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AN IMPORTANT WORK, 
 
 FOR 
 
 DRUGGISTS, CHEMISTS AND MANUFACTURERS. 
 <»■«> 
 
 LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Have now ready a new and greatly enlarged edition, with 537 illustra- 
 tions of 
 
 PHARMACEUTICAL MANIPULATIONS. 
 
 A Manual of the Chemical and Chemico- Mechanical operations 
 of the Laboratory : 
 
 BY CAMPBELL MORFIT, 
 
 Professor of Analytic and Applied Chemistry in the Universitjof Maryland, assisted by 
 Clarence Morfit, Assistant Melter and Kefiner in the U. S. Assay Office. 
 
 One Volume) Royal Octa-ro— Price $4;* 
 
 FROM THE PREFACE. 
 
 " To realize for Chemistry its true character of a science — to render 
 it a ' system illustrated and proved by experiment,' there is an indispen- 
 sable need of proficiency in those manual operations of the laboratory, 
 by means of which chemical changes are induced, observed and estimated. 
 This accomplishment in manipulation — tliis expertness in handling and 
 adjusting implements, it is true, depends upon time and practice; but, 
 although the student may not become an adept in the art, solely from 
 written instructions, yet much may be thus taught which will lighten his 
 labours, and smooth the way to the acquisition of skill and accuracy. 
 
 "Such is the object of the present work; and it has been made to com- 
 prise practical lessons upon the mechanical and cliemico-mcchanical 
 businer'S of the chemist, in reference both to the exact detail of analytic 
 research, and the more extended processes of pharmaceutical science. 
 Explanatory drawings of important forms of apparatus, too, have been 
 profusely employed to give greater intelligibility to the text; and, while 
 the authors liave drawn largely from their own personal experience, they 
 have not neglected to make available all the useful information that was 
 to be derived from other sources. 
 
 "In this second and enlarged edition, there are many improvements 
 upon the original work. Tiie old matter has been amended, and much 
 tliat is novel and invaluable added; so tliat in its prc-ent form it embracis 
 full and fresh teachings, adapted to tlie requirements of the uninitiated, 
 as well as to the more advanced student." 
 
 %&- Copies forwarded by mail, free of postage, upon receipt 
 of the price as annexed. 
 
BEASLEY'S PRESCRIPTION-BOOK. 
 
 THE BOOK OF PRESCRirTIONS; containing Two Thousand, Nine 
 Hundred Prescriptions, collected from the Practice of the most Emi- 
 nent Physicians and Surgeons. By Henry Beasley, Author of "The 
 Medical Formulary," "The Druggists' Receipt-Book," &c., &c. In 
 one volume, duodecimo. Price, §1.50. 
 
 The editor, carefully selecting from the mass of materials at his disposal, has compiled 
 a volume, sufficiently comprehensive, and yet sufficiently portable, in which, both phy- 
 sician and druijgist, prescriher and compounder, may find, under the he^d of each re- 
 medy, the manner in which that remedy may be most effectively administered, or com- 
 bined with other medicines in the treatment of various diseases. The alphabetical ar- 
 rangement adopted renders this easy; and the value of the volume is still further 
 enhanced by the short account given of each medicine, and the lists of doses of its 
 several preparations. This is really a most useful and iniportaTit publication, and from 
 the great aid which it is capable of affording in prescribing, it should be in the possession 
 of every medical practitioner. Amongst other advantages is, that, by giving the pre- 
 scriptions of some of the most able and successful pr.actitioners of the day, it affords an 
 insight into the methods of treatment pursued by them, and of the remedies which 
 they chiefly employed in the treatment of different diseases. The volume is small, and 
 its cost trifling. — Lancet. 
 
 BEASLEY'S FORMULARY.-(New Edition.) 
 
 THE MEDICAL FORMULARY; comprising Standard and Approved 
 Formulae for the Preparations and Compounds employed in Medical 
 Practice. By Henry Beasley. Second American, from the Sixth 
 London Edition. In one volume. Price, $1.50. 
 
 The fact that Mr. Beasley's Formulary has reached a si.xth edition, is a sufficient proof 
 of the estimation in which it is held by the medical and pharmaceutical public. It is, 
 in fact, a very comprehensive work, containing a great mass of information in a very 
 small compass. The arrangement is alphabetical, as being most convenient. It contains 
 selections from the American, French, ( ierman, and other foreign Pharmacopeias, in ad- 
 dition to the Formulre from the three British ones. The work, however, is so well known , 
 that it is unnecessary to do more than announce the present edition, and to state that 
 the doses of the various medicines have now been added. — Medical Times and Gazette, 
 
 THE WHOLE ART OF PERFUMER Y.-With lUustrations. 
 THE ART OF PERFUMERY, AND METHOD OF OBTAINING THE 
 ODOURS OF PLANTS, with Instructions for the Manufacture of Per- 
 fumes for the Handkerchief, tScented Powders, Odorous Vinegars, 
 Dentifrices, Pomatum, Cosmctiques, Perfumed Soap, &c. With an 
 Appendix, on the Coloui's of Flowers, Artificial Fruit, &c., &c. By G. 
 W. Septimus Piesse, Author of "The Odours of Flowers," &c., &c. 
 Duodecimo. Price, $1.25. 
 
 "The volume is replete with valuable information, conveyed in a plain, succinct man- 
 ner, free from any technicalities, and, we believe, covers the entire ground of the subject. 
 It is valuable to almost every one, giving, as it does, simple formulas whereby any lady 
 can keep her toilet laden with luxurious perfumes at a merely nominal cost, and by 
 which also she can prepare choice syrups, ratafias, and many other articles of which 
 elegant cookery involves the use. The book is well illustrated, and we think would be 
 an acceptable gift to every lady, housekeeper or otherwise, as well as to all who seek in- 
 formation upon such subjects." — Evening Journal. 
 
 KURTEN ON SOAPS AND CANDLES. 
 
 THE ART OF MANUFACTURING SOAPS, including the most recent 
 discoveries, and the best methods for making all kinds of Hard, Soft, 
 and Toilet Soaps. Also, Olive Oil Soap, and others, necessary in the 
 manufacture of Cloths; with Receipts for making Transparent and 
 Camphene Oil Candles. By Philip Kurten, Practical Soap and Can- 
 dle maker at Cologne on the Rhine. 1 vol., 12mo. Price $1. 
 "Mr. Kurten's book is offered as a Manual of Scientific, yet simple preparations for 
 the article in every condition, variety, and quality; and if practical experience and 
 careful observation give him any claims to the favour.ablo considerations of manulac- 
 t\irers, his book should bo found iu the hands of all Soap dealers,"— i/oMJVicti of I'ne/ul 
 Knowledge. 
 
r 
 
 THE HAND-BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS, 
 
 OF EVERY-DAY USE; 
 
 A MANUAL FOR 
 
 Sljc (Cljcmist, CDrnggist, iUcbical practitioner, 
 iilauufacturcr, aub fjcabs of i^amilics ; 
 
 COMPRISIXa 
 
 THE OFFICINAL MEDICINES, THEIR USES AND MODES OF PREPARATION; 
 AND FORMULAE FOR TRADE PREPARATIONS, MINERAL WA- 
 TERS, POWDERS, BEVERAGES, DIETETIC ARTI- 
 CLES, PERFUMERY, COSMETICS, ETC. 
 
 A GLOSSARY OF THE TERMS USED IN CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE, 
 
 INCLUDING OLD NAMES, CONTRACTIONS, VULGAE AND 
 8C1£MTIFIC DENOMINATION^; 
 
 WITH A COPIOUS INDEX TO ALL THE PREPARATIONS. 
 By THOMAS F. BRANSTON. 
 
 FIRST AMERICAN, 
 
 JROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 LINDSAY & BLAKISTON. 
 
 1857. 
 

 ym. s. TOUNO, printer. 
 
rPtEPACE 
 
 SECOND LONDON EDITION. 
 
 When this work first appeared, in the latter part of the 
 year 1853, the author expressed the hope that it might 
 prove a useful companioa to those for whom it was in- 
 tended. The contents had been compiled with great care; 
 and it was gratifying to the writer to find that his work 
 met with the approval of scientific and practical men. 
 The editor of the "Chemist" reviewed the work in the 
 number issued for January, 1854; and, after quoting the 
 title, proceeds to observe — 
 
 "This is a most useful little book; its nature is suffi- 
 ciently set forth in the above lengthy title ; consequently, 
 an analysis of its contents is unnecessary. The author 
 has executed his very laborious task with much care, and 
 has provided very fully for the wants of the class to which 
 his work is addressed. 
 
 " The Glossary will be found very useful, especially to 
 those who may require to refer to old works or recipes. 
 An ample ludcx also constitutes a very important feature 
 in this work. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 " This hand-book will be especially valuable to the phar- 
 maceutical chemist and medical practitioner, and very use- 
 ful to most of the general public." 
 
 In the lapse of four years, science has made rapid ad- 
 vances and new discoveries, among which are included 
 some improved processes for attaining results hitherto 
 imperfectly obtained, — the composition of patent medi- 
 cines, notes on various photographic processes, and a va- 
 riety of new artistic and medical formulae. Some of the 
 recipes and preparations are taken from trade formulae, 
 which now appear in print for the first time. The editor 
 trusts that these additions will increase the value of the 
 work, and render it still more useful to the student, and 
 the public generally, as a Hand-book of truly practical 
 Recipes of every-day use. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The present work is offered to the Chemist, Druggist, 
 and Medical Practitioner, as a useful manual of reference 
 and information. The articles are alphabetically arranged ; 
 but, as they might be placed under different heads, a co- 
 pious Index of Contents is added, which will at once 
 show on what page any particular item may be found. 
 All preparations of the Pharmacopoeia are marked L., to 
 denote that they are so ordered by the London College 
 of Physicians. 
 
 To assist the Student of Medicine in reading old re- 
 cipes and prescriptions, and to understand the contrac- 
 tions and scientific terms used in the medical art, a Glos- 
 sary is compiled as an Appendix, which will greatly fa- 
 cilitate the understanding of those points. This will be 
 found a new and useful feature ; for, as far as the com- 
 piler is aware, there is no other Hand-book which con- 
 tains this information. 
 
 It is unnecessary to point out the usefulness of a work 
 
 which contains the Pharmacopoeial preparations, combined 
 
 with the miscellaneous receipts required in daily practice. 
 
 1* 
 
VI ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 This manual is therefore offered in the hope that it will 
 prove a useful companion to those for whom it is in- 
 tended. 
 
 N. B. — Every medicine and Pharmacopoeial preparation 
 is made by using the troy standard ; all domestic and 
 trade preparations not medicinal are weighed by avoir- 
 dupois weight. 
 
THE 
 
 IIAA^D-BOOK 
 
 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS 
 
 Abernkthy's Pills. — Each pill contains 2 grains of blue 
 pill, and 3 grains of compound extract of colocynth. 
 
 Acetates are formed by adding acetic acid to alkalies, me- 
 tals, &c. They are used in medicine and in the arts, 
 and will be found in this work under tlie heads of the 
 bases, as ammonia, lead, morphia, potash, &c. 
 
 Acetic Acid (P. L.) is "prepared from wood, by means of 
 heat, and purified. It is void of colour, has a most 
 acrid odour, specific gravity 1-048; by heat it escapes ia 
 vapour. 100 grains of this acid are saturated bj' 87 
 grains of crystallized carbonate of soda." 
 
 Tests. — Nothing is thrown down by nitrate of silver or 
 chloride of barium ; if a thin silver plate be digested in 
 it, and afterwards hydrochloric acid dropped in, nothing 
 is precipitated. Its colour is not changed on the addi- 
 tion of hydrosulphuric acid, nor by ammonia, nor by 
 ferrocyanide of potassium added after the ammonia. 
 
 The usual ways of procuring acetic acid are by decom- 
 posing drj' acetate of soda, potash, or lead, by sulphuric 
 acid ; or by dry distillation of acetate of copper or lead, 
 or decomposing acetate of lead by sulphate of iron or 
 6oda. 
 
 Acetic Extract of Squills. — Squill roots 1 lb., acetic acid, 
 8 oz. distilled water, 1 pint. Digest with a gentle heat 
 for forty-eight hours, express strongly, and without 
 
14 ACE — ACI. 
 
 straining evnporate to a proper consistence. One grain 
 is equal to three of the powder. Keeps well. 
 
 ACETIMETRY. — The Strength of vinegar or acetic acid is 
 determined by an instrument termed an aeetimeter. 
 The excise officers add hydrate of lime to the acid until it 
 is saturated; the clear solution of acetate of lime shows 
 by its specific gravity the amount of acid in the tested 
 liquor. Dr. Ure advises the addition of bicarbonate of 
 potash to the acid until it is neutralized; each two grains 
 of potash indicate one grain of acetic acid. Carbo- 
 nate of soda, and carbonate of potash, are also used as 
 tests; or the strength of the vinegar maybe decided by 
 taking its specific gravity, and using tables which show 
 the jDroportiouate percentage of acid. 
 
 Acetic Acid (Dilute, P. L.) — Acetic vicid, 23 fluid drachms, 
 distilled water, 1 pint; make the acid into one pint 
 with the water, and mix. Sp: gr., 1-008. A fluid 
 ounce is saturated by 57 grains of crystallized carbon- 
 ate of soda. 
 Acids are of various kinds, are sour in taste, and redden 
 litmus paper. They will be found under their names. 
 — See Index. 
 
 Acids for Galvanic Batteries. — 1. Smee's Battery. — 
 One part sulphuric acid to water 7 parts, by measure. 
 
 2. Daniel' a Battery. — For the external cylinder, a satu- 
 rated solution of sulphate of copper, with -j'j part of 
 sulphuric acid. For the inner cylinder, to act on the 
 zinc, 1 part of sulphuric acid by measure, to 10 parts 
 water. 
 
 3. Groves' Battery. — For the outer vessel, 1 part by mea- 
 sure of sulphuric acid to 7 parts water; for the inner 
 vessel, concentrated nitric acid. 
 
 4. Nitric acid, 1 fluid ounce, sulphuric acid, IJ fluid 
 ounce, water, 4 pints. 
 
 5. Wright's Batteries. — Nitric acid, 1 part, by measure, 
 sulphuric acid, 5 parts. 
 
 6. Furi'd"i/'s. — Sulphuric acid, 2 fluid ounces, nitric acid, 
 1 fluid ounce, water, 5 pints. 
 
ACI — ALC. 1^ 
 
 AciBlMETRY is the Operation of estimatino; the ptrcntxth of 
 acids by moans of an aciilimoter. An acid is always 
 compared by itself, as no scale has yet been discovered 
 which serves as a criterion for the difierent acids. The 
 test usually consists of alkalies, the quantity of which 
 required to neutralize the acid determines its strength. 
 
 Aconite, known also as 3fonks7iood or Wof/shane, possesses 
 powerfully poisonous properties. The root, Aconiti 
 Radix, and the leaves, Aconiti Folium, are the parts 
 ordered by the London College. The officinal prepara- 
 tions are an extract and a tincture, though in private 
 practice various other preparations of it are used, as oint- 
 ment, pills, plaster, kc. Its principle, Acoiiitinn, is a 
 very dangerous preparation, and is very rarely used as a 
 medical agent. 
 
 Alabaster. To Clean. — Wash with soap and warm water, 
 rinse with cold clear water. Spots of grease may be re- 
 moved with turpentine. To Harden. — Mix up the 
 plaster of Paris with a solution of size or gum. To Join. 
 — Use the cement of quick-lime and white of egg. It is 
 Folishcd with pumice stone, finished with French chalk. 
 
 Albumen. — The purest albumen is the white of eggs. It 
 is used as a glaze for pastry, in cements, and to clarify 
 wine, sugar, coffee, and syrups. It may be preserved by 
 spreading it thinly in layers, allowing each to dry sepa- 
 rately before adding another; it will thus keep for any 
 length of time. Tor u.se, a portion is dissolved in cold 
 water and beaten to a froth. 
 
 Alcohol. — The fermented product of saccharine vegetables, 
 obtained pure by distillation. It is distilled finally over 
 lime, or chloride of calcium, by which process absolute 
 alcohol is procured. Its uses arc various; as a sol- 
 vent it is u.'^ed for gums, resins, soaps, essential oils, 
 camphor, and vegetable siibstances. In medicine it 
 forms tinctures, and with acids various ethers: the per- 
 fumer uses it to di.><.<(ilve oils, the vr.rni.-h-niaker to 
 dissolve gums and resins. Its purity is known by its 
 sp. gravity, and by tests. It should retain its c<,ilour 
 and transparency ou tho addition of a solution of nitrate 
 
16 AGU — ALK. 
 
 of silver. Spirit, as supplied to druggists, is usually 00" 
 over-proof. The^roo/'strength is an assumed standard, 
 sp. gr. 0-920 at 60° F., from which standard the com- 
 parative strength of all spirits are determined. When 
 spirit is over-proof, it is reduced to proof by the addi- 
 tion of water, the quantity of which is known by the 
 degree o. p. Spirit which is 10°, 20°, 40° o.p. requires 
 to each 100 gallons of spirit, 10, 20, or 40 gallons of 
 water to reduce it to proof. Under-proof spirit, as 10°, 
 20° u. p. means that 100 gallons contain 90 or 80 gal- 
 lons of proof spirit, and 10 or 20 gallons of water. 
 
 Ague Drops (tasteless.) — The solution of arsenite of potash 
 (P. L.) is so called. 
 
 Alkalies. — The chief are soda, potash, and ammonia, the 
 old names of which were mineral, vegetable, and volatile 
 alkali; soda and potash were also called fixed alkalies. — 
 They effervesce on the addition of acids, turn vegetable 
 blues green, and yellows brown, make soaps with the 
 fixed oils, and salts with acids. The purity of alkalies 
 is determined by alkalimeters, by a process the reverse 
 of acidimetry. 
 
 Alkaline Baths. — Medium. — Ammonia saturated with 
 spirits of camphor, 3 oz. salt, 2 J lbs. troy. Mix Avith 
 two or three gallons of water, and add warm water. 
 J^or Children. — Camphorated ammonia, 2 oz., salt, 8 oz. 
 Used in fevers, pains, liver complaints, &c. 
 
 Alkaloids. — These are derived from various plants. The 
 chief are as follows. 
 
 Alkaloids. 
 
 Plants which yield thorn. 
 
 Aconitina 
 
 . . Aconitnm Napellus 
 
 Arlcina 
 
 . Arica Bark 
 
 Atropia 
 
 . Atropia Belladonna 
 
 Brucia . 
 
 . Strychnos Nux Voniica 
 
 C'mchonia. 
 
 . Cinchona Pallida (Lancifolia) 
 
 Codeia . 
 
 . Opium 
 
 Conia . . 
 
 . Conia Maculatum 
 
 Corydali . 
 
 . Corydalis Tuberosa 
 
 Cynapia . 
 
 -I'ljthusa Cynapium 
 
 Daturia . 
 
 . Datura Stramonium 
 
 Del phi a 
 
 . Dclpliiuiuni Staphisagria 
 
 Digitalia . 
 
 . Digitalis i'urpurea 
 
ALK — ALU. 17 
 
 Einetina . . Ccpba?li.s Ipccacnnnha 
 
 lIyosc)\imia . Hyoscjamus Niger 
 
 Jleconia . . Opium 
 
 Morphia . . Opium 
 
 Narci'ia . . Opium 
 
 Narcotina. . Opium 
 
 Kicutiiia . . Nicutiana Tabncnm 
 
 Picrotoxia . Meiiispermum Cotiilus 
 
 Quiiiia . . Ciuciioiia FIav;i (Cordifolia) 
 
 S.uiguinaria . Sauguiiiaria Canadensis 
 
 Solania . . Solanum Nigrum 
 
 Thebaia . . Opium 
 
 Veratria . . Yeratrura Sabadiila 
 
 Alkanet Root (Aurhnsa Timtoria) gives a fine red tinge 
 to oils, fats, wax, turpentine, spirits, essences, &c., and 
 is used to colour hair-oil, pomatums, ointments, var- 
 nishes, &c. The spirituous solution stains marble of a 
 deep red; wax tinned with alkanet and applied to warm 
 marble, leaves a flesh colour. 
 
 Alloy. — A mixture of two or more metals for various pur- 
 poses. A rare or expensive metal is mixed with an 
 inferior one, to reduce its cost. The chief end sought 
 in making alloys, is to render them hard, malleable, so- 
 norous, &c., as the case maybe, or to change their colours 
 to suit speculums and bronzes, or to imitate gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Almonds (Ami/fj/dalap.) Sweet almonds arc oblong, exter- 
 nally of a cinnamon colour, and have a sweet pleasant 
 ta.ste. Used in various preparations. The bitter al- 
 mond is generally compressed for the oil, the remaining 
 cake is mostly used as a cosmetic. 
 
 Almond Flavour. — To one part of essential oil of bitter al- 
 monds add 15 parts of spirits of wine. Used to flavour 
 custards and pa.'^try, in which it should be sparingly 
 used, as it is a puisuii. 
 
 Alum is prepared from aluminous schist, commonly called 
 alum ore. It i.s used in the arts and in medicine. As 
 a gargle it is u.seful in sore throat, and in lead colic it 
 is said to prove very V)eneficial. Alum is valuable in 
 dveing in proportian to the alumina it ountains. I'ura 
 2* 
 
18 ALU — AMA. 
 
 alum in solution does not change on the addition of sul- 
 phuretted hydrogen/ tincture of galls, or prussiate of 
 potash. 
 
 Alum, Dried (Alumen Exsiccatura, P. L.) — Take 1 pound 
 of alum, let it liquefy over a fire, then increase the heat 
 until all ebullition has ceased. 
 
 Alum, Compound Solution of, P. L. (Liquor Aluminis Com- 
 positus.) Alum and sulphate of zinc, of each one ounce; 
 rub them together, dissolve in 3 pints of distilled water, 
 and strain. 
 
 Alum Rupel. — Alum coloured with Venitian red or Ar- 
 menian bole. 
 
 Amadou, or German Tinder. — Amadou is prepared from 
 the mushrooms. Boletus igniarlus, Boletus fomentar ins, 
 «&c. The bark is removed, and the inner substance is 
 beaten with wooden mallets until soft, when it is ready 
 for use as a styptic or as a corn-protector. For tinder, it 
 is soaked in a solution of nitre or gunpowder, and care- 
 fully dried. 
 
 Amalgams are metals mixed with quicksilver. Amalgams 
 for Electrical Machines are made as follows. 
 
 1. Zinc and tin, of each one part, quicksilver two parts. 
 Melt the tin and zinc, add the mercury made hot, pour 
 the mixture into a wooden box, and shake until cold. 
 
 2. Zinc, 2 parts, tin, 1 part, quicksilver, o parts. 
 
 3. Zinc, 2 parts, tin, 1 part, quicksilver, 5 parts. 
 
 4. Quicksilver, G oz., bees wax, I oz., zinc, 2 oz., grain tin, 
 1 oz. 
 
 Amalgam of Gold. — Gold one part, melt in a clean ladle, 
 add 8 parts of mercury, and pour out the amalgam. — • 
 It is used for gilding metals, which arc prepared by 
 rubbing over them a solution of nitrate of mercury, 
 covering thinly with the amalgam, and exposing the 
 whole to a moderate heat, which drives off the mercury 
 and leaves the gold. Silver amalgam is made and used 
 in a similar manner. 
 
 Amalgam for Silvering Globes. — Pure lead, tin, bis- 
 
AMA. 19 
 
 muth, eacli 1 part, quicksilver, 10 parts. Melt the 
 first three, remove them from the fire, and just before 
 cooling add the quicksilver. 
 
 Amalgam for Mirrors. — Lead and tin, each 1 oz., bis- 
 muth, 2 oz., mercury, -4 oz., melt as before, and add 
 the mercury. Those are used to silver mirrors, irlass 
 globes, &c., by warming the glass, melting the amalgam, 
 and applying it. 
 
 Amalgams for the Teeth are preparations used to fill 
 hollow and decayed teeth. The ablest Dentists repu- 
 diate the use of any other material than gold leaf, which 
 is certainly the best article to employ. Other compo- 
 sitions are as follows. 
 
 Mineral Succedaneum. — (a) Gold and mercury heated in 
 a dean ladle, applied to the tooth while still warm and 
 of a pasty consistence. 
 
 (Jj) Quicksilver and tinfoil. 
 
 (c) Add powdered glass or steel filings to the last. 
 
 (f/) Quicksilver, 40 grains, zinc filings, 20 grains; mix 
 and apply. 
 
 (e) Tin, 2 parts, cadmiiim, 1 part, melt. Add quicksilver 
 to some of the metal, in filings. 
 
 (/) Silver, 72 parts, tin, 20 parts, zinc, G parts. As be- 
 fore. 
 
 (^) Fine silver filings and mercury. 
 
 Amalgam for the Teeth. — Pure gold, 1 part, silver, 3 
 parts, tin, 2 parts. Melt the gold and silver, add the 
 tin, remelt the whole, and reduce to the finest powder. 
 For use, the requisite quantity is mixed with an equal 
 weight of pure mercury. — Robertson. 
 
 Amalgamated Zinc. — Cover a little mercury in a dish 
 with dilute sulphuric acid. Immerse the zinc plate, 
 rub the mercury and acid over it with a linen rag, when 
 the mercury will adhere. Or clean the plate with 
 sulphuric acid, rinse it, dip it in a mixture of equal 
 parts of saturated solutions of bichloride of mercury, and 
 acetate of lead, lastly, rub the plate with a cloth. Used 
 for voltaic batteries in electro-plating. 
 
20 AMB — ANA. 
 
 Amber is joined by linseed or boiled oil, pressing tbe pieces 
 together over a gentle fire. Amber is soluble in sulphu- 
 ric acid, and the alkalies, but the solutions are useless 
 in the arts. It is made into a useful varnish, with oil 
 and turpentine. See Varnish. 
 
 American Whitewash. — Slack half a bushel of lime with 
 boiling water, and cover the vessel to retain the steam. 
 Strain the liquor, and add one peck of salt previously 
 dissolved in warm water, 3 lbs. of rice boiled and ground 
 to a paste, Spanish whiting, 8 oz., glue, 1 lb. Mix and 
 add hot water, 5 gallons. Let stand a few days, and 
 apply hot. It makes a brilliant wash for inside or out- 
 side work. 
 
 Ammonia is readily recognised by its pungent scent. In 
 solution {liquor ammoiiise) it is free from colour, and 
 gives off acrid alkaline vapours. The weaker prepara- 
 tion (P. L.)contains nearly 10 grains of ammonia in 100 
 grains of the solution, sp. gr. 0-960. The stronger so- 
 lution {fortiur^ is of sp. gr. 0-882; contains nearly 30 
 grains of ammonia in 100 grains of solution, and is re- 
 duced to the weaker standard by adding to one ounce 
 of it, two ounces of water. 
 
 Ammoniacal Solution for Plants. — Sulphate of ammo- 
 nia, 700 grains, sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, 100 grains, 
 water, 8 fluid ounces. Dissolve. One fluid ounce of 
 this solution is added to a gallon of water. Used for 
 watering weak plants, shrubs, &c. 
 
 Ammoniated Solution of Quinine. — Sulphate of quinine, 
 32 grains, proof spirit, 3A^ oz., liquor of ammonia, J oz. 
 Mix the quinine with the spirit, and add the ammonia, 
 which will precipitate the qviiuine, and afterwards redis- 
 solve it. 
 
 Anatomical Preparations, to Preserve. — Various fluids 
 
 ^ are used for this purpose; in some cases the articles are 
 
 merely washed, in others the fluid is injected; while 
 
 some articles are immersed in the solution. Creosote, 
 
 spirit, and bichloride of mercury, are used to prevent 
 
ANC— ANN. 21 
 
 decay; solution of arsenic to preserve from attacks of 
 insects. 
 
 1. Salt and alum, of each 2 lbs., nitre, 1 lb., water, 4 
 gallons. Into the carotid artery inject a solution of 
 sulphate of alumina, of density 1-286. — Gannal. 
 
 2. Inject pyroxilic spirit into the aorta, the cavity of the 
 peritoneum, and the rectum. — Bahington. 
 
 3. For Insects. — Bay salt, 4 oz., alum, 2 oz., bichloride of 
 mercury, 2 to 4 grs., water, 1 to 2 quarts. — Goadby. 
 
 4. Creosote, 3 to 6 drops, water, 1 pint. For pathological 
 specimens. — Pigne. 
 
 5. Chloride of tin, 4 parts, or bichloride of mercury, 5 parts, 
 in 100 parts of water, with 2 parts muriatic acid. — 
 Cooley. 
 
 6. For Animals. — Alum, 2 lbs., nux vomica, 3 oz., water, 
 5 pints; boil, cool, and filter. Used to inject, and 
 mixed with yolk of egg, to anoint externally. 
 
 7. For Feathers of Birds. — Strychnine, 8 grs., rectified 
 spirit, 10 oz. Mix. 
 
 8. For Molluscce. — Bay salt, \ oz., arsenic, 15 grs., bichlo- 
 ride of mercury, 1 gr., water, 1 pint. 
 
 9. Water and spirit of wine, of each 3 parts, strong am- 
 monia, 1 part. 
 
 Anchovy Powder. — Pound anchovies, rub the paste 
 through a sieve, and add dry flour to make a dough. 
 Dry and powder. Used as an ingredient iq sauces. 
 
 Anchovy Paste. — Pound the anchovies, rub the paste 
 through a sieve, pot the fish, and cover with butter. — 
 A little salt and pepper are used to season it. 
 
 Anchovies, Essence of. — Pound the fish, boil the bones, 
 &c. in a small quantity of water, add the fish to the 
 strained liquor, with salt, pepper, and flour. Colour 
 with powdered bole, annatto, or infusion of cochineal. 
 
 Annatto forms a colouring matter, applicable to various 
 purposes; the best is termed roll annatto. It is soluble 
 in ether, alcohol, volatile and fixed oils, imparting to 
 them a brilliant orange colour; alkaline solutions dark- 
 en it, sulphuric acid turns it blue. 
 
9>> 
 
 ANN — ARR. 
 
 Annatto, Solution of. — Boil one part each of annatto and 
 pearl-ash in water. Dilute to the required colour. 
 
 Annatto, Purified. — Boil pearl-ash and water; add as 
 much annatto as it will dissolve. Oil of vitriol by 
 weight, 1 part, water, 20 parts; mix. Gradually 
 add this to the annatto solution, when cold, as long as 
 a coloured precipitate is thrown down, avoiding excess 
 of acid. Wash the precipitate and dry it. The pro- 
 duct is pure annatto. 
 
 Anti- Attrition, or Axle Grease. — Black lead 1 part, tallow 
 or lard, 4 parts; ground together. 
 
 Antibilious Pills. — Aloes, 28 parts, colocynth, 12 parts, 
 rhubarb, 7 parts, myrrh and scammony, of each 3 J 
 parts, ipecacuanha, 3 parts, cardamom seeds, 2 parts, 
 soft soap, 9 parts, oil of juniper, 7 parts, and treacle, 
 q. s. Divide into 4 grain pills, of which two or three 
 are a dose. 
 
 Anti-Ferment. — A preparation to check fermentation. 
 
 1. Saljihite of lime. 
 
 2. Cloves, 1 part, mustard seed, 14 parts, bruised together. 
 A little of either is added to wine, cider, kc. 
 
 Antimony is procured from the crude ore or sulphuret of 
 antimony. It is brittle, white with a blue tinge, and 
 has a crystalline fracture. Fused with borax it imparts 
 a yellow colour to it. Dissolved in hot concentrated 
 nitric acid, it forms a powder termed antimonious acid, 
 which is insoluble in ordinary acids. 
 Sp. gr., 6646 to 686. Used chiefly in medicine and in 
 alloys. 
 
 Aqua Florum Napii^. — Orange flower water. 
 
 Aqua Vegeto-mineralis. — Goulard water. 
 
 Archill, also called turnsole, litmus, cudbear, &c. Affords 
 a colouring matter, which is used for testing acids, alka- 
 lies, &c. — See Tests. 
 
 Arrowroot {Mdmnta m-undi'naccn) — A pure nutritive 
 starch, the best of which comes from the tubers of the 
 maranta plant, and is called West India or Bermuda 
 arrowroot. Inferior descriptions are the Uasl Indian, 
 
ARR — ASP. 23 
 
 from the Curcuma AngustifoHa; Brazilian, from the 
 Cassava phuit (tapioca); Purtlaud, tVoui the Arum ^la- 
 culatuni; South Sea, or 2\ihiti, from the Tacca Pinna- 
 tiflda; and Eiujlish arrowroot, or potato starch. The 
 last is frequently used to adulterate the better sorts. 
 
 Arrowroot Jelly. — 1. Make a dessert-spoonful of arrow- 
 root into a smooth jelly with cold water, add half a pint 
 of boilint/ water, pour all into the pan and boil for a 
 minute. Add wine, sugar, and nutmeg to taste. 
 2. Use milk instead of wine and water. Nourishing for 
 invalids and for weak bowels. 
 
 Arsenic is by law required to be mixed with soot or indigo, 
 to distinguish it more readily from innocent prepa- 
 rations. iVrsenic may be detected by an ammoniacal so- 
 lution of acetate or sulphate of copper, which turns it 
 green. From the frequent wilful or accidental cases of 
 poisoning which have been caused by this article, many 
 tests have been proposed, and in suspected cases A-arious 
 trials are made before finally deciding. The antidotes 
 to arsenic are emetics, and immediate medical aid. 
 
 Arsemous Acid (P. L.) — A metallic acid, prepared by sub- 
 limation. White or slightly yellowish; when heated in 
 a tube it sublimes; mixed with charcoal, and heated, it 
 is reduced to metallic arsenic. Soluble in boiling water, 
 from which it precipitates on cooling. This solution 
 gives a yellow precipitate on the addition of hydrosul- 
 phuric acid; with ammonia and then nitrate of silver, 
 a lemon-coloured precipitate; with pt)tash and sulphate 
 of copper, a green one. If lOU grains of this acid be 
 digested in dilute hydrochloric acid, and when cool, 
 hydrosulphuric acid be added, 124 grains of tersulphuret 
 of arsenic are precipitated. 
 
 AsARAn.\ccA Sntff. — Prepared from asarabacca leaves, 
 and uiixed with scented snuff. See Cephalic Snuff. 
 
 AsPHALTUM, Prepared. — Scio turpentine, 2 parts, asphal- 
 tum, 1 part. MlU and thin with warm oil of turjx'iitlne. 
 Or melt one part of asphaltum, and add 2 parts of warm 
 balsam of copaiba. 
 
24 ASS— BAK. 
 
 Asses' Milk Artificial. — 1. Milk, 1 quart; rice, sugar- 
 candy, each 1 oz., bruised eringo-root, 1 drachm. Boil 
 together and strain. 
 
 2. Egg milk sweetened with sugar-candy. 
 
 3. Hartshorn shavings, 1 oz., water, 1 pint ; boil, add sugar 
 and milk. 
 
 Atkinson's Infant's Preservative. — A proposed substi- 
 tute consists of carbonate of magnesia, 6 drachms, sugar, 
 
 2 oz., oil of aniseed, 20 drops, sal volatile, 2^ drachms, 
 laudanum, 1 drachm, syrup of saffron, 1 oz. ; make up 
 1 pint with carraway water. 
 
 Backer's Tonic Pills. — 1. Extract of black hellebore, pow- 
 dered myrrh, of each 1 oz., blessed thistle, (ca?-<hius 
 benedictus,) 3 oz., mix and divide into 1 grain pills. — 
 Dose 2 to 6, three times a day. 
 2. Alkaline extract of black hellebore, 2 drachms, extract 
 of myrrh, 2 drachms, blessed thistle, 1 drachm, mix and 
 divide into 4 grain pills. 
 
 Bailey's Itch Ointment. — Olive oil, 1 lb., suet, 1 lb., 
 alkanet root, 2 oz. Melt until coloured, strain, add 
 alum, nitre, sulphate of zinc, of each 3 oz., vermilion 
 to colour, and any essential oil to perfume. 
 
 Dr. Baillie's Pills. — Compound extract of colocynth, li 
 drachm, extract of aloes, IJ drachm, Castile soap, J 
 drachm, oil of cloves 15 drops. Make 38 pills — Dose, 
 
 3 at bed-time, occasionally. 
 
 Dr. Baillie's Dinner Pills. — Aloes, 20 grains, ginger, ^ 
 drachm, ipecacuanha, 8 grains. Make 16 pills with 
 syrup c[. s. — Dose, one daily before dinner. 
 
 Baker's Itch, Ointment for. — 1 oz. palm oil, i oz. oint- 
 ment of nitrate of mercury. Mix. 
 
 Baking Powder. — 1. Bicarbonate of soda, 9 oz., tartaric 
 acid, 8 oz., arrowroot or rice flour, 10 oz. Mix. 
 2. Dd/ort's. — Bicarbonate of soda, 2| oz., bicarbonate of 
 ammonia, ^ oz., alum, 5 oz., arrowroot, 4 oz. 
 
 Baking Powder. — Carbonate of soda, 56 lbs., tartaric acid, 
 28 lbs., potato flour, 112 lbs., turmeric, 12 oz. Mix. 
 
BAL. 25 
 
 Baldwin's Phosphorus. — Melt nitrate of lime, keep it 
 fused 5 or 10 uiinutes, and pour it into a heated ladle. 
 Cool frradually, break the mass, and preserve in close 
 stopped phials. After exposure to the sun it emits a 
 bright light in the dark. 
 
 Balloon Varnish. — 1. Good boiled linseed oil, allowing 
 time to dry and harden. 
 2. Digest 1 lb. of Indian rubber, cut small, in 6 lbs. oil 
 of turpentine, for 7 days, iu a warm place. Put the 
 mixture in a water bath, heat until thoroughly mixed, 
 add 1 gallon of warm boiled drying oil, mix, and strain 
 when cold. 
 
 Balls for Horses. — Various medicines rolled in soft 
 paper, are called bolls. The drugs should be of good 
 quality, and recently powdered. 
 Alterative Balls. — Alterative medicines purify gradually 
 the system without strongly aiTecting it. A ball may 
 be given dail}-, or every other day, as re((uired. 
 
 1. Barbadoes aloes, 10 drachms, calomel, 3 drachms, carra- 
 way, 1 oz., ginger, 3 drachms, oil of carraway, 30 drops. 
 Mix and divide into four balls. 
 
 2. Calomel, 2 oz., aloes, IJ oz., soft soap, 8 oz., starch, 6 
 oz. Divide into 12 balls. 
 
 3. Aloes, ginger, liquorice, of each 2 oz., Castile soap, 2 
 oz., mix with treacle, and make 4 balls. 
 
 4. Antimonj-, nitre, sulphur, cream of tartar, equal parts. 
 Give a table-spoonful mixed with treacle, or in a bran 
 mash. 
 
 5. Antimony, soap, guaiacum, of each 8 oz., camphor, 1 J 
 oz. Make 10 balls. 
 
 6. Nitrate of jx^tash, 1 oz., sulphate of antimony, sulphur, 
 cream of tartar, of each 2 oz., resin, 3 oz., ginger, 1 oz., 
 linseed meal, 4 oz. 3Iake 8 balls. 
 
 Anodyne Balls. — Camphor, opium, oil of carraway, of each 
 i oz., ani.seed powder, 2 oz., ginger, 1 oz., Castile soap, 
 li oz. Mix with treacle, and make 3 balls. 
 
 Astringent Balls, fur looseness. — 1. Catechu, J oz., ginger, 
 1 oz., liquorice, 2 oz. Mix with soft soap, and make 3 
 balls. 
 3 
 
26 BAL. 
 
 Balls for Horses. 
 
 2. Torineutil, I2 drachm, chalk, 2 draclims, syrup to make 
 
 a ball. 
 Camphor Balls. — Camphor, 1 oz., nitre, 4 oz., liquorice, 
 
 1 oz., treacle to mix for 4 balls. 
 CoUc Balls. — Opium, \ oz., Castile soap, camphor, each 
 
 1 oz., ginger, cassia, each ^ oz., liquorice powder, 2 oz. 
 Make 4 balls, with treacle to mix. 
 
 Cordial Balls. — 1. Aniseed, carraway seed, cummin seed, 
 each 4 oz., ginger, 2 oz., treacle to mix. Make into 
 5 balls. 
 
 2. Pimento, 1 lb., barley meal, 2 lbs., treacle to mix. In 
 
 2 oz. balls. 
 
 Cough Bulls. — 1. Ipecacuanha, 1 oz., squills, camphor, oil 
 of aniseed, of each i oz., liquorice, 16 oz., treacle to 
 mix. Make 12 balls. 
 
 2. Squill, 1 drachm, ammoniac, 3 drachms, opium, i 
 drachm. Make 1 ball, with syrup. 
 
 3. Liquorice, fenugreek, of each 3 oz., tar, 1 J oz., benzoin, 
 oil of aniseed, of each j oz., Castile soap, IJ oz. Make 
 into 2 oz. balls. 
 
 4. Opium, camphor, squill, ginger, Castile soap, of each 1 
 drachm, ammonia, 3 drachms, oil of aniseed, 20 drops. 
 Make 1 ball, with honey. 
 
 Diajjhoretic Balls. — Tartar emetic, camphor, of each J oz., 
 liquorice, 2 oz., treacle, q. s. for 2 balls. 
 
 Diuretic Balls. — 1. Nitre, 1 oz., Castile soap, i oz., tur- 
 pentine, 1 oz., barley meal, 2u oz. Make 5 balls, with 
 troaclo. 
 
 2. Castile soap, 2 oz., resin, nitre, of each 1 oz., oil of 
 juniper, 30 drops. Make into 3 balls. 
 
 3. llesin, 1 lb., nitrate of potash, 2 oz., carbonate of 
 potash, 1 oz., Castile soap, ^ lb., oil of juniper, 1 oz., 
 linseed meal, q. s. In Ij oz. balls. 
 
 Farci/ Balls. — 1. Calomel, 1 oz., opium, h oz., liquorice, 
 1 oz., oil of aniseed, 5 drachm, treacle to make 1 ball. 
 
 2. Aloes, antimony, of each 2 oz., soft soap, q. s. In 
 ounce balls. 
 
 3. Sulphate of zinc, 15 grains, cantharides, 7 grains, 
 pimento, 15 grains. Make 1 ball, with treacle and 
 oatmeal. 
 
BAL. 27 
 
 Balls for Horses. 
 
 Fever Bulls. — 1. Nitre, tartar emetic, of each 1 oz., 
 digitalis, \ oz., antimonial powder, J oz., liquorice pow- 
 der, \\ oz., treacle to lui-x. Make 3 balls. 
 
 Gripe Balls. — Liquorice, black pepper, ginger, prepared 
 chalk, of each 4 oz., oils of carraway, cloves, and 
 cassia, of each 1 drachm ; treacle to mix. Make 12 
 balls. 
 
 La.xative Balls. — Aloes, ginger, soft soap, of each 3 
 drachms, oil of carraway, 20 drops. Mix with treacle, 
 for 1 ball. 
 
 Munge Balls. — Crude antimony, 2 oz., calomel, 1 oz., 
 opium, J oz., sulphur, I It). ; mix with treacle, for 12 
 balls. — 10 to 15 grains is also a good medicine for a 
 mangy dog. 
 
 Furijinij Balls. Sec Laxative Balls. — Aloes, rhubarb, 
 of each 3 drachms, subcarbonate of soda, 2 drachms, 
 ginger, 1 i drachm ; treacle to make 1 ball. 
 
 Tonic or Stomach Balls. — 1. Gentian, 4 oz., ginger, 2 oz., 
 oil of carraway, 1 drachm, soft soap, 8 oz. For 
 8 balls. 
 
 2. Gentian, 4 drachms, chamomile, 2 drachms, carbonate 
 of iron, 1 drachm, ginger, 1 drachm; syrup to mako 
 1 ball. — Youatt. 
 
 3. Myrrh, 3 drachms, sulphate of iron, 2 drachms, 
 chamomile, 3 drachms, ginger, 1 drachm ; turpentine 
 to make 1 ball. — Blaine. 
 
 4. Gentian, 2 oz., myrrh, sulphate of iron, of each 1 oz., 
 liquorice powder, 4 oz. Mix with treacle, and make 
 8 balls. 
 
 5. Calumba, 5 oz., cascarilla, 3oz., sulphate of iron, 
 4 J oz., soft soap, 8 oz. For 12 balls. 
 
 }Yon7i Balls. — 1. Aloes, G drachms, calomel, 2 drachms, 
 oil of savinc, 1 drachm, suft soap, 1 oz. Make 2 
 balls. 
 
 2. Aloes, tin-filings, ginger, soft soap, of each J oz., oil 
 of cluves, 15 drops. JNJake 1 ball. 
 
 Ball.s for non-medical purposes. — All tlic preceding arc 
 horse medicines; the following are intended for other 
 uses. 
 
28 BAL. 
 
 Balls for Scouring Clothes, &c. — 1. Fuller's earth, 2 lbs., 
 soap, 1 lb., turpentine, 2 oz., ox gall enough to make 
 a paste. 
 2, Fuller's earth, whiting, and pipe clay, equal parts, ox 
 gall enough to make a paste. These arc used to re- 
 move grease from cloth, or stains from clothes. 
 
 Balls, Camphor, for chapped hands, &c. — 1. Spermaceti, 
 white wax, each J oz., almond oil, 1 oz., alkanet, to 
 colour. Melt, strain, and add 3 drachms of powdered 
 camphor. 
 2. Lard, wax, and almond or olive oil, equal parts, with 
 a little powdered camphor. Used to rub over the 
 hands after washing, to prevent chaps. 
 
 Balls, Furniture. — Melt 1 lb. of bees wax, and 2 oz., 
 resin, with 5 oz., of alkanet root, add linseed oil and 
 spirit of turpentine, of each 5 fluid ounces. Strain, 
 and when setting, make balls. Used to polish fur- 
 niture. 
 
 Balls, Heel. — 1. Mutton suet, 4 oz., bees'-wax, 1 oz., sweet 
 oil, 1 oz., oil of turpentine, * oz., melt and add gum 
 Arabic, 1 oz., lamp black, ^ oz. 
 2. Bees'-wax, 8 oz., tallow, 1 oz., melt and add powdered 
 gum Arabic, 1 oz., lamp black to colour. Used by 
 shoemakers, and to copy inscriptions, or raised patterns, 
 by laying paper on the pattern and rubbing the ball 
 on it. 
 
 Balls, Wash. — 1. Soap, 1 lb., starch in powder, 3 oz., 
 beat together and roll into balls. 
 
 2. Add a little essence of lemon, or rose water, to the 
 last. 
 
 3. Coloured. — Boll the balls in bole for red; in pow- 
 dered blue for blue ; in a mixture of blue and yellow 
 ochre for green, &c. 
 
 4. Camphorated. — Add a little tincture of camphor, or 
 powdered camphor, to No. 1. 
 
 Balsam OF Honey. — 1. Balsam of tolu. 2 oz., storax, opium, 
 of each i oz., honey 8 oz., spirit of wine, 32 fluid 
 
BAN— BAR. 29 
 
 ounces. Digest 10 days. Used in coughs, in doses of 
 one to two tea-spoonfuls. 
 
 2. CamphelVs. — Acetate of morphia, 1 grain ; aromatic 
 sulphuric acid, wine of ipecacuanha, antimonial wine, 
 of each 1 drachm ; powdered squills, 10 grains, syrup 
 of poppies, 2 drachms, honey, 1 oz. Mix. For 
 couirhs, &c. — dose, one tea-spoonful three times a day, 
 or when the cough is ti'oublcsome. 
 
 Bandoli.ve, or Fixateur. — A compound for stiffening 
 the hair. 
 
 1. Irish or Iceland moss, boiled in water, and the strained 
 liquid perfumed. 
 
 2. Quince seed, h tcaspoonful, Unseed, 1 tablcspoonful, 
 and a pinch of white mustard seed. Boil in a pint of 
 soft water to half, and scent with oil of ahuonds. 
 
 3 Boil a tablcspoonful of linseed, for 5 minutes, in half a 
 pint of water. 
 
 4. Isinglass, 1 J oz., water, 1 pint, proof spirit, 2 fluid 
 ounces. Dissolve the isinglass in the water, by heat, 
 add the spirit, and scent with almond oil. 
 
 5. Tragacanth, 1 oz., rose water, 1 pint. Bruise the gum, 
 digest for 3 days, and strain. 
 
 Any of these may be coloured with cochineal, if required. 
 
 Bandoline (Rose.) — Tragacanth, 6 oz., rose water, 1 gal- 
 lon. jMix, and, after standing two days, strain and 
 add otto of roses to scent. jMay be coloured with 
 bloom of roses. 
 Almond. — Substitute otto of almonds for the otto of 
 roses. 
 
 Barclay's Antibiltous Pills. — Extract of colocynth, 2 
 drachms, extract of jalap, 1 drachm, almond soap, IJ 
 drachms, gum guaiacum, 3 drachms, emetic tartar, 8 
 grains, oils of juniper, carraway, and rosemary, each 4 
 drops, syrup, q. s, for 04 pills. 
 
 BaREOE Water. — 1, Niipoleou's Bath; alum, chalk, hard 
 soap, each 2 grains, salt, 4 grains, carbonate of .«;oda, 
 20 grains, sulphurct of pota.ssium, 10 grains. Boil iu 
 3* 
 
30 BAS — BAT. 
 
 1 quart of water until gas is evolved, add water to 
 make up one gallon. Used for a bath in eruptive dis- 
 eases. 
 
 2. Ilydrosulphate of soda, carbonate of soda, and salt, of 
 each 20 grains, water, 1 gallon. Take internally ia 
 pint draughts. 
 
 3. Ingredients same as last, of each 2 oz., dissolve in a 
 little water. Add to it sufficient water for a bath. 
 
 Basilicon, Black. — Yellow wax, 1 lb., black resin, and 
 olive, or linseed oil, of each 2 lbs., melt and strain. 
 Similar to the resin cerate (P. L.) 
 
 Baster's Farina. — A compound of wheat-flour and sugar. 
 
 Bates's Eye-Water. — Sulphate of copper, 15 grains, 
 camphor, 4 grains, boiling water, 4 ounces. Mix, 
 strain, and wlien cold make up to 4 pints with water. 
 
 Bates's Anodyne Balsam. — 1. Soap liniment, 3 oz., lau- 
 danum, 1 oz. Mix. 
 2. Castile soap, 3 oz., camphor, 2 oz., opium, i oz., 
 saffron and oil of rosemary, of each 1 drachm, rectified 
 spirit, 20 oz. Bruise the solids, and digest all for 10 
 days. Used as a liniment for sprains, &o. ; and inter- 
 nally as an anodyne. 
 
 Bateman's Pectoral Drops. — 1. Paregoric, 10 oz., tincture 
 of castor, 4 oz., laudanum, 1 oz., tincture of saiFron, 
 ^ oz., oil of aniseed, 15 drops. Mix. Dose, one tea- 
 spoonful in coughs or colds. 
 2. Proof spirit, 4 gallons, sanders, 2 oz.; digest 24 
 hours; filter, and add opium, camphor and catechu, of 
 each 2 oz., oil of aniseed, 4 drachms. Digest for 10 
 days. 
 
 Bateman's Itch Ointment. — Carbonate of potash, 1 oz., 
 red sulphuret of mercury, i oz., lard and sulphur, of 
 each 22 oz., bergamotte, 60 drops, rose-water, 2 oz. 
 Mix the powders with a portion of the lard, add the re- 
 mainder gradually, and finally the rose-water. 
 
 Baths. — Baths may be divided into the following classes. 
 1, Air Baths; 2, Water Baths; 3, Medicated Baths; 
 4, V-ipour Baths. 
 
BAT. 81 
 
 1. Air hatlis are taken cold, by simply exposing the naked 
 body for a short time; and liot, by having heated air 
 introduced into the apartment until the patient perspires. 
 
 2. Water Baths, (Cold) (a) Use a shower bath — (b) dash 
 water over the body — (c) let it fall in a continuous 
 stream — (d.) enter into a quantity of water sufficient to 
 immerse the whole body — (c) sponge cold water over 
 the skiu. ( Tepid) The temperature of the water ranges 
 from 85° to 92° F. — the body is immersed in it. 
 ( Warm) Temperature from 92° to 100° ; used as last. 
 i^Hot) Used at first moderately heated ; fresh hot water 
 is added, as the patient can bear it, from time to time. 
 Applied to the feet and legs, this bath forms a domes- 
 tic remedy for colds. 
 
 3. Medicated Baths. — These consist of various substances 
 mixed with water, giving it the eifcct of a medicine. 
 Sulphur, mercury, and their compounds, as sulphuret 
 of potassium, iodide of mercury or sulphur, A:c., are 
 used iu syphilis and skin diseases. Chalybeate baths 
 are employed as tonics; acid, and alkaline baths are also 
 used for specific purposes. Nitro-muriatic Bath. — 
 Mix 3 oz. of muriatic with 2 oz. of nitric acid, and 5 
 oz. of distilled water. Add 3 oz. of this mixture to 
 every gallon of water in the bath. If too strong, add 
 more water to the bath. Used for hepatic affections. 
 Sulphur Bath. — Add 1 oz. sulphuret of potassium, to 
 each 8 gallons of watei", in warm bath. By adding 4 
 oz. glue to each 8 gallons of water, in this last bath, it 
 forms an imitation of the Barege waters. 
 
 4. Vapour Baths. — These are plain, or medicated. The 
 different temperatures are tepid, 90° to 100°; warm, 
 100° to 112°; hot, from 110° to 180°, or, when the 
 vapour is not inhaled, to 160°, or as hot as the patient 
 can bear. The hot vapour bath produces copious per- 
 spiration, especially when aided by warm drinks; it 
 relieves stiffness, or pain in the limbs, colds, rheuma- 
 tism, etc., more speedily than any other known agent. 
 After it the skin should alwa3^s be quickly sponged 
 with cold water, and wiped thorougldy dry with a 
 moderately coarse towel. Medicated vapour Laths con- 
 
32 BAT — BAU. 
 
 Bist of tlie vapours of sulphur, herbs, &c., in combina- 
 tion with steam. The sulphur Vapour-bath is consi- 
 dered more active than the sulphur water-bath. 
 Chemical Baths, are used to prevent the injury which 
 might arise from too great heat. The vessel containing 
 the substance to be warmed is placed in a lirjuid termed 
 a bath. This may consist of water, which, in boiling, 
 communicates a heat of 200° to 206°, or salt and water, 
 which raises the heat to 212°, and by adding chloride 
 of lime a still greater heat may be attained. Sand, 
 fusible metal, the vapours of steam, <tc., are also used 
 to surround chemical vessels. 
 
 Bath Digestive Pills. — Rhubarb, 2 oz., ipecacuanha, 
 i oz., cayenne, \ oz., soap, \ oz., ginger, \ oz., gamboge, 
 i oz; divide into 4 grain pills. 
 
 Bath Pipe or Lozenges — White sugar, 1 lb., extract of 
 liquorice, 2 oz., gum Arabic, 1 oz. Dissolve in warm 
 water, and roll into pipes. 
 
 Bath Pipe. — Sugar 4 lbs., Italian juice, 4 oz., dissolved in 
 as little water as possible, powdered gum, 2 oz., mixed 
 in until stiff. 
 
 Battery. — A galvanic or voltaic apparatus. Those best 
 known are Daniell's and Smee's; besides which there 
 are many others, as Wollaston's, Grove's, Wright's, kc. 
 By chemical decomposition these batteries throw down 
 metals from their solutions, decompose water, and com- 
 municate a shock to the human body. They also act 
 in other ways, and are hence employed in scientific 
 researches and demonstrations. They all require che- 
 mical solutions to evolve the electric current. The 
 mixed acids most commonly used for this purpose will 
 be found under the head of acids. 
 
 Baume de Vie. — 1. Aloes, 9 drachms; gentian, rhubarb, 
 zedoary, saffron, theriaca, agaric, of each 1 drachm; 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Simplified thus: 
 2. Aloes and saffron, of each 2 draclims, rhubarb, 6 
 drachms, liquorice root, 1 oz., proof spirit, 8 oz. Di- 
 gest for a week, and filter. 
 
BAU — BEE. 38 
 
 Baume de Tie. — Compound tincture of aloes. 
 
 Baynton's Plaster. — Litharge plaster, IGoz., yellow resin, 
 G drachms; mix and spread on calico. 
 
 Beddoes' Pills. — Dried carbonate of soda, 1 drachm, 
 
 soap, 4 scruples, oil of juniper, 10 drops, syrup of 
 
 ginger, q. s. for 80 pills. Ujsed in cases of gravel or 
 stone. 
 
 Beef Tea. — 1. (^Liellg.') 1 lb. lean beef minced vci-y small ; 
 mix with its own weight of cold water ; heat gradually 
 to the boiling point, and when it has boiled a minute 
 or two, strain. The tea may be salted or flavoured to 
 taste, and coloured with roast onion or burnt sugar. 
 
 2. (^Scymour.^ 2i lbs. lean beef, minced small, cold water, 
 3 pints. Heat gradually without boiling, simmer to 
 one-half, and strain. 
 
 3. Berf Gravy. — Divide lean meat into moderate-sized 
 pieces, and place them in any convenient cup or vessel. 
 Place this vessel in a pan of water, and let the water 
 continue boiling until the beef parts with its grav}', 
 which may be flavoured for u.se with a little salt and 
 pepper. 
 
 Usm. — All are used to aff'ord nourishment to invalids or 
 children, and to those troubled with symptoms of in- 
 digestion after using solid meat. 
 
 Beer. — A name given to various drinks: — 
 
 (Jingrr Beer. — 1. Lump sugar 1 lb., brui.sed ginger, 1 oz., 
 cream of tartar, J oz., a lemon sliced, builiiig water, 1 
 gallon. Jlix, and when lukewarm add 2 oz. yea.st; 
 work from 2 to 4 days, skim the licjuor, strain, and 
 bottle it. 
 
 2. Boil 22 oz. of bruised ginger in 8 gallons of water, for 
 30 minutcsj add 20 lbs. white sugar, IS oz. lemon juice, 
 1 lb. honey, and lo gallons of water. When cold, add 
 i oz. essence of lemon and the white of one egg. Let 
 it stand four days, and bottle. 
 
 A^irions other receipts fur ginger-boer are puldished, varj'- 
 ing slightly in tlie (|uantity of ingredients, with or 
 without t!ie ad<lition of lemons, isinglass, brandy, i.\:c. 
 
34 BEE — BIR. 
 
 "Where clieapness is the object in view, loaf sugar is 
 
 dispensed with, and brown used instead. 
 Sj^ruce-Bcer. — Warm water, 10 gallons, essence of spruce, 
 
 4 oz., sugar or treacle, 8 tbs., mix, add half a pint of 
 
 yeast, and proceed as for ginger-beer. 
 Treacle Beer. — Treacle, 7 lbs., hops, 12 oz., water, 18 
 
 gallons, yeast, 8 oz. Boil the water and hops, add the 
 
 treacle, strain, and when cool ferment with yeast. 
 All these beverages are intended for immediate use, as 
 
 they will not long keep good. They are chiefly used 
 
 as summer drinks. 
 
 Beetles. — The Natta or cockroach is often termed beetle. 
 To get rid of them, various plans are resorted to. 1. 
 Lay wafers composed of red-lead, flour, and sugar, 
 equal parts. 2. Mix arsenic solution with honey, 
 boiled potatoes, bread, or treacle. — This is a sure 
 remedy. 3. Put unslacked lime in their holes or on 
 the floor, or use powdered hellebore similarly. 4. 
 Mix a little treacle with water or beer in a deep dish, 
 place two or three sticks at the sides, and the beetles 
 will walk into the mixture; use boiling water to destroy 
 them. To prevent their appearance, get the floor laid 
 on cinders from any foundry, instead of on common 
 mortar only. Do not throw water into the ash-pit 
 under the fire, as this greatly encourages them. 
 
 Benzol or Benzine. — Procured from benzoic acid and 
 slacked lime, or from light coal naphtha by distillation. 
 A solvent of gutta-percha and india-rubber. 
 
 Betton's British Oils. — Oil of rosemary, 1 part, tar, 8 
 parts, oil of turpentine, 10 parts. Mix. Used as a 
 liniment for cattle. 
 
 Bice. — Blue is prepared by grinding the native blue car- 
 bonate of copper, and green, by similarly preparing 
 the green carbonate of copper. Used as pigments. 
 
 Bird-lime. — Pi-epared by boiling the middle bark of the 
 holly-tree for some hours, exposing the product for 
 14 days, and beating it into a pulp. Used to spread 
 
BIS — BLA. 35 
 
 on twipjs and trees, to catch birds. May be removed 
 from the hands, &c., by turpentine. 
 
 Biscuits, Aperient. — Mix 1 oz. of jalap in powder with 
 each pound of paste, and bake. 
 
 Bismuth. — A metal of a grayish colour, brittle, fusible at 
 476° F. ; sp. gr. about 9-8; soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 Bismuth, Nitrate of (P. L.) — Bismuth, 1 oz., nitric acid, 
 1\ oz., distilled water, 3 pints. Mix one ounce of the 
 water with the acid, add the bismuth, and dissolve by 
 heat, add the water, strain, wash the powder with dis- 
 tilled water, and dry it. Used in medicine, and as a 
 cosmetic. As a medicine, the do.se is from five to ten 
 grains internally, or externally as an ointment, 1 part 
 to 4 parts lard, in chronic skin diseases. 
 
 BisuLPHURET OR BISULPHIDE OF Carbon. — Prepared from 
 heated charcoal and sulphur. A transparent colourless 
 li((uid, density 1.272, boils at 110° F. A good solvent 
 of sulphur and phosphorus, and used also as a solvent of 
 india-rubber and gutta-percha. 
 
 Bister. — A dark brown coloured pigment, prepared from 
 the soot of beech-wood or peat. 
 
 Black Brunswick. — Melt by heat 2 lbs. asphaltum, add 1 
 pint hot boiled oil, cool, and add 2 quarts of oil of tur- 
 pentine. Used to black grates and iron-work. 
 
 Black Draught. — The compound infusion of senna, with 
 manna and tincture of senna added. 
 
 Black Drop. — A substitute for tincture of opium. Opium 
 8 oz., verjuice, 48 oz., a nutmeg 'grated, saflron \ oz., 
 mix by heat, add sugar 4 oz., yeast, 1 oz. Ferment 
 the whole for two months, decant and filter. 
 
 Blacking /or Harness. — 1. Melt together 8 oz. boe.'^'-wax 
 
 and one oz. oil of turpentine, add 2 oz. ivory black, 1 
 
 oz. Prussian blue, and ^ oz. copal varnish. Apply 
 
 with a brush, and polish with a duster. 
 
 2. Isinglass or gelatine, and indigo, of each \ oz., log- 
 
36 BLA. 
 
 wood, 4 oz., soft sonp, 2 oz., glue, 4 oz., vinegar 1 pint. 
 Mix by heat, and strain. 
 
 For Dress Shoes. — Gum, 1 oz., lump sugar, J oz., ivory 
 black, i oz., water, a sufi&cient quantity. Dissolve the 
 gum and sugar, grind the black tinely with the solution, 
 and apply to the leather with a sponge. No polishing 
 is required. 
 
 For Boots or Shoes. — 1. Paste. Ivory black, 1 tb., treacle, 
 12 oz., sulphuric acid, 1 oz., sweet oil, 2 oz. Mis the 
 black and treacle well, add the oil, then, by degrees, 
 the acid, and as much water as may be required. 
 
 2. Ivory black, 20 oz., treacle, 16 oz., linseed oil 5 oz,, 
 sulphuric acid, 3 oz., indigo, 2 drachms, mucilage, J 
 oz. Mix as before. 
 
 Liquid. — Prepared as paste blacking, afterwards adding 
 vinegar or sour beer sufficient to render it ready for use. 
 For liquid blacking the ingredients are required to be 
 finely divided, and are best mixed by passing through a 
 paint-mill. On the large scale these particulars are 
 minutely attended to, and hence the superiority of the 
 products. A small portion of blue improves the ap- 
 pearance of all blackings, and should be added where 
 effect is desired. 
 
 Black Japan. — 1. Asphaltum, 3 oz., boiled oil, 4 quarts, 
 burnt umber, 8 oz. Mix by heat, and when cooling 
 thin with turpentine. 
 2. Amber, 12 oz., asphaltum, 2 oz. j fuse by heat, add 
 boiled oil, half a pint, rosin, 2 oz.; when cooling add 
 10 oz. oil of turpentine. Both are used to varnish 
 metals. 
 
 Black Reviver. — Galls, 4 oz., logwood, copperas, iron- 
 filings, of each 1 oz., vinegar, 1 quart. Mix by heat, 
 strain, and when cool add 1 oz. ox gall. Used to re- 
 store the colour of faded black cloth. 
 
 Bladders, Prepared. — Cut ofi" the loose fat, wash in a 
 weak solution of chloride of lime, and rinse in clear 
 water. When drying, blow them tight and keep them 
 
BLA— 1«LU. 37 
 
 expanded. Used to tic over jars, pots, &c., and to 
 contain powdered pigments. 
 
 Blanc de Fard. — Subnitrate of bismuth. 
 
 Blanc de Frax^ais. — Powdered talc. 
 
 Blanc de Perle. — Oxide of bismuth. Cosmetic. 
 
 Bleaching. — The practice of decolouring A-arious fabrics 
 or substances, chiefly by the jiids of soap and water, 
 chloride of lime, the vapour of sulphur, and oxalic 
 acid. After undergoing any of these chemical ope- 
 rations, the article is generally rinsed in cold water, 
 and exposed to the open air to complete the process. 
 
 Blister, Extemporaneous. — Dip a piece of lint into 
 vinegar of cantharides or strong acetic acid, apply to 
 the skin, and cover with cloth, bladder, or piliue, to 
 prevent evaporation. 
 
 Bli.ster, Liquid. — Powdered Spanish flies, 1 oz., rectified 
 spirit, licjuor ammonia, of each 2 oz.; mix, digest, 
 and strain. Used for horses and cattle. 
 
 Blistering Tissue. — A solution of cantharides is made in 
 alcohol, acetic acid, or ether, strained and evaporated 
 to an extract, which is then mixed with twice its 
 weight of wax, and spread on silk or thin paper. 
 
 Bloom, Almond. — Boil 1 oz. Brazil wood in 3 pints of 
 water for 15 minutes, strain, add i oz. of isinglass, J 
 oz. cochineal, 1 oz. alum, and i oz. borax; dissolve by 
 heat, and strain. Used as a cosmetic for the face. 
 
 Bloom of Roses. — Strong solution of ammonia, i oz., car- 
 mine, 2 drachms. Mix, and after standing two days, 
 add rose water, 1 pint, triple extract of roses, i oz. 
 Used a.s a cosmetic. 
 
 Blue, Giiemic. — The sulphate of indigo used in dyeing. 
 
 Blue Fire. — Nitre, 5 parts, sulphur, 2 parts, metallic anti- 
 mony, 1 part. 
 
 Blue Ink to turn Black. — Prussiate of potash, 12 oz., 
 4 
 
38 BLU — BOO. 
 
 bichromate of potasli, 1 oz. Mix in hot water, 1 pint. 
 Add tincture of muriate of iron, 4 oz., and water, 2 
 quarts. The product is a blue ink. To cause it to 
 cliauge to a black, add copperas, 2 oz. 
 
 Blue, Liquid. — To 1 part of pure Prussian blue, add by- 
 degrees, 2 parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and 
 leave the paste for 24 houi's, then add 9 pai'ts of water 
 and bottle it. Used to colour maps and prints. 
 
 Blue Stone. — Indigo, mixed with starch or whiting, and 
 size, and made into balls. Used by washerwomen, to 
 give a blue tinge to muslins and linens. 
 
 Boards, to Clean. — Use a paste of soft soap, pearl ash, 
 and fuller's earth, cover the grease, and next day scour 
 off with suds. 
 
 Boeriiaave's Odontalgic. — Tincture of opium, 1 oz., cam- 
 phor, J oz., dissolve, and add oil of cloves, 1 drachm. 
 Used to relieve toothache. 
 
 Bookbinders' Stains for Leather. — BlacJc, sulphate of 
 iron (copperas) 1 part, water 6 parts. Blue, the dilu- 
 ted sulphate of indigo. Brown, a solution of soda or 
 pcarlash. 
 
 Boot Powder. — French chalk or Vcnitian talc, powdered. 
 Applied to the heels of new boots, to facilitate the 
 trying them on. 
 
 Boot-top Liquid. — Mix in a phial 1 drachm of chlorate of 
 potash with two ounces of distilled water, and when 
 the salt is dissolved add 2 oz. of hydrochloric acid. 
 Li another phial mix 8 oz. rectified spirit with 2 oz. 
 essence of lemon, mix the two solutious»kand bottle for 
 use. Used to clean white boot-tops, by sponging them, 
 and when dry polishing with a brush. 
 
 Boots, to "Waterproof. — Boiled oil, 1 pint, bees' wax, ro- 
 sin, turpentine, each 3 oz., melt the solids, add the oil, 
 and when cool, the turpentine. Used to prevent damp 
 feet, by soaking new boot soles, and allowing them to 
 tccome thoroughly dry. 
 
BOO — BRA. 39 
 
 Booth's Axle-Grease. — 1. Water, 1 gallon, sotla, i lb., 
 l):iliu uil, 10 lbs.; mix by heat, and tstir till ucarly 
 cold. 
 2. AVater, rape oil, of each 1 gallou, soda, J lb., palm 
 oil, i lb. 
 
 Borax, Glass of. — 3Ielt borax until fused. Used as a 
 blowpipe flux, and in soldering. 
 
 Bougie. — An instrument used to overcome strictures ia 
 the rectum or urethra. They are prepared in various 
 ways, the object being to make thcni firm, yet clastic. 
 Interior kinds are made by dijipiiig soft linen into 
 lead-plaster, and rolling them while warm on a smooth 
 slab. A superior kind is thus prepared; fuse 7 oz. 
 amber, add 21 oz. boiled oil, and 1 oz. india-rubber; 
 mix. Add 7 oz. oil of turpentine, and spread the 
 mixture on web or silk cord. llepeat the process 
 until the instrument is of the size reciuircd, then po- 
 lish first with pumice-stone and afterwards with tri- 
 poli and oil. 
 
 Bouquet de la Reixe. — 1. Otto of rcscs, oil of pimento, 
 essence of bergamot, of each 40 drops, musk, 10 grains, 
 oil of neroli, 4 drops, oil of cedrat, 40 drops. 
 2. Lavender water, 4 oz., orange-flower water, 20 drachms, 
 
 _ rectified spirit, 7^ oz. Mix the oils in the spirit, add 
 the musk and the waters; digest 14 days and filter. 
 Fragrant. 
 
 Branpisii's Alkaline Solution. — American pearl-a.sh, 
 lbs., quicklime, 2 lbs., wood-ash, 2 lbs., boiling water, 
 5 gallons. Slake the lime, add the water, and the 
 pearl-ash, and stir in the wood-ashes. In 24 liours, 
 decant, add one drop of juniper oil to each pint, and 
 bottle in green gla.ss. Used as a tonic antacid. 
 
 Brass. — An alloy of copper and zinc. These metals mix in 
 any proportion, but generally some old brass is added to 
 the new before casting. A considerable loss occurs 
 from an unavoidable waste of zinc, by the heat required 
 to melt the copper. It is now usual to thrust the pieces 
 
40 BRA — BRI. 
 
 of zinc beneath the surface of the mcltccl copper with a 
 pair of tongs, taking care to warm the zinc, to ilrij it, 
 as any moisture would violently drive the copper out of 
 the pot. 
 
 1. 6 oz. zinc to 16 oz. copper, makes a good brass, that 
 bears soldering well. 
 
 2. 8 oz. zinc to 16 oz. copper, is ordinary brass, softer 
 than the former. 
 
 The ordinary range of good yellow brass, that files and 
 turns well, contains 4^ to 9 oz. zinc for every pound of 
 copper. With additional zinc, it is harder and more 
 crystalline; with less, more tenacious, and hangs to the 
 file like copper. 
 
 Brass, To Clean. — 1. Kub over it tripoli, brick-dust, or 
 rotten stone, with sweet oil, and polish with leather. 
 
 2. Use a solution of oxalic acid, or of rochc-alum boiled in 
 water. 
 
 3. Sulphuric or hydrochloric acids will clean brass, but it 
 speedily tarnishes again. 
 
 Brazil Paper. — Dip paper in a strong decoction of Brazil- 
 wood, and dry it. Used as a test-paper; turns yellow 
 by acids, and purple or violet by alkalies. 
 
 Bread, Unfermented, is made by adding to the flour,^ar- 
 bonate of soda, and tartaric or hydrochloric acid, in such 
 proportions that they raise the loaf as yeast would. — 
 This plan is not generally followed; the preference being 
 given to good yeast. The mixed powders are vended 
 under the name of Baking-Powders. ^ 
 
 Breath, Stinking. — It often arises from carious teeth and 
 foul stomach. In the latter case aperient medicine is 
 requisite; for bad teeth, a brush and a weak solution of 
 cldoride of lime is useful. Any tincture or powder for 
 the teeth will prove useful, if regularly applied. 
 
 Brine for Meat. — Brown sugar, 1 lb., bay salt, and com- 
 mon salt, of each 3 lbs., saltpetre, 8 oz., water, 1 gallon. 
 Boil, scum, and when cool it is ready for use. 
 
 British (Ium, or Dextrine. — Dry potato-starch heated 
 
BllO. 41 
 
 from 300° to G00° until it becomes brown, soluble ia 
 cold water, and ceases to turn blue with iodine. 
 Used by calico printers and others, instead of gum 
 Arabic. 
 
 Bronze, To. — 1. Small fiji^rcs arc covered with size or var- 
 nish, and when this is lu^arli/ dry, any bronze pow- 
 der is dusted on it. When dry and hard, the super- 
 fluous powder is removed, and the figure is varnished. 
 
 2. Iron is first cleaned, and then dipped into a strong so- 
 lution of sulphate of copjier. 
 
 3. Paper is bronzed by mi.vinji; the bronze powder with 
 gum-water, applying it to the surface, and when dry 
 burnishing it. 
 
 Bronze. — An alloy chiefly of copper and tin, with occa- 
 sionally minute additions of other metals. Used to 
 cast statues, to make medals, and for various other pur- 
 poses. The appearance of bronze may be given, by 
 various means, to medals, plaster casts, etc. 
 
 Bronze for 3Iedals. — Clean the medal thoroughly, apply 
 a paste of crocus powder and water, and brush it ou 
 the surface. AVhen dry, expose it to a heat for a mi- 
 nute; when cool, polish with a brush. 
 
 Bronze Powder, Gold. — ^1. Dutch-metal or gold leaf, 
 ground to impalpable powder. 
 
 2. Dissolve gold in nitro-muriatic acid, and precipitate it 
 with a solution of pure protosulphate of iron; wash and 
 dry the powder. 
 
 3. Ciriud gold leaf with honey to an impalpable powder, 
 wash away the honey, and dry the powder. 
 
 4. Triturate gold leaf with crystallized sulphate of po- 
 ta.ssu, and wash out the salt with boiling water. 
 
 Sdver. — Melt i oz. each of grain tin and bismuth in a 
 crucible, then add I oz. ([uicksilver, and powder wheu 
 cokl. Bronzes are used in painting and gililing. 
 
 Bronzing Liquids, fur Ekctroti/pe Copper Medals. — 1. 
 Crocus, or plumbago and water, made into a paste. 
 Cleou the medal, apply the paste, aud expose to the 
 44c 
 
42 BRO. 
 
 heat of a clear fii-e for a miuiitc. When cool, polish 
 with a brush. 
 
 2. A solution of liver of sulphur, or sulphuret of potas- 
 sium. 
 
 3. Boil carbonate of ammonia, 2 oz., and acetate of cop- 
 per, 1 oz., in half a pint of vinegar, until the vinegar is 
 nearly evaporated. Add to this half a pint of vinegar, 
 in which is dissolved 62 grains of sal ammoniac, and 
 16 grains of oxalic acid; boil the whole, and filter. 
 Clean and warm the medal, apply the liquid with a 
 camel-hair pencil, then pour boiling water on the medal, 
 wipe it with cotton wool and a little linseed oil, polish 
 with clean cotton. 
 
 4. Verdigris, 2 oz., sal ammoniac, 1 oz., vinegar, 1 pint. 
 Boil, dip the clean medal for an instant or two in the 
 boiling mixture, wash it with hot water, and dry. 
 
 5. Sal ammoniac, 1 oz., salt, 6 oz., cream of tartar, 3 oz., 
 hot water, 1 pint. Dissolve. Add 2 oz. nitrate of 
 copper, in half a pint of water. Mix, and apply with 
 a brush, allowing the solution to dry on the medal. 
 
 Bronzing Tin Castings. — When clean, wash them with 
 a mixture of 1 part each sulphate of iron and sulphate 
 of copper, in 20 parts water; dry, and again wash witli 
 distilled vinegar, 11 parts, verdigris, 4 parts. When 
 dry, polish with colcothar. 
 
 Browning. — Melt 4 oz. sugar with 1 oz. butter, until the 
 whole is brown. Stir, and add 1 pint of port wine. 
 Pour when cool to i pint of mushroom kctcliup, add i 
 oz. each bruised pimento and black pepper, 6 cut sha- 
 lots, a little mace, and grated lemon-pccl. Digest a 
 week, strain, and preserve. Used to brown and flavour 
 gravies or soups. 
 
 Browning for Gun Barrels. — 1. Aquafortis and nitric 
 cthei*, of each 1 oz., sulphate of copper, 4 oz., tincture 
 of sesquichloride of iron, 2 oz., water, 3 oz. ; niix. 
 Apply once or twice to the clean barrel, and when dry, 
 polish with a brush, or varnish. 
 2. Sulphate of copper, nitric ether, each 1 oz., water, 1 
 pint. Mix, and digest fur a week. 
 
BUG — BUT. 43 
 
 3 Nitric other, 3 oz., gum benzoin, IJ oz., tincture of 
 scsquichloride of iron, J oz., sulphate of copper, 2 
 drachms, rectified spirit, J oz. Mix, and add 1 quart 
 water. 
 
 4. Nitric ether and tincture of sesquichlorido of iron, of 
 each J oz., sulphate of copper, 2 scruples, water, 10 
 oz. 
 
 All the above may be varnished, with shellac, 1 oz., dra- 
 gon's blood, 2 drachms, rectified spirit, 1 quart. Dis- 
 solve, filter, and apply. 
 
 Bugs. — When bugs have obtained a lodgement in walls or 
 timber, the surest mode of overcoming the nuisance is 
 to putty up every hole that is moderately large, and oil- 
 paint the whole wall or timber. In bed-furniture, a 
 mixture of soft soap with snuflF, or arsenic, is useful to 
 fill up the holes where the bolts or fastenings are 
 fixed, &c. French-polish may be applied to smoother 
 parts of the wood. 
 
 Bug Poison. — 1. Bichloride of mercury and hydrochloric 
 acid, of each 1 oz., water, 4 oz. Mix; add turpentine, 
 and strong decoction of tobacco, of each 15 oz. 
 
 2, Turpentine, 4 oz., camphor, i oz., creosote, 20 drops. 
 Mix. 
 
 3. For Floors. — Bichloride of mercury, sal ammoniac, 
 each 4 oz., hot water, 2 gallons. Used to wash boarded 
 floors. 
 
 Burnett's, Sir ^Y., Dlsinfecting Fluid. — Zinc dissolved 
 in hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Butter, to piu:sehve. — Melt it in an earthen vessel sur- 
 rounded with warm water. Skim the butter until 
 clear, and pour the pure portion off into pots, which 
 sliould be filled to tlie top, and closely covered. A 
 little .^alt may be added before pouring, and should be 
 stirred in, afterwards allowing the butter to clear. 
 Or mis 2 ounces of salt with 1 oz. each of saltpetre and 
 wliitc sugar. Add 1 oz. of this mixture, in fine pow- 
 der, to each pound of butter, working it well in. The 
 butter must not be u.scd for a month ; and the pots con- 
 taining it must bo filled to the brim. 
 
44 BUT — CAM. 
 
 BuTYRATE OF Ethyloxide. — Butyric ether. 
 
 Butyric Ether. — Artificial essence of pine apple. 
 
 Cabbage Paper. — Evaporate a strong clear infusion of red 
 cabbage leaves, until it tinges paper gray, then dip un- 
 sized papers into it, and dry them. Used as delicate 
 tests. Acids change it to a red, alkalies to a green co- 
 lour. When changed to green by an alkali, carbonic 
 acid will restore its gray colour. 
 
 Caciiou Aromatise. — 1. Extract of liquorice, 3 oz., oil of 
 cloves, 40 drops, oil of cassia, 10 drops. Mix ; divide 
 into one grain pills, and silver them. 
 2. Extract of liquorice, 3 oz., vanilla and sugar, of each 
 1 oz., oil of peppermint, 30 drops, mucilage, q. s. Mix. 
 Used to chew after smoking. 
 
 Cadet's Tootii-Powder. — Loaf sugar and charcoal, of each 
 1 oz., Peruvian bark, ^ oz., cream of tartar, 1 drachm, 
 cinnamon, 24 grains, oil of cloves, 20 drops; mix. 
 
 Campiiine. — Highly rectified oil of turpentine. 
 
 Camphor. — A light whitish solid, having a peculiar odour, 
 soluble in alcoliol, ether, and oils. It imparts its scent 
 and taste to water, and strongly so if the water is car- 
 bonated, or if the camphor is Ih'st triturated with gum, 
 sugar, yolk of egg, or magnesia. Milk dissolves one- 
 eighth of its weight by trituration, and docs not de- 
 posit it on the addition of water. Camphor is imitated 
 artificially by passing hydrochloric acid gas into oil of 
 turpentine. 
 
 Camphor is used to scent clothes, to render copal more solu- 
 ble, and to assist in certain pyrotechnic eifects. It en- 
 ters into several medicinal preparations. 
 
 Camphor, to Powder. — Break the lumps with a pestle, 
 add a few drops of rectified spirit, and triturate to 
 powder. Used in tooth-powder, and in compound 
 powders. 
 
 Camphor Balls. — 1. White wax and spermaceti, of each 
 
CAM. 45 
 
 3 drachms, almond oil, J oz., powdered camphor, 2 
 drachms. !Melt the solids, add the oil, and sprinkle in 
 the camphor; colour, if desired, with alkanet-root. 
 
 2. Lard and white wax, of each 1 oz., camphor, 1 drachm. 
 Used to anoiat the hands after washing, to prevent 
 chapping. 
 
 3. Melt together spermaceti, 3 drachms, white wax, 1 
 drachms, and almond oil, 1 ounce, then stir in 3 drachms 
 of powdered camphor. 
 
 Camphor, Sir J. Murray's Fluid. — Camphor and car- 
 bonate of magnesia, dissolved bj pressure in carbonated 
 water. 
 
 CAMrriOR Cerate. — Fresh hog's lard, 3} oz., grated cam- 
 phor, 1 oz. Dissolve the lard by boiling water round a 
 cup, then gradually add the camphor ; stir well ; and 
 when cooling, pour off the sediment. 
 
 Camphor Ice. — Melt spermaceti, 1 drachm, with almond 
 oil, 1 oz., and add powdered camphor, 1 drachm. 
 
 Camphor Julep, (Concentrated.) — Camphor, 1 oz., rec- 
 tified spirit, by weight, 10 oz. ; mix. Twenty drops 
 to 1 oz. of water make the ordinary camphor mixture 
 or julep. Used as a vehicle for medicines. 
 
 Camphor Liniment, Extemporaneous. — Camphor, 1 oz., 
 rectified spirit, 8 J oz. ^lix ; add oil of lavender, 25 
 drops, strong solution of ammonia, 10 drachms. To 
 rub on painful parts, as in sprains, bruises, rheuma- 
 tism, &c., combined with oil or with soap liniment. 
 
 Camphorated Acetic Acid. — (E. and D. Ph.) — Camphor, 
 J oz. E. (1 oz. D. ;) acetic acid (sp. gr. 1.064,) U* oz, 
 E. (10 oz. /). ;) rectified spirit, 1 drachm (^E. and D.) 
 Mix tbe camphor and spirit, and add the acid. Used 
 as an embrocation for bruises and swellings, and as a 
 sqpnt-bottle. 
 
 Camphor.^ted Ch.vlk. — 1. Precipitated chalk, 6 oz., cam- 
 phor, 1 oz. ; mix. U.sed as a tooth-powder. 
 2. Precipitated chalk, 1 lb., orri.s root, 8 oz., camphor, 
 4 oz. Powder and mix. Used as a tooth-powder. 
 
46 CAM — CAO. 
 
 CAMPnoRATED Otl. — Olivc Oil, 8 oz., camplior, 1 oz. 
 Grate the camphor, mix with, the oil, and digest in a 
 gentle heat. 
 
 Camphorated Vinegar. — Grated camphor, 1 oz., vinegar 
 (white wine,) 1 quart. Employed as a scent, a gargle, 
 and largely diluted, as a lotion against infection. 
 
 Candy. — A sugar preparation of peels, &c. The peels of 
 orange, lemon, citron, the green roots of ginger, or the 
 stalks of angelica, are boiled in water until soft, and 
 afterwards boiled in syrup until they become transpa- 
 rent ; they are then dried at a gentle heat in a stove. 
 Used in confectionary. 
 
 Candy, Horehound. — To a strong decoction of horehound 
 add 4 lbs., or sufficient, of lump sugar to each pint; 
 evaporate until a small portion candies on cooling, then 
 roll it into cakes. Used to relieve cough. In a similar 
 manner other vegetable candies may be prepared. 
 
 Candy, Carraway. Rhubarb and powdered carraway, of 
 each 1 drachm, oil of carraway, 10 drops, ginger and 
 cinnamon, of each 15 grains, magnesia, 6 drachms, 
 sugar, 2 oz. Add mucilage of tragacanth, sufficient 
 to make a paste; cut it into lozenges, and let them 
 dry. 
 
 Candy, digestive or Live-Long. Heavy magnesia, 1 oz., 
 powdered rhubarb, 1 drachm, ginger and cinnamon, of 
 each 15 grains, sugar, 2 oz., mucilage as the last. 
 
 Cannelle (La.) — Cinnamon. 
 
 Canton's Phosphorus. — Heat strongly for an hour, in a 
 covered crucible, 3 parts of calcined oyster-shells, and 
 1 part of flour sulphur. After exposure to sunshine, 
 it emits light in the dark. 
 
 Caoutchouc, known as India-rubber, or gum elastic, is 
 waterproof, and hence much used in the arts. It is 
 more or less soluble in various liquids, which are 
 used to distribute it over clothes, kc. Ether dissolves 
 it readily, but it must first be washed and decanted. 
 
CAO — CAP. 47 
 
 Naphtha rlistillcrl from coal-tar is the solvent monptruum 
 iiSL'd tor .MackiiitDsh'.s iiulia-rulibt'r fabrics. Oil of tur- 
 pciitiiio hiixlily rcctitied dissolves it readily. Benzoic 
 will dissolve it, with continued heat and digestion. 
 Caoiitchoucinc, the distilled product of india-rubber, is 
 employed as a solvent. The easiest mode of obtaining 
 a solution where expense is immaterial, is to use chlo- 
 roform, or bisulphuret of carbon, which are excellent 
 mediums for the solutiim, as the t!;um dissolves without 
 lieat, or with very little. India-rubber, when boiled in 
 carbonate of soda, or water of ammonia, becomes more 
 Soluble than it was previously. Linseed oil boiled with 
 litharnrc, and spi-ead in thin layers, dryinir each before 
 applying another, forms arfijirial caoulchouc. It is 
 clastic and semi-transjjareut, but the preparutiou requires 
 long drying. 
 
 Caoutciioucine. — India-nibber is distilled dr}^, at a tem- 
 perature of (300°, where a volatile fluid comes over, and 
 on being rectified once or twice, it forms the spirit called 
 caoutciioucine. It is the lightest fluid known; it mixes 
 with alcohol and oils in all proportions, and dissolves 
 india-rubber, copal, the resins, kc, with facility at the 
 ordinary temperature. From its volatility it soon dries, 
 and therefore requires to be kept in well-stoppered ves- 
 sels. 
 
 Capill.mrt:. — Distilled water, 1 pint, lump sugar, 81 lbs.; 
 dissolve with a gentle heat, and when nearly cold, add 
 1 oz. orange-flower water. Used to sweeten liquors, and 
 to make summer drinks. 
 
 Capillaire, Limoniated. — Add to the last, essence of 
 lemon, J drachm, citric acid, 1 oz. 
 
 Cat-SILES arc used to enclose nauseous liquid medicines. 
 An oblong bulb is dijiped into melted gelatine, and 
 when withilrawn it is rotated, to distribute the gelatine 
 equally over the mould. On hardening, they are placed 
 on pins tti dry; they arc then filled, and the orifice 
 closed with li(j[uid gelatine. 
 
48 CAR. 
 
 Carbonate. — A compound of carbonic acid with a base. 
 
 Carbonate of Iron with Sugar (P. L.) — Sulphate of iron, 
 4 oz., carbonate of soda, 34 drachms, sugar, 2 oz., boil- 
 ing distilled water, 4 pints. Dissolve separately the 
 carbonate and sulphate in 2 pints of hot water; mix the 
 solutions, and let the carbonate of iron be deposited. 
 Pour off the liquor, and wash the carbonate frequently 
 with water. To this add the sugar, dissolved in 2 oz. 
 of water, and evaporate to a dry powder, which must 
 be kept in a well-closed vessel. Tonic, — dose, 2 to 5 
 grains. 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia (P. L.) — Sulphate of magnesia, 
 4 lbs., carbonate of soda, 4 lbs. 9 oz., boiling distilled 
 water, 4 gallons. Dissolve separately the carbonate 
 and sulphate in 2 gallons of water; filter, and mix. 
 Boil and stir for 2 hours, adding distilled water as re- 
 quired ; pour off the fluid, wash the powder with boiling 
 distilled water, and dry it. 
 
 Characters and Tests (P. L.) — Soluble in dilute sulphuric 
 acid. From this solution, when effervescence has 
 ceased, nothing is thrown down by bicarbonate of potash. 
 Water in which it has been boiled does not change the 
 colour of turmeric to yellow, nor does it throw down 
 anything on the addition of chloride of barium or ni- 
 trate of silver. 
 
 Antacid, absorbent, aperient. Used as an aperient in 
 many disorders; with rhubarb and ginger, it forms 
 Gregory's Powder. Dose: 15 to 20 grains. 
 
 Carbonate of Potass. — The P. L. gives no directions for 
 its preparation. 
 Characters and Tests (P. L.) — Deliquesces in the air; 
 almost entirely soluble in water. The solution changes 
 the colour of turmeric to brown; when super-saturated 
 by nitric acid, neither carbonate of soda nor chloride of 
 barium throws down anything, and nitrate of silver but 
 little. 100 grains of this salt lose 16 grains at a high 
 temperature, and the same quantity added to dilute sul- 
 phuric acid evolves 26-3 grains of carbonic acid. Let 
 it be kept in a well-stoppered bottle. 
 
