Vvho (\rnv ' •*?Bf^- if * ■ "3b-" • ENTURiE > 1 --''^.'i^ li-l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chapuji--. Copyright No. ShelfJS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Cro3ter anb the 1Re\>8 A COMPANION VOLUME TO THE BISHOPS' BLUE BOOK BY THE / REV. J. SANDERS REED AUTHOR OF "THE BISHOPS' BLUE BOOK," ETC. "Ordo episcoporum ad originem recensus, in Joannem Btabit auctorem."— Tertullian NEW YORK JAMES POTT & COMPANY 114 Fifth Avenue 1895 BV67 , TR43 Copyright, 1895, by JAMES POTT & COMPANY The Library of Congress WASHINGTON TROW DIRECTORY PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY NEW YORK LC Control Number tmp96 027858 TO THE CHRISTIAN, THE SCHOLAR, THE AUTHOR, THE DIVINE, THE PRELATE, MY REVERED FATHER IN GOD, THE BISHOP OF CENTRAL NEW YORK, CETTE MORGUE LITTERAIBE, OF ECCLESIARCHS, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, IN HIS NAME. TO THE READER Some generous critics of " The Bishops' Blue Book " considered that it should be followed up by a companion volume. Much of the material for another bead- roll was on hand ; and so " The Crozier and the Keys " has been fabricated. Neither volume pretends to be exhaust- ive. I trust, however, that historical ac- curacy has been attained, wherever it should be expected. I have nowhere attempted a biography ; nor do I appear as an essayist. If I have indicated historical by-paths, or uncovered any ecclesiastical treasure-trove, I am con- tent : I am only a chronicler, an epitom- izer, if you choose, a custos rotulorum. No formal argument has been endeav- ored ; and yet, if I mistake not, the record transcribed establishes : That episcopacy is immanent in the Church ; vi To the Reader That the historic episcopate is indepen- dent of territorial jurisdiction ; That prelacy and popery are not con- vertible terms ; That episcopalianism and sacerdotalism are not equivalents ; That not all are bishops who are called bishops ; That ordination is not another name for consecration, that the diocese is not an expanded parish, and that the prelate is not a development of the presbyter. To satisfy an expressed desire, refer- ences and authorities have been appended to certain chapters. A complete bibliog- raphy would have been impedient and su- perfluous. TABLE OF CONTENTS ©art jflrat CHAPTER I. page Parochial Bishops, 1 CHAPTER II. Associated Bishops, 9 CHAPTER III. Tulchan Bishops, 15 CHAPTER IV. The Scottish Nonjurors, .... 29 CHAPTER V. The College Bishops, . . . . . 53 CHAPTER VI. The Usagers, 69 CHAPTER VII. Uncanonical Bishops, 79 viii Table of Contents CHAPTER VIII. p AQE Parker versus Pole, 87 CHAPTER IX. Missing Bishops, 95 CHAPTER X. The English Nonjurors, . . . .107 CHAPTER XI. The Irish Nonjurors, 123 CHAPTER XII. Roman Titulars in England, . . .127 CHAPTER XIII. Roman Titulars in Scotland, . , .145 CHAPTER XIV. Roman Titulars in Ireland, . . . 157 part Second CHAPTER XV. Married Bishops, .169 CHAPTER XVI. Lay Bishops, 181 Table of Contents ix CHAPTER XVII. page Presbyteral Bishops, . . . . : 193 CHAPTER XVIII. SCHISMATICAL BISHOPS, 207 CHAPTER XIX. Ordinations? 249 CHAPTER XX. Episcopal Visitations, 289 CHAPTER XXI. The Old-Time Bishop, 311 CHAPTER XXII. Martyrs, ........ 341 part jflrst PAROCHIAL BISHOPS Nennius, a writer of the ixth century, asserts that S. Patrick founded three hundred and sixty-five churches and consecrated three hundred and sixty-five bishops — a bishop to a church. The "Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland," by the Four Masters (a mosaic of extreme an- tiquity, parts of it dating back to the vth century), attrib- ute to the apostle of Ireland seven hundred bishops and seven hundred churches — a bishop to a church. Bernard of Clairvaux, in his "Life of Malachy," bishop of Connor, elected primate of Armagh (1134), with whom he was on the most intimate terms, and from whom he had heard of the ecclesiastical affairs of Ireland, avers (chap- ter vn. ) that almost every church had a bishop of its own. "Bishops were very numerous in Ireland, and were in mauy instances ministers of single churGhes." — Primate Colton's Visitation (xivth century). CHAPTEE I PAEOCHIAL BISHOPS At the opening of the vmth century the county of Antrim had, in one section of it, a bishop of Connor, a bishop of Kilroot, and, but twelve miles away, a bishop of Rashee. In one district of the county of Down we find a bishop of Downpatrick, a bishop of Bright (three miles southeast from Down- patrick), and a bishop of Eaholp. In the same part of the county were also stationed a bishop at Maghera (nine miles southwest from Downpatrick), a bishop at Nendrum, and a bishop at Magh-Bile. Twenty-one bishops could have been visited within the bounds of the present diocese of Meath, 1 viz.: the bishops of Clonard, Duleek, Kells, 1 Dr. W. D. Killen : Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, vol. ii., 107; vol. i, 181 n. Also Reeves: Ecclesiastical Antiquities, pp. 128, 136, 142, 144, 148, 151, 154, 239, 246, 250. Cogan : Diocese of Meath, i. , 5-7. 4 Parochial Bishops Trim, Ardbraccan, Dunshaughlin, Slane, Fore, Killare, Fennor, Dulane, Indenen, Magh-Breagh, and Stackaller, etc. There was also a bishop at Athcliath (Dublin), a bishop at Clondalkin, five miles distant, and one at Glendalough, in the same neigh- borhood. 1 According to the census of Sir William Petty, the population of Ireland, in the xnth century, was less than four hundred thousand ; and yet traces are to be found of at least three hundred bishops, or nearly a bishop to every thousand people. 2 The synod of Eath-Bresail (1112) placed Ireland under twenty-three diocesan bish- ops and two archbishops. Had they all territorial jurisdiction ? In the district formed by this synod into the diocese of Down, there had existed the bishoprics of Downpatrick, Bright, Baholp, Bangor, Maghera, Nendrum, Magh-Bile, etc. Fourteen ancient bishoprics — Dublin, 1 So Dr. Lanigan in hi3 Ecclesiastical History of Ire- land, vol. iii. , p. 228. 