Class Book_ "7. UH3 (Li LEONARD COX THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE A REPRINT y EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND GLOSSARIAL INDEX BY FREDERIC IVES CARPENTER, Ph.D. CHICAGO Gbe *mntx>ersiti2 ot Cbicago prc09 1899 llo^cj 4"/?*.^ CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction : I. The Beginnings of Prose Criticism in England — Value of Cox's Rhetoric — Life of Cox — Birth and Educa- tion — Travels — Date of the Rhetoric — Letters : from Erasmus ; to Toy and Cromwell — Leland on Cox's Learning — School- master at Reading The Frith affair — Later Years - 7-18 II. List of Works by Cox ----- 18-22 III. The Rhetoric of Cox — Renaissance Rhetoric — Pas- sages on Rhetoric in England preceding Cox : Traversanus ; Caxton ; Hawes — Aim and Plan of Cox's Work — Its Source : Melanchthon — Cox and contemporary English Prose — Chief English Writers on Rhetoric following Cox : Wilson, Jonson, Bacon _--.-._ 22-33 A. — Appendix : Minor Rhetorical Writings of the Sixteenth Cen- tury in England : Sherry, Rainolde, Ascham, Fulwood, Peacham, Harvey, Mulcaster, Fenner, Fraunce, etc. - 33~34 An Analysis and Outline of the Rhetoric of Melanchthon in Mosellanus' "In Philippi Melanchthonis Rhetorica Tabulae " (serving equally as an analytical Table of Contents for Cox) 35-38 The Arte or Crafte of Rhethoryke, by Leonard Cox : Reprint of the edition of circa 1530, with variorum readings from the edition of 1532 - 39-88 Melanchthon's " Institutiones Rhetoricae," 1 521: Reprint of the portion dealing with Invention - - 89-102 Notes ....... 103-112 Glossarial, Technical, and Personal Index - 11 3-1 17 PREFACE. The object of this number of the English Studies of the Uni- versity of Chicago is to make accessible in a literal reprint the first Rhetoric printed in the English language. The work here reproduced is one of the earliest English schoolbooks and is significant for the history of English prose in the first half of the sixteenth century. It is moreover a work connected in many interesting ways with the humanistic movement and the revival of learning in England, and with Erasmus, Melanchthon, and their associates. In the Introduction I have endeavored to arrange and present all the important material available for the elucidation of the life and work of Cox, himself one of this circle. Much of this material apparently has been hitherto overlooked or insufficiently considered, but I have studied to present it without comment so far as possible. I regret that several points still remain in doubt and that I have been unable to discover and consult several works ascribed to Cox and here listed in the Bibliography of his Works. The digest of Melanchthon, Cox's principal source, by Mosel- lanus, is here given, inasmuch as the correspondence between the works of Cox and Melanchthon is so close that this digest serves equally well as an analytical table of contents for Cox. Later on the source in full in Melanchthon, so far as used by Cox, also is reprinted. The reprint of Cox's own text follows the undated first edition (A) of circa 1530, usually assigned by bibliographers to 1524. Corrections and variant readings from the edition of 1532 (B) are noted at the foot of the page ; but a few corrections in punctuation introduced in B have been silently adopted. Contrac- tions have been generally expanded and in all cases are indicated by italics. I desire to express my especial obligations to Professor W. D. MacClintock of the University of Chicago, who first suggested the 5 6 PREFACE present reprint. I am indebted for suggestions or for assistance received also to the authorities of the Library of the British Museum, and especially to Messrs. A. W. Pollard, R. Proctor, and Richard Garnett ; to Mr. Henry R. Plomer, London ; to Professor R. M. Werner of the University of Lemberg ; to Professor C. H. Moore of Harvard University; and to Professors Paul Shorey and J. M. Manly and Dr. Karl Pietsch of the University of Chicago. Frederic Ives Carpenter. University of Chicago, January 1899. INTRODUCTION. The beginnings of English literary criticism in the sixteenth century have a curious interest. In them, scanty and halting as The Beginnings they often are, we can trace the first expression of the of the Theory literary self-consciousness which was awakening with of English the growth of the new literature and the new civiliza- Prose - tion of the Renaissance. In poetry it is long before there is a full statement of principles 1 ; in prose, an artistic form much later in reaching its full development than poetry, it is longer still. The theory of prose, during the entire century and even far beyond the century, clings to the traditions of oratory and the classifications and precepts of ancient rhetoric, as modified and interpreted by Mediaeval and Renaissance thought. The first steps in the formation of, modern English prose are strangely timid and groping. Strong practical needs drive men to seek the means of ordered and effective expression in the prose vernacular. But native models of expression are lacking. Hence there is a movement of education and a resort to foreign teaching and aid. All England is at school to foreign models. It is in this way that the early English rhetorical treatises of the sixteenth century are of importance. They are documents in the Interest and history of English education as "they are in English Value of literary history. They did practical service in train- Cox's Work, jng men to ordered utterance, and at the same time they gave expression, at least in part, to the accepted theory of English prose. The first of these treatises by a quarter-century, and in its way the most interesting, perhaps as much for what it lacks as for what it gives, is the little work by Leonard Cox on the Arte or Crafte of Rhethoryke, herewith reprinted for the first time. 2 It is character- 1 istic of its period and highly interesting as one of the rather slender list of productions by that little band of humanists and reform- ers in letters, education, and religion, of whom Colet, Lilly, and More were the chief members in England. 