CAR. 49 
 
 Antacid, dmrctic, liqiiofacient. Pose, 10 to 20 grains. 
 2U grains make a cooling cfibrvescing draught with 
 17 grains of citric acid, or 4 J drachms of lemon juice. 
 
 Carhonate of Soda. — No directions for its preparation are 
 given in the P. L. 
 Characters and tests (P. L.) — Colourless; transparent, ex- 
 posed to the air it crumbles to powder; is soluble in 
 water. The solution turns turmeric brown ; after satu- 
 ration by hydrochloric acid, chloride of barium throws 
 nothing down from it. 100 grains of this salt at a high 
 temperature lose G2-5 grains of water. The same 
 quantity, added to dilute sulphuric acid, evolves 15-28 
 grains of carbonic acid. 
 Antacid. Used in indigestion with bitter infusions. Dose 
 10 to 30 grains. 
 
 Carbonate of Soda, dried (P. L.) Heat 1 lb. of carbonate 
 of soda, until the crystals crumble down ; afterwards 
 burn to redness, and rub to powder. It is soluble in 
 water. 100 grains, added to dilute sulphuric acid, emit 
 40 7 grains of carbonic acid. Used in powders and 
 ])ills; 12 grains are equal to 32 grains of common car- 
 bonate. Dose 5 to 10 grains. 
 
 Carbonic Acid Gas. — 1. Add hydrochloric or nitric acid, 
 with 4 times its weight of water, to fragments of mar- 
 ble, until the gas is freely di-sengaged. If wanted drj', 
 pass it through concentrated oil of vitriol, or over dried 
 chloride of calcium. It may be collected over water, 
 with a little loss, or over mercury in the pneumatic 
 trough. 
 2. Use similarly chalk powder, and dilute sulphuric acid. 
 Colourless, agreeable taste and odour, irrespirable. Sp. 
 gr. 1-524. 100 cubic inches weigh 47 ^O grains. The 
 gas is poisonous, it is emitted by burning charcoal, at 
 the bottom of mines, old wells, and brewer's vats, and 
 is given off in the human breath. Cold water absorbs 
 its own weight, lime-water is rendered turbid, by the 
 formation of carbonate of lime. 
 
 Carbonic Oxide. — Heat finely-powdered ferro-cyanide of 
 potassium with 8 or 10 times its weight of concentrated 
 5 
 
50 CAR. 
 
 snlplmric acid. The salt is entirely decomposed, yield- 
 ing a copious supply of pure carbonic oxide gas, which 
 may be collected over water in the usual manner. 
 Fowncs. 
 Combustible, colourless, inodorous, poisonous. Sp. gr. 
 0-073; 100 cubic inches weigh 30-21 grains. 
 
 Carburetted Hydrogen is the dreaded fire-damp of the 
 mines, which explodes immediately from the flame of a 
 candle, &c. It may be procured from some stagnant 
 pools, or formed artificially. 
 Preparation. — Crystallized acetate of soda, 40 parts, solid 
 hydrate of potassa, 40 parts, quick-lime in powder GO 
 parts. Heat this mixture strongly in a retort; the 
 gas is evolved abundantly, and may be received over 
 water. 
 Combustible, coloui'less, almost inodorous, not poisonous. 
 8p. gr. 0-559; 100 cubic inches weigh 17-41 grains. 
 
 Carlsbad Water (Artificial.') — Hydro-chlorate of lime, 
 8 grains, tincture of sesqui-chloride of iron, 1 drop, sul- 
 phate of soda, 50 grains, carbonate of soda, 60 grains, 
 hydrochloride of soda, 8 grains, carbonated water, 1 pint. 
 
 Carminative, Daley's — 1. Carbonate of magnesia, 2 
 scruples, oil of peppermint, 1 drop, oil of nutmeg, 2 
 drops, oil of aniseed, 3 drops, tincture of castor, 30 
 drops, tincture of assafoctida, 15 drops, tincture of 
 opium, 5 drops, spirit of pennyroyal, 15 drops, com- 
 pound tincture of cardamoms, 30 drops, peppermint- 
 water, 2 07.. Mix. — Dr. Far is. 
 2. The following is a retail druggist's substitute. Car- 
 bonate of magnesia, 1 drachm, powdered rhubarb, 45 
 grains, fetid spirit of ammonia, 1 drachm, oil of ani- 
 seed, 15 drops, syrup, 2 oz., water, 4 oz. Mix. 
 
 Carmine. — A beautiful crimson pigment, between lake and 
 vermilion in colour. It is most economically prepared 
 on a large scale; but is in any way an expensive pre- 
 paration. On the small scale it may be thus procured. 
 \lo\\ 1 oz. of powdered cochineal with 5 quarts of dis- 
 tilled water in a tinned vessel for 3 minutes, add 25 
 grains of alum, boil for 2 minutes, and withdraw the 
 
CAR — CAS.' 51 
 
 clear liquor, at a blood heat, into shallow vessels, then 
 let the carmine subside for 2 days. If it does not 
 readily precipitate, add a few drops of muriate of tin, or 
 of a solution of sulphate of iron, and it will fall immedi- 
 ately. Dry the powder carefully. 
 
 Carmin'E, Liquid. — Carmine dissolved in solution of am- 
 monia. Used as an ink, and in painting. 
 
 Carpets, to Clean. — Brush them with damp waste tea 
 leaves, sprinkle on them, shake and beat them, then mix 
 3 gills of ox gall in a gallon of water; brush the carpet 
 over with this; remove the lather formed with plenty of 
 clean water, and dry with dusters. Afterwards hang 
 them in an airy apartment. 
 
 Carrabelli's Dentifrice. — Cuttle-fish bone and prepared 
 shells, of each o oz., cinnamon, orris-root, and charcoal, 
 of each G drachms, vanilla, 20 grains ; powder and mix. 
 Used to clean the teeth. 
 
 Carron Oil. — Equal parts of lime-water and raw linseed 
 oil. An application to burnt surfaces, used in the Car- 
 ron iron-works; it is the liniment of lime of the 1*. L. 
 
 Cartwrigiit's Dentifrice. — l*repared chalk and orris-root, 
 of each 1 oz., Castile soap, i drachm ; mix. 
 
 Case-IIardenino — A superficial hardness bestowed on iron- 
 work. 1. Iron heated to redness is sprinkled with ferro- 
 prussiate of potass, and when the salt has fused, the 
 metal is plunged into water. 
 2. The iron is enclosed in a box and surrounded with ani- 
 mal horns, hoofs, bones, or skins, first charred and pow- 
 dered. Close the box hd, heat it strongly in a furnace, 
 and let it cool. On removing the iron, it is hardened 
 on the surface, being superlicially converted into steel. 
 "When goods are wanted hard, but not brittle, they are 
 plunged while hot into oil. 
 
 Casks, to Swehtkn. — Wash them well with hot water; 
 then proceed to cleanse them by any of the following 
 modes. 
 1. Oil of vitriol and water, equal parts ; mix, wash the cask, 
 and afterwards rinse with cleau water. 
 
52 CAS — CEM. 
 
 2. Wash with chloride of lime first, then proceed as above . 
 
 3. Wash with strong lime-water. 
 
 4. Dip linen cloth in melted brimstone, set it on fire, put 
 it into the cask at the bung-hole, and drive in the bung 
 so as to suspend the cloth. In two hours open the 
 bung-hole. 
 
 Castor Oil Pomade. — Olive oil, 5 oz., almond oil, 2 oz., 
 castor oil, 1 oz., spermaceti, i oz., lard, 8 oz. Melt the 
 spermaceti, and add the lard, add afterwards the oils, 
 then mix ; let it cool, and when nearly cold add the fol- 
 lowing scent; essence of bergamotte, 10 drops, essence 
 of ambergris, 20 drops, oil of lavender, 1 drop, otto of 
 rose, 3 drops. Fragrant. 
 
 Catheter. — An instrument for relieving the bladder when 
 incapable of passing the urine. Coat a piece of catgut 
 with luelted wax, and while cooling, give it the proper 
 shape. When cold coat it with indian-rubber (dissolved 
 in ether, chloroform, or bisulphuret of carbon) and re- 
 peat the coating as often as required ; then withdraw the 
 catgut by melting the wax in boiling water. 
 
 Cayenne, Soluble. — A pepper, used as a condiment. 
 Strong tincture of cayenne is added to common salt, and 
 the solution evaporated until a little on cooling crystal- 
 lizes. A little annatto or saffron may be used to colour 
 with. The salt is soluble, and has a pungent taste of 
 the pepper. 
 
 Cement. — A compound for joining surfaces, or a mortar 
 used in building. 
 Cement, Alabaster. — 1. Plaster of Paris mixed to a cream 
 
 with water. Used to join alabaster or marble. 
 2. Yellow resin and bees' wax, equal parts ; melt. Applied 
 warm to heated alabaster, marble, stone, &c. Small 
 holes are filled with shellac, melted, and coloured to 
 shade. 
 Cement, Architeetural. — Strong rice-water size, and paper, 
 pulped in boiling water, are mixed together, enough 
 whiting is then added to make it of a proper consistence. 
 Used to make paper architectural models. 
 Cement, Armenian. — 1. Isinglass, 2 drachms; soak for 
 2-4 hours in 2 oz. water, boil to half, add 1 oz. recli- 
 
OEM. 63 
 
 ficd spirit, and strain while hot tlirou,2;li linen. Melt 
 1 drachm of mastic, and ^ drachm of ammoniac in 1 
 oz. of rectlBcd spirit; add this solution to the first, and 
 mix the two thorout^hly. 
 
 2. Isinglass, 1 oz., distilled water, 6 oz., boil to half; add 
 H oz. of rectified spirit, 5 oz. tincture of mastic, and 
 J oz. of ammoniac emulsion. 
 
 3. Isinglass, 1 oz., dissolve in rectified spirit, add mastic 
 varnish, 1^ oz. 
 
 Used as a general cement for small articles. The surfaces 
 to be united are warmed, spread (lilnli/ with the glue, 
 and allowed to cool under pressure. 
 
 Ctnient, Botany Bai/. — Resin and brickdust, equal parts; 
 melt the resin, and sprinkle in the dust. Used to ce- 
 ment coarse earthenware, knife-handles, &c. 
 
 Cement, Bottle. — llesin 15 parts, bccs'-wax, o parts; ivo- 
 ry black, or Vcnitian red, to colour. Used to cover the 
 corks of bottles, &c. 
 
 Cement, Chinese. — Shellac dissolved in wood napItfJui, 
 or rectified spirit. Used to piece wood, and mend glass, 
 china, or fancy ornaments. jMelted shellac will answer 
 equally well for earthenware, Sec. 
 
 Cement, CoppersmitlCs. JJullock's-blood thickened with 
 qui(.k-limc. Used //r.sA to joints, &e., of copper ves- 
 sels ; it hardens very rapidly. 
 
 Cement, Eijy. White of egg thickened with powdered 
 quick-lime. Some add milk curds, others add cheese 
 to this cement. Used to mend earthenware, glass, kc. 
 
 Cement, Electricnl. 1. Rosin, 5 lb, wax, and dried red 
 ochre, of each 1 lb, plaster of I'aris, 4 oz. JMelt the 
 rosin and wax, add the ochre, and then the plaster; 
 mis. 
 
 2. R.)sin, lb, dried red ochre and plaster of Paris, of 
 each 1 lb, boiled oil, 4 oz. Melt the rosin and oil, add 
 the ochre and plaster; mix. Both arc used to cement 
 voltaic trouglis, and juin chemical vessels. 
 
 Crmnit, JJiii/inrer.i. 1. Red lead and white lead, equal 
 parts, boiled oil sufficient to mix to a paste. Applied 
 on tow or canvass to render joints steam-tight, and u.':ed 
 to render cisterns water-tight. 
 6* 
 
54 CEM. 
 
 2. Quicklime, 10 lb, boiled oil, 1 quart; mis. Applied 
 on beinp to water-pipes, and corded. 
 
 Cement, French. Gum-water and starcb. Used for arti- 
 ficial flowers, and for paper. 
 
 Cement, Ilj/drauUc. 3 tb dried and powdei'ed clay, 1 lb 
 oxide of iron; boiled oil sufficient to make a paste. 
 Used to work when required to harden under water. 
 
 Cevient, Hansler's. Litharge, 3 parts, quicklime, 2 parts, 
 white bole, 1 part; linseed-oil varnish sufficient to make 
 a paste ; grind together. Dries slowly. 
 
 Cement, Iron. 1. Iron turnings, 5 lb, sal ammoniac, 2 
 oz., sulphur, 1 oz., water to mix. Must be used imme- 
 diately. Applied to the joints of iron pipes, and rammed 
 in tightly. Dries slowly without the sulphur, but sets 
 harder. 
 
 2. Powdered dried clay, G lb, iron filings, 1 lb, boiled oil 
 sufficient to mix. Used to stop up cracks in iron boil- 
 ers, pans, pipes, &c. 
 
 3. White of egg, sufficient, quicklime enough to thicken, 
 iron filings to mix. Damp with water for use. Ap- 
 plied internally to cracks in boilers or pans. 
 
 Cement for Leather and Cloth An adhesive material 
 for uniting the parts of boots and shoes, and fur the 
 seams of articles of clothing, may be made thus : Take 
 1 lb of gutta percha, 4 oz. of india-rubber, 2 oz. of pitch, 
 1 oz. of shellac, 2 oz. of oil. The ingredients are to be 
 melted together, and used hot. 
 
 Cement, Mahogani/. Shellac melted and coloured. Used 
 to fill up holes and cracks. 
 
 Cement, Opticians. Resin, 1 lb; melt, add dry plaster 
 of Paris, 4 oz. Used to fix glasses and stones while 
 grinding or polishing. For fine work the Chinese ce- 
 ment is used. 
 
 Cement, Rice. Add cold water to rice-flour, and mix 
 thoroughly, then gradually bring it to a proper consis- 
 tence with boiling water, and boil one minute. Used 
 as a colourless cement for paper. 
 
 Cement, Stone. 1. ^Vhit^^g, 1 cwt., rosin, 2 qrs. 18 lb., 
 sulphur, ISi lb, tar, 9 lb; melt together. Used to cc- 
 
CEM — CER. 55 
 
 ment together stones of cisterns, and render them wa- 
 terproof. 
 2. Sand, 1 cwt., quicklime, 28 It), bone aslies, 1-4 lb ; mix 
 
 with water. Waterproof. 
 Cement, Turners'. Rosin and pitch, of each 1 oz.,bccs'- 
 
 wax, 2 oz., biick-dust sufficient to thicken. Used as 
 
 a temporary fastening by turners. 
 Cement, Transpdrent. India-rubber, 75 parts, chloroform, 
 
 GO parts. Mix, and add to the solution, mastic, 15 
 
 parts. 
 
 Cepiiat-ic Sni:ff. 1. Asarabacca leaves dried, 3 parts, 
 marjoram and lavender flowers, of each 1 part. JNlix in 
 fine powder. 
 
 2. (^Boeli's.) Valerian and snuff, of each 2 drachms, oil 
 of lavender and oil of marjoram, of each three drops. 
 Mix. 
 
 3. Snuff, 2 oz., subsulphate of mercury, i drachm; mix. 
 All those are used to clear the head, and assist the eye- 
 sight, by occasionally taking a pinch. 
 
 Cerates are preparations of a firmer consistence than Oint- 
 ments, from the wax they contain. The name is de- 
 rived from cera, wax. 
 
 Cerate, (P. L.) Olive oil, 1 pint, wax, 20 oz. MlU the 
 wax, and gradually add the oil. To protect sores from 
 the action of air. 
 
 Cerate of Acetate of Lead, (P. L.) Powdered acetate of 
 lead, 5 drachms, white wax, 5 oz., olive oil, 1 pint. 
 Di-ssulve the wax in IS oz. of the oil; add to this the 
 lead mi.xed with the remainder of the oil, and stir with 
 a spatula until they are thorouudily united. Applied to 
 burns, excoriations, and irritable ulcers. 
 
 Cerate of Calamine, (P. L.) Prepared calamine and 
 wax, of each 7} oz., olive oil, 1 pint. Molt the wax, 
 add the oil; and when they are cooling, add the cala- 
 mine, and stir until hard. Used to heal ulcers and 
 burns, when the inflammation has sub.'^idcd. 
 
 Cerate of Cantluu'uh^, (P. L.) Cantharides rubbed to 
 fine powder, 1 oz., spermaceti cerate, G oz. Melt tho 
 
66 ciiA. 
 
 cerate, and add tlie cantliarides. Employed to promote 
 the discliarge from a blistered surface. 
 
 Cerate of Lead, (Jovipound, (P. L.) Solution of diacc- 
 tate of lead, G oz., was, 8 oz., olive oil, 1 pint, camphor, 
 1 drachm. Mix the melted wax and IG oz. of the oil, 
 and when cooling, add the lead j stir until cool, then 
 add the camphor dissolved in the rest of the oil. Used 
 as the former lead cerate. 
 
 Cerate of Mercury, Compound, (P. L.) Ointment of 
 mercury and compound soap cerate, of each 6 oz., cam- 
 phor, li oz. Rub them together. Applied to thick- 
 ened joints, and uninflamcd tumours. 
 
 Cerate of Resin, (P. L.) Resin and wax, of each 15 oz., 
 olive oil, 1 pint. Melt the solids, add the oil, and strain 
 through linen. Used to promote the suppuration of 
 boils, ulcers, and open tumours. 
 
 Cerate of Suap, Compound, (P. L.) Soap, 10 oz., was, 
 12 J oz., powdered oxide of lead, 15 oz., olive oil, 1 
 pint, vinegar, 1 gallon. Boil the lead and vinegar 
 slowly, stirring until they unite; add the soap, and boil 
 until the moisture is evaporated ; then add the was, pre- 
 viously dissolved in the oil. Used as a cooling dressing 
 and to support fractured limbs previous to applying the 
 splints. 
 
 Chalk, PRECiriTAXEn. Carbonate of soda, 11 lb, water by 
 weight, G lb. Mix, aiid add this to a solution of hydro- 
 chlorate of lime; and repeatedly wash the precipitate 
 with distilled water. 
 Chalk, Freparcd. — Hub 1 lb of chalk with water to a fine 
 powder, mix it in a large quantity of water, and after a 
 short time pour oft" the still turbid li(^uor, and collect 
 the precipitate whieh it will form. 
 Tlie^c chalks are used iu tooth-powders, mixtures, and 
 medicines. 
 
 Chalybeate Water. — 1. Boiled water, 1 pint, sulphate 
 of iron, 1 grain; mis. Tonic. 
 2. Aerated. — Water carbonated, 1 pint, carbonate of 
 soda, 4 grains, sulphate of iron, 1 grain; mix. 
 
ciiA. 57 
 
 CnAMBERLATN's RESTORATIVE PiLLS. — Vermilion and 
 sulphur mixed with mucilage. 
 
 Chameleon Mineral. — Heat in a crucible equal parts of 
 black oxide of manganese and pure potash; preserve 
 the product in close bottles. Added to water it passes 
 from green to red. 
 
 Chamomile Drops. — Spirit flowered with oil of chamo- 
 mile. 
 
 Chamomile Pills. — Aloes purified, 12 grains, extract 
 of rhubarb, 12 grains, extract of chamomile, oG grains; 
 make into 12 pills. Tonic, stomachic; two for a 
 dose. 
 
 Chapped Hands. — Glycerine and rose-water, of each i oz. ; 
 mix, and rub it on the back part of the hands night 
 and morning. They will ro(j[uire very few applications 
 before they arc well. 
 
 Charcoal. — The calcined product of animal and vegetable 
 substances. It is empluyed in medicine, and in the 
 arts, and is an ingredient in gunpowder. It is only 
 prepared on a large scale. 
 Charcoal, Lardncrs Prepared. — Charcoal, 1 oz., prepared 
 chalk, o oz.; mix. Used as a tooth-powder. 
 
 Charcoal Tooth-Powders. — The charcoal should be pre- 
 pared from willow, areka nut, or lime-tree. 
 
 1. Charcoal, 1 oz., sugar, 1 oz., oil of cloves, 3 drops, oil 
 of cinnamon, 1 drop; mix. 
 
 2. Willow charcoal, 4 oz., cinchona bark, 4 oz., cloves, J 
 drachm ; mix. — Den/orges. 
 
 3. Ciiarcoal, 1 oz., red bark, 1 oz., .sugar, \ oz., oil of 
 cloves, 5 drops; mix. 
 
 4. Charcoal, 1 oz., sulphate of (|uii)iiio, 2 grains, cream 
 of tartar, \ drachm, otto of rose, 2 drops; mix. 
 
 Pastt. — CIdorate of potash, \ drachm, mint-water, J oz. ; 
 mix, add charcoal, 1 oz. — Dyou. 
 
 Charcoal Cuavons. — Saw pieces of charcoal to the re(|ui- 
 sito shape; let them macerate for 30 minutes iu melted 
 
58 CHA — CHL. 
 
 wa:c; tlicn dry them on blotting paper. Drawings of 
 this, warmed at the back, become indelible. 
 
 Chakta Exploratoria. — A test paper. 
 
 Cuavasse's Remedy for Hooping Cough. Sulphate of 
 copper, J grain, syrup of poppies, ^ oz., aniseed water, 
 li oz. Mis. Dose: one to two teaspoonfuls. 
 
 Chelsea Pensioner. Rhubarb, i oz., gum guaiacum, } 
 oz., cream of tartar, 2 oz., sulphur, 4 oz., 2 nutmegs, 
 and honey, 1^ lb. Make into a confection. Used for 
 rheumatism. A Chelsea pensioner cured Lord Amherst 
 with it; hence the name. 
 
 Cheltenham Salts. Glauber's salt, 1 oz., Epsom salt, f 
 oz., common salt, 1 drachm, sulphate of iron, 2 grains. 
 Dry the powders separately, and mis. An imitation, 
 when dissolved, of the Cheltenham waters. Purgative 
 and tonic. 
 
 Chemical Bronze. Hydrochlorate of ammonia, 62 grains, 
 osalic acid, 15 grains, vinegar, 1 pint. Mis. Clean 
 the metal to be bronzed, and brush in the bronze to the 
 required tint. 
 
 Chilbl.vins ai'e the effect of cold checking the circulation 
 of the blood, or they arise from holding the chilled 
 limbs to the fire. Esercise and well-shod feet are the 
 best preventives. 
 
 Chilblains, to cure. Rub them, if unli-oJccn, with cither 
 of the following stimulating lininients: 
 
 1. Tincture of cantharidcs and compound camphor lini- 
 ment, equal parts; mis. 
 
 2. Soap liniment, 1 oz., tincture of cantharides, i oz., 
 turpentine, i oz.; mis. 
 
 If broken, dress them with resin cerate, until drawn, and 
 afterward with lead cerate. 
 
 Ching's Worm Lozenges are prepared with calomel and 
 jalap. 
 
 Chlorate. A salt of chloric acid with a base. The chlo- 
 rates are soluble in water, and esplodo when rubbed 
 with sulphur or phosphorus. 
 
CIIL. b\) 
 
 Chlorate of Barytes. Saturate solution of chloric acid 
 with fres^h precipitated carbonate ot'barytcs; filter, and 
 crystallize. Or pass chlorine gas through a strong so- 
 lution of carbonate of barytcs. 
 
 Chlorate of Potass. Make a strong and warm solution 
 of carbonate of potash, and saturate it with chlorine 
 gas; evaporate, and crystallize. Used as a medicine, in 
 doses of 5 to 15 grains, as a stimulant and diuretic. 
 In the arts, to manufacture fire-works, oxygen gas, and 
 lucifer matches. Detonates with sulphur and phos- 
 phorus. 
 Chemical Experiments. 1. Powder 2 grains of chlorate 
 of potass, triturate gently with 1 grain sulphur, then 
 collect the whole in a heap, and forcibly strike it with 
 the pestle; it will explode. 
 
 2. Wrap the above in a paper, and strike it on an anvil 
 with a hammer. 
 
 3. Sugar, 2 parts, chlorate, 1 part; mix, and on adding 
 a little strong sulphuric acid, it will inflame. 
 
 4. Chlorate, 2 parts, phosphorus 1 part, triturate, and it 
 will explode. Care must be taken in these experi- 
 ments to use stnall quantities, and explode them cau- 
 tiously. 
 
 Chloric Acid. A compound of chlorine and oxygen, pre- 
 pared from chlorate of baryta. 
 
 Chloric Ether. Spirit of wine, 5 parts, chloroform, 1 
 part. Mix. 
 
 Chlorides. Compounds of chlorine with a base. The 
 best known preparation is the chloride of lime, for 
 bleaching and disinfecting purposes; it is prepared by 
 pa.ssing chlorine into lime-water. Sec Chlorine. 
 
 Chlorine is prepared most readily by pouring strong hy- 
 drochloric acid upon finely-powclered black oxide of 
 uiang-anese in a retort, and applying heat. A heavy 
 yellowish green gas is disengaged, which may be col- 
 lected over warm water, or by displacement. 
 Odorous, suffocating, soluble in water; sp. gr. 2-47; 100 
 cubic inches weigh 70 grains. Paper wetted with tur- 
 
60 ciiL. 
 
 pontine and plunged in clilorine inflames ; pliosphorns 
 takes fire spontaneously in it; copper leaf, powdered 
 antimony, and arsenic, undergo combustion in the same 
 manner. Eqvial parts of chlorine and hydrogen explode 
 violently on the passage of an electric spark, or from 
 the application of a lighted taper. Chlorine is a powei'- 
 ful bleacher, immediately destroying vegetable colours; 
 and it is much employed as a disinfectant. The usual 
 substance employed for this latter purpose is the chlo- 
 ride of lime, of which 1 oz. is added to a quart of water, 
 and sprinkled about the apartment to be purified. 
 
 Chlorine Gas. 1. Powdered bichromate of potash, 1 part, 
 hydrochloric acid, 6 parts, (s. g. 1"16.) Apply a 
 gentle heat, and the gas is rapidly evolved in a pure 
 state. 
 2. Common salt, 6 parts; dissolve in a little water; add 
 nitric acid, 1 part, black oxide of manganese, or per- 
 oxide of lead (minimum,) 1 part. Apply a gentle 
 heat, and an abundant supply of pure gas will pass 
 over. Wait. 
 
 Chloroform, (P. L.) Chlorinated lime, 4 lb, rectified 
 spirit, 2 pint, water, 10 pints, chloride of calcium in 
 pieces, 1 drachm. Put the mixed lime and water into 
 a retort; add the spirit so that all occiTpies only one- 
 third of the retort. Heat it in a sand bath, and when 
 ebullition commences, at once withdraw the heat, lest 
 the retort be broken. Let the liquid distil into the re- 
 ceiver, while nothing subsides ; applying heat again 
 when necessary. To the distilled liquid add 4 of the 
 water, and mix well. Separate the heavier portion, 
 which subsides, add the chloride to it; frequently shake 
 during half an hour, and re-distil from a glass retort into 
 a glass receiver. 
 Characters and Tests, (P. L.) Colourless, agreeable 
 odour; sp. gr. not less than 1-48. Nearly insoluble in 
 water; does not turn litmus red. Rubbed on the skin, 
 it soon flies oft", and leaves but little scent. 
 Used to produce insensibility to pain, by breathing the 
 vapour. Applied locally to painful parts, and in tooth- 
 
Clio. 61 
 
 ache, &c. A ready solvent of India-rubber, and gutta 
 porcha. 
 
 Cholera. An epidemic disease of a severe nature. The 
 English CholercLis, not so fatal as the scourge termed 
 the Asiatic Cholera. The treatment of English cholora 
 is somewhat similar to diarrhoea; the bowels are emp- 
 tied by a suitable aperient, and astringents with opium 
 are then generally most efficacious. The severer form 
 of cholera often resists alike all modes of treatment; 
 but on the latest visitation of this disease the following 
 formulcU were recommended : 
 
 1. Cholera Mixture. — Tincture of opium, tincture of cam- 
 phor, and spirits of turpentine, of each 8 drachms, oil 
 of peppermint, 30 drops; mix. Dose: One teaspoonful 
 iu brandy and water for diarrhoea; one tablespoonful 
 for cholera. Sir James Clark. Sir J. C. has denied 
 that this formula is his ; but it has generally been attri- 
 buted to him. It proved one of the most effective and 
 popular remedies iu 1849. 
 
 2. Mixture. — Tincture of catechu and kino, of each J oz., 
 tincture of opium, 2 drachms. Dr. 0' Donncll. Dose: 
 One teaspoonful in brandy and water. 
 
 3. Liverpool Preventive Powders. Bicarbonate of soda, 
 1 scruple, ginger, 8 grains, in a glass of water after 
 breakfast and supper. 
 
 4. Bicarbonate of soda, 12 grains, common salt and chlo- 
 rate of potash, of each 6 grains; mix, and take iu cold 
 water. 
 
 5. Chalk mixture, 1 oz., aromatic confection, 10 to 15 
 grains, tincture of opium, 5 to 15 drops. To be taken 
 every 3 or 4 hours until looseness ceases. Board of 
 Health. 
 
 6. Pilh. — Acetate of lead, 20 grains, opium, 12 grain?i, 
 iu 12 pills; one every half hour until looseness ceases. 
 
 No two practitioners agreed throughout in their treatment 
 of this disease, against which every ktiown agent and 
 medicine has failed. The first form (Sir J. Clark's,) 
 succeeded admirably in most cases, and will doubtless 
 be again resorted to iu future viaitations. 31auy sur- 
 
 6 
 
62 CHL — CHR. 
 
 geons administered small doses of calomel every 10 or 
 15 minutes; a plan which occasionally succeeded, and 
 failed. 
 
 CuLORETUM Ammonii Depuratum. — Ilydrochlorate of 
 ammonia. 
 
 CiiLORETUM Hydrargyri. — Calomel. 
 
 Chromates are formed of chromic acid and a base, are yel- 
 low or red in colour; the latter, when acid is in ex- 
 cess. 
 
 Chromate of Potash is prepared from the chrome-iron 
 ore, and is the source of all the preparations of chro- 
 mium. Chromate of potash is of a bright yellow co- 
 lour, cool, bitter, disagreeable taste, soluble in 2 parts 
 water at 00°; it is used in dyeing, bleaching, and the 
 arts. 
 
 Chro:mate of Potash, (Bi-) — x\dd to a solution of chro- 
 mate of potash, sulphuric or acetic acid to acidulate it; 
 heat the liquid, and crystallize. Product : red crystals, 
 soluble in 10 parts water. 
 
 Chrome, Red. — To saltpetre fused at a low red heat in a cru- 
 cible, add chrome yellow until the nitre is nearly ex- 
 hausted. The mass is black while hot, and must be 
 left a minute or two to settle, when the liquid portion 
 must be poured off, and the mass well washed with 
 water, and dried. The tint almost rivals vermilion in 
 beauty. Used as a pigment. 
 
 Chrome, Yellow. — 1. Add to a solution of chromate or 
 bichromate of potash, a solution of nitrate or acetate of 
 lead, so long as a precipitate falls; wash, and dry it, 
 away from sulphureous vapour. Used as a pigment. 
 There are usually 3 shades; pale, middle, and deep; 
 the pale is formed by adding a little alum or sulphuric 
 acid to the chromate, before adding the solution of 
 lead; the deep is caused by a similar use of subacetate 
 of lead. 
 
 Chrome, Green. — 1. Mix bichromate of potash, 2 parts, 
 
CIIR — CIR. 63 
 
 with hydrochlorate of ammonia, 1 part; heat to redness, 
 and wash with boiling water; dry the residue. Used 
 as a pigment. 
 2. Prussian blue, and chrome yellow mixed. 
 
 Chromic Acid. — A compound of chromium and oxygen. 
 
 1. Obtained pure by passing the gaseous fluoride of chro- 
 mium into water contained in a silver or platinum ves- 
 sel, and evaporating the liquid to dryness. 
 
 2. Or, by mixing bichromate of potash with a solution of 
 nitrate of silver, washing the precipitate, and decom- 
 posing it by muriatic acid. 
 
 3. Nearly pure. — Cold saturated solution of bichromate 
 of potash, 100 measures, oil of vitriol, 150 measures; 
 mix, and let it stand to crystallize. Place the crystals 
 on a tile to drain, closely covered with a glass, or bell- 
 jar. 
 
 Red crystals, soluble in water and alcohol, decomposed by 
 light and contact with organic matter. Must be pre- 
 served in well stoppered vessels, and filtered through 
 a.sbestos. Employed as a bleaching agent, and iu ca- 
 lico-printing. 
 
 4. Make a hot concentrated solution of bichromate of pot- 
 ash, and add concentrated sulphuric acid. A crystal- 
 line crimson precipitate falls, which is chromic acid. 
 This is dried and washed, to purify it. 
 
 Cinnabar op Antimony. — Vermilion. 
 
 CiNNKRES Clavkllati. — Crudc carbonate of potash. 
 
 Crystal Mineral. — Fused purified nitre. 
 
 Circassian Cre.\m. — Olive oil, 1 pint, white wax, 3 oz., 
 spermaceti, 2 oz., alkanet root, * oz. Warm the oil 
 and alkanet, then strain, and add it to the melted sper- 
 maceti and wax. Scent with 2^ drachms of Engli.sh 
 oil of lavender, and i drachm of essence of ambergris. 
 Used for the hair. 
 
 Circassian Crkam for "Dukssinci thk Haih. — Take 2 
 oz. of perfectly fresh suet, cither of muttun or venison, 
 3 oz. of olive oil, 1 oz. of gum bcuzoiu iu powder, and 
 
C)4 CIU — CLA. 
 
 i oz. of alkanct root. Put the whole into a jam jar, 
 which, if without a lid, must be tied over with bladder. 
 Now place the jar in a saucepan containing boiling 
 water, at the side of a fire. Let the ingredients digest 
 for a whole day, then strain away all that is fluid through 
 fine muslin, and stir till nearly cold. Any perfume 
 that is most admired is then to be added, such as essence 
 of almonds, roses, bergamotte, or cloves — say about a 
 drachm. 
 
 Circassian Dentifrice. — Prepared hartshorn, 2 oz., sul- 
 phate of potash, 2 oz., cuttle-fishbone, 8 oz., orris-root, 
 4 oz., yellow sandal wood, 1 oz., rose pink, 3 oz., oil of 
 rhodium, 30 drops. Mix the powdered ingredients, 
 and add the rhodium. — Dr. Halifax. 
 
 Citric Acid (P. L. 1836.) — Juice of lemons, 4 pints, pre- 
 pared chalk, 42 oz., diluted sTilphuric acid, 27^ oz., 
 distilled water, 2 pints. Heat the juice, add the chalk; 
 let the powder subside, and pour oft' the liquor. Wash 
 the citrate of lime frequently with warm water, pour 
 on it the sulphuric acid and water, and boil for 15 
 minutes; express the liquor, filter it, and evaporate 
 with a gentle heat ; then set it by to crystallize. To 
 obtain the crystals pure, dissolve them a second and third 
 time, filter each solution, evaporate, and set it aside to 
 crystallize. 
 This preparation, though easy to an experienced chemist, 
 is often spoiled by the inexperienced operator, and 
 being now manufactured on a large scale, the London 
 college have not repeated their instructions in the last 
 Pharmacopoeia. They give, however, the following 
 Characters and Tests. — Colourless, decomposed by heat, 
 soluble in water or spirit; what is precipitated from a 
 wateiy solution by acetate of lead is dissolved by nitric 
 acid. No salt of potash precipitates with citric acid 
 except the tartrate. Added sparingly to cold lime- 
 water, it does not render it turbid. 100 grains dis- 
 solved in water are saturated by 205-7 grains of crys- 
 tallized carbonate of soda. 
 
 Claudet's Instantaneous Positive Paper. — Float the 
 sheet in a solution of distilled water, 1 pint, and corro- 
 
coc — COL. 65 
 
 sive sublimate, 5 drachms; dry it, and wash with a so- 
 lution of nitrate of silver, 38 grains to each ounce of 
 distilled water. The print, or negative, is exposed over 
 this to the light, for a period varying from two seconds 
 to a minute. The development is effected with sul- 
 pliate of iron, 15 grains, glacial acetic acid, 25 grains, 
 and distilled water, 1 oz. The positive is then washed, 
 and fixed with hyposulphite of soda. 
 
 Cochineal, Liquid. — Cochineal and salt of tartar, of each 1 
 oz. ; boil in 8 oz. distilled water; add alum and cream 
 of tartar, of each 1 oz., dissolve and strain. Used to 
 colour jellies and confectionery. 
 
 Cochrane' s Cough Mixture. — An acidulated syrup of 
 poppies. 
 
 Coffee, Essence of. — Concentrated infusion of cofiee, 95 
 parts, rectified spirit, 5 parts. Used to prepare cofiee 
 extemporaneously, by adding 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls to 
 a cup of boiling water. 
 
 Coins and Medals, to Copy. — 1. Cover the medal or coin 
 with isingla.ss glue, dissolved in brandy, and leave it a 
 day or two to harden. The impression is clear, but if 
 the back of the glue is breathed on, and gold leaf ap- 
 plied, the cfi'ect is more striking. 2. Place paper round 
 the coin like a hoop, and pour in plaster of Paris, 
 mixed with water, to a cream, or melted wax, stearine, 
 or fusible metal. Or copy it by the electrotype process. 
 
 Coindet's Pills. — Protiodide of mercury, 1 grain, extract 
 of licjuorioe, 20 grains; for 8 pills. Dose 2 to 4 twice 
 daily, in ulcers and scrofulous tumours. 
 
 Cold Cream. — 1. Oil of almonds, 8 oz., white wax, 2 oz.; 
 melt, and when cooling, add 4 oz. rose-water. Used 
 to soften the hands, and prevent chaps. 
 
 2. Add lard, 4 oz., to the last, omit the rose-water, and 
 substitute otto of ro.scs, 4 drops. 
 
 3. White wax, 2 oz., spermaceti, 3 oz., almond oil, 8 oz., 
 carbonate of potash, 30 grains, rose-water, suflicient to 
 mix, and perfume at pleasure. 
 
 6* 
 
66 COL. 
 
 Collier's Wine of Quinine. — Disulplaate of quinine, 18 
 grains, citric acid, 15 grains, orange wine, 24 oz. Mix 
 the powders with a little wine, and add the rest. Tonic, 
 stimulant. 
 
 Collins' Disinfecting Powder. — 1. Dry chloride of lime, 
 2 parts, burnt alum, 1 part. Used with or without 
 water, to pui-ify rooms, cess-pools, &c. 
 2. Anhydrous sulphate of alumina, 1 part, chloride of 
 lime, 2 parts. Mix. 
 
 Collodion. — Mix in a glass vessel, 30 parts strong sul- 
 phuric acid with 20 parts of powdered nitre ; place the 
 vessel in cold Avater; add 1 part of carded cotton, stir, 
 and open it with two glass rods, or pipe-stems; then 
 wash the cotton in plenty of cold water, opening it 
 until it is free from all acidity; dry it by squeezing in 
 a cloth; spread it out, and cautiously dry it, as at a 
 moderate heat it explodes. 1 part of the cotton, mixed 
 with 16 parts of rectified ether, and 1 part of alcohol, 
 forms a solution. Used to cover cuts, wounds, &q. 
 
 Collodion Plates, to Clean. — Collodion pictures may 
 be removed from glass plates by the use of methylic 
 spirit, which will remove varnish or jet black very 
 readily. 
 
 Collodion Process; or. Photography on Glass. — 
 This process is one that generally gives more pleasure 
 to the amateur and his friends than any other. The 
 first thing requisite is gun cotton : to make which, 
 proceed as follows: — Take half an ounce of dry nitrate 
 of potass (saltpetre,) and three quarters of an ounce of 
 strong sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol;) mix in a glass 
 or porcelain cup; then add thirty grains of dry cotton 
 wool, and stir the whole up with a glass rod for about 
 five minutes; remove the cotton, and wash it well in 
 four or five waters, (common water will do;) when 
 well washed, dry it carefully. You thus obtain gun 
 cotton. About ten grains of this is dissolved in about 
 three ounces of sulphuric ether, to which is added 
 about sixty drops of alcohol. This solution is called 
 collodion. 
 
COL. 61 
 
 "Wlion collodion is poured on a clean plate of glass, 
 it almost instantly hardens into a bcautitiil transparent 
 and very tenacious film; and, taking advantage of this 
 property, we incorporate with it a certain amount of 
 a sensitive salt of silver, which, on being exposed in 
 the camera in the same manner as paper, produces a 
 most beautiful picture in a space of time varying from 
 the fraction of a second up to ten or fifteen seconds; 
 and this is generally accompanied with the most per- 
 fect detail of all the parts. 
 
 There arc several formulas for the preparation of 
 this useful substance; but we shall only give one, as 
 more would confuse the amateur, and we have alwaj-s 
 found the following very certain : — Dissolve twenty 
 grains of gun cotton in six ounces of ether, to which 
 add three (juarters of an ounce of alcohol. If the cot- 
 ton does not entirely dissolve, allow it to remain for a 
 short time, and pour the clean part off for iise. Keep 
 this solution in one bottle, and call it 1. To one ounce 
 of alcohol (spirits of wine,) add as much iodide of ammo- 
 nium as it will dissolve; then add as much iodide of 
 silver (made from the nitrate of silver and iodide of 
 potassium, described in the third paper,) as the solu- 
 tion will take up; keep this in another bottle, and call 
 it 2. Procure another bottle with a wide mouth, and 
 pour into it one ounce of collodion out of 1 ; to which 
 add 1 ") or 20 drops from 2. The collodion thus formed 
 is called collodio-iodide of silver. 
 
 Having well washed and cleaned a plate of glass, of 
 the same size as the frame in your camera, coat it on 
 one side evenly, and without hurry, by passing the 
 collodion, on the centre from the bottle; pour back any 
 excess of liijuid from one corner, and then draw the 
 mouth of the bottle along the under edge of the gla.ss, 
 \intil you come to the other corner of the plate. In 
 this way you cause the collodion to cover the plate in 
 an even manner. 
 
 To excite the plate thus loaded with collodion for 
 the camera, proceed as follows: — In a trough or bath 
 made of gutta percha, glass, or porcelain, large enough 
 
68 COL. 
 
 to liold tlie plate, make a mixture in the following 
 proportions: distilled water, 1 oz., nitrate of silver, 30 
 grains, alcohol, 30 drops; dissolve and filter, (if the 
 bath contain six or eight ounces you of course increase 
 the quantity of each six or eight times;) you then care- 
 fully and quickly plunge the coated plate of glass into 
 the bath, and after lifting it up and down two or three 
 times, allow it to remain covered by the solution for 
 about two minutes. 
 
 To do this neatly, get a strip of glass two or three 
 inches longer than the plate, and about two inches 
 wide; cut oif about a quarter of an inch from one end, 
 and cement it on the front of the end from which you cut 
 it; you thus obtain a dipper on which the plate rests, 
 and by holding the other end of the plate, it can be 
 easily plunged in the bath. You then place the plate 
 in the frame, and the frame in the camera, (having 
 previously obtained a good focus;) and by pulling up 
 the slide in front of the plate, you expose for a space of 
 time varying from one to fifteen seconds. We cannot 
 give any rule for the exact length of time, as it depends 
 on the colour of the object, the amount of light shining 
 on it, the quality of that light, and the amount of light 
 which the object reflects, &c., a knowledge of all which 
 must be obtained by practice. 
 
 Having closed your slide, you carry the frame into 
 the dark room, and, taking out the plate, develop the 
 picture in the following manner: — Make a solution, 
 consisting of distilled water, 4 oz., pyrogallic acid, 5 
 grains, strongest acetic acid, 60 minims (or drops:) 
 dissolve and filter. In applying this solution, hold the 
 plate perfectly level, the collodion side upwards, and 
 pour enough of it on the plate to cover it; in a very 
 short time the picture will be developed. Wash it with 
 water, and pour over it some of the solution of hyposul- 
 phate of soda, made thus : water, 1 pint, hyposulphate 
 of soda, 4 oz. Allow it to remain one or two minutes, 
 and after thoroughly washing it all off again, your '^ ne- 
 gative" collodion picture is finished. 
 
 As pyrogallic acid is not to be had in every place, 
 
COL. 69 
 
 we give another ncrcnt for developinii- colloflion pictures, 
 which answers very well; it is by Mr. h^piller: water, 1 
 oz., sulphate of iron, 14 grains, nitrate of potash (salt- 
 petre,) 10 grains, acetic acid, J drachm, nitric acid 
 (aqua fortis,) 2 drops; use this instead of the solu- 
 tion of pyrogallic acid, and fix in the same manner. 
 If, in the process of developing the picture, it appears 
 too quickly, use eight ounces of water instead of four 
 in making the pyrogallic acid solution. By so doing 
 the half tones will be much improved, but the time re- 
 quired will be longer. 
 
 Colours for Confectionery, &c. — These should always 
 be harmless. Liquid cochineal serves for reds, while 
 sap green, Prussian blue, yellow saffron, &c., afford in- 
 nocent means of colouring sweetmeats, jellies, and li- 
 quors. Brandy may be coloured with burnt sugar, and 
 litmus jiives a violet tiuj^e. 
 
 Colours, Vehicles for. — Boiled linseed oil, with dryer.s, 
 serves best for oil paints. Water-colours may be used 
 with gum water, solution of gelatine, or a solution of 
 shellac and borax. 
 
 Colours for Show-Bottles. — Distilled water must be 
 used, and a little more colour made than is requi.site to 
 fill the bottles. The solution must be cleared by sub- 
 siding, or by filtration; the bottles must be clean and 
 dry. After exposure for some weeks, the liquid gene- 
 rally re(iuires a second filtration. 
 I. Blue. — 1. Blue vitriol, 1 lb to each gallon. 2. Add 
 besides 1 lb of alum to each gallon, and sufficient sul- 
 plnuic acid to strike the colour. 3. Sulphate of indigo, 
 diluted to the re<juired shade. 4. Prussian blue, G 
 ]i:irts, oxalic acid, 1 part; rub to powder, and dilute 
 with water. 5. Rnijal Blue. — Sulj)hate oi copper, 4 
 lb, or nitrate of copper, 8 oz., to each gallon; dis.><olve; 
 add solution of ammonia to strike the colour. G. Ace- 
 tate of copper, 1 part, hydrochloric acid, 3 parts; 
 dissolve in water, add solution of amnionia, (j. s. J{y 
 omitting the acid this is rendered pale blue. 
 
70 CON. 
 
 II. Green. — 1. Add infusion of saffron, or chromate of 
 potash, to any of the blues. 2. Verdigris, 8 oz. to 
 each gallon of water; add nitric or sulphuric acid, 
 q. s. 3. Verdigris, 8 oz., vinegar, 1 quart; dilute 
 with water. 4. To a decoction of turmeric, add ver- 
 digris and blue vitriol. 5. Add nitric acid, hydro- 
 chlorate of soda or iron, or bichromate of potash, 
 to a solution of sulphate of copper. 6. Emerald. — 
 Nitrate of copper, \\ oz., nitric and hydrochloric acids, 
 of each 2 oz. to each gallon of water. 7. Nickel, 
 \\ oz., hydrochloric acid, 2 oz., nitrous acid, 1 oz. ; 
 ruix, and in 24 hours add 1 gallon of water. 
 
 III. Red. — 1. A solution of carmine, or powdered cochi- 
 neal, in liquid ammonia, and diluted to shade. 2. Cochi- 
 neal, \ oz., boiling water, 1 gallon; digest and strain; 
 add 2 oz. sulphuric acid, and 1 gallon of water. — 3. Crim- 
 son. — Iodine, and iodide of potassium, of each 2 drachms, 
 mix with 1 drachm of water ; and 4 oz. of hydrochloric 
 acid. 4. PinJc. — Boiling water, 1 quart, madder root, 
 5 oz. ; mix, cool ; add 1 oz. strong ammonia, and filter 
 into 1 or 2 gallons of water. 
 
 IV. Purple. — 1. Verdigris, 1 oz., liquor ammonia, 1 lb., 
 or q. s., water, 6 lbs. ; mix. 2. Infusion of logwood, 
 with liquor ammonia. 3. Sugar of lead, 3 oz., cochi- 
 neal, 1 drachm, water, q. s. 
 
 V. Yellow. — 1. A solution of chromate of potash. 2. Add to 
 the last sulphuric acid, or nitrate of potash, q. s. 3. 
 Decoction of French berries and alum. 4. Gamboge, 
 or annatto, dissolved in liquor of potash ; add water, 
 and a little spirit. The quantity of alkali changes the 
 colour to a light or deep orange. 
 
 Concentrated Milk. — Add sugar to the milk, and eva- 
 porate the mixture by a gentle heat. 
 
 Confections, formerly termed Electuaries, are simple medi- 
 cines, sweetened with sugar, syrup, &c., and mostly used 
 as vehicles for more active remedies. They require to 
 be kept dry and well covered. 
 
 Confection of Almond, L. — Sweet almonds, 8 oz., powdered 
 gum Arabic, 1 oz., sugar, 4 oz. Macerate the almonds 
 
CON. 71 
 
 Confections. 
 
 in cold water, remove the skins and dry the fruit. Pow- 
 der the dry ahnouds, the gum, and the sugar separately, 
 then mix, and preserve in a well stopped bottle. Only 
 used to prepare almond mixture. 
 
 Confection, (^Aromatic) L. — Cinnamon and nutmeg, of each 
 2 oz., cloves, 1 oz., cardamom, ^ oz., saflVon, '1 oz., pre- 
 pared chalk, IG oz., sugar, 2 lbs., distilled water, a suffi- 
 cient ([uantity. Kub the dry ingredients together into 
 fine powder, and preserve the mixture in a close vessel. 
 When required for use, add to each ounce 2 drachms of 
 water, and mix thoroughly. Cordial, astringent, and 
 antacid.- Used to prevent diarrhoea, and in various 
 mixtures. Dose, 10 to GO grains. Incompatible with 
 acids, or acidulous and metallic salts. 
 
 Confection of Cassia, L. — Prepared cassia, 6 oz., manna, 2 
 oz., prepared tamarind, 1 oz., syrup of roses, 8 oz. Bruise 
 the manna, dissolve it in the syrup, mix in the tama- 
 rind and cassia, and evaporate to the reijuired consist- 
 ence. Used as a purgative for children only. Dose, 2 
 to G drachms. 
 
 Confection of Opium, L. — Powdered opium, 6 drachms, 
 long pepper, 1 oz., bruised ginger, 2 oz., carraway, 3 
 oz., powdered tragacanth, 2 drachms, syrup, IG oz. — 
 Powder the dry ingredients, and preserve in a close 
 vessel. For use, add hot syrup to the powder, and mix. 
 Nine grains of the mixed powders, or 30 grains of the 
 confection, contain 1 grain of hard opium. Narcotic 
 and aromatic. Used to check diarrhoea, in conjunction 
 with chalk mixture ; and administered in flatulent colic. 
 Dose, 15 to 50 grains. 
 
 Confection of Orange, L. — Fresh orange peel, 1 lb., sugar, 3 
 fts. Bruise the peel with a wooden pestle, add the 
 sugar, and beat iiiitil mixed. Only used to sweeten 
 medicines, or as a sweetmeat. 
 
 Confection of Fepper, L. — Black pepper and elecampane, of 
 each 1 lb., fennel, 3 lbs., honey and sugar, of each 2 
 lbs. Powder the dry ingredients, and preserve in a 
 close vessel. For use, add the honey to the powder, 
 and mix thoroughly. Dose, J to 1 drachm, twice daily, 
 in piles. 
 
72 CON. 
 
 GONFEOTIONS. 
 
 Confection of Red Roses, L. — Fresli red rose petals, 1 lb., 
 sugar, 3 lbs. Bruise the rose petals in a stone mortar, 
 add the sugar, and beat until mixed. Used as confec- 
 tion of dog rose. 
 
 Confection of Dog Rose, L. — Fruit of the dog rose without 
 the seeds, 1 lb., sugar, 20 oz. Add the sugar gradu- 
 ally to the roses, and beat until mixed. Both are used 
 to give form to pills, and as additions to cough mixtures. 
 
 Confection of Rue, L. — Fresh rue, bruised carraway, and 
 bay berries, of each 1\ oz., prepared sagapenum, J oz., 
 black pepper, 2 drachms, honey, 16 oz., distilled water, 
 a sufticient quantity, liub the dry ingredients to a fine 
 powder, dissolve the sagapenum by heat in the honey, 
 and water, and mix all intimately by gradually adding 
 the powder. Used as an antispasmodic in children's 
 convulsive fits, and in enemas for colic. Dose, 1 to 3 
 scruples, in gruel. 
 
 Confection of Scammony, L. — Scammony, 1| oz., cloves, 
 ginger, of each 6 drachms, oil of carraway, 5 drachm, 
 syrup of roses, a sufficient quantity. Powder the dry 
 ingredients very finely, and preserve in a well-closed 
 vessel. For use, rub the syruj) with the powder, add 
 the oil, and mix all together. Stimulating, cathartic. 
 Dose, 20 to (30 grains. Seldom used. 
 
 Confection of Senna, L. — Senna, 8 oz., figs, 1 lb., tamarind 
 pulp, cassia, and pulp of prunes, of each I lb., cori- 
 ander, 4 oz., fresh liquorice, 3 oz., sugar, 2 2 lbs., dis- 
 tilled water, 3 pints. Hub the senna with the coriander 
 in a mortar, and by a sieve sift 10 oz. Boil together 
 the water, figs, and licjuorice, to one-half, and strain. — ■ 
 Evaporate the strained li(|uor in a water-bath down to 
 21 oz., add the sugar, the tamarinds, cassia, and prunes, 
 and while cooling stir in the powder, and mix thoroughly. 
 
 CoNGREVE Matches. — 1. Chlorate of potash, 2 parts, phos- 
 phorus, 4 parts, glue, 2 parts, gum Arabic, 7 parts. — 
 Divide the phosphorus in the gum, made into mucilage, 
 and warm, then add the melted glue. I'owder the 
 chloi"ate, moisten it with mucilage, and mix all together. 
 The matches, dipped first in melted sulphur, are, when 
 dry, dipped in this paste, and dried. 
 
COP. 73 
 
 2. Phosphorus, 9 parts, gum Arabic and vermilion, of each 
 16 parts, sahpetre, 14 parts. Divide the phosphorus in 
 urine, by a water-bath, and mix it with the rest in a 
 paste. Dip the matches in, dry, and again dip in thin 
 gum-water, to which some nitre is added. 
 
 3. Glue, 8 oz., water, i pint; dissolve by heat; add phos- 
 phorus, 3 oz., mix well to a whitish paste; add chlorate 
 of potash, 6 drachms, and 2 oz. of colouring; well mixed, 
 powdered, and wetted to prevent firing. Stir for 10 
 minutes, and use. 
 
 Copaiba is soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils ; when mixed 
 with -f'^g- of its weight of magnesia, it thickens, and be- 
 comes in a few hours nearly solid. It may thus be ad- 
 ministered in pills. It is diuretic, stimulant and ca- 
 thartic. Used chiefly in gonorrhoea. 
 Copaiba, Solution of. — Boil for 15 minutes, water, 7 parts, 
 copaiba, 2 parts, liquor of potash, 3 parts: cool, add ni- 
 tric ether, 1 part. Draw oft' the clear liquor from the 
 lower portion of the vessel, avoiding the upper stratum 
 of oil. A substitute for Franks' Solution. 
 Copaiba Mixture. — Balsam of copaiba, 1 J oz., nitric ether, 
 
 1 oz., tincture of henbane, 3 drachms, liquor of potash, 
 
 2 drachms, cinnamon water sufficient to make the mix- 
 ture 8 oz. Dose, 2 table-spoonfuls twice a-day, in go- 
 norrhoea. — Arnold. 
 
 Copal is readily dissolved. 1. In the cold, by a mixture of 
 caoutchouciue and alcohol (0-825) equal parts. 2. 
 When fused by heat it will mix with hot oil, and is 
 thus usually prepared in varnish-making. 3. Camphor, 
 \ oz., to highly rectified oil of turpentine or alcohol, 1 
 quart, enables either to dissolve copal by heat. The 
 first mode is the simplest for experiment on small quan- 
 tities ; the copal, in any case, must only be coarsely pow- 
 dered, as, if too fine, it clings together. 
 
 Copper, Nitrate of. — Saturate nitric acid with copper; 
 evaporate until the acid flies ofl^; re-dissolve with fresh 
 acid; filter, evaporate, and crystallize. Used in electro- 
 typing, and in making show colours. 
 7 
 
74 COP — COS. 
 
 Copper, Oxide of. — Heat to redness nitrate of copper; it is 
 decomposed, and becomes the oxide, or protoxide of 
 copper. Used to prepare oxygen gas. 
 
 Copper, Powdered. — Immerse zinc into an acid solution 
 of sulphate of copper. The copper will be precipitated 
 in a finely divided state. 
 
 Coral, (factitious.) — Prepared chalk, coloured with ses- 
 quioxide of iron, or rose pink, is sold as powdered coral. 
 
 Corns. — Soak the feet in warm water, pare the top of the 
 corn, and proceed to apply one of the following sol- 
 vents : — 
 
 1. Lunar caustic. Moisten the corn, and rub it with the 
 caustic. 
 
 2. Nitric acid, applied with a rod or stick. 
 
 3. Strong solution of subcarbonate of potash. 
 
 The corn is gradually eaten away and disappears. To 
 prevent them, wear easy shoes; and wash the feet fre- 
 quently with cold water. 
 
 Cosmetics ; external applications to improve the skin, teeth, 
 or hair. 
 
 SJdn Cosmetics. — Ordinary soap with water, is one of the 
 most useful cosmetics that can be applied to the skin. 
 Before the invention of soap many skin diseases were 
 more prevalent than at present; but even yet many per- 
 sons, especially in lower life, are disgvistingly filthy in 
 their persons. Good soap is a ready cleanser of the skin, 
 removing the oily perspiration which mixes with any dirt 
 or dust that may be touched. From the quantity of 
 alkali soap contains it gives a roughness to some sen- 
 sitive skins, which are better suited with oily soaps, as 
 the Castile, almond, and Naples soaps. For the same 
 purpose, namely, to soften the skin, various articles are 
 used, such as cold cream, milk of roses, camphor balls, 
 and almond paste. 
 Wash for the Skin. — Emulsion of bitter almonds, 3 oz., rose 
 and orange-flower water, of each 4 oz., borax, 1 drachm, 
 tincture of benzoin, 2 drachms; mix. — Copland. 
 
 Kalydor, and Gowland's Lotion, are imitated by emul- 
 
COU — CKA. 75 
 
 sion of bitter almonds, 1 pint, bichloride of mercury, 5 
 grains; mix. Applied with a napkin or towel to the 
 fiice, &e., it removes all blotches and eruptions 
 
 Milk of Roses. — 1. Mix 1 oz. of almond oil with 10 drops 
 of oil of tartar (carbonate of potash, 10 grains) and add 
 a pint of rose-water. 
 
 Almond Soap. — Blanch and powder 2 oz. of bitter al- 
 monds, beat to a paste, with camphor, 1 drachm; add 
 tincture of benzoin, 10 drachms; mix well; then work 
 it up gradually with 1 lb. of good common soap. An 
 excellent softener for the skin, and preventive of chaps. 
 Perhaps nothing superior can be used during the winter 
 for a tender skin. Sometimes called ''Lady Derby's 
 Soap." For other cosmetics see Index. 
 
 Cough, Popular Remedies for. — Mixtures. — 1. Syrup of 
 poppies, syrup of squills, and paregoric, equal parts; 
 mix. Dose, a teaspoonful when the cough is trouble- 
 some. Dr. Radcliff. 
 2. Syrup of poppies, 1 oz., paregoric and tincture of squills, 
 of each j oz., tincture of tolu, 1 drachm; mis. Dose, 
 a teaspoonful when the cough is troublesome. 
 Drauyht. Laudanum, ^ drachm, vinegar and honey, 
 each J oz., ipecacuanha wine, 20 drops; mix, and take 
 at bedtime. 
 
 CoTTEREAu's SOLUTION FOR TOOTHACHE. — Saturate ether 
 with camphor, and add a few drops of ammonia. 
 
 Court Plaster. — Brush silk over with a solution of isin- 
 glass, in spirit ; dry, and repeat several times. For the 
 last coat apply balsam of Peru. Used to close cuts and 
 wounds, by warming it, and applying. It does not 
 wash off until the skin partially heals. 
 
 Crayons, Drawing. — Dissolve shellac, 1 part, in wood naph- 
 tha, 2 parts; mix with this the colouring matter pre- 
 viausly stirred up with an equal weight of fine blue clay. 
 Dry on a stove. 
 Craijons, Lithographic. — Soap, IJ- oz., tallow, 2 oz., vir- 
 gin wax, 2 J oz., shellac, 1 oz., lamp black, } oz. Melt 
 the wax and tallow u.ntil they ignite; while burning, 
 
76 CRA — CRE. 
 
 add the soap, iu slices, letting one melt before anotliei* 
 is added j then let the ingredients burn until reduced to 
 one-third in volume. Add the shellac, and when it is 
 melted extinguish the flame. Heat linseed oil till it 
 will ignite, light it with paper, and let it burn to one- 
 half; mix the black with this to a thick varnish; then 
 add this varnish to the crayon mixture. Great experi- 
 ence is required to make this chalk well. Fielding. 
 Used to draw upon lithographic stones. 
 
 Crayons for Writing on Glass. — Spermaceti, 4 parts, tal- 
 low, 3 pai'ts, wax, 2 parts: fuse together; add minium, 
 6 parts, potash, 1 part. Mix well, and form into pen- 
 cils, which may be pointed for use. 
 
 Cream, Cold (Hudson's.) — Oil of almonds, 4 oz., white 
 wax and spermaceti, of each 2 drachms; melt; add rose 
 water, 4 oz., orange-flower water, 1 oz. Used to soften 
 the skin. 
 
 Cream, Crystalline. — Olive oil, 3 lbs., spermaceti, 4 to 6 
 oz. ; melt, cool, and add essence of bergamotte and es- 
 sence of lemon, of each 6 drachms, oil of cinnamon, 20 
 drops, otto of rose, 1 J drachm; mix. Fragrant. Used 
 for the hair. 
 
 Cream, Fox's. — Marrow pomatum and almond oil, of each 
 2 oz. ; dissolve; add, while cooling, 2 drachms of essence 
 of jessamine or bergamotte. Bateman. Used for the 
 hair. 
 
 Cream, Furniture. — 1. Soft water, 1 gallon, bees'-wax, 1 
 lb., soap, 4 oz., pearlash, 2 oz. ; boil and dissolve. Laid 
 on furniture, and polished oft" with a brush and leather. 
 
 2. Bees'-wax, 4 oz., white soap, \ oz., oil of turpentine, 
 and boiling water, of each 8 oz. Melt the wax in the 
 turpentine, dissolve the soap iu the water, and mix the 
 two liquids. Barioise. 
 
 Cream, Painters' . — Nut oil, 6oz., mastic, 1 oz.; dissolve, 
 add sugar of lead, \ oz., ground in oil; mix the whole 
 with sufficient water to make it like cream. Used to 
 lay on paint when unfinished, to prevent it hardening. 
 It is washed off with water and a sponge. 
 
CRI — CUR. 77 
 
 Crickets may be dc.stro3'cd by putting Scotch snuff into 
 their retreats, or using the wafers. See Beetles. 
 
 Crimsox Liquid for Tinsel or Paper. — Drop lake is 
 
 boiled in sulutioti of soda, tlieii allowed to settle for 
 twenty-four hours; and the decanted fluid is mixed 
 with glue or isinglass, and a little sugar. Apply it 
 with a brush. 
 
 Crystal Mineral. — Fused purified nitre. 
 
 CciLLEREE Ordinaire (Une.) — A tablespoonful. 
 
 CuiLLER A BouciiE (Une.) — Five drachms. 
 
 Cuiller A Cafe (Une.) — A large teaspoonful, 11^ drachm. 
 
 Cundell's Photographic Paper Process. — A good sheet 
 of Turner's paper is selected, and washed with the fol- 
 lowing solution: — nitrate of silver, 17 grains, distilled 
 water, 1 oz. ; dry the paper, and wash with iudide of 
 potassium, 400 grains, common salt, 100 grains, pure 
 water, 1 pint; when partially dried, the prepared side 
 must be cleared of the potash by floating it on water 
 for five to ten minutes, then dry it. Now prepare a 
 solution of nitrate of silver, 25 grains, glacial acetic 
 acid, 1 drachm, distilled water, 1 oz. ; add to some of 
 this an equal quantity of a solution of crystallized gallic 
 acid in cold distilled water, and the gallo-nitrate of sil- 
 ver thus formed is applied to the paper, which is then 
 ready for use, after rinsing in clean water. The gallic 
 acid solution and the gallo-nitrate of silver will not keep 
 long, and should only be made when rcijuired. After 
 exposure in the camera, the gallo-nitrate is again applied 
 to develop the picture, which is then washed, and fixed 
 with the solution of hyposulphite of soda. 
 
 Curry Powder. — A flavouring mixture of spices used ia 
 India to season meats with. There are a great variety 
 of recipes extant for the true curry powder, all of which 
 differ in the quantities of ingredients. The articles 
 used are similar in all. 
 Turmeric and coriander seeds, of each 4 oz., black pepper, 
 2i oz., ginger, 14 drachms, cinnamon, mace, and cloves, 
 
 7* 
 
78 CUS — DAN. 
 
 eachi ^ oz., cardamom seeds, 1 oz., cummin seeds, 2 dr. 
 Cayenne pepper, 1 oz.; powder and mix. Bateman. 
 
 Custard Powder. — Sago meal in fine flour, colour witli 
 turmeric to a cream colour, add bitter-almond powder 
 to flavour, and if preferred, a few drops of oil of cassia. 
 Used with sweetened milk to form extemporaneous cus- 
 tards. 
 
 Custard Powder. — Powdered tragacanth, 2 oz., potato 
 starch, 1 lb., curcuma, 21 drachms, essential oil of al- 
 monds, \ drachm, essence of lemon, 1 drachm. Mix, 
 and put up in ounce packets. Take one pint of milk, 
 rub up the contents of a packet with a little of it, boil 
 the remainder with 2 oz. of lump sugar, pour while boil- 
 ing on the custard, stir it well, and bake. 
 
 Cyanide of Potassium. — Obtained by adding hydrocyanic 
 acid in excess to a concentrated solution of pure potash, 
 evaporating until crystallization commences, and then 
 fusing at a red heat. Employed in electrotyping, and 
 to obliterate the nitrate of silver marking-inks. 
 
 Daffy's Elixir. — Resembles the compound tincture of 
 senna, which answers equally well. Purgative, carmi- 
 native, stimulant. Used in colic, dyspepsia, &c. 
 
 Dahlia Test. — An evaporating strong solution of dahlia 
 petals, into which papers are dipped, and dried for use. 
 Used as a chemical test-paper. 
 
 Damp Walls, Remedy FOR. — Dissolve guttapercha in spirits 
 of turpentine, mix with the solution ground white lead, 
 and apply the composition with a brush. 
 
 Dandelion Coffee. — Chicory, 1 oz., dried dandelion roots, 
 8 oz., cofiee, 3 lbs. ; mix in powder. Said to be tonic 
 and alterative when used as a beverage once or twice 
 a-day. The public are occasionally fond of medicated 
 food, or any novel mixture which is puffed off under a 
 strange name. Pea-meal, wheat-flour, cocoas, coflees, 
 &c., &c., have recently fetched enormous prices when 
 packed up and advertised as newly-discovered articles 
 of surprising efficacy in all disorders, real or imaginary. 
 
DAR — PEC. 70 
 
 Darcet's Carminative Lozenges. — Bicarbonate of soda, 
 2 drachms, refined sugar, 14 oz., oil of peppermint, 4 
 drops; made into lozenges with mucilage of tragacauth. 
 Used in flatulency, heartburn, kc. 
 
 Deafness, Hemedy for. — Oil of almonds, 1 lb., bruised 
 garlic, 2 oz., alkanet, J oz. ; infuse and strain. Ap- 
 plied with a little cotton to the ear. 
 
 Decoctions differ from infusions only in being boiled. In- 
 fusions preserve the volatile principles more eft'cctually 
 than decoctions. Decoctions soon spoil; therefore they 
 are generally prepared only when wanted. They should 
 be strained while hot. 
 
 Decoction of Jiloes, Compound, L. — Extract of liquorice, 7 
 drachms, carbonate of potash, 1 drachm, extract of 
 aloes, powdered myrrh, and saffron, of each I2 drachm, 
 distilled water, 1} pint, compound tincture of carda- 
 moms, 7 oz. Boil the liquorice, potash, aloes, myi-rh 
 and saffron, with the water, down to a pint; strain, and 
 add tlie tincture. 
 
 Antacid, tonic, mildly cathartic, incompatible with acids 
 or acidulous salts. Dose, J to 2 oz. 
 
 Decoction of Yellow Bark, L. — Yellow bark bruised, 10 
 drachms, distilled water, 1 pint. Boil for 10 minutes 
 in a lightly covered vessel, and strain while hot. 
 
 Decoction of Pale Bark, L. — As Yellow JJark. 
 
 Decoction of Red Bark, L. — As Yellow Bark. All used as 
 tonics, in do.ses of 1 to 2 oz. three times a-day. 
 
 Decoction of Barley, L. — ]Jarley, 2J oz., distilled water, 
 4i pints. Clean the barley in water, then boil it with 
 lialf a pint of water, thn)W this water away, add the rest 
 (4 pints) first made hot, boil down to two pints, and 
 strain. Emulcent drink in gonorrhoea and fever. Dose, 
 at pleasure. 
 
 Decoction of Barley ( Comjwund) L. — Decoction of barley, 
 2 pints, sliced figs, 2J oz., fresh liquorice sliced, a dr., 
 stoned rai.sins, 2i oz. distilled water, 1 pint. Boil down 
 to two pints and strain. Used as the simple decoction. 
 
 Decoction of Broom (Compound) L. — Broom, bruised ju- 
 niper, bruLjcd dandelion, of each J oz., distilled water, 
 
80 DEC. 
 
 Decoctions. 
 
 1 J piut. Boil to a pint aud strain. Diuretic, laxative. 
 Dose: 1 to 2 oz., three times daily. 
 
 Decoction of Dandelion, L. — Bruised dandelion, 4 oz., 
 distilled water, 1^ piut. Boil to a piut aud straiu. 
 Laxative, diuretic. Dose : at pleasure, in dropsy, jaun- 
 dice, and liver complaint. 
 
 Decoction of Elm, L. — Bruised elm bark, 2 J oz., distilled 
 water, 2 pints. Boil to a pint and strain. Tonic, 
 astringent. Dose : 4 to 6 oz. three times a-day. 
 
 Decoction of Galls, L. — Bruised galls, 2 J oz., distilled 
 water, 2 pints. Boil to a pint and strain. Astringent. 
 Dose : 1 oz. three times a day. 
 
 Decoction of Liverwort, L. — Liverwort, 5 drachms, dis- 
 tilled water, Ij. piut. Boil to a pint and straiu. Dose, 
 1 to 4 oz. three times a-day 
 
 Decoction of Logwood, L. — Cut logwood, 10 drachms, dis- 
 tilled water, 1^ piut. Boil to a pint aud straiu. Dose, 
 1 to 2 oz., often, as an astringent in diarrhoea, or dy- 
 sentery. 
 
 Decoction of Madder Root. — Powder of madder root, 15 
 grains, water, 1 pint; boil. Take in three portions 
 during the day, for diseases aflecting the bones, scro- 
 fula, rickets, &c. The madder root is powdered by 
 drying, aud grinding in a coft'ce mill. 
 
 Decoction of Oak Bark, L. — Bruised oak bark, 10 dr., 
 distilled water, 2 pints. Boil to a pint, and straiu. 
 Astringent. Used as a gargle in relaxed or sore throat, 
 aud as an iujectiou in piles, &c. 
 
 Decoction of Pareira, L. — Pareira sliced, 10 drachms, 
 distilled water, 1^ pint. Boil to a pint, and strain. 
 Bitter tonic. Used in chronic catarrh aud iuflamma- 
 tion of the bladder. Dose : 2 to 4 oz. three times a-day. 
 
 Decoction of Pomegranate, L. — Pomegranate rind, 2 oz., 
 distilled water, \\ pint. Boil to a pint and strain. 
 Astringent. Dose : 1 oz. three times a-day, or as an 
 injection, 2 oz. each night and morning. 
 
 Decoction of Pomegranate Root, L. — Hoot of pomegra- 
 nate sliced, 2 oz., distilled water, 2 pints. Boil to a 
 pint, and strain. Used only as an anthelmintic. Dose: 
 
DKC. ' 81 
 
 Decoctions. 
 
 1 to 2 oz. every half hour, until a pint has been taken, 
 to be followed by a dose of castor oil. 
 
 Decoction of Foppy, L. — Bruised poppy, 4 oz., distilled 
 water, 4 pints. 13oil for 15 minutes and strain. Ano- 
 dyne, emollient. Used chiefly as a fomentation to pain- 
 ful parts. 
 
 Decoction of Quince, L. — Quince, 2 drachms, distilled 
 water, 1 pint. Boil for 10 minutes and strain. Ap- 
 plied externally to sore nipples, chapped lips, hemor- 
 rhoids, etc. 
 
 Decoction of Sarsa2)ariIJa, L. — Sarsaparilla, 5 oz., dis- 
 tilled water, 4 pints. Boil to 2 pints and strain. Al- 
 terative. Dose: 2 to 7 oz., twice or three times a-day. 
 
 Decoction of Saraajiarilla (^Compound) L. — Boiling de- 
 coction of sarsaparilla, 4 pints, sassafras sliced, guaia- 
 cum wood rasped, and fresh liquorice root bruised, of 
 each 10 drachms, tnezereon, 3 drachms. Boil for 15 
 minutes and strain. Alterative. Dose: 1 to 8 oz., 
 twice or three times a-day. 
 
 Decoction of Scnctja, L. — Senega, 10 drachms, distilled 
 water, 2 pints. Boil to a pint and strain. Acrid, 
 stimulant, expectorant. Dose: 1 to 3 drachms. 
 
 Decoction of Starch, L. — Starch, 4 drachms, water, 1 pint. 
 Rub the starch with the water gradually added, and 
 boil for a short time. Used chiefly as a vehicle for ene- 
 mas. 
 
 Decoction of Tormentil, L. — Bruised tormentil, 2 oz., dis- 
 tilled water, \\ pint. Boil to a pint and strain. Power- 
 fully astringent. Used in dysentery and diarrhoea. Dose: 
 1 to 3 oz. 
 
 Decoction of Whortlphrrrt/, L. — Whortleberry, 1 oz., dis- 
 tilled water, \\ pint. Boil to a pint and strain. IHu- 
 retic, astringent. Used in diseases of the bladder. 
 Dose: 1 to 3 oz. 
 
 Decoction of Winter- Green, L. — Winter-green, 1 oz., dis- 
 tilled water, 1 J pint. Boil to a pint and strain. U.'^ed 
 in scrofula, dropsies, bladder and calculous disorders. 
 Dose: 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Decoction of WooJi/ Nightshade, L. — Woody nightshade, 
 
82 DEN — DEP. 
 
 10 draclims, distilled water, IJ pint. Boil to a pint 
 and strain. Used in skin diseases and in rheumatism. 
 Dose: J to 4 oz. 
 
 Dentifrice. — An application to the teeth for the purpose 
 of cleaning tliera; usually in the form of powder, paste, 
 or wash, as in the following receipts. 
 
 Oriental Tooth Paste. — Pumice stone, 1^ oz.,alura, i dr., 
 bitartrate of potash, 11 oz., cochineal, ^l scruples, bi- 
 carbonate of potash, 1^ drachm, orris, 1\ oz., syrup, 3 J 
 oz., essence of lemon, 1 drachm, oil of cloves and essence 
 of bergaraotte, of each \ drachm, otto of roses, 8 drops; 
 mix. — Turner. 
 
 Tincture for the Teeth. — Spirit of nutmegs, 1 drachm, tinc- 
 ture of rhatany, 2 drachms, compound tincture of carda- 
 moms, 3 drachms, compound spirit of lavender and spirit 
 of cinnamon, of each ^ drachm, otto of roses, 3 drops; 
 mix. — Bateman. 
 
 For other preparations, see'Index. 
 
 Depilatories. — Preparations to remove hair from the hu- 
 man siviu, usually applied to superfluous hair on the 
 forehead, &c., and to women's beards, and ^ised instead 
 of the razor by some foreign Jews. All these appli- 
 cations are more or less dangerous or severe, anS must 
 be cautiously used ; the active ingredients, such as arse- 
 nic, quicklime, &c., being either absorbed by the skin, 
 or likely to remove it along with the hair. They do not 
 cause a permanent removal of hair, but often leave deep 
 marks. 
 
 Delcroix's Poudre Suhtile. — Orpiment, (sulphuret of ar- 
 senic) 1 part, quicklime and starch, of each 11 parts; 
 powder and mix. Shave the hair ofi^, apply the powder, 
 mix to a paste with warm water, and wash it oft" when 
 it becomes dry. 
 
 Payers Depilatory. — Lime, 1 oz., carbonate of potash, 2 
 oz., charcoal, 1 drachm; mix. Used as above. 
 
 Pedwood's Pepilntory . — Strong solution of sulphuret of 
 barium ; add starch to form a paste. Apply for a few 
 minutes, and remove it with the back of a knife. 
 
 Many others might be added, but the ingredients are 
 
DET — DRA. 83 
 
 similar in all, with slight variatiou iu the quantities em- 
 ployed. 
 
 Deteiuient, Collier's. — Liquor of potash, 2 drachms, rose 
 water, 5 J oz., spirit of rosemary, ^ oz.j mix. Used to 
 free the head from scurf, by brushing a little in occa- 
 sionally with a stiff brush. 
 
 Derbyshire's Embrocation for Sea-Sickness. — Castile 
 soap and ojjium, of each 2 oz., extract of henbane, 2 
 drachms, mace, «t drachm, proof spirit, 1 quart. Digest 
 fourteen days, lilter, and add liquor ammonia, 1 oz. 
 
 Dextrine. — See British gum. 
 
 DiAPENTE. — Equal parts of gentian, turmeric, bay berries 
 and mustard. Used as a tonic by farriers. 
 
 Disinfectants. — Substances which remove or destroy of- 
 fensive effluvia. Chlorine, or its preparations of lime 
 and soda, are powerful disinfectants of the air of apart- 
 ments, which are at the same time ventilated. Steam, 
 or the heat of a stove, is used for dirty clothes in some 
 of the workhouses and hospitals. Quicklime or whiting 
 is useful in covering walls. The sulphates of iron or 
 lime will deodorize cess-pools ; so does chloride of lime 
 or soda. Suitable and efficient ventilation, with clean- 
 liness, are the best disinfectants known. 
 
 Doors, Creaking. — Rub the hinges with soap or oil. 
 
 Drawings, to Fix. — "Wash with icell-shimmcd milk, weak 
 solution of isinglass, or rice water. 
 
 Drawings and riiOTOGRAPiis, to Mount. — India-rubber 
 paste is to be made a little thinner than that which is 
 sold at the Macintosh shops, and spread as thinly as 
 possible on the back of the drawing, and on the mount- 
 ing board. The best way of doing this is to put it 
 roughly on, and then draw over the surface the edge of 
 a piece of plate glass ground smooth, which pushes all 
 superfluous paste before it, and leaves the paper with 
 little more than a stain upon it. IJoth the drawing and 
 board are now to be driid at the fire until all smell of 
 the naphtha or turpentine used to dissolve the caout- 
 chouo has gone off. ^VhcQ (iuilc cold, the two fresh 
 
84 DRO. — DRU. 
 
 surfaces of caoutchouc are brought together, and adhere 
 perfectly, much more so, indeed, than it' brought to- 
 gether moist. Any superfluous caoutchouc is now 
 rubbed oif the edges of the drawing either with the 
 finger or a clean piece of India-rubber. The best sol- 
 vent for the caoutchouc is a mixture of two-thirds naph- 
 tha and one third camphinc, or any highly rectified 
 turpentine. Naphtha alone dries so quickly, that it is 
 difficult to cover a large surface smoothly. 
 
 Drops, Jesuits'. — 1. Gum guaiacum, 7 oz., balsam of Peru, 
 4 drachms, sarsaparilla, 5 oz., rectified spirit, 2^ lbs.; 
 digest for 14 days, and strain. 
 2. Balsam of copaiba, 6 oz., gum guaiacum, 1 oz., Chio 
 turpentine, J oz., subcarboiiate of potash, 5- oz., co- 
 chineal, 1 drachm, rectified spirit, 1 quart. Alterative, 
 anti-venereal. 
 
 Drops, Bateman's Pectoral. — Castor, 1 oz., oil of ani- 
 seed, 1 drachm, camphor, 5 drachms, cochineal, 1? dr., 
 opium, 6 drachms, treacle, 1 lb., proof spirit, 1 gallon; 
 digest 7 days, and strain. Used in coughs. 
 
 Drops, Scouring. — Oil of lemons, and spirit of turpentine, 
 both recent, of each equal parts. Used to remove grease. 
 
 Druggists' Show-Colours for Windows, &c. — 
 
 Blue. — 1. Sulphate of copper, 1 oz., sulphuric acid, J oz., 
 water, 10 oz. 
 
 2. Dissolve nickel in dilated nitric acid, add ammonia in 
 excess, and dilute with water. 
 
 3. As No. 2, using sulphuric, instead of nitric acid. 
 
 4. Ammonio-sulphate of copper, ammouio-nitrate of nickel 
 (No. 2,) and water. 
 
 5. Prussian blue, 10 grains, oxalic acid, 20 grains, water, 
 IG oz. 
 
 Green. — 1. Sulphate of copper, 2 oz., chloride of sodium 
 (common salt,) 4 oz., water, 20 oz. 
 
 2. Nickel, 1 oz., nitric or sulphuric acid, 6 oz.; dissolve, 
 and add water, 5 pints. 
 
 3. To a solution of sulphate of copper add nitric acid suffi- 
 cient to produce the colour desired. 
 
 4. Add bichromate of potash to a solution of sulphate, or 
 ammonio-sulphate of copper. 
 
DRY. 85 
 
 5. Dissolve vcrdipjris in acetic acid, and dilute witli water. 
 
 Lilnc. — 1. Dissolve zaffre (impure oxide of cobalt) in hy- 
 drochloric acid, filter, add carbonate of ammonia in ex- 
 cess, then add auinionio-sulphate of copper, or ammonio- 
 nitrate of nickel, (Blue, No. 2,) q. s. 
 
 Oninfjc. — A solution of bichromate of potash, with or 
 without the addition of hjdrocldoric or sulphuric acid. 
 
 Pink. — 1. Dissolve o.xide of cobalt, 2 oz., in hydrochloric 
 acid, 6 oz., filter, add carbmiate of ammonia in excess, 
 then add liquor of potash, 1 oz., and dilute as re(|uired. 
 
 2. Use the nitrate of cobalt as above. 
 
 Purple. — 1. Sulphate of copper, 1 oz., carbonate of am- 
 monia, 1 oz., water, 2^ pints. 
 
 2. Add to the above a little of Pink solution No. 1. 
 
 lied. — 1. Macerate cochineal or carmine in ammonia, and 
 dilute. 
 
 2. Dissolve madder lake in solution of carbonate of am- 
 monia. 
 
 Violf'i. — Ammonio-sulphate of copper dissolved in water, 
 with Pink solution No._l, q. s. 
 
 Yellow. — Bichromate of potash, J oz., carboaate of potash, 
 i oz., water, ll5 oz. 
 
 DuYKKs. — 1. "White lead, 2 lbs., white copperas and sugar 
 of lend, each 1 lb.; grind in boiled oil to a paste. Used 
 in addition to all iiiixed oil paints, except white lead, 
 to make them dry. White lead becomes discoloured 
 with it. 
 2. Patrnt. — Dried white copperas, 15 lbs , sugar of lead, 
 4 lbs., litharge, 7 lbs. Mix with boiled oil and pass 
 through a paint-mill 3 or 4 times. Then mix 1 cwt. 
 of Paris white with i cwt. of Dutch lead (barytes) and 
 boiled oil to form a paste; pass them through the mill, 
 mix the whole, and grind once more. Product: 2 cwt. 
 Used to mix with oil paint to make it dry quicker. 
 
 DiivrNc On,. — Tiinseed oil boiled with a little litharge and 
 umber. U.scd to mi.x oil-colours. 
 
 Du iJiJiNd. — Sheep-skin cuttings, boiled in common cod oil. — 
 Used to soften leather, boots, kc. 
 8 
 
86 DUP — DYE. 
 
 Dupuytren's Eye Salve. — Nitric oxide of mercury, 10 
 grains, sulphate of zinc, 20 grains, lard 2 oz.; mix. Ap- 
 plied as a stimulant in diseases of the eye. The oint- 
 ment of nitrate of mercury is substituted for this. 
 Duj)iii/trcn's Pomade. — A preparation of lard or marrow, 
 4 oz., with tincture of canthariJcs, i drachm; as a sti- 
 mulant. Applied to the head in baldness, after wash- 
 ing the hair from scurf. 
 
 Dutch Drops. — The genuine drops are the residue after the 
 distillation of oil of turpentine. The imitations disposed 
 of here are prepared thus. 1. Oil of turpentine, tinc- 
 ture of guaiacum, and nitric ether, of each 1 oz., oils of 
 amber and cloves, of each 15 drops; mix. 2. Linseed 
 oil, 1 quart, rosin, 2 lbs., sulphur, 1 lb.; boil until 
 mixed, add oil of turpentine, 1 pint, liquor ammonia, 
 50 drops; mix. Diuretic, stimulant, detergent. 
 
 Dyes, Hair. — Hair-dyes colour the hair only as far as the 
 roots, and require to be applied as frequently as the 
 growth of hair shows both false and real colour. 
 
 1. Dr. Ilarnnait's — Litharge, *i oz., c^uicklime, 3j oz., 
 starch, 2 oz.; mix in powder. For use, mix in warm 
 water, and rub on the hair to the roots. Cover the 
 head with oil-skin or wadding for the night. 
 
 2. Orjila's — Litharge, 6 parts, quicklime, 5 parts, starch, 
 1 part; mix, and apply as above. 
 
 3. Spencer s — Sap green, J drachm, nitrate of silver, 1 
 drachm, hot water, 1 oz.; dissolve. Combed in the hair 
 for use. 
 
 4. Chevelli'er's — Mix 5 drachms of fresh slaked lime with 
 1 i oz. of water; strain and bottle. Dissolve 5 drachms of 
 acetate of lead in water, add enough slaked lime to satu- 
 rate the acetic acid, wash the precipitate, and mix it 
 with the milk of lime. 
 
 5. IVarroi' s—JjimQ, 4 oz., white lead, i oz., litharge, 1 
 drachm; mix in powder. Used with a sponge and water, 
 to dye black, or with milk, to dye brown. 
 
 6. Delc7-oix's. — Acetate of lead, 2 oz., prepared chalk, 3 
 oz., quicklime, 4 oz. As No. 1. 
 
 7. Catlei's — Nitrate of silver, 11 drachms, nitric acid, 1 
 
DYE. 87 
 
 Hair Dyes. 
 
 drachm, snp green, 3 drachms, gum Arabic, 1 drachm, 
 distilled water, 1 pint; mix. 
 
 8. Brush the hair with nitrate of silver, 1 drachm, dis- 
 tilled water, 1 oz. Then with a weak solution of hy- 
 drosulphuret of ammonia, which at once blackens it. 
 
 9. Fumade. — Lard mixed with nitrate of bismuth. Said 
 to turn the hair black. 
 
 10. Lard and wax melted to a proper consistence, and 
 mixed with ivory black or colours. Used for whiskers, 
 eyebrows, &c. 
 
 11. Silver, 2 drachms, iron filings, i oz., nitric acid, 1 oz., 
 distilled water, 8 oz.; digest and preserve the liquor. 
 Apply with a brush. 
 
 12. Nitrate of silver and sulphate of iron, of each 1 drachm, 
 distilled water, 1 pint; mix. 
 
 13. Chinese — Nitrate of silver, 2 drachms, sap green, IJ 
 dr., oxide of bismuth, and rust of iron, (ferri rubigo,) of 
 each J drachm. Dissolve the green in i pint of dis- 
 tilled water, and add the rest. For use, apply with a 
 toothbrush. 
 
 Other dyes are similar to the above, and known by va- 
 rious singular titles, in order to take, as essence of Tyre, 
 eau dc Kgypt, cau dc China, Greek or Grecian water, 
 &c., all being preparations of silver. The solution of 
 silver stains the skin as well as the hair; the caustic 
 earths act as depilatories. The silver solutions are 
 therefore most generally used, being carefully applied 
 to the hair onh/. La Forest's cosmetic wash, the p}'- 
 rogallic stain, &c., differ little from common ink, which 
 is cheaper, and equally effectual. The hair must al- 
 ways be washed free from scurf before applying any 
 dye. 
 
 Dye, Ivory, to. — R>ih 1. Soak it in a weak solution 
 
 of aquafortis, and immerse it in liquid carmine. 
 2. Boil it with Brazil wood, 1 lb., and water, 1 gallon, then 
 
 add alum, 4 oz., and buil again. 
 Black. — Dip in a .'solution of nitrate of silver and expose 
 
 to the light; or, first boil in galls and logwood, and then 
 
 in iron liquor. 
 
88 EAT — EAU. 
 
 Green. — Dip in a solution of verdigris, to wliicli a little 
 aquafortis is added, or verdigris and vinegar. 
 
 Purple. — lioil in a decoction of logwood, then add alum, 1 
 oz., to each quart, and boil again. 
 
 Yellow. — Steep in a saturated solution of orpiment in am- 
 monia. 
 
 Blue. — Steep in a solution of salt of tartar and sulphate of 
 indigo. 
 
 Eaton's Styptic. — A spirituous solution of sulphate of iron, 
 coloured. 
 
 Eau {Frencli for Water.) — Various liquors are so called. 
 In perfumery it is applied to fragrant solutions of oil, in 
 spirits and distilled waters, of odorous plants. The 
 same title is adopted for cordial liquors. 
 
 Eau d'Ambre. — Tincture of musk-seed, 1 lb., essence of 
 ambergris, 1 oz., tincture of musk, 1 oz., rectified spirit, 
 2 lbs., orange-flower water, a sufficient quantity; mix, 
 and filter. 
 