2 Bishop Mant : History of the Church of Ireland, i., 3. Killen : Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, i., 167. Parochial Bishops 5 Swords, Lusk, Finglass, Newcastle, Tawney, Leixlip, Bray, Wicklow, Ballymore, Clon- dalkin, Tallaglit, and O'Murthy — were merged into the diocese of Dublin by de- cree of this synod. 1 The see of Dromore contained three bishoprics : Dromore, Donaghmore, and Magheralin. 2 The rural deaneries of Drogheda, Ardee, and Dundalk, which were added (1242) to the diocese of Armagh (Albert of Cologne, primate), had been bishoprics. And the bishop of Louth, of whom we find traces in the xith century, must also have been a parochial bishop. 3 Tuam was an archbishopric some time in the xmth century ; and yet, under date of 1216, there is the record of the death of the bishop of Knockmoy, six miles distant; and, in 1241, of the death of the bishop of Enaghdum or Annadown, a few miles, in another direction, from the same Tuam. There were also bishops of Mayo, a small i Ledwik, p. 82. 2 Reeves : Antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromore, pp. 127, 306. 3 Harris's Ware, i. , 82. Harris's Ware's Bishop of Clog- her. 6 Parochial Bishops village in county Mayo, " centuries after the rural bishoprics had generally merged by the decrees of the synod of Cardinal Paparo." x In the same century there were at least nine bishops in county Roscommon — the bishops of Elphin, Ballytober, Assylin, Ardcarne, Kilbarry, Clontusket, Ogulla (?), Creerve, and Clooncraff. 3 The diocese of Down, in its present ex- tent, is a collection of smaller sees which have been reduced to the condition of parishes, and of districts which in primitive times were not assigned to any diocese. The same remark applies to Connor and most of the larger dioceses of Ireland. 3 Iniscathy, an island of one hundred acres, at the mouth of the Shannon, had a bishop. 4 There was also a bishop at Eathlin, a small island on the north coast of the coun- ty of Antrim. In 1861 the census put the population at four hundred and fifty-three 1 D'Alton : History of Ireland, ii, 144. 2 Dr. Killen : Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, i., 177. 3 Reeves : Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromore. Appendix, 123. 4 Annals of the Four Masters, 19. Parochial Bishops 7 individuals. 1 At a provincial council, held 1324, it was decreed that " the small and poor bishoprics not exceeding £20, £40, £60 a year, and which were governed by mere Irish, should be united to the more eminent archbishoprics and bishoprics." Jeremy Collier and Dr. William Bright quote Gervase (Adas Pontif. Cantuar) to the effect that Archbishop Theodore con- secrated a bishop and put him at S. Mar- tin's, a suburb of Canterbury, and that the line was continued until extinguished by Lanfranc, in the xith century. Wilkins (" Concilia," i., 547) mentions rural bishops as in attendance at the synod at Kells, in Meath (1152), and that then it was ruled (Cardinal Paparo, papal legate, presiding) that, " on the death of village bishops and of bishops who possessed small sees in Ireland, there should be chosen to succeed in their stead arch-presbyters; and that their sees should be erected into so many heads of rural deaneries." But these may have been chorepiscopi. 1 Reeves : Ecclesiastical Antiquities, 249. II ASSOCIATED BISHOPS " Diocesan episcopacy had not *then (vith century) been introduced into Ireland. ... In other respects, too, customs prevailed with regard to the order unknown else- where. One of these was the association of bishops in groups of seven who lived together. Six such groups are mentioned in the Martyrology of Donegal, some of them said to be brothers." — Olden y s Church of Ireland (1892). u The bishop (Chad) said to him, ' Make haste to the church and cause the seven brothers to come hither.' " — Bedels Ecclesiastical History, IV. 3. CHAPTER II ASSOCIATED BISHOPS In the British Museum the reader will find this record, in the original manuscript of Donall Albanach OTroighthigh, writ- ten (1477) at Baile-in-Mointin : "Patrick erected seven churches in Cianachta." In Tirechan's Annotations (the oldest ex- tant history of S. Patrick, written within a century of his death), we read that " Patrick passed Shannon three times and completed seven years in the west quarter, and came from the plain of Tochuir to Dulo Ocheni and founded seven churches there." And again : " The seven sons of Doath — Cluain, Findglais, Imsruth, Col- cais, Deruthmar, Oulcais, and Cennlocho — faithfully made offerings to God and S. Patrick." In an old Irish life of S. Briget, who died 525, it is recorded that, on one oc- 12 Associated Bishops casion, at Tealagh, in the west of Leinster, seven bishops were her guests — "pious nobles." iEngus the Culdee (of the ixth century), in his Litany, gives a list of one hundred and forty-one places in Ireland where the institution of seven bishops existed; and he invokes, among others : " The seven bishops, of ' Tulach na'n Epscop, 9 or Tulach of the bishops ; " " The seven bishops of Drom Arbelaig ; " " The seven bishops in Tamhnach ; " " The seven bishops of Cluain-Hemain ! " And of the latter we have further in- formation in the " Life of S. Forannan " (pri- mate of Armagh, 832), where we are told that, after the council of Drumceatt, Co- lumba was met by a large concourse of ec- clesiastics, among whom the descendants of Cennaine, the aunt of S. Brigit, are alone enumerated, and among these "the seven bishops of Cluain-Hemain, now Clonown ; and they are represented, in the Genealogy