter of laughter, by suffering the pains of your impieties, as your avarice, envy, malice, enormous villanies, mutinies, unsatiable desires, conspiracies, and other inciirable vices; besides your ^'dissimulation and hypocrisy, bearing deadly hatred one to the other, and yet shadowing it with a good face, flying out into all filthy lusts, and transgressions of all laws, both of nature and civility. Many things which they have left off, after a while they fall to again, husbandry, navigation; and leave *' Mnla inanimata amant, aiiimata odio liabent, sic I et finire laboreni incipias, partis quod avebas, uterc pontificii. 32 Qredo equidem vivos diicent A mar- Her. sf' Astiitain vapidn servat sub peclore vulpern more vulius. -3 Suain stultitiain perspicit nemo, I Et cum viilpo positus patiter vulpinarici Cretixun >»ed alter alterum deridet. ^4 Denique sit finis que- i dtim cuin Crete. Tondi, cunique habeas plus, pauperiein metuas minus, 1 Dcmocritus to the Reader. 35 9!,^iiiu nr kle aad incon^•.1a^t as they are. When iltey are young, tliey woiikl he ohi faiid old, young. ^^ Princes commend a private life ; private men itch after lionour . a magistrate commends a quiet life; a quiet man would he in his oflice, and (^heyed as he is : and wliat is the cause of all this, hut that they know not themselv«.'S .'' Some delight to destroy, ^' one to huild, another to spoil one country to enric)i another and himself ^'^In all these things they are like children, in whom is no judgment or counsel and resemble beasts, saving that beasts are better than they, as being contented with nature. ^^ When shall you see a lion hide gold in the ground, or a bull contend for better pasture ? When a boar is thirsty, he drinks wliat will sei ve kim. and no more \ and when his belly is full, ceaseth to eat : but men are immoderate in both, IS in lust — they covet carnal copulation at set times; men always, ruinating thereby the liealth of their bodies. And doth it not deserve laughter to see an amor- ous fool torment himself for a wench ; weep, hoAvl for a mis-shapen slut, a dowdy sometimes, that might have his choice of the finest beauties } Is there any remedy for this in physic ? I do anatomise and cut up these poor beasts, "''to see these dis- tempers, vanities, and follies, yet such proof were better made on man's body, if my kind nature would endure it : "^ who from the hour of his birth is most miserable weak, and sickly ; when he sucks he is guided by others, when he is grown great practiseth unhappiness ""^and is sturdy, and when old, a child again, and repentetli him of his life past. And here being interrupted by one that brought books, he fell to it again, that all were mad, careless, stupid. To prove my former speeches, look into courts, or private houses. '^Judges give judgment according to their own advantage, doing manifest wrong to poor innocents to please others. Notaries alter Kentences, and for money lose their deeds. Some make false monies; others coun- terfeit false weights. Some abuse their parents, yea corrupt their own sisters ; others make long libels and pasquils, defaming men of good life, and extol such as are lewd and vicious. Some rob one, some another: ''^magistrates m.ake laws against thieves, and are the veriest thieves themselves. Some kill themselves, others despair, not obtaining their desires. Some dance, sing, laugh, feast and banquet, whilst others sigh, languish, mourn and lament, having neither meat, drink, nor clothes. **^Some prank up their bodies, and have their minds full of execrable vices. Some trot about **^to bear false witness, and say anything for money; and though judges know of it, yet for a bribe they w^nk at it, and suffer false contracts to prevail against equity Women are all day a dressing, to pleasure other men abroad, and go like sluts at home, not caring to please their own husbands whom they should. Seeing men are so fickle, so sottish, so intemperate, why should not I laugh at those to whom "'^ folly seems wisdom, will not be cured, and perceive it not ? It grew late : Hippocrates left him ; and no sooner was he come away, but all the cuizens came about flocking, io know how he liked him. He told them in brief, that notwithstanding those small neglects of his attire, body, diet, ''^the world had not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man, and they were much deceived to say that he was mad. Thus Democritus esteemed of the world in his time, and this was the cause of his laughter : and good cause he had. Democritas fiid well to laugh of old, ^3 Oliin jure quidein, nunc phis Dentocrite ride ; Quill ride^l vita iifec nunc magd ridicula est. Good cause lie liad, hiil i o\v much more This life of ours is more riditnlous Than that of his, or Ion" hefore. Never so much cause of laughter as now, never so many fools and madmen. 'Tis not one '° Democritus will serve turn to laugh in these days ; we have now need of a •"Qui (it Mecaenas ut nemo quain sibi sorteni. Sen Damnat foras judex, quod intus operatur, Cyprian ratio dederit, pen sors ribiftcerit, ilia contentus vivat, '•' Viiltus magna cura, magna animi incuria. Am. fcc. Ilor. •'' Diruif, [puificat, mutat qiiadrata rotiin- Marcel. '^Horrenda re.s est, vix duo verba sine rlis. Trnjanus pouter ■ struxit ^nper Danubium, quem mendiicio proferuniur : et quamvis solenniter liomines enrre«sor ejus Adrianus stAtim dem'' V. .'norbus est. *- In vigore furibundns, quiim decre- Gra;c. epig. w piures Demo( riti nunc non siiffU ecit insatiabilis. « Cyprian, ad Donatum Qui ciunt, opus Democrito qui Deniocrituin rideat. Era? •edet criniina judicaturus, &c. ■'-'Tu pessimus , Moria. 'iir.nium latTD es, as a thief told Alexander in Ciirtius Lu u^mjiaa g^^^^^^^iWP 36 Democritus to (he Reader. ^Democrilus to laugh at Democritus;" one jester to flout at another, one fool t« flear at another : a great stentorian Democritus, as big as that Rhodian Colossus For now, as '' Salisburiensis said in his time, totiis mundus hlstrlonem agif^ tlie whole world plays the fool ; we have a new theatre, a new scene, a new comedy of errors, a new company of personate actors, volupicB sacra ('as Calcagninus willingly feigns in his Apologues) are celebrated all the world over. " where all the actors were mad- men and fools, and every hour changed habits, or took that which came next. He that vva3 a mariner to-day, is an apothecary to-morrow ; a smith one while, a philoso- her another, in his volupice ludis ; a king now with his crown, robes, sceptre, attend- ants, by and by drove a loaded ass before him like a carter, &c. If Democritus were alive now, he should see strange alterations, a new company of counterfeit vizards, whilHers, Cumane asses, maskers, mummers, painted puppets, outsides, fan- tastic shadows, gulls, monsters, giddy-heads, butterflies. And so many of them are indeed (^^if all be true that 1 have read). For when Jupiter and Juno's wedding was solemnised of old, the gods were all invited to the feast, and many noble mon besides : Amongst the rest came Crysalus, a Persian prince, bravely attended, rich in. golden attires, in gay robes, with a majestical presence, but otherwise an ass. The gods seeing him come in such pomp and state, rose up to give him place, ex habitii homincm metientes ; ^ but Jupiter perceiving what he was, a light, fantastic, idle fel- low, turned him and his proud followers into butterflies : and so they continue still (for aught I know to the contrary) roving about in pied coats, and are called chrysa- lides by the wiser sort of men : that is, golden outsides, drones, and flies, and things >f no worth. Multitudes of such, &c. " ubiqiie invenies Stultos avaros, sycopliantas prodigos."55 Many additions, much increase of madness, folly, vanity, should Democritus observe, were he now to travel, or could get leave of Pluto to come see fashions, as Charon did in Lucian to visit our cities of Moronia Pia, and Moronia Foelix : sure I think he would break the rim of his belly with laughing. ^^ Siforet in terris rideret De^- mocrihis., seu^ &.c. A satirical Roman in his time, thought all vice, folly, and madness Avere all at full sea, ^'' 0mm in prcpxipifi v ilium stetit. ^'^ Josephus the historian taxeth his countrymen Jews for bragging of their vices, publishing their follies, and that they did contend amongst themselves who should be most notorious in villanies ; but we flow higher in madness, far beyond them, ,„,,,. . ... ., I And yet with crimes to us unknown, 69 Mox daturi progeniem v.tiosiorem," | q,,, /^^^ g,,.j„ ^^^rk the connng age their own. and the latter end (you know whose oracle it is) is like to be worse. 'Tis not to be denied, the world alters every day, Rmmt urhes^ regna transfer untiir^ &c. varian- fur habitus^ leges innovanlur^ as ^° Petrarch observes, we change language, habits, laws, customs, manners, but not vices, not diseases, not the symptoms of folly and madness, they are still the same. And as a river, we see, keeps the like name and place, but not water, and yet ever runs, ^' Labifur ef labetur in omne volubilis cpviim ; our times and persons alter, vices are the same, and ever will be ; look how night- ingales sang of old, cocks crowed, kine lowed, sheep bleated, sparrows chirped, dogs barked, so they do still : we keep our madness still, play the fools still, nee diimjinitus Orestes ; we are of the same humours and inclinations as our predeces- sors were ; you shall find us all alike, much at one, we and our sons, et nati nato- i-ttm^ et qui nascuntur ab illis. And so shall our posterity continue to the last. But to speak of times present. If Democritus were alive now, and should but see the superstition of our age, oui •^religious madness, as "Meteran calls it, Religiosam insaniam, so many professed s' Polycrat. lib. 3- cap. 8. 6 Petron. s^ujjjomnes protinusq ; vestis ilia manicata in alas versa est, et ^jlirabant, omnes insani, &c. hodie nauta, eras philo- mortales inde Chrysalides vocant hujusmodi homines. ''^ You will meet covetous fools and prodigal syco- phants everywhere. ^ejuven. s'Juver.. ^ De biillo Jud. 1. 8. c. 11. Iniquitates vestrae nemi- nem latent, i.ique dies singulos certamen habetis quii lie.ior sit. 6a Hor. «" Lib. 5. Epist. 8. ei Hor. 6^ Superstitio est insanus error. P^Lib. 8. fai«t Beig. •ophus ; hodie faher, eras pharmacopola ; liic modo regem agel)at multo saitellilio, tiara, et scepiro orna- ms, nunc vili aniictiis centiculo, asinum elilellarium Impellit. 6'' Calcagninus Apol. Crysalus 6 cajteris aiiro dives, manicato pepio et tiara conspicuus, levis alioquin et nullius consilii, (Sec. niagno fastii ingredi- ent! assiirgunt dii, &c. 6' Sed hominis levitatem f^piter perspiciens, at tu (in-quit) esto bombilio, fee. mmm9mmm^ Vemocritus to the Reader. 37 Giristians, yet so few imitators of Christ ; so much talk of reli^on, so much science go little conscience; so much knowledge, so many preachers, so little practice; such variety of sects, such have and hold of all sides, ^^ ohvla signis Signa^^c, such absurd and ridiculous traditions and ceremonies : If he should meet a ^^ Capuchin, a Franciscan, a Pharisaical Jesuit, a man-serpent, a shave-crowned Monk in his robes, a begging Friar, or see their three-crowned Sovereign Lord the Pope, poor Peter's successor, servus servorum Dei., to depose kings with his foot, to tread on emperors' necks, make them stand bare-foot and bare-legged at his gates, hold his bridle and stirrup, &c. (O that Peter and Paul were alive to see this !) If he should observe a ^"^ Prince creep so devoutly to kiss his toe, and those Red-cap Cardinals, poor parish priests of old, now Princes' companions ; what would he say ? Coelum ipsum pcli- tur stuldtia. Had he met some of our devout pilgrims going bare-foot to Jerusa- lem, our lady of Lauretto, Rome, S. lago, S. Thomas' Shrine, to creep to those counterfeit and maggot-eaten reliques ; had he been present at a mass, and seen such kissing of Paxes, crucifixes, cringes, duckings, their several attires and ceremonies, pictures i^{ saints, ^' indulgences, pardons, vigils, fasting, feasts, crossing, knocking, kneeling at Ave-Marias, bells, with many such; jncunda rudi spectacula plebU""* . praying in gibberish, and mumbling of beads. Had he heard an old woman say her prayers in Latin, their sprinkling of holy water, and going a procession, 6'J "incedunt monachoruin ao^mina tnille ; Quid moinerein vexilla, cruces, idol;ique culta, &c." Their breviaries, bulls, hallowed beans, exorcisms, pictures, curious crosses, fables, and baubles. Had he read the Golden Legend, the Turks' Alcoran, or Jews' Talmud, the Rabbins' Comments, what would he have thought ? How dost thou think he might have been affected .'* Had he more particularly examined a Jesuit's life amongst the rest, he should have seen an hypocrite profess poverty, ''°and yet possess more goods and lands than many princes, to have infinite treasures and revenues ; teach others to fast, and play the gluttons themselves ; like watermen that row one way and look another. ^'Vow virginity, talk of holiness, and yet indeed a notorious bawd, and famous fornicator, lascivum pecus^ a very goat. Monks by profession, '' such as give over the world, and the vanities of it, and yet a Machiavelian rout '^interested in all manner of state : holy men, peace-makers, and yet composed of envy, lust, ambition, hatred, and malice ; fire-brands, adulta patria pestis^ traitors, assassi nats, hdc itur ad astra., and this is to supererogate, and merit heaven for themselves and others. Had he seen on the adverse side, some of our nice and curious schis- matics in another extreme, abhor all ceremonies, and rather lose their lives and livings, than do or admit anything Papists have formerly used, though in things indiflerenl (they alone are the true Church, sal terrce^ cum sint omnium insulsissimi). Formal- ists, out of fear and base flattery, like so many weather-cocks turn round, a rout of temporisers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is or shall be proposed in hope of preferment : another Epicurean company, lying at lurch as so many vultures, watching for a prey of Church goods, and ready to rise by the downfall of any : as '^Luciau said in like case, what dost thou think Democritus would have done, had he been spectator of these things .'' Or had he but observed the common people follow like so many sheep one of ineir fellows drawn by the horns over a gap, some for zeal, some for fear, quo se cunque raplt tempestas., to credit all, examine nothing, and yet ready to die before they will adjure any of those ceremonies to which they have been accustomed , others out of hypocrisy frequent sermons, knock their breasts, turn up their eyes, pretend zeal, desire reformation, and yet professed usurers, gripers, monsters of men harpies, devils in their lives, to express nothing less. ^ Lucan. es Father Anjrelo, the Duke of Joyeux, goiiii,' hare-foot over the Alps to Home, &;c. " Si rui intueri vacet qnas patiuiitur sn[)erstitip'nnri iniilierculaiTi, vnl quod 6 stuliitia iiatuin, ^f\ 6 iiialitiii, quod cupido dominandi, libido iioreiidi, ■^c. ■'' Beiiuiii rem plane belliii nam vocat JVIorci. «trip lib. 2. T' Mnnster. Cosmog. I. 5, c, 3 E. l).ri. Creteni '" Joviua vii. ejus. '» Comineus so Lib. .S. 81 Hist, of the siege of Ostend. fol. 5j. ^-Erasmus de bello. Ut placidum illnd animal hr nr- volenti.'e nalum tarn ferina vecordi^in mut 'am rn ,ri'» pernicieni. «^ Rich. Uinoth. pr?efai. lit-Ui civilis Gal. »i Jovius. Dcmocritus to the Reader. 39 j^port of, and will do it to their friends and confederates, against oaths, vows, jiro- mises, by treachery or otherwise; ^* dolus an virtus? quis in hosic requira'? leagues and laws of arms, {^^ silent leges infer arma.^) for their adva^'tage, omnia nira^ divina., humana., proculcata plerumque sunt ; God's and men's laws are trampled under foot, the sword alone determines all ; to satisfy their lust and spleen, they care not what they attempt, say, or do, ^^Rara fdes^ probitasque viris qui castra sequuntur. Nothing so common as to have ^'^" father fight against the son, brother against brother, kinsman against kinsman, kingdom against kingdom, province against pro- vince, Christians against Christians :" a qnihus nee unquam cogitatione fuerunt Ivisi^ of whom they never had oflence in thought, word, or deed. Infinite treasures con- sumed, towns burned, flourishing cities sacked and ruinated, quodque animus mcmi- nisse 'lorret., goodly countries depopulated and left desolate, old inhabitants expelled, trade and tralHc decayed, maids deflowered, Virgines nondum thalamis jugafa^ et comis nondum positis ephcebi ; chaste matrons cry out with Andromache, ^^ Concu- bitum mar. cogar pati ejus^ qui inlercmit Heetorem., they shall be compelled perad- venture to lie with them that erst killed their husbands : to see rich, poor, sick, sound, lords, servants, eodem omnes incommodo macti,, consumed all or malir.ed, &c. Fit quicquid gaudcns scelere animus audet., et perversa, mens., saith Cyprian, and whatsoever torment, misery, mischief, hell itself, the devil, ^^ fury and rage can invent to their own ruin and destruction ; so abominable a thing is ""war, as Gerbelius con^ eludes, adrofeeda et abominanda res est bellum., ex quo liominum cades., vast a I tones, &,c., the scourge of God, cause, effect, fruit and punishment of sin, and not tonsura Jiumani generis as Tertullian calls it, but ruina. Had Democritus been present at the late civil wars in France, those abominable wars bellaque matribus detestata, ^'" where in less than ten years, ten thousand men were consumed^ saiih Collignius, twenty tliousand churches overthrown ; nay, the whole kingdom subverted (as *- Richard Dinoth adds). So many myriads of the commons were Initchered up, with sword, famine, war, tanto odi.o vlrinque ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam obsiupescerrnt., with such feral hatred, the world was amazed at it : or at our late Pharsalian fields m the time of Henry the Sixth, betwixt the houses of La!;raster and York, a hundred thousand men slain, ''^one writes; ^^ another, ten thousand families were rooted out, '^ That no man can but marvel, saith Comineus, at that barbarous irnmanity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of the same nation, language, and religion." ^' Quis furor., O cives? "-Why do the Gentiles so furiously rage," saith the Prophet David, Psal. ii. 1 . But we may ask, why do the Christians so furiously rage ? '''^Jlrma volunt., quare poscnnf.^ rapiunfque juvenfus f Unflt for Gentiles, nmch less for us so to tyrannize, as the Spaniard in the West Indies, that killed up in 42 years (^if we may believe ^"Bartholoniccus a Casa, their own bishop) VI millions of men, with stupend and exquisite torments ; neither should I lie (said he) if I said 50 millions. 1 omit those French massacres, Sicilian evensongs, ^^ the Duke of Alva's tyrannies, our gunpowder machinations, and that fourth fury, as '^one calls it, the Spanish inquisition, which quite obscures those ten persecutions, '^"^ sami toto Mars impius orbe. Is not this ^mundus furiosus., a mad world, as he terms it, insanum beilum f are not these mad men, as '^Scaliger concludes, qui in pra^lio acerbd morte., insanice suce memoriam pro perpetuo teste relinquunt posteritati ; whicJi leave so frequent battles, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeeding v\ges ? Would this, think you, have enforced our Democritus to laughter, or rather made him turn his tune, alter his tone, and weep with ^Heraclitus, or rather howl, ''roar, and tear his hair in commiseration, stand amazed ; or as the poets feign, that Niobe "* Dolus. a!=perita!=, in justilia propria beliorurn ne- pladio. bello, fame miserabiliter perierunt. ^"^ Pont, gotia. T'irtul. f^ Tiilly. « Liican, "' I'ater lluienis. '^' Comineus. lltniilliis non execretur et in filium nffinis in affiutni, amicus in aniicum, &c. admiretur crudelitalom, et barltarani insaniiim, qua) Regifi diiri. regione, rej;mim regno coliidiinr. I'opiilus inter homines eodem sub coiio natos, ejusdem lingutJ, oopulo in miituam perniciein, belliianim instar san- sanuminis, religionis, exercebatur. I ucan. guinolente ruentium. *'" Libanii declani. ^a Ira «'' Virg. ^'' Bishop of ("useo, an eye-witness, enun et furor Bellona' consullores, &c,. dcmentes sacer- "n Ked,! Meteran of liis stupend cruelties. •'' flen 'iotes sunt «o helium quasi heliua et ad omnia sius Austriaco. '»' Virir. Georg. "impious wa» ?celera furor immissus. « Gallorum decies centum rages tlirou<:hout the whole world." ' .lansenius •'illia ceciderunt. Ecclesiaris 20 millia fundamentis GallobeL'icus 159f). Mundus fiiriosus. inscripiio libri. excisa ■' Bplli civilis Gal. 1. 1. hoc feraii bello et '^ Exercitat. 250. si^rm 4. Flcat ileraclitusaB ee.','Jbu« onitiia repleverunt. et regnum amplissimiim & rideat Democritus. * Curs leves loquunlur, in- '^'%^amentis peue everterunt, piebis tot niyriades " gentes stupent. 40 Democntus to the Reader. was foi grid quite stupified, and turned to a stone ? I have not yet said the worst, that which is more absurd and ^mad, in their tumuhs, seditions, civil and unjusi wars, ^quod stulte sucipitur^ impie geritur, misere finitur. Such wars I mean ; foi all are not to be condemned, as those fantastical anabaptists vainly conceive. Oui Christian tactics are all out as necessary as the Roman acies, or Grecian phalanx , to be a soldier is a most noble and honourable profession (as the world is), not to he spared, they are our best walls and bulwarks, and I do therefore acknowledge that of "Tully to be most true, " All our civil affairs, all our studies, all our pleading mdustry, and commendation lies under the protection of warlike virtues, and when- soever there is any suspicion of tumult, all our arts cease ;" wars are most behoveful, pj. hellatores agricolis civitati sunt uliliores^ as ^Tyrius defends : and valour is much to be commended in a wise man ; but they mistake most part, auferre^i trncidare^ rapere^ falsis nominihus virtutcm vocanf, &c. ('Twas Galgacus' observation in Tacitus) they term theft, murder, and rapine, virtue, by a wrong name, rapes^ slaughters, massacres, &c. jociis et Indus., are pretty pastimes, as Lvdovicus Vives notes. ^'•'They commonly call the most hair-brain blood-suckers, strongest thieves, the most desperate villains, treacherous rogues, inhuman murderers, rash, cruel and dissolute caitiffs, courageous and generous spirits, heroical and worthy captains, '"brave men at arms, valiant and renowned soldiers, possessed with a brute persuasion of false honour," as Pontus Huter in his Burgundian history complains. By means of which it comes to pass that daily so many voluntaries offer themselves, leaving their sweet wives, children, friends, for sixpence (if they can get it) a day, prostitute their lives and limbs, desire to enter upon breaches, lie sentinel, perdue, give the first onset, stand in the fore front of the battle, marching bravely on, with a cheerful noise of drums and trumpets, such vigour and alacrity, so many banners streaming in the air, glittering armours, motions of plumes, woods of pikes, and swords, variety of colours, cost and magnificence, as if they went in triumph, now victors to the Capitol, and with such pomp, as when Darius' army marched to m-eet Alexander at Jssus. Void of all fear they run into imminent dangers, cannon's mouth, &c., ut vuln'rlbus suis ferrum hostium heheient., saith "Barletius, to get a name of valour, honour and applause, which lasts not either, for it is but a mere flash this fame, and like a rose, intra diem unum extinguitur^ 'tis gone in an instant. Of 15,000 prole- taries slain in a battle, scarce fifteen are recorded in history, or one alone, the General perhaps, and after a while his and their names are likewise blotted out, the whole battle itself is forgotten. Those Grecian orators, summa vi ingenii et eloquenticB., set out the renowned overthrows at Thermopylae., Salamis^ Marathon., Micale., Maiir- tinea., Chcroncea, Plattsa. The Romans record their battle at Cannas, and Pharsa- lian fields, but they do but record, and we scarce hear of them. And yet this supposed honour, popular applause, desire of immortality by this means, pride and vain-glory spur them on many times rashly and unadvisedly, to make away them- selves and multitudes of others. Alexander was sorry, because there were no more worlds for him to conquer, he is admired by some for it, animosa vox videtur., el re^m, 'twas spoken like a Prince; but as wise '^Seneca censures him, 'twas vox mqnissima et stnltissima, 'twas spoken like a Bedlam fool ; and that sentence which the same "Seneca appropriates to his father Philip and him, I apply to them all, JVon minores fiiere pestes mortal'uun qudtn inundatio^ qudm conflagratlo., quihus., &.c. they did as much mischief to mortal men as fire and water, those merciless elements when they rage. '^ Which is yet more to be lamented, they persuade them this hellish course of life is holy, they promise heaven to such as venture their lives hello sacro^ and that by these bloody wars, as Persians, Greeks, and Romans of old, as mop!aii- iUin liabent et occiirsuni viti tales. '"Jlernili eadem porta ad cosliim patuit, qui magnain peiieris hunr.ani pirteiii perdidit. ''J Virij. .lEneid. 7. ^' Iloiiiii uliiiui (luiiin coriiniittiint siiiguli, criiiieii est, qtmnj publi(6 treritiir, virtus vocatur. Cyprianus. "Seneca. Successful vice is called virtue. ■^-Ju- »fr. '^- I)e vault, sclent, de f riocip. nobilitalis. 6 D 21 Juven. Sat. 4. '^ pansa rapit, quod Natta reli • quit. Tu pessimtis orriniuni lairo es, as Deiiieiriii* the Pirate told Alexander in ("urtiiis. -' Non ausi nmtire, &;c. Avsop. -■ Iniprobuni et stultnni, s diviteni inultos b inos viros in servitnlem habeiitem, oh id duntaxat quod ei contingat aureoruin numis- niatuni cumulus, ut appendices, et ailditanienia nu- tnisrnatuin. Morus Utopia. '-» KoruuKi ; detes- tai tiir IJtopien&es insaniaiii, qui divinos honores iis inipendunt, quos sordidos et avaros agnoscunt; non alio respeciu hunorantes, quani quod dites sint. Idem. lib. '2. 2 42 Democritus to the Reader. elabv.rate works, as proud of his clothes as a child of his new coals ; and a goodly person, of an angel-like divine countenance, a saint, an humble mind, a meet spirit clothed in rags, beg, and now ready to be starved ? To see a silly contemptible sloven in apparel, ragged in his coat, polite in speech, of a divine spirit, wise r another neat in ( lothes, spruce, full of courtesy, empty of grace, wit, talk nonsense ? To see so many lawyers, advocates, so many tribunals, so little justice ; so many magistrates, so little care of common good ; so many laws, yet nevermore disorders ; Tribunal Utium segefcm^ the Tribunal a labyrinth, so many thousand suits in one c )urt sometimes, so violently followed ? To see injusfissimum scepe juri prcEsiden- /em, hnpium rdigloni^ bnperUlsshnum erudllioni^ otiosissimum labori^ monstrosum humanLtatl? to see a lamb '^executed, a wolf pronounce sentence, latro arraigned, and fur sit on the bench, the judge severely punish others, and do worse himself, ^^ cundem furtum facere ct punire^ '■^Wapincwi plccfere^ quum sit ipse raptor? Laws altered, misconstrued, interpreted pro and con, as the ^^ Judge is matle by friends, bribed, or otherwise affected as a nose of wax, good to-day, none to-morrow ; or firm in his opinion, cast in his? Sentence prolonged, changed, ad arhitrium judicis^ still the same case, ^^^' one thrust out of his inheritance, anotlier falsely put in by favour, false forged deeds or wills." Incisce leges negUguntur^ laws are made and lot kept ; or if put in execution, ^^ they be some silly ones that are punished. As, put case it be fornication, the father will disinherit or abdicate his child, quite cashiei him (out, villain, be gone, come no more in my sight) ; a poor man is miserably tormented witli loss of his estate perhaps, goods, fortunes, good name, for ever dis- graced, forsaken, and must do penance to the utmost ; a mortal sin, and yet make the worst of ii^ nuiiquid aliud fecit .,i>aiih Tranio in the ^'^ \)OCi^ nisi quod faciunt sumr- mis nati generihusf he hath done no more than what gei\tlcmen usually do. ^JYe- que novum^ ncque mirum^ neque secus quam alii solcnt. For in a great person, right worshipful Sir, a right honourable Grandy, 'tis not a venial sin, no, not a peccadillo^ 'tis no ofience at all, a common and ordinary thing, no man t^kes notice of it ; he justifies it in public, and peradventure brags of it, 3'' "Nam quod turpe boms, Titio, Seioque, decebat Crispiniim" For what would be base in good men, Titius, and Seius, became Crnpinus. ^^Many poor men, younger brothers, &c. by reason of bad policy and idle education (for they are likely brought up in no calling), are compelled to beg or steal, and then hanged for theft ; than whicli, what can be more ignominious, non minus enim turpe principi multa supplicia^ qudm medico multa funera., 'tis the governor's fault. Lihenlius verberunt quajn doccnf^ as sclioolmasters do rather correct th'^ir pupils, than teach them when they do amiss. ^'■^'•'- They had more need provide theif^ should be no more thietes and beggars, as they ought with good policy, and take a^^ay the occa- sions, than let them run on, as they do to their own destruction : root out likewise those causes of wrangling, a multitude of lawyers, and compose contioversies, lites lustrales et seculares^ by some more compendious means." Whereas now for every toy and tritle they go to law, *^ Mugit litibus insanum forum^ et scevit invirrm dis^or- danlium rabies^ they are ready to pull out one another's throats ; and for rr'^mmodity *'to squeeze blood," saith Hierom, *•' out of their brother's heart," defamr lie, dis- grace, backbite, rail, bear false witness, swear, forswear, fight and wraufle^ spend their goods, lives, fortunes, friends, undo one another, to enrich an harp}' advocate, that preys upon them both, and cries Eia Socrates, Eia Xantippe ; or soi.ie corrupt Judge, that like the "^Kite in iEsop, while the mouse and frog fought, cairied both away. Generally they prey one upon another as so many ravenous birds, brute beasts, devouring fishes, no medium, ''^omnes hie aut captan'ur a?d captant ; autcada- vera qucB lacerantur, aut corvi qui lacerant, either deceive or be dvvsived ; tear others -'■'Cyp. 2. ad Donat. ep. Ut reus innoceiis pereat, i tratniim culpa fit, qui males iinitaufir prmceptore* . sit nocens. Judex damnnt foras,quod intus operatnr. qui discipulos libentius verbera'si (\.v\i{\ docunt. Mo ^"Sidoiiius Apo ^igaiyjanns 1.3. de orov^den. j rus, Utop. lib. 1. ^'J Decemintur \uri irravia ei '■- Krgo judicium nihil e.«;t nisi publica meices. letro- ' horreuda supplicia. qunni potiyr \ ^oviiU^ruliim mnlti. nius. Quid faciant leges ubi sola pecunia regnati I forel iie fures sint, ne cuiquam tir'>«;fa furandi aiM Idem. wiiic arcemur hiereditatil»us Jiberi, hie j pereundi sit uecessilas. Idem. ^o \,.terus de ang- doiiatiir bonis alienis. falsum consiilit, alter testamen- ment. urb. lib. 3. cap. 3 '' F ?a* vo corde sau- tii.Ti corrumpit, (fee. Idem. 34Vexat censura co- guinem eliciunt. «Milvus »'J6| "- ac degluba ludibag. 36 i>iaut. niostel. ^^Idem. 37 j,,ven. i « Petronius de Crotone civit. 8at* 4. 3tiQyu(] iQi g^^^^ fures et mendici, magis- 1 ■ AtiUii i- ' U I Dcmocritus to the Reader. 43 * r be torn in pieces themselves ; like so many buckets in a well, as ow riseth another falleth, one's empty, another's full ; his ruin is a ladder to the third ^ such are our ordinary proceedings. What's the market? A place, according to ''"'Ana- charsis, wherein they cozen one another, a trap; nay, what's the world itself? ^^A vast chaos, a confusion of manners, as lickle as the air, domicilium insanorvniy a turbulent troop full of impurities, a mart of walking spirits, goblins, ihe theatre of hypocrisy, a shop of knavery, flattery, a nursery of villany, the scene of babbling, the school of giddiness, the academy of vice ; a warfare, ubi i ells noils pvgnandum aui vincas aid succumbas^ in which kill or be killed ; wherein every man is for hinv self, his private ends, and stands upon his own guard. No charity, ''Move, friendship, fear of God, alliance, affinity, consanguinity, Christianity, can contain them, but if they be any ways offended, or that string of commodity be touched, they fall foul. Old friends become bitter enemies on a sudden for toys and small offences, and they that erst were willing to do all mutual offices of love and kindness, now revile and persecute one another to death, with more than Vatinian hatred, and will not be reconciled. So long as they are behoveful, they love, or may bestead each other, but when there is no more good to be expected, as they do by an old uog, hang him up or casliier him : which "^Cato counts a great indecorum, to use men like old shoes or broken glasses, which are flung to the dunghill ; he could not And in his heart to sell an old ox, much less to turn away an old servant : but they instead of recompense, revile him, and when they have made him an instrument of their villany, as ""^^Bajazet the second Emperor of the Turks did by Acomethes Bassa, make him away, or instead of ^^reward. Irate him to death, as Silius was served by Tiberius. In a word, every man for his own ends. Our summum bonum is commodity, and the goddess we adore Dea moneta,, Queen money, to whom we daily ofler sacrifice, which steers our hearts, hands, ""^ affections, all : that most powerful goddess, by whom we are reared, depressed, elevated, ^'esteemed the sole commandress of our actions, for which we pray, run, ride, go, come, labour, and contend as fishes do for a crumb that falleth into the water. It's not worth, virtue, (that's bonum theatrale^) wisdom, valour, learning, honesty, religion, or any sufficiency for vvliich we are respected, but ^^ money, greatness, office, honour, authority ; honesty is accounted fol- ly ; knavery, policy ; '^men admired out of opinion, not as they are, but as they seem to be : such shifting, lying, cogging, plotting, counterplotting, temporizing, flattering, cozening, dissembling, ^"^^^ that of necessity one must highly oflend God il' he be con- formable to the world," Cretizare cum Crete., '*• or else live in contempt, disgrace and misery." One takes upon him temperance, holiness, another austerity, a third an affected kind of simplicity, when as indeed, he, and he, and he, and the rest are ^" hypocrites, ambidexters," out-sides, so many turning pictures, a lion on the one side, a lamb on the other.^^ How would Democritus have been aflected to see these things ! To see a man turn himself into all shapes like a camelion, or as Proteus, omnia transformans sese in mlracula rerum., to act twenty parts and persons at once, for his advantage, to temporize and vary like Mercury the Planet, good with good ; bad with bad ; having a several face, garb, and character for every one he meets ; of all religions, humours, inclinations ; to fawn like a spaniel, mentitls et mimicis obsequis^ rage like a lion, bark like a cur, fight like a dragon, sting like a serpent, as meek as a lamb, and yet again grin like a tiger, weep like a crocodile, insult over some, and yet others domineer over him, here command, there crouch, tyrannize in one place, be baffled in another, a wise man at home, a fool abroad to make others merry. To see so much difference betwixt words and deeds, so many parasangs betwixl <4Qni(i forum? locus quo alius aliuni circunivenit. «Vastum chaos, larvarum emporium, theatrum hypo- crisios, &c. •"•Nemo coelum, nemo ju^'jurandum, nemo Jovem pluris facit, sed omnes apertis oculis bona sua couiputant. Petron. •''Plutarch, vit. ejus. Indecorum animatis ut v-iiceis uti aut vltris, qua; ubi fracta abjicimus, nam ut de uieipso diciim, nee bovem senem vendideram, nedum houiiuem natu tia odium redditur. Tac. ^Paucis charior est fides quam pecunia. Salust. f'' Prima fere vota et curutis, &:c. ^-^Et genus el formam regina pecu- nia donat. Quantum quisque sua nummorum servat in area, tantuni habet et fidei. ^-^ Non il i)eriti^ sed ab ornutu el vulgi vocibus habemur excellentes. Car- dan. I. 2. de cons. ^ Perjurala suo jfostponit nu- miiia luero, Mercator. Ut netessarium sit ve| Deo grandem laboris socium. '<^Jovius. Cum innu- displicere, vel ab hominibus contemni, vexari, neg- niera ijlius beneficia rependere non posset aliter, in- i lipi. "Quj Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. lerfici jussit. •i*' Beneficia eo usque lata sunt dum '"' Trajreiapho similes vel centauris, sursum homines videntur solvi posse, ubi multum anlevenere pro gra- ! deorsum equi. ! ^XLL.A ■- g^' '44 Democntus to the Reader, tongue and neart, men like slage-players act variety of parts, "give good precepts to others, soar aloft, whilst they themselves grovel on the ground. To see a man protest friendship, kiss his hand, ^^ quern mallet truncatum videre^ '^ smile with an intent to do mischief, or cozen him whom he salutes, ®° magnify his friend unworthy with hyperbolical eulogiums ; his enemy albeit a good man, to vilify and disgrace him, yea all his actions, with the utmost that livor and malice can invent. To see a ^' servant able to buy out his master, him that carries the mace more worth than the magistrate, which Plato, lib. II, de leg., absolutely forbids, Epictetus abhors. A horse that tills the ^Mand fed with chaff, an idle jade have provender in abundance ; him that makes shoes go barefoot himself, him that sells meat almost pined ; a toiling drudge starve, a drone flourish. To see men (juy smoke for wares, castles built with fools' heads, men like apes follow the fashions in tires, gestures, actions : if the king laugh, all laugh ; 63 *' Rides 1 majorechachinno Coticutitiir, flet si lacliryinas conspexit amici." "Alexander stooped, so Ud his courtiers ; Alphonsus turned his head, and so did his parasites. ^^Sabina Poppea, Nero's wife, wore amber-coloured hair, so did all the Roman ladies in an instant, her fashion was theirs. To see men wholly led by affection, admired and censured out of opinion with- out judgment : an inconsiderate multitude, like so many dogs in a village, if one bark all bark without a cause : as fortune's fan turns, if a man be in favour, or com- manded by some great one, all the world applauds him ; ^ if in disgrace, in an instant all hate him, and as at the sun when he is eclipsed, that erst took no notice, now gaze and stare upon him. To see a man ^' wear his brains in his belly, his guts in his head, an hundred oaks on his back, to devour a hundred oxen at a meal, nay more, to devour houses and towns, or as those Anthropophagi, ^^to eat one another. To see a man roll himself up like a snowball, from base beggary to right Avorship- ful and right honourable titles, unjustly to screw himself into honours and offices; another to starve his genius, damn his soul to gather wealth, which he shall not en- joy, which his prodigal son melts and consumes in an instant.'^'* To see the xaxoi^rjTuau of our times, a man bend all his forces, means, time, fortunes, to be a favorite's favorite's favorite, &c., a parasite's parasite's parasite, that may scorn the servile world as having enough already. To see an hirsute beggar's brat, that lately fed on scraps, crept and whined, crying to all, and for an old jerkin ran of errands, now rulHe in silk and satin, bravely mounted, jovial and polite, now scorn his old friends and familiars, neglect his kin- dred, insult over his betters, domineer over all. To see a scholar crouch and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meal's meat ; a scrivener better paid for an obligation ; a falconer receive greater wages than a student : a lawyer get more in a day than a philosopher in a year, better reward for an hour, than a scholar for a twelvemonth's study ; him that can '° paint Thais, play on a fiddle, curl hair, &c., sooner get preferment than a philologer or a poet. To see a fond mother, like Aesop's ape, hug her child to death, a "wittol wink at his wife's honesty, and too perspicuous in all other affairs ; one stumble at a straw, and leap over a block ; rob Peter, and pay Paul ; scrape unjust sums with one hand, purchase great manors by corruption, fraud and cozenage, and liberally to distribute to the poor with the other, give a remnant to pious uses, 8tc. Penny wise, pound foolish; blind men judge of colours; wise men silent, fools talk; "find fault with 6" Pripreptis suis coelum promittunt, ipsi interim nius 1.37. cap. 3. capillos habiiit succineos, exinde pulveris lerreni vilia inancipia. "«jEneas Sil/. factum ut omiies piiellje Romaiias colorein ilium affec- wArridere homines ut saeviant, blandiri lit fallant. tarenl. sc Odit damnatos. Juv, i^' Ajirippa Cy[). ad Donatum. euLove and iiate are lilce the ep. 28. 1. 7. Quoriimcerehrum est in ventre, inseni- •wo ends of a perspective glass, the one multiplies, um in patinis. ♦>^Psul. They eat up my people the other makes less. 6' Ministri locupleliores iis as bread. csAbsiimit hferes cascuba iiiinior ser- quibus ministratiir, servus majores opes habensquam vata centum clavibus, et mero distinfinet pavimentis pattonus. e-Quiterram colunt equi paleis pas- superho, pontificum putiore ccenis. Ilor. '"Qii cuntur, qui otiantnr caballi aveu4 sauinantur, discaU Thaidem pingere, inflare tibiain, crispare crines ceatus discurrit qui calces aliis facit. t^^Juven. T Doctus spectare lacunar 'JTuliius. Est eniiu Do you laugh 1 he is shaken by still greater lausliter 1 I proprium stultitise aliorum cernere vitia, oblifisci si:- 'o weeps also when he has beheld the tears of his I orum. Idem Arislippus Charidemo apud Lucianui^ %iend. "godin, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 6. e^Pli- I Omnmo stultiliae cujusdam esse pulo, &c. JJemocritus to the Reader. 45 others, and do worse themselves ; "denounce that in public which he doth in secret, and which Aurelius Victor gives out of Augustus, severely censure that in a third, of which he is most guilty himself. To see a poor fellow, or an hired servant venture his life for his new master that will scarce give him his wages at year's end ; A country colone toil and moil, till and drudge for a prodigal idle drone, that devours all the gain, or lasciviously con- sumes with phantastical expences ; A noble man in a bravado to encounter death and for a small flash of honour to cast away himself; A worldling tremble at an ex ecutor, and yet not fear hell-fire ; To wish and hope for immortality, desire to b( happy, and yet by all means avoid death, a necessary passage to bring him to it. To see a fool-hardy fellow like those old Danes, qui decollari malunt qiiam verherari^ die rather than be punished, in a sottish humour embrace death with alacrity, yet '"'scorn to lament his own sins and miseries, or his dearest friends' departures. To see wise men degraded, fools preferred, one govern towns and cities, and yet a silly woman overrules him at home ; ''^Command a province, and yet his own ser- vants or children prescribe laws to him, as Themistocles' son did in Greece ; '®"What I will (said he) my mother will, and what my mother will, my father doth." To see horses ride in a coach, men draw it; dogs devour their masters; towers build masons; children rule; old men go to school; women wear the breeches; "sheep demolish towns, devour men, &.c. And in a word, the world turned upside downward. O vlveret Democritus. '^To insist in every particular were one of Hercules' labours, there's so many ridiculous instances, as motes in the sun. Quantum est in rebus inane ? (How much vanity there is in things !) And who can speak of all ? Crimine ah uno disce omnes^ take this for a taste. But these are obvious to sense, trivial and well known, easy to be discerned. How v\'ould Democritus have been moved, had he seen '^ tlie secrets of their hearts ? If every man had a window in his breast, which Momus would have had in Vulcan's man, or that which Tully so much wished it were written in every man's forehead, Quid qidsque de republics senliret,, what he thought ; or that it could be eflected in an instant, which Mercury did by Charon in Lucian, by touching of his eyes, to make him discern semel et siimil rumores et susurros. " Spes hnriiinum caccas, moibos, votuinque labores, I "Illipd hopes and wishes, their tlKUiirhts and affairs, Et passim toto volitantes asthere ciiras." | Whispers and rumours, and those flying cares." That he could cubiciilorum obductas foras recludere et secreta cordium penetrare^ which '^° Cyprian desired, open doors and locks, shoot bolts, as Lucian's Gallus did with a feather of his tail : or Gyges' invisible ring, or some rare perspective glass, or Otacousticon^ which would so multiply species, that a man might hear and see all at twice (as ^' Martianus Capella's Jupiter did in a spear which he held in his hand, which did present unto him all that was daily done upon the face of the earth )^ observe cuckolds' horns, forgeries of alchemists, the philosopher's stone, new pro- jectors, &c,, and all those works of darkness, foolish vows, hopes, fears and wishes, what a deal of laughter would it have afforded ? He should have seen windmills in one man's head, an hornet's nest in another. Or had he been present with Icarome- nippus in Lucian at Jupiter's whispering place, ^^ and heard one pray for rain, an- other for fair weather ; one for his wife's, another for his father's death, &.c ; " to ask that at God's hand which they are abashed any man should hear :" How would he have been confounded ? Would he, think you, or any man else, say that these men were well in their wits } H(EC Sani esse hominis quis sanus juret Orestes ? "Execrari publice quod occult^ agat. Salvianiis ! ep. pra?d. ITos. dejerantes et potantes dsprehendet lib. de pro. acres ulciscendis vitiis quibus ipsi vehe- hos vonientes, illos litigantes, insidias niolientes, snf- menter indulgent. '^ Adamus eccl. hist. cap. 212. j fragantes, venena miscentes, in amicorurn acciisalio- Hiquis damnatus fuerit, laetus esse gloria est; nam I nem subscribentes, hos gloria, illos anibitione, cupidi- iachrymas et planctum cajteraque compunctionum genera qua nos salubria censemus, ita abominantur Dani, ut nee pro peccatis nee prodefunctis amicis ulli .flcie liceat. '^Orbi dat leges foras, vix fainuluni tate, mente captos, &c. '■'^ Ad Donat. ep 2. I. 1. O si posses in specula sublimi constilutus, &c. «i Lib. 1. de iiup Philol. in qua quid singuli nationum popull qiiotidianis motibus agilarnnt. relucebat. *• O Ji r'^git sine strepitu domi. '"Quicquid eiro volo hoc piter contingat mihi aiirum haereditas, ulous to others, "'on whicli he dotes, he dotli acknowledge as much : yet with all the rhetoric thou hast, thou canst not so recall him, out to the contrary notwithstanding, he will persevere, in his dotage. 'Tis aii'abiUs insan'm^ et men! is grafissimus error ^ so pleasing, so delicious, that he ^cannot leave it. He knows his error, but will not seek to decline it, tell him what tlie event will be, beggary, sorrow, sickness, disgrace, shame, loss, madness, yet ^"•■an angry man will prefer vengeance, a lascivious his whore, a thief his booty, a glutton his belly, before his welfare." Tell an epicure, a covetous man, an ambitious man of his irregular course, wean him from it a little, pol me occidistis amici^ he cries anon, you have undone him, and as ''a "dog to his vomit," he returns to it again; no persuasion will take place, no counsel, say what thou canst, " Clames licet et mare coslo Coiifiindas siirdo narras,"* demonstrate as Ulysses did to ^Elpenor and Gryllus, and the rest of his companions " those swinish men," he is irrefragable in his humour, he will be a hog still ; bray him in a mortar, he will be the same. If he be in an heresy, or some perverse opi- nion, settled as some of our ignorant Papists are, convince his understanding, show him the several follies and absurd fopperies of that sect, force him to say, vcris vin- cor., make it as clear as the sun, '°he will err still, peevish and obstinate as he is ; and as he said " si in hoc erro^ lihenter erro., nee hunc errorem mifcrri mild volo ; 1 will do as 1 have done, as my predecessors have done, '^and as my friends now do : I will dote for company. Say now, are these men '^ mad or no, ^^Heus age responde f are they ridiculous ? ccdo qu.cmvis arbilrum., are they sance mentis., sober, wise, and discreet ? have they common sense ? '"' vter est insanior horum f I am of De- mocritus' opinion for my part, I hold them worthy to be laughed at; a company of brain-sick dizards, as mad as "^Orestes and Athamas, that they may go '•'•ride thi ass," and all sail along to the Anticyra), in the " ship of fools" for company togethe**. I need not much labour to prove ihis which I say otherwise than thus, make any ^-Tlautus Menechmi. ^^ Governor of Asnirh by hoiiores, avarus opes, &c. odimns hasc et accercimus. Cffisar's appointment. '"« Nunc saiiitatis pairoci- Cardan. I. 2. de conso. ' I'rov. xxvi. 11. ^^ Al- nium est ins:tnientium turba. Sen. ' I'ra Roseio thoufrh you call out, and confound the sea and sky, Anieriiio, et quod inter omnes constat insanissimus, you still address a deaf man. "•> I'lutarch. Gryllo. nisi inter eos, qui ipsi quoque insaniunt. - Ne- | siiilli homines sic Clem. Ale.x. vo. '"Non per- cesse est cum insanientibus furere, nisi solus relin- suadebis, etiamsi persu;iseris. "Tully. '-INlalo queri.s. Petronius. 3 Quoniam non est genus cum illis insanire, qnam cum aliis bene sentire. unum stulhtije qua me insanire putas. * Smitum ' 'Qui inter hos enntriuntur. non magis sapere possum, me fateiir, liceat concedere verum, Afque etiam insa- qnJlm qui in cnlin^ i)ene olere. Patron. '^ Per- Tinm. Hor. b Odi nee possum cupii'us tiec esse sins. >6lIor.2. ser. which of these is the more quod odi. Ovid. Errore grato libenter omnes ins:mi- mad. ^evesanum exagitant fiieri, innuptajqut •nine- « Amator scortum viise praeponit, iracundiis puells. viiiJittani; fur pra;dam. uarasitus ^ulam, ambitiosiig . ^— ^^W 48 Democritus to the Reader. solemn protestation, or swear, I think you will believe me without an oath ; say at a wortl, are they fools ? I refer it to you, though you be likewise fools and madmen yourselves, and I as mad to ask the question ; for what said our comical Mercury r •" " Justum ab injustis petere insipientia est." | I'll stand to your censure yrl, what think you 1 But forasmuch as 1 undertook at first, that kingdoms, provinces, families, were melanclioly as well as private men, I will examine them in particular, and that which I have hitlierto dilated at random, in more general terms, I will particularly insis* in, prove with more special and evident arguments, testimonies, illustrations, and that in brief. ^^JVunc acclpe quare deslpiant omnes ceque ac tu. My first argument is borrowed from Solomon, an arrow drawn ovit of his sententious quiver. Pro. iii, 7, •' Be not wise in thine own eyes." And xxv 12, " Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit .^ more hope is of a fool than of him." Isaiah pronounceth a woe against such men, cap. v. 21," that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in thei' own sight." For hence we may gather, that it is a great offence, and men are much deceived that tliink too well of themselves, ati especial argument to convince them of folly. Many men (saito '^Seneca) "had been without question wise, had they not had an opinion that they had attained to perfection of knowledge already, even before they had gone half wa/," too forward, too ripe, prcBproperi, too quick aiid teady, ^'-'cito prudentes., cito pii^ citb mariii^ citb pafres^ c'llo sacerdotts., cild omnis fljicil capaccs et curiosi^ they had too good a conceit of themselves, and that marred all ; of their worth, valour, skill, art, learning, judgment, eloquence, their good parts ; all their geese are swans, and that manifestly proves them to be no better than fools. In former times they had but seven wise men, now you can scarce find so many fools. Thalcs sent the golden Tripos, which the fishermen found, and the oracle commanded to be ^' " given to the wisest, to Bias, Bias to Solon," Stc. If such a thing were now found, we should all fight for it, as the three goddesses did for the golden apple, we are so wise : we have women politicians, children metaphysicians ; every silly fellow can square a circle, make perpetual motions, find the philosopher's stone, interpret Apocalypses, make new Theories, a new system of the world, new Logic, new Philosophy, &c. JVostra utique regio^ saith ''^Petronius, " our country is so full of deified spirits, divine souls, that you may sooner find a God than a man amongst us," we think so well of ourselves, and that is an ample testimony of much folly. My second argument is grounded upon the like place of Scripture, which though before mentioned in effect, yet for some reasons is to be repeated (and by Plato's good leave, I may do it, ^^8ui to xa-^v prj9iv o-ibsv j3'Kd7tr(i) "Fools (saith David) by reason of their transgressions." &c. Psal. cvii. 17. Hence Musculus infers all transgressoi-s must needs be fools. So we read Rom. ii., " Tribulation and anguish on the soul of every man that doeth evil ;" but all do evil. And Isaiah, Ixv. 1 4, " My servant shall sing for joy, and ^^ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and vexation of mind." 'Tis ratified by the common consent of all philosophers. " Dishonesty (saith Cardan) is nothing else but folly and madness. ^ Probus qu'is nolisciim vivitf Show me an honest man, JVemo malus qui non stultus, 'tis Fabius' aphorism to the same end. If none honest, none wise, then all fools. And well may they be so accounted : for who will account him otherwise. Qui iter adornat in occidcntem^ quum properaret in orientem ? that goes backward all his life, westward, when he is bound to the east ? or hold him a wise man (saith ^^ Musculus) " that prefers momen- tary pleasures to eternity, that spends his master's goods in his absence, forthwith to be condemned for it .^" JVequicquam saplt qui sihi non sapif, who v^ill say that a sick mail is wise, that eats and drinks to overthrow the temperature of liis body .'' Can you account him wise or discreet that would willingly have his health, and yet will do nothing that should procure or continue it? ^'Theodoret, out of Piotinus the Platonist, " holds it a ridiculous thing for a man to live after his own laws, to do ' I'? riautus. i8Hor. 1. 2. sat. 2. Superbam stulti- i 2' Malefactors. 2-'^' Who can find a faithful mani fiam Plinivis vocat. 7. epist. 21. quod semel dixi,fi.\um I Prov. xx. 6. ^In Tsal. xiix. Qui momentatiea ratunique sit. '^Multi sapienles procuMubio fuis- sempiternis, qui delapidat heri absentis bona, mox in sent, si se non putasseni ad sapientiae sumniuin per- ; jus vocandiis et daninandiis. -i" Perquani ridi- veiiisse. -'^Idem, ^i pimarchus Solone. culum est homines ex animi sententia vivere, et quss, there is no understandijig. Prov. xii. '6. An angry man is a fool. 3' 3 Tusc. Injuria upus, &c. at inquis forniam lioiiiinis habeo, Id niaiiis terret, quum feram humana specie videre me putem. 3fiF,pist. lib. 2. 13. Stultus semper incipit vivere, fcerla honiinuin levitas, novaquotidie fundamenta vita; ponere, novas spes, &c. •'• De curial. miser. Stultus, qui qu.Trit quod nequit invenire, stultus qui quaerit quod nocet invenlum, stultus qui cum |)lures hal)et calles, deteriorem deliait. Mihi videntur oninea *apiei)tem non cadit. so Horn. 6. in 2 Epist. ad Cor. | deliri, amentes, &c. * Kp. Deuiagele. a" Amici« 'lominem te agnoscere nequeo, rum lanquam asinus imstris Rhodi dicilo, ne nimium rideant, aut nimii;"' recalcitres, lascivias ut taurus, liinnias ut equus post tristes sint ^ E wrmm'^ 50 Democritas to the Reader. Been what ^"fleering and grinning there is in this age, they would certainly have concluded, we had been all out of our wits. Aristotle in his eth/cs holds fcel'ix idemque sapiens^ to be wise and happy, are leciprocal terms, bonus idemque sapiens honesfus. 'Tis "*' Tully's paradox, '•'■wise men are free, but fools are slaves," liberty is a power to live according to his own laws, as we will ourselves : who hath this liberty ? who is free ? -"sapiens sibiqtip iriiperiosus, Qtiem iieqiie pauperis, neque mors, iieqiie vincula teirent, Respoiis.ire cupidinibus, conteinnore nonoros Foriis, et in seii^^o lotus teres atque rdiiiiidiis." 'He is wise that can command his own will, Valiant and constant to hiinseirsiill, Wlmm poverty 'lor ieath, nor hands can frisht, Ciiecks his desires, scorns Honours, jiisi ami rigni. But where shall such a man be found ? If no where, then e diametro^ we are all slaves, senseless, or worse. JVemo malus faJiv. But no man is happy in this life, none good, therefore no man wise. '^'^Rari quippe honi For one virtue you shall find ten vices in i\\< same party ; paiici Promefhei., rnulti Epimethei. We may per- adventure usurp tne name, or attribute it to others for favour, as Carolus Sapiens, Philippus Bonus, Lodovicus Pius, &c., and describe the properties of a wise man, as TuUy doth an orator, Xenophon Cyrus, Castilio a courtier, Galen temperament, an aristocracy is described by politicians. But where shall such a man be found ? Vir bonus et sapiens, qualem vix repperit nnum Millibus 6 inultis honiinuni consiiitns Apollo." ' A wise, a g^ood man in a million, Apollo consulted could scarce find onf A man is a miracle of liimself, but Trismegistus adds. Maximum miraculum homo sapiens., a wise man is a wonder : mulli Thirsigeri^ pauci Bacchi. Alexander when he was presented with that rich and costly casket of king Darius, and every man advised him what to put in it, he reserved it to Tvcep Homer's works, as the most precious jewel of human wit, and yet "" Scaliger upbraids Homer's muse, JVulricem insance sapicnticp^ a nursery of madness, ''^ impudent as a court lady, that blushes at nothing. Jacobus Mycillus, Gilbertus Cognatus, Erasmus, and almost all posterity admire Lucian's luxuriant wit, yet Scaliger rejects him in his censure, and calls him the Cerberus of the muses. Socrates, whom all the world so much magf- nified, is by Lactantius and Theodoret condemned for a fool. Plutarch extols Sene- ca's wit beyond all the Greeks, nulU secundus., yet '^^Seneca saith of himself, " when I would solace myself with a fool, I reflect upon myself, and there I have him." Cardan, in his Sixteenth Book of Subtilties, reckons up twelve super-eminent, acute philosophers, for worth, subtlety, and wisdom: Archimedes, Galen, Vitruvius, Ar- chitas Tarentinus, Euclid, Geber, that first inventor of Algebra, Alkindus the Mathe- matician, both Arabians, with others. But his triumviri terrarum far beyond the Test, are Ptoloma3us, Plotinus, Hippocrates. Scaliger exercifat. 224., scofk at this .censure of his, calls some of them carpenters and mechanicians, he makes Gajen fimhrlam Hippocratis., a skirt of Hippocrates: and the said ■'^Cardan himself else- where condemns both Galen and Hippocrates for tediousness, obscurity, confusion. "Paracelsus will have them both mere idiots, infants in physic and philosophy. Sca- liger and Cardan admire Suisset the Calculator, qui pene modum exces^ii humani in- genii^ and yet ^*^Lod. Vives calls them nugas Suisset icas : and Cardan, opposite to himself in another place, contemns those ancients in respect of times present, '^^Ma- joresque nosfros ad presenfes collatos juste pueros appellari.. In conclusion, tlie said ''^Cardan and Saint Bernard will admit none into this catalogue of wise men, ^' but only prophets and apostles ; how they esteem themselves, you have heard before. We are worldly-wise, admire ourselves, and seek for applause : but heai Saint ^^ Bernard, quanta magis foras es sapiens., tanto mag'is intus stultiis efficeris., &lc. in omnihis cs prudens., circa teipsum. insipicns : the more wise thou art to others, the more fool to thyself I may not deny but that there is some folly approved, a divine fury, a holy madness, even a spiritual drunkenness in the saints of God them- selves ; sanctum insanium Bernard calls it (though not as blaspheming ^^ Vorstius, would infer it as a passion incident to God himself, but) familiar to good men, as* ■"Ter niiiltuin risiim poteris cojrnoscere stnltum. Offic. 3. c. 9 4isapientes libeii, stulti sorvi, li- bertas est potestas, &c. ■''^Hor. 2. ser. 7. ■*■' Ju- ven. "Good people are scarce." •'•' Ilypocrit. *->Ut inulier aulica nulliiia pudens. ^sEpist 33. Qiianilo fatuo.delectari volo, non est longe quaerendus, •me video. ^vPrimo contradicentium. ^''Lib. de causis corrupt, artiuni. ^^ Actione ad subtil in Seal. fol. 12-26. ''"Lib. 1. de sap. s' Vide misef honio, quia totum est vanitas, tolum stultitia. totuin dementia, quicquid facis in hoc mundo, prieter hoc so- lum quod propier Deum facis. Ser. de miser, hom. s-^In 2 Platonis dial. 1 de justo wDum iranr. e3 odium in Deo revera ponit. I Dcmor.ritus to the. Render. 61 nat of Paul, 2 Cor. " he was a fool," &c. and Rom. ix. he wishcth himself lo he dnalhemalized for them. Such is that drunkenness vviiirh Ficinus speaks of, when • lie soul is elevated and ravished with a divine taste of that heavenly nectar, wliicli poets deciphered by the sacrifice of Dionysius, and in this sense with the poel. '"^ msanire lubet, as Austin exhorts us, ad ebrictatcm se qinsque paret^ let's all be Inad and ^^ drunk. But we commonly mistake, and go beyond our conuuission, we reel to the opposite part, ^^we are not capable of it, ''and as he said of the Greeks, Vof, Grcpci semper pueri^ vos Britannia Galli^ Germanic, Italic, &.c. you are a comp^my of fools. Proceed now a partihus ad totum., or from the whole to parts, and you shall find no other issue, the parts shall be sufficiently dilated in this following- Preface. The whole must needs follow by a sorites or induction. Every multitude is niad, '^ hellua multoriim capitum^ (a many-headed beast), precipitate and rash without judgment, stultnm animal^ a roaring rout. ^^ Roger Bacon proves it out of Aristotle, Vvlgus div'idi In opposllum contra sapienfcs., quod vulgo vidcfur verum^fahum est ; that which the commonalty accounts true, is most part false, they are still opposite to wise men, but all the world is of this humour [vvlgus)^ and thou thyself art de vulgo., one of the commonalty ; and he, and he, and so are all the rest ; and there- fore, as Phocion concludes, to be approved in nought you say or do, mere idiots and asses. Begin then where you will, go backward or forward, choose out of the wdiole pack, wink and choose, you shall find them all alike, " never a barrel better herring." Copernicus, Atlas his successor, is of opinion, the earth is a planet, moves and shines to others, as the moon doth to us. Digges, Gilbert, Keplenis, Origanus, and others, defend this hypothesis of his in sober sadness, and that the moon is inhabi- ted : if it be so that the earth is a moon, then are we also giddy, vertigenous and lunatic within this sublunary maze. J could produce such arguments till dark night: if you should hear the rest, "Ante diem clause component vesper Olunpo : " I " '''^""-'h ^^^^^\ ■> ^ai" "f^^^''"'f^^ '( V*",""':? "'"S, ^ I The day would sooner than the tale be done :" but according to my promise, I will descend to'particulars. This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. I speak not of those creatures which are saturnine, melancholy by nature, as lead, and such like mine- rals, or those plants, rue, cypress, &c. and hellebore itself, of which ^"Agrippa treats, fishes, birds, and beasts, hares, conies, dormice, &c., owls, bats, nightbirds, but that artificial, which is perceived in them all. Remove a plant, it will pine away, wdiich is especially perceived in date trees, as you may read at large in Constantine's hus- bandry, that antipathy betwixt the vine and the cabbage, vine and oil. Put a bird in a cage, he will die for sullenness, or a beast in a pen, or lake his young ones or companions from him, and see what effect it will cause. But who perceives not these common passions of sensible creatures, fear, sorrow, &c. Of all other, dogs are most subject to this malady, insomuch some hold they dream as men do, and through violence of melancholy run mad ; 1 could relate many stories of dogs that have died for grief, and pined away for loss of their masters, but they are common in every ''' author. Kingdoms, provinces, and politic bodies are likewise sensible and subject to this disease, as ^^Boterus in his politics hath proved at large. ''As in human bodies (saith he) there be divers alterations proceeding from humours, so be there many dis- eases 111 a commonwealth, which do as diversely happen from several distempers," as you may easily percieve by their particular symptoms. For where you shall ?ee the people civil, obedient to God and princes, judicious, peaceable and quiet, rich, fortunate, ^^ and flourish, to live in peace, in unity and concord, a country well tilled, many fair built and populous cities, uli incolm niient as old ^' Cato said, the people are neat, polite and terse, ubi bene., beateque vivunt^ which our politicians make the fi» Virsr. 