1 See Scheliing's Poetic and Perse Criticism of the Reign of Elizabeth. 2 The originals are excessively rare. I know of only two copies, that in the British Museum and that in the Bodleian Library. 7 8 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE I. THE AUTHOR AND HIS CAREER. Cox himself, scholar, schoolmaster, and preacher in the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, so far as we can reconstruct the story of his career from the confused and defective Annals of the . , , . , , . . f f c materials at our command, although playing a minor part, seems to have led a life typical of the times and interesting in its vicissitudes. Educated at both universities, trav- eling abroad and teaching in three or four of the foreign universi- ties, translating from Erasmus, Melanchthon, and others, writing learned scholia and commentaries, Cox came into touch in one way or another with most of the great men of letters and of learning in his age, and counted among his friends such men as Erasmus, Melanchthon, Leland, Palsgrave, Bale, Faringdon, Toy the printer, and John Hales. He was in public employment, patronized by Cromwell, and pensioned off in a small way 1 among the other bene- ficiaries from the spoliation of the ancient religious foundations, and so finally became a preacher of the reformed religion under Edward VI and teacher in the grammar schools at Reading, and perhaps at Caerleon and Coventry. Cox thus witnessed and took his share in the two great movements of the first half of the century in Eng- land, that of the early Humanism, whose chief representatives were Erasmus and Colet, and that of the religious Reformation which at first was so intimately associated with the movement of Humanism. Concerning the date of Cox's birth we know nothing. It must be placed before the opening of the sixteenth century, for as early as 1 518 we find the learning of Cox already so well ^ , T ., established as to secure for him the honor of deliver- Early Life. ing a Latin oration at Cracow in Poland. 2 It is prob- able that by this date Cox was teaching in the Academy at Cracow, where at any rate in 1524 we find him entered as full master. Between these dates, however, he had traveled elsewhere and had been concerned with other matters, for in 15 19 we find the following entry concerning him among the "Accounts at Tour- nay." 3 1 See infra p. 16. a See entry of the title of this oration in list of Cox's works below, p. 18. 3 In Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry J'//f,ed. J. S. Brewer (London 1867), Vol. Ill, No. 153 (24). THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE 9 " Mem. A horse and money given to Leonard Cokks to convey stuff from Tournay to Antwerp .... Money given to Leonard Cox, Shurland the jester and gunner, and to Matthew's brother at his going to school at Paris." The next definite date in the life of Cox which I can discover is the publication in 1524 of his scholia, in Latin, on the Latin poem on Hunting by the Cardinal Adrian. 1 This work is dedicated by Cox to " Iodoco Ludovico Dedo sevenissimo ac potentisj-zV^ Regi Poloniae a Secretis. Mcecenati suo. S. D. P." and the dedication is dated "ex Gymnasio nostro Cassoviae 2 MI Calendas Maij. Anno a Natali Servatoris. M.D.XXIIII." The work was published at Cracow in June of the same year. On the title page the poem is described as accompanied with " Scholiis non ineruditis Leonardi Coxi Britanni." All these references can hardly apply to a young man less than twenty-four years of age. Cox is said to have been the second son of Lawrence Cox of the city of Monmouth in Monmouthshire by Elizabeth Willey his wife, and the grandson of John Cox. 3 Of his edu- Education. G tion before entering college we know nothing beyond Bale's general statement that " from his very childhood he was well instructed in liberal studies," nor do we know the date of his enter- ing or of his receiving his degree at Cambridge, where it is stated that he was educated. 4 It is probable, however, that he graduated before 15 18, for without a university training, even in those days of precocious learning, he could hardly have occupied the position we find him holding in Poland in 15 18 and again in 1524, and have published such work as he then did. In 1524 at any rate Cox was abroad again, as we have seen. There he remained at least until 1527, since in 1526 we find him publish- ing another work in Cracow, 5 his Methodus Studiorum Travels. rr •. , . J ... Hnmaniorum,2j\Q. in 1527 Lrasmus is writing to him about affairs in Hungary. 6 1 See entry of the title below, p. 18. There is a copy in the British Museum. 2 1, e., doubtless Casehau, or Kaschau, in Upper Hungary. 3 Cooper, Ath. Cantab. I, 94; Chalmers, Biog. Diet.; Diet. Natl. Biog. * Cooper, loc. cit. 5 Panzer, Annates Typographici. See infra p. 18. 6 See below, p. 11. io THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE It therefore seems improbable that the first edition of his Rhetoric, published without date, but assigned definitely to 1524 by many bibliographers, could have appeared in that year, Dcitc of Cox's _,. , . written as it is from his school in Reading. 