 Eau d'Ange. — 1. Myrtle flowers, 16 oz., rectified spirit, 1 
 gallon; distil in a water-bath. 
 2. Myrtle flower-water, 
 
 Eau de ]]ouquet. — 1. Spirit of rosemary and essence of vio- 
 lets, of each 1 oz., essence of bergamotte and jasmine, 
 of each 1 drachm, oils of verbena and lavender, each 1 
 scruple, eau de rose, \ pint, orange-flower water, 1 oz., 
 rectified spirit, 2 pints; mix, digest, and filter. 
 
 2. IToney-watcr, 2 oz., tincture of cloves, 1 oz., tinctures 
 of calamus, of lavender, and of long cyprus, each \ oz., 
 eau sans pareillo, 4 oz., spirit of jessamine, 9 drachms, 
 tincture of orris, 1 oz., tincture of neroli, 20 drops; mix, 
 and filter. 
 
 3. English oil of lavender, oil of cloves, and oil of berga- 
 motte, of each 2 drachms, otto of roses, and oil of cin- 
 namon, of each 20 drojxs, essence of musk, 1 drachm, 
 rectified spirit, 1 j)int; mix. 
 
 Eau de Cologne. — 1. Essence of bergamotte, 40 drops, 
 essence of lemon, 45 drops, oil of rosemary, G drops, oil 
 
KAU — EFF. 89 
 
 of orange, 22 drops, ncroli, 12 drops, essence of musk, 
 1 drop, rcctitied spirit, G oz.; mix, and filter. 
 
 2. Oils of bergamottc, lemons, and ccdrat, of each 3 oz., 
 oils of rosemary, lavender, and ncroli, of each li oz., 
 oil of cinnamon, G drachms, rectified spirit, 3 gallons, 
 spirit of rosemary, 1 quart, compound spirit of balm 
 (eau de melisse de Cannes.) o pints; digest for 8 days, 
 and distil 8 gallons. — Paris Codex. 
 
 3. Essence of bergamotte, 6 drachms, of lemon, 2J drachms, 
 oils of ncroli, lavender, and rosemary, of each 1 drachm, 
 oils of orange and nutmeg, of each 2 drachms, essence 
 of ccdrat, A oz., essence of millefleurs, and of roses, of 
 each 22 drachms, rose water, 1 It)., rectified spirit, 6 lbs. 
 
 4. Oil of oranges, J oz., essences of bergamotte and lemon, 
 and oil of lavender, of each 2 drachms, oil of rosemary, 
 
 1 drachm, oil of thyme, 20 drops. 
 
 5. Grape spirit, 3 gallons, oil of ncroli, 1] oz., oil of rose- 
 mary and of bergamotte peel, of each 1 oz., oil of orange 
 and citron peels, of each 2^ oz. 
 
 Eau de Lavande. — 1. ]\Iitcham oil of lavender, 8 oz., es- 
 sence of bergamotte, 1^ oz., essence of musk, 4 oz., rec- 
 tified spirit, 2 gallons; mix. Used by Ilcr Majesty. 
 2. Oil of lavender, oil of bergamotte, of each 3 drachms, 
 otto of roses, and oil of cloves, of each 6 drops, musk, 
 
 2 grains, oil of rosemary, 1 drachm, honey, 1 oz., ben- 
 zoic acid, 2 scruples, rectified spirit, 1 pint, distilled 
 water, 3 oz. — Fercira. 
 
 Eau de Maresciiale. — Grain musk and ambergris, of each 
 20 grains, oils of bergamotte, lavender, and cloves, of 
 each 1 oz., oil of sassafras, 10 drops, oil of origanum, 
 20 drops, rectified spirit, 2 quarts; mix. 
 
 Eau de ^Iillefleurs. — Spirit of cummin seed, oils of sas- 
 safras and ro.semary, of each 10 drops, oil of lavender, 
 and^otto of roses, of each 2 drachms, ncroli, i drachm, 
 oils of pimento and cloves, of each 20 drops, essence 
 bergamotte, 4 drachms, oil of orange, 1 drachm, es- 
 sence of lemon, 8 oz., vanilla, 1 scruple, eldcr-flower 
 water, 4 oz., rectified sjilrit, 30 oz.; mix and filter. 
 
90 EAU — ELD. 
 
 2. Rose and orange flower water, of each 4 oz., oil of cloves 
 and English oil of lavender, of each 1 drachm, oil of 
 bergamotte, 2 drachms, musk, 2 grains, spirit of wine, 
 1 pint; mix. Digest a week, and add a drachm of es- 
 sence of musk. — Bateman. 
 
 Eau de Lavande aux Millefleurs. — Eau de lavande, 
 eau de millefleurs, of each 2 oz.; mix and filter. 
 
 Eau sans Pareille. — 1. Musk, 10 grains, civet, 5 grains, 
 balsam of Peru, 12 grains, oil of cloves, 4 drops, oil of 
 rhodium, 2 drops, salt of tartar, ^ drachm, rectified 
 spirit, 2 oz.; digest and filter. — Bateman. 
 2. Rose and orange waters, of each 4 oz., oil of cloves, and 
 English oil of lavender, of each 1 drachm, oil of berga- 
 motte, 2 drachms, musk, 2 grains, spirit of wine, 1 pint; 
 mix. Digest a week, and add 1 drachm of essence of 
 musk. — Bateman. 
 
 Eau de Melisse des Carmes. — Frcsb balm flowers, 24 oz., 
 fresh lemon-peel, 4 oz., cinnamon cloves and nutmeg, 
 of each 2 oz., coriander seed and dried angelica-root, of 
 each 1 oz., rectified spirit, 8 lbs.; macerate for 8 days, 
 and distil in a water bath to dryness. — Paris Codex. 
 
 Eau de Portugal. — Oil of orange peel, 24 drops, of lemon 
 peel and of bergamotte, of each 4 drops, of lemon grass 
 and otto of roses, of each 1 drop, spirit (60 o. p.) 2 oz, 
 
 Eau de Vie Allemande. — Compound tincture of jalap. 
 
 Effervescent Magnesia. — Carbonate of magnesia, 1 part, 
 sulphate of magnesia, bicarbonate of soda, tartrate of 
 potash and of soda, tartaric acid, of each 2 parts; dry 
 by heat and mix. Dose: one tcaspoonful in a glass of 
 water. 
 
 Eggs, to Preserve. — Lime, 1 bushel, salt, 2 lbs., cream 
 of tartar, I lb., water to make a li((uid in which an egg 
 will float. Eggs may be preserved in this solution for 
 two years. 
 
 Elder Flower Water. — Elder flowers, lbs., water, 4 
 gallons; draw over 3 gallons by distillation, and add 
 rectified spirit, o oz. 
 
EM — EMU. 91 
 
 4 
 
 Eltxiu. — A name fur compound tinctures. 
 
 EUxir, Daffi/s. — 1. (^Dkci/'s) Senna, 1 lb., guaiacum 
 shavings, dried elecampane root, aniseed, carraway seed, 
 coriander seed, and li((uorice root, of each \ It)., stoned 
 raisins, 2 lbs., proof spirit, 9 quarts. Digest 14 days, 
 and strain. 
 
 2. (Swinlun's) Jalap, o lbs., senna, 1 lb., coriander and 
 carraway seeds, ]i(juoricc root, and elecampane root, of 
 each 4 oz., rectitied spirit and water, of each 1 gallon. 
 Purgative, stimulant. 
 
 The compound tinctui-e of senna answers every purpose 
 fur which this elixir is used. 
 
 EUxir, Rndclljf's. — Aloes, G drachms, cinnamon, zedoary, 
 and cochineal, of each \ drachm, rhuljarb, 1 drachm, 
 syrup of buckthorn, 2 oz., proof spirit, 16 oz., water, 5 
 oz. — Dr. Paris. Purgative, stomachic. 
 
 Elixir, Scjiiircs'. — Opium, 2 oz., camphor and cochineal, 
 of each } oz., sweet fennel, 1 drachm, tincture of ser- 
 pentaria, 10 oz., spirit of aniseed, 1 gallon, water, 1 pint; 
 mix. Stimulant, anodyne. 
 
 Elixir, Stouglitons. — Gentian, 36 oz., serpcntaria, 16 oz., 
 dried orange-peel, 24 oz., sweet flag, 4 oz., rectitied 
 spirit and water, of each 6 gallons, old measure. Sto- 
 machic. 
 
 Elixir of Roses. — Cloves, 1 drachm, cinnamon, 3 oz , gin- 
 ger, 2 oz., spirit, 2^ pints, oil of orange, 1 drachm, otto 
 of roses, 15 drops, essence of peppermint, 1 oz.; digest 
 14 days, and filter. Used to clean the teeth. 
 
 Elixir lie Vie. — Compound tincture of aloes. 
 
 E.MBKOCATION, GuESTONiAN. — Olive oil and oil of turpen- 
 tine, of each IV oz., dilute sulphuric acid, 3 drachms; 
 mix. Applied in rheumatic cases. 
 
 Embrocation, Roche's. — Sweet oil, 2 oz., oil of amber, 1 
 oz., oil of cloves, 1 drachm. Formerly used in hooping- 
 cough. 
 
 Emplastuu.m Cepiiatjcum. — Plaster of opium. 
 
 Emulsion. — An admixture of oil and water by some sub- 
 stance which <;ombine.s them. 1 drachm of mucilairo 
 of gum Arabic, or 1 oz. of almonds, or an egg, will 
 
92 EMU — ENE. 
 
 e> 
 
 form an emulsion, with 1 oz. of water and 2 draclims 
 
 of any oil. 
 Emn/sioii of Gum. — Sweet almonds blanched, 10 drachms, 
 
 white sugar, 5 drachms, mucilage, 3 oz., water, 1 quart. 
 
 Used in coughs, either alone or combined with other 
 
 medicines. 
 Emulsion of Oil of Almonds. — Oil of almonds, 3 drachms, 
 
 mucilage and syrup, of each 2 oz., rose water, 1 oz., 
 
 distilled water, 3 to 4 oz.; mix. 
 The emulsions of the pharmacopoeia are included under 
 
 the head of Mixtures. 
 
 Enemas. — These should generally be administered at a tem- 
 perature of 94 or 90° F. The quantity for an adult 
 should range from \ to f of a pint; for an infant 1 oz., 
 and medium quantities according to age. The active 
 ingredient must be proportioned according to the effect 
 it may have on the patient; and drugs such as opium, 
 &c., should never be used for infants. 
 
 Enema of Aloes, L. — i\.loes, 2 scruples, carbonate of pot- 
 ash, 15 grains, decoction of barley, 10 oz. Mix, and 
 rub them together. Used to dislodge ascarides, and as 
 a stimulant in constipation. 
 
 Enema of Assafvllda, L. — Prepared assafoetida, 1 dr., 
 decoction of barley, 10 oz. llub the assafoetida with 
 the decoction gradually added, until thoroughly mixed. 
 Used to expel wind and empty the bowels in the con- 
 stipation of hysterical women. 
 
 Enema of Culocynth, L. — Extract of colocynth, 2 drachm, 
 soft soap, 1 oz., water, 1 pint. Mix and rub together. 
 Used in constipation and colic. 
 
 Enema of Oj)iiim, L. — Tincture of opium, 30 drops, de- 
 coction of starch, 4 oz.; mix. Used as an anodyne for 
 irritable bowels. 
 
 Enema of Tobacco, L. — Tobacco, 1 scruple, boiling water, 
 10 oz. Macerate 1 hour, and strain. Used in cases 
 of hernia, lead colic, obstructed bowels, &c. Its use is 
 always dangerous. 
 
 Enema of Tuiycntine, L. — Oil of turpentine, 1 oz., the 
 yolk of an egg, decoction of barley, 19 oz. Rub the oil 
 
ERO — ESS. 93 
 
 witli the yolk, and add the decoction. Employed in 
 worm cases, in tympanitis, and puerperal peritonitis. 
 
 Ergot. — The diseased production of rye. On some occa- 
 sions when the grain has been spurred or covered with 
 ergot, it has caused death frequently to the partakers. 
 INIedieally, it is administered to contract the uterus in 
 labour, and it is very powerful in this case. The active 
 property appears to reside in the oil, which is taken up 
 by hot water, (tea, &c.,) alcohol and ether, and these 
 preparations arc generally administered uncombined 
 witli other medicines. Powdered ergot is given in re- 
 peated doses of 10 to 20 grains, or in one dose of J dr., 
 in Avhich case it generally acts in less than 20 minutes. 
 Enjoty Elliriral Tincture of, L. — Powdered ergot, 15 oz., 
 ether, 2 pints; macerate 7 days, express and strain. Dose: 
 15 to GO drops, according to the object in view. 
 Ergot, Tincture of, D. — Powdered ergot, 8 oz., proof spirit, 
 Z pints; macerate 14 days, strain, express, and hlter. 
 Dose: 15 drops to 2 drachms, as required. 
 
 Escii.VLOT \Yixi:. — IJruiscd shalots, 3 oz., sherry wine, 1 
 pint; infuse 10 days, and strain. One ounce of scraped 
 horse-radish, and 1 drachm of thin lemon-peel may be 
 added. Used in cooking, as a relish. 
 
 Esprit (^French for Spirit.) — A term applied to spirituous 
 perfumes. 
 Ei^prit de Bcrgamotte. — Essence of bergamotte, 5 oz., es- 
 sence of ambergris, 2 oz., essence of nmsk, i oz., oil of 
 verbena, 2 drachms, rectified spirit, 1 gallon; mix. 
 E-'i'rit de liosr. — Otto of roses, \ drachm, rectified spirit, 
 1 quart; dissolve, and filter if required. 
 
 Essence. — A concentrated preparation of any substance in 
 perfumery or medicine, usually prepared with highly- 
 reQtilicd spirit. In perfumery it should be colourless, 
 and void of peculiar scent or taste. Ivssences of all- 
 spice, aniseed, carraway, cinnamon, fennel, nutmeg, 
 pennyroyal, pcppormiiit, rosemary, and spearmint, arc 
 all prcpired by dissolving 1 oz. of tiie oil in oz. of 
 rectified spirit. \\'hen weaker than this they are called 
 
94 ESS. 
 
 ESSEXCES. 
 
 spirits, and are prepared of the strengths directed in the 
 pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Essence of Amhcr(jris. — 1. Generally the simple tincture 
 of ambergris, 1 drachm to 3 oz. of spirit. 
 
 2. (Cumpound) Ambergris, 1 drachm, civet, 15 grains, 
 musk, 30 grains, carbonate of potash, 20 grains; mix, 
 and add oil of cinnamon, 10 drops, oil of lavender, 2 
 drops, oils of rhodium, of neroli, and otto of roses, of 
 each G drops, rectified spirit, 6 oz.; digest and filter. 
 
 8. Ambergris, 2 oz., bladder musk, 1 oz., spirit of am- 
 brette, 1 gallon; digest and filter. 
 
 Essence of Anchovies. — 1. Beat 1 lb. of anchovies to a 
 paste, and pulp them through a sieve; cover the bones, 
 &c., with 1 pint water, and boil them gently; strain, 
 add the liquor to the fish, and mix with flour sufficient 
 to make a paste. Flavour with salt, Cayenne, and mush- 
 room catsup to taste, and, if required, colour with bole, 
 annatto, or infusion of cochineal. The colouring is 
 generally better loft out. 
 
 2. Powdered sweet almonds, 6 oz., anchovies, 8 lbs., salt, 
 22" lbs.) nitre, 6 oz., Cayenne, i oz., bole, 5 oz., water, 
 2 gallons. Proceed as above in boiling the fish, and 
 add the other ingredients, using sufficient gum traga- 
 canth to thicken it, if desired more solid. 
 
 Essence d' Avihrettc. — Bruised musk seed, 16 oz., rectified 
 spirit, 3 pints; digest and filter. 
 
 Essence de Bouquet. — Triple extract of roses, 1 pint, ex- 
 tract of ambergris, 2 oz., extract of orris, 8 oz., otto of 
 lemons, 2 drachms, otto of bergamotte, 1 oz.; mix. 
 
 Essence of Bitter Almonds. — Essential oil of almonds, 1 
 part, rectified spirit, 20 parts. Used to flavour wine, 
 cordials, liquors, perfumery, pastry, &c. It is jyoison- 
 ous in large quantity, and, having a strong taste, vcr?/ 
 little serves to impart flavour. Wiien too much is used 
 in li(juors, kc, nothing but reducing with fresh liquor 
 will cover the taste, and it becomes disagreeable from 
 its strength. One drop of the volatile oil of almonds 
 serves iov f^ur doses in medicine. 
 
 Essence of Cai/enne — 1. Cayenne, \ oz., brandy, 2 pint 
 digest 1-4 days, and strain. Used in cookery. 
 
ESS. 95 
 
 Essences. 
 
 2. (^Concr))f7-atcd) Capsules of capsicum bruised, 3 lbs., 
 rectified spirit, 1 gallon; digest 14 days and filter. 
 Used in dispensing, and for producing soluble Cayenne 
 popper. 
 
 Essence of Cedar. — Otto of cedar, i oz., triple extract of 
 roses, 2 oz., rectified spirit, 10 oz.; mix. An excellent 
 dentifrice. 
 
 Essence of Ergot of Rye. — Bruised ergot, 1 oz., boiling 
 water, 2 fluid ounces; infuse for twenty-four hours, and 
 add rectified spirit, \\ oz. Digest ten days, and filter. 
 lA fluid drachms arc equal to half a scruple of the 
 powder. 
 
 Essence of Ginger and Chamomile. — Tincture of ginger, 
 15 oz., essence of ginger, 3 oz., compound tincture of 
 gentian, 9 oz., oil of chamomile, h drachm; mix. Tonic, 
 stomachic. 
 
 Essence of Ginger. — 1. Sliced ginger, 6 oz., rectified spirit, 
 12 oz., water and lump-sugar, of each -i oz., cardamom 
 seeds, 2 drachms; macerate 21 days and filter, or pro- 
 ceed by percolation. 
 
 2. Ginger, 1 It)., cloves, 4 oz., Cayenne, 2 oz., rectified spirit, 
 1 pint, proof spirit, 2 pints; macerate 14 days and filter. 
 
 3. Ginger, 12 lbs., rectified spirit, 2 5 gallons; digest 14 
 days, express, strain, and di.stil until reduced to 1 gal- 
 lon. Filter. Quality, very fine. 
 
 Essence of Camj)lior. — 1. Camphor, 1 oz., rectified spirit, 
 9 oz., by weight; dissolve. 20 drops to 71 drachms of 
 distilled water make about 1 oz. of solution of camphor. 
 
 2. {Compound) Camphor, \h oz., rectified .^^pirit, 4 oz.j 
 di.ssolve, and add tincture of myrrh, I oz. Use 50 drops 
 to 1 pint of water. 
 
 Essence for Smelling Botdes. — Es.sencc of ambergris, 1 
 oz., otto of roses, and oil of lavender, of each 20 drops, 
 essence of bergamottc, 2 drachms; mix, and add 5 oz. 
 of the strongest solution of ammonia. Fragrant, re- 
 freshing. 
 
 Essence of Flowers. — Essence of jasmine, 2 drachms, otto 
 of rose, and essence of ambergris, of each 20 drops, oil 
 of cinnamon, 1 drop, essences of citron, of cedrat, of 
 
96 ESS. 
 
 Essences. 
 
 lemon, of oransje, of each 4 drops, oil of ncroli, 10 drops, 
 tincture of orris, 4 oz., water, 1 oz., rectiflcd .spirit, 8 oz. 
 
 Essence of Violets. — 1. Orris root, 2 oz., rectified spirit, 8 
 oz. ; diir;est, express, and filter, or proceed by percolation. 
 
 2. Alcoholic extract of cassie, 1 pint, esprit do rose, 
 tincture of orris and of tuberuse, of each | pint, oil of 
 almonds, 3 drops. 
 
 Essence of Verbena. — 1. Oil of verbena, 1 drachm, rectified 
 spirit, 1 oz. ; mix, and add essence of vanilla, 10 drops. 
 
 2. Oil of lemon grass, 3 drachms, of lemon peel, 2 oz., 
 of orange peel 4 drachms, spirit, one pint; mix and 
 filter. 
 
 Essence of Peppermint. — Oil of peppermint, 1 oz., recti- 
 fied spirit, 1 oz., carbonate of magnesia, J oz., water, 
 li oz. Mix the oil and magnesia intimately, put them 
 in the filter, pour on the spirit, and afterwards the water. 
 Mi.xes with water; it may be filtered again, if not f[uite 
 clear. 
 
 Essence of Civettc. — Civet, 1 oz., spirit of wine or spirit 
 of ambrctte, 1 pint; mix. Fragrant. 
 
 Essence of Cuhchs. — Ground cubebs, 4 lbs., rectified spirit, 
 
 1 gallon. Digest 14 days, express, and filter. 
 
 Essence for Ilcridache. — Oil of lavender, 1 drachm, cam- 
 phor, 1 oz., liquor of ammonia, 3 oz., spirit, 1 pint, dis- 
 solve. Fragrant. 
 
 Essence of Lilac. — Alcoholic extract of tuberuse, 20 oz., 
 of orange flowers, 5 oz , extract of civet, i oz., otto of 
 almonds, 3 drops. 
 
 Essence of Magnolia. — Alcoholic extract of orange flowers, 
 
 2 oz., of roses, 4 oz., of violets and tuberuse, of each 1 
 oz., oil of citron, 20 drops, essential oil of almonds, 1 
 drop. 
 
 Essence of Blush. — 1. Finest musk. It oz., civet, \ oz., es- 
 sence of ambergris, 5 oz., spirit of ambrette, 1 quart. 
 Digest in a moderately warm situation for 2 months. 
 Quality, superior. 
 
 2. Musk, 14 drachms; triturate with an equal quantity of 
 sugar, add 10 oz. boiling water, digest until cold, then 
 
ESS. 97 
 
 Essences. 
 
 add rectified spirit, CJ pints, carbonate of potash, i 
 drachm ; digest and filter. 
 
 Essence of Mustard. — Oil of turpentine, 1 pint, camphor, 
 oil of ro-seiuary, and flour mustard, of each i oz. ; mix. 
 Rubefacient ; used to bathe rheumatic limbs, &c. 
 
 Essence of XcroU. — Oil of orange, 2 drachms, bruised or- 
 ris root, 2 oz., ambergris, 10 grains, neroli, 15 drops, 
 spirit of wiue, 1 pint. Digest 14 days, and filter. 
 Odorous. 
 
 Essence of Patchouli. — 1. Dried patchouli, 1 oz., rectified 
 spirit, 1 pint, digest and filter. Used as a perfume. 
 
 2. Oil of patchouli, 10 drachms, otto of roses, 2 drachms, 
 spirit, 1 gallon. 
 
 Essence for Freston Salts. — Oil of cloves, 1 drachm, Eng- 
 lish oil of lavender, 2 drachms, essence of bergamotte, 5 
 drachms, strong liquor of ammonia, 1 pint ; mix. — 
 Mounsey. 
 
 Essence of Qui'nme. — 1. Diluted .sulphuric acid, 1 part, 
 alcohol, 8 parts, and sulphate of quinine as much as it 
 will di.«.solve. 
 
 2. Sulphate of quinine, I oz., aromatic sulphuric acid, 1 
 oz., mix, and add tincture of orange, 12 oz., syrup of 
 red poppy, and water, of each 1 oz. 
 
 Essence of Rondclctia. — 1. Essences of bergamotte and 
 Jemon, and oil of cloves, of each 1 drachm, otto of roses, 
 6 drops, rectified spirit, 1 pint. 
 
 2. Oil of lavender, 2 oz., of cloves, 1 oz., of bergamotte, 1 
 oz., otto of roses, o drachms, essence of musk, vanilla, 
 and ambergris, of each b oz., grape spirit, 1 gallon. 
 
 Essence of Red Roses. — Red rose leaves, 1 lb., rectified 
 spirit, and water, of each 2 quarts, dilute sulphuric 
 acid, 2 drachms ; digest 14 days, expres.s, and filter. 
 Used to make the honey and syrup of roses. 
 
 Essence of ASji>rini/ Flowers. — Extract of ro.ses and violets, 
 of each 1 pint, of ca.^sie, 2^ oz., oil of bcrgamot, 2 
 drachms, of ambergris, 1 oz. 
 
 Essence of Su-rct Brier. — Sjiirituous extract of rose po- 
 matum, 10 oz., ditto of cassie and orange flowers, of each 
 
98, ESS — ETC. 
 
 Essences. 
 
 2j oz., esprit de rose, 2^ oz., oils of neroli and verbena, 
 of each 1 5 drops ; mix. 
 
 Essence of Sweet Pea. — Extract of tuberuse, of orange 
 flower, and of roses, of each 10 oz., extract of vanilla, 
 1 oz. 
 
 Essence of Tonquin. — Tonquin beans, 1 lb., spirit, 1 gal- 
 lon; digest four weeks and strain. 
 
 Essence of Vanilla. — 1. Vanilla, 4 oz., rectified spirit, 1 
 pint. Digest for two months, and filter. 
 
 2. Vanilla, 9 oz., essence of ambrette, 1 quart, cloves, J 
 drachm, grain musk, 7 grains. Digest and filter. Used 
 as a perfume, and for flavouring. 
 
 3. Vanilla pods (chopped), J lb., spirit, 1 gallon; mace- 
 rate for one month, and strain. 
 
 Essence of Verhena. — Oil of lemon grass, 3 drachms, of 
 
 lemon peel, 2 oz., of orange peel, -l drachms, spirit, 
 
 one pint; mix and filter. 
 Essence of Violets. — Alcoholic extract of cassie, 1 pint, 
 
 esprit de rose, tincture of orris and of tuberuse, of each 
 
 i pint, oil of almonds, 8 drops. 
 Essentia Odorifera. — Grain musk and balsam of Peru, 
 
 of each 11 grains, civet and oil of cloves, of each 5 
 
 grains, oil of rhodium, 2 grains, salt of tartar, oO grains, 
 
 alcohol, 2 oz. ; digest and filter. 
 
 Etching. — A method of engraving on plates with acids, 
 which are poured into lines drawn on the plate, co- 
 vered with a wax ground. The plate is warmed, the 
 ground is applied, and distributed evenly by heat, and 
 when cool, a bodkin, &c., is used to engrave, by re- 
 moving the wax, so as to expose the plates in lines suit- 
 ed to the sketch. The acid is then applied to bite away 
 the exposed portion of the plate; it is prevented from 
 acting elsewhere by the untouched wax, and when it has 
 acted sufiicieutly the wax is removed and the sketch 
 printed from. 
 Eichimj Ground. — Melt in a glazed earthen vessel 2 oz. 
 of powdered asphaltum, then add 1 oz. of Burgundy 
 pitch; melt, and add I5 oz. of virgin wax; mix well, 
 
ETH. 99 
 
 pour into warm water and incorporate the whole with 
 the hands. — Lowry. 
 
 Transparent Etdiuig Ground. — Resin, 1 oz., virgin wax, 
 2 oz. ; melt in an earthen pipkin. Or turpentine var- 
 nish mixed with a small quantity of oxide of bismuth. 
 — Fielding. 
 
 Bordering Wax. — Burgundy pitch, 3 flbs., bees'-wax, 1 
 lb. ; melt, and add h pint of sweet oil. Pour it into 
 water and work it with the hands. — Fielding. 
 
 Etching Fluid for Copper. — 1. Nitrous acid, 1 part, water, 
 6 parts; mix gradually, and add the size of a hazel nut 
 of sal ammoniac to each pint. — Fielding. 
 
 2. Verdigris, alum, sea salt, and sal ammoniac, of each 1 
 part, vinegar, 2 parts; dissolve, add water, 4 parts, 
 boil a minute, and cool. — Callot. 
 
 3. Iodine, 2 parts, iodide of potassium, 5 parts, water, 8 
 parts. 
 
 Etching Fluid for Steel. — 1. Pyroligneous acid and nitric 
 acid, each 1 part, water, 6 parts. — Fielding. 
 
 2. Iodine, 1 oz., iron filings, I drachm, water, 4 oz.; di- 
 gest until dissolved. 
 
 3. Hydrochloric acid, 10 parts, distilled water, 70 parts, 
 chlorate of potash, 2 parts. Dissolve the chlorate in 
 the water, and add the acid. Diluted with water for 
 use to the strength required. 
 
 Ether. — No formula is given for its preparation in the P. L. 
 It was formerly called sulphuric ether. 
 Characters and tests. — Colourless, sp. gr. not exceeding 
 0750. Exposed to the air it flies oEF in vapour; it af- 
 fects litmus with a red colour, cither very slightly or 
 not at all. Half an ounce mixes completely in half a 
 pint of water. — L. 
 Dose: i drachm to 2 drachms in any convenient vehicle. 
 Stimulant and antispasmodic. It is soluble in alcohol, 
 but if the two are mixed with water the other separates. 
 Etiicr dissolves resins and caoutchouc, and will di.ssolve 
 and remove bichloride of mercury from its solution in 
 water or in organic fluids. "It mixes better with 
 water if each drachm be triturated with 2 grains of 
 Bpermaccti." — United States Dispensary/. 
 
100 EXT. ' 
 
 Etiiiops, Martial. — Iron filings oxidized under water. 
 
 Formerly much esteemed as a tonic. 
 Etiiiops Mineral. — A mercurial compound used in cattle 
 
 medicine. 
 Extracts. — Thickened juices of various vegetable medi- 
 cines. 
 
 Directions of (lie London College. — ''In preparing extracts, 
 unless otherwise ordered, evaporate the liquid by a water 
 bath in a pan as quickly as possible, stirring constantly 
 towards the end with a spatula, until a consistence is 
 acquired suitable for forming pills." 
 
 Extract of Aconite, L. — Fresh leaves of aconite, 1 lb., 
 bruise them in a stone mortar, press out the juice, and 
 evaporate it unstrained to a proper consistence. Used 
 in rheumatism, neuralgia, fever, &c. Dose: \ to 2 gr., 
 beginning with the smaller doses. A powerful poison. 
 
 Extract of Aloes, L. — Socotrine aloes, 15 oz., boiling dis- 
 tilled water, 1 gallon. Macerate with a gentle heat for 
 3 days, strain and set aside, afterwards pour off the clear, 
 and evaporate to a proper consistence. Dose: 5 to 15 
 grains. 
 
 Extract of Barhacloes Aloes, L. — Prepared as extract of 
 aloes. Dose: 5 to 15 grains. Both are prepared to 
 separate impurities, and render the medicine more mild 
 in its operation. 
 
 Extract of Belladonna, L. — Prepared as extract of aco- 
 nite. Acrid, narcotic, resolvent. Used in neuralgia, 
 tic-douloureux, and in diseases of the eye. Dose: one- 
 tenth to 2 grains, used cautiously. 
 
 Extract of Dandelion (Fluid.) — Fresh dandelion roots, 
 20 lbs. (av.,) alcohol, sp. gr. -835, four pints; beat or 
 slice the roots to a pulp, add the alcohol, mix, let stand 
 a month or more, express strongly, and filter. 
 
 Extract of Elder Flowers. — Tincture of benzoin, 1 oz., 
 elder flower water, 1 quart; gradually add the water to 
 the spirit. 
 
 E.rAract of Elder Flowers, for the Comjylexion. — Take 
 gum benzoin, 1 drachm, spirits of wine, a wincglassful, 
 elder flower water, 1 pint. Powder the gum, and put 
 it into the spirit (unsweetened gin will do.) In a short 
 time it will be dissolved. Now put this mixture into 
 a jug, and then gradually add the elder flower water. 
 
KXT. 101 
 
 Extracts. 
 
 If there be any particles of benzoin not dissolved, the 
 extract must be strained throuj;h fine muslin prior to 
 its being put into the toilet-bottle. On account of the 
 milky appearance of this preparation, the French per- 
 fumers call it hilt vinjinal. 
 
 Extract of Yellow Bark, L. — Yellow cinchona coarsely 
 bruised, 3 lbs., distilled water, G pints. Add 4 pints 
 of water to the bark, stir until the bark is soaked, ma- 
 cerate for 24 hours, and strain through linen. Mace- 
 rate the bark in the remaining water for 24 hours; mix 
 the liquors, and evaporate to the required consistence. 
 
 Extract of Fale Barky L. — Prepared as extract of yellow 
 bark. 
 
 Extract of Red Bark, L. — Prepared as extract of yellow 
 bark. All the varieties arc tonic and stomachic. Dose: 
 10 to 30 grains. Little used since the discovery of qui- 
 nine. 
 
 Extract of Colchicum, L. — Fresh colchicum cormi, 1 lb. 
 Remove the outer coats, and proceed as for extract of 
 aconite. Used in the early stages of acute rheumatism. 
 Dose: 1 to 2 grains every 4 hours, until it acts as a pur- 
 gative. 
 
 Extract of Colchicum, (acetic) L. — Meadow saffron cor- 
 mus, fresh, 1 lb., acetic acid, 3 oz. Strip the cormus, 
 bruise it, and sprinkle the acetic acid on it, express the 
 juice, and evaporate it unstrained to an extract. Em- 
 ployed in acute rheumatism and gout. Dose: 1 to 2 
 grains, two or three times a day. 
 
 Extract of Colorj/nth, L. — Cut colocynth without seeds, 
 3 lbs., distilled water, 4 pints. Macerate the colocynth 
 for 3(j hours, frequently pressing it with the hand. 
 Express strongly, and strain the litjuor, which evapo- 
 rate to an extract. Purgative. Dose: 5 to 20 grains. 
 
 Extract of Dandelion, L. — Prepared as extract of liquo- 
 rice.- Tonic, aperient, alterative. Used in liver-cum- 
 plaints, kc. Dose: 10 to <>U grains. 
 
 Extract of Elatcrium, L. — Take of wild cucumbers, 1 lb., 
 slice them longitudinally, and strain the juice very 
 gently, express through a very fine hair sieve, and set 
 
102 EXT. 
 
 Extracts. 
 
 it by to subside. The thinner fluid being rejected, dry 
 the thicker portion with a gentle heat. Strong hydra- 
 gogue, cathartic. Used in dropsy, and in combination, 
 for obstinate constipation. Dose: of good extract i to 
 } gr., of inferior up to 1 gr. Varies greatly in quality. 
 
 Extract of Gentian, L. — Gentian sliced, 3 lb., distilled 
 water, 6 pints. Macerate the gentian in 4 pints of 
 water for 12 hours, and strain. Add the remaining 
 water to the gentian, macerate for 6 hours, express and 
 strain. Evaporate the mixed liquids to an extract. 
 Tonic, stomachic. Dose: 5 to 20 grains. 
 
 Extract of Heliotrope. — Alcoholic extract of vanilla, 10 oz., 
 of rose pomatum, 5 oz., orange-flower pomatum, 2 oz., 
 of ambergris, 1 -oz., essential oil of almonds, 5 drops. 
 
 Extract of Honeysuckle. — Alcoholic extracts of rose po- 
 matum, of violet, and of tuberuse, of each 10 oz., 'ex- 
 tracts of vanilla and tolu, of each 5 oz., otto of neroli, 5 
 drops, otto of almonds, 2 drops. 
 
 Extract of Hi/osci/amus (^Fluid.) — Henbane leaves, 
 coarsely powdered, 8 oz. troy, sugar, 8 oz. troy, diluted 
 alcohol, q. s.; add to the leaves 1 pint of alcohol, mace- 
 rate twenty-four hours, and by percolation obtain 3 pints 
 of tincture, evaporate to 10 fluid ounces; while hot, add 
 the sugar, make up 1 pint with alcohol, and strain. 
 Dose: 15 to 30 drops. 
 
 Extract of Hemlock, L. — Prepared as extract of aconite. 
 Narcotic, resolvent. Dose: 2 to 6 grains. 
 
 Extract of Henhane, L. — Prepared as extract of aconite. 
 Narcotic, anodyne. Dose: 2 to 10 grains. 
 
 Extract of Hop, L. — Hops, 22 lbs., boiling distilled water, 
 2 gallons. Proceed as for extract of liquorice. Eitter 
 tonic. Dose: 5 to 20 grains. 
 
 Exti'act of Jonquil. — Alcoholic extract of jasmine and 
 of tuberuse, of each 10 oz., of orange flower, 5 oz., ex- 
 tract of vanilla, 1 oz. 
 
 Extract of Jalap, L. — Powdered jalap, 21 lbs., rectified 
 spirit, 1 gallon, distilled water, 2 gallons. IMacerate 
 the jalap in the spirit for 4 days, and pour off the tinc- 
 ture. Boil the jalap in the water to 4 pints, strain the 
 tincture and decoction separately. Distil the tincture 
 
EXT. 103 
 
 Extracts. 
 
 and evaporate the decoction until each thickens, then 
 mix and evaporate to an extract. Tliis extract should 
 be kept soft to form pills, and hard to rub to powder. 
 Puriiative. l)ose: 10 to 20 grains. 
 
 Extract of Lettuce, L. — Prepared as extract of aconite. 
 Sedative. Dose 3 to 10 grains. 
 
 Extract of Lavender. — Otto of lavender (English,) 1 oz , 
 rose water, 5 oz., rectified spirit, 25 oz.; mix and distil 
 25 oz. — Smyth. 
 
 Extract of Liquorice, L. — Fresh sliced liquorice, 2^ lbs., 
 boiling distilled water, 2 gallons. Macerate for 2-4 
 hours, boil to a gallon, strain while hot, and evaporate to 
 an extract. 
 
 Extract of Logwood, L. — Sliced logwood, 2^ lbs., boiling 
 distilled water, 2 gallons. Proceed as for extract of li- 
 quorice. Astringent. Dose; 10 to 30 grains. 
 
 Extract of Malt. — Evaporate a strong decoction or infusion 
 of malt to the consistence of treacle. Used as a cough 
 medicine. 
 
 Extract of Meat. — Minced lean meat, 1 part, water, 8 
 parts, heat gradually to the boiling point, strain, and 
 evaporate in a water bath. 2 lbs. yield 1 oz. of extract. 
 It will not keep if made with the fatty portion. 
 
 Extract of Opium, L. — Opium sliced, li lbs., di.stilled 
 water, 5 pints. Macerate the opium in half the water 
 for 24 houx'S, frequently stirring, then strain, macerate 
 for 24 hours in the remaining water, strain and evapo- 
 rate the mixed liquors to an extract. Used as a mild 
 preparation of opium. Dose: 1 to 6 grains. 
 
 Extract of Pareira, L. — Prepared as extract of logwood. 
 Used in bladder complaints. Dose : 10 to 30 grains. 
 
 Extract of Poppy, Jj. — Poppies brui.^cd and freed from the 
 seeds, 15 oz., boiling distilled water, 1 gallon ; macerate 
 for 24 hours, boil to four pint,-^, strain while hot, and 
 evaporate to an extract. Anodyne narcotic. Dose : 2 
 to 20 grains. 
 
 Extract of lihidxrrh, L. — llliubarb powdered, 15 oz., 
 proof sjtirit, 1 ])int, distilled water, 7 pints; macerate 
 for 4 days, strain, and when the dregs have subsided 
 
104 EXT — FER. 
 
 Extracts. 
 
 evaporate the clear liquor to an extract. Purgative, 
 and used as a vehicle for purgatives. Dose : 10 to 30 
 grains. 
 Extract of Sarsaparilla, (^Fiuid) L. — Sliced sarsaparilla, 
 o^- lbs., boiling distilled water, 5 gallons, rectified spirit, 
 
 2 oz. Boil the sarsaparilla in 3 gallons of water to 12 
 pints, and strain. Boil it again in the remaining water, 
 and strain. Evaporate the mixed liquors to 18 oz., and 
 when cold add the spirit. Dose: 1 to 2 drachms or 
 more. 
 
 Extract of Senna, (Fluid.') — 1. Senna, 15 lbs. av., boil- 
 ing water, q. s., concentrate the infusion to 10 lbs. 
 av., dissolve in it 6 lbs. of thick treacle, add 24 fl. oz. 
 of rectified spirit, and water q. s. to make 15 pints o. m. 
 Dose, two drachms. Each oz. represents one oz. of 
 senna. — Duncan. 
 
 2. Mix 2i lb. of senna in coarse powder with 64 oz. of 
 proof spirit; in 24 hours percolate, adding water, mixed 
 with i its measure of spirit, until 9 J pints have passed : 
 evaporate in a water-bath to 20 oz., filter, add 20 oz. 
 of sugar, and when dissolved add further 2 drachms of 
 compound spirit of ether, mixed with 1 drachm of 
 oil of fennel. — U. States Dis. 1 oz. is equal to 1 oz. of 
 senna. 
 
 Extract of Stramonium, L. — Thornapple seeds, 15 oz., 
 boiling distilled watei-, 1 gallon; macerate for 4 hours 
 with a gentle heat, then bruise the seeds and return 
 them to the liquor, boil down to 4 pints, strain while 
 hot, and evaporate to an extract. Anodyne, irritant. 
 Dose: J of a grain, cautiously increased to 2 grains. 
 
 Extract of W hortleherry , L. — Prepared as extract of hops. 
 Use in diseases of the bladder. Dose : G to 30 grains. 
 
 Feet, The — of some persons, naturally evolve a disagreeable 
 odour. Wash them in warm water, to which a little 
 hydrochloric acid or chloride of lime has been added. 
 
 Fermented Medical Preparations. — An aqueous solu- 
 lution is first prepared; then to every 8 parts of this 
 
 3 parts of sugar are added, and yeast, q. s. After re- 
 
FER — FLA. 105 
 
 niainino; one or two months at 65° to 75° F., the mix- 
 ture is .strained for use. 
 Ferrtdcyamde of Iron. — Precipitate a solution of pro- 
 
 tosulphatc of iron by another of red prussiate of potash. 
 
 It forms a Prussian blue of a beautiful tinge, sometimes 
 
 called TurubuU's Blue. 
 FiLTKRiNG Powder. — Fuller's earth purified and powdered 
 
 mixed with animal charcoal. Used to filter oils, &c., 
 
 and to render various liquids whiter. 
 
 Filtration is the process adopted for separating the liquid 
 from the solid portions of a mixture. The media con- 
 sists of unsized paper, flannel, cloth, sand, and various 
 powders. Sometimes a little tow or cotton wool serves 
 the purpose. Tinctures, spirits, perfumes, and other 
 preparations of the retail trade are generally filtered 
 through paper, folded properly for the purpose, and 
 loo.sely fitted in a funnel. 
 
 Finings. — 1. Isinglass, 1 lb., beer, cider, or vinegar, J 
 gallon. jNlix until it becomes a jelly, then add suffi- 
 cient of the liquid it is to fine, to reduce it to a proper 
 consistence. Used to refine porter, wine, &c. 
 2. For Gin. Subcarbonate of potash, 4 oz., roche alum, 
 8 oz. Mix in powder. 
 
 Fires to Extinguish. — Various solutions of salts have 
 been proposed as more effectual than water. Dr. 
 Vlanny's consists of 5 oz. of sal-ammoniac to each 
 gallon of water, and in small fires it is efi"ectual, but in 
 large fires its action is insignificant beyond the effect of 
 common water. It is said that dried prussiate of pot- 
 ash, chlorate of potash, and sugar, form the compound 
 used in Phillips' Fire-Annihilator. 
 
 Fixing Solution for Paper Pictures. — Hyposulphite 
 of soda, 1 oz., pure water, 1 quart. The picture must 
 be well soaked or washed in water and dried, then 
 washed on both sides with the fixing solution, and 
 finally rinsed with dean water. 
 
 Flame, Coloured. — Alcohol mixed with nitrate of copper 
 
106 FLA — FLO. 
 
 or boracio acid burns green; and with the nitrates of 
 strontian, iron, or lime, a red ; and with nitrate of soda, 
 a yellow. 
 
 Flash. — Essence of capsicums and burnt sugar mixed. 
 Used to make weak spirit taste strong. 
 
 Flavouring Essence. — Oil of bitter almonds, 8 drops, 
 essence of lemon, 12 drops, oil of cassia, 6 drops, oil of 
 nutmeg, 4 drops, oil of cloves, 1 drop, rectified spirit, 
 1 oz. Used for pastry and custards. 
 
 Flies, to Destroy. — Boil some quassia chips in a little 
 water, sweeten the clear liquor with some treacle, and 
 place it in saucers. It is destructive to flies, but not 
 to children. Or spread paper with turpentine-varnish, 
 and oil it to keep the varnish from drying : it entangles 
 the flies which rest on it. 
 
 Flour, Baked. — Astringent. Used for infants troubled 
 with diarrhoea. Vended under the title of Hard's 
 farinaceous food. 
 
 Flour Wheat. — Adulterated flour may be tested as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 1. By its sp. gr. Potato-flour, gypsum, or ground bones 
 increase its density, so that a measure holding 1 lb. of 
 pure flour, will hold Ij lb. of the adulterated. 
 
 2. Nitric acid colours wheat-flour a fine orange yellow; 
 it does not affect fecula or starch. 
 
 3. Pure hydrochloric acid colours wheat-flour of a deep 
 violet, but dissolves without colouring fecula or starch, 
 forming a thick substance, decomposable by alkalies. 
 
 4. Pure flour absorbs more water than fecula. 
 
 5. Boiling water will develop the scent of bean or pea 
 flour. 
 
 Flowers. — To hasten the blowing of flowers, use the fol- 
 lowing mixture. Nitrate or sulphate of ammonia, 4 oz., 
 nitrate of potash, 2 oz., sugar, 1 oz., hot water, 1 pint; 
 dissolve and keep well closed. Add 20 drops to the 
 water used to moisten or surround the flowers, changing 
 it each week. Cut flowers may be preserved longer by 
 
FLU — FOI. 107 
 
 using a little nitrate of soda to the water in which they 
 are put, or by placing over them a bell jar. A AVard's 
 case will keep tlicm a long time, as fresh, apparently, 
 as at first. 
 Flux. — A substance added to render others more fusible. 
 
 1. Black Flux. — Cream of tartar, 2 parts, nitre, 1 part; 
 mix, and throw by portions into a red hot crucible. 
 Used to smelt metallic ores. So also is Morvcmi's, 
 gljjss, IG parts, calcined borax, 2 parts, charcoal, 1 
 part; mix. 
 
 2. While Flux. — As before, but equal parts of nitre 
 and tartar. 
 
 3. Crude Flux. — Tlie first mixture before deflagration. 
 
 4. Cornish Fax. — Cream of tartar, 10 parts, nitre 4 parts, 
 borax, 3 parts; mix. 
 
 Christison's Flux for reducing Arsenic. — Crystallized 
 carbonate of soda, 8 parts, charcoal, 1 part; mix, and 
 heat gradually to redness. 
 Frescnius's Flux. — Dry carbonate of potass, 3 parts, 
 cyanide of potassium, 1 part. Used to reduce the 
 sulphuret of arsenic. 
 
 FoiE DE SouFRE. — Sulphuret of potash. 
 
 FoiE DE SouFRE Calcaire. — Sulpliuret of lime. 
 
 Foils are thin leaves of metal, used to heighten the effect 
 of jewellers' stones and pastes. The white foils are 
 made of thin sheet copper, plated with silver, and 
 drawn through two rollers so as to make it very thin, 
 the silver is then burni.shed. This is covered with 
 colour when re(iuircd, and in all cases the foil is en- 
 closed in the setting, entirely covering the back of the 
 stone, to which it imparts much of its own brilliancy. 
 "When it is desired to modify the colour of the stone, a 
 foil of lighter or darker tint is used as required. The 
 reflection of the colour is so difl'used throughout the 
 stone, as to render it difiieult in many cases to ascertain 
 whether the tint is real or artificial. The white foil is 
 coloured as follows : 
 Jilue. — Turnbull's blue ground with pale quick-drying 
 oil to the shade required. Used to deepen the shade 
 of sapphires. 
 
108 mi. 
 
 Green. — Shellac dissolved in alcohol, and sufficient verdi- 
 gris added to colour. 
 
 Yellow. — Mastic in alcohol with turmeric, or a solution 
 of hay saffron and isinglass. 
 
 Ked. — The solution of carmine in ammonia, or lake or 
 carmine ground in isinglass. 
 
 Any of the above may be varied in shade by mixing, and 
 when dry may be varnished to heighten the brilliancy. 
 
 Freckles may be removed by frequently aj^plying dilute 
 
 spirit, or acid, or alkaline solutions. 
 Lotion for Freckles. — 1. Hydrochlorate of ammonia, 1 
 
 drachm, lavender water, 2 drachms, spring water, 1 
 
 pint. Apply with a sponge 2 or 3 times a day. — 
 
 Kittoe. 
 2. Hydrochloric acid, 1 drachm, i-ectified spirit, 1 oz., 
 
 water, 8 oz.; mix, and apply as before. 
 
 Freeman's Bathing Spirits. — A mixture of opodeldoc 
 and Daffy's elixir. 
 
 Freezing Mixtures. — An artificial means of producing 
 cold by dissolving certain salts in water. The as- 
 sistance of ice or snow produces greater cold, and saves 
 trouble and expense, but as artificial cold is chiefly re- 
 quired when these are not to be had, means are then 
 resorted to which render them unnecessary. 
 With Ice or Snoio. — 1. Snow, 3 parts, potash, 4 parts. 
 Sinks the thermometer 88 degrees. 
 
 2. Snow, 2 parts, crystallized muriate of lime, 3 parts. 
 Thermometer sinks 82 degrees. 
 
 3. Snow, 3 parts, diluted sulphuric acid (2 parts acid to 
 1 water, by weight) 2 parts. The thermometer sinks 
 55 degrees. 
 
 Without Snow. — 1. Sulphate of soda, 6 parts, nitrate of 
 ammonia, 5 parts, diluted nitrous acid, (2 acid to 1 
 water by weight,) 4 parts. Thermometer sinks G4 de- 
 grees. 
 
 2. Phosphate of soda, parts, nitrate of ammonia, 6 parts, 
 diluted nitrous acid, as above, 4 parts. Sinks the 
 thermometer 71 decrees. 
 
FRE. 109 
 
 3. Phosphate of soda, 9 parts, diluted nitrous acid, as be- 
 fore, 4 parts. Thcrmoineter sinks 02 degrees. 
 
 4. Nitrate of annnonia and water, equal parts. Thermo- 
 meter sinks 40 degrees. 
 
 5. Nitrate of ammonia, carbonate of soda, and water, equal 
 parts. Thermometer sinks 57 degrees. 
 
 By cooling the vessels and mixtures previous to com- 
 mencing, an extreme degree of cold may be produced. 
 Mr. Walker, in this manner, produced a cold equal to 
 132 degrees below the freezing point of water. The 
 coldest mixtures are produced by other licjuids than 
 water, but, for retailing, the powdered and mixed salts 
 are prepared so as to require water only. Besides the 
 above, there are other proportions suited for the pur- 
 pose; when made up they arc sold as freezing powders. 
 
 1. Powdered muriate of ammonia, 8 oz., nitre, 13 oz. ; mix. 
 
 2. Nitrate of ammonia and muriate of ammonia, equal 
 parts; mix. 
 
 3. Nitrate of ammonia and crystallized carbonate of soda, 
 equal parts; mix. This is one of the best. 
 
 French Polish. — A varnish for furniture. The simplest, 
 and perhaps the best, is the solution of shellac only, but 
 many add g-ums sandarac, mastic, copal, Arabic, benja- 
 min, &c., from the idea that they contribute to the eifect. 
 Gum Arabic is certainly never required if the solvent 
 be pure, because it is insoluble in either rectified spirit 
 or rectified wood naphtha, the menstrua employed iu 
 dissolving the gums. As spirit is seldom used on ac- 
 count of its expense, most of the following are men- 
 tioned as solutions in naphtha, but spirit can be sub- 
 stituted when thought proper. 
 
 1. iShellac, 1} tb., naphtha, 1 gallon; dissolve, and it is 
 ready without filtering. 
 
 2. iShellac, 12 oz., copal, 3 oz., (or an equivalent of var- 
 nish ij dissolve in one g-allon of naphtha. 
 
 3. Shellac, IJ lb., seed lac and sandarac, each 4 oz., mastic, 
 2 oz., rectified spirit, 1 g-alluii ; dis.s(ilve. 
 
 4. Slu'llae, 2 lbs., benzoin, 4 oz., spirit, 1 gallon. 
 
 5. Shellac, 10 oz., .seed-lac, .sandarac, and copal varnish, 
 of each oz., benzoin, 3 oz., naphtha, 1 gallon. 
 
 10 
 
110 FRU — FUM. 
 
 To darken polish, benzoin and dragon's blood are used, 
 turmeric and otlier colouring matters are also added; 
 and to make it lighter it is necessary to use bleached 
 lac, as though some endeavour to give this effect by 
 adding oxalic acid to the ingredients, it, like gum 
 Arabic, is insoluble in good spirit or naphtha. For all 
 ordinary purposes the first form is best and least 
 troublesome, while its appearance is equal to any other. 
 
 French Polish, To. — The wood must be placed level, and 
 sand-papered until it is quite smooth, otherwise it will 
 not jiolish. Then provide a rubber of cloth, list, or 
 sponge, wrap it in a soft rag, so as to leave a handle 
 at the back for your hand, shake the bottle against the 
 rubber, and in the middle of the varnish on the rag 
 place with your finger a little raw linseed oil. Now 
 commence rubbing, in small circular strokes, and con- 
 tinue until the pores are filled, charging the rubber 
 with varnish and oil as required, until the whole wood 
 has had one coat. When dry repeat the process once 
 or twice until the surface appears even and fine, be- 
 tween each coat using fine sand-paper to smooth down 
 all irregularities. Lastly, use a clean rubber with a 
 little strong alcohol only, which will remove the oil 
 and the cloudiness it causes; when the work will be 
 complete. 
 
 . Frustula. — A little bit. 
 
 Fulminating Powder. — Dry and powder separately 3 
 parts of nitre, 2 of carbonate of potash, and 1 of flour 
 sulphur, then mix gently in a warm mortar. The com- 
 pound heated over the fire explodes with great violence, 
 and should therefore be cautiously used. 
 
 Fumigation. — The purifying air or solid bodies by disin- 
 fectants. Chlorine is the most powerful for ordinary 
 use, and is mostly applied by sprinkling in the room, 
 &c., a solution of 1 oz. of chloride of lime in 1 quart 
 of water. When an apartment is not inhabited chlo- 
 rine gas may be used instead of the lime, but it is more 
 difficult to manage. Mix 1 oz. of common salt with 
 I oz., of oxide of manganese in a China cup, puur on 
 
Fl-R. Ill 
 
 this G drachms of oil of vitriol, the cup being phiced in 
 hut sand in tlic middle of tlic apartment, chlorine gas 
 is immediately given off, and if the chimney, windows, 
 &c., have been properly stopped up, it will till the room 
 thiiroughl}', destroying vermin and contagion. It spoils 
 polished metals, such as steel fenders, fire-irons, &.C., 
 and also many colours in furniture, bed, or paper hang- 
 ings, which should therefore be removed. When a 
 few hours have elapsed, the windows and chimney must 
 be opened to let the gas pass oif. The fumigations of 
 nitric or h3-droch]!)ric acid gas arc not now used, being 
 superseded by better modes of purification. Nor is any 
 dependence to be placed on the efiicacy of sulphur, 
 acetic acid, or tar fumigations, or the burning of pas- 
 tilles, gums, camphor, tobacco, &c., all being much in- 
 ferior to chlorine gas, or to the chlorides of soda and 
 lime. 
 
 Furniture Polishes. — Xew wood is often French-polished. 
 Or the following may be tried : 
 
 Melt 3 or 4 pieces of sandarac, each the size of a walnut, 
 add 1 pint of boiled oil, and boil together for 1 hour. 
 While cooling add 1 drachm of Venice turpentine, and 
 if too thick a little oil of turpentine also. Apply this 
 all over the furniture, and after some hours rub it ofl'j 
 rub the furniture daily, without applying fresh varnish, 
 except about once in 2 months. Water does not in- 
 jure this polish, and any stain or scratch may be again 
 covered, which cannot be done with French polish. — 
 J. Rhode. To give a gloss to household furniture, va- 
 rious compositions are used, known as was, polish, 
 creams, pastes, oils, &c. The following arc some of the 
 forms used. 
 
 Furniture Vrcnm. — Bees'-wax, 1 lb., soap, 4 oz., pearl- 
 ash, 2 oz., soft water, 1 gallon;, boil together until 
 nii.xed. 
 
 Furniture Oil. — 1. Acetic acid, 2 drachms, oil of laven- 
 der, i drachm, rectified spirit, 1 drachm, linseed oil, 
 4 oz. 
 
 2. Jjiiisocd oil, I pint, alkanet root, 2 oz.; heat, strain, and 
 add lac varnish, 1 oz. 
 
112 FUS — GAS. 
 
 3. Linseed oil, 1 pint, rectified spirit, 2 oz., butter of an- 
 timony, 4 oz. 
 
 Furniture Paste. — 1. Bees'-wax, spirit of turpentine, and 
 linseed oil, equal parts; melt and cool. 
 
 2. Bees'-wax, 4 oz., turpentine, 10 oz., alkanet root to 
 colour; melt and strain. 
 
 3. Bees'-wax, 1 lb., linseed oil, 5 oz., alkanet root, J oz.; 
 melt, add 5 oz. of turpentine, strain and cool. 
 
 4. Bees'-wax, 4 oz., resin, 1 oz., oil of turpentine, 2 oz., 
 Venitian red to colour. 
 
 Fusible Metal. — 1. Newton's. 8 parts bismuth, 5 lead, 
 3 tin; mix. Melts at 212°. 
 
 2. Rose's. — 2 bismuth, 1 lead, 1 tin; melts at 201°. 
 
 3. Onion's. — 5 bismuth, 3 lead, 2 tin; melts at 199°. 
 
 4. Walker's. — 8 bismuth, 5 lead, 4 tin, 1 antimony. 
 For electrotype casts. 
 
 All the above are rendered more fusible by adding a little 
 mercury to them. 
 
 Gall, Clarified. — Evaporate clear ox-gall to the consis- 
 tence of syrup, then expose it thinly spread on dishes 
 to dry. It is dissolved in water for use. Or, boil and 
 skim 1 pint of ox-gall, add 1 oz. of alum, and bottle; 
 treat another pint similarly, using 1 oz. of salt instead of 
 alum. In 3 months mix the galls, and filter the clear. 
 Used to mix with water-colours, to remove the grease 
 from drawing-papers and ivory. Also employed to 
 clean carpets and clothes. 
 Gall, Inspissated. — Strain fresh ox-gall through flannel, 
 and evaporate in a water-bath to the proper consistence. 
 It may be evaporated to dryness, powdered, and pre- 
 served. 
 
 Ganteine. — Soap, 3 oz., water, 2 oz. ; beat together, and 
 add eau de javelle, 2 oz., liquor ammonia, 1 drachm. 
 The paste is used to rub over soiled kid gloves, pro- 
 perly stretched, for the purpose of cleaning them. 
 
 Gas is the vapour of various chemical substances. The or- 
 dinary coal giis of the sti*eet lamps is prepared by dis- 
 tilling coal gas in iron retorts, and may be illustrated 
 
GER — GIL. 113 
 
 on the small scale as follows : — Nearly fill the bowl of a 
 tobacco-pipe with small coal, and stop the top c/ose with 
 clay, or saiul and beer; insert the bowl in the fire, and 
 when the smoke issues from the stem it may be liglited. 
 The modes of producing chemical gases are stated under 
 the proper heads in this work. 
 
 German Paste.— Blanched sweet almonds, 1 lb., pea-meal, 
 2 lbs., butter, 3 oz., safi"ron, 4 grains, the yolk of 2 
 eggs, honey sufficient to make a paste, which must be 
 passed through a sieve. Used to feed larks, nightin- 
 gales, and other insectivorous singing birds. 
 
 Gilding. — The process of attaching gold to any substance. 
 Books are gilt and lettered by a hot iron or brass tool 
 being pressed on the leather, the tool having on its foce 
 a little gold-leaf. The heat alone causes it to adhere, 
 though some spread finely powdered mastic over the 
 leather before applying the tool. The eihjcs of books 
 are cut, and varnished with size, the gold leaf is then 
 attached and burnished. 
 
 G idling, Jhtniislud. — Coat the wood first with size, and 
 afterwards with size and whiting mixed until a sufficient 
 thickness is obtained. Between each coat, glass paper 
 must be used to smooth the surface. The gold size is 
 now applied thinly, and when nearly dry the leaf is 
 attached, and afterwards burnished. 
 
 Gildinj, Cold. — Pure gold, 5 drachms, pure copper, 1 
 drachm, nitro-muriatic acid, 10 oz. ; dissolve. l)ip li- 
 ncn rags in this solution, dry and burn them; the ashes 
 contaiu gold in the finest powder. Clean the copper or 
 brass intended to be gilt, rub the powder on with a 
 cork dipped in salt and water until well gilt, and after- 
 wards burnish. 
 
 Gildinij Lii/uor. — Common salt and alum, of each 1 oz., 
 ])ure nitre, 2 oz., water, 5 oz. Trinkets of gold arc 
 di|)p^d ill this piekle, which imparts a rich colour. 
 
 GildiiKj Mrtah. — Perfeetly bright nr polished iron or steel 
 
 may be written on or painted with an ethereal .solutinn 
 
 of gold, the ether flies off and leaves the g<iKl, whieh 
 
 will n'((uire burnishing. Or, heat the puli.shed metal to 
 
 10* 
 
114 GIL — GIN. 
 
 blueness, apply the gold leaf carefully, repeat the heat- 
 ing and gilding until thick enough, then cool and 
 burnish. 
 
 Gi.ldlny China and Glass. — Powdered gold is mixed with 
 borax and gum-water, and the solution applied with a 
 camel-hair pencil. Heat is then applied by a stove until 
 the borax fuses, when the gold is fixed, and afterwards 
 burnished. 
 
 Gilding silk, satin, woollen, ivory, bone, &c. — Dissolve 
 terchloride of gold, 1 part, in water, 4 parts, paint the 
 article with this solution, and expose it to the vapour 
 of hydrogen gas, when it will become brilliant with a 
 coating of gold, which will not readily tarnish. 
 
 Gilding, Water. — An amalgam of gold and mercury is 
 applied, and the mercury being volatilized by heat, 
 leaves the gold. 
 
 Gilders' Wax. — 1. Bees'-wax, 4 parts, verdigris and sul- 
 phate of copper, each 1 partj mix. 
 
 2. Instead of the sulphate, substitute 1 part each of red 
 ochre and alum. Used to give a red colour to water- 
 gilding. 
 
 There are also the voltaic and electrotype modes of gild- 
 ing, and these are used in many fine works; the pro- 
 cesses may be seen in any treatise on Elcctrotyping or 
 Electro-Metallurgy, such as Smee's, Napier's, or Wal- 
 ker's. 
 
 Ginger Beer. — See Beer. Poiodcrs for imitating ginger- 
 beer are prepared as follows : 
 
 1. Bicarbonate of soda, 80 grains, white sugar, 1 drachm, 
 powdered ginger 5 grains, mix, for each blue paper; 
 and put 25 grains of tartaric acid in each white paper. 
 — Pereira. — For use, the contents of one blue paper 
 is stirred in a tumbler of cold water, and when dissolved, 
 the contents of a Avhite paper added, and the mixture 
 taken while effervescing. 
 
 2. Sugar, 2 drachms, sesquicarbonate of soda, 2 scruples, 
 ginger, 4 grains, essence of lemon, 2 drops, mix, for 
 each blue paper; and in each white paper put 35 grains 
 of tartaric acid. — Pharm. Journal. 
 
GIN — GLA. 115 
 
 3. Sutrar, 10 oz., carbonate of soda, 624 grains, ginger, 
 l'J2 grains, mix; for 12 blue papers. For 12 white 
 papers: divide oOO grains of tartaric aeid. — Bateman. 
 
 4. Use lemonade powders, and add to the water some es- 
 sence of ginger wliile mixing. 
 
 GlN(iEKBUEAi). — A confection often used in which to ad- 
 minister purgatives to children. If required to be pur- 
 gative, sufRcient jalap must be added to allow each 
 cake 7 grains. 
 Ormskirk. — Flour, 4 lbs., sugar, 2 lbs., treacle, 2 lbs., 
 butter, 22 oz., candied lemon, 8 oz., ginger, 1 oz., and 
 1 nutmeg. jNIix the flour and powdered spices with 
 the butter, add the treacle and sugar, and divide into 
 cakes. 
 
 Glass is a well known transparent substance, used chiefly 
 to admit light and exclude cold air. The most com- 
 mon varieties are crown, or window glass, worked in 
 circular tables, with a bull-eye in the centre, and the 
 table not quite flat, and sheet glass, or flattened large 
 sheets, which are now made of such excellent quality 
 as to almost supersede the more expensive plale glass. 
 Flint glass is that used in the manufacture of bottles, 
 &c. 
 
 To clean. — Rub it with powdered rotten-stone or fuller's 
 earth and a moistened flannel, then wipe it dry. Or 
 as this leaves the powder in the corners, simply wa.sh 
 the glass with clean water, dry with a duster, and po- 
 lish with chamois leather. No better method can be 
 used. 
 
 To cut. — No means serve so well as using the glazier's 
 diamond, but in default of this try the following: — 
 Use a triangular file, and keip the edge wet with 
 water or turpentine. When the article is a tube or 
 bottle, the mark must be earried round, and the tube 
 wilPseparatc on applying a little force. Holes may be 
 drilled in glass by moistening the point of the drill 
 with turpentine, and using but little pres.sure. Tubes 
 and bottles will separate by applying a heated metal 
 ring to the part, or by tying round them a string of 
 
116 GLA — GLE. 
 
 worsted dipped in turpentine, and setting it on fire, 
 afterwards in either case dipping the heated ghass into 
 cokl water. A broken bottle may be cut straight by 
 marking with ink where it should be divided, then 
 with a hot pointed iron begin at some distance oflfj 
 when the glass cracks, carry the iron along to the mark, 
 and turn the glass round under tlie point; plunge im- 
 mediately into water and it will separate. Of these 
 methods tlie use of the file is most certain, tlie others 
 sometimes fail. 
 To powder. — Heat glass red hot, throw it into cold water, 
 dry, and powder it. It becomes more brittle by the 
 sudden cooling. Used to make glass-paper and corn- 
 rubbers, and as a filtering powder for acids. 
 
 Glass, Ground, is one of the varieties of window glass. 
 It may be imitated by dabbing plain glass on one side 
 with putty, or better still, with white lead and sugar of 
 lead ground together. 
 
 Glass, Writing on. — Use a mixture of size and lamp- 
 black as a temporary means, or for permanency the 
 shellac, or other incorrodible ink (see Ink.) To en- 
 grave or etch on glass, it is covered with etching- 
 ground, through which the design is cut down to the 
 glass. Liquid hydrofluoric acid is then poured on for 
 a transparent design, or the glass is exposed to the 
 vapour of the gas if desired to be opaque. This acid 
 rapidly corrodes the glass, and removes the parts which 
 it attacks J when these are sufficiently bitten in, the 
 acid is poured off and the glass washed. This method 
 is applied to jiashed glass, or that only coloured on 
 one side, as ruby always is; the acid eats the colour 
 and leaves a white design on the coloured gi'ound. 
 It does not remove the colour frompof metal, or glass 
 coloured throughout, but it appears lighter where the 
 acid has been applied. The ftnoric acid is very corro- 
 sive, and must not be touelied on any account with the 
 fingers, nor must the vapour be breathed. — See Hydro- 
 fluoric Acid. 
 
 Gleba. — A lump. 
 
GLU — GLY. 117 
 
 Glue is tbe evaporated solution of animal skins. Ox hides, 
 kc, are cleared from foreiuu matter and prepared for 
 boiliiiu-; they are then dissolved bj steaming- or boilinu', 
 and the clear li(juor beinc; evaporated and cooled in 
 wooden boxes, is cut with a wire, and dried on nets 
 spread to the air. The varieties are known by their 
 local names, as French, Flemish, Scotch, and Irish 
 glues. A weaker description of glue is termed size. 
 
 Glue, Portahle. — Glue, 1 lb., melt with water, add brown 
 sugar, J lb., boil till thick, and when cold divide it 
 into luoderate-sized pieces. Damped with the mouth, 
 it serves to glue papers, &c., or it will dissolve in warm 
 water. 
 
 Glue, Liquid. — A solution of shellac in naphtha, made 
 as French polish, has been vended under this title. It 
 is also called Chinese Cement. Used to piece wood, 
 glass, China, &c. 
 
 Glue, Marine. — Dissolve by heat 1 part of India-rubber 
 in naphtha, and when melted add 2 parts of shellac; 
 melt until mixed. Pour it while hot on metal plates to 
 cool; when required for use, melt and apply with a 
 brush. A strong cement for wood, which is said to 
 rend any where else rather than at the cemented part. 
 
 Glue impkryious to "Watkr. — If a coating of glue or size 
 be brushed over with a decoction of 1 part of powdered 
 nut-galls in 12 of water, reduced to 8 parts, and strained, 
 it becomes hard and solid. It makes a good coat for 
 ceilings to whitewash on, and for lining walls for paper 
 han<;ings. 
 
 Glycerine mixes with aqueous liquids, with alcoliol, and 
 with acetic acid. It is easily scented, it does not 
 evaporate, ferment, or become rancid. It is an excellent 
 cosmetic and softener of the skin. 
 
 Glycerine Balsam. — "White wax and spermaceti, of each 
 1 oz., almond oil, 8 oz., glycerine, 2 oz., otto of roses, 
 15 drops. 
 
 Glyci;rine Ointment. — Melt together spermaceti, i oz., 
 and white wax, 1 drachm; put them into a stone mortar, 
 
118 GOD — GOL. 
 
 add glycerine, 1 fluid oz., oil of almonds, 2 fluid oz., 
 and rub them together iiutil cold. Used for chapped 
 hands, &c. 
 Godfrey's Cordial. — A solution of opium and spices in 
 treacle and water. Very frequently it consists of no- 
 thing besides laudanum and treacle diluted with water, 
 but some use more ingredients. It is a vicious drug, 
 but the sale is not encouraged by conscientious drug- 
 gists. 
 
 1. Mis 6 R). of treacle with 4 J lb. of water, add tincture 
 of opium, S oz., tincture of ginger, 2 oz., oil of aniseed, 
 2 drachm, oil of sassafras, 1 drachm, rectified spirit, 12 
 oz. Strength: 20 drops in each oz., but by lessening 
 the opium, may be made to contain 5, 10, or 15 drops 
 to the oz. 
 
 2. Water, 2G pints, carbonate of potash, 2^^ oz.; dissolve, 
 add 16 pints of treacle; simmer, and remove the scum; 
 cool, and add ready mixed, i oz. of oil of sassafras, 24 
 oz., tincture of opium, and rectified spirit, 2 pints (all 
 old wine measure.) Contains 16 drops of laudanum in 
 each oz. 
 
 Gold is a soft metal of a rich yellow colour. Sp. gr. 19-2 
 to 19-5; melts at 2016° to 2518° F. It may be beaten 
 into leaves of the 200,000th of an inch thickness; a 
 single grain in leaf will perfectly cover 56 square 
 inches of surface, or 1 grain may be drawn into a wire 
 500 feet long. Neither air, water, nor pure acids afi'ect 
 it, but a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids dis- 
 solves it with case. Protosulphate of iron throws it 
 down from this solution in the state of fine powder, 
 called gold hron-:e. The equivalent of gold is 197, its 
 symbol Au (aurum.) 
 
 Gold (Artificial.) — Platinum, 16 parts, copper, 7 parts, 
 zinc, 1 part; melt under animal charcoal. 
 
 Gold, detergent. — Fresh slaked lime, 1 oz., water, 1 pint, 
 Pearlash, 2 oz., water, 1 quart. Mis the two solutions, 
 agitate occasionally, and in an hour decant and bottle 
 the clear liquor. Used to clean gilding, by washing 
 with a sponge, and afterwards rinsing with clean water. 
 
GOU. 110 
 
 Gold, factitious. — 1. Platinum, IG parts, copper, 7 parts, 
 zinc, 1 part. Cover with charcoal and melt in a crucible. 
 — If( rmstadt. 
 
 2. Platinum, 7 parts, copper, 16 parts, zinc, 1 part; as be- 
 fore. These alloys resist ordinary nitric acid, and are 
 very heavy. 
 
 Gold, fuhnhiiiting, is prepared by digestinp: the peroxide 
 or terchloride of gold in liquid ammonia, and drying 
 the powder at a low temperature. The least friction or 
 increase of heat causes it to explode violently. If boiled 
 in a ley of pearlash, or in oil of vitriol, it loses its ex- 
 plosive property, and after washing the powder, the metal 
 may be obtained pure by melting. 
 
 Gold, liquid. — Agitate ether with terchloride of gold, and 
 after repose decant the clear liquor. Used to write on 
 steel, &c. — See Gilding. The alchemists sought a so- 
 lution of gold as the aqua vita;. 
 
 Gold Powder. — See Bronze Powders, 
 
 Gold, Terchloride of. — Nitro-hydrochloric acid, 8 parts, 
 gold, 1 part; dissolve, evaporate until chlorine is disen- 
 gaged, and crystallize. Kcd crystals form very deli- 
 quescent, soluble in ether, alcohol, and water. This is 
 the most important salt of gold, and is used to form va- 
 rious other salts. 
 
 Gold Si~e (Oil.) — Grind yellow ochre or calcined red 
 ochre, to the utmost smoothness with a little boiled oil; 
 add it to boiled oil, and thin with turpentine. Used for 
 oil-gilding; improves by age. 
 
 ( Water.) — Size of parchment or isinglass mixed with 
 finely-ground yellow ochre. Used in burnished or dis- 
 tempered gilding. 
 
 Gout. — A painful disease of the limbs. Its prevalence has 
 led to the puffing of nostrums as infallible turcs, the 
 basis of almost all of which, whether pill or mixture, is 
 colchiqum. In small doses, combined with suitable pur- 
 gatives, this is considered a valuable rcnjedy, as it allevi- 
 ates the fit, but in large doses or strong preparations it 
 is considered injurious. The various gout pills and 
 specifics are generally unsuitable. 
 
120 GOW — GRB. 
 
 Gout Cordial, {Warneys.) — Rhubarb, 1 oz., senna and 
 red Sanders, of each 2 drachms, coriander and fennel 
 seeds, of each 1 drachm, saifron and liquorice, of each 
 J drachm, stoned raisins, 8 oz., proof spirit, 48 oz.; 
 macerate for 14 days, express and filter. — U. States Bis. 
 Dose: J to 1^ oz. 
 
 Gowland's Lotion, (St. Bar. Hospital.) — Blanch 3 dr. 
 of bitter almonds, beat them with 6 oz. of water, gradu- 
 ally added; strain, and add 3 grains of corrosive subli- 
 mate. Used chiefly as a cosmetic for eruptions and 
 slight sores. 
 
 Grains of Paradise. — A stimulant cattle-medicine; em- 
 ployed by fraudulent dealers to adulterate wine, beer, 
 vinegar, and spirits. — The penalty for so using them is 
 £200, and for vending them to brewers, £500. 
 
 Gramme. — About 15 grains. 
 
 Greek Fire is supposed to have been a mixture of pitch 
 nitre, and sulphur. It is said to have been used in an- 
 cient wars, and was inextinguishable by water. 
 
 Green Liquid for Tinsel. — Sesquiferrocyanuret of iron, 
 z oz., bicarbonate of potash, i oz., gum mastic, 2 oz., 
 methylic or pyroxilic spirit, q. s. Grind the powders 
 finely, mix with the spirit, and apply with a brush. 
 
 Green Ointment, Blake's. — Formed of soap, cerate, and 
 arnica montana. A very useful external application. 
 
 Gregory's Powder. — 1. Calcined magnesia, 2 J oz., pow- 
 dered Turkey rhubarb, 1 oz., powdered ginger, ^ oz.j 
 mix. — Greijory. 
 
 2. Rhubarb, 2 oz., magnesia, G oz., ginger, 1 oz. ; mix. 
 Ph. E. and D. 
 
 3. Magnesia, 10 parts, rhubarb 5, ginger, 3; mix. 
 
 The first is the original formula of i)r. Gregory, of Edin- 
 burgh, the second that of the Edinburgh and Dublin 
 • Pharmacopoeias, the third a formula commonly used in 
 the trade. It is a popular antacid, stomachic, and 
 mild purgative, useful iu colic, diarrhoea, and dyspepsia. 
 Dose: 20 to 30 grains iu water. 
 
GUI — GUT. 121 
 
 Grindstones, Artificiat,. — 1. Washed silicious sand, or 
 emery, 3 parts; sliellac, 1 part; niclt aud shape the 
 mixture. 
 2. Banhiy's. — Emery mixed with Stourbridge loam and 
 a little water, is screwed by a press into a metallic 
 mould, and after drying is tired in a furnace beyond 
 the red heat. The coarse emery requires one-half of 
 loam, the fine emery one-fourth, the jlnur emery docs 
 not require any. Said to wear exceedingly well, and 
 retain the shape given to it for a considerable time in 
 use. Used by dentists and cutlers. 
 
 Grindrod's Remedy for Spasms. — Acetate of morphia, 1 
 grain, sal volatile and sulphuric ether, of each 1 oz., 
 camphor mixture, 4 oz. Mix. One teaspoonful for a 
 dose, in wine or water. An cifectiYe remedy. 
 
 Gros. — Seventy-two grains. 
 
 Gunpowder. — An explosive compound of sulphur, nitre, 
 and charcoal. The theoretical proportion for the best 
 gunpowder is 75 parts nitre, 13-23 charcoal, and 11 -77 
 sulphur; but, practically, this proportion is little used. 
 The royal mills at Waltham Abbey use nitre 75, char- 
 coal 15, and sulphur 10 parts; while sporting powder 
 is nitre 78, charcoal 12, and sulphur 10 parts. Ditle- 
 rent proportions are used in different countries, but the 
 variations arc not great; the two examples given may be 
 considered the average. 
 
 GuTTA Percra is much u.sed in the arts. It is soluble 
 to some extent in coal-tar, naphtha or turpentine, and 
 completely so in benzole, chloroform, and bi.>ulphuret 
 of carbon. The first two solvents are used for applying 
 it to boot-soles, as a paste, the others for more exact pur- 
 poses. Medals are formed by pressing gutta percha be- 
 tween dies, after dipping it in boiling water to soften it. 
 In thc^same manner it has been used to copy printing 
 type, and the gutta percha afterwards had a copper fac- 
 simile electrotype on it. For wood aud metal cuts this 
 is an ca.-^y mode of taking copies, as the copper imitations 
 are very durable. It is very useful for taking imprcs- 
 
 11 
 
122 HAI. 
 
 sions of medals, &c., for electrotyping, and is used for 
 this purpose by amateurs. 
 Hair, the. — This ornament of the human head has received 
 its due share of attention, in the preparation of dyes, 
 pomades, and cosmetics for its especial benefit. Hair 
 dyes and depilatories have already been mentioned. 
 
 Hair Dye. — 1. Lead filings, 2 oz., hartshorn shavings, 1 
 oz., oxide of lead, 2 drachms, camphor, 1 drachm, water, 
 1 pint. Boil for 30 minutes, and pour the clear liquor 
 on diacetate of lead and rose leaves, of each 1 drachm. 
 The liquor constitutes the dye. 
 2. Liquor potassae, 1 oz.; add as much oxide of lead 
 freshly precipitated as the liquor will dissolve, and to 
 the clear solution add 3 oz. of distilled water. Does 
 not blacken the skin. 
 
 Hair Powder. — Pure wheat starch, powdered. 
 
 Violet. — Wheat starch, 6 parts, orris root powder, 1 part; 
 
 scent at pleasure. 
 Hair Poioder was formerly much used for the same purpose 
 that dyes are now resorted to, to hide gray hair. The 
 basis was starch, and the perfume according to choice. 
 It is little employed in the present day, partly from being 
 considered old-fashioned, and partly from the tax of 
 £1 3s. 6d. per year, for the liberty of dusting the hair. 
 The compounds for promoting the growth of hair depend 
 on rosemary, cantharides, and sulphate of copper, as 
 their chief ingredients; but no compound can be of ser- 
 vice unless the roots of the hair are sound, though, per- 
 haps, inactive. Washes to cleanse the hair are com- 
 posed of alkalies as the main ingredient, the chief of 
 which is the carbonate of potash, these combined with 
 the oil and scurf, forming a soapy mixture which is 
 washed out with clean water. A little carbonate of 
 potash in water is an excellent wash, and may be used 
 occasionally when the head requires cleansing; it serves 
 as well for the purpose as the perfumed and coloured 
 dispmises of it sold at a high price. The various cos- 
 metics for the hair will be found under their proper 
 heads. — See Index. 
 
HAL — HON. 123 
 
 ITalford's (Sir Henry) Aperient Pills. — Blue pill, 20 
 grains, compouud pill of colocynth, 80 grains; mix for 
 12 pills. This, or equal parts, form the common ape- 
 rient pill of the druggist. 
 
 Halford's (Sir H.) Gout Pills. — Acetic extract of col- 
 chicum, 2 '. grains, Dover's powder, li grains, compound 
 pill of colocynth, IJ grains; for one pill. One for a 
 dose. 
 
 IIannay's Lotion. — A solution of potash in water. Used 
 to prevent infection, for which purpose it is useless. 
 
 Harrogate "Waters. — Chloride of sodium, 500 grains, 
 chloride of calcium, 150 grains, chloride of magnesia, 
 90 grains, bicarbonate of soda, 250 grains, sulphate of 
 soda, 120 grains, water, 1 gallon. 
 
 Heading for Beer. — Equal parts of alum and sulphate of 
 iron ; mixed. Some, also, add 1 part of salt. Used to 
 make beer retain its froth or head. 
 
 Herb Tobacco. — Coltsfoot, thyme, betony, and rosemary; 
 mixed. Formerly used in asthma, cough, &c. 
 
 HiERA PiCRA. — Holy hitter. Aloes 4 parts, canella, 1 part; 
 powder and mix. Purgative dose, 10 to 20 grains. 
 
 HoLLOWAv's Ointment. — Butter, 12 oz., bees' -wax, 4 oz., 
 yellow resin, .3 oz. Melt; add vinegar of cantharides, 
 1 oz., evaporate, and add Canada balsam, 1 oz., oil of 
 mace, J drachm, and balsam of Peru, 15 drops. 
 
 Holloway's Pills. — Aloes, 4 parts, myrrh, jalap, and 
 ginger, of each 2 parts, and mucilage to mix. 
 
 IIoNEY. — The sweet substance procured by the bee, and 
 stored in its hive. Yirijin lionci/ is tliat which flows 
 naturally from the comb, whereas ordinary hnnc}' is 
 forc<id out by heat and pressure. Narhonne honey is 
 very fine-flavoured, from the beautiful flowers of the 
 neighbourhood; from this quality, honey descends to 
 that of Trebi.sond, in Asia, which is narcotic 'ah^ poison- 
 ous, being secreted, doubtless, from poisonous plants. 
 Honey is used to make syrups, gargles, pill-nia.«scs, and 
 mixtures, but cluiilicd honey is alone used medicinally. 
 
124 HON. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — If wlien dissolved in water by 
 a heat of 170°, and cooled again, it be mixed with io- 
 dide of potassium, and dilute nitric acid, it exhibits no 
 blue colour. 
 
 Honey, Clarified, L. — Melt the honey by a water-bath, 
 and strain it while hot throu2:h flannel. Some add water 
 to the honey, and after melting, skimming, and strain- 
 ing, it is evaporated to its former consistence. In either 
 case it is purified, and known as despumatcd honey. 
 The Dublin directions are to be preferred, as not tending 
 to thin the honey, accidentally or fraudulently. 
 
 Honey op Borax, L. — Powdered borax, 1 drachm, clari- 
 fied honey, 1 oz. ; mix. Detergent, and cooling in erup- 
 tions of the tongue or mouth, as the thrush of children 
 or mercurial sores. 
 
 Honey of Roses, L. — Dried red-rose petals, 4 oz., boil- 
 ing water, 24 oz., honey, 5 lb. Divide the petals, macerate 
 them in 16 oz. of water for two hours, press them gently 
 with the hand, and strain. Macerate again with the 
 rest of the water, and pour off the liquid; add to this 
 half the first infusion, mix the honey in, and evaporate 
 by a water-bath, adding the remaining liquor until of a 
 proper consistence. Used chiefly as an agreeable ad- 
 dition to gargles. The vessel should be earthenware 
 for the preparation of honey. 
 
 Honey Soap. — To 1 lb. of soap, add by gradual trituration 
 
 1 oz. of honey, and a little scent. Used as a cosmetic. 
 So-called honey soaps often contain no honey at all. 
 
 Honey Water. — 1. Grain musk, IG grains, oils of lavender 
 and cloves, of each, 2 oz., essence of bergamotte, 2 oz., 
 rose and orange waters, of each, 2 pints, rectified spirit, 
 8 pints, and a little saft'ron to colour. — Batcman. 
 
 2. Essence of musk, 2>} oz., oil of santal, 20 drops, oil of 
 cloves, 5 drops, oil of lavender, 5 drops, essence of ber- 
 gamotte, 2^ oz., rose and orange-flower waters, of each, 
 
 2 pints, rectified spirit, 8 pints ; mix and filter. 
 
 3. Honey, 3 oz., essence of bergamotte, J oz., essence of 
 lemon, 1 oz., oil of cloves, 12 drops, musk, 12 grains, 
 
noR — HUN. 125 
 
 ambergris, G grains, rectified spirit, 8 pints, orange- 
 flower and rose waters, of each, 2 pints; macerate four- 
 teen days and filter. 
 4. Spirit of roses, 4 pints, spirit of jasmine and rectified 
 spirit, of each 2 pints, essence of Portugal, 1 oz., essence 
 of vanilla, and musk, of each 4 oz., benzoin, IJ drachm, 
 orange-flower water, 2 pints; mix. 
 
 IIoREiiouND. — A bitter pectoral herb, used mostly in syrup 
 or candy. The syrup is made by adding 1 tb. of good 
 lump-sugar to each pint of a strong infusion; the candy, 
 with 10 lb. of lump-sugar to each pint, and boiling until 
 it will candy on cooling. Used in coughs and colds. 
 
 IIuiLE Antique. — A name by which haii--oil sometimes 
 sells better. When coloured or scented it goes under 
 various other names, in addition, according to the pre- 
 paration. The huile antique is always almond or olive 
 oil. 
 Huile antique a la rose, is oil scented with otto of rose. 
 Huile antique a la Jieur d' orange, is scented with neroli. 
 Huile antique a la violette, is oil digested on orris root 
 
 until scented 
 Huile antique aux mille/leurs, is scented with a few mixed 
 
 oils. 
 Huile antique verfe. — Olive oil, 1 lb., guaiacum, 1 dr.; 
 
 dissolve, and scent. — Gray. 
 Huile antique rouge d la rose. — Oil coloured with alkanet, 
 and scouted with otto of rose. 
 
 These oils, neatly bottled and labelled, suit those 
 purchasers who admire lard when ticketed bears' 
 grease. 
 
 IIuNdAUY Water. — Spirit of rosemarj/. Rosemary top.s, 
 3 lbs., lavender flowers, 2 oz., rectified spirit, 1 gallun, 
 water, 1 (juart; digest and distil one gallon. Used as 
 a costuetic, and also internally as a stimulant. 
 
 IIuNQAUY Water. — Oil of rosemary, 2 oz., of balm and of 
 lemon peel, of each 1 oz., of mint, 30 drops, essence of 
 orange flowers and essence of roses, of each 1 pint, al- 
 cohol, 1 gallon. 
 
 11* 
 
12G HUX — HYD. 
 
 Huxham's Tincture of Bark. — Made as the compound 
 tincture of bark, P. L., but with brandy instead of 
 proof spirit. 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid. — Produced by distilling diluted sul- 
 phuric acid and salt; acid 98 parts to salt 60 parts. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — '* Colourless, sp. gr. 1-16. Ex- 
 posed to air it emits white acrid fumes, and is totally 
 dissipated by heat. Diluted with water, no precipitate 
 is found on the addition of chloride of barium, or am- 
 monia or sesquicarbonate of ammonia. It does not act 
 on gold leaf, even if boiled in it; nor does it throw down 
 anything if protochloride of tin be afterwards added. 
 It does not decolorize a solution of sulphate of indigo. 
 100 grains of this acid are neutralized by 132 grains of 
 crystallized carbonate of soda." The acid of commerce 
 has a yellow tinge from holding iron in solution, but 
 this is unimportant for medical uses. If it contains 
 chlorine it will bleach a solution of indigo, and dissolve 
 a little gold leaf, which would cause a precipitate with 
 protochloride of tin. If mixed with sulphuric acid, it 
 will precipitate with chloride of barium. The little iron 
 contained in ordinary acid is thrown down by satura- 
 ting it with ammonia. Used in medicine and the arts. 
 Tonic, refrigerant in small doses diluted with water, 
 given as a febrifuge in fever, and employed in gargles. 
 Dose, 3 to 6 drops diluted, but generally the dilute acid 
 is prescribed. 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid, (Diluted,) L. — Hydrochloric acid, 
 5 oz., distilled water, 15 oz.j mix. Sp. gr. 1-043 ; one 
 ounce is satnrated by 108 grains of the crystals of car- 
 bonate of soda. Dose, 15 to 25 drops. 
 IIi/dr(jcJdorlc Acid Gas. — Obtained by heating strong hy- 
 drochloric acid, or equal weights of salt and sulphuric 
 acid. It may be collected over mercury. 
 
 Hydroeluoric Acid. — Prepared by distilling concentrated 
 sulphuric acid with half its weight of fluor spar. The 
 acid is a colourless fluid, which evaporates in dense 
 white fumes on exposure to air. It unites violently 
 with water, for which it has a greater affinity than sul- 
 
II YD. 127 
 
 pluiTic acid ; it nets rapidly on glass, and must be pre- 
 servi'd in leaden vessels. On the flesh it causes deep 
 nialiunant ulcers, destroying the skin instantly, and 
 must therefore never he touched. It is used to etch 
 on glass. When glass is prepared with a design the 
 acid may be poured on it, or powdered fluor spar may 
 be sprinkled on, aud sulphuric acid added to liberate 
 the fluoric acid. In etching by vapour the design is 
 made as usual, and a piece of sheet lead is bent to form 
 a basin of the requisite size. Fluor spar and sulphuric 
 acid are mixed in the basin to a paste, the glass is placed 
 over with the design downwards, aud heat is gently ap- 
 plied to disengage the gas, which iu a few minutes bites 
 in the lines. The glass is then cleaned with warm oil 
 of turpentine. The vapour is very injurious, aud must 
 not be breathed. See Glass, writing on. 
 
 IIydrooen. — A gaseous element, and the lightest substance 
 kiiiiwn. It is almost always obtained as follows : In a 
 bottle or retort place some iron or zinc filings, and pour 
 on a mixture of 1 part of oil of vitriol to 5 of water, pre- 
 viously mixed and cooled; the gas is immediately given 
 ott", and may be collected in a receiver. To obtain it 
 quite pure the zinc should be pure, and the gas first 
 passed through a solution of potassa, and afterwards 
 through a solution of nitrate of silver. Dumas considers 
 hydrogen a metal. 
 