1. Eccl. 3. ^ Ps. inebriabunlur ah nher- tate donius. &« In Psal. civ. Austin. &■ In Pia- toin> Tim. sarerdos iEsryptius. "^ Ilor Tuiijisin- $aiuMn -'"Patet ea diviso probabilis, &.r. ex. Ar^at. Top. lb. 1. c. 8. Roc. Bac. Epist. de secret, ^rt. et nat. c. 8. non est judicium in vulgo. coDe occult. Phi- loRop I. 1. c. 25 et 19. ejusd. I. Lib. 10. cap. 4. "' See Lipsius epist. c^ De politai illustrium lib. I. cap. 4. ut in humanis coporii)us varijr accidunt niutaticies corporis, aniniique, sic in republics, Szv. coXJl/ reges philosophuntur, Plato. <^^Lib. de re rust. fcjr^ ...i.^ i.^ ,*-^ 52 Democntus to the Reader. chief end of a commonwealth; and which ^'^ Aristotle Pol'd. lib. 3, cap. 4 calls Com- mune bonum^ Polybius lib. 6, opfabilem et selrctum statum^ that country is free from melancholy ; as it was in Italy in the time of Augustus, now in China, now in many other flourishing kingdoms of Europe. But whereas you shall see many discontents, common grievances, complaints, poverty, barbarism, beggary, plagues, wars, rebel- lions, seditions, mutinies, contentions, idleness, riot, epicurism, the land lie nntilled, waste, full of bogs, fens, deserts, &c., cities decayed, base and poor towns, villages depopulated, the people squalid, ugly, uncivil ; that kingdom, that country, must needs be discontent, melancholy, hath a sick body, and had need to be reformed. Now that cannot well be effected, till the causes of these maladies be first removed, which commonly proceed from their own default, or some accidental inconvenience • as to be situated in a bad clime, too far north, sterile, in a barren place, as the desert of Lybia, deserts of Arabia, places void of waters, as those of Lop and Belgian in Asia, or in a bad air, as at Mexandretta., Bantam., Pisa., Durrazzoy S. John de Ulloa., &.C., or in danger of the sea's continual inundations, as in many places of the Low Countries and elsewhere, or near some bad neighbours, as Hungarians to Turks, Podolians to Tartars, or almost any bordering countries, they live in fear still, and by reason of hostile incursions are oftentimes left desolate. So are cities by reason ^^of wars, flres, plagues, inundations, "'wild beasts, decay of trades, barred havens, the sea's violence, as Antwerp may witness of late, Syracuse of old, Brundu- sium in Italy, Rye and Dover with us, and many that at this day suspect the sea's fury and rage, and labour against it as the Venetians to their inestimable charge. But the most frequent maladies are such as proceed from themselves, as first when religion and God's service is neglected, innovated or altered, where they do not fear God, obey their prince, where atheism, epicurism, sacrilege, simony, &c., and all such impieties are freely committed, that country cannot prosper. When Abraham came to Gerar, and saw a bad land, he said, sure the fear of God was not in that place. ^^ Cyprian Echovius, a Spanish chorographer, above all other cities of Spain, commends " Borcino, in which there was no beggar, no man poor, &c., but all rich, and in good estate, and he gives the reason, because they were more religious than their neighbours :" why was Israel so often spoiled by their enemies, led into capti- vity, &c., but for their idolatry, neglect of God's word, for sacrilege, even for one Achan's fault ? And what shall we except that have such multitudes of Achans, church robbers, simoniacal patrons, &c., how can they hope to flourish, that neglect divine duties, that live most part like Epicures t Other common grievances are generally noxious to a body politic ; alteration of laws and customs, breaking privileges, general oppressions, seditions, &c., observed by "^Aristotle, Bodin, Boterus, Junius, Arniscus, Slc. I will only point at some of chiefest. "^^LnpotenlJa gubernandl^ afaxia., confusion, ill (government, which proceeds fi-om unskilful, slothful, griping, covetous, unjust, rasii, or tyrannizing magistrates, v/hen they are fools, idiots, children, proud, wilful, partial, indiscreet, oppressors, giddy heads, tyrants, not able or unfit to manage such offices : '^' many nobic cities and flourishing kingdoms by that means are desolate, the whole body groans under such heads, and all the members must needs be disaffected, as at this day those goodly provinces in Asia Minor, Sic. groan under the burthen of a Turkish govern- ment; and tho'^e vast kingdoms of Muscovia, Russia, '^^ under a tyrannizing duke. Who ever heard of more civil and rich populous countries than those of " Greece, Asia Minor, abounding with all " wealth, multitudes of inhabitants, force, power, splendour and magnificence ?" and that miracle of countries, '''' the Holy Land, that in so small a compass of ground could maintain so many towns, cities, produce so many fighting men ? Egypt another paradise, now barbarous and desert, and almost waste, by the despotical government of an imperious Turk, intolerabili scrvitiitis 65 Vel piiblicain ntilitatem: salus publica suprema nx esto. Beata civiias noii ubi paiici bi'ati, sed lota Livitas beata. Plato quarto de republica. «Man- • iia VK iiiiser.T nimiiim viciria Cremona. 67i„t,:,r_ dism a feris, iit nlim Mauritania, &c. f.^ Deliciis HispaniJE anno 1(504. Nemo mains, nemn pauper, op- tiniiis quisque atque ditissimus. Pie, sancteqiie vive- 5. c. 3. '0 Boterus Polit. lib. 1. c. 1. Cum nempe princeps rerum gerendarum imperitus, segnis, osti- tans, suique niiineris iiiuriemor, ant fulnus est. ^' Non viget respublica cujus caput infirniatur. Sa- lisburiensis. c. 22. '^See Dr. Fletcher's rela- tion, and Alexander Gauninus' history. "-'Abun- dans oinni divitiarum affluentia incolarnni mnltinidine bant summaqne cnin veneratione, et timore divino splendore ac potentia. '^ Not above 200 miles in ctiltui, sacrisque rel)us incumbebant. c"-" Polit. 1. : length. 60 in breadth, according to Adricomivs Denwcritus to the Reader. 53 jugo prenufnr ('°one saith) not only fire and water, goods or lands, sed ipse spiritui. lib insokntissimi victoris pendet nutu^ such is their slavery, their lives and souls depend upon his insolent will and command. A tyrant that spoils all wheresoever he comes, insomuch that an '^historian complains, '' if an old inhabitant should now see them, he would not know them, if a traveller, or stranger, it would grieve his heart to behold them." Whereas '"Aristotle notes, JS'ovce exactiones^ nova oncra imposita^ new burdens and exacticcium. Arist. Pol. 2. c. 7. "<' Vicicy*, (^ 5 *■ For nio^r part we mistake the name of Politicians, mestic examples operate more quickly upon us wli p accounting such -ts read Machiavel and '1 acitus, great suggppted to our minds by higb authorities, t'atosmen, that can dispute of noiitical preceots, sup- E 2 54 Dcmocritus to the Reader. ^ious, lascivioi^s, riotous^ epicures, factious, covetous, ambitious, illiterate, so will tlie commons most pait be, idle, unthrifts, prone to lust, drunkards, and therelbre poor and needy [;^ Tf^vca oiaciv f^irtoift xai xo,xov^yLo.v, for poverty begets sedition and villany) upon all occasions ready to mutiny and rebel, discontent still, complaining, mur- muring, grudging, apt to all outrages, thefts, treasons, murders, innovations, in debt, shifters, cozeners, outlaws. Profligates famce. ac vitce. It was an old ^' politicia)i''s apiiorism, '■'• They that are poor and bad envy rich, hate good men, abhor the present government, wish for a new, and would have all turned topsy turvy." When Cati- line rebelled in Rome, he got a company of such debauched rogues together, they were his familiars and coadjutors, and such have been your rebels most part in all ages. Jack Cade, Tom Straw, Kette, and his companions. Where they be generally riotous and contentious, where there be many discords, many laws, many lawsuits, many lawyers and many physicians, it is a manifest sign of a distempered, melancholy slate, as '^^ Plato long since maintained : for where such kind of men swarm, tliey will make more work for themselves, and that body politic diseased, which was otherwise sound. A general mischief in these our times, an insensible plague, and never so many of them : ""which are now multiplied (sailh Mat. Garaldus, ^^a lawyer himself,) as so many locusts, not the parents, but ihe plagues of the country, and for the most part a supercilious, bad, covetous, litigious generation of men.. ^^ Cruvienimulga nalio^ &ic. A purse-milking nation, a clamor- ous company, gowned vultures, ^^qui ex injuria vivenf et songuinf. civin?7u thieves and seminaries of discord ; worse than any polers by the highway side, miri accipi- tres., auri exterebronides^ pecuniarum hamiolce^ quadrujjJafores^ curice harpagon6s, fori tmtinabiila^ monsfra hominum., mangones^ Sic. that take upon them to make peace, but are indeed the very disturbers of our peace, a company of irreligious har- pies, scraping, griping catclipoles, (I mean our coimnon hungry pettifoggers, ^ rabu- las forenses., love and honour in the meantime all good laws, and worthy lawyers, that are so many ^^oracles and pilots of a well-governed commonwealth). Without art, without judgment, that do more harm, as ^^^ hi\y said^ qumn htlla externa., fames^ morhiDCf than sickness, wars, hunger, diseases ; '•'• and cause a most incredible de- strunlionof a commonwealth," saith ^^Sesellius, a famous civilian sometimes in Paris, as ivy doth by an oak, embrace it so long, until it hath got the heart out of it, so do they by such places they inhabit ; no counsel at all, no justice, no speech to be had, nisi eum premulscris.) he must be fed still, or else he is as mute as a fish, better open an oyster without a knife. Experto crede (saith '°° Salisburiensis) in jnanus eorum milUes incidi^ et Charon immitis qui nuUi pepcrcil unquam^ his longe clementior est ; '' 1 speak out of experience, \ have been a tliousand times amongst them, and Charon himself is more gentle tlian they ; ' he is contented with his single pay, but they multiply still, they are never satisfied," besides they have damnificas linguas^ as he terms it, nisi fiinibus argenteis vincias., they must be fed to say nothing, and ■^ get more to hold their peace than we can to say our best. They will speak their clients fair, and invite them to their tables, but as he follows it, ^ " of all injustice there is none so pernicious as that of theirs, which when they deceive most, will seem to be honest men." They take upon them to be peacemakers, et fovere causas humi- lium^ io help them to their rights patrocinantur afflictis., '^ hut aW is for their own good, ut loculos plcniorom exhauri,ant^ they plead for poor men gratis, but they are but as a stale to catch others. If there be no jar, ^they can make a jar, out of the law itself find still some quirk or other, to set them at odds, and continue causes so long, lustra aliquot., I know not how many years before the cause is heard, and vvlten 'tis judged and determined by reason of some tricks and errors, it is as fresh to begin, after twice seven years sometimes, as it was at first ; and so they prolong «' SnluPt. Sempor in civitate quibus opes nullaR sunt bonis invident, vctera odere, nova exoptant, odio su- armn renim iniitari oiniiii peturit. '■' De let^ibns. proriigatJE in re|iib. dir-ciplinai est indicium juiisperi- t'lr iMi iiiuricriis, <'t m'-dirornin copia. " In prffif. stud, juris. Multiplicatittir nunc in tcrris ut locusta; 9^^I,ih. 3. &"Lib. 1. de rep. Gallorum, incredibilem reipub. pcrniciom afTt-nint. '*>" Polycrat. lib. » la stipe contentus. et lii asses :nte;?ros sibi nuiltiplicari jubent. '^ Plug arcipiunt tacere, quani nos loqni. •' Totius injiistilife nulla capitalior, qn.^ni eornni qoi iiin niaxinie decipiunt, id asjunt. ut boni viri esse vi- n<>n 'la'ria^ parentis, ;<(h1 pestes, pc;T;siiiii liomincs, ma- deaniiir. ^ Nam qiiociiiiqne niodo causa procedat, joro f.x parta supercilioBi contentiosi, &c. licit n m ' hoc semper agitur, ut locuii impleantur, etsi avaiiiu \nlrocmi\im ^'.xerccMit. ''i Dousa epki loquiclcia j ntHniit saj,iari. ^ Camdef in Norfolk ; qui si nilnl Uirba. vultures lojiati. '•» Hare. An-en. ■''Juris i sit litium 6 juris apicibus litob lamen screro callent. 5()ii6ulti donius oranilum civium». Tuily. f Lib. 3. 1 ^^tmsmmm Democrltus to the Reader. 55 time, delay suit* till they have enriched themselves, and beggared tlieir clients. And, as '^Cato inveighed against Isocrates' schulars, we may justly tax our wrangling law yers, they do consenescere in Jilibus. are so litigious and busy liere on earth, that I think they will plead their client's rauses hereafter, some of them in hell. 'Siinleru.s complains amongst the Snisseres of the advocates in his time, that when they should make an end, they began controversies, and "protract their causes many years, per- suading them their title is good, till their patrimonies be consumed, and tliat ihey have spent more in seeking than the thing is worth, or they shall get by the recovery.^ So that he that goes to law, as the proverb is, ** holds a wolf by the ears, or as a sheep in a storm runs for shelter to a brier, if he prosecute his cause he is consumed, if he surcease his suit he loseth all; ^what difference .'' They had wont heretofore, saith Austin, to end matters, per communes arhitros ; and so in Switzerland (we are informed by '"Simlerus), "they had some common arbitrators or daysmen hi every town, that made a friendly composition betwixt man and man, and he much wonders at tlieir honest simplicity, that could keep peace so well, and end such great causes by that means. At "Fez in Africa, they have neither lawyers nor advocates; but if there be any controversies amongst tiiem, both parties plaintiff and dofeiulant come to their Alfakins or chief judge, " and at once without any farther appeals or pitiful delays, the cause is heard and ended." Our forefathers, as '^a worthy chorographer of ours observes, liad wont pauculis cruculls aure'is^ with a few golden crosses, and lines in verse, make all conveyances, assurances. And such was the cand(mr and integrity of succeeding ages, that a deed (as I have oft seen) to convey a whole manor, was ifnpli cite contained in some twenty lines or thereabouts; like that scede or Si/f-Ua Laconica^ so much renowned of old in all contracts, which '^Tiilly so earnestly commends to Atticus, Plutarch in his Lysander, Aristolle polit. : T/mciH dides^lih. 1, '^Diodorus and Suidus approve and magnify, for that laconic brevity in this kind; and well they might, for, accordhig to '■'TertuUian, certa sunt ])aucis^ there is much more certainty in fewer words. And so was it of old throughout: but now maii}^ skins of parchment will scarce serve turn ; he that buys and selli a house, must have a house full of writings, there be so many circumstances, so many words, such tautological repetitions of all particulars (to avoid cavillation they say) ; but we find by our woful experience, that to subtle wits it is a cause of much more contention and variance, and scarce any conveyance so accurately penned by one, wiiich another will not find a crack in, or cavil at ; if any one word be mis- placed, any little error, all is disannulled. That which is a law to-day, is none to- morrow ; that which is sound in one man's opinion, is most faulty to another ; that in conclusion, here is nothing amongst us but contention and confusion, we bandy one against another. And that which long since '^ Plutarch complained of tliem in Asia, may be verified in our times. "These men here assembled, come not to sacri- fice to their gods, to offer Jupiter their first-fruits, or merriments to Bacchus ; but an yearly disease exasperating Asia hath brought them hither, to make an end of their controversies and lawsuits." 'Tis mulutudo perdentium et pereunlium^ a destructive rout that seek one another's ruin. Such most part are our ordinary suitors, termers, clients, new stirs every day, mistakes, errors, cavils, and at this present, as I have heard in some one court, I know not how many thousand causes : no person free, no title almost good, with such bitterness in following, so many slights, procrastina- tions, delays, forgery, such cost (for infinite sums are inconsiderately spent), violence and malice, I know not by whose fault, lawyers, clients, laws, both or all : but as Paul reprehended the ''Corinthians long since, I may more positively infer now : "There is a limit amongst you, and I speak it to your shame. Is there not a "^wise man amongst you, to judge between his brethren .? but that a brother goes to law * Kiiitarch. vit. Cat. caiisas apiul inferos quas in 'iClenard. 1. 1. ep. Si quje conlrovcrsise u(raqiie pars «nani tidem receperiint, p;Urocinio siio tiiehuiitur. judicein adit, is senit-l et piiiml rem traiisiuit. iiudit : ' I.il). 2. de llelvet. repub. iion oxplicandis, sed nioii- nee quid sit appellatio, laciiiyinopreque nioiffi nnscunl- endis controversiis operam dant, ita ul lies in niultos ' Camden. " Lib. 10. ejtist. ad Allicum, epi.si. II. annos exlraiinntnr sumnia cum moieslia mrisque; '^ HibHoih. 1. 3. '-Lii). de Anim. '"Lib. major par'.ix et diim interea pairimonia exliatiiiatiuir. morb. coip. uii animi Hi nonionveniiuit tit di:s mora " Lnpiiin anrihiis teiient. " Mor. '"Lib de n)ajnrum sacra faciant, noii ut Jovi primitras ntTerant, Helvet. repii<». Judices qnocunqiie pago coristiiuunl aut Uaccho commessationes, sed aiiniverrTii iiu- nior- qui aniica aliqiia transactione «' fieri possit, lites tol- bus esasperans Asiam hue- eos coegil, ul contentioneii lant. Ego majormn nosirorum simplicitatem adnii- liic peragant. '^ 1 Cor. vi. 5, 6. »" Stulti quanda tor, qui »:: causas gravissimas composucrint, &c. deniumsapietiBl Pu. ilix.8. ^^^^pvwrr 56 Democritus to the Reader. with a broiher." And '^Christ's counsel concerning lawsuits, was never so fit to be inculcated as in this age : ^^ Agree with thine adversary quickly," &c. Matth. v. 25. I could repeat many such particular grievances, which must disturb a body politic. To shut up all in brief, where good government is, prudent and wise princes, there all tilings thrive and prosper, peace and happiness is in that land : wliere it is other- wise, all things are ugly to behold, incult, barbarous, uncivil, a paradise is turned to a wilderness. This island amongst the rest, our next neighbours the French and Germans, may be a sufficient witness, that in a short time by that prudent policy of the Romans, was brought from barbarism; see but what Caesar reports of us, and Tacitus of those old Germans, they were once as uncivil as they in Virginia, yet by planting of colonies and good laws, they became from barbarous outlaws, ^' to be full of rich and populous cities, as now they are, and most flourishing kingdoms. Even so might Virginia, and those wild Irish have been civilized long since, if that order had been heretofore taken, which now begins, of planting colonies, Sec. I have read a ^Miscourse, printed anno 1612. "Discovering the true causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued, or brought under obedience to the crown of England, until the beginning of his Majesty's happy reign." Yet if his reasons were thoroughly scanned by a judicious politician, I am afraid he would not altogether be approved, but that it would turn to the dishonour of our nation, to suffer it to lie so long waste. Yea, and if some travellers should see (to come nearer home) those rich, united pro- vinces of Holland, Zealand, &.C., over against us; those neat cities and populous towns, full of most industrious artificers, ^^ so much land recovered from the sea, and so painfully preserved by those artificial inventions, so wonderfully approved, as that of Bemster in Holland, m^ nihil huic par ant simile invenias in tolo orbe, saith Bertius the geographer, all the world cannot match it, ^so many navigable channels from place to place, made by men's hands, Stc. and on the other side so many thousand acres of our fens lie drowned, our cities thin, and those vile, poor, and ugly to behold in respect of theirs, our trades decayed, our still running rivers stopped, and that bene- ficial ilse of transportation, wholly neglected, so many havens void of ships and towns, so many parks and forests for pleasure, barren heaths, so many villages depopulated, &.c. I think sure he would find some fault. I may not deny bui that this nation of ours, doth bcn£ andire apud riieros^ is a most noble, a most flourishing kingdom, by common consent of all '^geographers, historians, politicians, 'tis unica veliit arx^^^ and which Quintius in Livy said of the inhabitants of Peloponnesus, may be well applied to us, we are tesiudincs testa sua incliisi., like so many tortoises in our shells, safely defended by an angry sea, as a wall on all sides. Our island hath many such honourable eulogiums ; and as a learned countryman of ours right well hath it, ^^" Ever since the Normans first comhig into England, this country both for military matters, and all other of civility, hath been paralleled with the most flourishing kingdoms of Europe and our Cluistian world," a blessed, a rich country, and one of the fortunate isles : and for some things ^^ preferred before oth^r countries, for expert seamen, our laborious discover- ies, art of navigation, true m^rcliants, they carry the bell away from all other nations, even the Portugals and Hollanders themselves; ^^" without all fear," saith Boterus, " furrowing tlie ocean winter and summer, and two of their captains, with no less valour than fortune, have sailed round about the world." ^'^We have besides many particular blessings, wliich our neighbours want, the Gospel truly preached, church discipline established, long peace and quietness free from exactions, foreign fears, invasions, domestical seditions, well manured, ^' fortified by art, and nature, and now most happy in that fortunate union of England and Scotland, which our ibrefathei'S have laboured to effect, and desired to see. But in which we excel all others, a "So intituled, and preached by our Repius Profes- . del par excellence." '■''Jam tnde non belli gloria Bor, D. Pruleaiix ; printed at London by F(k1ix Kin?!;- | quilm hinnaniiatis rtiltn inter floronlissinias orbig Eton, 1621. -"Of wliicli Text read two learned <:bristiani -.'enies ini("''''>i'^ A'^'ii't- Camden Hrit.de heitnons. "' Sa;piiis bona materia cessat si tifice. Sabellicus de Germania. Si qnis videret (Jer- inaniam nrbibus bodie excultam. non dicerei ul oliin tristeni cultn, asperain coe!.-;, terram infornieni. ''■ Hy his Majesty's Attorney 'General there. '-^ As Zeip- land, llenis':er in Holland, &c. ^^Froni Gaunt to Since, from Bruges to the Sea, &c. '^-'Ortelius, liuierus, Mcrcator, Meteranus, &.c. ^ *' The cita- Nornianiiis. '•^'^ Georg. Keeker. -'Tani hieme qnJlni estate intrepid^ sulcanl Oceanum. et duo illo- runi duces non niinore audatiA quam fortuna totiub orbein terra; circuninavigdrunt. Anipbitheatro Bote- rus. Sua fertile soil, good air, &c. Tin, Lead Wool, Saffron, &c. aiTola Britannia unica velm arx Boter. Democritus to the Reader. 57 wise, learned, religious king, another Numa, a second Augustus, a true Josiah ; mosl worthy senators, a learned clergy, an obedient commonalty, &c Yet amongst many roses, some thistles grow, some bad weeds and enormities, which much disturb the neace of this body politic, eclipse the honour and glory of it, fit to be rooted oii« and with all speed to be reformed. The first is idleness, by reason of which we have many swarms of rogues, anc", oeggars, thieves, drunkards, and discontented persons (whom Lycurgus in Phitarch calls morhos reipubliccE^ the boils of the commonwealth), many poor people in all our towns. Civitales ignohiles^ as ^^Polydore calls them, base-built cities, inglorious, DOor, small, rare in sight, ruinous, and thin of inhabitants. Our land is fertile we may not deny, full of all good things, and why doth it not then abound with cities, as well as Italy, France, Germany, the Low Countries ? because their policy hath been other- wise, and we are not so thrifty, circumspect, industrious. Idleness is the malus genius of our nation. For as ^^Boterus justly argues, fertility of a country is not enough, except art and industry be joined unto it, according to Aristotle, riches are either natural or artificial ; natural are good land, fair mines, &c. artificial, are manu- factures, coins, &c. Many kingdoms are fertile, but thin of inhabitants, as that Duchy of Piedmont in Italy, which Leander Albertus so much magnifies for corn, wine, fruits, &.C., yet nothing near so populous as those which are more barren. ■"" England," saith he, '^ London only excepted, hath never a populous city, and yet a fruitful country. I find 46 cities and walled towns in Alsatia, a small province iji Germany, 50 castles, an infinite number of villages, no ground idle, no not rock) places, or tops of hills are untilled, as ^^]\Iunster informelh us. In ^'^Greichgea, a a small territory on the Necker, 24 Italian miles over, I read of 20 walled towns, innumerable villages, each one containing 150 houses most part, besides castles and noblemen's palaces. I observe in ^"Turinge in Dutchland (twelve miles over by their scale) 12 counties, and in them 144 cities, 2000 villages, 144 towns, 250 cas- tles. In ^^ Bavaria 34 cities, 46 towns, &c. ^Portugallla inter amnis^ a small plot of ground, hath 1460 parishes, 130 monasteries, 200 bridges. Malta, a barren island, yields 20,000 inhabitants. But of all the rest, I admire Lues Guicciardine's relations of the Low Countries. Holland hath 26 cities, 400 great villages. Zealand i cities, 102 parishes. Brabant 26 cities, 102 parishes. Flanders 28 cities, 90 towns, 1154 villages, besides abbeys, castles, &.c. The Low Countries generally have three cities at least for one of ours, and those far more populous and rich : and what is the cause, but theii mdustry and excellency in all manner of trades } Their commerce, which is main- tained by a multitude of tradesmen, so many excellent channels made by art and oppor- tune havens, to which they build their cities ; all which we have in like measure, or at least may have. But their chiefest loadstone which draws all manner of commerce and merchandise, which maintains their present estate, is not fertility of soil, but industry that enricheth them, the gold mines of Peru, or Nova Hispania may not compare with them. They have neither gold nor silver of their own, wine nor oil, or scarce any corn growing in those united provinces, little or no wood, tin, lead, iron, silk, wool, any stuff almost, or metal ; and yet Hungary, Transylvania, that Drag of their mines, fertile Englaftd cannot compare with them. I dare boldly say, that neither France, Tarentum, Apulia, Lombardy, or any part of Italy, Valentia in Spain, or that pleasant Andalusia, with their excellent fruits, wine and oil, two har- vests, no not any part of Europe is so flourishing, so rich, so populous, so full of good ships, of well-built cities, so abounding with all things necessary for the use of -Tian. 'Tis our Indies, an epitome of China, and all by reason of their industry, g^t>d ;)olicy, and commerce. Industry is a load-stone to draw all good things ; that alone aiakes countries flourish, cities populous, "^ and will enforce by reason of much ma- -lure, which necessarily follows, a barren soil to be fertile and good, as sheep, saith Dion, mend a bad pasture. Tell me politicians, why is that fruitful Palestina, noble Greece, Egypt, Asu S2Lib. 1. hi/?t. ssincrement. urb. I, 1. c. 9. sf'Ortelius 6 Vaseo et Pet. de Medina. 3'JAnhun- Angliffi, excepto Londino, nulla est civitas memora- dred families in each. •»«Popu!i multitiido dili- blUs, !icel pi-v natio rerutii omnium copia ahundel. gente cultura foecundat solum. Boter. I. 8- c. 2, ''iCosniog. Lib. 3. cop. 119. Villariim non est niinie- -i' Oral. 35. Terra ubi oves stahulanlur optima agri. rws, niilliis locMs otiosiis aiis. mcultus. 36 Chytreus i colis ob stercus. oiat. edit. Fiancof. 1583. =" Maginus Geog. | P3 Democritus to the Reader. tVIinor, so much decayeu, and (mere carcases now) fallen from that tht)^ were The ground is the same, but the government is altered, the people are grown slothful, idle, their good husbandry, policy, and industry is decayed. JVon fatigata ant effcef.a humus^ as '^'^ Columella well informs Sylvinus, scd nostra jit inertia., &c. May a man believe that which Aric'.otle in his politics, Pausanias, Stephanus, Sophianus, Gerbe- lius relate of old Greece ? I find heretofore 70 cities in Epirus overthrown by Paulus Emilias, a goodly pro\nice in times past, ''''now left desolate of good towns and al- most inhabitants. Six*v-iwo cities in Macedonia in Strabo's time. I tind 30 in Laconia, but now scarce so man^' villages, saith Gerbelius. If any man from jMount Taygetus should view the couniry round about, and see tot delicias^ tot urbes per Pelopone' sum dispcrsas., so maiiy delicate and brave built cities with such cost and exquisite cunning, so neatly set out in Peloponnesus, ** he should perceive them now ruinous and overthrown, burni, waste, desolate, and laid level with the ground. Incredibih dictu., &LC. And as he laments, Qiiis taUafando Temperet a lachri/mis? Quls tam durtis aid fcrreus^ (so he prosecutes it).'*^ Who is he that can suuiciently condole and commiserate these ruins.? Where are those 4000 cities of Egypt, those 100 cities in Crete ? Are ihey now come to two ? What saith Pliny and ^lian of old Italy ? There were in former ages 1 106 cities: Blondus and Machiavel, both grant them now nothing near so populous, and full of good towns as in the time of Au- gustus (for now Lsander Albertus can find but 300 at most), and if we may give credit to "^Livy, not then so strong and puissant as of old: "They mustered 70 Le*ions in former times, which now the known world will scarce yield. Alexander built >J cities in a short space for his part, our Sultans and Turks demolish twice as many, and leave aL desolate. Many will not believe but that our island of Great Britai;! is now more populous than ever it was ; yet let them read Bede, Leland and others, tliey shall find it most flourished in tlie Saxon Heptarchy, and in the Con- queror's time was far better inhabited, tiian at this present. See that Doomsday Book, and show me those thousands of parishes, which are now decayed, cities ruined, villages depopulated, &lc. The lesser the territory is, commonly, the richer it is. Parens scd bene cuUus ager. As those Athenian, Lacedaemonian, Arcadian, Aelian, Sycionian, Messenian, Stc. commonwealths of Greece make ample proof, as those imperial cities and free states of Germany may witness, those Cantons of Swit- zers, Rheti, Grisons, Walloons, Territories of Tuscany, Luke and Senes of old. Pied- mont, Mantua, Venice in Italy, Ragusa, &lc. That prince therefore as, ^^Boterus adviseth, that will have a rich country, and fair cities, let him get good trades, privileges, painful inhabitants, artificers, and suffer no rude matter unwrought, as tin, iron, wool, lead, &c., to be transported out of his country, — ^''a thing in part seriously attempted amongst us, but not effected. And because industry of men, and multitude of trade so much avails to the ornament and enriching of a kingdom ; those ancient '^^ Massilians would admit no man into their city that had not some trade. Selym the first Turkish emperer procured a thousand good artificers to br brought from Tauris to Constantinople. The Polanders indented with Henry Duke of Anjou, their new chosen king, to bring with him an hundred families of artificers into Poland. James the first in Scotland (as ^"Buchanan writes) sent for the best artificers he could get in Europe, and gave them great rewards to teach his subjects their several trades. Edward the Third, our most renowned king, to his eternal memory, brought clothing first into this island, transporting some families of artificers from Gaunt hither. How many goodly cities could I reckon up, that thrive wholly by trade, where thousands of inhabitants live singular well by their fingers* ends : As Florence in Italy by making cloth of gold ; great Milan by silk, and all curious works ; Arras in Artois by those fair hangings ; many cities in Spain, mar" in France, Germany, have none other maintenance, especially those within the land. ^' Mecca, in Arabia Petraea, stands in a most unfruitful coun- ••'Dfi re nist. I. 2. cap. 1. The soil is not tired or i*^ Lib. 7., Septuaginta olim legiones scriptse dicutitui ; exhausted, but h;is b»*co>"" barren tluousrli our sloth. , qua.s vires hodie, '.) Valer 1. I. desliiuit .!.••. Ger!)elius desc. Graicia;, lib. 6. ■" Vi- c. 1. m Hist. Scot. Lib. 10. Magnis pr»)i>ositii debit eas fere ornnes ant eversM*. aut solo lequatas, prcemii.?, ut Scoti ab lis edocerentur. =■ Munst. 'dut in rurtera fiPdissiinS dejectas Gerbelius. cosm I. 5. c. 74. Agro omnium rerum infojcundissiir c « Not even the hardest of our foes could hear, j aqua indigente inter saxeta, urbs tamen elegantisKi Hot stern Ulysses tell without a tear. 1 "»». ob Orienti* iiegotialione» et Occideniis ^^mmm'^^ Democrilus to the Reader. 59 try, that wants water, amongst the rocks (as Vertomanus describes it), and yet (t is a most elegant and pleasant city, by reason of the traffic of the east and west, Ormus in Persia is a most famous mart-town, hath nought else but the opportunity of the haven to make it flourish. Corinth, a noble city (^ Lumen Grecije, Tully calls it) the Eye of Greece, by reason of Cenchreas and Leclieus, those excellent ports, drew all that traffic of the Ionian and iEgean seas to it ; and yet the couiitry about it was curva et superciliosa^ as ^^Strabo terms it, rugged and harsli. We may say the same of Athens, Actium, Thebes, Sparta, and most of tliose tovilis in Greece. Nuremberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil, yet a noble imperial city by the sole industry of artificers, and cunning trades, they draw the riches of most coun- tries to them, so expert in manufactures, that as Sallust long since gave out of the like. Si'dem anijnce in extremis digitls hahent^ their soul, or infellcctus agcns^ was placed in their lingers' end ; and so we may say of Basil, Spire, Cambray, Frankfort, &tc. It is almost incredible to speak what some write of Mexico and the cities adjoining to it, no place in the world at their first discovery more populous, '^ Mat. Riccius, the Jesuit, and some others, relate of the industry of the Chinese most populous coun- tries, not a beggar or an idle person to be seen, and how by that means they prosper and flourish. We have the same means, able boches, pliant wits, matter of aii sorts, wool, flax, iron, tin, lead, wood, &.C., many excellent subjects to work upon, only industry is wanting. We send our best commodities beyond the seas, which they make good use of to their necessities, set themselves a work about, and severally improve, sending the same to us back at dear rates, or else make toys and baubles of the tails of them, whicii they sell to us again, at as great a reckonhig as the whole. In most of our cities, some few excepted, like ^^ Spanish loiterers, we live w^iolly by tippling-inns and ale-houses. Malting are their best ploughs, their great- est traffic to sell ale. "Meteran and some others object to us, that we are no whit so industrious as the Hollanders: ^' iManual trades (saith he) which are more cu- rious or troublesome, are wholly exercised by strangers : they dwell in a sea full of fish, but they are so idle, they will not catch so much as shall serve their own turns, but buy it of their neighbours." Tush'^ Mare liberum., they fish under ^our noses, and sell it to us when tliey have done, at their own prices. -" Pudet hs-c npprobria nobis Et dici potuisse, el noii potuisse refelli. I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers, and know not how lo answer it Amongst our towns, there is only ^'London that bears the face of a city, ^^ Epitome Britannice^ a famous emporium^ second to none beyond seas, a noble mart : but sola crescit^ decrescentibus aids ; and yet, in my slender judgment, defective in many things. The rest(^^some few excepted) are in mean estate, ruinous most part, poor, and full of beggars, by reason of their decayed trades, neglected or bad policy, idle- ness of their inhabitants, riot, which had rather beg or loiter, and be ready to starve, than work. I cannot deny but that something maybe said in defence of our cities, ^°that they are not so fair built, (for the sole magnificence of this kingdom (concerning build- ings) hath been of old in those Norman castles and religious houses,) so rich, thick sited, populous, as in some other countries ; besides the reasons Cardan gives. Subtil. Lib. 11. we want wine and oil, their two harvests, we dwell in a colder air, and for that cause must a little more liberally ®'feed of flesh, as all northern countries do : our provisions will not therefore extend to the maintenance of so many ; yet notwith- standing we have matter of all sorts, an open sea for traffic, as well as the rest, goodly havens. And how can we excuse our negligence, our riot, drunkenness, &.C., . MLib 8. Georgr . oh aspernm situm. 53 Lib. s^ Camden. 59York, Bristow, Nnr\vich,Worcester.&c. Edit, ii Nic. Trftifant. Bel?. A. lt)16. expedit. in Sinas. i com. Gain.sford's Argumetit : Because eentUmen dwell •■^'Ubi nobiles probi loco h;U)ent artem ali(iiiam profi- with us in the coinitrv villages, our cities are less, is leri. Cleonard. eji 1. 1. ^'>\.ib. 13 Belg, Hist, nothin? to the purpo'se : put three hundred or four noil rain labnriosi ut Belsja;, sed ut Hispani otiatores hundred villages in a shire, and (ivery villafre yield a vitani nt pluriinum otiosam auentes : arfes manuaria? {jt^'i'lu'miN vvhat is four hundred families to increase M!i;p nluriinum habent in se laboris et diffuultatis, ma- one of our cities, or tf) contend with theirs, which jort-mq ; requirunt industriam. a peresfrinis et exteris stand thicker 1 And whereas ours usually consist of exerrentnr; habitant in piscosissimo niari, interea seven ih.ousand, theirs consist of fnriy Ihonsand inha- »nntum non piscaniur quantum insuh-e suffecerii sed -k bitants. 6' Maxima pars victus in came coi sistv, vicinis einere coeunti'r. t'Grotii Liber. s' Urbs Polyd. Lib. 1. Hist, animis numeroque potens, ci roDctre genlis. Sralige- 00 Democrttus to the Reader. !ind sucli enormities that follow it ? We have excellent laws enacted, you will say, severe statutes, houses of correction, &c., to imall purpose it seems ; it is not houses will serve, but cities of correction ; ^^our tiades generally ought to be reformed, wants supplied. In other countries they have the same grievances, I confess, but that doth not excuse us, ^^ wants, defects, enormities, idle drones, tumults, discords, contention, law-suits, many laws made against them to repress those innumerable brawls and law-suits, excess in apparel, diet, decay of tillage, depopulations, ^^ especially against rogues, beggars, Egyptian vagabonds (so termed at least) which have "swarmed all over Germany, France, Italy, Poland, as you may read in *^^Munster, Cranzius, and Aventinus ; as those Tartars and Arabians at this day do in the eastern countries : yet such has been the iniquity of all ages, as it seems to small purpose. A^emo in nostra civitate mendlcus esto^^'' saith Plato : he will have them purged from a ^'^com- monwealth, ^^"as a bad humour from the body," that are like so many ulcers and boils, and must be cured before the melancholy body can be eased. What Carolus JVlagnus, the Chinese, the Spaniards, the duke of Saxony and many other states have decreed in this case, read Arniseus^ cajJ. 19 ; Botcrus^ llhro 8, cap. 2 ; Osorius de Riihiis gest. Enian. lib. 1 1. When a country is overstocked with people, as a pasture is oft overlaid with cattle, they had wont in former times to disburden themselves, by sending out colonies, or by wars, as those old Romans ; or by em- ploying them at home about some public buildings, as bridges, road-ways, for which those Romans were famous in this island ; as Augustus Caesar did in Rome, the Spaniards in their Indian mines, as at Potosi in Peru, where some 30,000 men are still at work, 6000 furnaces ever boiling, &c. '° aqueducts, bridges, havens, those stupend works of Trajan, Claudius, at ^'Ostium, Dioclesiani Therma, Fucinus Lacus, that Pirreum in Athens, made by Themistocles, ampitheatrums of curious marble, as at Verona, Civitas Philippi, and Heraclea in Thrace, those Appian and Fla- minian ways, prodigious works all may witness ; and rather than they should be '^idle, as those "Egyptian Pharaohs, Maris, and Sesostris did, to task their subjects to build unnecessary pyramids, obelisks, labyrinths, channels, lakes, gigantic works all, to divert them from rebellion, riot, drunkenness, ''^Qao scilicet alanlar et ne vagando labor are desuescant. Another eye-sore is that want of conduct and navigable rivers, a great blemish as '^Boterus, "^Hippolitus a CoUibus, and other politicians hold, if it be neglected in a commonwealth. Admirable cost and charge is bestowed in the Low Countries on this behalf, in the dutchy of Milan, territory of Padua, in ''France, Italy, China, and so likewise about corrivations of water to moisten and refresh barren grounds, to drain fens, bogs, and moors. Massinissa made many inward parts of Barbary and Numidia in Africa, before his time incult and horrid, fruitful and bartable by this means. Great industry is generally used all over the eastern countries in this kind, especially in Egypt, about Babylon and Damascus, as Vertomannus and "^Gotardus Arthus relate ; about Barcelona, Segovia, Murcia, and many other places of Spain, Milan in Italy ; by reason of which, their soil is much impoverished, and infinite commodities arise to the inhabitants. The Turks of late attempted to cut that Isthmus betwixt Africa and Asia, which '^Sesostris and Darius, and some Pharaohs of Egypt had formerly undertaken, but with ill success, as ^Diodorus Siculus records, and Pliny, for that Red-sea being three ^' cubits higher than Egypt, would have drowned all the country, ccepto des- fi-Refraenate monopolii licentiam, pauciores alantur otio, redintegretur agricolatio, laiiificium instauretiir, ut sit honestuin iie<^oiiuin quo se exerceat otiosa ilia turba. Nisi his mails medentur, friistra exercent jus- titiam. Mor. Utop. Lib. 1. i^^Mancipiis locuples eget seris Cappadocmn rex. Hor. s^ Regis diirni- tatis non est exercere imperium in mendicos sed in opulentos. Non est re!,'ni deciis, sed carceris esse ciistos. Idem. e"' Colliivies hnminum mirabiles excocti solo, immundi vestes fiedi visu, fiirti imprimis acres, Cap. 5. de increm. urb. Quas flumen, lacus, aut mare alluit "Incredibilem commoditntem, vectura mercir.m tres fluvii navigabiles, &c. Boterus de Gallid. '^^He- rodotus. 79i,i(j. Orient, cap. 2. Rotam in medio flumine constituunt, cui ex pellibus animaiium .onsu tos uteres appendunt, hi dum rota movetur, aqnair. per canales, &c. to Centum pedes lata fossa SO alta. **' Contrary to that of Archimedes, wh« Democntus to the Reader. m t'lterant.) they left off; yet as the same ^^Diodonis writes, Ptolemy renewed tlie work many years after, and absolved in it a more opportune place. That Isthmus of Corinth was likewise undertaken to be made navigable by Deme- trius, by Julius Caesar, Nero, Domitian, Herodes Atticus, to make a speedy ^^ passage, and less dangerous, from the Ionian and Aegean seas ; but because it could not be so well effected, the Peloponnesians built a wall like our Picts' wall about Schne- nute, where Neptune's temple stood, and in the shortest cut over the Isthmus, of which Diodorus, lib. 11. Herodotus, lib. 8. Vran. Our latter writers call it Hexa- milium, which Amurath the Turk demolished, the Venetians, anno 145o, repaired in 15 days with 30,000 men. Some, saith Acosta, would have a passage cut from Panama to Nombre de Dios in America ; but Tlnianus and Serres the French his- torians speak of a famous aqueduct in France, intended in Henry the Fourth's time, from the Loire to the Seine, and from Rhodanus to the Loire. The like to which was formerly assayed by Domitian the emperor, ^"from Arar to Moselle, which Cornelius Tacitus speaks of in the 13 of his annais, after by Charles the Great and others. Much cost hath in former times been bestowed in either new making or mending channels of rivers, and their passages, (as Aurelianus did by Tiber to make it navigable to Rome, to convey corn from Egypt to the city, vadtim aJvei tumcnfis effodit saith Vopiscus, et Tiberis ripas extrnxU he cut fords, made banks, &c.) decayed havens, which Claudius the emperor with infinite pains and charges attempted at Ostia, as I have said, the Venetians at this day to preserve their city ; many ex- cellent means to enrich their territories, have been fostered, invented in most provin- ces of Euprope, as planting some Indian plants amongst us, silk-worms, ^Uhe very mulberry leaves in the plains of Granada yield 30,000 crowns per annum to the king of Spain's coffers, besides those many trades and artificers that are busied about them in the kingdom of Granada, JMurcia, and all over Spain. In France a great benefit is raised by salt, &c., whether these things might not be as happily attempted with us, and with like success, it may be controverted, silk-worms (1 mean) vines, fir trees, &.c. Cardan exhorts Edward the Sixth to plant olives, and is fully per- suaded they would prosper in this island. With us, navigable rivers are most part neglected ; our streams are not great, I confess, by reason of the narrowness of the island, yet they run smoothly and even, not headlong, swift, or amongst rocks and shelves, as foaming Rhodanus and Loire in France, Tigris in Mesopotamia, violent Durius in Spain, with cataracts and whirlpools, as the Rhine, and Danubius, about Shaffausen, Lausenburgh, Linz, and Cremmes, to endanger navigators ; or broad shallow, as Neckar in the Palatinate, Tibris in Italy ; but calm and fair as Arar in France, Hebrus in Macedonia, Eurotas in Laconia, they gently glide along, and miffht as well be repaired many of them (I mean Wye, Trent, Ouse, Thamisis at Oxford, the defect of which we feel in the mean time) as the river of Lee from Ware to London. B. Atwater of old, or as some will Henry I. ^^made a channel from Trent to Lincoln, navigable ; which now, saith Mr. Camden, is decayed, and much men- tion is made of anchors, and such like monuments found about old '^' Verulamium, good ships have formerly come to Exeter, and many such places, M'hose channels, havens, ports are now barred and reelected. We contemn this benefit of carriage by waters, and are therefore compelled in the inner parts of this island, because por- tage is so dear, to eat up our commodities ourselves, and live like so many boars in a sty, for want of vent and utterance. We have many excellent havens, royal havens, Falmouth, Portsmouth, Milford, &c. equivalent if not to be preferred to that Indian Havanna, old Brundusium in Italy, Aulia in Greece, Ambracia in Acarnia, Suda in Crete, Avhich have lew ships iji them, little or no traflic or trade, which have scarce a village on them, able to bear great cities, scd vi~ derint politlci. I could here justly tax many other neglects, abuses, errors, defects among us, and in other countries, depopulations, riot, drunkenness, &c. and many such, qucB nunc in aurem susurrare non lihct. But I nmst take heed, nc quid gravius dicam^ ^ Lib 1. cap. 3. 83 Dion. Pansanias, et Nic. Ger- belius. Minister. Cnsm. Lib. 4. cap. 36. Ut brevior foret n;ui<.'atio et minus periciilosa. "^i Charles the great went about to make a channe' from the Rhine to the I Huube. Bil. Pirkimerus c.e.«!(ript. Ger. the ruins aif vet seen about VVessenburg from Rednich to Altimul. Ut navi«rabilia inter se Occidcntis et Sep- tentrionis littora ficrent. ''S Macinus Geor<;r. Sim- lerus de rep. Ilchet. lib. 1. dfscrii)it. ** Camden in Linioinshire, Fossedike. ^'' Near St- Albans, '• which must not now be whispered in the ear " f^e^s^en 62 Democritus to the. Reader. that I do not overshoot myself. Sits Mlnervam^ I am forth of my element, as you peratl- ♦^enture suppose; and sometimes ver'Uas odium parU,, as lie said, "verjuice and oat- meal IS good ft)r a parrot." For as Lucian said of an historian, I say of a politician. He that will freely speak and write, must be for ever no subject, under no prince or law, but lay out the matte'r truly as it is, not caring w^hat any can, will, like or dislike. We have good laws, I deny not, to rectify such enormities, and so in all other countries, but it seems not always to good purpose. We had need of some general visitor in our age, that should reform what is amiss; a just army of Rosie-crosse men, for they will amend all matters (they say) religion, policy, manners, with arts, sciences, &.c. Another Attila, Tamerlane, Hercules, to strive with Achelous, Jlugece. stabuluni purgare^ io subdue tyrants, as ^'Mie did Diomedes and Busiris : to expei thieves, as he (hd Cacus and Lacinius : to vindicate poor captives, as he did Hesione to pass tlie torrid zone, the deserts of Lybia, and purge the world of monsters and Centaurs : or another Theban Crates to reform our manners, to compose quarrels and controversies, as in his time he did, and was therefore adored for a god in Athens "As Hi3rcules *^^ purged tlie world of monsters, and subdued them, so did he light against envy, lust, anger, avarice, kc. and all those feral vices and monsters of the mind." It were to be wished we had some such visitor, or if wishing would serve, one liad such a ring or rings, as Timolaus desired in "° Lucian, by virtue of which he should be as strong as 10,000 men, or an army of giants, go invisible, open gates and castle doors, have what treasure he would, transport himself in an instant to what place he desired, alter affections, cure all manner of diseases, that he might range over the world, and reform all distressed states and persons, as he would himself He might reduce those wandering Tartars in order, that infest China on the one side, Muscovy, Poland, on the other; and tame the vagabond Arabians that rob and spoil those east- ern countries, that they should never use more caravans, or janizaries to conduct them. He might root out barbarism out of America, and fully discover Terra Jlus- trails Incognita^ hud out the north-east and north-west passages, drain those mighty Mieotian fens, cut down those vast Hircinian woods, irrigate those barren Arabian deserts, &c. cure us of our epidemical diseases, scorbutum^ plica., inorhus JVeapolita- wws, &.C. end all our idle controversies, cut off our tumultuous desires, inordinate lusts, root out atheism, impiety, heresy, schism and superstition, which now so cru- cify the world, catechise gross ignorance, purge Italy of luxury and riot, Spain of superstition and jealousy, Germany of drunkenness, all our northern country of glut- tony and intemperance, castigate our hard-hearted parents, masters, tutors; lash disobedient children, negligent servants, correct these spendthrifts and prodigal sons, enforce idle persons to work, drive drunkards off the aleliouse, repress thieves, visit corrupt and tyrannizing magistrates, &c. But as L. Licinius taxed Timolaus, you may us. These are vain, absurd and ridiculous wishes not to be hoped : all mvM be as it is, ^'Bocchalinus may cite commonwealths to come before Apollo, and seek to reform the world itself by commissioners, but there is no remedy, it may not be redressed, dcsinent homines turn demum stnllescere quando esse desinent, so long as they can wag their beards, they will play the knaves and fools. Because, therefore, it is a thing so difficult, impossible, and far beyond Hercules labours to be performed ; let them be rude, stupid, ignorant, incult, lapis super lajn- dem sedeaf., and as the ^-apologist will, resp. tiissi^ et graveolcntia laboret, mnndus vitio., let them be barbarous as they are, let them ^^ tyrannize, epicurize, oppress, luxuriate, consume themselves with factions, superstitions, lawsuits, wars and con- tentions, live in riot, poverty, want, misery ; rebel, wallow as so many swine in their own dung, with Ulysses' companions, s/?/i/os jz/Zx'o esse lihenter. I will yet, to satisfy and please myself, make an Utopia of mine own, a new Atlantis, a poetical common- wealth of mine own, in wliich I will freely domineer, build cities, make laws, sta- tutes, as I list myself And why may I not? ^^Picfori.bus atque pnetis^ ^c You know what liberty poets ever had, and besides, my predecessor Democritu- fSLisins Girald. Nat. comes. f^ Apuleius, lib. 4. Flor. I,ar. familiaris inter homines rctaiis sine cultus est, liliuiii oiniiiuin et jnri;ionini inter propinqnos ar- bitrer et discepiatnr. Adversus iracnndiani, invidiam, «var>tiam, libidint in, r°teraq ; aninii humani vitia el monstra philosophiis iste Hercnles fuit. Pestes e.i - meiitibus exegil omnes, tec. ^o Votis navii: ^ RaiTL'nalins, part 2, cap. 2, et part 3, c. 17. ■"- Vh- ient. Andrea^ Apolog. manip. ti04. K*Qui sordidu* est, sordescat adhuc. *'Hor. Democritus to the Reader. 63 was a politici&n, a recorder of Abclera, a law maker as some say ; and why may not f presume so much as he did ? Howsoever I will adventure. For the site, if you will needs urge me to it, I am not fully resolved, it may be in Terra Jluslrali in- cognita., there is room enough (for of my knowledge neither that hungry Spaniard,^' nor Mercurius Britannicus, have yet discovered half of it) or else one of these Una:- ing islands in Man^ del Zur, which like the Cyanian isles in the Euxine sea, alter their place, and are accessible only at set times, and to some few persons ; or oiiC of the fortunate isles, for who knows yet where, or which they are ? tJiere is room enough in the inner parts of America, and northern coasts of Asia. But I will choose a site, wliose latitude shall be 45 degrees (I respect not minutes) in the midst of the temperate zone, or perhaps under the equator, that ^^ paradise of the world, ///;/ sem- per vircns latirus^ Slc. where is a perpetual spring : the longitude for some reasons I will conceal. Yet ''be it known to all men by these presents," that if any honest gentleman will send in so much money, as Cardan allows an astrologer for casting a nativity, he shall be a sharer, I will acquaint him with my project, or if any wortliy man will stand for any temporal or spiritual office or dignity, (for as he said of his archbishopric of Utopia, 'tis sanctiis ambitus^ and not amiss to be sought after,) it shall be freely given without all intercessions, bribes, letters, Stc. his own worth sliall be the best spokesman ; and because we shall admit of no deputies or advowsons^ if he be sufficiently qualified, and as able as willing to execute the place himself, he shall have present possession. It shall be divided into 12 or 13 provinces, and those by hills, rivers, road-ways, or some more eminent limits exactly bounded. Each pro- vince shall have a metropolis, which shall be so placed as a centre almost in a cir- cumference, and the rest at equal distances, some 12 Italian miles asunder, or there- about, and in them shall be sold all things necessary for the use of man ; statis horis et dlebus^ no market towns, markets or fairs, for they do but beggar cities (no village shall stand above 6, 7, or 8 miles from a city) except those emporiums which are by the sea side, general staples, marts, as Antwerp, Venice, Bergen of old, London, &c. cities most part shall be situated upon navigable rivers or lakes, creeks, havens ; and for their form, regular, round, square, or long square, ^' with fair, broad, and straight ^'^ streets, houses uniform, built of brick and stone, like Bruges, Brussels, Rhegium Lepidi, Berne in Switzerland, Milan, Mantua, Crema, Cambalu in Tartary, described by M. Polus, or that Venetian palma. I will admit very few or no suburbs, and those of baser building, walls only to keep out man and horse, except it be in some frontier towns, or by the sea side, and those to be fortified ^^ after the latest manner of fortification, and situated upon convenient havens, or opportune places. In every so built city, I will have convenient churches, and separate places to bury the dead in, not in churchyards ; a citadeJIa (in some, not all) to command it, prisons for offenders, opportune market places of all sorts, for corn, meat, cattle, fuel, fish, commodious courts of justice, public halls for all societies, bourses, meeting places, armouries, ^°^ in which shall be kept engines for quenching of fire, artillery gardens, public walks, theatres, and spacious fields allotted for all gymnastic sports, and honest recreations, hospitals of all kinds, for children, orphans, old folks, sick men, mad men, soldiers, pest-houses, &c. not built precarib., or by gouty benefactors, who, when by fraud and rapine they have extorted all their lives, oppressed whole provinces, societies, &lc. give something to pious uses, build a satisfactory alms-house, school or bridge, &c. at their last end, or before perhaps, which is no otherwise than to steal a goose, and stick down a feather, rob a thousand to relieve ten ; and those hospitals so built and maintained, not by collections, benevolences, donaries, for a set number, (as in ours,) just so many and no more at such a rate, but for all those who stand in need, be they more or less, and that ex puhVico cerario., and so still maintained, non nobis solum nati sumus^ he. I will have conduits of sweet and good water, aptly disposed in each town, conmion 'granaries, as at Dresden in Misnia, Ste- tein in Pomerland, Noremberg, &c. Colleges of mathematicians, musicians, and actors, as of old at Labedum in Ionia, ^alchymists, physicians, artists, and philosophers : that M^Ferdiriancio Uuir. 1612. 96 Vide Acostaet Laiet. I 'ooDe his Plin. epist. 42, lib.2. et Tacit. Anna). 13. lib. "'Vide pattitivini, lib 8. tit. 10. de Instit. Reipub. | ' Vide Hrisnnintn de regno Perse lib. 3. de his et Ve ^■Sic nliiii Ilippodamus Milesins Aris. pnlit. cap. 11. getiiim, lib. 2. cap. 3. de Aiinoiia. '^ Not to niahf «i v.truviUi, 1. 1. «• uU 9^ With walls of earth, .Sec. | gold, but for matters of physic. ^WW^^?TBB«BS^i^^^^" ;.. . • L 64 Democrlfus to the Reader 11 arts and sciences may sooner be perfected and better learned ; and public hi? ^ toriographers, as amongst those ancient ^Persians, qui in commcnlarios refereian^ qucB memoralu digna gerebantur, informed and appointed by the state to register all famous acts, and not by each insufficient scribbler, partial or parasitical pedant, as in our times. I wdl provide public schools of all kinds, singing, dancing, fencing, Stc. especially of grammar and languages, not to be tauglit by tliose tetUous precepts ordi- narily used, but liy use, example, conversation,"* as travellers learn abroad, and nurses teach their children : as I will have all such places, so will 1 ordain ^public govern- ors, fit officers to each place, treasurers, cediles, questors, overseers of pupils, widows' goods, and all public houses, &c. and those once a year to make strict accounts of all receipts, expenses, to avoid confusion, et sicjiet ut non ahsumanl (as Pliny to Trajan,) quad pndeaf dicere. They shall be subordinate to those higher officers and govern- ors of each city, which shall not be poor tradesmen, and mean artificers, but noble- men and gentlemen, which shall be tied to residence in those towns they dwell next, at such set times and seasons: for I see no reason (wliicJi "^ Hippolitus com- plains of) *■' that it should be more dishonourable for noblemen to govern the city than the country, or unseemly to dwell there now, tlian of old. ' I will have no bogs, fens, marshes, vast woods, deserts, heaths, commons, but all inclosed ; (yet uot depopulated, and therefore take heed you mistake me not) for tliat which is common, and every man's, is no man's; tlie ricliest countries are still inclosed, as Essex, Kent, with us, &.c. Spain, haly ; and where inclosures are least in quantity, they are best ^ husbanded, as about Florence in Italy, Damascus in Syria, kc wliich are liker gardens than fields. I will not have a barren acre in all my territories, not so much as the tops of mountains : where nature fails, it shall be supplied by art : ^ lakes and rivers shall not be left desolate. All common higliways, bridges, banks, corrivations of waters, aqueducts, channels, public works, buihhngs, &.c. out of a "^common stock, curiously maintained and kept in repair; no depopulations, engross- ings, alterations of wood, arable, but by the consent of some supervisors tliat shall be appointed for that purpose, to see what reformation ought to be had in all places what is amiss, how to help it, et quid quceque ferat regio^ et quid quceque recuset what ground is aptest for wood, what for corn, wiiat for cattle, gardens, orchards, fishponds, &.C. with a charitable division in every village, (not one domineering house greedily to swallow up all, which is too common with us) what for lords, " what for tenants ; and because they shall be better encouraged to improve such lands they hold, manure, plant trees, drain, fence, &c. they shall have long leases, a known rent, and known fine to free them from those intolerable exactions of tyran- nizing landlords. These supervisors shall likeAvise appoint wliat quantity of land in each manor is fit for the lord's demesnes, '^ what for hokhng of tenants, how it ought to be husbanded, ut ^' magnetis equis^Minycp gens cognita remisA\o\y \o be manured, tilled, rectified, 'Vi/c segetes veniunt^ illic foelicius vvce^ arhorei fceivs aJihi^ alque injussa virescimt Gramina^ and what proportion is fit for all callings, because private professors are many times idiots, ill husbands, oppressors, covetous, and know not how to improve, their own, or else wholly respect their own, and not public good. Utopian parity is a kind of government, to be wished for, '^rather than efiected, Respuh. Christianopolitana^ Campanellas city of the Sun, and that new Atlantis, witty fictions, but mere chimeras ; and Plato's community in many things is impiouS; Bresnniiis Josephus, lib. 21. antiqnlt. Jud. cap. 6. | l)ut since inclosure, they live decently, and have ninnej Herod, lib. 3. ' So Lod. Vives thinks best, Coin- inineus, and others. « piato 3. ile l.^g. .Ediles cr'eari vnll, qui fora, fontss, vias, pnrtus, plateas, et id penus alia prociirent. Vide Isaacuni Fontanuin de civ. Anistel. hffic omnia, &c. Gotarduni et alios. « De Increm. nrb. cap. 13. Ingeiinfi fateor nie non in- fellijrere cur ignobilius sit urbes bene nninitas cnjere nunc quiin olini. aut casa; rustics prasse qutim urbi. Idem Ubertus Foliot, de Nea[)()li. " Ne tanlillun! quidem soli incultum relinqnitiir, ut veruni sit ne po\- licem quidem ajjri in his regionibns sterilem aut infoe- nindnm reperiri. Marcus Ilemin^jias Augiistanus de regno Chinm, 1. 1. c. 3. « M. Carew. in his survey to spend (fol. 23); when their fields were common, their wool was coarse, Cornisii hair; but since inclo- sure. it is almost as good as Cotsvvol, and their soiV much me'ided. Tusser. cap. 52. of his liusbandry, ig of his opinion, one acre inclosed, is worth three com- mon. The country inclosed I praise ; the other (le- liirhteth not me, for nolliing of wealth it doth raise, uui in reiupuU reripiatur. ■ - Simlcrii.'s in Helvetia. Uto- pienses rausidicos excludnnt, qui causas cailide el gruunt, quod eorum pra-cones, tibicines, coqni, et re- I vafre tractenl et di8|>utent. Iniquissimum (enscns ujui artifices, in jiaterno artificio succedunt,et coqiius \ hominem ullis oblijiari leijibus, qua* aut nuIner^)^i^lc^ k coquo gijrnilur. et palcrno opere perseverat. Idem sunt, quilm ut periegi queaiit, .nil ol)s( urjirt's qu&iii Marcus polus de Quinzay. Ident Osorius de Kmanuele i nt 4 (piovis possin? inlelligi. Voluft ui suain (lu^sq ; "epe F.usitano. Iliccius de Sinis. ''"IFippnl. &. ! cau.i Roniae Isaac. Pi Mian, de his optinie. Anistol. ricula prfficidatur, Alfredi lex. En leges ipsi Veneri 1.2. c. 9. 