of the Saints in the " Book of Lecan," as sev- en brothers, the sons of the same brother." * 1 Skene's Celtic Church, 25, 26. Todd's Life of S. Patrick 34. Associated Bishops 13 In the Irish Calendar, at July 15th, we find mention of "seven bishops, sons of Finn, alias Fincrettan, of Drumairbea- lagh;" and, over against July 21st, this notice : " The seven bishops of Tamhnach Buadha; and we find seven bishops, the sons of one father, and their names and history among the race of Fiacha Singhdhe, son of Feidhlimimidh Eeachtmhar, son of Tuathal Teacntmhar." The learned editor of " Primate Colton's Visitation "(which was made in the xrvth century), notes four other groups of seven : " The Seven of Hy-Tuirtre " ; " The Seven of Maghdola"; "The Seven of Glenda- loch " ; and " The Seven of Imsclothrann." Summing up the evidence 1 on the sub- ject, it would appear that anciently, as a consequence, perhaps, of S. Patrick's or- 1 Dr. Reeves : Adamnan's Vita Columbse (one of the most valuable contributions to the early ecclesiastical his- tory of Scotland, which has been made during this present century) passim. Reeves : Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromore. Reeves : Primate Colton's Visitation. Skene : Celtic Scotland ; and the authorities specified in the text. 14 Associated Bishops dering, there were individual churches in Ireland that could boast of seven bishops, usually seven brothers selected from one family in the tribe ; that the institution was based on the tribal system, which suf- fered no interference from another clan ; and that sometimes every family had its own bishop. 1 Bernard of Clairvaux, in his "Life of Malachy," primate of Armagh (1134), does not hesitate to say that " the holy see (Ar- magh) was held by hereditary succession. Nor did they permit any to obtain the episcopate save those who were of their own tribe or family. Though, as it some- times happened, clergymen of the family failed, bishops of it never failed. In fine, eight married men, without ordination, though men of learning, preceded Celsus." 1 Healy : Ancient Irish Church, p. 46. Ill TULOHAN BISHOPS 1571-1610 *' There are three sorts of bishops : my Lord Bishop , my Lord's Bishop, and the Lords Bishop. My Lord Bishop was in the time of Popery ; my Lord's Bishop is now, when my Lord getteth the fat of the benefice, and the Bishop serveth for a portion out of the benefice, to make my Lord's right sure ; and the Lord's Bishoj) is the true minister of the Gospel." — Extract from sermon preached (February, 1571-72), at the inauguration of the first Tulchan bishop, by a disappointed candidate. " The moderator (David Dickson) craved liberty to ex- pone what was meant by Tulchan bishops. It was a Scots word used in their common language. "When a cow will not let down her milk, they stuff a calf's skin full of straw, and set it down before the cow, and that was called a Tul- chan. So these bishops possessing the title and the bene- fice, without the office, they wist not what name to give them, and so they called them Tulchan bishops." — Peter- kin's Records of the Kirk {Edinburgh Assembly, 1639), p. 248. CHAPTEE III TULCHAN BISHOPS 1 The fate of the Italian hierarchy in Scotland was sealed by the Parliament which met at Edinburgh on August 1, 1560. On August 17th, the " Confession of Fayth professed and believed by the Prot- estants within the realme of Scotland," was read, and confirmed by the three Es- tates. On August 24th the jurisdiction of the pope in Scotland was abolished, it being ordered that " na Bishop nor uther Prelat use any jurisdiction in tyraes to cum by the said Bischop of Bome's authoritie under the pane aforesaid." The first General Assembly of this new 1 For a complete list of these " bishops," without the succession and without consecration, see Bishop Keith's Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 18 Tulchan Bishops religious association was held at Edin- burgh, on December 20, 1560, and con- sisted of forty-six individuals, dominated by John Knox, by whom the kingdom was divided into five districts, to each of which a " Superintendent " was assigned, viz. : John Spottiswoode, lay - parson, to the counties south of the Frith of Forth to the English Border (Lothian) ; John Win- ram, to the county of Fife ; John "Willox, to the counties included in the archiepisco- pal diocese of Glasgow ; John Carswell, to the bishoprics of Argyll and The Isles; and John Erskine, Baron or " Laird " Dun (a layman), to the counties of Forfar and Kincardine, then known as Angus and Mearns. In 1571 it was clear that "the Super- intendent System, which was neither Epis- copal nor Presbyterian, with its ministers, exhorters, and readers, had proved a fail- ure," and that " the very constitution of the kingdom had been rendered imper- fect by the questionable authority of the acts of the various parliaments " of the preceding ten years. The new govern- ment (the earl of Mar, regent) thereupon Tulchan Bishops 19 determined to establish an episcopacy, which, if not historical, would, at least, furnish successors to the defunct prelates in the national legislative assembly, and continue the Third Estate. The earl of Morton, who succeeded to the regency on the 24th day of November, 1572, was also concerned, with others of the nobility, in the institution of this nominal order of bishops, as enabling them to enjoy the lion's share of the revenues of the several sees to which their hench-men might be appointed : the titular would have the of- fice he coveted ; the patron, the ecclesiasti- cal plunder. On the 18th day of August, 1571, Mor- ton nominated to the primatial see one John Douglas, rector of the University of St. Andrew's and provost of St. Mary's College there, an " auld unable man," as