1 Prob- Rhetonc. fe ably, however, somewhere between 1527 and 1530 Cox returned to England and was appointed master of the school at Reading 2 by Hugh Faringdon, the Abbot of the place. He was certainly in this position before 3 February 1530, when he supplicated for incorporation and for M. A. at Oxford, " as being schoolmaster at Redyng." 4 Again, it is impossible to assume with Hallam 5 that Cox's Rhetoric was written in 1524 and that his Methodus Humaniorum Studiorum in 1526 is a translation of the Rhetoric into Latin, for the simple reason that the Rhetoric is itself in greater part a trans- lation from a well-known Latin original into English, as I shall later have occasion to show, and there could be no reason for making another version in Latin by translating back from the English. In May 1527, Erasmus, whose name we find mentioned several times in the course of the following Rhetoric, wrote to Cox, who was probably still at Casehau, a letter which has been ^ preserved among the Epistles of Erasmus (Erasmi Erasmus. r & r v Epistolce, Lugduni Batavorum 1706,982 C, Epistola DCCCLXVI). The following synopsis of the letter is given in Brewer : 6 J See Cox's dedication to his Rhetoric, infra p. 39. 2 John Man, History and Antiquities of Reading (Reading, 1816), p. 196, says John Long was master of this school from 1503 to 1530, and was "succeeded in 1530 by Leonard Cox A. M." 3 Not "soon afterwards," as is stated in the D. N. B. and other biographies. * In Boase, Register of the University of Oxford (Oxford, 1885), Vol. I, p. 159, the entry stands : " Cox, Leonard, B.A. of Cambridge sup. 19 Feb. 15 \\ for incor- poration and for M.A. and for disp. as being schoolmaster at Redyng." See also Cox's verses in Palsgrave's L Esclarcissement, in 1530, infra, p. 20. 5 Hallam, Literature of Europe, Pt. I, ch. viii, at end. Followed by Jebb, article " Rhetoric " in Encycl. Brit., 9th ed. 6 Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, Vol. IV. THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE n " Thanks him for his letters. Is sorry to hear of the ill-health of their friend Justus. 1 His Cofiia has been again edited six months ago. Gives an account of a [disputed] reading in Aulus Gellius, when, twenty years ago, he was engaged at Sienna in teaching Alexander, the archbishop of St. Andrews, brother of the present king of Scotland. Basle, 21 May, 1527." In addition I find in the original letter the following passage, the precise bearing of which perhaps cannot now be explained, but which is interesting as throwing some light on Cox's ambitions and affiliations during his abode in Poland. The churchman referred to may possibly be the Justus already mentioned in the letter ; while "Cassoviensis" evidently refers to the Cassovia or Casehau already mentioned as the seat of the school whence Cox dates the dedication to his Scholia on the Venatio of Adrian : " Ecclesiastae Cassoviensis animum satis admirari non possum ; censeo fortunam amplectendam, vel ob id quo pluribus prodesse queas, vel ob hoc ne pessimo cuique sis contemtui. Etsi qui dignitate praeeminent non possunt omnia corrigere, quae geri conspiciunt vel a populo, vel a Principibus, tamen non parum malorum possunt excludere. Si nos invisat, reperiet nihil aliud, quam pro thesauro carbones." Cox apparently did not embrace the opportunity suggested, but soon after returned to England. Whether he made any other sojourn abroad is doubtful, and it is probably during x s earn- i\ iese y ears that his reputation as a European scholar, ing : Leland's Encomium testified to by Leland, Bale, and other and later biographers, 2 was established. Leland's verses are interesting, and taken in connection with Erasmus' letter, show us among other things the comparatively high regard in which Cox was held in his own day, and evince at least some sort of a connec- tion with Melanchthon : x The Justus here referred to is probably Justus Jonas (1493— 1555), Luther's coadjutor and a friend of Melanchthon and Erasmus. See Letter of Erasmus to Jonas, June 1, 15 19, in Erasmus' Epistolce, lib. V, ep. 27. See art. on Justus in Herzog & Plitt's Real-Encyklopddie fur protestantische Theologie und Kirche, Leipzig, 1880. 2 E. g., Knight, Life of Erasmus, p. 229, tells of Cox's travels in France, Germany, Poland, and Hungary, and states that he " taught there the tongues, and became more eminent in Foreign Countries than at home." Browne Willis, View of the Mitred Abbeys, 1719 (Appendix II of Leland's Collectanea) : " Cox was a man universally celebrated for his Learning and Elo- quence. He is one of Leland's Worthies." 12 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE " AD LEONARDUM COXUM. Inclyta Sarmaticse Cracouia gloria gentis, Virtutes novit Coxe diserte tuas. Novit et eloquii phoenix utriusque Melanchthon, Quam te Phoebus arnet, Y\tr\\isque chorus. Praga tuas cecinit, cecinitque Lutetia laudes, Urbs erga doctos officiosa viros. Talia cum constent, genetrix tua propria debet Anglia te simili concelebrare modo. Et faciet, nam me cantantem nuper adorta Hoc ipsum jussit significare tibi." 1 In or about 1530, then, Cox was appointed master of the gram- mar school of Reading, Berks, under the patronage of the Abbot Hugh Faringdon, a man of some prominence in the , _ ,. political and religious affairs of the day. And soon at Reading. r & J afterwards Cox was incorporated at Oxford, receiving his B.A. degree there Feb. 19, 1530 N. S. Cox appears to have remained at Reading as schoolmaster, with occasional journeys elsewhere connected with other matters, from 1530 to 1541. In or about 1530 also I date conjecturally the first edition of Cox's Rhetoric, for the reasons given above. The second edition appeared in 1532, with a few slight changes, to be noted further on. In 1530 appeared John Palsgrave's " L'Esclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse," in which occur two sets of prefatory Latin verses written by Cox, 2 the first being headed " Leonardi Coxi Readingiensis ludi moderatoris, ad Gallicae linguae studiosos, Car- men," while the second are complimentary verses " Eiusdem Coxi ad eruditum virum Gefridum Troy de Burges Galium." In 1532 we hear of Cox again at Reading. About the middle of this year John Frith the martyr, venturing back to England after his long exile abroad, visited Reading, where on his Cox Aids the arrival he was set in the st0 cks. " Cox," says Wood, Protestant , .. ... . . . . Frith "who soon discovered his merit by his conversation, relieved his wants, and out of regard to his learning 1 "Principum, ac illustrium aliquot, & eruditorum in Anglia virorum Encomia, Trophasa, Genethliaca, et Epithalamia. A Joanne Lelando Antiquario conscripta, nunc primum in lucem edita." London 1589. Page 50. "Lutetia" of course is Paris. "Cited infra, p. 20 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE 13 procured his release," x — a deed worthy of a Humanist and friend of Erasmus ! In 1534 we get a glimpse of Cox's occupations and ambitions in a letter of his dated from Reading, 13 May [1534J, and addressed to " the Goodeman Toy, at the Signe of Saint Nicholas 6 er ° y in Powles Churchyarde." 2 It is to be found among the Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII in the Record Office, Vol. VII, No. 659 : " Goode man Toy : I hartely commend me to you and to your good- wife and here I have sent you the paraphrase of Erasmus with the epistle of saint Poule to Titus, and my preface made, as you can bere me recorde, but sodaynly. Wherfor it canwott be but easy. Neuertheles I wyll desyer you to show it vnto the right wurshipfull Master 3 Cromwell, and in any wise to know his pleasure whether it shall abrode or not. If his mastershipp think it meate to be prentid, 4 I shall, if it so pleas him, either translate the work that Erasmus made of the maner of prayer or his paraphrase vppo# the first and seconde epistle to Timothe or els such works as shall pleas his mastershipp, and dedicate also any suche labours to him. But if this that I have done shall nott pleas his mastershipp, my trust is yet that he wyll take no displeasure with me, seing I did it for a goode entent as the preface to the redar declareth ; and agayne I wold not have it abrode with out his pleasure afore knowen. I am also a translating of a boke which Erasmzzs made of the bringing upp of children, which I entend to dedicate to the saide Master Cromwell, and that shortly after Whitsontide. 5 Moreover it is shewid me that his mastershipp is recorder of bristow [Bristol], wherfor if I may know by your letters that he is con- tent with my doings, I entend to write to him to besech him to be my goode master for the obteynyng of the fre schole there ; for though I J Cf. Wood's Athen. Oxon. ed. Bliss I, 74; Cooper, Athen. Cantab. I, 47; Foxe, Actes, etc.; Diet. Natl. Biog.; etc, 2 A synopsis is given in Gairdner, Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII (London, 1883), Vol. VII, No. 659. 3 1, e., written before Cromwell had been created a baron in 1536. 4 Not printed apparently until 1549, long after Cromwell's death. See, infra, p. 21. s If this translation were ever completed it was never printed. The subject is one with which the age was greatly occupied. See Elyot's " The Governor." See also " A Lytell Booke of good Maners for Chyldren by Erasmus Roterodam, with Interpretacion of the same into the vulgare Englysshe Tonge, by Robert Whytyn- ton, Laureate Poete " (London, W. de Worde, 1522). 14 THE ARTE OR CRAETE OF RHETHORYKE have many goode masters in the cawse, yet I had \euer have his favour then all the oothers. Ye, and it so pleasid his mastershipp, I wold be right glad to bere the name of his servant, and so, if you have oportunite, I pray you shewe him, and send me worde what answere you have. flare you well, fro//? Reding the xiijM day of maii. Your own leonard Cox. The Goodman Toy to whom this letter was written was the printer John Toy, who issued in 1531 a Gradus Comparationum cum verbis anomalis simul cum eorum compositis, — " Imprinted at London, in Poules chyrche yard, at the sygne of saynte Nycolas, by me John Toye." z Wolsey's fall occured in 1529 and by 1533 Cromwell's position and power were well established. Cox is turn- ing to the rising sun. We do not hear of Cox again till 1540, when we find him writing directly to his patron Cromwell as follows : Pleas your good Lordeshippe. Whereas I your poore bounden ser- vant and dayly bedeman have often tymes considered your speciall goode favour towarde me in tymes past when I was wayting in the courte on Sir Iohn Walloppe, 2 whiche it afterwarde pleasid you to renew of your singular goodnes when I was last in your Lordeshippes presence att Thorneburie, 3 — I have ben at all tymes greatly ashamed of my self that I had nothing whereby I myght declare again to your goode Lordeshippe my faithfull harte and serviceable mynde for your so great beneuolence. Where vppon I have at the last drawen a comment vppon a boke made some tyme by master lillie & correctid by Erasmus, whiche work of grammer is moche set by in all scholes bothe on this side the sea & 1 Herbert's Ames, I, 482. 2 English ambassador at Paris in 1533 and later. Soon after Wolsey's death a violent quarrel occurred between Cromwell and Sir John Wallop. (Cf. Jas. Gairdner, art. " Cromwell " in Diet. Natl. Biog.). The "tymes past " alluded to were probably subsequent to this event. Cox, who was a good linguist, knew French, and had probably lectured in Paris, may have attended Sir John in one of his embassies. At any rate we learn from this that Cox had been at court. 