 Pure hydrogen is colourless, inodorous, and tasteless; it 
 burns witli a pale yellowish flame, and produces water 
 by combining wilh the oxygen of the atmosphere. If 
 mixed with oxygen or air it explodes inst(Vid of burning. 
 1 part of oxygen, with .5 or of air, or 2 of hydrogen to 
 1 oxygen, are the most violent; but with proper precau- 
 tions the last mixture may be quietl\' burned, and ap- 
 plie^l to chemical science. 100 cubic inches of hydro- 
 gen weigh 2-14 grains : its sp. gr. is 0-001)4. A jet of this 
 gas jilaying on spongy platinum renders it red-hot im- 
 mediately, and is itself kindled. Hydrogen cannot long 
 be kept in a bladder, Indian-rubber bag, or ga.somctcr; 
 its lightucs.s causes a portion to escape, and the remainder 
 
128 HYD — IND. 
 
 becomes explosive from mixing with air. It was formerly 
 used to inflate balloons, but coal-gas is now preferred, 
 liaviug practical advantages in use. 
 
 Hydrogen, Carhuretted. — It naturally arises from tbe mud 
 of stagnant pools, if disturbed. Artificially produced 
 by mixing crystallized acetate of soda and solid hydrate 
 of potassa, of each 40 parts, with 60 parts of powdered 
 quicklime, heating the mixture in a flask, and receiving 
 the gas over water. — Dumas. 
 
 Colourless, nearly inodorous, does not affect vegetable 
 colours; is not poisonous. Sp. gr. 0-559, 100 cubic iuchcs 
 weigh 17 "41 grains. 
 
 Hydrolatum. — Distilled waters. 
 
 Imperial. — The name- of a beverage. Cream of tartar, I to 
 1 oz., orange or lemon peel, 3 oz., boiling water, 3 pints, 
 sugar to taste; digest and pour off the clear liquor when 
 cold. Refrigerant in fever, and refreshing in hot wea- 
 ther. 
 
 2. White sugar, 2 lbs., cream of tartar, 3 oz., ginger, 2 
 oz., water, 3 gallons; boil, add 2 sliced lemons, and 
 when lukewarm add yeast, 4 oz., work for two or three 
 days, and bottle. 
 
 Impressions (to take) of Medals, Casts, &c. — Make a 
 composition of mutton suet, 7 parts, white was, 7 parts, 
 and spermaceti, 32 parts. Melt the whole, and pour it 
 on the cast warmed. On cooling, the impression is 
 found to be perfect, and may be electrotyped. 
 
 Incense. — A perfumed composition for burning, made of 
 benzoin, 1 oz., and olibanum, 2 oz. See Pastills. 
 
 India Pickle. — Vinegar boiled with spice and salt to taste. 
 In this liquor is thrown vegetables which would spoil 
 if not used, yet not wanted immediately, such as 
 onions, cauliflowers, cucumbers, brocoli, &c. The 
 vegetables are soaked with hot brine, and then 
 pickled. 
 
 India-rubber. — See Caoutchouc. The best solvents are 
 caoutchoucine, bisulphuret of carbon, and chloroform. 
 
IXD. 129 
 
 India-rubber Blaokino. — Bryant tf- James's. 1. Paste. 
 Ivory black, 20 lb., treacle, 15 lb., vinegar and oil of 
 vitriol, of each, 4 lb., India-rubber oil, 8 lb; mix. 
 2. Liijuid. — Ivory black, GU lb., treacle, 45 lb., dissolved 
 gum, 1 lb., vinegar, 20 gallons, oil of vitriol, 24 lb., 
 Jndia-rubber oil, i) lb; mix. The India-rubber oil i.s 
 made by digesting 18 oz. caoutchouc iu 9 lb. of rape- 
 oil, by heat. 
 
 Incorrosive Alloy. — By preparing an alloy of 97 parts 
 lead to 3 parts tin, a metal is produced upon which the 
 action of pure water is very much decreased; and by 
 using an alloy of 95 parts lead to 5 parts tin, we have 
 a metal on which the action of pure water is scarcely 
 perceptible. 
 
 Incorrosive Ink for Steel Pens. — Boil I5 oz. of well- 
 picked logwood in little more than a quart of water, 
 down to a quart; let it cool; then add 17 or 18 grains 
 of chroniate of potash, and stir it briskly. The ink is 
 then ready for use. This ink has been a desideratum 
 ever since the introduction of the steel pen. The 
 world is indebted to Prof. Kunge, a German chemist, 
 for the discovery. The new ink resists the action of 
 all ordinary destructive agents better than the old ink. 
 It may be washed, after use, Avith a wet sponge, or 
 steeped for twenty-four hours in water, or even tested 
 with dilute acids, and yet preserve its original black- 
 ness. As it contains neither gum nor acid, and is a 
 perfect liquid, it neither thickens, deposits a sediment, 
 nor corrodes the steel of the pen. A quart of it may 
 be made for twopence. 
 
 iNDKiESTlox, Kemfhies FOR. — 1. IIutchinso7i's. — Quick- 
 lime, J oz., slaked with a little water, add water, 1} 
 pint, bruised cinchona bark, 1 oz. ; cover and macerate 
 for 3_^hours, occasionally stirring them; decant the clear 
 liquor, and add to it, tincture of bark, 2 oz., nitric 
 other, 3 drachms, syrup of orange-pec-1, 1 oz. ; mix and 
 keep closely corked. I)ose: 1 wine-gla.ssful 2 or 3 times 
 a-day, with an occasional saline aperient. 
 2. liabinijtotis. — lufu.sion of caluniba, G oz., carbonate of 
 
130 IND. 
 
 potass, 1 drachm, compound tincture of gentian, 3 
 drachms; mix. Dose, 2 or 3 table-spoonfuls daily, 1 
 hour before dinner. 
 3. Graham's. — Decoction of bark, 3 oz., compound in- 
 fusion of gentian, 1 oz., tincture of cascarilla, 2 drachms, 
 liquor potassae, 1 drachm; mix. Dose: 2 table-spoon- 
 fuls twice a day. 
 
 Indestructible Labels for Bottles. — Coat the label 
 with white of egg, and steam it until it becomes opaque, 
 then dry it in an oven at 212°. The albumen becomes 
 hard and transparent; and is unaffected by oils or 
 acids. 
 
 Indigo. — A blue vegetable substance used in dyeing, and 
 as a test. In its commercial state it contains a large 
 mass of impure matter, but may be purified in various 
 ways, the best of which is Mr. Taylor's process. Mix 
 1 part of indigo with 2 parts of plaster-of-paris, make 
 a paste with water, and spread it ^ inch thick on an 
 iron plate. "When dry, heat the plate underneath ; the 
 surface of the mass becomes covered with crystals of 
 pure indigo, which may be removed with a spatula. 
 Chlorine does not act on indigo in the dry state, even 
 at the temperature of 212°, but on contact with water 
 the blue colour is instantly destroyed, and cannot be 
 restored. 
 
 Indigo, Sulpliate of. — Indigo, 1 lb., concentrated sul- 
 phuric acid, 4 J lb. Add the powdered indigo by de- 
 grees to the acid, stirring well to mix thoroughly, and 
 let the mixture stand 48 hours. It may be diluted 
 with water, or neutralized with carbonate of potash as 
 required. 
 
 Indigo Test-Paper. — Dip paper in the solution of indigo, 
 rinse it in a weak alkaline solution, then in clean water, 
 and let it dry. 
 
 Indigo, Solution of. — Boil for half an hour 10 grains of 
 powdered indigo in 22 oz. of solution of carbonate of 
 soda or caustic soda, then add 8 grains of muriate of 
 tin, when a yellow solution of indigo will result. 
 
INF. 131 
 
 Infusions arc solutions of vegetable matter in water, dif- 
 ferii)g from decoctions in not being boiled. They are 
 most of tlicm best prepared in cold water, but the Col- 
 lege directs hot water to be used in each case. They 
 must only be prepared when wanted, as they soon spoil. 
 "While macerating, they should be lightly covered. 
 
 Infusion of Yellow Bark, L. — Bruised yellow bark, 1 
 oz., boiling distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 2 
 hours, and strain. Dose : 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Infusion of Yellow Bark, (^Concentrated,') L. — Coarsely 
 powdered yellow bark, 8 lbs., distilled water, (3 pints, 
 rectified spirit, a sufficient quantity. Macerate the 
 bark as directed for extract of bark, evaporate the 
 mixed infusions to one-fourth, and when the dregs have 
 subsided, pour off the clear, and strain the rest. Mix 
 and evaporate again until the sp. gr. is 1-200, and when 
 cold, add o drachms of spirit to each oz. Finally, let 
 it stand for 20 days, to clear. Two oz. of this require 
 G oz. water to reduce it to the strength of the weaker 
 infusion. 
 
 Infusion of Pale Bark, L. — Prepared as infusion of 
 yellow bark. 
 
 Infusion of Bale Bark, (Concentrated,) L. — Prepared as 
 concentrated infusion of yellow bark. 
 
 Infusion of Buchu, L. — Buchu, 1 oz., boiling distilled 
 water, 1 pint. Macerate for 4 liours in a lightly-closed 
 vessel, and strain. Used in affections of the bladder 
 or urinary organs. Dose : 1 to 2 oz., generally com- 
 bined with alkalies, as liijuor potassaj, &c. 
 
 Infusion of Calumha, L. — Sliced calumba, 5 drachms, 
 boiling distilled water, 1 pint. iNIacerate for 2 hours, 
 and strain. Bitter tonic, aromatic. Dose: 1 to 1} oz. 
 Used in dyspeptic cases — in vomiting, fever, diarrhoea, 
 and dysentery. 
 
 Infusion of Cnsrarilla, L. — Bruised cascarilla, l.i oz., 
 boiling distillfd water, 1 pint. Macerate fur 2 liours, 
 and strain. Tonic, febrifuge. Uses similar to those of 
 calumba. Dose: 1 to 1 J oz. 
 
 Infusion of Catechu, {Cojn]>ound,) L. — Cateihu pow- 
 dered, G drachms, bruised ciuuamuii, 1 drachm, boiling 
 
132 INF. 
 
 distilled waters 1 pint. Macerate for an hour, aud 
 strain. Astringent, aromatic. Dose: 1 to 2 oz. three 
 times a day in diarrhoea. May be combined with opium 
 or chalk, if necessary. 
 
 Infusion of Chamomile, L. — Chamomile, 5 drachms, 
 boiling distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 10 mi- 
 nutes, aud strain. Stomachic, emetic. Dose: 2 to 6 
 oz. As an emetic, 8 to 20 oz. Externally used to 
 bathe painful joints, and relieve toothache. 
 
 Infusion of Chiretta. — Chiretta, 3 drachms, cold water, 
 1 pint. 
 
 Infusion of Cloves, L. — Bruised cloves, 3 drachms, boil- 
 ing distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 2 hours, and 
 strain. Aromatic, stimulant. Used in flatulence, or 
 sickness. Dose: 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Infusion of Cusparia, L. — Bruised cusparia, 5 drachms, 
 boiling distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 2 hours, 
 and strain. Aromatic, tonic. Used as a tonic in dys- 
 pepsia, and in fever. Dose : 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Infusion of Foxglove, L. — Foxglove-leaves dried, 1 dr., 
 spirit of cinnamon, 1 oz., boiling distilled water, 1 pint. 
 Macerate the foxglove in the water for 4 hours, strain, 
 and add the spirit. Sedative, diuretic. Used in dropsy, 
 and diseases of the heart. Dose: 2 to 8 drachms. 
 
 Infusion of Gentian, (^Compound,') L. — Gentian sliced, 
 and dried orange-peel, of each 2 drachms, lemon-peel, 
 4 drachms, boiling distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate 
 for an hour, and strain. Bitter tonic. Used in dys- 
 pepsia. Dose, 1 to 2 oz., three times a day. 
 
 Infusion of Hops, L. — Hops, 6 drachms, boiling distilled 
 water, 1 pint. Macerate for 4 hours, aud strain. To- 
 nic, stomachic. Dose: 1 to l^ oz. 
 
 Infusion of Ilorsc-radish, (^Cojnpound,) L. — Sliced horse- 
 radish, and bruised mustard, of each 1 oz., compound 
 spirit of horse-radish, 1 oz., boiling distilled water, 1 
 pint. Macerate the horse-radish aud the mustard in 
 the water for two hours, strain, and add the spirit. 
 
 Infusion of Linseed, (Compoimd,) L. — Bruised linseed, 
 6 drachms, fresh sliced liquorice, 2 drachms, boiling 
 distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 4 hours, and 
 
INF. 133 
 
 strain. Demulcent, nmcilagiuous, nutritious. Em- 
 ployed to allay irritation in touch, gonorrha*a, &c. It 
 is often combined with lii|Uorice, lemon-juice, and 
 sugar-candy. Dose : at pleasure. 
 Infusion of Oran<je, (^Compound,') L. — Dried orange-peel, 
 ^ oz., lemon-peel, 2 drachms, bruised cloves, 1 drachm, 
 boiling distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 15 mi- 
 nutes, and strain. Stomachic. Used chiefly as a vehicle 
 for bitter tinctures, salines, or ammonia. Dose: 1 to 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 Infusion of Quassia, L. — Quassia sliced, 2 scruples, boil- 
 ing distilled water, 1 pint. 3Iaccratc for 2 hours, and 
 strain. Bitter tonic, stomachic. Used in dyspepsia. 
 Dose: 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Infusion of Rhatany, L. — Rhatany, 1 oz., boiling dis- 
 tilled water, 1 pint. Macerate fur 4 hours, aud strain. 
 Astringent. Dose : 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Infusion of Rhuharh, L. — Sliced rhubarb, 3 drachms, 
 boiling distilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 2 hours, 
 and strain. Stomachic, tonic, purgative. Dose: 1 to 
 
 3 oz., repeated if necessary. 
 
 Infusion of Rose, (^Compound,) L. — Red rose petals 
 dried, 3 drachms, diluted sulphuric acid, 1^ drachms, 
 sugar, 6 drachms, boiling distilled water, 1 pint. Di- 
 vide the petals, pour the water on them in a glass or 
 porcelain vessel, then add the acid. Macerate for G 
 hours, strain, and add the sugar. Astringent, refrige- 
 rant. Used in fever, sore-throat, diarrhrea, aud to check 
 profuse sweating. Dose: 1 to 2 oz., or more. 
 
 Infusion of Senna, (^Compound,') L. — Senna, 15 dr., 
 sliced ginger, 4 scruples, boiling distilled water, 1 pint. 
 3Iacerate fur an hour, and strain. Cooling, purgative, 
 often combined with sulphate of magnesia. Dose : 2 
 to 4 oz., repeated as rcciuired. Au infusion of senna 
 made in cold water does not gripe so much as that pre- 
 pared by heat. 
 
 Infusion of Senna. — The addition of 1 grain of nitrate 
 of potash to each fluid ounce of infusion of senna will 
 preserve it unchanged for a considerable period. 
 
 Infusion of S^rpentarij, L. — Scrpentary, J oz., distilled 
 12 
 
134 INK. 
 
 water, 1 pint. Macerate for 4 hours, and strain. Stimu- 
 lant, tonic. Used in low fevers. Dose: 1 to IJ oz., 
 often repeated. 
 Infusion of Valerian, L. — Valerian, \ oz., boiling dis- 
 tilled water, 1 pint. Macerate for 30 minutes, and 
 strain. Tonic, anti-spasmodic. Dose: 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Ink, Black. — In many cases the ingredients are ordered to 
 be boiled, but they are best made by cold maceration. 
 Logwood darkens ink, but it leaves a scum on the sur- 
 face, and clogs the pen used. 
 
 1. Lewis's. — Bruised galls, 3 lbs., gum and copperas, of 
 each 1 lb., vinegar, 1 gallon, water 2 gallons; mace- 
 rate, with frequent shaking, for 14 days. Product 3 
 gallons. 
 
 2. Wollaston^s. — Galls, 1 oz., gum, ^ oz., cloves, j dr., 
 coppei'as, 2 oz., water, 8 oz.; digest. 
 
 3. RibaucourCs. — Galls, 1 lb., logwood, J lb., gum, 6 
 oz., copperas, 8 oz., blue vitriol and sugar, of each 1 
 oz. Boil the galls and logwood in 20 pints of water 
 down to 10 pints — strain; dissolve the other ingredi- 
 ents, and bottle. 
 
 4. Branch's. — Galls, 6 oz., water, 6 pints; boil, and add 
 4 oz. each of gum and copperas; bottle, and add to 
 each pint, 1 grain of bi-chloride of mercury, or 4 drops 
 of creosote. 
 
 5. Ure's. — Galls, 12 lbs., gum, 5 lbs., copperas, 5 lbs., 
 rain-water, 12 gallons. Boil the galls in 9 gallons of 
 water for 3 hours, adding water as it evaporates. Pour 
 off the clear, add the strained solution of gum, dissolve 
 the copperas separately; and mix the whole. To make 
 12 gallons. 
 
 6. Broome's. — Galls, 10 lbs., logwood, 4 lbs., copperas, 
 4 lbs., brown sugar, 1 lb., water, 13 J gallons, gum, 4 
 lbs. Boil the galls, logwood, and gum separately, mix 
 the liquors, add the copperas; and make up 13 J gal- 
 lons. 
 
 7. Prerogative Court Inlc. — Galls, 1 lb., gum, 6 oz., 
 alum, 2 oz., copperas, 7 oz., kino, 3 oz., logwood, 4 
 oz., water, 8 lbs. — Gray. Used to write on parch- 
 ment. 
 
INK. 135 
 
 8. Patent or Asiatic. — Galls and logwood, of each 2 lbs., 
 copperas, 1 lb., gum, 8 oz., pomegranate bark, 4 oz., 
 water, 1 gallon; macerate 14 days, with frequent agi- 
 tation — this quantity of ingredients to so little water 
 would form a mud. It is an error to suppose that by 
 lessening the amount of liquid (beyond a certain ex- 
 tent) the strength of the ink is increased; it is often 
 the reverse. 
 
 9. Grails, 1 lb., copperas, 8 oz., gum, 4 oz., sugar-candy, 
 4 oz., water, 3 quarts; digest until full-coloured, strain, 
 and bottle. 
 
 Blue Black. — Bruised galls, 1 lb., water, 6 quarts; steep 
 for ten days, add iron filings, 1 oz., sulphuric acid, 1 
 oz., copperas, 3 oz. ; stir frequently, and in a few days 
 strain the liquor. Powder 1 oz. of indigo very finely, 
 dry it by a strong heat, and stir it into 4 oz. of the 
 strongest sulphuric acid; reduce the product by heat 
 to the consistence of syrup. After twenty-four hours 
 add 1 pint of water, and mix with the ink. The free 
 acid must now be neutralized with chalk or whiting. A 
 little of this ink, properly prepared, should colour a 
 pint of clear water throughout immediately. 
 
 Ink, Copying. — A description of black ink, used for 
 taking impressions or copies of recently-written letters 
 and invoices. Mr. Brande directs 1 oz. of brown sugar 
 to be added to his writing-ink, No. 4, for the purpose 
 of copying. Another form is, water, 13 drachms, gum, 
 ^ oz., liquorice, 20 grains — dissolve; add 1 drachm of 
 lamp-black, ground with a tea-spoonful of sherry wine. 
 If the black be greasy, it should first be heated to 
 redness in a crucible; this appears more like a jest than 
 a recipe. Trouble and expense, together with a mix- 
 ture which will not copy, might be saved by purchasing 
 a bottle which would copy. Ink to which sugar or 
 sugar-candy is added, does copy, but if the saccharine 
 proportion is large, it will impress when not required to 
 do so, as in folding a letter or closing a book. The 
 perfection of this description of ink is, that it shall 
 soon dry, so as to be used instead of other ink, yet be 
 
136 INK. 
 
 capable of giving a perfect copy ■witliia a few hours 
 after beiug written. The process is as follows: thin 
 tissue-paper, loose or bound, is wetted with a flat brush 
 and water, the letter is placed on one side, and a piece 
 of oiled paper on the other, so as to prevent the ink 
 coming through more than one leaf; pressure is then 
 applied by a copying machine, and the book, on being 
 opened, displays a faint but perfect copy, which dries 
 black. As this method will not serve where the 
 press would have to be carried, an ink is also manufac- 
 tured for copying by merely j)assing the hand over the 
 damp paper covering the original writing. 
 
 Copying. — 3Iyrobalans, bruised, 48 lbs., vinegar, 4 gal- 
 lons, water, 56 gallons; steep for one month, then add 
 copperas, 22 lbs., gum, 14 lbs., ox-gall, 1 quart, 
 whiting, 1 oz., and strain. 
 
 Inl; JHorticuUural. — Copper, 1 part, dissolve in nitric 
 acid, 10 parts, and add water, 10 parts. Used to write 
 on zinc or tin labels. 
 
 Inh, Writing. — Bruise 28 lbs. of galls and 42 lbs. of 
 myrobalans; steep them in 60 gallons of water for a 
 month. Strain, and add 10 lbs. of gum, and 14 to 20 
 lbs. of cop2:>eras. Product, 60 gallons. 
 
 Ink, Japan. — Instead of preparing the ink with plain 
 copperas, it is first ordered to be calcined to whiteness 
 or sprinkled with nitric acid. More gum and some 
 sugar are added, to increase the glossiness. 
 
 Inks, Permanent. — Many attempts have been made to 
 improve the manufacture of the writing-inks at present 
 used, but the subject offers much greater difficulties 
 than might appear to an uninterested person. The 
 diluted acids, chlorine, and the alkalies, present an 
 easy means of removing ordinary ink from the surface 
 of paper. Some able chemists have investigated the 
 subject of improvement — and left it where they found 
 it, as far as usefulness was concerned. Dr. Ure states 
 that vanadate of ammonia, mixed with solution of 
 galls, forms the best writing-ink hitherto known, as it 
 is perfectly black, and resists all reagents which do not 
 at the same time destroy the paper. The price of 
 
INK. 137 
 
 vanadate of ammonia is from Is. to Is. Gd. per grain, 
 whereas I have seen yood commercial ink sold at Is. to 
 Is. Gd. per gallon. A gluten ink, recently recom- 
 mended, and highly praised, was tried at the Bank of 
 Scotland, but soon abandoned as unsuitable. The inks 
 recommended by Mr. Coathupe, and others, as perma- 
 nent writing fluids, are thus prepared: — 
 
 1. Ink, Shell-Lac. — Boil 1 oz. of borax, in 18 oz. of 
 water; add 2 oz. shell-lac, and when a solution is formed, 
 cool, and filter. Add 1 oz. of mucilage, and a mixture 
 of indigo, with lamp-black to colour it; let the dregs 
 subside, then decant the clear for use. — Coathupe. 
 
 2. Ink, Carbon. — Mix good Indian-ink with common 
 writing-ink. A useful ink for ticket and shop-window 
 labels. 
 
 3. Bracannot' s. — Dantzig potash, 20 parts, leather clip- 
 pings, 10 parts, sulphui", 5 parts; boil with water to 
 dryness, then melt by heat; add water to dissolve, and 
 filter for use. 
 
 The deficiency in these inks is the want of flow, combined 
 with the extra trouble and expense of manufactui-ing. 
 They are very rarely used as ordinary business inks. 
 
 All the usual inks are formed of galls and iron, with other 
 ingredients to assist the effect, and lessen the expense. 
 The copperas should generally be J of the weight of 
 the galls, but good galls will bear a larger quantity; 
 gum a.ssists in keeping the ingredients suspended, and 
 in preserving the writing from the action of the air; 
 sugar-candy or pomegranate peel adds to the gloss; 
 cloves and creosote prevent mouldiness. Vinegar and 
 blue vitriol corrode steel pens, and are not suitable for 
 ingredients in ink. Tlie best Ink should be incorrosive, 
 easy-flowing, and permanent; it will therefore contain 
 few ingredients, but those few the best for the pur- 
 pose. V 
 
 Packer 8 Ink, for bales and trusses, is merely the dregs 
 from which writing ink is strained. 
 
 Inks, (.'otoured. — Blue. — 1. A solution of sulphate of in- 
 digo, neutralized with potash or soda. 
 
 2. Prussian or Chinese blue, parta, oxalic acid, 1 part; 
 12* 
 
138 INK. 
 
 triturate to extreme fineness with a little water; add a 
 little mucilage, and dilute with water. 
 
 3. Triturate tu a paste, Chinese blue, 1 part, with strong 
 hydrochloric acid, 2 parts; and after oO hours digest- 
 ing, dilute with water. 
 
 4. Read's. — A precipitate of iodide of iron, with ferro- 
 prussiate of potash. 
 
 5. Dissolve in water, proto-sulphate of iron, 1 part, then 
 dissolve ferro-cyanide of potassium, 2 parts, in water. 
 Pour the cold solution of iron into the other solution, 
 so long as a precipitate falls; wash the precipitate on 
 the filter with pure water, until it begins to drop blue, 
 when it may be dried or dissolved in distilled water. 
 This is the soluble Prussian blue. 
 
 6. Perchloride of iron, 1 part (or any other persalt of iron,) 
 ferro-cyanide of potassium, 2 parts; proceed as last. 
 This is the soluble ferro-cyanide of potassium and iron. 
 
 Green. — 1. Verdigris, dissolved in vinegar. 
 
 2. Cream of tartar, 2 drachms, verdigris, J oz., water, 5 
 oz.; boil, and filter. 
 
 3. Dissolve sap-green in water, and add some alum. 
 
 4. Add gamboge to blue ink. 
 
 Red. — 1. Brazil wood, 4 oz., vinegar, 1 pint; macerate 3 
 days, boil, add 2 oz. of alum, and strain. 
 
 2. White vinegar, 20 gallons; heat over a clear fire, and 
 when just about to boil, add 21 lbs. of Brazil wood; let 
 it simmer, and add 11 2 lbs. of alum. Simmer gently 
 until the alum is dissolved, then strain through clean 
 flannel. Add sufficient of the following solution to pro- 
 duce the desired shade : — cochineal and carbonate of 
 potash, each 2 oz., boiling water, 2 quarts; mix, and 
 add alum, 1 oz., cream of tartar, 4 oz. 
 
 3. Carmine, 12 grains, or lake, '^0 grains, solution of am- 
 monia, 3 oz. ; dissolve, and add 1 scruple of gum. 
 
 Yellow. — 1. Add a little alum to a solution of gamboge. 
 2. Boil for 1 hour 8 oz. of French berries, and 1 oz. of 
 
 alum, in 1 quart of water; strain, and add 1 oz. of 
 
 gum. 
 Violet. — Add gum and alum to a decoction of logwood. 
 Purple. — Add muriate of tin to a decoction of logwood. 
 
INK. 139 
 
 Brown. — Dissolve by heat, J oz. of catechu, in 8 oz. of 
 water, add to it a solution of bichromate of potash, 1 
 drachm, in IJ oz. of water, until the required shade is 
 produced; then strain. 
 
 Ink, Label. — For bottles, &c. 1. Copal, 1 part, oil of la- 
 vender, 8 parts; dissolve by heat, and add lamp-black, 
 or vermilion, to colour. 
 
 2. Asphaltum, 1 part, oil of turpentine, 4 parts; dissolved, 
 and add lamp-black or printers' ink, to colour. 
 
 3. Flake white, ground with copal varnish. For dark or 
 black bottles. 
 
 These inks are intended to label bottles, containing acids 
 or alkalies, which would destroy most fluids. Where 
 it is convenient, the glass may have the name etched on 
 it by hydrofluoric acid. 
 
 The fullowing are of another kind, being used for metal 
 labels, such as the zinc plates used in gardens. 
 
 Zinc Labels. — 1. Verdigris and sal ammoniac, of each 1 
 drachm, lamp-black, J drachm; powder, and mix in 
 water, 10 drachms. 
 
 2. Dissolve 5 grains of chloride of platinum in 1 oz. of 
 pure water. 
 
 Zinc, Sted,or Tin Labels. — 1. Acetic acid, diluted, 2 oz., 
 sulphate of copper, 1 oz., sal ammoniac, J oz., lamp- 
 black to colour. 
 
 2. V^Q a solution of nitrate of copper, or of copper, 1 part, 
 nitric acid and water, each 10 parts. 
 
 Ink, Lithxjraphic. — 1. Tallow, shellac, wax, soap, of each 
 2 oz., lamp-black, i oz. ; proceed as for lithographic 
 crayons. — Field intj. See Crayons. 
 
 2. Soap, soda, and mastic, of each 1 oz., shellac, 5 oz., 
 lamp-black, 3 drachms. — Lastri/rie. 
 
 Ink, Marking. — The basis of this is generally nitrate of sil- 
 ver; and it may be di.'^chargcd from cloth by using li- 
 qui<l chlorine, ammonia, or cyanide of p<»ta.s.sium, with- 
 out injuring the fabric on which it is written. These 
 inks are, thorefi)re, not indelible. There are two sorts 
 made; those with, and those without pn'paratioii. 
 
 1. Wilh Preparation. The Ltk. — Hot distilled water, 
 drachms, nitrate of silver, 2 drachms; mix; add inuci- 
 
140 INK. 
 
 lage, 2 drachms, and sap-green to colour. Moisten the 
 linen, &c., with a solution of carbonate of soda, hold- 
 ing a little sap-green or colouring matter, to show the part 
 when dry. Rub the cloth smooth, when dry, with 
 the bowl of a spoon, and write on it with the ink and a 
 quill-pen. When the writing is completed, pass over it 
 a hot iron, or hold the part to the fire until it turns 
 black. 
 
 2. Without Preparation. — Nitrate of silver and bitartrate 
 of potash, of each 1 oz.; mix, add liquor of ammonia, 
 4 oz., dissolve and add white sugar, 6 drachms, gum 
 Arabic, 10 drachms, archil, J oz., and water to make 6 
 fluid oz. — Rcihcood. » 
 
 Ink, Ticketing, for Drapers, Grocers, &c. — These inks are 
 generally used on pasteboard, for shop-windows, and 
 are made as follows. Dissolve 1 oz. of gum Arabic in 
 6 oz. of water, and strain ; this is the mucilage. 
 
 Black. — Drop-black, powdered, and ground with muci- 
 lage to extreme fineness. 
 
 For blue, ultramarine is used in the same manner; for 
 green, emerald green ; tvhite, flake white; red, vermilion ; 
 lake, or carmine; i/ellow, chrome yellow. When ground 
 too thick, they are thinned with a little water. These 
 are all laid on the card with a small brush. The cards 
 are often white, with black letters shaded with colour, 
 but very frequently the card is coloured by passing a 
 flat brush over it, with any colour prepared as above, 
 and when it is dry writing with white letters and shading 
 with black. These cards may be sized with thin glue, 
 and afterwards varnished, when it is desirable to pre- 
 serve them. 
 
 Ink, Indian. — The imitations of it are made up of scented 
 lamp-black and a solution of glue, pressed in a mould 
 until dry, and afterwards ornamented with various de- 
 vices. Or, seed lac, 4 drachms, borax, 1 drachm, water, 
 10 oz.; dissolve, filter and add lamp-black to make a 
 paste. Scent, &c., as before. 
 
 Ink, Perpetual. — Melt pitch, and add enough lamp-black 
 to colour it. Used, while soft, to fill the letters on mar- 
 bles and tombstones. 
 
INK. 141 
 
 Ink, Printing. — This is made by mixing black or coloured 
 pigments with a varnish prepared for the purpose. kSct 
 on a fire, in a large iron pot, 12 gallons of clear linseed oil, 
 boil, and stir until it smokes, then ignite it, remove it 
 from the fire, and let it burn until a sanij^le will draw 
 ijito strings between the fingers. Put the lid on to ex- 
 tinguish the flame, then add 1 lb. of resin to each quart 
 of oil; dissolve, and add gradually in slices li tb. of 
 soap ) heat the pot until the solution is complete, when 
 the varnish is ready. — Two sorts are kept, one thick, 
 and the other thin, so as to mix when required; the 
 difference is caused in the boiling and firing being kept 
 up for different periods. For large printing-type a thin 
 ink is required, as thick ink would only print in patches ; 
 for small type very stiff ink is used, to prevent it riin- 
 ning off. For making black ink, mix together mineral 
 lamp-black, 8 lbs., vegetable black, 7 lbs., indigo and 
 Prussian blue, of each 5 oz., Indian red, 2 oz.; grind 
 this with suiScient varnish, gradually added as the 
 grinding goes on. In most manufactories steam is em- 
 ployed for this purpose. For coloured ink use coloured 
 pigments, according to the required shade. 
 
 Savajc's Printing Ink. — Mr. Savage was a printer, and 
 invented this method of making an extemporaneous su- 
 perfine ink, for which he was rewarded with the large 
 medal of the Society of Arts. Pure balsam of copaiba, 
 9 oz., lamp-black, 3 oz., indigo and Prussian blue of each 
 5 drachms, Indian red, J oz., dry yellow soap, 3 oz., 
 mix and grind to the utmost smoothness. 
 
 Ink, Gold and Silver. — The metal leaf is ground with 
 honey until of a fine powder, it is then washed to remove 
 the honey, and the powder is mixed with gum-water for 
 use. 
 
 Inks, Sympathetic. — Fluids which, when written with, 
 appe;ir colourless until means are employed to render 
 them visible. The heat of a fire, if strong, will make 
 most of them plainly discernible. 
 
 1. Write with a solution of copperas, then wash it with 
 gall infusion, it turns black, or blue with prussiate of 
 potash. 
 
142 INK — lOD. 
 
 2. Write with onion-juice or a solution of sal ammoniac and 
 sulphate of copper, equal parts : heat turns it yellow. 
 
 3. A weak solution of nitrate of mercury : heat turns it 
 black. 
 
 4. A solution of sulphate of copper. Turns blue with va- 
 pour of ammonia. 
 
 5. Rice water or starch. Turns blue when washed with 
 iodine in alcohol. 
 
 6. Salt, or any of the common acids largely diluted. 
 Turn dark when heated. 
 
 Ink Powders. — The ingredients for black ink, separately 
 powdered and mixed. The proportions of any of the 
 receipts given will serve as a guide; for use, they are 
 added to a sufficient quantity of water. There is no 
 advantage in preparing ink-powders, and they are in- 
 ferior in colour to the ordinary inks. 
 
 Ink, to Restore, when Faded. — Wash it with a strong in- 
 fusion of galls, or a solution of prussiate of potash, to 
 which a slight acidity is given with muriatic acid. 
 
 Ink, to Remove. — Stains on linen, &c., may be removed 
 by dilute oxalic, muriatic, or tartaric acid and hot water, 
 or by a solution of chloride of lime. The article must 
 then be rinsed well with warm water only. To dis- 
 charge marking-ink, use a solution of cyanide of potas- 
 sium, &c. — See page 140. 
 Iodide of Nitrogen. — The black powder which subsides 
 from a mixture of iodine and ammonia. It may be se- 
 parated on a filter, washed, and dried. It is then an 
 explosive compound, which will detonate on the touch 
 of a feather, and sometimes without any known cause. 
 It produces, on explosion, the violet-coloured fumes of 
 iodine. The preparation of this substance should be 
 small in quantity. 
 
 Iodide of Quinine. — Make a solution of 24 parts of iodide 
 of potassium in 8 parts of water, and add this by drops 
 to a strong solution of 20 parts of sul2:)hate of quinine. 
 Wash the precipitate quickly, and dry in the shade. 
 
 Iodine. — A preparation from various marine plants, which 
 have the power of secreting it. It is found in many 
 
lOD — IRO. 143 
 
 other substances, but not in sufficient quantity for 
 the purpose of manufacturers, who alwaj-s use kelp for 
 its production. It is not prepared on the small scale. 
 The 1*. L. places it in the Materia Medica. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Black, metallic lustre, odour 
 resemblinc; chlorine. By heat it melts, and then sub- 
 limes in violet vapours. It is soluble in rectified spirit, 
 and this solution colours starch blue. 39 j!;raius of io- 
 dine dissolved with 9 grains of lime in 8 oz. of water, 
 by heat, produce a solution of a yellow or brownish co- 
 lour, [but it is colourless if there be above 2 per cent, of 
 water or other adulteration. — E.^ Iodine is soluble in 
 alcohol or ether, but requires 7000 parts of water for 
 its solution. It volatilizes when water is present, under 
 100° F., fuses at 225° F., and boils at 347°. Its sp. 
 gr. is variously stated 3-08 to 6-4; the usual estimate is 
 4-948, and the density of its vapour 8-716. Used as 
 a test, and in medicine; externally it stains the skin. 
 It is rarely given alone internally, the iodide of potas- 
 sium beini; preferred, or a combination of both. The 
 dose of iodine alone is i grain in spirit, or in water, 
 with i grain of iodide of potassium. 
 
 Iro\, when administered as a remedial agent, acts as a tonic, 
 and cmmenagogue. It is mostly given in the form of a 
 salt, as the sulphate or carbonate; and when its filings 
 are administered, they are supposed to undergo a rapid 
 change in the stomach, being o.xidized by the gastric 
 juice. Iron is not poisonous, but the continued ad- 
 ministration of large doses is injurious; it acts best on 
 enfeebled frames, where no inflammation or fever ex- 
 ists. The filings are occasionally given in treacle as a 
 vermifuge, a teaspoouful at night, or night and morn- 
 ing. Iron has a sp. gr. of 7-8, it only fuses at a high 
 temperature, is extremely ductile, and a wire -j'jr of an 
 inch iq diameter will sustain (30 lbs. weight. Its equi- 
 valent is 28, its symbol Fe (Ferri.) 
 Iron, Ammonio- Chloride of, L. — Sesquioxide of iron, 3 
 oz., hydrochloric acid, J pint, hydrochlorate of ammo- 
 nia, 2} lbs., distilled water, 3 pints; mix the sesqui- 
 oxide with the acid, and digest it in a sand-bath, fro- 
 
144 iRO. 
 
 quently stirring uutil liquefied, then add tlie hydro- 
 chlorate, first dissolved in the water, strain and evapo- 
 rate the solution until the salt is dry, then powder it. 
 Little used. Dose: 4 to 15 grains. 
 
 Characters and Tests. — In powder, of an orange colour, 
 and soluble in proof spirit or water. Either solution 
 gives ofi" ammonia on the addition of potash, and from 
 each 100 grains of salt, 7 grains of sesquioxide of iron 
 are jjrecipitated. 
 
 Iron, Ammon 10- Citrate of, L. — Sulphate of iron, 12 oz., 
 carbonate of soda, Vlk oz., citric acid, 6 oz., solution 
 of ammonia, 9 oz., boiling distilled water, 12 pints; 
 dissolve the sulphate and carbonate separatelj^, (each) 
 in 6 pints of water, mix the hot solutions, and let the 
 precipitate subside, pour off the liquor, and wash the 
 powder repeatedly with water, and having added the 
 acid, dissolve it by heat. When cool, add the ammo- 
 nia, and evaporate to the thickness of a syrup, spread 
 this on earthenware tiles, and dry by a gentle heat; 
 keep it in a well-stoppered vessel. Tonic, emmenago- 
 gue. Dose: 4 to 15 grains. 
 
 Iron, Potassio- Tartrate of, L. — Sulphate of iron, 4 oz., 
 sulphuric acid, \ oz., nitric acid, 1 oz., solution of am- 
 monia, 10 oz., bitartrate of potash in powder, 2 oz., dis- 
 tilled water, 4 gallons. Dissolve the sulphate in a pint 
 of water with the sulphuric acid, then, heat being ap- 
 plied gradually, add the nitric acid. Boil to the con- 
 sistence of syrup, and mix with the rest of the water, 
 then add the ammonia to throw down the sesquioxide, 
 which must be washed and set aside for 24 hours. Then 
 heat the bitartrate, mixed with half a pint of water, to 
 140°, and add to it gradually the moist sesquioxide, 
 free from the supernatant liquor. What remains un- 
 dissolved of the sesquioxide must be separated by a 
 linen cloth; then evaporate the clear liquor until the 
 salt is dried, or it may be dried as the ammonio-citrate 
 of iron. Tonic. Dose: 5 to 20 grains. 
 CJiaracters and Tests, L. — Soluble in water. The solu- 
 tion docs not change the colour of litmus or turmeric; 
 it does not turn blue on the addition of ferrocyauide of 
 
mo — isi. 145 
 
 potassium, nor docs it precipitate with nny alkali. If 
 heated witli potash, each lUU grains of tlie salt throws 
 down about o4 grains of sescjuioxide of iron. 
 
 Iron, Scsquiuxuhof) L. — Sulphate of iron, 4 lbs., carbo- 
 nate of soda, 4 lbs. 2 oz., boiling water, gallons. Dis- 
 solve the sulphate and carbonate separately (each) in 
 three gallons of water, mix the hot solutions, and let the 
 precipitate subside, pour off the liquor; repeatedly wash 
 the powder and dry it. Tonic. Used in chlorosis, and 
 tic-douloureux, in which it is sometimes very eftectual. 
 The best formula is, sesquioxide of iron, 1 scruple, sul- 
 phate of quinine, 1 grain, camphor, 3 grains; mix; for 
 one powder. To be taken after a dose of aperient medi- 
 cine has operated on the bowels. Used properly, this 
 prescription rarely fails to relieve, if the complaint is 
 tic-douloureux; but if the stomach is foul and the bowels 
 constipated, tonics are not admissible until that state is 
 altered. Sometimes 1 to 4 drachms of this salt have 
 been given several times daily, not only without advan- 
 tage, but resulting in positive injury, from the excess 
 of iron iu the stomach and bowels. The doses should 
 be small, not given too often, and intermitted with ape- 
 rients. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — It is dissolved in diluted hy- 
 drochloric acid, almost without effervescence, and is 
 thrown down by potash. The remaining liquor, when 
 strained, is colourless, and if hydrosulphuric acid, or 
 ferrocyanide of potassium is added, it is not coloured. 
 
 Iron, Sulphate of, L. — Commercial sulphate of iron, 4 lbs., 
 sulphuric acid, 1 oz., iron wire, 1 oz., distilled water, 
 4 pints; mix the acid and water, add the sulphate of 
 iron to them, then apply heat, fro(iucntly stirring until 
 the sulphur is dissolved, strain while hot, and let it crys- 
 tallize, evaporate the remaining li(|Uor for more crystals, 
 and dry tiieni all. 
 
 Characters, L. — Bluish green, soluble in water. Tonic, 
 eiumenagogue. Dose : ^ to 5 grains. 
 IsiNdLAS.s Ce.MENT. — Dis.solve isingla.ss in glacial acetic acid, 
 and reduce it to a thin jelly. It docs not require warm- 
 ing for use. 
 13 
 
146 ISO — JEL. 
 
 IsoMORPHOUS. — Having the same form. 
 
 Isomeric. — Having the same c'omposition. 
 
 Ivory, to Bleach. — Stained ivory may be bleached by 
 steeping it from two to four hours in a watery solution of 
 sulphurous acid. 
 
 Japan Black. — 1. Burnt umber, 4 oz., true asphaltum, 2 
 oz., boiled oil, 2 quarts. Dissolve the asphaltum by 
 heat in a little of the oil, add the burnt umber ground 
 in oil, and the remainder of the oil, mix, cool, and thin 
 with turpentine. Flexible. 
 2. Shellac, 1 part, wood naphtha, 4 parts, dissolve, and 
 colour with lamp-black. Inflexible. Both are used to 
 japan leather. 
 
 Japan, Transparent. — Oil of turpentine, 4 oz., oil of la- 
 vender, 3 oz., camphor, \ drachm, copal, 1 oz.; dissolve. 
 Used to Japan tin, but quick copal varnish is mostly 
 used instead. 
 
 Jelly, Arrowroot. — Arrowroot, 1 tablcspoonful, mix to a 
 smooth paste with a little cold water, pour on it half-a- 
 pint of boiling milk, stir some salt in, and boil it a mi- 
 nute or two. Add a little nutmeg and lump sugar, and 
 when thought requisite a tablespoonful of wine. Much 
 better prepared with milk for most purposes than when 
 made with water, but water must be used when milk 
 disagrees with the patient. 
 
 Jelly, Biscuit. — Boil soaked and crushed biscuits in some 
 milk-and-water, with a little salt; when cooked suf- 
 ficiently, add sugar to taste, and some cinnamon powder. 
 A little wine may also be added, in diarrhoea. 
 
 Jelly, Corsican Moss. — Corsican moss, 1 oz., water, suf- 
 ficient to make 8 oz., boil 1 hour, add soaked isinglass, 
 1 drachm, lump sugar, 2 oz., white wine, 2 oz. — Pari$ 
 Codex. Vermifuge. 
 
 Jelly, Hartshorn. — Hartshorn shavings, 8 oz., rinse them, 
 then boil, in clean water, 3 pints down to H pints, 
 strain, and add sugar, 4 oz., the juice of a lemon and 
 the white of an egg, beat up with a little cold water; 
 boil till it will jelly, then add the peel of the lemon, 
 and flavour with spice, &c. to taste. — Paris Codex. 
 
JEL — KEA. 147 
 
 Jelly, Iceland Moss. — Soaked and washed Iceland moss, 
 2 oz., water sufficient to make a stron<^ solution; boil 1 
 hour, strain, add 1 drachm of isinglass, and boil to a 
 proper consistence. — Faris Codex. Used in cough and 
 asthma. 
 
 Jelly, Irish Moss. — Irish moss, soaked and washed, is 
 boiled as above, and, after straining, flavoured to taste. 
 Either Irish or Iceland-moss Jellies are improved as 
 cough medicines if boiled with linseed, then flavoured 
 with liquorice, sugar-candy, and the juice of a lemon. 
 
 Jelly, Gelatine. — Steep one oz. of gelatine in half-apint 
 of cold water for 10 minutes, add as much more water, 
 boiling, and stir until dissolved; then mix in two sliced 
 lemons, with sugar and wine to taste. 
 
 Jelly, Isinglass. — Steep i oz of isinglass in a pint of cold 
 water for a short time; heat it gently till dissolved, 
 strain and flavour it to taste. If wanted clear, add the 
 white of an egg, before removing it from the fire. 
 
 Jelly, Riwtorative. — Dr. Raddljfes. Beat a leg of well- 
 fed pork, and break the bone; simmer gently, in 8 gal- 
 lons of water, down to one, adding J oz. each of mace 
 and nutmeg. Strain, and when cold remove the fat. 
 
 Jelly, Sago. — Soak 1 oz. of sago for an hour in water, then 
 boil in one pint of fresh water, until clear; add wine, 
 sugar, lemon-peel, and spice, if approved. It may be 
 made in milk, when preferred. 
 
 Jelly, Tapioca. — Wash 1 oz. of tapioca well, then soak in 
 a pint of fresh water 5 or G hours; add the peel of a 
 lemon, and set all on to heat. Simmer till clear, add 
 the lemon juice, with wine and sugar to taste. 
 
 Juice, IIefinkd. — Spanish juice, 4 parts, gum Arabic, 1 
 part^ dissolve in water, strain, and evaporate to a suit- 
 able consistence to roll into cylindrical pieces. Used 
 to allay coughs. 
 
 Keatino's Cough Lozk.ngks. — Lactucarium, or extract of 
 lettuce, 2 drachms, ipecacuanha, 1 drachm, scjuills, 45 
 grains, extract of liquorice, '1 oz., sugar, G oz., mucilage 
 
148 KER — KET. 
 
 of tragacantli to mix. Divide into lozenges weighing 
 20 grains each. 
 
 Kermes, Mineral. — Crude antimony, 5 parts, dry carbo- 
 nate of soda, 3 parts, water, 80 parts, boil tofrether, 
 strain while hot; the mineral separates on cooling, it 
 must then be washed and dried. An orange-red pow- 
 der; given in doses of i gr. to 4 grs. as a cathartic, dia- 
 phoretic, or emetic. Used in foreign practice in the 
 same manner as James's Powder in England. 
 
 Ketchup. — A sauce or flavouring, prepared from vinegar 
 and mushrooms, walnuts, &c. The sort usually asked for 
 as Ketchup, is the mushroom ketchup, but there are se- 
 veral varieties. 
 
 Ketchup, Camp. — 1. Anchovies, 4 oz., mix with beer, 2 
 quarts, white wine, 1 quart, boil a short time, add peeled 
 shalots, 3 oz., black pepper, mace, nutmegs, and ginger, 
 of each, * oz.; macerate for 14 days, and bottle. 
 
 2. Vinegar, 2 pints, walnut ketchup, 1 pint, mushroom- 
 ketchup, 3 oz., garlic, 4 cloves, Cayenne pods, 5 oz., soy, 
 2 oz., wine, 4 oz., 3 anchovies, 1 oz. salt. Macerate 
 together 3 weeks, and bottle. 
 
 3. Vinegar, 1 pint, walnut-ketchup, 4 oz., soy, 2 oz., 12 
 chopped anchovies, 2 cloves of garlic, and Cayenne pods, 
 1 drachm; macerate three weeks, and bottle. 
 
 Ketchup, Cucumber. — Proceed with ripe cucumbers as for 
 mushroom ketchup. Used with mclted-butter, for fowls. 
 
 Ketchup, Cockle. — Scald cockles in their own liquor, add 
 a little water, strain, and season to taste. If the ketchup 
 is wanted white, use sherry wine, a sliced lemon, mace, 
 nutmeg, and white pepper. If required brown, colour 
 with burnt sugar, and use some port wine, anchovies, 
 and garlic. Used to fish. 
 
 Ketchup, Marine. — Strong beer, 4 pints, anchovies, | K).> 
 peeled shalots, ^ lb., mace, cloves, and mustard seed, of 
 each I oz., ginger and pepper, of each 1 drachm, mush- 
 room-ketchup and vinegar, of each 1 pint; heat till 
 almost boiling; macerate 14 days, and bottle. Used for 
 sea stores; keeps well. 
 
KET — KIL. 149 
 
 KETcnup, Mushroom. — 1. Picked mushrooms, 4 lbs., salt, 
 2 tbs., sprinkle it on the muslirooms, and when they 
 liquefy, remove the juice, add pimento, 6 oz., cloves, 1 
 oz., boil gently, and strain. The remaining liquor, if 
 any, may be treated with pepper, mace, and ginger, for 
 a second quality. 
 2. Express the mushrooms in the tincture press, and to 
 each gallon add salt, 8 oz., shalots, IJ oz., pimento, 1 
 oz., black pepper and ginger, of each i oz., and cloves, 
 1 drachm. 
 Mushroom-ketchup is apt to lose strength, and turn bad, 
 in a few weeks after it is first made; but again boiling 
 with a little fresh spice at the end of two months, will 
 make it keep good a year round. 
 
 Ketchup, OysTER. — Mis together wine or good ale, 1 pint, 
 salt, 1 oz., mace and black pepper, of each 1^ drachm, 
 cover oysters with this pickle, boil ten minutes, and 
 when cool, bottle, adding a little brandy to each bottle. 
 
 Ketchup, Tomato. — Proceed as for mushroom-ketchup, 
 and add a little Chili pepper vinegar. 
 
 Ketchup, "Walnut. — 1. The juice of green tender walnuts 
 expressed, 1 gallon, boil and skim till clear, add 2 lbs. 
 of anchovies, shalots, 2 lbs., pepper, mace, and cloves, 
 of each 1 oz., and a sliced clove of garlic. Simmer 
 15 minutes, add salt to taste, strain, and when cool, 
 buttle. Let it stand 12 months before using. 
 
 2. Tender walnuts bruised, i bu.shelj add, to each gallon 
 of juice, red wine, 1 quart, anchovies and bay salt, of 
 each 4 oz., allspice, 1 oz., black popper, 2 oz., cloves 
 and mace, of each 2 drachms, a little ginger, and sliced 
 horseradish. Simmer slowly until enough, and when 
 cold, bottle. 
 
 3. Green walnut .shells bruised, 4 parts, .salt, 1 part, mix, 
 and iii 7 days expre.s.s the liijuor. To each gallon, add 
 allspice, 4 oz., ginger, 3 oz., long pepper, 2 oz., cloves 
 and mace, of each 1 oz. Simmer for oO minutes, cool, 
 and bottle. 
 
 KiLOURAM.ME. — About 2 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 13^ 
 
150 KIN — LAC. 
 
 King's Yellow. — Prepared artificially, by fusing arsenic 
 with au excess of sulphur. The product is a brilliant 
 yellow powder, which is soluble in the alkalies. Used 
 as a pigment, a dye, and in some depilatories. It is 
 poisonous, and therefore in many cases abandoned for 
 chrome yellow, in painting. 
 
 Labels on Tin are fixed by French polish^ a solution of 
 shellac in naphtha. 
 
 Lac. — Seed lac and shellac are used in cements, varnishes, 
 lacquers, polishes, sealing-wax, &c. AVhen wanted very 
 pale, shellac undergoes the operation of bleaching, 
 which may be performed in two or thi'ee ways. 
 
 Lac J to Bleach. — 1. Spirit, 1 pint, shellac in coarse powder, 
 6 oz. ; dissolve by a gentle heat. To a solution of pure 
 carbonate of potash, add chlorine till the silica precipi- 
 tates, and the solution becomes slightly coloured. Di- 
 lute muriatic acid with thrice its weight of water; drop 
 into it powdered red lead as long as the lead loses its 
 colour. Of the alkaline solution, add 1 or 2 oz. to the 
 tincture of lac; effervescence takes place, and when 
 this ceases more is added until the mixture is pale. 
 The acid liquor is then added by degrees, letting the 
 efiervescence from each portion subside before adding 
 more; enough is dropped in to precipitate the lac, which 
 must be repeatedly washed with clean water, and dried 
 by wringing in a cloth. — Field. 
 
 2. Spirit, 2 pints, shellac, 5 oz., dissolve, add 10 oz. of 
 new animal charcoal, and boil a few minutes. If not 
 colourless, the boiling must be continued with more 
 charcoal; when quite pale, press through silk, and after- 
 wards filter through blotting paper. — Lunivg. 
 
 3. Pearl ash and shellac, of each 1 part, water, 8 parts, 
 boil till dissolved; pass chlorine into the solution until 
 the lac is precipitated; it must then be washed and 
 dried. — Hare. 
 
 4. Dissolve as last, add a filtered solution of chloride of 
 lime, and, when pale, precipitate with muriatic acid; 
 wash and dry the precipitate. 
 
 Lac, Solution of. — 1. Dissolve shellac in rectified spirit, 
 or in wood naphtha. 
 
LAC — LAK. 151 
 
 2. Lac, 5 parts, borax, 1 part, water, 20 parts ; simmer till 
 dissolvod, ami strain. With ludiau ink this forms a 
 good label ink for bottles. 
 
 Lacquer. — A solution of shellac, coloured to suit the arti- 
 cle for which it is intended. French polish is a lacquer 
 for wood. Other lacquers are made for metal. 
 
 1. For Brass. — Pale lac, 8 oz., spirit, 1 gallon, digest with- 
 out heat until dissolved, and then filter, into an opaque 
 bottle. 
 
 If required yellow, use turmeric, aloes, saffron, or gamboge, 
 to colour. For red, use annatto or dragon's blood. So- 
 lutions of these in spirit are kept ready to colour the 
 lacquers as required; turmeric, gamboge, and dragon's 
 blood, generally afford a sufficient range of colours. 
 
 2. Gold-coloured Lacquer. — Shellac and turmeric, of 
 each 8 oz., sandarac and annatto, of each 2 oz., dragon's 
 blood, \ oz., spirit, 1 gallon. 
 
 3. Shellac, 4 oz., gamboge, J oz., pyro-acetic ether, 24 oz. ; 
 mi.K, and dis.-^olve. Decant the clear, and for use, mix 
 with 8 times the quantity of spirit. — Ross. This mode 
 is adopted to take up the resinous parts only. 
 
 Lacquer for Brass. — Shellac, gamboge, dragon's blood, 
 each 4 parts, saffron, 1 part, rectified spirit, 25 parts. 
 Digest with heat, and strain. 
 
 Lagena. — A stone, or other phial. 
 
 Lanquncula. — A little bottle. 
 
 Lake Blue. — A mixed solution of pearl ash and prussiate 
 of potash is precipitati'd with a sohitiou of suipliate of 
 iron, 1 part, and alum, 8 parts. The product is blue 
 lake, or Saxon blue. 
 
 Lake Duor. — 1. Brazil wood, 4 oz., water, 1 gallon, boil, 
 add alum, (j oz., strain, add Sdlutiun of tin, 2 oz., and 
 precipitate with liquor of potash, avoiding any excess of 
 alkali. 
 2. To a strong decoction of Brazil wood, add washed and 
 recently precipitated alumina. 
 
 Lake, Madder. — Madder, 2 oz., tie it in a cloth, beat it in 
 
152 LAK — LEA. 
 
 one pint of water, in an earthen mortar, and repeat the 
 process with about 5 pints of water, until the madder 
 ceases to yiekl colour. Boil the mixed solutions in an 
 earthen vessel, add 1 oz. of alum dissolved in a pint of 
 boiling water, stir, and add Ij oz. of saturated solution 
 of carbonate of potash. When cold, pour off the liquor, 
 agitate the powder in 1 quart of boiling water, drain, 
 and dry. Sir II. C. Inglefield was rewarded for this 
 formula with the gold medal of the Society of Arts. 
 
 Lake, Red. — Cochineal in coarse powder, 1 part, distilled 
 water, and rectified spirit, of each 2 parts, digest 7 days, 
 and add every 2 hours a few drops of solution of tin, 
 until the whole is precipitated, wash in distilled water, 
 and dry. 
 
 Lapis Divinus. — 1. Alum, verdigris, and nitre, equal parts; 
 melt together. — Beer. 
 2. Alum, nitre, and sulphate of copper, of each 1 oz., cam- 
 phor, 1 drachm; melt together. — Paris Codex. Used 
 1 oz. to 1 pint of water, for an eye-water. 
 
 Lapis Infernalis Alkalinus. — Hydrate of potash. 
 
 Lard, Purified. — Lard, 28 lbs., melt it by a steam bath; 
 add alum, 1 oz., table salt, 2 oz., skim off all impurities, 
 and when cold the lard must be ground on a painter's slab, 
 and washed with clean water. It is finally remelted, 
 and is then pure and inodorous. Used by perfumers. 
 
 Lavender, British, (Smith's.) — English oil of lavender, 
 1 oz., essence of ambergris, 2^ oz., eau de Cologne, 10 
 oz., rectified spirit, 1 pint; mix. 
 
 Lavender Water. — Oil of lavender, 4 oz., rose water, 5 
 oz., spirit, 30 oz. Mix, and filter. 
 
 Lead. — A bluish white metal; sp. gr. 11-45; melts at 600°, 
 but then rapidly oxides. Nitric and acetic acids act on 
 lead more than the other acids, and with them it forms 
 various salts. Its equivalent is 103-7; its symbol Pb. 
 (Plumbum.) In the arts lead is much used for cis- 
 terns, roofs, pipes, &c., &c. Its alloys are also in great 
 demand. With antimony it forms the alloy used for 
 printing-types and stereotype plates; with tin it makes 
 
LEA. 153 
 
 ortjan-pipe "metal and poldors; with other metals it forms 
 bronze; aiul in tilnbes it turiiis t2;uii-shot. It is not used 
 in its pure state as a medicine. 
 
 Lead, Acetate of. — No formula given in the P. L. for its 
 preparation. The P. E. orders it to be prepared thus: 
 
 Litharge, 14 oz., pyroligueous acid (sp. gr. lUH-A,) 2 pints, 
 distilled water, 1 pint. Mix the acid and water, add 
 the litharge, dissolve with a gentle heat, filter, and con- 
 centrate until it crystallizes on cooling. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Soluble in water (acidulated 
 with acetic acid, E.') By carbonate of soda a white 
 precipitate is thrown down, by iodide of potassium a 
 yellow one, by hydro-sulphuric acid it is blackened. 
 Sulphuric acid added to it, evolves acetous odours. If 
 lOU grains are dissolved in water, and sulphate of soda 
 is added, 80 grains of sul})hate of lead are precipitated. 
 
 Astringent; used in diarrha-a, dysentery, and menorrhagia, 
 in doses of 1 to 3 grains, generally combined in pill with 
 opium. Externally, it is sometimes used in solution as 
 a cooling astringent lotion. 
 
 Lead, Iodide of, L. — Acetate of lead, 8 oz., iodide of po- 
 tassium, 7 oz., distilled water, 1 gallon. Dissolve the 
 acetate in 6 pints of water, and strain ; add the iodide, 
 first dis.solved in 2 pints of water. Wash the precipi- 
 tate with cold distilled water, dry and preserve in a dark 
 vessel. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Yellowish powder, soluble in 
 boiling water, and deposits shining yellow scales on cool- 
 ing. Melts by heat, and is mostly dissipated, first in 
 yellow, then in violet vapours. If lUU grains are di.s- 
 solved by heat in nitric acid, diluted with twice its weight 
 of water, and after the iodine is expelled, sulphate of 
 soda be added, GO grains of suli)hate of h-ad an^ thrown 
 down. Light should bo excluded from this salt. 
 
 Used a^ otlier compounds of iodine. Internally in doses 
 of 8 or 4 grains, and externally as an ointment. 
 
 Lead, Oxide oJ\ L. — Used to make some plasters in the 
 Pliannacopocia. Not used internally. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Almost or entirely soluble in di- 
 lute nitric acid; this solution turns black on adding hy- 
 
154 LEA — LEE. 
 
 drosulpliuric acid. Potasli throws down a white precipi- 
 tate, and in excess re-dissolves it. If 100 g-rains of this 
 oxide are dissolved in dilute nitric acid, 135 grains of 
 sulphate of lead are precipitated, on the addition of sul- 
 phate of soda. 
 
 Leather, to Fasten on Metal. — Steep the leather in a 
 hot infusion of gall-nuts, wash the metal with a hot so- 
 lution of gelatine. Press the leather on the metal, and 
 allow it to cool, when it will be firmly fixed. 
 
 Leather, Water-proof (Composition for.) — Mutton or 
 beef tallow, 32 parts, linseed oil, 32 parts, bees' -wax, 
 24 parts, ueatsfoot oil, 6 parts, lamp-black, 4 parts, 
 litharge or red-lead, 2 parts. The whole to be mixed 
 by heat. 
 
 Leeches (Hirudines.') — Leeches are best preserved in clean 
 rain or pond water; in spring water they soon die. The 
 water should not be changed too often; once-a-week in 
 summer, and once-a-month in winter, being sufficient, 
 unless it becomes foul. Leeches, when applied, do not 
 probe the skin like a lancet-point, but act by a saw-like 
 motion until the skin is pierced, they then suck, if un- 
 disturbed, until the caccal pouches are full, and finally 
 drop off. A little salt is usually sprinkled on to cause 
 them to disgorge the blood, and they are gently pressed 
 between the fingers, from the tail to the head, to facili- 
 tate this effect. When leeches do not readily bite, means 
 are used to induce them. The skin in all cases should 
 be well washed and dried, and the leech gently dried in 
 a soft cloth; it may then be put in a pill-box or wine- 
 glass, which is pressed on the part to be operated on. 
 When they do not yet bite, a small puncture should 
 be made with a lancet, to draw blood, and they will then 
 mostly take hold. This mode is also used when the 
 spot to be drawn from is near the eye, kc, or, if the 
 leech is lively, it may be put in a large quill, and the 
 head placed towards the part, while the thumb prevents 
 its retreat at the opposite end. As the amount of blood 
 drawn by leeches is not large, hot poultices or fomen- 
 tations are applied to increase the discharge, or the cup- 
 
LEM — LIL. 155 
 
 ping-glasscs may be used. When sufficient is drawn, 
 the bites mostly close without much attention, but in 
 some cases they arc -very troublesome; they should then 
 be pressed with lint soaked in a solution of alum or the 
 tincture of sesquichloride of iron, or a fine point of ni- 
 trate of silver should be inserted a minute distance. If 
 the bleeding still continues, the skin must have a needle 
 pressed through the edges, and silk twisted round it. 
 
 Lemon Juice, {factitious.') — 1. Citric acid, 2} oz., gum, } 
 oz., lemon-peel, f oz., lump sugar, 2 oz., boiling water, 
 1 quart; macerate till cold, and strain. Quality su- 
 perior. 
 2. Citric acid, 8§ drachms, water, 16 oz., essence of lemon 
 to flavour, 20 drops, sugar, 1 oz. 
 
 Lemonade. — 1. Slice 2 lemons, pour on 1 pint of boiling 
 water, and add 2 oz. of loaf sugar. 
 
 2. Fresh lemon juice, 4 oz., lemon-peel, \ oz., white sugar, 
 4 oz., boiling water, 3 pints ; cool and strain. — Brande. 
 
 3. Concentrated. — Lemon juice, 8 oz., lump sugar, \h oz.; 
 dissolve; add of tincture of lemon-peel sufficient to fla- 
 vour it. For use mix with water, with or without a 
 little syrup of ginger. 
 
 4. Aerated. — Water, charged with 5 times its volume of 
 carbonic acid gas, 1 pint, syrup of lemons, 2 oz. — Faris 
 Codex. 
 
 Lemonade Poivders. — 1. White sugar, 36 drachms, car- 
 bonate of soda, 4 drachms, essence of lemon, 15 drops; 
 divide into I'^blue papers. In 12 white papers divide 
 6 drachms of tartaric acid. Mix the first well in water, 
 and add the last. Each powder contains 3 drachms of 
 sugar, 20 grains of soda, 2 drops of essence of lemon, 
 and 30 grains of acid. lMea.«ant refrigerant drink. 
 
 2. In one paper. — Dried citric or t^irtaric acid, 25 grains, 
 dried carbonate of soda, 20 grains, sugar dried, 2 dr.; 
 mix in'finc powder, and add essence of lemon, 1 drop. 
 The first form is the best. 
 Lily of the Valley. — Extract of orange-flowers, 2 oz., of 
 vanilla, 3 oz., of ja-smine, 1 oz., of rose and of cassia, of 
 each 5 oz., of tuberuse, 10 oz., essential oil of almonds, 
 3 drops. A good perfume. 
 
156 ' LIM — LIN. 
 
 LiMATURA Martis Preparata. — Iron filings. 
 
 Lime. — No directions are given in the P. L., but the P. E. 
 directs to "Heat white marble, broken into small frag- 
 ments, in a covered crucible, at a full red-heat for 3 
 hours." It is caustic when applied to the skin, and 
 is used internally mixed with water, then called lime- 
 water. AVheu first treated with water it swells out, 
 then becomes very hot, and at last falls into powder, the 
 hydrate of lime, or slaked lime. It has the remarkable 
 property of being more soluble in cold than in hot water; 
 freezing water will dissolve about twice as much as boil- 
 ing water. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Water being added, it crum- 
 bles into powder. It is dissolved without eft'crvesccnce 
 by dilute hydrochloric acid, and nothing is precipitable 
 on the addition of ammonia in excess. 
 Lime, Chlorinated. — Prepared on the large scale only. 
 The usual process is to expose lime (recently slaked) to 
 the vapours of chlorine in close chambers, the gas is 
 absorbed in large quantities by the lime; and forms 
 chlorinated lime; four or five days are requisite to com- 
 plete the combination. It is a powerful bleacher, and 
 is popularly used as a disinfectant. "It is dissolved 
 in dilute hydrochloric acid, emitting chlorine." 
 
 Linen, when woven with cotton, may be tested as follows : 
 Immerse a slip of cloth in boiling hydrate of potash and 
 water, equal parts, in 3 minutes remove the slip, and 
 dry it between blotting papers. The-,cotton threads, if 
 pulled asunder, will show a lohite or bright yellow colour, 
 the linen a dark yellow. In using the alkali, a glass, 
 porcelain, or silver vessel must be employed. — Dr. 
 Boettgcr. 
 
 Liniment. — A fluid external application, generally applied 
 with the hand, using continuous moderate friction. 
 
 Of Ammonia, L. — Solution of ammonia, 1 oz., olive oil, 
 2 oz.; shake until mixed. A stimulant application to 
 swellings or bruises, and may be rendered anodyne by 
 adding a little extract of belladonna. 
 
 Of Camphor, L. — Camphor, 1 oz., olive oil, 4 fluid oz. ; 
 
LIN. 157 
 
 dissolve by trituration. A stimulant application in 
 sprains, bruises, or rheumatism. 
 
 Of Camj^lwr, — Comjyoiniil , L. — Camphor, 2 J oz., stronger 
 ammonia, 3 oz., rectified spirit, 17 oz., oil of lavender, 
 1 drachm; dissolve the camphor in the spirit, add the 
 oil and the ammonia, shake until mixed. More power- 
 ful than the simple liniment, and is sometimes used 
 with an addition of ith of tincture of opium. 
 
 Of Lime, L. — Lime-water and olive oil, of each 10 oz.; 
 shake until mixed. Generallj employed to relieve the 
 pain of a burn or scald. 
 
 Of Meram/, L. — Ointment of mercury and lard, of each 
 4 oz., camphor, 1 oz., rectified spirit, 1 drachm, solution 
 of ammonia, 4 oz.; rub together the camphor and spirit, 
 then triturate with the lard, the ointment, and the am- 
 monia, added separately. One drachm contains 10 grs. 
 of mercury. Used to stimulate chronic venereal pains, 
 and various obstinate swellings. 
 
 Of Opium, L. — Tincture of opium, 2 oz., liniment of 
 soap, 6 oz.; mix. U.sed as a sedative externally, when 
 opium cannot be taken internally; it is often mixed 
 with the compound liniment of camphor. 
 
 Of Sesquicarhonate of Ammonia, L. — Solution of ses- 
 quicarbonate of ammonia, 1 oz., olive oil, 3 oz.; mix, 
 with agitation. Less powerful than the liniment of 
 ammonia, but employed in similar cases. 
 
 Of Soap, L. — Soap, 2i oz., camphor, 10 drachms, spirit 
 of ro.scmary, 18 oz., distilled water, 2 oz.; mix the water 
 and spirit, add the soap and camphor, and macerate 
 until dissolved. Less powerful than the compound cam- 
 phor liniment, but similarly employed. 
 
 Of Turpentine, L. — Soft soap, 2 oz., camphor, 1 oz., oil 
 of turpentine, IG oz.; mix. Stimulating application, 
 applied to burns, &c. 
 
 Liniment, White. — Oil of turpentine, 2 oz., ammonia, 2 
 oz.,sbap liniment, 3 oz., spirit of rosemary, 1 oz., vine- 
 gar, 8 oz. jMix. 
 Of Vcrdiijris, L. — Powdered verdigris, 1 oz., vinegar, 7 
 oz., honey, 14 oz.; dissolve the verdigris in the vinegar, 
 14 
 
158 LIP — LIT. 
 
 strain through linen, add the honey, and evaporate to 
 the required consistence. Stimulant to indolent vene- 
 real, and other ulcers. 
 
 Lip Salve, White. — Almond oil, 4 oz., wax and sperma- 
 ceti, of each 1 oz., otto of roses, 20 drops. 
 Rose. — The above, coloured with alkanet root. 
 
 Liquid Soap. — Soft soap, 1 Sb. rectified spirit, 25 oz ; mix. 
 Used in shaving, and may be scented as desired. 
 
 Liquid Blister. — Powdei'ed cantharides, 5 oz., sulphuric 
 ether, 15 oz. Mix. 
 
 Liquors, or Cold Infusions. — Macerate the substance, 
 coarsely bruised or powdered, in twice its weight of cold 
 distilled water; at the end of six hours straiu, and add 
 fresh water equal in amount to the first product. Con- 
 tinue this process until the active principle appears to be 
 exhausted. Evaporate the cold infusion, at a tempera- 
 ture not exceeding 100°, to the specific gravity of 1,200°, 
 and add as much rectified spirit as will reduce the specific 
 gravity to 1,100. — Battley. 
 
 Lisbon Diet Drink. — A preparation of sarsaparilla became 
 celebrated under this title. It is no longer used, the 
 compound decoction of sarsaparilla being always substi- 
 tuted. 
 
 Lithography. — The practice of engraving on stone. The 
 artist may draw on the stone direct, or on transfer-paper, 
 which is then pressed forcibly on the stone and leaves a 
 reverse impression. When the drawing is made, a weak 
 solution of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid is poured upon 
 the stone, and by abstracting the alkali from the ink, 
 leaves it permanently fixed on the stone. This operation 
 is termed etching in, and is performed with one part of 
 acid in 100 parts of water; the stone is next washed 
 with water, and weak gum-water is poured on it to fill 
 up the pores, so that the drawing shall not spread. 
 When all is ready a wet cloth is passed over the whole, 
 the water immediately leaves the greasy lines, but re- 
 mains on the stone, and the ink roller is passed over it. 
 The ink adheres to the drawing, but leaves the stone 
 
LIT. . 159 
 
 untouched, and when one impression has been taken, 
 the stone is af^ain wetted and rolled for the succeeding 
 one. See Inlc, and Craijons, Jjitliotrrapluc. 
 Transfor-paper is prepared thus: Make a mucilage with 
 i 01. of gum tragacaiith, strain, add 1 oz. of glue, and J 
 oz. of gamboge. Mix French chalk, 4 oz., old Paris 
 plaster, o oz., starch, 1 oz.; run them through a sieve, 
 grind with themi.\ed mucilage, add water to reduce to the 
 consistence of oil, and appl}' it with a brush to thin sized 
 paper. The drawing made on this prepared side of the 
 paper is wetted at the back and placed on the stone, 
 which is warmed to 125° F., the whole is then strongly 
 pressed in the lithographic press, and the stone receives 
 the impression, which may be printed from as usual. 
 When two impressions are required, a red composition 
 is made of wax, 2 parts, soap, 1 part, and vermilion to 
 colour, all melted in a saucepan, and ground with water 
 to the consistence of cream. This is spread thinly on 
 the second stone, an impression from the first stone is 
 next applied, and the second drawing is thus made to 
 correspond with the first exactly. If, in printing, the 
 drawing becomes smutty, mix equal parts of water, olive 
 oil, and oil of turpentine, shake till they froth, wet the 
 stone, throw this froth on it, and rub it with a soft 
 sponge. The printing ink will be dissolved, and the 
 drawing will almost disappear, but, on rolling it, it re- 
 appears as clear as at first. When the stone is laid by 
 for future use, a preserving ink is applied, to prevent 
 the surface printing ink becoming too hard. Thick 
 varnish of linseed oil, 2 parts, tallow, 4 parts, wax and 
 Venice turpentine, of each 1 part; melt; add, by degrees, 
 lamp-black, 4 parts, mix thoroughly, and preserve in a 
 tin ca.se. This must be rolled on the stone each time 
 before laying it aside fur future use. AVhen the whole of 
 the inipro.><sions are completed, and the stones required 
 for other drawings, two of the stones are laid face to face 
 and ground with sand and water until the surfaces are 
 clear. They are finally, more or less, polished with pu- 
 mice stone, according to the recjuired fineness, and are 
 theu prepared to receive other drawings. — Fielding. 
 
160 * LOG — LOZ. 
 
 The ink used to write on the transfer-paper is called auto- 
 graphic ink, and from another source the following re- 
 cipe is given : White wax, 8 parts, white soap, 2 to 3 
 parts; melt gradually; add lamp-black, 1 part, mix, add 
 shellac, 2 parts, and, when well combined, mould to the 
 crayon form. Transfer-paper is also made by coating 
 paper with 3 coats of thin size, 1 of starch, and 1 of 
 gamboge, letting it dry between each, but the form above 
 is preferable, and far less troublesome. Another recipe 
 for preparing transfer-paper orders alum, whereas Field- 
 ing remarks, on the quality of the printing papers, 
 " Chinese papers have sometimes a strong taste of alum, 
 this is so fatal as sometimes to spoil the drawing after 
 the Jirst impression," — its omission would, therefore, 
 appear important. "Paper made from rags which have 
 been bleached with oxymuriatic acid, will irremediably 
 destroy the drawing after thirty impressions." By 
 means of this branch of printing, drawings, maps, cir- 
 culars, almanacs, &c., are now daily distributed at 
 cheap rates, and beautifully executed, while the art is so 
 easily acquired, that, for the purpose of correspondence, 
 &c., it is used to save time in some large offices. Its 
 main features may be best comprehended by viewing a 
 lithographic office, or by visiting any of the exhibitions 
 which have been opened of late in Mechanics' Insti- 
 tutes and elsewhere, to affijrd instruction in the arts and 
 sciences. 
 
 Locock's Pulmonic Wafers. — Lump-sugar and starch, of 
 each 2 parts, gum 10 parts, squills and ipecacuanha, 
 of each 5 parts, lactucarium, 2 parts. Mix, and divide 
 into 8 grain lozenges. 
 
 Lozenge. — A solid form of medicine or confection, intended 
 to dissolve gradually in the mouth. The mucilage of 
 tragacanth, or acacia and the white of egg are usually 
 employed to give consistence to the mass, and when the 
 whole is a uniform stiff paste, it is rolled to the proper 
 thickness and punched out to shape. They are then 
 dried on inverted sieves in a warm temperature; starch 
 or other powder is used to prevent their adhering to- 
 
LOZ. 161 
 
 getber, and dust is carefully excluded. The lozenges 
 must be turned daily, until tbey become sufiBciently hard. 
 The mass of this class of drugs are prepared by the con- 
 fectioner; no directions are, therefore, given in the P. L. 
 for any lozenges, but the P. E. has retained the forms of 
 a few which are in general use. 
 
 Lozenues, Acacia, E. — Gum Arabic, 4 oz., starch, 1 oz., 
 pure sugar, 1 lb. Mix the powdered ingredients, and 
 make a lozenge mass with rose-water. Used at pleasure 
 as a demulcent in coughs. 
 
 LozeiKjes, Chalk, E. — Prepared chalk, 4 oz., gum Arabic, 
 1 oz., nutmeg, 1 drachm, pure sugar, oz.; mix the 
 powder with water. Used at pleasure as an astringent 
 in chronic diarrhcca. 
 
 Lozenges, Lactucarium, E. — Prepared as opium lozenges, 
 but using lactucarium instead of opium. Used as a 
 sedative in irritable coughs; they do not excite headache 
 or constipation so readily as the lozenges of opium. 
 Each lozeuge contains about one-seventh of a grain of 
 lactucarium; they may be taken at pleasure. 
 
 Lozemjes, Liquorice., E. — Extract of licjuorice and gum 
 Arabic, of each G oz., pure sugar, 1 tb; dissolve them 
 in a sufficiency of boiling water, then concentrate the 
 solution over a vapour bath to the proper consistence. 
 Used at pleasure as a demulcent in coughs. 
 
 Lozenges, Magnesia, E. — Carbonate of Magnesia, 6 oz., 
 pure sugar, 3 oz., nutmeg, 1 scruple. Mix the pow- 
 ders to a suitable mass with mucilage of tragacanth. 
 Used as an antacid and laxative; each lozenge contains 
 about 8 to 10 grains of magnesia. 
 
 Lozenges, Mm-phia, E. — Muriate of morphia, 1 scruple, 
 tincture of tolu, i oz., pure sugar, 25 oz. Mix the 
 morphia in a little hot water, then combine the whole 
 with sutVuicnt mucilage to make lozenges, each of which 
 should weigh about 15 grains. Used as a sedative; 
 each grain contains about one-fortieth of a grain of 
 muriate of morphia. 
 
 Lozenges, Mnrpliia and Ipecacuanha, E. — Muriate of 
 morphia, 1 scruple, ipecacuanha, 1 drachm, tincture of 
 tolu, i oz., pure sugar, 25 oz. Proceed as for morphia 
 14* 
 
162 Loz. 
 
 lozenges. Used for coughs; if taken in excess they 
 excite nausea. Each lozenge contains about one-fortieth 
 of a grain of muriate of morphia, and one-twelfth of a 
 grain of ipecacuanha. 3 or 4 may be taken daily. 
 
 Lozenges, Opmni, E. — Opium, 2 drachms, tincture of 
 tolu, J oz., pure sugar, 6 oz., gum acacia and extract of 
 liquorice, of each 5 oz. Eeduce the opium to a fluid 
 extract, mix it with the liquorice previously reduced to 
 the consistence of treacle, sprinkle the gum and sugar 
 into the mass, and when of a proper consistence divide 
 into 10 grain lozenges. Each lozenge contains about 
 one-seventh of a grain of opium. Several may be 
 taken in the day to relieve coughs. 
 
 Lozenges, Soda, E. — Bicarbonate of soda, 1 drachm, 
 pure sugar, 3 oz., gum Arabic, \ oz. Mix the powders 
 with mucilage. Use, as an antacid in heartburn, &c. 
 
 Lozenges, Tartaric Acid, E. — Tartaric acid, 2 drachms, 
 pure sugar, 8 oz., volatile oil of lemons, 10 drops. 
 Powder the sugar and acid, add the oil, and mix to a 
 mass with mucilage. Used at pleasure; refrigerant in 
 feverish attacks. These lozenges resemble acid-drops, 
 and they are often used to cut the phlegm in tickling 
 coughs. 
 
 Though the P. L. has omitted to notice this form of pre- 
 paring medicine, yet as opium, morphia, and other 
 powerful drugs are made up in this manner, it would 
 be much more satisfactory to have some fixed standard 
 of strength, instead of the varieties which are met with 
 in the trade. Some lozenges of opium have \, others 
 i to } of a grain in each; the morphia lozenges contain 
 one-fortieth to one-tweuty-fourth of a grain of morphia, 
 and other kinds vary even more than these. In default 
 of any fixed standard, all the opium or morphia lozenges 
 should be stamped one-seventh, one-twenty-fourth, &c., 
 to indicate the strength at which the maker prepares 
 them, being so much of a grain in each. Lozenges are 
 sometimes made up according to private prescription; 
 in such cases the druggist can have any medicine pre- 
 pared into lozenges, by sending it to the confectioner 
 with proper instructions as to the quantity to be allowed 
 
Loz. 163 
 
 in each. This ensures their being neatly and correctly 
 made up, while the active ingredients are known to the 
 proprietor only. 
 
 Lozemjes, Aniseed. — Powdered sugar, 3 lbs., umber, 3 
 drachms, oil of aniseed, 50 drops, mucilage, q. s. 
 
 Blade Currant. — Sugar, 3 lbs., extract of black currants, 
 3 lbs., tartaric acid, 1 oz., powdered gum, G oz. 
 
 CampJwr. — Sugar, 3 lbs., smalt blue, ^ drachm, cam- 
 phor, 1 oz. Dissolved in spirit, q. s., and mucilage to 
 mix. 
 
 Cinnamon. — Sugar, 4 lbs., drop lake, 12 grains, gamboge, 
 
 2 scruples, oil of cassia, 1 drachm, mucilage to mix. 
 Chalk. — Sugar, 1 lb., prepared chalk, 2 oz., mucilage to 
 
 mix. 
 
 Cough. — Liquorice juice, 1 lb., sugar, 4k lbs., liquorice 
 powder, 1^ oz., tragacanth powder, IJ oz., starch pow- 
 der, 1 J oz., gum Arabic, 2^ oz., oil of aniseed, 75 drops. 
 
 Ginger. — Sugar, 7 lbs., ginger, 12 oz., mucilage to mix. 
 
 Ipecacuanha. — Sugar, 4 lbs., ipec. powder, 1 oz., otto of 
 roses, 4 drops, mucilage to mix. 
 
 Ipec. with Tula. — Add to the last tincture of tolu, i oz., 
 cream of tartar, 2 oz. 
 
 Lavender. — Sugar, 3 lbs., English oil of lavender, 1 
 drachm, drop lake, 20 grains, mucilage q. s. 
 
 Feppermint. — Sugar, 12 lbs., smalts, 2 scruples, English 
 oil of peppermint, 1 oz., mucilage to mix. 
 
 Magnesia. — Sugar, 8 lbs., smalts, J drachm, heavy mag- 
 nesia, 8 oz., precipitated chalk, 8 oz., oil of nutmeg, 
 20 drops, mucilage to mix. 
 
 Nitre. — Sugar, 3 lbs., nitre, 1 lb., smalts, 5 drachm, mu- 
 cilage to mix. 
 
 Opium. — Sugar, 4 lbs., powdered opium, 2 drachms, 
 mucilage to mix. 
 
 Paregoric. — Sugar, 8 lbs., drop lake, 1 drachm, pare- 
 goric,. 1 oz., t;utaric acid, J oz. Mix with mucilage. 
 
 Pectoral. — Opium, grains, camphor, 20 grains, sugar, 
 
 3 drachms. Mix with mucilage of tragacanth, and 
 make 48 lozenges. Four to six may be used daily. 
 
 Rose. — Red. — Sugar, 8 lbs., drop lake, 1 drachm, tartaric 
 acid, 5 oz., otto of roses, 4 drops. Mix with mucilage. 
 
164 LUT — MAG. 
 
 Lozenges, Acid. — Sugar, 8 lbs., tartaric acid, J oz., otto 
 of roses, 8 drops, smalts, 1 drachm, mucilage q. s. 
 Lute. — A protection to the joints of chemical vessels, steam- 
 pipes, &c. When the heat does not exceed 212°, lin- 
 seed meal made into a paste with water serves as a lute, 
 or plaster-of-paris made into a paste, and, after applying, 
 rubbed over with wax and oil, will bear almost a red 
 heat. Fire-clay and brick-dust made into a paste with 
 a solution of borax, will serve to join pipes exposed to 
 a great heat. For coating retorts the electrotype pro- 
 cess is uow successfully resorted to; formerly they were 
 covered with a paste of pipe-clay, horse-dung, and 
 water. The copper covering is, however, permanent, 
 and better adapted to equalize the heat. " For joining 
 many pipes, small tubes of India-rubber are inexpressi- 
 hly useful." — Fownes. 
 
 Macaroni resembles vermicelli, except in size. It is an 
 article of sale with some druggists, and is used in 
 various dishes. Two or three preparations are given 
 below. 
 
 1. Boil macaroni in salt and water until soft, pour away 
 the liquor, and add to the macaroni — butter, cream, a 
 little grated cheese, and if preferred a little spice also. 
 Toast iu a Dutch-oven until brown. 
 
 2. Instead of using water, boil it first in milk or weak 
 veal broth. 
 
 3. Pudding. — Simmer 2 oz. of macaroni in milk till ten- 
 der, adding a little cinnamon and lemon-peel, then put 
 it in a dish, with one egg and sufficient sugar and nut- 
 meg to taste, and bake. 
 
 Maceration. — The infusion of any substance in a liquid 
 for the purpose of extracting the soluble portion. 
 Chiefly applied to the preparation of tinctures and in- 
 fusions in Chemistry and Pharmacy. 
 
 Magistere de Soufre. — Precipitated sulphur. 
 
 Magnesia, L. — Carbonate of magnesia, 1 lb.; burn it in a 
 very strong fire for two hours. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — When moistened with water it 
 
MAG — MAH. 165 
 
 slightly changes the colour of turmeric to brown. It 
 is soluble in hydrochloric acid without effervescence, 
 and nothing is then precipitated on the addition of bi- 
 carbonate of potash, or chloride of barium. 
 
 Tasteless, scentless, light white powder; sp. gr. 23; forms 
 salts with tlie acids. It forms a solid mass with balsam 
 of copaiba, and becomes almost solid if mixed with the 
 solution of sulphate of magnesia and any tincture con- 
 taining mucilaginous ingredients, as tincture of eolchi- 
 cum, &c. Used as an antacid and laxative, but its use 
 must not be too long continued, as it concretes in the 
 bowels. Dose: 15 to 80 grains. 
 
 Magnesia, Carbonate of, L. — Sulphate of magnesia, 4 
 lbs., carbonate of soda, 4 lb. 9 oz., boiling distilled 
 water, 4 gallons. See Carbonate of Magnesia. 
 
 Magnesia, Sulphate of, L. — Docs not deliquesce in the 
 air, dissolves in water; if sulphuric acid is dropped into 
 this solution, no hydrochloric acid is evolved. This is 
 the common Epsom salts; they resemble oxalic acid in 
 the appearance of the crystals, but are distinguished by 
 the taste, and by bicarbonate of soda dissolving in the 
 acid with effervescence, while it has no effect on the 
 true Epsom salt. 
 
 Magnesian Effervescing Aperient. — Sulphate of mag- 
 nesia, 12 oz., tartaric acid, 8 oz., calcined magnesia, 3 
 oz., pure sugar, 18 oz., bicarbonate of soda, 6 oz., 
 e.ssence of lemon, 30 drops. Dry the powders sepa- 
 rately, mix and sieve them, then bottle securely. Two 
 or three teaspoonfuls in water for a dose. 
 
 Mahogany, to Imitate. — Use beech, box, or any other 
 close-grained wood; plane it level, and smooth it with 
 fine glass-paper. Then stain it by any of the following 
 modes : — 
 1. Kub the surface with nitrous acid, and afterwards brush 
 on twT) or three coats of the folldwing mixture. Dra- 
 gon's-blood, 4i oz., soda, 1 oz., rectified spirit, 3 pints; 
 mix and apply. When dull it may be revived by using 
 cold-drawu linseed oil as a polish. 
 
166 MAL — MAR. 
 
 2. Aloes, 2 parts, dragon's-blood, 1 part, spirit, 20 parts; 
 dissolve aud apply. Fiuisli with oil and wax, coloured 
 with alkanet. 
 Malt is generally prepared from barley, which is steeped in 
 water to swell out; when sufficiently swollen it is air- 
 dried, and afterwards stoved at a heat varying from 90° 
 to 165°, according to the required colour. At the lower 
 heat it is pale malt, at a higher heat amber, and after- 
 wards pale brown malt. It is used to prepare various 
 malt liquors, previous to which it is ground and mashed. 
 Grain which is unmalted is sometimes mixed with malt, 
 but if a handful of the mixed grains be thrown into 
 water, the unprepared portion sinks to the bottom, while 
 malt floats, or sinks very slightly. 
 
 Manganese, Binoxide of, is the most common of the 
 oxides of manganese; it has a black colour, is insoluble 
 in water, and refuses to unite with acids. It is largely 
 used to prepare chlorine, and is introduced into the 
 P. L. for this purpose. Character, P. L. — '^It is 
 soluble in hydrochloric acid, evolving chlorine." Heat 
 disengages oxygen; and it is therefore used by the 
 chemists to pi'epare this gas. 
 
 Marble is used to prepare carbonic acid, and the lime of 
 the P. E. Marble may be cleaned by using a little 
 ox-gall, with soap-and-water; or if very dirty, spread 
 over it some mixed lime and potash; leave it a day or 
 two, and wash it off. 
 
 Marhh, to Stain. — Pleat the marble and the colouring 
 liquid moderately, then apply the solution to the surface. 
 For blue use solution of litmus; green, wax, coloured 
 with verdigris; yelloio, tincture of gamboge or turme- 
 ric; red, tincture of alkanet or dragon's-blood; crim- 
 son, alkanet in turpentine; flesh, wax tinged with alka- 
 net; brown, tincture of logwood; gold, equal parts of 
 verdigris, sal ammoniac, and sulphate of zinc, in fine 
 powder. Considerable experience is required to pro- 
 duce the best effects. 
 