4ildeni Aristot- pol. 5. c. 8. Vitiosuni Martiq; timeiidas. f'l Tauperes non |»eccant, quum »jinim soli pau[)eriiin liheri educantnr ad labores, no- extrenia necessitate coacti rem alienani capiunt. Mal- biliutn et divitum in voluplatiliiis et deliciis. ^<^ Qu;e donat. suinmula quffist. 8. art. 3. Ego cum illis senlio hffc injuslitia ni nobilis quispiam, aut fffiiierator qui qui licere putant ^ divite clam accipere, qui tenelu)! nihil agat, lautam et splendidaui vitam agat, olio et pauperi subvenire. Emmaimel Sa Aphor. tonfcs:?. delitiis, quum interim auriga faber, agricola, quo res- s6 Lib. 2. de Reg. Persaruni. f* Lib. 24. *^ Alitci pub. carere tion potest, vitaui adeo miseram ducat, ut Aristoteles. a nian at 25, a woman at 20. polil", pejor quam jumentorum sit ejus condiliol Iniqua "i i,ex «Slim Licurgi, hodie Chineiisium ; vide Plutarch- resp. qua- dat parasitis, adulaloribus. inanium volup- um, Riccium, Hemminginm, Arniseum, Nevisanunj, IJitnm artificibus jrenerosis et otiosis tanta mnnera et alios de hac quwstione. ^''Alfredus. «o Ajuid p/odigit, at conir^ aiiricolis, carbonariis, aurigis, fa- ; Lacones olim virgines fine dote niibebant. Boier. 1. 3. bris, &c. nihil prospicit. sed eoriim abusa labno flo- \ c. 3. 6' Lege cautiim nf)n ita priflem apud Veiierns, rentis jetatis fame penset eta;rnmnis, Mor. IJU-p. I. 2. ne quis Patrilius doieui excederet ISOOcoron. «• Bus. <7 In Segovia nemo otiosus, nemo mendicus nisi per i Sjnag. Jud. Sic .Judtpi. Leo Afer Africie descripi n« Ktatem aut morbnm opus facere nou potest : nulli i pint aliler incominentes ob reipub. bonum. Ut Au. deest iinde victum qua?rat, aut quo se exerceat. Cypr. gasl. C»sar. orat. ad cffilibes Romanes olim edocuit. Lthovius Delit. Hispan. Nullus Genevie otiosus, ne 1 .JJ.Af..A^ Mi 68 Democritus to the Reader. •^except they be ^Vlismembered, or grievously deformed, infirm, or visited with some enormous hereditary disease, in body or mind ; in such cases upon a great pain, ■yv mulct, ^^ man or woman shall not marry, other order shall be taken tor them to their content. If people overabound, they shall be eased by ^^ colonies. •^'No man shall wear weapons in any city. The same attire shall be kept, and that proper to several callings, by which they shall be distinguished. ^^Luxusfune- rum shall be taken away, that intempestive expense moderated, and many others. Brokers, takers of pawns, biting usurers, I will not admit ; yet because hie cum hominibus non cum diis agitur^ we converse here with men, not with gods, and for the hardness of men's hearts I will tolerate some kind of usury .^^ If we were honest, I confess, si yrobi esse?nus^ we should have no use of it, but being as it is, we must necessarily admit it. Howsoever most divines contradict it, dicimus injicias, sed vox ea sola rcperfa cst^ it must be winked at by politicians. And yet some great d tctors approve of it, Calvin, Bucer, Zanchius, P. Martyr, because by so many grand law- yers, decrees of emperors, princes' statutes, customs of commonwealths, churches' approbations it is permitted, &c. J will therefore allow it. But to no private persons, nor to every man that will, to orphans only, maids, widows, or such as by reason of their age, sex, education, ignorance of trading, know not otherwise how to em- ploy if, and those so approved, not to let it out apart, but to bring their money to a •"common bank which shall be allowed in every city, as in Genoa, Geneva, Nurem- berg, Venice, at " 5, 6, 7, not above 8 per centum, as the supervisors, or cerarii jira- fecti shall think fit. ^^ And as it shall not be lawful for each man to be an usurer that will, so shall it not be lawful for all to take up money at use, not to prodigals and spendthrifts, but to merchants, young tradesmen, such as stand in need, or know honestly how to employ it, whose necessity, cause and condition the said super- visors shall approve of. I will have no private monopolies, to enrich one man, and beggar a multitude, ■"multiplicity of offices, of supplying by deputies, weights and measures, the same throughout, and those rectified by the Primum mobile^ and sun's motion, three- score miles to a degree according to observation, 1000 geometrical paces to a mile, five foot to a pace, twelve inches to a foot, &.c. and from measures known it is an easy matter to rectify weights, &c. to cast up all, and resolve bodies by algebra, stereometry. I hate wars if they be not ad populi salutem, upon urgent occasion, ""*''" odimus accipifrim., quia semper vivit in armis^'''' '^^ offensive wars, except the cause be very just, I will not allow of. For I do highly magnify that saying of Hannibal to Scipio, in ^^Livy, " It had been a blessed thing for you and us, if God had given that mind to our predecessors, that you had been content with Italy, we with Africa. For neither Sicily nor Sardinia are worth such cost and pains, so many fleets and armies, or so many famous Captains' lives." Omnia prius tenfanda^ fair means shall first be tried. '^'' Peragit tranquilla poteslas, Quod violent.a nequit. I will have them proceed with all moderation : but hear you, Fabius my general, not Minutius, nam ''^qui ConsiUo nititur plus hostibus nocef^ quam qui sini animi ratione^ viribus : And in such wars to obstain as much as is possible from ''^depopulations, burning of towns, massacreing of infants, &tc. For defensive wars, I will have forces still ready at a small warning, by land and sea, a prepared navy, soldiers in procincfu^ et quam ^^Bonjinius apud Hungaros suos vult, virgam ferream, and money, which is nerves 63 Mo r bo lahorans, qui in prolem facile diffiinditur, dearer, and better improved, as he hath judiciaMy ne genus huiiianum fceda contagione ladalur, juven- proved in his tract of usury, exhibited to the Puriia- tute castralur, mulieres tales procul 4 consortio viro- ment anno 1621. "Hoc fere Zanchius com. in 4 Tum ablegantiir, &c. Hector Boeihius hist. lib. 1. de cap. ad Ephes. sequissimam vocat usiiram, et charitati vet. Scotorum moribus. «* Speciosissimi juvenes Christians consentaneam. modo non exigant, &c. nee libtri.=» dabunt operam. Plato 5. de iegibus. eaxhe omnes dent ad fcenus, sed ii qui in pecuniis bona ha- f'lxons exclude dumb, blind, leprous, and such like bent, et ob fftatem, sexuni, arlis alicujus ignorantiam, persons from all inheritance, as we do fools. ^euj uo^ possunt uti. Nee omnibus, sed mercatoribus et olim Homani, Hispani hodie, &c. «' Riccius lib. 11. iis qui honeste impendent, Sec. "•' idem apud Per- cap. 5. de Sinarum. expedit. sic Hispani coL'unt Mau- sas olim, lege Brisonium. ">*" We hate the hawk, ros arma de|)onere. So it is in most Italian cities, because he always lives in battle." ''• Idem Plato «" Idem Plato 12. de legibus, it hath ever been immode- de legibus. "•* Lib. 30. Optimum quidem fuerat rate, vide Guil. Stuckium antiq. convival. lib. 1. cap. 26. eam patribus nostris mentem a diis datam esse, ut vo.«i •' I'lalo 9. de legibus. ■"> As those Lombards beyond Italia;, nos Africte imperio contenti essemtjs. Neqne «<(!as, though with some reformation, mons pietalis, or enim Sicilia aul Sardinia satis digna precio simi pro niiik of chariry, as Malines terms it, cap. 33. Lax tot classibus, &c. '' Claudian. ''f 'I nucid'des. riHTcai. part 2. that lend money upon easy pawn.', or ''-'A depopulatione, aerorum iiicendiis, ei vj-.s'no*!! take money upon adveii'ure for men's lives. "That factis inimanibus. Piilo. ''"nuinjar. dec 1. nruportion will make merchandise increase, land lib 9 Dcmocritus to the Reader. 69 helli^ sti.i in a readiness, and a sufficient revenue, a third part as in old ^'Ronie and Egypt, reserved for the commonwealth ; to avoid those heavy taxes and iinposi lions as well to defray this charge of wars, as also all other public defalcations, expenses ff.'es, pensions, reparations, chaste sports, feasts, donaries, rewards, and entertainment AW things in this nature especially 1 will have maturely done, and with great ^^deli- /)eiation : ne quid ^'^temere., ne quid rcmisse ac timide fiat ; Scd quo fcror hospes. f To prosecute the rest would require a volume. Mamini de tabcUa., J have been over tedious in this subject ; I could have here willingly ranged, but these straits wherein I am included will not permit. From commonwealths and cities, I will descend to families, which have as many corsives and molestations, as frequent discontents as the rest. Great affinity therw is betwixt a political and economical body ; they differ only in magnitude and pro- portion of business (so Scaliger^" writes) as they have both likely the same period, a^ ^^Bodin and °^Peucer hold, out of Plato, six or seven hundred years, so many times they have the same means of their vexation and overthrows; as namely, riot, a com- mon ruin of both, riot in building, riot in profuse spending, riot in apparel, &c. be it in what kind soever, it produceth the same effects. A ^'^ corographer of ours speaking obiter of ancient families, why they are so frequent in the north, continue so long, are so soon extinguished in the south, and so few, gives no other reason but this, hnms omnia dissipavit^ riot hath consumed all, fine clothes and curious buildings came into this island, as he notes in his annals, not so many years since ; non sine dispendio hospitalitatis^ to the decay of hospitality. Howbeit many times that word is mistaken, and under the name of bounty and hospitality, is shrowded riot and prodigality, and that which is commendable in itself well used, hath been mistaken heretofore, is become by his abus^^, the bane and utter ruin of nmny a noble family. For some men live like the rich glutton, consuir.ing themselves and their substance by continual feasting and invitations, with ^^\xilon in Homer, keep open house for all comers, giving entertainment to such as visit them, ^^ keeping a table beyond their means, and a company of idle servants (though not so frequent as of old) are blown up on a sudden ; and as Act£eon was by his hounds, devoured by their kinsmen, friends, and multitude of followers, ^it is a wonder that Faulus Jovius relates of our northern countries, what an infinite deal of meat we consume on our tables ; that I rri'.>' truly say, 'tis not bounty, not hospitality, as it is often abused, but riot and excess, gluttony and prodigality ; a mere vice ; it brings in debt, want, and beggary, herediiary diseases, consumes their fortunes, and overthrows the good temperature of their bodies. To this I might here well add their inordinate expense in building, those fantastical houses, turrets, walks, parks, &c. gaming, excess of pleasure, and that prodigious riot in apparel, by which means they are compelled to break up house, and creep into holes. Seselli.'is in his commonwealth of ''' France, gives three reasons why the French nobility were so frequently bankrupts : " First, because they had so many law-suits and contentions one upon another, which were tedious and costly ; by which means it came to pass, that commonly lawyers bought them out of their possessions A second cause was their riot, they lived beyond their means, and were therefore swallowed up by m(;rchants." (La Nove, a French writer, yields five reasons of his countrymen's poverty, to the same effect almost, and thinks verily if the gentry of France were divide^ into ten parts, eigiit of them would be found much impaired, by sailes, mortgages, and debts, or wholly sunk in their estates.) '•'' The last was immodt rate excess in apparel, which consumed their reve- nues." How this concerns and agrees with our present state, look you. But of this elsewhere. As it is in a man's body, if either head, heart, stomach, liver, spleen, or any one part be misaflected, all the rest suffer with it : so is it with this economical body 8' Sesellius, lib. 2. de repub. Gal. valde enim est in- decoiuiri, nbi quod prseter opimonein accidit dicere, Non piitaram, presertini si res prscaveri potueril. Liviiis, lib. 1. Dion. lib. 2. Dindorus Siculus, lib. 2.— "^ Peragit tranqiiilla potestas, Qnod violenta nequit.— Claudian. e^MJelluin nee linienduiii iiec jirovocan- rover- icde, Et glotes bins nunquam vivunt sine lite, bium, aut regem aut fatuum nasci oportere. 'Lib «' lies angusta domi. '■>' When pride and beggary ! 1. hist. Rom. similes a. bacculorum calculis, serundum meet in a family, they roar and h( wl, and cause as i computantis arbilrium, mode) aerei sunt, mod5 aurei; many flashes of di.-icontenta, as fire and water, when ' ad nutum regis nunc beati sunt nunc miseri. ♦hey concu', make thunder-clai •. in the skies, i Vemocntus to the Reader. 7T" JEncas Sylvius (liUd'inis et stultitice servos^ he calls them), Agrippa, and many others. Of philosophers and scholars priscce sapientice. dlcfatores, I have already spoken in general terms, those superintendents of wit and learning, men above men, those refined men, minions of the muses, 3 "mentemque habere qudis bonam Et esse* corculis daiuni est." ^These acute and subtile sophisters, so much honoured, have as much need of hellebore as others. ^O mcdici viediam pertundite venam. Read Lucian's Piscator, and tell how he esteemed them ; Agrippa's Tract of the vanity of Sciences ; nay read their own works, their absurd tenets, prodigious paradoxes, et risum tcnfa- tis amicif You shall find that of Aristotle true, nullum magnum ingcnivm sine mixtara dementicB., they have a worm as well as others ; you shall find a fantastical strain, a fustian, a bombast, a vain-glorious humour, an afiected style, Stc, like a prominent thread in an uneven woven cloth, run parallel throughout their works. And they that teach wisdom, patience, meekness, are the veriest dizards, hairbrains, and m.os* discontent. "^'^ In the multitude of wisdom is grief, and he that increaseth wis- dom, Uicreaseth sorrow." I need not quote mine author; they that laugli and contemn others, condemn tlie world of folly, deserve to be mocked, are as giddy-headed, and lie as open as any other. "^Democritus, that common fiouter of folly, was ridiculous himself, barking Menippus, scoffing Lucian, satirical Lucilius, Petronius, Varro, Per- sius, &.C., may be censured with the rest, Loripedcm rectus derideat., /Elhiopein al- bus. Bale, Erasmus, Hospinian, Vives, Kemnisius, explode as a vast ocean of obs and sols, school divinity. ^A labyrinth of intricable questions, unprofitable conten- tions, incredibilcju delirationem^ one calls it. If school divinity be so censured,. sm^ tilis ^^'Scolus lima verifatis., Occam irrefragahiliSj cujus ingcnium Vetera omnia ingeuia. siibvertif^ &c. Baconthrope, Dr. Resolutus, and Corculum Theolgicp^ Thomas himself, Doctor " Seraphicus, cui dictavit Jingelus^ &.c. What shall become of hu- manity ? Jlrs stulta^ what can she plead ? what can her followers say for themselves ^ Much learning, ^^ cere-dbninuit-brum., hath cracked their sconce, and taken such root, that tribus Anticyris caput insanabile., hellebore itself can do no good, nor that re- nowned '^lanthorn of Epictetus, by which if any man studied, he should be as wise as he was. But all will not serve ; rhetoricians, in ostentationem loquacitatis multa agitant^i out of their volubility of tongue, will talk much to no purpose, orators can persuade other men what they will, quo volant., unde volunt^ move, pacify, &.C., but cannot settle their own brains, what saith Tully ? Malo indisertam prjulcntiam^ quam loquacem stultitiam ; and as '^Seneca seconds him, a wise man's oration should not be polite or solicitous. '^Fabius esteems no better of most of them, either in speech, action, gesture, than as men beside themselves, insanos declamatores ; so doth Gregory, JVoji mild sapit qui sermone., sed qui factis sapit. Make the best of him, a good orator is a turncoat, an evil man, bonus orator pessimus vir., his tongue is set to sale, he is a mere voice, as '*" he said of a nightingale, dat sine mente sonum^ an hyperbolical liar, a flatterer, a parasite, and as '^Ammianus Marcellinus will, a corrupting cozener, one that doth more mischief by his fair speeches, than he that bribes by money ; for a man may with more facility avoid him that circumvents by money, than him that deceives with glozing terms; which made '^Socrates so much abhor and explode them. '^Fracastorius, a famous poet, freely grants all poets to be mad; so doth ^Scaliger ; and who doth not ? Jlut insanit homo^ aut versus facit (He's mad or making verses), Hor. Sat. vii. 1. 2. Insanire lubet^ i. versus componere. Virg 3 Eel.; so Servius interprets it, all poets are mad, a company of bitter satirists, detractors, or else parasitical applauders : and what is poetry itself, but as Austin holds, Vinum erroris ab ebriis doctoribus propinatum ? You may give that censure 2 .^rumnosique Solones in Sa. 3. De miser, curia- sapientiam adipiscetur. J* Epist. 21. 1. lib. Non fiuni. 3 F. Uou?£B Epid. lib. 1. c. 13. •> Hoc oportet oralioiiem sapientis es?epnlitain aut soli>iiaiii. tognoniento cohonestati Roiiiip, qui ca;ieros mortales sapientid prffistareiit, testis Plin. lib. 7. cap. 34. = In- sanire parant certa ratione niodoque mad by the hook they, &c e.luvenal. "O Physicians f open the middle vein." ^ Solomon. " Communis irri- Kor stultitia;. 9 Wit whither wall 'oScaliger exerntat. 3*^}. n Vii. ejus. 12 Enni' s. »3l»- 'lan Tei mille drachmis dim empla; studens inde Lib. 3. cap. 13. multo anheiitu jactatione furentes pectus, frontem casdentes, &c. "■ Lipsius, voces sunt, practerea nihil. '^ Lib. 30. plus mali facere vidftur qui oratione quim qui pr.Ttio quemvis cor- rumpit: nam,&c. '"InGorg. Platonis. -Jlu naugerio. -0 gj furor sit Lyaeus, &c. quotics furiv furit, furit, amans, bibens, et Poeta, &c. !W«1P^"^-^^ 72 iJemocritus to the Reader. of them in general, which Sir Thomas More once did of Gennanub Brixius' pofjiw in ])articular. ** vehiintur In rate stultitise sylvam habitant FuriEe."2i BudcEUS, in an epistle of his to Lupsetus, will have civil law to be the tower of wisdom ; another honours physic, the quintessence of nature ; a third tumbles them both down, and sets up the flag of his own peculiar science. Your supercilious critics, grammatical triflers, note-makers, curious antiquaries, find out all the ruins of wit, ineptlarum deUcias^ amongst the rubbish of old writers ; ^Pro siultis haheni nisi aJiquid siifficiani invenire. quod in aliorum scriptis vertant vitio^ all fools with them that cannot find fault; they correct others, and are hot in a cold cause, puzzle themselves to find out how many streets in Rome, houses, gates, towers. Homer's country, ^neas's mother, Niobe's daughters, an Sappho puhlica fuerit f ovum ^^prius ixtitcrit an gallina ! &c. et alia qucE dediscenda essent scire, si scires, as ^''Seneca holds. What clothes the senators did wear in Rome, what shoes, how they sat, where they went to the closestool, how many dishes in a mess, what sauce, which 5br the present for an historian to relate, ^^ according to Lodovic. Vives, is very ridiculous, is to them most precious elaborate stufl^, they admired for it, and as proud, as triumphant in the meantime for this discovery, as if they had won a city, or con- quered a province ; as rich as if they had found a mine of gold ore. Quosvis aucto- res ahsiirdis commentis suis percacant et slercoranf, one saith, they bewray and daub a company of books and good authors, with their absurd comments, correc/orwm ster- quilinia ^^Scaliger calls them, and show their wit in censuring others, a company of foolish note-makers, humble-bees, dors, or beedles, inter sterdora utplurimvm versan- tur, they rake over all those rubbish and dunghills, and prefer a manuscript many times before the Gospel itself, ^'^ thesaurum criticum, before any treasure, and with their delcaturs, alii legunt sic, mevs codex sic habet, with their postremce editiones, anno- tations, castigations, &c. make books dear, themselves ridiculous, and do nobody good, yet if any man dare oppose or contradict, they are mad, up in arms on a sud- den, how many sheets are written in defence, how bitter invectives, what apologies } ^^Epiphillcdes hce sunt ut merce migm. But I dare say no more of, for, with, or against them, because I am liable to their lash as well as others. Of these and the rest of our artists and philosophers, I will generally conclude they are a kind of madmen, as ^^ Seneca esteems of them, to make doubts and scruples, how to read them truly, to mend old authors, but will not mend their own lives, or teach us ingevia sanare, memoriam ojiciorum ingerere, ac /idem in rebus humanis retinere, to keep our wits in order, or rectify our manners. JYumquid tibi demens videtur, si istis operam impenderit f Js not he mad that draws lines with Archimedes, whilst his house is ransacked, and his city besieged, when the whole world i^ in combustion, or we whilst our souls are in danger, {niors sequitur, vitafugit) to spend our time in toys, idle questions, and things of no worth ? That ^"lovers are mad, I think no man will deny, ^mare si?nul et sapere, ipsi Jovi non datur, Jupiter himself cannot intend both at once. 31" Non ben6 conveniiiiit, nee in'un^ sede morantur Majestas et amor." Tully, when he was invited to a second marriage, replied, he could not si 7nnl amare et snpcre be wise and love both together. ^^Est orcus ille, vis est immedicabilis, est '■^abics insana, love is madness, a hell, an incurable disease ; inpotentem et insanam ''ibidinem ^'Seneca calls it, an impotent and raging lust. I shall dilate this sub- ject apart; in the meantime let lovers sigh out the rest. ^^ Nevisanus the lawyer holds it for an axiom, " most women are fools," ^^ consilium fctminis invalidum ; Seneca, men, be they young or old ; who doubts it, youth is mad as Elius in Tully, Sfulfi adoUscentuU, old age little better, deliri scnes, &c. Theophrastes, in the 107th year of his age, '^said he then began to be to wise, turn 21 "They are borne in the bark of folly, and dwell in the grove of madness." 2-! Morns tltop. lib. 11. iaMicrob. Satur. 7. 16. 24Epist. 16. 20 Lib. iAe. caiisis corrup. artium. "^lAb.^. in Ausonium, cap. 19 et 32. ^^ Edit. 7. volnm. Jano Qntero. '" VriPtophanis Ranis. -'■'lAb de beneficiis. *«»Pcliriis et ameii« dicatur nier* Hor. Seneca. 31 Ovid. Met. " Majesty and Love do not agree well, nor dwell together." ^'^ Plutarch. Aniatorio est amor insanus. 33 Epist. 39. s^gyivas nupti- alis, 1. 1. num. 11. Onines mulieres ut plnrin)um stultae. Si-, Aristotle. s«Dolere se dixit quod turn vita egrederetur. Democritus to the Reader. 73 sapere coppit., and therefore lamented his departure. If wisdom come so late, where, shall we find a wise man ? Our old ones doat at threescore-and-ten. I would cite more proofs, and a better author, but for the present, let one fool point at another '^Nevisanus hath as hard an opinion of ^^rich men, "wealth and M^isdoni canno* dwell together," stultltiam patiuntar opes^ ''^and they do commonly '^^ infatuarc coi hominis^ besot men ; and as we see it, " fools have fortune :" '^^ Sopicntia non inve nilur in terra suaviter vivenfium. For beside a natural contempt of learning, which accompanies such kind of men, innate idleness (for they will take no pains), and which ^^ Aristotle observes, ubi mens plurima., ihi minima fortuna., uhi plurima for- tuna^ibi mens joerex/^wa, great wealth and little wit go commonly together : they have as much brains some of them in their heads as in their heels ; besides this inbred neglect of liberal sciences, and all arts, which should excolere mcntera., polish the mind, they have most part some guUish humour or other, by which they are led ; one is an Epicure, an Atheist, a second a gamester, a third a whore-master (fit sub- jects all for a satirist to work upon) ; «" Hie nuptarum insanit anioribus, hie pueroruin." I ^"^ burns to madness for the wedd.-d dame ; I Unnatural lusts another's heart intlame. ^'one is mad of hawking, hunting, cocking; another of carousing, horse-riding, spending; a fourth of building, fighting, &c., Insanit veteres slafuas Damasippus emendo^ Damasippus hath an humour of his own, to be talked of: ""^Heliodorus the Carthaginian another. In a word, as Scaliger concludes of them all, they are Sta- *uce erectcB stuItitiiF^ the very statutes or pillars of folly. Choose out of all stories iim that hath been most admired, you shall still find, multa ad laudem., midta ad ntuperationcm magni/ica., as ^^Berosus of Semiramis ; omnes mortales mUitid trium- phis^ divitiis^ &c., turn et liixu^ ccede^ cccterlsque vitiis antecessii., as she had some good, so had she many bad parts. Alexander, a worthy man, but furious in his anger, overtaken in drink : Caesar and Scipio valiant and wise, but vain-glorious, ambitious : Vespasian a worthy prince, but covetous: "'^Hannibal, as he had mighty virtues, so had he many vices; unam virtutem mille vitia comitantur^ as Machiavel of Cosmo de Medici, he had two dis- tinct persons in him. I will determine of them all, they are like these double or turning pictures ; stand before which you see a fair maid, on the one side an ape, on the other an owl ; look upon them at the first sight, all is well, but farther ex- amine, you shall find them wise on the one side, and fools on the other ; in some few things praiseworthy, in the rest incomparably faulty. I will say nothing of their diseases, emulations, discontents, wants, and such miseries : let poverty plead the rest in Aristophanes' Plutus. Covetous men, amongst others, are most mad, '^^ they have all the symptoms of melancholy, fear, sadness, suspicion, &c., as shall be proved in its proper place, ., ^ . ,, . ... I Misers make Anticvra their own ; Danda est Hellebori multo pars maxima avaris." | 1,^ hellebore reserved for them alone. And yet methinks prodigals are much madder than they, be of Avhat condition they will, that bear a public or private purse ; as a ''^ Dutch writer censured Richard the rich duke of Cornwall, suing to be emperor, for his profuse spending, qui effudii pecuniam ante pedes principium Elecforum sicnt aquam., that scattered money like water; I do censure them, Stulta Anglia (saith he) qucE tot dcnariis sponfq est pri- vata^f siulti principes Me?nanicB^ qui nobile jus suum pro pecunid vendiderunt ; spend- thrifts, bribers, and bribe-takers are fools, and so are ^°all they that cannot keep, dis- burse, or spend their moneys well. 1 might say the like of angry, peevish, envious, ambitious ; ^^^nticyras melior sorbere meracas ; Epicures, Atheists, Schismatics, Heretics; Jii omnes liabent imagina- 37 Lib. 1. num. 11. sapientia et divitiae vix siinul pos- hie jussi condier, et ut viderem an quis insanior ad me Pideri possunt. -"They get tlieir wisdom by eat- visendum usque ad hrec loca penetraret. Ortelins in ing pie-crusi some. '•'•> -^jiifAfTA ^oic ^•^^M■^ol; y'viTue ^ Gad. tsif it he his work, which Gasper Vpretu? et9fio7'jv». Opes quidem mo^rtalibus sunt amentia. The- suspects. 47 Ljyy, Inpentes virtutes inaentia vitia. osnis. ^"Fortuna nirnium quern fovet, stultum ' ' "'""• Q"'pq"is ambitione mala ant ar^enti pallet faeit. '"Joh.28. ^^Mag. moral, lib 2et lib 1 i amore, Quisqnis luxuria, tristique suporstitione. Per. eat. 4. « Hor. lib. 1. sat. 4. '■ Insana gula, in- I "" f-ronica Slavonica ad annum 1257. de cujiis pecnnia eanjE obstrucliones, insanun) venandi studium diseor- i J'^'" incredihilia dixerunt- 'fA fool and his money dia demens. Virg. iEn. " Heliodorus Carthaui- j ^'"'^ ^""" Pl^rted. ^" Orat. de imag. ambiiiosu.'J el oensis ad extremum orbis sarcophago testamento me auf^^x naviget Anticyras. 10 G 74 Democritus to the Reader. Itonem IcEsam (saith Nymannus) " and their madness shall be evident," 2 Tim. iii. 9. *'^Fabatiis, an Italian, holds seafaring men all mad; '"-the ship is mad, for it never stands still ; the mariners are mad, to expose themselves to such imminent dangers : the waters are raging mad, in perpetual motion : the winds are as mad as the rest, they know not whence they come, whither they would go : and those men are maddest of all that go to sea ; for one fool at home, they find forty abroad." He was a madman that said it, and thou peradventure as mad to read it. ^^Faelix Platerus is of opinion all alchemists are mad, out of their wits ; ^"Atheneus saith as much of fiddlers, et musarum hiscinias^ ^^ Musicians, omnes tibicines insaniunt., uhi semel efflant. avolut iJlico mens., in comes music at one ear, out goes wit at another. Proud and vain-glorious persons are certainly mad ; and so are ^® lascivious ; 1 can feel their pulses beat hither ; horn-mad some of them, to let others lie with their wives, and wink at it. To insist" in all particulars, were an Herculean task, to ^^ reckon up ^^insanas substrucfiones^ insanos labores.^ insannm luxum^ mad labours, mad books, endeavours carriages, gross ignorance, ridiculous actions, absurd gestures ; insanam gulain^ insa- niam vUlarum, insana jurgia^ as Tully terms them, madness of villages, stupend structures ; as those ^Egyptian Pyramids, Labyrinths and Sphinxes, which a com- pany of crowned asses, ad ostentationcm ojpum., vainly built, when neither the archi- tect nor king that made them, or to what use and purpose, are yet known : to insist in their hypocrisy, inconstancy, blindness, rashness, dementem temeritatem., fraud, cozenage, malice, anger, impudence, ingratitude, ambition, gross superstition, ^tem" pora infecta et adulatione sordida^ as in Tiberius' times, such base flattery, stupend, parisitical fawning and colloguing, &c. brawls, conflicts, desires, contentions, it would ask an expert Vesalius to anatomise every member. Shall I say .'' Jupiter himself, Apollo, Mars, &c. doated ; and monster-conquering Hercules that subdued the world, and helped others, could not relieve himself in this, but mad he was at last. And where shall a man walk, converse with whom, in what province, city, and not meet with Signior Deliro, or Hercules Furens, Ma^nades, and Corybantes ? Their speeches say no less. ^^Efungls nati homines., or else they fetched their pedigree from those that were struck by Samson with the jaw-bone of an ass. Or from Deucalion and Pyrrha's stones, for durum genus sumus., ""^ marmorci sumus^ we are stony-hearted, and savour too much of the stock, as if they had all heard that enchanted horn of Astolpho, that English duke in Ariosto, which never sounded but all his auditors were mad, and for fear ready to make away with themselves ; ^^ or landed in the mad haven in the Euxine sea of Daphnis insana^ which had a secret quality to dementate ; they are a company of giddy-heads, afternoon men, it is Midsummer moon still, and the dog- days last all the year long, they are all mad. Whom shall I then except .? Ulricus Huttenus ^^nemo., nam., nemo omnibus horis sapit^ JVemo nascitur sine vitiis^ Crimine JVemo carets JVemo sorte sua vivit contentus., JVemo in amore sapif,, JVew.o bonus.^ JVemo sapiens., JVemo., est ex omni parti beatus^ &c. ^^ and therefore Nicholas Nemo, or Monsieur No-body shall go free. Quid valeat nemo., JVemo referre potest? But whom shall I except in the second place } such as are silent, vir sapit qui pauca loquitur ; ^^ no better way to avoid folly and madness, than by taciturnity. Whom in a third } all senators, magistrates ; for all fortunate men are wise, and conquerors valiant, and so are all great men, non est bomim ludere cum diis^ they are wise by authority, good by their office and place, his licet impune pessimos esse., (some say) we must not speak of them, neither is it fit ; per me sint omnia protinus alba., I will not think amiss of them. Whom next ? Stoics .? Sapiens Stoicus^ and he alone is 62 Navis stnlta, quae continue movetur nautsB stiilti j lidi et fatui fungis nati dicebantur, idem et alibi qui se periciilis exponiint, aqua insana quae sic fre- ! dicas. capainian. Strade de bajulis, de imrmore mil, &:c. aer jaclatur, &cc. qui inari se coniniiitit stoli- dum unum terfa fufriens, 40. tnari iiivenit. Caspar Ens. Mnros. ^^ Cap. de alien, mentis. s^' Dip- nosopbist. lib. 8. &" Tibicines mente Capti. Erasm. Cbi. 14. cer. 7. eeprov. 30. Insana libido, Hie rogo ron furor est, non est ha^c mentula deniens. Mart. ep. 74. 1. 3. 67iviiiie puellarum et puerorum mille jurorrs. esuter eet insanior horum. Hor. Ovid. Virg. Plin. sa pn,,. nb. 36. «« Tacitus 3. An- nal. 61 Ovid. 7. met. E. fungis nati iiomines ut lUni Corintbi priniievi illius loci accolx, quia sto semisculpti. e-* Arianus periplo maris Euxini por. tus ejus meminit, el Gillius, 1. 3. de Bosphct. Thra- cio et laurus insana quse allaia in convivium ronvivaa omnes insania affecit. Guliel. Stucchius comment, &c. e^Lepidum poema sic inscriptum. •'■ " No one ia wise at all hours, — no one born without faults,— no one free from crime,— no one content witl nis lot,-- no one in love wise, — no gnnd, or wise man perfectly happy." ceSlultitiam siniulare non potes niK. taciturnitate. Democritus to the Reader, 75 subject to no perturbations, as ^"^ Plutarch scoffs at him, " he is not vexed witli tor« ments, or burnt with fire, foiled by his adversary, sold of his enemy : though he be wrinkled, sand-blind, toothless, and deformed ; yet he is most beautiful, and like a god, a king in conceit, though not worth a groat. He never doats, never mad, never sad, drunk, because virtue cannot be taken away," as ^'^Zeno holds, "by reason of strong apprehension," but he was mad to say so. ^^AnlicyrcE ccelo huic est opus aut dolahra^ he had need to be bored, and so had all his fellows, as wise as they would seem to be. Chrysippus himself liberally grants them to be fools as well as others, at certain times, upon some occasions, aniitti virtuiem ait per ebrletatem^ aut atrihi- larium morhurri', it may be lost by drunkenness or melancholy, he may be sometimes crazed as well as the rest : '^ad summum sapiens nisi quum pituita molesta. I should here except some Cynics, Menippus, Diogenes, that Theban Crates ; or to descend to these times, that omniscious, only wise fraternity " of the Rosicrucians, those great theologues, politicians, philosophers, physicians, philologers, artists, &c. of whom S. Bridget, Albas Joacchimus, Leicenbergius, and such divine spirits have pro- phesied, and made promise to the world, if at least there be any such (Hen. '^ Neu- husius makes a doubt of it, "Valentinus Andreas and others) or an Elias artifex their Theophrastian master; whom though Libavius and many deride and carp at, yet some will have to be " the '^ renewer of all arts and sciences," reformer of the world, and now living, for so Johannes Montanus Strigoniensis, that great patron of Para- celsus, contends, and certainly avers ^^" a most divine man," and the quintessence of wisdom wheresoever he is; for he, his fraternity, friends, he. are all '^"betrothed to wisdom," if we may believe their disciples and followers. I must needs except Lipsius and the Pope, and expunge their name out of the catalogue of fools. For besides that parasitical testimony of Dousa, "A Sole exorienfe Mteotidas usque paliides, Nemo est qui justo se jequiparare queat." '"' Lipsius saith of himself, that he was "^^humani generis quidem pcedagogus voce et stylo^ a grand signior, a master, a tutor of us all, and for thirteen years he brags how he sowed wisdom in the Low Countries, as Ammonius the philosopher sometimes did in Alexandria, '^c?/m Immanitate literas et sapient iam cam prndentia : antlstes sapien- /ite, he shall be Sapientum Octavns. The Pope is more than a man, as ^°his parats often make him, a demi-god, and besides his holiness cannot err, in Cathedra belike: and yet some of them have been magicians. Heretics, Atheists, children, and as Pla- tina saith of John 22, Et si vir literatus^ multa sfoliditatem et Icecitatem prce. se ferentia egit^ stolidi et socordis vir mgenii^ a scholar sufficient, yet many things he did foolishly, lightly. I can say no more than in particular, but in general terms to the rest, they are all mad, their wits are evaporated, and, as Ariosto feigns, 1. 34, kept in jars above the moon. "Some lose their wits with love, some with ambition, Some foilowin? 81 Lordii and men of Jiigh condition. Some in fair jewels rich and costly set, Others in Poetry their v\ its forget. Another thinks to be ati Alchemist, Till all be spent, and that his number's mist." Convicted fools they are, madmen upon record ; and I am afraid past cure many of them, ^'crepunt inguina, the symptoms are manifest, they are ^11 of Gotam parish: ^3 "Quum furor hand dubius, quum sit manifesta phrenesis," Since madness is indisputable, since frenzy is obvious. what remains then ^^but to send for Lorarios, those officers to carry them all together for company to Bedlam, and set Rabelais to be their physician. If any man shall ask in the meantime, who I am that so boldly censure others, ^TiXtortus non cruciatur, ambustus non laeditnr, prostratus in lucta, non vincitur ; non fit captivus ab hoste venundatus. Et si ruirosus, senex ednntulus, luscus, deformis, formosns tamen, et deo similis, felix, dives, rex nullius e?eiis, et si denario non sit dignus. senium contendunt non injuria afihci.non insania, non tnebriari, quia virtus non eripitu- -*: constantes com- prehensiones. Lips. phys. Stoic. lib. 3. diffi. 18. «»Tarreus Hebus epig. 102. I. 8. ^o Hor. 7i pra- tres sanrt. Rosene cruets. 72 An sint, quales sint, unde nomen illud asciverint. ''STurri Babel. *« Omnium artiuna et scientiarum instaurator. t^ Di- vinus ille vir auctor notarum. in epist. R^g Bacon, ed. Hanibur. 1608. '^ Sapieriti.-e desponsati. """ From the Rising Sun to the Ma;otid Lake, there was not one that could fairly be put in comparison with Ihem." '« Solus hie est sapiens alii volitant velut umlirsB. '^lu ep. ad Ballhas. More turn. "0 Rpjectiunculfe ad Patavum. Felintis cum rel-quis, *' Magnum virum sequi est sapere, sonic think ; c ihers desipere. Catul. f^ Plant. Menec. »'lnSat. 14. «^ Or to send for a cook to the Anticyrse to make Ilel lebore pottage, settle-brain pottage. 'Q Democritus to tfie Reader. la nuucme Jiahes viliaf have I no faults ? ^^ Yes, more than thou hast, whatsoevei inon art. JVos numerus sumus^ I confess it again, I am as foolish, as mad as any one. *6 " Insaniis vol)is videor, r.on deprecor ipse, Quo minus insanus,"- I do not deny it, demens de popuJo dcmainr. My comfort is, I have more fellows, and tnu:>e of excellent note. And though I be not so right or so discreet as I should be, yet not so mad, so bad neither, as thou perhaps takest me to be. To conclude, this being granted, that all the world is melancholy, or mad, doats, and every member of it, I have ended my task, and sufficiently illustrated that which 1 took upon me to demonstrate at first. At this present T have no more to say, His sanom mcntem Democritus^ J can but wish myself and them a good physician, and all of us a better mind. And although for the abovenamed reasons, I had a just cause to undertake this subject, to point at these particular species of dotage, that so men might acknow- ledge their imperfections, and seek to reform what is amiss ; yet I have a more serious intent at this time; and to omit all impertinent digressions, to say no more of such as are improperly melancholy, or metaphorically mad, lightly mad, or in dispo- sition, as stupid, angry, drunken, silly, sottish, sullen, proud, vain-glorious, ridicu- lous, beastly, peevish, obstinate, impudent, extravagant, dry, doating, dull, desperate, harebrain, &c. mad, frantic, foolish, heteroclites, which no new ^"hospital can hold, no physic help ; my purpose and endeavour is, in the following discourse to anato- mize this humour of melancholy, through all its parts and species, as^ it is an habit, or an ordinary disease, and that philosophically, medicinally, to show the causes, symptoms, and several cures of it, that it may be the better avoided Moved there- unto for the generality of it, and to do good, it being a disease so frequent, as ^^Mercurialis observes, ''in these our days; so often happening," saith ^'^Laurentius, " in our miserable times," as few there are that feel not the smart of it. Of the same mind is ^Elian Montalius, ^°Melancthon, and others; ^'Julius Caesar Claudinus calls it the "fountain of all other diseases, and so common in this crazed age of oiirs, that scarce one of a thousand is free from it;" and that splenetic hypochondriacal wind nspecially, which proceeds from the spleen and short ribs. Being then a disease so grievous, so common, I know not wherein to do a more general service, and spend my time better, than to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universal a malady,) an epidemical disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind. If Ihave overshot myself in this which hath been hitherto said, or that it is, which I am sure some will object, too fantastical, " too light and comical for a Divine, too satirical for one of my profession, I will presume to answer with ^^ Erasmus, in like case, 'tis not I, but Democritus, Democritus dixit : you must consider what it is to speak in one's own or another's person, an assumed habit and name; a differ- ence betwixt him that affects or acts a prhice's, a philosopher's, a magistrate's, a fool's part, and him that is so indeed ; and what liberty tho^e old satirists have had ; it is a cento collected from others ; not I, but they that say it. ^ " Dixero si quid fortfe jocnsiuj, hoc rnihi juris I Yft some indulgence T may justly claim, Cuui venia dahis" — | If too familiar with another's fame. Take heed you mistake me not. If I do a little forget myself, I hope you will par- don it. And to say truth, why should any man be offended, or take exceptions at it ? "I.icuit, seinperque licebit, I It lawful was of old, and still will be, Parcere persoiiis, dicere de vitiis." | 'lo speak of vice, but let the name go free. I hate their vices, not their persons. If any be displeased, or take aught unto liim- self, let him not expostulate or cavil with him that said it (so did ^^ Erasmus excuse himself to Dorpius, si parva licet componere magnis) and so do 1 ; ^ but let him be angry with himself, tliat so betrayed and opened his own faults in applying it to himself: ^^if he be gnilty and deserve it, let him amend, whoever he is, and not ^'sAllqnantuliim tamen inde me solajior, quod una bornm occasio existat. 92 Mor. Encom si quis ca- mm multis et sapientibus et teleherrimis viris ipse lumiiietur levins esse qiiam decet Tlieologum, aul insipiens sim, quod se Menippus Luciani in Necyo- niordacius quam deceat Christianum '•' Hor. Sat. mantia. »-" reironius iti Catalect. '""That I 4. I. 1. ■" Epi. ad Dorpium de xMoria. si quispiam mean of Andr. Vale. ApoioL'. Manip 1. 1 et 26. Apol. offendiitur et sibi viiidicet, iioii liabet quod e.xpostule; t^ IIcpc afTectio nostris temporibus frequentissima. cum eo qui scripsit, ipse si volpt,secum acat iiijiiriain, ^'•*Cnp. 15. de Mel. »«Deanima. Nosiro hoc sautilo utpote sui proditor. qui dedaravit hoc ad se proprie morbus frequrniissimus. "i Consult. 98. adeo i periincre. '-* 8i quis se la;sum clamabit. aul con- nostris teuu)orii)us frequenter in.L'ruit ut lullus fere scientiam prodit suam, aut "erle nielum, I'htedr lib ab ej-is labe imniuiiis reperialur ot omnium fere mor- 3. iEsop. Fab. Democritus to the Reader. 77 be angry. " He that hateth correction is a fool," Prov. xii. 1 ff he be not guilty it concerns him not; it is not my freeness of speech, but a guilty conscience, a o-alled back of his own that makes him wince. '•Suspicione si qiiis errrabii su^, Et rapiet ad sc, quod erit commune omnium, Stult6 nudabit animi coiiscientiam."'"* I deny not this which I have said savours a little of Democritus ; ^''Quajnvis ridet" tern d'lcere verum quid vetat ; one may speak in jest, and yet speak truth. It is somewhat tart, 1 grant it; acriora orexim excitant emhammata^ ?iS he said, sharp sauces increase appetite, ^^nec cibus ipse juvat morsu fraudatus aceti. Object then and cavil what thou wilt, I ward all v/ith ^^Democritus's buckler, his medicine shall salve it ; strike where thou wilt, and when : Democritus dixit^ Democritus will answer it. It was written by an idle fellow, at idle times, about our Saturnalian or Dyonisian feasts, when as he said, nullum liberlati periculum est., servants in old Kome had liberty to say and do wliat them list Wlien our countrymen sacrificed to tlieir goddess '°°Vacuna, and sat tippling by their Vacunal fires. I writ this, and published this ovrt^ iT^ysv, it is ncminis nihil. The time, place, persons, and all Circumstances apologise for me, and why may not I then be idle with others } speak my mind freely ? If you deny me this liberty, upon these presumptions I will take it : I say again, I will take it. i"Si quis est qui dictum in se inclementius Exislimavit esse, sic existimet." If any man take exceptions, let him turn the buckle of his girdle, I care not. I owe thee nothing (Reader), 1 look for no favour at thy hands, I am independent, I fear not. No, I recant, I will not, I care, I fear, I confess my fault, acknowledge a great offence, " motos prrestat componeie fluctus." | let's first assuage the troubled wavc I have overshot myself, I have spoken foolish) v, rashly, unadvisedly, absurdly, I nave anatomized mine own folly. And now methinks upon a sudden I am awaked as it were out of a dream ; 1 have had a raving lit, a fantastical fit, ranged up aixl down, in and out, I have insulted over the most kind of men, abused some, offended others, wronged myself; and now being recovered, and perceiving mine error, cry with 'Orlando, Solvite 7?if, pardon (o honi) that which is past, and 1 will make you amends in that which is to come ; I promise you a more sober discourse in my following treatise. If through weakness, folly, passion, 'discontent, ignorance, I have said amiss, let it be forgotten and forgiven. I acknowledge that of ^Tacitus to be true, JispercB faceticB uhi nimis ex vero traxere, acrem sui mernoriam relinquunl., a bitter jest leaves a sting behind it: and as an honourable man observes, ^"They fear a satirist's wit, he their memories." I may justly suspect the worst; and though I hope I have wronged no man, yet in IMedea's words I will crave pardon, — — " Ulud jam voce extrema peto, I ^^^ in my last words this I do desire, r^e s. qua noster dubius effudit dolor That what in passion I have said, or ire, Maneant in animo verba sedmel.ortibi May be forgotlen, and a better mind Meu.ona nostri subeat, h.-ec ira; data B^ -^^^ ^ ^^ hereafter as you find. Obliterentur " ! ' ^ \ earnestly request every private man, as Scaliger did Cardan, not to take offenct, f will conclude in his lines, Si me cognitum haberes, non solum donares nobis has faietias nostras., sed etiam indignum duceres, tarn humanum aninum, lene ingenium., V3l minimam suspicionem deprecari oportere. If thou knewest my ^modesty and simplicity, thou wouldst easily pardon and forgive what is here amiss, or by thee misconceived. If liereafter anatomizing this surly humour, my hand slip, as an unskilful 'prentice I lance too deep, and cut through skin and all at unawares, make Jt smart, or cut awry, 'pardon a rude hand, an unskilful knife, 'tis a most dif- «"'lfanyone shall err through his own suspicion, i Rosinus. i Ter. prol. Eunuch. » Ariost. 1. 39 and shall apply to himself what is common to all, he will foolishly betray a consciousness of guilt. «■ Hor. 9- Mart. 1. 7. 22. 'wUt lubet feriat, abstergant hos ictus Democriti pharmacos. ^°^ Rus- icoruiii dea preesse vacaiitil)n3 et oiiosis putabalur, Staf. 58. 3 Ut enim ex siudiis gaudium sic studia ex hilaritate proveniunt. Plinius Maximo suo, ep. lib. 8. 4 Annal. 15. '' Sir Francia Bacon in his Essays, now Viscount St. Albans. 6 Quod Probus Persii/S/c^fijof virginali verecundii Persiuin cui post lahores agricola sacrificabat. Plin. 1. 3. c 12. i fuisse dicit, ego, &c. ' Quas aut incuria fudit, Ovid. 1. 6. Fast. Jam quoque cum fiunt antiquae sacra | aut humana parum cavit natura. Ilor Vaciinte, ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. 1 g2 78 Democritus to the Reader. ficiilt thing to keep an even tone, a perpetual tenor, and not sometimes to lash out ; dijic'.^.e est Salyram non scrihere^ there be so many objects to divert, inward pertur- bations to molest, and the very best may sometimes err ; aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus (some times that excellent Homer takes a nap), it is impossible not in so much to overshoot ; opere in longo fas est ohrepere sumnum. But what needs all this ? I hope there will no such cause of offence be given ; if there be, ^A*emo allquid recognoscat^ nos mentimur omnia. I'll deny all (my last refuge), recant all, renounce all I have said, if any man except, and with as much facility excuse, as he can a/!cusc ;, but I presume of thy good favour, and gracious acceptance (gentle rea- der}. Out of an assured hope and confidence thereof, I will begin. f Prn« anpr piaut. "Let not any one take these things to himself, they are all but fictions." ( 19 \ LECTORI MALE FERIATO. Tu vero cavesis edico quisquis es, ne temere sugilles Auctorem hiijiiscc operis, aut cavillator irrideas. Imo ne vel ex aliorum censura lacite obloquaris (vis dicam ver- bo) nequid nasutulus inepte improbes, aut falso fingas. Nam si *Alis revera sit, qua- lem praj se fert Junior Democriius^ seniori Denwcrito saltern affinis, aut ejus Geiiium vel tantillum sapiat ; actum de te, censorem aeque ac delatorem ' affpt, eoontra [pefu- land splene cum sd) sufflabit te in jocos, comminuet in sales, addo euiun ci deo risui te sacrificabit. Iterum moneo, ne quid cavillere, ne dum Democritum Juniorem coiiviciis infames, ut ignominiose vituperes, de te non male sentientem, tu idem audias ab amico cor- date, quod olim vulgus AlderUanum ab ^Hippocrate^ concivem bene meritum et po- pularem suum Democritum^ pro insano habens. JYe tu Dejnocrite sapis^ stulti autem et insani Ahderitce. 3 " AbderitanaB pectora plebis babes." Haec te paucis admonitum volo (male feriate Lector) abi. TO THE READER AT LEISURE. Whoever you may be, I caution you against rashly defaming the author of this work, or cavilling in jest against him. Nay, do not silently reproach him in con- sequence of others' censure, nor employ your wit in foolisli disapproval, or false accusation. For, should Democritus Junior prove to be what he professes, even a kinsman of his elder namesake, or be ever so little of the same kidney, it is all over with yoi; : he will become both accuser and judge of you in your spleen, will dissi- pate you in jests, pulverise you into salt, and sacrifice you, I can promise you, to the God of Mirth. I further advise you, not to asperse, or calumniate, or slander, Democritus Junior, who possibly does not think ill of you, lest you may hear from some discreet friend, the same remark the people of Abdera did from Hippocrates, of their meritorious and popular fellow-citizen, whom tney had looked on as a madman ; " It is not that you, Democritus, that art wise, but that the people of Abdera are fools and madmen." "You have yourself an Abderitian soul;" and having just given you, gentle reader, these few words of admonition, farewell. 1 Si me commdrit, melius non tangere clamo. Ilor. I omnium receptaculum deprehendi, ejtisque ingeniurn « Ilippoc. epist. Damageto, accercitus sum ut Demo- I demiralus sum. Abderitaiios vero tanquam nonsanoa critum tanquam insanum curarem,sed postquamcon- I accusavi, veralri potione ipsos polius eguisse dicens. f eni, non per Jovem desipienliae negotium, sed rerum "*^'"'' I 80 I Hi«i.cLiTE fleas, misero sic conveuit aevo, Nil nisi turpe vides, nil nisi triste vides. Ptide etiam, qiiantumque lubet, Democrite ride Non nisi vana vides, non nisi stulta vides. Is fletu, his risu modo gaudeat, unus utrique Sit licet usque labor, sit licet usque dolor. Nunc opes est (nam totus elieu jam desipit orbis) Mille Heraclitis, milleque Democritis. Nunc opus est (tanta est insania) transeat omnis Mundus in Anticyras, gramen in Helleborum. Weep, O Heraclitus, a suits tlie age, Unless you see nothing base, notliing sad. Laugh, O Democritus, as much as you please. Unless you see nothing either vain or foolish. Let one rejoice in smiles, the other in tears ; Let the same labour or pain be the office of both. Now (for alas ! how foolish tlie world has become), A thousand Heraclitus', a thousand Democritus' are required. Now (so much does madness prevail), all the world rausl o*j Sent to Anticyra, to graze on Hellebore. (81 THB SYNOPSIS OF THE FIRST PARTITION. Their Causes. < 'Impulsive ; Sin, concupiscence, &c. Subs. 1. .Instrumental; - Intemperance, all second causes, Ace. In diseases, consider Or Of the body 300, which are ' . Epidemical, as Plague, Plica, &c. or . Particular, as Gout, Dropsy, &c. Sect. 1. In disposition as all perturbations, evil sTTee Memb 1. Definition, Or tion, &c. Member, Division, Subs. 2. L Of the head or mind. Subs. 3. Or Habits, as Subs. 4. ^ Dotage Frenzy. Madness. Ecstasy. Lycanthropia.* Chorus sancti Viti. Hydrophobia. Possession or obsession C^ Devils. Melancholy. See T. T Melancholy in vfhich consider Its Equivocations, in Disposition, Improper, &c. Subsed. 5. Memb. 2. To its ex- plication, a digression of anatomy, in which observe parts of Subs. 1. Body hath parts Subs. 2. , . , r Humours, 4. Blood, Phlegm, &c contained as <( „ • ., •» i » , • i I fepints ; Vital, natural, animal. Similar; spermatical, or flesh, bones, nerves, &c. Stcbs. 3. Dissimilar ; brain, heart, liver. Subs. 4. containing Ac r Vegetal. Subs. 5. LSoul and its faculties, as < Sensible. Subs. 6, 7, 8. [Rational. Subsed. 9, 10, 11. Memb. 3. I Its definition, name, difference, Subs. 1. The part and parties affected, affection, &c. Subs. 2. i The matter of melancholy, natural, &c. Subs. 4. or kinds, which are r Proper to I parts, as r Of the head alone, Hypo- C with their several J chondriacal, or windy me- J causes, symptoms, I lancholy. Of the whole j prognostics, cures I body. [ Indefinite ; as Love-melancholy the subject of the third Par* tition. 11 Its Causes in general. Sed. 2. A. Its Symptoms or signs. Sed. 3. B. Its Prognostics or indications. Sed. 4. 4. (^Its Cures; the subject of the second Partition 82 A Std. 2 Causes of Melancholy fcre either Super- natural, Or Synopsis of the First Partition. fAs from God immediately, or by second causes. Subs: I. ! Or from the devil immediately, with a digression of the nature I of spirits and devils. Subs. 2. i Or mediately, by magicians, witches. Subs. 3. 'Primary, a^ stars, proved by aphorisms, signs from physio* gnomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy. Subs. 4. r Congenita, f Old age, temperament, Subs. 5. I inward < Parents, it being an hereditary disease, I from I Sub. 6 TNecessary, see y. ^ I, Natural Or Or Outward or adven- titious, ^ which are Evident, outward, remote, ad- ventitious, Or Contingent, inward, an- tecedent, nearest. Mernb. 5. Sect. 2. a ) r Nurses, Subs. 1. Education, Subs. 2. Terrors, affrights, Subs. 3. ■ Scoflls, calumnies, bitter jests, Subs. 4. Loss of liberty, servi- tude, imprisonment, Subs. .*>. Poverty and want, Subs. 6. A heap of other acci- dents, death of friends, loss, &c. Subs. 7. In which the body works on the mind, and this malady is caused by precedent diseases ; as agues, pox, &c.. cs» temperature innate, Subs. 1. Or by particular parts dis- tempered, as brain, heart, spleen, liver, mesentery, pylorus, stomach, &c. Subs. 2. [ Particular to the three species. See 11. Inward [Of head j Melancholy are Subs. 3. Outward n Particular Of hypo- Inward causes. chondriacal. Sect. 2. or windy or iiemb. 5 melancholy are, Outward Inward Over all the or body are, Subs. 5. .Outward. [Innate humour, or from distemperature adust. A hot brain, corrupted blood in the brain. Excess of venery, or defect. I Agues, or some precedent disease. [Fumes arising from the stomach, &c. [Heat of the sun immoderate. A blow on the head. Overmuch use of hot wines, spices, garlick, onions, ■i hot baths, overmuch waking, &c. Idleness, solitariness, or overmuch study, vehement labour, &c. Passions, perturbations, drc r Default of spleen, belly, bowels, stomacn, mesentery J . Tiiseraic veins, liver, &c. j Months or hemorrhoids stopped, or any other ordi- ! nary evacuation. Those six non-natural things abused. f Liver distempered, stopped, over-hot, apt to engender [ melancholy, temperature innate. iBad diet, suppression of hemorrhoids, &c. and such evacuations, })assions, cares &c those s:x non- , li«*urai things abused. Synopsis of the First Partition, 83 b Veces- sary causea, as lliose tiix non- natura.' things, which are, Sect. 2 Memb. 2. Diet offend- ing in Subs.^. Sub- stance Quali- ty, as in Quan- vtity Flesh Herhs, Fish, l&c. JPrepar i broi I ra Ik, Bread ; coarse and black, &c. Drink ; thick, thin, sour, &c. Water unclean, milk, oil, vinegar, wine, spices, &c. f Parts ; heads, feet, entrails, fat, bacon, blood, «&c. ^. , J Beef, pork, venison, hares, goats, pigeons, pea* i cocks, fen-fowl, &c. Of fish ; all shell-fish, hard and slimy fish, &c. Of herbs ; pulse, cabbage, melons, garlick, onions, &c. All roots, raw fruits, hard and windy meats. ring, dressing, sharp sauces, salt meats, indurate, soused, fried, broiled, or made-dishes, «fec. fDisorder in eating, immoderate eating, or at unseasonabU times, &c. \ Subs. 2. (^Custom; delight, appetite, altered, &c. Subs. 3. Retention and eva- fCostiveness, hot baths, sweating, issues stopped, Venus u. excess, or cuation. Subs. 4. [ in defect, phlebotomy, purging, &c. Air; hot, cold, tempestuous, dark, thick, foggy, moorish, &c. Subs. 5. Exercise, [Unseasonable, excessive, or defective, of body or mind, solitariness, idleness. Sub. 6. I a life out of action, &c. Sleep and waking, unseasonable, inordinate, overmuch, overlittle, 6lc. Subs. 7. f Sorrow, cause and symptom. Subs. 4. Fear, cause and symptom. Subs. 5. Shame, repulse, disgrace, I &c. Subs. 6. Envy and malice. Subs. 7. Emula- i tion, hatred, faction, desire of revenge. Subs. 8. Anger a cause, Subs. 9. Discontents, cares, miseries, &c. Subs. 10. Memb. 3. Sect. 2. Passions and perturbations of the mind, Subs. 2. With a digression of the force of imagination. Subs. 2. and divi- sion of passions into Subs. 3. Irascible concupis- cibie. (-. :^ B. Symp- toms of me- lancho- ly are either Sect. 3. O Vehement desires, ambition. Subs. 11. Covetousness, ^iJkixpyvpiav, Subs. 12. Love of pleasures, gaming in excess, &c. Subs. 13. Desire of praise, pride, vain- glory, &c. Subs. 14. Love of learning, study in excess, with a digression, of the misery of scholars, and why the Muses are melancholy. Subs. 15. Body, as ill digestion, crudity, wind, dry brains, hard belly, thick blood, much waking, heaviness, and palpitation of heart, leaping in many places, «fec.. Subs. 1, rCommon ["Fear and sorrow without a just cause, suspicion, jealousy, discon- Ito all or < tent, solitariness, irksomeness, continuisl cogitations, restless most. [ thoughts, vain imaginations, &c. Subs. 2. r Celestial influences, ash%(J', &c. parts of the body, heart, brain, liver, spleen, stomach, &c. f Sanguine are merry still, laughing, pleasant, meditating on plays, women, music, &c. Phlegmatic, slothful, dull, heavy, &c. < Choleric, furious, impatient, subject to hear and see strange apparitions, &c. Black, solitary, sad; they think they are bewitched, dead, &c. Or mixed of these four humours adust, or not adust, infinitely varied. i Their several f Ambitious, thinks himself a king, a lord ; co- customs, con- vetous, runs on his money; lascivious on his dilions, inch- <{ mistress; religious, hath revelations, visions, is nations, dis- I a prophet, or troubled in mind ; a scholar on his , "' " cipline, &c. i book, &c. Pleasant at first, hardly discerned; afterwards harsh and intolerable, if inveterate. „ , {\. Falsa co2:it alio. Hence some make i three degrees, Or, '"^ Particu- lar to private persons, according to Subs. 3.4. Hu- mours Continu- ance of time as the hu- mour is in- tended or re- mitted, hole islands are sometimes suddenly overwhelmed with all their inhabitants in ""Zealand, Holland, and many parts of the continent drowned, as the "' lake Erne in Ireland ? '^■^JVUulque prceter arclum cadavcrn patcnti cernimus freto. In the fens of Friesland 1230, by reason of tempests, ''^ the sea drowned 7)iuUa hominum miliia^ et jumenfa sine numero^ all the country almost, men and cattle in it. How doth the fire rage, that merciless element, consuming in an instant whole cities ? What town of any antiquity or note hath not been once, again and again, by the fury of this merciless element, defaced, ruinated, and left desolate ? In a word, «*' Ignis pepercit, iinda mergit, agris I *' Whom fire spares, sea doth drown ; whom sea. Vis pestilentis aequori treptum necat, Pestilent air doth send to clay ; Bello superstes, tabidus niorbo peril." | Whom war 'scapes, sickness takes away." 30 111 sickness the m;Tid recollects it?elf. 3' Lib. 7. s'Quanto majoribns beneticii.* a Deo cumulatnr, tanto Cum judicio, mores et facta recognoscit et se intuetur. Dum fero languorem, fero religionis aniorem. Expers languoris non sum memor hujus amoris. s- Sum- mum esse totius philosophic, ut tales esse persevere- mus, quales nos futuros esse infirmi protitenuir. 3- Petrarch '*Prov. iii. 12. »- Hor. Epis. lib. 1.4 *Deu» vi*' 11. Qui slat videat ne cadat. obligaliorem se debitoreni fateri. ^"Boterus de inst. urbium. ^a j^^ge hist, relationem Lod. Frois de rebus Japonicis ad annum 1596. ^"Guicciard. descript. Belg. anno 1421. •»' Giraldus Cambrens. 4- .lanus Dousa, ep. lib 1. car. 10. And we perceive no- thing, except the dead bodies of cities in the open sea ^^Munster. I. 3. Cos. cap. 462. <-> Builianan. BaptidI 88 Diseases in General. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 To descend to more particulars, how many creatures are at deadly feud with men ? Lions, M^olves, bears, &c. Some with hoofs, horns, tusks, leeth, nails : How many noxious serpents and venemous creatures, ready to offend us with stings, breath, sight, or quite kill us.? How many pernicious fishes, plants, gums, fruits, seeds, flowers, &c. could I reckon up on a sudden, which by tlieir very smell many of them, touch, taste, cause some grievous malady, if not death itself? Some make mention of a thousand several poisons : but these are but trifles in respect. The greatest enemy to man, is man, who by the devil's instigation is still ready to do mischief, his own executioner, a wolf, a devil to himself, and others. ''^ We are all brethren in Christ, or at least should be, members of one body, servants of one Lord, and yet no fiend can so torment, insult over, tyrannize, vex, as one man doth another. Let me not fall therefore (saith David, when wars, plague, famine were offered) into the hands of nn ', merciless and wicked men : «— " Vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni, Qu^mque liipi, seevae plus feritalis habent." We can most part foresee these epidemical diseases, and likely avoid them ; Dearths, tempests, plagues, our astrologers fortel us; Earthquakes, inundations, ruins of houses, consuming fires, come by little and little, or make some noise be- forehand ; but the knaveries, impostures, injuries and villanies of men no art can avoid. We can keep our professed enemies from our cities, by gates, walls and towers, defend ourselves from thieves and robbers by watchfulness and weapons ; but this malice of men, and their pernicious endeavours, no caution can divert, no vigilancy foresee, we have so many secret plots and devices to mischief one another. Sometimes by the devil's help as magicians, ^''witches : sometimes by impostures, mixtures, poisons, stratagems, single combats, wars, we hack and hew, as if we were ad internecionem nati^ like Cadmus' soldiers born to consume one another. 'Tis an ordinary tiling to read of a hundred and two hundred thousand men slain in a battle. Besides all manner of tortures, brazen bulls, racks, wheels, strappadoes, guns, en- ghies, &.C. '^^Jld unum corpus humanum supplicia plura^ quam membra : We have invented more torturing instruments, than there be several members in a man's body, as Cyprian well observes. To come nearer yet, our own parents by their offences, indiscretion and intemperance, are our mortal enemies. "^^ The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on- edge." They cause our grief many times, and put upon us hereditary diseases, inevitable infirmities : they torment us, and we are ready to injure our posterity ; 60 »,nox daturi progeniem vitiosiorem." 