3 In Gloucestershire, no great distance from Caerleon and Monmouth, two other places associated with Cox, and easily visited by one traveling from Read- ing. So Reading itself would be naturally visited by one passing from Caerleon or Thornbury to London. THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE 15 beyonde. 1 This comment of myne made vppon the saide boke, I have here sent and dedicatid to you my special] goode Lorde, as parte of witnes of my faithfull service owid to you ffc^yowr singulare goodnes to me your poore bedeman. And thowghe my saide diligence be fer beneth my dutie to your so singular beneuolence, yet I moste humbly beseche your moste goode Lordeshippe to accept it. And I shall, God willing, or long dedicate to you better things. Our lorde preserve yoz^r estate with all pr ten in the lattyn tongue" out of which Cox translates and on which his work is mainly founded is the " Institutiones Rhetorical " of Melanchthon, published in 1521. Melanchthon is "oure auctour," so frequently referred to in the course of Cox's work. 4 Readers of Professor C. H. Herford's scholarly work on the Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century are aware how close was the connection of English and German scholarship and letters in the first half of that century. Cox, like Melanchthon, was an educator and humanist, and inclined to the reformed religious doctrine, while his failure to mention Melanchthon's name anywhere is doubtless to be attributed to the prejudice against the German reformers in high quarters in England at this moment. When the idea of bringing out a work on the Art of Rhetoric written in Eng- lish first occurred to Cox, it was natural that he should turn to the convenient compendium of the subject recently written by the great humanist educator and religious reformer of Germany, with whom, probably enough, he had already come in contact on the continent. In 1 5 19 Melanchthon had written a larger work on rhetoric, his De rhetorica, libri tres, 5 to which Cox refers two or three times, and 1 Infra, p. 42. 2 P. 87. 3 See, however, infra p. 103. * See Modern Language Notes, May 1898, where I have described my discov- ery of the source of Cox's Rhetoric. 5 At Wittenberg: reprinted at Basle in the same year; at Leipzig 1521 '» Cologne 1 52 1 ; and Paris 1527 and 1529. Cf. Bretschneider, Corpus Refor- matorum, Halle 1834 f. (the first 28 volumes comprise the works of Melanchthon ; the rhetorical writings are in Vol. XIII). 30 THE ARTE OR CRAETE OF RHETHORYKE from which he borrows several passages. 1 In 1521, however, a shorter and much simplified version, adapted to Melanchthon r , school use, was compiled, perhaps from the notes of Melanchthon 's lectures, 2 and published with the title Institutiones Rhetorics Philip. Mel. 3 From the first book of this work, treating of Invention, Cox draws the greater part of his treatise, and this book accordingly is herewith reprinted for convenience of compari- son. I reserve for the Notes the discussion of the exact relation between the two works. 4 A cursory comparison of the two texts will show the closeness of Cox's dependence on his original. At the same time numerous passages in Cox seem to be of independent composition. Particularly interesting among these are many of the illustrations drawn from Renaissance and Mediaeval history and lit- 1 See the Notes infra pp. 105, 106, 108-9, 1Il > II2 > concerning this work. 2 Melanchthon himself, in an epistle to Joannes Agricola concerning this work, writes: " Oualescunque sunt hse praeceptiunculse Rhetorical, quas dictavimus non scripsimus, opto ut lectori prosint. . . . Porro magna ex parte res Rhetorica purius emendatiusque tractata est, quam in prioribus meis libellis." Bretschneider's note on this is: "Intelligitur itaque, ha;c quse hie edita sunt, dictata esse a Melanthone in schola, et ab amicis, probante Melanthone, edita." 3 At Hagenau; reprinted Cologne 1521 ; Paris 1523; Strassburg, 1524. 4 Other rhetorical works by Melanchthon, which do not concern us here, were the " Phil. Mel. Elementorum rhetorices libri II" Wittenberg 1 531, a recast of the earlier works (also 1532, 1534, 1536, 1542, etc.), finally re-edited 1542 (reprinted many times), and his Encomium Eloquentice or " Necessarias esse ad omne studio- rum genus artes dicendi Philip. Melanchthonis declamatio," Wittenberg n. d., — not a treatise but a brief general essay on the subject of the title (compare Gabriel Harvey's Rhetor). One passage from this latter work, which illustrates both the abuses of the time and the aims of the reformers and humanists, is worth quoting : " Discipline omnes dicendi genere sic obscuratse sunt, ut ne doctores quidem ipsi, quid profiterentur satis compertum haberent. Digladiabantur inter se de figuris sermonis philosophi, tanquam in tenebris Andabatse, nee quisquam a domesticis suis plane intelligebatur." On M's rhetorical writings and their importance see further A. Planck, Melanchthon Prceceptor Germanice, eine Denkschrift (Nordlingen i860); Paulsen, Gesch. des gelehrten Unterrichts aufden Deutschen Schulen und Universitaten (Leip- zig 1885), especially p. 149: "Melanchthon's Kompendien .... der Rhetorik und Dialektik .... [etc.], dienten bis ins 18. Jahrhunderts hinein dem gelehrten Unter- richt auf den deutschen Universitaten und Schulen als Grundlage." According to Hallam {Lit. Europe) Melanchthon was, "far above all others, the founder of gen- eral learning in Germany." THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE 31 erature, as well as some things also from Cicero and the classics. Not only does Cox add to Melanchthon, but he