 Marble, to Imitate. — Resin, 4 parts, wax, 1 part; melt 
 together; add 6 parts of a hot solution of glue, pow- 
 
MEG — MER. 167 
 
 dercd alum, 4 parts, powdered pypsimi, 12 parts. Co- 
 lour the couipositiou at pleasure, stir iii some refuse 
 silk, and pour into moulds. 
 Megilp. — Mastic varnish, 1 part, pale drjinc; oil, 2 parts; 
 mix. May be thinned, if required, with turpentine. 
 Used by painters to glaze their pictures. 
 
 Mellago. — 3 parts of an extract with 1 part of water. 
 
 Mercury is the only metal which is fluid at common tem- 
 peratures. Its sp. gr. is 13-5, but when frozen it 
 becomes 15-5. It freezes at about 40° F., and boils at 
 about (3G2° F. Its equivalent is 202, its symbol Hg. 
 (hydrargyrum.) It is much used in the arts for sil- 
 vering looking-glasses, wash gilding, in making thermo- 
 meters, barometers, compensating pendulums of clocks, 
 &c., and in medicine its salts are an important chiss of 
 remedies. In its primitive state it appears to be almost 
 inert. 
 
 Characters, L. — 8p.gr. 13*5; volatilized b}- heat. When 
 the globules are gently rolled on a sheet of paper, no 
 particles adhere to the paper. 
 
 It is soluble in nitric acid, and affected by hot sulphuric 
 acid, but not by any others. 
 
 Mercury, Ammoui'o- Chloride of, L. — Bichloride of mer- 
 cury, 6 oz., di.stilled water, 6 pints, solution of ammo- 
 nia, 8 oz. Dissolve the bicldoride in the water by 
 heat, when cool add the ammonia, frequently shaking 
 it. Wash the precipitate until free from taste, and 
 dry it. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — "A white powder, which sub- 
 limes by heat, and is si)luble in hydrochloric acid with- 
 out effervescence. Heated with liquor potassa, it ex- 
 bales the ammonia, and turns yellow." It is the lightest 
 of the mercurial compounds; is insoluble in alcohol, 
 ether, or water, but is soluble in hydrochloric, sulphuric, 
 and nitric acids. Calomel turns black with li(|Uor 
 potassaj; this salt turns yellow. Not used internally, 
 but as an ointment externally, in skin diseases. 
 
 Mercury, Bichloride of, L. — Mercury, 2 lbs., sulphuric 
 acid, 21 i oz., common salt, li lb. Boil down the 
 
168 MER. 
 
 mercury with the acid until dry, liypersulphatc of 
 mercury remains; when cold rub it with the chloride 
 in an earthen mortar, then, by a gradually increased 
 heat, sublime. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Crystalline liquefies by heat, 
 and quickly sublimes; is soluble in water, ether, and 
 rectified spirit. What is precipitated from the watery 
 solution, on the addition of potash, soda, or lime-water, 
 is reddish, or if abundantly added, it is yellow. This 
 last substance, on the application of heat, evolves oxy- 
 gen, and runs into globules of mercury. 
 
 This salt of mercury is soluble in 16 parts of cold water 
 and three parts of boiling; it crystallizes from the hot 
 solution on cooling. Ether withdraws it from an aque- 
 ous solution, being a readier solvent than water. The 
 bichloride of mercury is an antiseptic, and is used as 
 such in preserving timber, &c. It is the active ingre- 
 dient in G-owland's Lotion, and other cosmetics. In- 
 ternally, in large doses, it is a powerful poison; it has 
 a most unpleasant taste on swallowing it, and acts very 
 speedily. In small doses it is used with sarsaparilla, 
 &c., as an alterative in syphilis, but is rarely given if 
 the patient has a cough or pulmonary disease. Exter- 
 nally it has been used as an ointment, but it is not safe, 
 and is seldom used; with liquor potassaa, it forms the 
 yellow wash for scrofulous or syphilitic ulcers. Dose : 
 the best form is the officinal solution, beginning with 
 10 drops, and gradually increasing to 30 or 40 drops; 
 in the solid form it is given one-sixteenth to one-eiglxth 
 of a grain in pills. 
 
 Mercury, Bisulphuret of, L. — Mercury, 2 lbs., sulphur, 5 
 oz. Molt the sulphur over the fire, add the mercury, 
 and as soon as the mass swells, remove the vessel and 
 cover closely lest the mixture take fire, then rub the 
 mass to powder and sublime it. Characters, L. — 
 Sublimes by heat, but if potash is added it runs into 
 globules of mercury. 
 
 This is the brilliant red pigment Vermilion. It is not 
 used internally, but sometimes externally its heated 
 vapour is used as a fumigation for ulcerated surfaces. 
 
MER. 169 
 
 Merruri/, Chloride of, L. — 3Iercury, 4 lbs., sulphuric 
 acid, 21^ oz., common salt, IJ lb.; boil 2 lbs. of the 
 mercury in the acid until dry, hypcrsulphate of mer- 
 cury remains; when cool, rub this with the remaining 
 mercury in an earthenware mortar, and mix well, add 
 the salt, rub till globules are no longer visible, then 
 sublime. Rub the sublimate to a very fine powder, 
 wash carefully with boiling distilled water, and dry it. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Whitish powder; sublimes by 
 heat. On adding potash it becomes black; and, if 
 then heated, runs into globules of mercury. No pre- 
 cipitate is thrown down from water in whicli it has been 
 washed or boiled by nitrate of silver, lime-water, or 
 hydrosulphuric acid. 
 
 Purgative, alterative, resolvent. It is sometimes given in 
 large doses, but without increased benefit. The gene- 
 ral quantity is 1 to 3 grains, with some aperient, but 6 
 to 10 grains, and much greater quantities, have been 
 repeatedly administered. On some persons even small 
 doses act with unexpected severity. 
 
 Mercury, Iodide of, L. — Mercury, 1 oz., iodine, 5 drachms, 
 alcohol, a sufficient quantity. Ivub the itiercury and 
 iodine together, adding the alcohol gradually until glo- 
 bules are no longer visible. Dry the powder quickly 
 with a gentle heat, without the access of light, and keep 
 it in a black-glass bottle, well stoppered. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — AVhen fresh it is yellowish; 
 when heat is cautiously applied, it sublimes in rod 
 crystals, which quickly turn yellow, and, on access of 
 light, blacken. It is not dissolved in a solution of 
 common salt, hot or cold. Used in scrofulous and 
 syphilitic diseases. Dose: 1 to 3 grains in pill, in- 
 ternally; externally, it is applied in the form of oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Mercury ,^Nitrico- Oxide of, L. — Mercury, 3 lbs., nitric 
 acid, 18 oz., distilled water, 2 pints; mix, and apply a 
 gentle heat until the mercury is dissolved, boil ddwn 
 the li(juor, and rub what remains to powder, put this 
 into another very shallow ves.'^el, apply a low heat, and 
 grail ually raise it until rod vapours cease to arise. 
 15 
 
170 MET — MIL. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — It consists of crystalline 
 shining red scales, it is sublimed at a strong heat 
 without emitting nitrous fumes. It is soluble in hy- 
 drochloric and nitric acids. Escharotic. Only used ex- 
 ternally, and as an ointment for various skin disorders. 
 
 Mercuri/, loith Chalk, L. — Mercury, 3 oz., prepared 
 chalk, 5 oz. Triturate until globules are no longer 
 visible. 
 
 Characters, L. — By heat part passes off in vapour; what 
 remains agrees with Prepared Chalk in its characteris- 
 tics. 
 
 This preparation is almost always made on the large scale, 
 and by steam-power. It is the mildest mercurial 
 compound, and usually given to children as an antacid 
 and alterative. Dose: 2 to 10 grains. 
 
 Metal, to Preserve from Corrosion. — Dip the article 
 in a very dilute solution of nitric acid, and afterwards 
 immerse in linseed oil, allowing it to drain thoroughly. 
 
 Milk may be preserved by heating it in bottles in a water 
 bath to nearly the boiling point, and immediately cork- 
 ing and wiring it down. With sugar it may be evapo- 
 rated to a syrup; or, with still more, to a candy. Milk 
 may be evaporated to a thick consistence, if the cream 
 be first removed; and if first scalded, and, when cold, 
 charged with carbonic acid gas, it will be preserved 
 after the manner of Bethel's patent. Moor's preserved 
 milk is in the solid form, and liquefies on the addition 
 of water. 
 
 Milk of Roses. — A cosmetic wash. It usually consists of 
 solutions of soap and alkalies, mixed with perfume, or 
 of metallic preparations, scented. 
 
 1. Liquor potassae, hot water, and oil of almonds, of each 
 1 part; mix, and add rose-water, 3 parts. 
 
 2. Blanched ahnonds, 4 oz., oil of almonds, Castile soap, 
 and white wax, of each 2 drachms, spermaceti, 1 dr., 
 make an emulsion, with 30 oz. water; strain; add otto 
 of rose, 5 drops, oil of lavender, 15 drops, ambergris, 10 
 grains, dissolved in 8 oz. rectified spirit. 
 
MIL — MIX. 171 
 
 3. Liquor of acetate of lead, and spirits of lavender, each 
 ^ oz., rose-water, 8 oz., water, 10 oz.; mix. 
 
 4. Tinctures of benzoin and storax, of each J oz., spirit 
 of roses, 1 drachm, rectified spii'it, 1 oz., rose-watei', 1 
 pint. 
 
 Milk of Roses. — Melt in a steam bath i oz. of oil soap, 
 sliced into 3 oz. of rose-water; when molted, add sper- 
 maceti and white wax, of eacli i oz. Blanch 8 oz. of 
 almonds, beat them into a paste with 1 quart of rose- 
 water, and strain the emulsion through washed muslin. 
 Gradually combine the soap and the emulsion, and finally 
 add, by slow degrees, 5 oz. of alcohol, in which is dis- 
 solved 1 di'aehm of otto of roses. Finally strain. 
 
 Mineral Marmoratum, Succedaneum, &c., are compo- 
 sitions for filling decayed teeth. 
 
 1. Quicksilver, 4U grains, zinc-filings, 20 grains; mix for 
 use, and, having dried the tooth with a bit of lint, ap- 
 ply the amalgam. The tooth must be first cleaned out, 
 and if the nerve aches, the filling is useless until all 
 pain be relieved. This is sometimes attemped by mix- 
 ing arseuious acid, 3 parts, with muriate of morphia, 2 
 parts, and a little creosote, and applying to the tooth; 
 but this is a dangerous compound for such a purpose. 
 The preparations of opium and morphia, camphor, and 
 the essential oils, are safer. 
 
 2. See Toothache, and Amalgam for the Teeth. 
 
 Mixtures are compound liquid medicines, generally pre- 
 pared only as required. Heavy powders and incom- 
 patible solutions are to be avoided in mixtures. 
 
 Mijrtnrc of Acacia, L. — Powdered acacia, 10 oz., boiling 
 distilled water, 1 pint. Kub the acacia, with the water 
 gradually added, until the gum is dissolved, then strain 
 through fiannel. Demulcent. Used medicinally to al- 
 lay irritation, and chemically to suspend various sub- 
 stances in water. Precipitated. 
 
 Mixture of Almond, L. — Confection of almond, 2} oz., 
 distilled water, 1 pint. Kub the confection, with the 
 water gradually added, and, when mixed, strain through 
 linen. Demulcent. Dose at plcjisure. 
 
172 MIX — MOI. 
 
 3Iixture of Ammoniacum, L. — Prepared aminoniacum, 5 
 dr., distilled water, 1 pint. Rub the ammoniacuni with 
 the water, gradually added, until they are mixed. Ex- 
 pectorant. Dose: ^ to 1 oz. 
 
 Mixture of Camphor, L. — Camphor, J drachm, rectified 
 spirit, 10 drops, distilled water, 1 pint. Kub the cam- 
 phor with the spirit, then with the water, gradually 
 added, and strain through linen. Used as a vehicle for 
 mixtures, and in lotions. Dose : i to 2 oz. 
 
 3Iixture of Chalk, L. — Prepared chalk, ^ oz., sugar, 3 
 drachms, mixture of acacia, 1^ oz., cinnamon-water, 18 
 oz.j mix. Antacid. Used with astringents in diarrhoea. 
 Dose: ^ to IJ oz. every 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 3Iix(ure of Gentian, (^Compound) L. — Compound infu- 
 sion of gentian, 12 oz., compound infusion of senna, 6 
 oz., compound tincture of cardamoms, 2 oz. ; mix. Used 
 in dyspepsia accompanied with constipation. Dose : 1 
 to 2 oz. 
 
 Mixture of Guaiacum, L. — Guaiacum resin, powdered, 3 
 drachms, sugar, \ oz., powdered acacia, 2 drachms, cin- 
 namon-water, 1 pint. Rub the sugar with the guaia- 
 cum and acacia, and gradually add the cinnamou-watcr. 
 Stimulant, alterative, sudorific. Employed in rheuma- 
 tism, chronic gout, and in skin diseases. Dose: ^ to 
 1^ oz. 
 
 3Iixture of Iron, (Co7npound) L. — Powdered myrrh, 2 
 drachms, carbonate of potash, 1 drachm, rose-water, 18 
 oz., powdered sulphate of iron, 2^ scruples, spirit of 
 nutmeg, 1 oz., sugar, 2 drachms. Tonic. Used in 
 chlorosis, amenorrhcea, and phthisis. Dose: 1^ oz. 
 three times a-day. 
 
 Mixture of Spirit of French Wine, L. — Brandy and cin- 
 namon-water, of each 4 oz., the yolk of 2 eggs, sugar, 
 ^ oz., oil of cinnamon, 2 drops ; mix. Stimulant, resto- 
 rative. Used in low fevers, and in cases of exhaustion. 
 Dose : ^ to 2 oz., repeated as required. 
 
 Modelling Clay (Soft.) — Clay kneaded with glycerine 
 
 remains permanently soft. 
 MoiREE Metallique is the term applied to the crystallized 
 
 appearance of tin, produced by acids. Dip the sheet- 
 
MOR. 173 
 
 iron in a bath of pure tin, 200 parts, copper, 3 parts, 
 arsenic, 1 part. When tinned the sheet is — 1. Im- 
 mersed in caustic solution of potash, and washed. 2. 
 Immersed in dilute niti'o-muriatic acid and washed. 3. 
 As No. 1. 4. Passed rapidly through nitric acid, and 
 washed. 5. As No. 1. G. As No. 2. 7. As No. 1. 
 The washinsz; at each process should be perfect, and the 
 last should be hot water. Finally varnished with copal 
 varnish. 
 
 Mordants are used in dyeing, to fix the colours which would 
 otherwise be fugitive. The principal mordants are, alu- 
 mina, iron liquor, and the hydrochlorate of tin. 
 
 Morphia is seldom used in medicine; but its scdts arc much 
 employed. It is officinal in the P. D. only, which orders 
 ammonia-liquor to be added in excess to a solution of 
 hydrochlorate of morphia, the precipitate to be washed 
 with cold distilled water, and dried at a gentle heat. 
 
 Morphia, Acetate of, L. — No directions are given in the 
 P. L. for this preparation. It may be made from freshly- 
 precipitated morphia being added to acetic acid in ex- 
 cess, and evaporating until the solution will crystallize. 
 The former directions of the P. L. were, morphia, 6 dr., 
 acetic acid, 3 drachms, distilled water, 4 oz. ; dissolve 
 the morphia in the mixed fluids, filter, evaporate gently, 
 and cry.stallize. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Soluble in water and in recti- 
 fied spirit, and when the spirituous solutiuu is distilled 
 it yields crystals, which are destroyed by heat. On the 
 addition of nitric acid it becomes first red, and then 
 yellow. Tincture of sesqui-chluride of iruii turns it blue. 
 Freshly-prepared chlorine being first added, and after- 
 wards ammonia, a brown culuur is produced, which dis- 
 appears on the addition of more chlorine. 3Iorphia is 
 first precipitated by .solution of potash, and then re-dis- 
 solved when more is added. Used as the hydrochlorate 
 of morphia. The acetate is more active in causing per- 
 spiration, but pos.ses.ses no other advantiige over the hy- 
 drochlorate. Dose: i to i gi'ain, as au anodyne and 
 hypnotic. 
 
 15* 
 
174 MOR — MUS. 
 
 Morphia, ITydrochlorate of, — Is placed in the materia me- 
 dica of the P. L. It is prepared by precipitating an 
 aqueous solution of opium with a solution of muriate of 
 lime, and afterwards purifying the crystals. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Soluble in rectified spirit and 
 in water. What is thrown from the watery solution by 
 nitrate of silver is not perfectly dissolved by hydrochloric 
 or nitric acid, nor by ammonia, unless added in excess. 
 Its other characters correspond with those of acetate of 
 morphia. 
 
 Morphia. — Concentrate an aqueous solution of opium, and 
 add chloride of tin till no further precipitate appears. 
 Let the liquid settle, pour it off, wash' the precipitate, 
 and mix it with the poured-off liquid. Add ammonia 
 to the mixture j digest the precipitate in ether to remove 
 the narcotine, and then with alcohol, as long as the latter 
 acquires a bitter taste. Partially remove the alcohol by 
 distillation, and the pure morphia may be obtained in 
 crystals. 
 
 Mounting Fluid for Microscopical Objects. — Best 
 gelatine, 1 oz., honey, 5 oz., distilled water, 5 oz., 
 rectified spirit, j oz., creosote, 6 drops. Dissolve the 
 gelatine in the water by heat, and add to it the honey, 
 previously made boiling hot. When cooled a little, add 
 the creosote dissolved in the spirit, and, while still hot, 
 filter through coarse filtering paper, or fine flannel. For 
 use, the bottle in which it is contained may be set in a 
 vessel of hot water. — Dcane. 
 
 Mucilage. — An aqueous solution of gummy matters, as 
 acacia, tragacanth, starch, or quince-seeds. 10 oz. of 
 acacia may be mixed with 1 pint of boiling water, or 
 tragacanth, 2 drachms to 9 oz. of boiling water, to form 
 the respective mucilages. They are used to make pastes, 
 pill-masses, &c., and to suspend various ingredients in 
 solution ; the mixed mucilages are applied to labels, to 
 cause them to adhere. 
 
 Musk — is a brown substance of peculiar odour; it is obtained 
 from the musk-deer. It is chiefly used as a perfume, but 
 
MUS — NAP. 175 
 
 occasionally as medicine. It is a reputed antispasmodic, 
 stimulant, and narcotic, though seldom used, on account 
 of its high price, and its consequent almost universal 
 adulteration. As a medicine the dose is 8 to 20 grains, 
 in a bolus. Musk is imitated artificially by pouring 3 J 
 drachms of nitric acid on 1 drachm of oil of amber, 
 washing and drying the remaining resin. 
 
 MtSTARD — is a well-known condiment, when ground and 
 mixed for the table. It is used medically as an emetic 
 in poisoning, and externally as a poultice. With hot 
 liquids, as milk, &c., it assists perspiration, and acts 
 as a diuretic. It is usually mixed with wheat-flour and 
 coloured with turmeric for sale. 
 Mustard, Poultice of, L. — Mustard-seed and linseed, of 
 each 2^ oz., or a sufficient quantity, boiling water, 10 
 oz.j add the powders, first mixed together, to the water 
 by degrees, stirring, so as to make a poultice. Used 
 as a counter-irritant in coma, apoplexy, &c. ; it can sel- 
 dom be borne more than 15 to 25 minutes, and if used 
 too long is apt to produce sloughing sores. The pain 
 of its application may be relieved by bathing the in- 
 flamed part with ether or cold water. 
 MuMard, Mixed for the Table. — It is most frequently 
 used simply mixed with water, but some add salt, vine- 
 gar, &c., as improvements. 1. Steep mustard-seed for 
 8 days in twice its bulk of distilled vinegar, then grind 
 it to a paste. 2. IJoil ginger and salt in the water with 
 which the mustard is to be mixed. 3. Add the liquor 
 of walnuts, or other pickles, to the ground mustard, and 
 mix. 
 
 Myrrh. — A gum-resin, soluble in rectified or proof-spirit. 
 Tonic, stimulant, emmonagoguc. It is seldom pre- 
 scribed alunc, but is given in pill and mixture. The 
 tincture is rendered milky on the addition of water. 
 
 NArriTiiA. — A bitumen of yellow colour and strong odour, 
 which becomes eoIoTirlcss on distillation. It is inflamma- 
 ble, boils at from 100° to near (;00° F. "A thermometer 
 insirted into a retort in which the oil is undergoing dis- 
 tillation, never shows for any length of time a constant 
 
176 NAP — NIC. 
 
 temperature; hence it is inferred to be a mixture of 
 several difterent substances. All the varieties are, how- 
 ever, carbides of hydrogen." Sp. gr. 0-753 to 0-836. 
 It imparts its odour and taste to water, with which, how- 
 ever, it will not combine; it mixes with alcohol and oils. 
 As a solvent, it acts on iodine, sulphur, phosphorus, 
 camphor, most of the resins, wax, fats, and spermaceti. 
 With India-rubber, it forms a gelatinous varnish. If 
 adulterated with oil of turpentine it will turn dark, and 
 thick on the addition of sulphuric acid. It is used for 
 the purposes of illumination, and as a solvent for India- 
 rubber, and it is distinguished as mineral naphtha. 
 Pure naphtha is used by the chemists to preserve sodium, 
 potassium, &c. 
 The term naphtha is applied to the product from coal-tar, 
 (coal-naphtha,) which is used for coarse paints and var- 
 nishes, and as a solvent for India-rubber. Coal-tar 
 yields, on distillation, a thin dark-coloured volatile oil, 
 which, when agitated with sulphuric acid to remove am- 
 monia, and twice rectified with water, becomes nearly 
 colourless; is volatile, inflammable, lighter than water, 
 and an excellent solvent of caoutchouc. Two other li- 
 quids have also been called naphtha, but very improperly ; 
 they are the pyro-acetic spirit, and the pyroxilic spirit, 
 (wood-naphtha;) they differ from naphtha in not being 
 able to dissolve caoutchouc; they mix with water, and 
 have a different scent and composition when compared 
 with naphtha. 
 Naphtha Vitreoli. — Sulphuric ether. 
 
 Nervous Cordials. — Chiefly gin, with a little bark, gen- 
 tian, and aromatics. 
 
 Nickel. — A white malleable metal, sp. gr. 8-8 ; strongly mag- 
 netic, but loses this pi'operty when heated to 060° F. 
 Its equivalent is 29-6; its symbol, (Ni.) In the arts it 
 is used to form alloys resembling silver, known as albata, 
 electruui, British-plate, German-silver, packfoug, teu- 
 tanag, &c. ; the commonest of which are, nickel, 3 to 4 
 parts, with 20 parts copper, and 10 parts zinc; the best 
 arc nickel, 5 to parts, with 20 parts copper, and 8 to 
 
NIC— NIT." 177 
 
 10 parts zinc. These alloys are used for harness, furni- 
 ture, drawing and mathematical instruments, spectacles, 
 the tongues for accordions, and numerous small works. 
 Nickel is uot oxidized at common temperatures, and an 
 alloy with iron is not disposed to rust, but with steel, 
 oxidization takes place more rapidly than when the steel 
 is unalloyed. An alloy of nickel, 10 oz., sheet-iron, 7 oz., 
 and tin, 10 lbs., has lately been introduced as an im- 
 provement in the tinning of culinary vessels. This 
 alloy bears, uninjured, a heat which would fuse the old 
 tinning to the bottom of the pan. Nickel is very infu- 
 sible, is scarcely acted on by sulphuric or hydrochloric 
 acid, but nitric acid dissolves it easily. It has many 
 salts, but they are not used in medicine. 
 
 Nicotine. — A colourless volatile liquid, with an odour of 
 tobacco; is soluble in water, ether, alcohol, and oils, and 
 with acids forms salts. It boils at 375° F. It is pro- 
 cured from tobacco by distillation, and is a strong poison, 
 ith of a drop kills a rabbit; 1 drop will kill a large dog. 
 Good tobacco yields 1 per cent, of nicotine. 
 
 Nitrate of Iron (Saturated Solution.) — Red oxide of 
 iron, 4 drachms, nitric acid, 6 drachms. Dissolve, add 
 1 oz. of water, and filter. 
 
 Nitric Acid. — No directions are now given in the P. L. for its 
 preparation. The former instructions were as follow: 
 "Dry purified nitrate of potash and sulphuric acid, 
 equal parts; mix in a glass retort, and distil with a 
 moderate heat into a cool receiver, so long as the vapour 
 comes over." By re-distilling, the acid comes over 
 colourless. It is not u.sually prepared on a small scale; 
 the residuum in the retort is sold as a flux, &c., under 
 the name of sal cnixum. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Free from colour, sp. gr. 142, 
 emitsjicrid vapours on exposure to air; is totally vola- 
 tilized by heat. DiluttMl with throe parts of water by 
 inea.<5ure it gives no pmipitate with cither nitrate of 
 silver or chloride of barium. 100 grains of this acid 
 are neutralized by 101 grains of cry.stallizod carbonate 
 of soda. This ia an alteration from the P. L. of 183G, 
 
178 NIT. 
 
 wTiieli remarked : ''Sp. gr. 1-50; 100 grains of this acid 
 will saturate about 217 grains of crystallized carbonate 
 of soda," consequently the strength of diluted nitric 
 acid is less now than formerly, and must be prescribed 
 in larger quantities to produce the same effect as 
 before. 
 The strong nitric acid is applied externally as a caustic 
 to warts, ulcers, &c. ; diluted, it is used internally as a 
 tonic and refrigerant. 
 
 Nitric Acid, Diluted, L. — Nitric acid, 3 oz., distilled 
 water, 17 oz. ; mix. Sp. gr. 1-082; a fluid ounce is 
 saturated by 154 grains of crystallized carbonate of 
 soda. Dose: 10 to 40 drops, in fever, indigestion, 
 liver-complaint, heartburn, &c. 
 
 Nitrogen may be obtained in two or three ways. 1. In a 
 little saucer or dish place some phosphorus, float the 
 vessel in the pneumatic trough, ignite the phosphorus, 
 and place a bell jar over it. As the air is partially 
 consumed, water rises into the jar, and when the fumes 
 have subsided, nitrogen is left in the upper portion of 
 the jar. It is sufticiently pure for most purposes, but 
 may be rendered purer by agitating it with a solution 
 of potash. 
 
 2. Fill a porcelain tube with copper turnings, heat the 
 tube to redness, ^ud pass it through a stream of air; 
 the oxygen becomes removed by the heated copper, and 
 nitrogen is evolved. 
 
 8. Pass chlorine into a solution of ammonia; the nitrogen 
 is set free with effervescence, and passes off very pure. 
 The whole of the ammonia should not be decomposed, 
 otherwise there may ensue an explosion from the chlo- 
 rine combining with an ammoniacal salt. 
 
 4. Heat nitrate of ammonia in a retort and collect the gas. 
 
 Colourless, tasteless, inodorous, sp. gr. 0-972; 100 cubic 
 inches at 60° (barometer, 30 inches,) weigh 30-14 
 grains. Not poisonous; incapable of supporting com- 
 bustion or respiration; almost insoluble in water or 
 caustic alkali, neutral to test paper, and does not affect 
 lime water. 
 
NIT. 179 
 
 Nitrogen, Chloride of . — Hot water, 14 oz., sal ammoniac, 
 1 oz.; dissolve. Put a leaden cup in the bottom of a 
 basin, pour in the solution, and when at about 00° F. 
 invert into it a bottle of chlorine, the neck of which is 
 free from grease. In about 20 minutes the desired sub- 
 stance appears, yellow oily globules form on the surface 
 of the li((uid, and finally sink into the leaden cup below 
 the mouth of the bottle. The cup may be then with- 
 drawn, and the water poured away. 
 
 Volatile, irritating; sp. gr. 1-G53; at 200° F. explodes 
 violently, and is the most dangerous compound known. 
 It may be distilled at 100°, though the experiment is 
 fearfully dangerous. In contact with oil, fat, or grease, 
 it at once detonates; naphtha and oil of turpentine have 
 a similar effect. A grain the size of a mustard seed, 
 touched with phosphorus, will shatter a vessel of earthen- 
 ware, glass or cast-iron ; a leaden cup will be deeply in- 
 dented. Sir H. Davy, and its discoverer, Dulong, were 
 both injured by experimenting on it; small quantities 
 only should be prepared, and a strong wire ma.sk be 
 worn on the face of the operator. 
 
 Nitrogen, Protoxide of, or Laughing Gas. — Heat 
 solid nitrate of ammonia in a retort, and collect the gas. 
 This comes over at 480° F., and should not much ex- 
 ceed this, as at G00° F. nitrate of ammonia explodes. 
 This gas is colourless, transparent, slightly odorous, 
 sweetish taste, is absorbed by water, and supports com- 
 bustion. Sp. gr. 1-525, 100 cubic inches weigh 47*29 
 grains. It should be in contact with warm, and not 
 with cold water in the trough or gasometer, as cold 
 water absorbs nearly its own volume. Under a pressure 
 of 50 atmospheres at 45° it is liquefied, and the liquid 
 under the air-pump becomes solid like snow. When 
 breathed, it excites the system, and disposes the inspirer 
 to mirth or passion, as the case may be. Some laugh 
 outrageously, only staying to recover breath that they 
 may laugh again; others leap round the room, recite 
 plays or poetry, iScc, while sonic feel decidedly pugna- 
 cious, aud may do iujui-y if uot prevcutcd. A sailor, 
 
180 NIT — OIL. 
 
 who had breathed it at an exhibition in London, drew 
 a knife and stabbed one of the company. 
 
 NiTROMURiATic AciD, D. — Nitric acid, 1 part, muriatic 
 acid, 2 parts. A solvent of gold and platinum, forms 
 a white precipitate with nitrate of silver, and bleaches 
 indigo. The P. D. orders it "to be kept in a gi-een 
 glass stoppered bottle in a cool place." Medicinally it 
 is tonic, used in liver complaint; the dose of diluted 
 acid is 10 to 20 drops. Externally it is used as a foot 
 or hip-bath, by adding 2 oz. to each gallon of water, 
 and using the bath for 20 or 30 minutes. 
 
 Nitrous Acid. — The produce of dry nitrate of lead when 
 distilled; not prepared on the small scale, Sp. gr. 1-42, 
 boils at 82° F. Mixed with nitric acid it forms the 
 aquafortis, or fuming nitric acid of commerce. 
 
 Norfolk Fluid. — Eosin, 6 oz., wax, 12 oz. ; melt, add oil, 
 1 quart, and thin when cooling with turpentine. Used 
 to soften and preserve boots and shoes. 
 
 Novargent. — 1. Freshly precipitated muriate of silver in 
 a solution of hyposvilphite of soda. 
 
 2. Freshly precipitated chloride of silver in the same so- 
 lution. 
 
 3. Oxide of silver in a solution of cyanide of potassium. 
 Used to restore silver-plated goods. 
 
 Nycthemeron. — Twenty-four hours — a night and a day. 
 
 Oil Gas is obtained by heating to redness a retort in which 
 there are a few pieces of coke, brick, or stone. The 
 oil is allowed to drop on the stone, and the vapour is 
 collected. Said to be more brilliant than coal gas, but 
 it is not preferred for general use, from its high price, 
 &c. 
 
 Oils are distinguished as volatile and Jlxed; the former may 
 be distilled without decomposition, the latter cannot. 
 On paper they all produce a greasy stain; the volatile 
 oil disappears on the paper being warmed, the fixed oil 
 does not. The fixed oils are divided into drying oils, 
 as linseed, rape, poppy, and walnut oils, and non-drying 
 
OIL. 181 
 
 Oils. 
 
 oils, as olive, palm, and all animal oils. Oils and fats, 
 •wheu cooled, yield a solid substance termed margarln, 
 over which floats olein; others yield stearin, and other 
 substances now used in the arts. 
 
 Oil, Castor, is obtained from the East Indies very pure; 
 the American and West Indian oils are also used. It 
 is a thick, transparent oil, entirely soluble in alcohol, in 
 which it differs from fixed oils generally, and is thus 
 tested when adulterated with olive oil, &c., as it should 
 be completely dissolved by its own weight of alcohol, if 
 pure. It is a popular purgative, speedy in its action, 
 mild and unirritating in its effects. Dose: i to 1 oz., 
 generally taken in water, gin, peppermint water, or di- 
 luted compound tincture of lavender. 
 
 Oil, Cod Liver. — Obtained from the liver of the cod-fish, 
 and purified. Some patients prefer the oil in its unre- 
 fined state. Used in consumption, loss of flesh, rheu- 
 matism, and general decay or debility. Dose to begin : 
 1 to 2 drachms, increased by use to \ oz. or 1 oz., two 
 or three times daily. It often causes nausea at first, 
 but this afterwards subsides, and it may then be taken 
 in larger quantities. Some take it in spirit, water, or 
 milk, while others prefer it unmixed. It has occasion- 
 ally been administered in mixtures. 
 
 Oil, Crolon. — From the seeds of the croton tigJi^im, by 
 pressure. Pale yellow oil, thick, tenacious, soluble in 
 ether, but not entirely soluble in alcohol. It is a drastic 
 irritant cathartic, and rubefacient. Used in obstinate 
 constipation, and when the patient is insensible, as ia 
 coma, mania, &c. Sometimes used in dropsy. Dose: 
 1 to 2 drops generally; sometimes 8 or lU are required. 
 It is uncertain in its operation as to quantity and de- 
 pressant effects subsequently. 
 
 Oil, Ethereal, L. — Rectified spirit, 2 pints, sulphuric 
 acid, 8"(i oz., solution of potash and distilled water, of 
 each 1 oz. or sufficient. Mix the acid cautiously with 
 the spirit. Let the liquor distil until a black froth 
 arises, then remove the retort from the fire. Separate 
 the lighter supernatant liquor and expose it to the air 
 IG 
 
182 OIL. 
 
 Oils. 
 
 for a day. Add to it the solution of potash, first mixed 
 with the water, and shake them all together; lastly, 
 when well washed, separate the ethereal oil which sub- 
 sides. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Sp. gr. 1-05. It instantly 
 subsides in the form of globules when dropped into 
 water. It is dissolved by ether, and does not change 
 the colour of litmus. 
 Not used alone in medicine; it is an ingredient in the 
 compound spirit of ether, P. L. 
 
 Oil, Almond. — Obtained by pressure from bitter or sweet 
 almonds. Used in liniments and linctuses, and with 
 syrup of violets or roses as a laxative for infants. Dose 
 for infants, \ drachm. 
 
 Oil, Bitter Almond. — Essential oil of almonds. Distilled 
 from the bitter almond cake after the oil is expressed. 
 Pale yellow, Sp. gr. 1-083. Used to flavour pastry 
 and cordials. Poisonous; 4 times as strong as Prussic 
 acid. Dose, } to 1 drop. 
 
 Oil of Aniseed. — Carminative. Dose: 1 to 5 drops, with 
 sugar and water. Distilled from the fruit. 
 
 Oil of Caraway. — Carminative. Dose, 2 to 6 drops. 
 Distilled from the fruit. 
 
 Oil of Chamomile. — Yellow, strong odour, nauseous taste. 
 Stimulant, antispasmodic, combined with pills, &c., and 
 used to scent the extract of chamomile. Dose, 1 to 5 
 drops. Distilled from the flowers. 
 
 Oil of Cinnamon. — Distilled from the bark. Aromatic 
 stimulant. Dose, 1 to 3 drops. 
 
 Oil of Cloves. — Distilled from the unexpanded flower, 
 the bud. Stimulant, added to purgatives to check 
 griping, and used to ease toothache. Dose, 1 to 5 
 drops. 
 
 Oil of Cajepnt. — Distilled from an infusion of the leaves 
 of the melaleuca minor. Lighter than water, pale green 
 colour, scent and taste resembling camphor, soluble in 
 spirit, and slightly so in water. Stimulant, anti-spas- 
 modic. Used in colic and flatulence, to relieve tooth- 
 ache, and make stimulating liniments. Dose, 2 to 6 
 drops on sugar. 
 
OIL. 183 
 
 Oils. 
 
 Oil of Copaiba. — Distilled from the oleo-rcsin. Used ia 
 
 gonorrhoea, gleet, &c. Dose, 10 to 20 drops. 
 Oil of Cuhchs. — From coarsely ground cubcbs. Carmi- 
 native, diuretic, stimulant. Used in gonorrhoea, piles, 
 &c. Dose : 10 drops, increased to 1 drachm, with muci- 
 lage, yolk of egg, or on sugar. 
 Oil of Dill. — Distilled from the fruit or seed. Carmina- 
 tive. Dose, 2 to 5 drops. 
 Oil of Fennel. — Distilled from the fruit. Carminative. 
 
 Dose, 1 to 5 drops. 
 Oil of Juniper. — Distilled from the fruit. Diuretic. 
 
 Dose, 2 to 6 drops. 
 Oil of Lavender. — Distilled from the flower. Pale yel- 
 low, very fragrant. Sp. gr. 0877 to 0905, the lightest 
 is the best. English oil is superior to foreign. Stimu- 
 lant, agreeable flavour; seldom used internally. Dose, 
 2 to G drops. 
 Oil of Lemon. — Volatile oil expressed from the rind of 
 the fruit. Agreeable flavour and odour. Dose, 2 to 3 
 drops. 
 Oil of Linseed. — Expressed from the seed. Used, mixed 
 with lime-water, as an application to burns, and in 
 the arts for numerous purposes. "When boiled, it is 
 known as boiled oil. 
 Oil of Nutmeg. — Expressed from the seed. Stimulant, 
 aromatic. Seldom used internally. Dose, 1 to 4 
 drops. 
 Oil of Neroli. — Oil of orange flowers. 
 Oil of Olives. — Expressed from the fruit. Florence oil 
 is the best, and Spanish oil the worst. Nutritious, de- 
 mulcent, laxative, emollient. Used as a salad oil and 
 fish sauce, and medicinally in liniments, plasters, and 
 ointments. As a laxative or demulcent for coughs, it is 
 sometimes made into emulsion with yolk of egg. Olive 
 oil turns rancid when lung kejjt. 
 Oil of Pcnni/roijal. — Distilled fmm the flowering herb. 
 
 Carminative, antispasniudic. Dose: 2 to >) drops. 
 Oil of Peppermint. — Antispasmodic, corrects griping 
 purgatives. Dose, 2 to 5 drops. Distilled from the 
 flowcrint: herb. 
 
184 OIL — OIN. 
 
 Oils. 
 
 Oil of Pimento, — Distilled from the fruit. Carminative, 
 corrects griping purgatives. Dose : 2 to 6 drops. 
 
 Oil of Roaemary. — Distilled from the flowering tops. 
 Stimulant. Only used externally. 
 
 Oil of Rue. — Distilled from the flowering herb. Anti- 
 spasmodic, emmenagogue. Dose, 3 to 5 drops. 
 
 Oil of Savine. — Distilled from the tops. Eubefacient, 
 emmenagogue, poisonous. Dose, 2 to 6 drops. 
 
 Oil of Sptarminl. — Distilled from the flowering plant. 
 Antispasmodic, corrects griping purgatives. Dose, 2 
 to 5 drops. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine. — Distilled from turpentine. Colour- 
 less, volatile, neutral to test paper. Sp. gr. 0-872 at 
 60° F. Used to make varnishes and paints, and to 
 illuminate lamps. Medically, as a vermifuge, diuretic, 
 &c. Dose, 6 to 60 drops, or, as a vermifuge, ^ to IJ 
 oz. In this large dose it both kills and expels tape 
 worms, and in enemas is efiicient against the ascaride or 
 thread worm. Externally, alone, it is a powerful rube- 
 facient, and is used as a counter-irritant; weakened, it 
 assists in forming useful liniments, as, olive oil, 1 oz., 
 hartshorn and oil of turpentine, of each ^ oz., camphor, 
 3 drachms; mix. 
 
 Ointments are unctuous preparations, having the consis- 
 tence of butter; they are mostly intended as external 
 and local applications. They become rancid if kept too 
 long, or in a warm place, but will keep better by the 
 addition of a little benzoic acid or gum benzoin. 
 
 Ointment (f Amnion io-chloriJe of Mercury, L. — Ammo- 
 nio-chloride of mercury, 2 drachms, lard, 3 oz. Rub 
 them together. Stimulant, detergent. Used for por- 
 rigo and impetigo of the scalp, for scabies, and chronic 
 inflammation of the eyelids. 
 
 Ointment of Belladonna, L. — Extract of belladonna, 1 
 drachm, lard, 1 oz.; mix. Anodyne. Used to allay 
 the pain of rheumatism, ulcers, &c. 
 
 Ointment of Canthuricles, L. — Finely powdered cantha- 
 rides, 1 oz., distilled water, 12 oz., resin cerate, 1 lb. 
 Boil the cantharides in the water to one-half, and 
 
oiN. 185 
 
 Ointments. 
 
 strain. Mix the liquor with the cerate, and evapo- 
 rate to the proper consistence. Used to keep blisters 
 open. 
 
 Ointment of Creosote, L. — Creosote, 1 drachm, lard, 1 
 oz.; mix. Used in skin diseases. 
 
 ■Ointment of Elder, L. — Elder flowers and lard, of each 
 1 lb. Boil them together until the flowers are crisp, 
 then press through a linen cloth. Soothing, healing. 
 Used in ordinary cases. 
 
 Ointment of Elenii, L. — Elemi, 3 oz., turpentine, 3i oz., 
 suet, oz., olive oil, J oz. Melt together the elemi 
 and suet, remove them from the fire, and immediately 
 mix them with the turpentine and oil, and strain through 
 linen. Stimulant. Applied to ulcers, and to promote 
 suppuration. 
 
 Ointment of Gall, (^Compound,') L. — Galls in fine pow- 
 der, G drachms, lard, 6 oz., powdered opium, h drachm. 
 Astringent and anodyne. Used in piles. 
 
 Ointment of Hemlock, L. — Hemlock leaves, fresh, and 
 lard, of each 1 lb. Boil them together until the leaves 
 become friable, then express through linen. 
 
 Ointment of ITi/pochloride of Sulphur, (^Compound.) — 
 Hypochloride of sulphur, 2 drachms, subcarbonate of 
 potash, 10 grains, purified lard, 1 oz., essential oil of 
 almonds, lO drops. Mix. — E. Wilson. 
 
 Ointment of Iodide of Lead, L. — Iodide of lead, 1 oz., 
 lard, 8oz.; mix. Employed in enlargement of joints, 
 and in scrofulous glands. 
 
 Ointment of Iodide of Mercury, L. — Iodide of mercury, 
 1 oz., white wax, 2 oz., lard, G oz. Add the iodide to 
 the melted wax and lard, and mix. Used for dressing 
 scrofulous sores. 
 
 Ointment of Iodide of Potassium, L. — Iodide of potas- 
 sium,. 2 drachms, boiling distilled water, 2 drachms, 
 lard, 2 oz. Dissolve the iodide in the water, and mix 
 with the lard. Applied to scrofulous glands and tu- 
 mours. 
 
 Ointment of Iodide of Sulphur, L. — Powdered iodide of 
 
 IG* 
 
186 oiN. 
 
 Ointments. 
 
 sulphur, J clraehm, lard, 1 oz.; mix. Used for tlie 
 cure of itch aud psoriasis. 
 
 Ointment of Lead, (Comjwund) L. — Prepared chalk, 6 
 oz., dilute acetic acid, 6 oz., lead plaster, 3 lbs., olive 
 oil, 18 oz. Melt the plaster in the oil with a gentle heat, 
 then add first the chalk, and afterwards the acid, stir- 
 ring until cool. Employed to dress inflamed ulcers. 
 
 Ointment of Mercury, L. — Mercury, 1 lb., lard, 11^ oz., 
 suet, i oz. Rub the mercury with the suet and a little 
 lard until globules can no longer be seen, then add the 
 remaining lard, and mix. Used where»the constitu- 
 tional effects of mercury are desirable. 
 
 Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury, L. — Mercury, 2 oz., ni- 
 tric acid, 4 oz., lard, 1 lb., olive oil, 8 oz. Dissolve 
 the mercury in the acid, and mix the solution while hot 
 with the lard and oil melted together. Very useful in 
 many skin diseases, aud applied, reduced with lard, to 
 sore eyelids. 
 
 Milder Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury, L. — Nitrate of 
 mercury ointment, 1 oz., lard, 7 oz.; mix. To be pre- 
 pared when wanted for use. 
 
 Ointment of Nitric-Oxide of Mercury, L. — Nitric-oxide 
 of mercury, 1 oz., white wax, 1 oz., lard, 6 oz. Add 
 the nitric-oxide, rubbed to fine powder, to the wax and 
 lard, melted together, and mix. Useful in skin dis- 
 eases, in chloric conjunctivis, and in ulcers. 
 
 Ointment of Opi^im, L. — Powdered opium, 1 scruple, 
 lard, 1 oz. ; mix. Used as a soothing dressing. 
 
 Ointment of Pitch, L. — Black pitch, wax, and resin, of 
 each 11 oz. JMelt them together, and press through a 
 linen cloth. Digestive, stimulant. 
 Ointment of Potassio- Tartrate of Antimony, L. — Potas- 
 sio-tartrate of antimony, in fine powder, 1 oz.," lard, 4 
 oz. ; mix. Used to produce eruptions of the skin, and 
 as a counter-irritant. 
 Ointment of Savinc, L. — Fresh bruised savine, J lb, 
 white wax, 8 oz., lard, 1 lb. Melt the wax and lard, 
 mix in the savine, and strain through linen. Used to 
 keep blisters and issues open. 
 
oiN— on. 187 
 
 Ointments. 
 
 Ointment of Spermaceti, L. — Spermaceti, 5 oz., wliite 
 wax, 14 dracluns, olive oil, 1 pint, or sufficient. jMelt 
 all slowly, and stir coustantly until cold. Used as a 
 simple dressing. 
 
 Ointment of iSuij.)hur, L. — Sulpliur, ^ tb, lard, 1 It). 
 Used as next. 
 
 Ointment of Sulphur, {CompouniJ') L. — Sulphur, 4 oz., 
 powdered wliite hellebore, 10 drachms, powdered ni- 
 trate of potash, 2 scruples, soft soap, 4 oz., lard, 1 lb. ; 
 mix. Used to cure itch; to be applied night and 
 morning. 
 
 The simple ointment is less irritating than the compound, 
 and sometimes preferred on that account. 
 
 Ointment of Tar, L. — Tar and suet, of each 1 lb.; melt 
 together, and press through a linen cloth. Used to re- 
 move tetter, tinea capitis, and lepra. 
 
 Ointment of Zinc, L — Oxide of zinc, 1 oz., lard, 6 oz. ; 
 mix. Used for the eyes, sore nipples, and ringworm. 
 
 Olei.v. — The light liquor obtained from oil or fat. 1. Add 
 to the oil a solution of caustic soda, sufficient to saponify 
 h(ilfi\\e oil, and separate the clear portion. 
 2. Olive oil, 1 part, alcohol, 8 parts; mix, and heat nearly 
 to boiling, cool, and distil the clear upper portion. 
 
 Oleum Viride. — Oil coloured with leaves of elder. 
 
 Olive Oil Test. — Add by degrees 5i oz. of mercury to 
 4 oz. of nitric acid : and when the solution is completed, 
 add water, 7 oz. Of this hyponitrous acid take one 
 part, and of the oil to be tested, 2 parts; agitate toge- 
 ther a few minutes, and let the mixture stand for some 
 hours. If genuine olive oil, the whole mass becomes 
 solid; if adulterated, the spurious portion of the oil re- 
 mains in a fluid state. 
 
 Olla Fiqtili. — A pipkin. 
 
 Opium. — The juice emitted from the incised unripe fruit of 
 the ])(ij)(ifrr somn if rum, indurated by expDsure to the 
 air. Tiic best variety is the I'urkoy or Smyrna opium, 
 it yields about 10 to 12 per cent, of morpliia, whioli is 
 more than can be obtained from other kinds. It con- 
 
188 OPO — ORA. 
 
 tains morphia, narcotina, codeia, narceia, meconic acid, 
 &c. ; some of these constituents are extracted for use, 
 others are found to be inert and useless. Opium is 
 anodyne, stimuknt, narcotic, diaphoretic, or astringent, 
 according to the administration. Dose: i to 1 grain 
 proves stimulant, 2 grains narcotic, poisonous in doses 
 of 5 to GO grains. Habit, however, renders opium- 
 eaters more insensible to its eflfects than others, and some 
 of these can take enormous quantities with impunity. 
 In severe disorders, as cholera, tetanus, &c., it has been 
 given to a great extent; in hydrophobia, 2 drachms 
 have been given in 12 hours, without abating the symp- 
 toms. Though often administered for hydrophobia, it 
 is utterly useless in most cases of that fearful disease. 
 The preparations of opium and morphia are greatly re- 
 sorted to as cough medicines, and as anodyne ingre- 
 dients in medicines for gout, rheumatism, and most 
 painful ailments. 
 
 Opodeldoc, as formerly prepared, was much used as a li- 
 niment and rubefacient; the soap liniment of the phar- 
 macopoeia is now always used instead. Steer's opodel- 
 doc, however, contained ammonia and other ingredients j 
 several formulas have been proposed as imitations. 
 
 Opodeldoc, Steer's. — 1. Rectified spirit, 8 pints, (old mea- 
 sure) white soap, 20 oz., camphor, 8 oz., liquor ammo- 
 nia, 4 oz., oil of rosemary and oil of horsemint, of each 
 1 oz. ; dissolve the soap in the spirit by a gentle heat, 
 add the other ingredients, and bottle whilst warm. — 
 Fh ila delph ia College. 
 
 2. Castile soap, sliced, 1 lb, camphor, 2 J oz., oil of rose- 
 mary, \ oz., oil of origanum, 1 oz., rectified spirit, 4 
 pints; dissolve by a water bath, strain, and add liquor 
 of ammonia, 5J oz. Solid and transparent when cold. 
 
 Orangeade. A preparation of oranges similar to lemon- 
 ade. 1. Juice of 4 oranges, peel of 1 orange, lump 
 sugar, 6 oz., boiling water, 1 quart ; mix by stirring 
 well, and, when cold, decant the clear. Refrigerant. 
 2. Juice of two oranges, a little peel, sugar, 3 oz., rum, 
 one teaspoonful; mix with hut water, 1 pint. 
 
ORA — OXA. 189 
 
 3. Peel of 1 orange, syrup, 1 oz., hot water, J to 1 pint. 
 
 4. Instead of plain water, use aerated water, or that charged 
 with carbonic acid gas. 8}rup, 1 oz., tincture of orange, 
 
 1 drachm ; add carbonated water, 1 pint. 
 
 Orangeade or Siif.ruet Powders. — Loaf sugar, 36 
 drachms, carbonate of soda, 4 drachms, oil of orange, 
 15 drops; mix, and divide into 12 blue papers. Divide 
 6 drachms of tartaric acid in 12 white papers, and mix 
 one paper of each sort for use in half-a-pint of water. 
 
 Orgeat, Syrup of. — 1. Sweetalmonds, 1 lb., bitter almonds, 
 
 2 drachms; blanch, and make an emulsion with bar- 
 ley water, 2 pints; strain; mix with 2v lbs. of white 
 sugar, and add orange-flower water, i oz. 
 
 2. Sweetalmonds, 5 oz., bitter almonds, 2 oz., white sugar, 
 2.1 lbs., water, 1 pint. jMakc an emulsion with the al- 
 monds and water, add the sugar, and when dissolved, 
 add orange flower water, J oz. 
 
 Oxalic Acid. — 1. Mix 5 parts of nitric acid, sp. gr. 142, 
 with twice its weight of water, and pour on sugar, 1 
 part, in a retort; red fumes are rapidly disengaged, and, 
 when they slacken, heat is applied as long as gas is 
 evolved. Evaporate the li([Uor, crystallize, re-dissolve, 
 and again crystallize. The mother liquor will yield 
 more crystals if treated again with fresh nitric acid. — 
 Liihig. 
 
 2. Nitric acid, sp. gr. 1-4, 4 parts, sugar, 1 part; digest 
 in a water bath. — Ure. 
 
 The preferable heat is that of steam in this manufacture ; 
 the fumes, on the small scale, are allowed to escape, on 
 the large, they arc condensed. Oxalic acid crystallizes 
 in white odourless crystals, resembling lOpsom .salts, for 
 which they are sometimes mistaken; it di.«solves in 8 
 parts of water, at G0°, and in its own weight of hot 
 water^ The aqueous solution has a powerful acid re- 
 action, it instantly reddens litmus, it tastes sour, and 
 yields no precipitate with li(jUor potassiu; in all these 
 points suljihate of magnesia is tlie reverse, and yields a 
 white precipitate witii lit|Uor poULs.sie. Oxalic acid is 
 seldom used medically; it i.s u.sed to clcau boot-tops, 
 
190 oxY. 
 
 and straw bonnets, to take out ink-stains, and in book- 
 binding and calico printing. It is poisonous ; i an oz., 
 or a little more, will cause death ; the antidote is chalk 
 or magnesia. It is sometimes used as a refrigerant 
 drink bj ignorant straw-workers and others. 
 
 Oxygen. — 1. Heat chlorate of potash nearly to redness in 
 a green glass retort. The gas is pure, and 100 grains 
 of the salt yield 100 to 115 cubic inches of oxygen. 
 
 2. Chlorate of potash, by measure, 3 parts, powdered bi- 
 noxide of manganese, 1 part, both dryj heat in a retort. 
 100 grains yield 110 cubic inches of pure oxygen. The 
 heat required is not so great as for chlorate alone ; the 
 manganese is unaltered, and may be similarly used for 
 further supplies, all the oxygen coming from the chlo- 
 rate only. — Faraday. 
 
 3. Bichromate of potash, 3 parts, oil of vitriol, 4 parts; 
 mix and heat as before. Yields pure oxygen. — Bal- 
 main. 
 
 4. Binoxide of manganese and oil of vitriol, equal parts; 
 mix, and apply heat. Each oz. of manganese yields 
 256 grains of oxygen. — Liehig. 
 
 5. Heat the red oxide of mercury, (red precipitate) or ni- 
 tre, as above. 
 
 6. Heat to redness the black oxide of manganese. Each 
 oz. yields 128 cubic inches of gas. — Liehig. This is 
 the process usually adopted on the large scale, the best 
 in the small way is form 1 or 2. 
 
 Oxygen is colourless, tasteless, odourless, incombustible; 
 sp. gr. 1-1057; 100 cubic inches at 60°, mercury, at 
 30 inches, weigh 34-29 grains. It strongly supports 
 combustion, and sustains animal life. Bodies which 
 burn in air are more brilliant in oxygen. A smouldering 
 candle is immediately re-lighted in a jar of oxygen; a 
 match just blown out is re-kindled in the same manner. 
 An iron wire or watch-spring heated at the point and 
 plunged in, throws off brilliant sparks, and if charcoal 
 or amadou be on the point, it has a similar appearance. 
 Sulphur in oxygen is very brilliant, phosphorus is almost 
 too bright to look upon. When oxygen, 1 part, hy- 
 
OXY — PAP. 19 X 
 
 drogen, 2 parts, are burnt or exploded together, tLey 
 yield water. 
 OxYMEL. — A syrup of honey and vinegar. Preparation, L. — 
 Acetic acid, 7 oz., distilled water, 8 oz., honey, 5 lbs. 
 Mix the acid and water, add them to the honey made 
 warm. Detergent, used in gargles and cough mixtures. 
 Dose: 1 to 2 drachms. In trade more acid is generally 
 added, 1 pint of vinegar being allowed for 3 lbs. of 
 honey. 
 Oxymel of Squills. — Vinegar of squills, 2^ pints, honey, 
 5 lbs. Evaporate the honey to 12 oz., and mix with 
 the honey made Avarm. Used chiefly in cough mixtures. 
 Dose : J to 1 drachm. 
 
 Paints, Flexible. — Boil 1| lb. yellow soap with 1 gallon 
 of water, and mix while hot with \\ cwt. of oil paint. 
 Used to paint on canvass. 
 Paints, to Mix. — For inside work use boiled oil with tur- 
 pentine and a little driers ; for out-door work use but 
 little turpentine. Turpentine assists the drying of paints 
 but spoils the gloss ; in flatted white this is of no impor- 
 tance, as it is required dull. The best driers are those 
 ready mixed, called patent driers, which may be obtained 
 at any colour shop. All paints are ground in raw lin- 
 seed oil, ready for mixing, and may be so purchased 
 as ground paints. Wood-work, &c., must be sized before 
 painting, or size must be added to the paint at the time 
 of using, otherwise it will not dry. 
 
 Paper, to Clean from Grease, &c. — For photographs, 
 paper, when not clear, should be treated as follows: 
 Dissolve citric acid, 1 part, in distilled water, 20 parts; 
 pour the solution in an earthen dish, and steep the sheets 
 for an hour or two; then soak them in water rendered 
 alkaline by 5 per cent, of ammonia, and finally wash in 
 pure water. Dry the sheets, carefully avoiding dust. 
 
 Paper (to Divide.) — The simple way to sever a sheet of 
 paper into halves consists in placing the leaf about to 
 be divided between two pasted surfaces stionger than 
 itself, drawing the two outsides apart when dry, the 
 
192 PAP. 
 
 Paper. 
 
 centre leaf adhering equally to the two outer papers 
 when drawn asunder. 
 To divide a photograph, or other paper of value, procure 
 two leaves of paper harder than the one about to be split, 
 and slightly tougher; these paste with clean stiff paste, 
 free from lumps, on either side of your picture — which 
 is also to be pasted — to form, as it were, the centre of 
 a three-sheet cardboard, which must be well rubbed 
 down with the hand to get rid of all air bubbles, being 
 afterwards put aside to dry gently. When dry, it will 
 be ready to divide, by drawing the two outside leaves 
 in contrary directions, each having half of the centre 
 sheet adhering thereto; these outside papers, with their 
 half leaf, may now be laid in clean water, to soak the 
 paste into a pulp, as before, when the thin split sheets 
 can be drawn away, rinsed, blotted to remove moisture, 
 and mounted on card, if required. Care must be taken, 
 in starting the severance, to be sure that the sheets di- 
 vide equally; once well off, all will go right. 
 
 Paper (to Prepare) for Photographs. — Dissolve 20 
 parts of citric acid in 200 parts of distilled water. Pour 
 the solution into an earthen or porcelain dish (the bath 
 should be abundant, so that the paper may swim freely 
 in it — the action is hastened by the application of a 
 gentle heat;) allow several sheets to remain in it for an 
 hour or two, then remove them, and place them on an- 
 other dish, containing water rendered alkaline by 5 per 
 cent, of ammonia, washing finally in pure water. Ke- 
 moved from this, suspend the papers by one corner, and 
 allow them to dry thoroughly, protected from dust. 
 
 Paper, Copying. — Mix lard and lamp-black to a paste, rub 
 this over paper, wipe off the waste with a rag, and dry 
 the paper. A clean sheet placed under this while writ- 
 ten on with a lead pencil, &c., receives a copy. 
 
 Paper, Oiled. — Brush paper with boiled oil and dry the 
 
 sheets. Used to enclose blacking, white-lead, ^c. 
 
 Paper, Tracing. — 1. Open a quire of double crown tissue 
 paper, and brush the first sheet with a mixture of mastic 
 
PAP — PAS. 193 
 
 Paper. 
 
 varnish and oil of turpentine, equal parts ; proceed with 
 each sheet similarly, and dry them on lines by hanging 
 them up singly. As the process goes on, the under 
 sheets absorb a portion of the varnish, and require less 
 than if single sheets were brushed separately. The in- 
 ventor of this varnish for tracing paper, received a medal 
 and premium from the Royal Society (Whittock, 74.) 
 It leaves the paper quite light and transparent, it may 
 readily be written on, and drawings traced with a pen 
 are permanently visible. Used by learners to draw (Hit- 
 lines. The paper is placed on the drawing, which is 
 clearly seen, and an outline is made, taking care to hold 
 the tracing paper steady. In this way elaborate draw- 
 ings are easily copied. 
 Tissue paper may also be made transparent by using, 
 
 2. Nut oil and oil of turpentine, e(|ual parts, dry the paper 
 with wheat-flour immediately. 
 
 3. Canada balsam, and turpentine to thin it. 
 
 Paper, Waxkd. — Place a sheet of stout paper on a heated 
 iron plate, and over this place the sheets of ti.ssue paper 
 to be waxed. p]nclose wax or stearine in a piece of 
 muslin, and as it melts spread over the tissue paper 
 equally; proceed with others similarly iintil enough are 
 prepared. Used to cover gallipots, ointments, &c. 
 
 Papers, Test, are prepared by dipping unsized sheets into 
 a solution or infusion of the test. The substances used 
 are Brazil wood, buckthorn, acetate and diacetate of lead, 
 cherry juice, dahlia leaves, elderberry, litmus, uiallow 
 flower, protusulphate of iron, starch, turmeric, indigo, 
 cabbage, iodide of potassium, manganese, rhubarb, Ac. 
 They are used to distinguish acids, alkalies, poisonS; 
 gases, &c. 
 
 Papier Mache. — Paper pulp pressed into various forms with 
 size, glue, white of egg, paste, &c. When painted or 
 japanned they are light elegant ornaments, quite water- 
 proof. 
 
 Paste, Almond. — 1. Blanch bitter almonds with hot water, 
 17 
 
194 PAS. 
 
 Paste. 
 
 wipe them dry with a towel, beat them to a paste, and 
 pass through a fine metallic sieve, add a little white of 
 egg, and perfume at pleasui'e. 
 
 2. Use sweet instead of bitter almonds. 
 
 3. Honey and bitter almond paste, (No. 1,) of each 8 oz. ; 
 mix, add oil of almonds, 1 lb., and the yolk of two eggs. 
 Used as cosmetics. The almond and honey soaps are 
 also employed for the same purpose. 
 
 Paste, Flour. — The method adopted by the paper-hangers 
 is the best for all general purposes. Beat wheat-flour 
 and cold water to perfect smoothness, and pour on boiling 
 water to make it moderately thin. It becomes stifi'er on 
 cooling, but if made too thin it will require to be boiled. 
 It produces a beautifully smooth paste without lumps, 
 if properly managed. Many additions are ordered in 
 some receipts, as alum, rosin, sugar, corrosive sublimate, 
 creosote, &c., but they are all useless for common re- 
 quirements, rosin especially, as it only forms lumps like 
 fine sand, and cannot mix with water. Creosote or cor- 
 rosive sublimate are added to preserve paste, but it is 
 best when fresh madej for little things the gum paste is 
 better, as for drug and other labels. 
 
 Paste, Gum. — Gum Arabic, with a little gum tragacanth, 
 made to a thick solution. Used to attach labels to bot- 
 tles, boxes, book-backs, &c. Is firm when applied and 
 soon dries hard. 
 
 Paste, Furniture. — Wax and turpentine coloured with 
 alkanet. Sometimes soap, liquor potassae, or pearl-ash is 
 added, at the option of the maker. See Furniture 
 Paste. 
 
 Paste, Kazor. — 1. Prepare putty powder, 1 oz., oxalic acid, 
 } oz., gum, 20 grains; powder, and make into a paste 
 with water. Used spread over razor strops, to give 
 razors a keen edge wlien dull. 
 
 2. Emery in finest powder, 2 parts, spermaceti ointment, 
 1 part; mix. 
 
 3. Colcothar and emery made into a paste with lard. 
 
 Paste, Shaving. — 1. White curd soap, J lb., spermaceti 
 
PAS. 195 
 
 Paste. 
 
 and almond oil, of eacb 1 oz.; beat with the white of 2 
 eggs, add liquor potassae, 2 oz., and bitter almond oil to 
 scent. 
 
 2. White wax, spermaceti and almond oil, of each 2 drs.; 
 melt, add white soap, 4 oz., and beat together with a 
 little rose-water or eau de cologne. 
 
 3. Soap, 2 oz., macerate in rectified spirit, enough to 
 soften it to a paste, add liquor potassas, J oz., bitter al- 
 mond oil, 5 drops, otto of roses, 3 drops, oil of laven- 
 der, 2 drops, eau de cologne, 5 oz. ; mix. Used in- 
 stead of plain soaps for shaving. Winter and Thom- 
 son's rjpophagon soap is excellent. 
 
 Paste, Polishing. — 1. Potash, i lb., dissolve in a little 
 boiling water, add soft soap, 2 lb., rotten stone, 3 lb., 
 oil of thyme, J oz., colcothar and emery, of each J lb.; 
 mix. 
 2. Boiling water, 1 pint, oxalic acid, 2 oz., soft soap and 
 sweet oil, of each ^ lb., rotten stone, 4 lb.; mix. Used 
 to clean brass, tin, and other metals. The paste is laid 
 on with a little water, and rubbed until the article is 
 clean, it is then wiped off and the metal polished with 
 powdered rotten stone. 
 
 Pastilles, Fumigating. — 1. Benzoin, 1 drachm, cascarilla, 
 J drachm, myrrh, 1 scruple, oils of nutmegs and cloves, 
 of each 10 drops, nitrate of potash, i drachm, charcoal, 
 6 drachms; mix with mucilage of tragacanth. 
 
 2. Benzoin, 2 oz., balsam of tolu and yellow sandal-wood, 
 of each J oz., labdanum, 1 drachm, nitre, 2 drachms, 
 charcoal, 6 oz., mix with mucilage of tragacanth. — Paris 
 Codex. 
 
 3. Yellow Sanders and benzoin, of each 3 oz., olibanum 
 and cascarilla, of each 6 oz., storax, 4 oz., myrrh and 
 nitre, of each 1^ oz., ambergris, 1 drachm, Peru balsam, 
 2 drkchms, oil of cinnamon, 20 drops, oil of cloves, 30 
 drops, otto of rose, 20 drops, oil of lavender, 90 drops, 
 balsam of tolu, I2 oz., camphor, J oz., acetic acid, 2 oz., 
 charcoal, 3 tbs.; mix with mucilage of tragacanth. 
 
 4. Benzoin and cascarilla, of each 1 oz., myrrh, 8 scruples, 
 
196 PEA — PER. 
 
 oils of nutmegs and cloves, of each 4 scruples, nitre, J 
 
 oz., charcoal, 6 oz.; mix as last. — Dr. Par in. 
 5. Incense. — Benzoin, 12 oz., storax and frankincense, of 
 
 each 2 2 oz., musk, 15 grains, burnt sugar, 2 oz., gum 
 
 tragacanth, 1 5 oz., rose-water sufficient to make the mass 
 
 divide in small tablets. — Af^tlnj. 
 Used to fumigate rooms and sick chambers, which should 
 
 be first ■well ventilated, otherwise the disagreeable scent 
 
 is not covered by the pastilles. 
 
 Peas, Issue. — 1. Orange berries smoothed in a lathe. 
 
 2. Yellow wax, \\ oz., turmeric, 1 oz., orris, \ oz., and 
 sufficient Venice turpentine. — Niemann. 
 
 Used to keep issues open. The following is a composition 
 for opening issues: Bees'-wax, 6 oz., verdigris and 
 white hellebore, of each 2 oz., cantharides, 1 oz., orris, 
 \\ oz., Venice turpentine, sufficient. — Gray. 
 
 Pearl Powder. — French chalk, 1 lb., oxide of bismuth 
 and oxide of zinc, of each 1 oz. 
 Poxodered Talc. — Does not discolour; is sometimes cal- 
 cined before pulverizing. 
 
 Peau d'Espagne. — Steep pieces of wash-leather in any li- 
 quid scent; cut the leather into square pieces, and be- 
 tween each pair lay a composition of musk, civet, &c. 
 Use silk or satin to cover the skins. To perfume 
 writing papers, clothes, &c. 
 
 Pepper, Kitchen. — Ginger, } lb., cinnamon, black pepper, 
 allspice, and nutmeg, of each 2 oz., cloves, 4 oz., dry 
 salt, I2 tb.; powder and mix. Used to flavour gravies. 
 
 Perchloric Ether. — Mix the sulphovinate and perchlorate 
 of baryta in equal parts, powder and distil by an oil bath 
 of 300° to 340°. The receiver should contain some 
 strong alcohol, and be surrounded with ice or a freezing 
 mixture; when water is added the ether sinks to the 
 bottom. It is very dangerous, from its explosive pro- 
 perties, when separated from alcohol, but is perfectly 
 safe while combined with it. Alone it often explodes 
 without known cause, and always with a slight friction 
 or percussion. Very small quantities only should be 
 
piio. 197 
 
 prepared, and the operator be protected with a mask and 
 gloves. 
 
 Pnosi'iioRic Acid, Diluted. — Phosphorus, 6 drachms, 
 nitric acid, 4 oz., distilled water, 8 oz.; mix the acid 
 and water, add the phosphorus, and distil off (J oz. in a 
 sand bath, return this to the retort, and let G oz. again 
 distil, which are to be rejected. Evaporate the remain- 
 ing liquor in a platina capsule down to 2 oz., and, whea 
 cold, make it up 1 pint with distilled water. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Colourless, odourless, sp. gr. 
 1-U04. No precipitate falls on the addition of chloride 
 of barium, or nitrate of silver. It does not aflfect strips 
 of copper or silver, nor is it coloured by hydrosulphuric 
 acid either before or after contact with the metals. A 
 fluid oz. of this acid is saturated by 132 grains of crys- 
 tallized carbonate of soda, and no precipitate falls. 
 Seldom u.sed in this country. Dose: lU to 30 drops, largely 
 diluted, in diabetes, phosphatic urinary deposits, &c. 
 
 Phosphorus is not prepared on the small scale. It is a 
 pale, semi-transparent, combustible solid, sp. gr. 177, 
 its vapour, 4-o5, melts at 1U8° F., boils at 55U° F. It 
 is kept in water to prevent its inflaming; it is soluble in 
 ether, naphtha, oils, and especially in bisulphuret of 
 carbon. Used to make matches, and in electrotyping. 
 It is a corrosive poison. 
 
 Phosphorus Paste. — Put into a Florence flask 1 drachm 
 of phosphorus and 1 oz. of rcctitied spirit. Dip the 
 flask into hot water until the phosphorus is melted; 
 then cork the flask, and agitate it until the contents 
 are cold. Pour otf the spirit, and mix the phosphorus 
 with li oz. of lard, then add a mixture of flour, 5 oz., 
 sugar or cheese, 1 J oz., and make the whole into a paste 
 with a little water. Used to destroy vermin. 
 
 Piiosi'HoRETTKi) IIydrooe.v. — Boil together in a small re- 
 tort, phospliorus and liquor potassjc, or hydrate of lime; 
 hit tlie beak be kept under water, and as the bubbles 
 rise they inflame (tn contact with the air. The returt 
 at first .should be filled to the neck, and caution should 
 be used. The gas is very fetid, sp. gr. 1*24. 
 17* 
 
198 PIC. 
 
 Photographic Sensitive Paper. — 1. Common salt, 20 
 grains, water, 1 oz. ; wash the paper with this solution, 
 and when dry, wash with the following solution : nitrate 
 of silver, 60 grains, distilled water, 1 oz. When dry, 
 it is ready for use, in copying feathers, lacework, leaves, 
 &c. 
 2. Wash the paper with a solution of nitrate of silver, 6 
 grains, distilled water, J oz.; dry the paper, and wash 
 it with iodide of potassium, 5 grains, distilled water, ^ 
 oz. Dry with a gentle heat, repeat the wash with the 
 silver solution, and when dry, the paper is ready for 
 use. The sensitive surface is an iodide of silver, and 
 is easily affected by light. 
 
 Pickles serve to flavour meats, and are very generally used. 
 They should not be prepared in metallic vessels, as the 
 salts formed by such contact are poisonous. Vinegar 
 should be boiled in a stone-ware jar in a water bath, 
 and the pickles, when made, are best kept in glass jars 
 well covered, having a wood or horn spoon to remove 
 them when required. 
 
 Pickle, Lemon. — 1. Wipe 6 lemons and slice them, add 
 salt, 1 lb., garlic, 1 lb., G cloves, horseradish and mus- 
 tard, of each 2 oz., cloves, mace, nutmeg, and Cayenne, 
 of each \ oz., vinegar, 2 quarts; digest 6 weeks, and 
 bottle. 
 
 2. Lemon-juice and vinegar, of each 3 quarts, bruised 
 ginger, 4 oz., allspice, pepper, and grated lemon-peel, 
 of each 2 oz., salt, 1-i oz., Cayenne, I oz., mace and 
 nutmegs, of each \ oz.; digest and bottle. 
 
 Pulde, Meat. — 1. Sugar, 2 lbs., bay or common salt, 4 
 lbs., saltpetre, 8 oz., water, 6 quarts; dissolve. 
 
 2. Salt, 6 lbs., sugar, 1 lb., saltpetre, 3 oz., water, 4 gal- 
 lons; boil, skim, and cool. When partly exhausted by 
 use, add one-third of the above ingredients, and boil 
 again. 
 
 Meat is immersed iu the above to keep it in warm wea- 
 ther; the meat acquires a fine red colour. 
 
 Pickled Onions. — Choose small round onions, remove the 
 skins, and scald them with brine, wipe with a towel, 
 
PIE — PIL. ]09 
 
 and pour on them hot spiced vinegar. When cold cover 
 them, and preserve them in small jars. 
 All the usual pickles are preserved similarly, as cucum- 
 bers, walnuts, gherkins, mushrooms, samphires, cauli- 
 flowers, nu'lons, &c. lied cabbage is prepared without 
 salt, and with cold vinegar. 
 Pierre Infernale. — Fused nitrate of silver. 
 
 Pills are small globes of solid medicines, chiefly made up 
 because the substances are nauseous, or such as operate 
 in small doses. The powders, &c., are made to com- 
 bine, by using hone}', treacle, syrup, soap, extract, mu- 
 cilage, or conserve of rose, according to the formula, 
 and when the mass is sufficiently tenacious it is divided 
 into pills. They generally weigh 5 grains each, and 
 should never exceed this quantity. 
 
 Pill of Aloes, (^Co77ipound ,) L. — Socotrine aloes, in pow- 
 der, 1 oz., extract of gentian, ^ oz., oil of caraways, 
 40 drops, treacle, a sufficient quantity. Beat together 
 to a pill mass. Purgative, stomachic. Used in habit- 
 ual costiveness. Dose : 5 to 20 grains. Aloes are more 
 easily powdered by adding 2 or 8 drops of olive oil to 
 each ounce. 
 
 Pill of Aloes with Myrrh, L. — Powdered Socotrine aloes, 
 5 oz., safi'ron, powdered myrrh, and soft soap, of each 
 2 drachms, treacle, a sufficient (juantity. Beat toge- 
 ther to a pill mass. Purgative, cnimenagogue. Used 
 in chlorosis and amenorrha'a. Do.se: 5 to 15 grains. 
 
 Pill of Aloes with Soop, L. — Extract of Barbadoes aloes 
 powdered, soft soap, and extract of licjuorice, e(|ual 
 parts, treacle, a sufficient quantity. Beat the aloes 
 with the soap, add the other ingredients, and make a 
 pill mass. Purgative. Dose: 5 to 15 grains. 
 
 Pill of Arseniute of Soda, (^Compound.) — Arseniate of 
 soda^2 grains, dissolved in a little distilled water, guaia- 
 cuni, J drachm, oxysulphuret of antimony, 20 grains, 
 niucihige to mix. Divide into 24 pills. — E. Wilson. 
 
 Pill (f Calomel, (Compound,^ L. — Chloride of mercury 
 and oxysulpliuret of antimony, of each, 2 drachms, 
 guaiacum, resin ])owdcred, and treacle, of each i oz. 
 liub the mercury with the antimony, and afterwards 
 
200 PiL. 
 
 Pills. 
 
 witli the guaiacum and treacle, to make a mass. Altera- 
 tive. Employed in cutaneous eruptions, in skin 
 disorders, and in secondary syplailis. Dose, 5 to 10 
 grains. 
 
 E'lll of Colocynth, (^Compound,) L. — Extract of colo- 
 cynth, 1 drachm, powdered extract of aloes, 6 drachms, 
 powdered scammony, 2 drachms, powdered cardamoms, 
 \ drachm, soft soap, 1| drachms. Mix the powders 
 together, then the other ingredients, and form a mass. 
 Purgative. Used as a common aperient, generally 
 combined with blue pill, calomel, or extract of hen- 
 bane. 
 
 Pill of Galhanum, (^Compound, ^ L. — Prepared galba- 
 num, 2 drachms, myrrh and prepared sagapenum, of 
 each 3 drachms, prepared assafcetida, 1 drachm, soft 
 soap, 2 drachms, treacle, a sufficient quantity; beat to- 
 gether to a mass. Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 5 
 to 20 grains, in hysteria or amenorrhoea. 
 
 Pill of Gamboge, ( Compound,) L. — Gamboge in powder, 
 2 drachmvS, powdered Socotrine or hepatic aloes, 3 
 drachms, powdered ginger, 1 drachm, soft soap, ^ oz. 
 Mix the powders, add the soap, and form a mass. 
 Used as an active cathartic in obstinate constipation, 
 in dropsies, and to expel tape-worm. Dose, 10 to 15 
 grains. 
 
 Pill of Hemlock, (^Compound,) L. — Extract of hemlock, 
 5 drachms, powdered ipecacuanha, 1 drachm, treacle, 
 a sufficient quantity; beat together to a mass. Anti- 
 spasmodic, expectorant, narcotic. Used in spasmodic 
 cough, bronchitis, and incipient consumption. Dose, 5 
 to 10 grains. 
 
 Pill of Ipecamanha with Squill, L. — Compound powder 
 of ipecacuanha, 3 drachms, fresh squill, powdered, and 
 powdered ammoniacum, of each 1 drachm, treacle, a 
 sufficient quantity; beat together to a mass. Expecto- 
 rant, sedative, sudorific. Used in chronic bronchitis, 
 asthma, and coughs. Dose, 5 to 15 grains. 
 
 Pill of Iron, (^Compound,') L. — Powdered myrrh, 2 dr., 
 carbonate of soda, sulphate of iron, and treacle, of each 
 1 drachm. In a warm vessel rub the myrrh with the 
 
PIL — PLA. 201 
 
 Pills. 
 
 soda, add the iron, and rub again; mix in tlie treacle, 
 and form a mass. Tonic. Used in chlorosis. Dose, 
 
 5 to 10 grains. 
 
 Pill of Mercury, L. — Mercury, \ oz., confection of roses, 
 
 6 drachms, powdered liquorice, 2 drachms. Eub the 
 mercury with the confection until the globules disap- 
 pear, add the liquorice, and make a mass. Purgative, 
 alterative. Dose : as an alterative, 1 to 3 grains, as a 
 purgative, 5 to 10 grains, followed by an aperient. 
 
 Pill of Rhubarb, (^Compound,) L. — Powdered rhubarb, 
 4 drachms, powdered aloes, 3 drachms, powdered myrrh, 
 2 drachms, soft soap, ^ drachm, oil of caraway, 15 drojjs, 
 treacle, a sufficient quantity. Mix the powders, add 
 the other ingredients, and form a mass. Stomachic, 
 purgative. Dose, 5 to 20 grains. 
 
 Pill of Soap, (Compound,) L. — Powdered opium and 
 powdered li(iuorice, of each 2 drachms, soft soap, 6 dr.; 
 beat to a mass. Five grains contain 1 grain of opium. 
 Dose, 3 to 10 grains. Anodyne. 
 
 Pilh, Tonic, Pur(jative. — Aloes, 2 drachms, gamboge, 1 
 drachm, scammony, i drachm, sulphate of iron, \ dr., 
 sulphate of quinine, 8 grains, extract of gentian or 
 dandelion, q. s. Make 120 pills. Three operate eflfec- 
 tually, witliuut griping. 
 
 Fill of S'piill, ( Omijwnnd,) L. — Freshly-powdered squill, 
 1 drachm, powdered ginger and powdered ammoniacum, 
 of each 2 drachms, soft soap, 3 drachms, treacle, a 
 sufficient quantity. Mix the powders, add the rest, 
 and form a mass. Expectorant, diuretic. Used in 
 chronic coughs. Dose, 5 to 15 grains. 
 
 Pill of Storax, (Compound,) L. — IVepared storax, 6 
 drachms, powdered opium and .saffron, of each 2 dr.; 
 beat to a mass. Anodyne. Dose, 5 to 10 grains, in 
 chroniQ coughs. Five grains contain 1 grain of opium. 
 
 Pl.vsters are compounds intended for external apjilicatioa 
 only. The mixed articles are thinly spread for use on 
 linen, calico, or leather, and the plaster is then made 
 to adhere by slightly warming it, and applying to the 
 
202 PLA. 
 
 Plasters. 
 
 skin. After removing a plaster, the skin may be 
 cleansed with a little turpentine. 
 
 Plaster of Ainmo)iiacum, L. — Prepared ammoniacum, 5 
 oz., diluted acetic acid, 8 oz. Dissolve the ammo- 
 niacum in the acid, then evaporate slowly to a proper 
 consistence, constantly stirring. Stimulant, discu- 
 tient. Applied to scrofulous tumours and chronic 
 swellings. 
 
 Blaster of Ammoniacum with Mercury, L. — Warm olive 
 oil, 1 draclim, sulphur, 8 grains, mix until they unite, 
 rub in 3 oz. of mercury until the globules disappear, 
 then add 1 lb. of prepared ammoniacum, previously 
 melted, and mix. More powerful than ammoniacum 
 plaster, but similarly employed. 
 
 Plaster of Belladonna, L. — Soap plaster and extract of 
 belladonna, of each 3 oz. Melt the plaster by the heat 
 of a water-bath, add the extract, and stir until of a 
 proper consistence. Anodyne and antispasmodic. 
 
 Plaster of Cantharides,L. — Finely-powdered cantharides, 
 1 lb., wax and mutton suet, of each 7d oz., resin, 3 oz., 
 lard, 6 oz. Melt the wax, suet, and lard together, add 
 the resin, melted, then remove from the fire, and, when 
 cooling, stir in the cantharides, and mix. Used as a 
 blistering plaster. 
 
 Plaster of Cummin, L. — Cummin, caraway, laurel berries, 
 and wax, of each 3 oz., prepared Burgundy pitch, 3 lb., 
 olive oil and water, of each 1^ oz. Melt the pitch and 
 wax, add the oil, the water, and the dry ingredients, 
 powdered, then evaporate to the required consistence. 
 Stimulant, detergent. Applied to languid ulcers, which 
 require stimulating. 
 
 Plaster of Galhanum, L. — Prepared galbanum, 8 oz., tur- 
 pentine, 1 oz., melt, add prepared frankincense, 3 oz., 
 plaster of lead, 3 lb., and mix. Stimulant, discutient. 
 Applied to the chest in pulmonary complaints, and to 
 indolent glandular tumours. 
 
 Plaster of Iodide of Potassium, L. — Prepared frankin- 
 cense, 6 oz., wax, 6 drachms, melt, add iodide of po- 
 tassium, 1 oz., mixed in olive oil, 2 drachms, and stir 
 
TLA. 203 
 
 Plasters. 
 
 until cold. To be spread on linen ratlier than lea- 
 ther. Applied to chronic enlargemcuts, scrofulous 
 tumours, nodes, &c. 
 
 Plaster of Iron, L. — Prepared frankincense, 2 oz., lead 
 plaster, S oz., melt, sprinkle in 1 oz. of sescjuioxide of 
 iron, and mix. 
 
 Plaster of Lead, L. — Oxide of lead, in fine powder, 6 lb., 
 olive oil, 1 gallon, water, 2 pints. Boil slowly until 
 mixed to a proper consistence, adding, if necessary, a 
 little boiling water. Used as a basis for other plasters, 
 and applied to cuts or excoriations. 
 
 Plaster of Mercury, L. — Warm olive oil, 1 drachm, sul- 
 phur, 8 grains, mix; rub in 3 oz. of mercury until the 
 globules disappear, then add melted plaster of lead, 1 lb., 
 and mix. Alterative, discutient. Less powerful than 
 the plaster of ammoniacum with mercury. 
 
 Plaster of Opium, L. — Prepared frankincense, 2 oz.,melt, 
 add melted plaster of lead, 8 oz., then add extract of 
 opium, 1 oz., dissolved in 1 oz. of boiling water, and 
 evaporate to the proper consistence. Anodyne. Ap- 
 plied to give local relief to painful parts. 
 
 Plaster of Pitch, L. — Prepared Ihirgundy pitch, 2 lb., 
 prepared frankincense, 1 lb., wax and resin, of each 4 
 oz.; melt together and add expressed oil of nutmegs, 1 
 oz., olive oil and water, of each 2 oz. Stir and evapo- 
 rate to the proper consistence. Mild counter-irritant. 
 Applied to the chest to relieve coughs, and to the loins 
 in lumbago. Forms a good warm plaster, for the chest 
 in winter. 
 
 Plaster of Resin, L. — Melted lead plaster, o lbs., melted 
 resin, J lb.; mix. Stimulant, adhesive. The usual 
 sticking plaster applied to cuts and wounds to keep them 
 closed . 
 
 Plaster of Soap, L. — Melted lead plaster, 8 lb., Tastile 
 soap,"~i lb., melted with resin, 1 oz.; mix with the plaster, 
 stir and boil to the proper consistence. Used to support 
 fractured limbs. 
 
 Platinum. — The heaviest metal known, sp. gr. 21 25 to 
 
204 roi — roT. 
 
 21-5; resists acids and great heat. Soluble in nitromu- 
 riatic acid and in chlorine. All its salts are poisonous. 
 
 PoiDS DE Marc. — Eight ounces. 
 
 Polishing Powder for Specula. — Prepare peroxide of 
 iron, by precipitation, from a diluted solution of sulphate 
 of iron with water of ammonia. Wash the precipitate, 
 press it in a screw press until nearly dry, and expose it 
 to a heat which in the dark appears a dull red. 
 
 Pomade is the French name for pomatum. It is made by 
 covering lard with perfumed flowers, and changing them 
 when exhausted, until the lard or pomade is sufficiently 
 scented. 
 
 Pomade Divine. — Spermaceti, 4 oz., lard, 8 oz., almond 
 oil, 12 oz., gum benzoin, 4 oz., vanilla beans, I2 oz. 
 Digest the whole in a steam bath for six hours, and 
 strain. 
 
 Pomatum Lavender — Lard, 2} lbs., lavender flowers, 10 
 lbs., white wax, 4 oz. Add 2 lbs. of flowers to the 
 melted lard and wax, cork the whole in a jar, and sim- 
 mer in a water-bath for 6 hours; strain, and proceed to 
 add the remaining flowers. When completed, wash it 
 well, re-melt it, and fill small pots, which should be well 
 covered with wet bladder or waxed paper. This is the 
 method adopted for any pomatum of flowers, but most 
 pomatums are made by adding the essential oils to the 
 lard and wax, and they serve equally well. 
 
 Potash, Acetate of, L. — Acetic acid, 26 oz., carbonate 
 of potash, 1 lb., or sufiicient, distilled water, 12 oz.; 
 add the carbonate gradually to the acid, first mixed with 
 the water to saturation, and strain. Evaporate the li- 
 quor in a sand-bath, the heat being cautiously applied 
 until the salt is dry. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Soluble in water and in recti- 
 fied spirit, the watery solution afiects neither litmus nor 
 turmeric. Nothing is precipitated from it either on the 
 addition of chloride of barium, or nitrate of silver, but 
 if anything is thrown down by nitrate of silver, from a 
 strong solution, it is again dissolved on the addition 
 
POT. 205 
 
 Potash. 
 
 of water, or dilute Ditric acid. Sulphuric acid added 
 evolves acetic vapours. 100 grains of this salt digested 
 in sulphuric acid, evaporated, and the salt dried by a 
 high temperature, leaves SS-ii grains of sulphate of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Diuretic, purgative, used in dropsy, and obstructions of 
 the liver. Dose : 20 to GO grains as a diuretic, increased 
 to 3 drachms it acts as a purgative. It sometimes causes 
 griping. 
 
 Potash, Blcarhonate of. — Crystallized. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — "Soluble in water. The so- 
 lution slightly changes the colour of turmeric to brown; 
 sulphate of magnesia throws down nothing from it un- 
 less heat is applied; nitric acid drives off bubbles of 
 carbonic acid, and if nitric acid is first added in excess, 
 chloride of barium causes no precipitate, and nitrate of 
 silver very little, if any. From 100 grains, 30-7 grains 
 of water and carbonic acid are expelled at a red heat." 
 Antacid, diuretic. Dose: 10 grains to 1 scruple. As 
 an effervescing draught, 1 scruple, to citric acid, 14 
 grains, or lemon juice, '6\ drachms. 
 
 Potash, Bitartratc of. — Crystalline. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — "Sparingly soluble in water, 
 the solution reddens litmus. At a red heat it is con- 
 verted into carbonate of potash." Laxative, diuretic, 
 refrigerant. Dose: 1 scrujile to 1 oz., according to the 
 purpose of administration. It is often given as a diuretic 
 or refrigerant in the imperial drink: it forms an ingre- 
 dient in many tooth powders. 
 
 Potash, Carbonate of. — See Carbonate of Potash. 
 
 Potash, Chlorate of. — Crystallized. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — " Soluble in water, the solution 
 gives no precipitate witli nitrate of silver. It nu'lts by 
 heat, and at a red heat 100 grains of the .salt emit nearly 
 39 gmiiis of oxygen. A few drops of sulphuric acid 
 gradually added to the crystals, change them to yellow, 
 then red, and yclljw fumes of peroxide of chlorine ap- 
 pear. It craikK's when rubbed with suljihur." Sel- 
 dom employed medicinally. Dose: 10 to oO grains. 
 18 
 
206 POT. 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Potash, Hydrate of, L. — Solution of potash, 1 gallon; 
 evaporate in an iron vessel until, ebullition being finished, 
 the hydrate of potash liquefies, pour it into moulds. 
 
 Characters, L. — "In an open vessel it speedily liquefies. 
 It is soluble in rectified spirit.'' Used as a powerful 
 caustic. It causes intense pain at the time, and the 
 parts slough and form an issue. It is not used inter- 
 nally. 
 
 Fotash, Nitrate of. — Crystallized. Characters and Tests, 
 L. — Soluble in water, and nothing is precipitated from 
 the solution by chloride of barium or nitrate of silver. 
 It melts by heat, but loses no weight; at an intense heat 
 it yields oxygen; from the remaining salt rubbed to 
 powder, sulphuric acid elicits nitrous vapours. On 
 burning charcoal it deflagrates, and leaves carbonate of 
 potash. From 100 grains, digested in sulphuric acid, 
 86 grains of dried sulphate of potash are obtained by a 
 red heat. 
 
 Refrigerant, sedative, diuretic. Used in fever, rheuma- 
 tism, gonorrhoea, &c. Dose : 8 to 10 grains to several 
 drachms daily, always diluted largely with plenty of li- 
 quid. An ounce in a small quantity of water has 
 caused death; in large dilution it causes no bad efl'oct. 
 