1 " ^"d yet with crimes to us unknown, I Our sons shall mark the coming: age their own;' and the latter end of the world, as ^'Paul foretold, is still like to be the worst. We are thus bad by nature, bad by kind, but far worse by art, every man the greatest enemy unto himself We study many times to undo ourselves, abusing those good gifts which God hath bestowed upon us, health, wealth, strength, wit, learning, art, memory to our own destruction, ^^Perdit'io tua ex te. As ^'^ Judas Maccabeus killed Apollonius wdth his own weapons, we arm ourselves to our own overthrows ; and use reason, art, judgment, all that should help us, as so many instruments to undo us. Hector gave Ajax a sword, which so long as he fought against enemies, served for his help and defence ; but after he began to hurt harmless creatures with it, turn- ed to his own hurtless bowels. Those excellent means God hath bestowed on us, well employed, cannot but much avail us ; but if otherwise perverted, they ruin and confound us : and so by reason of our indiscretion and weakness they com- monly do, we have too many instances. This St. Austin acknowledgeth of him- self in his humble confessions, " promptness of wit, memory, eloquence, they were God's good gifts, but he did not use them to his glory." If you will particular]*- kno^v how, and by what means, consult physicians, and they will tell you, that it is in offending in some of those six non-natural things, of which I sliall ^"dilate more at Jarge ; they are the causes of our infirmities, om* surfeiting, and drunkenness, oiii ♦5 Homo homini lupus, homo homini daemon. I xviii. 2, 6f>Hor. 1. 3. Od. 6. s' 2 Tim. iii. 2 ••■♦•vid de Trist. 1. 5. Eleg. 8. « IVIiscent aconita <>" Eze. xviii. 31. Thv destruction is from thvsell. »K)v«»rcie. ■'^Lib. 2. Epi8t.2. ad Donaium. *" "liae. | M21 Mace. iii. 12. ' m Part. I. Sec. 2. Memb. 2. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Def. JVum. Div. of Diseases. 89 immoderate insatiable lust, and prodigious riot. Plures crapuJa, quam gladius^ is a true saying, the board consumes more than the sword. Our intemperance it is, that pulls so many several incurable diseases upon our heads, that hastens '^old age, per- verts our temperature, and brings upon us sudden death. And last of all, that which crucifies us most, is our own folly, madness [quos Jupiter perdit^ demcntat ; by su])trac- tion of his assisting grace God permits it) weakness, want of government, our facility and proneness in yielding to several lusts, in giving way to every passion and pertur- bation of the mind : by which means we metamorphose ourselves and degenerate into beasts. All which that prince of ^^poets observed of Agamemnon, that when he was well pleased, and could moderate his passion, he was — os oculosque Join par : like Jupiter in feature. Mars in valour, Pallas in wisdom, another god ; but when he be- came angry, he was a lion, a tiger, a dog, &c., there appeared no sign or likeness oi Jupiter in him ; so we, as long as we are ruled by reason, correct our inonhnate ap petite, and conform ourselves to God's word, are as so many saints : but if we givp reins to lust, anger, ambition, pride, and follow our own ways, we degenerate into beasts, transform ourselves, overthrow our constitutions, ^''provoke God to anger and heap upon us this of melancholy, and all kinds of incurable diseases, as a jus^, and deserved punishment of our sins. Sub SEC. II. — The Dejinltlon, JVumher^ Division of Diseases. What a disease is, almost every physician defines. '^'^ Fernelius calleth it an " Affection of the body contrary to nature." ^^ Fuschius and Crato, '•'• an hinderance, hurt, or alteration of any action of the body, or part of it." ^° Tholosanns, '^ a dis- solution of that league which is between body and soul, and a perturbaticai of it ; as health the perfection, and makes to the preservation of it." ^' Labeo in Agellius, " an ill habit of the body, opposite to nature, hindering the use of it." Others otherwise, all to this effect. JVumher of Diseases.] How many diseases there are, is a question not yet deter- mined ; ^^ Pliny reckons up 300 from the crown of the head to the sole of the foo : elsewhere he saith, morborum infinUa multilud'o., their number is infinite. IIows 3- ever it was in those times, it boots not ; in our days I am sure the number is much augmented : •'s " macies, et nova febrium Terris incubit cohors." For besides many epidemical diseases unheard of, and altogether unknown to Galen and Hippocrates, as scorbutum, small-pox, plica, sweating sickness, morbus Gallicus, &c., we have many proper and peculiar almost to every part. JVo man free from some Disease or other.] No man amongst us so sound, of so good a constitution, that hath not some impediment of body or mind. Qttisque suos pafimur manes., we have all our infirmities, first or last, more or less. There will be peradvei^ure in an age, or one of a thousand, like Zenophilus the musician in ^^ Pliny, that may happily live 105 years without any manner of impediment ; a Pol- lio Romulus, that can preserve himself ^^"with wine and oil;" a man as fortunate as Q,. Metellus, of whom Valerius so much brags ; a man as healthy as Otto Ilerwar- Jus, a senator of Augsburg in Germany, whom ^^ Leovitius the astrologer brings in for an example and instance of certainty in his art; who because he had the signi ficators in his geniture fortunate, and free from the hostile aspects of Saturn and ]Mar:^, being a very cold man, ^^ " could not remember that ever he was sick." ^^ Paracel- sus may brag that he could make a man live 400 years or more, if he might bring him up from his infancy, and diet him as he list ; and some physicians hold, that iheir is no certain period of man's life ; but it may still by temperance and physic ^'Nequitia est qnse te non sinet esse senem. ^ Homer. Iliad. ^7 inteinperantia, luxus, iiiglu- vit s, et infinita hiijusmodi flafjitia, qure divinas pneiias merentur. (Jrato. ^^Tern. Path. I. 1. c 1. Mor- bus est affectus contra, naturam corpori insides. '^Fusch. Instit. 1. .3. sect. 1. c. 3. k quo pritnum vitia- tur actio. ''"Dissolutio foederis in corpore, lit sa- Hitas est consummatio. ei Lib. 4. cap. 2. Morbus est habitus contra naturam, qui usuin ejus, &c. 12 h2 62 Cap. 11. lib. 7. esjiorat. '^b. l.ode .3. "Ern>- elation, and a new cohort of fevers broods o\er th»; earth." ^icap .50. lib. 7. Centum et qnirque vixit annos sine ullo incommodo ""Intus ninlso foras oleo. e^Exemplis eeiiitur. praefixis Ephemer cap. de infirmitat. "' Qui, quoad pueritise uhiman memoriam recordari potest non meminit se regrotun decubuisse. ''"' Lib. de vita longa 90 Div. of the Diseases of the Head. [Part. 1. Sect. 1 be pr 3longecl. We find in the meantime, by common experience, that no man can escape, but tliat of ^^Hesiod is true ; Nc-{7-0/J" OLvbe^Ul-rrA ilViZ' H/Uie^H, tld'' i^r) VVK.lt ' AvrC,UATC,t PiiT-iTi." 'Th' earth's full of maladies, ami full the sea, Which set upon us both by night and day." Dwlslon of Diseases.] If you require a more exact division of these ordinary diseases which are incident to men, I refer you to physicians ;'° they will tell you of acute and chronic, first and secondary, lethales, salutares, errant, fixed, simple, compound, connexed, or consequent, belonging to parts or the whole, in habit, or in disposition, &c. My division at this time (as most befitting my purpose) shall be into those of the body and mind. For them of the body, a brief catalogue of which Fuschius hath made, Institut. lib. 3, sect. 1, cap. 11. I refer you to the vo- luminous tomes of Galen, Areteus, Rhasis, Avicenna, Alexander, Faulus iEtius, Gor- donerius : and those exact Neoterics, Savanarola, Capivaccius, Donatus Altomarus, Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Victorius F? .entinus. Wecker, Piso, &.C., that have methodically and elaborately written of them all. Those of the mind and head I will briefly handle, and apart. SuBSECT. III. — Division of the Diseases of the Head. These diseases of the mind, forasmuch as they have their chief seat and organs in the head, which are commonly repeated amongst the diseases of the head which are divers, and vary much according to their site. For in the head, as there be several parts, so there be divers grievances, which according to that division of •Heurnius, (which he takes out of Arculanus,) are inward or outward (to omit all others which pertain to eyes and ears, nostrils, gums, teeth, mouth, palate, tongue, wesel, chops, face, &c.) belonging properly to the brain, as baldness, falling of hair, furfaire, lice, &c. "^Inward belonging to the skins next to the brain, called dura and pia mater., as all head-aches, &c,, or to the ventricles, caules, kels, tunicles, creeks, and parts of it, and their passions, as caro, vertigo, incubus, apoplexy, falling sickness. The diseases of the nerves, cramps, stupor, convulsion, tremor, palsy : or belonging to the excrements of the brain, catarrhs, sneezing, rheums, distillations : or else those that pertain to the substance of the brain itself, in which are conceived phrensy, lethargy, melancholy, madness, weak memory, sopor, or Coma Vigilia et vigil Coma. Out of these again I will single such as properly belong to the phan- tasy, or imagination, or reason itself, which "Laurentius calls the disease of the mind ; and Hildesheim, morbos imaginationisn aut rationis Io^scb^ (diseases of the imagination, or of injured reason,) which are three or four in number, phrensy, madness, melancholy, dotage, and their kinds : as hydrophobia, lycanthropia. Chorus sancti viti., morhi damoniaci., (St. Vitus's dance, possession of devils,) which I will briefly touch and point at, insisting especially in this of melancholy, as more eminent than the rest, and that through all his kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostics, cures ■ as Lonicerus hath done de apoplexia., and many other of such particular diseases Not that I find fault with those which have written of this subject before, as Jason Fratensis, Laurentius, Montaltus, T. Bright, &c., they have done very well in their several kinds and methods ; yet that which one omits, another may haply see ; thai which one contracts, another may enlarge. To conclude with ^^ Scribanius, " that which they had neglected, or profunctorily handled, we may more thoroughly ex- amine ; that which is obscurely delivered in them, may be perspicuously dilated and amplified by us :" and so made more familiar and easy for every man's capacity, and tlie common good, which is the chief end of my discourse. St'BSECT. IV. — Dotage.) Phrensy., Madness., Hydrophobia^ Lycanthropia^ Chorus sancti Viti., Extasis. Delirium., Dotage.] Dotage, fatuity, or folly, is a common name to all the fol lowing species, as some will have it. '^Laurentius and '^Altomarus comprehended esQper. et dies. '« See Fernelius Path. lib. 1. cap. 9, 10, 11, 12.. Fuschius Instil. 1. 3. sect. 1. c. 7. Wecker. Synt. "> Prtefat. do niorbis capitis. In rapite ut Tariae habitant partes, ita varia; querela; ibi pweniuni. '^ Of which read Ileurnius, Montal- tus, Hildesheim, Quercetan, Jason Pratensis, &c '•* Cap. 2. de inelanchol. '^Cap. 2. de Phisiologia sagarum : Quod alii, minus recte fortasse dixerinl, nos examinare, melius dijudicare, corrigere studea mus. '^ Cap. 4. de mol. "6 Art. Med. 7. iMein. 1. Subs 4.] Diseases of the Mind. 91 madness, melanclioly, and the rest under this name, and call it the suvvnum genus of them all. If it be distinguished from them, it is natural or ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs, and over-much brain, as we see in our common fools; and is for the most part intended or remitted in particular men, and thereupon some are wiser than others : or else it is acquisite, an appendix or symptom of some other disease, which comes or goes ; or if it continue, a sign of melancholy itself. Prensy?!^ PArc^r'/is, which the Greeks derive from the word tp'?*'? is a disease of the mind, with a continual madness or dotage, which hath an acute fever an lexed, or else an inflammation of the brain, or the membranes or kels of it, with an acute fever, which causeth madness and dotage. It differs from melancholy and madness, because their dotage is without an ague: this continual, with waking, or memory decayed, &c. Melancholy is most part silent, this clamorous ; and many such like differences are assigned by physicians. Madness.] Madness, phrensy, and melancholy are confounded by Celsus, and many writers; others leave out phrensy, and make madness and melancholy but one disease, which '^ Jason Pratensis especially labours, and that they differ only sccun- dam rnajiis or minus., in quantity alone, the one being a degree to the other, and both proceeding from one cause. They differ intenso et remisso gradu., saith '^^Gordonius, as the humour is intended or remitted. Of the same mind is '^Areteus, Alexander Tertullianus, Guianerius, Savanarola, lieurnius ; and Galen himself writes promis- cuously of tliem both by reason of their affinity : but most of our neoterics do 'handle them apart, whom I will follow in this treatise. Madness is therefore defined to be a vehement dotage; or raving without a fever, far more violent than melan- choly, full of anger and clamour, horrible looks, actions, gestures, troubling the patients with far greater vehemency both of body and mind, witliout all fear and sorrow, with such impetuous force and boldness, that sometimes three or four men cannot hold them. Differing only in this from phrensy, that it is without a fever, and their memory is most part better. It hath the same causes as the other, as choler adust, and blood incensed, brains inflamed, &c. ^° Fracastorius adds, "a due time, and full age to this definition, to distinguish it from children, and will have it con- firmed im potency, to separate it from such as accidentally come and go again, as by taking henbane, nightshade, wine, &c. Of this fury there be divers kinds; "'ecstasy, which is familiar with some persons, as Cardan saith of himself, he could be in one when he list; in wliich the Indian priests deliver their oracles, and the witches in Lapland, as Olaus Magnus writeth, 1. H, cap. 18. Exfasi omnia pradiccr''., answer ail questions in an extasis you will ask; what your friends do, where they are, how they fare, &c. The other species of this fury are entliusiasms, revelations, and visions, so often mentioned by Gregory and Beda in their works; obsession or pos- session of devils, sibylline prophets, and poetical furies ; such as come by eating noxious herbs, tarantulas stinging, &.c., which some reduce to this. The mostknoAvn are these, lycanthropia, hydrophobia, chorus sancti viti. Lycanthropia.] Lycanthropia, which Avicenna calls Cucubuth, others Lupinam rnsaniam, or Wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves and fields in the night, and will not be persuaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts. ^^-Etius and ^'^Paulus call it a kind of melancholy; but I should rather refer it to madness, as most do. Some make a doubt of it whether there be any such disease ^"Donat ab Altomari saith, that he saw two of them in his time: ^'^Wierus tells a story of such a one at Padua 1541, that would not believe to the contrary, but that he was a wolf. He hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought iiimself a bear; ''^Forrestus confirms as much by many examples; one amongst the rest of which he was an eye-witness, at Alcmaer in Holland, a poor husbandman that still hunted about graves, and kept in churchyards, of a pale, black, ugly, and fearful lonk Such belike, or little better, were king Pra^tus' ^'daughters, that thought "•rierique medici uno complexu perstringunt hos firmatam habet impotentiain bene operandi circa in- duos morbos, quod ex eadein causa oriaiitur, qiiodque leil^-ctuin. lib. 2. de intellectioiie. *>' Of vvhicb leat' mawnitudine et niodo solCirii distent, et alter gradus ad Foslix IMater. cap. .?. de nienti.s alienatione. f-- Lib altcruni existat. Jason I'ratens. "i^lAb. Med- 6. cap. 11. i-s Lib. 3. cap 16. *" Cap. 9. Art "Purs mania; mibi videlnr. ^Insanus est, qui 1 med. ''^ De praestig. DietMonum, !. 3. cap 'i\ Btate Uel)it4, ei tempore debito per se, non momenta- ^-cobservat. "ib. 10. Je morbis cerebri, cap. 15. »'■ Ui\i nei. II et fugacem, ut vini, solani, llyoscyami, sedcon- ! pocrales lib dc insania. 92 Diseases of the Mind. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 themselves kine. And Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, as some interpreters hold, was only troubled with this kind of madness. This disease perhaps gave occasion to that bold assertion of ^^ Pliny, " some men were turned into wolves in his time, anc from wolves to men again :" and to that fable of Pausanias, of a man that was ten years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape : to ^'^ Ovid's tale of Lycaon, &c. He that is desirous to hear of this chsease, or more examples, let him read Austin in his 18th book de Civitate Dei^ cap. 5. Mizaldus^ cent. 5. 77. Sckenkius^ lib. 1. Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania. Forrestus lib. 10. de morbis cerebri. Olaus Magnus^ Vincentius'' Bellavicensis, spec. met. lib. 31. c. 122. Pierius, Bodine, Zuino-er, Zeilger, Peucer, Wierus, Spranger, &c. This malady, saith Avicenna, trou- bleth men most in February, and is now-a-days frequent in Bohemia and Hungary, according to ^'^Heurnius. Schernitzius will have it common in Livonia. They lie hid most part all day, and go abroad in the night, barking, howling, at graves and deserts ; ^' '" they have usually hollow eyes, scabbed legs and thighs, very dry and pale," ^^ saith Altomarus ; he gives a reason there of all the symptoms, and sets down a brief cure of them. Hydrophobia is a kind of madness, well known in every village, which comes by the biting of a mad dog, or scratching, saith ^^Aurelianus ; touching, or smelling alone sometimes as ^^Sckenkius proves, and is incident to many other creatures as well as men : so called because the parties affected cannot endure the sight of water, or any liquor, supposing still they see a mad dog in it. And which is more wonder- ful ; though they be very dry, (as in this malady they are) they will rather die than drink: ^'Caelius Aurelianus, an ancient writer, makes a doubt whether this Hydro- phobia be a passion of the body or the mind. The part affected is the brain : the cause, poison that comes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry, that it con- sumes all the moisture in the body. ^^Hildesheim relates of some that died so mad ; and being cut up, had no water, scarce blood, or any moisture left in them. To such as are so affected, the fear of water begins at fourteen days after they are bitten, to some again not till forty or sixty days after : commonly saith Heurnius, they begin to rave, fly water and glasses, to look red, and swell in the face, about twenty days after (if some remedy be not taken in the meantime) to lie awake, to be pen- sive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoon, and often- times fits of the falling sickness. ^'Some say, little things like whelps will be seen in their urine. If any of these signs appear, they are past recovery. Many times these symptoms will not appear till six or seven months after, saith ^^Codronchus ; and sometimes not till seven or eight years, as Guianerius ; twelve as Albertus ; six or eight months after, as Galen holds. Baldus the great lawyer died of it: an Au- gustine friar, and a woman in Delft, that were ^^ Forrestus patients, were miserably consumed with it. The common cure in the country (for such at least as dwell near the sea-side) is to duck them over head and ears in sea water ; some use charms : every good wife can prescribe medicines. But the best cure to be had in such cases, is from the most approved physicians; they that will read of them, may consult with Dioscorides, lib. 6. c. 37, Heurnius, Hildesheim, Capivaccius, Forrestus, Scken- kius, and before all others Codronchus an Italian, who hath lately written two ex- quisite books on the subject. Chorus sancti Vili^ or St. Fi/z^s's dance ; the lascivious dance, '''"Paracelsus calls it, because they that are taken from it, can do nothing but dance till they be dead, or cured. It is so called, for that the parties so troubled were wont to go to St. Vitus for help, and after they had danced there awhile, they were 'certainly freed. 'Tis strange to hear how long they will dance, and in what manner, over stools, forms, tables ; even great bellied women sometimes (and yet never hurt their children) will dance so long that they can stir neither hand nor foot, but seem to be quite dead. One in red clothes they cannot abide. Music above all things they love, and there lore magistrates in Germany will hire musicians to play to them, and some lusty Bturdy companions to dance with them. This disease hath been very commc.i iii * Lib. 8. cap. 22. Homines interdum liipos feri; et 13. de morbis aciitis. ^egpicel. 2. s: gckenkiis, contra. t'«Met. lib. 1. »« Cap. de Man. »' III- cerata nun, sitis ipsis adest iinniodica, pallidi, lingua sicca. '^ Cap. 9. art. Hydrophobia. '-'SLib. 3. rap 9 WLib. 7. de Venenis. «Lib. 3. cap. 7 lib. de Venenis. 98 Lib. de Hydrophobia. s^Ob- servat. lib. 10. 25. looLascivam ( hoream. To 4. de morbis amentium. Tract. 1. ' Evenlu ut o.u- rimum rem ipsam comprobaiUe. alem. 1. Subs. 5.1 MclanchoJy in Disposition. 9.^ Gerraai y, as appears by those relations of ^ Sckenkius, and Paracelsus in his book of Madness, who brags how many several persons he hath cured of it. Felix Plateras de mentis alienat. cap. 3, reports of a woman in Basil whom he saw, that danced a whole month together. The Arabians call it a kind of palsy. Bodine in his 5th book de Repub. cap. 1, speaks of this infirmity ; Monavius in his last epistb to Scoltizius, and in another to Dudithus, where you may read more of it. The last kind of madness or melancholy, is that demonaical (if I may so call it) obsession or possession of devils, which Platerus and others would have to be pre- ternatural : stupend things are said of them, their actions, gestures, contortions, /asting, prophesying, speaking languages they were never taught, &c. Many strange stories are related of them, which because some will not allow, (for Deacon and Darrel have written large volumes on this subject pro and con.) I voluntarily omit. ^Fuschius, Institut. lib. 3. sec. 1. cap. 1 1, Felix Plater, '' Laurentius, add to tho-se mother fury that proceeds from love, and another from study, another divine or n* rigious fury ; but these more properly belong to melancholy ; of all which I will speak ''apart, intending to write a whole book of them. SuBSECT. V. — Melancholy in Disposition., improperly so called., Equivocations. Melancholy, the subject of our present discourse, is eithfr in disposition or habit. In disposition, is that transitory melancholy which goes and comes upon every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or per- turbation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent, or thought, which causeth anguish, dulness, heaviness and vexation of spirit, any ways opposite to pleasure, mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and improper sense, we call him melancholy that is dull, sad, sour, lumpish, ill disposed, solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions, 'no man living is free, no stoic, none so wise, none so happy, none so patient, so generous, so godly, so divine, that can vindicate himself; so well composed, but more or less, some time or other he feels the smart of it. Melancholy in this sense is the character of mortality. '"Man that is born of a woman, is of short con- tinuance, and full of trouble." Zeno, Cato, Socrates himself, whom ^jElian so highly commends for a moderate temper, that " nothing could disturb him, but going out, and coming in, still Socrates kept the same serenity of countenance, what misery soever befel him," (if we may believe Plato his disciple) was much tormented with it. Q. Metellus, in whom ^ Valerius gives instance of all happiness, " the most for- tunate man then living, born in tliat most flourishing city of Rome, of noble parentage, a proper man of person, well qualified, healthful, rich, honourable, a senator, a con- sul, happy in his wife, happy in his children," &.c. yet this man was not void of melancholy, he had his share of sorrow. '°Polycrates Samius, that flung his ring into the sea, because he would participate of discontent with others, and had it miraculously restored to him again shortly after, by a fish taken as he angled, was not free from melancholy dispositions. No man can cure himself; the very gods had bitter pangs, and frequent passions, as their own "poets put upon them. In general, '^"as the heaven, so is our life, sometimes fair, sometimes overcast, tem- pestuous, and serene ; as in a rose, flowers and prickles ; in the year itself, a tempe- rate summer sometimes, a hard winter, a drought, and then again pleasant showers ; so is our life intermixed with joys, hopes, fears, sorrows, calumnies : Invicem cedur^ dolor et voluptas, there is a succession of pleasure and pain. '^ "medio de fonte lepdruiri Siir^il amari aliqnid, in ipsis fldribiis angat." ^' Even in the midst of laughing there is sorrow," (as '^ Solomon holds) : even in the 2 Lib, 1. v,ap. de Mania. ^Cap. 3. de mentis Rlienat. i Cap. 4. de mel. SPART. 3. "■ De quo homine seciiritas, de quo certnni paiuiinml qiincunqiie se convertit, in terrenis rebus amaritudi- iietn aninii inveniet. Au;:. in Psal. viii. 5. ' Job. i. H. f'Omiii tempore Socratem eodem vultu videri, sive domum rediret, sive domo egrederelur. "Lib. "• cap. I. Nalus in florentissima tntius orbis civitate, nnbilissiinis parentibus, corpores vires habuil et raris- ■iiudB animi dotes, uxorem conspicuam, pudicam, fmlices liberns, consulare decus, sequentes triumphed, &c. '"^lian. " Homer. Iliad. '^Lipgjug^ cent. 3. ep. 45, ut ccelum, sic nos hom'ned sumus : iilHd ex intervallo nubib.is obducifur et obscuratur. In rosario flores spinis intprmixti. Vita similis aeri, uduni modo, sudiim, tempestas, serenitas : ita vires reruni sunt, prjemia gaudiis, et sequaces cur.T. "s i.u cretins, 1. 4. 1124. '^Prov. xiv. 13. Extremuii gaudii iuctas occupat. ^F 94 Melancholy in Disposition. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 midst of all our feasting and jollity, as '^Austin infers in his Com on the 41st Psalm, tliere is grief and discontent. Inter delicias semper aliquid scevi nos strangulaf, for a pint of honey thou shalt here likely find a gallon of gall, for a dram of pleasure a pound of pain, for an inch of mirth an ell of moan ; as ivy doth an oak, these mise- ries encompass our life. And it is most absurd and ridiculous for any mortal man to look for a perpetual tenure of happiness in his life. Nothing so prosperous and pleasant, but it hath '^some bitterness in it, some complaining, some grudging; it is all y%vxv7iLxpov, a mixed passion, and like a chequer table black and white : men, fami- lies, cities, have their falls and wanes ; now trines, sextiles, then quartiles and oppo- sitions. We are not here as those angels, celestial powers and bodies, sun and moon, to finish our course without all offence, with such constancy, to continue for so many ages : but subject to infirmities, miseries, interrupted, tossed and tumbled up and down, carried about with every small blast, often molested and disquieted upon each slender occasion, '^ uncertain, brittle, and so is all that we trust unto. '^"' And he that knows not this is not armed to endure it, is not fit to live in this world (as one condoles our time), he knows not the condition of it, where with a reciprocally, pleasure and pain are still united, and succeed one another in a ring." Exi e mundo^ get thee gone hence if thou canst not brook it; there is no way to avoid it, but to arm thyself with patience, witli magnanimity, to '^oppose thyself unto it, to suffer affliction as a good soldier of Christ ; as '^^ Paul adviseth constantly to bear it. But forashmch as so few can embrace this good council of his, or use it aright, but rathei as so many brute beasts give away to their passion, voluntary subject and preciiuitate themselves iato a labyrinth of cares, woes, miseries, and suffer their souls to be overcome by them, cannot arm themselves with that patience as they ought to do, ii falleth out oftentimes that these dispositions become habits, and " many affects contemned (as "^'Seneca notes) make a disease. Even as one distillation, not yet grown to custom, makes a cough; but continual and inveterate causeth a consump- tion of the lungs ;" so do these our melancholy provocations : and according as thd humv)ur itself is intended, or remitted in men, as their temperature of body, or ra- tional soul is better able to make resistance ; so are they more or less affected. For that which is but a flea-biting to one, causeth insufferable torment to another; and whi- ,t\ one by his singular moderation, and well-composed carriage can happily over- come, a second is no whit able to sustain, but upon every small occasion of miscon- ceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, humour, &c. (if solitary, or idle i yiei is so far to passion, that his complexion is altered, his digestion hindered, his sleeo gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his hypociiondries misaftecled ; will d, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome with melancholy. As It is witli a man imprisoned for debt, if once in the gaol, every creditor will bri)\g his action against him, and there likely hold him. If any discontent seize up(»n a patient, in an instant all other perturbations (for— ^wa data porta ruiint) will set upon him, and then like a lame dog or broken-winged goose he droops and pines aw4y, and is brought at last to that ill habit or malady of melancholy itself. So that as the philosophers make ^^ eight degrees of heat and cold, we may make eighty- eight of melancholy, as the parts affected are diversely seized with it, or have been plunged more or less into this infernal gulf, or waded deeper into it. But all tliese mtlancholy fits, howsoever pleasing at first, or displeasing, violent and tyrannizing over those whom they seize on for the time ; yet these fits I say, or men affected, are but improperly so called, because they continue not, but come and go, as by some objects they are moved. This melancholy of which we are to treat, is a habile mosbus sonticus, or chronicus^ a chronic or continuate disease, a settled humour, a? isNatalitia inquil celebrantur, niipliae hie sunt ; at destitutog in prnfiindo iniseriarnm valle miserahjliter il)i quid celebratiir quod lion dolet. quod non transit? immergunt. Valerius, lib. 6. cap. 11. 'sunir '" Apuleiiis 4. florid. Nihil quicquid hoinini tarn pros- perutn divinitus datum, quin ei adinixtum sit aliquid difficultatis ut eliam amplissima quaqua laetitiS., subsit qu5r!|>iani vel parva querimonia conjutralione quadarn mellis, et Mlis. '' Caduca nimirum et fragilia, et pnerilibiis consentaneacrepundiis sunt ista qii.-E vires Rt opos huinaiife vocantur, affluunt subii6, repente de- inbuiilur, nullo in loco, nulla in persona, stabilihus nixa radicilius consislunt, sed incerlissimo flatu for- unie quos in sublime exiulerunt iniproviso recursu seculo parum aptus es, aut potius omnium nostrorum ronditionem iirnoras, quibus reciproco quodain nexu, &.C. Lorchanus Oollohelcicus, lib. 3. ad annum 1.598. '^Horsum omnia studia dirisi dsbenl, ut humana for- titer feramus. '-o2 Tim. ii. 3. '" Kpist. 96. lib. 10. AfTectus frequentes contemptique niorbum faiiuiit. Disiillatio una nee ndliuc in morem adaucta, tu.«!sini facit, assidiia et violenta pthisim. *^ Calidum ad octo : frigidum ad octo. Una hirundo non facii Kstatem. ^^•^ Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Digression of Anatomy. 95 *^Aurelianus and ^^ others call it, not errant, but fixed ; and as it was long increasing, so now being (pleasant, or painful) grown to an habit, it will hardly be removed. SECT. I. MEMB. II. Sub SECT. I. — Digression of Anatomy. Before I proceed to define the disease of melancholy, what it is, or to discourse fartbr of ii, I hold i4, not impertinent to make a brief digression of the anatomy of the body and faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of tiiat which is to follow ; because many hard words will often occur, as myrache, hypocondries, emrods, &c., imagination, reason, humours, spirits, vital, natural, animal, nerves, veins, arteries, chylus, pituita; which by the vulgar will not so easily be perceived, what they are, how cited, and to what end they serve. And besides, it may perad- venture give occasion to some men to examine more accurately, search further into this most excellent subject, and thereupon with that royal ^prophet to praise God, ("for a man is fearfully and wonderfully made, and curiously wrought") that have time and leisure enough, and are sufficiently informed in all other worldly businesses, Hs to make a good bargain, buy and sell, to keep and make choice of a fair hawk, hound, horse, &c. But for such matters as concern the knowledge of themselves, they are wholly ignorant and careless ; they know not what this body and soul are, how combined, of what parts and faculties they consist, or how a man differs from a dog. And what can be more ignominious and filthy (as ^^Melancthon well inveighs) " than for a man not to know the structure and composition of his own body, espe- cially since the knowledge of it tends so much to the preservation of his health, and information of his manners ?" To stir them up therefore to this study, to peruse those elaborate works of "Galen, Bauhines, Plater, Vesalius, Falopius, Laurenlius, liemelinus, &c., which have written copiously in Latin ; or that which some of our industrious countrymen have done in our mother tongue, not long since, as that translation of ^^ Columbus and ^^Microcosmographia, in thirteen books, I have made this brief digression. Also because ^°Wecker, ^'Melancthon, ^Fernelius, '^Fuschius, and those tedious Tracts de Animd (which have more compendiously handled and written of this matter,) are not at all times ready to be had, to give them some small ta/Ste, or noti<;»; of the rest, let this epitome suffice. SuBSECT. II. — Division of the Body., Humours^ Spirits. Of the parts of the body there may be many divisions : the most approved is that of ^^ Laurentius, out of Hippocrates : which is, into parts contained, or containing. Contained, are either humours or spirits. Humours.] A humour is a liquid or fluent part of the body, comprehended m it, for the preservation of it ; and is either innate or born with us, or adventitious and acquisite. The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary humours of ros and gluten to main- tain it : or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary humours, coming and pro- ceeding from the first concoction in the liver, by which means chylus is excluded. Some divide them into profitable and excrementitious. But ^^Crato out of Hippo- crates will have all four to be juice, and not excrements, without which no living creature can be sustained : which four, though they be comprehended in the mass (>f blood, yet they have their several affections, by which they are distinguished fiom one another, and from those adventitious, peccant, or ^^ diseased humours, an Melancihon calls them. Blood.] Blood is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humour, prepared in the mi.«eraic veins, and made of the most temperate parts of the chylus in the liver, whose ofli»',e 23Lil). I c. 6. "Fuscliius, 1. 3. sec. 1. cap. 7. Ilildeslieitn. fol. 130. '^ Psal. xxxix. 13. -^i De Aiiiniii. Turpe eniin est honiini i;rnnrare sui corporis (ut ra (Jicam) Eedificium, pra;serlim cum ad valetudi- Mm et mores ha;c cognitio plurimum coiiducat. '^ De usu part. 38 History of man. 20 p. Crooke. ""In Sviitaxi. 3' De Anima. s^Instit. lib. 1. 3' Physiol. 1. 1, 2. s-i Anat. 1. 1. c. 18. a- In Micro, succos, sine quibus animal sustenlari non pr test. * Morbosos bumorea. 96 Similar Parts. [Part. i. Sec. , IS to nourish the whole body, to give it strength and colour, being dispersed by the veins through every part of it. And from it spirits are first begotten in the heart, which aiterwards by the arteries are communicated to the other parts. Pituita, or phlegm, is a cold and moist humour, begotten of the colder part oi the chylus (or white juice coming out of the meat digested in the stomach,) in the liver; his office is to nourish and moisten the members of the body, which as the tongue are moved, that they be not over dry. Choler, is hot and dry, bitter, begotten of the hotter parts of the chylus, and gathered to the gall : it helps the natural heat and senses, and serves to the expelling of excrements. Melancholy.] Melancholy, cold and dry, thick, black, and sour, begotten of the jnore feculent part of nourishment, and purged from the spleen, is a bridle to the other two hot humours, blood and choler, preserving them in the blood, and nourish- ing the bones. These four humours have some analogy with the four elements, and to the four ages in man. Serum^ Sweaty Tears?\ To these humours you may add serum, which is the matter of urine, and those excrementitious humours of the third concoction, sweat ind tears. Spirits.] Spirit is a most subtile vapour, which is expressed from the blood, and the instrument of the soul, to perf'^-m all his actions ; a common tie or medium between the body and the soul, as some will have it ; or as ^' Paracelsus, a fourth soul of itself Melancthon holds the fountain of those spirits to be the heart, be- gotten there ; and afterward conveyed to the brain, they take another nature to them. Of these spirits there be three kinds, according to the three principal parts, brain, heart, liver ; natural, vital, animal. The natural are begotten in the liver, and thence dispersed through the veins, to perform those natural actions. The vital spirits are made in the heart of the natural, which by the arteries are transported to all the other parts : if the spirits cease, then life ceaseth, as in a syncope or swoon- ing. The animal spirits formed of the vital, brought up to the brain, and diffused by the nerves, to the subordinate members, give sense and motion to them all. Sub SECT. III. — Similar Parts. Similar Parts.] Containing parts, by reason of their more solid substance, are either homogeneal or heterogeneal, similar oi dissimilar; so Aristotle divides them, lib. i, cap. 1, de Hist. Animal.; Laurentius., cap. 20, lib. 1. Similar, or homogeneal, are such as, if they be divided, are still severed into parts of the same nature, as water into water. Of these some be spermatical, some fleshy or carnal. ^^ Spemiati- cal are such as are immediately begotten of the seed, which are bones, gristles, liga- ments, membranes, nerves, arteries, veins, skins, fibres or strings, fat. Bones.] The bones are dry and hard, begotten of the thickest of the seed, to strengthen and sustain other parts: some say there be 304, some 307, or 313 in man's body. They have no nerves in them, and are therefore without sense. A gristle is a substance softer than bone, and harder than the rest, flexible, and serves to maintain the parts of motion. Ligaments are they that tie the bones together, and other parts to the bones, with their subserving tendons : membranes' office is to cover the rest. Nerves, or sinews, are membranes without, and full of marrow within ; they pro- ceed from the brain, and carry the animal spirits for sense and motion. Of these some be harder, some softer ; the softer serve the senses, and there be seven pair of them. The first be the optic nerves, by which we see ; the second move the eyes ; the third pair serve for the tongue to taste; the fourth pair for the taste in the ^late ; the fifth belong to the ears ; the sixth pair is most ample, and runs almost over c\\ the bowels ; the seventh pair moves the tongue. The harder sinews serve for the motion of the inner parts, proceeding from the marrow in the back, of whom ihere be thirty combinations, seven of the neck, twelve of the breast, &.c. Arteries] Arteries are long and hollow, with a double skin to convey the vital spirit ; to discern which the better, they say that Vesalius the anatomist was wonl 37 Spiritalia anima. ss Laurentius, cap. 30, lib. 1. Anat. ^^^BHP Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Dissimilar Parts. 97 to cut up men alive. ^^ They arise in the left side of the heart, and are priaci Ally- two, from which the rest are derived, aorta and venosa : aorta is the root of &w* the other, which serve the whole body ; the other goes to the lungs, to fetch --r to refrigerate the heart. Veins.] Veins are hollow and round, like pipes, arising from the liver, cai/i ing blood and natural spirits ; they feed all the parts. Of these there be two chief, ^ ena porta and Vena cava^h'om which the rest are corrivated. Tliat Vena porta is a vcm coming from the concave of the liver, and receiving those meseraical veins, by woom he takes the chylus from the stomach and guts, and conveys it to the liver, i'he other derives blood from the liver to nourish all the other dispersed members, '('he branches of that Vena porta are the meseraical and haemorrhoides. The bram-hes of the cava are inward or outward. Inward, seminal or emulgent. Outward, iu the head, arms, feet, &c., and have several names, Fibro'., Fat., Flesh.] Fibrae are strings, white and solid, dispersed through "h^ whole member, and right, oblique, transverse, all which have their several v e;^. Fat is a similar part, moist, Avithout blood, composed of the most thick and i' 'C- tious matter of the blood. The "^"skin covers the rest, and hath cuticulum., orab de skin under it. Flesh is soft and ruddy, composed of the congealing of blood, &c SuBSECT. IV. — Dissimilar Parts. Dissimilar parts are those which we call organical, or instrumental, and tliey be inward or outward. The cliiefest outv/ard parts are situate forward or backward — forward, the crown and foretop of the head, skull, face, foreliead, temples, chin, eyes, ears, nose, &c., neck, breast, chest, upper and lower part of the belly, hypocondries, navel, groin, flank, &c. ; backward, tlie hinder part of the head, back, shoulders, sides, loins, hipbones, os sacrum., buttocks, &c. Or joints, arms, hands, feet, legs, thighs, knees, &c. Or common to both, Avhich, because they are obvious and well known, I have carelessly repeated, eaqiie prcecipua et grandiora tantiim ; quod rcliquum ex lihris de animd qui volet., accipiat. Inward organical parts, wliich cannot be seen, are divers in number, and have several names, functions, and divisions ; but that of ^'Laurentius is most notable, into noble or ignoble parts. Of tlie noble there be three principal parts, to which all the rest belong, and whom they serve — brain, heart, liver ; according to whose site, three regions, or a threefold division, is made of tlie whole body. As first of the head, in which the animal organs are contained, and brain itself, whicli by his nerves give sense and motion to the rest, and is, as it were, a privy counsellor and chancellor to the heart. The second region is the cliest, or middle belly, in which the heart as king keeps his court, and by his arteries communicates life to the whole body. The third region is the lower belly, in wiiich the liver resides as a Legat a latere^ with the rest of those natural organs, serving for concoction, nourishment, expelling of excrements. This lower region is distinguished from tlie upper by tlie midriff, or diaphragma, and is subdivided again by ""^ some into three concavities or regions, upper, middle, and lower. The upper of the hypocondries, in' whose right side is the liver, the left tlie spleen ; from which is denominated hypochondriacal melan- choly. The second of the navel and flanks, divided from the first by the rim. The last of the water course, which is again subdivided into three other parts. The Ara- bians inake two parts of this region. Epigastrium and Hypogastriuvi., upper or lower Epigastrium they call Miracle from Avhence comes Mirachialis Melancholia.) some- times mentioned of them. Of these several regions I will treat in brief apart ; and first of the third region, in which the natural organs are contained. De v^nimd. — The Lower Region., JVatural Organs.] But you that are readers in the meantime, "Suppose you were now brought into some sacred temple, or niajes- tical palace (as "' Melancthon saith), to behold not tlie matter only, but the singular art, workmanship, and counsel of this our great Creator. And it is a pleasant and profitable speculation, if it be considered aright.'^ The parts of this region, which ^y In these they observe the beatin? of the pu'se. *Cujiis est pars simularis a vi cutifica ut inieriora niuniat. Capivac. Anat. pag. 252. •" Anal. lib. 1. c. 19. Celebris est et pervulgata partium divisio in 13 i principes et ifjnohiles partes. ••- D. Crookc out .u' Galen and others. 43 Vos vero veliiti in teniplinn iic sacrariiiin quoddam vos diici pulelis, Ike Sutvik et uiilis cogniiio. r^ 98 Anatomy of the Body [P^^^- ^ Sec. 1 present tluniselv^s to your consideration and view, are such as serve to nutrition or generation. Those of nutrition serve to the first or second concoction ; as the oesophagus or gullet, which brings meat and drink into the stomach. The ventri- cle or stomach, which is seated in the midst of that par^ of the belly beneath the midrifl', tjie kitchen, as it were, of the first concoction, and which turns our meat into chvlus. It hath two mouths, one above, another beneath. The upper is some- times taken for the stomacli itself; the lower and nether door (as Wecker calls it) is named Pvlorus. This stomach is sustained by a large kell or kauU, called omentum ; whicli some will have the same with peritoneum, or rim of the belly. From the stomach to the very fundament are produced the guts, or intestina, which serve a little to alter and distribute the chylus, and convey away the excrements. They are di- vided into small and great, by reason of their site and substance, slender or thicker : the slender is duodenum, or whole gut, which is next to the stomach, some twelve inches long, saith '^'Fuschius. Jejunum, or empty gut, continuate to the other, which hath many meseraic veins annexed to it, whicli take part of the chylus to tlie liver from it. ilion the third, wliich consists of many crinkles, which serves with the rest to receive, keep, and distribute the chylus from the stomach. Tlie thick guts are three, the blind gut, colon, and right gut. The blind is a thick and short gut, having one mouth, in which the ilion and colon meet : it receives the excrements, and con- veys them to the colon. This colon hath many windings, that the excrements pass not away too fast : the right gut is straight, and conveys the excrements to the funda- ment, whose lower part is bound up witli certain muscles called sphiocte»-s, that the excrements maybe the better contained, until such time as a man be willing to go to the stool, hi the midst of these guts is situated the mesenterium or midrifl^, composed of many veins, arteries, and mucli fat, serving chiefly to sustain the guts. All these parts serve tlie first concoction. To the second, which is busied either in refining the good nourishment or expelling the bad, is chiefly belonging the liver, like in colour to congealed blood, the shop of blood, situate in the right hypercondry, in figure like to a half-moon — Generosum memhrum Melancf.hon styles it, a generous part; it serves to turn the chylus to blood, for the nourishment of the body. The excre- ments of it are either choleric or watery, which the other subordinate parts convey. The gall placed in the concave of the liver, extracts clioler to it : the spleen, melan- choly ; which is situate on the left side, over against the liver, a spungy matter, that draws this black choler to it by a secret virtue, and feeds upon it, conveying the I est to the bottom of the stomach, to stir up appetite, or else to the guts as an ex- crement. That watery matter the two kidneys expurgate by those emulgent veins and ureters. The emulgent draw this superfluous moisture from the blood; the two ureters convey it to the bladder, which, by reason of his site in the lower belly, is apt to receive it, having two parts, neck and bottom : the bottom holds the water, the neck is constringed with a muscle, which, as a porter, keeps the water from run- ning out against our will. Members of generation are common to both sexes, or peculiar to one ; which, because they are impertinent to my purpose, 1 do voluntarily omit. Middle Region.] Next in order is the middle region, or chest, which compre- hends the vital faculties and parts; which (as I have said) is separated from the lower belly by the diaphragma or inidrifl*, which is a skin consisting of many nerves, membranes ; and amongst other uses it hath, is the instrument of laughing. There is also a certain thin membrane, full of sinews, which covereth the whole chest within, and is called pleura, the seat of the disease called pleurisy, when it is inflamed ; some add a third skin, which is termed Mediastinus, which divides the chest into two parts, right and left; of this region the principal part is the heart, which is the seat and fountain of life, of heat, of spirits, of pulse and respiration — the sun of our body, the king and sole commander of it — the seat and organ of all passions and aflfections. Primum vivcns^ ullimum moriens^ it lives first, dies last in all creatures. Of a pyramidical form, and not much unlike to a pine-apple; a part worthy of ■'^ad- miration, thai can yield such variety of affections, by whose motion it is dilated or contracted, to stir and command the humours in the body. As in sorrow, melan- •5^' Ml). 1. cap. \1. sect. 5. ^ojjfpc res est prtpci- 1 cietur cor, quod oinnes retristes el laetae statim corda »u^.4igna admin '.ioiie, quod tanta affectuuK- varietale 1 ferir.nt et movent. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Anatomy of the Soul. 99 3holy; in anger, choler ; in joy, to send the blood ontwardly; in sorir-w, to call it in; moving tlie humours, as horses do a chariot. This heart, thoug-li it be one sole aiember, yet it may be divided into two creeks right and left. The right is like the moon increasing, bigger than the other part, and receives blood from Fena cava^ distributing some of it to the lungs to nourish them ; the rest to the left side, to engender spirits. The left creek hath the form of a cone, and is the seat of life, which, as a torch doth oil, draws blood unto it, begetting of it spirits and fire ; and as fire in a torch, so are spirits in the blood ; and by that great artery called aorta, it sends vital spirits over the body, and takes air from the lungs by that artery which is called venosa ; so that both creeks have their vessels, the right two veins, the left two arteries, besides those two common and fractuous ears, which serve them both ; the one to hold blood, the other air, for several uses. The lungs is a thin spungy part, like an ox hoof, (saith "^^Fernelius) the town-clerk or crier, ('*"one terms it) the instrument of voice, as an orator to a king ; annexed to the heart, to express their thoughts by voice. That it is the instrument of voice, is manifest, in that no crea- ture can speak, or utter any voice, which wanteth these lights. It is, besides, the instrument of respiration, or breathing ; and its office is to cool the heart, by sending air unto it, by the venosal artery, which veni comes to the lungs by that aspera arteria^ which consists of many gristles, mem.branes, nerves, taking in air at the nose and mouth, and by it likewise exhales the fumes of the heart. hi the upper region serving the animal faculties, the cliief organ is the brain, which is a soft, marrowish, and white substance, engendered of the purest part of seed and spirits, included by many skins, and seated within the skull or brain pan ; and it is the most noble organ under heaven, the dwelling-house and seat of the soul, the habitation of wisdom, memory, judgment, reason, and in which man is most like unto God; and therefore nature hath covered it with a skull of hard bone, and two skins or membranes, whereof the one is called dura mater^ or meninx, the other pia mater. The dura mater is next to the skull, above the other, which includes and protects the brain. When this is taken away, the pia mater is to be seen, a thin membrane, the next and immediate cover of the brain, and not covering oidy, but entering into it. The brain itself is divided into two parts, the fore and hinder part ; the fore part is much bigger than the other, which is called the little brain in respect of it. This fore part hath many concavities distinguished by certain ventricles, which are the receptacles of the spirits, brought hither by the arteries from the heart, and are there refined to a more heavenly nature, to perform the actions of the soul. Of these ventricles there are three — right, left, and middle. Tlie right and left answer to their site, and beget animal spirits ; if they be any way hurt, sense and motion ceaseth. These ventricles, moreover, are held to be the seat of the common sense. The middle ventricle is a common concourse and cavity of them both, and hath two pas -iges — 'the one to receive pituita, and the other extends itself to the fourth creek ; in this they place imagination and cogitation, and so the three ventricles of the fore part of the brain are used. The fourth creek behind the head is common to the cerebel or little brain, and marrow of the back-bone, the last and most solid of all the rest, which receives the animal spirits from the other ventricles, and conveys them to the marrow in the back, and is the place where they say the memory is seated. SuBSECT. V. — Of the Soul and her Faculties. According to "^Aristotle, the soul is defined to be ivtf7Jx^^(^i perfectio et acfus primus corporis organici., vitam hahentis in potentia : the perfection or first act of an organical body, having power of life, which most '*^ philosophers approve. But many doubts arise about the essence, subject, seat, distinction, and subordinate faculties of ' it. For the essence and particular knowledge, of all other things it is most hard (be- lt of man or beast) to discern, as ^Aristotle himself, ^'TuUy, ^^Picus IVIirandula, •Tolet, and other Neoteric philosophers confess : — ^^" We can understand all things *> Physio. I. I.e. 8. 47 ut orator re?! : sic piilino vocis instnimenlum annectitur cordi, &c.. Mel;inclh. *^ De anim. c. 1. « Scalig. exerc. 307. Tolel. in -ib. de aniina. cap. 1. &:c. ^\. De annua, cap. 1. SI Tusciil. quaest. s-Lib. 6. Doct. Va. Gentil. c. 13 pag. 1216. saAristot. ''i Anim4 qnaeqtie iii telligitnus, et tamen qus sit ipsa iiiteliigere noi> vaiemus. 1 00 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part I . Sec. \ by her, but what she is we cannot apprehend." Some therefore make one soul, divided into three principal faculties ; others, three distinct souls. Which question of late hath been much controverted by Picolomineus and Zabarel. ^^ Paracelsus will have four souls, adding to the three grand faculties a spiritual soul : which opinion of his, Campanella, in his book de sensu rerum^^^ much labours to demonstrate and prove, because carcasses bleed at the siglit of the murderer; with many sucli argu- ments : And "some again, one soul of all creatures whatsoever, differing only in organs ; and that beasts have reason as well as men, though, for some defect of organs, not in such measure. Others make a doubt whether it be all in all, and all in every part; which is amply discussed in Zabarel amongst the rest. The ^^ com- mon division of the soul is into three principal facidties — vegetal, sensitive, and rational, which make three distinct khids of living creatures — vegetal plants, sensi- ble beasts, rational men. How these three principal faculties are distinguished and connected, Hmnano bigcnio inaccessum videtur^ is beyond human capacity, as ^^Tau- rellus, Phdip, Flavins, and others suppose. The inferior may be alone, but the superior cannot subsist without the other ; so sensible includes vegetal, rational both ; which are contained in it (saith Aristotle) ut trigonus in tefragono^ as a tri- angle in a quadrangle. Vegetal Soul.] Vegetal, the first of the three distinct faculties, is defined to be "• a substantial act of an organical body, by which it is nourished, augmented, and begets another like unto itself." Jn which definition, three several operations are specified — altrix, auctrix, procreatrix ; the first is ^° nutrition, whose object is nourishment, meat, drink, and the like ; his organ the liver in sensible creatures ; in plants, the root or sap. His office is to turn the nutriment into the substance of the body nourished, which he performs by natural heat. This nutritive operation hath four other subor- dinate functions or powers belonging to it — attraction, retention, digestion, expulsion. Atlraction.] ^'Attraction is a ministering faculty, which, as a loadstone doth iron, draws meat into the stomach, or as a lamp doth oil ; and this attractive power is very necessary in plants, which suck up moisture by the root, as another mouth, into the sap, as a like stomach. Retention.] Retention keeps it, being attracted unto the stomach, until such time it be concocted ; for if it should pass away straight, the body could not be nourished. Digestion.] Digestion is performed by natural heat ; for as the flame of a torch consumes oil, wax, tallow, so doth it alter and digest the nutritive matter. Indiges- tion is opposite unto it.^ for want of natural heat. Of this digestion there be three differences — maturation, elixation, assation. Maturation.] Maturation is especially observed in the fruits of trees ; which are then said to be ripe, when the seeds are fit to be sown again. Crudity is opposed to it, which gluttons, epicures, and idle persons are most subject unto, that use no exercise to stir natural heat, or else choke it, as too much wood puts out a fire. Elixation.] Elixation is the seetliing of meat in the stomach, by the said natural heat, as meat is boiled in a pot; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. Assation.] Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat ; his opposite is semiustulation. Order of Concoction four-fold.] Besides these three several operations of diges- tion, there is a four-fold order of concoction: — mastication, or chewing in the mouth; chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomach ; the third is in the liver, to turn this chylus into blood, called sanguification ; the last is assimulation, which is in every part. Expulsion.] Expulsion is a power of nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous excrements, and reliques of meat and driiik, by the guts, bladder, pores ; as by purg- ing, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, hairs, nails, &c. Augmentation.] As this nutritive faculty serves to nourish the body, so doth th" augmenting faculty (the second operation or power of the vegetal faculy) to the in- 55SpiriUialem animam a reliquis distinctam tuetur, ntiain in cadavere iiihrerentem post mortem per aliquot inenses. •' Lih. 3. cap. 31. '■>' Cociius, lib. 2. i-. 31. Plutarch, in Grillo Lips. Cen. 1. ep. 50. Jossius «Je Rieu et Fletii, Averroes, Campanella, &c. ^ Phi- lip, de Atiima. en. 1. Ccelius, 20. aniiq. cap. 3. Plutarch de placit. philos. &9 De vit. et mort. part. 2. c. 3 prop. 1. de vit. et mort. 2. c. 22. eoNuiriiio e?l alimenti transmutatio, viro naturalis. Seal, exerc. 101 sec. 17. 61 See more of Attraction in Seal. exer. 341 i Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Anatomy of the Soul. 101 I'reasing of it in quantity, according to all dimensions, long, broad, thick, and to •nake it grow till it come to his due proportion and perfect shape ; which hath his period of augmentation, as of consumption ; and that most certain, as the poe^ observes : — •* «tat sua cuiqiie dies, breve et irreparablle tempus ] " A term of life is set to every man, omnibus est vi'ae." • | Which is hut short, and pass it no one tan." Generation.] The last of these vegetal faculties is generation, which begets another ly means of seed, like unto itself, to the perpetual preservation of the species. To this faculty they ascribe three subordinate operations : — the first to turn nourishment into seed, &c. Life and Death concomitants of the Vegetal Faculties.] Necessary concomitants or affections of this vegetal faculty are life and his privation, death. To the preser- vation of life the natural heat is most requisite, though siccity and humidity, and those first qualities, be not excluded. This heat is likewise in plants, as appears by their increasing, fructifying. &.C., though not so easily perceived. In all bodies it nui^t have radical "moisture to preserve it, that it be not consumed; to which preservation our clime, country, temperature, and the good or bad use of those six non-natural things avail much. For as this natural heat and moisture decays, so doth our lii'e itself; and if not prevented before by some violent accident, or interrupted through our own default, is in the end dried up by old age, and extinguished by death for want of matter, as a lamp for defect of oil to maintain it. Sub SECT. VI. — Of the sensible Soul. Next in order is the sensible faculty, which is as far beyond the other in dignity, as a beast is preferred to a plant, having those vegetal powers included in it. 'Tis defined an "Act of an organical body by which it lives, hath sense, appetite, judg- ment, breath, and motion." His object in general is a sensible or passible quality, because the sense is affected with it. The general organ is the brain, from which principally the sensible operations are derived. This sensible soul is divided into two parts, apprehending or moving. By the apprehensive power we perceive the species of sensible things present, or absent, and retain them as wax doth the print of a seal. By the moving, the body is outwardly carried from one place to another ; or inwardly moved by spirits and pulse. The apprehensive faculty is subdivided mto two parts, inward or outward. Outward, as the five senses, of touching, hear- ing, seeing, smelling, tasting, to which you may add Scaliger's sixth sense of titilla- tion, if you please; or that of speech, which is the sixth external sense, according to LuUius. Inward are three — common sense, phantasy, memory. Those five out- ward senses have their object in outward things only, and such as are present, as the eye sees no colour except it be at hand, the ear sound. Three of these senses are of commodity, hearing, sight, and smell ; two of necessity, touch, and taste, without which we cannot live. Besides, the sensitive power is active or passive. Active in sight, the eye sees the colour ; passive when it is hurt by his object, as the eye by the sun-beams. According to that axiom, Visihile forte destruit sensum^^ Or if the object be not pleasing, as a bad sound to the ear, a stinking smell to the nose, &c. Sight.] Of these five senses, sight is held to be most precious, and the best, and that by reason of his object, it sees the whole body at once. By it v/e learn, and discern all thiiigs, a sense most excellent for use : to the sight three things are re- quired ; the object, the organ, and the medium. The object in general is visible, or that which is to be seen, as colours, and all shining bodies. The medium is tlui illumination of the air, which comes from ^Might, commonly called diaphanum ; for in dark we cannot see. The organ is the eye, and chiefly the apple of it, which by those optic nerves, concurring both in one, conveys the sight to the common sense. Between the organ and object a true distance is required, that it be not too near, or too far off. Many excellent questions appertain to this sense, discussed by philoso- phers : as whether this sight be caused intra mittendo., vel extra miftendo., &cc., by receiving in the visible species, or sending of them out, which ^^ Plato, ^^ Plutarch, 62 Vita consistit in calido et hiimido. e3"Too|actns perspicni. Lnmen A luce provenit, lux est in Bright an object destroys the organ. ^4 Lumen est | corpora lucido. «-Satur. 