freely omits and condenses as suits his purpose. Thus, as already stated, he omits the whole of Books II and III, on Dispositio and Elocutio. Melanchthon's own direct prototypes seem to be Hermogenes or Trapezuntius (the latter he refers to with approval), Cicero, and Quintilian. All of these, except the last, are expressly named by Cox as trustworthy authorities. Cox's Rhetoric doubtless served its turn with its own generation, but any direct influence from it on later English rhetorical writers //can scarcely be traced. Cox's work helped to teach Service of Cox's better order and method in public speaking, an aim Rhetoric. which also inspires his next important successor, Sir Thomas Wilson ; but with anything beyond the struc- tural part of composition Cox is hardly concerned. The preoccu- pation with style comes in with the next generation. Cox's own prose has some historical value among the none too numerous monuments of English prose in the first half of the six- teenth century. His style is of purpose extremely sim- Cox's Prose pie and plain, in order to meet the understanding of Style. "young beginners;" but joined with his simplicity there is a certain rudeness which is not the strong and eloquent rudeness of Latimer, and a certain awkwardness of phrase and syntax which prevent our placing him as a writer of English anywhere near his great predecessor, Malory, his great con- temporaries, More, Colet, Tyndale and Coverdale, and Elyot, or his great successors, Ascham and Wilson. He writes purely didactic prose, it is true, in which there is no opportunity for style ; he saves himself from excessive Latinisms ; his manner is straightforward and to the point; but little more than this can be said for him as a writer of English. In Cox's day English prose is but in the mak- ing, and with few, except one or two original spirits, does it advance to style. And Cox is not one of the originators. Nevertheless, in his way, by precept if not by example, he contributed to the forma- tion of the new art, and so is to be reckoned with in the history of English prose. // The next 1 and the only other important English Rhetoric of the sixteenth century after Cox was The Arte of Rhetor ique, for the 1 But see note A at the end of this Introduction, p. 33. 32 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE vse of all sue he as are studious of Eloquence, sette forth i7t English, by Thomas Wilson. Anno Domini, M.D.LIII. pjf t ■ f j Mense Ianuarij. 1 Wilson's work is much superior to lowing Cox. C° x in originality and scope. Wilson follows the ''Ciceronian tradition with more independence. He aims to cover the entire field of the older rhetorics, treating in order of Invention, Disposition, " Elocution " (/. qU£e est e ffectus, ira, odium, avaritia, loci &c. [_ 5) Ratiocinatio, quae a spe commodorum ducitur f a) Loco I /3) Tempore ii Potestas constat cir- J 7) Viribus : Iidem sunt loci defensoris cumstantiis 1 5) Signis 1 e) Antecedentibus [ f) Consequentibus 38 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE f Absolutionem, cum docemus id signum quod fac- — Defensor t a m e n j turn est, misericordia et humanitate factum esse addet • Inversionem, qua docemus quod contra nos pro- ^ ducitur, pro nobis facere 2. De Juridiciali, Jure an injuria. f Exordio ,' Narratioi j Confirma [_ Peroratione Juridicialis partibus con- i Narratione stat quatuor, scilicet . Confirmatione, cujus proprii sunt loci i Cujus loci sunt i Absolutus Est mtem duplex status negotialis { .. Assumptivus f Natura L j Consuetudo yEquum Bonum Judicatum I Pactum ii Assumptivus cum assumpta re extranea, defensio tractatur r a) Concessio Ejus loci sunt \ j3) Translatio criminis \ y) Remotio r Purgatio, cum fatemur nos pecasse, sed per impru- a) Concessionis partes ■] dentiam aut casum v Deprecatio 3. De statu legitimo. Quid sit. Legitimus status constat \ Contrariis legibus partibus quatuor j Ambiguis scriptis f Definitione \ [^ Ratiocinatione [Title page of the first edition.] tTbe Brte or Crafte of 1Rbetbo= vyhe THE [ARTE] OR CRAFTE OF RHETHO- RYKE. [A ii a] ^j To the reuerend father in god and hys finguler good lorde the lorde Hughe Faryngton Abbot of Redynge his pore clyent & perpetual ferua/zt Leonarde Cox 1 defyrethe longe and profperoufe lyfe with encreafe of honour. Confyderyng my fpecyall good lorde howe greatly and how many wayes I am bounden to your lordefhippe. And among all other that in fo greate a nombre of cunnynge men whiche ar nowe within this region / it hathe pleafid your goodnes to accept me as worthy to 2 haue the charge of the inftruccyon 3 and bryngyng uppe 4 of fuche youthe as 5 reibrteth to your gramer fchole, founded by your anteceffours in thys your towne of Redyng. / 1 ftudied a longe fpace what thynge I myght do next the bufy and dylygent occupyeng of my felfe in your faide feruyce/to the whiche bothe confciens & your ftepend 6 doth ftreyghtly 7 bynde me, that myght be a fygnyfycacioTz of my faythfull and feruifable harte whiche I owe to your lordefhyppe/and agayne a longe memorye bothe of your fynguler and benefycyall [A ii.b] fauore towarde me: And of myne induftrie and dylygence employed in your feruyce to fome profyte or at the lefte way to fome delectacion of the inhabytau^tes of this noble realme nowe floryffhyng 8 vnder the moft excellent and victorioufe prynce our Souerayne Lorde kynge Henry the .viii. ^f And when I hade thus longe prepenfyd in my mynde what thynge I myght befte chofe out / none offrede it felfe more conuen- yent to the profyte of yonge ftudientes, 9 whiche youre good lorde- fhyppe hathe allwayes tenderly fauored/and alfo meter to my pro- feffyon, then to make fome proper worke of the ryght pleafaunt and parfuadyble 10 arte of Rhetoryke / whiche as it is very neceffary to all fuche as wyll eyther be aduocates and proctoures in the lawe, or els apte to be fente in theyr prynces / Ambaffades / or to be *B. Cockes. 