 Potash, Sulphate of. — Crystallized. Characters and 
 Tests, L. — Slightly soluble in water: what is thrown 
 down from this solution by bichloride of platinum is 
 yellowish, and by chloride of barium, white, and insolu- 
 ble in nitric acid. It crackles by heat, it melts at a red 
 heat, but loses no weight. From 100 grains dissolved 
 in distilled water, chloride of barium and hydrochloric 
 acid being added, 132 grains of sulphate of baryta are 
 obtained, when dried at a red heat. 
 
 Mild laxative, used as a dcobstruent, and in diarrhoea. 
 Dose: 10 or 15 grains to 4 drachms. 
 
 Potash, Tartrate of L. Characters and Tests. — Soluble 
 in water, the solution does not change litmus or turmeric. 
 The addition of almost any acid throws down crystals 
 of bitartrate of potash, which generally adhere to the 
 vessel. What is thrown down from the same solution 
 
POT. 207 
 
 by cliloritlc of barium, or acetate of lead, is dissolved by 
 dilute nitric acid. 
 Jfutash 7cith Lime, L. — Hydrate of potash and lime, (un- 
 slacked,) each 1 oz.; mix, and keep in a well-closed 
 vessel. Characters, L. — Mixed with water, it is slacked, 
 and any acid being added it evolves no bubbles of car- 
 bonic acid. Only used externally as a caustic. 
 
 Potassio-Tartrate op Antimony, L. — Finely powdered 
 tersulphuret of antimony, 1 lb., sulphuric acid, 15 oz., 
 bitartratc of potash, 10 oz., distilled water, 5 pints. Mix 
 the tersulphuret with the acid in an iron vessel, apply 
 heat to this under a chimney, and stir with an iron spa- 
 tula, increase the fire until, the flame of the ignited 
 sulphur being extinct, nothing but a white powdery 
 mass remains. When cool, wash this with water until 
 nothing acid can be detected, and dry it. Mix 9 oz. of 
 this salt with the bitartratc, and boil in water 30 minutes, 
 filter the hot solution, and let it crystallize, dry the crys- 
 tals and evaporate the liquor for more. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Colourless, soluble in water, 
 the solution is not changed by ferrocyanide of potassium, 
 hydrosulphuric acid causes an orange precipitate; chlo- 
 ride of barium or nitrate of silver throws nothing down 
 but what is soluble in more water. Nitric acid throws 
 down a precipitate, and again re-dissolves it. From 
 100 grains of this salt dissolved in water, hydrosul- 
 phuric acid throws down 49 grains of tersulphuret of 
 antimony. 
 
 Potassium. — A brilliant white metal, the base of potash. 
 To procure it, mix dry carbonate of potash, 2 parts, with 
 charcoal in powder, 1 part; distil in an iron vessel with 
 a strong heat, lot the product bo caught in a copper re- 
 ceiver containing some naphtha, and surrounded with 
 ice.' It may be rc-distilled if wanted pure. Lustrous, 
 soft at common temperatures, at 82° F. it is brittle and 
 crystalline, melts at 1;3(»° F., and distils at a low red 
 lieat; sp. gr. 0S(»o, being lighter than water, erjuiva- 
 leiit )!I>, symbol K (kaliuni.) In air potassium imme- 
 diately oxidizes, and becomes coated with caustic pot- 
 
208 POT. 
 
 ash. Thrown on water it inflames, burns with a 
 purple colour, and leaves an alkaline solution (oxide of 
 potassium.) Potassium is always preserved in naphtha, 
 which, when pure, contains no oxygen. 
 
 Putassium, Ferrocyanlde q/" (Prussiate of potash.) — Crys- 
 tallized. Characters and Tests, L. — Yellow, soluble in 
 water, the solution is not changed by any alkali, or by 
 tincture of galls. The precipitate from sulphate of iron 
 is at first white, and then blue, that from sulphate of 
 copper is brown, from sulphate of zinc, white. This 
 salt loses its colour at a gentle heat, and from 100 grs., 
 12-6 grains of water escape. It is decomposed at a red 
 heat; what remains is soluble in hydrochloric acid, and 
 again precipitated by ammonia. From 100 grains 18-7 
 grains of sesquioxide of iron may be prepared. If this 
 salt is heated with dilute sulphuric acid it exhales au 
 odour of hydrocyanic acid. 
 
 Only employed to obtain dilute hydrocyanic acid; does 
 not appear to possess medicinal virtue; is not poison- 
 ous. 
 
 Potassium, Sulphate of. — Is used chiefly to form baths. 
 It may be given in doses of 3 to 5 grains in skin dis- 
 eases, or, for a bath, 4 oz. may be dissolved in water, 
 which should be in a wooden, and not a metallic vessel. 
 
 Potassium, Iodide of, L. — Crystallized. " Soluble in 6 or 
 8 parts of rectified spirit, and freely soluble in water. 
 The watery solution does not turn turmeric brown, or 
 only very slightly; it does not change the colour of lit- 
 mus; it becomes blue on the addition of nitric acid and 
 starch together; it is not coloured on the addition of 
 nitric acid with starch. The watery solution has a 
 yellow precipitate, soluble in boiling water, from acetate 
 of lead, but no precipitate occurs from a solution of 
 lime or chloride of barium : if the precipitate from ni- 
 trate of silver be digested in sti-ong ammonia, and nitric 
 acid added to the filtered liquor, nothing is thrown 
 down from it. From 100 grains, dissolved in water, 
 141 grains of iodide of silver are precipitated by nitrate 
 of silver." Used in scrofula, bronchocclc, and various 
 glandular diseases. Dose: 2 to 20 grains internally, 
 and externally used in the form of ointment or lotion. 
 
pou — pow. 209 
 
 PoUDRE. — (Hair Powder.) The bases are starch and oak- 
 moss, alone or mixed, and scented at pleasure. From 
 the perfume, the^ow(/rc takes various names, as poudre 
 a la mareshalle, poudre de flcurs d'orange, poudre de 
 jasmine, de jonquille, de rose, &c. It may be coloured 
 at pleasure, and is frequently met with under the title 
 of violet powder. Hair powder was fashionable at one 
 period, but the unnatural appearance of the hair, com- 
 bined with the tax levied on its advocates, have ren- 
 dered it a usage of the olden time, of which there are 
 now few examples. 
 
 Pounce. — Powdered gum sandarac. Used to dust writing, 
 in order to dry it. Another preparation called pounce, 
 is the solution of carbonate of soda ; used for marking- 
 ink with preparation. 
 
 Powders. — "It is necessary that whatever we order to be 
 reduced to powder should be passed through a fine sieve 
 to separate the coarser parts and impurities, and it is 
 desirable that most powders should not be long kept, 
 but be recently prepared." — F. L. 
 
 Powder of Aloes, ( Compound) L. — Socotrine aloes, 1 J 
 oz., guaiacum resin, 1 oz., compound powder of cinna- 
 mon, i oz. Rub the aloes and guaiacum separately to 
 powder, then mix them with the cinnamon powder. 
 Purgative, sudorific. Dose : 10 to 20 grains. 
 
 PoicJer of Antimoni/, (Compound) L. — Powdered tcr- 
 sulpliurct of antimony, 1 lb., horn shavings, 2 fbs. Mix, 
 and throw into a strongly heated crucible, stirring until 
 vapour no longer arises. I*owder the product, expose 
 it to the heat of a fire, and keep it red hot for two hours, 
 then rub it to fine powder. A very uncortiiin medicine 
 in its effect. ])ose: o to 10 grains. 
 
 Powder of Chalk, {Compound) L. — Prepared chalk, } 
 lb., cinnamon, 4 oz., tormontil and acacia, of each '.> oz., 
 long pepper, 5 oz.; powder the whole finely, and mix. 
 Astringent, antacid. Used in diarrhoea. l)ose: 10 to 
 40 grains. 
 
 Powder of Chalk (Compound) with Opium, L. — Com- 
 pound chalk powder, Gi oz., powdered opium, 4 scru- 
 18* 
 
210 PRA — PRE. 
 
 pies; mix. Astringent, anodyne. Dose: 10 to 30 
 grains. 
 
 Powder of Cinnamon, (^Compound) L. — Cinnamon, 2 oz., 
 cardamoms, 1^ oz., ginger, 1 oz., long pepper, ^ oz.; 
 powder and mix. Aromatic, astringent. Dose; 10 to 
 20 grains. 
 
 Poioder of Ipecacuanha, (^Compound') L. — Ipecacuanlia 
 and opium, of each 1 drachm, sulphate of potash, 1 oz. ; 
 powder and mix. Diaphoretic, anodyne. Used to re- 
 lieve dysentery and rheumatism. Dose : 2 to 5 grains 
 in dysentery, and as a sudorific 10 to 15 grains. Any 
 liquid, if taken immediately after, might cause nausea 
 
 . and vomiting, but to assist diaphoresis, a basin of hot 
 gruel should be taken one hour after the powder. 
 
 Powder of Jalap, (^Compound) L. — Jalap, 3 oz., bitar- 
 trate of potash, 6 oz., ginger, 2 drachms; powder and 
 mix. Purgative. Dose : 20 to 40 grains. 
 
 Powder of Kino, (^Compound) L. — Kino, 15 drachms, 
 cinnamon, | oz., dried opium, 1 drachm; powder and 
 mix. Astringent and aromatic. Dose: 5 to 20 grains 
 in diarrhoea. 
 
 Powder of Scammony, (^Compoxmd^ L. — Scammony and 
 hard extract of jalap, each 2 oz., ginger, ^ oz.; powder 
 and mix. Vermifuge, purgative. Dose: lO to 20 
 grains. 
 
 Powder of Tragacanth, (^Compound^ L. — Tragacanth, 
 acacia, and starch, of each 1 J oz., sugar, 3 oz. ; powder 
 and mix. Demulcent, emollient. Used in mixtures. 
 Dose : 15 to 60 grains. 
 
 Pradier's Cataplasm. — A celebrated recipe, for which the 
 Emperor Napoleon gave £2,500. Balm of Mecca, 6 
 drachms, rectified spirit, 16 oz., dissolve; red bark, 
 sarsaparilla, and sage, of each 1 oz., safiron, ^ oz., rec- 
 tified spirit, 32 oz. ; digest for 48 hours, filter; mix 
 the two liquors, and add twice their weight of lime 
 water. Used in gout, by sprinkling 2 oz. on the surface 
 of a hot linseed-meal poultice. 
 
 Prepared Vegetable Medicines are, in some instances, 
 ordered to be used by the London College, as purer than 
 the drugs which have undergone no preparation. 
 
PRE. 211 
 
 Prepared Ammoniacnm, L. — Aramoniaciim in tears, 1 
 lb. , water sufficient to cover it ; boil until they arc mixed, 
 strain through a hair sieve, and evaporate in a water 
 bath so that it may solidify on cooling. This process 
 removes seeds and stalks. 
 
 Prepared Aisafcetida, L. — Proceed as directed for pre- 
 pared ammoniacum. 
 
 Prepared Burgundy Pitch, L. — Proceed as directed for 
 prepared ammoniacum. The purification frees the pitch 
 from the chips and twigs with which it is originally 
 mixed. 
 
 Prepared Cassia, L. — Cassia broken longitudinally, 1 lb., 
 distilled water sufficient to cover it; macerate for six 
 hours with frequent stirring, strain the pulp through a 
 hair sieve, and evaporate in a water bath to the con- 
 sistence of a confection. This process clears the cassia 
 from the pods and seeds. 
 
 Prepared FranJcincense, L. — Frankincense, 1 lb., water 
 sufficient to cover it. Boil the frankincense in the 
 water, strain it through a hair sieve, and when cold 
 pour off the water. The loose woody matter present in 
 common frankincense is separated by this process. 
 
 Prepared Galhanum, L. — Proceed as directed for pre- 
 pared ammoniacum. 
 
 Prepared Prune, L. — Prunes, 1 lb., water sufficient to 
 cover the prunes. Boil gently for four hours, press the 
 pulp through an open cane sieve, and afterwards through 
 a fine hair sieve, then evaporate in a water bath to the 
 consistence of a confection. The pulp alone comes 
 through, clear of the skins and stones. 
 
 Prepared Sagapenum, L. — Proceed as directed for pre- 
 pared ammoniacum. 
 
 Prepared Storax, L. — Storax, 1 lb., rectified spirit, 4 
 pints. Dissolve the storax in the spirit and strain 
 tlinijigh linen, then let the greater part of the spirit 
 distil by a gentle heat, and evaporate what is left in a 
 water bath to the proper consistence. Storax is inso- 
 luble in water, and in this process spirit is used as the 
 purifying medium. 
 
 Prepared Tamarind, L. — Tamarind, 1 lb., water suffi- 
 
212 PRI — PRU. 
 
 cient to cover it. Macerate for four hours with a gen- 
 tle heat, then proceed as for prepared prunes. Sepa- 
 rates the stones and twigs. 
 Printing Rollers are made of treacle and glue, with 
 sometimes a little Paris white, &e. The proportions 
 are about ^ lb. of glue to li lb. of treacle; the glue is 
 broken to pieces, soaked for 24 hours in sufficient 
 water, then melted with the treacle, and cast into a 
 mould previously oiled. On removing the composition 
 it forms a cylinder without a seam, elastic, like India- 
 rubber, yet sufficiently soft to ink the type without in- 
 juring them. When it gets hard, which happens in 2 
 to 4 months, according to the weather, &c., it is neces- 
 sary to re-melt it, adding a little more treacle. Used 
 to ink the type for letter press. If the composition is 
 too hard, the ink does not spread evenly, if too soft, 
 pieces are torn away from the roller. When the print- 
 ing is finished, the roller is rubbed over a sink stone 
 with cold water, which dissolves a little of the external 
 coat, and so leaves it clear of ink. 
 
 Prints, Ackermann's Liquor for. — Best pale glue and 
 white soap, of each 2 oz., hot water, 30 oz. ; dissolve, 
 and add powdered alum, 1 oz. Used as a size for 
 prints before colouring them. 
 
 Prussian Blue. — 1. Mix alum, 2 parts, with sulphate of 
 iron, 1 part, and add water sufficient to dissolve. Then 
 make a solution of prussiate of potash, add to it a little 
 sulphuric acid, and, when mixed, drop in the first solu- 
 tion until the precipitate foils slowly, when it will re- 
 quire washing on the filter, and drying. 
 
 2. TurnhulVs. — Add a solution of protosulphate of iron 
 to one of red prussiate of potash. 
 
 3. Soluble. — Make one solution of prussiate of potash, 2 
 oz., and another of protosulphate of iron, 1 oz., add 
 this gradually to the first until the precipitate almost 
 ceases to fall, then strain on linen, add water, and con- 
 tinue the washing until the blue colour begins to dissolve 
 in it, when it may be at once dissolved in distilled water 
 or dried. Or, add a solution of persulphate of iron to 
 one of ferroprussiatc of potash, and proceed as last. 
 
PUR — PYR. 213 
 
 4. Potash or pearlash, 2 parts, coke cinders or coals, 2 
 parts, iron turnings, 1 part. Powder the whole coarsely, 
 roast it in an open crucible for half an hour, stirring 
 occasionally, cool, and dissolve the soluble portion in a 
 water filter; add 1 part of coppenus and muriatic acid 
 to brighten the colour. The product is a pure perferro- 
 cyauate of iron. — Thonipsoii. 
 
 Purple of Cassius. — Crystallized protochloride of tin, 1 
 part, crystallized perchloride of tin, 2 parts; make sepa- 
 rate solutions, mix the liquors, and add in solution, 1 
 part of crystallized terchloride of gold; wash and dry 
 the precipitate. Used to stain glass of a ruby colour, 
 and to paint porcelain purple. 
 
 Purified Gum Arabic. — Gum, 1 part, strong and puri- 
 fied solution of sulphurous acid gas, 6 or 8 parts; pre- 
 serve the mixture from the contact of air; and when 
 the gum is dissolved, heat the liquid, pour it off warm 
 into a receiver containing carbonate of baryta in excess. 
 Filter the liquid, which is now a solution of pure gum, 
 and evaporate. 
 
 Putty. — Whiting, well sifted, is mixed with boiled oil to a 
 paste, which is then chopped in a putty-mill until well 
 mixed. As soon as part of the putty is ready, it is 
 withdrawn, and more paste added. When it is desired 
 red, some Spanish brown is mixed with the paste to 
 colour it. 
 
 Pyrolionkous Acid. — A vinegar obtained by the destruc- 
 tive distillation of wood. 
 
 Pyroi'IIORUS. — A term applied to those substances which 
 iiifiame on exposure to air. They are never prepared 
 except for experiment or curio.sity. 1. Mix dried alum 
 and brown sugar, equal parts, burn in a covered cruci- 
 ble until dry, bottle, and keep up the heat until flame 
 ceases to rise, then cork close to cool. — Homhcrg. 2. 
 Calcine tartar emetic in a similar manner, or tartrate of 
 lead, (crystallized acetate of lead, 5 parts, tartaric acid, 
 2 parts; make separate solutions, mix the liquors, wash 
 and dry the precipitate, which iij tartrate of lead.) 3. 
 
214 QUA — RAD. 
 
 Lamp-black, 3 parts, dried alum, 4 parts, carbonate of 
 potash, 8 parts; calcine. — Hare. 4. Sulphate of pot- 
 ash, 9 parts, calcined lamp-black, 5 parts. — Gay Lussac. 
 
 5. Sulphate of potash, 2 parts, lamp-black, 11 parts. 
 
 6. Alum, 3 parts, flour, 1 part. When any of these 
 powders have been properly burned, a little of the com- 
 position inflames on exposure to the air, and more 
 quickly if the atmosphere is damp, or the powder breathed 
 upon. 
 
 QuATERON. — Four ounces. 
 
 Queen's Metal. — Tin, 100 parts, antimony, 8 parts, cop- 
 per, 4 parts, bismuth, 1 part; melt under charcoal. 
 Used to make teapots, and other white metal articles. 
 It is a description of pewter. 
 
 Quinine. — A white, bitter, odourless alkaloid; obtained 
 from bark. It is not used in medicine, but several of 
 its salts are employed as tonics and febrifuges. 
 
 Quinine, Sulphate of, L. — A crystallized salt, prepared 
 from yellow bark. Soluble in water, especially if 
 mixed with an acid. When ammonia is added, quina is 
 thrown down, and on the liquor being evaporated, what 
 remains ought not to taste of sugar. 100 grains of this 
 salt lose 8 or 10 grains of water by a gentle heat. It 
 is totally destroyed by fire. If recently prepared chlorine 
 is added, and then ammonia, it turns green. By add- 
 ing chloride of barium to 100 grains, dissolved in water 
 mixed with hydrochloric acid, 26-6 grains of sulphate 
 of barytes are obtained after it has been dried by being 
 heated in a red fire. Disulphate of quinine is given in 
 ague, rheumatism, and tic-doloreux, in which last it is 
 especially useful, combined with sesquichloride of iron. 
 (See L-on.) Its use should always be preceded with a 
 purgative and emetic, if required; otherwise it will fail 
 to do good, but will fur the tongue and disorder the 
 stomach. Dose: 1 to 10 grains. 
 
 Radcliffe's Elixir. — Aloes, 6 drachms, cinnamon, ze- 
 doary, and cochineal, of each J drachm, rhubarb, 1 
 drachm, buckthorn syrup, 2 oz., proof spirit, 1 pint, 
 
RAN — RAT. 215 
 
 water, 5 oz. ; digest 7 days. — Paris. An aromatic sto- 
 ruachic aud purgative. Dose : 1 to 4 drachms. 
 
 Eancidity, to Remove. — Add a little nitric ether to the 
 rancid oil. A few drops preserve oils and fats from 
 turning. 
 
 Ratafia. — Spirit sweetened and flavoured with fruit. 
 
 Rats and Mice may be exterminated in various ways by 
 using poisons; the chief objection against which is, 
 that they retire to their holes to die, aud the bodies 
 putrefy unless removed, which causes, at times, great 
 expense. 
 
 1. Boil 1 oz. of arsenic in half-a-pint of water for a few 
 minutes, add lump sugar sufficient to sweeten the 
 liquor, which must then be poured on 1 lb. of old 
 bread, cut in squares. These must then be laid in 
 places where the vermin can eat it ; care must be taken 
 to prevent accidents to children, kc. 
 
 2. Melt 2 lb. of suet, add 2 lb. of wheat flour, 3 oz. of 
 arsenic, 2^ drachms of lamp black, and 15 drops of oil 
 of aniseed. This composition is authorized by the 
 Government of France. 
 
 3. Mix 1 quart of oatmeal, 2 oz. white sugar, oils of rho- 
 dium, caraway, and aniseed, of each G drops, musk, i 
 grain; combine these without touching witli the hands. 
 Place this mixture for some nights where the rats can 
 cat without disturbance; at the end of G nights, if they 
 take it freely, add 1 teaspoonful of arsenic. What re- 
 mains in the morning should be burnt, avoiding the 
 fumes. — Chemint, vol. G. 
 
 4. Feed as last for some nights, then add carbonate of 
 barytcs, i oz., to scented oatmeal, 4 oz., and loave it 
 for 24 hours; afterwards burn the remainder. — Taj/- 
 lor. 
 
 5. Add nux vomica, 1 oz., to oatmeal, 1 lb., scent with 
 aniseed and musk. 
 
 C. Melt phosphorus, 2 drachms, in water, 5 oz., by a gen- 
 tle heat from hot water; pour the whole, when liquid, 
 into a mortar; mix with rye meal, 5 oz., then add fresh 
 butter, 5 oz., sugar, 4 oz., and mix. 
 
216 BEC — ROS. 
 
 7. Fresh butter, 4 oz., calomel, 3 drachms, bread crumbs, 
 2 oz., sugar, J oz., oils of nutmeg and rhodium, of each 
 2 drops, oil of aniseed, 1 drop; mis. Used in hay- 
 ricks, &c., by laying a lump on a stick, and inserting it. 
 
 8. Tra'p Baits. — 1. To the last, add 1 drop of oil of 
 thyme. 2. Flour of malt, 4 oz., butter, sufficient to 
 make a paste, add oil of aniseed, 2 drops, and bait the 
 trap. Said to be very successful. 
 
 9. Lay bird-lime in their haunts, and they will quit in 
 disgust when it adheres to their furs. 
 
 10. On the side of a basin of water securely balance 
 a stick, so that it will drop over the water with the 
 weight of a mouse. Bait this end with cheese, tying it 
 on, and lay a platform for the mice to ascend by. 
 
 Rectification. — The second distilling of a liquid to purify 
 it. 
 
 Red Ink. — Pernambuco wood, 4 oz., dilute acetic acid, 16 
 oz., water, IG oz., boil down to 24 oz.; add 1 oz. of 
 alum, evaporate to 16 oz. ; add gum Arabic, 1 oz., 
 strain, and, when cold, add protochloride of tin, 1 
 drachm. — Weher. 
 
 Relish, Kitchener's. — Ground black pepper and salt, of 
 each 1 oz., allspice, horse-radish, and shalots, of each J 
 oz., walnut pickle, or mushroom ketchup, 1 pint; in- 
 fuse 14 days, and strain. Used as a sauce. 
 
 Rennet. — The stomach of a calf washed clean, and pre- 
 served with brine or dry salt. 
 
 Rennet, Essence of. — Fresh rennet, 6 oz., salt and proof 
 spirit, of each 2 oz., wine, 1 pint; digest 24 hours, and 
 strain. Rennet and its essence are both used to curdle 
 milk, in preparing cheese. Very little suffices for this 
 purpose. The dry rennet is almost invariably used in 
 farm houses; the essence very rarely. 
 
 Roberts's Poor Man's Friend. — Chiefly nitric oxide of 
 mercury. 
 
 Rose Hair Oil. — Take half a pint of fine olive oil, (salad 
 oil,) and half an ounce of alkauet root; place them to- 
 
ROS — RUP. 217 
 
 gcther in a bottle in a warm situation, there to remain 
 for two or three days, giving the bottle a shake night 
 and morning. When the oil is sufficiently rosy, which, 
 in contact with the alkanet root, it soon becomes, it is 
 to be strained through fine lawn, and any scent added 
 to it that is preferred. 
 
 Rosemary Hair "Wash. — Rosemary water, 1 gallon, spirit, 
 10 oz., pcarlash, 1 oz. 
 
 RouOE. — AVash safflowcrs until the water comes away co- 
 lourless, dry the flowers, powder them, and digest in a 
 weak solution of carbonate of soda. Place some cotton 
 wool at the bottom of the vessel, then add white vinegar 
 till it ceases to produce a precipitate, wash the wool in 
 cold water, dissolve the colour in a fresh solution of 
 soda, add some finely-powdered French clitilk, mix well, 
 precipitate with vinegar as before, dry the powder care- 
 fully, and triturate it with a Utile olive oil, to render it 
 smooth and adhesive. 
 
 Rouge, Toilet. — Talc powder, coloured with camiine. 
 
 Rouge, Jewklleus'. — 1. Dissolve sulphate of iron in hot 
 Avater, add a solution of pearlash as long as any precipi- 
 tate falls, wash this often with warm water, drain it, and 
 calcine to a bright red colour. 2. Precipitate a dilute 
 solution of sulphate of iron, with ammonia in excess, 
 wash and express the precipitate, then calcine it to red- 
 ness. Used as a polishing powder, and for covering 
 razor strops. 
 
 Royal Preventive. — Diacetate of lead and proof spirit, 
 of each 1 part, water, 20 parts. Used to prevent in- 
 fection. 
 
 Rum Ether. — Black oxide of manganese and sulphuric 
 acid, of each 12 lbs., alcohol, 20 lb.s., strong acetic 
 acid-j 10 lbs. ]Mix, and distil 12 pints. Used to give 
 spirit the flavour of rum. 
 
 Rupert's Drop-S are formed by dropping melted gla.*s into 
 cold water; they form pieces thick at one end, and ta- 
 pering oft" to a point. The thick end will bear the blow 
 19 
 
218 SAC — SAG. 
 
 of a hammer without breaking, but if the narrow tail 
 be broken off, the whole falls to powder with a smart 
 shock to the holder, the effect arising from the hollow 
 centre suddenly expanding. 
 
 Sachets are dry substances enclosed in little bags, which 
 are worn next the skin as medical agents. 
 Sachets. — Powdered orris, 2 lbs., rose leaves, 1 lb., ton- 
 quin beans, 8 oz., vanilla beans, 4 oz., musk, i oz., otto 
 of almonds, 5 drops. Small bags, filled with this pow- 
 der, are kept amongst clothes, to prevent moths and 
 perfume linen. 
 
 Sachet, Anti-phthisic. — In 12 oz. of strong decoction of 
 rue, dissolve 1 oz. of aloes, dip into this a piece of soft 
 muslin, folded several times, and large enough to cover 
 the chest and part of the stomach. Dry the muslin, 
 and apply it over the chest. Used to prevent con- 
 sumption. 
 
 Saffron, L. — The recent and dried corras of the wild 
 herb. Let it be dug up in the month of July, or be- 
 fore the autumnal bud has projected. The dry coat- 
 ings having been torn off, cut the cormus transversely 
 in thin slices, and dry at first with a gentle heat, but 
 afterwards slowly increased to the 150th degree. 
 " 2'he St if/ma consists of tripartite filaments of an orange 
 red colour, with the small filaments towards the apex 
 dilated. Moistened with water, and bruised on white 
 paper, it leaves an orange stain." 
 There are two kinds, the hay and the cake saffron, the 
 latter being frequently much adulterated. They are 
 chiefly used as colouring ingredients. Saffron was 
 formerly esteemed cordial and emmenagogixe, and was 
 ordered in some compounds for these qualities, but now 
 is little used except for its tinge. It may be given in 
 doses of 10 to 60 grains, in pill or powder, or made 
 into an infusion. 
 
 Sago. — A species of starch from the sago palm tree. For 
 use, wash 1 oz. of sago, then boil it in 1 pint of clear 
 water until combined, and flavour to taste witli Aviue, 
 sugar, spice, &c. It may be steeped before boiling. 
 
SAL. 219 
 
 Sal Amarum. — Epsom salt. 
 
 Sal Eratus. — Bicarbonate of potash. 
 
 Sal Essentiale Tartari. — Tartaric acid. 
 
 Sal Tartari. — Bicarbonate of potash. 
 
 Salep. — The prepared root of the orchis mascula, &c. Boil 
 J oz. of the powder in 1 pint of water, and when dis- 
 solved, strain, sweeten, and flavour with wine, sugar, 
 spice, &c. 
 
 Saloop. — Sassafras tea, with milk and sugar. Used in 
 rheumatism and skin diseases. 
 
 Salt, Red. — Colour common salt with an infusion of saf- 
 fron, beet-root, or cochineal, or tincture of red sandcrs 
 wood, or carmine, and dry it. Used to colour gravies. 
 Brown salt is prepared with equal parts of browning 
 and port wine. 
 
 Salt, Sore-throat. — Nitre melted and poured into moulds. 
 Often called sal prunella. 
 
 Salts, Smelling. — 1. Ilydrochloratc of ammonia, 8 oz., 
 carbonate of potash, 3 oz., essence of lemon and oil of 
 cloves, of each 20 drops, oil of rosemary, 12 drops, oil 
 of bergamotte, 10 drops, oil of cinnamon, 8 drops, 
 camphor, 12 grains, musk, 1 grain, spirit of wiue and 
 strongest ammonia, of each J oz. Dissolve the camphor 
 and oils in the spirit, mix the hydrochlorate and car- 
 bonate, first powdered separately, rub together, add the 
 spirit, mix, and add the liquor ammonijc, then fill the 
 bottles immediately. 2. For the hydrochlorate, sub- 
 stitute the sesquicarbonatc of ammonia, and proceed as 
 before. Very powerful. 3. Sesquicarbonatc of am- 
 monia, 1 lb., oil of lavender, 3 oz., oil of verbena, J 
 oz., strong solntion of ammonia, 1 oz.; mix. See 
 Essence, fur smelling buttles. 
 
 Salve, Lip. — 1. Spermaceti ointment, 3 oz., honey, 1 oz., 
 mix, and scent if desired. 2. Rose. Spermaceti oint- 
 ment, coloured with alkanet, and scented with otto. 
 Or, oil of almonds, coloured with alkanet, G parts, white 
 
220 SAR — SED. 
 
 wax, 3 parts, spermaceti, 1 part, scent with otto. Used 
 for chapped skiu. 
 
 Sartaginis. — An iron pan. 
 
 ScAMMONY Resin. — Add alcohol to the scammony, mace- 
 rate for several days, decant; add fresh spirit to the 
 residue, macerate for two days. IMix the spirits, allow 
 the impurities to fall, decant the solution into cold wa- 
 ter, and the resiu will be precipitated. Wash it in 
 fresh water, and evaporate until dry. 
 
 Scent, Pomatum. — 1. MillejieuT. Essence of ambergris, 4 
 parts, essence of lemon, 3 parts, oils of cloves and la- 
 vender, of each 2 parts, essence of bergamotte, 1 part; 
 mix. 2. Cowslip. Essence of bergamotte, 4 parts, 
 essence of lemon, 2 parts, oil of cloves, 1 part; mix. 
 3. Jonquille. Essences of bergamotte and lemon, of 
 each 8 parts, oil of cloves, 2 parts, oils of sassafras and 
 orange, of each 1 part; mix. 4. See Castor Oil Po- 
 made. 5. Oil of verbena and otto of roses, of each 5 
 drops, essence of sweet bean, 12 drops, rectified spirit, 
 1 oz.; mix. 
 
 Schwartz' Drops. — Barbadoes tar, 2 parts, tincture of 
 assafoetida, 3 parts; mix. Used for tapeworm. Dose: 
 40 drops 3 times daily. 
 
 Sciieele's Green (the arscnite of copper.) — Arsenious 
 acid, 11 oz., carbonate of potash, 2 lbs.; dissolve by 
 heat in 1 gallon of water, filter, and add this gradually 
 to a filtered solution of sulphate of copper, 2 lbs., wa- 
 ter, 3 gallons. Wash, and dry the precipitate, which 
 will weigh about IJ lb. Used as a green colour in 
 painting. 
 
 Scudamore's Gout Lotion. — Camphor mixture, 5 oz., 
 alcohol, 2 oz.; mix. Applied warm on linen rags. 
 
 Sedative Water. — Li<iuor of ammonia, (22° Baume,) 3 J 
 oz., camphorated alcohol, 3 drachms, bay salt, 9 dr., 
 water, 1 quart. Mix the spirit of camphor with the 
 ammonia, mix the salt and water, pour off the clear 
 water, and add the camphoi'ated ammonia. For general 
 
SEI — SIL. 221 
 
 use, this preparation requires the addition of another 
 quart of water; it is then used to bathe the chest, skin, 
 &,c., in cases of fever, inflammation, rheumatism, &c. 
 It may be applied by compresses of cotton, removing 
 these as a burning or smarting is felt. The parts should 
 afterwards be rubbed with camphor cerate. Raspail 
 states that in disorders of the chest this application of 
 sedative water and camphor cerate on the back, between 
 the shoulders, will point out by red spots the exact seat 
 of disease, and that these spots will cease to appear as 
 the cure advances. 
 
 Seidlitz Powders (in one Paper). — Bitartrate of soda, 
 2 parts, bicarbonate of soda, 1 part. Mix. 
 
 Sel de Seignette. — Potassio-tartrate of soda. 
 
 Sel Vegetal. — Tartrate of potash. 
 
 Selenium, a rare metal, discovered by Berzelius. — Mix 
 sulphuret of selenium 1 part, binoxide of manganese, 
 8 parts, heat in a glass retort, and receive the product 
 in water. Selenium is a reddish brown body, of im- 
 perfect metallic lustre, sp. gr. 4-3, melts at 212°, boils 
 at G50°, insoluble in water, and when heated in the air, 
 emits a peculiar disagreeable odour. 
 
 Sepia, the ink of cuttle-fish. — Prepared for artists by boil- 
 ing in alkali, precipitating with acid, then washing and 
 drying the precipitate. A fine brown colour, used by 
 artists to wash pictures, like Indian ink. 
 
 Shoemakers' Black (a solution of green copperas.) — It is 
 applied to leather to turn it black. 
 
 Signatures, copies of. — 1. Write the name, sprinkle gum 
 Arabic, in finest powder, on the wet ink, make a rim 
 round, and pour in melted fusible alloy. This may be 
 printed from at a copperplate press. 
 2. Write the name in copying ink, transfer it to a wood 
 block, and let it be engraved as a wood-cut. 
 
 Silica, a name applied to a composition for filling teeth, 
 made of powdered porcelain, plaster of Paris, and iron 
 
 19* 
 
222 siL. 
 
 filings, equal parts, and mixed witb thick mastic or 
 copal varuish. 
 
 Silica, the earthy base of flint. — Heat quartz to redness, 
 plunge it in cold water, dry, and powder. This is in- 
 soluble; but if to 1 part 3 parts of carbonate of potash 
 be added and fused, it forms soluble glass, which is used 
 to cover wood, &c., and render it incombustible. 
 
 Silver, a well-known white metal; very lustrous, malleable, 
 ductile, and the best known conductor of heat and 
 electricity. Pure silver has a sp. gr. of 10-5, melts at 
 about 1873°, (Daniell,) and is soluble in nitric acid. It 
 is not often used alone in the arts, but is generally 
 alloyed with a little copper; for plate and coin, the pro- 
 portions are, 11 oz. 2 dwt. of silver, to 18 dwt. of 
 copper. It is employed for numerous purposes in do- 
 mestic life, for lighthouse reflectors, filling teeth, (amal- 
 gamated with mercury,) and electrotyping inferior 
 metals. The equivalent of silver is 108, its symbol 
 Ag (argentum.) Some of its salts are used in medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Silver, Solders for. — 1. Hardest. Silver, 4 parts, copper, 
 1 part; fuse together. 2. Hard. Sterling silver, 3 
 parts, melt, add brass wire, 1 part, 3. Soft. Silver, 2 
 parts, melt, add brass wire, 1 part. This is generally 
 used; some add a little arsenic, to make it whiter and 
 more fusible, but it becomes less malleable, and more 
 injurious. 4. Pure tin, or tin solder, (2 lead to 1 tin,) 
 used for inferior works. 
 
 Silver, Nitrate of, L. (183G.) — Pure silver, 1^ oz., ni- 
 tric acid, 1 oz., diluted with water, 2 oz.; heat by a 
 sand-bath until ebullition ceases, and the water is ex- 
 pelled, then pour it into moulds. No formula is given 
 in the P. L. for 1851, but the following characters and 
 tests are to be observed: — ''White, soluble in water, 
 the solution precipitates silver when copper is immersed 
 in it. If 17 grains of nitrate of silver are added to 6 
 grains of salt, dissolved in water, and to the filtered 
 solution more nitrate be added, nothing further is thrown 
 
siL. 223 
 
 down. This substance must be kept from the light." 
 ITscd as a caustic externally, and internally as a tonic 
 and astringent. In solution it must always be combined 
 with distilled water, and never with impure water. 
 Externally it is rubbed on the wetted skin, or applied 
 in a lotion of 2 to 20 grains to each ounce of water. 
 Internally it is given in the solid form, in doses of ith 
 of a grain, gradually increased to 2 or 3 grains. 
 
 Silvering, the art of coating substances with silver. — Leaf 
 silvering may be performed as leaf gilding. See Gild- 
 imj, burnished. Cold silvering may be performed on 
 brass and copper which is well cleaned and quite bright, 
 by rubbing with a moistened cloth, dipped in the fol- 
 lowing powder: 1. Chloride of silver, 2 parts, pearl- 
 ash, G parts, salt, 3 parts, whiting, 2 parts; mix. Or, 
 
 2. Precipitated silver, 1 part, common salt and cream of 
 tartar, each 2 parts; mix. When the metal is silvered, 
 it should be washed in a hot weak solution of alkali, 
 and then washed dry. Other silvering powders are: 
 
 3. Nitrate of silver and salt, of each 1 part, cream of 
 tartar, 7 parts. 4. Nitrate of silver, 1 part, cyanide of 
 potassium, 3 parts. 5. Bath. Nitrate of silver, 15 
 parts, sulphate of soda, 100 parts; dissolve in water, 
 and dip the article into the solution. 
 
 Silvering, Glass. — See Amalgams. Mirrors are silvered 
 by coating tin-foil with mercury, applying the mirror, 
 and pressing together with weights to remove the super- 
 fluous mercury. The insides of globes are coated with 
 the amalgam, rolling them about until every part is 
 coated. Drayton's patent process is as follows: Mix 
 nitrate of silver and li(iuor amniunia, of each 1 oz., 
 water and rectified spirit, of each 3 oz.; let stand four 
 hours, and filter. To each oz. add 2 drachms of sugsir, 
 dissolved in alcohol and water, equal parts; pour the 
 mixture on the gla.'^s to be silvered, and keep up the 
 heat of 1()0° until the silvering is completed. Besides 
 sugar, there are other precipitants of the .silver, as oils 
 of cloves, ca.><sia, caraway, or thyme, aldehyde, &c., and 
 the solution of gun cotton in caustic potash. To this 
 
224 SIR — soA. 
 
 last the nitrate is added in solution, and ammonia suf- 
 ficient to redissolve the precipitate; the solution, on 
 being heated, deposits very brilliant silver. 
 
 SiROP d'Amandes. — Sweet almonds, 1 lb., bitter almonds, 
 5 oz., white sugar, 6 lbs., water, 3 lbs. 4 oz., orange- 
 flower water, 8 oz. Blanch the almonds, and beat 
 them into a fine paste in a stone mortar, with 4 oz. of 
 water and 1 lb. of sugar. Mis this paste with the rest 
 of the water, and press; add the remaining sugar, dis- 
 solving it by the heat of a water bath; then add the 
 orange water, and strain through muslin. 
 
 Size. — The hides called sizing are prepared for size, by 
 partly covering them with water in a tub, at the bottom 
 of which a pipe gives off steam from a boiler. The 
 steam, being turned on, heats and boils the size without 
 danger of burning, and the process is continued until 
 the whole is completely dissolved into a jelly. Alum 
 is then added, to clear the size, and it is drawn off to 
 cool. It may be prepared by boiling with water, but is 
 more apt to burn, if not carefully attended to. 
 
 Size, Japanners' Gold. — Linseed oil, boiled with gum 
 anime, and thinned, if required, with turpentine. — 
 
 Whittock. 
 
 Size, Gold. — 1. Drying oil, ground with red lead. Inferior. 
 2. Boiled oil, 3 parts, japanner's gold size, 1 part; mix 
 with yellow ochre, well ground, in boUed oil, to a suffi- 
 cient thickness. Superior quality. 
 
 Smalts, a blue pigment prepared from cobalt. Used in 
 painting, and to give linen a blue tinge. 
 
 Soap. — The hard, or Castile soap, made of olive oil and 
 soda, is now simply called soap in the P. L. The soft 
 soap of medicine is made of olive oil and potash, and 
 " in place of this, the common soft soap prepared from 
 fish-oil, suet, and potash, should by no means be used," 
 L. The frequent use of hard soap in pills, &c., ren- 
 dered them so hard as frequently to be iucff"ective; the 
 soft soap is therefore now substituted for most prepara- 
 tions. 
 
SOA. 225 
 
 Soap (Brown). — Tallow, 975 lbs., rosin, 325 lbs., soda ash, 
 4 cwt., water, q. s. 
 While. — Tallow, 13 cwt., soda ash, 4 cwt. 
 Buil the compound, and when the combination is complete, 
 add a (juantity of common salt. The soap separates, 
 and floats on the surface, and may then be formed into 
 wedges. 
 
 Soaps, Fancy — consist of common commercial soap, mixed 
 with scents and colours at pleasure. The regulations of 
 the Excise prevent other than licensed manufacturers 
 preparing ordinary soap, but this may be scented or 
 mixed, and retailed by druggists, &c. 
 
 Soajf, Bitter Almond. — Melt soap, 1 lb., with a little 
 water, and when cooling, add oil of bitter almonds, 1 
 drachm. 
 
 Soap, au Bouquet. — Melt 7 lbs. of soap, and add essence 
 of bergamottc, 1 oz., oils of cloves, sassafras, and thyme, 
 of each 2 drachms. 
 
 Soap, a la Rose. — !Melt 4 lbs. of olive oil soap, with 3 
 lbs. of tallow soap, adding a little water; when melted, 
 add 1 drachm of vermilion ; mix, cool, and add otto of 
 roses, 3 drachms, essence of cloves and cinnamon, of 
 each i drachm, bergamotte, 2i drachms; mix. 
 
 Soap, Float im/. — Melted soap and water are agitated un- 
 til the soap largely increases in size, it is then scented, 
 and poured into moulds to dry. 
 
 Soap, Mii.'ik. — Melt 1 lb. of soap, cool, add essence of 
 musk, i drachm, bergamottc and ambergris, of each 20 
 drops. 
 
 Soap, Transparent. — Soap is dis.solved in rectified spirit, 
 and the clear portion moulded in squares. Not much 
 used, docs not lather well. May be perfumed at plea- 
 sure. 
 
 Soap, Latltj Drrhi/'s. — See CoSMF.Tirs — Almond Soap. 
 
 Soap, jr/za/.s-or. — Common soap, scented with caraway 
 and bergamottc. 
 
 Soap, Shaviuf). — Mix 1* lb. soap, carbonate of pota.sh, 
 2 oz., and spirit of wine, 1 (|uart; digest until ilis.«olved, 
 filter, and stent with bergamotte, or essence of lemon 
 The product is an oily liquid. 
 
226 SOD. 
 
 Soda. — An alkali, resembling potash, but ratlier feebler. It 
 forms many salts, some of which are used in medicine. | 
 
 Soda, Bihorate of, L., is in crystals, soluble in boiling 
 water ; from this solution, when saturated and heated, 
 sulphuric acid throws down colourless crystalline scales 
 of boraeic acid. Used mostly as a cooling lotion to the 
 mouth, and as a cure for ringworm ; for this last pur- 
 pose, 1 part is dissolved in vinegar, 2 parts, and applied. 
 
 Soda, Bicarbonate of, L. — Soluble in water, it slightly 
 changes the colour of turmeric to brown. From this 
 solution neither bichloride of platinum nor sulphate of 
 magnesia throws anything down, unless heat be applied. 
 What chloride of barium throws down is dissolved by 
 hydrochloric acid ; 100 grains of this substance, added 
 to dilute sulphuric acid, evolve 51-7 grains of carbonic 
 acid. Antacid. As an eflfervescing draught, 1 drachm 
 may be added to tartaric acid, 18 grains, or lemon juice, 
 4 1 drachms, with water, 4 oz. 
 
 Soda, Phosphate of, L. — Crystallized, effloresces on ex- 
 posure to air, soluble in water, the solution turns tur- 
 meric brown. Chloride of barium gives a white preci- 
 pitate, which dissolves in nitric acid without efferves- 
 cence ; nitrate of silver gives a yellow precipitate, which 
 is soluble in the same acid. At a red heat, 100 grains 
 of this salt give off 62-3 grains of water. What is 
 thrown down by nitrate of silver, from a solution of the 
 remaining salt, is white. Mild laxative. Dose : 1 to 
 IJ oz. in broth or gruel. 
 
 Soda, Potassio-tartrate of, L. — In crystals, soluble in 
 water ; the solution changes neither litmus nor turme- 
 ric. By adding sulphuric acid, bitartrate of potash is 
 thrown down ; from nitrate of silver, or chloride of ba- 
 rium, no precipitate results, or only what is soluble in 
 more water. Mild cooling laxative, apt to gripe, if 
 given alone. Dose : 2 to 8 drachms, in a suitable ve- 
 hicle. 
 
 Soda, Sulphate of, L. — In crystals, which powder on ex- 
 posure to air, arc soluble in water, the solution docs not 
 change litmus or turmeric. Nitrate of silver scarcely 
 causes a precipitate in the dilute solution ; at a high 
 
SOD — SOL. 227 
 
 temperature 100 grains evolve 555 grains of water. 
 From 100 grains, dissolved in distilled water, on the 
 addition of hydrochloric acid and chloride of barium, 
 71 grains of .sulphate of baryta are obtained, by drying 
 at a hot fire. Purgative. Used in fevers and inflam- 
 mations. Dose : i to 2 oz. 
 
 Sodium. — The base of soda. Anhydrous carbonate of soda, 
 6 parts, dissolve in a little hot water, mix with finely- 
 powdered charcoal, 2 parts, lump charcoal, 1 part, 
 llcat to whiteness in an iron retort, and receive the 
 product in naphtha. Sodium is a silver-white metal 
 resembling potassium, soft at ordinary temperatures, 
 molts at 19-1°, and rapidly oxidizes; sp. gr. 0.972, 
 being lighter than water. If thrown in water it de- 
 composes it rapidlj', in hot water it at once inflames, 
 and leaves a solution of soda. — The equivalent of so- 
 dium is 23 ; its symbol is Na (natrium.) 
 
 Solder. — An alloy for the purpo.se of joining metals. Fine 
 solder for copper, tin, &c., is tin 2 parts, lead 1 part, 
 fused together. Common solders contain less tin; bet- 
 ter solders contain silver, gold, &c.. 
 
 Soldering Liquid. — Hydrochloric acid, J pint, granulated 
 zinc, li oz. ; di.-^solve, and add some common solder and 
 hydrochlorate of ammonia. 
 
 Solomon's B.'VLM of Gilead. — Compound tincture of car- 
 damoms prepared with hrandi/, 1 pint, tincture of can- 
 tharides, 1 oz. ; mix. The original was used in venereal 
 cases. The proprietor. Dr. Solomon, acquired an im- 
 mense fortune by its sale. 
 
 Solutions consist chiefly of soluble salts which are kept 
 ready diluted to a certain strength, so as to save time 
 in preparing prescriptions in which they may be or- 
 dered. - 
 Solution of Acetate of Animnni'ii, L. — Dilute acetic acid, 
 1 pint, scsquicarbonate of ammonia, 9 drachms or a 
 sufficient quantity. Add the ammonia until the acid 
 is saturated. 
 Characters and Tests, L. — AVithout colour or smell. The 
 
228 SOL. 
 
 Solutions. 
 
 sp. gr. is 1.022. It does not change the colour of tur- 
 meric or litmus. Ou the addition of hydrosulphuric 
 acid it is not coloured, nor is anything thrown down on 
 the addition of chloride of harium. What is thrown 
 down hy nitrate of silver is soluble in water, and par- 
 ticularly so in nitric acid. Ammoniacal vapours arise 
 on the addition of potash, and acetous fumes are given 
 off on the addition of sulphuric acid. On evaporating, 
 the residue is destroyed by heat. 
 
 Sudorific, aperient, or diuretic, according to the dose. 
 The ammonia should not prcdomiuate, as in some cases 
 it would prove injuriovis, especially in eye-waters. Used 
 in fevers, catarrh, and influenza. Dose: 5 to 12 drs. 
 As a colly rium, 1 oz. to 9 of water. 
 
 Solution of Acetate of 3Iorpliia, L. — Acetate of morphia, 
 4 drachms, acetic acid, 15 drops, distilled water, 1 pint, 
 proof spirit, J pint; mix and dissolve. Anodyne, less 
 exciting than opium. Dose : 8 to 20 drops. 
 
 Solution of Alum (^Compound, ^ L. — Alum and sulphate 
 of zinc, of each 1 oz. boiling water, 3 pints; dissolve 
 and strain. Powerfully astringent. Used diluted as a 
 lotion to old ulcers, as a collyrium, and as an injection 
 in gonorrhoea or leucorrhoea. 
 
 Solution of Ammonia, L. — No directions are given in 
 the Pharmacopeia for this or the next preparation. 
 
 Characters and Teds, L. — Free from coloui-, sp. gr. -960. 
 Exposed to air it emits acrid alkaline fumes, which are 
 evanescent, as shown by turmeric. Nothing is thrown 
 down on the addition of lime water, it is not coloured 
 by the addition of hydrosulphuric acid, nor when first 
 saturated with nitric acid does it give any precipitate 
 on the addition of sesquicarbonate of ammonia, nitrate 
 of silver, or chloride of barium. 100 grains of the so- 
 lution contain nearly 10 grains of ammonia. 
 
 Solution of Ammonia, {Slronr/er~) L. Characters and 
 Tests. — The sp. gr. is -882. It can be reduced to the 
 standard of the weaker solution of ammonia, by the ad- 
 dition of 2 oz. of distilled water to each oz. of this solu- 
 tion. 100 grains of this contain nearly 30 grains of am- 
 monia. 
 
SOL. 229 
 
 The strong solution of ammonia is vesicant, caustic, stimu- 
 lant, and antispasmodic. Externally applied in its pure 
 state it quickly reddens and inflames the skin, and acts 
 as a blister, without causing strangury. Combined with 
 emollient ingredients it assists in forming useful stimu- 
 lating liniments for rheumatism, neuralgia, sprains, 
 and bruises. When taken internally in large dcses it 
 acts as a powerful corrosive irritant. The pungent 
 odour of its fumes will often assist in arousing patients 
 who seem insensible from exhaustion, drunkenness, or 
 fits; but the application should only be momentary, 
 otherwise inflammation will ensue without any corre- 
 sponding benefit. This solution is used to dissolve es- 
 sential oils, and to fill the smelling bottles which are 
 generally used on any sensation of heat, faintuess, or 
 headache. These are known as smelling salts. The 
 weaker solution is often added to oil as a popular em- 
 brocation, known as hartshorn and oil, and internally is 
 used as a medicine. Dose: 5 to 30 drops diluted iu 
 water or milk. 
 
 Solution of Ammo)iio- Sulphate of Copp/jr, L. — Ammonio- 
 sulphate of copper, 1 drachm, di.^iilled water, 1 pint; 
 dissolve and strain. Stimulant, detergent. Not used 
 internally. Colour deep purplish blue while the am- 
 monia is in excess, changing to light blue if decomposed 
 b}' want of ammonia. Used as a test for arsenious acid, 
 turning green when mixed with it, and as a wash for 
 ulcerated surfaces. 
 
 Solution of Arsenitc of Potash, L. — Arsenious acid in 
 small pieces, and carbonate of potash, of each 80 grains, 
 compound tincture of lavender, 5 drachms, distilled 
 water, 1 pint. Boil the acid and potash with half-a-])int 
 of water until dis.solved. To the liquur when cold add 
 the tincture, and make up exactly 1 pint with water. 
 Each oz. contains 4 grains of arsenious acid. Used in 
 agues and skin diseases. Dose: 3 to 10 drops by gra- 
 dual incrca.se, intermitting the dose when it causes pain 
 in the stomach, headache, or symptoms of irritation. 
 It must always be takeu souu after a meal, as its eflecta 
 are then milder. 
 20 
 
230 SOL. 
 
 Solutions. 
 
 Solution of Bicliloride of Mercury, L. — Bichloride of 
 mercury and hydrochlorate of ammonia, of each 10 grs., 
 distilled water, 1 pint; dissolve. Each fluid oz. con- 
 tains i grain of bichloride of mercury. Poisonous in 
 large doses, alterative in small quantity. Dose : ^ to 2 
 drachms, in water or some infusion or decoction. Ex- 
 ternally applied as a lotion to eruptions and sores. 
 
 Solution of Garhonate of Potash, L. — Carbonate of pot- 
 ash, 20 oz., distilled water, 1 pint; dissolve and strain. 
 Sp. gr. 1473. Antacid. Dose: 10 to 60 drops. 
 
 Solution of Chloride of Arsenic, L. — Arsenious acid in 
 small pieces, i drachm, hydrochloric acid, 1^ drachm, 
 distilled water, 1 pint. Mix the hydrochloric acid with 
 1 oz. of water, and boil the arsenious acid in it until dis- 
 solved; add water to make it measure 1 pint exactly. 
 Each oz. contains 1 J grains of arsenious acid. Used in 
 agues and skin diseases. Dose : 10 to 30 drops by gra- 
 dual increase, to be taken after a meal. 
 
 Solution of Chlorinated Soda, L. — Carbonate of soda, 1 
 lb., distilled water, 48 oz., chloride of sodium, 4 oz., 
 binoxide of manganese, 3 oz., sulphuric acid, 2i oz. 
 Dissolve the carbonate in 2 pints of water, then put the 
 chloride and binoxide, rubbed to a powder, into a retort, 
 add to them the acid, first mixed with 3 oz. of water, 
 and cooled. Heat the mixture, and pass the chlorine 
 first through 5 oz. of water, and afterwards into the so- 
 lution of carbonate. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — The colour of turmeric is at 
 first changed to brown when added to this solution, and 
 soon after entirely disappears. On the addition of di- 
 lute hydrochloric acid, carbonic acid and chlorine arc 
 emitted together. It bleaches the solution of sulphate 
 of indigo, and precipitates lime from lime-water. 
 
 Used as a disinfectant against foul eflluvia; locally applied 
 to cleanse ulcers and suppurating wounds, eruptions, or 
 sores, as a gargle in ulcerated sore throat, as a wash in 
 profuse salivation, as an injection when there is ofi"en- 
 sive discharge from the vagina or bladder. Internally, 
 in low fever, it clears the tongue and corrects foul eva- 
 
SOL. 231 
 
 Solutions. 
 
 cuations. Dose: 15 to 30 drops in -water, externally, 
 or as an injection, diluted with 15 tiuios its weiglit of 
 water. 
 
 Solution of Citrate of Ammonia, L. — Citric acid, 3 oz., 
 distilled water, 1 pint, sesquicarbonate of ammonia, 2J 
 oz., or a sufficient quantity. Dissolve the acid in w'ater, 
 and add the sesquicarbonate to saturation. Uses similar 
 to those of the solution of acetate of ammonia. Dose : 
 1 to 3 drachms. 
 
 Solution of Diacctate of Lead, L. — Acetate of lead, 2 lb. 
 3 oz. ; oxide of lead in powder, 1 lb. 4 oz. ; distilled water, 
 C pints. Boil for 30 minutes, frequently stirring, and 
 when the liquor is cold, add sufficient distilled water to 
 make it 6 pints, then strain, and preserve it in well- 
 closed bottles. 
 
 Characters and TratSy L. — Clear, sp. pr. 1 20. It corre- 
 sponds with acetate of lead in the characters given, ex- 
 cept the last. 
 
 Astringent, cooling, only used externally when diluted 
 with water, as a collyrium, and to relieve inflammation. 
 Combined with lard or cerate is applied as a dres.sing to 
 irritable sores. Used also in a dilute state as an injec- 
 tion in gonorrhoea. 
 
 Solution of Diacctatc of Lead (diluted,^ L. — Solution of 
 diacetate of lead, li drachm, distilled water, 1 pint, 
 proof spirit, 2 drachms; mix. Used externally only, and 
 as an injection. 
 
 Solution of Ili/drocJdorate of Morphia, L. — flydrochlo- 
 rate of morphia, 4 drachms, distilled water, 1 pint, 
 proof spirit, * pint; mix and dissolve. Anodyne, less 
 exciting than opium. Do.se: 8 to 20 drops. 
 
 Solution (f Iodide of Potassium (^Compound,) L. — Io- 
 dide of potassium, 10 grains, iodine, 5 grains, distilled 
 water, 1 pint; mix and dissolve. Dose: 2 to (5 drachms, 
 in l)ronchoeele, &c. 
 
 S'lluliou of Fotash, L. — Carbonate of p<)ta.sh, 15 oz., lime, 
 8 oz., boiling distilled water, 1 g:dlon. Dissolve the 
 carbonate in 4 pints of water, sprinkle a little water on 
 the lime in an earthen vessel, and the lime being slacked, 
 
232 SOL — SOY. 
 
 Solutions. 
 
 add the rest of the water. Mix the solutions in a close 
 vessel immediately, and shake them until cold ; let the 
 carbonate of lime subside, and preserve the clear liquor 
 in a green glass bottle. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Sp. gr. 1-063. In 100 grains 
 there are 6'7 grains of potash. Little or nothing is 
 thrown down on the addition of lime-water, or if satu- 
 rated with nitric acid by carbonate of soda, chloride of 
 barium, or nitrate of silver. What is thrown down by 
 bichloride of platinum is yellow. Antacid, alkaline, 
 caustic. Dose: 10 to 30 drops. Used in dyspepsia, 
 bladder complaints, lepra and other skin diseases, &c. 
 
 Solution of Sesqnicarbovate of Ammonia, L. — Sesquicar- 
 bonate of ammonia, 4 oz., distilled water, 1 pint; dis- 
 solve and strain. Dose: 10 to 60 drops in any bland 
 vehicle. Stimulant, antacid. 
 
 Solution of Soda, L. — Carbonate of soda, 31 oz., lime, 9 
 oz., boiling distilled water, 1 gallon. Proceed as direct- 
 ed for solution of potash. Sp. gr. 1-OGl. In 100 grs. 
 are contained 4 grains of soda. Its other characteris- 
 tics correspond with those of solution of potash, the last 
 excepted. 
 
 Solution of titrate of Iron. — Iron wire, in small pieces, 
 1 oz., nitric acid (s. gr. 1-42,) 3 oz., distilled water, q. 
 s. Mix the acid, with 10 oz. of the water, in a thin, 
 wide-mouthed flask, surrounded with water; add the 
 iron gradually, filter the solution, heat it gently in a 
 flask, and carefully drop in nitric acid, stirring frequent- 
 ly, until a drop of the solution, on being tested with 
 ammonia, yields a clear red precipitate; then add dis- 
 tilled water, to make up 30 oz. — Procter. 
 
 Soup, Portable. — Prepared by boiling beef, &c., to a jelly 
 with very littie water. The jelly is spiced and flavoui-ed 
 to taste, and a little serves to enrich broth or make ex- 
 tern poraneoiis soup. 
 
 Soy. — The genuine is imported; that usually sold is an imi- 
 tation. Boil one gallon of the seeds of dolichos, soja, peas 
 or kidney-beans until soft, and bruised wheat, 1 gallon; 
 keep it in a warm place 24 hours, and add salt, 1 gallon, 
 
STR— SPT. 233 
 
 water, 2 gallons; bung in a stone jar for ?> months, ex- 
 press the liquor, and treat the residue with fresh salt 
 and water for aa inferior soy. 
 
 Specific, Worm. — Gamboge, 1 part, carbonate of potash, 2 
 parts; mix. — Ilerrenschwand. 
 
 Speculum Metal. — 1. Copper, 04 parts, pure tin, 29 parts; 
 melt separately under a little black flux, and mix. 2. 
 Copper, 2 parts, pure tin, 1 part; mix as before. 3. 
 Copper, 04 parts, tin, 29 to oo parts; mix. 4. "Copper 
 and tin are the best metals for reflecting telescopes, the 
 best proportions being copper, 1204 parts, tin, 589 
 parts." — Earl of Rosse. Sometimes a little arsenic is 
 added to increase the whiteness. Used to make the re- 
 flecting mirrors of telescopes. 
 
 Speculum Metal. — Tin, 589 parts, copper, 1,204 parts. 
 
 Spice, Kidder's Sweet. — Cloves, mace, nutmeg, cinna- 
 mon, and sugar, equal parts. Used in pastry. 
 
 Spice, Kidder's Savoury. — Cloves, mace, nutmeg, pep- 
 per, and salt, equal parts. Used to spice meats, &c. 
 
 Spielman's Camphorated Yineoar. — Camphor, 30 
 grain.s, alcohol, 10 drops; mix and powder, add sugar, 
 1 oz., and distilled vinegar, 5 oz. Stimulant, in doses 
 of 2 to 4 dracluns. 
 
 Spirits are chiefly solutions in spirit of aromatic oils, or 
 volatile ingredients, or else they are distilled from si- 
 milar solutions. 
 
 Sjiirit of Ammonia (Aromatic,) L. — IlydrochLirate of 
 aniniuiiia, oz., carbonate of puta.sh, 10 oz., bruised 
 cirinainon and bruised cloves, of each 2i drachms, le- 
 mon-peel, 5 oz., rectified spirit and water, of each 4 pints. 
 Mix and distil G pints. Sp. gr. -918. Stiujulant, 
 antispasmodic, used in hysteria and fainting. Turns 
 milky on the additiDii of water. Dose: ■} to 1 drachm. 
 
 tSjfirit of Ammonia (Fetid,) L. — Ilydrochlorate of am- 
 monia, 10 oz., carbonate of potash, 10 oz., rectified 
 spirit and water, of each 3 pint.', assafa^tida, 5 oz. Mix, 
 and slowly di.stil 3 pints. Sp. gr. -801. Stimulant, 
 20* 
 
234 SPi. 
 
 Spirits. 
 
 antispasmodic, used in flatulent colic, hysteria, and as 
 an eueiua. Dose: ^ to 1 draclim. 
 Spirit of Aniseed, L. — Oil of aniseed, 3 drachms, proof 
 spirit, 1 gallon 5 dissolve. Stimulant, carminative in 
 flatulent colic, wind, pain in the stomach and bowels, 
 griping, &c. Dose: ^ to 2 drachms. 
 
 Spirit of Camphor, L. — Camphor, 5 oz., rectified spirit, 2 
 pints; dissolve. Stimulant. Used externally to bruises 
 and sprains, and in liniments. Internally, to relieve 
 pain and promote perspiration. Dose: 10 to 60 drops. 
 Added to water it forms an extemporaneous camphor 
 julep. 
 
 Spirit of Caraway, L. — Oil of caraway, 2 drachms, proof 
 spirit, 1 gallon; dissolve. Carminative, stimulant. 
 Dose; 2 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Spirit of Cinnamon, L. — Oil of cinnamon, 2 drachms, 
 proof spirit, 1 gallon ; dissolve. Stimulant, stomachic. 
 Dose : 20 to 60 drops. Oil of cassia is generally sub- 
 stituted for that of cinnamon. 
 
 Spirit of Ether (Compound,) L. — Ether, 8 oz., rectified 
 spirit, 16 oz., ethereal oil, 8 drachms; mix. Anti- 
 spasmodic, stimulant. Used in fever, colic, hysteria, 
 and spasmodic pnins. Dose; 20 to 40 drops. 
 
 Spirit of Horseradish (Compoimd,) L. — Sliced horse- 
 radish, dried orange peel, of each 20 oz., bruised nut- 
 megs, 5 drachms, proof spirit, 1 gallon, watei", 2 pints. 
 Mix, and slowly distil 1 gallon. Stimulant. Used in 
 dropsies and as an antiscorbutic. Dose: -j to 4 drachms. 
 
 Spirit of Juniper (Compound,) L. — Oil of juniper, IJ 
 drachm, oil of caraway and oil of fennel, of each 12 
 drops, proof spirit, 1 gallon; mix. Diuretic, stimulant. 
 Used in dropsies. Dose: 1 to 4 drachms, with diu- 
 retics. 
 
 Spirit of Nitric Ether, L. — Rectified spirit, 2 pints, ni- 
 tric acid, 3 1 oz. Add the acid gradually to the spirit 
 and mix, then let 28 oz. distil. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Sp. gr. -834. It slightly changes 
 the colour of litmus to red. On adding carbonate of 
 soda no bubbles of carbonic acid escape. 
 
spo— STi. 235 
 
 Spirits. 
 
 Diuretic, diaphoretic, refrigerant. Used in fever, dropsy, 
 gonorrhoea, and strangury. Dose: 10 to 40 drops. 
 
 Sj)irit of Nutmeg, L. — Bruised nutmeg, 2i oz., proof 
 spirit, 1 gallon, water, 1 pint. Mix, and slowly distil 
 1 gallon. Aromatic, stimulant, carminative. Dose: 
 ^ to 1 drachm. 
 
 Sj)irit of Feniii/roi/al, L. — Oil of pennyroyal, 3 drachms, 
 proof spirit, 1 gallon; dissolve. Stimulant, carmina- 
 tive. Dose: i to 2 drachms. 
 
 Spirit of Peppermint, L. — Oil of peppermint, 3 drachms, 
 proof spirit, 1 gallon; dissolve. Stimulant, carmina- 
 tive, cordial, stomachic. Dose: I to 2 drachms. 
 
 Spirit of Pimento, L. — Oil of pimento, 2 drachms, proof 
 spirit, 1 gallon; dissolve. Aromatic, carminative. Used 
 in flatulence or griping. Dose: 2 to 1 drachm. 
 
 Spirit of Rosemari/, L. — Oil of rosemary, 2 drachms, 
 rectified spirit, 1 gallon; dissolve. Applied locally to 
 prevent baldnes.s, and as an ingredient in stimulating 
 liniments. 
 
 SroxQE, Preparkd. — Dip sponge into melted wax, and 
 compress it between iron plates until cold. Used to 
 make sponge tents. 
 
 Sponge, BLEAciiEr). — Wash it in weak muriatic acid, then 
 in cold water, soak it in a feeble sulphuric acid, wash 
 in cold water, and lastly with rose or orange-flower 
 water. 
 
 Sponge, Burnt. — Prepared by burning sponge in a covered 
 crucible. Formerly used in bronchocele, but now gene- 
 rally superseded by iodine, its active ingredient. 
 
 Standekt's MiXTruE for Bowel Complaint. — Carbo- 
 nate of magnesia, 1 oz., rhubarb, i oz., tincture of 
 rhubarb, 3 oz., tincture of opium, 2 draclims, oil of 
 aniseed, 30 drops, oil of peppermint, 30 drops, gin, 5 
 oz., water, 25 oz. Mix. Dose: one winegla.ssful. 
 
 Stimulating Liniment. — Olive oil, 4 part.s, Hquor ammo- 
 nia, 2 parts, turpentine, 2 parts, camphor, 1 part, al- 
 kanet root, q. s. Mix the turpentine and camphor, add 
 
236 STO — SUE. 
 
 the remainder, and when the colour is bright, strain. 
 An excellent external application for painful or sore 
 parts, rheumatisms, pains, swellings, &c. 
 
 Stomachic Candy. — Lump sugar, 1 lb., water, 3 oz.j dis- 
 solve by heat, and add cardamom seeds, ginger, and 
 rhubarb, of each 1 oz. 
 
 Stomachic Liqueur. — Take tops and roots of angelica, 9 
 drachms, calamus aromaticus, 4 scruples, myrrh, cinna- 
 mon, of each 2 scruples, aloes, vanilla, cloves, of each 1 
 scruple, nutmeg, 5 grains, saffron, 1 grain. Digest the 
 whole in one quart of good brandy for fifteen days, 
 strain, add I4 lb. of sugar, and bottle. 
 
 Stone Blue. — Chinese blue, 4 parts by weight, Turnbull's 
 blue, 1 part, oxalic acid, 1 part; mix; pour on boiling 
 water until the whole is dissolved; add 1 part by mea- 
 sure, of sulphate of indigo (1 part indigo to 4 of acid,) 
 and neutralize with carbonate of ammonia. Used to 
 blue linen, &c., after washing. 
 
 Straw is bleached by the vapours of sulphur, or a solution 
 of oxalic acid or chloride of lime. It may be dyed with 
 any liquid colour. 
 
 Strychnia, L. — The alkali prepared from nux vomica. 
 "Crystals, soluble in boiling rectified spirit. It lique- 
 fies by heat, and if great it is destroyed. Its taste is 
 most bitter. Being very powerful, it must be used most 
 cautiously." Strychnia is insoluble in alcohol and ether, 
 but dissolves in dilute spirit, and in 7U00 parts of water, 
 which solution tastes intensely bitter. It is chiefly 
 used in paralysis, but is employed in other disorders also. 
 The dose is -^(^'Ox of a grain, cautiously increased to 1 
 grain. It is very poisonous, and no antidotes are 
 known. The dose should be small from each fresh 
 sample, as they differ considerably in strength. 
 
 Suet. — Prepared from the fat of the sheep, &c. Mutton 
 suet is used as the basis of various plasters, ointments, 
 &c. 
 
 Suet, Mklilot. — Suct, 4 parts, melilot leaves, 1 part; melt 
 till crisp and strain. Used by farriers. 
 
su(}— SUL. 237 
 
 Sugar, Alum. — Powdered alum, white of egg and rose- 
 water; mixed and shaped like sugar loaves. Used as an 
 astringent. 
 
 Sugar, Lemon. — Sugar, 2 lbs., tartaric acid, l.i oz., essence 
 of lemons, 1 drachm; mix. Used to make lemonade. 
 
 Sulphur is chiefly used as an alterative and laxative, ex- 
 ternally it is applied for the itch, and in this complaint 
 it appears to have a specific influence. Dose: J to 3 
 drachms. 
 
 Stifphur, Iodide of, L. — Sulphur, 1 oz , iodine, 4 oz; put 
 the sulphur in a glass vessel, and on it place the iodine, 
 immerse the vessel in boiling water until they combine, 
 cool, break the vessel, and preserve the contents in a 
 well closed bottle. From 100 grains of this salt boiled 
 in water, 20 grains of sulphur subside. Iodide of sul- 
 phur is not used internally; but in the form of ointment 
 is used for skin eruptions. 
 
 Sidphurtttrd Uijdroijen. — Sesquisulphurct of antimony, 1 
 part, muriatic acid, 5 parts; heat in a retort, and receive 
 the gas over mercury. It is a colourless gas, having a 
 strong putrid odour, which is most disagreeable when in 
 small quantity; it burns with a blue flame. Sp. gr. 
 1-171, 100 cubic inches weigh 3G-o8 grains, at 50°, a 
 pres.sure of 17 atmospheres liquefies it. Chlorine decom- 
 poses this gas, potassium burns in it with energy, 100 
 measures of it with 150 of oxygen explode with the 
 electric spark, combustion en.sucs, and 100 measures of 
 sulphurous acid gas result. Sulphuretted hydrogen is 
 a valuable test for metals in solution, ite. ; bence its own 
 presence is easily detected by paper wetted with acetate 
 of lead, which is immediately blackened. 
 
 Sidphiiri'c Arid, L. — Free from colour and odour, sp. gr. 
 1 848; mixed with an equal measure of water, it usually 
 thruws d(nvn a white but sciinty pre(i])itate; it emits no 
 vapour of nitrous acid, dilated witii 12 parts i>f water 
 it gives no yellow precipitate on the addition of hydro- 
 sulpliuric acid. 100 grains of this acid are saturated 
 by 2S5 grains of crystallized carbonate of soda. 
 
 Nordljau.sen sulphuric acid is prepared by distilling cal- 
 
238 suL — SID. 
 
 cined sulphate of iron in an earthern retort; the ordi- 
 nary commercial acid is made by allowing the fumes of 
 burning sulphur to come in contact with those of nitre 
 and oil of vitriol. Concentrated sulphuric acid contains 
 40 parts acid to 9 parts water, it is a colourless oily li- 
 quid, of sp. gr. 1-85, acid taste and reaction. It freezes 
 at 15°, at 620° it boils, and may be distilled without 
 decomposition. When good, Nordhausen acid is dis- 
 tilled, anhydrous sulphuric acid comes over in solid 
 crystals resembling asbestos. This deliquesces and 
 fumes on exposui-e to air, melts at 60°, boils at 105°, 
 sp. gr. 1-97, at 78° does not redden litmus paper. It 
 combines with water with a hissing like hot iron. Ordi- 
 nary sulphuric acid, 4 parts by weight, at 50°, mixed 
 suddenly with water, 1 part, at 50°, will rise to a tem- 
 perature of 300°. 
 
 The acid of the shops, in its stronger form, is only used 
 externally as a caustic, &c., internally it is a corrosive 
 poison. The antidotes are chalk, magnesia, whiting, 
 carbonate of soda, or potash, &c., &c. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid, Dilute, L. — Sulphuric acid, 15 drachms, 
 distilled water, 1 pint. Add the acid by degrees to 
 half a pint of the water, then make up one pint with 
 more water. Characters and Tests. — Sp. gr. 1-103, 
 one fluid ounce is saturated by 216 grains of crystal- 
 lized carbonate of soda.'^ Astringent, tonic, refrige- 
 rant. Used in fever, sweating, internal bleeding, lead 
 colic, skin diseases, &c. Dose: 10 to 30 drops. Ex- 
 ternally the stronger acid is used in ointment, with 4 
 to 8 times its weight of lard, for itch, &c. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid. — Heat 100 parts of black oxide of man- 
 ganese with 14 parts of sulphur in a glass retort, and 
 receive the product in water. Pure liquid sulphurous 
 acid has a sp. gr. of 1-45, boils at 14° F., and causes 
 great cold by its evaporation, and on exposure to air is 
 decomposed. Used to bleach silks, &c., and to remove 
 iron mould. 
 
 Sydenham's Lenitive. — Ehubarb, 3 drachms, coriander 
 seeds and tamarinds, of each 2 oz., senna, \ oz., boiling 
 
SYR. 239 
 
 water, 1 pint; macerate 3 hours and strain. Stomachic, 
 hixativc. Dose: 1 to 4 tablespooufuls. 
 
 Syrups are solutions of sugar in water, cither plain or me- 
 dicated. "Syrups are to be kept where the heat never 
 exceeds 55°."— L. 
 
 S^ruj) of Bucldhorn, L. — Buckthorn juice, 4 pints, sliced 
 ginger and bruised pimento, of each G drachms, sugar, 
 
 lb., roctifiod spirit, G oz. Let the dregs of the juice 
 subside for 3 days, and strain the clear liquor; add to 
 
 1 pint the ginger and pimento, macerate with a gentle 
 heat for 4 hours and strain, boil the remaining juice to 
 1^ pint, mix the liquors, add the sugar, and when cold 
 add the spirit. Cathartic. Used for dropsies in robust 
 patients. Dose : i to 1 oz. 
 
 Syrup of Cochineal, L. — Bruised cochineal, 4 scruples, 
 boiling distilled water, 1 pint, sugar, 3 lbs., or a suffi- 
 cient quantity, rectified spirit, 2i oz., or a sufficient 
 quantity. Boil the cochineal for 15 minutes in the 
 water in a closed vessel, then strain ; add to the liquor 
 twice its weight of sugar, dissolve, and when cold, add 
 to each oz. i drachm of spirit. Used to colour medi- 
 cines. 
 
 Syruji of Ginger. — Sliced ginger, 2 J oz., boiling distilled 
 water, 1 pint, sugar, 2 J lb. or a sufficient (juautity, 
 rectified spirit a sufficient quantity. Macerate the ginger 
 in the water for 4 hours, press out the liquor, strain, 
 and proceed as in syrup of cochineal. 
 
 Synq) of Iodide of Iron, L. — Iodine, 1 oz., iron wire, 3 
 drachms, distilled water, 12 oz., or a sufficient quantity, 
 sugar, 10 oz. Mix the iodine and iron with 8 oz. of 
 water, and heat until the solution as.sumcs a greenish 
 colour, then strain, evaporate to 4 oz., add the sugar, 
 and when cold add water to make it 15 oz. Preserve it 
 in a well closed black glass bnttle. Tonic, alterative. 
 Used in .=!crofulous affi'ctions and iu chronic rheumatism. 
 Do.se: J to 1 drachm. 
 Syrup of Iodide of Iron and Quinine. — Digest 1 drachm 
 of iodine with J drachm of iron filings and 4 drachms 
 of water, with a gcullc heat and fre(|uent agitation, till 
 the solution Ls colourless ; filter it rapidly into a bottle 
 
240 SYR. 
 
 Syrups. 
 
 coutainiiig 28 oz. of synip; dissolve 12 j^rains of sul- 
 phate of quinine in 2 dracliius of water acidulated with 
 sulphuric acid, and add to the former solution. Each 
 ounce contains 3 grains of iodide of iron. — Bouchardat. 
 
 Si/rup of Lemon, L. — Strained lemon juice, 1 pint, sugar, 
 2^ lb., rectified spirit, 2j oz. Boil the juice for 10 
 minutes and strain, add the sugar and dissolve, when 
 the syrup has cooled add the spirit. Used to commu- 
 nicate its flavour to medicines. The boiling and strain- 
 ing is intended to remove the mucus from the juice. 
 
 Si/rup of Marshmalloio, L. — Marshmallow root, \h oz., 
 sugar, 4 lb. or sufficient, distilled water, 1 pint, rectified 
 spirit, 2i oz. or sufficient. Macerate the root in the 
 water for 12 hours, express and strain the liquor, and 
 proceed as for syrup of cochineal. Demulcent, used in 
 cough mixtures. Dose : 1 to 4 drachms. 
 
 Syrup of Mulherry, L. — Strained mulberry juice, 1 pint, 
 sugar, 25 lb., rectified spirit, 2j oz., orsufficient. Dissolve 
 the sugar in the juice with a gentle heat, and in 24 hours 
 remove the scum, pour off the clear liquor, and add the 
 spirit. Used chiefly for its colour. Acid, refrigerant. 
 
 St/rup of Orange, L. — Dried orange peel, 2^ oz., boiling 
 distilled water, 1 pint, sugar, 3 lb. or sufficient, rectified 
 spirit, 3 J oz. or sufficient. Macerate the peel in the 
 water for 12 hours in a covered vessel, express the liquid 
 and boil it for 10 luinutes, then strain, and proceed as 
 for syrup of cochineal. Used only for its flavour, and 
 as a stomachic. 
 
 Syrxip of Popp>y, L. — Bruised poppies without seeds, 8 
 lbs., sugar, 5 lbs., boiling distilled water, 5 gallons, rec- 
 tified spirit, 5 oz. Boil the water and poppies to 2 
 gallons, express, strain, boil to 4 pints, and strain while 
 hot. After 12 hours, boil the clear liquor to 2 pints, 
 add the sugar, and when cold the spirit. Anodyne, 
 sedative, less powerful than opium. Used in cough 
 mixtures. Dose: 1 to 4 drachms. 
 Syrup of Proto-Nitrate of Iron. — Iron wire, in small 
 pieces, 2 oz., nitric acid (sp. gr. 1'42,) 3 oz., water, 13 
 oz., sugar, 2 lbs. Pour on the iron 3 oz. of water, mix 
 
SYR. 241 
 
 Syrups. 
 
 the acitl with the rest of the water, and pour gradually 
 to the iron until the acid is saturated, as shown by lit- 
 mus paper; filter on the sutrar, and make up, if recjuisite, 
 to 80 oz., by pouring water on the filter. Strain, if 
 necessary; and seal the syrup in phials. — Procter. 
 
 Si/i'up of Red Puppy, L. — Red poppy petals, 1 lb., boiling 
 distilled water, 1 pint, sugar, 8 lb. or sufficient, rectified 
 spirit, 2 J oz. or sufficient. Heat the water in a water- 
 bath, add the petals, frequently stirring, then macerate 
 without heat for 1*2 hours, press out the liquor with the 
 hand, strain, and proceed as for syrup of cochineal. 
 
 Syrup of Pose, L. — Damask rose petals, 7 oz., sugar, 
 lb., boiling distilled water, 3 pints, rectified spirit, bh 
 oz. ^Macerate the petals in the water for 12 hours and 
 strain, evaporate to 2 pints, and dissolve the sugar in 
 the liquor; when cold, add the spirit. 
 
 Syrup of Saffron, L. — Saffron, 5 drachms, boiling dis- 
 tilled water, 1 pint, sugar, 3 lb. or sufficient, rectified 
 spirit, 2 J oz., or sufficient. Macerate the saffron in the 
 water for 12 hours in a closed vessel, strain and proceed 
 as in syrup of cochineal. Used for its colour and fla- 
 vour. 
 
 Syrup of Sarsaparilla, L. — Sarsaparilla, 3i lb., distilled 
 water, 3 gallons, sugar, 8 oz., rectified spirit, 2 oz. 
 Boil the sarsaparilla in 2 gallons of water to one-half, 
 and strain while hot. Boil it in the remaining water 
 to one-half, and strain. Evaporate the mixed liquors 
 to 2 pints, add the sugar, and when cold, the spirit. 
 Tonic, alterative. Do.se : 1 drachm or more. 
 
 Syrup of Senna, L. — Senna, 8i oz., bruised fennel, 10 
 drachms, manna, 3 oz., boiling distilled water, 1 pint, 
 treacle, 3 lb. 3Iacerate the fennel and the senna in 
 the water with a gentle heat for (J hours, express through 
 linen, strain, and add the manna. Kvajiorate the treacle 
 in a Vater bath until it becomes almost .>^(ilid on cooling, 
 add to it while hot the liquor, and mix thoroughly. 
 Purgative. Do.sc: 1 to 4 drachms. 
 
 Syrup of Tola, L. — Balsam of tola, 10 drachms, boiling 
 distilled water, 1 pint, sugar, 2] lb. Boil the water 
 
242 SYR — TAR. 
 
 and balsam in a closed vessel for 30 minutes, frequently 
 stirring; when cold, strain the liquor and mix it with 
 the sugar. Agreeable stimulant in cough mixtures. 
 Dose : 20 to GO droj^s. 
 
 Syrup of Tohi. — Tincture of tolu, 2 oz., carbonate of mag- 
 nesia, 2 drachms, sugar, 24 oz. (av.,) water, 12 oz. 
 Rub the tincture with the magnesia and 2 oz. of the 
 sugar, gradually add the water, and filter. Dissolve 
 the remainder of the sugar in the water by a gentle 
 heat. Syrup of ginger may be obtained in the same 
 manner. — Fin ley. 
 
 Syrup of Violets, L. — Violets, 9 oz., boiling distilled 
 water, 1 pint, sugar, 3 lb. or sufficient, rectified spirit, 
 2^ oz., or sufficient. Macerate the violets in the water 
 for 12 hours, express and strain; let the dregs subside, 
 and proceed as for syrup of cochineal. Laxative to in- 
 fants. 
 
 Syrup, L. — Sugar, 3 lb., distilled water, 1 pint; dissolve 
 with a gentle heat. Used to sweeten mixtures, and to 
 cause pill masses to adhere. 
 
 Sweet Oil. — Rape oil. 
 
 Taleolas Scissa. — Cut like jujubes. 
 
 Tannic Acid, L. — Almost colourless. Dissolved in water 
 it is powerfully astringent; from a solution of isinglass 
 it throws down a white precipitate, in other respects it 
 resembles gallic acid. Astringent. Used in the sweat- 
 ing and looseness of phthisis. Dose : 2 to 5 grains in 
 pills. 
 
 Tar was at one time extolled highly for its medicinal virtues, 
 it is now little used, except for lepra and psoriasis. 
 Pitch is the residue of tar, boiled to dryness, its uses are 
 similar, and it is a good medicine for piles. Dose of 
 tar or pitch 10 to 20 grains 2 or 3 times a day in pill, 
 with half its weight of gum acacia. 
 Barhadoes Tar (petroleum) has similar uses, its dose is 5 
 to 30 grains. 
 
 Tartaric Acid, L. — Is prepared from bitartrate of potash. 
 Crystalline, free from colour, almost entirely decomposed 
 
TAR — TER. 243 
 
 by fire, soluble in water; this solution throws down bi- 
 tartratc of potash from any neutral salt of potash. Chlo- 
 ride of barium throws nothing down from this solution, 
 what is thrown down by acetate of lead is soluble in 
 nitric acid. 100 grains of this acid dissolved in water 
 are saturated by 192 grains of crystallized carbonate of 
 soda. Kefrigerant and laxative. It is less efficacious 
 in scurvy than lemon-juice or citric acid, and it is not 
 so suitable as these for mixing with bicarbonate of pot- 
 ash. It is usually taken in effervescing draughts; 1 oz. 
 of tartaric acid at a dose has in one case caused death. 
 
 Tartarus Boraxatus. — Soluble cream of tartar. 
 
 Tartarus Depuratus. — Cream of tartar. 
 
 Tartarus Tartarisatus. — Tartrate of potash. 
 
 Taylor's Solution. — Nitrate of silver, 1 part, distilled 
 water, 12 parts. Dissolve; and add gradually strong 
 liquor of ammonia, until the precipitate at first produced 
 is Just redissolved. Used for copying negative pictures. 
 
 Tea is often largely adulterated. Grocers rounce their tea 
 by agitation with calcined magnesia, this imparts a 
 bloom, but injures the solvent powers of the water. 
 Pure tea is not turned black by cold infusion in water, 
 containing sulphuretted hydrogen gas, nor does it turn 
 hartshorn spirit blue. The amber colour of the infusion 
 is not reddened by adding a few drops of oil of vitriol. 
 
 Teeth, The. — Are best preserved by cleanliness. Too much 
 friction is injurious, neglecting them is often the cause 
 of tartar accumulating; to prevent this, various powders 
 and tinctures are used. Sec Index. 
 
 Teeth, Cement for. — Mastic, 00 parts, ether, 40 parts; 
 dissolve, and add alum suificiont to form a jua.ss. jMix 
 tincture of camphor, 2 parts, with essence of cloves, 1 
 paYt ; add G parts of the above mass, and apply to tho 
 tooth. — Bernoth. 
 
 Terra Foliata Taiitari. — Acetate of pota.sh. 
 
 Terra Foliata Tartari Crystallisata. — Acetate of 
 
 soda. 
 
244 TES — TIN. 
 
 Test for Essential Oils. — Add dry acetate of potasli. If 
 alcohol be present, the salt is dissolved; but not otherwise. 
 TiiRiDACE. — Extract of lettuce. 
 
 Tin. — A well known white metal. Pure tin is soft, mal- 
 leable, sp. gr. 7'3, melts at 442°, dissolves in hydro- 
 chloric acid. Its white oxide is used as a polishing 
 medium, under the name of putty powder. Tin filings 
 are used occasionally as a vermifuge, in doses of 1 to 3 
 drachms for two or three mornings, followed by a pur- 
 gative. Their action is supposed to be purely mechanical. 
 
 Tinctures are spirituous solutions of various substances 
 which may be conveniently administered in this form. 
 
 "All tinctures should bo prepared in close glass vessels, 
 and frequently shaken during maceration." — P. L. 
 
 Tincture of Aconite, L. — Aconite root, coarsely powdered, 
 15 oz., rectified spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, 
 press, and filter. Anodyne and sedative in neuralgia, 
 gout, rheumatism, &c. ; when diluted is used as an em- 
 brocation in these disorders. Dose: 3 to 10 drops in- 
 ternally. In moderate quantity aconite acts as a power- 
 ful poison. 
 
 Tincture of Aloes, L. — Socotrine, or hepatic aloes in coarse 
 powder, 1 oz., extract of liquorice, 3 oz., rectified spirit, 
 10 oz., distilled water, 30 oz. Macerate the aloes in 
 the mixed spirit and water for 7 days, then add the 
 liquorice, and when it is dissolved, strain. Dose : I oz., 
 to 1 oz. 
 
 Tincture of Aloes (^Compound,') L. — Socotrine or he- 
 patic aloes in coarse powder, 4 oz., saff"ron, 2 oz., tinc- 
 ture of myrrh, 2 pints. IMacerate for 7 days, and strain. 
 I'urgative, stimulant, and stomachic. l)ose: 1 to 2 
 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Ammonia (^Compound,) L. — Mastic, 2 
 drachms, rectified spirit, 9 drachms, oil of lavender, 14 
 drops, stronger solution of ammonia, 1 pint. Dissolve 
 the mastic in the spirit, pour off the clear tincture, and 
 add the remaining ingredients. A milky compound, 
 antispasmodic and stimulant, used in hysteria. Dose: 
 10 to 40 drops. 
 
 Tincture of Ammonia- Chloride of Iron, L. — Ammonio- 
 
TIN. 245 
 
 Tinctures. 
 
 chloride of iron, 4 oz., proof spirit and distilled water, 
 of each 1 piut. Dissulvc aud atraiu. Dose: ^U drops 
 to 2 drachms, as a tonic. 
 
 Tincture of Axsafatida, L. — Assafoetida, in small pieces, 
 5 oz., rectified spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, 
 and strain. Stimulant and antispasmodic. Employed in 
 hysteria, flatulency, colic, &c. Dose: i to IJ drachms 
 in pennyroyal water, or otherwise. 
 
 Tincture of Bdladonna, L. — Dried belladonna, 4 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Dose : 2 to 4 drops. IMixed also with soap lini- 
 ment as an anodyne application externally. 
 
 Tincture of Benzoin (^Cumpoiind,) L. — Benzoin in coarse 
 powder, 8^ oz., prepared storax, 2^ oz., balsam of tolu, 
 lU drachms, Socotrine or hepatic aloes in coarse powder, 
 5 drachms, rectified spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 
 days, and strain. Used in cases of chronic cough. 
 Dose: 20 drops to 1 drachm. Externally applied to 
 rough ragged cuts. This tincture does not readily unite 
 with mucilage or water, but will mix easily with treacle 
 and water. 
 
 Tincture of Calumha, L. — Calumba thinly sliced, 3 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, 
 and strain. Aromatic, tonic. Dose: 1 to 2 drachms, 
 with soda, iron, or chalybcates. 
 
 Tincture of Camphor (^Conqn)und,) L. — Camphor, 2 J 
 scruples, powdered opium, benzoic acid, of each 72 
 grains, oil of aniseed, 1 drachm, proof spirit, 2 pints. 
 Macerate for 7 days, strain. Used chiefly to allay 
 coughs. Dose: i to 2 drachms. Each ounce contains 
 about two grains of opium. 
 