7. c. 14. "Bin phaedon i2 102 Anatomy of the Soul, [Part. 1. Sec. I ^']\Iacr(>bius, ^^Lactaiiiius and others dispute. And, besides, it is the subject of thu perspectives, of which Alhazen the Arabian, Vitellio, Roger Bacon, Baptista Port-*, Guifkis Ubaldus, Aquilonius, &c., have written whole volumes. Hearing.] Hearing-, a most excellent outward sense, ''^ by which we learn and gtt knowledge." His object is sound, or that which is heard ; the medium, air ; organ, the ear. To the sound, which is a collision of the air, three things are required; a body to strike, as the hand of a musician ; the body struck, which must be solid and able to resist; as a bell, lute-string, not wool, or sponge; the medium, the air; which is inward, or outward ; the outward being struck or collided by a solid body, still strikes the next air, until it come to that inward natural air, which as an exqui- site organ is contained in a little skin formed like a drum-head, and struck upon by certain small instruments like drum-sticks, conveys tlie sound by a pair of nerves, appropriated to that use, to the common sense, as to a judge of sounds. There is great variety and much delight in them; for the knowledge of which, consult with Boethius and other musicians. Smelling.] Smelling is an " outward sense, which apprehends by the nostrils drawing in air ;" and of all the rest it is the weakest sense in men. The organ in the nose, or two §mall hollow pieces of flesh a little above it : the medium the air to men, as water to fish : the object, smell, arising from a mixed body resolved, which, whether it be a quality, fume, vapour, or exhalation, I will not now dispute, or of their differences, and how they are caused. This sense is an organ of health, as sight and hearing, saith '^^Agellius, are of discipline ; and that by avoiding bad smells, as by choosing good, which do as much alter and affect the body many times, as diet itself. Taste.] Taste, a necessary sense, " which perceives all savours by the tongue and palate, and that by means of a thin spittle, or watery juice." His organ is the tongue with his tasting nerves; the medium, a watery juice ; the object, taste, or savour, which is a quality in the juice, arising from the mixture of things tasted. Some make eight species or kinds of savour, bitter, sweet, sharp, salt, &c., all which sick men (as in an ague) cannot discern, by reason of their organs misaffected. Touching.] Touch, the last of the senses, and most ignoble, yet of as great neces- sity as the other, and of as much pleasure. This sense is exquisite in men, and by liis nerves dispersed all over the body, perceives any tactile quality. His organ the nerves ; his object those first qualities, hot, dry, moist, cold ; and those that follow them, hard, soft, thick, thin, &.c. Many delightsome questions are moved by philo- sophers about these five senses ; their organs, objects, mediums, which for brevity I omit Sub SECT. VH. — Of the Immrd Senses. Common Sense.] Inner senses are three in number, so called, because they be within the brain-pan, as common sense, phantasy, memcry. Their objects are not (mly tilings present, but they perceive the sensible species of things to come, past, absent, such as were before in the sense. This common sense is the judge or mode- rator of the rest, by whom we discern all difl^erences of objects; for by mine eye 1 do not know that I see, or by mine ear that I hear, but by my common sense, who judgeth of sounds and colours : they are but the organs to bring the species to be censured ; so that all their objects are his, and all their oflices are his. The fore part of the brain is his organ or seat. Phanfasy.] Phantasy, or imagination, which some call estimative, or cogitative, "confirmed, saith '°Fernelius, by frequent meditation,) is an inner sense which doth more fully examine the species perceived by common sense, of things present Ox absent, and keeps them longer, recalling them to mind again, or making new of his own. In time of sleep this faculty is free, and many times conceive strange, stu- j)cnd, absurd shapes, as in sick men we commonly observe. His organ is the mid- dle cell of the brain; his objects all the species communicated to him by the com- mon sense, by comparison of which he feigns infinite other unto himself. In melan- choly men this faculty is most powerful and strong, and often huris, producing many " De pract, Pk:.os 4. c^Lac. cap. 8. de opif. D«i, 1. eo Lib. 19. cap. 2. ' Phis. 1. 5. c. 8 T^ Mem. 2. Subs. 8.J Anatomy of the Soul. 103 monstrous and prodigious things, especially if it be stirred up by some terrible object, presented to it irom Common sense or memory. In poets and painters ima- gination forcibly works, as appears by their several fictions, antics, images : as Ovid's house of sleep, Psyche's palace in Apuleius, &c. In men it is subject and governed by reason, or at least should be ; but in brutes it hath no superior, and is alio hrutoruni^ all the reason they have. Memory.] Memory lays up all the species which the senses have brought in, and records them as a good register, that they may be forthcoming when they are called for by pliaulasy and reason. His object is the same with phantasy, his seat and organ the back part of the brain. , Affections of the Senses^ sleej) and umking] The affections of these senses are sleep and waking, common to all sensible creatures. ''• Sleep is a rest or binding of the outward senses, and of the common sense, for the preservation of body and soul" (as "'Scaliger defines it); for when the common sense resteth, the outward senses rest also. The phantasy alone is free, and his commander reason : as appears by those imaginary dreams, which are of divers kinds, natural, divine, demoniacal, &c., which \ajy according to humours, diet, actions, objects, &c., of which Arteniidorus, Cardanus, and Sambucus, with their several interpretators, have written great volumes. This litigation of senses proceeds from an inhibition of spirits, the way being stopped by which they should come ; this stopping is caused of vapours arising out of the stomach, filling the nerves, by which the spirits should be conveyed. Wtien these vapours are spent, the passage is open, and the spirits perform their accustomed duties: so that '•'•waking is the action and motion of the senses, which the spiiiis aispersed over all parts cause." SuBSECT. VIII. — Of the Moving Faculty. Appetite.] This moving faculty is the other power of the sensitive soul, which causeth all those inward and outward animal motions in the body. It is divided nto two faculties, the power of appetite, and of moving from place to place. This of appetite is threefold, so some will have it ; natural, as it signifies any such incli- nation, as of a stone to fall downward, and such actions as relenlion, expulsion, which depend not on sense, but are vegetal, as the appetite of meat and drink ; hun- ger and thirst. Sensitive is common to men and brutes. Voluntary, the third, or intellective, which commands the other two in men, and is a curb unto them, or at least should be, but for the most part is captivated and overruled by them; and men are led like beasts by sense, giving reins to their concupiscence and several lusts. For by this appetite the soul is led or inclined to follow that good which the senses shall approve, or avoid that which they hold evil : his object being good or evil, the one he embraceth, the other he rejecteth ; according to that aphorism, Omnia uppe- tunt honum., all things seek their own good, or at least seeming good. This power is inseparable from sense, for where sense is, there are likewise pleasure and pain. His organ is the same with the common sense, and is divided into two powers, or inclinations, concupiscible or irascible: or (as "^one translates it) coveting, anger invading, or impugning. Concupiscible covets always pleasant and delightsome things, and abhors that wiiich is distasteful, harsh, and unpleasant. Irascible., '^quasi aversans per iram et odium., as avoiding it with anger and indignation. All affections and perturbations arise out of these two fountains, which, although the stoics make light of, we hold natural, and not to be resisted. The good affections are caused by some object of the same nature ; and if present, they procure joy, which dilates the heart, and preserves the body : if absent, they cause hope, love, desire, ayd concu- piscence. The bad are simple or mixed : simple for some bad object present, as sorrow, which contracts the heart, macerates the soul, subverts the good estate of the body, hindering all the operations of it, causing melancholy, and many times death itself; or future, as fear. Out of these two arise those mixed affections and passions of anger, which is a desire of revenge ; hatred, which is inveterate anger ; zeal, which is oflended with him who hurts that he loves ; and iTtixanjuxaxia, a coir ■" Exercit. 280. "T. W\ Jesuite, in his Passions of the Minde. ^ V eVcurio. 104 Anatomy of the Soul [Part. 1. Sec. 1 pound aflection of joy and hate, when we rejoice at other men's mischief, and are grieved at their prosperity; pride, self-love, emulation, envy, shame, &c., of wliich elsewhere. Moving from place to place, is a faculty necessarily following the other. For hi vain were it otherwise to desire and to abhor, if we had not likewise power to pro- secute or eschew, by moving the body from place to place : by this faculty therefore we locally move the body, or any part of it, and go from one place to another. To the better performance of which, three things are requisite : that which moves ; by what it moves ; that which is moved. That which moves, is either the efficient cause, or end. The end is the object, which is desired or eschewed; as in a dog to catch a hare, &c. The efficient cause in man is reason, or his subordinate phantasy, which apprehends good or bad objects : in brutes imagination alone, which moves the appetite, the appetite this faculty, which by an admirable league of nature, and by meditation of the spirit, commands the organ by which it moves : and that con- sists of nerves, muscles, cords, dispersed through liie v/hole body, contracted and relaxed as the spirits will, which move the muscles, or '"* nerves in the midst of them, and draw the cord, and so per consequens the joint, to the place intended. That which is moved, is the body or some member apt to move. The motion of the body is divers, as going, running, leaping, dancing, sitting, and such like, referred to the predicam.ent of situs. Worms creep, birds fly, fishes swim ; and so of parts, the chief of which is respiration or breathing, and is thus performed. The outward air is drawn in by the vocal artery, and sent by mediation of the midriff to the lungs, which, dilating themselves as a pair of bellows, reciprocally fetch it in, and send it out to the heart to cool it ; and from thence now being hot, convey it again, still taking in fresh. Such a like motion is that of the pulse, of which, because manv have written whole books, I will say nothing. SuBSECT. IX. — Of the Rational Soul. ]n the precedent subsections I have anatomized those inferior faculties of the soul ; the rational remaineth, "a pleasant, but a doubtful subject" (as '^^one terms it), and with the like brevity to be discussed. Many erroneous opinions are about the essence and original of it ; whether it be fire, as Zeno held ; harmony, as Aristoxe- nus ; number, as Xenocrates ; whether it be organical, or inorganical ; seated in the brain, heart or blood; mortal or immortal; how it comes into the body. Some hold that it is ex traduce., as Fhil. 1. de Anirnd., TertuUian.) Lactantius de opific. Dei. cap. 19. Hugo., Vib. de Spiritu et Ammct., Vincentius Bellavic. spec, natural, lib. 23, cap. 2. et 11. Hippocrates, Avicenna, and many '^late writers; that one man begets another, body and soul; or as a candle from a candle, to be produced from the seed : otherwise, say they, a man begets but half a man, and is worse than a beast that begets both matter and form ; and, besides, the three faculties of the soul must be together infused, which is most absurd as they hold, because in beasts they are begot, the two inferior I mean, and may not be well separated in men. ''Galen sup- poseth the soul crasin esse, to be the temperature itself; Trismegistus, Musaeus, Orpheus, Homer, Pindarus, Phaerecides Syrus, Epictetus, with the Chaldees and Egyptians, affirmed the soul to be immortal, as did those British ^^ Druids of old. The '^ Pythagoreans defend Metempsychosis ; and Palingenesia, that souls go from ion in spiritualibus Osiander. sa Tola voluntas Bversa & Peo. Omnis homo mendax. i* virg. "We are neither able to contend against them, noi only to make way." ' Vel propter iguorantium quod bonis studiis non sit instructa mens ut debuit aut divinis prseceptis exculta. ^ Med. Ovid 3 Ovid. 108 Definitim of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. I. to her nurse, ^qucE. loqueris., vera sunt^ scd furor suggerit sequl pejora : she said well and true, she did ackn ,vvledge it, but headstrong passion and fury made her to do that which was opposite. So David knew the filthiness of his fact, what a loathsome, foul, crying sin adultery was, yet notwithstanding he would commit murder, and take away another man's wife, enforced against reason, religion, to follow his appetite. Those natural and vegetal powers are not commanded by will at all ; for " who can add one cubit to his stature ?" These other may, but are not : and thence come all those headstrong passions, violent perturbations of the mind ; and many times vicious habits, customs, feral diseases ; because we give so much way to our appetite, and follow our inclinatian, like so many beasts. The principal habits are two in number, virtue and vice, whose peculiar definitions, descriptions, differences, and kinds, are hand^od at large in the ethics, and are, indeed, the subject of moral phi- losophy. MEMB. III. SuBSECT. I. — Definition of Melancholy, Name, Difference. Having thus briefly anatomized the body and soul of man, as a preparative to the rest ; I may now freely proceed to treat of my intended object, to most men's capacity ; and after many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is, show his name and differences. The name is imposed from the m'atter, and disease denominated from the material cause: as Bruel observes, Mf^vp^oTiJa quasi "iAit^wo.xo'Kr^ from black choler. And whether it be a cause or an eflfect, a disease or symptom, let Donatus Altomarus and Salvianus decide ; I will not contend about it. It hath several descriptions, notations, and definitions. ^Fracastorius, in his second book of intellect, calls those melancholy, " whom abundance of that same depraved humour of black choler hath so misafiected, that they become mad thence, and dote in most things, or in all, belonging to election, will, or other manifest operations of the un- derstanding." ^Melanelius out of Galen, Ruflris, .Etius, describe it to be ''a bad and peevish disease, which makes men degenerate into beasts :" Galen, " a privation qr infection of the middle cell of the head, 8tc." defining it from the part affected, which ''Hercules de Saxonia approves, lib. 1. cap. 16. calling it "a depravation of the principal function:" Fuschius, Vib. 1. cap. 23. Arnoldus Breviar. lih. Leap. 18. Guianerius, and others : '•■ By reason of black choler," Paulus adds. Halyabbas simply calls it a "commotion of the mind." Aretaeus, ^"a perpetual anguish of thu soul, fastened on one thing, without an ague ; which definition of his, Mercurialis de affect, cap. lib. 1. cap. 10. taxeth : but jElianus Montaltus defends, lib. de morb. cap. 1. de Melan. for sufficient and good. The common sort define it to be '^a kind of dotage without a fever, having for his ordinary companions, fear and sadness, without any apparent occasion. So doth Laurentius, cap. 4. Piso. lib. 1. cap. 43. Donatus Altomarus, cap. 7. art. medic. Jacchinus, in com. in lib. 9. Rhasis ad Al- mansor, cap. 15. Valesius, exerc. 17. Fuschius, instltut. 3. sec. I. c. J 1. &c. which common definition, howsoever approved by most, ^Hercules de Saxonia will not allow of, nor David Crucius, Theat. morb. Herm. lib. 2. cap. 6. he holds it insuffi- cient : as '° rather showing what it is not, than what it is :" as omitting the specific difference, the phantasy and brain : but I descend to particulars. The summum genus is " dotage, or anguish of the mind," saith Aretaeus ; " of the principal parts," Her- cules de Saxonia adds, to distinguish it from cramp and palsy, and such diseases as belong to the outward sense and motions [depraved] "to distinguish it from folly and madness (which Montaltus makes angor animi, to separate) in which those functions are not depraved, but rather abolished ; [without an ague] is added by all, to sever it from phrensy, and that melancholy which is in a pestilent fever. (Fear * Seneca, Hipp. s Melancholicos vocamns, quos i animi in una contentione defixns, absque febre. exuperantia vel pravitas Melancholiae ita male habet, 9 Cap. 16. 1. 1. 'o Eorum definitio morbus quid nou ut iiide insaniant vei in omnibus, vel in piuribus iisque 1 sit potius quam quid sit, e.x|»licat. '' Aniinre fiinc- riianifiistia sive ad rectam rationem, voluntat6 perli- | tiones imminuuntur in fatuitate, tolluntur in mania, nt'tii, vel elc'ctionem, vel intellectus operaliones. depravantur solum in melancholia. Here, de Sai ^ Pessiiimui et pertinacipsimum morbuin (lui homines cap. 1. tract, de Melau*"**. In bruia degenerare cogit. ' Panth. Med. « Angor I ^.-JkJ^-.A^—— . .hm^k^^ t ' il Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Paris affected, S^c. 109 and sorrow) make it differ from madness : [withouf. a cause] is lastly inserted, to specify it from all other ordinary passions of [fear and sorrow.] We properly call that dotage, as '^Laurentius interprets it, "when some one principal faculty of the mind, as imagination, or reason, is corrupted, as all melancholy persons have." It is without a fever, because the humour is most part cold and dry, contrary to putre- faction. Fear and sorrow are the true characters and inseparable companions of most melancholy, not all, as Her. de Saxonia, Tract, de poslhinno de Melancholia, cap. 2. well excepts ; for to some it is most pleasant, as to such as laugh most part ; some are bold again, and free from all manner of fear and grief, as hereafter shall be declared. SuBSECT. II. — Of tlm part affected. Affection. Parlies affected. Some difference I find amongst writers, about the principal part affected in this disease, whether it be the brain, or heart, or some other member. Most are of opinion that it is the brain : for being a kind of dotage, it cannot otherwise be bul that the brain must be affected, as a similar part, be it by '^ consent or essence, not in his ventricles, or any obstructions in them, for then it would be an apoplexy, or epilepsy, as '''Laurentius well observes, but in a cold, dry distemperature of it in liis substance, which is corrupt and become too cold, or too dry, or else too hot, as in madmen, and such as are inclined to it: and this '^Hippocrates confirms, Galen, the Arabians, and most of our new writers. Marcus de Oddis (in a consultation of Ms, quoted by '^Hildesheim) and five others there cited are of the contrary part; be- cause fear and sorrow, which are passions, be seated in the heart. But this objec- tion is sufficiently answered by '^Montaltus, who doth not deny that the heart is afiected (as '^Melanelius proves out of Galen) by reason of his vicinity, and so is the midriff and many other parts. They do compati, and have a fellow feeling by the law of nature : but forasmuch as this malady is caused by precedent imagination, with the appetite, to whom spirits obey, and are subject to those principal parts, thi brain must needs primarily be misaffected, as the seat of reason ; and then tlie heart, as the seat of affection. '^ Cappivaccius and Mercurialis have copiously discussed this question, and both conclude the subject is the inner brain, and from thence it u communicated to the heart and other inferior parts, which sympathize and are much troubled, especially when it comes by consent, and is caused by reason of the stomach, or myrach, as the Arabians term it, whole body, liver, or ^° spleen, which are sehlom free, pylorus, meseraic veins. Sic. For our body is like a clock, if one wheel be amiss, all the rest are disordered ; the whole fabric suffers : with such ad- mirable art and harmony is a man composed, such excellent proportion, as Ludo- vicus Vives in his Fable of J\Ian hath elegantly declared. As many doubts almost arise about the ^'affection, whether it be imagination or reason alone, or both, Hercules de Saxonia proves it out of Galen, ^tius, and Altomarus, that the sole fault is in ^^imagination. Bruel is of the same mind : Mon- taltus in his 2 cap. of Melancholy confutes this tenet of theirs, and illustrates the contrary by many examples : as of him that thought himself a shell-fish, of a nun, and of a desperate monk that would not be persuaded but that he was damned ; reason was in fault as well as imagination, which did not correct this error : they make away themselves oftentimes, and suppose many absurd and ridiculous things. Why doth not reason detect the fallacy, settle and persuade, if she be free .'* ^^Avi- cenna therefore holds both corrupt, to whom most Arabians subscribe. The same is maintained by ^^Areteus,^^Gorgonius, Guianerius, &c. To end the controversy, no man doubts of imagination, but that it is hurt and misaffected here; for the otlier I determine with ^^ Albertinus Bottonus, a doctor of Padua, that it is first in " imagi- Cap. 4. de mel. i^Per consensuni sive per j 2" Rar6 quisquam tumorem effiigit lienis, qui hoc morbo afficitur, Piso. Qiiis affectiis. 21 Seo Donat ab Altoinar. '■'"' Facultas itnagiriandi, non cogitaiidi, nee meiiiorandi laesa hie. ^^ Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 8. •^•'Lib. 3. cap. 5. "» Lib. Med. cap. 19. part. 2. Tract. 15. cap. 1. -« Hildesheim, spicel 2 de Melanc. fol. 207, et fol. 127. Quai loque etiani rationalis si affectus inveteratus sit essentiam. '^ orfji. •*. de mel. ^sgec. 7. de mor. vulfiar. lib. 6. 'BSpjcel. de melancholia. •' Cv^p. 3. de mel. Pars affoc a cerebrum sive per con- sensiini, sive per cereoruin eontingat, et procerum at:cloritale et ralione stabilitur. '^j^ib. de mel. Cit vero vicinitatis ratione unii afficitur, acceplum traii.'vvers im ac stomachus cum dorsali spina, &c. '9 Lib. 1 rap. 10. Subjeetum est cerebrum interius K 110 Matter of Melanchoty. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. 'latioii, and afterwards in reason ; if the disease be inveterate, or as it is more or less of continuance ;" but by accident, as ^^Herc. de Saxonia adds ; *-' faith, opinion, discourse, ratiocination, are all accidentally depraved by the default of imagination." Parties affected] To the part affected, I may here add the parties, which shall be more opportunely spoken of elsewhere, now only signified. Such as have the moon, Saturn, Mercury misaffected in their genitures, such as live in over cold or over hot climes : such as are born of melancholy parents ; as offend in those six non-natural things, are black, or of a high sanguine complexion, ^^ that have little heads, that have a hot heart, moist brain, hot liver and cold stomach, have been long sick : such as are solitary by nature, great students, given to much contemplation, lead a life out of action, are most subject to melancholy. Of sexes both, but men more often ; yet ^^ women misaffected are far more violent, and grievously troubled. Of seasons of the year, the autumn is most melancholy. Of peculiar times : old age, from which natural melancholy is almost an inseparable accident ; but this arti- ficial malady is more frequent in such as are of a ^° middle age. Some assign 40 years, Gariopontus 30. Jubertus excepts neither young nor old from this adventi- tious. Daniel Sennertus involves all of all sorts, out of common experience, ^' in omnihus omnino corporibus cujuscunque const iti it ioiiis dominatar. iEtius and Aretius ^^ ascribe into the number " not only ^^ discontented, passionate, and miserable persons, swarthy, black ; but such as are most merry and pleasant, scoffers, and high colour- ed." ^^ Generally," saith Rhasis, ^'" the finest wits and most generous spirits, are before other obnoxious to it ;" 1 cannot except any complexion, any condition, sex, or age, but ^^ fools and stoics, which, according to ^^ Synesius, are never troubled with any manner of passion, but as Anacreon's cicada^ sine sanguine et dolore ; similes fere diis sunt. Erasmus vindicates fools from this melancholy catalogue, because they have most part moist brains and light hearts; ^'^ they are free from am- bition, envy, shame and fear ; they are neither troubled in conscience, nor macerated with cares, to which our whole life is most subject. SuBSECT. Til. — Of the Matter of Melancholy. Of the matter of melancholy, there is much question betwixt Avicen and Galen as you may read in '^^ Cardan's Contradictions, ^'^Valesius' Controversies, Montanus, Prosper Calenus, Capivaccius, ''° Bright, *" Ficinus, that have written either whole tracts, or copiously of it, in their several treatises of this subject. ''^'•^ What this humour is, or whence it proceeds, how it is engendered in the body, neither Galen, nor any old writer hath sufficiently discussed," as Jacchinus thinks : the Neolerics cannot agree. Montanus, in his Consultations, holds melancholy to be material or immaterial : and so doth Arculanus : the material is one of tjie four humours before mentioned, and natural. The immaterial or adventitous, acquisite, redundant, unna- tural, artificial; which ''^Hercules de Saxonia will have reside in the spirits alone, and to proceed from a " hot, cold, dry, moist distemperature, which, without matter, alter the brain and functions of it." Paracelsus wholly rejects and derides this divi- sion of four humours and complexions, but our Galenists generally approve of it, subscribing to this opinion of Montanus. This material melancholy is either simple or mixed; oflfending in quantity or quality, varying according to his place, where it settleth, as brain, spleen, mcseraic veins, heart, womb, and stomach ; or differing according to the mixture of those natural humours amongst themselves, or four unnatural adust humours, s.s >.^iey are diversely tempered and mingled. If natural melancholy abound in the body, which "Z^Lih. pnsthiirno de Mel inc. edit. 1620. Deprivatur l.itid. calvit. ^"Vacant coiiscientiffi cartiificina. fides, discursus, opinio, &c. per viiiiirn Imafiiniitioiies, nee ptidt-fimit. nee verentiir, nee dilacerantur uiillihiia ex Accidenti. ■^^ Qui parviim caput hahent, in- cmaiuui, quihns tola vita olmoxia est. ^" Lib. 1 Bengali pleriqne sunt. Arist. in pliysiognomia. trart. 3. conlradic. 18. -'^Lib. 1. cont. 21. 40 p,ri(r|it, 2« Areteus, lib. 3. cap. 5. ^u Qui propfe slatuui sunt, ca- 16. ^' I,ib. 1. cap. 6. de sanif. tuenda. «Q„isve Aret. Mediis convenit ffitatibus, I'iso. »' De aut quails sit hinnor ant qua; istius diflferentiiB, et quo- quartano. ^-\Ah. I. part. 2. cap. 11. 3-Triinus niodo iriL'nantur in corpore, s.crulanduin, hkc enim re ad Melancholiam non tani mojstus sed et hilares, niulfi veteruni laboraverunt, nee facile accipere eK jocosi, cachinnantes, irrisores, et, qui jtleruinque I Galeno seiitentiatn oh loquendi varietateni. Leon. prffirubri sunt. ^s^Qui sunt subtilis injrenii, et ; Jacch. com. in 9. Rhasis, cap. 15. cap. 16. in i). Rhasis. multae perspicacitatis de facili inciduiit in Melancbo- | <:* Lib. posfnm. de Melan. edit. Venetii.'^, 16-29. cap. 7 liain, lib. 1. cont. tract. 9. -'"Nunquam sanitate et 8. Ab intemperie calida, huinida, Sec. mentis excidit aut dolore capitur. Erasm. «>Ib i Mem. 3. Subs. 4.J Species of Melancholy. Ill is cold and dry, " so that it be more ^^ than the body is well able to bear, it must needs be distempered," saith Faventius, " and diseased ;" and so the other, if it be depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from blood, produceth the like eflects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adus- tion of humours, most part hot and dry. Some difference I find, whether this me- lancholy matter may be engendered of all four humours, about the colour and temper of it. Galen holds it may be engendered of three alone, excluding phlegm, or pituita, whose true assertion ""^Valesius and Menardus stiffly maintain, and so doth *^Fuschius, Montaltus, '^'^Montanus. How (say they) can white become black? But Hercules de Saxonia, lib. post, de mela. c. 8, and ^^ Cardan are of the opposite part (it may be engendered of phlegm, e/.si raro conlingal., though it seldom come to pass), so is ^^Guianerius and Laurentius, c. 1. with Melanct. in his book de Anima, and Chap, of Humours ; he calls it Asininam, dull, swinish melancholy, and saith that he v\'as an eye-witness of it: so is ^°Wecker. From melancholy adust ariseth one kind ; from choler another, which is most brutish ; another from phlegm, which is dull ; and the last from blood, which is best. Of these some are cold and dry, others hot and dry, ^' varying according to their mixtures, as they are intended, and remitted. And indeed as Kodericus a Fons. cons. 12. 1. determines, ichors, and those serous matters being thickened become phlegm, and phlegm degenerates into choler, choler adust becomes (Eruglnosa melancholia., as vinegar out of purest wine putrified or by exhalation of purer spirits is so made, and becomes sour and sharp ; and from the sharpness of this humour proceeds much waking, troublesome thoughts and dreams, &c. so that I conclude as before. If the humour be cold, it is, saith '"Faventinus, "a cause of dotage, and produceth milder symptoms : if hot, they are rash, raving mad, or inclining to it." If the brain be hot, the animal spirits are hot; much madness follows, with violent actions : if cold, fatuity and sottishness, '^Capi- vaccius. ^^'^The colour of this mixture varies likewise according to the mixture, be it hot or cold ; 'tis sometimes black, sometimes not, Altomarus. The same "Melanelius proves out of Galen; and Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy (if at least it be his), giving instance in a burning coal, " which when it is hot, shines ; M hen it is cold, looks black ; and so doth the humour." This diversity of melan- choly matter produceth diversity of effects. If it be within the ^'^body, and not putrified, it causeth black jaundice; if putrified, a quartan ague; if it break out to the skin, leprosy ; if to parts, several maladies, as scurvy, &c. If it trouble the mind ; as it is diversly mixed, it produceth several kinds of madness and dotage • of which in their place. SuBSEv^T. IV. — Of the species or kinds of Melancholy. When the matter is divers and confused, how should it otherwise be, but that the species should be divers and confused ? Many new and old writers have spoken con- fusedly of it, confounding melancholy and madness, as ^'Heurnius, Guianerius, Gor- donius, Salustius, Salvianus, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, that will have madness no other than melancholy in extent, differing (as I have said) in degrees. Some make two distinct species, as RufTus Ephesius, an old writer, Constantinus Africanus, Aretffius, '^^ureliauus, '^Faulus Jilgineta : others acknowledge a multitude of kinds, and leave them indefinite, as iElius in his Tetrabiblos, ^"Avicenna, /i^. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 18. Arculanus, cap. 10. in i). Rasis. Montanus, mcd. part. I. ^'"If natural me- lancholy be adust, it maketh one kind ; if blood, another ; if choler, a third, difTer- ing from the first ; and so many several opinions there are about the kinds, as tliert ■•< Seciuuiiirn niagis aut minus si in corpore fnerit, ad inleniporiem plusquain corpus saluhriter ferre poterii : inde corpus nioibosuui effitur. ^Lih. 1. controvfMS. cap. 21. <« Lib. 1. sect- 4. cap. 4. 4"CoTicil. '2f). 48Lih. 2. contradic.cap. 11. ^^ De feb. tract, ditf. 2. cap. 1. Nnn est iiegatidnin exhac fieri Melancholicos. oin Syntax. si Varic adnritiir, et niisf etiir, unde variff ainentium species, Melanct. « Humor frigidus delirii causa, furoris calidiis. &c. 6"I,il;, 1. crip 10. de affect, cap. s^ Niprescit hie humnr, aliquando supercalefactiis, aliqando super fWgefactus, ca. 7. f^ Humor hie niKer aliquando pra?ter modum calefactus, et alias refriL'eratus evadit : nam recentihus carhnnibus ei quid simile accidit, qui durante flimma pellucidissiiiie candent, ed extincta prorsus nijrrescunt. Hippocrates "'fiGuianeriii.s, diff 2. cap. 7. ^'' Non est mania, nisi extensa me- lancholia, f't Cap. ti. lib. 1. "'2 Ser. 2. cap 9. Morbus hie est omiiifarius. ™ Species indefinita sunt. "'Si aduratnr natnralis melancholia, ali£ fit .'species, si sanguis, alia, si flavibilis alia, diversa i primis : maxima est inter has differentia, et tot Doc torum sentenlie, quot ipsi iiumero sunt. 112 Species of Melancholy- [Part. 1. Sec. 1. be men themselves." ^^Hercules de Saxonia sets down two kinds, "material and immaterial ; one from spirits alone, the other from humours and spirits." Savana- rola, Rub. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. le cegrifud. capitis, will have the kinds to be infi- nite, one from the myracn, called myrachialis of tlie Arabians ; another stomachalis, irom the stomach ; another from the liver, heart, womb, hemrods, *^^" one beginning, another consummate." Melancthon seconds him, ^^"as the humour is diversly Jidust and mixed, so are the species divers ;" but what these men speak of species 1 think ought to be understood of symptoms, and so doth ^'Arculanus interpret him- tielf : infinite species, id est., symptoms ; and in that sense, as Jo, Gorrheus acknow- ledgeth in his medicinal definitions, the species are infinite, but they may be reduced to three kinds by reason of their seat; head, body, and hypochrondries. This threefold division is approved by Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy, (if it be his, which some suspect) by Galen, lib. .3. de loc. afectis, cap. 6. by Alexander, lib. 1. cap. 16. Rasis, lib. 1. Continent. Tract. 9. lib. 1. cap. 16. Avicenna and most of our new writers. Th. Erastus makes two kinds ; one perpetual, which is head me- lancholy; the other interrupt, which comes and goes by fits, which he subdivides into the other two kinds, so that all comes to the same pass. Some again make four or five kinds, with Rodericus a Castro, de morbis mulier. lib. 2. cap. 3. and Lod. Mercatus, who in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4. will have that me- lancholy of nuns, widows, and more ancient maids, to be a peculiar species of melancholy differing from the rest : some will reduce enthusiasts, extatical and de- moniacal persons to this rank, adding ^^love melancholy to the first, and lycanthro- pia. The most received division is into three kinds. The first proceeds from the sole fault of the brain, and is called head melancholy ; the second sympathetically proceeds from the whole body, when the whole temperature is melanciioly : the third ariseth from the bowels, liver, spleen, or membrane, called mesenlerium, named hypochondriacal or windy melancholy, which ^' Laurentius subdivides into tliree parts, from those three members, hepatic, splenetic, meseraic. Love melancholy, which Avicenna calls liisha : and Lycanthropia, which he calls cucubuthe, are com- monly included in head melancholy ; but of this last, which Gerardus de Solo calls amoreus, and most knight melancholy, with that of religious melancholy, virginum et viduarum., maintained by Rod. a Castro and Mercatus, and the other kind's of love, melancholy, I will speak of apart by themselves in my third partition. The three precedent species are the subject of my present discourse, which 1 will anatomize and treat of through all their causes, symptoms, cures, together and apart ; that every man that is in any measure afl^ected with this malady, may know how to ex- amine it in himself, and apply remedies unto it. It is a hard matter, I confess, to distinguish these three species one from the other, to express their several causes, symptoms, cures, being that they are so often con- founded amongst themselves, having such affinity, that they can scarce be discerned by the most accurate physicians ; and so often intermixed with other diseases, that the best experienced have been plunged. Montanus consil. 26, names a patient that had this disease of melancholy and caninus appetitus both together; and coiisil. 23, with vertigo, '^^ Julius Caesar Claudinus with stone, gout, jaundice. Trincavellius with an ague, jaundice, caninus appetitus, &c. ^^Paulus Regoline, a great doctor in his time, consulted in this case, was so confounded with a confusion of symptoms, that he knew not to what kind of melancholy to refer it. '° Trincavellius, Fallopius, and Francanzanus, famous doctors in Italy, all three conferred with about one party, at the same time, gave three diflerent opinions. And in another place, Trincavellius being demanded what he thought of a melancholy young man to whom he was sent for, ingenuously confessed that he was indeed melancholy, but he knew not to what kind to reduce it. In his seventeenth consultation there is the like dis- agreement about a melancholy monk. Tiiose symptoms, which others ascribe to misafl^ected parts and humours, '' Here, de Saxonia attributes wholly to distempered spirits, and th^se immaterial, as I have said. Sometimes they cannot well discern c2Tract. de mel. cap. 7. esQujejiam incipiens quffidam consummala. ^Cap. de luimor. lib. de aninia. Vari6 aduritur et miscetur ipsa melancholia, ande vari« ameiitium species. es Cap. 16. in 9. Rasis. 66 Laurentiu.s, cap. 4. de mel. "t Cap. 13 ^^iSO. et 116. consult, consil. 12. 69iiiiJesheim spicil 2. fol. 166. '0 Trincavellius, torn. 2. coneli 15 et 16. ■" Cap. 13. tract, posth. de melan. Mem. 3. Subs. 4.] Causes of Melancholy. 113 [his disease from others. In Reinerus Solinander's counsels, (Sec-, consil. 5,) he and Dr. Brande both agreed, tliat the patient's disease was hypocondriacal melancholy. Dr. Matholdus said it was asthma, and nothing else. "Solinander and Guarionius, lately sent for to the melancholy Duke of Cleve, with others, could not define what species it was, or agree amongst themselves. The species are so confounded, us in Caesar Claudinus his forty-fourth consultation for a Polonian Count, in his judgment ""he laboured of head melancholy, and that which proceeds from the whole tem- perature both at once." I could give instance of some that have had all three kinds se7}iel el simul^ and some successively. So that I conclude of our melancholy spe- cies, as '^many politicians do of their pure forms of commonwealths, monarchies, aristocracies, democracies, are most famous in contem])lation, but in practice they are temperate and usually mixed, (so "^Polybius informeth us) as the Lacedaemonian, the Roman of old, German now, and many others. What physicians say of distinct species in their books it much matters not, since that in their patients' bodies they are commonly mixed, hi such obscurity, therefore, variety and confused mixture of symptoms, causes, how diflicult a thing is it to treat of several kinds apart ; to make any certainty or distinction among so many casualties, distractions, when seldom two men shall be like effected per omnia ? 'Tis hard, J confess, yet never- theless I will adventure through the midst of these perplexities, and, led by the clue or thread of the best writers, extricate myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and errors, and so proceed to the causes. SECT. II. MEMB. I. Sub SECT. 1. — Causes of Melancholy. God a cause. " It is in vain to speak of cures, or think of remedies, until such time as we have consid^sred of the causes," so ''^ Galen prescribes Glauco : and the common expe- rience of others confirms that those cures must be imperfect, lame, and to no pur- pose, wherein the causes have not first been searched, as "^^ Prosper Calenius well observes in his tract de alrd bile to Cardinal Caesius. Insomuch that "'^Fernelius puts a kind of necessity in the knowledge of the causes, and without which it is impossible to cure or prevent any manner of disease." Empirics may ease, and sometimes help, but not thoroughly root out ; sublafd causa tollitur effectus^ as the saying is, if the cause be removed, the effect is likewise vanquished. It is a most difficult thing (I confess) to be able to discern these causes whence they are, and in such "^variety to say what the beginning was. ^°He is happy that can perform it aright. I will adventure to guess as near as I can, and rip them all up, from the first to the last, general and particular, to every species, that so they may the better be described. General causes, are either supernatural, or natural. " Supernatural are from God and hi? angels, or by God's permission from the devil" and his ministers. That God himself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evident unto us, Ps. cvii. 17. " Foolish men are plagued for their offence, and by reason of their wickedness." Gehazi was strucken with leprosy, 2 Reg. v. 27. Jehoram with dysentery and flux, and great diseases of the bowels, 2 Chron. xxi. 1.5. David plagued for numbering his people, 1 Par. 21. Sodom and Gomorrah swallowed up. And this disease ir peculiarly specified. Psalm cxxvii. 12. "He brought down their heart through heaviness." Dent, xxviii. 28. " He struck them with madness, blindness, and as- tonishment of heart." ^'" An evil spirit was sent by the Lord upon Saul, to vex "2 ttuarion. cons. med. 2. '3 Laboravil per essen- tiam et i toto corpore. '^Machiavel, &c. Smithiis de rep. Angl. cap. 8. lib. 1. Bviscoldiis, disrnr. pnlit. •^iscurs. 5. cap. 7. Arist. 1. 3. polit. cap. iilt. Keckertn. fi'ii, &c. '3 Lib. 6. -e Prjmo artis rviritiva;. ■■ Nostri primum sit propositi affectioniim c^usas in- dagare ; rrs ipsa hortari videtur, nam alioqui earum curatio, manca et inutilis esset. 'a Path. lib. 1. cap. 11. Rerum cognoscere caiisas, mcdicis imprimii necessariiiin, sine qua nee niorbiiin curare, nee prae« cavere licet. "^Tanla enini morbi varietas ac differentia ut non iacile dignoscatur, undo initiuin morbus sumpserit. Melanelius 6 Galeno foPcfilii qui potuit reruni cognoscere causas *' 1 8a>u xvi. 14. 15 k2 ■^^WP 114 Covses of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2. him." ^Nebuchadnezzar did eat grass like an ox, aiK? his "heart was made like the beasts of the field.'' Heathen stories are full of such punishments. Lycurgus, because lie cut down the vines in the country, was by Bacchus driven into madness : so was Pentheus and his mother Agave for neglecting their sacrifice. ^^ Censor Ful- vius ran mad for untiling Juno's temple, to cover a new one of his own, which he had dedicated to Fortune, '"''"and was confounded to death with grief and sorrow of heart." When Xerxes would have spoiled ^^^Apollo's temple at Delphos of those infinite riches it possessed, a terrible thunder came from heaven and struck four thousand men dead, the rest ran mad. ^^A little after, the like happened to Brennus^ lightning, thunder, earthquakes, upon such a sacrilegious occasion. If we may be- lieve our pontifical writers, they will relate unto us many strange and prodigious punishments in this kind, inflicted by their saints. How ^'Clodoveus, sometime king of France, the son of Dagobert, lost his wits for uncovering the body of St. Denis : and how a ^^sacrilegious Frenchman, that would have stolen a silver image of St. John, at Birgburge, became frantic on a sudden, raging, and tyrannising over his own flesh : of a "^Lord of Rhadnor, that coming from hunting late at night, put his dogs into St. Avan's church, (Llan Avan they called it) and rising betimes next morning, as hunters use to do, found all his dogs mad, himself being suddenly stricken blind. Of Tyridates an ^°Armenia4i king, for violating some holy nuns, that was punished in like sort, with loss of his wits. But poets and papists may go together for fabulous tales; let them free their own credits: howsoever they feign of tlieir Nemesis, and of their saints, or by the devil's means may be deluded ; we find it true, that ullor a (ergo Deus^ ^'^'He is God the avenger," as David styles him ; and that it is our crying sins that pull this and many other maladies on our own heads. That he can by his angels, which are his ministers, strike and heal (saith ^"^Dionysius) wiiom he will ; that he can plague us by his creatures, sun, moon, and stars, which he usetli as his instruments, as a husbandman (saith Zan- chius) doth a hatchet : hail, snow, winds, &c. ^^" El. conjuratl vcniuni in classlca vend ;" as in Joshua's time, as in Pharaoh's reign in Egypt ; they are but as so many executioners of his justice. He can make the proudest spirits stoop, and cry out with Julian the Apostate, Viclsti Galilcp.e : or with Apollo's priest in '-''Chrysos- tom, O coslum! 6 terra! unde host is hicf What an enemy is this ? And pray with David, acknowledging his power, " 1 am weakened and sore broken, I roar for the grief of mine heart, mine heart panteth, Stc." Psalm xxxviii. 8. " O Lortl, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chastise me in thy wrath," Psalm xxxviii. 1. "Make me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which thou hast broken, may rejoice," Psalm li. 8. and verse 12. "Restore to me the joy of thy salvation, and stablish me with thy free spirit." For these causes belike ^^Hippocrates would have a phy- sician take special notice whether the disease come not from a divine supernatural cause, or whether it follow the course of nature. But this is farther discussed by Fran. Valesius, de sacr. phflos. cap. 8. ^^Fernelius, and ^' J. Caesar Claudinus, to whom I refer you, how this place of Hippocrates is to be understood. Paracelsus is of opinion, that such spiritual diseases (for so he calls them) are spiritually to be cured, and not otherwise. Ordinary means in such cases will not avail : JVon est reluclandum cum Deo (we must not struggle with God.) When that monster-taming Hercules overcame all in the Olympics, Jupiter at last in an unknown shape wrestled with him; the victory was uncertain, till at length Jupiter descried himself, and Her- cules yielded. No striving with supreme powers. JV/Z juval immensos Crate.ro jrondttere monies^ physicians and physic can do no good, ^^" we must submit our- selves unto the mighty hand of God, acknowledge our ofl^ences, call to him for : mercy. If he strike us 2ina eademque manus vulnus opemque feret^ ?i3 it is with them that are wounded with the spear of Achilles, he alone must help ; otherwise our diseases are incurable, and we not to be relieved. s'^Pan. V. 21. ^3 Lactam, iristit. lib. 2 rap. 8. versat, nee mora sacrilegus mentis itiops, atque ir 6' Meiiie captus, et sumiiio animi moeinre cDi\suiniitiis. j semet insaniens in proprios artiis desKvit. «"•* Gi- *'^Mu...sler cosinog. HI). 4. cap. 43. De coelo siibsieriie- ! raldiis Camhrensis, lib 1. c. 1. Itinerar. Camhriw '>anni:-, tanqiiani insani de saxis priecipitati, &c. j «" Delrio, torn. 3. lil>. 6. sect. 3. qiifest. 3. " Psal ••e Livins lib. 38. «t Gaguin. 1. 3. c. 4. Quod Dioiiysii xlvi. 1. aj Lib. 8. cap. de Hierar. »3 Claudian corpus discooperuerat, in insanam incidit. i-^Idem j «' De Bahiia. Martyre. 'J^Lib. cap. 5. ,.rog. ""Lib . lib. y. sub. Carol. 6. Sacrorum coniemptor, tempii fori- 1. de Abditis renim ciusis. «' Rrspons. med 12 bus ell:actis, dum D. Johannis arfrenleuni simulacrnin I resp. ^1 Pet. v 5 tfapere coutendit, simulacrum aversa facie dorsum ei ^ffi^^ Mem- Subs. 2.1 JVaiurc of Devils. 115 SiBSECT. II. — ./3 Digression of the nature of Spirits., had JlngeJs, or Devils., and hoic they cause Melancholy. How far the power of spirits and devils doth extend, and whether they can cause this, or any otjier disease, is a serious question, and worthy to be considered : for the better understanding of which, I will make a brief digression of the nature of spirits. And although the question be very obscure, according to ^^Postellus, "full of contro- versy and ambiguity," beyond the reach of human capacity, /h/eor excedere vires intentionis mea;., saith '""Austin, 1 confess I am not able to understand ii., fnitum de infinito non potest statuere., we can sooner determine with Tully, de nat. deorum^ quid non sint., quam quid sinf., our subtle schoolmen, Cardans, Scaligers, profound Thom- ists, Fracastoriana and Ferneliana acies., are weak, dry, obscure, defective in tliese mysteries, and all our quickest wits, as an owPs eyes at the sun's light, wax dull, and are not sutlicient to apprehend them ; yet, as in the rest, I will adventure to say something to this point. In former times, as we read. Acts xxiii., the Sadducees de- nied that there were any such spirits, devils, or angels. So did Galen the physician, the Peripatetics, even Aristotle himself, as Pomponatius stoutly maintains, and Scali- ger in some sort grants. Tiiough Dandinus the Jesuit, corn, in lib. 2. de aniimi., stiffly denies it; suhsianticb separatee and intelligences, are the same which Chris- tians call angels, and Platonists devils, for they name all the spirits, dannones., be they good or bad angels, as Julius Pollux Onomasticon, lib. I. cap. 1. observes. Epi- cures and atheists are of the same mind in general, because they never saw them. Plato, Plotinus, Porphyrins, Jamblichus, Proclus, insisting in the steps of Trisme- gistus, Pythagoras and Socrates, make no doubt of it : nor Stoics, but that tiiere are such spirits, though much erring iVom the truth. Concerning the first beginning of them, the 'Talmudists say that Adam had a wife called Lilis, before he married Eve, and of her he begat nothing but devils. The Turks' ^Alcoran is altogether as absurd and ridiculous in this point : but tiie Scripture informs us Ciiristians, how Lucifer, the chief of them, with his associates, ^fell from heaven for his pride and ambition ; created of God, placed in heaven, and sometimes an angel of light, now cast down into the lower aerial sublunary parts, or into hell, "• and delivered into chains of darkness (2 Pet. ii. 4.) to be kept unto damnation." JVature of Devils.] There is a foolish opinion which some hold, that they are the souls of men departed, good and more noble were deified, the baser grovelled on the ground, or in the lower parts, and were devils, the which with Tertullian, Por- phyrins the philosopher, M. Tyrius, ser. 27 maintains. " These spirits," he •* saith, "which we call angels and devils, are nought but souls of men departed, which either through love and pity of their friends yet living, help and assist them, or else persecute their enemies, whom they hated," as Dido threatened to persecute iEneas : "Omnibus umbra locis adero : dabis improbe poeiias." " My aiifrry gliost arising from the deep, Sliall iiiuint liiee \vakin>r, and disturb tliy sleep; At least my shade thy punishment shall know. And Fame shall spread the pleasing news below." They are (as others suppose) appointed by those higher powers to keep men from their nativity, and to protect or punish them as they see cause : and are called bonl et mail Genii by the Romans. Heroes, lares, if good, lemures or larvie if bad, by the stoics, governors of countries, men, cities, saith ^Apuleius, Deos appellant qui ex hominum numero mste ac prudent er vitcE curriculo gubernato., pro mimine., post e a ab hominibus prcediti fanis ei ceremoniis vulgb admit tuntur., ut in A^gypto Osyris., &c. Pro'stites., Capella calls them, "wMiich protected particular men as well as princes,' Socrates had his Dcsmonium Saturninum et ignium., which of all spirits is best, a I sublimes cogitationes animum erige7ite?n^ as the Platonists* supposed ; Plotinus Iucn, 3^ Lib. 1. c 7. de orbis cotitordia. In nulla re major fuit allercatio, major obscuritas, minor opinionum coii- cordia, quim de dreinonibus et substantii.-» separatis. •"'Lib. 3. de Trtnit. cap. L ' Pererius in Genesin. Ub. 4. in cap. 3. v. 23. "^Bee Stro/.zius Cicogna omnifarife. Mag. lib. 2. c. L5. .To. Aiibanus, Hredenba- thius 3Angelus per superbiati separatns k Deo, Vui in veritate nor. stetit. Austin. ^ Nihil aliud sunt Doimones quam niidne animsR qua? corpora dopo- sito prioreni niiserati vitam, cognatis siiccurrunt toin- moti misericordia, &c. ^^ De Deo Soiratis. All those mortals are called Gods, who, the course of life being prudently guided and governed, are honoured by men with temples and sacrifices, as Osiri* in Jkgyin, &c. ^^V¥ 116 jyature of Devils. [Part. l.Sec.2 and we christians our assisting angel, as Andreas Victorellus, a copious writer of this subject, Lodovicus de La-Cerda, the Jesuit, in his voluminous tract de Angeh Custode, Zanchius, and some divines think. But this absurd tenet of Tyreus, Pro- chis confutes at large in his book de Jinima ct dcemone. ^Psellus, a christian, and sometimes tutor (saith Cuspinian) to Michael Parapina- tius. Emperor of Greece, a great observer of the nature of devils, holds they are ^corpereal, and have "aerial bodies, that tliey are mortal, live and die," (which Martianus Capella likewise maintains, but our christian philosophers explode) " that ^they are nourished and have excrements, they feel pain if they be hurt (which Car- dan confirms, and Scaliger justly laughs him to scorn for; Si pascantur aere^ cur non pugnanl oh puriorem aera ? &c.) or stroken :" and if their bodies be cut, witli admirable celerity they come together again. Austin, in Gen. lib. iii. lib, arbit., approves as much, mutata casu corpora in deteriorcm qualilatem aeris sjpissioris., so doth Hierome. Comment, in epist. ad Ephes. cap. 3, Origen, Tertullian, Lactantius, and many ancient Fathers of the Church : that in tlicir fall tlieir bodies were changed into a more aerial and gross substance. Bodine, lib. 4, Theatri Naturae and David Crusius, Hermeticae Philosophise, lib. i. cap. 4, by several arguments proves angels and spirits to be corporeal ; quicquid continetur in loco Corporeum est ; Af spiritus conlinetur in loco^ ergo.^ Si spiritus sunt quant i., erunt Corporei : Jit sunt quanti^ ergo. Sunt fmili^ ergo quant i,, Sec. '° Bodine goes farther yet, and will have these, Animas separatee genii^ spirits, angels, devils, and so likewise souls of men departed, if corporeal (which he most eagerly contends) to be of some shape, and that abso- lutely round, like Sun and Moon, because that is the most perfect form, qucE nihil hahet asperitatis., nihil angulis incisum^ nihil anfractihus involufem^ nihil eminens^ scd inter corpora perfecta est perfcctissimum ; ''therefore all spirits are corporeal he concludes, and in their proper shapes round. That they can assume other aerial bodies, all manner of shapes at their pleasures, appear in v/hat likeness they will themselves, that they are most swift in motion, can puss many miles in an instant, and so likewise '''transform bodies of others into what shape they please, and with admirable celerity remove them from place to place ; (as the Angel did Habakkuk to Daniel, and as Philip the deacon was carried away by the Spirit, when he had bap- tised the eunuch ; so did Pythagoras and Apollonius remove themselves and others, with many such feats) that they can represent castles in the air, palaces, armies, spectrums, progidies, and such strange objects to mortal men's eyes, '^ cause smells, savours, &c., deceive all the senses ; most writers of this subject credibly believe ; and that they can foretel future events, and do many strange miracles. Juno's image spake to Camillus, and Fortune's statue to the Roman matrons, with many such. Zanchius, Bodine, Spondanus, and others, are of opinion that they cause a true me- tamorphosis, as Nebuchadnezzar was really translated into a beast. Lot's wife into a pillar of salt ; Ulysses' companions into hogs and dogs, by Circe's charms ; turn themselves and others, as they do witches into cats, dogs, hares, crows, &c. Stroz- z-ius Cicogna hath many examples, lib. iii. omnif. mag. cap. 4 and 5, which he there confutes, as Austin likewise doth, de civ. Dei lib, xviii. That they can be seen when and in what shape, and to whom they will, saith Psellus, Tametsi nil tale viderim^ nee optem videre., though he himself never saw them nor desired it ; and use some- times carnal copulation (as elsewhere I shall '•* prove more at large) with women and men. Many will not believe they can be seen, and if any man shall say, swear, and stiffly maintain, though he be discreet and wise, judicious and learned, that he hath seen them, they account him a timorous fool, a melancholy dizard, a weak fellow, a dreamer, a sick or a mad man, they contemn him, laugh him to scorn, and yet Marcus of his credit told Psellus that he had often seen them. And Leo Suavius, a Frenchman, c. 8, in Commentar. 1. 1. Paracelsi de vita longd» out of some Plato- 6 He lived 500 years since. ' Apuleius : spiritus nnimalia sunt aniino passibilia, mente rationalia, cor- pore aeria, tempore seuipiterna. « Nuiriuntur, et excrementa habeiit, quod pulsata doleant solido per- cussa corpore. '•' Whatever occupies space is corporeal: — spirit occupies space, therefore, &.c. See. '04 lib. 4. Theol. nut. fol. 535. "Which has no roughness, angles, fractures, prominences, but is the ItEiost perfect amongst perfect bodies '^Cvnrianug in Epist. montes etiam et animalia transferri possunt: as the devil did Christ to the top of the pinnacle; and witches are often translated. See more in Strozzius Cicogna, lib. 3. cap. 4. oinnif. mag. Per aera subdu- cere et in sublime corpora ferre possunt, Biarmanug. Percussi dolent et uruntur in conspicuos . cinerex. Agrippa, lib. 3. cap. de occul. Philos. '3 Agrippa, de occult. Philos. lib. 3. cap. 18. ^ Part. 3. Sect. 2. Mem. 1. Subs 1. Love Melancholy. I WiJ i ^ ii .^J Mem. 1. Subs. 2 . JVature of Devils. 117 nists, will have the air to be as full of them as snow falling in the skies, and that thcv may be seen, and withal sets down the means how men may see them ; Si irrcvcr beratus ocuUs sole splendente versus cmlum continuaverinl obtutus^ &c.,'^ and saith moreover he tried it, prcEmissnrum feci experimenlum., and it was true, that the Pla- tonists said. Paracelsus confesseth that he saw them divers times, and conferred with them, and so doth Alexander ab '^Alexandro, " that he so found it by expe- rience, when as before he doubted of it." Many deny it, saith Lavater, de spectrin, nart i. c. 2, and part ii. c. 11,"" because they never saw them themselves ;" but as he •eports at large all over his book, especially c. 19. part 1, they are often seen and heard, and iamiliarly converse with men, as Lod. Vives assureth us, innumerable records, histories, and testimonies evince in all ages, times, places, and '"all travel- lers besides ; in the West Indies and our northern climes, Nihil fumlliarius quam in agris et urbibus spirilus videre^ audire qui vetenf^ jubeant., &c. Hieronimus vita Pauli, Basil ser. 40, Nicephorus, Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomenus, '^Jacobus Boissar- dus in his tract de spirituum apparitionibus^ Petrus Loyerus 1. de spectris, Wierus 1. I. have infinite variety of such examples of apparitions of spirits, for him to read that farther doubts, to his ample satisfaction. One alone 1 will briefly insert. A nobleman in Germany was sent ambassador to the King of Sweden (for his name, the time, and such circumstances, I refer you to Boissardus, mine '^Author). After he liad done his business, he sailed to Livonia, on set purpose to see those familiar spirits, which are there said to be conversant with men, and do their drudgery works. Amongst other matters, one of them told him where his wife was, in what room, in what clothes, what doing, and brought him a ring from her, which at his return, won sine omnium admirafione., he found to be true ; and so believed that ever after, which before he doubted of. Cardan, 1. 19. de subtil, relates of his father, Facius Cardan, that after the accustomed solemnities. An. 1491, 13 August, he conjured up seven devils, in Greek apparel, about forty years of age, some ruddy of complexion, and some pale, as he thought ; he asked them many questions, and they made ready answer, that they were aerial devils, that they lived and died as men did, save that they were far longer lived (700 or 800 ^°years); they did as much excel men in dignity as we do juments, and were as far excelled again of those that Avere above them; our ^'governors and keepers they are moreover, which ^^ Plato in Critias de- livered of old, and subordinate to one another, Ul enlm homo hominij sic dcpvicii dcEmoni dominatur., they rule themselves as well as us, and the spirits of the meaner sort had commonly such oflices, as we make horse-keepers, neat-herds, and the basest of us, overseers of our cattle ; and that we can no more apprehend their na- tures and functions, than a horse a man's. They knew all things, but might not reveal them to men ; and ruled and domineered over us, as we do over our horses ; the best kings amongst us, and the most generous spirits, were not comparable to the basest of them. Sometimes they did instruct men, and communicate their skill, reward and cherish, and sometimes, again, terrify and punish, to keep them in awe, as they thought fit, JWiil magis cvpientes (saith Lysius, Phis. Stoicorum) quam ado- rationem hominumP The same Author, Cardan, in his Hyperchen, out of the doc- trine of Stoics, will have some of these Genii (for so he calls them) to be ^^ desirous of men's company, very affable and familiar with them, as dogs are ; others, again, to abhor as serpents, and care not for them. The same belike Tritemius calls Ignios et sublunares, qui nu.nquam demergunt ad inferiora^ ant vix ullii.m habent in terris commercium : ^'Generally they far excel men in worth, as a man the meanest worm •, though some of them are inferior to those of their own rank in worth, as the black- guard in a prince's court, and to men again, as some degenerate, base, rational crea- tures, are excelled of brute beasts." That they are mortal, besides these testimonies of Cardan, Martianus, &c., many 15 "By gazing steadfastly on the sun illuminated I hominibus, quanto hi brutis atiimantihiis. 22 praj- with his brightest rays." "Genial, dii^ium. Iia sides Pastores, Gubernatorps honiiiiiini, et illi aniina elbi visuii> et conipertiim quum pi ins an essent ainbi- lium. '-^3" Coveting nothing more than tlie adnii- perel Fidem suam liberet. '"IJb. 1. de verit. Fidei. ! ration of mankind " '-^Natura familiares ui cancfe Benzo, &c. '(-Lib. de Divinatione et magi^. t hominibus multi aversantiir et abhorrent. -''Ab 'M'ap. 8. Transportavit in Livoniani cupidiiate vi- j hominc plus distant quam homo ab ignobilissinio ver- »Iendi, &c. '^0 Sic Hesiodus de Nymphis vivere ne, et tanien quidam e\ iiis ab liominibus superanttii iirit. 10. aetates phcenicum vel.9. 7. 20. 21 Cns- ut homines ft feris, &.c. •)Ots hoiiiinum et provii ciiirum, &c. taiito n:eiiores 1 118 JVature of Spirlfs. [Part. 1. Soc 2 -)lher divines and philosophers hold, pos/ proUxum tempus moriuntur omnes ; Tlie ''^ Platonists, and some Rabbins, Porphyrins and Plutarch, as appears by that relation of Thainus : ^^ " The great God Pan is dead ; Apollo Pythius ceased; and so the rtist. St. Hierome, in the life of Paul the Hermit, tells a story how one of tliem ap- peared to St. Anthony in the wilderness, and told liim as much. ^^ Paracelsus of our late writers stiffly maintains that they are mortal, live and die as other creatures Jo. Zozimus, 1. 2, farther adds, that religion and policy (hcs and alters with tliem. The ^^Gentiles' gods, he saith, were expelled by Constantine,and together with them. Imperii Romani majeslas, et fortuna interiit^ et projiigata est ; The fortune and ma- jesty of the Roman Empire decayed and vanished, as that heathen in ^"Minutius for- merly bragged, when the Jews were overcome by the R( mans, the Jew's God was likewise captivated by that of Rome ; and Rabsakeh to the Israelites, no God should deliver them out of the hands of the Assyrians. But these paradoxes of their power, corporeity, mortality, taking of shapes, transposing bodies, and carnal copulations, are sufficiently confuted by Zanch. c. 10, 1. 