6 B. ftipende. 2 B. for to. 7B. ftraytly. 3 B. inftruction. 8 B. flouryfhynge. 78 : 17-26. Here Cox takes up again the thread of his original, dropped since p. 58. See supra pp. 100-101. As usual, much is added not to be found in M. I. 77 :35- Terence, Andria, Act I, Sc. i, at end. 78 .4. Ovid, op. cit., V. 78 : 31 — 79 : 9, 79 ; 18-32, 80 : 4-17, 29-37, 8l : 5 -6 - Free translation from M. I. See supra p. 101. 81 : 1. See Sallust, Catilina, lit. 81 :8 — 82 14. See Cicero, de Inventione, Bk. II, Ch. xxxv. A direct translation. 82 : 18 f. After M. I. Cox has as usual expanded M.'s illustration (of Orestes). 82 131 — 83 : 1. Translation from M. I. 83 : 4. Here again Cox abandons M., who is treading on the dangerous ground of religious illustration. He now turns to Cicero, whom he fol- H2 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE lows intermittently through the rest of this work. See Cicero, de Inven- tione, Bk. II, Ch. xl. The illustration that follows is translated from Ch. li of the same work. 84 : 14 f . The two illustrations which follow seem to be furnished by Cox independently. 85 : 27 f. A similar illustration with somewhat different terms is recited by Cicero, Ch. xl. 86 : 30-32. Translation from M. I. See supra p. 102. The illustration which follows is drawn from Cicero, Ch. 1. 87 : 19-21. Translation from M. I. See supra p. 102. 87:18. "He shulde nat have suffred of convenient," i. e., properly, justly. 87 : 34. Cox probably means only that his work, like the de Inventione of Cicero, covers only the one division of Rhetoric concerned with inven- tion, although he may also intend here to record his obligations in the last part of his own work to Cicero's work. 88 : 2. Similarly Melanchthon (de Rhetorica, C viii a) refers readers who may desire a more extended treatment of the subject to Trapezuntius. Trapezuntius presents little more than a paraphrase of Hermogenes. The latter was a Greek rhetorician of the time of Marcus Aurelius who wrote five works covering the field of rhetoric. On the Rhetoric of Trapezun- tius cf. Voigt, Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthiuns (Berlin, 1893) Vol. II, 443- 88 .5. Horace, Ars Poetica, 335-6. 88 : 9. Justinian, Institutiones, Liber Primus, I De iustitia et iure : .... "si statim ab initio rudem adhuc et infirmum animum studiosi mul- titudine ac varietate rerum oneravimus, duorum alterum aut desertorem studiorem efficiemus aut cum magno labore eius, saepe etiam cum diffi- dentia" .... etc. 88:19. Cox probably refers to Aristotle's Metaphysics, 993 B 13-15 : "It is just to be grateful, not only to those whose opinions we share, but- also to more superficial thinkers, for these too have contributed something. For they have helped our development." And see what follows. —In B the colophon reads as follows : " Imprinted at London in Fletestrete by saynt Dunstones chyrche / at the sygne of the George / by me Robert Redman. The yere of our lorde god a thousande/fyue hundred and two and thyrty. Cum priuilegio." Beneath there is a woodcut of architectural scrolls. F viii recto is blank. F viii verso contains a woodcut representing two nude figures holding a shield on which appears the monogram of Robert Redman, with his name below. The shield is surmounted by a helmet with scrolls. GLOSSARIAL INDEX. Including the chief technical terms of rhetoric used, and the names of the chief writers and others cited by Cox. The several references to the use of similar technical terms of rhetoric in "Wilson" that follow are to Sir Thos. Wilson's Arte of Rhetorique, 1553. "Abdicate or forsaken of his father" 84 124, 28 Abiecte 84 : 19 cast off, disowned Absolute state negociall 80 : 10 f. Absolution, absolucyon (in Rhetoric) 79 : 10 f. (defined) Accepte 42 : 2 acceptable Ado 73 : 9 concern, interest Affectuouse 54 : 28 full of emotion. Lat., "haec affectuum verba " Affynes 47:12, 33 the "Affinia" of Melanchthon. Things having affin- ity with other things Afore 42 : 3 ; 48 : 23, etc., before Alleuiate 54 : 18 ("to a. your mindes") to lighten, to relieve Almaynes 75 : 35 Germans Alonly 50 : 11 only, alone Ambages 55 : 9 to use a. = "to go .... rounde about the bussh." Ambassades 41 : 30 ; 82 : 1 1 embassage, embassy Angele see Policiane Antecessours 41:12 predecessors Antytheme (A), Anthethem (B) 44 : 7 the matter which the orator shall speak of Apeyreth 42 : 8 M. E. Apeyren, to harm, impair Approbate 86 : 37 approved Appropred 80 : 7 appropriated, set aside as proper Apte 41 : 30 likely, fitted Aquiatyn 59 : 36 (Aquitaine) Aris tides 52 Aristotle 42, 45, 46, 88 Assay 43 : 4 essay, attempt Assumptyue state negociall 80 : 29 f ., Cf. Wilson fol. 53 b Attencion 50:13; 54:31 one of the "places" of the Preamble Attendaunce 54 : 36 attention Attente 54 : 32 attentive Auaunced 81 : 30 advanced 20; 60 : 2, etc., authority 32 the act of hearing Auctoritie 57 Audyence 54 : Austen, St. 57 Barbarus see Hermolaus Barbours 80 : 20 barbarous Basyl, St. 50 f. Batyle (A); bataile (B); 58 : 28; 53 : 14 battle Be 42 : 26 for been in pi. indie. Beneuolence 50 : 13 f., etc., one of the " places " of the Preamble Bewrayed 61 : 21 revealed, made known Blake 53 : 29 black Bounden 41:7 for bound Brenne 61 .