 Tincture of Cant/ia rides, L. — Cantharides brui.sed, J oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate G or 7 days, express, 
 and strain. Stimulant, diuretic, must be used with 
 caution. Dose: 10 drops, gradually increased to 1 
 diaclim, given in any mucilaginous fluid. Externally 
 used, combined with compound camphor liniment, as a 
 rubefacient in rheumatism, frost-bites, or unbroken chil- 
 blains. An ingredient in remedies for baldness. 
 21* 
 
246 TIN. 
 
 Tinctures. 
 
 Tincture of Capsicum,L. — Capsicum bruised, 10 drachms, 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, press, and 
 strain. Dose : 10 to 60 drops, in scarlet fever, ulcerated 
 sore throat, and to induce perspiration. It is also used 
 as a gargle in sore throat, &c. 
 
 Tincture of Cardamom (^Oompound,^ L. — Cardamoms, 
 caraway, and cochineal, all bruised, of each 2i drachms, 
 cinnamon bruised, 5 drachms, stoned raisins, 5 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Aromatic, stimulant, cordial. Dose : 1 to 4 
 drachms. Chiefly used to flavour and colour mixtures. 
 
 Tincture of Cascarilla, L. — Cascarilla bruised, 5 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Tonic, stomachic, employed in mixtures. 
 Dose : 1 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Castor, L. — Bruised castor, 2J oz., rectified 
 spirit, 2 pints, macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 Dose: 20 drops to 2 drachms, as an antispasmodic in 
 hysteria, &c. 
 
 Tincture of Catecliu (^Comipound^ L. — Powdered catechu, 
 3i oz., bruised cinnamon, 2^ oz., proof spirit, 2 pints. 
 Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. Astringent. 
 Dose: 1 to 2 drachtus in diarrhoea, combined with chalk. 
 
 Tincture of CincJwna, L. — Yellow cinchona bruised, 8 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Tonic, stomachic. Chiefly used as an adjunct 
 to infusion of cinchona or mixtures. Dose: 1 to 3 
 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of CincJwna {Compound,) L. — Pale cinchona 
 bruised, 4 oz., dried orange-peel, 3 oz., serpentary 
 bruised, 6 drachms, safi'ron, 2 drachms, bruised cochi- 
 neal, 1 drachm, proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 
 days, express, and strain. Tonic, stomachic. Dose: 1 
 to 3 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Pale CincJiona, L. — Prepared and used as 
 tincture of cinchona. 
 
 Tincture of Cinnamon, L. — Cinnamon bruised, 3J oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Cordial, aromatic, and stomachic. Dose: 1 to 
 4 drachms. 
 
TIN. 247 
 
 Tinctures. 
 
 Tincture of Cinnamon (^ Compound,^ L. — Bruised cinna- 
 mon, 1 oz., bruised cardamom, ^ oz., long pepper pow- 
 dered, and bruised ginger, of each 2 J drachms, proof 
 spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 I)ose : 1 to 2 drachms. Cordial and aromatic. 
 Tincture o/CoIchicuni, L. — Seeds of meadow saffron bruised, 
 5 oz., proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, ex- 
 press, and strain. Dose: 20 drops to 2 drachms in gout, 
 or rheumatism. 
 
 Tincture of t'nlchicum (^Compound, ^ L. — Meadow saffron 
 seeds bruised, 5 oz., proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 
 da3's, express, and strain. Dose: i to 1 drachm, in gout. 
 
 Tincture of Cubebs, L — Cubebs bruised, 1 tb., proof 
 spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 Dose: 1 to 2 drachms, thrice a-day, in gonorrhoea and 
 diseases of the urinary organs. 
 
 Tincture of Ergot (^Ethereal,) L. — Ergot bruised, 15 oz., 
 ether, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 Dose: 30 to GO drops every half hour, to excite uterine 
 action in labour, or to check sudden hemorrhage in that 
 organ. 
 
 Tincture of Foxglove, L. — Dried foxglove leaves, 4 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Dose: 10 to 60 drops, in dropsy or asthma. 
 Sedative, diuretic, and narcotic. 
 
 Tincture of Galls, L. — liruised galls, 5 oz., proof spirit, 
 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 Astringent. Dose: \ to 2 drachms, ('hicfly used as a 
 test for iron, and as an ingredient in astringent gargles. 
 
 Tincture of Gentian (Compound,) L. — (jlentian sliced, 
 2} oz., dried orange-peel, 10 drachms, cardamom bruised, 
 5 drachms, proof spirit, 2 pints, ^lacerate for 7 days, 
 express, and strain. Bitter tonic and stomachic. Dose: 
 \ to 2 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Ginger, L. — Bruised ginger, 2 J oz., rcctiGed 
 spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 Stimulant, carmir)ative. I)ose: 1 to 2 drachms. 
 
 7\nifure of Gutiiaciin) , Tj. — (lu.iiaouni resin in line pow- 
 der, 8 oz., rcctitied sjjirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 14 days, 
 
248 TIN. 
 
 Tinctures. 
 
 strain, express, and filter. Stimulant, diaphoretic. 
 Dose: 1 to 3 drachms, in rheumatism or gout. 
 
 Tincture of Guaiacutn (^Compound,) L. — Guaiacum in 
 coarse powder, 7 oz., aromatic spirit of ammonia, 2 
 pints. Macerate for 7 days, and strain. Stimulant, 
 diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. Used in chronic rheu- 
 matism and gout. Dose: I to 1 drachm. 
 
 Tincture of Hellebore, L. — Black hellebore bruised, 5 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Emmenagogue. Dose: 2 to 1 drachm. 
 
 Tincture of Hemlock, L. — Dried hemlock leaves, 5 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Deobstruent and narcotic. Dose: 20 to 60 
 drops. 
 
 Tincture of Henbane, L. — Prepared as tincture of hem- 
 lock. Narcotic, anodyne. Dose: 15 to 60 drops. 
 
 Tincture of Hojys, L. — Hops, 6 oz., proof spirit, 2 pints. 
 Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. Bitter sto- 
 machic. Dose: 5 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Iodine (Componnd,) L. — Iodine, 1 oz., iodide 
 of potassium, 2 oz., rectified spirit, 2 pints. Macerate 
 until dissolved, and strain. Dose: 10 to 60 drops. 
 
 Tincture of Jalop, L. — Jalap coarsely powdered, 5 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Purgative, cathartic. Dose: 1 to 4 drachms. 
 Used chiefly in combination with other medicines. 
 
 Tincture of Kino, L. — Powdered kino, 83 oz., rectified 
 spirit, 2 pints. jMacerate for 7 days, and strain. As- 
 tringent. Dose: 1 to 2 diachms, generally combined 
 with chalk. 
 
 Tincture of Lavender {ComjMund,) L. — Oil of lavender, 
 II drachms, oil of rosemary, 10 drops, cinnamon and 
 nutmeg bruised, of each 2^ drachms, red sanders sliced, 
 5 drachms, rectified spirit, 2 pints. Macerate the cin- 
 namon, nutmeg, and sanders in the spirit for 7 days, 
 press, strain, and add the oils. Dose: 2' to 2 drachms, 
 in lowness of spirits, flatulence, hysteria, or faintncss. 
 
 Tincture of Lemons, L. — -Fresh lemon-peel, 82 oz., proof 
 spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, press, and strain. 
 Dose: \ to 2 drachms, to flavour other medicines. 
 
TIN. 249 
 
 TlNCTTRKS. 
 
 Tincture of Lobelia, L. — Lobelia powdered, 5 oz., proof 
 spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, press, and strain. 
 Dose: 15 to 30 drops, in cough, asthma, and bronchitis. 
 
 Tincture of Lobelia (^Ethereal,) Ij. — Lobelia powdered, 5 
 oz., ether, 14 oz., rectified spirit, 2G oz. Macerate for 
 7 days, press, and strain. Dose: 15 to 40 drops, ia 
 cough, asthma, and bronchitis. 
 
 Tincture of Myrrh, L. — Powdered myrrh, 3 oz., rectified 
 spirit, 2 pints. IMacerate for 7 days, and strain. Sti- 
 mulant, tonic, antiseptic. Dose: 20 to 60 drops. Sel- 
 dom administered alone, but chiefly used as a dentifrice, 
 and as an application to fresh cuts. 
 
 Tincture of Opium, Ij. — Powdered opium, 3 oz., proof 
 spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 Dose: from 2 drops to 1 or 2 drachms. One grain of 
 opium is contained iu 19 drops. Anodyne, astringent, 
 sedative. 
 
 Tincture of Oramje (Peel,^ Jj. — Dried orange-peel, 3 J 
 oz., proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, 
 and strain. Bitter stomachic. Mostly used in con- 
 junction with mixtures. Dose: 1 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Orris. — Bruised orris-root, 7 lbs., rectified 
 spirit, 1 gallon. Let stand 14 days, and strain. 
 
 Tincture (f Quinine ( Covijujund.} Ij. — Disulphatc of qui- 
 nine, 5 drachms and 1 scruple, tincture of orange, 2 
 ]>iiits. Digest until the quinine is dissolved, and .■-train. 
 The quantity of quinine ordered is too ^I't'-it f^^r the 
 spirit to dissolve, unless sulpluiric acid is added. If all 
 tlie (juinine is taken up, each drachm of tincture equals 
 1 grain of (|uininc. Dose: 15 to 00 drops. 
 
 Tincture <f Rliuburb (Compound,) L. — Rhubarb sliced, 
 2 J oz., fresh licjuorice bruised, (3 drachms, ginger 
 bruised, and saffron, of each 3 drachms, proof spirit, 2 
 pint§. Macerate for 7 days, press, and strain. Dose : 
 1 to 3 drachms as a stomachic, as a purgative, i to 1 
 oz. U.sed in cholie and diarrha-a. 
 
 Tincture o/' Senna ( Compounil,) L. — Sennn, 3^ oz., cara- 
 way bruised, 3* drachms, cardamom bruised, 1 drachm, 
 rai.-5ins stoned, 5 oz., proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate 
 
250 TIN — TON. 
 
 Tinctures. 
 
 for 7 days, express, and strain. Stomachic, purgative. 
 Dose: i to 1 oz., or, if iu combination with other mix- 
 tures, 1 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Serpentary, L. — Serpentary bruised, 3 J oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose: 2 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Tincture of Scsquichloridc of Iron, L. — Sesquioxide of 
 iron, 6 oz., hydrochloric acid, 20 oz., rectified spirit, 3 
 pints. Mix the iron and acid by the heat of a sand- 
 bath, shaking frequently until dissolved. When cool, 
 add the spirit and filter. Dose: 10 to 30 drops, gene- 
 rally in mixtures. All preparations of cinnamon or of 
 bitters, except quassia and calumba, are incompatible 
 with this tincture. 
 
 Tincture of Squills, L. — Recently dried squill, 5 oz., 
 proof spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and 
 strain. Expectorant and diuretic. Dose: 10 to 80 
 drops, in coughs, and bronchial affections. Not suita- 
 ble for children. 
 
 Tincture of Sumhiil. — Sumbul, 2 oz., proof spirit, 16 oz. 
 Macerate for seven days, and strain. 
 
 Tincture of Tolu, L. — Balsam of tolu, 2oz., rectified spirit, 
 2 pints. Macerate until the balsam is liquefied, and 
 strain. Stimulant, expectorant. Dose: 15 to 30 drops. 
 Mixes with treacle and water, but not with mucilage. 
 Used chiefly in pectoral mixtures. 
 
 Tincture of Valerian, L. — Valerian bruised, 5 oz., proof 
 spirit, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days, express, and strain. 
 Antispasmodic, tonic. Dose: 30 to 60 drops. 
 
 Tincture of Valerian (Cumj^ound,') L. — Valerian bruised, 
 5 oz., aromatic spirit or" ammonia, 2 pints. Macerate 
 for 7 days, express and strain. Dose and uses as last. 
 
 TiNCTURA Meconii. — Tincture of opium. 
 
 TiNCTURA TiiEBAiCA. — Tincture of opium. 
 
 ToNQUiN Remedy. — Valerian, 20 grains, musk, 16 grains, 
 camphor, 6 grains; mix. Antispasmodic. Used in 
 hooping-cough (6 to 12 grains,) hydrophobia, and 
 mania, 2 scruples to 1 drachm. 
 
TOO. 251 
 
 ToOTnAcnE. — The remedies for this pain must vary accord- 
 ing to the causes. When it arises from a foul stomach, 
 a hrisk purgative will often cure; if from cold, anodynes 
 are applied; if from decay, caustics may be tried, but 
 extraction is the grand remedy. In the early decay of 
 teeth, a gold filling should be at once resorted to, and 
 an able dentist employed. When a gum-boil arises, 
 toasted figs applied to it assist it in coming to a head 
 and suppurating. Toothache anodynes are numerous; 
 the following may serve as specimens: — 
 
 1. Pellitory, 5 oz., camphor, 3 drachms, opium, 1 drachm, 
 oil of cloves, ^ drachm, rectified spirit, 6 oz.; digest 10 
 days, and strain. — Brunde. 
 
 2. Tincture of opium, 2 oz., camphor, 1 drachm; dissolve, 
 and add oil of cloves, 20 drops. Generally cfl'ectual. 
 
 3. Creosote, 1 drachm, tincture of opium, 2 drachms, tinc- 
 ture of camphor, 1 drachm. 
 
 4. Can)phor, 2 drachms, chloroform, 1 drachm, tincture of 
 opium, i drachm. 
 
 5. Oil of rosemary, 2 parts, tincture of galbanum, 1 part; 
 mix. Apply to the affected side, in the ear, on cotton. 
 
 6. Tannin, 20 grains, mastic, 5 grains, ether, 2 drachms. 
 — Mr. Druitl. 
 
 7. Mastic or copal dissolved in chloroform. 
 
 8. A popular, and sometimes very cfl'ectual, remedy is the 
 henbane fumigation. Henbane seed is thrown on hot 
 cinders on a shovel, and a cup at once placed over it; 
 on removing the cup, smoke is only apparent. Hot 
 water is poured in to half-fill the cup, and the patient 
 inhales the vapour near the affected side. Frequently 
 relief is produced, but it fails in various cases. 
 
 0. Apply a little acetate of muriate of morphia on cotton 
 wool. 
 TooTii.\cnE Tincture. — Tincture of myrrh, drops, tinc- 
 ture ^of benzoin (comp.,) 12 drops, muriatic acid, 18 
 drops. Mix. 
 
 Tooth TdWDER. — Sngar of milk. 1,000 parts, pure tannin, 
 15 parts, lake, 10 parts, i)ils of mint, aniseed, ami 
 orange-flowers, q. s. Hub together the lake and taunin, 
 
262 THE — UKE. 
 
 graduriUj add the sugar of milk, and then the oils. — ■ 
 Mlalhe. 
 
 Treacle, German. — An evaporated cold infusion of juni- 
 per berries. 
 
 Triple Extract of Eoses. — Otto of roses, 3 oz., rectified 
 alcohol, 1 gallon. 
 
 Turpentine, Oil of, is employed as an anthelmintic, purg- 
 ative, stimulant, rubefacient, &c. Externally, it is em- 
 ployed alone or in liniments. Dose: from lU drops to 
 2 oz., according to the object in view. 
 
 Turpentine, Ohio, according to the P. L., is an olco-resin 
 flowing from the incised trunk of the pistachia tercbin- 
 thus, but the article sold under this name is almost in- 
 variably fictitious. Rosin and Canada balsam in equal 
 parts are employed, with or without a little oil of fennel 
 or juniper. 
 
 Turpentine, Venice, cannot bo obtained genuine in most 
 cases. The imitation of it is made of losin, to each 
 pound of which 5 or 6 oz. of oil of turpentine is added, 
 and combined by heat. 
 
 TuTTY, the sublimate of zinc. Used as an astringent in eye 
 waters and ointments. 
 
 Ultramarine is prepared from the lapis lazuli, and is a 
 very expensive pigment. It is artificially imitated in 
 various ways on the large scale, and a good ultramarine 
 for common use is now sold at 3d. per oz , while the 
 original colour brought from two to four guineas for the 
 same quantity. 
 
 Unguentum Nihilo. — Ointment of zinc. 
 
 Urea is now artificially prepared by the following process : 
 Dry fcrrocyanide of potassium, 28 parts, black oxide of 
 manganese, 14 parts; mix. Heat the powders to a 
 dull red on an iron plate over a charcoal fire, and when 
 they begin to burn, stir and cool. Dissolve the pro- 
 duct in cold water, filter, add 2O2 parts of dry sulphate 
 of ammonia, decant the clear liquor, and concentrate it 
 
VAN — VER. 253 
 
 at a gentle beat to dryness; digest in boiling alcohol, 
 and crystals of urea will descend as the spirit cools. — 
 Liehiy. 
 Van Swikten's Drops. — A solution of corrosive sublimate. 
 
 Valerian is stimulant and anti.spasniodic, useful in hysteria, 
 epilepsy, hypochondriasis, indigestion, &e. In some 
 cases pills of valerian, rhubarb, and ginger, equal parts, 
 arc very useful, as in want of tone in the stomach, or 
 slight dei-angcmcnt of that organ. The dose of valerian 
 is 10 to 80 grains. 
 
 Varnish to Coat Metal. — Copal, 1 part, oil of rosemary, 
 1 part, alcohol, 2 to 3 parts. Apply it hot. 
 
 Veratria, L., is slightly soluble in water, more so in ether, 
 most of all in rectified spirit. It has no smell, but irri- 
 tates the nose excessively, and has an acrid taste. It 
 must be very cautiously used. Veratria can only be 
 depended on when prepared by a respectable chemist, 
 and there is no security again.st adulteration. 1000 
 grains of sevadilla only yield about 1 grain of veratria. 
 It turns to a bright red on the addition of strong sulphuric 
 acid. It is seldom or never given inlernally; the dose 
 should be y'^th to .{th of a grain, c^irefully watched. It 
 is a powerful irritant poi.son. Used in ointment, &c , it 
 is applied to contract the pupil of the eye by rubbing 
 over the orbit; it has been employed also in tic-dolorcux, 
 neuralgia, &c., but its good eficcts are seldom apparent 
 in tiiese cases. For external application, mix veratria, 
 h grain, with cliloric ether, 2 drachms, and add soap 
 liniment, 30 drops. 
 
 "V'ERDitiRis. — The diacetate of copper. 
 
 Characters and Tests, L. — Partly soluble in water, almost 
 entirely .so in dilute sulphuric acid, with the aid of hejit. 
 Notlijng is thrown down from this solution by ammonia 
 adde<J in excess. It is not often u.sed internally; it is 
 detergent and esdiarotic externally. 
 
 \'erditkr is made by adding chalk or whiting to a solution 
 of nitrate of copper. The whiting is put in a tub, the 
 
254 ' VER — VIN. 
 
 solution poured on it, and, after agitation, the whole is 
 left to subside. The clear liquor is then poured oif, 
 and more solution added. This process is repeated un- 
 til the desired colour is obtained. 
 
 Vermilion. — The bisulphuret of mercury. It is prepared 
 by subliming 7 parts of mercury with 1 part of sulphur, 
 grinding the sublimate to powder with water, and dry- 
 ing. 
 
 Vermin (to Destroy.) — In a pailful of water (cold) mix 
 well 1 lb. of chloride of lime (having first diluted it 
 into a thin paste in a bowl of water, for facility of mix- 
 ture;) with a mop wet and saturate well the floor, skirt- 
 ings, and any other wood work that will not suffer in- 
 jury ; then shut the doors aud windows close. If there 
 should be a suspicion of other tenants in the bedstead, 
 take that down too. In three or four hours all will 
 have disappeared or perished. 
 
 Verre (UN.) — A glass — five fluid ounces. 
 
 Vesicants. — 1. The evaporated ethereal tincture of cantha- 
 rides melted, with twice its weight of wax, and spread 
 on oiled silk. 
 2. Blistering tissue oxjoaper is similar, but spread on paper. 
 Used as blistering plasters. 
 
 Viennese Laxative Water. — Senna, 3 oz., raisins, IJ 
 oz., coriander, 2 drachms, supertartrate of potash, »} oz., 
 boiling water, 2 J lbs. Macerate one hour; add manna, 
 8 oz., polypody root, 3 drachms, strain. 
 
 Virgin's Milk (^Lait Virginal.) — Tincture of benzoin, J 
 oz.; add very gradually rose water, 1 quart. 
 
 Vinegar is a well-known acid. That prepared in England 
 is usually made from malt, or malt and barley, which 
 is mashed with hot water as for brewing, and allowed 
 to run to acetous fermentation. The vinegars are 
 known as Nos. 18, 20, 22, and 24, the last being the 
 strongest; they almost always contain a little sulphuric 
 acid. 
 Vinegar, Britisli, L.,iB impure acetic acid prepared by 
 
viN. 255 
 
 Vinegars. 
 
 fermentation from an infusion of malt. It is brownish, 
 of a peculiar odour, sp. gr. 1019, a fluid oz. is satu- 
 rated by 1 drachm of crystals of carbonate of soda. 
 After adding 10 niiiiiins of a solution of chloride of 
 barium, to 1 oz. of this acid, and filtering, a further ad- 
 dition causes no precipitate. The colour of vinegar is 
 not changed by hydrosulphuric acid being added. 
 Vineijar, Aroincitic. — 1. Ghicial acetic acid, 8 oz., oils of 
 rosemary, lavender, and cinnamon, of each 20 drops, 
 bergamotte, 15 drops, oil of cloves, 24 drops, oil of ue- 
 roli, 4 drops, rectified spirit, 2 drachms. 
 
 2. Crystallized. — Pour a little of the above on crystals of 
 sulphate of potash, and bottle. 
 
 3. Extemporaneous. — Dry acetate of potash, 30 grains, 
 oil of vitriol, 10 drops, perfume at pleasure. 
 
 All are used as refreshing scents in warm weather, sensa- 
 tion of faintness, &c. It is usually dropped on sponge 
 in glass stoppered bottles. 
 
 Vinegar of Meadow Saffron, L. — Dried meadow saffron 
 corms, 3i drachms, dilute acetic acid, 1 pint, proof 
 spirit, 1 i oz. Macerate the saffron in the acid in a closed 
 vessel for 3 days, express, and let the liquor clear, strain, 
 and add the spirit. Used in gout, combined with mag- 
 nesia. Dose : * to 1 drachm. 
 
 Vinegar of Spanish Flies, L. — Spanish flies in fine pow- 
 der, 2 oz., acetic acid, 1 pint. Macerate for 8 days, 
 frequently shaking, express and strain. Vesicatory, 
 applied to blister the skin. 
 
 Vinegar of Squill, L. — Scjuill, fresh dried and bruised, 
 '1\ oz., dilute acetic acid, 1 pint, proof spirit, li oz. 
 With a gentle heat macerate the sijuill in the acid in a 
 closed vessel for three days, express, let the liquor clear, 
 strain, and add the spirit. Stimulant, expectorant. 
 Dose: 20 to 40 drops in cough, kc. 
 
 Vinnjar, Household, is sonu'tiuies prepared by boiling 1 
 lb. of sugar with eacli gallon of water, and fermenting 
 with yeast. Tea leaves, herbs, &c., are sometimes 
 added to flavour. 
 
 Vinegar, Flavoured. — Any herb or spice may be added to 
 vinegar for 14 days; it is then strained for use. 
 
256 WAF — WAT. 
 
 Vinegar, Distilled, L. — Vinegar, 1 gallon; distil 7 pints in 
 a sand bath. Sp. gr. 1-0065, a fluid oz. is saturated 
 by 57 grains of crystallized carbonate of soda. 
 
 Vinegar, Fruit. — liaspberies, cherries, or strawberries, 
 and vinegar, of each equal parts; macerate 24 hours, 
 strain, and add to each pint 1 lb. of white sugar, boil, 
 skim, and when cool, add to each pint 2 oz. of brandy. 
 
 Wafers are made of flour and water, mixed in fine batter; 
 it is pressed in wafer-irons, baked, and cut with round 
 punches. Various colours are used: Red, red-lead, or 
 a decoction of Brazil wood with alum; yellow, infusion 
 of turmeric; blue, dilute neutral sulphate of indigo; 
 green, blue and yellow mixed, &c. 
 
 Ward's Red Drop. — A solution of tartar emetic in wine. 
 
 Warts, To Remove. — Use daily, nitrate of silver, acetic, 
 or nitric acid, by applying to the top of the wart. 
 
 Washes are used as cosmetics. 
 
 Waali, Hair. — Carbonate of potash, 1 oz., water, 1 quart, 
 
 essence of rosemary, 20 drops; mix. 
 Wash fur Fold Teeth. — Chloride of lime, I oz., rose-water, 
 
 6 oz.; mix. Used to remove the smell of tobacco, foul 
 
 breath, &c. 
 Wash fur FrecJdes. — Rectified spirit, 1 oz., water, 9 oz., 
 
 orange-flower water, I oz., diluted hydrochloric acid, 1 
 
 drachm ; mix. 
 
 Water, Distilled, L., "remains clear on the addition of 
 either — 1, lime-water; 2, chloride of barium; 3, nitrate 
 of silver; 4, oxalate of ammonia; or, 5, hydrosulphuric 
 acid." The first shows the absence of carbonic acid, or 
 carbonate of ammonia; second of sulphate of lime; tliird 
 of chlorides; fourth of lime; fifth of lead. The first 
 portion of distilled water should be rejected. It is often 
 ordered unnecessarily in medicine, but is absolutely re- 
 quisite in solutions of salts of lead, nitrate of silver, ox- 
 ' alate of ammonia, preparations of mercury, potash, liquor 
 
 ammonia, iodide of iron, and chloride of barium. 
 A cubic inch of distilled water, at 62° F., barometer at 
 30 inches, weighs 252-458 grains, one gallon weighs 
 
WAT. 257 
 
 70.000 grains, or 10 lb. avoirdupoi.s. It is 815 times 
 heavier than atmospheric air; its specific gi'avity is 1-0, 
 or unity. It is slightly compressible by enormous pres- 
 sure. Water contains by weight, 8 parts oxygen to 1 
 part hydrogen, and by measure, 1 volume oxygen to 2 
 of hydrogen. ]*ure water is incapable of putrefaction, 
 and is a better solvent than the ordinary liquid. 
 
 Water, Elder Flower, L. — Elder flowers, 10 lb., water, 
 2 gallons; distil 1 gallon. Used for its flavour. 
 
 Water, Lime, L. — Lime, I lb., distilled water, 12 pints. 
 Slake the lime with a little water, add the remaining 
 water, and shake; set the covered vessel aside for 3 
 hours, keep the liquor and lime in stopped glass vessels, 
 and when it is required decant the clear portion for use. 
 Antacid, lithontriptic. Allays obstinate vomiting, is 
 used as an astringent in dysentery, and with sarsaparilla 
 as an alterative in cutaneous diseases or impaired diges- 
 tion. It is used combined with mercury as a wash for 
 syphilitic sores. Dose: i to 3 oz., combined with aa 
 equal (juantity of milk. 
 
 Water, Peppermint, L. — Dried peppermint, 2 lb., water, 
 2 gallons; distil 1 gallon. If the fresh herb be cm- 
 ployed, double the weight must be used. This water 
 can be more quickly prepared from oil of peppermint, 
 like dill water. Stimulant, aromatic, carminative. 
 Prepare in the same manner Pennyroyal and Spear- 
 mint water. 
 
 Water, Pimento, L. — Brui.sed pimento, 1 lb., water, 2 
 gallons; distil 1 gallon. Or from oil of pimento, as 
 dill water. Carminative. 
 
 Water, Ruse, L. — Damask rose leaves, 10 lb., water, 2 
 gallons; distil 1 gallon. Fragrant. 
 
 Water, Dill, L. — Bmised dill, IJ lb., water, 2 gallons; 
 di.sfil 1 gallon. Or, oil of dill, 2 drachms, powdered 
 flint or sand, 2 drachms, distilled water, 1 gallon. Mix 
 the oil well with the flint or .sind, then with the water, 
 and strain the solution. Carminative. Dose, 1 drachm 
 to 4 oz. 
 
258 WAT — WAX. 
 
 In the same way are prepared the waters of Caraway 
 and Cinnamon, both of which are aromatic carmina- 
 tive vehicles for other medicines. 
 
 WATKR-PROOriNG. 
 
 Cloth. — 1. Lay on the inside a solution of caoutchouc. 
 
 2. Use a solution of isinglass, alum, and soap. 
 
 3. Boil it in a decoction of alum. 
 
 Boots. — 1. Oil, 5 oz., wax, \ oz., Burgundy pitch, } oz., 
 oil of turpentine, 2 oz.; melt together, and apply until 
 the leather is saturated. 
 
 2. Suet, rosin, and boes'-wax, melted and applied. 
 
 3. A solution of Indian rubber, 2 drachms, and oil of 
 turpentine, 15 oz., mixed, when dissolved by heat, with 
 1 pint of boiled oil. 
 
 Damp Walls. — Lay on a hot solution of 12 oz. of Castile 
 soap to each gallon of water, and in 24 hours another 
 wash of alum, 2 oz. to each gallon of water. 
 
 Wax, Bleached. — Yellow bees' -wax is exposed to the air 
 in fine flakes or ribbons until bleached, and finally 
 melted in water containing sulphuric acid. M. Ingen- 
 hol's mode is to melt the wax, add to each pound 2 oz. 
 of nitrate of soda, then, by degrees, 1 oz. of sulphuric 
 acid in 9 parts of distilled water, stirring with a glass 
 rod until all the acid is added. It is then cooled, the 
 vessel is filled with boiling water and set aside, the wax 
 is finally washed with boiling water until the wash no 
 longer precipitates with chloride of barium. This me- 
 thod, however, is imperfect. 
 
 Wax, Sealing. — Shellac, 16 parts; melt and add Venice 
 turpentine, 5 parts, colour at pleasure. For red, use 
 vermilion; black, ivory black; blue, Prussian blue or 
 fictitious ultramarine; ijrern, king's yellow and Prus- 
 sian blue mixed; yellow, king's yellow, &c., &c. Only 
 prepared by regular manufacturers, and not so much 
 used now as formerly. 
 
 Wax, Bottle. — Rosin, 13 parts, wax, 1 part; melt and 
 add any colour. Used to render corks and bungs air- 
 tight by melting the wax over them. 
 
WHE — WIN. 259 
 
 Whey is prepared by adding a little rennet or acid, as lemon 
 juice, &.C., to milk, and warming it until curdled. 
 
 White's, Sharp. — Alum and wheat flour equal parts. Used 
 by bakers to add to duugh. 
 
 Windows, Crystallized. — Dissolve Epsom salts in hot ale 
 or solution of gum Arabic, wash it over the window, 
 and let it dry. If you wish to remove any, to form a 
 border or centre piece, do it with a wet cloth. 
 
 White Oils. — Yolks of 2 eggs, solution of ammonia, 3 oz., 
 oil of oi'iganum, 1 oz., turpentine, 4 oz.,__vinegar, 1 
 pint. Mix. Used as a liniment. 
 
 Wines, L. — " Medicated wines should be kept in stopped 
 glass vessels, and frequently shaken during macera- 
 tion." 
 
 Wine of Aloes, L. — Socotrine or hepatic aloes in powder, 
 2 oz., powdered canella, 4 drachms, sherry wine, 2 
 pitits. Macerate 7 days, and strain. Stomachic, pur- 
 gative. Dose, 2 to 8 drachms. 
 
 TlV/ic of Ipecacuanha, L. — Bruised ipecacuanha, 2 J oz., 
 sherry wine, 2 pints. Macerate 7 days, and strain. 
 Emetic, diaphoretic. Dose, 80 to 60 drops. 
 
 ^Vine of Iron, L. — Iron wire, 1 oz., sherry wine, 2 pints. 
 Digest for 80 days, and strain. Mild chalybeate tunic. 
 Duse, 1 to 4 drachms. 
 
 Wine of Meadow tiajfron, L. — Dried corms of meadow 
 saffron, 8 oz., sherry wine, 2 pints. ^lacerate 7 days, 
 and strain. Used in gout. Dose, J to 1 drachm. 
 
 Wine of Oj)ium, L. — Extract of opium, 25 oz., bruised 
 cinnamon and bruised cloves, of each 2i drachms, 
 sherry wine, 2 pints. Macerate fur 7 days, and strain. 
 Stimulating anodyne. Used in chronic ophthalmia, 2 
 or 3 drops being dropped in the outer angle of the eye 
 at night; internally, the dose is 5 to 40 drops. 
 
 Wine^of I'utassio- Tartrate of Antimovi/, L. — C^rystals of 
 pota.ssiu-tartrate of antimony, 2 scruples, sherry wine, 
 1 pint. Powder the crystals, and dissolve. Expecto- 
 rant, in doses of lo to GO drops; emetic, 2 to 8 
 drachms. 
 
260 WIN — woo. 
 
 Wine of White Hellebore, L. — Sliced white hellebore, 8 
 oz., sherry wine, 2 pints. Macerate 7 clays, and strain. 
 Emetic, cathartic, and used in gout. Dose: 10 drops, 
 2 or 3 times a day, increased as required. 
 
 Wine Tests, for lead in wine. 1. Quicklime, 1 oz., sul- 
 phur, Ij oz. ; heat in a covered crucible for five minutes. 
 Take of this and of tartaric acid, each 2 drachms, mix 
 and agitate in 1 pint of water in a stopped bottle, let it 
 subside, decant the clear liquor, and add to it tartaric 
 acid, 1^ oz. — Halmemann. 2. Sulphur and oyster 
 shells, equal parts, expose to a white heat for 15 mi- 
 nutes; wheu cold, add an equal quantity of cream of 
 tartar, boil in water for 30 minutes, decant the clear 
 liquor into ounce phials, and add to each 20 drops of 
 muriatic acid. — Dr. Paris. Either of the above tests 
 added to wine containing lead throws down a black 
 precipitate. 
 
 Wood, To Stain. — Red — 1. Water, 1 gallon, Brazil wood, 
 1 lb., pearlash, 1 oz.; boil for 3 hours, brush it hot 
 over the wood, and then, while wet, brush the wood 
 with a solution of alum, 2 oz., in water, 1 quart. 2. 
 Light — iVdd to each gallon of the last 2 oz. more pearl- 
 ash. 3. Dark — Logwood, 8 oz., water, 2 quarts; boil 
 till of a deep colour, and add carbonate of potash, A oz., 
 brush it hot over the wood. 
 
 Yellow — 1. Water, 1 gallon, French berries, 1 lb., alum, 
 i oz.; boil for 2 hours, and use it hot. 2. Logwood 
 decoction without a mordant. 3. Spirit of wine, 1 
 pint, turmeric, 1 oz.; digest 14 days, and strain. 
 
 Blue — 1. Solution of sulphate of indigo is used hot, and, 
 while hot, a solution of cream of tartar, 3 oz., in water, 
 1 quart. 2. A solution of verditer is brushed over 
 until the wood appears a dark green, and then a hot 
 solution is applied of pearlash, 2 oz., in boiling water, 
 1 pint. 
 
 Purple — Logwood, 1 lb., Brazil wood, 4 oz., water, 1 gal- 
 lon; boil 3 hours, brush it on while hot, and when dry, 
 use a solution of pearlash, 1 drachm, in water, 1 
 quart. 
 
WOR — YEA. 261 
 
 Black. — 1. Vinegar iu which nails and old iron have di- 
 gested, with a small quantity of verdigris. 2. A de- 
 coction of logwood, &.C., is brushed on (prepared as 
 purple, without Brazil wood;) when dry, an infusion of 
 galls, 2 oz., in water, 1 (juart, is applied, and while wet, 
 brushed over with water, 1 quart, sulphate of iron, 2 
 oz. 3. Use first a solution of nitrate of copper, and 
 afterwards the decoction of logwood. 
 
 Mahoyani/ — 1. Water, 1 gallon, madder, 8 oz., fustic, 4 
 oz. ; boil, brush on while hot, and while wet streak it 
 with black to vary the grain. This imitates Honduras 
 mahogany. 2. Madder, 8 oz., fustic, 1 oz., logwood, 
 2 oz., water, 1 gallon; boil, brush on hot, and when 
 dry, brush over it an infusion of pearlash, 1 drachm, in 
 water, 1 pint. This resembles Spanish mahogany. 
 
 Any of the stained woods may be varnished, which will 
 greatly improve their appearance. 
 
 "SVoRM Cakes, Storey's. — Calomel, 20 grains, jalap, 60 
 grains, ginger, 40 grains, white sugar, 1 oz., vermilion 
 to colour; make a mass with symp, and divide into 30 
 cakes, each of which contains 1 grain of calomel. Dose : 
 2 to 4, fasting in the morning. 
 Chinc/s. — Calomel, jalap, and sugar. 
 
 Yeast, Artificial. — It is easy to increase the quantity of 
 yeast, when there is some to work with, but to originate 
 it is more troublesome. Yeast is generally easily pro- 
 cured, and the artificial preparation is tried only as an 
 experiment, though it might be useful to colonists to be 
 able to obtain it without trouble. 
 
 1. Mix wheat flour to a paste with water, cover it lightly, 
 and let it ferment 7 days. Prepare wort, and boil it 
 with hops, a.s for beer, and when cooled to 00°, add to 
 it the dough mixed with tepid waU-r. Let the whole 
 stand for some hours, and when the liquor is clear some 
 exeellent yeast has settled to the bottom. 
 
 2. Honey, o oz., cream of tartar, 1 oz., malt, 16 oz., wa- 
 ter at 122° F., 3 pints; mix, and when cooled to 05° 
 cover it, and keep to that temperature until 3east is 
 formed. 
 
262 ' YEA — ZIN, 
 
 3. Water, 2 quarts, wheat flour to thicken; boil gently 
 for 30 minutes, and when cooling add 8 oz. of sugar, 
 and 4 tablespoonfuls of yeast, keep the whole mode- 
 rately warm. A thin liquor will arise which must be 
 thrown away, and the remainder kept covered in a cool 
 place. 
 
 Yeast, To Preserve. — 1. Place it in a canvass bag, ex- 
 pose it to pressure until it is quite stiif, when it may 
 be preserved in close vessels. 2. Paint it on dishes, 
 and repeat the coats as they dry until thick enough, 
 when it may be detached, and will keep perfectly 
 good. 
 
 Yellow, Naples. — Lead, 6 lbs., antimony, 4 lbs., alum 
 and common salt, of each 4 oz. ; mix and calcine. 
 Used as a paint. 
 
 Yellow, Patent. — Salt, 1 lb., litharge, 4 lb.; grind with 
 water, wash out the carbonate of soda, and heat the 
 residue until it turns a fine yellow. Used as a paint. 
 
 Yellow Liquid for Foils. — Heat hay safixon in five times 
 its weight of distilled water; and when the desired co- 
 lour is attained, decant the clear liquid, and mix with 
 gum or isinglass. After applying, it should be var- 
 nished. 
 
 Zaffer is cobalt ore roasted, and ground with 2 parts sili- 
 ceous sand. Used by enamellers and painters. 
 
 Zinc, L. — Its sp. gr. is 6'S6; it is soluble in nitric acid. 
 What is thrown down by ammonia, is again dissolved 
 when ammonia is added in excess. 
 Zinc, Chloride of, L. — Hydrochloric acid, 1 pint, distilled 
 water, 2 pints, zinc in small pieces, 7 oz.; mix the acid 
 and water; to these add the zinc, and the effervescence 
 being nearly finished, apply heat until bubbles cease to 
 be evolved, pour oft' the liquor, strain, and evaporate 
 to dryness. Melt the salt in a covered crucible to a red 
 heat, pour it out on a smooth stone, cool, break it to 
 pieces, and presci've in a avcII stopped bottle. 
 Characters and Tests. — Colourless, deliquesces if exposed 
 
ziN. 263 
 
 to aii\ is soluble in water or rectified spirit. From the 
 watery solution a precipitate is thrown down by hydro- 
 sulphuric acid, or ferrocyanide of potassium; ammonia 
 or potash causes a white precipitate, which is re-dis- 
 solved by an excess of cither alkali; what is precipi- 
 tated by carbonate of potash or ammonia is white, but 
 is not ajraiu dissolved when these are added in excess. 
 A painful caustic in cancers; not used internally. 
 Zinc, Oji'de of, L. — Sulphate of zine, 1 lb., sesquicar- 
 bonatc of ammonia, 'd\ oz., distilled water, 3 j^allons. 
 Dissolve separately the sulphate and sesquicarbouate ia 
 12 pints of water, and strain, then mix; wash the pre- 
 cipitate well with water, and heat it in a strong fire for 
 two hours. Powdered yellowish white; soluble in am- 
 monia, potash, and hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Zincing. — Copper and brass may be zinced by boiling them 
 in a solution of chloride of zinc, pure zinc turnings 
 being added in excess. Or, use zinc and solution of 
 caustic potash, or hydrochlorate of ammonia. 
 
GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL TERMS, 
 CONTRACTIONS, OLD NA31ES, AND SYNONYMS. 
 
 The following Glossary will be found particularly useful 
 for reference when old chemical works or recipes are exa- 
 mined. Though the list might be greatly extended, suffi- 
 cient names are inserted for general use, wliile a collection 
 of obsolete terms only found in one or two works, would be 
 more cumbersome than serviceable. AUsteles for Sal-ammo- 
 niac, or Alosat for Quicksilver, might never once be required; 
 yet some hundreds of such terms may be found in very old 
 works, and are collected in medical dictionaries, such aa 
 Hooper's, where the student will find them.* 
 
 It will be observed that, in the following list, the ingre- 
 dient is not repeated under the head of tincture, mixture, 
 pill, &c., the intjuirer must, therefore, look for the name of 
 the ingredient in such cases. Syrupus meconio will be un- 
 dei-stood^by looking for meconio, which will sliow the article 
 to be syrup of poppies; while tincture of Kramcria will be 
 
 * Crabb's Technological Dictionary contains a great number, 
 some of which cannot be readily fuuud eLewbere. 
 23 
 
266 GLOSSARY. 
 
 found under Krameria to be synonymous with tincture of 
 Rliatany. Sometimes tlie name is inverted, as Basilic pow- 
 der is found under the word Powder. In the old names, 
 terms are often carelessly applied, as oxychloride, submuriate, 
 or subchloride, all mean occasionally the same substance ; 
 but it must be ascertained what article is meant, before re- 
 lying on this similarity of name, which is not constant, for 
 it by no means follows that calomel and cori'osive sublimate 
 are alike, because they have at different times both been 
 called chloride of mercury. 
 
 The contractions generally used as directions to the phar- 
 maceutist will be found in their order, and all the most gene- 
 rally useful are included in the list, with translations of their 
 meanings. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 A, a. a., ana. ..Of each. 
 
 A. V.V... Amalgamation. 
 
 Abdom., abdomen. ..The belly. 
 
 Abesum ... Unslacked or quick 
 lime. 
 
 Abortion... A miscarriage. 
 
 Abrotanum... Southern wood. 
 
 Abs. dolor, absente dolor. ..Pain 
 being absent. 
 
 Abs. febr., absente febre... Fever 
 being absent 
 
 Absintliii... Wormwood. 
 
 Absorbents.... \lkuline or earthy 
 bases, which neutralize or ab- 
 sorb acids. 
 
 Abstrnctitius...The native spirits 
 of aromatic vegetables. 
 
 Acacia. ..Gum .Vrubic. 
 
 Acartum...Hed lead. 
 
 Acescent... Readily turning sour; 
 having acid properties. 
 
 A cetum... Vinegar. 
 
 Acetum Critauuicum... British vi- 
 negar. 
 
 Acetum Gallicum... French vine- 
 gar. 
 
 Acetum vini...W'ine vinegar. 
 
 Aclimadiu{n....\ntiniony. 
 
 Acid of Lem<ins...("itric acid. 
 
 Acid of Salt... Muriatic or hydro- 
 ciiloric acid. 
 
 Acid of Sugar. ..Oxalic acid. 
 
 Acid Vitriolateil Tartar. ..Bisul- 
 phate of potash. 
 
 Acorus.. Sweet-flag; Calamus aro- 
 maticus. 
 
 Acute... Recent, a late attack. 
 
 .\deps anseris... Goose grease. 
 
 Adibat... Mercury. 
 
 Ados. ..Water in which hot iron 
 has been cooled. 
 
 Ad 2 vie, ad secundam vicem... 
 To the second time. 
 
 Ad., adde, adtlantur...add, let 
 them be added. 
 
 Ad def. auimi, ad defectione ani- 
 mi...Ti) fainting. 
 
 Ad deliquium animi...To fainting. 
 
 Addendus...To be added. 
 
 Ad dua*! vices... For two times. 
 
 Ads. febre, adstantefebre... While 
 fever is present. 
 
 Ad gr. acid., ad gratam acidita- 
 tem...To a plea>ant acidity. 
 
 Adipose... Fatty substance. 
 
 Adipsia....\bscnce of thirst. 
 
 Adjac, a<ljacL'ns....\djacent. 
 
 Ad libitum. ...\t pleasure. 
 
 Admove, admoveatur... Apply, let 
 it be applied. 
 
 Admoveantur...Let them be ap- 
 plied. 
 
 Ad to. ..Make up the quantity or- 
 dered, as, " .Acpm Mcnth. Pip. 
 nil to _^ viij," make upSounces 
 with peppermint water. 
 
 Adynamia ... A defect of vital 
 power. 
 
268 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Aerated... Water having brass in 
 it: now used to denote liquids 
 charged with carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Aerial acid. ..Carbonic acid. 
 
 iErugo... Verdigris, diacetate or 
 rust of copper. 
 
 JEs ustum...Red oxide of copper. 
 
 ^thiops per se... Protoxide of 
 mercury. 
 
 .^thiops Plummeri... Calomel and 
 sulphuret of antimony, equal 
 parts. 
 
 Affidra... Ceruse, -white lead. 
 
 AtKon ... An Arabic name for 
 opium. 
 
 Ageustia... A defect or loss of taste. 
 
 Aggr. feb., aggrediente febre... 
 While the fever is coming on. 
 
 Agrium...An impure alkali. 
 
 Ague drop... Solution of arsenious 
 acid. 
 
 Alabari...Lead. 
 
 Alba... AV bite. 
 
 Alba terra. . S ul phuret of mercury , 
 the philosopher's stone. 
 
 Albata... German Silver. 
 
 Albi... Sublimate. 
 
 Albiss...Albi, white. 
 
 Alexipharmics . . .Supposed reme- 
 dies against poison. 
 
 Alfacta... Distillation. 
 
 Algaroth, powder of... A com- 
 pound of the oxide and chloride 
 of antimony, the oxychloride 
 of antimony. 
 
 Alkahest.. .A solvent or supposed 
 solvent liquid, as the alkahest 
 of Glauber — oil of tartar. 
 
 Alkaline air. ..Ammonia. 
 
 Allii... Garlic. 
 
 Aloe colata... Strained aloes. 
 
 Aloes lnta...l'^xtract of aloes, pu- 
 rified aloes. 
 
 Aloes melted... Strained aloes. 
 
 Alter, hor., alteruis horis... Every 
 other, or every second hour. 
 
 Alt. q. h., alterna quaque hora... 
 Every other hour. 
 
 Alt. q. n., alterna quaque nocte... 
 Every other night. 
 
 Alteratives... Medicines which re- 
 store the healthy functions of 
 the body, without greatly af- 
 fecting the evacuations. 
 
 Althaea}... Marsh mallows. 
 
 Alum, roach. ..Roman, Turkey, 
 or red alum, a pure palish red 
 alum, generally imitated with 
 common alum, and a little rose 
 pink. 
 
 Alumen exsiccatum... Dried alum. 
 
 Aluminus...Alum. 
 
 Alvo adstr., alvo adstricta...When 
 the bowels are confined. 
 
 Amara... Bitter. 
 
 Amaurosis. ..Adiminution or total 
 loss of sight. 
 
 Amenorrhoea...An obstruction of 
 the menses. 
 
 Amentia. ..Imbecility of mind. 
 
 Ammonia, Aurate of.. .Fulmina- 
 ting gold. 
 
 Ammonia, Ferrochloride of...Am- 
 monio-chloride of iron. 
 
 Ammonincum, Emulsion of... Am- 
 moniacum mixture. 
 
 Ammoniacum, Milk of...Ammo- 
 niacum mixture. 
 
 Ammoniacum, Lac. .Ammoniacum 
 mixture. 
 
 Ammoniated oil ... Liniment of 
 ammonia. 
 
 Amplum... Great; cochl. amp. a 
 tablespoonful. 
 
 Amorphous. ..Without shnpe; a 
 terra applied to confused masses 
 or crystals. 
 
 Amygdala... Almonds. 
 
 Amyli iodidum... Iodide of starch. 
 
 Amyli... Starch. 
 
 Amy lum... Starch. 
 
 Ana, A A . . . Of each a like quantity. 
 
 Anderson's Pills. ..Pill of aloes. 
 
 Antemia... Deficiency of blood. 
 
 Ante sthesia... Loss of the sense of 
 touch. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 209 
 
 Anaphrodisia... Impotence, loss of 
 generative pnwer. 
 
 Anasiu'ca... A form of dropsy. 
 
 Aiiethi...Dill. 
 
 Aiieiirisma...The dilatation of an 
 artery, or tlie heart. 
 
 Angostura. ..Cusparia bark. 
 
 Anhydrous. ..Free from water. 
 
 Anil. ..Indigo. 
 
 Animal charcoal... Bone or ivory 
 black. 
 
 Anodyne. ..A medicine to relieve 
 pain. 
 
 Anorexia.. .Want of appetite, with- 
 out loathing of food. 
 
 Anosmia. ..Loss of the sense of 
 smell. 
 
 Antacids. ..Remedies which neu- 
 tralize acids. 
 
 Anthelmintics . . . Medicines which 
 destroy worms, vermifuges. 
 
 An themidis... Chamomile. 
 
 Anthos... Flowers, rosemary. 
 
 Aiitimon...Antim(iny. 
 
 Antimony, Butter of... Chloride or 
 muriate of antimony. 
 
 Antimoiiium vitrificatum... Glass 
 of antimony, 
 
 Antiperiodics ... Medicines em- 
 ployed against disorders which 
 recur at tised intervals. 
 
 Antiscorbutics . . . Medicines which 
 prevent or remove scurvy. 
 
 Antiseptics ... Substances which 
 preserve meat, and prevent pu- 
 trefiction; as nitre, salt, spices, 
 sugar, treacle, vinegar, &c. 
 Medicinal antiseptics ore such 
 as bark, wine, spirits, acids, &c. 
 
 Antispasmodics.. Sicdicines which 
 allay spasms and other pains. 
 
 Aperient,^.. Having the power to 
 gently relax tlie bowels, as cas- 
 tor oil, Epsom salts, Seidlitz 
 powders, and mild pills. 
 
 Aphonia... Dumbness, speechless- 
 ness. 
 
 Aphtha... The thrush, little white 
 23* 
 
 ulcers in the mouth and on the 
 tiingue. 
 
 Apoplexy... A sudden suspension 
 of the vital powers, resembling 
 a fit. 
 
 Apo7.em...A decoction. 
 
 Applicctur...Let it be applied. 
 
 Aq... Contraction for aqua, water. 
 
 .Aqua anethi...DiIl Water. 
 
 Aqua argentea. . . Quicksilver, mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Aqua astricta... Frozen water. 
 
 Aqua bulliens... Boiling water. 
 
 Aqua calcis...Lime water. 
 
 Aqua carui...Caraw.iy water. 
 
 .\qua cassiaj... Cassia water. 
 
 Aqua cinnamomi... Cinnamon wa- 
 ter. 
 
 Aqua coloniensis. . Eau de Cologne, 
 Cologne water. 
 
 Aqua communis. ..Common water. 
 
 .Vqua depurata... Distilled water, 
 
 .Aqua destillata... Distilled water. 
 
 .Aqua ex tlumine... River water. 
 
 .Aqua ex lacu...Lake water. 
 
 .Aqua ex nivc.Snow water. 
 
 Aqua ex palude... Marsh water. 
 
 .Aqua ex puteo...Well water. 
 
 Aqua fervens...H<)t water. 
 
 .Aqua Huvi.ilis... River water. 
 
 Aqua fevniculi... Fennel water. 
 
 Aqua fontana... Spring water. 
 
 .Vqua fortis (strong water,). ..Ni- 
 tric acid. 
 
 Aqua imbrium...Rain water. 
 
 .Aqua kali. ..Solution of carbonate 
 of potash. 
 
 .Aqua lavenduhe... Lavender wa- 
 ter. 
 
 .Aqua marina, or maris. ..Sea-wa- 
 ter. 
 
 .Aqua mellis... Honey water. 
 
 .Aqua mentli:o piperita?... Pepper- 
 mint water. 
 
 Aqua mcnthiu viridis... Spearmint 
 water. 
 
 Aqua mcnthixj pulegii... Penny- 
 royal water. 
 
270 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Aqufc minerales.. Mineral waters. 
 Aqua nivalis. ..Snow water. 
 Aqua pluvia, or pluvialis...Rain 
 
 water. 
 Aqua potassfc.Solution of potash. 
 Aqua puteana...Well water. 
 Aqua regia... Nitro-muriatic or 
 
 nitro-hydrocliloric acid. 
 Aquaregina Hungaria... Hungary 
 
 water. 
 Aqua rosfc.Rose water. 
 Aqua sambuci...Elderflower wa- 
 ter. 
 Aqua sapphirini... Solution of am- 
 
 monio-sulphate of copper. 
 Aqua tepida,..Warm or lukewarm 
 
 water. 
 Aqua vitffi... Water of life. 
 Aquila alba.. Chloride of mercury, 
 
 calomel. 
 Archil ... Turnsole, litmus, cud- 
 bear. 
 Argentinitratis.. Nitrate of silver, 
 
 lunar caustic. 
 Argentum... Silver. 
 Argentum vivum ... Quicksilver, 
 
 mei'cury. 
 Argol. .. Impure bitartrate of pot- 
 ash. 
 Armoracise... Horseradish. 
 Arsenic. Metallic arsenic, regulus 
 
 of arsenic, black arsenic. 
 Arsenic, Butter of.. .Chloride, or 
 
 sesqui-chloride of arsenic. 
 Arsenic, Oxide of ... Arsenious 
 
 acid, wbite arsenic. 
 Arsenites ... Compounds of the 
 
 bases with arsenious acid. 
 Arthritis... Inflammation of the 
 
 joints. 
 Arthropyosis.. Suppuration in the 
 
 cavity of a joint. 
 Arum... Wake-robin. 
 Ascites... Dropsy of the belly. 
 Asphyxia.. Suffocation, suspended 
 
 animation. 
 Assafoetida, Milk of...Assafoetida 
 
 mixture. 
 
 Assafoetida Lac . . . Assafoetida mix- 
 ture. 
 
 Asthma... A disease of the chest, 
 known by a ditticulty of breath- 
 ing, and fits of coughing. 
 
 Astringents ... Substances which 
 confine the bowels, or constrict 
 the animal fibre. 
 
 Atramentum . . .Ink. 
 
 Atramentum Indicum. .Indian ink. 
 
 Atrophy... A wasting away of the 
 body. 
 
 Aurantii . . . Orange. 
 
 Auri, aurum...Gold. 
 
 Auric acid. ..Peroxide of gold. 
 
 Auri chloridum or terchloridum 
 ...Chloride of gold. 
 
 Auri chloruretum ... Chloride of 
 gold. 
 
 Auri iodidum... Iodide of gold. 
 
 Auri oxidum ammoniatum... Ful- 
 minating gold. 
 
 Auri pigmentum...Orpiment. 
 
 Aurum foliatum...Leaf gold. 
 
 Aurum fulminans... Fulminating 
 gold. 
 
 Aurum granulatum... Grain gold. 
 
 Aurum in libellis... Leaf gold. 
 
 Aurum musivum...Bisulpliuret of 
 tin. 
 
 Aurum murias... Chloride of gold. 
 
 Aurum potabile... Liquid gold. 
 
 Aurum pulveratum.. Gold powder. 
 
 Avena3...Gruel. 
 
 Axunge... Hog's lard. 
 
 Azote. ..Nitrogen gas. 
 
 Azurum... Smalts. 
 
 Baccis Lauri... Laurel berries. 
 Balm of Mecca... Balm of Gilead, 
 
 a factitious preparation of rosin 
 
 and benzoin with perfume. 
 Balneum... A bath. 
 Balneum arentc.A sand bath. 
 Balneum calidum...A hot water 
 
 bath. 
 Balneum marite...A warm water 
 
 bath. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 271 
 
 Bnlsain of soap. ..Soap liniment. 
 
 Ba!9:nn of sulphur. ..See Oil nf 
 sulphur. 
 
 Balsa in umpolychrestum.. Jesuits' 
 drops. 
 
 Balsanium vitie... Balsam of life. 
 
 Bardaua . . . Burdock. 
 
 Barilla... Impure .'-oda, prepared 
 from sea [dants. 
 
 Barilla, Salt of.. Carbonate of soda. 
 
 Basilicon. ..The resin cerate,-/*. Z/. 
 
 BB., Bbd<., Barbadensis...Bar- 
 badoes. 
 
 Beguin's sulphuretted spirit ... 
 Hydrosulphurct of ammonia. 
 
 Belhidonua... Deadly nightshade. 
 
 Benjamin. ..Gum benzoin. 
 
 Berlin blue. ..Prussian blue. 
 
 Bes... Eight ounces. 
 
 Bezoar...A destroyer of poison, 
 an antidote. 
 
 Bib. bibe... Drink. 
 
 Bibat... Drink. 
 
 Bis. ..Twice. 
 
 Bis ind., bis in dies ..Twice a day. 
 
 Bismuth, Magistery of...Subni- 
 trate of bismuth. 
 
 Bismuth, Trisuitrate of...Subni- 
 trate of bismuth, pearl white, 
 Fard's Spanish white. 
 
 Black drop... Fermented wine of 
 opium. 
 
 Black wash. ..Calomel and lime 
 water; for sores, &c. 
 
 Bleachingliquid..Solution of chlo- 
 ride of potash. 
 
 Blende.. Native sulphuret of zinc. 
 
 Blennorrha'a....A discharge of mu- 
 cus from tiie vagina or urethra. 
 
 Blue carmine. ..Soluble or neu- 
 tralized sulphate of indigo. 
 
 Blue oiutment... Mercurial oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Blue rill. ..Mercurial pill, pil liy- 
 drargyri. 
 
 Blue vitriol. ..Sulfihate of copper. 
 
 B. M... Balneum mario), a wurm- 
 water bath. 
 
 Boccis lauri...Rne. 
 
 n.iled oil. ..Boiled linseed oil. 
 
 Boyle's fuming liquor. ..llydro- 
 sulphuret of ammonia. 
 
 Brimstone...Sul[ihur. 
 
 Brudium... Hroth. 
 
 Brodium salis... Decoction of salt. 
 
 Bronchitis... Inflammation of the 
 air-tubes. 
 
 Bubo... A swelling of the lympha- 
 tic glands. 
 
 Bulimia... Insatiable appetite. 
 
 B>iniat...Boil. 
 
 Bui., butyrum... Butter. 
 
 B. v., balneum vaporis... A vapour 
 bath. 
 
 C ACHExi.\ .. . A bad or diseased con- 
 dition of body. 
 
 Cadet's fuming liquor... Oxide of 
 kadodule, alkarsine. 
 
 Crena or Coena... Supper. 
 
 Calcis carbonas friabilis... Pre- 
 pared chalk. 
 
 Calcium. Chloride of.. .Muriate or 
 hydrochlorate of lime. 
 
 Caligo. . Dimness of sight, or blind- 
 ness. 
 
 Calom., calomelanos...Protochlo- 
 ride or chloride of mercury, 
 calomel. 
 
 (.'alx...Lime. 
 
 Calx chlorinata. Chloride of lime. 
 
 Calx of zinc... Oxide of zinc. 
 
 Campcachy wood... Logwood. 
 
 Camphine... Rectified oil of tur- 
 pentine. 
 
 Cancer... A malignant tumour. 
 
 Cannabis... Hemp. 
 
 Canthari'los ... Lyttaj; blistering 
 or Spanish fly. 
 
 Cap., capiat... Take, let the pa- 
 tient take. 
 
 Capiendic.To be taken. 
 
 Capsici, -um... Cayenne pepper. 
 
 Caput mortuum vitrioli... Oxide 
 of iron. 
 
 Carbonate of lime. ..Chalk. 
 
272 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Carbon. ..Charcoal. 
 
 Carbonis ligni...Woocl charcoal. 
 
 Carburet of iron...lShick lead. 
 
 Carditis ... InflMmmation of the 
 heart. 
 
 Carduus benedictus ...Blessed or 
 holy thistle. 
 
 Caries. ..The ulceration or decay 
 of a bone. 
 
 Carminatives. ..Medicines that re- 
 move flatulency. 
 
 Carron oil... Liniment of lime and 
 oil, for burns. 
 
 Carui... Caraway. 
 
 Cary ocos tinum . . . Scammony. 
 
 Caryophil'ii, -orum . . . Cloves. 
 
 Cassia... A substance resembling 
 cinnamon; for which it is fre- 
 quently substituted. 
 
 Cataplasm... A poultice. 
 
 Catarrh. ...Cold in the head or 
 chest. 
 
 Cathartics... Purgative medicines 
 acting strongly on the bowels. 
 
 Caustics. ..Substances which de- 
 stroy the skin, and surrounding 
 tissues. 
 
 Cautery, actual cautery ... Iron 
 heated to whiteness, and ap- 
 plied externally to destroy the 
 skin. 
 
 Cawk... Sulphate of Barytes. 
 
 C. C, cornu cervi... Hartshorn. 
 
 C. C. U., cornu cervi ustum... 
 Burnt hartshorn. 
 
 Cephalalgia... Headache. 
 
 Cephalitis. ..An inflammation of 
 the head, aifecting the mem- 
 branes and substance of the 
 brain. 
 
 Cephalic snuff... Asarabacca snuff. 
 
 Cera... Wax. 
 
 Cera alba.. Whiteorbleached wax. 
 
 Cera flava... Yellow or unbleached 
 wax. 
 
 Cerasiatum... A purging medicine, 
 of which the chief ingredient is 
 the juice of cherries. 
 
 Ceratum citrinum(P. L. 1745.)... 
 Resin cerate. 
 
 Ceratum epuloticum (/*. L. 1745.) 
 ...Calamine cerate. 
 
 Ceratum labi;ile...Lip salve. 
 
 Ceratum resina3flavEc(i^.i. 1788.) 
 ...Resin cerate. 
 
 Ceratum rubrum... Cerate of sul- 
 phuret of mercury. 
 
 Cerevisia...Beer. 
 
 Ceruleus...Blue. 
 
 Ceruse. ..AVhite lead. 
 
 Cervina... Buck thorn. 
 
 Cetacei... Spermaceti. 
 
 Chamiepitys...The herb ground- 
 pine. 
 
 Chart., chartula...A paper. 
 
 Chela3...The claws of the crab. 
 (Symbol 69.) 
 
 Chemic blue. ..Sulphate of indigo. 
 
 ChimaphilfB ... I'yrola, winter 
 green. 
 
 Chloride of ethule.. Chloric ether. 
 
 Chloride of sodium.. Common salt. 
 
 Chlorosis. ..Green sickness. 
 
 Choke damp. ..Carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Cholera... A disease characterized 
 by severe .spasms, accimpanied 
 by vomiting and purging. 
 
 Chorea. ..St. Vitus's dance, con- 
 vulsive movements of the limbs. 
 
 Chronic. ..Old, habitual. 
 
 Cicutaj... Hemlock, conii. 
 
 Cinchona;... Peruvian bark. 
 
 Cinnabar. ..A sulphuret of a me- 
 tal, as mercury or antimony. 
 
 Citrine ointment. ..Nitrate of mer- 
 cury ointment. 
 
 Clavus... A painin the headlimited 
 to some particular part. 
 
 Clyster. ..An enema. 
 
 C. m., or C. m. s., eras mane su- 
 mendus... To-morrow morning. 
 
 C. n.. eras nocte ... To-morrow 
 night. 
 
 Coccus... Cochineal. 
 
 Cochleariaj... Scurvy grass. 
 
 Cochlearium ... Spoonful. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 273 
 
 Coclileat, Coclileatim...By spoon- 
 fuls. 
 
 Coch. ampl., cochleare aniplum... 
 A large spoonful, a tablespoon- 
 ful, about one liuid oz. 
 
 Coch. inf, cochleare iufantis...A 
 child's spoonful. 
 
 Coch. mag., cochleare magnum... 
 A large spoonful. 
 
 Coch. med., cochleare medium... 
 A middle sized or dessert spoon- 
 ful, about two fluid drachms. 
 
 Coch. mod., cochleare modicum... 
 A dessert-spoouful. 
 
 Coch. parv., cochleare parvum... 
 A teaspoonful, about one fluid 
 drachm. 
 
 Col., cola. ..Strain. 
 
 Col., colatus... Strained. 
 
 Colat., colatur... Let it be strained. 
 
 Colatura...Of, or to, the strained 
 liquor. 
 
 Colchicum... Meadow safi'ron. 
 
 Colcothar... Oxide of iron. 
 
 Colet., coletur... Let it be strained. 
 
 Colent, colentur...Let them be 
 strained. 
 
 Colica...The colic, or bellyache. 
 
 Collyrium...Hyc water. 
 
 Colophonium... Black rosin. 
 
 Color., coloretur...Let it be co- 
 loured. 
 
 Com:ita... Disorders accompanied 
 vrith torpor. 
 
 Comitissic palmii; pul vis... Carbo- 
 nate of magnesia. 
 
 Commoncaustic. . Potash with lime. 
 
 Comp., compobit us... Compound. 
 
 Concentrated anuotto ...I'uritied 
 annotto. 
 
 Concisa...Cut. 
 
 Condri... Irish moss. 
 
 Coufectifin cardiaca... Aromatic 
 confection. 
 
 Confection of hips. ..Confection of 
 the dog-rose. 
 
 C, Cong., c(ingiu3...A gallon. 
 
 Conii... Hemlock. 
 
 Cons., conserva... Conserve; also? 
 keep tiiou. 
 
 Conserva cynosbati... Confection 
 of the dog-rose. 
 
 Conserve. ..Confection, electuary. 
 
 Cont. mod., or rem., continuenter 
 medicamenta,o?-remcdia... Con- 
 tinue the former medicines. 
 
 Contrayerva.. A West Indian plant 
 formerly reputed an antidote to 
 poison, whence its name. 
 
 Con tundiu... Bruise. 
 
 Convulsio... Convulsions, contrac- 
 tion and agitation of the 
 limbs. 
 
 Copper, Carbonate of...Dicarbo- 
 nate of copper, mineral green. 
 
 Copper, Chloride of ... ISIuriate, 
 protochloride, or hydrochloride 
 of copper. 
 
 Copper, Dioxide of... Red oxide of 
 copper. 
 
 Copper, Oxychloride of... Bruns- 
 wick, r>remcn, or Friezland 
 green; green copper. 
 
 Copper, Protoxide of.. Black oxide 
 of copper. 
 
 Copper, I'russiate of...Ferrocya- 
 nide of copper. 
 
 Copper, Subcliloride of.. .Bichlo- 
 ride, white muriate, or resiu of 
 copper. 
 
 Coi)peras... Sulphate of iron, green 
 vitriol, vitriol of iron. 
 
 Coq., coquc.Boil. 
 
 Coq. ad med. consumpt., coque 
 admcdietatisconsumptionem... 
 I'oil down to one-half the quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Coquaatur...Let them be boiled. 
 
 Coq. in S. A. ..Boil in sufficient 
 water. 
 
 Cort., cortex. ..Biuk. 
 
 Cornu cervi... Hartshorn. 
 
 Cornu usti...nurnt hartshorn. 
 
 ("or.inoj>us..l'iioUtIioi-n, )ilantain. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate... Bichloride 
 or perchloride of mercury. 
 
274 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Crastinus... To-morrow, for to- 
 morrow. 
 
 Cream of tartar... Bitartrate of 
 potaf^h. 
 
 Cretaceous.. Compounded or made 
 with chalk. 
 
 Creta... Chalk. 
 
 Creta alba... Prepared chalk. 
 
 Creta Gallica... French chalk. 
 
 Creta precipitata ...Precipitated 
 chalk. 
 
 Crocus... Saffron. 
 
 Crocus, or crocus martis... Oxide 
 of iron. 
 
 Crocus... A calcined metal of a 
 reddish colour, usually applied 
 to iron. 
 
 Crocus antimonii... Sulphuretted 
 oxide of antimony. 
 
 Crocus metallorum.. Sulphuretted 
 oxide of antimony. 
 
 Crocus soils. ..Peroxide of gold. 
 
 Crocus veneris... Calcined copper. 
 
 Cubebfe . . . Cubebs. 
 
 Cucurbitula cruenta... Cupping. 
 
 Cucurbitula cum ferro... Cupping. 
 
 Cucurbitula sine ferro. ..Dry cup- 
 ping. 
 
 Cudbear... Archil, litmus, turn- 
 sole. 
 
 Cuj., cujus... Of which, of this. 
 
 Cujus., cujuslibet...Of any. 
 
 Cum... With. 
 
 Cupri... Copper. 
 
 Curcuma... Turmeric. 
 
 C. v., eras vespere... To-morrow 
 evening. 
 
 Cyath., cyathus...A cup or glass. 
 
 Cyath. these, cyatho thea3...In a 
 cup of tea. 
 
 Cyathus vinai"ius...A wine-glass 
 (from H to 2^ fluid ozs.) 
 
 Cydoniae... Quince, the seeds. 
 
 Cynanche...Sore throat, croup. 
 
 Cystitis ... Inilammation of the 
 bladder. 
 
 D., D0SIS...A dose. 
 
 Daffy's elixir.. Compound tincture 
 of senna. 
 
 Dauci, -us. ..The can-ot. 
 
 Deaur. pil., deaurentur pilulte. 
 Let the pills be covered with 
 gold leaf. 
 
 Deb. spiss., debita spissitudo... 
 Due consistence. 
 
 Dec, decanta...Pour off. 
 
 Decern. ..Ten. 
 
 Decoction... A boiled solution. 
 
 Decoctura lusitanicura .. Com- 
 pound decoction of narsaparilla. 
 
 Decorticated ... Deprived of the 
 bark. 
 
 Decub. hor., decubitus hora...At 
 bedtime. 
 
 De d. in d., de die in diem. ..From 
 day to day. 
 
 Deglut., deglutiatur...Let it be 
 swallowed. 
 
 Dej. alvi., dejectiones alvi.. Stools. 
 
 Demulcents ... Simple remedies 
 which allay irritation. 
 
 Dephlogisticated air.. Oxygen gas. 
 
 Dephlogisticatcd nitrous air. ..Ni- 
 trous oxide gas. 
 
 Dephlogisticated spirit of salt... 
 Chlorine. 
 
 Depilatory.. .A compound for re- 
 moving hair from the skin. 
 
 Det., detur...Giveit,letitbegiven. 
 
 Diabetes... Excessive secretion and 
 flow of urine. 
 
 Diachylon plaster ... Galbanum 
 plaster, lead plaster. 
 
 Diacouion... Syrup of poppies. 
 
 DialthaetB .. . Marshmallo w. 
 
 Diana... An alchemical name for 
 silver. 
 
 Diaphoretics... Agents which ex- 
 cite perspiration. 
 
 Diarrhoea... Looseness or relaxa- 
 tion of the bowels. 
 
 Dieb. alt., diebusalternis... Every 
 other or ever_y second day. 
 
 Dieb. tert., diebus tertiis... Every 
 third day. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 275 
 
 Digitalis... Foxglove. 
 
 Diluc, (liUu'iilo...At break of day. 
 
 Dii., lUlue., dilutus... Dilute, di- 
 luted. 
 
 Dim., dimidius...One-li(ilf. 
 
 D. in "J plo. , deter in duplo...Give 
 twice the quantity. 
 
 D. in p. ivq., dividatur in partes 
 lequales ... Divide into equal 
 parts. 
 
 Dippcl's oil. ..Rectified oil of harts- 
 horn. 
 
 Diuresis... A great flow of urine. 
 
 Diuretics... 5ledicines ^vliich in- 
 crease the flow of urine. 
 
 Diuretic salt ... Acetate of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Donee alv. bis dcj., donee alvus 
 bis dejcccrit... Until the bowels 
 have acted twice. 
 
 Donee alv. resjiond., donee alvus 
 respondct... Until the bowels 
 have acted. 
 
 Donee alv. sol. fuer., donee alvus 
 soluta fuerit... Until the bowels 
 have acted. 
 
 Donovan's solution. ..Solution of 
 hydriodate of arsenic and mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Dover's powder. ..Compound ipe- 
 cacuanlia powder. 
 
 D. P., directione propria. ..With a 
 proper direction. 
 
 Dragomitigatus.. Chloride of mer- 
 cury, calomel. 
 
 Drastics... Powerful purgatives. 
 
 Draught. ..A single dose of liquid 
 medicine. 
 
 Drop lake. ..Brazil-wood lake. 
 
 Drying oil...I''(iilcd linseed oil. 
 
 Dulcamanc... Bitter-sweet, woody 
 night-shade. 
 
 Dulce, Dulcii'... Sweet. 
 
 Dulcified acid...Etlier. 
 
 Dulcified marine acid. ..Muriatic 
 ether. 
 
 Duodecim . . . T wel ve. 
 
 Durusj...IIaid. 
 
 Dutch liquid... defiant gas, car- 
 burcttcd hydrogen. 
 
 Dysecica... Deafness. 
 
 Dysentery... Tlic blood-flux, fre- 
 quent griping stools, with eva- 
 cuations of blood. 
 
 Dysopia...Bad or depraved sight. 
 
 Dysore.\ia...A depraved appetite. 
 
 Dyspepsia... Indigestion. 
 
 Dysphagia.-.Difliculty of swallow- 
 ing. 
 
 Dyspnoea.. Difficulty of breathing. 
 
 Dy.<5uria.. Difficulty in discharging 
 the urine. 
 
 Eau... Water. 
 
 Eau benitc.Holy water. 
 
 Eau d' llongrie... Hungary water. 
 
 Eau de fontaine... Spring water. 
 
 Eau do mer...Sea water. 
 
 Eau de puits...AVcll water. 
 
 Eau de riviere. ..River water. 
 
 Eau de rose. ..Rose water. 
 
 Eau de vie...AVater of life, brandy. 
 
 Eau douce. ..Fresh water. 
 
 Eau forte. ..Strong water, aqua- 
 fortis. 
 
 Eau raedicinale... Tincture of col- 
 chicum. 
 
 Eburn., eburneus... Ivory, made 
 of ivory. 
 
 Ec'egma...A linctus. 
 
 Eccliymoma..A discoloured swell- 
 ing, as a bruise, &c. 
 
 Ectojiia...A displacement of any 
 part. 
 
 Ed., edulcorated. 
 
 Ej., ejusdem...The same, of the 
 same. 
 
 Elect., electuarium.. An electuary. 
 
 Electuary... Confection, Conserve. 
 
 Elephantiasis... Bhick leprosy. 
 
 Elixir antiveuereum ... Jesuits* 
 drops. 
 
 Elixir proprictatis ... Compound 
 tincture of aloi-s. 
 
 Elixir proprietatis ctira acido... 
 
 I With sulphuric acid. 
 
2T6 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Elixir proprietatis tartarizatum... 
 With salt of tartar. 
 
 Elixir sacrum... Tincture of aloes 
 and rhubarb. 
 
 Elixir salutis ... Daffy's elixir, 
 the compound tincture of sen- 
 na. 
 
 Elixir of vitriol. ..Aromatic sul- 
 phuric acid. 
 
 Embrocatio...An embrocation or 
 liniment. 
 
 Emetics... Medicines which excite 
 vomiting. 
 
 Emmenagogues.. Medicines which 
 promote menstruation. 
 
 Emplastrum...A plaster. 
 
 Emplastrum cophalicum ... Bur- 
 gundy pitch plaster. 
 
 Emplastrum picis ... Burgundy 
 pitch plaster. 
 
 Empyreal air... Oxygen gas. 
 
 Endemics... Diseases peculiar to 
 certain countries. 
 
 Enema... A liquid medicine in- 
 jected into the bowels. 
 
 Ens martis... Ammonio-chloride 
 of iron. 
 
 Ens veneris Boylei... Ammonio- 
 chloride of iron. 
 
 Enteritis... Inflammation of the 
 intestines. 
 
 Enui'esis...An involuntary flow of 
 urine. 
 
 Ephialtes... Nightmare. 
 
 Ephidrosis... A violent morbid per- 
 spiration. 
 
 Epilepsy . . . Convulsions, the falling 
 sickness. 
 
 Epiphora... An involuntary flow 
 of tears. 
 
 Epischeses...A suppression of ex- 
 cretions. 
 
 Epispastics . . .Blistering medicines 
 or plasters. 
 
 Epistaxis .... Bleeding from the 
 nose. 
 
 Eps'.m salts. ..Sulphate of magne- 
 sia. 
 
 Errhines... Substances which ex- 
 cite sneezing. 
 
 Erysipelas. ..Inflammation of the 
 skin. 
 
 Escliarotics... Caustic substances 
 which destroy the skin, and 
 leave a scab. 
 
 Essence of peach kern els... Bitter 
 almond flavour. 
 
 Essentia binaj (essence of malt)... 
 Brewer's colouring, burnt su- 
 gar. 
 
 Ether... A spirit distilled from al- 
 cohol and acid. 
 
 Ether, Chlorhydric. Chloric ether. 
 
 Ether, Hydi'ochloric .... Chloi'ic 
 ether. 
 
 Ether, Muriatic... Chloric ether. 
 
 Ether, INIarine... Chloric ether. 
 
 Ether cyanicus... Cyanic ether. 
 
 Ether, Bicyanuret of... Cyanic 
 ether. 
 
 Ether by ponitrous.. Nitrous ether. 
 
 Ether rectiticatus... Ether. 
 
 Ether sulphuricus... Ether. ] 
 
 Ether vitriolicus... Ether. 
 
 Ethiops martial. ..Oxide of iron. 
 
 Ethiops mineral. ..Oxide of mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Ethiopsjovialis... Tin, quicksilver, 
 and sulphur, equal parts. 
 
 Ethule... Ether; hence arises nu- 
 merous titles for the difi'erent 
 ethers, as, 
 
 Ethule, Oxide of.. .Ether. 
 
 Ethule, Chloride of ... Chloric 
 ether. 
 
 Ethule,Iodide of.. Hydriodic ether. 
 
 Ethule, Hyponitrite .... Nitrous 
 ether, &c., &c. 
 
 Exacerbation... An increase of fe- 
 ver. 
 
 Exanthemata ... Rashes or red 
 patches on the skin. 
 
 Exfoliation. ..Separation of a dead 
 piece of bone fi'om the living. 
 
 Exhib., exhibeatur... Administer, 
 or give it. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 277 
 
 Ex Tnclli3...Tn honey. 
 
 Exostosis.. A morbid enlargement, 
 or hard tumour of a bono. 
 
 Expectorants... Medicines wliich 
 relieve tlie lungs of phlegm. 
 
 Ex theriaca...In treacle. 
 
 Exsiccatum . . . Dried. 
 
 Ext. sup. alut. moll., extende su- 
 per alutam mollem ... Spread 
 upon soft leather. 
 
 Extract ... The evaporated ex- 
 pressed juice of plants, &o. 
 
 Extract of Saturu... Solution of 
 diacetate of lead. 
 
 F., F.vc.Make. 
 
 F. H., fiat haustus ... Make a 
 draught. 
 
 F. pil., fiant pilulic.Make into 
 pills. 
 
 F. venes... Bleed. 
 
 Farina... English arrow-root, po- 
 tato starch, flour. 
 
 Farina tosta... Baked Hour. 
 
 Fasc, fasciculus... A bundle. 
 
 Feb. dur., febre durante... During 
 the fever. 
 
 Febres... Fevers. 
 
 Febrifuge. . A remedy against fever. 
 
 Fel...(}all. 
 
 Fel ursi... Bear's gall. 
 
 Fel leporis... Hare's gall. 
 
 Fel anguillarum...GaU of eels. 
 
 Fcllis bovini... Ox-gall. 
 
 Female pills.. Compound iron pills. 
 
 Fcrri...lron. 
 
 Ferricarbinas..Carbonateof iron. 
 
 Ferri rubigo...Rust of iron. 
 
 Ferri sulphas... Copperas, green 
 vitriol. 
 
 Ferrocyanidc.Prussiate. 
 
 Fiat... Make, let there bo made. 
 
 Fict., ficiilis... Earthen. 
 
 Fil., filtrum...A filter. 
 
 Filicis...Male fcru. 
 
 Firedamp..! 'arburcttcd hydrogen. 
 
 Fist. arm., fistula armiita....\ clys- 
 ter pipe and bladder. 
 
 24 
 
 I Fixed air... Carbonic acid gas. 
 i Fixed alkali.. Carbonate of potash. 
 I F. L. A., fiat lege artis...Make 
 
 by the rules of art. 
 I Flatulency... Wind or gas in the 
 I stomach and bowels. 
 Flores martiales...Ammonio-chlo- 
 
 ritle of iron. 
 Flores salis ammoniac! niartialis 
 
 ...,\mmonio-chloride of iron. 
 Flowers of zinc. ..Oxide of zinc. 
 Fl. fluidus... Fluid; by measure. 
 Fluoric acid... Hydrofluoric acid. 
 F. M., fiat mi.'5tura...Make a mix- 
 ture. 
 Folium... Leaf. 
 
 Fordyce's pills. ..Gamboge pills. 
 Fortius. ..Strong. 
 Fotus... Fomentation. 
 Fowler's solution... Solution of ar- 
 
 senite of potash. 
 Friar's balsam. ..Compound tinc- 
 ture of benzoin. 
 
 F. S. A., fiat secundem artem... 
 Make according to art. 
 
 Fuci amy lacei... Ceylon moss. 
 Fuliginis....Soot, smoke. 
 Fuscum... Brown. 
 
 G. G. G., GUMMi guttae gambse... 
 Gamboge. 
 
 Ganglion. ..An enlargement like a 
 knot in a nerve, also a tumour. 
 
 Ga-tritis ... Inflammation of the 
 stomach. 
 
 Ga8trodynia...A pain in the sto- 
 mach. 
 
 Gel. quav., gelatina quavi8...La 
 any jelly. 
 
 G eottVoy a' . . . Cabbage. 
 
 Gilder's pickle. ..Gilding liquor. 
 
 Glass of antimony. ..Crude anti- 
 mony calcined. 
 
 Gl!i9tum...Woad. a dye stuff. 
 
 Glauber's salt...Suliihato of soda. 
 
 G lye vrr!:i-.-:e... Liquorice root. 
 
 G!y.<tcr...An enema. 
 
 U oi d, Croc us of . . . I'cr oxide of gold. 
 
278 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Gold, Fulminating ... Aurate of 
 nmmouia, aurum fulminaus. 
 
 Gold, Muriate of.. Chloride of gold. 
 
 Gold, Potable.. Liquid gold, solu- 
 tion of a salt of gold. 
 
 Gold, Tercliloride of... Chloride of 
 gold. 
 
 Gonorrhoea.. .A flow or discharge 
 of semen, or purulent matter. 
 Also called Spermatorrhoea. 
 
 Goulard's cerate... Compound lead 
 cerate. 
 
 Goulard's extract... Solution of 
 diacetate of lead. 
 
 Goulard water... Solution of sub- 
 acetate of lead. 
 
 Gr., granum...A grain. 
 
 Granati... Pomegranate peel. 
 
 Graphite... Black lead. 
 
 Gregory's salt. ..Crude bydrochlo- 
 rate of morphia. 
 
 Green ointment. ..Elder ointment. 
 
 Green vitriol. ..Sulphate of iron, 
 copperas. 
 
 Grifhth'smixture.. Compound iron 
 mixture. 
 
 Gtt., gutta...A drop. 
 
 G uinea grains. . Grains of paradise. 
 
 Guttat., guttatim...By drops. 
 
 H. D., HOK. decub., hora decubi- 
 tus... At bed- time. 
 
 n. P., haustuspurgans... Purging 
 draught. 
 
 n. S., hora somni...At bed-time. 
 
 Ilac.This; hac nocte, to-night. 
 
 Hoematoxyli... Logwood. 
 
 Haemoptysis... Spitting of blood. 
 
 Hartal... King's yellow. 
 
 Haustus... Draught. 
 
 Helminthocorti...Corsican moss. 
 
 Hcmoi'rhage...A bleeding, a flow 
 of blood. 
 
 Hemorrhoids... Piles. 
 
 Hepar antimonii... Liver of anti- 
 mony, the crude oxysulphuret. 
 
 Hepar sulphuris...Sulphuret of 
 potassium. 
 
 Hepatic gas... Sulphuretted hy- 
 drogen. 
 
 Hepatitis. ..Inflammation of the 
 liver. 
 
 Hernia . . . Rupture. 
 
 Hei'pes... Tetter, a cutaneous dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Hierapicra (holy bitter) ...Powder 
 of aloes and canella. 
 
 Hirudines... Leeches. 
 
 Hoffman's anodyne liquor. ..Com- 
 pound sulphuric ether. 
 
 Holy water. ..Distilled water. 
 
 Hordei... Barley. 
 
 Hor. interm., hora intermediis... 
 In the intermediate hours. 
 
 Hor. merid., hora mcridiana... 
 Noon. 
 
 Hor. prand., hora prandii... Din- 
 ner-time. 
 
 Hor. a. prand., hora ante pran- 
 dium ... An hour before din- 
 ner. 
 
 Hor. p. prand., hora post prandium 
 ...An hour after dinner. 
 
 Hor. un. spatio, horaunius spatio.. 
 At the end of an hour. 
 
 Hor. lima, mat., hora undecima 
 matutiua...At 11 o'clock in the 
 morning. 
 
 Hume's te^t... Solution of ammo- 
 nio-nitrate of silver. 
 
 Humuli...nops. 
 
 II uxham's tincture of bark... Com- 
 pound tincture of cinchona. 
 
 Ilydarthrus... White swelling, a 
 disease of the joints. 
 
 Hydragogues... Medicines which 
 cause watery stools. 
 
 Hydrargyrum. ..Mercury, quick- 
 silver. 
 
 Hydrargyrum bichloridum ...Bi- 
 chloride of mercury. 
 
 Hydrargyrum chloridum ... Calo- 
 mel. 
 
 Hydrargyrum cum creta...]Mercu- 
 rial powder, quicksilver with 
 chalk. 
 
glossahy. 
 
 279 
 
 nydrate... A compound containing 
 
 Writer. 
 Hydrate of lime. ..Slacked lime. 
 Hydrocele... A watery tumour in 
 
 the scrotum or testicles. 
 Hydrocephalus ... Water on the 
 
 brain, dropsy of the brain. 
 Hydro-oxygen. .Water, sometimes 
 
 used as a label instead of aqua. 
 Hydrophobia... Canine madness. 
 Ilydromctra. . Drop-sy of the womb. 
 Hydrnrachitis ... Dropsy of the 
 
 spine. 
 Hydrothorax .... Dropsy of the 
 
 chest. 
 Hydrous... Chemically combined 
 
 with water. 
 Hyoscyamus... Henbane. 
 Hyper-oxymuriatc... Chlorate. 
 Hypnotics.. Medicines that induce 
 
 sleep. 
 Hypochondriasis .... Low melan- 
 choly, accompanied by absurd 
 
 fancies. 
 Hysteria. ..Hysterics. 
 Hystcritis... Inflammation of the 
 
 womb. 
 
 IcTEBrs... The jaundice. 
 
 Icthyocolla; . . . I singlass. 
 
 In dies... Daily. 
 
 Influenza... A severe cold in the 
 
 head or chest, characterized by 
 
 a great flow of acrid mucus; 
 
 epidemic c:>tarrh. 
 Inf., iufuinle... Infuse. 
 Infusion... Made with cold or hot 
 
 water, but not boiled. 
 Injection... An enema. 
 In pulm., in pulmento...In gruel. 
 In pulvercm...In powder. 
 Intermittent... Returning at stated 
 
 intert^als. 
 Int. scap., inter scapulas.. Between 
 
 tlie iihoulders. 
 Inuhu... Elecampane. 
 Iron, Cynnuret of...rrussian blue. 
 Iron, Ferridcyanide of...Hydro- 
 
 ferridcyanate of iron, TurnbuU's 
 
 blue. 
 Iron, Ilydrated sesquioxide of... 
 
 Rust of iron. 
 Iron, Percyanide of.. Prussian blue. 
 Iron, Red oxide of.. .Peroxide or 
 
 sesquioxide of iron. 
 Ischuria.. .A retention of urine. 
 
 Jesfits' balsam. ..Compound tinc- 
 ture of benzoin. 
 
 Jove... An alchemical name for tin. 
 
 .Jul., julcpus, julapium...A julep. 
 
 Julep... A term formerly applied 
 to mixtures, as camphor julep, 
 the mistura camphora. 
 
 Jupiter. . . Tin, an alchemical name. 
 
 Kal. PPT., kali prep.aratum... Pre- 
 pared kali, carbonate of potash. 
 
 Kali acctatum. ..Acetate of potasli. 
 
 Kal i .arseniated ... Arseuiate of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Kali causticum... Hydrate of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Kali purum... Hydrate of potash. 
 
 Kali Icmnnated.. Citrate of potash. 
 
 Kali nitratum... Nitrate of potash. 
 
 Kali sulphuretum...Sulphuret of 
 potassium. 
 
 Kerme's mineral. ..Oxysulphuret 
 of antimony. 
 
 King's yellow... Scsquisulphuret 
 of arsenic, yellow arsenic, or- 
 pimci i. 
 
 KirklaiilN neutral cerate. ..Com- 
 pound lead ointment. 
 
 Krameria...Bhatnny. 
 
 Labarraque's disinfecting liquid 
 ...Solution of chloride of soda. 
 
 Lac. ..Milk. 
 
 Lac roSic.Milk of roses. 
 
 Lacerta Tiridis... Green precipi- 
 tate. 
 
 Lactucarium ... Lettuce. 
 
 Laily Webster's pills. ..Pill of aloes 
 and mastic. 
 
280 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Lake, Florence.. Carminatcd lake. 
 
 Lake, rnris...Cavii:inate(;l lake. 
 
 Lake, Vienna. ..Carrniiiated lake. 
 
 Lambative...A linctus. 
 
 Lanaplnlosophica...Oxi(.leof zinc. 
 
 Lapis amia,ntus... Asbestos. 
 
 Lapis infeL-nalis...PIyclrate of pot- 
 ash, nitrate of silver. 
 
 Lapis smyrnis... Emery. 
 
 Lat. del., lateri doleuti...To the 
 affected side. 
 
 Lat. dex., Lateri dextro...To the 
 right side. 
 
 Lat. sin., lateri sinistrc.To the 
 left side. 
 