Knox's gossiping secretary describes him, " ane man unable to travell in body as a man should do, and more unable of his tongue to teach the principal office of ane bish- op ; " and as " archbishop " he sat in the convention of Stirling (September 5, 1571), his name appearing as Joannes 20 Txdchan Bishops Archepisc Sancti-Andree ; and on the 10th day of February following he was "in- augurated" — John Knox preaching the sermon, "Winram, superintendent of Fife, an Augustine monk, delivering the exhor- tation on the duties of a bishop, and the apostolical commission transmitted by the " bishop " of Caithness (a layman, never in holy orders), David Lindsay, minister at Leith (whose ordination is doubtful), and John Spottiswoode, superintendent of Lo- thian, the lay-parson of Calder, one of the compilers of the Confession ; all of whom (after he had declared that he would be " obedient to the Kirk," and that he would "take no more power than the Counsall and Generall Assemblie of the Kirk should prescribe ") laid their hands on him (the first instance of laying on of hands in or- dination in the " Eeformed Church "of Scotland), " and embraced the said rector, Mr. John Douglas, in token of admission to the bishoprik " ! Two years later (1573), accused by the General Assembly of re- missness, indolence, contumacy, neglect of the exercises of preaching, visiting, etc., on making an effort to clear his charac- Tulchan Bishops 21 ter, he sank down and expired on the spot. James Paton, minister of Muckhart, on the banks of the Devon, appointed the same year (1571) to the see of Dunkeld, on the deprivation of the canonical prelate, Robert Crichton, for adherence to the queen, was " consecrated " by the " archbishop " of St. Andrews, and the superintendents (all lay- men) of Fife, Lothian, and Angus. He, too, came to feel the heavv hand of the Kirk, for, in 1573, it was alleged against him, in the General Assembly, that he " had received the name of a bishop, but they had not heard that he had used the office within his bounds," that he had not pro- ceeded against Papists, etc. ; and the next year he was again arraigned for not excom- municating his powerful neighbor, the earl of Atholl, a zealous Eomanist, and ordered to confess his fault publicly in the cathedral church of Dunkeld. John Porterfield, the third of the first batch of Tulchans, was nominated (1571) to the archbishopric of Glasgow ; but at the expiration of a year he was succeeded by James Boyd, the proprietor of the estate of 22 Tulchan Bishops Trochrig, who Avas " consecrated " by the " bishop " of Dunkeld (James Paton), the " bishop" of The Isles (John Carswell, parson of Kilmartin and superintendent of Argyll), the bishop of Orkney (Adam Both- well, one of the two Italian prelates in Scotland who affiliated with the Reformers), and the superintendent of Lothian, the lay- parson of Calder. In 1573, George Douglas, an illegitimate son of the earl of Argus, was nominated to the see of Moray, "consecrated" on the 5th of February following, and arraigned before the next General Assembly, on the charge of fornication, and ordered to " purge himself before the assembly of the said crime." At this General Assembly, held at Edin- burgh the 6th of March, 1573-74, five of these pseudo-bishops put in an appearance — John, "bishop" of St. Andrews; James, " bishop " of Glasgow ; James, " bishop " of Dunkeld; George, "bishop" of Moray; and Eobert, " bishop " of Caithness ; and, to add to their humiliation, it was decreed that the " jurisdiction of bishops in their ecclesiastical function shall not exceed that Tulchan Bishops 23 of superintendents, which they previously had and still have," and that the said " bishops " shall be " subject to the dis- cipline of the General Assembly as mem- bers thereof." In 1574, Andrew Graham, a cadet of the Montrose family, but never so much as " a preacher," being nominated to the see of Dunblane, was ordered, by the General Assembly, to " exercise" on the opening verses of Romans v., on a specified day, in the Magdalene chapel, before the "bishops, superintendents, and ministers that may be present " ; and, having acquitted himself to the especial satisfaction of " the minister of Edinburgh," was "consecrated" in the summer of 1575, but was " dilated " by the next General Assembly held at Edinburgh on the 24th of April, 1576, for not having " taught since his entry to his office, nor yet makes residence, nor hath a particular flock." In 1604 he resigned. In the year 1576, Patrick Adamson, son of a baker at Perth, a " preacher " in the Reformed Church, then a pleader at the bar, and, subsequently, minister at Paisley, was presented to the archbishopric of St. 24 Tulchan Bishops Andrews by the regent, Morton, and, after the usual farce of " consecration " by un- consecrated " bishops" and superintend- ents, entered on the discharge of duties that presently (1578) brought upon him the wrath of the General Assembly, which en- joined him to "remove the corruptions of the state of a bishop in his own person," and enacted that the " bishops " be content to be pastors and ministers of the flock ; that they vote not in Parliament in name of the Kirk without permission of the Kirk : that they rule not above the particular elderships but be subject to the same ; that they usurp not the power of the Presby- teries, etc., etc." Then he was "excom- municated" by the synod of Fife (1586), at the instigation of Andrew Melville, who dwelt upon " the corruptions of the human and satanical bishopric ; " but the General Assembly, held in the Tolbooth of Edin- burgh, in May of the same year, recalled the sentence, the " primate " having sol- emnly declared, in writing, that he never intended in any way to claim a superiority over other ministers