4. Pererius in his comment, and Tos- tatus questions on the 6th of Gen. Th. Aquin., St. Austin, Wierus, Th. Erastus, Delrio, tom. 2, 1. 2, quiust. 29 ; Sebastian Michaelis, c. 2, de spiritibus, D. Reinolds Lect. 47. They may deceive the eyes of men, yet not take true bodies, or make a real metamorphosis; but as Cicogna proves at large, they are ^^Illusorice et prcesti- giatrices transformationes^ omnif. mag. lih. 4, cap. 4, mere illusions and cozenings, like that tale of Pasefis ohulus in Suidas, or that of Autolicus, Mercury's son, that dwelt in Parnassus, who got so much treasure by cozenage and stealth. His father Mercury, because he could leave him no wealth, taught him many fine tricks to get means, ^^for he could drive away men's cattle, and if any pursued him, turn them into what shapes he would, and so did mightily enrich himself, hoc astu maxima.m pj'oidam est adsecuius. This, no doubt, is as true as the rest ; yet thus much in general. Thomas, Durand, and others, grant that tliey have understanding far be- yond men, can probably conjecture and ^^foretel many things; they can cause and cure most diseases, deceive our senses ; they have excellent skill in all Arts and Sciences ; and that the most illiterate devil is Quovis hornine scienfior (more know- ing than any man), as ^^ Cicogna maintains out of others. They know the virtues of herbs, plants, stones, minerals, &c. ; of all creatures, birds, beasts, the four ele- ments, stars, planets, can aptly apply and make use of them as they see good ; per- ceiving the causes of all meteors, and the like : Dant se coloribus (as ^^Austin hath it) accommodant sejiguris, adhcerent sonis^ suhjiciunt se odoribus^ infundunt se sapo' "-ihus.) omnes sensus etiam ipsam intelligentiam dcp.nwncs fallunf^ they deceive all our senses, even our understanding itself at once. ^*^They can produce miraculous alter- ations in the air, and most wonderful effects, conquer armies, give victories, help, further, hurt, cross and alter human attempts and projects [Dei ptrmissu) as they see good themselves. ^^When Charles the Great intended to make a channel betwixt the Rhine and the Danube, look what his workmen did in the day, these spirits flung down in the night, Ut conatu Rex desisteret^ pcrvicere. Such feats can they do. But tliat which Bodine, 1. 4, Theat. nat. thinks (following Tyrius belike, and the Platonists,) they can tell the secrets of a man's heart, ant cogitationes Jiominum, is most false ; his reasons are weak, and sufflciently confuted by Zanch. lib. 4, cap. 9. Hierom. lib. 2, com. in Mat. ad cap. 15, Athanasius quaest. 27, ad Antiochum Prin- cipem, and others. Orders.] As for those orders of good and bad devils, which the Platonists hold, is altogether erroneous, and those Ethnics boni et mali Genii., are to be exploded : these heathen writers agree not in this point among themselves, as Dandinus notes, Cibo et potu uti et venere cum hominibus ac tan- ' cap. 17. Partim quia subtilioris sensus acumine, pnr- Lib, 7. cap. 34 et 5. Syntax, art. mirab. s' Com- ment in dial. Plat, de aniore, cap. 5. Ut sphaera qiue- libet super nos, ita priestantiores habent habitatores suae sphierfE consortes, ut habet nostra. ^^Lib. de Arnica, et da?iiiniie ined. inter deos et boniines, dica ad nos et nostra sequaliter ad deos ferunt. sis^attirni- uas et Joviales accolas. ^In loca detrusi sunt infra cselestes orbes in aerem scilicet et infra ubi Ju- dicio geneidli reservantnr. ^'-"q. 36 art. 9. 5'' Virg. 8. Eg. «^n. 4. 68 Austin : hoc dixi, ne quis existimet habitare ihi mala daemonia nbi Solem et Lunam et Stellas Deus ordinavit, et alibi nemo ar- bitraretiir D.'emonem coelis habitare cutn Aiigelis suis \inde lapsiim credinius. Idem. Zanch. 1. 4. c. 3. de Angel, aiaiis. Pererius in Gen. cap. 6. lib. 8. in ver 9 I Mdu * rfuDs. 2.] Digression af Spirits. 12} or ignes fatui ; which lead men often injlumina aut prcBcipitia^ saith Bodine, lib. 2. Theat. Naturae, fol. 221. Quos inquit arcere si volant vicUores^ clara voce Deum appellare aut pronam facie ierram contingente adorare ojjortet^ et hoc amnletum ma- jorihus nostris acceptum ferre debemus^ &c., (whom if travellers wish to keep olT they must pronounce the name of God with a clear voice, or adore him with their faces in contact with the ground, &c.) ; likewise they counterfeit suns and moons, stars oftentimes, and sit on ship masts : Li namgiorum summitaiibus visuntur ; and are called dioscuri, as Eusebius 1. contra Philosophos, c. xlviii. informeth us, out of the authority of Zeno-phanes ; or little clouds, ad molum nescio quern volantes ; which never appear, saith Cardan, but they signify some mischief or other to come unto men, though some again will have them to pretend good, and victory to that side tliey come towards in sea fights, St. Elmo's fires they commonly call them, and they do likely appear after a sea storm ; Radzivilius, the Polonian duke, calls this appari- tion, Sancti Gcrmani sidus ; and saith moreover that he saw the same after in a storm, as he was sailing, 1582, from Alexandria to Rhodes.^^ Our stories are fidl of such apparitions in all kinds. Some think they keep their residence in that Hecla, a mountain in Iceland, iEtna in Sicily, Lipari, Vesuvius, &c. These devils were worshipped heretofore by that superstitious nvpo^avtUa ^° and the like. Aerial spirits or devils, are such as keep quarter most part in the ^'air, cause many tempests, thunder, and lightnings, tear oaks, fire steeples, houses, strike men and beasts, make it rain stones, as in Livy's time, wool, frogs. Sec. Counterfeit armies in the air, strange noises, swords, &c., as at Vienna before the coming of the Turks, and many times in Rome, as Scheretzius 1. de spect. c. 1. part 1. Lavater de spect. part. i. c. 17. Julius Obsequens, an old Roman, in his book of prodigies, ab urb. cond. 505. ^^Machiavel hath illustrated by many examples, and Josephus, in his book de bello Judaico, before the destruction of Jerusalem. All which Guil. Fostel- lus, in his first book, c. 7, de orbis concordia, useth as an efi^ectual argument (as in- deed it is) to persuade them that wdl not believe there be spirits or devils. They cause whirlwinds on a sudden, and tempestuous storms ; which thougli our meteoro- logists generally refer to natural causes, yet I am of Bodine's mind, Theat. Nat. 1. 2. they are more often caused by those aerial devils, in their several quarters ; for Tern- vesfatibus se ingerunt^ saith ^^Rich. Argentine; as when a desperate man makes away with himself, which by hanging or drowning they frequently do, as Kornmanus ob- serves, de mirac. mort. part. 7, c. 70. iripudiuin agenfes^ dancing and rejoicing at the death of a sinner. These can corrupt the air, and cause plagues, sickness, storms, shipwrecks, fires, inundations. At Mons Draconis in Italy, there is a most memor- able example in ^^Jovianus Pontanus : and nothing so familiar (if we may believe those relations of Saxo Grammaticus, Olaus Magnus, Damianus A. Goes) as for witches and sorcerers, in Lapland, Litliuania, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to niariners, and cause tempests, which Marcus Paulus the Venetian relates likewise of the Tartars. These kind of devils are much ^Melighted in sacrifices (saith Porphyry), lield all the world in awe, and had several names, idols, sacrifices, in Rome, Greece, Egypt, and at this day tyrannise over, and deceive those Ethnics and Indians, beiug adored and worshipped for ''"gods. For the Gentiles' gods were devils (as "Trisme- gistus confesseth in his Asclepius), and he himself could make them come to their images by magic spells: and are now as much "respected by our papists (saith ^*Pictorius) under the name of saints." These are they which Cardan thinks desire so much carnal copulation with witches [Incuhi and .Smcc/^^/), transform bodies, and are so very cold, if they be touched; and that serve magicians. His father had one of them (as he is not ashamed to relate), ^^ an aerial devil, bound to him for twenty and eight years. As Agrippa's dog had a devil tied to his collar ; some think that Paracelsus (or else Erastus belies him) had one confined to his sword pummel ; others wear them in rings, &c. Jannes and Jambres did many things of old by their help ; Simon Magus, Cinops, ApoUonius Tianeus, Jamblichus, and Tritemius "^Peiifiram. Ilierogol. eopire worship, or divi- I bello Neapolitano, lib. 5. «& SufRtibus gaudent. nation by tire. '^^ Donuis Diriiunt, inuros dejiriimt, Idem .lust. Mart. Apol. pro Christiaiiis. •'' In Uei iininisceiit se tnrbinibus et procellis et pulverein instar | imitationeni, saith Eusebius. ^'' Dii gentium Da'mo- eoiumnas evehunt. Cicogna I. 5. c. 5. 6-!Q„est. j nia, &c. ego in eorum statuas pellexi. eeEt nunc '" l''v. ^'^De praestigiis dcmonum. c 16. (on- stib divoruni nomine coluntur & Pontiflciis. ^I'Lib velli ciilmina vi'lemus, prosterni sata, &c. "^De | II. de rerum ver. 16 L 122 Digression of Spirir^. [Part. 1 Sec. 2 of late, that showed Maximilian the emperor his wife, after she was dead ; Et ver- rucam in collo ejus (saith ™Godolmaii) so much as the wart in her neck. Delrio. lib. ii. hath divers examples of their feats : Cicogna, lib. iii. cap. 3. and Wierus in his book de prcesfig. dcemonum. Boissardus de wagis et veneficis. Water-devals are those Naiads or water nymphs which have been heretofore con- veisant about waters and rivers. The water (as Paracelsus thinks) is their chaos, wherein they live ; some call them fairies, and say that Plabundia is their queen ; these cause inundations, many times shipwrecks, and deceive men diveis ways, a3 Succuba, or otherwise, appearing most part (saith Tritemius) in womcMi's shapes. '' Paracelsus hath several stories of them that have lived and been married to mortal men, and so continued for certain years with them, and after, upon some dislike, have forsaken Lhem. Such a one as ^Egeria, with whom Numa was so familiar, Diana, Ceres, &.c. '^^Olaus Magnus hath a long narration of one Hotherus, a king of Sweden, that having lost his company, as he was hunting one day, met with these water nymphs or fairies, and was feasted by them ; and Hector Boethius, or Macbetli, and Banquo, two Scottish lords, that as they were wandering in the woods, had their fortunes told them by three strange women. To these, heretofore, they did use to sacrifice, by that vbpofiavteui,, or divination by waters. Terrestrial devils are those '''Lares, Genii, Fauns, Satyrs, ^* Wood-nymphs, Foliots, Fairies, Robin Goodfellows, Trulli, &c., which as they are most conversant with men, so they do them most harm. Some think it was they alone that kept the heathen people in awe of old, and had so many idols and temples erected to them. Of this range was Dagon amongst the Philistines, Bel amongst the Babylonians, Astartes amongst the Sidonians, Baal amongst tlie Samaritans, Isis and Osiris amongst the Egyptians, Sec; some put our '^faries into this rank, which have been in former times adored with much superstition, with sweeping their houses, and setting of a pail of clean water, good victuals, and the like, and then they should not be pinched, but find money in their shoes, and be fortunate in their enterprises. These are they that dance on heaths and greens, as '^^Lavater thinks with Tritemius, and as '"^Olaus Magnus adds, leave that green circle, which we commonly find in plain fields, which others hold to proceed from a meteor falling, or some accidental rankness of the ground, so nature sports herself; they are sometimes seen by old women and chil- dren. Hierom. Pauli, in his description of the city of Bercino in Spain relates how they have been familiarly seen near that town, about fountains and hilis ; JYonnun- quam (saith Tritemius) in sua latihula montium simpliciores homines ducant^ stu- penda ?nirantibns ostentes miracula^ nolarutn sonihis^ spectacula^ &.c.^^ Giraldus Cambrensis gives instance in a monk of Wales that was so deluded. '^Paracelsus reckons up many places in Germany, where they do usually walk in little coats, some two feet long. A bigger kind there is of them called with us hobgoblins, and Robin Goodfellows, that would in those superstitious times grind corn for a mess of milk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work. They would mend old irons in those jEolian isles of Lipari, in former ages, and have been often seen and heard. ^°Tholosanus calls them TruUos and Getulos, and saith, that in his days they were common in many places of France. Dithmarus Bleskenius, in his description of Iceland, reports for a certainty, that almost in every family they have yet some such familiar spirits ; and Foelix Malleolus, in his book de crudcl. dcemon. affirms as much, that these TroUi or Telchines are very common in Norway, '"'- and *' seen to do drudgery work ;" to draw water, saith Wierus, lib. 1 . cap. 22, dress meat, or any such tiling. Another sort of these there are, which frequent forlorn ^^ houses, which the Italians call foliots, most part innoxous, ''^Cardan holds; "• They will make strange noises in the night, howl sometimes pitifully, and then laugh again, cause great fiame and sudden lights, fling stones, rattle chams, shave men, open doors ami "'Lib. 3. cap. 3. De magiset veneficis, &c. Nereides. Ti Lib. de Zilphis. •'^Lib. 3. '^ Pro salute homiriiim excubare se simulant, sed in eorum periii- cicm omnia iiioliunlur. Aust. '■» Dryades, Oriades, Hamadrvades. '="£^38 Glaus voc. at lib. 3. :«fart f. cap. 19. ''Lib. 3. cap. 11. Elvarum choreas Glaus lib. 3. vocal saltum adeo prntinid6 in terras impriinunt, ut locus insigni deinceps virnre or- bicularis sit,et gramen nnn pereat. ^''Sometimes tbey seduce too sinijde men into their mountain re- treats, where they exhibit wonderful sights to their marvelling eyes, and astonish their ears by the sounl of bells, &;c. "«Lib. de Zilph. et Pigmaeus Glaus lib. 3. POLib. 7. cap. 11. Qui et in famulirio viris et fa-minis inserviunt, condavia scopis purgant, pati- nas mundant, ligna porlant, equos curant, 'Lib. 2. cap. 21. Offendiciila fa- I princeps omnium vilioriiin, fnit inde in Dei contume- ciiint transeimtibus in via et petulanter ridet cum vel liam, liomiiium^perniciem : de horuui conatibus et hominem vel jumentum ejus pedes atterere faciant, operationibus lege Epiphanium. 2. Tom. lib. 2. Dio- et maxirn^ si liomo maledictus ei calcaribus ssevint. nysiiun. c. 4. Ambros. Epistol. lib. 10. ep. et 84. An- ''' In Cosmogr. "''Vestiti more mefallicorum, gust, de civ. Dei lib. 5. c. 9. lib. 8. cap. 22. lib. 9. 18. gestiis et opera eorum imitantur. '•'■' luMnisso in ' lib. 10.21. Theophll.in 12. Mat. Pasil. ep. 141. Leonem terr£B carceres vento norribiles terras motus efficiunt, Ser. Theodoret. in 11. Cor. ep. 22. Chrys. horn. 53. in qiiibus stepe non domus modo et lurres, sed civitates 12. Gen. Greg, in I. c. John. Uarthol. de prop. I. 2. c. integffe et insula; lianstre sunt. "*IIierom. in 3. 20. Zanch. 1. 4. de maiis angelis. Perer. Iti Gen. I. 8. Eph^is. Idem Michaelis. c. 4. de spiritibus. Idem in c. 6. 2. Origen. ssepe pra^liis intersunt, itinera et Thyre!:s de locis infe.^tis. ' Lactantius 2. de i negotia nostra qufecumque dirigunt, clandestinis si»h- origizic error"^ cap. 15. hi maligni spiritus per ouinem | sidiis optatos saepe pra;l»eiit sucnssus, Pet. Mar. in .«rram vaganiur. et s )latium perditionis sua; perden- i Hum. &c. Ruscam de Infcno. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 125 seeks our destruction ; and although he pretend many times numan good, and vin- dicate himself for a god by curing of several diseases, o do we and our princes, or disagree ; stand or fall. Juno was a bitter enemy to Troy, Apollo a good friend, Jupiter indifferent, JKqua Venus Teucris, Pallas iniquafuii . some are for us still, some against us, Premente Deo, fert Deus alter opem. Reli- gion, policy, public and private quarrels, wars are procured by them, and they are '^delighted perhaps to see men fight, as men are with cocks, bulls and dogs, bears, &c., plagues, dearths depend on them, our bene and male esse, and almost all ovr other peculiar actions, (for as Anthony Rusea contends, lib. 5, cop. 18, eve-y ma:? hath a good and a bad angel attending on him in particular, all his life long, which Jamblichus calls dcemonem,) preferments, losses, weddings, deaths, rewards and punishments, and as '^ Proclus will, all offices whatsoever, alii genetricem., alii opificem potestatem habent, &c. and several names they give them according to tlieir offices, as Lares, Indegites, Praestites, &c. When the Arcades in that battle at Che- ronas, which was fought against King Philip for the liberty of Greece, had deceitfully carried themselves, long after, in the very same place, Diis GrcBcia, ultoribiis (saith mine author) they were miserably slain by Metellus the Roman : so likewise, in smaller matters, they will have things fall out, as these boni and ?nali genii favour or dislike us : Saturni non conveniunt Jovialibus, &c. He that is Saturninus shall never likely be preferred. "''That base fellows are often advanced, undeserving Gnathoes, and vicious parasites, whereas discreet, wise, virtuous and worthy men 4 Et velut mancipia circumfert Psellus. 5Lib.de thehnnoiirof being divinely worshipped." " Oinnif. trans, mut. Malac. ep. « Cnstodes sunt honiinuni, mag. lib. 2. cap. 23. '- Liidus deorum sumus. et eorum, ut nos animaiium : turn et provinciis praepo- '^iLib. de aninia et dsemone. HQuoties fit, ul siti regiint auguriis, somniis, oraculis, pramiis, &c. Principes novitium aiilicnm divitiis et digiiitatibus ' Lipsius, Piiysiol. Stoic, lib. 1. cap. 19. « Leo pene obrnant, et nuiltorum annoruin mini.stniin. qui Suavis. idem et Tritemius. 9 "They seek nothing non seme! pro hero peiicnliim sub'it, ne teruntio do- more earnestly than the fear and admiration of men." j nent, &c. Idem. Quod Philosophi non reniunerentur '""It is scarcely possible to describe the impotent cum scurra et ineptus ob insulsum jocum sape pne- ardour with which these malignant spirits aspire to j mkum reportet, inde fit, &c. l2 126 Digression of ^'^pints. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 are neglected and unrewarded ; they refer to those domineering spirits, or subordi- nate Genii ; as they are inclined, or favour men, so they thrive, are ruled and over- come ; for as '^Libanius supposeth in our ordinary conflicts and contentions, Genius Genio cedit el obtemperat., one genius yields and is overcome by another. All par- ticular events ahnost they refer to these private spirits ; and (as Paracelsus adds) they (hrect, teach, inspire, and instruct men. Never was any man extraordinary famous in any art, action, or great commander, that had not familiarem dcemoncir to inform him, as Numa, Socrates, and many such, as Cardan illustrates, cap. 128. Arcanis pnideniice civilis^ ^^Speciali siquidem gratia., se a Deo donari asserunt ?nagi. a Gends ccBlestibus instrui^ ah lis doccri. But these are most erroneous paradoxes. inepfcB et fabuloscE nugce^ rejected by our divines and Christian churches. 'Tis tiuo they have, by God's permission, power over us, and we find by experience, thai they can '' hurt not our fields only, cattle, goods, but our bodies and minds. At Hammel in Saxony, Jin. 1484. 20 Junii, the devil, in likeness of a pied piper, carried away 130 children that were never after seen. Many times men are '^affrighted oui of ilici;- wits, carried away quite, as Scheretzius illustrates, lib. 1, c. iv., and seve- rally molested by his means, Plotinus the Platonist, lib. 14, advers. Gnos. laughs them to scorn, that hold the devil or spirits can cause any such diseases. Many think he can work upon the body, but not upon the mind. But experience pro- nounceth otherwise, that he can work both upon body and mind. Tertullian is of this opinion, c. 22. '^'•^That he can cause both sickness and health," and tliat secretly. ^° Taurellus adds " by clancular poisons he can infect the bodies, and hinder the operations of the bowels, though we perceive it not, closely creeping into them.," saith ^'Lipsius, and so crucify our souls: Et nociva melancholia fur iosos ejficit. For being a spiritual body, he struggles with our spirits, saith Rogers, and suggests (according to ^- Cardan, verba sine vocc^ species sine visu^ envy, lust, anger &c.) as he sees men inclined. The manner how he performs it, Biarmannus in his Oration against Bodine, suffix ciently declares. "^'' He begins first vv^ith the phantasy, and moves that so strongly, that no reason is able to resist. Now the phantasy he moves by mediation of hu- mours ; althougii many physicians are of opinion, that the devil can alter the mind, and produce this disease of himself. Quibnsdam mcdicorum visum., saith ^^Avicenna, qudd Melancholia contingat a dcemonio. Of the same mind is Psellus and Rhasis the Arab. lib. 1. Tract. 9. Cont. ^^" That this disease proceeds especially from the devil, and from him alone." Arculanus, cap. 0. in 9. Rhasis, ^Elianus Montaltus, in his 9. cap. Daniel S?nnertus, lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 11. confirm as much, that the devil can cause this disease ; by reason many times that the parties affected prophesy, speak strange language, but non sine interventu humoris^ not without the humour, as he interprets himself; no m.ore doth Avicenna, si contingat d dcemonio^ sujjicit nobis ut converlat complexhonem ad choleram nigram^ et sit causa ejus propinqua cholera nigra; the immediate cause is choler adust, which ^^Pomponatius likewise labours to make good : Galgerandus of Mantua, a famous Physician, so cured a dcBm>oniacal woman in his time, that spake all languages, bv purging black choler, and thereupon belike this humour of Melancholy is called Balneum Diaboli, the DeviPs Bath; the devil spying his opportunity of such humours drives them many times to despair, fury, rage, &c., mingling himself among these humours.. This is that which Tertul- lian avers, Corporihus injiigunt acerbos casus., animceque repentinos^ membra distort quent^ occulte repentes^ &c. and which Lemnius goes about to prove, Immiscent se mali Genii pravis humorihus^ alque atrce, bili., See. And ^Uason Pratensis, " that the '°Lib. de criielt. Cadaver. "' Boissardus, c. 6 iiequit, priiniim movit phantasiam, et ita obfirmat va- majria. '• CDdelmanus, cap. 3. lib. 1. de Maiiis. nis coTiceptibus ant ut iie queni facultati ffisiiiiiativtt idem Zanchiiis, lib. 4. cap. 10etll.de tnalis aiijrelis. rationi locum reUnquat. Spiritns mains invadit ani- ^^ Nociva Melancholia furiosos elTicit, et qnandoqiie main, turliat sensus, in fnrorem conjicit. Austin.de penitus interficit. G. Picolominens Idemque Zanch. vit. Heat. '^^ Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. 2.' a. cap. 10. ib. 4. si Dens permitlat, corpora nostra mo- Dsemone maxime proficisci, et sa?pe solo. -ieLib. vere pos.sunt, alterare, qnovis morborum el malorum de incant. -" Ca;p. de mania lib. de morbis cero- genere afficere, imo et in ipsa penetrare et sEvire. bri ; Dajtnones, quum sjnt lenues et incomprehensi- '** Inducere potest moibos et sanitates. -o Visce- biles spiritns, se insinnare corporibns hunianis pos- inm actiones potest inhibere latenter, et venenis no- sunt, et occulte in viscpribns operti, valeiudinem vi- bis isnotis corpus inficere. "' Irrepentes corporibns tiare, somniis animas terrere et mentes fiirorihns occultb morbos fingnnt, mentes terrent, membra dis- qnatere. Insinnant se melancholicornm peneiralibi'g, torquent. Lips. Phil. Stoic. 1. I. c. 19. '^-Dp. rernm intns ihique considniit et deliciantnr t.iiiqnam in rejri- far. I. 16. c 93 '^2 Quum mens immediate decipi one claritsimoruui sidetum, coguntque a' muin fure".<^. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] JVature of Spirits. 127 devil, being a slender incomprehensible spirit, can easily insinuate and wind himself into human bodies, and cunningly couched in our bowels vitiate our liealths, terrify our souls with fearful dreams, and shake our minds with furies." And in anoiiier place, " These unclean spirits settled in our bodies, and now mixed with our melan- choly humours, do triumph as it were, and sport themselves as in another heaven." Thus he argues, and that they go in and out of our bodies, as bees do in a hive, and so provoke and tempt us as they perceive our temperature inclined of itself and most apf- to be deluded. ^^^Agrippa and ^^Lavater are persuaded, that this humour invites the devil to it, wheresoever it is in extremity, and of all other, melancholy persons are most subject to diabolical temptations and illusions, and most apt to en- tertain them, and the Devil best able to work upon them. But whether by obsession, or possession, or otherwise, I will not determine ; 'tis a difficult question. Delrio the Jesuit, Tom. 3. lib. 6. Springer and his colleague, mall, molcf. Pet. Thyreus the Jesuit, lib. de dccmomacis., de locis iiifesfis., de Tcrrificationibus noclurnis^ Kieroni- mus Mengus Flagel. deem, and others of that rank of pontifical writers, it seems, by their exorcisms and conjurations approve of it, havhig forged many stories to that purpose. A nun did eat a lettuce ^without grace, or signing it with the sign of the cross, and was instantly possessed. Durand. lib. 6. Rationall. c. 8G. numb. 8. relates that he saw a wench possessed in Bononia with two devils, by eating an unhallowed pomegranate, as she did afterwards confess, when she was cured by exorcisms. And therefore our Papists do sign themselves so often with the sign of the cross, JVe dce- mon ingredi ausit^ and exorcise all manner of meats, as being unclean or accursed otherwise, as Bellarmine defends. Many such stories I find amongst pontifical writ- ers, to prove their assertions, let them free their own credits ; some few 1 will recite in this kind out of Uiost approved physicians. Cornelius Gemma, lib. 2. de nat. mi- rac. c. 4. relates of a young maid, called Katherine Gualter, a cooper's daughter, .y^w. 1571. that had such strange passions and convulsions, three men could not some- times hold her ; she purged a live eel, which he saw, a foot and a half long, and touched it himself; but the eel afterwards vanished; she vomited some twenty-four pounds of fulsome stufl^of all colours, twice a day for fourteen days ; and after that she voided great balls of hair, peices of wood, pigeon's dung, parchment, goose dung, coals ; and after them two pounds of pure blood, and then again coals and stones, of which some had inscriptions bigger than a walnut, some of them pieces of glass, brass, &.c. besides paroxysms of laughing, weeping and ecstasies, &c. Et hoc [inqvit) cum liororc vidi., this I saw with horror. They could do no good on her by physic, but left her to the clergy. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. c. 1. de med. mirab. hath such another story of a country fellow, that had four Vnives in his belly, Instar serrai den- tat os^ indented like a saw, every one a span long, and a wreath of hair like a globe, with m.uch baggage of like sort, wonderful to behold : how it should come into his guts, he concludes, Cerie non alio quam dccmonis astuiid et dolo., (could assuredly only have been througli the artifice of the devil). Langius, Epist. mcd. lib. 1. Epist. 38. hath many relations to this eflect, and so hath Christopherus a Vega : Wierus, Skenkius, Scribonius, all agree that they are done by the subtilty and illusion of the devil. If you shall ask a reason of this, 'tis to exercise our patience ; for as ^^ Ter- tuUian holds. Virtus non est virtus^ nisi comparejji habet aliquem., in quo supcrando vim suam oslendat 'tis to try us and our faith, 'tis for our oflences, and for the pun- ishment of our sins, by God's permission they do it, Carnificcs vindiclcp. juslcr. Dei as ^^Tolasanus styles them. Executioners of his will ; or rather as David, Ps. 78. ver.49. "He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, indignation, wrath, and vexation^ by sending out of evil angels : so did he afflict Job, Saul, the Lunatics and da?moniaca\ persons whom Christ cured. Mat. iv. 8. Luke iv. 11. Luke xiii. Mark ix. Tobit. viii. 3 &c. This, I say, happeneth for a punishment of sin, for their want of faith, incredu lity, weakness, distrust, &c. 28 Lib 1. cap. 6. occult. Philos. part 1. cnp. 1. de I dsemnne obsessn. dial. soGrec. pag. c. 9. 3i p<». ipectris "'^ Sine cruce el sanctificatione sic & | iiult de opific. Dei. 3- Lib. 28. caj*. 26. torn. 'i. 128 J^aiure of Devils. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. SuBSECT. III. — Of Witches and Magicians^ how they cause Melanckclv. You have heard what the devil can do of himself, now you shall hear what he can perform by his instruments, who are many times worse (if it be possible) than he himself, and to satisfy their revenge and lust cause more mischief, Multa enim mala non egisset daimon^nisi provocatus a sagis^ as^^Erastus thinks; much harm had never been done, had he not been provoked by witches to it. He had nut appeared m Samuel's shape, if the Witch of End or had let him alone ; or represented those serpents in Pharaoh's presence, had not the magicians urged him unto it; JVec morhos vel homJnihus., vel hrutis infligeret (Erastus maintains) si sages quiescerent ; men and cattle might go free, if the witches would let him alone. Many deny witches at all, or if there be any they can do no harm ; of this opinion is Wierus, lib. 3. cap. 53. de fjrcesi'ig. deem. Austin Lerchemer a Dutch writer, Biarmanus, Ewichius, E,uwaldus, our countryman Scot ; with him in Horace, * Somnm, terrores Masicos, miracila, sa?as, I p'7' <=«." ^^^ '^"?»'. 'ndienant at the schemes Noclurnosl.einnres/portentaqueThessalarisu of magic terrors visionary dreams, E*xcii)iuiit " Portentous wonders, witchins imps of Hell, ' I The nightly goblin, and enchanting spelll They laugh at all such stories ; but on the contrary are most lawyers, divines, phy- sicians, philosophers, Austin, Hemingius, Danseus, Chytraeus, Zanchius, Aretius, &c. Delrio, Springer, ^Niderius, lib. 5. Fornicar. Guiatius, Bartolus, consil. 6. torn. 1. Bodine., dcBmoniant. lib 2. cap. 8. Godelman, Damhoderius, &c. Paracelsus, Erastus, Scribanius, Camerarius, &c. The parties by whom the devil deals, may be reduced to these two, such as command him in show at least, as conjurors, and magicians, whose detestable and horrid mysteries are contained in their book called ^^Arbatell; di^monis enim advocaii prcesfo sunt., seque exorcismis et conjurationibus quasi cogi patiuntur., ut miserum magorum genus., in imjnetate dctineant. Or such as are com- manded, as witches, that deal ex parte implicife^ or explicit e., as the ^°king hath well defined ; many subdivisions there are, and many several species of sorcerers, witches, enchanters, charmers, &c. They have been tolerated heretofore some of them ; and magic hath been publicly professed in former times, i-n ^'^ Salamanca, ^^ Cracow, and other places, though after censured by several ^^Universities, and now generally con- tradicted, though practised by some still, maintained and excused, Tanquam res ss- creta qncB non nisi viris magnis et peculiari benefcio de Cailo instructis communicatur (I use ^°BtEsartus his words) and so far approved by some princes, Ut nihil ami ag- gredi in politicis, in sacris^ in consiliis^ sine eorum arbitrio ; they consult still with them, and dare indeed do nothing without their advice. Nero and Heliogabalus, Maxentius, a-nd Julianus Apostata, were never so much addicted to magic of old, as some of our modern princes and popes themselves are now-a-days. Erricus, King of Sweden, had an "' enchanted cap, by virtue of which, and some magical mur- mur or whispering terms, he could command spirits, trouble the air, and make the wind stand which way he would, insomuch that when there was any great wind oi storm, the common people were wont to say, tlie king now had on his conjuring cap But such examples are infinite. That which they can do, is as much almost as the devil himself, who is still ready to satisfy their desires, to oblige them the more untc him. They can cause tempests, storms, which is familiarly practised by witches in Norway, Iceland, as I have proved. They can make friends enemies, and enemies friends by philters ; '^^ Turpes amores conciliare., enforce love, tell any man where his friends are, about what employed, though in the most remote places ; and if they \vill, "^^ bring their sweethearts to them by night, upon a goat's back flying in the air." Sigismund Scheretzius, part. 1. cap. 9. de spect. reports confidently, that he conferred with sundry such, that had been so carried many miles, and that he heard witches themselves confess as much; hurt and infect men and beasts, vines, con* cattle, plants, make women abortive, not to conceive, '*^ barren, men and women un- ^ De Lamiis. '^'^ Et quomodo \enetici liant enar- nt. 35 De quo plura legas in Boissardo, lib. 1. de proestig. ^bRcx .Tacobus, Dsemnnol. 1. 1. c. 3. ''An university in Spain in old Castile. -SThe chief town in Poland. s^ Oxford and Paris, see nnem P. Lombardi. lopraefat de magis et vene- ficis. ''iRotatum Pileum habebat, quo vento^ violentos cieret, aerem turbaret, et in quam partem &:c. -"^ Erastus. "Ministerio hirci nocturni ••^ Steriles niiptos et iiihabiles, vide Petrum de Pallude lib. 4. distinct. 34. Paiiluin Guiclandum Wem 1. Subs. 3.* Causes of Melancholy. 129 apt and unable, married and unmarried, fifty several ways, saith Bodine, lih. 2. c. 2. fl} in the air, meet when and where they will, as Cicogna proves, and Lavat. de spec, part. 2. c. 17. "steal young children out of their cradles, minlsterio dcp.moruwi., and put deformed in their rooms, which we call changelings," saith ^^Sclieretzius, part. I. c. 6. make men victorious, fortunate, eloquent; and therefore in those ancient mono- machies and combats they were searched of old, ^'^they had no magical charms ; they can make "''stick frees, such as shall endure a rapier's point, musket shot, and never be wounded : of which read more in Boissardus, cap. 6. de Magia^ the manner of the adjuration, and by whom 'tis made, where and how to be used in expcd'ilionibus belUcis., prcEliis^ duellis, Stc, with many peculiar instances and examples ; they can walk in fiery furnaces, make men feel no pain on the rack, aut alias iorturas senfire ; they can stanch blood, ''^represent dead men's shapes, alter and turn themselves and others into several forms, at their pleasures. ''^Agaberta, a famous witch in Lapland, would do as much publicly to all spectators, Modd Pusilla, modo anus, modo proccra ut queicus., modd vacca., avis., coluber., Sec. Now young, now old, high, low, like a cow, like a bird, a snake, and what not ? She could represent to others wliat forms they most desired to see, show them friends absent, reveal secrets, maxima omnium admiratione., &c. And yet for all this subtilty of theirs, as Lipsius well observes, Physiol og. Stoicor. lib. 1. cap. 17. neither these magicians nor devils themselves can take away gold or letters out of mine or Crassus' chest, et Clicntelis suis largirl., for they are base, poor, contemptible fellows most part; as ^° Bodine notes, they can do nothing inJudicum decrcta aut pocnas., in regiim concilia vel arcana., nihil in rem nummariam aut thesauros^ they cannot give money to their clients, alter judges' de- crees, or councils of kings, these minuti Genii cannot do it, alliores Genii hoc sibi adservdrunt^ tlie higher powers reserve these things to themselves. Now and then peradventure there may be some more famous magicians like Simon Magus, ^'Apol- lonius Tyaneus, Pasetes, Jamblicus, ^^Odo de Stellis, that for a time can build castles in the air, represent armies, &c., as they are ^'^said to have done, command wealth and treasure, feed thousands with all variety of meats upon a sudden, protect them- selves and their followers from all princes' persecutions, by removing from place to place in an instant, reveal secrets, future events, tell what is done in far countries, make them appear that died long since, and do many such miracles, to the world's terror, admiration and opinion of deity to themselves, yet the devil forsakes them at last, thev come to wicked ends, and rard aut nunqua?n such impostors are to be found. The vulgar sort of them can work no such feats. But to my purpose, they can, last of all, cure and cause most diseases to such as they love or hate, and this of ^*' melancholy amongst the rest. Paracelsus, Tom. 4. de morbis amentium., Tract. I. in express words affirms ; Multi fascinantur in melancholiam^ many are bewitched into melancholy, out of his experience. The same saith Danaeus, lib. 3. de sortiariis. Vidi^ inquit<, qui Melanchohcos morbos gravissimos induxerunt : I have seen those that have caused melancholy in the most grievous manner, ^^ dried up women's paps, cured gout, palsy ; this and apoplexy, falling sickness, which no physic could help, solu tactu., by touch alone. Ruland in his 3 Cent. Cura 91. gives an instance of one David Helde, a young man, who by eating cakes which a witch gave him, mox deli- rare coepit., began to dote on a sudden, and was instantly mad : F. H. D. in ^*^IIildes- heim, consulted about a melancholy man, thought his disease was partly magical, and partly natural, because he vomited pieces of iron and lead, and spake such languages as he had never been taught; but such examples are common in Scribanius, Hercules- de Saxonia, and others. The means by which they work are usually charms, images, as that in Hector Boethius of King Duife ; characters stamped of sundry metals, and at such and such constellations, knots, amulets, words, philters, &c., which generally make the parties affected, melancholy ; as ^'Monavius discourseth at large in an epistle *5 Infantes matribus suffurantur, aliis suppositivis In locum verorum conjectis. •'eMilles. •'^ D. I.uther, in priinuin prfeceptum, et Leon. Varius, lib. 1. de Fascino. ■»* L.ivat- Cico?. •'^ Boissardus de Magis. soDapinon. lib. 3. cap. 3. &' Vide Phi- •^stratum, vita ejus; Boissardum de Magis. ^'^Nu- brigenses lege lib. 1. c. 19. Vide Suidam de Piiset. Do Cruent. Cadaver. "^ Erastus. Adolphus Scri- lia'Miis. 51 virg. .^neid. 4. Incantatricem descrV 17 bens: Ilfec se carminibus pro;nittit solvere mentes. Quas velit, ast aliis duras immittere ciiras. »"'Go- delinannus, cap. 7. lib. 1. Nutricuin niaininas prcsic- cant, solo tactu podagram, Apoplexiam, Paralysin, et alios morbos, quos medicina curare non pnteral. 5<^Factus inde Maniacus, spic. 2. fol. 147. S' Om- nia philtraetsi inter se differant, hoc habent commune, quod hominem efliciant melancholicuni. epist 231. Scholtzii. ^^^ 130 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 of his to Acol.sius, giving instance in a Bohemian baron that was so troubled by a phiher taken. Not that there is any power at all in those spells, charms, characters, and barbarous words ; but that the devil doth use such means to delude them. Ut fidehs inde magos (saith ^^Libanius) in ojicio retineat, turn in consortium malcfacto- rum vocei. Sub SECT. IV. — Stars a cause. Signs from Physiognomy, Metoposcopy.) Chiromancy. Natural causes are either primary and universal, or secondary and more particii- lar. Primary causes are the heavens, planets, stars, Stc, by their influence (as our astroloffers hold) producing this and such like effects. I will not here stand to dis- cuss obiter., whether stars be causes, or signs ; or to apologise for judical astrology. If either Sextus Empericus, Picus Mirandula, Sextus ab Heminga, Pererius, Erastus, Chambers, Slc, have so far prevailed witli any man, that he will attribute no virtue at all to the heavens, or to sun, or moon, more than he doth to their signs at an inn- keeper's post, or tradesman's shop, or generally condemn all such astrological apho- risms approved by experience : I refer him to Bellantius, Pirovanus, Marascallerus, Gocienius, Sir Christopher Heidon, &c. If thou shalt ask me what I think, I must answer, najn et doctis hisce erroribus versatus sum., (for I am conversant with these learned errors,) they do incline, but not compel ; no necessity at all : ^'^agunt non cogiint : and so gently incline, that a wise man may resist them ; sapiens dominabilur astris : they rule us, but God rules them. All this (methinks) ^°Joh. de Jndagine hath comprised in brief, Quceris a me quantum in nobis operantur astra ? &c. " Wilt thou know how far the stars work upoii us? I say they do but incline, and that S(' gently, that if we will be ruled by reason, they have no power over us ; but if we follow our own nature, and be led by sense, they do as much in us as in brute beasts, and we are no better." So that, I hope, I may justly conclude with ^' Cajetan, Cae- lum est vehicuhim divince virtutis., Sec, that the heaven is God's instrument, by me- diation of which he governs and disposeth these elementary bodies ; or a great book, whose letters are the stars, (as one calls it,) wherein are written many strange things for such as can read, ^"'•^ or an excellent harp, made by an eminent workman, on which, he that can but play, will make most admirable music." But to the purpose. ^^ Paracelsus is of opinion, ^' that a physician without the knowledge of stars can neither understand the cause or cure of any disease, either of this or gout, not so much as toothache ; except he see the peculiar geniture and scheme of the party ef- fected." And for this proper malady, he will have the principal and primary cause of it proceed from the heaven, ascribing more to stars than humours, ^^'•'and that the constellation alone many times produceth melancholy, all other causes set apart." He gives instance in lunatic persons, that are deprived of their wits by the moon's motion ; and in another place refers all to the ascendant, and will have the true and chief cause of it to be sought from the stars. Neither is it his opinion only, but of many Galenists and philosophers, though they do not so peremptorily maintain as much. "This variety of melancholy symptoms proceeds from the stars," saith *' Melancthon : the most generous melancholy, as that of Augustus, comes from the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Libra : the bad, as that of Catiline's, from the meeting of Saturn and the moon in Scorpio. Jovianus Pontanus, in his tenth book, and thirteenth chapter de rebus coilcsfibiis., discourseth to this purpose at large. Ex |j afra bile varii gcnerantur morbi., Sic, ^^'^manv diseases proceed from black choler, as it shall be hot or cold ; and though it be cold in its own nature, yet it is apt to be i| •jieated, as water may be made to boil, and burn as bad as fire ; or made cold as ice 68 De cruent. . Cadaver. sg^gfra res;nnt hnmi- ■n3s, et reait astra Dens. ^"Chirom. lib. Qurcris k ffiie quaniiiin operantur a«tra 1 dico, in nos nihil a.sira urgere, sed animos praeclives traiiere : qui sic tanien lil)eri sunt, lU si diicem sequantiir rationem, niliil ef- ficirint. sin vero naturam, id agere quod in liriitis fere. fi'CoBium vehiciilnm divinte virtutis, cujiis mediante niotii, Imniiie et infliientia, Dens I eleinentaria corpora ordinal et disponit Th.de Vio. Cajetanns in Psa. lOi. <'-Minidii3 iste quasi lyra ab excellentissimn qiiodain artifice concinnata, qiiem qui norit niirabiies eliciet ^armonias. J. Dee. Aptiorisino 11. e^ Medict's sine xcbli peritia nihil est, &.c. nisi genesim sciverit, ne tantillum poterit. lib. de poda?. ^i Constellatio it causa est; et influentia coeli morbnm hunc movet, in- terdum omnibus aliis aniotis. Et alibi. Oris^o ejus & Coulo petenda est. Tr. dc morhis amentiuni. c^Lib. do anitna, cap. de huniorib. Ei varietas in Melancho. lia, habet celestes causas (f I7 et Tj. in □ (^ r^ ei (I in Vl\. 6u Ex atra bile varii jrenerantur morbi pe« rii.de ut ipse innltuni calidi aut friL'idi in se habnerit qimni ntrique siiscipiendo quam aptissinia sit, tametsi i| suapte natura frigida sit. Annnn aqua sic afiicitur a i| calore ut ardeat ; et a frigore. ut in clacieni concres- ca 1 et htec varietas distinctionum, alii flent, rident &:c. mr Mem. 1. Subs 4.] Causes of Melancholy. 131 and thence proceed such variety of symptoms, some mad, some solitary, some iau*rn, some rage," &c. The cause of all which intemperance he will have chiefly and pri- marily proceed from the heavens,^""- from the position of Mars, Saturn, and Mercury," His aphorisms be these, '^**^^ Mercury in any geniture, if he shall be found in Virgo, or Pisces his opposite sign, and that in the horoscope, irradiauu. by those quartile aspects of Saturn or Mars, the child shall be mad or melancholy." Again, *^^"-He that shall have Saturn and Mars, the one culminating, the other in the fourth house, when he shall be born, shall be melancholy, of which he shall be cured in time, if Mercury behold them. '° If the moon be in conjunction or opposition at the birth time v.'ith. the sun, Saturn or Mars, or in a quartile aspect with them, {e malo cceU loco., Leovitius adds,) many diseases are signified, especially the head and brain is like to be misaf- fected with pernicious humours, to be melancholy, lunatic, or mad," Cardan adds, qaarta lima natos., eclipses, earthquakes. Garca3us and Leovithis will have the chief judgment to be taken from the lord of the geniture, or where there is an aspect be- tween the moon and Mercury, and neither behold the horoscope, or Saturn and Mars shall be lord of the present conjunction or opposition in Sagittarius or Pisces, of the sun or moon, such persons are commonly epileptic, dote, dasmoniacal, melancholy ; but see more of these aphorisms in the above-named Pontanus. Garcaeus, cap. 23. de Jud. genitur. Schoner. lib. 1. cap. 8, which he hath gathered out of ''Ptolemy, Albubater, and some other Arabians, Junctine, Ranzoviiis, Lindhout, Origen, 8tc. But these men you will reject peradventure, as astrologers, and therefore partial judges ; then hear the testimony of physicians, Galenists themselves. '^^Carto confesseth the influence of stars to have a great hand to this peculiar disease, so doth Jason Praten- sis, Lonicerius prcpfaf. de Apoplexid., Ficinus, Fernelius, &c. '^P. Cnemander ac- knowledgeth the stars an universal cause, the particular from parents, and the use of the six non-natural things. Baptists Port. mag. I. 1. c. 10, 12, 15, will have them causes to every particular individium. Instances and examples, to evince the truth of those aphorisms, are common amongst those astrologian treatises. Cardan, in his thirty- seventh geniture, gives instance in Matth. Bolognius. Camerar. Iwr. natallt. centur. 7. gen'tf. 6. ef 7. of Daniel Gare, and others ; but see Garcaeus, cap. 33. Luc. Gauricus, Tract. 6. de Jlzcmenis^ &c. The time of this melancholy is, when the significators of any geniture are directed according to art, as the hor : moon, hylech, &.c. to the hostile beams or terms of ^ and o* especially, or any fixed star of their nature, or if ^ by his revolution or transitus, shall offend any of those radical promissors in the geniture. Other signs there are taken from physiognomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy, which because Joh. de Indagine, and Rotman, the landgrave of Hesse his mathematician, not long since in his Chiromancy ; Baptista Porta, in his celestial Physiognomy, have proved to hold great affinity with astrology, to satisfy the curious, I am the more willing to insert. The general notions '^■* physiognomers give, be these ; " black colour argues natural melancholy; so doth leanness, hirsuteness, broad veins, much hair on the brows," saith '^Gratanarolus, cap. 7, and a little head, out of Aristotle, high sanguine, red colour, shows head melancholy ; they that stutter and are bald, will be soonest me- lancholy, (as Avicenna supposeth,) by reason of the dryness of their brains ; but he that will know more of the several signs of humour and wits out of physiognomy, let him consult with old Adamantus and Polemus, that comment, or rather para- phrase upon Aristotle's Physiognomy, Baptista Porta's four pleasant books, Michael Scot de secretis natura;., John de Indagine, Montaltus, Antony Zara. anat. ingeniorum^ sect. 1. memh. 13. ei lib.i. Chiromancy hath these aphorisms to foretel melancholy. Tasneir. Uh. 5. cap. 2, *MIanc ad intemperantiam giornendam plurimum iiium inelancholicorum symptoma siderum inflnentis. confert (^ et I7 positns, &c. «t« ^ Qnoties aliciijug ''^Arte Medica. acceduiit ad has causas affeciiones penitiira in 11\ et ^^ adversosigno positns, horosco- siderum. Pluiimum incitant et provocant iiiflnenti;e piun i)artiliter teniieret atque etiiirn a ^T Vfil l^ Q ra- ca?lestes. Velcurio, lib. 4. cap. 15. 'S Hjideslieiin, dio percussus fnerit. natiis ab insariia vexabitur. spicel. 2. de mei. '^Joh. de Tndag. cap. 9 "^0,111 1^ el rf habet, alterum in ciiltiiiiie, alternui rino Montaltus, cap. 22. "Caput paivuin qui habeni ccelo, cum in lucem veiieiit. melancholicus erit, 4 qua cerebrum et spiritns plerumque \iisnstos, facile inci- Banebitur, ei ^ iJlos irradiarit. 'O Ilac cf)nfigu- dent in Melaiuholiam rubicundi. ^lius. Idem Mob- ratione natus, Aut Liinaticu.s, a>it menie captus. taltus, c. 21. 6 Galeno. " Ptoloniaius centiioquio, et quadriparlito tribuit om- i 132 CatLses of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. who liath comprehended the sum of John de hidagine : Tricassus, Corvinus, and others in liis book, thus hath it; "^^"The Saturnine line going from the rascetta through tlie hand, to Saturn's mount, and there intersected by certain httle lines, argues melancholy; so if the vital and natural make an acute angle. Aphorism 100. The saturnine, epatic, and natural lines, making a gross triangle in the hand, argue as much ;" which Goclenius, cap. 5. Chiros. repeats verbatim out of him. In general they conclude all, that if Saturn's mount be full of many small lines and intersec- tions, '^^^' such men are most part melancholy, miserable and full of disquietness, care and trouble, continually vexed with anxious and bitter thoughts, always sor- rowful, fearful, suspicious ; they delight in husbandry, buildings, pools, marshes, springs, woods, walks," Sec. Thaddaeus Haggesius, in his Metoposcopia, hath cer- tain aphorisms derived from Saturn's lines in the forehead, by which he collects a melancholy disposition ; and " Bapiista Porta makes observations from those other parts of the body, as if a spot be over the spleen ; '^" or in the nails ; if it appear black, it signifieth much care, grief, contention, and melancholy ;" the reason he refers to the humours, and gives instance in himself, that for seven years space he had such black spots in his nails, and all that while was in perpetual law-suits, con- troversies for his inheritance, fear, loss of honour, banishment, grief, care, &c, and when his miseries ended, the black spots vanished. Cardan, in his book de llhrls propriis., tells such a story of his own person, that a little before his son's death, he had a black spot, which appeared in one of his nails ; and dilated itself as he came nearer to his end. But I am over tedious in these toys, which howsoever, in some men's too severe censures, they may be held absurd and ridiculous, I am the bolder to insert, as not borrowed from circumforanean rogues and gipsies, but out of the writings of worthy philosophers and physicians, yet living some of them, and reli- gious professors in famous universities, who are able to patronize tliat which they have said, and vindicate themselves from all cavillers and ignorant persons. Sub SECT. V. — Old age a cause. Secondary peculiar causes efficient, so called in respect of the other precedent, are either congenitcE., interncB., innatcE., as they term them, inward, innate, inbred ; or else outward and adventitious, which happen to us after we are born : congenite or born with us, are either natural, as old age, or prcBter naiuram (as ^Fernelius calls it) that distemperature, which we have from our parent's seed, it being an hereditary disease. The first of these, which is natural to all, and which no man living can avoid, is ^' old age, which being cold and dry, and of the same quality as melancholy is, must needs cause it, by diminution of spirits and substance, and increasing of adust humours ; therefore ^^Melancthon avers out of Aristotle, as an undoubted truth, Scncs plerimque delirasse in senectri., that old men familiarly dote, oh atram hilein^ for black choler, which is then superabundant in them : and Rhasis, that Arabian physician, in his Cont. Ub. 1. cap. 9, calls it ^^" a necessary and inseparable accident," to all old and decrepit persons. After seventy years (as the Psalmist saith) ^^"all is trouble and sorrow ;" and common experience confirms the truth of it in weak and old persons, especially such as have lived in action all their lives, had great employ- ment, much business, much command, and many servants to oversee, and leave oiF ex abrupto ; as ^'Charles the Fifth did to King Philip, resign up all on a sudden ; they are overcome with melancholy in an instant : or if they do continue in such courses, they dote at last, (senex bis puer.,) and are not able to manage their estates through common infirmities incident in their age ; full of ache, sorrow and grief, children again, dizzards, they carle many times as they sit, and talk to themselves, they are angry, waspish, displeased with every thing, '•• suspicious of all, wayward, covetous, hard Saturniiia h Rascetta per mediain maiiuni decur- \ Idem maculaj in ungulis nigrse, lites, rixas, melancho- reus, usque ad radicem niontis Saturrii, 2i parvis lineis inteisecta, arguit melancholicos. Aphoris. 78. "' Afritanlur niiseriis, continuis inquietudinibus, neque • nquam k solitudine liheri sunt, anxie affiguntur ama- rissiinis intra cogitationibus, semper tristes, snspitiosi, meticulosi : cogitationes sunt, velle agrum coiere, ptajina amant et paludes, &c. Jo. de Indagine, lib. 1. ''Csleslis Physiognom. lib. 10. 'sCap. 14. lib. 5. «fl^?W" liam significant, ab humore in corde tali. "^Lib. 1 Path. cap. 11. "' Venit enim properata ma'iig inopina senectus : et dolor aetatem jussit inesse meam Boethius, met. 1. de consol. Philos. s^ Cap. de humoribus, lib. de Anima. ^^ Necessarium acri dens decrepitis, et inseparabile. b^ Psal. xc. i9 »^Meteran. Belg. hisj. lib. 1. Mem. 1. Subs. 6.J Causes of Melancholy. 133 (^saith Tully,) self-willed, superstitious, self-conceited, braggers and admirers of them- selves," as ^^Balthasar Castalio hath truly noted of them.**" This natural infirmiiy is most eminent in old women, and such as are poor, solitary, live in most base esteem and beggary, or such as are witches ; insomuch that Wierus, Baptista Porta, Ulncn iVTolitor, Edwicus, do refer all that witches are said to do, to imagination alone, ant: tliis humour of melancholy. And whereas it is controverted, whether they can be- witch cattle to death, ride in the air upon a coulstaff out of a chimney-top, trans- form themselves into cats, dogs, &c., translate bodies from place to place, meet in companies, and dance, as they do, or have carnal copulation with the devil, thev ascribe all to this redundant melancholy, which domineers in them, to ^^somniferous potions, and natural causes, the devil's policy. JYon Icpdunf. omnind (saith Wierus) aut quid mirum fac'mni^ (cZc La?niis^ lib. 3. cap. 36), w/ putatur^ solam vifiatam hahcnl phantasiam ; they do no such wonders at all, only their ^^ brains are crazed. ''^'' They think they are witches, and can do hurt, but do not." But this opinion Bodine, Erastus, Danaeus, Scribanius, Sebastian Michaelis, Campanella de Sensu reriim^ lib. A. cap. 9. ^'Dandinus the Jesuit, HI). 2. de Animd explode ; ^^Cicogna confutes at larjre. Tliat witches are melancholy, they deny not, but not out of corrupt phantasy alone, so to delude themselves and others, or to produce such eflects. SuBSECT. VI. — Parents a cause by Propagation. That other inward inbred cause of jVIelancholy is our temperature, in whole or part, which we receive from our parents, vvhicli ^^Fernelius calls Prcvter naturam^ or unnatural, it being an hereditary disease; for as he justifies ^^ Quale parentum maxime patris semen obtigerit^ tales evadunt similares spermatic ce que partes., quocun- que etiam morbo Pater quum general tenetur^ cum semine transfert i.i Prolcm ; such as the temperature of the father is, such is the son's, and look wAAt disease the father had when he begot him, his son will have after him; ^^'•'and is as well inhe- ritor of his infirmities, as of his lands. And where the complexion and constitution of the father is corrupt, there (^^ saith Roger Bacon) the complexion and constitution of the son must needs be corrupt, and so the corruption is derived from the father to the son." Now this doth not so much appear in the composition of the body according to that of Hippocrates, ^^'^ in habit, proportion, scars, and other lineaments ; but in manners and conditions of the mind, Et patrum in natos abeuni cu7n semine mores. Seleucus had an anchor on his thigh, so had his posterity, as Trogus records I. 15. Lepidus, in Pliny 1. 7. c. 17, was purblind, so was his son. That famous family of iEnobarbi were known of old, and so surnamed from their red beards ; the Aus- trian lip, and those Indian flat noses are propagated, the Bavarian chin, and goggle eyes amongst the Jews, as ^^ Buxtorfius observes ; their voice, pace, gesture, looks, are likewise derived with all the rest of their conditions and infirmities ; such a m.other such a daughter; their very ^^ affections Lemnius contends " to follow their seed, and the malice and bad conditions of children are many times wholly to be imputed to their parents ;" I need not therefore make any doubt of Melancholy, but that it is an hereditary disease. '°° Paracelsus in express words affirms it, lib. de morb. amen- tium to. 4. tr. 1 ; so doth ' Crato in an Epistle of his to Monavius. So doth Bruno Seidelius in his book de morbo incurab. Montaltus proves, cap. 11, out of Hippo- crates and Plutarch, that such hereditary dispositions are frequent, et hanc [inquit] fieri reor ob participatam melanclwllcam intemperantiam (speaking of a patient) 1 •■"Sunt inorosi anxii, et irarundi et difficiles series, si qiia-rimiis, etiam avari, Tull. de seiiectute. f"' Lib. 2. de Aulico. Senes avari, morosi, jactabmidi, plii- latiii, deliri, siiperstitiosi, snspiciosi, &c. Lib. 3. de Laniiis, cap. 17. et 18. <■'• Solanmn, opium lupiadeps, lacr. a-siiii, effects of temperance and intemperance, but I will descend to particular, and show by what means, and by whom especially, this infirmity is derived unto us. Filii ex senibus nati^ raro sunt firmi temper amenti, old men's children are seldom of a good temperament, as Scoltzius supposeth, consult. 177, and therefore most apt to this disease; and as ^Levinus Lernnius farther adds, old men beget most part wayward, peevish, sad, melancholy sons, and seldom merry. He that begets a child on a full stomach, will either have a sick child, or a crazed son (as ^Cardan thinks), contradict, med. Hi. 1 . contradict. J 8, or if the parents be sick, or have any great pain of the head, or megrim, headache, (Hieronimus Wolfius '°doth instance in a child of Sebastian Castalio's) ; if a drunken man get a child, it will never likely have a good brain, as Gellius argues, lib. 12. cap. 1. Ebrii gignunt Ehrios^ one drunkard begets another, saith "Plutarch, symp. lit. \. quest. 5, whose sentence '^Lemnius approves, 1. I.e. 4. Alsarius Crutius, Gen. de qui sit med. cent. 3. fol. 182. Ma- crobius, lib. 1. Avicenna, Jib. 3. Fen. 21. Tract 1. cap. 8, and Aristotle himself, ^ct. 2. prob. 4, foolish, drunken, or hair-brain women, most part bring forth children like unto themselves, inorosos et languidos, and so likewise he that lies with a men- - Lib 10. obssrvat. 15. 3 Maginus Geog. 4 Saepe imn eiindeni, sed similem producit effectutn, et illjeso paronte tninsit. in nepotem. ^ s Dial, pra-fix. geni- tiiris Leovitii. 6 Bodin. de rep. cap. de periodis reip. ' ('l.nidiua Abaville, Capuchion, in his voyafje lo Ma- ra^rnati. 1614. cap. 45. Nemo fere .EL'rotus. sano nmnes Dainianus k Goes de Scandia. *• Lib. 4. c. 'J. de occult, nat. mir. Tetricos plernmoue filios series pro- generant et tristes, rarios exhilara.os. » Coitus super repletioiiem pessimns, et filii lui turn cijrnunttir, aut iiiorbosi sunt, aut stolidi '*> Dial, prxfi:: I.eovito. II L deed, liberif* ''^De -ccilt. nat. robusfo corpore, vivunt annos. 120. 140. sine Medi- j mir. teniiilent;e et Rtolidee uiul-.res li leros p:etuniqu< tina. Idem Hector Boethius de insulis Orchud. et | producunt sibi similes. Mem. 1. Subs. 6.] Causes of Melancholy. 135 stnious woman. Intemperantia veneris^ quai7i in nautis prcEsertim insectatur '^Lem- iiius, qui uxores ineunt, nulla menstrui decursus ratione hahita nee ohservaio inter- lunio^ prcccijjua causa est,, noxla^ pcrnitiosa,, concuhitum hunc exitialem ideo,, et pes- tiferurn vocat. '^Rodoricus a Castro Lncitanus, detestantur ad unum omnes medici, turn et qnartd lund concept^ infoellces plerumqiie et amcntes,, deJiri, sfolidi, morbosiy impuri^ invalidi., tetra hie sordidi mininie vitales,, omnibus bonis corporis afque animi destituti : ad laborem nati., si scniores,, inquit Eustathius, 7^^ Hercules, et alii. ^^Judcei maxime inscctanfiir foedani hunc, et immundum apud Christianos Concubitum,, ut illicifum abhorrent,, et apud suos prohibent ; et quod Christianl toties lejjrosi,, anientes,, tot rnorbili,, impetigines^ alphi,, psorcE., cutis et faciei dccolorationcs,, tarn multi morbi epidemici^f acerbic, et vencnosi sint,, in hunc immundum concubitum rejici.unt,, et cru- deles in pignora vocant,, qui quart a lund projluente hdc mensium illuvie concubitum hunc non perhorrescunt. Damnavit olim divina Lex et inorte mulctavit h^Jusmodi homines,, Lev. 18, 20, et inde nafi,, si qui deformes aid mutili,, pater dilapidatus,,quod non contineret ab '^ immundd viuliere. Gregorius Magnus, petenti Auguslino nunquid apud '^Britannos Imjusmodi concubitum toleraret^ severe prohibuit viris suis turn misceri fceminas in consuetis suis mensfruis,, &.c. I spare to English tliis wliich I have said. Another cause some give, inordinate diet, as if a man eat garlic, onions, fast overmuch, study too hard, be over-sorrowful, dull, heavy, dejected in mind, perplexed in his thoughts, fearful, Stc, " their children (saith '^Cardan subtil, lib. 18) will be much subject to madness and melancholy, for if the spirits of the brain be fusled, or misaffected by such means, at such a time, their children will be fusled in the brain : they will be dull, heavy, timorous, discontented all their lives." Some are of opinion, and maintain that paradox or problem, that wise men beget com- monly fools ; Suidas gives instance in Aristarchus the Grammarian, duos reliquit filios Aristarchum et Aristachorum^ ambos stultos ; and which '^Erasmus urgeth in his Moria, fools beget wise men. Card. subt. I. 12, gives this cause, Quoniam spi- ritus sapientum ob studium resolvuntur^ et in cerebrum fervntur a corde : because their natural spirits are resolved by study, and turned into animal ; drawn from the heart, and those other parts to the brain. Lemnius subscribes to that of Cardan, and assigns this reason. Quod persolcant debitum languide^ et obscitanter,, unde foetus a parentum generositate desciscit : they pay their debt (as Paul calls it) to their wives remissly, by which means their children are weaklings, and many times idiots and fools. Some other causes are given, which properly pertain, and do proceed from the mother: if she be over-dull, heavy, angry, peevish, discontented, and melancholy, not only at the time of conception, but even all the while she carries the child in her womb (saith Fernelius, path. 1. 1, Jl) her son will be so likewise aflected, and worse, as ^Lemnius adds, 1. 4. c. 7, if she grieve overmuch, be disquieted, or by any casualty be affrighted and terrified by some fearful object, heard or seen, she en- dangers her child, and spoils the temperature of it; for the strange imagination of a woman works effectually upon her infant, that as Baptista Porta proves, Physiog. ccelestis, 1. 