 Laughing gas. ..Nitrous oxide gas. 
 
 Lauro cerasi... Cherry laurel. 
 
 Lavement... An enema. 
 
 Laxatives. ..Wild purgatives. 
 
 Lb., libra... A pound. 
 
 Lead, Bichromate of.. Chrome red. 
 
 Lead, Subchromate of... Chrome 
 red. 
 
 Lead, Eed chromate of... Chrome 
 red. 
 
 Lead, Chromate of... Chrome yel- 
 low. 
 
 Lead, Yellow chromate of.. Chrome 
 yellow. 
 
 Lead, Muriate of.. .Chloride of 
 lead, patent yellow. 
 
 Lenitive electuary. ..Confection of 
 senna. 
 
 Lepra... The leprosy. 
 
 Lichenis... Iceland moss. 
 
 Lignum. ..Wood. 
 
 Lignum vit0e..Wood of life, guaia- 
 cum chips or raspings. 
 
 Lime, Oxymuriate of.. .Chloride of 
 lime. 
 
 Linctus... A medicine of the con- 
 sistence of honey. 
 
 Lini... Linseed. 
 
 Lip salve. ..Lard ointment. 
 
 Liquor calcis...Lime water. 
 
 Liquor potassre... Solution of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Liquor volatilis cornu ccrvi... Spi- 
 
 rit of hartshorn, or a dilute so- 
 lution of nininonia. 
 
 Lisbon diet drink. ..Compound de- 
 coction of sarsaparilla. 
 
 Litharge. ..Oxide or protoxide of 
 lead. 
 
 Litmus,... Turnsole, archil, cud- 
 bear. 
 
 Liver of sulphur. ..Sulphuret of 
 potassium. 
 
 Liverwort. ..Iceland moss. 
 
 Lobelia inflata... Indian tobacco. 
 
 Lohock... Linctus. 
 
 Lumbricus...The earth-worm. 
 
 Luna... The moon, an alchemical 
 name for silver. 
 
 Lunar caustic... Nitrate of silver. 
 
 Lnpia...A wen or tumour. 
 
 Lupuli...Hops. 
 
 Luxation. ..The dislocation of a 
 bone. 
 
 Lyttte... Blistering or Spanish fly, 
 cantharides. 
 
 I\I., Miscc.Mix. 
 
 M., Mensura...By measure. 
 
 M., Manipulus...A handful. 
 
 M., Minimum.. .A minim. 
 
 Magistery of alum. ..Alumina. 
 
 Magnesia vitriolata... Sulphate of 
 magnesia. 
 
 Magnum. ..Great; cochl. mag., a 
 tablespoon ful. 
 
 Malaguetta pepper. ..Grains of pa- 
 radise. 
 
 I\Iane...In the morning. 
 
 Mane pr., mane primo... Early in 
 the morning. 
 
 Mania... Madness, insanity. 
 
 M arantte ... Arrow-root . 
 
 Marcasite... Bismuth. 
 
 Marcores... Diseases characterized 
 by emaciation or leanness. 
 
 Marine acid... Hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Marrubium vu]gare...lIorehound. 
 
 Martial regulus of antimony.. Sul- 
 phuret of antimony and ii'on 
 fused together. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 281 
 
 Martis or Mars... Iron, an alcbo- 
 micsil term. 
 
 Massa...A mass. 
 
 Masticot... Protoxide of lead, yel- 
 low pigment. 
 
 Mccouio... Syrup of poppies. 
 
 Mel or mollis... Honey. 
 
 Mel acetatuin... Simple oxymcl. 
 
 Mel /Egyptiacum...Liuimeat of 
 verdigris. 
 
 Melancholia... Melancholy, a form 
 of insanity. 
 
 Jlel boracis... Honey of borax. 
 
 Mel despumatum... .Clarified 
 honey. 
 
 Menorrhagia. .. Flooding. 
 
 Mensura... Measure. 
 
 Mentha3...Mint. 
 
 Menthic piperi tee... Peppermint. 
 
 Meatiicc viridis... Spearmint. 
 
 Jlcnthic sativic... Spearmint. 
 
 Mephitic air. ..Nitrogen gas. 
 
 Mcrcurius dulcis ... Chloride of 
 mercury, calomel. 
 
 Mercury, Ammoniated ... White 
 precipitate, ammonio-cbloride 
 of mercury. 
 
 Mercury, Cliloride of... Calomel. 
 
 Mercury, Uicldoride of.. .Calomel. 
 
 Mercury, Sub-chloride of.. .Calo- 
 mel. 
 
 Mercury, Protochloride of.. .Calo- 
 mel. 
 
 Mercury, Muriate of.. .Calomel. 
 
 Mercury, Submuriate of... Calo- 
 mel. 
 
 Mercury, Bichloride of. . . Corrosive 
 sublimate. 
 
 Mercury, Perchloride of.. .Corro- 
 sive sublimate. 
 
 Mercury, Submuriate of. ..White 
 precipitate. 
 
 Mercury, Cyanide of...Ijicyanide 
 of mercury. 
 
 Mercury, Prussian or prusslate of 
 ...Cyanide ofmcrciury. 
 
 Mercury, llydrocyaiiate of...Cya- 
 niilo ul' mercury. 
 
 J4* 
 
 Mercury, Cyanuret of.. .Cyanide 
 of mercury. 
 
 Mercury, Cyanodide of.. .Cyanide 
 of mercury. 
 
 M., misca3...Mix. 
 
 Mic. panis, mica panis... Crumb 
 of bread. 
 
 Miliaria... A description of fever. 
 
 Milk of sulphur.. Washed and prc- 
 cipated suljihur. 
 
 Millepedes... A sort of worm with 
 many feet. 
 
 Mindererus spirit. ..Acetate of am- 
 monia. 
 
 Mineral charcoal. ..Coke. 
 
 Minium. ..Red lead, red oxide of 
 lead. 
 
 Mist., or MR., mistiira...A mix- 
 ture. 
 
 :Mitius...Weak. 
 
 Milt., mitte, mittautur...Send, let 
 them be sent. 
 
 Mitt. sang, ad .^xij., mitte san- 
 guinem ad 5xij...Take 12 oz. 
 of blood. 
 
 Mitte tales No. x...Send ten. 
 
 Mod. prajscr., modo pnuscripto... 
 In tlie mode prescribed. 
 
 Mollis. ..Soft. 
 
 Monksiiood...x\.conite. 
 
 Mori. ..Mulberry. 
 
 Mor. diet., more dicto...In the 
 manner directed. 
 
 Mor. sol., more solito...In the or- 
 dinary way. 
 
 Mo.schi...Musk. 
 
 M. P., massa pilularum...A pill 
 mass. 
 
 Mucilage... A watery solution of 
 gum, as Arabic or tragacanth. 
 
 Muriates ...Now termed hydro- 
 chlorates. 
 
 Mutitas... Dumbness. 
 
 .Mynsicht's elixir of vitriol. ..Aro- 
 matic ;;ulphuric acid. 
 
 .Mynsicht's tincture of iron. ..Am- 
 moniated tincture of iron. 
 
 My risticiu . . . N ui meg. 
 
282 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 N. M., Nuxmoscliata... A nutmeg. 
 
 Naphtha vini... Ether. 
 
 Narcotics... Medicines ■which in- 
 duce drowsiness and stupor, 
 such as opium, henbane, alco- 
 hol, &c. 
 
 Natron, or prepared natron. ..Car- 
 bonate of soda. 
 
 Natron yitriolatum... Sulphate of 
 soda. 
 
 Neapolitan ointment... Mercurial 
 ointment. 
 
 Nephritis... Inflammation of the 
 kidney. 
 
 Ne tr. s. num., ne tradus sine 
 nummo...Do not give it without 
 the money. 
 
 Nickel silver. ..German silver. 
 
 Niger... Black. 
 
 Nihil album... Oxide of zinc. 
 
 Nitre, nitrum... Nitrate of potash. 
 
 Nitric oxide... Nitrous gas, bin- 
 oxide of nitrogen. 
 
 Nitrum flammans...Niti'ate of am- 
 monia. 
 
 Nitrum volatile... Nitrate of am- 
 monia. 
 
 No., numerc.In number. 
 
 Nucis moschatse... Nutmeg. 
 
 O., OCTARIUS...A pint. 
 
 Obstipatio...Costiveuess. 
 
 Odontalgia... Toothache. 
 
 Oil of bricks. ..Oil of olives mixed 
 •with brick-dust and distilled. 
 Generally imitated with a mix- 
 ture of oils. 
 
 Oil of camphor. ..Nitrate of cam- 
 phor. 
 
 Oil of sulphur. ..Olive oil, 1 part, 
 sulphur, 1 part, heated until 
 combination is effected. 
 
 Oil of tartar. ..Solution of carbo- 
 nate of potash. 
 
 Oil of tartar per deliquium... Car- 
 bonate of potash liquefied by 
 exposure to air. 
 
 Oil of vitriol. ..Sulphuric acid. 
 
 01. jecoris asclli...Cod liver oil. 
 
 01. morrhua3...Cod liver oil. 
 
 OIca...Oils. 
 
 Olefiant gas...Carburetted hydro- 
 gen, Dutch liquid. 
 
 01eosus...Oily. 
 
 Oleum ammoniatum... Liniment of 
 ammoniacum. 
 
 Olim... Formerly. 
 
 01. lini s. i., oleum line sine igne 
 ...Cold-drawn linseed oil. 
 
 Omn. bid., omni biduo... Every 
 two days. 
 
 Omn. bih., omni bihorio... Every 
 two hours. 
 
 Omn. hor., omni hora ... Every 
 hour. 
 
 Omn. prim, mane, omni primo 
 mane... Early every morning. 
 
 Omn. qua noct., omni quaque 
 nocte... Every night. 
 
 Omn. quadr. hor., omni quad- 
 rantes horse ... Every quarter 
 hour. 
 
 0. M., omni mane.. Everymorning. 
 
 0. N., omni nocte. ..Every nigJit. 
 
 0. 0. 0., oleum olivte optimum... 
 Best olive oil. 
 
 Ophthalmia. ..Inflammation of the 
 membranes of the eye. 
 
 Ophthalmia. ..Inflammation of the 
 eye. 
 
 Opodeldoc... Soap liniment. 
 
 Or. ..Gold. 
 
 Orelline... Purified annatto. 
 
 Orpiment... King's yellow, sesqui- 
 sulphuret of arsenic. 
 
 Oryzic.Rice. 
 
 Ov., ovi or ovum... An egg. 
 
 Oxide of calcium. ..Lime. 
 
 Oxide of Ethule...Ethei\ 
 
 Oxide of sodium... Soda. 
 
 Oxy chlorides , . . Subchlorides, sub- 
 muriates. 
 
 Oxygenized lard...Nitricacid oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Oxymel ..Eruginis... Liniment of 
 verdigris. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 283 
 
 Oxymurin te . . .Chlorate. 
 
 Oxyniuriate of mercury. ..Bichlo- 
 ride of mercury, corrosive sub- 
 limate. 
 
 Oxyniuriatic acid... Chlorine. 
 
 P. PONDERE...By Treight. 
 
 P. seq., partes tequales... Equal 
 parts. 
 
 Palpitatio... Palpitation or throb- 
 bing of the heart. 
 
 Panacea.. .A universal remedy. 
 
 ranis...l)read. 
 
 Papa veris . . . Poppies. 
 
 Paracusis... Disordered hearing. 
 
 Paralysis... The palsy. 
 
 Paramenia... Mismenstruation. ^ 
 
 Paraphonia... Alteration of the 
 voice. 
 
 Paregoric. ..Compound tincture of 
 camphor. l 
 
 Partitis haustibus ... In divided , 
 draughts. i 
 
 Part, vie, partitis vicibus... In 
 separate doses. i 
 
 Parvum... Little. Cochl. parv...A i 
 teaspoonful. , 
 
 Pasta regia... Almond paste. 
 
 Pastes... Factitious, or imitative 
 stones and gems. 
 
 Past., pastil'us... A mass of paste. 
 
 P. d., per deliquium...r.y deliques- 
 cence, melting in the open air. 
 
 Pearl powder ... Subchloride of 
 bismuth. 
 
 Pearl while. ..Trisnitrate or sub- 
 nitrate of bismuth. 
 
 Pecti-ral balsam of honey. ..Tinc- 
 ture of benzoin. j 
 
 Pempliigus... An eruption attended j 
 by fever. ! 
 
 Pericarditis. ..Inflammation of the 
 Buc and membrane containing 
 the heart. j 
 
 Peritonitis.. .Inflammation of the 
 membrane which lines the belly, t 
 and covers the intestines. t 
 
 ]'eruiu...A chiiblaiu. I 
 
 Peroxide of chlorine. ..Chlorous 
 acid. 
 
 Per. op. emct.,peracta opcratinne 
 emetica... After the operation of 
 the emetic. 
 
 Persicai... Peach leave?. 
 
 Pertussis. ..The hooping-cough. 
 
 Pestis...The plague. 
 
 Ph. D... Dublin Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Ph. E.. Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Ph. L... London Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Ph. U. S... United States I'harma- 
 copiKia. 
 
 PhiUmium Londinense (P. L. 
 1745.). ..Confection of opium. 
 
 Philonium l\omanum(P. R. 1720.) 
 ...Coufection of opium. 
 
 Phlegmasia... Inflammation. 
 
 Phlogisticated air. ..Nitrogen gas. 
 
 Phlogosis... Inflammation. 
 
 Phrenitis... Frenzy, inflammation 
 of the brain. 
 
 Physeonia... Enlargement of the 
 abdomen. 
 
 Physical salt. ..Sulphate of mag- 
 nesia. 
 
 Physometra...A windy swelling 
 of the uterus. 
 
 Pica... Depraved appetite, with a 
 desire for unnatural food. 
 
 Picis liquidiB...Tar. 
 
 Picis nigra}.. .Pitch. 
 
 Pil llufi...Pill of aloes and myrrh. 
 
 Pimento... Allspice. 
 
 Piiik-root...8pigellia!. 
 
 Pipcris... Pepper. 
 
 Pisa pro fonticulus...I.«sue peas. 
 
 Pix abietiua...l'urgundy pitch. 
 
 Pleuritis... Pleurisy, an inflamma- 
 tion of the lining membrane of 
 the lungs. 
 
 Pliimliago...Hlack lead. 
 
 Plunibi...l-cad. 
 
 Plumbi iodidi... Iodide of lead. 
 
 Plumnu-r's pills. ..Compound calo- 
 mel pill. 
 
 Pneumonia. ..Inflammation of the 
 lungs. 
 
284 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Pocil., pocillum...A small cup. 
 
 Pocul., poculum...A cup. 
 
 Podagra. ..The gout. 
 
 Polydipsia. ..Excessive thirst. 
 
 Polysarcia... Fatness of the body. 
 
 Pompholyx... Oxide of zinc. 
 
 Porrigo . . . Ringworm. 
 
 Post horas duas... After two hours. 
 
 Post pilulas... After the pills. 
 
 Post sing. sed. liq., post singulas 
 sedes liquidas ... After every 
 loose stool. 
 
 Potash, caustic. ..Hydrate of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Potash, prussiate of...Ferrocya- 
 nide of potassium. 
 
 Potash, pure... Hydrate of potash. 
 
 Potash, red prussiate of...Ferrid- 
 cyanide of potassium. 
 
 Potash, supersulphate of...Bisul- 
 phate of potash. 
 
 Potash, supertartrate of...Bitar- 
 tratc of potash. 
 
 Potassa fusa... Hydrate of potash. 
 
 PotnsscB sulphuretum...Sulphuret 
 of potassium. 
 
 Potential cautery... Potash with 
 lime. 
 
 Potion... A drink. 
 
 Potus...A drink. 
 
 Powder basilic... Compound pow- 
 der of scammony. 
 
 Powder royal... Compound powder 
 of scammony. 
 
 Ppt., preparata... Prepared. 
 
 P. rat. a; tat. 5 pro ratione ajtatis... 
 According to the age. 
 
 P. r. n., pro re nata...As occasion 
 requires. 
 
 Precipitate, sweet... Calomel. 
 
 Prolapsus... A falling down, as of 
 the uterus or anus. 
 
 Protoxide of hydrogen. ..Water. 
 
 Protoxide of nitrogen. ..Nitrous 
 oxide gas. 
 
 Pruni sylvestris... Sloes. 
 
 Prussiate... Ferrocyauide or cya- 
 nide. 
 
 Prussic acid... Hydrocyanic acid. 
 
 Psellismus... Defect in speech. 
 
 Psora. ..The itch. 
 
 Ptisan... Plain drink, as barley 
 water, &c. 
 
 Ptyalism...An increased flow of 
 saliva. 
 
 Pug., pugillus...A pinch. 
 
 Pulegii... Pennyroyal. 
 
 Pulv., pulvis...A powder. 
 
 Pulvis stanni...Tin filings or pow- 
 der. 
 
 Purgatives ... Medicines which 
 quicken the action of the bowels. 
 
 Purificatum... Purified. 
 
 Purpura. ..Scurvy, land scurvy. 
 
 Pyrcthri...Pellitory of Spain. 
 
 Pyrola .... Chimaphilse, winter 
 green. 
 
 Pyroligneous acid ...Vinegar of 
 wood. 
 
 Pyroxilic acid. ..Wood naphtha. 
 
 Q. L., QUANTUM libet... As much as 
 you please. 
 
 Q. P., quantum placet. ..As much 
 as you please. 
 
 Q. S., Quantum sufSciat...A suffi- 
 cient quantity. 
 
 Quadraginta... Forty. 
 
 Quam primum...As soon as possi- 
 ble. 
 
 Quartana...Ague returning every 
 72 hours. 
 
 Quercus...Oak bark. 
 
 Quinine, Subsulphate of... Sul- 
 phate of Quinine. 
 
 Quinine, Disulphate of.. .Sulphate 
 of Quinine. 
 
 Quintessence of Noyeau... Bitter 
 
 almond flavour. 
 [ Quor., quorum. ..Of which. 
 
 Quotidiana .... Ague returning 
 every '24 hours. 
 
 Quotidie... Daily. 
 
 Quovis ^Vny. 
 
 ' Q. v., quantum vis. ..As much as 
 I you choose. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 285 
 
 IlAnix,...cis...Iloot. 
 
 l\ai>l!aiii...lIorse-rii(lish. 
 
 llattlesu:ike root... Senega. 
 
 llealgiir. . Red sulphuret of arsenic 
 
 15ecipe...Take. 
 
 Keil. in pnlv., reclactus in pulve- 
 rem...Ueduce<J to powder. 
 
 Redig. in pulv., rc<ligatur in pul- 
 ■verem... Reduce it to j)owdcr. 
 
 Red liartshorn... Compound tinc- 
 ture of lavender. 
 
 Red pill... Compound calomel pill. 
 
 Red precipitate. ..Nitric oxide of 
 mercury. 
 
 Red Sanders wood. ..Sandal wood. 
 
 Refrigerants .... Cooling liquids 
 ■which abate heat and thirst. 
 
 Rcgulus, little king... A term ap- 
 plied by alchemists to metallic 
 antimony, &c. 
 
 Regulus of arsenic... Black arse- 
 nic, metallic arsenic. 
 
 Regulus of cobalt. ..Cobalt, the 
 metal. 
 
 Reg. umbil...regio umbilici. ..The 
 region of the navel. 
 
 Regulus jovis...Tin and martial 
 regulus of antimony fused toge- 
 ther. 
 
 Repet. . .repetatur . . . Repeat. 
 
 Rhamni . . . IJuckthorn. 
 
 Rhatany ... Krameria. 
 
 Rhcados...Tlic red poppy. 
 
 Rhei... Rhubarb. 
 
 Rheumatism... A p.ainful affection 
 ofthejointsand fibrous textures. 
 
 Ricini... Castor oil. 
 
 Rob. ..Extract, any inspissated 
 juice. 
 
 Rochclle salt... Potassio-tartrate 
 of soda. 
 
 Rock oil. ..Naphtha. 
 
 Roman iiluni...A pure reddish-co- 
 loured alum. 
 
 Roman vitriol. ..Sulphate of cop- 
 per. 
 
 Ros«eau's Laudanum. ..Fermented 
 wine of opium. 
 
 Rouge. ..Oxide of iron. 
 Rubeola. ..Tlie measles. 
 Rufu.s's pills... Pill of Aloes and 
 
 Myrrh. 
 Rumicis . . . Waterdock. 
 Rutie...Rue. 
 
 S. A., SECUNDEM artem... Accord- 
 ing to art. 
 
 Sabince...Savine. 
 
 Saccharum . . . Sugar. 
 
 Saccharum candum. .Sugar candy. 
 
 Saccharum lactis... Sugar of milk. 
 
 Sachet... A little bag to contain 
 any substance for local applica- 
 tion. A 
 
 Sal... Salt. * 
 
 Sal absinthii.. Carbonate of potash. 
 
 Salacetosella3...1>inoxalate of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Sal alembroth ...The alchemist's 
 salt of wisdom, a compound of 
 sal ammoniac and corrosive 
 sublimate, equal parts. 
 
 Sal ammoniac ..llydrochlorate or 
 muriate of ammonia. 
 
 Sal auri philosophicum ...Bisul- 
 phate of potash. 
 
 Sal diureticus... Acetate of potash, 
 
 Sal enixum . . . Bisulphate of potash. 
 
 Sal gemmae ... Common or rock 
 salt. 
 
 Sal martis... Sulphate of iron. 
 
 Sal mirabile Glauberi... Sulphate 
 of Soda. 
 
 Sal mirabile perlatum.. Phosphate 
 of soda. 
 
 Sal polychrest...Salt of soda. 
 
 Sal prunella... Fused nitre. 
 
 Sal s!ijiicntiit!...Salt of wisdom, 
 sal alembroth. 
 
 Sal Saturni....\cctatc of lead. 
 
 Salad oil. ..Olive oil. 
 
 Salicis... Willow. 
 
 Saline. ..Salt. 
 
 Sails nitri... Nitre, saltpetre. 
 
 Salt of chrome... Chromatc of pot- 
 ash. 
 
286 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Salt (common or culinary). ..ITy- 
 ilrochlorate or nini-iate of soda. 
 
 Salt of Mars. ..Copperas, sulphate 
 of iron. 
 
 Salt of sorrel... Binoxalate of pot- 
 ash. 
 
 Salt of tartar.. Carbonate of potash. 
 
 Salt of wormwood... Carbonate of 
 potash. 
 
 Saltpetre. ..Nitrate of potash. 
 
 Salvite...Sage. 
 
 Sambuci... Elder, the bark. 
 
 Sandiver...The scum of newly 
 melted glass. 
 
 Santonici...Wormseed. 
 
 SapMi wood. ..Brazil wood. 
 
 Sap* sapona3...Soap. 
 
 Sarcoma... A fleshy tumour. 
 
 Sarzfe . . . S arsaparilla. 
 
 Saturn... Lead. 
 
 Saunder's blue .... Ultramarine 
 ashes. 
 
 Saxon blue... Sulphate of indigo. 
 
 Scabies. ..The itch. 
 
 Scald head. ..Ring-worm. 
 
 Scarlatina... The scarlet fever. 
 
 Scat., scatula...A box. 
 
 Scheele's green... Ai'senite of cop- 
 per. 
 
 ScilliB... Squills. 
 
 Scirrhus...A cancer in the early 
 stage. 
 
 Scoparii...Spartii, broom-tops. 
 
 Scorbutus... The scurvy. 
 
 Scot's pills. ..rill of aloes. 
 
 Scorbutus . . . Scurvy. 
 
 Scrofula. ..The king's evil, hard ! 
 indolent tumours on vai'ious 
 parts of the body. 
 
 Secale cornuti... Ergot of rye. 
 
 Sedative... Soothing, casing pain. 
 
 Sedatives. ..IMedicines which allay 
 pain or undue excitement. 
 
 Seignette's salt. . . Potassio-tartrate 
 of soda. 
 
 Semi. ..Half. 
 
 Semid., semidraclima ... Half a 
 drachm. 
 
 Semih., seraihora...IIalf an hour. 
 
 Senega... Rattlesuake root. 
 
 Scrum lactis...Whey. 
 
 Sesquichloride . . .Chloride . 
 
 Sesquih., sesquihora...An hour 
 and a half. 
 
 Sesquioxide . . . Oxide. 
 
 Sesimc, sesuncia...Half an ounce. 
 
 Sevi...Suet. 
 
 Sialogogues ... Substances which 
 increase the flow of saliva. 
 
 Si n. val., si non valeat...If it does 
 not succeed. 
 
 Si op. sit., si opus sit. ..If neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Si vir. perm., si vires permittant... 
 If the strength allows it. 
 
 Sign. n. pr., signetur nomine pro- 
 prio... Inscribe it with the com- 
 mon name. 
 
 Signat., signatura...A label. 
 
 Signetur... Label it. 
 
 Simplex... Simple. 
 
 Sinapis . . . Mustard. 
 
 Sinapis farina... Flour of mustard. 
 
 Sing., singulorum...Of each. 
 
 S. n., secundem naturem.. Accord- 
 ing to nature. 
 
 Soapstone... French chalk. 
 
 Sodaj chlorinatte ... Chloride of 
 soda. 
 
 Soluble tartar.. Tartrate of potash. 
 
 Solutive water. ..Nitric acid. 
 
 Sparadrapum pro fonticulus... Is- 
 sue plasters. 
 
 Spartii... Broom-tops, scoparii. 
 
 Spermatorrhoea or Gonorrhoea... 
 A flow or discharge of semen or 
 purulent matter. 
 
 Spigellice...Pink root. 
 
 Sjjirit of IMindererus... Acetate of 
 ammonia. 
 
 Spirit of nitre. ..Nitric acid. 
 
 Spiritus nitri Glauberi ...Nitric 
 acid. 
 
 Spiritus salis... Hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Spirit of salt... Muriatic, or hy- 
 drochloric acid. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 287 
 
 Spiritus vini Gallicj... Brandy. 
 
 P[)irit of vitriol. ..yulphuric aciil. 
 
 Splenotis... luflammution of the 
 spleen. 
 
 S. S., Stat. sumend...Take imme- 
 diately. 
 
 Ss., semi. ..A half; as, jss., one 
 and a half. 
 
 S. s. s., stratum super stratum... 
 Layer upon layer. 
 
 Stannum, stanni...Tin. 
 
 Steatite... Trench chalk. 
 
 Steel... Preparations of iron, car- 
 bonate, or sesquioxide of iron. 
 
 Stibiated tartar ... Potassio-tar- 
 trate of antimony. 
 
 St., stet, stent. ..Let it or them 
 stand. 
 
 Stimulants. ..Medicines or liquids 
 •which revive the system. Their 
 use is often followed by a corre- 
 sponding amount of depression. 
 
 Strabismus... Squinting. 
 
 Stramonium. ..Thorn apple. 
 
 Strengthening plaster... Oxide of 
 iron plaster. 
 
 Strycliuine...A preparation of nux 
 vomica. 
 
 Stygian water.. Hydrofluoric acid, 
 aqua stygis. 
 
 Sub fin. coct., sub finem coctionis 
 ...When the boiling is nearly 
 finished. 
 
 Sublimate, Sweet. ..Calomel. 
 
 Succinum... Amber. 
 
 Succus... Juice. 
 
 Sugar of lead... Acetate or super- 
 acetate of lead. 
 
 Sulphur vivum... Crude or native 
 sulphur. 
 
 Sulphuris iodidum... Iodide of sul- 
 phur. 
 
 Sum ta1.>, Bumat talem...Givc the 
 patient one like this. 
 
 Sum., t<umat, i:c... Let the patient 
 take. 
 
 Summ.. summitate3...Thc sum- 
 mits or tops. 
 
 Suppository... A medicine placed 
 
 in the rectum. 
 S. v., spiritus vini ... Spirit of 
 
 wine. 
 S. V. r., spiritus vini rectificatus 
 
 ...llectified spirit of wine. 
 S. V. t., spiritus vini tenuis... Proof 
 
 spirit. 
 Sweet oil. ..Olive oil. 
 Sweet elixir of vitriol... Aromatic 
 
 sulphuric ether. 
 Sweet spirits of nitre .. . Nitric 
 
 ether. 
 Sweet spirit of vitriol... Sulphuric 
 
 ether, ether. 
 Sydenham's Liquid Laudanum... 
 
 Wine of opium, formerly ordered 
 
 as L. L. Syd. 
 Syncope . . . Fainting. 
 Synocha...A rare form of fever. 
 Synochus... Common or continued 
 
 fever. 
 Syphilis. ..The venereal disease. 
 Syrupus aceti... Simple oxymel. 
 
 Tab AC I... Tobacco. 
 
 Tabel., tabella...A lozenge. 
 
 Tabes... A wasting of the body. 
 
 Talc earth. ..Magnesia. 
 
 Tanaccti... Tansy, the herb. 
 
 Taraxacum... Dandelion. 
 
 Tartar emetic... Potassio-tartrato 
 
 of antimony. 
 Temp, dext., tcmpori dextro...To 
 
 the right temple. 
 Temp, sin., tcmpori sinistro...To 
 
 the left temple. 
 Ter... Three, three times. 
 Terchloride of cai'bon... Chloric 
 
 ether. 
 Tcrcy n nidc . . . Cyanide or cyanuret. 
 Terebinth . . . Turpentine. 
 Terra... Earth. 
 Tei-ra foliatis mineral is... Acetate 
 
 of soda. 
 Tertiana...Aguc returning every 
 
 4S hours. 
 Tetanus. ..Lock-jaw. 
 
288 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 There... Tea. 
 
 Thebaicum... Opium. 
 
 Tlienard's blue... Cobalt blue. 
 
 Theviaca ... Treacle; medicines 
 against poison. 
 
 Thiidace...Lactucarium. 
 
 Tiuctura liiei'a pici'a...\Vine of 
 aloes. 
 
 Tinct ura Thebaica. .Wine of opium. 
 
 Tiuctura sacra. ..Wine of aloes. 
 
 Tiuea... Scald-head. 
 
 Tin glass... Bismuth. 
 
 T. 0., tiuctura opii... Tincture of 
 opium. 
 
 T. 0. C, tiuctura opii camphorata 
 ... Camphorated tincture of 
 opium. 
 
 Tonics... Medicines which improve 
 the state of the digestive func- 
 tions, and eventually give a 
 healthy tone to the whole system. 
 
 Tr., tinctura...A tincture. 
 
 Trip. ..Oxide of iron. 
 
 Troch., trochisci... Lozenges. 
 
 Turbith's mineral ...Sub.-^ulphate 
 of mercury, yellow sulphate of 
 mercury, queen's yellow. 
 
 Turmeric . . . Curcuma. 
 
 Turner's cerate... Calamine cerate. 
 
 Turnsole. ..Litmus, archil, cud- 
 bear. 
 
 Turps... Turpentine. 
 
 Tussilaginis... Coltsfoot. 
 
 Tutty... Impure oxide of zinc. 
 
 Typhus... A severe form of fever. 
 
 Ur.Mi...Elm, the bark. 
 
 Ult. prfcscr., ultimo prasscriptus 
 ...The last prescribed. 
 
 Ultramarine (beyond the sea.)... 
 A blue pigment. 
 
 Unction... Mercurial ointment. 
 
 Ungueutvim . . . Ointment. 
 
 Ungueutum album... Carbonate of 
 leail ointment, spermaceti oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Uuguentum a^Sgyptiacum... Lini- 
 ment of verdigi-is. 
 
 Unguentura lithargyri... Oxide of 
 lead ointment. 
 
 Ungucntum veratri ... Hellebore 
 ointment. 
 
 Uuguentum viride... Elder oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Urticaria... The nettle-rash. 
 
 Usta3... Burnt; Spongice ustso... 
 Burnt sponge. 
 
 UviB ursi... Whortleberry. 
 
 Varicella... Chick en-pox. 
 
 Variola... Small-pox. 
 
 Variola vaccina... Cow-pox. 
 
 Varix... Dilated or vai-icose veins, 
 having tumours or knots in them. 
 
 Venice turpentine ... Rosin and 
 turpentine. 
 
 Ventre jejuno... Fasting, the sto- 
 mach being empty. 
 
 Verdigris. ..Sub or diacetate of 
 copper, rust of copper. 
 
 Vermes... Worms. 
 
 Vermifuges . . . Anthelmintics, me • 
 dicines which expel worms. 
 
 Vermilion. ..Bisulphate of mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Verrucca...A wart. 
 
 Vini...Wine. 
 
 Vinum Hispauicum... White wine, 
 slierry. 
 
 Vinum rubrum...Port wine. 
 
 Vital air. ..Oxygen gas. 
 
 Vitello ovi...The yolk of an egg. 
 
 Vitriol. ..Sulphuric acid. 
 
 Vitriol of Mars... Sulphate of iron, 
 copperas. 
 
 Vitriolic acid. ..Sulphuric acid. 
 
 Vitriolic naphtha... Ether. 
 
 Vitrum antimonli... Glass of anti- 
 mony, calcined antimony. 
 
 Vitrum pulverisatum... Powdered 
 glass. 
 
 Volatile alkali. ..Ammonia. 
 
 Volatile liniment ...Liniment of 
 ammonia. 
 
 Volatile salts... Carbonate or ses- 
 quicarbonate of ammonia. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 289 
 
 V. 0. S., vitello ovi solutus... Dis- 
 solved in the yolk of an egg. 
 
 Vom. urg., vomitione urgente... 
 When the vomiting is trouble- 
 some. 
 
 V. S., venesectio... Bleeding. 
 
 V. S. ad 5x... Bleed to ten ounces. 
 
 V. S. B., venesectio brachii... 
 Bleed from the arm. 
 
 Vulnus...A wound. 
 
 Ward's essence. ..Compound cam- 
 phor liniment. 
 
 Ward's paste. ..Confection of black 
 pepper. 
 
 White copper. ..German silver. 
 
 White ointment. ..Carbonate of 
 lead ointment, spermaceti oint- 
 ment. 
 
 White precipitate ointment. ..Oint- 
 ment of ammonio-chloride of 
 mercury. 
 
 Wilson's Eau Medicinale... Tinc- 
 ture of colchicum. 
 Wolfsbane. . . Aconite. 
 Wood naphtha... Pyroxilic spirit. 
 
 Yellow ■wash... Corrosive subli- 
 mate and lime watei*, used to 
 sores. 
 
 Yellow ointment. ..Nitrate of mer- 
 cury ointment. 
 
 ZiBETHUM... Civet. 
 
 Zinc, butter of.. .Chloride of zinc. 
 
 Zinc, muriate of... Chloride of zinc. 
 
 Zingiberis... Ginger. 
 
 Zymotic diseases.... Literally fer- 
 mentative diseases, as small- 
 pox or measles; applied to dis- 
 eases which are endemic, epi- 
 demic or contagious. 
 
 Zz., zingiber. ..Ginger. 
 
 ZZ...Gum myrrh. 
 
 25 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abernethy's Pills 13 
 
 Acetate 13 
 
 Acetic Acid, Camphdrated... 4o 
 
 Acetic Extract of Squills 13 
 
 Acetimetry If 
 
 Acidinictry 1^ 
 
 Acids for Galvanic Batteries... 14 
 
 Acid, Acetic 13, 14 
 
 Acetic, Dilute 14 
 
 Acetic, Camphorated 45 
 
 Arsenious -■' 
 
 Chloric ^;| 
 
 Chromic '^'^ 
 
 Citric 1'^ 
 
 Hydrochloric 1^'J 
 
 Kitric 1^' 
 
 Nitric, Diluted 1"8 
 
 Nitro-Muriatic 180 
 
 Nitrous 180 
 
 Oxalic 18^ 
 
 Phiisphoric, Diluted 197 
 
 ryroligneous 21o 
 
 Sulphuric 237 
 
 Sulphuric. Dilute 238 
 
 Sulphurous 208 
 
 Tannic 242 
 
 Tartaric 242 
 
 Aconite 1*^ 
 
 Aconitina 
 
 IG 
 
 Aconiti Radix 1'^ 
 
 Aconiti I'oliuni l'"! 
 
 Aguo Drops 1'' 
 
 Air Dulhs 31 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Alabaster, to Clean 15 
 
 To Harden 15 
 
 To Join 15 
 
 To Polish.... 15 
 
 Albumen 1-^ 
 
 Albumen, to Preserve li> 
 
 Alcohol 15 
 
 Alkalies 16 
 
 Alkaline Baths IG 
 
 Alkaline Solution, Brandish's 39 
 
 Alkaloids 1^ 
 
 Alkanet Root 17 
 
 Alloys 1" 
 
 Alloys of Nickel 17£ 
 
 Almond Bloom 37 
 
 Flavour 17 
 
 Paste I'J? 
 
 Soap 
 
 Almonds, Sweet 
 
 Almonds, Bitter 
 
 Alum Kupel 18 
 
 Alum Sugar 237 
 
 Alum 1" 
 
 Alum, Gargle 17 
 
 Alum, Dried 18 
 
 Alum, Compound Solution of 18 
 
 j Amadou 1° 
 
 Amalgams 1° 
 
 ; Amalgam of Gold 18 
 
 For Mirrors 1^ 
 
 For Silvering Globes 18 
 
 Forthe Teeth l'* 
 
 Of Zinc I'J 
 
 17 
 17 
 
292 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Amber 
 
 To Join 
 
 To Dissolve 
 
 American Whitewash 
 
 Ammonia, Liquor of 
 
 Ammoniacal solution for 
 
 Plants 
 
 Ammoniated solution of Qui- 
 nine.. 
 
 Anatomical Preparations, To 
 Preserve 
 
 Anchovies, Essence of 
 
 Anchovy Powder 
 
 Anchovy Paste 
 
 Anchusa Tinctoria 
 
 Annatto 
 
 Annatto, Purified 
 
 Annatto, Solution of 
 
 Anodyne Balsam, Bates's 
 
 Anti-Attrition 
 
 Antibilious Pills, 
 
 Antibilious Pills, Barclay's.. 
 
 Anti- Ferment 
 
 Antimony 
 
 Antimony, Potassio-Tartrate 
 of 
 
 Aperient Biscuits 
 
 Aperient, Magnesian EiFer- 
 vescing 
 
 Aperient Pills, Halford's 
 
 Aqua Florum Naphifu 
 
 Aqua Vegeto-mineralis 
 
 Archil 
 
 Arnold's Copaiba Mixture.... 
 
 Arrowroot 
 
 Arrowroot Jelly 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Arsenic, Tests for 
 
 Arsenic, Antidotes to 
 
 Arseuious Acid 
 
 Artificial Asses' Milk 
 
 Artificial Grindstones 
 
 Artificial Yeast 
 
 Asarabacca Snuff 
 
 Asphal turn , Prepared 
 
 Asses' Milk, Artificial 
 
 Atkinson's Infants' Preserva- 
 tive 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 17 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 30 
 22 
 22 
 29 
 22 
 22 
 
 207 
 35 
 
 165 
 123 
 
 22 
 22 
 
 22 
 73 
 
 oo 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 121 
 201 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 Axle Grease 39 
 
 Backer's Tonic Pills 24 
 
 Bailey's Itch Ointment 24 
 
 Baillie's Pills 24 
 
 Dinner Pills. 24 
 
 Baker's Itch, Ointment for... 24 
 
 Baking Powder 24 
 
 Baldwin's Phosphorus 25 
 
 Balloon Varnish 25 
 
 Balls, Camphor 28 
 
 for Scouring Clothes 28 
 
 Furniture 28 
 
 Heel 28 
 
 Horse 25, 26, 27 
 
 Wash 28 
 
 Balsam of Honey 28 
 
 Bandoline 29 
 
 Barclay's Antibilious Pills... 29 
 
 Barege Water 29 
 
 Basilicon Ointment 30 
 
 Baster's Farina 30 
 
 Bateman's Itch Ointment 30 
 
 Bath Digestive Pills 32 
 
 Bath Lozenges or Pipe 32 
 
 Bath Pipe 32 
 
 Baths, Air 31 
 
 Chemical 32 
 
 Medicated 31 
 
 Vapour 31 
 
 Water 31 
 
 Battery, Galvanic 32 
 
 BaumedeVie 32, 33 
 
 Baynton's Plaster 33 
 
 Beddoe's Pills 33 
 
 Beef Tea 33 
 
 Beer, Ginger 33 
 
 Spruce 34 
 
 Treacle 34 
 
 Beetles, to Destroy 34 
 
 Benzole 34 
 
 Betton's British Oils 34 
 
 Bice, Blue 34 
 
 Bice, Green 34 
 
 Bird Lime 34 
 
 Biscuits, Aperient 35 
 
 Bismuth 35 
 
 Bismuth, Nitrate of 35 
 
INDEX. 
 
 293 
 
 Bister 
 
 Bisulpliuret of Carbon 
 
 Bl.ick, IJriinswick 
 
 Black Dranglit 
 
 Black Drop 
 
 Black, Japan 
 
 Black Reviver 
 
 Blacking for boots and shoes 
 
 Blacking, Harness 
 
 Bladders, Prepared 
 
 Blanc de Fard 
 
 Blanc de Francais 
 
 Blanc do Perle 
 
 Bleaching 
 
 Blister, Extemporaneous 
 
 Blister Liquid 
 
 Blistering Tissue 
 
 Bloom of Hoses 
 
 Bloom, Almond 
 
 Blue, Clieniic 
 
 Blue Fire 
 
 Blue Ink to turn Black 
 
 Blue, l.i'iuid 
 
 Blue Stone 
 
 Boards, To Clean 
 
 B'erhaavc's Odontalgic 
 
 Bookbinders' Stains 
 
 B'>ut I'owdcr 
 
 Boot-top Liquid 
 
 liooth's Axle (irease 
 
 Boots, To Waterproof 
 
 Borax, Glass of 
 
 Bougies, to Prepare 
 
 Bouquet do la Kcine 
 
 Brandish's Alkaline Solution 
 
 Brass Alloy 
 
 Brass, To Clean 
 
 Brazil Paper 
 
 Bread I'nferinented 
 
 P.reatli. Stiidcing 
 
 Brine for Meat 
 
 British Gum 
 
 Bronzed 
 
 Bronze for JSIcdals 
 
 Bronze Powder 
 
 Bronzing Liquids 
 
 Bronzing Tin Castings 
 
 Bronzing 
 
 iiG 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ;i5 
 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 30 
 36 
 3(J 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 37 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 30 
 38 
 30 
 30 
 39 
 30 
 30 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 41 
 41 
 41 
 41 
 42 
 42 
 
 Bronzing Tin 42 
 
 Browning 42 
 
 Browning for Gun Barrels... 42 
 
 Bugs, To Destroy 42 
 
 Bug Poison 42 
 
 Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid.. 42 
 
 Butter, To Preserve 42 
 
 Butyrate of Ethyloxido 44 
 
 Butyric Ether 44 
 
 Cabbage Paper 44 
 
 Cachou Aromatise 44 
 
 Cadet's Tooth Powder 44 
 
 Camphine 44 
 
 Camphor. 
 Camphor, Artificial. 
 
 .... 44 
 
 .... 44 
 
 Camphor, To Powder , . 44 
 
 Camphor Balls , 44 
 
 Camphor Ball 44 
 
 Camphor Cerate 45 
 
 Camphor Ice 45 
 
 Camphor .Julep, Concentrated 45 
 Camphor Liniment, Extempo- 
 raneous 45 
 
 Caniplior, Murray's Fluid.... 45 
 
 Camphorated Acetic Acid.... 45 
 
 Camphorated Chalk 45 
 
 Camphorated Oil 46 
 
 Campiiorated Vinegar 46 
 
 Candy, ('arraway 46 
 
 Candy, Digestive or Live-long 46 
 
 Candy, llorebound 46 
 
 Caunelle 46 
 
 Canton's Phosphorus 46 
 
 Caoutchouc, To Dissolve 46 
 
 Caoutchoucine 47 
 
 Capilhiire 47 
 
 Capillaire Limoniated 47 
 
 Capsules 47 
 
 Carbonate of Iron with Sugar 48 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia 48 
 
 Carbonate of Potash 48 
 
 Carbonate of Potass 48 
 
 Carbonate of Soda 49 
 
 Carbonate of Soda, Dried.... 49 
 
 Carbonic Acid Gas 49 
 
 Carbonic Oxide 49 
 
 Carburcttcd Hyilrogen 50 
 
294 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Carlsbad Water 50 
 
 Carminative, Dalby's 50 
 
 Carmine 50 
 
 Carmine, Liquid 50 
 
 Carpets, To Clean 51 
 
 Carrabelli's Dentifrice 51 
 
 Carron Oil 51 
 
 Cartwriglit's Dentifrice 51 
 
 Case-hardening 51 
 
 Casks, To Sweeten 51 
 
 Castor Oil Pomade 52 
 
 Catheters, To Prepare 52 
 
 Cayenne, Soluble 52 
 
 Cement for Leather and 
 
 Cloth 54 
 
 Cement, Transpai-ent 55 
 
 Cement, Alabaster 52 
 
 Architectural 52 
 
 Arrcenian 52 
 
 Botany Bay 58 
 
 Bottle 53 
 
 Chinese 53 
 
 Coppersmiths' 53 
 
 Egg 53 
 
 Electrical 53 
 
 Engineers' 53 
 
 French 54 
 
 Hensler's 54 
 
 Hydraulic 54 
 
 Iron 54 
 
 Mahogany 54 
 
 Opticians' 54 
 
 Rice 54 
 
 Stone 54 
 
 Turners' 55 
 
 Cephalic Snuff 55 
 
 Cerates 55 
 
 Cerate of Acetate of Lead... 55 
 
 Of Calaraipe 55 
 
 Of Cantharides 55 
 
 Of Lead, compound 56 
 
 Of Mercury, compound. 5G 
 
 Of llesin 56 
 
 Of Soap, compound 56 
 
 Chalk, Precipitated 56 
 
 Chalk, Prepared 56 
 
 Chalybeate Water 50 
 
 Chamberlain's Restorative 
 
 Pills 57 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Chameleon Mineral — 57 
 
 Chamomile Drops 57 
 
 Chamomile Pills 57 
 
 Chapped Hands 57 
 
 Charcoal 57 
 
 Charcoal Crayons 57 
 
 Chai'coal Tooth Powder 57 
 
 Charta Exploratoria 68 
 
 Chavasse's Remedy for Hoop- 
 ing Cough 58 
 
 Chelsea Pensioner 57 
 
 Cheltenham Salts 58 
 
 Chemical Bronze 58 
 
 Chilblains 58 
 
 Chilblains, To Cure 58 
 
 Ching's Worm Lozenges 68 
 
 Chlorate of Barytes 59 
 
 Chlorate of Potash 59 
 
 Chloric Acid 59 
 
 Chloric Ether 60 
 
 Clilorides 58 
 
 Chlorine 59 
 
 Chlorine Gas 60 
 
 Chloroform 60 
 
 Cholera 61 
 
 Cholera Mixture 61 
 
 Cholera Powders 61 
 
 Chromate of Potash 02 
 
 Chrome Green 62 
 
 Chrome Red 62 
 
 Chrome Yellow 62 
 
 Chromic xVcid 63 
 
 Cinnabar of Antimony 63 
 
 Cinneres Clavellati 63 
 
 Circassian Cream for dressing 
 
 the Hair 63 
 
 Circassian Cream 63 
 
 Circassian Dentifrice 64 
 
 Citric Acid 64 
 
 Claudet's Instantaneous Posi- 
 tive Paper 64 
 
 Cochineal, Liquid 65 
 
 Cochrane's Cough Mixture... 65 
 
 Coffee, Essence of 65 
 
 Coindet's Pills 65 
 
 Coins and Medal.s, To Copy.. 65 
 
 Cold Cream 65 
 
 Collier's Wine of Quinine.... 66 
 
 CoUius' Disiufectiiia- Powder 66 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Collodion 
 
 Colloiliou riates, To Clean... 
 Collodion Proccs?; or, I'hoto- 
 
 grapiiy on Glass 
 
 Colours for Confectionary.... 
 
 Colours for .Show liottlos 
 
 Colours for Vehicles 
 
 Concentrated Milk 
 
 Confections 
 
 Confection, Aromatic 
 
 Confection of Almond 
 
 Of Cassia 
 
 Of Opium 
 
 Of Orange 
 
 Of Pepper 
 
 Of Red Kose 
 
 Of Dog Rose 
 
 Of Rue 
 
 Of Scammony 
 
 Of Senna 
 
 Congreve Matches 
 
 Copaiba orCapivi 
 
 Copaiba, Solution of 
 
 Copaiba Mixture 
 
 Copal 
 
 Copal, Solution of 
 
 Copper, Nitrate of 
 
 Copper, Oxide of 
 
 Copper, Powdered 
 
 Copper, Protoxide of 
 
 Coral, Factitious 
 
 Corns, To Remove 
 
 Cosmetics for the Skin 
 
 Cottcreau's Solution for 
 
 Toothache 
 
 Cough, Popular Remedies for 
 
 Court Plaster 
 
 Crayons. Drawing 
 
 Crayons for Writing on Glass. 
 
 Cream, Crystalline 
 
 Cream, Fox's 
 
 Cream, Furniture 
 
 Crcanv, Painter's 
 
 Crickets, To Destroy 
 
 Crimson Liquid for Tinsel or 
 
 Paper 
 
 Crystal Mineral 
 
 Cuillerco Ordinaire (Uue.)... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cuillcr a Bouche (Une.) 77 
 
 Cuillcr a Cafe (Une.) 77 
 
 Cundell's Photographic Pa- 
 per Process 77 
 
 Curry Powder 77 
 
 Custard Powder 78 
 
 Cyanide of Potassium 78 
 
 Dafft'.s Elixir 
 
 Dahlia Test 
 
 Damp Walls, Remedy for.... 
 
 Dandelion Coffee 
 
 Darcet's Carminative Lozen- 
 ges 
 
 Deafness, Remedy for 
 
 Decoctions 
 
 Decoction of Aloes, compound 
 
 Of YeU.iwRark 
 
 Of Pale Bark 
 
 Of Red Bark 
 
 Of Barley 
 
 Of Barley, compound... 
 
 Of Broom, compound... 
 
 Of Dandelion 
 
 Of Elm 
 
 Of Galls 
 
 Of Liverwort 
 
 Of Logwooil 
 
 Of Madder Root 
 
 Of Oak Bark 
 
 Of Parcira 
 
 Of Pomegranate 
 
 \ Of Pomegranate Root... 
 
 Of Poppy 
 
 Of Quince 
 
 Of Sarsaparilla 
 
 Of Sarsaparilla, com- 
 pound 
 
 Of Senega 
 
 t>f Starch 
 
 Of Tormentil 
 
 Of Whortleberry 
 
 Of Wintergrcen 
 
 Of Woo.ly Nightshade... 
 Dclcroix's Poudre Subtile.... 
 
 Dentifrice 
 
 Depilatoiies 
 
 Depilatory, Raycr'a 
 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 ' 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 82 
 82 
 82 
 82 
 
296 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 DepSlatory, Eefl wood's 
 
 Derby sliii-e's Embrocation for 
 
 Sea-8ickiiess 
 
 Detergent, Collier's 
 
 Dextrine 
 
 Diapente 
 
 Disinfectants 
 
 Doors, To Prevent Creaking 
 
 Drawings, To Fix 
 
 Drawings and Photographs, 
 
 to Mount 
 
 Drops, Bateman's Pectoral... 
 
 Drops, .Tesuits' 
 
 Drops, Scouring...., ,... 
 
 Di'uggists' Show-Colours for 
 
 Windows, &c 
 
 Dryers for Paint 
 
 Drying Oil 
 
 Dubbing 
 
 Dupuytren's Eye Salve 
 
 Dutch Drops 
 
 Dyes for the Hair 
 
 Dyes for Ivory 
 
 Eaton's Styptic 
 
 Eau d'Ambre , 
 
 Eau d'Ange.. 
 
 Eau de Bouquet 
 
 Eau de Cologne 
 
 Eau de Lavande 
 
 Eau de Lavande aux Mille- 
 
 fleurs 
 
 Eau de Mare^«chale 
 
 Eau de Millefleurs 
 
 Eau sans Pareille 
 
 Eau de Melisse de Carmes... 
 
 Eau de Portugal , 
 
 Eau de Vie Allemande 
 
 Effervescent Magnesia , 
 
 Eggs, To Preserve 
 
 Eldorflower Water 
 
 Elixir, Daffy's 
 
 Elixir, Swinton's Daffy's 
 
 Elixir, Radcliffe's 
 
 Elixir of Roses 
 
 Elixir, Squire's 
 
 Elixir, Stoughton's 
 
 Elixir de Vie 
 
 PAGE 
 
 82 
 83 
 
 8;] 
 
 83 
 83 
 83 
 83 
 
 85 
 86 
 86 
 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 88 
 89 
 
 ftO 
 8i) 
 8'.' 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 90 
 91 
 91 
 91 
 91 
 91 
 91 
 91 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Embrocation, Guestonian 91 
 
 Embrocation, lloche's 91 
 
 Emplastrum Cephalicum 91 
 
 Emulsion 91 
 
 Emulsion of Gum 92 
 
 Emulsion of Oil of Almonds 92 
 
 Jilnemas 92 
 
 Enema of Aloes 92 
 
 Of Assafoetida 92 
 
 OfColocynth 92 
 
 Of Opium 92 
 
 Of Tobacco 92 
 
 Of Turpentine 92 
 
 Ergot 93 
 
 Ergot, Tincture of 93 
 
 Ergot, Tincture of, Ethereal.. 93 
 
 Eschalot VViue 93 
 
 Esprit 93 
 
 Esprit de Bergamotte 93 
 
 Esprit de Hose 93 
 
 Essence 94 
 
 Essence of Ambergris 94 
 
 Of AmbergriSjCompound 94 
 
 Of Anchovies 94 
 
 D'Ambrette 94 
 
 Of Bitter Almonds 94 
 
 De Bouquet 94 
 
 Of Cedar 95 
 
 OfErgotofKye 95 
 
 For Headache 96 
 
 Of Lilac 96 
 
 Of Magnolia 96 
 
 For Preston Salts 97 
 
 Of Spring Flowers 98 
 
 Of Sweet Brier 97 
 
 Of Sweet Pea 98 
 
 OfTonquin 98 
 
 Of Camphor 95 
 
 Of Cayenne 94 
 
 Of Cayenne, concentra- 
 ted 94 
 
 Of Civet 96 
 
 Of Cubebs 96 
 
 Of Flowers 95 
 
 Of Ginger and Chamo- 
 mile 95 
 
 Of Ginger 95 
 
 Of Musk 96 
 
INDEX. 
 
 297 
 
 Essence of ^fustnrd 
 
 Of Neroli 
 
 Of Patcbouli 
 
 Of rciiiiermiiit 
 
 Of Quinine 
 
 Of KeJ lloscs 
 
 Of Uontleletia 
 
 Of Vanilla 
 
 Of Verbena 96- 
 
 Of Violets 9G- 
 
 Esscnce for Smelling Bottles 
 
 Essentia Odorifera 
 
 Etching 
 
 Etching Ground 
 
 Ether 
 
 Ethiops, Martial 
 
 Ethiops, Mineral 
 
 Extracts 
 
 Extract of Aconite 
 
 Extract of Dandelion (Fluid.) 
 
 Of Elder Flowers 
 
 Of Elder Flowers, for the 
 Complexion 
 
 Of Aloes 
 
 Of Barbadoes Aloes 
 
 Of Belladonna 
 
 Of Yellow Bark 
 
 Of Tale Bark 
 
 Of Red Bark 
 
 Of Colchicum 
 
 Of Colchicum, Acetic... 
 
 Of Dandelion 100, 
 
 Of Elaterium 
 
 Of Gentian 
 
 Of Heliotrope 
 
 Of Honeysuckle 
 
 Of Hyoscjamus (Fluid.) 
 
 Of Jonquil 
 
 Of Lavender 
 
 Of Ilfuilock 
 
 Of Henbane 
 
 Of Hop 
 
 Of Jalap 
 
 Of Lettuce 
 
 Of Liquorice 
 
 Of Logwood 
 
 Of Malt 
 
 Of Meat 
 
 20* 
 
 •Ai-E 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 9(5 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 -98 
 
 -98 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 100 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 101 
 102 
 102 
 102 
 1112 
 102 
 103 
 102 
 102 
 102 
 102 
 ](»3 
 lO:] 
 UK? 
 103 
 
 io;5 
 
 Extract of Opium 103 
 
 Of Tareira 103 
 
 Of Poppv 103 
 
 Of Rhubarb 103 
 
 Of Sarsaparilla (fluid).. 104 
 
 Of Seuna (tluid) 10-4 
 
 Of Stramonium 104 
 
 Of Whortleberry 104 
 
 Feet, To Deodorize Foul 104 
 
 Fermented Medical Prepara- 
 tions 104 
 
 Ferridcyanide of Iron 105 
 
 Filtering Powder 105 
 
 Filtration 105 
 
 Finings for Porter, AVinc, &c. 105 
 
 Finings for Gin 105 
 
 Fires, To Extinguish 105 
 
 Fixing Solution for Paper 
 
 Pictures 105 
 
 Flame, Coloured 105 
 
 Flash lOG 
 
 Flavouring Essence 106 
 
 Flies, To Destroy 106 
 
 Flour, To Detect Adultera- 
 tions in 106 
 
 Flour, Baked 106 
 
 Flowers, to Preserve 106 
 
 Flowers, To hasten the blow- 
 ing of 106 
 
 Flux, Black 107 
 
 Chrisiison's, for Arsenic 107 
 
 Cornish 107 
 
 Crude 107 
 
 Fresenius's 107 
 
 Morveau's 107 
 
 White 107 
 
 Foie do Soufre 107 
 
 Foie de Soufre Calcaire 107 
 
 Foils 107 
 
 Foil, Blue 107 
 
 Foil, Green 108 
 
 Foil, Red 108 
 
 1 Foil, Yellow 108 
 
 Freckles, Lotion for 108 
 
 ' Freeman's Bathing Spirits... 108 
 
 i Freezing Mixtures 108 
 
 French Polish 109 
 
298 
 
 French Tolisli, To 
 
 Frustula 
 
 Fulminating Powder 
 
 Fumigation 
 
 Furniture Cream 
 
 Furniture Oil 
 
 Furniture Paste 
 
 Furniture Polish 
 
 Fusible Metal 
 
 Gall, Clarified 
 
 Gall, Inspissated 
 
 Ganteine 
 
 Gas, Coal 
 
 German Paste 
 
 Gilder's Wax 
 
 Gilding 
 
 Gilding, Burnished 
 
 Gilding, Cold 
 
 Gilding, Liquor 
 
 Gilding, Metal 
 
 Gilding, China 
 
 Gilding, Glass 
 
 Gilding, Silk, &c 
 
 Gilding Water 
 
 Ginger Beer 
 
 Gingerbread 
 
 Gingerbread, Ormskirk 
 
 Glass, To Clean 
 
 Glass, To Cut 
 
 Glass, To Drill 
 
 Glass, Ground 
 
 Glass, To Povrder 
 
 Glass, To Write on 
 
 Gleba 
 
 Glue impervious to Water... 
 
 Glue 
 
 Glue, Liquid 
 
 Glue, Marine 
 
 Glue, Portable 
 
 Glycerine 
 
 Glycerine Balsam 
 
 Glycerine Ointment 
 
 Godfrey's Cordial 
 
 Gold 
 
 Gold {Artificial.) 
 
 Gold, Detergent , 
 
 Gold, Factitious 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gold, Fulminating 119 
 
 Gold, Liquid 119 
 
 Gold, Powdered 119 
 
 Gold Size (oil) 119 
 
 Gold Size (water) 119 
 
 Gold, Terchloride of 119 
 
 Gout 119 
 
 Gout Cordial, Warner's 120 
 
 Gowland's Lotion 120 
 
 Grains of Paradise 120 
 
 Gramme 120 
 
 Greek Fire 120 
 
 Green Liquid for Tinsel 120 
 
 Green Ointment, Blake's 120 
 
 Gregory's Powder 120 
 
 Grindstones, Artificial 121 
 
 Grindrod's Remedy for 
 
 Spasms 121 
 
 Gros 121 
 
 Gunpowder 121 
 
 Gutta Percha 121 
 
 Gutta Percha, Solvents for.. 121 
 
 Hair, The 122 
 
 Hair Dyes 122 
 
 Hair Powder 122 
 
 Hair Wash 122 
 
 Hair Dye 122 
 
 Halford's Aperient Pills 123 
 
 Halford's Gout Pills 123 
 
 Hannay's Lotion 123 
 
 Harrogate Waters 123 
 
 Heading for Beer 123 
 
 Herb Tobacco 123 
 
 Hiera Picra 123 
 
 Holloway's Ointment 123 
 
 Holloway's Pills 123 
 
 Honey 123 
 
 Honey of Borax 124 
 
 Honey, Clarified 124 
 
 Honey of Roses 124 
 
 Honey Soap 124 
 
 Honey Water 124 
 
 Horehound 125 
 
 Horehound Candy 125 
 
 Horehound Syrup 125 
 
 Huilc Antique 125 
 
 Iluile Antique a la Rose 125 
 
INDEX. 
 
 299 
 
 Huile Antique a la Fleur 
 
 d'Oningc 120 
 
 Iluile Antique a la Violctte. Ilio 
 
 Huile Antiqueaux MillcUcurs 1'2i) 
 
 Iluile Antique A'erte 125 
 
 Hungary Water 125 
 
 Huxhaiu's Tincture of Bark 12G 
 
 Ilyilrochluric AciJ 120 
 
 Ilyilrocliloric Aciil. diluted.. 12G 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid Gas 126 
 
 Hydrolluorio Acid 12G 
 
 Hydrogen 127 
 
 Hydrogen, Garburetted 120 
 
 Hydrolatum 12b 
 
 Imperial 128 
 
 Impressions (to take) of Me- 
 dals, Casts, &c 128 
 
 Incense 128 
 
 Incorrosive Alloy 129 
 
 Incorrosive Ink for Steel 
 
 Pens 129 
 
 India Pickle 128 
 
 India Ilubher, Solvents for... 128 
 
 India Rubber Blacking 128 
 
 Indigestion, Popular Reme- 
 dies for 129 
 
 Indigo 130 
 
 Indigo, Purified 180 
 
 Indigo, Sulphate of loO 
 
 Indigo Test Paper 130 
 
 Infusions 131 
 
 Infusions of Yellow Bark.... 131 
 Of Yellow Bark, concen- 
 trated 131 
 
 Of Pale Bark 131 
 
 Of Pale Bark, concen- 
 trated 131 
 
 Of Bnchu ]:!1 
 
 Of Ci.lumba 131 
 
 Of Cascarilla 131 
 
 OfCatecIiu, Compound. 131 
 
 On'hiiHioiiiile 131 
 
 Of (liiretta 132 
 
 Of ("loves 132 
 
 Of Cii.oparia i:'.2 
 
 Of Foxglove i:;2 
 
 Of Gentian, compound.. 132 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Infusion of Hops 132 
 
 Of Horseradish, com- 
 pound 132 
 
 Of Linseed, compound.. 132 
 
 Of Orange, compound.. 133 
 
 Of Quassia 133 
 
 OfRhatimy 133 
 
 Of Rhubarb 133 
 
 Of Rose, compound 133 
 
 Of Senna, compound.... 133 
 
 Of Serpentixry 133 
 
 Of Valerian 134 
 
 Ink, Black Writing 134 
 
 Asiatic 135 
 
 Bracannot's 137 
 
 Brando's 134 
 
 Blue Black 135 
 
 Copying 135 
 
 Broome's 134 
 
 Carbon 137 
 
 Copying 136 
 
 Horticultural 136 
 
 Japan 136 
 
 Lewis's 134 
 
 Packer's 137 
 
 Patent 135 
 
 Permanent 135 
 
 Prerogative 134 
 
 Eibaucourt's 134 
 
 Shellac 137 
 
 Ure's 134 
 
 Wollrtstou's 134 
 
 Wriiiug 136 
 
 Blue 137 
 
 Green 138 
 
 Red 138 
 
 Yellow 138 
 
 Violet 138 
 
 Purple 138 
 
 Brown 139 
 
 Label 139 
 
 Lithographic 139 
 
 Mnrking l;;9 
 
 Ticketing 110 
 
 Indian 110 
 
 Perpetual 1 10 
 
 Printing Ml 
 
 Savage's Printing 141 
 
300 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ink, Sympathetic 
 
 Powders , 
 
 To Restore 
 
 To Remove 
 
 Iodide of Nitrogen , 
 
 Iodide of Quiuiue , 
 
 Iodine , 
 
 Iron 
 
 Iron, Ammonio-Chloride of., 
 
 Ammonio-Citrate of 
 
 Potassio-Tartrate of 
 
 Sesquioxide of 
 
 Sulpliate of 
 
 Isinglass Cement 
 
 Isomor plious 
 
 Isomeric 
 
 Ivory, To Bleach 
 
 Japan Black 
 
 Japan, Transparent 
 
 Jelly, Arrowroot 
 
 Biscuit 
 
 Corsican Moss 
 
 Gelatine 
 
 Hartshorn 
 
 Iceland Moss 
 
 Irish Moss 
 
 Isinglass 
 
 Badcliffe's Restorative.. 
 
 Sago 
 
 Tapioca 
 
 Juice, Refined 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Ul 
 142 
 142 
 142 
 142 
 142 
 142 
 143 
 143 
 144 
 144 
 145 
 145 
 145 
 140 
 14G 
 14G 
 
 14G 
 14G 
 146 
 14G 
 14G 
 147 
 146 
 147 
 147 
 147 
 147 
 147 
 147 
 147 
 
 Keating's Cough Lozenges 147 
 
 Ketchup, Camp 148 
 
 Cucumber 148 
 
 Cockle 148 
 
 Marine 148 
 
 Mushroom 149 
 
 Oyster 149 
 
 Ketchup, Tomata 149 
 
 Walnut 149 
 
 Kilogramme 149 
 
 King's Yellow 150 
 
 Labels on Tin 150 
 
 Lac 150 
 
 Lac, To Bleach 150 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Lac, Solution of 150 
 
 Lacquer 151 
 
 Lacquer for Brass 151 
 
 Lacquer, Gold-Coloured 151 
 
 Lagcna 151 
 
 Lake, Blue 151 
 
 Lake, Drop 151 
 
 Lake, Madder 162 
 
 Lake, Red 152 
 
 Languncula 151 
 
 Lapis Infernalis Alkalinus... 152 
 
 Lapis Divinus , 152 
 
 Lard, Purified 152 
 
 Lavender Water 152 
 
 Lavender, Smith's British... 152 
 
 Lead 152 
 
 Lead, Acetate of 153 
 
 Lead, Iodide of. 153 
 
 Lead, Oxide of 153 
 
 Leather, to Fasten on Metal. 154 
 Leather, Waterproof (Com- 
 position for) 154 
 
 Leeches 154 
 
 Lemon Juice, Factitious 155 
 
 Lemonade 155 
 
 Lemonade, Aerated 155 
 
 Lemonade, Concentrated 155 
 
 Lemonade Powders 155 
 
 Lemonade Powders in one 
 
 Paper 155 
 
 Lily of the Valley 155 
 
 Lime 156 
 
 Lime, Chloiinated 156 
 
 Linen, To distinguish from 
 
 Cotton 156 
 
 Liniment 156 
 
 Of Ammonia 156 
 
 Of Camphor 156 
 
 Of Camphor, compound 157 
 
 Of Lime 157 
 
 Of Mercury 157 
 
 Of Opium 157 
 
 Of fc^esquicarbonate of 157 
 
 Ammonia 167 
 
 Of Soap 157 
 
 Of Turpentine 157 
 
 Of Verdigris 157 
 
 Liniment, White 157 
 
INDEX. 
 
 301 
 
 Lip Pake 
 
 Lip Salve. White 
 
 Liquiil IJlister 
 
 Liquid Soap 
 
 Liquors, or Cold Infusions... 
 
 Litho.crapliy 
 
 Locock's Pulmonic Wafers... 
 
 Lozenge 
 
 Lozenges 
 
 Lozenges, Acacia 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Lactucarium 
 
 Liquorice 
 
 iVIagne-ia 
 
 Morphia 
 
 Morphia and Ipecacu- 
 anha 
 
 Opium 
 
 Soda 
 
 Tai'taric Acid 
 
 Lutes 
 
 Maceration 
 
 Macaroni 
 
 Maciironi Pudding 
 
 Madder, Lake 
 
 Magistcre de Soufre 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Magnesia, Carbonate of 
 
 Mngnesia, Sulphate of 
 
 Magnesian Effervescing Ape- 
 rient 
 
 Mahogany, To Imitate 
 
 Malt 
 
 Manganese, Pinoxide of 
 
 ^^I.arble, To Clean 
 
 Marble, To Stain 
 
 MarV)le, to Imitate 
 
 Megilp 
 
 Mellago 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Mercury, Ammonio-Chloride 
 
 '-of 
 
 I5ifhlori<le of 
 
 lUsiilphurct of 
 
 Chloride of 
 
 Iodide of 
 
 Kitrico-oxide of 
 
 158 
 157 
 158 
 
 158 
 158 
 158 
 
 ii;o 
 ic.o 
 
 103 
 IGl 
 161 
 Ifil 
 ItJl 
 Kil 
 101 
 
 IGl 
 
 102 
 1G2 
 1(J2 
 IGi 
 
 1G4 
 104 
 1G4 
 151 
 IGt 
 104 
 101 
 105 
 
 105 
 1 05 
 100 
 lOO 
 10(i 
 ] 00 
 100 
 lf,7 
 ir,7 
 1G7 
 
 lfi7 
 
 107 
 
 ICH 
 10'. I 
 10,9 
 lO'J 
 
 Metal, to Preserve from Cor- 
 rosion 170 
 
 Milk, To Preserve 170 
 
 Milk of Hoses 170 
 
 Mineral Marmoratum 171 
 
 Mineral Succedaneum 171 
 
 Mixtures 171 
 
 Mixture of Acacia 171 
 
 Of Almond 171 
 
 Of Ammoniacum 172 
 
 Of Brandy 172 
 
 Of Camphor 172 
 
 Of Chalk 172 
 
 Of Gentian, compound.. 172 
 
 Of Guaiacum 172 
 
 Of Iron, Compound 172 
 
 Modelling Clay (Soft.) 172 
 
 Moiree Metallique 172 
 
 Mordants 1^^ 
 
 Morphia 1"^ 
 
 Morphia, Acetate of 173 
 
 Morphia, Hydrochlorate of.. 174 
 Mounting Pluid for IMicro- 
 
 scopical Objects 174 
 
 Mucilage of Acacia 174 
 
 Mucilage of Tragacanth 174 
 
 Musk 1"^ 
 
 Mustard 'i'lH 
 
 iNIustavd Poultice 175 
 
 Mustard, Table 175 
 
 Myrrh I'^'J 
 
 ' Naptitha l""! 
 
 Naphtha Vitreoli 170 
 
 Nervous Cordials 170 
 
 Nickel 170 
 
 Nicotine 177 
 
 Nitrate of Iron 177 
 
 Nitric Acid 177 
 
 Nitric Acid, diluted 178 
 
 Nitrogen 178 
 
 I Nitromuriatic Acid 180 
 
 ' Nitrous Acid 1^0 
 
 Norfolk Fluid 180 
 
 Novurgcut I'^O 
 
 Ny c thcmercn 1 **0 
 
 Oils , 
 
 180 
 
302 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Oil of Aniseed 182 
 
 OfCajeput 182 
 
 Of Carraway 182 
 
 OfChamomile 182 
 
 Of Cinnamon 182 
 
 OfCloves 182 
 
 OfCopaiba 183 
 
 OfCubebs 183 
 
 Of Dill 183 
 
 Of Fennel 188 
 
 Of Juniper 183 
 
 Of Lavender 183 
 
 Of Lemon 183 
 
 Of Linseed 183 
 
 Of Neroli 183 
 
 Of Nutmeg 183 
 
 Of Olives 183 
 
 Of Pennyroyal 183 
 
 Of Peppermint 183 
 
 Of Pimento 184 
 
 Of Piosemary 184 
 
 OfRue 184 
 
 Of Savine 184 
 
 Of Spearmint 184 
 
 Of Turpentine 184 
 
 Oil, Almond 182 
 
 Bitter Almond 182 
 
 Castor 181 
 
 Cod Liver 181 
 
 Croton 181 
 
 Ethereal 181 
 
 Ointments 184 
 
 Ointment of Ammonio-Clilo- 
 
 ride of Mercury.... 184 
 
 OfBelladonna 184 
 
 Of Cantharides 184 
 
 Of Creosote 185 
 
 Of Elder 185 
 
 Of Hypochloridc of Sul- 
 phur 185 
 
 Of Elemi 185 
 
 Of Gall, compound 185 
 
 Of Hemlock 185 
 
 Of Iodide of Lead 185 
 
 Of Iodide of Mercury.. 185 
 Of Iodide of Potassium 185 
 Of Iodide of Sulphur... 185 
 Of Lead, compound 186 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ointment of Mercury 1 815 
 
 Of Nitrate of Mercury.. 186 
 Of Nitrate of Mercury 
 
 milder 186 
 
 Of Nitric-oxide of Mer- 
 cury 186 
 
 Of Opium 186 
 
 Of Pitch 186 
 
 Of Potassio-Tartrate of 
 
 Antimony 186 
 
 Of Savine 186 
 
 Of Spermaceti 187 
 
 Of Sulphur 187 
 
 Of Sulphur, compound.. 187 
 
 Of Tar 187 
 
 Of Zinc 187 
 
 Olcin 187 
 
 Oleum Viride 187 
 
 Olive Oil Test 187 
 
 Olla FictiU 187 
 
 Opium 187 
 
 Opodeldoc, Steer's 188 
 
 I Orangeade 188 
 
 Orangeade Powders 189 
 
 ! Orgeat, Syrup of 189 
 
 Oxalic 7Vcid 189 
 
 ; Oxygen 190 
 
 Oxymel 191 
 
 Oxymel of Squills 191 
 
 Patnts, Flexible 191 
 
 Paints, to mix 191 
 
 Paper, to Clear fi-om Grease, 
 
 &c 191 
 
 Paper (to Divide.) 191 
 
 Paper (to Prepare) for Pho- 
 tographs 192 
 
 Oiled 192 
 
 Paper, copying 192 
 
 Tracing 192 
 
 Waxed 193 
 
 Papier Mache 193 
 
 Paste, Almond 193 
 
 Flour 194 
 
 Furniture 194 
 
 Gum 191 
 
 Polishing 195 
 
 Razor 194 
 
INDEX. 
 
 303 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Paper, Shaving 194 
 
 Pastilles, Fumigat'mg 195 
 
 Pearl Powder I'Jt) 
 
 Peau (I'Espagne 19fj 
 
 Peas, Issue IDG 
 
 Pepper, Kitchen 19li 
 
 Perchloric Pother I'M 
 
 Phosphorcttetl HydroQ;en ]'J7 
 
 Phosphoric Acid, diluted 197 
 
 Phosphorus 197 
 
 Phosphorus Paste 197 
 
 Photographic Sensitive Paper 198 
 
 Pickles 198 
 
 Pickle, Lemon 198 
 
 Pickle for Meat 198 
 
 Pickled Onions, &c 198 
 
 Pierre Infernale 199 
 
 Pill of Arseuiate of Soda 199 
 
 Pi;i3 199 
 
 Pills, Tonic Purgative 201 
 
 Of Aloes, compound 199 
 
 With Myrrh 199 
 
 "With Soap 199 
 
 Of Colocynth, compound 20U 
 Oflialbauum, compound 200 
 (,»f Gamboge, compound 200 
 Of Hemlock, compound 200 
 Of Ipecacuanha with 
 
 Squill 200 
 
 Of Iron, compound 200 
 
 Of Mercury 201 
 
 Of Khubarb, compound 201 
 
 Of Soap, compound 201 
 
 Of Squill, compound.... 201 
 Of Stoi"ax, compound ... 201 
 
 Plasters 201 
 
 Plaster of Ammoniacnm 202 
 
 With .Mercury 202 
 
 Of Belladonna 202 
 
 OfCantharidcs 202 
 
 Of Cummin 202 
 
 Of Galbanum 202 
 
 Of rtdido of Potassium. 203 
 
 Of Iron 203 
 
 Of Lead 203 
 
 Of Mercury 203 
 
 or Opium 203 
 
 Of Pilch 203 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Plaster of Resin 203 
 
 Of Soap 203 
 
 Platinum 203 
 
 Poids de Marc 2;)4 
 
 Polishing Powder for Specula 204 
 
 Pomade 204 
 
 Pomade Divine 204 
 
 Pomatum, Lavender 204 
 
 Potash, Acetate of 204 
 
 Bicarbonate of 205 
 
 Bitartratcof 205 
 
 Carbonate of 205 
 
 Chlorate of 205 
 
 Hydrate of 205 
 
 Nitrate of 206 
 
 Sulphate of 206 
 
 Tartrate of 206 
 
 "With Lime 207 
 
 Potassio-Tartrate of Anti- 
 mony 207 
 
 Potassium 207 
 
 Potassium, Ferrocyanide of.. 208 
 
 Potassium, Iodide of 208 
 
 Potassium, Sulphate of 208 
 
 Poudre 209 
 
 Pounce 209 
 
 Powders 209 
 
 Powder of Aloes, compound 209 
 Antimony, compound... 209 
 
 Chalk, compound 209 
 
 With Opium 209 
 
 Cinnamon, comjiound... 210 
 Ipecacuanha, compound 210 
 
 Jalap, ci mpouud 210 
 
 Kino, compound 210 
 
 Scammony, compound.. 210 
 Tragacanth, compound.. 210 
 
 Pradicr's Cataplasm 210 
 
 Prepared .Vmmoniacuni 211 
 
 Assafntida 211 
 
 Burgundy Pitch 211 
 
 Cassia 211 
 
 Frankincense 211 
 
 Galbanum 211 
 
 Prunes 211 
 
 Sngapenum 211 
 
 Storax 211 
 
 Tamariudd 211 
 
304 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Printing Rollers 212 
 
 Prints, Liquor for 212 
 
 Prussian Blue 212 
 
 Purple of Cassius 21;-! 
 
 Purified Gum Arabic 213 
 
 Putty 213 
 
 Pyroligneous acid 213 
 
 Pyropliorus 213 
 
 Pjrophorus, Gay Lussac's... 214 
 
 Pyrophorus, Hare's 214 
 
 Pyrophorus, Ilombcrg's 213 
 
 Queen's Metal 214 
 
 Quinine 214 
 
 Quinine, Sulphate of. 214 
 
 RADCiiiFFE's Elixir 214 
 
 Rancidity, to Remove 215 
 
 Ratafia 215 
 
 Rats and Mice, to destroy.... 215 
 
 Rectification 21G 
 
 Red Ink 216 
 
 Relish, Kitchener's 216 
 
 Rennet 216 
 
 Rennet, Essence of 210 
 
 Roberts' Poor Man's Friend. 216 
 
 Rose Hair Oil 216 
 
 Rosemary Hair Wash 217 
 
 Rouge 217 
 
 Rouge, Jewellers' 217 
 
 Rouge, Toilet 217 
 
 Royal Preventive 217 
 
 Rum Ether 217 
 
 Rupert's Drops 217 
 
 S.\cnETS 218 
 
 Sachets, Anti-phthisic 218 
 
 Saffron 218 
 
 Sago 218 
 
 Sal Amarum 219 
 
 Sal Eratus 219 
 
 Sal Essentiale Tartari 219 
 
 Sal Prunella 219 
 
 Sal Tartari 219 
 
 Salep 219 
 
 Saloop 219 
 
 Salts, Smelling 219 
 
 Salt, Red 219 
 
 S.alt, P>rown 219 
 
 Salt, Sore throat 219 
 
 Salve, Lip 219 
 
 Sartaginis 220 
 
 Scarauiony Fiesiu 220 
 
 Scent for Pomatums 220 
 
 Scl.eele's Green 220 
 
 Schwartz' Drops 220 
 
 Scudamore's Gout Lotion.... 220 
 
 Sedative Water 220 
 
 Seidlitz Powders (in one 
 
 Paper.) 221 
 
 Selde Seignette 221 
 
 Sel Vegetal 221 
 
 Selenium 221 
 
 Sepia 221 
 
 Shoemakers' Black 221 
 
 Signatures, Copies of 221 
 
 Silica 221 
 
 Silver 222 
 
 Silver, Nitrate of 222 
 
 Silver, Solders for 222 
 
 Silvering 223 
 
 Silvering on Glass 223 
 
 Sirop d'Amandes 227 
 
 Size, I'rcparation of 224 
 
 Size, Japanners' Gold 224 
 
 Size, Gold , 224 
 
 Smalts 224 
 
 Soap 224 
 
 A la Rose 225 
 
 Au Bouquet 225 
 
 Bitter Almond 225 
 
 Fancy 225 
 
 Floating 225 
 
 Musk 225 
 
 Shaving 225 
 
 Transparent 225 
 
 Soap, Lady Derby's 225 
 
 Windsor 225 
 
 Soda 226 
 
 Biborateof 226 
 
 Bicarbonate of 226 
 
 Phosphate of 220 
 
 Potassio-tartrate of 220 
 
 Sulphate of 226 
 
 Sodiiim 227 
 
 Solder 227 
 
INDEX. 
 
 305 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Soldering Liquid 227 
 
 Solomon's Balm of Gilcad.... 227 
 
 Solutions 227 
 
 Solution of Acetate of Am- 
 monia 227 
 
 Acetate of Morphia 228 
 
 Solution, Alum, compound... 228 
 
 Ammonia 228 
 
 Ammonio-sulphato of 
 
 Copper 229 
 
 Arsenite of potash 229 
 
 Bichloride of Mercury.. 230 
 
 Carbonate of Potash 230 
 
 Chloride of Arsenic 230 
 
 Chlorinated Soda 230 
 
 Citrate of Ammonia 231 
 
 Diacetate of Lead 231 
 
 Dilute 231 
 
 n^'droclilorate of Mor- 
 phia 231 
 
 Iodide of Potassium, 
 
 compound 231 
 
 Potash 231 
 
 Sesquicarbonate of Am- 
 monia 232 
 
 Soda 232 
 
 Soup, Portable 232 
 
 Soy 232 
 
 Specific, Worm 233 
 
 Speculum Metal 233 
 
 Spielman's Camphorated 
 
 Vinegar 233 
 
 Spice, Kidder's Sweet 233 
 
 Spico, Kidder's Savoury 233 
 
 Spirits 233 
 
 Spirit of Ammonia, Aromatic 233 
 
 Fetid 234 
 
 Of Aniseed 234 
 
 Spirit of Camphor 234 
 
 Of(-'arraway 234 
 
 Of Cinnamon 234 
 
 Of Ether, compound 234 , 
 
 Of^ Horseradish com- 
 pound 234; 
 
 Of Juniper, compound.. 234 1 
 
 Of Nitric Ether 234 ' 
 
 Of Nutnu'^!; 23.') '. 
 
 Of Pennyroyal 235 
 
 27 
 
 Spirit of Peppermint 
 
 Of Pimento 
 
 Of llosemary 
 
 j Sponge, Bleached 
 
 I Sponge, Burnt 
 
 Sponge, Prepared 
 
 Standert's ]\lixture for Bow- 
 el Complaint 
 
 Stimulating Liniment 
 
 Straw, to Bleach, &c 
 
 Strychnia 
 
 Suet 
 
 Suet, Melilot 
 
 Sug:ir, Alum 
 
 Sug.ar, Lemon 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Sulphur, Iodide of 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 
 
 Sulphuric Acid, dilute 
 
 Sulphurous Acid 
 
 Sydenham's Lenitive 
 
 Syrup 
 
 Syrups 
 
 Syrup of Buckthorn 
 
 Of Cochineal 
 
 Of Ginger 
 
 Of Iodide of Iron 
 
 Of Lemon 
 
 Of Marshmallow 
 
 Of Mulberry 
 
 Of Orange 
 
 Of Poppy 
 
 Of Proto-Nitrate of Iron 
 
 Of lied Poppy 
 
 Of ll<^se 
 
 Of Saffron 
 
 Of Sarsaparilla 
 
 Of Senna 
 
 OfTolu 
 
 Of Violets 
 
 Sweet Oil 
 
 Talkola.s Scissa , 
 
 Tannic Acid 
 
 Tar 
 
 Tar, Barbadocs ... 
 Tartaric acid 
 
 PAOB 
 
 235 
 235 
 235 
 235 
 235 
 235 
 
 235 
 
 23.1 
 
 236 
 
 236 
 
 236 
 
 236 
 
 237 
 
 237 
 
 237 
 
 237 
 
 237 
 
 237 
 
 238 
 
 238 
 
 238 
 
 230 
 
 239 
 
 239 
 
 239 
 
 239 
 
 239 
 
 240 
 
 240 
 
 240 
 
 240 
 
 240 
 
 240 
 
 241 
 
 241 
 
 241 
 
 241 
 
 241 
 
 241 
 
 242 
 
 242 
 
 242 
 242 
 212 
 242 
 242 
 
306 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tartarus Boraxatus 
 
 Tartarus Depuratus 
 
 Tartarus Tartarisatus 
 
 Taylor's Solution 
 
 Tea 
 
 Teeth, The 
 
 Teeth, Cement for 
 
 Terra Fuliata Tartari 
 
 Terra Foliata Tartari Crys- 
 
 tallisata 
 
 Test for Essential Oils 
 
 Thridace 
 
 Tin 
 
 Tiiictura JMeconii 
 
 Tinctura Thebaica 
 
 Tincture of Orris 
 
 Tincture of Sumbul 
 
 Tinctures 
 
 Of Aconite 
 
 Of Aloes 
 
 Compound 
 
 Of Ammonia, compound 
 
 Of Ammonio-chloride of 
 Iron 
 
 Of Assafoetida 
 
 Of Belladonna ». 
 
 Of Benzoin, compound.. 
 
 Of Calumba 
 
 Of Camphor, compound 
 
 Of Cantharides 
 
 Of Capsicum 
 
 Of Cardamom, com- 
 pound 
 
 Of Cascarilla 
 
 Of Castor 
 
 Of Catechu, compound. 
 
 Of Ciiiclinna 
 
 Of Cinchona, compound. 
 Pale 
 
 Of Cinnamon 
 
 Compound.. 
 
 Of Colchicum 
 
 Compound.. 
 
 Of Cubebs 
 
 Of Ergdt, ethereal 
 
 Of Foxglove 
 
 Of Galls 
 
 Of Gentian, compound.. 
 
 PAf^E 
 
 243 
 243 
 213 
 243 
 243 
 243 
 243 
 243 
 
 243 
 244 
 244 
 244 
 
 250 
 250 
 249 
 250 
 244 
 244 
 244 
 244 
 244 
 
 244 
 
 245 
 245 
 245 
 245 
 245 
 245 
 24G 
 
 24G 
 240 
 24G 
 246 
 246 
 246 
 246 
 246 
 247 
 247 
 247 
 247 
 .247 
 247 
 247 
 247 
 
 Tincture of Ginger 
 
 Of Guaiacum 
 
 Compound., 
 
 Of Hellebore 
 
 Of Hemlock 
 
 Of Henbane 
 
 OfHops 
 
 Of Iodine, compound.... 
 
 Of Jalap 
 
 Of Kino 
 
 Of Lavender, compound 
 
 Of Lemons 
 
 Of Lobelia 
 
 Ethereal 
 
 Of Myrrh 
 
 Of Opium 
 
 Of Orange Peel 
 
 Of Quinine, Compound. 
 
 Of Rhubarb, compoiind. 
 
 Of Senna, compound.... 
 
 Of Serpentary 
 
 Of Sesquichloride of Iron 
 
 Of Squills 
 
 Of Tolu 
 
 Of Valerian 
 
 Compound 
 
 Tonquin Remedy 
 
 Toothache 
 
 Tooth Powder, Cadet's 
 
 Tooth Powder 
 
 Toothache Tincture 
 
 Triple Extract of Roses 
 
 Turpentine, Oil of 
 
 Turpentine, Ohio 
 
 Turpentine, Venice 
 
 Tutty Powder 
 
 PAOE 
 
 247 
 247 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 249 
 240 
 249 
 249 
 249 
 249 
 249 
 249 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 251 
 251 
 251 
 251 
 252 
 252 
 252 
 252 
 252 
 
 Ultramarine 252 
 
 Unguentum Nihilo 252 
 
 Urea 252 
 
 Valerian 253 
 
 Varnish to Coat Metal 253 
 
 Veratria 253 
 
 Vei'digris 253 
 
 Verditer 253 
 
 Vermilion 254 
 
 Vermin, (to Destroy) 254 
 
INDEX. 
 
 307 
 
 Vesicants 254 
 
 Viennese Laxative Water.... 2o4 
 
 Vinegar 254 
 
 Aromatic 255 
 
 British 254 
 
 Crystallized 255 
 
 Exteniporiineous 255 
 
 Of Mciulow Saflron 255 
 
 Of Siianish Flies 255 
 
 Of Squill 255 
 
 Household 255 
 
 Flavoured 255 
 
 Distilled 255 
 
 Fruit 255 
 
 Virgin's Milk 254 
 
 Wakts, To remove 
 
 Wash for Freckles 
 
 Wash for the Hair 
 
 "Wasli for the Teeth 
 
 ■\Vater, Distilled 
 
 Elder Flower 
 
 Lime 
 
 Tepperraint 
 
 Pennyroyal 
 
 Spearmint 
 
 rimeuto 
 
 Rose 
 
 Waterproofing for Cloth 
 
 Waterproofing for Damp 
 Walls 
 
 25G 
 25C> 
 25G 
 25G 
 250 
 257 
 257 
 257 
 
 or.7 
 
 Waterproofing for Boots 
 
 Wax, I'leaclied 
 
 Wax, Bottle 
 
 Wax, Sealing 
 
 Whey 
 
 White Oils 
 
 Windows, to Crystallize 
 
 Wines 
 
 Wine of Aloes 
 
 Ipecacuanha 
 
 Iron 
 
 Meadow Saffron , 
 
 Opium 
 
 Potassio-tartrate of An- 
 timony 
 
 W^hite Hellebore 
 
 Tests for , 
 
 Wood, Stains for 
 
 Worm Cakes, Storey's 
 
 FAOE 
 
 258 
 258 
 258 
 258 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 
 2.59 
 260 
 260 
 200 
 201 
 
 Yeast, Artificial 201 
 
 Yeast, to Preserve 202 
 
 Yellow, Naples 202 
 
 Yellow, Patent 202 
 
 I Yellow Liquid for Foils 202 
 
 Zaffeb 202 
 
 Zinc 262 
 
 Zinc, chloride of 202 
 
 I Zinc, oxide of 203 
 
 [Zincing 2UG 
 
 THE END. 
 
% 
 
 
 i 
 
.A 
 
 
 
 
 
 %^ ■* . . « 
 
 D M O ^^V/ 
 
 
'o , » * .'V 
 
 
 °o 
 
 
 
 * w