or pastors, and that he would submit his life and doctrine to the Tulchan Bishops 25 General Assembly " without any reclama- tion, provocation, or appellation therefrom in all time coming." And on the 19th of February, 1591-92, harassed by poverty, persecution, and physical infirmity, he gave up the ghost, having previously issued his " Recantation," in which he condemned " the establishment of bishops as having no warrant from the word of God, but ground- ed upon the policy and invention of man, whereupon the Primacy of the Pope or Antichrist has risen." In the year 1557, David Cunningham, sub-dean of Glasgow, having been nomi- nated to that see by the regent, was " con- secrated " at Aberdeen by Adamson, as- sisted by John Craig, a colleague to Knox, and another minister, an account of which proceeding, by a contemporary, has been preserved in these words : " On Monday the 11th day of November, in the year of God 1577, Master David Cunynghame, son to the Laird of Cunynghameid, was con- secrat bishop of Aberdeen in the kirk by Master Patrick Constance (Adamson) bishop of Saint Andrews, who made the sermon. Master John Craig, minister of 26 Tulchan Bishops Aberdeen, and Master Andrew Strachan, minister, collaters, and that in presence of the whole congregation of Aberdeen, with others of the county present for the time." In the year 1603, when James VI. , of Scotland, acceded to the crown of Eng- land, Alexander Campbell, appointed (1566) to the see of Brechin, by the influ- ence of the earl of Argyll, but never con- secrated, was the only One of all the for- mer titular bishops alive, and at the time of his death (1606) he was a " preacher " at Brechin. That same year Archbishop Beaton — the last prelate of the Roman Church in Scotland — having died in Paris, and the archiepiscopal see of Glasgow being liter- ally vacant, John Spottiswoode, eldest son of Superintendent Spottiswoode, was ap- pointed to the archbishopric, and held it for seven years unconsecrated ; at the end of which time he repaired (1610) to Lon- don, with his two diocesan colleagues, where they were admitted into the episco- pal succession, by the bishops of Lon- don, Ely, Rochester, and Worcester ; from which time is dated the collapse of Tul- Tulchan Bishops 27 chan episcopacy, as, on the return of these three duly consecrated Scottish prelates (Spottiswoode, Hamilton, and Lamb), the titular incumbents of the sees of St. An- drews and Orkney were formally invested, on "the penult of December," with the episcopal function, and " upon the Lord's Day, the 13th of January (1611), and upon the Lord's Day, 24th February, the rest of the bishops were consecrated, some at St. Andrews and some at Leith." That no time was lost in the establishment once more of the " historic episcopate " in the kingdom of Scotland is evident from a let- ter from Archbishop Gladstanes (the re- cently consecrated primate) to King James, under date May 3, 1611, in which he says : " All the bishops of my Province are now consecrated, for after that I had performed that work so in Leith and Edinburgh that the very precisians, who had carried preju- dice about that purpose, were fully satis- fied, being informed that those in the North who be within my diocese are more unruly than any in the South, spoke ca- lumniously, both in public and private, of that consecration, I thought meet there 28 Tulchan Bishops also to practise that action, and thereupon have consecrated the bishops of Aberdeen, and Caithness in the cathedral kirk of Brechin, being assisted with the bishops of Dunkeld and Brechin." Authorities for this Chapter : Bishop Keith : Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops. Lawson : History of the Scottish Episcopal Church from the Reformation to the Revolution. Grub : Ecclesiastical History of Scotland. Stewart : Church of Scotland. Calderwood : True History of the Church of Scotland from the Beginning of the Reformation unto the End of the Reign of James VI. Also his Altar of Damascus. Wodrow's MS. Collections. Balfour's Historical Works. Original Letters of the Reign of James the Sixth. IV THE SCOTTISH NONJUEOES 1688-1788 The bishops of the Scottish Church, learning of the presence in England of the Prince of Orange, commissioned two of their number — Dr. Rose, of Edinburgh, and Dr. Bruce, of Orkney — to go to London, with a renewal of their allegiance to James, to whom they had transmitted a loyal address a few days previously. Owing to the ill- ness of Dr. Bruce, Bishop Rose was compelled to venture on the errand alone. While in the metropolis, he was pre- sented to William III., who, when the prelate was an- nounced, stepped forward and said: "My lord, are you going for Scotland ? " " Yes, Sir," replied the bishop, " if you have any commands for me." "I hope," said the king, " you will be kind to me and follow the example of England." " Sir," replied his lordship, " I will serve you so far as law, reason, or conscience shall allow me." Will- iam said no more, but, turning to his friends, terminated the interview. That day the fate of the Scottish Church as the national establishment was sealed : the prince de- cided to stand by the Presbyterians who had thrown them- selves into his arms. CHAPTEB IV THE SCOTTISH NONJUEOES 1 On the 19th of July, 1689, the Parliament of Scotland passed an act " abolishing pre- lacie, and all superioritie of any office in the Church in this kingdom above presbyters." On the 19th of September, warrant was given for the seizure of all the episcopal and other revenues by the exchequer, no al- lowance being made to the legal possessors. On the 24th of April, 1690, an act was passed " restoring the Presbyterian minis- ters who were thrust from their churches since the 1st of January, 1661." On the 7th of June, the Westminster Con- fession of Faith was ratified, sanctioned, and established as the "public and allowed Confession of this Church," the same act settling " Presbyterian Church Govern- 1 See the chapters on The English Nonjurors, The Col- lege Bishops, The Usagers, and Ordinations ? 