5. c. 2, she leaves a mark upon it, which is most especially seen in such as prodigiously long for such and such meats, the child will love those meats, saith Fernelius, and be addicted to like humours : ^''^ if a great-bellied woman see a hare, her child will often have a hare-Hp," as we call it. Gar cams,, de Judiciis grmtura- rum,, cap. 33, hath a m.emorable example of one Thomas Nickell, born in the city of Brandeburg, 1551, ^^"that went reeling and staggering all the days of his life, as if he would fall to the ground, because his mother being great with child saw a drunken man reeling in the street. Such another 1 find in Martin Wenricliius, com. de ortu monstrorum,, c. 17, I saw (saith he) at Wittenberg, in Germany, a citizen that locked like a carcass; I asked him the cause, he replied, ^^ "His mother, when she "Lib. 2. c. 8. de occult, nat. mir. Good Master I 129. mer. Socrates' children were foots. Sal)el. Sclioni master do not Englisli tliis. '•» De nat. mul. m De occul. nat mir. Pica nioil)i!s mnlierum "' Bap- lib. 3. cap. 4. >5Buxdorptiius, c. 31. Synag. Jud. I tista Porta, loco praed. Ex lepor\im intuitu plerique Kzek. 18. '"Drusius obs.iih. 3. cap. 20. ' '' Beda. j infantes ediint bitidi) supcriote laltello. - Qnasj Eccl. h'xst. lib. 1. c. 27. respons. 10. '*• Nam spiritus mox in terram collapsnrus. per omne vitam inredeiial • erebri tsi turn male afficiantur, ta" s procreant, et j cum mater gravia ebrlnm hominem sic incedenteni qiia!e-< fuerm* atfectus, tales fi.iorum; 'tx tristibus I viderat. "^Civem facie cudaverosa, qui dixit, &c •'istes. pv iucur.dis jucundi nascu»i«nr &;c. 'ypol. I > 130 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. bore him in her womb, saw a carcass by chance, and was so sore affrighted with it, tliat ex eo foetus el assimilatus^ from a ghastly impression the child was like it." So many several ways are we plagued and punished for our father's defaults ; in- somuch that as Fernelius truly saith, ^^" It is the greatest part of our felicity to be well born, and it were happy for human kind, if only such parents as are sound of body and mind should be suffered to marry." An husbandman will sow none but the best and choicest seed upon his land, he will not rear a bull or a horse, except he be right shapen in all parts, or permit him to cover a mare, except he be well assured of his breed ; we make choice of the best rams for our sheep, rear the neatest kine, and keep the best dogs, Quanto id dlligentlus in procreandis liheris observandum ? And how careful then should we be in begetting of our children ? In former times some ^^ countries have been so chary in this behalf, so stern, that if a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away ; so did the Indians of old by the relation of Curtius, and many other well-governed commonwealths, according to the discipline of those times. Heretofore in Scotland, saith ^^Hect Boethius, " if any were visited with the falling sickness, madness, gout, leprosy, or any such dangerous disease, which was likely to be propagated from the father to the son, he was ilTstantly gelded ; a woman kept from all company of men ; and if by chance having some such disease, she were found to be with child, she with her brood were buried alive : and this was done for the common good, lest the whole nation should be injured or corrupted. A severe doom you will say, and not to be used amongst Christians, yet more to be looked into than it is. For now by our too much facility in this kind, in giving way for all to marry that will, too much liberty and indulgence in tolerating all sorts, there is a vast confusion of li?ft-editary diseases, no family secure, no man almost free from some griesrous infirmity or other when no choice is had, but still the eldest must marry, as so many stallions of the race ; or if rich, be they fools or dizzards, lame or maimed, unable, intemperate, dissolute, exhaust through riot, as he said, '^ jura hcereditario sapcre jubenlur ; they must be wise and able by inheritance : it comes to pass that our generation is cor- rupt, we have many weak persons, both in body and mind, many feral diseases raging amongst us, crazed families, parentes^ peremptores ; our fathers bad, and we are like to be worse. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Bad Diet a cause. Substance. Quality of Meats. According to my proposed method, having opened hitherto these secondary causes, which are inbred with us, 1 must now proceed to the outward and adventi- tious, which happen unto us after we are born. And those are either evident, re- mote, or inward, antecedent, and the nearest : continent causes some call them. These outward, remote, precedent causes are subdivided again into necessary and not necessary. Necessary (because we cannot avoid them, but they will alter us, as they are used, or abused) are those six non-natural things, so much spoken of amongst physicians, which are principal causes of this disease. For almost in every consultation, whereas they shall come to speak of the causes, the fault is found, and this most part objected to the patient ; Peccavit circa res sex non naturales : he hath still offended in one of those six. Montanus, consil. 22, consulted about a melan- choly Jew, gives that sentence, so did Frisemelica in the same place ; and in his 244 counsel, censuring a melancholy soldier, assigns that reason of his malady, ^^"he 34 Optimum bene nasci, maxima para failicitaiis in prolem transmittitur, laborantes inter eos, ingenti nostraj i)ene nasci ; quamobrein prceclere hiunano ficta indagine, inventos, ne gens fseda contagi'm« generi coiisultiun videretiir, si solis parentis bene Iffideretur, ex iis nata, castraverunt, uiulieres hujnis biibiti et saiii, liheris opsrani darent. '^^ Infantes mndi procul a viroriim consortio abiegarnnl, quod s« Infirmi pnccipilio necati. Bohemus, lib. 3. c. 3. Apud hurum aliqua concepisse inveniebatur, simul cura Lacones olini. Lipsius, episl. 85. cent, ad Belgas, foetu nnjidum edito, defodiebatur viva. '-'^ Euphor- Dionysio Villeiio, si quos aliqua membrorum parte inio Satyr. '-» Fecit omnia delicta qujB fieri pos- inutiles notaverint, necari jubent. -sLib. 1. De sunt circa res sex non naturales, et ere fueruni caus* 7eti;rum Scotorum moiibus. Morbo comitiali, de- extrinsecse, ex quibus postea orlse sunt obstructionet. owntia, mania, lepra, &.c. aut simila labe, quae facile Mem. 2. Subs, l.j Causes of Melancholy. 137 offended in all those six non-natural things, whicli were the outward cans from wliich came those inward obstructions ; and so in the rest. These six non-natural things are diet, retention and evacuation, which are more material than the other because they make new matter, or else are conversant in keeping or expelling of it. The other four are air, exercise, sleeping, waking, anc. perturbations of the mind, which only alter the matter. The first of these is diet, which consists in meat and drink, and causeth melancholy, as it offends in substance, or accidents, that is, quantity, quality, or the like. And well it may be called a ma- terial cause, since that, as ^^ Fernelius holds, "it hath such a power in begetting ol diseases, and yields the matter and sustenance of them ; for neither air, nor pertur- bations, nor any of those other evident causes take place, or work this efiect, except the constitution of body, and preparation of humours, do concur. That a man may say this diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he will, and from this alone melancholy and frequent other maladies arise." Many physicians. I confess, have written copious volumes of this one subject, of the nature and qualities of all mannei of meats ; as namely, Galen, Isaac tlie Jew, Halyabbas, Avicenna, Mesne, also foui Arabians, Gordonius, Villanovanus, Wecker, Johannes Bruerinus, sitologia de Esculen- tij et Pocuhnfis, Michael Savanarola, Tract 2. c. 8, Anthony Fumanellus, lib. de regi- mine senum^ Curio in his comment on Schola Salerna, Godefridus Steckius arte med.^ Marcilius Cognatus, Ficinus, Ranzovius, Fonseca, Lessius, Magninus, regim. sanitatis, Frietagins, Hugo Fridevallius, &c., besides many other in ^"English, and almost every peculiar physician, discourseth at large of nil peculiar meats in his chapter of melan- choly : yet because these books are not at hand to every man, I will briefly touch what kind of meats engender this humour, through their several species, and which are to be avoided. How they alter and change the matter, spirits first, and after hu- mours, by which we are preserved, and the constitution of our body, Fernelius and others will show you. I hasten to the thing itself: and first of such diet as offends in substance. Beef.] Beef, a strong and hearty meat (cold in the first degree, dry in the second, saith Gal. I. 3. c. 1. de aliin.fac.) is condemned by him and all succeeding Authors, to breed gross melancholy blood : good for such as are sound, and of a strong con- stitution, for labouring men if ordered aright, corned, young, of an ox (for all gelded meats in every species are held best), or if old, ^' such as have been tired out with labour, are preferred. Aubanus and Sabellicus commend Portugal beef to be the most savoury, best and easiest of digestion ; we commend ours : but all is rejected, and unfit for such as lead a resty life, any ways inclined to Melancholy, or dry of com- plexion : Tales (Galen thinks) de facile melancholicis cegritudinihus capiuntur. Pork.] Pork, of all meats, is most nutritive in his own nature, ^^but altogether unfit for such as live at ease, are any ways unsound of body or mind : too moist, full of humours, and therefore noxia delicatis., saith Savanarola, ex eanim usu ul dubitetur an febris quarfana generetur : naught for queasy stomachs, insomuch that frequent use of it may breed a quartan ague. Goat.] Savanarola discommends goat's flesh, and so doth '"Bruerinus, /. 13. c. 19, calling it a filthy beast, and rammish : and therefore supposeth it will breed rank and filthy substance ; yet kid, such as are young and tender, Isaac accepts, Bruerinus and Galen, I. I. c. \. de alimentorum facultatibus. '■*■ Hart.] Hart and red deer ^'*hath an evil name: it yields gross nutriment : a strong and great grained meat, next unto a horse. Which although some countries eat, as Tartars, and they of China; yet ''^Galen condemns. Young foals are as commonly eaten in Spain as red deer, and to furnish their navies, about Malaga especially, often used ; but such meats ask long baking, or seething, to qualify them, and yet all will not serve. Venison^ Fallow Deer.] All venison is melancholy, and begets bad blood ; a 29Pa(h. 1. 1. c. 2 Maximam in gignendis morhis vim obtinet, pabulum, materiamqne iiiorbi sngirerens : nam nee ab aere. r.ec a, perturbationibiis, vel aliis evidenli- bus caiisis morbi sunt, nisi consentiat corporis praepa- ratio, et humorum constitutio. Ut semel dicain, una gula est omnium morhorum mater, etiamsi alius est genitor. Ab hac morbi sponle s£Ep6 emanant, nulla alia cogente causa. ^oCogari, Eliot, Vauhaii, Vener. »' Frietagius. 3- Isaac. ^Non laudatur quia melaiicliolicum pra-bet alimentuni. 34 Male alit cervina (inquit Frietagius) crassissimum et atribi'arium suppeditat alimentum. ^^Jjb. de subtiliss. dieta. Fquiiia oaro et asinina equinis dand& est honiinibus el asininis. 18 M 2 138 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 2 pleasant meat : in great esteem with us (for we have more parks in England than there are in all Europe besides) in our solemn feasts. 'Tis somewhat better hunted than otherwise, and well prepared by cookery ; but generally bad, and seldom to be used. Hare.] Hare, a black meat, melancholy, and hard of digestion, it breeds incubus^ often eaten, and causeth fearful dreams, so doth all venison, and is condemned by a jury of physicians. Mizaldus and some others say, that hare is a merry meat, and that it will make one fair, as Martial's Epigram testifies to Gellia ; but tliis is per ac- cide7i^., because of the good sport it makes, merry company and good discourse that is commonly at the eating of it, and not otherwise to be understood. Cofi'ies.] ^^ Conies are of the nature of hares. Magninus r^ompares them to beef, pig, and goat, Reg. san'il. part. 3. c. 17 ; yet young rabbits by all men are approved to be good. Generally, all such meats as are hard of digestion breed melancholy. Areteus, lib. 7. caj). 5, reckons up heads and feet, ^'bowels, brains, entrails, marrow, fat, blood, skins, and tliose inward parts, as heart, lungs, liver, spleen, &.c. They are rejected by Isaac, Uh. 2. pari. 3, Magninus, part. 3. cop. 17, Bruerinus, lib. 12, Savanarola, Rub. 32. Tract. 2. Milk.] Milk, and all that comes of milk, as butter and cheese, curds, &c., increase melancholy (whey only excepted, which is most wholesome): ^^some except asses' milk. The rest, to such as are sound, is nutritive and good, especially for young children, but because soon turned to corruption, ^^not good for those that have un- clean stomachs, are subject to headache, or liave green wounds, stone. Sic. Of all cheeses, I take that kind which we call Banbury cheese to be the best, ex velustis pess'nnus., the older, stronger, and harder, the worst, as Langius (hscourseth in his Epistle to Melancthon, cited by Mizaldus, Isaac, p. 5. Gal. 3. de cibis boni succi^ &.c. Fowl.] Amongst fowl, ■'° peacocks and pigeons, all fenny fowl are forbidden, as ducks, geese, swans, herons, cranes, coots, (Hdappers, waterhens, with all those teals, curs, shehhakes, and peckled fowls, that come hither in winter out of Scandia, Mus- covy, Greenland, Friezland, which half the year are covered all over with snow, and frozen up. Though these be fair in feathers, pleasant in taste, and have a good out- side, like hypocrites, white in plumes, and soft, their flesli is hard, black, unwhole- some, dangerous, melancholy meat ; Gravani et pulrefaciant stomachum., saith Isaac^ 'part. 5. de vol.., their young ones are more tolerable, but young pigeons he quite dis- approves. Fishes.] Rhasis and ■*' Magninus discommend all fish, and say, they breed visco' sities.f slimy nutriment, little and humourous nourishment. Savanarola adds, cold, moist: and phlegmatic, Isaac; and therefore unwholesome for all cold and melan- choly complexions : others make a diflerence, rejecting only amongst fresh-water fish, eel, tench, lamprey, crawfish (which Bright approves, cap. 6), and such as are bred in muddy and standing waters, and have a taste of mud, as Franciscus Bonsue- tus poetically defines. Lib. de aquatilibus. Nam pisces onmes, qui stagna, laciisqiie fn;qiientaiit, Semper plus succi delerioris lial)eiit." "All fish, tliat standitiK pools, and lakes frequent, Do ever yield had juice and nourishment." Lampreys, Paulus .Jovius, c. 34. de piscibus fluvial.., highly magnifies, and saith, None speak against them, but inepti et scrupiilosi., some scrupulous persons ; but ^''eels, c. 33, " he abhorreth in all places, at all times, all physicians detest them, es- pecially about the solstice." Gomesius, lib. 1. c. 22, de sale., Joth immoderately extol sea-fish, which others as much vilify, and above the rest, dried, soused, indurate fish, as ling, fumados, red-herrings, sprats, stock-fish, haberdine, poor-john, all snell-fish. *^Tim. Bright excepts lobster and crab. Messarius commends salmon, which Brue- rinus contradicts, lib. 22. c. 17. Magninus. rejects conger, sturgeon, turbot, mackarel, skate. Carp is a fish of which I know not what to determine. Franciscus I^onsuetus ■■"'Parnni ohsunt i natura Leporura. Br>mrinns, I. 13. cap. 25. pulloruni tenera et optima. a? nhmda- hilis succi nauseam provocant. •* Piso. Altomar. 3'J Curio. Frietafjius, Magninus, part. 3. cap. 17. Mercu- rialis, de affect, lili. 1. c. 10. excepts all milk meats in Hypochondriacal Melancholy. •"' Wecker, Syntax. theor. p. 2. Isaac, Bruer. lib. 15. cap 30. et ^ii. •' Cap. is. part. 3. ■I'-'Omni loco et ontni tcmpcre medici deteslantur an^Mjillas pitpsertiiii t.ir<;a soUti- tium. Dainnantur tum sanis turn a?gri!> ~>Cif 6 in his Tract of Melancholy. Mewl. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. 139 accouius it a iniidcly fish. Ilippolilus Salvianus, in bis Book de Pischim nalurd ei urcrparatlone, wbich was printed at Rome in folio, 1 554, with most elegant pictures, ssteems carp no better than a slimy watery meat. Paulus Jovius on the other side disallowing tench, approves of it; so doth Dubravius in his Books of Fish-ponds. Freitagius ^^ extols it for an excellent wholesome meat, and puts it amongst the fishes of the best rank ; and so do most of our country gentlemen, that store their ponds almost with no other fisli. But this controversy is easily decided, in my judgment, by Bruerinus, /. 22. c. 13. The diiference riseth from the site and nature of pools, ■*' sometimes muddy, sometimes sweet; they are in taste as tlie place is from whence they be taken. In like manner almost we may conclude of other fresh fish. But see move in Rondoletius, Bellonius, Oribasius, lib. 7. cap. 22, Isaac, /. 1, especially Ilippolilus Salvianus, wlio is instar omnium solus., Sec. Howsoever they may be wholesome and approved, much use of them is not good ; P. Forestus, in his medi- cinal observations, ^^ relates, that Carthusian friars, whose living is most part fish, are more subject to melancholy tlian any other order, and that he found by experi- ence, being sometimes their physician ordinary at Delft, in Holland. He exemplifies it with an instance of one Buscodnese, a Carthusian of a ruddy colour, and well liking, that by solitary living, and fish-eating, became so misaffected. Herbs.] Amongst herbs to be eaten I find gourds, cucumbers, coleworts, melons, disallov/ed, but especially cabbage. It causelii troublesome dreams, and sends up black vapours to tlie brain. Galen, Joe. affect. I. 3, c. 6, of all herbs condemns cab- bage; and Isaac, lib. 2. c. 1. AnimcB gravHaiem facil., it brings heaviness to the soul. Some are of opinion that all raw jierbs and salads breed melancholy blood, except bugloss and lettuce. Crato, co/is//. 21. //i/^*. 2, speaks against all herbs and worts, except borage, bugloss, fennel, parsley, dill, balm, succory. Magninus, regim. sani- ialis^parl. 3. caj). 31. Omnes kerbcE simpliciler maliB^ via cibi ; all herbs are simply evil to feed on (as he thinks). So did that scoffing cook in "'^Plautus hold : "Nonejrocoenumcondioutaliicoquisnieiit, I "Like other cooks I do not supper dress, Qui u.ii.i coudita [.rata in patinis proC-runi, , ' '='^ P"'^ whole ....■adous into a plattrotrahatur, et varia ciborum genera con- lumen gratuitum, dolet quod sole, quod spiritun, jungantur : inde morborum scaiurigo, quie ex repug- emere non possimus, quf)d hie aer non cinpMis p\ nantia humorum oritur. si Path. I. 1. c. 14. s-^Juv. facili, &c. adeo nihil placet, nisi quod carum est *at. 5. M Niniia rep!elio ciborum facit melanolio- »' Ingeniosi ad Gulam. iRurn 8* Comestio sup'^rflua cibi, et poius quan- ! Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Diet, a Cause. 143 I.O satisfy the gut. " A cook of old was a base knave (as ®^Livy complains), but tiow a great man in request ; cookery is become an art, a noble science : cooks are gen- tlemen :" Venter Deus : They wear " their brains in their bellies, and their guts in their heads," as ^^Agrippa taxed some parasites of his time, rushing on their own destruction, as if a man should run upon the point of a sword, usque dum ruvipantur comedunt^ '" They eat till they burst :" ^*All day, all night, let tlie physician say what he will, imminent danger, and feral diseases are now ready to seize upon tlieni that will eat till they vomit, Edunt ut vo7nant^ vomut ut edmit^ saith Seneca; which Dion relates of Viteliius, Solo transitu ciborum nutriri judicatus : His meat did pass through and away, or till they burst again, ^^Strage animantium ventrem one ran/, and rake over all the world, as so many ®*^ slaves, belly-gods, and land-serpents, Et totus orhis ventri nimis angustus^ the whole world cannot satisfy their apjjetite. ®'" Sea, land, rivers, lakes, &c., may not give content to their raging guts." To make up the mess, what immoderate drinking in every place ? Senem potum pota trahehat anus., how they flock to the tavern : as if they were frvges consumere nati., born to no other end but to eat and drink, like Offellius Bibulus, that famous Roman parasite, Qui dum vixit^ aut hihit aut minxit ; as so many casks to hold wine, yea worse than a cask, that mars wine, and itself is not marred by it, yet these are brave men, Sileims Ebrius was no braver. Et quae fuerunt vitia^ mores sunt : 'tis now the fashion of our times, an honour : JVimc verb res ista eb rediit (as Chrysost. serm. 80. in V. E[)hes. comments) Ut eJfeminatcB ridendceque ignavicE loco habeatur^ nolle inehriari ; 'tis now come to that pass that he is no gentleman, a very milk-sop, a clown, of no bringing up, that will not drink ; fit for no company ; he is your only gallant that plays it off finest, no disparagement now to stagger in the streets, reel, rave, &c., but much to his fame and renown ; as in like case Epidicus told Thesprio his fellow-servant, in the ^^Poet. jiEdipol facinus improbum., one urged, the other replied, Jit jam alii fecere idem., erit illi ilia res honori., 'tis now no fault, there be so many brave examples to bear one out; 'tis a credit to have a strong brain, and carry his liquor well ; the sole contention who can drink most, and fox his fellow the soonest, 'Tis the summum bonum of our tradesmen, their felicity, life, and soul, Tanfa dulcedine afectant^ saith Pliny, lib, 14. cap, 12. Ut magna j)ars non aliud vitcE prcEinium intelligat., their chief comfort, to be merry together in an alehouse or tavern, as our modern Muscovites do in their mede-inns, and Turks in their coffee- houses, which much resemble our taverns ; they will labour hard all day long to be drunk at night, and spend totius anni labores^ as St. Ambrose adds, in a tippling feast ; convert day into night, as Seneca taxes some in his times, Pcrvertunt oj/icia anoctis et lucis ; when we rise, they commonly go to bed, like our antipodes, "Nosque ubi primus eqiiis oriens afflavit anhelis, Illis sera rubens ascendil liiinina vesper." So did Petronius in Tacitus, Heliogabalus in Lampridius. 99 " Noctes vigilibat ad ipsum I "He drank the nieht away Mane, diem totuni stertebat." | Till rising dawn, then snored out all the day." Snymdiris the Sybarite never saw the sun rise or set so much as once in twenty years. Verres, against whom Tully so much inveighs, in winter he never was extra tectum vix extra lectum., never almost out of bed, '°° still Avenching and drinking; so did he spend his time, and so do myriads in our days. They have gymnasia bibo- num., schools and rendezvous ; these centaurs and lapithae toss pots and bowls as so many balls ; invent new tricks, as sausages, anchovies, tobacco, caviare, pickled oysters, herrings, fumadoes, &c. : innumerable salt meats to increase their appetite,^ and study how to hurt themselves by taking antidotes "J to carry their drink the better; ^and when nought else serves, they will go forth, or be conveyed out, to empty their gorge, that they may return to drink afresh." They make laws, insanas leges., contra bibendi fallacias, and ^ brag of it when they have done, crowning that "^ Olim vile mancipinm, nunc in omni BBstimatione, ' de miser, curial. ^8 piantus. ^^ Hor. lib. 1. nunc ars haberi (fppta. &c. «^ E|)ist. 28. 1. 7. Quorum Sat. 3. '""Diei hrevilas cnnviviis, noctis longi- in ventre ingenium, in patinis, &c. ^^ In lucem tndo stnpris conterebratur. ' Et quo plus capiaiit, cojiiat. Rertorius. 958eneca. 9'J Mancipia irritamenta excopitantur. 2 Fores porlantur ut ad pnlfe, dapes non sapore sed sumptu ffistimamec. conviviiim reportentur, repl&ii ut exhauriant. el ex- Seneca, consol. ad Helviditim. 9^ Ssevientia guttura hauriri ut bibant. Ainbros. ^ Ingeniia vasa veliU Batiare non poseunt fluvii et maria, iEneas Sylvius, ad ostentationem, &;c. 144 Diet^ a Cause. [Part. 1. Sect. 2. man that is soonest gone, as their drunken predecessors have done, '*quid ego video? Ps. Cum corona Pseudolum ehrium tuum . And when they are dead, will have a can of wine with ^Maron's old woman to be engraven on their tombs. 5o they triumph in villany, and justify their wickedness ; with Rabelais, that French Lucian, drunkenness is better for the body than physic, because there be more old drunkards than old physicians. Many such frothy arguments they have, ^inviting and encouraging others to do as they do, and love them dearly for it (no glue like to that of good fello\yship). So did Alcibiades in Greece ; Nero, Ronosus, Helio- gabalus in Rome, or Alegabalus rather, as he was styled of old (as ' Ignatius proves out of some old coins). So do many great men still, as ^ Heresbachius observes. When a prince drinks till his eyes stare, like Bitias in the Poet, -"ille impiger hausit 'a thirsty som Spumantem vino pateram.") He toolt cliailenge and embrac'd ilie bowl : Willi pleasure svvill'd the ?old, nor ceased to draw Till he the bottom of the brimmer saw." and comes off clearly, sound trumpets, fife and drums, the spectators will applaud him, " the '° bishop himself (if he belie them not) with his chaplain will stand by and do as much," dignum principe hausfum^ 'twas done like a prince. " Our Dutchmen invite all comers with a pail and a dish," Velut infundibtda infegras ohhas exhauriunt^ et in monstrosis poculis^ ipsi monsfrosi monstrosius epofant^ " making barrels of their bellies." Incredihih dicfu^ as "one of their own countrymen com- plains : '^ Quantum liquoris immodestissima gens capiat., &c. " How they love a man that will be drunk, crown him and honour him for it," hate him that will not pledge him-, stab him, kill him : a most intolerable offence, and not to be forgiven. "'^ He is a mortal enemy that will not drink with him," as Munster relates of the Saxons. So in Poland, he is the best servitor, and the honestest fellow, saith Alexander Ga- guinus, " "• that drinketh most healths to the honour of his master, he shall be rewarded as a good servant, and held the bravest fellow that carries his liquor best," when a brewer's horse will bear much more than any sturdy drinker, yet for his noble exploits in this kind, he shall be accounted a most valiant man, for ^'^Tam inter epulas fortis vir esse potest ac in hello., as much valour is to be found in feasting as in fighting, and some of our city captains, and carpet knights will make this good, and prove it. Thus they many times wilfully pervert the good temperature of their bodies, stifle their wits, strangle nature, and degenerate into beasts. Some again are in the other extreme, and draw this mischief on their heads by loo ceremonious and strict diet, being over-precise, cockney-like, and curious in their observation of meats, times, as that Medicina statica prescribes, just so many ounces at dinner, which Lessius enjoins, so much at supper, not a little more, nor a little less, of such meat, and at such hours, a diet-drink in the morning, cock-broth, China- broth, at dinner, plum-broth, a chicken, a rabbit, rib of a rack of mutton, wing of a capon, the merry-thought of a hen, &c. ; to sounder bodies this is too nice and most absurd. Others offend in over-much fasting: pining adays, saith '*^Guianerius, and waking anights, as many Moors and Turks in these our times do. " Anchorites, monks, and the rest of that superstitious rank (as the same Guianerius witnesseth, that he hath often seen to have happened in his time) through immoderate fasting, have been frequently mad." Of such men belike Hippocrates speaks, 1 Aphor. 5, when as he saith, '^"they more offend in too sparing diet, and are worse damnified, than they that feed liberally, and are ready to surfeit. 4 Plantus. 5 Lib.3. Anthol. c. 20. « Gratiam coiiciliant potando. '' Notis ad Caesares. « Lib. de educandis principum liberis. " Virg. M. 1. 'oidem Btrenui potaioris Episcopi Sacellanu.s, cum ingentem pateram exhaurit princeps. '' Bohemus in Saxoiiia. Adeo immoderate et immodeste ab ipsis bibitur, ut in compotaiionibus suis iion cyathis solum et caiitharis ■at infundere possint, sed impletum m>ilctrale appo- nant, et scutella injecta hortantur quemlibet ad libitum potare. '■' Dictu incredibile, quantum hujusce liquorice immodesla gens capiat, plus potantem ami- Riiwimun) habent, et iserto coronant, inimicissimum d contra qui non vult, et csde et fusiibus expiant. '3 Qui potare recusal, hostis habetur, et csde nonnun- quam res expiatur. '^ Qui melius bibit pro salute domini, melior habetur minister. '"Griec. Poeta apud StobsBum, ser. 18. '"Qui de die jejunant, et nocte vigilant, facile cadunt in melancholiam ; et qui naturie modum excedunt, c. 5. tract. 15. c. 2. Longa fiimis tolerantia, ut iis saepe accidit qui tanto cum fervore Deo servire cupiunt per jejunium, quod ma- niaci efiiciantur, ipse vidi sicpe. i" In tenui ViClH asgri delinquunt, ex quo fit ut majori afiiciantur detri memo, majorque fit error tenui quam pleniore viclu: Mem. 9^. Subs. 3.] Causes of Melancholy. 14S SuBSECT. III. — Custom of JJlet^ Delight^ Appetite^ JVecesslty^ hoiv they cause o. hinder. No rule is so general, which admits not some exception ; to this, theretore, whicf- hath been hitherto said, (for I shall otherwise put most men out of commons,) and those inconveniences which proceed from the substance of meats, an intemperate or unseasonable use of them, custom somewhat detracts and qualifies, accordm^" to that of Hippocrates, 2 Aphoris. 50. '^'' Such things as we have been long accustomed to, though they be evil in their own nature, yet they are less offensive." Otherwise it might well be objected that it were a mere '^tyranny to live after those strict rules of physic; for custom ^doth alter nature itself, and to such as are used to them it makes bad meats wholesome, and unseasonable times to cause no disorder. Cider and perry are windy drinks, so are all fruits windy in themselves, cold most part, yet in some shires of ^'England, Normandy in France, Guipuscoa in Spain, 'tis their common drink, and they are no whit offended with it. In Spain, Italy, and Africa, they live most on roots, raw herbs, camel's ^^milk, and it agrees well with them : which to a stranger will cause much grievance. \\\ Wales, lacticiniis vesatnfvr. as Humphrey Llwyd confesseth, a Cambro-Briton himself, in his elegant epistle to . braham Ortelius, they live most on white meats : in Holland on fish, roots, ^^ butter; and so at this day in Greece, as ^^Bellonius observes, they had much rather feed on fish than ffesh. With us, Maxima pars v ictus in came consistit., we feed on flesh most part, saith ^^Polydor Virgil, as all northern countries do; and it would be very offensive to us to live after their diet, or they to live after ours. We drink beer, they wine; they use oil, we butter; we in the north are ^® great eaters; they most sparing in those hotter countries ; and yet they and we following our own customs are well pleased. An Ethiopian of old seeing an European eat bread, wondered, quomodo stercorihus vescenfes viverimus^ how we could eat such kind of meats : so much differed his countrymen from ours in diet, that as mine -"^author infers, si quis illorum "dictum apud nos o'mulari vellet ; if any man should so feed with us, it would be all one to nourish, as Cicuta, Aconitum, or Hellebore itself At this day in China the common people live in a manner altogether on roots and herbs, and to the wealthiest, horse, ass, mule, dogs, cat-flesh, is as delightsome as the rest, so ^* Mat. Riccius the Jesuit relates, who lived many years amongst them. The Tartars eat raw meat, and most commonly ^^horse-flesh, drink milk and blood, as the Nomades of old. Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. They scoff" at our Europeans for eating bread, which they call tops of weeds, and horse meat, not fit for men ; and yet Sca- liger accounts them a sound and witty nation, living a hundred years ; even in the civilest country of them they do thus, as Benedict the Jesuit observed in his travel, from the great Mogul's Court by land to Pekin, which Riccius contends to be tha same with Cambulu in Cataia. In Scandia their bread is usually dried fish, and so likewise in the Shetland Isles; and their other fare, as in Iceland, saith ''"Dithmarus Bleskenius, butter, cheese, and fish ; their drink water, their lodging on the ground- in America in many places their bread is roots, their meat palmitos, pinas, potatoes. &.C., and such fruits. There be of them too that familiarly drink ^'salt sea-water all' their lives, eat ^^raw meat, grass, and that with delight. With some, fish, serpents,, spiders : and in divers places they ^^eat man's flesh, raw and roasted, even the Em- peror ^^ Montezuma himself. In some coasts, again, ^^ one tree yields them cocoar i^QiiJE longo tempore consiieta sunt, etiamsi dete- j apud nos longe frequentior usus, complures quippe de riora, minus in assuetis molestare Solent. ''••Qui viilffo reperias nulla alia re vel teniiitatis, vkI reli medic6 vivit, miser6 vivit. -o Consuenido altera natura. a; Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Wor- cestershire. 2'^ Leo Afer. 1. 1. solo camelorum lacte contenti, nil pra;terea deliciaruni ambiunt. ^^Flandri vinum butyro dilutiim bibunt (nauseo refe- rens) ubique butyrum inter omnia fercula et bellaria locum obtiiiet. Steph. prafat. Herod. ^''Uelec- gionis causa vescentes. Equus, Mulus, Asellus, &c. 8Equ6 fer6 vescunlur ac pabula omnia, Mat. Riccius, lib. 5. cap. 12 29'partari mulis, equis vescuntur el Orudis carnibus, et fruges coiilemnunt, dicenteSj hoc jtimentorum pabulum et bonum, non hominum; 3"IslandiJE descri|)tione victus corum butyro, lacte, caseo consistit : pisces loco panis habent, potus aqua. litntur Gra'ci piscibus magis quam carnibus. -sLih. I ant serum, sic vivunt sine medicina multa ad annon 1. hist. Ang. ■'« P. Jovius descript. Britonum. They 200. 3i j^aet. Occident. Ind. desrrip. lib. 11. ca|»- 10. sit, eat and drink ail day at dinner in Iceland, l\!us- Aquam marinam bibere sueti absque noxA. a- Da- covy, and those northern parts. 27 Sujdas, vict. j vies 2. voyage. 3'J Patagones. S'* Benzo et Herod nihilo cum eo melius quam si quis Cicutam, j Fer. Cortesius, lib. novus orbis inscrip. ^^Ling. Aconiturn, &c. -& Expedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 3. coften, c. 56. Palmse instar tolius orbis arbortbut lor'eisium herbarum el olerum, apud Sinas quam longe prKsiantior. 19 N — IP 146 Retention and Evacuation^ Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. FiiUs, meat and dHnk, fire, fuel, apparel ; with his leaves, oil, vinegar, cover for houses, &c., and yet these men going naked, feeding coarse, live commonly a hun- dred years, are seldom or never sick ; all which diet our physicians forbid. In West- phalia they feed most part on fat meats and vvourts, knuckle deep, and call it ^^cerc- brum lovis : in the Low Countries with roots, in Italy frogs and snails are used. The Turks, saith Busbequius, delight most in fried meats. In Muscovy, garlic and onions are ordinary meat and sauce, which would be pernicious to such as are unaccustomed io them, delightsome to others ; and all is ^'because they have been brought up unto •t. Husbandmen, and such as labour, can eat fat bacon, salt gross meat, hard cheese, &c., (0 dura viessoruin ilia)., coarse bread at all times, go to bed and labour upon a full stomach, which to some idle persons would be present death, and is against the rules of physic, so that custom is all in all. Our travellers find this by conmion ex- perience when they come in far .countries, and use their diet, they are suddenly offended,^^ as our Hollanders and Englishmen when they touch upon the coasts of Africa, those Indian capes and islands, are commonly molested with calentures, fluxes, and much distempered by reason of their fruits. ^^Pcrcgrina^ el si suavia, Solent vescentihus perturbationes insignes adfcrre^ strange meats, thougli pleasant, cause notable alterations and distempers. On the other side, use or custom miti- gates or makes all good again. Mithridates by often use, which Pliny wonders at, was able to drink poison ; and a maid, as Curtius records, sent to Alexander from K. Porus, was brought up with poison from her infancy. The Turks, saith Bello- nius, lib. 3. c. 15, eat opium familiarly, a drachm at once, wliich Ave dare not take in grains. '*°Garcius ab Horto writes of one whom he saw at Goa in the East Indies, that took ten drachms of opium in three days ; and yet consultb loquehalur., spake understandingly, so much can custom do. ""Theophrastus speaks of a shepherd that could eat hellebore in substance. And therefore Cardan concludes out of Galen. |' Consuetudinem utcunque fercndam^ nisi valde malam. Custom is howsoever to be , kept, except it be extremely bad : he adviseth all men to keep their old customs, and |f that by tlie authority of ""^Hippocrates himself, Dandum aJiquid tejiipori^ cetafi^ re- h gioni^ consuetudini^ and therefore to ^''continue as they began, be it diet, bath, exer- ^i cise, &c., or whatsoever else. if j Another exception is delight, or appetite, to such and such meats : though they N be hard of digestion, melancholy ; yet as Fuchsius excepts, cap. 6. lib. 2. Instit. sect. 2, f ,^ *'*"The stomach doth readily digest, and willingly entertain such meats we love 'U most, and are pleasing to us, abhors on the other side such as we distaste." Which '; ' Hippocrates confirms, Aphoris. 2. 38. Some cannot endure cheese, out of a secret •: antipathy ; or to see a roasted duck, which to others is a ^^delightsome meat. J The last exception is necessity, poverty, want, hunger, wliich drives men many times to do that which otherwise they are loth, cannot endure, and thankfully to accept of it : as beverage in ships, and in sieges of great cities, to feed on dogs, cats. ''. rats, and men themselves. Three outlaws in '^'^ Hector Boethius, being driven to their * ) shifts, did eat raw flesh, and flesh of such fowl as the}' could catch, in one of the •. j Hebrides for some few months. These things do mitigate or disannul that which ii 1 hath been said of melancholy meats, and make it more tolerable ; but to such as are i': \ wealthy, live plenteously, at ease, may take their choice, and refrain if they will. L ! these viands are to be forborne, if they be inclined to, or suspect melancholy, as 'i. they tender their healths: Otherwise if they be intemperate, or disordered in then ;?; ! diet, at their peril be it. Qui monet amat^ Ave et cave. He who advises is your friend \ Farewell, and to your health attend. ; I SuBSECT. IV. — Retention and Kvacuation a cause, and koto. \: 1 Of retention and evacuation, there be divers kinds, which are either concomitant, il? J assisting, or sole causes many times of melancholy. ''^ Galen reduceth defect and « •' , abundance to this head ; others ''^" All that is separated, or remains." i Lips, epist. 3'Teneris apsuescere mnltnm. >** Repentinse niutationes noxani pariunt. Hippocrat. 'Aphorism. 21. Epist. 6. sect. 3. Brueriiius, lib. 1. cap. 23. Simpl. med. c. 4, 1. 1. ^'Heurnius, 1. 3. c. 19. prax. med. ^^ Aphoris. 17. In •uubiis conguetudtnem sequatur adolescens, et inceplis perseveret. ^^ Qni cnm voluptate assumuntiir cihl ventriculus avidius complectitnr, expeditiiisqiie coi; coqnit, et qu.^ displicent aversatur. ''" Noth'riy against a good sfomarh, as 'he sayini/ is. '*s Lib Hist. Scot. 4"30. artis. ^» Qua ■' Sanguineni densat, et huMiores, P. 1. c 13. ^\.\h. 3. cap. 3. ^LiJ,. de quartana. Ex acre anibiente contrahitur luii'ior nielancholicus. ^'Qualis aer, talis spiriius- et cujusmodi spiritns, huniores o' yElianus IMoittal- tus, c. 11. calidus et siccus, frigidus et siccu.". paludj- nosus, crassns. «- Muita hie in Xenodochiis lana- ticorutn niillia qua; strictissiin6 catenata servantiir "^ Mb. ined. pari. 2. c. 19. Intellige, quod in calidis regionibus, frequenter accidit mania, in frigidis au- tem tarde. *« Lib. 2. '*»lIodopericon, cap. 7 2 ^^^^1^ 150 Causes of M:hitich)fij. [Part. 1. Sec Aiipi lia, and llie ^ Holy Land, where at some seasons of ti.e year is nothing but dusr^ their rivers (h-ied up, tlie air scorching hot, and earth infiamed; insomuch that man.y pilgrins gojng barefoot for devotion sake, from Joppa to Jerusalem upon the hoi sands, often rim mad, or else quite overwhelmed with sand, profundis arenis^ as m many parts of Africa, Arabia Deserta, Bactriana, now Charassan, when tiie west wind blows '^'hwoluli arcnls trans''unles necanliir. ^"^ Hercules de Saxonia, a professor in Venice, gives this cause why so many Venetian women are melancholy, Quad diu sub sole dcgan!y they tarry too long in the sun. Montanus, consil. 21, amongst other causes assigns this ; Why that Jew Jiis patient was mad, Quod tammulhimexposuit se calorl tt frigori : he exposed himself so much to heat and cold, and for that reason in Venice, there is little stirring in those brick paved streets in summer about noon, they are most part then asleep : as they are likewise in the great MogoPs countries, and all over the East Indies. At Aden in Arabia, as '"^ Lodovicus Vertomannus relates in his tra- vels, they keep their markets in the night, to avoid extremity of heat ; and in Ormus, like cattle in a pasture, people of all sorts lie up to the chin in water all daylong. At Braga in Portugal ; Burgos in Castile ; Messina in Sicily, all over Spain and Italy, their streets are most part narrow, to avoid the sunbeams. The Turks wear great turbans adfugandos solis radios, to refract the sunbeams ; and much inconvenience that hot air of Bantam in Java yields to our men, that sojourn there for traffic ; where it is so hot, '°°" that they that are sick of the pox, lie commonly bleaching in the sun, to dry up their sores." Such a complaint I read of those isles of Cape Verde, fourteen de- grees from the Equator, they do male audire : 'One calls them the unhealthiest clime of the world, for fluxes, fevers, frenzies, calentures, which conunonly seize on seafar- ing men that touch at them, and all by reason of a hot distemperature of the air. The hardiest men are oflended with this heat, and stiffest clowns cannot resist it, as Con- stantine affirms, JlgriculL I. 2. c. 45. They that are naturally born in such air, may not '^endure it, as Niger records of some part of Mesopotamia, now called Diarbecha Quihusdam in locis scEiiienti cEstiii adeo suhjecia esf^ut pleraque animalia fervor e solis et. coell extinguantur, 'tis so hot there in some places, that men of the country and cattle are killed with it ; and ^x^dricomius of Arabia Felix, by reason of myrrh, frank- incense, and hot spices there growing, the air is so obnoxious to their brains, Uiat the very inhabitants at some times cannot abide it, much less weaklings and strangers. "Amatus Lusitanus, cent. 1. curat. 45, reports of a young maid, that was one Vincent a currier'-s daughter, some thirteen years of age, that would wash her hair in the heat of the day (in July) and so let it dry in the sun, ^'•'to make it yellow, but by that means tarrying too long in the heat, she inflamed her head, and made herself mad." Cold air in the other extreme is almost as bad as hot, and so doth Montaltus esteem of it, c. 1 1, if it be dry withal, in those northern countries, the people are therefore generally dull, heavy, and many witclies, which (as I have before quoted) Saxo Gram- maticus, Olaus, Baptista Porta ascribe to melancholy. But these cold climes are more subject to natural melancholy (not this artificial) which is cold and dry : for Avhich cause ^Mercurius Britannicus belike puts melancholy men to inhabit just un- der the Pole. The worst of the three is a 'thick, cloudy, misty, foggy air, or such as come from fens, moorish grounds, lakes, muckhills, draughts, sinks, where any carcasses, or carrion lies, or from whence any stinking fulsome smell comes : Galen, Avicenna, Mercurialis, new and old physicians, hold that such air is unwholesome, and engenders melancholy, plagues, and what not .'' ^41exandretta, an haven-town in the Mediterranean Sea, Saint John de Ulloa, an haven in Nova-Hispania, are much' condemned for a bad air, so are Durazzo in Albania, Lithuania, Ditmarsh, Pomptinae Paludes in Italy, the territories about Pisa, Ferrara, &c. Romney Marsh with us ; the Hundreds in Essex, the fens in Lincolnshire. Cardan, de rerum varietate., I. 17, c. 96, finds fault with the sight of those rich, and most populous cities in the Low Coun ■ 3C Apulia aestivo calnre inaxim6 fervet, ita ul ante fiiicni iMiiii |)eiie exiista sit. ^''-Tliey perish in clniids of sand " iMajrinns Pers. '•* Pantheo seu V\:\(\. riitd. 1. 1. cap. 16. Vennt^ mulieres qua; din i.n!i side viviint. aliqiiando iiielancliolicie evadiini. "'N.ivi!;. lib. 2 cap. 4. conimercia nocte, horasecurida *'>li niniios, qui sa'viinit intoidiu a^&tus exercent. '■■'>•' M()rl)() Gallico Liborantes. exponnnt ad solein ut 'norl'iis exsiccenl. ' Sir Richard Hawkins in hu Observations, sect. 13. 2 Hippocrates, 3. Aphoris^ n)orum idem ait. ^ ije,,, Majiinus in Persia ' Descrip. Ter. sanctoE. ^Qnuin ad solis radios in leone iongam inoram traheret, ui cai)i]los slavo3 redderet, in maniani incidit. ^ ttnndiis alter et idem, sen Terra Australia inc-^niti' ^ Crassus et tuipidus agr, tristem eflicit animam. eConi« mon.y called Scandaroon in Asia Minor. Mem. 2 Subs. 6.] Bad Air^ a Cause. 151 tries, as Bruges, Client, Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, &c. the air is bad ; anu *o at Stockliolm ill Sweden; Kegiuin in Italy, Salisbury with us, Hull and Lynn: they may be comni/odious for navigation, this new kind of fortification, and many other good necessary uses ; but are they so wholesome .'' Old Rome hath descended from the hills to the valley, 'tis the site of most of our new cities, and held best to build in plains, to take the opportunity of rivers. Leander Albertus pleads hard for the air and site of Venice, though the black moorish lands appear at every low water : the sea, lire, and smoke (as he thinks) qualify the air; and ^some suppose, that a thick foggy air helps the memory, as in them of Pisa in Italy; and our Camden, out of Plato, commends the site of Cambridge, because it is so near tlie fens. But let the site of such places be as it may, how can they be excused that have a delicious seat, a pleasant air, and all that nature can afford, and yet through their own nastiness', and sluttishness, immund and sordid manner of life, suffer their air to putrefy, and themselves to be chocked up .^ Many cities in Turkey do male audire in this kind : Constantinople itself, where commonly carrion lies in the street. Some find the same fault in Spain, even in Madrid, the king's seat, a most excellent air, a pleasant site; but the inhabitants are slovens, and the streets uncleanly kept. A troublesome tempesun/us air is as bad as impure, rough and foul weather, im- petuous winds, cloudy darlc utiys, as it is commonly with us, Ccehim visu focdum^ '^Polydore calls it a filtliy sky, et in quo facile generantur nubes ; as TuUy's brother Quintus wrote to him in Rome, being then Quaestor in Britain. "■ In a thick and cloudy air (saith Lemnius) men are tetric, sad, and peevish : And if the western winds blow, and that there be a calm, or a tair sunshine day, there is a kind of alacrity in men's minds ; it cheers up men and beasts : but if it be a turbulent, rough, cloudy, stormy weatlier, men are sad, lumpish, and much dejected, angry, waspish, dull, and melancholy." This was "Virgil's experiment of old, Verum iil>i teiiipestas, et cceli inohilis luirnor I " Cut wlieii the face of Ileaven cliangcd is Miilavere vices, et Jiii»iter liumidus Austro, | To tem|)ests, rain, from season fair; Vertnntiir species aniinoruni, et |tectore niolus ] Our minds are altered, and in our breasts Ooncipiiint alios" | Forlhwitli some new conceits appear." And who is not weather-wise against such and such conjunctions of planets, moved in foul weather, dull and heavy in such tempestuous seasons ? ^-Qclidum contrisiat Aquarius annum : the time requires, and the autumn breeds it ; winter is like unto it, ugly, foul, squalid, the air works on all men, more or less, but especially on such as are melancholy, or inclined to it, as Lemnius holds, '^""They are most moved with it, and those which are already mad, rave downright, either in, or against a tempest. Besides, tlie devil many times lakes his opportunity of such storms, and when the humours by the air be stirred, he goes in with them, exagitates our spirits, and vexeth our souls ; as the sea waves, so are the spirits and humours in our bodies tossed with tempestuous winds and storms." To such as are melancholy therefore, Montanus, consil. 2 i, will have tempestuous and rough air to be avoided, and consil. 27, all night air, and would not have them to walk abroad, but in a pleasant day. Lemnius, /. 3. c. 3, discommends the south and eastern winds, commends the north. Montanus, consil. 31. "^' Will not any windows to be opened in the night." Consil. 229. et consil. 230, he discommends especially the south wind, and nocturnal air : So doth '^Plutarch. The night and darkness makes men sad, the like do all sub- terranean vaults, dark houses in caves and rocks, desert places cause melancholy in an instant, especially such as have not been used to it, or otherwise accustomed. Read more of air in Hippocrates, jEtius^ I. 3. a c. \7\. ad 175. Oribasius, del. ad 21. Avicen. I. I. can. Fen. 2. doc. 2. Fen. 1. c. 123 to the 12, &c. Subs EOT. VI. — Immoderate Exercise a cause^ and how. Solitariness^ Idleness. Nothing so good but it may be abused : nothing better than e^xercise (if oppor- tunely used) for the preservation of the body : nothing so bad if it be unseasonable, 9 Atlas geographicus inemoria, valent Pisani, quod 1 a6re citooffenduntnr, et miilti insariiapud Dcljias ante cra'ssiore fruanturaere. ^ol.ib. 1 liist. lib. 2. cap. 41. teinpestates sa-vinnt, aliter quieti. Spiritus qnoque A»;ra densa ac caliginosa tetrici homines exi.stunt, et a&ris et mali irenii aliqnando se tempestaiil)ns inee snbsiristes, et cap. 3. stante s(il)solano et Zepl)yro, ) runt, el nienti linmana' se latent(!r insiimanf oimnHU: maxima in mentibus hominnm alacrilas existit, men- vexant, exapitani, et ut ductus marini, liniuaiuim cor- tisque erectio ubi telum solis spiendore nitescit. Ma- pus ventis agitatur. '■• Aer noctu dcusaiiir, et cogii xima dejectio mserorque si qiiando aura caiijiinosa est. moestitiain. '*Lib. de Iside el (Isyride. "Geor. "ijor. '"Mens quibus vacillat, ab ^^ray??? LU HM. J iJ^iJi .» J- iuB li .-JUJJ. vL, 152 Causes of Melancholy. ^Part. 1. Sec. 2 violent, oi overmuch. Fernelius out of Galen, Path. lib. 1. c. 16, saith, '^"Tbal much exercise and weariness consumes the spirits and substance, refrigerates the body; and such humours which Nature would have otherwise concocted and ex- pelled, it stirs up and makes them rage : which being so enraged, diversely affect and trouble the body and mind." So doth it, if it be unseasonably used, upon a fuli stomach, or wben the body is full of crudities, which Fuchsius so much inveighs against, llh. 2. instil, sec. 2. c. 4, giving that for a cause, why school-boys in Ger- many are so often scabbed, because they use exercise presently after meats. '" Bayerus puts in a caveat against such exercise, because " it '^ corrupts the meat in the stomach, and carries the same juice raw, and as yet undigested, into the veins (saith I^mnius), which tliere putrefies and confounds the animal spirits." Crato, consil. 21. I. 2, '^ protests against all such exercise after meat, as being the greatest enemy to con- coction that may be, and cause of corruption of humours, which produce this, and many other diseases. Not without good reason then doth Salust. Salvianus, J. 2.c. I, and Leonartus Jacchinus, in 9. Rhasis., Mercuriaiis, Arcubanus, and many other, set down ^° immoderate exercise as a most forcible cause of melanclioly. Opposite to exercise is idleness (the badge of gentry) or want of exercise, the bane of body and mind, the nurse of naughtiness, stepmother of discipline, the chief author of all mischief, one of the seven deadly sins, and a sole cause of tliis and many other maladies, the devil's cushion, as ^'Gualter calls it, his pillow and chief reposal. '" For the mind can never rest, but still meditates on one thing or other, except it be occupied about some honest business, of his own accord it rusheth into melancholy. ^^As too much and violent exercise offends on the one side, so doth an idle life on the other (saith Crato), it fills the body full of phlegm, gross humours, and all manner of obstructions, rheums, catarrhs," &.c. Rhasis, conf. lib. 1. tract. 9, accounts of it as the greatest cause of melancholy. ^"I have often seen (saith he) that idleness begets this humour more than anything else." Montaltus, c. 1, seconds him out of his experience, ^^ " They that are idle are far more subject to melancholy than such as are conversant or employed about any office or business." ^'Plutarch reckons up idleness for a sole cause of the sickness of the soul : '^ There are they (saith he) troubled in mind, that have no other cause but this." Homer, Iliad. 1, Jbrings in Achilles eating of his own heart in his idleness, because he might not fight. Mercuriaiis, consil. 86, for a melancholy young man urgeth,^®it as a chief cause ; why was he melancholy .'' because idle. Nothing begets it sooner, inci-easeth and conti- nueth it oftener than idleness.^' A disease familiar to all idle persons, an inseparable companion to such as live at ease, Pingiu otio desidiose agentes., a life out of action, and have no calling or ordinary employment to busy themselves about, that have small occasions ; and though they have, such is their laziness, dulness, they will not compose themselves to do aught ; they cannot abide work, though it be necessary ; easy as to dress themselves, write a letter, or the like ; yet as he that is benumbed with cold sits still shaking, that might relieve himself with a little exercise or stiri-ing, do they complain, but will not use the facile and ready means to do themselves good ; and so are still tormented with melancholy. Especially if they have been formerly brought up to business, or to keep much company, and upon a sudden come to lead a sedentary life ; it crucifies their souls, and seizeth on them in an instant ; for whilst they are any ways employed, in action, discourse, about any business, sport or re- creation, or in company to their liking, they are very well ; but if alone :>r idle, tormented instantly again ; one day's solitariness, one hour's sometimes, doth them '6MuIta defatjffatio, spiritus, viriiimque snbstantiam I poris exercitatio nocet corporibus, ita vita deses, e' exhaniit, et corpus refiigerat. Huinores corriiptos qui | otiosa : otmtii, animal pituitosuni rediJit, viscerum aliter i natura concoqni et doiiiari possint, et deinum obstructiones et crebras fluxiones, et iriorbos concital Maiid6 excludi, irriiat, et quasi in furorem ajiit, qui ^a Et vide quod una de rebus quae uiajiis general me- poslea niota cainerina, tetro vapore corpus vari6 la- lancholiam, est otiositas. ■''« Reponitur otium a». eessuni, aniuiuinque. "In Veni mecuin : Libro sic aliis causa, et hoc ft nobis observatum eos huic malo ir;scriplo. "^Instit. ad vit. Christ, cap. 44. cibns maL'is obnoxios qui plane otiosi sunt, quam eos qir crudos in vena.s rapit, qui putresctntes illic spiritus aliquo niunere versantur exequendo. -'DeTran- animalis inficiunt. '"Crudi haec hunioris copia per qui!, aiiimae. Sunt qua ipsuni otium in animi conjicix Tenas a Jucunda reruin curialis, &c. «) Aquibus malum, veliit 4 primaria | prsRsentium, prffiteritarum, et futurarum meditatio. Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness^ a Cause. 155 their vain conceits are, that they hinder their ordinary tasks and necessary business, they cannot address themselves to them, or ahuost to any study or employment, these fantastical and bewitching thoughts so covertly, so feelingly, so urgently, so continually set upon, creep in, insinuate, possess, overcome, distract, and detain them, they cannot, I say, go about their more necessary business, stave off or extricate themselves, but are ever musing, melancholizing, and carried along, as he (they say) tliat is led round about a heath with a Puck in the niglit, they run earnestly on in this labyrinth of anxious and solicitous melancholy meditations, and cannot well or willingly refrain, or easily leave off, winding and unwinding themselves, as so many clocks, and still ]4easing their humours, until at last the scene is turned upon a sud- den, by some bad object, and they being now habituated to such vain meditations and solitary places, can endure no company, can ruminate of nothing but harsh and distasteful subjects. Fear, sorrow, suspicion, subrusticus pudor, discontent, cares, and weariness of life surprise them in a moment, and they can think of nothing else, continually suspecting, no sooner are their eyes open, but this infernal plague ot melancholy seizeth on them, and terrifies their souls, representing some dismal ob- ject to their minds, whicli now by no means, no labour, no persuasions they can avoid, hceref lateri lethalis arundo, (the arrow of death still remains in the side), they may not be rid of it, ^^they cannot resist. I may not deny but that there is some profitable meditation, contemplation, and kind of solitariness to be embraced, which the fathers so highly commended, '*^Hierom, Chrysostom, Cyprian, Austin, in whole tracts, which Petrarch, Erasmus, Stella, and others, so much magnify in their books ; a paradise, a heaven on earth, if it be used aright, good for the body, and belter for the soul : as many of those old monks used it, to divine contemplations, as Simulus, a courtier in Adrian's time, Dioclesian the emperor, retired themselves, Sec, in that sense, Fafia solus scit vivere^ Vatia lives alone, which the Romans were wont to sav, when they commended a country life. Or to the bettering of their -knowledge, as Democritus, Cleanthes, and those excellent philosophers have ever done, to sequester themselves from the tumultuous world, or as in Pliny's villa Lau- rentana, Tully's Tusculan, Jovius' study, that they might better vacare sfudiis et Deo^ serve God, and follow their studies. iVlethinks, therefore, our too zealous innovators were not so well advised in that general subversion of abbeys and religious houses, promiscuously to fling down all ; they might have taken away those gross abuses crept in amongst them, rectified such inconveniences, and not so far to have raved and raged against those fair buildings, and everlasting monuments of our forefathers' devotion, consecrated to pious uses ; some monasteries and collegiate cells might have been well spared, and their revenues otherwise employed, here and there one, in good towns or cities at least, for men and women of all sorts and conditions to live in, to sequester themselves from the cares and tumults of the world, that were not desirous, or fit to marry ; or otherwise willing to be troubled with common affairs, and know not well where to bestow themselves, to live apart in, for more con- veniency, good education, better company sake, to follow their studies (I say), to the perfection of arts and sciences, common good, and as some truly devoted monks of old had done, freely and truly to serve God. For these men are neitlier solitary, nor idle, as the poet made answer to the husbandman in ^sop, that objected idle- ness to him ; he was never so idle as in his company ; or that Scipio Africanus in '^Tuily, JVunquam minus solus., quam cum solus; nunquam minus otiosus^ quam quum essei otiosus; never less solitary, than when he was alone, never more busy, than when he seemed to be most idle. It is reported by Plato in his dialogue de Jlmore^ m that prodigious commendation of Socrates, how a deep meditation coming into Socrates' mind by chance, he stood still musing, eodem vestigio cogitahundus, from morning to noon, and when as then he had not yet finished his meditation, pcrstabat cogjlans., he so continued till the evening, the soldiers (for he then followed the camp) observed him with admiration, and on set purpose watched all night, but he persevered immoveable ad exhortim snlis^ till the sun rose in the morning, and then Facilis descensus Averni : Sed revocarp gradum, I solum scorpionibus infectutn, sacco amictiis, hiimf erasque evadere ad auras. Hie labor, hoc opus est. | Cubans, aqua et herbis victitans, Romania prffiuilil euperasque ev; , , , ^ , ,. ^}^"-. ^^Hieronimns, ep. 72. dixit oppida et urbes j deliciis'. ^ «Offic. 3. videri sibi tetros carceres, solittidinem Paradisuin : 1 56 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 . Sec. 2, Kaluling the sun, went his ways. In what humuur constant Socrates did thus, f know not, or how he might be affected, but this would be pernicious to another man; what intricate business might so really possess him, I cannot easily guess; bul this is otiosum otium, it is far otherwise with these men, according to Seneca, Omnia nobis mala solitudo persuadet ; this solitude midoeih us., pugnat cum vita sociali; Ws a destructive solitariness. These men are devils alone, as the saying is, Homo solus aut Deus^ aut DiEmon: a man alone, is either a saint or a devil, mens ejus aut lan- guescit, aut tumescit ; and '^'"Vce soli in this sense, woe be to him that is so alone. These wretches do frequently degenerate from men, and of sociable creatures be- come beasts, monsters, inhumane, ugly to behold, Misantliropi; they do even loathe themselves, and hate the company of men, as so many Timons, Nebuchadnezzars, by too much indulging to these pleasing humours, and through their own default. So that which Mercurialis, consil. 11, sometimes expostulated with his melancholy patient, may be justly applied to every solitary and idle person in particular. "^^JVa- iura de te videtur conqueri posse^ &c. "Nature may justly complain of thee, that whereas she gave thee a good wholesome temperature, a sound body, and God hath given thee so divine and excellent a soul, so many good parts, and profitable gifls, thou hast not only contemned and rejected, but hast corrupted them, polluted them, overthrown their temperature, and perverted those gifts with riot, idleness, solitari- ness, and many other ways, thou art a traitor to God and nature, an enemy to thy- self and to the world." Perditio tua ex te; thou hast lost thyself wilfully, cast away thyself, " thou thyself art the efficient cause of thine own misery, by not resist- ing such vain cogitations, but giving way unto them." —Sub SECT. VII. — Sleeping and Wakings Causes. What I have formerly said of exercise, I may now repeat of sleep. Nothing better than moderate sleep, nothing worse than it, if it be in extremes, or unseasonably used. It is a received opinion, that a melancholy man cannot sleep overmucli; Somnus supra modum prodest, as an only antidote, and nothing offends them more, or causeth this malady sooner, than waking, yet in some cases sleep may do more harm than good, in that phlegmatic, swinish, cold, and sluggish melancholy which Melancthon speaks of, that thinks of waters, sighing most part, &c. ■•' It dulls the spirits, if overmuch, and senses ; fills the head full of gross humours ; causeth dis- tillations, rheums, great store of excrements in the brain, and all the other parts, as *^Fuchsius speaks of them, that sleep like so many dormice. Or if it be used in the day-time, upon a full stomach, the body ill-composed to rest, or after hard meats, it increaseth fearful dreams, incubus, night walking, crying out, and much unquietness; such sleep prepares the body, as ""^one observes, " to many perilous diseases." But, as I have said, waking overmuch, is both a symptom, and an ordinary cause. It causeth dryness of the brain, frenzy, dotage, and makes the body dry, lean, hard, and ugly to behold," as ^°Lemnius hath it. "The temperature of the brain is cor- rupted by it, the humours adust, the eyes made to sink into the head, choler in- creased, and the whole body inflamed :" and, as may be added out of Galen, 3. de sanitate tuendo., Avicenna 3. I. ^'"It overthrows the natural heat, it causeth crudi- ties, hurts concoction," and what not ? Not without good cause therefore Crato, consil. 