-32; Brente 62 : 5 to burn Bruyt 56 : 12 reputation Buckled 73:28 "They b. togyther," they encountred or fought By Cause = because 46 : 5; 86 : 5, etc. Byenge 47 : 7 buying Caleys, a law of, 85 Camillus, Roman dictator 58 Carrynge 53 : 18 'to " carry on " Caste 78:15 ("caste hym afore the senate ") accused, convicted Cato 56 Cesar 56, 62, 66 Charles, i. e., Charlemagne 59 f. Chirurgiens 83 : 28 surgeons 13 114 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RETHORYKE Cicero 88 pro Milone 44, 48, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80 pro Archia 51 Epistolce, ad Lentulum 51 pro Ccecina 51 /re Pompeio 52, 57, 67, 68, 74 pro Ccelio 52 ^n? Sexto Roscio 52 ^;t? Murena 52 ^>r0 Marcello 62 _^rz Pisonem 77 afe Inventione 81, 83, 87 Commodiouse 65 : 17 profitable Commodities 60 : 33; 65 : 19, etc., in- terest, advantage Commune 43 : 12; 44 : 24, etc., to con- verse Commutatiue equite 47 : 4 Comon places (of Rhetoric) 82 : 1 Comprobacion (in Rhetoric) 78 : 25 Comynaltye 42 : 19; 52 : 19, etc., com- munity, commonwealth, the commons Conclusion or Peroration 64, etc. Confutacion, the seconde parte of con- tencion 64 f. Confyrmacion, the fyrste parte of con- tencion 63 f.; 65 f. Coniecturall 71 (state c. in deliberative oratory) Cf. Wilson, fol. xlix Conster 84 : 8 to construe Contencion, or "prouinge of the mat- er" 50 : 5 Contraries 47 : 12 Contraryly 42 : 4; 76 : 33, etc., on the contrary To Contrarye 84 : 14 to run contrary to Conuenyent 41 124; 43 : 15, etc., suit- able, apt, becoming Coroune (A); crowne (B) 47 : 24 Craft 41:1; 44=35; 49:i4, etc., (see title-page) art, skill, artificium Crafty 51 : 6; 71 : 20 skilful Crayer 83 : 9 a small vessel Cunnynge 41:8 skilful, knowing Curiositie 58 : 2; 88 : 11 nicety, curi- ous art Deceytable 79 : 12 deceptive Deducte 59 : 13, etc., deduced Defayt 58 : 30 to deprive, to defeat Defended 58 : 9 repelled, warded off Definicion (in Rhetoric) 45 f.; 83 : 2 f., Cf. Wilson 52 Delate (v. t.) 48 : 21 to expand, amplify Delyberatyue oracion 44 : 32; 66 f., Cf. Wilson, fol. 16 a Demonstratyue oracion 44 : 32; 49 : 18 f., etc., Cf. Wilson, fol. 6 b, etc. Demosthenes 43, 49, 52 Deprecacion (in Rhetoric) 81 : 5 f. Descryued 65 : 15 described Dialectual (A); dialectycall (B) 47 : 35 Difficile 43 : 31 (Fr. difficile), difficult Disputacion 44 : 31, or "theme logy- call." Distraught 86 : 33 non compos mentis, insane Distribucion, a part of Diuisyon 74 : 3, 9f. Distributyue equite 46 : 28 f. Diuisyon (in Rhetoric) 45 Docilite 50:15 f.; 55:6 one of the "places" of the Preamble or Exor- dium Dysposycyon 43 : 19 Edified 60 : 4 built Egall 84 : 12, etc., equal Enhabited 67 : 6 had residence, dwelt Entwyte 76:7 to twit, to reproach Enumeracion 74:11 a part of " distri- bucion " in Rhetoric. Equite 46 Erasmus Mori(B Encomium 54, 65 de Conscribendis Epistolis 63 de Matrimonio 65, 66 Copia 54 Artis MediccB Laudes 66 Euery 44 : 35 (for " each ") ; so 85 : 30 Excepcion 87 : 19 (as a legal term) Exorden or Preamble 50 : 3 exordium Exposicion 74 : 12 a part of " distribu"^ cion " in Rhetoric THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE 115 Facultie 43:6; 44 : 4 ; 48 : 6 ; etc., art, subject or branch of learning Facundiouse 75 :25 eloquent Fantasyes 75 : 34 Earyngton, Hugh, Abbot of Redynge 41,87 Fayctes 56 : 24 ; faytes 58 : 29 ; deeds Fere 70 : 5 to cause fear to, to frighten Fet 52 : 25 ; 63 : 19, etc., fetched ; " fer fet" 54 :27 Folowinges 60 : 22 things that follow. Fyers (== fierce) 76 : 24 Gate 83:25, etc., got Gostely 60 : 17 spiritual Gouernour 83 : 10, 16 pilot or master of a ship Gregory, St., Nazazene 50 f. Handes 74 : 27. "A man of his h." Haniball 68 f . Henry VIII 41, 44 Hermogines 88 Herniolaus Barbarus 57 Historicyens 60 : 36 historians. Holpe 83 : 25 ; Holpen 80 : 30 helped. Homer 53. Cf. 71, 72 f. (the latter are drawn from Ovid, more directly) Horace {fourth satire), 55, [Ars Poetica) 88 Ieoperdouse 63 : 17, hazardous, perilous 111 see yl. Importunatnes 67 : 28 importunity Improue, (v.t.) 48 : 9 ; 75 : 19, to dis- prove. So " Improuynge ", disprov- ing 49 : 5. See Reprouynge. Impulsion ("naturall i.") 77 : 33 f. Incontinent 73 : 35 forthwith Induced 64 : 1 1 introduced Insinuacion (in Rhetoric), 53 : 8 f. Instructe 42 : 6 instructed • Instruments (in Rhetoric) 45 : 18 = or- gana of M. Inuencyon : 43 : 13 f. Cf. Wilson fol. 3b Inuercion (B) [Inuencion (A), by error] 79= 18 f. Ironiously8i : 1 ironically Iudiciall oracion 44 : 33 ; 71 f. State Iudiciall 71. See "iuridiciall " Iuridiciall 79:27 f. ("state i.") Cf. Wilson fol. 47a, 53b James Antiquarie 57 Justinian, the Emperour 88 Knowledge 54 : 16 to acknowledge. Knyte 45: 9 knit Kyndely 76 : 11 after the way of kind or nature. Kynred 81 =24 kindred Lake (A) == lacke (B): 43 : 17 etc., etc. Larcyne (A); larrecine (B) 75 :36 thiev- ishness Laude 44 : 25 ; 57 : 5, etc., praise Layeth for him 82 : 27 ; 83 : 30 argues on his own behalf Cf. 84 : 24 Layth vnto 75 :20 inveighs against Legitime or legall justice 46 : 13. State legitime 71; 82 : 33 f. Cf. Wilson fol. 49a. Lese 83 : 6, etc., to lose Let ( = to prevent, hinder) 78 : 24 Livius, 59, 66, 67, 68 Longeth (A); belongeth (B). 48 : 21 ; Cf. 46 131 ; 71 : 16, etc. Longynge (A), belongyng (B) 45 : 31 Losel53:2i a low fellow {i.e., Ther- sites) Lyeser (A); leyser (B) 78 : 32 leisure Maystry 75:27 "they here the m." they excell, or are masters. Cf. 87 : 27 [Melanchthon\ "our author" etc. 42, 47, 57, 59 Mere 58 : 23, etc., absolute Merites (B) ; merytes (A) 4:33 re- wards, benefits Metely 51:7 measurably Meuyd 57 : 13 moved Moo, mo 50:9; 80 : 36 more Mucius see Sceuola Narracion (part of an oration) 55 : 11 f. Cf. Wilson fol. 4a, 58b, etc. Nat = not 50 : n (so passing Nazazene see Gregory [Nazianzene (B)] Negociall 79 : 32 f. (" state n. or iuridi- ciall") Nones, for the nones 52 : 21 ; 76 : 37 ; for the nonce, for the occasion n6 THE ARTE OR CRAFTE OF RHETHORYKE Nother (A) ; neyther (B) 46 : 25 — nother .... nother = neither .... nor, 46 : 25; 49 : 34 Noughty 75 : 15 bad Offyce, i.