32 The Scottish Nonjurors ment and Discipline by Kirk Sessions, Presbyteries, Provincial Synods, and Gen- eral Assemblies ; " and the royal assent was affixed. The ejected bishops, turned out of their episcopal residences, quietly betook them- selves to honorable and patient retirement, making no attempt to defend their order. According to Grub, their seclusion was so complete during the summer of 1689, that Dundee, in writing to Lord Melfort, men- tioned that he did not know where they were, or how to find out the primate, and spoke of them as being " now the kirk in- visible." The most reverend Arthur Eoss, the son of a clergyman, parson of Glasgow, bishop of Argyll (1675), archbishop of Glasgow (1679), primate of St. Andrews by royal letters patent (1684), disappeared for four- teen years, at the end of which time he died at Edinburgh and was interred in the churchyard of Kestalrig, near Leith. Forty- two years later his grandson, Arthur, sixth Lord Balmerino, was beheaded on Tower Hill for being concerned in the Enterprise of Prince Charles Edivard. The Scottish Nonjurors 33 The Most Eeverend John Paterson, of the archiepiscopal see of Glasgow, formerly dean of Edinburgh, then bishop of Gallo- way, then of Edinburgh, translated to the metropolitical chair of Glasgow in 1687, retired to the Athens of Scotland, and, in the oratory connected with his house in that city of Edinburgh, on the Feast of the conversion of S. Paul (1705), that the Scottish succession might be preserved, united with the bishops of Edinburgh and Dumblane in elevating John Sage and John Fullarton to the episcopal order. On the 23d day of December, 1708, he was laid to rest in the chapel royal of Holy- rood Palace. John Hamilton, one of the ministers of Edinburgh, being offered the bishopric of Dunkeld (made vacant by the ejection of Andrew Bruce, " deprived by the court for showing his dislike to the design of re- pealing the laws against popery "), which had been refused by Dr. Drummond, bishop of Brechin, because, as he said, he knew of no vacancy existing there, greed- ily snatched at the same, and the chapter having acted on the conge d'elire, rather 3 34 The Scottish Nonjurors than suffer imprisonment for treason, was consecrated on the 19th of October, 1686, and, when the hour struck, took the oath of allegiance to "William and became sub-dean of his majesty's chapel-royal. According to Bishop Keith, the father of this prelate was a descendant of John Hamilton, the last Italian archbishop of St. Andrews, who obtained an act of legitimation from the Scottish Parliament in favor of his chil- dren ! George Hallyburton, of the parish of Cupar- Angus, consecrated bishop of Brech- in in 1678, and provost of that city, trans- lated to Aberdeen in 1682, retired to his own mansion of Denhead, near the scene of his former parochial activity, but did not forego the privilege of ordaining clergy for the diocese from which he had been ejected. He passed away on the 29th of September, 1715. William Hay, of King's College, Aber- deen, incumbent of Kilconquhar in Fife, later of Perth, whence (1688) he was ele- vated to the see of Moray, fixed his resi- dence at Inverness, a place within the lim- its of his own diocese, and there died, "sore The Scottish Nonjurors 35 diseased in his body by a palsy," at his son-in-law's house at Castlehill, in 1707. In the old churchyard at Inverness there is said to be a monument to his memory, whose Latin inscription has been thus trans- lated : " Sacred to the Memory of the Eight Eeverend Father in God, William Hay, Professor of Theology, a most deserv- ing bishop of Moray — a Prelate of primi- tive holiness and great eloquence, at all times a constant maintainer of the Church and regal dignity, as well in their afflicted as in their flourishing condition. He adorned the episcopal mitre by his piety and honored the same by the integrity of his life and affable behaviour. Exhausted by study and a twenty years' palsy, a most blessed end followed his upright life. John Cuthbert, his son-in-law, erected this monu- ment." Andrew Bruce, deprived of Dunkeld (1685) by King James, because of his op- position to the proposed concessions to the Scottish Romanists and appointed (1688), by the same monarch, to the vacant see of Orkney, died in seclusion in March, 1700. James Ramsay, bishop of Ross, " the 36 TJie Scottish Nonjurors bold and consistent advocate of ecclesias- tical reform and political moderation, the friend alike of Archbishop Burnet and of Archbishop Leighton," died at Edinburgh in 1696, in great poverty, and was interred in the Canongate churchyard. James Drummond, of clerical extraction, successively incumbent of Auchterarder and Muthill, in Perthshire, consecrated to the see of Brechin on Christmas - Day, 1684, in the chapel royal of Holyrood- house, and provost of Brechin in 1685, " preached in Brechin for the last time on Sunday, 18th April, 1689, on the occasion of the administration of the holy sacrament of the Lord's Supper, his text taken from the twelfth chapter, first verse, of St. Paul's Epistle to the Bomans, not implying that he thought this sermon was the last which would be delivered by a bishop in the Cathedral Church of Brechin." Subse- quently he resided with the earl of Errol, at Slains Castle, in Aberdeenshire, until death, in 1695, gave him the freedom of the universe. Andrew "Wood, son of a clergyman of the same name, nephew of the famous The Scottish Nonjurors 37 Bishop Guthrie, of