21. lib.2\ Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de delir.et JVfawia, Jacchinus, Arculanus on Jlhasis, Guianerius and Mercurialis, reckon up this overmuch waking as a principal cause. ^•'•Eccl. 4. '"'Natura de te videtur conqueri posse, parat corpus talis somnus ad mnltas periculosas fejrri- quod cum ab ea temperatissimnni corpus adeptus sis, tudines. ^Instil. »d vitam optinrwni, cap. *26. cere- tarn pra^clarum i Ueo ac utile donum, non contemp- bro siccitatem adfert, phrenesin et delirium, corpus Bisti uiodo, verum corrupisti, sedasti, prodidisti. opti- aridum facit, squalidum, slrigosum, liumores adurit, mam teinperaturam otio, crapula, et aliis vitK errori- temperamentum cerebri corrumpit, maciem inducit • bus, &c. <^ Path. lib. cap. 17. Fernel. corpus exsiccal corpus, bilem accendit, profundos reddit ocu- i'lfrigidat, on)nes sens)is, meutisque vires torpore de- los, calorem augit. *' Naturalem calorem dis?ipat 'jilitat. ^f" Lib. 2. sect. 2. cap 4. Magnam excre- la?sa concoctione cruditates facit. Altenuant j'i«r liieritorum vim cerebro et aliis partibus conservat. num vigUuta; corpora nodes. '•"Jo. Rtiziuf, lib. de rebus non naturalibus. Pis- Mem. Ji. Subs. 1.] Per iurhai ions of the Mind. 151 MEMB. III. Sub SECT. I. — Passions and Perturhaiions of the Mind, hoiv they cause Melancholy As that gymnosopnist in ^^ Plutarch made answer to Alexander (demanding whicl spake best), Every one of his fellows did speak better than the other : so may 1 say of these causes ; to him that shall require which is the greatest, every one is more previous than other, and this of passion tli^ greatest of all. A most frequent and ordinary cause of melancholy, ^fiiJmen perturb ationum (Piccolomineus calls it) thjs tliunder and lightning of perturbation, which causeth such violent and speedy altera- tions in this our microcosm, and many times subverts the good estate and tempera- ture of it. For as the body works upon the mind by his bad humours, troubling the spirits, sending gross fumes into the brain, and so per consequens disturbing the soul, ancj all the faculties of it, Corpus OBiistum, Hesterriis vitiis animuin q^oqiie prsBgravat una," with fear, sorrow, &c., which are ordinary symptoms of this disease : so on the other side, the mind most effectually works upon thee body, producing by his passions and perturbations miraculous alterations, as melancholy, despair, cruel diseases, and sometimes death itself Insomuch that it is most true which Plato saith in his Charmides, omnia corporis mala ah animd procedere ; all the '° mischiefs of the body proceed from the soul : and Democritus in "'^ Plutarch urgeth, Damnatam iri animam a corpore, if the body should in this behalf bring an action against the soul, surely the soul would be cast and convicted, that by her supine negligence had caused such inconveniences, having authority over the body, and using it for an instrument, as a smith doth his hammer (saith ^'Cyprian), imputing all those vices and maladies to the mind. Even so doth ^*^Philostratus, won coinquinatur corpus, nisi conscnsuanimcE ; the body is not corrupted, but by the soul. Lodovicus Vives will have such turbu- lent comm.otions proceed from ignorance and indiscretion.^^ All philosophers im- • ute the miseries of the body to the soul, that should have governed it better, by Tommand of reason, and hath not done it. Tlie Stoics are altogether of opinion (as ^°Lipsius and ^' Piccolomineus record), that a wise man should be aTraG^,-, without all manner of passions and perturbations whatsoever, as ^^ Seneca reports of Calo, the ''^Greeks of Socrates, and ^^lo. Aubanus of a nation in Africa, so free from passion, or rather so stupid, that if they be wounded with a sword, they will only look back. ^'Lactantius, 2 instit., will exclude " fear from a wise man:" others except all, some the greatest passions. But let them dispute how they will, set down in Tliesi, give precepts to the contrary; we find that of ^^Lemnius true by common experience '' No mortal man is free from these perturbations : or if he be so, sure he is either god, or a block. They are born and bred with us, we have them from our parents by inheritance. Jl parentibus habemus malum hunc assem, saith ^^Pelezius, JYascitur una nobiscum, aliturque, 'tis propagated from Adam, Cain was melancholy, ^^as Austin hath it, and who is not } Good discipline, education, philosophy, divinity ( I cannot deny), may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at son^e times, but most part they domineer, and are so violent, ^^that as a torrent (torrens velut oggere rupto) bears down all before, and overflows his banks, sternit agros, sternit sata, (lays waste the fields, prostrates the crops,) they overwhelm reason, judgment, and pervert the temperature of the body ; Fertur '^equis auriga, nee audit currus habenas. Now such a man (saith ^'Austin) " that is so led, in a wise man's eye, is no better than he that stands upon his head. It is doubted by some, Gravioresne morbi a perturbationibus, an ab humoribus, whether humours or perturbations cause 5'^ Vita Alexan. esQrad. 1. c. 14. s'llor. "The body oppressed by yesterday's vices weighs down the spirit also." s^Perturbaiiones clavi sunt, qiiibus corpori animus seu paiibulo atiijritur. Jamb, de mist. ^^Lib. de sanitat. tuend. ^7 Pro- log, de virtute Christi ; Qute utilur corpore, ut faber iii..!leo. 56 Vila Apollonij, lib. 1. s'^Lib. de anini. ab inconsiderantia, el ignorantia omnes animi motus. 60 De Physiol. Stoic. eiQrad. 1. c. 3'i. »^Epist. 104 63^Iianus. «4 i.ib. 1. cap. 6. si quisense percusserit eos, fantum respiciunt. 6"' Ter- ror in sapiente esse non debet. '^'^ De occult nat. mir. 1. 1. c. Ifi. Nemo mortaiium qui aflectibus non ducatur: qui non movetur, aut saxum, aut Deus est. "Instit. 1. 2. de Jiumanorum affect, morborumque curat. eg Epjst. lO."). t'JGranatensis. 'oVirg 71 l)e civit. Dei. 1. 14. c. 9. tjualis in oculis hominum qui iiiversis pedibus ambulat, talis in oculis sapientumj cui passiones dominantur. o 158 Causes oj Melancholy. [Pail. 1. Sect. 2. Jie iiiore grievous maladies. But we find that of our Saviour, Mat. xxvi. 41, most irue, '^The spirit is willing, the flesh is weak," we cannot resist; and this of '^Philo Judneus, " Perturbations often offend the body, and are most frequent causes of melancholy, turning it out of the hinges of his health." Vives compares them to '^'•' Winds upon the sea, some only move as those great gales, but others turbulent quite overturn the ship. Those which are light, easy, and more seldom, to our thinking, do us little harm, and are therefore contemned of us : yet if tliey be re- iterated, '^"as the rain (saith Austin) doth a stone, so do these perturbations pene- trate the mind : "and (as one observes) ''produce a habit of melancholy at tlie last, which having gotten the mastery in our souls, may well be called diseases. How these passions produce tliis effect, '*^Agrippa hath handled at large, Occult. Philos. I. 11. c. 63. Cardan, I. 14. subtil. Lemnius, I. 1. c. 12, de occult, nat. m'lr. ei lib. 1. cap. 16. Suarez, Met. disput. 18. sect. 1. art. 25. T. Bright, cap. 12, of hio Melancholy Treatise. Wright the Jesuit, in his Book of the Passions of the Mind., &c. Thus in brief, to our imagination cometh by the outward sense or memory, some object to be known (residing in the foremost part of the brain), which he mis- conceiving or amplifying presently communicates to the heart, the seat of all affec- tions. The pure spirits forthwith floT^k from the brain to the heart, by certain secret channels, and signify what good or bad object was presented; '''which immediately bends itself to prosecute, or avoid it; and withal, draweth with it other humours to help it : so in pleasure, concur great store of purer spirits ; in sadness, much melan- choly blood ; in ire, choler. If the imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and violent, it sends great store of spirits to, or from the heart, and makes a deeper im- pression, and greater tumult, as the humours in tlie body be likewise prepared, and the temperature itself ill or well disposed, the passions are longer and stronger; so that the first step and fountain of ail our grievances in this kind, is '^^Ursa Imagination which misinforming the heart, causeth all these distemperatures, alteration and confu- sion of spirits and humours. By means of which, so disturbed, concoction is hindered, and the principal parts are much debilitated ; as '^Dr. Navarra well declared, being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humours increased, crudities and thick spirits engendered with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense and motion ; so we look upon a thing, and see it not ; hear, and observe not ; which otherwise would much affect us, had we been free. I may therefore conclude with ^^Arnoldus, Maxima vis est jihantasitE., et huic unl fere^ non autem corporis intem- periei., omnis melancholicB causa est ascribenda : '' Great is the force of imagination, and much more ought the cause of melancholy to be ascribed to this alone, than to the distemperature of the body." Of which imagination, because it hath so great a stroke in producing this malady, and is so powerful of itself, it will not be im- proper to my discourse, to make a brief digression, and speak of the force of it, and how it causeth this alteration. Which manner of digression, howsoever some dis- like, as frivolous and impertinent, yet I am of ^'Beroaldus's opinion, "Such digres- sions do miglitily delight and refresh a weary reader, they are like sauce to a bad stomach, and I do therefore most willingly use them." SuBSECT. II. — Of the Force of Imagination. What imagination is, I have sufficiently declared in my digression of the anatomy of the soul. I will only now point at the wonderful effects and power of it ; which. '2 Lib. de Decal. passiones tnaxime corpus offenditnt et animain, et freqiientissimfe causae melancholue, dimoventes ah ingenio et sanitate pristina, 1. 3. de anima. "Frienaet stimuli aniini, velut in mari iiuiedam aurje leves, quEedaiii placidce, qiLTedam tur- l)ulerj!c : sic in corpora quaRdani affectiones excitant tantuiii, quaedam ita movent, ut de statu judicii depel- lant. '"lUtgutta lapidem, sic paulatim hae pene- the countenance to good or evil, and distraction o the mind causeth distemperature of the hody.' "'Spiritus etsan'iuis i la;sa imaginationo contaminan- tur, humores enim mutati actiones animi iinmutant, I'iso. '^ Montani, consil. 22. Haj vero quomodo caiisent melancholiam, darum ; et quod cortro'tionein impediant, et membra principalla debiliient ^oBre- viar. 1. 1. cap. 18. «' Solent iiujusmodi esresaiont"? trant animum. '& llsu valentes recta morhi animi favorabiliter oblectare. et lectorem la.ssuin jucunde vocantur. •^eimaginatio movet corpus, ad cujus refovere, stomachumque nauseamem, quodam quan' inotum excitantur humores. et spiritus vitales, quibus condimento reficere, et ego libenter excurro. aUeiitur. " Eccies. xiii. 26. "The heart alters I Mom. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Force of Imagination. 1 59 as it is eminent in all, so most especially it rageth in melancholy persons, in keep- ing tlie species of Gbjecls so long, mistaking, amplifying them by continual anti ^^ strong meditation, until at length it produceth in some parties real effects, rauseth this, and many other maladies. And although this phantasy of ours be a subordinate faculty to reason, and should be ruled by it, yet in many men, through inward or outward distemperatures, defect of organs, which are unapt, or otherwise (!oiitami- nated, it is likewise unapt, or hindered, and hurt. This we see verified in sleepers, whicli by reason of humours and concourse of vapours troubling the phantasy, ima- gine many times absurd and prodigious things, and in such as are troubled with incubus, or witch-ridden (as we call it), if they lie on their backs, they suppose an old woman rides, and sits so hard upon them, that they are almost stifled for want of breath; when there is nothing offends, but a concourse of bad humours, which trouble the phantasy. This is likewise evident in such as walk in the niglit in their sleep, and do strange feats : ^^ these vapours move the phantasy, the phantasy the appe- tite, wdiich moving the animal spirits causeth the body to walk up and down as if they were awake. Fracast. /. 3. dc intellect, refers all ecstasies to this force of imagi- nation, such as lie whole days together in a trance : as that priest whom ^^Celsus speaks of, that could separate himself from liis senses when he list, and lie like a dead man, void of life and sense. Cardan brags of himself, that he could do as much, and that when he list. Many times such men when they come to them- selves, tell strant^e things of heaven and hell, what visions they have seen ; as that St. Owen, in Matthew Paris, that went into St. Patrick's purgatory, and the monk o^ Evesham in the same author. Those common apparitions in Bede and Gregory, Saint Bridget's revelations, Wier. Z. 3. de lam'ds^ c. 11. Caesar Vanninus, in his Dia- logues, &c. reduceth (as I have formerly said), with all those tales of witches' progresses, dancing, riding, transformations, operations, &c. to the force of ^imagi- nation, and the ^'^ devil's illusions. The like effects almost are to be seen in such as are awake : how many chimeras, antics, golden mountains and castles in the air do they build unto themselves ? I appeal to painters, mechanicians, mathematicians. Some ascribe all vices to a false and corrupt imagination, anger, revenge, lust, am- bition, covetousness, which prefers falsehood before that which is right and good, deluding the soul with false shows and suppositions. ^"^Bernardus Penottus w^ill have heresy and superstition to proceed from this fountain; as he falsely imagineth, so he believeth ; and as he conceiveth of it, so it must be, and it shall be, contra genfes^ he will have it so. But most especially in passions and affections, it shows strange and evident effects : what will not a fearful man conceive in the dark ? What strange forms of bugbears, devils, witches, goblins ? Lavater imputes the greatest cause of spectrums, and the like apparitions, to fear, which above all other passions begets the strongest imagination (saith ^^Wierus), and so likewise love, sorrow, joy, k.c. Some die suddenly, as she that saw her son come from the battle at Cannns, &c. Jacob tlie patriarch, by force of imagination, made speckled lambs, laying speckled rods before his sheep. Persina, that iEtliiopian queen in Heliodorus, by seeing the picture of Persius and Andromeda, instead of a blackamoor, was brought to bed of a fair white child. In imitation of whom belike, a hard-favoured fellow in Greece, be- cause he and his wife were both deformed, to get a good brood of children, Elegan- tissi7nas imagines inthalamo collocavit^ &c. hung the fairest pictures he could buy for money in his chamber, '^ That his wife by frequent sight of them, might conceive and bear such children." And if we may believe Bale, one of Pope Nicholas the Third's concubines by seeing of ^^a bear was brought to bed of a monster. "• If a, woman (saith ^'^Lemnius), at the time of her conception think of another man present v,i ab- sent, the child will be like him." Great-bellied women, when they long, yield us prodigious examples in this kind, as moles, warts, scars, harelips, monsters, especially «2 Ab imacinatione oriuiitur affertinnes, quihiis ani- vero earjini sine sensu permanent, quae umbra coopp- nia componitiir, ant turbata dettirhatnr, .lo. Sarishnr. rit diabohis, nl nnlli sint conspiciia, et post, umbra Malnl() Plures sanat in quern plures confidunt. lib. de sapU etsniriiuum motum infert, unde vario affectu rapitur | entia. »Marcelius Ficinus, i. 13. c. 18. de theolog •an^ruis, ac una. moibificas causas partibus affeclis , Platonica. Iinaginatio est tanquiira Proteus vcl Cha- eripit. ''Lib. 3. c. 18. de praestig. Ut impia ere- maeleon, corpus proprium et alienum notinunquam dulitatequis la-ditur, sic et levari eundem credibile est, afficiens. ''Cur oscitantes oscitont, Wierud usuque observatum. " .^gri persuasio et fiducia, I lo T. W. Jesuit, onini arii et consilio et medicinse prseferenda. Avicen. ' 21 o 2 1 62 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 Sec. U elever., six ir the coveting-, and five in the invading. Aristotle rediicetli all to plea- sure and pain, Plalo to love and hatred, " Vives to good and bad. If good, it is pre- sent, and then we absolutely joy and love; or to come, and tlien we desire and hope lor it. If evil, we absolute hate it ; if present, it is by sorrow •, if to come fear. These four passions '^ Bernard compares '•'• to the wheels of a chariot, by which we are car- ried in this world." All other passions are subordinate unto these four, or six, as some will: love, joy, desire, hatred, sorrow, fear; the rest, as anger, envy, emula-. tion, pride, jealousy, anxiety, mercy, shame, discontent, despair, ambition, avarice, &c., are reducible unto the first; and if they be immoderate, they '^consume the spirits, and melancholy is especially caused by them. Some few discreet men theit are, that can govern themselves, and curb in these inordinate affections, by religion, philosophy, and such divine precepts, of meekness, patience, and the like; but most part for want of government, out of indiscretion, ignorance, they sufTer themselves wholly to be led by sense, and are so far from repressing rebellious inclinations, that they give all encouragement unto them, leaving the reins, and using all provocations to further them : bad by nature, worse by art, discipline, '^custom, education, and a perverse will of their own, tiiey follow on, wheresoever their unbridled affections will transport them, and do more out of custom, self-will, than out of reason. Con- tumax voluntas^ as Melancthon calls it, malum fact t : this stubborn will of ours per- verts judgment, which sees and knows what sliould and ought to be uone, and yet vail not do it. Mancipla gulce^ slaves to their several lusts and appetite, they pre- cipitate and plunge '^themselves into a labyrinth of cares, blinded wiih lust, blinded with ambition ; "'*•'" They seek that at God's hands which they may give unto them- selves, if they could but refrain from those cares and perturbations, wherewith they continually macerate their minds." But giving way to these violent passions of fear, grief, shame, revenge, hatred, malice, Stc, they are torn in pieces, as Actaeon was with his dogs, and '' crucify their own souls. SuBSECT. IV. — Sorrow a Cause of Melancholy. Sorrow. Insanus dolor.] Ix this catalogue of passions, which so much torment the soul of man, and cause this malady, (for 1 will briefly speak of them all, and in their order,) the first place in this irascible appetite, may justly be challenged by sorrow. An inseparable companion, '^'•'•The mother and daughter of melancholy, her epitome, , symptom, and chief cause :" as Hippocrates hath it, they beget one another, and tread in a ring, for sorrow is both cause and symptom of this disease. How it is a symp- tom shall be shown in its place. That it is a cause all the world acknowledgeth. Dolor nonnuUis insanice causa fidt., et aliorum morborum insanabilium, saith Plutarch to Apollonius ; a cause of madness, a cause of many other diseases, a sole cause of this mischief,- '^Lemnius calls it. So doth Rhasis, conf. L 1. tracL 9. Guinerius, Tract. 15. c. 5. And if it take root once, it ends in despair, as ^Fuelix Plater ob- serves, and as in ^'Cebes' table, may well be coupled with it. ^^Chrysostom, in his seventeenth epistle to Olympia, describes it to be " a cruel torture of the soul, a most inexplicable grief, poisoned worm, consuming body and soul, and gnawing the very heart, a perpetual executioner, continual night, profound darkness, a whirlwind, a tempest, an ague not appearing, heating worse than any fire, and a battle that hath no end. It crucifies worse than any tyrant ; no torture, no strappado, no bodily punish- 11 3. de Anima. '2Ser. 35. Hje qnatiior passiones boles atri liumoris sunt, et in circiihim se procreant. •unttanquam rottein curru,quibus veliiniur hoc iiiundo. Hip. Aplioris. 23. 1. fi. Idem Montultus, ^.ip. 19. Vie- "•3Hanim qiiippe inimoderatione, spiritus inarcesciint. lorius Faventinus, pract. iinag. '•' Multi ex injerore Feme!. 1. 1. I'aih. c 18. •' Mala corisuetudiiie depra- et inetu htic delapsi sunt. Lemn., lib. 1. cap. 1ft. vatur ingeiiium ne bene faciat. Prosper Calerms, l.de 20 Multa cura et tristilia faciunt accedere melancho- atra bile. Piura faciunt homines 6consuetudine qnam liam (cap- 3. de mentis alien ) si alias ndices asal, ip i ratione. A teneris assuescere niultum est. Video veram fi.xamqne degenerat melancholiam et in despe- meliora probnqiie deteriora sequor. Ovid. '^iveino rationem desiiiit. -' ille luctus. ejus ver5 soror ijRditur nisi a.seipso. le Multi se in inquietudinem desperatio simul ponitur. -'- Aniniaruni crudele precipitant amhitione et cupiditatibus excrecati, nnn torinentum, dolor inexplicabilis, tinea non solum ossa, iiitelligunt se illud a. diis petere. quod sihi ipsis si ve- sed corda pertinsens, perpetuus carnifex, vires aniina 1 lint priEstare possint, si curis et perturbationibus, qui- consumens, jugis nox, et tenebrte profunda;, teinpostas bus assidue se macerant, imperare velleiit. I'Tanto et turbo et febris non apparens, omni igne validiU! studio miseriarum causas, et alimenta dolorum quaeri- 'ncendens ; longior, et pugna; finem non habous — - . mus, vitamque secus felicissimam, tristem et misera- Crucem circumfert dolor, faciemque omni tyrannc I bilem efncimus. Petrarch, praefat. de Remediis, &c. crudeliorein prae se fert. '18 Timor et maestitia, si diu perseverent, causa et so- . Vlciii. 3. Subs. 5.] Fear, a Cause. 163 ment is like unto it. 'Tis the eagle without question which the poets feigned to gnaw "Prometheus' heart, and ''no heaviness is like unto the heaviness of the heart.'' Eccles. XXV. 15, 16. ^^'^ Every perturbation is a misery, but grief a cruel torment," a domineering passion : as in old Rome, when the Dictator was created, all inferior magistracies ceased ; when grief appears, all other passions vanish. " It dries up the bones," sailh Solomon, ch. 17. Pro., "makes them hollow-eyed, pale, and lean, fur- row-faced, to have dead looks, wrinkled brows, shrivelled cheeks, dry bodies, and quite perverts their temperature that-are misaffected with it. As Eleonara, that exiled mournful duchess (in our ^^ English Ovid), laments to her noble husband Humphrey^ Duke of Gloucester, <, ^ ... • . . 1 rii I I Sorrow hath SO despoii'd me of all crace, • ^avvestthon those eyes in whose sweet cheerful look ^,j^^^, ^^,„j^, ^^^ J ^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^,„^^,g ^^^^.^ Duke Humphrey once such joy and pleasure took, j j^ike a foul Gorgon/' &c. '^" it hinders concoction, refrigerates the heart, takes away stomach, colour, and sleep, thickens the blood, ^(Fernelius, /. 1. c. 18. de morh. causis^) contaminates the spirits." ^*^(Piso.) Overthrows the natural heat, perverts the good estate of body and mind, and makes them weary of their lives, cry out, howl and roar for very anguish of their souls. David confessed as much, Psalm xxxviii. 8, " I have roared for the very disquietness of my heart." And Psalm cxix. 4, part 4 v. " My soul melteth away for very heaviness," v. 38. " I am like a bottle in the smoke." An- tiochus complained that he could not sleep, and that his heart fainted for grief. '^^Clirist himself, Vir dolorum., out of an apprehension of grief, did sweat blood. Mark xiv. " His soul was heavy to the death, and no sorow was like unto his.''' Crato, consil. 21. Z. 2, gives instance in one that was so melancholy by reason of *' grief; and Montanus, consil. 30, in a noble matron, ^'" that had no other cause of this mischief" I. S. D. in Hildesheim, fully cured a patient of his that Mas much troubled with melanclioly, and for many years, ^^but afterwards, by a little occasion of sorrow, he fell into his former fits, and was tormented as before." Examples are common, how it causeth melancholy, ^^ desperation, and sometimes death itself; for (Eccles. xxxviii. 15,) "Of heaviness comes death; worldly sorrow causeth death." 2 Cor. vii. 10, Psalm xxxi. 10, "My life is wasted with heaviness, and my years with mourning." Why was Hecuba said to be turned to a dog? Niobe into a stone.? but that for grief she was senseless and stupid. Severus the Emperor*^ died for grief-; and how ^^many myriads besides.? Tanta illi est feritas^ tanta est insanla luclus?^ Melancthon gives a reason of it, '''^"the gathering of much melan- choly blood about the heart, which collection extinguisheth the good spirits, or at least duUeth them, sorrow strikes the heart, makes it tremble and pine away, with great pain ; and the black blood drawn from the spleen, and diffused under the ribs, on the left side, makes those perilous hypochondriacal convulsions, which happen to them that are troubled with sorrow." Sub SECT. V. — Fear, a Cause. Cousin german to sorrow, is fear, or rather a sister, Jidus Jlchafes^ and continual companion, an assistant and a principal agent in procuring of this mischief; a cause and symptom as the other. In a word, as ^^ Virgil of the Harpies, I may justly say of them both, "Tristius haud illis monstrum, nee saevior ulla I "A sadder monster, or more cruel plague so fell, Pestis et ira Deum styglis sese extulit undis." | Or vengeance of the gods, ne'er came from Styx or Hell." This foul fiend of fear was worshipped heretofore as a god by the I^aceda^mo- nians, and most of those other torturing ^"^ affections, and so was sorrow amongst ^Nat. Comes Mythol. 1. 4. c. 6. 2<«Tully 3. Tusc omnis perturbatio miseria et carnificina est dolor. 2^ M. Drayton in his Mer. ep. -^ Crato consil. 21. lib. 2. moBstiiia universnm infrigidat corpus, calnrem innatum exiinsuit. appetitum destruit. ■!" Cor re- priora pymptomata incidit. s^Vives, 3. dr anima, c. de nifprore. Sabin. in Ovid. ^JHerodian. I. 3., maerore niafiis quern morbo consumptus est. -'^ Botii- wellius airibilarius obiil Brizarru.* Gennensis hist.&c. ^tio great is the fierceness and madness of melan- frigerat tristitia, spiritus exsiccat. innatumque calorem choly. 3. Moesiiiia cor quasi percussum consirmgi- obruit, vigiiias inducit, concoctionem laberfactat, san guinein incrassat, exageratque melancholicum snc- cum. *** Spiritus et sanguis hoc coniaminatur. Piso. 29 Marc, vi 16.11. £o Marore maceror, marcesc* et consenesco miser, ossa aique pellis sum tnisera macrifudice. Plaut. s' Malum inceptum et actum k tristi'ia sola. ^2 Hildesheim, spicel. 2. 4e nielanrholia, maerore animi postea accedente, in ! Laclantius, Aug. tur, tremit et languescit cum acri sensu dolori^ . In tristiiia cor fiigietis attrahit ex Splene lentum humo- rem melancholicum, qui etTusus sub costis in sinistin latere hypocondriacos flatus facit, quod sa-pe accid:} iis qui diuturna cura et moestitia conflictanlur. Me- lancthon. 3- Lib. 3. /En. 4. 3" Et melum ideo deam sacrarunt ut bonam meniem concederet. Vurro, 164 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. l.Sec. 2. the rest, under tlie name of Angerona Dea, they stood in such awe of them, as Austin, de Civitat. Dei., lib. 4. cap. 8, noteth out of Varro, fear was commonly ^°adored and painted in their temples with a lion's head ; and as Macrobius records, /. 10. Saiurnalium ; ""'• In the calends of January, Angerona had her holy day, to whom in the temple of Volupia, or goddess of pleasure, their augurs and bishops did yearly sacrifice ; that, being propitious to them, she might expel all cares, anguish, and vexation of the mind for that year following." Many lamentable effects this fear causeth in men, as to be red, pale, tremble, sweat, ''^it makes sudden cold and heat to come over all the body, palpitation of the heart, syncope, &c. It amazeth many men that are to speak, or show themselves in public assemblies, or before some great personages, as Tully confessed of himself, that he trembled still at the beginning of his speech ; and Demosthenes, that great orator of Greece, before Philippus. It confounds voice and memory, as Lucian wittily brings in Jupiter Tragoedus, so much afraid of his auditory, when he was to make a speech to the rest of the Gods, that he could not utter a ready word, but was compelled to use Mercury's help in prompting. Many men are so amazed and astonished with fear, they know not where they are, what they say, ""^ what they do, and that which is worst, it tortures them many days before with continual affrights and suspicion. It hinders most honourable attempts, and makes their hearts ache, sad and heavy. They that live in fear are never free, ^h'esolute, secure, never merry, but in continuul pain : that, as Vives truly said, JVulla est miseria major quam metus., no greater misery, no rack, nor torture like unto it, ever suspicious, anxious, solicitous, they are childishly drooping without reason, without judgment, '^^" especially if some terrible object be offered," as Plutarch hath it. It causeth oftentimes sudden mad- ness, and almost all manner of diseases, as I have sufficiently illustrated in my "'^digression of the force of imagination, and shall do more at large in my section of ^'terrors. Fear makes our imagination conceive what it list, invites the devil to come to us, as "^^ Agrippa and Cardan avouch, and tyrannizeth over our phantasy more than all other affections, especially in the dark. We see this verified in most men, as ^^Lavater saith, Quce mctuuni., fingunl ; what they fear they conceive, and feign unto themselves ; they think they see goblins, hags, devils, and many times become melancholy thereby. Cardan, suhtil. lib. 18, hath an example of such an one, so caused to be melancholy (by sight of a bugbear) all his life after. Augustus Caesai durst not sit in the dark, nisi aliquo assidente^ saith ^° Suetonius, JYunquam ienebris evigilavif. And 'tis strange what women and children will conceive unto them- selves, if they go over a church-yard in the night, lie, or be alone in a dark room, how they sweat and tremble on a sudden. Many men are troubled with future events, foreknowledge of their fortunes, destinies, as Severus the Emperor, Adrian and Domitian, Quod sciret ultimum vitcp diem., saith Suetonius, valde solicitus., much tortured in mind because he foreknew his end ; with many such, of which I shall speak more opportunely in another place.^' Anxiety, mercy, pity, indignation, &c., and such fearful branches derived from these two stems of fear and sorrow, I volun- tarily omit; read more of them in ^^Carolus Pascalius, ^^Dandinus, &c. Sub SECT. VI. — Shame and Disgrace., Causes. Shame and disgrace cause most violent passions and bitter pangs. Ob pudorem el dedecus publicum., ob crrorum commissum sa^pe movenfur generosi animi (Foelix Plater, lib. 3. de alienat mentis.) Generous minds are often moved with shame, to despair for some public disgrace. And he, saith Philo, lib. 2. de provid. dei^ ^''" that subjects himself to fear, grief, ambition, shame, is not happy, but altogether miserable, «>Lirma Girald. Syntag. 1. de diis niiscellaniis. <' Calendis Jan. feris sunt divre Aneeroiia*, cui pon- tifices in sacelln Vnlupiae sacra faciunt, quod angores ft animi solicitudiiifjs propiliata propellat. '•-Ti- mor itidncit frigus. cordis palpitationem, vocis defec- tum atque pallorem. Agrippa, lib. 1. cap. 63. Timidi peiriper spiritns habent frigidos. Mont. ^^Effusas "■ernens fugientes agmine turmas ; quis mea nunc inflat cornua Fannus ait? Alciat. ''iMetus non tolum mcmoriam consternat, sed el institutum animi omne ef 'audabilfm conatum impedit. Thucidides. ^'Lib. de fortitudine et virtute Alexandri, uhi propft res adfuit terrjbiiis. ■'sSect. 2. Mem. 3. Subs. 2. 4- Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 3. 4»*Subtil. 18. lib. timor attrahit ad se Dcemonas, timor et error multum in hoininibus possnnt. ■•sLil). 2. Spectris ca. 3. fortes rarb spectra vident, quia miims timeiit. -^ Vita ejus. 5^ Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 7. s^ De virl. et vitiis. ^^Com. in Arist. de Anima. Mtiui mentem subjecit timoris dorninationi, cupidftatis, do- loris, ambitionis, pudoris, felix non est. sed oinnino miser, assiduis taborius torquetur el misertil. Mem. 3. Subs. 6.] Shame and Disgrace^ Causes. 165 tortured with continual labour, care, and misery." It is as forcible a batterer as anv of the rest : ^^'^ Many men neglect the tumults of the world, and care not for glory and yet they are afraid of infamy, repulse, disgrace, (Tul. offic. I. 1,) they can se verely contemn pleasure, bear grief indifferently, but they are quite ""^ battered and broken with reproach and obloquy :" {siquidem vita et fama pari passu ambulant) and are so dejected many times for some public injury, disgrace, as a box on the eai by their inferior, to be overcome of their adversary, foiled in the field, to be out in a speech, some foul fact committed or disclosed, &.c. that they dare not come abroad all their lives after, but melancholize in corners, and keep in holes. The, most generous spirits are most subject to it; Spiritus altos frangit et generosos : Hiero- nymus. Aristotle, because he could not understand the motion of Euripus, for grief and shame drowned himself: CceHvs Rodiginus antiquar. lee. lib. 29. cap. 8. Bomc- rus pudore consumptus^ was swallowed up with this passion of shame ^'"because he could not unfold the fisherman's riddle." Sophocles killed himself, ^"for that a tragedy of his was hissed off the stage :" Voler. max. lib. 9. cap. 12. Lucretia stabbed herself, and so did ^^ Cleopatra, '•'when she saw that she was reserved for a triumph, to avoid the infamy." Antonius the Roman, ^°" after he was overcome of his enemy, for three days' space sat solitary in the fore-part of the ship, abstaining from all company, even of Cleopatra herself, and afterwards for very shame butchered himself," Plutarch, vita ejus. " Apollonius Rhodius ^'wilfully banished himself, forsakhig his country, and all his dear friends, because he was out in reciting his poems," Plinius, lib. 7. cap. 23. Ajax ran mad, because his arms were adjudged to Ulysses. In China 'tis an ordinary thing for such as are excluded in those famous, trials of theirs, or should take degrees, for shame and grief to lose their wits, ^^J\Iai Riccius expedit. ad Sinas^ I. 3. c. 9. Hostratus the friar took that book whicli Reuclin had writ against him, under the name of Episf. obscurorum virorum, so to heart, that for shame and grief he made away with himself, ^^Jovius in elogiis. A grave and learned minister, and an ordinary preacher at Alcmar in Holland, was (one day as he walked in the fields for his recreation) suddenly taken with a lax or loose- ness, and thereupon compelled to retire to the next ditch ; but being ^^ surprised at unawares, by some gentlewomen of his parish wandering that way, was so abashed, that he did never after show his head in public, or come into the pulpit, but pined away with melancholy: (Pet. Forestus vied, observat. lib. 10. observat. 12.) So shame amongst other passions can play his prize. I Know there be many base, impudent, brazen-faced rogues, that will ^^JYuUd pallescere culpa^ be moved with nothing, take no infamy or disgrace to heart, laugh at all ; let them be proved perjured, stigmatized, convict rogues, thieves, traitors, lose their ears, be whipped, branded, carted, pointed at, hissed, reviled, and derided with ^^Ballio the Bawd in Plautus, they rejoice at it, Cantores probos ; "babe and Bombax," what care they } We have too many such in our times, " Exclaniat Melicerta perisse Fronteui de rebus. "t^' Yet a modest man, one that hath grace, a generous spirit, tender of his reputation, \vill be deeply wounded, and so grievously affected with it, that he had rather give myriads of crowns, lose his life, than suffer the least defamation of honour, or blot in his good name. And if so be that he cannot avoid it, as a nightingale, Que coji" tando victa moritur^ (saith ^*^ Mizaldus,) dies for shame if another bird sing better, he languisheth and pineth away in the anguish of his spirit. s'-Mjlti contemniint ituuuli strepiiuni. reputant pro ' duntiir. '-Hostratus cuciillatus adeo praviter oh nilii (I |:lori;un, sed limeiit iufamiiini, <.- siitie. Ps. impure leno, canum. B cantores probos. Pspud' Legi Chalda^os. Gra-.os, llebrseos, con- (lentes. '5 Diaboli expressa Imago, toxicum cha- sului sapientes pro remedio invidue. hoc enim inveni, ritiuis, venenum amicitiie, abyssus mentis, non est eo renunciare felicUati, et perpetu5 miser e^se s^Onjne inonstrosius monslrum, damnosius damnum, urit, tor- peccatum aut excusationem secum habet. ant vohH»- ret. discruciat macie et squalore conficit. Austin, tatern, sola invidia utraque caret, reliqua vitia fineui Doiriin primi. Advent. "'Ovid He pines away habent, ira defervescit, gula satiatur, odi ^m fir em al the sight of another's siicrefs it is his special j habet, invidii nunquam quiescil. ^l <«>bat mt •.onure. '''' Declam. l^ liuivii ft<>*-e8 maleficis siiccis \ smulatio propter stultos. « Hier. 12. 1. "* Hal . i . *»■' ..J k --V . Mem. 3 Subs. 8.] Emulatlm^ Hatred^ 8fc. 167 they repined at others' good, but in the end they corrected themselves, Ps. 75, " fref not thyself," &c. Domitian spited /.giicola for his worth, ^^'' that a private man sliould be so much glorified. **''Ceciijna was envied of his fellow-citizens, because he was more richly adorned. But of all others, ^^^' women are most weak, ob pvl^ chritudinem invidcR sunt fcemincB (Muscens) aid amat^ aut odit^ nihil est tertiuvi [Granatensis.) They love or hate, no medium amongst them. Implacahilcs ple- rumque IcescE mulieres^ Agrippina like, ^^^' A woman, if she see her neighbour more reat or elegant, richer in tires, jewels, or apparel, is enraged, and like a lioness sets upon her husband, rails at her, scoffs at her, and cannot abide her •," so the Roman ladies in Tacitus did at Solonina, Cecinna's wife, ^°" because she had a better horse, and better furniture, as if she had hurt them with it; they were much offended. In like sort our gentlewomen do at their usual meetings, one repines or scoffs at another's bravery and happiness. Myrsine, an Attic wench, was murdered of her fellows, ^'"because she did excel the rest in beauty," Constantine. Jlgrlcult. I. 11. c. 7. Every village will yield such examples. SuBSECT. VIII. — Emulation^ Hatred., Faction., Desire of Revenge., Causes. Out of this root of envy ^^ spring those feral branches of faction, hatred, livor, emulation, which cause the like grievances, and are, serrce aninicE., the saws of the soul., ^^ consternationis plcni affc ct us., a ffcciious full of desperate amazement; or as Cyprian describes emulation, it is ^^^"a moth of the soul, a consumption, to make another man's happiness his misery, to torture, crucify, and execute himself, to eat his own heart. Meat and drink can do such men no good, they do always grieve, sigh, and groan, day and night without intermission, their breast is torn asunder :" and a little after, ^"'••Whomsoever he is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may avoid thee, but thou canst neither avoid him nor thyself; wheresoever thou art he is with thee, thine enemy is ever in thy breast, thy destruction is within thee, thou art a captive, bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious and envious, and canst rot be comforted. It was the devil's overthrow ;'' and whensoever thou art ihorouglily affected with this passion, it will be thine. Yet no perturbation so frequent, no passion so common. I A potter emulates a potter: ** Kati Kti^:tuoxic Ki^itfAiT K'j^iis X.U T'ocjrjvi TiKlvv, \ One SMiitli envies another : Kati 7Tlu>'y(ui Triads t^cvUi kxi ao.cToc a.r,iSaa. I A. beir,<;ar emulates a be??ar ; ' 1 A singing man liis brother. Every society, corporation, and private family is full of it, it takes hold almost of all sorts of men, from the prince to the ploughman, even amongst gossips it is to be seen, scarce three in a company but there is siding, faction, emulation, between two of them, some sinmJlas^ jar, private grudge, heart-burning in the midst of them. Scarce two gentlemen dwell together in the country, (if they be not near kin or linked in marriage) but there is emulation betwixt them and their servants, some quarrel or some grudge betwixt their wives or children, friends and followers, some contention about wealth, gentry, precedency, &c., by means of which, like llie frog in ^■'iEsop, "that would swell till she was as big as an ox, burst herself at last;'^ they will stretch beyond their fortunes, callings, and strive so long that they con- sume their substance in law-suits, or otherwise in hospitality, feasting, fine clothes, to get a few bombast titles, for amhitiosa pauper t ate labor amus omnes., to outbrave one another, they will tire their bodies, macerate tlieir souls, and through conten- tions or mutual invitations beggar themselves. Scarce two great scholars in an age, 86Tnvidit privati nonien supra principis attolli. I facere miseriair., et velut quosdam pectori suo admo- "^ Tacit. Hist. lib. 2. part. 6. '-'" Perilurie dolore et I vere carnifices, cngitationibus et sensibus suis adhi- Hividia, si quern viderint ornatiorem se in publicum i here tortores, qui se intestinis cruciatihus lacerent. prodiisse. Platina dial, amorum. "« Ant. Guianerius, Non cibiis talibiis IsPtus, non potus potct esse jucun- IJb. 2 cap. 8. vim. M. Aurelii faemina vicinam elejjan- dus ; suspiratur semper et gemitur, et doletur dies et ,ius se vestitam videns, lea°na; instar in virum insur- noetes, pectus sine intermissione laceratur. '•' Quis- Ht^siod op dies. »' Kama cupida aqiiaiidi b^»vein» icctoiis Zfyi\..c in alte"- vpt al'orum ftelicitatem suam se distendebat, fee. 168 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 but witlj bitter invectives tliey fall foul one on the other. and tlieir adherents; Scotists Tlioniists, Reals, Nominals, Plato and Aristotle, Galenists and Paracelsians, &c., ii holds in all professions. Honest ^^ emulation in studies, in all callings is not to be disliked, 'tis ingemorum COS. as one calls it, tlie whetstone of wit, the nurse of wit and valour, and those noble Romans out of this spirit did brave exploits. Tliere is a modest ambition, as Themistocles Mas roused up with the glory of Miltiades ; Achilles"' trophies moved Alexander, *•" Amhirc semper stiilla confiHei)ti;i est, Aiiihire itiint|iiuiii desos arrogaiui.i esl." 'Tis a sluggish huni'^i.r not to emulate or to sue at all, to wilh{h-aw himself, neglect, refrain from such places, honours, ollices, through sloth, niggardliness, fear, bashful- ness, or otherwise, to which by his birth, place, fortunes, education, he is called, apt, fit, and well able to uiulergo; but when it is immoderate, it is a plague aiul a miserable pain. What a deal of money did Henry VIII. and Francis I. king of France, spend at that '"''famous interview? and how many vain courtiers, seeking each to outbrave other, spent themselves, their livelihood and fortunes, and died beggars^ 'Adrian the Emperor was so galled with it, that he killed all his equals-, so did Nero. This passion made ^Dionysius the tyrant banish Plato and Philoxeiuis the poet, because they did excel and eclipse his glory, as he thought; the Romans exile Coriolamis, confine Camillus, murder Scipio; the Greeks by ostracism to expel Aristides, Nicias, Alcibiades, imprison Theseus, make away Phocion, Stc. When Richard I. aiul Philip of France were fellow soldiers together, at the siege of Aeon in llie Holy Land, and Richard had approved himself to be the more valiant man, insomuch that all men's eyes were upon him, it so galled Philip, Francum nrehal Regis victoria., saith mine ^author, iam (Bgre ferehai Richardi gloriam^ ul carpere dicta., calumniari facta; that he cavilled at all his proceedings, and fell at length to open defiance; he could contain no longer, but hasting home, invaded his territories, and j)rofesse(l open war. "Hatred stirs up contention," Prov. x. 12, and they break out at last into immortal enmity, into virulency, and more than Vatinian hate and rage; "*they persecute each other, their friends, followers, and all their posterity, with bitter taunts, hostile wars, scurrile invectives, libels, calumnies, Hre, sword, and tlie like, and will not be reconciled. Witness that Guelph and Ghibelline faction in Italy; that of the Adurni and Fregosi in Genoa; that of Cneius Papirius, and Quintus Fabius in Rome; Cfesar and Pompey; Orleans aiul Burgundy in France; York and Lancaster in England : yea, this passion so rageth^ many times, that it subverts not men only, and families, but even populous cities. ^Carthage and Corinth can witness as much, nay, nourishing kingdoms are brought into a wilderness by it. This hatred, malice, faction, ami desire of revenge, invented first all those racks anil wheels, strappadoes, brazen bulls, feral engines, prisons, inquisitions, severe laws to macerate and torment one another. How happy might we be, and end our time with blessed days and sweet content, if we could contain ourselves, and, as we ought to do, put up injuries, learn humility, meekness, patience, fors^et and forgive, as in 'God's word we are enjoined, compose such final controversies amongst ourselves, moderate our passions in this kind, "-and think better of others," as ^Paul would have us, "than of our- selves : be of like aflection one towards another, and not avenge ourselves, but have peace with all men." But being that we are so peevish and perverse, insolent and proud, so factious and seditious, so malicious and envious ; we do invicem angariare. maul and vex one another, torture, disquiet, aiul precipitate ourselves into that gulf of woes and cares, aggravate our misery and melancholy, heap upon us hell and eternal damnation. 9'' ^nnilatio alit iiisenia . Patercnliis poster. Vol. •"Grotins. E|)i^'. lil). 1. " Aiiibitioii always is a foolish confiileiice, never a slotliful arroLMnce." '"« Anno 1519. between Ardes and Qiiine. ' r^partian. « Plutarch. ^ Johannes Ileraldiis, I. 2 c. 12. de bello sac. * Nulla dies tantuin poterit lenire fii- .orem. iEteina hella pace sublata Kernnt. Jurat >diuiii, nee ante invisuin esse desinil, quam esse desiit. Paterciilus, vol. 1. o Ita s.Tvit hiec styffia init\isira ul nrl)es subvertat aliquando, deleal popiiios, provincias alioqui florentes redi^'at in soliiudines, inortales vero miseros in profunda niiseriarnin valle niiserahiliier ininiergat. « Carthajro leniula Ro- man! imperii funditus interiit. Salust. (Jaiil. ' Pawl, ,*?. Col. ** Rom. 12. Mem. 3, Subs. 9.! *Bnger^ a Cause. 169 SuBSECT. IX. — Jinger^ a Cause. A.VGER, a perturbation, wliicli carries the spirits outwards, preparing tlie body to melancholy, and madness itself: Ira furor brevis es/, "anger is temporary madness;" and as °Piccolomineus accounts it, one of the three most violent passions. '°Areteus sets it down for an especial cause (so doth Seneca, ep. 18. L 1,) of this malady. "Mag- iiinus gives the reason, Ex freqiienll ira supra moduni calefunt ; it overheats their bodies, and if it be too frequent, it breaks out into manifest madness, saith St. Ambrose 'Tis a known saying. Furor fit Icesa sippius palienlia^ the most patient spirit that is, if he be often provoked, will be incensed to madness; it will make a devil of a saint : and therefore Basil (belike) in his Homily de Ira., calls it tenehras ralionis., morhum animo'., el dccmoncm pessimum; the darkening of our understanding, and a bad angel. ■'^Lucian, in Jibdicalo., lorn. 1, will have this passion to work this effect, especially in old men and women. ""Anger and calumny (sailh he) trouble them at first, and after a while break out into madness : many things cause fury in women, especially if they love or hale overmuch, or envy, be much grieved or angry ; these things by little and little lead them on to tliis malady." From a disposition they proceed to an habit, for tliere is no dillerence between a mad man, and an angry man, in the time of his fit; anger, as Lactantius describes it, L.de Ira Dei., ad Donalum^ c. 5, is ^^sceva animi levipeslas., S^c, a cruel tempest of the mind ; " making his eye sparkle fire, and stare, teeth gnash in his head, his tongue stutter, his face pale, or red, and what more lilthy imitation can be of a mad man V H"()r!i liiiiK.'iil ira, forvescunt sanguine vcnre, Liiniiiia (Jorjjo'sio s'evivj angue inicant." They are void of reason, inexorable, blind, ]'(ke beasts and monsters for the time, say and do they know not what, curse, swear, ra'I, fight, and what not .'' How can a mad man do more ? as he said in the comedy, ^'"Iracundia non sum apud me., I am not mine own man. If these fits be immoderate, continue long, or be frequent, without doubt they provoke madness. Montanus, consiL 21, had a melancholy Jew to his patient, he ascribes this for a principal cause : Irascebahir levibus de ca.iisis., he was easily moved to anger. Ajax had no other beginning of his madness; and Charles the Sixth, that lunatic French king, fell into this misery, out of tiie extremity of his ])assion, desire of revenge and malice^ "^incensed against the duke of Britain, he could neither eat, drink, nor sleep for soiue days together, and in the end, about the calends of July, 1392, he became mad upon his horseback, drawing his sword, striking such as came near him promiscuously, aiul so continued all the days of his life, JEmil.., lib. 10. Ga/. hisl. ^gesippus de exid. urbis Hieros^ I. I.e. 37, hath such a story of Herod, that out of an angry tit, became mad, ''leaping out of his bed, lie killed Jossippus, and played many such bedlam pranks, the wliole court could not rule liim for a long time after : soiuetiiues he was sorry and repented, much grieved for that he had done, PosUpunn dej'erbuit ira., by and by outrageous again. \\\ hot choleric bodies, uothing .«o soon causeth madness, as this passion of anger, besides many other diseases, as Pelesius observes, cap. 21. /. 1. de hum. affect, causis ; Sanguinem imminuit.,fel auget: and as '^Valesius controverts, Med. conlrov.., lib. 5. coniro. 8, many times kills them quite out. If this were the worst of this passion, it were more tolerable, '^"but it ruins and subverts whole towns, "cities, families, and kingdoms;" JVuJla pesfis hu- mano generi pJuris stetit., saith Seneca, de Ira., lib. 1. No plague liath done mankind so much harm. Look into our histories, and you shall almost meet with no other subject, but what a company ^' of hare-brains have done in their rage. We may do well therefore to put this in our procession amongst the rest; "From all blindness of heart, from pride, vain-glory, and hypocrisy, from envy, hatred and malice, anger, and all such pestiferous perturbations, good Lord deliver us." Crad. 1. c. 54. '" Tra et in nioeror «t injrens aninu cnnstt'rnatio niolancliolicos Oicil. Areteiis. Ira Ininio- clira frisrnil itisaiiiain. " Reg. sanit. parte 2. c 8. in aperiani insaniarn niox (Inciter iratns. i^Oillterto Co^inato interprete. Mnltis, et prtesertini senihus ira Inipdtens insaiiiani fecit, et iniportnna calwinnia, lure inliio pcrinrltat aniniuni, |)anlatin) vergit ad iiisaniain. INirrn iiinlicriini corpora inniia infesslant, et in i)unc niorl'iini adducnnt, pro'cipne si (\\ie oderint ant invi- d ;ani, &c. Iia,'c paulatini in insaniani tandem evadunt. 22 ■3 Sa*va animi tempestas tantos excilans flnctns nt staiini ardesrant otuli os tremat, lingua litiihet, denies con(re|)ant, t ov ovy n3--3*«vfc oiKs^ovv. Lachrynians natus sum, ei lachrymans morior, &c. -'■> Ad Marinum. ^^"Boe- thius. 31 initium cfficitas progressum labor, exituin dolor, error omnia : quem tranquilUim qnteso, quein ;tL ni.n, r^«Tn '"'^''■^"^.'•.^7 .'a 'hV'r "n i" "«» laboriosum aut anxium d.em egin.us 1 PetrarcU Uone plena, Cardan. -"Lib. 7. nat. hist. cap. 1. j 3Iem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents^ tires^ ^t. 171 hut poor; a third hath means, but he wants health perad\enlure, or wit to manage his estate; children vex one, wife a second, Slc. JVemo facile cum conditione sua concordat,^ no man is pleased with his fortune, a pound of sorrow is familiarly mixed witli a uram of content, little or no joy, little comfort, but ^^ everywhere danger, con- tention, anxiety, in all places : go where thou wilt, and thou shah find discontents, cares, woes, complaints, sickness, diseases, incumbrances, exclamations : " If thou look into the market, there (saith ^^Chrysostom) is brawling and contention; if to the court, there knavery and flattery, &tc. ; if to a private man's house, there's cark and care, heaviness," &c. As he said of old, ^^JV/7 homine in tarra spirat miserum magis alma? No creature so miserable as man, so generally molested, ^^in mise- ries of body, in miseries of mind, miseries of heart, in miseries asleep, in miseries awake, in miseries wheresoever he turns," as Bernard found, JVunquid tentafio est vita linmana super terramf A mere temptation is our life, (Austin, confess, lib. 10. cap. 28,) catena perpetuorum malorutii., et quis potest molestias et difficuUates pati f Who can endure the miseries of it } ^ '•'' In prosperity we are insolent and intolerable, de- jected in adversity, in all fortunes foolish and miserable. ^' hi adversity 1 wish for prosperity., and in prosperity I am afraid of adversity. What mediocrity may be found .^ Where is no temptation? What condition of life is free? ^* Wisdom hath labour annexed to it, glory, envy; riches and cares, children and incumbrances, plea- sure and diseases, rest and beggary, go together: as if a man were therefore born (as the Platonists hold) to be punished in this life for some precedent sins." Or that, as ^^ Pliny complains, "Nature may be ratlier accounted a step- mother, than a mother unto us, all things considered : no creature's life so brittle, so full of fear, so mad, so furious ; only man is plagued with envy, discontent, griefs, covetousness, ambition, superstition." Our whole life is an Irish sea, wherein there is nought to be expected but tempestuous storms and troublesome waves, and those infinite, •io"Tiiiituii) malorum pelasiis aspicio IJt noil sit iiule enataiidi copia," no halcyonian times, wherein a man can hold himself secure, or agree with his pre- sent estate; but as Boethius infers, ""There is something in every one of us Avhich before trial we seek, and having tried abhor : ''Sve earnestly wish, and eagerly covet, and are eftsoons weary of it." Tiius between hope and fear, suspicions, angers, *^Inter spemque metumqiie^ timores inter et iras, betwixt falling in, falling out, &c., wf» bangle away our best days, befool out our times, we lead a contentious, discontent, tumultuous, melancholy, miserable life ; insomuch, that if we could foretell what was to come, and it put to our choice, we should rather refuse than accept of this painful life. In a word, the world itself is a maze, a labyrinth of errors, a desert, a wilder- ness, a den of thieves, cheaters, &c., full of filthy puddles, horrid rocks, precipi- tiums, an ocean of adversity, an heavy yoke, wherein infirmities and calamities over- take, and follow one another, as the sea waves ; and if we scape Scylla, we fall foul on Ciiarybdis, and so in perpetual fear, laboui', anguish, we run from one plague, one mischief, one burden to another, duram servientes servitutem^ and you may as soon separate weight from lead, heat from fire, moistness from water, brightness from the sun, as misery, discontent, care, calamity, danger, from a man. Our towns and cities are but so many dwellings of human misery. " In which grief and sorrow ''''(as hr right well observes out of Solon) innumerable troubles, labours of mortal men, am. all manner of vices, are included, as in so many pens." Our villages are like mole- hills, and men as so many emmets, busy, busy .still, going to and fro, in and out, and 3-Uhiqne periculum, ubique dolor, ubique naiifra- i nasci liorninem possis cum Platonistis ajrnoscere. giuMi, in hoc anibitu quocnnque me veitani. Lipsius. ] -'"Lib. 7. cap. 1. Non satis jesliniare, an nielior parens iislJoni. 10. Si in forum iveris, ibi rixre, et pugnse ; si in curiam, ibi fraus, adulatio: si in domum priva- tani, &c. 34jioiiier. 3-^ Multisrepletiir imino niiseriis, corporis niiseriis, animi iniseriis, dnm dor- niit, dnm vigilat, quocunque se vertil. Lususque re- rum, teniporumque nastimur. ^'In blandiente fort una intolerandi, in calainitatibus lujinbres, semper siuiti et miseri. Cardan. 37 I'rospera iu adversis desidero. et advorsa prosperis tinieo, quis inter ha'c iiiediiis locus, ubi non (it liumantB vitie tenlaiiol natura bomini, an iristior noverca fuerit : Nulli fra- gilior vita, pavor, confusio, ral)ies major, uni animan- tiuni ambitio data, luctus, avaritia, uni superslilio. ^" Euripides. "I perceive such an ocean of troul)les before me, that no means of escape remain." ■»' De consol. I. 2. Nemo facil6 cum conditione sua concor- dat, inest sin{.'nlis quod imperiti petaiit, experti horre- ant. < Esse in honore juvat, niox dis|)li(et. ■* Ilor. ■" Horrheus in 6. Job. Urbes et oppida nitiil aliud sunt quam liumanarum ffnimnarum domicilia quib-is luctui •'■ (Cardan. coDsol Sapientife Labor annexus, gloria; in- et mceror et mortalium varii infinilique labores, et vidia, diviiiis curse, sol)()li solicitudo, voluptati morbi. | onmis generis vitia, quasi seplis includuptur. quieti pauperlaa, Mi quasi It ucndorum scelerum causa I 172 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 2 crossing one another's projects, as the lines of several sea-cards cut each other in a ^lobe or map. '' Now light and merry, but '*^(as one follows it) by-and-by sorrowful and heavy ; now hoping, then distrusting ; now patient, to-morrow crying out ; now pale, then red ; running, sitting, sweating, trembling, halting," &.c. Some few amongst the rest, or perhaps one of a thousand, may be Pullus Jovis, in the world's esteem. GalUncB Jilius albce-f an happy and fortunate man, a(Z imndiam felix^ because rich, fair, well allied, in honour and office ; yet peradventure ask himself, and he will say^ that of all others ^^ he is most miserable and unhappy. A fair shoe. Hie soccus novus^ elegans^ as he "'said, sed nescis uhi urat^ but thou knowest not where it pincheth It is not another man's opinion can make me happy: but as "* Seneca well hath it, " Pie is a miserable wretch that doth not account himself happy, though he be sove-. eign lord of a world : he is not happy, if he think himself not to be so ; for what availeth it what tliine estate is, or seem to others, if thou thyself dislike it ?" A com- mon humour it is of all men to think well of other men's fortunes, and dislike thcij own: '^^Cul placet alterius., sua nimirum est odi.o sors ; but ^° qui fit Mcccenas^ &c., how comes it to pass, wliat's the cause of it } Many men are of such a perverse nature, they are well pleased with nothing, (saith ^' Theodoret,) " neither with riches nor poverty, they complain when they are well and when they are sick, grumble at all fortunes, prosperity and adversity ; they are troubled in a cheap year, in a barren, plenty or not plenty, nothing pleaseth them, war nor peace, with children, nor with- out." This for the most part is the humour of us all, to be discontent, miserable, and most unhappy, as we think at least ; and show me him that is not so, or that ever Avas otherwise. Ouintus Metellus his felicity is infinitely admired amongst the Romans, insomuch that as ^^ Paterculus mentioneth of him, you can scarce find of any nation, order, age, sex, one for happiness to be compared unto him : he had, in a word. Bona animi, corporis etfortunce., goods of mind, body, and fortune, so had P. Mutianus, ^^ Crassus. Lampsaca, that Lacedemonian lady, was such another in ^^ Pliny's conceit, a king's wife, a king's mother, a king's daughter : and all the world esteemed as much of Polycrates of Samos. The Greeks brag of their Socrates, Phocion, Aristides ; the Psophidians in particular of their Aglaus, Omni vita felix., ah omni periculo imraunis (which by the way Pausanias held impossible ;) the Romans of their ^^ Cato, Curius, Fabricius, for their composed fortunes, and retired estates, government of passions, and contempt of the world : yet none of all these were happy, or free from discontent, neither Metellus, Crassus, nor Polycrates, for he died a violent death, and so did Cato ; and how much evil doth Lactantius and Theodoret speak of Socrates, a weak man, and so of the rest. There is no content in this life, but as ^^ he said, '' All is vanity and vexation of spirit ;" lame and imperfect. Hadst thou Sampson's hair, Milo's strength, Scanderbeg's arm, Solomon's wisdom, Absa- lom's beauty, Croesus' wealth, Pasetis obulum^ Caesar's valour, Alexander's spirit, Tully's or Demosthenes' eloquence, Gyges' ring, Perseus' Pegasus, and Gorgon's head, Nestor's years to come, all this would not make thee absolute ; give thee con- tent, and true happiness in this life, or so continue it. Even in the midst of all our mirth, jollity, and laughter, is sorrow and grief, or if there be true happiness amongst us, 'tis but for a time, £*"" Desinat in piscem mulier formosa supern6:" | " A handsome woman with a fish's tail," a fair morning turns to a lowering afternoon. Brutus and Cassius, once renowned, both eminently happy, yet you shall scarce find two (saith Paterculus) quos fortuna maturius destiiurit^ whom fortune sooner forsook. Hannibal, a conqueror all his life, met with his match, and was subdued at last, Occurrit forti^ qui mage forfis erit. One is brought in triumph, as Caesar into Rome, Alcibiades into Athens, coronis *5 Nat. Chytreus de lit. EuropsR. Lajtus nunc, mox tris- tis ; nunc sperans, paulo post diffidens ; patiens hodie, eras ejulans; nunc pallens, rubens, curiens, sedens, claudicans, tremens, &c. •'eSua cuique calaniitas priEcipua. *' Cn. Grjecinus. •'*' Epist. 9. 1. 7. Miser est qui se beatissimum non judical, licet inipo- ret mundo non est beatus, qui se non putat: quid euiuj refert qualis status tuus sit, si tibi videtur ni.i- us. -f-'Hor. ep. 1. 1. 4. ^Hor. Ser. 1. 8at. 1. 6 Lib. de curat, grsec. affect, cap. 6. de provident. Multis nihil placet atque adeo et divitias damnant, et oaupertateio do mnrhis expostulant, bene valentes graviter ferunt, atque ut semel dicam, nihil eos delee- tat, &c. 62 vix ullius gentis, letatis, onlinis. homi- nem invenies cujus felicitatem fortuna? Metelli com- pares, Vol. 1. S3 P. Crassus Mutianus, qiiinquc habuisse dicitur rerum bonarum maxima, quod esse, ditissimiis, quod esset nobilissimus, eloquer.iissimus, Jurisconsultissimus, Pontifex maxirnus. ^^Lih. 7. Regis filia, Regis uxor. Regis mater. ^^Qui hihil unquam mali aut dixit, aut fecit, aut sen.' it, qui I en« semper fecit, quod aliter facere non potui. «* Soio mon. Eccles. 1. 14. 67Hnr Art Poet Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents^ Cares, <§rc- 173 (77/rm cZowor^MS, crowned, honoured, admired; by-and-by his statues demolished, he hissed out, massacred, Stc. ^^ Magnus Gonsalva, that lamous Spaniard, was of the prince and people at first honoured, approved ; forthwith confined and banished. Admirandas actiones ; graves plerunque sequunfur invidicB, et acres caluvinicB : 'tis Poiybius his observation, grievous enmities, and bitter calumnies, commonly follow renowned actions. One is born rich, dies a beggar; sound to-day, sick to-morrow; now in most flourishing estate, fortunate and happy, by-and-by deprived of his goods by foreign enemies, robbed by thieves, spoiled, captivated, impoverished, as they of '^" Rabbah put under iron saws, and under iron harrows, and under axes of iron, and cast into the tile kiln," so "Quid me felicem toties jact^stis amici. Qui cecidit, slabili non erat ille gradu." He that erst marched like Xerxes with innumerable armies, as rich as Croesus, now shifts for himself in a poor cock-boat, is bound in iron chains, with Bajazet the Turk, and a footstool with Aurelian, for a tyrannising conqueror to trample on. So many casualties there are, that as Seneca said of a city consumed with fire, Una dies interest inter maximam civitatem et nuJIam, one day betwixt a great city and none : so many grievances from outward accidents, and from ourselves, our own indiscre- tion, inordinate appetite, one day betwixt a man and no man. And which is worse, as if discontents and miseries would not come fast enough upon us : ho??io liomini d