Moray, in the reign of Charles I., a prelate who was excommuni- cated by the Presbyterian General As- sembly, held at Glasgow in 1638, for hav- ing dared to " preach in a surplice before His Majesty in the High Church of Edin- burgh, to the great scandal of the zealous people there," incumbent of Dunbar in the county of Haddington when consecrated (1678) bishop of The Isles, and translated (1680) to the see of Caithness, removed to his cherished parish of Dunbar, where he died in 1695. Robert Douglas, appointed to the bene- fice of Laurencekirk, in Kincardineshire, after the murder of Charles I., presented by Charles II. to the parish of Bothwell in Lanarkshire, thence removed to the royal burgh of Renfrew, and thence to the parsonage of Hamilton, which included the deanery of Glasgow, consecrated to the see of Brechin in 1682, translated to Dum- blane in 1684, one of the consecrators (1705) of John Fullarton and John Sage, of John Falconar and Henry Chrystie (1709), and of Archibald Campbell (1711), died at Dundee in 1716, at the venerable 38 The Scottish Nonjurors age of ninety-two, " full of piety as well as of years." Alexander Cairncross, a dyer in tlie Canongate of Edinburgh, parson of Dum- fries, consecrated (1684) to the see of Brechin, translated the same year to the archbishopric of Glasgow, deprived (1687) by the secular power which he had of- fended by his unwillingness to suspend a clergyman who had preached against the corruptions of Borne, " lived privately un- til the Bevolution," and four years later (1693), having no objections to the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, was, through the influence of Bishop Burnet, appointed to the vacant Irish see of Bap- hoe, to the great offence of the Scottish bishops and clergy. It is said, however, that he was a liberal benefactor to a fund raised for the relief of the suffering clergy of Scotland, and he bequeathed the tenth part of his whole effects to the same ob- ject. He died 1701. Archibald Graham, parson of Bothsay, consecrated (1680) to The Isles, left no record behind him, and it is not known what became of him. Grub says that there The Scottish Nonjurors 39 is a document dated in April, 1702, bear- ing the signature of Archibald, bishop of The Isles, among the papers of the Epis- copal Church in Scotland, No. E. 4, of the catalogue. Alexander Eose, student of divinity at Glasgow, minister at Perth, professor of di- vinity at Glasgow, principal of St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, consecrated to Moray 1686, translated to Edinburgh 1687, one of the commissioners to James from the Scot- tish bishops 1688, one of the consecrators (1705) of John Sage and John Fullarton, (1709) of John Falconar and Henry Chrys- tie, (1714) of Archibald Campbell, and (1718) of Arthur Millar and William Irvine (all consecrated to preserve the succes- sion, and no portio gregis assigned), on the decease of Primate Eoss (1704), vicar- general of St. Andrews (as suffragan to its archbishop, and heir to the titles and pre- rogatives formerly possessed by the bish- ops of Dunkeld in virtue of the act of Parliament 1617), on the death of Arch- bishop Paterson, of Glasgow (1708), sole metropolitan, and, on the death of Bishop Douglas, of Dumblane (1716), the only 40 The Scottish Nonjurors survivor of the diocesan bishops, and, " so far as jurisdiction was concerned, the bishop of the whole Church — Episcopus Scotorum " — this man, who, in his later years, " possessed an ecclesiastical author- ity unlike anything which had been known in Scotland since the time of the first suc- cessors of S. Columba," was spared to the Church until the year 1720, when he was interred in the ancient church of Eestalrig. John Gordon, called by the king in the charter of nomination under the great seal, dated February 4 and sealed September 4, 1688, "Doctorem Theologise Joannem Gordon, nostrum capellanum apud New York, in America," consecrated bishop of Galloway on the latter date, followed his royal master into Ireland, and, when the crown was definitely lost, crossed with him into France, and for a while resided at St. Germain's, at the dethroned monarch's mimic court, where he read the service of the English Church, in a private house, for the comfort of the exiles. According to one account, he died (1726) in the com- munion of the Roman Church, and in the enjoyment of a pension from the pope. The Scottish JVojurors 41 He was the last of the bishops deprived at the Revolution. On the death of James II. in France (1701), James Edward Stuart (born, just before the Revolution, of Mary of Modena, the second wife of the misguided king), was acknowledged by Louis XIV., and lived to acquire the sobriquet of the Old Pretender. Twenty years later (1721) Charles Edward Stuart, his son, came into the world at Rome (his mother being the granddaughter of John Sobieski, king of Poland) ; and it was not until the decease, without issue, of this Young Pretender, in 1788, that the Scottish prelates saw their way clear to the full recognition of the actual English sovereign, George III. James II. had died, in exile, before the deprived bishops ventured on taking steps to preserve their order. When the Cheva- lier St. George (James Edward Stuart) had quite taken his father's place and was struggling for the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, it became customary, in filling the episcopal office, to solicit or act upon his recommendation. 42 The Scottish Nonjurors Mr. Lockhart of Carnwath, seems to have kept the " King," as he terms him, tolerably well informed as to the happenings in the Scottish episcopate. On the decease (1720) of Bishop Eose, he posted a letter to the continent, lamenting the loss of such a man at that crisis. On the election of Bishop Fullarton as his successor, the " King " is exhorted to " write a letter to the clergy, recommending unity among themselves and obedience to their su- periors, particularly to Bishop Fullarton, who was appointed Primus of the College of Bishops as well as Bishop of Edin- burgh ; " and the " King " hearkened and heard, and wrote the desired letter, under date of June 12, 1720, the bishops acknowl- edging the royal supremacy by transmit- ting him, in return, a detailed account of their whole proceedings. Some time during the same year he nominated the Bev. David Freebairn to be consecrated ; but as the clergyman in question had no great reputa- tion for either learning or ability, two years went by before the episcopal college con- sented to the urgent and repeated requests of the Chevalier. On the 18th of March, The Scottish Nonjurors 43 1724, James Edward Stuart, in reply to a communication from the College Bishops, 1 authorized them to add to their number the four persons they had proposed to him — Mr. John Ouchterlonie, Mr. Robert Norrie, Mr. Alexander Duncan, and Mr. James Rose. Acting on this permission, Messrs. Norrie and Duncan were consecrated that same year ; and, in 1726, Bishops Freebairn, Cant, and Duncan elevated the other nom- inees of the Chevalier to the episcopal order, though not without serious protests, Bishops Fullarton, Gadderar, and Millar even refusing to officiate. On the 27th day of October (1724) the Chevalier wrote the College Bishops to elect Bishop Irvine suc- cessor to Bishop Fullarton, Primus, but the primate outlived his colleague. Then (May 1, 1726), he directed them to elect Bishop Cant to officiate temporarily as Primus in the event of Bishop Fullarton's death, and, failing him, Bishop Duncan. Then (July 20, 1726), he transmitted an order for the consecration of John Gillan (which, how- ever, was not acted on until June 22, 1727), and, in another document, enjoined the 1 See chapter on The College Bishops. 44: The Scottish Nonjurors bishops not to add any to their number without first consulting him, adding : "It is my will and pleasure that no bishop amongst you shall be appointed to have the care and inspection of any particular dis- trict without my previous authority." After the concordate of 1731, 1 the Cheva- lier, on application, gave the bishops " per- mission to keep up the episcopal succession and to appoint bishops to such districts, not exceeding seven in number, as they might select, without consulting him," al- though he still retained the right to nomi- nate for the see of Edinburgh, which va- cancy, however, lasted till the year 1776. This, practically, put an end to the prac- tice of applying to the exiled family for authority to consecrate. In the year 1745, the year of the landing of the Young Pretender (Charles Edward Stuart), there were not more than one hun- dred and fifty presbyters in communion with the Nonjuring Scottish Bishops. In the year 1784, on the death of Bishop Falconer, the first incumbent of the see of Edinburgh for forty years, only four pre- 1 See chapters on The College Bishops and The Usagers. The Scottish Nonjurors 45 lates remained to the Scottish Church — Bishop Kilgour, the new Primus, Bishop Rose, of Dunkeld and Dumblane, Bishop Petrie, of Moray and Boss, and Bishop Skinner, coadjutor of Aberdeen ; and their clergy were scarce forty in number. This was the year, and these Nonjuring bishops the channel, of the transmission of the epis- copate to America. In the year 1788, just one hundred years after the deprivation of the original Non- juring bishops, the Scottish Church sub- mitted to the government, and, on the 25th of May of the same year, the name of King George was introduced into the Service. The notice that was agreed upon by the bishops and other clergy, and ordered to be published in the chapels, ran as follows : INTIMATION TO THE CLERGY AND LAITY OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. "The Protestant Bishops in Scotland, having met at Aberdeen, on the 24th of April, 1788, to take into their serious con- sideration the state of the Church under their inspection, did, upon mature delibera- 46 The Scottish nonjurors tion with their clergy, unanimously agree to comply and submit to the present gov- ernment of this Kingdom as vested in the person of his Majesty King George III. They also resolved to testify this com- pliance by uniformly praying for him by name in their public worship in hopes of removing all suspicion of disaffection, and of obtaining relief from those penal laws under which this Church has so long suf- fered. At the same time, they think it their duty to declare, that this resolution pro- ceeds from principles purely ecclesiastical ; and that they are moved to it by the justest and most satisfying reasons in discharge of that high trust devolved upon them in their episcopal character, and to promote, as far as they can, the peace and prosperity of that portion of the Christian Church committed to their charge. "For obtaining of this desirable end, they therefore appoint their clergy to make public notification to their congregations upon the 18th day of May next, that upon the following Lord's day nominal prayers for the King are to be authoritatively intro- duced, and afterward to continue in the relig- The Scottish Nonjurors 47 ious assemblies of this Episcopal Church ; and they beg leave to recommend, as to their clergy, whose obedience they expect, so likewise to all good Christian people, under their episcopal care, and do earnestly intreat and exhort them, in the bowels of Jesus Christ, that they will all cordially re- ceive this determination of their Spiritual Fathers." To this document were appended the names of — Eobert Kilgour, Bishop and Primus. John Skinner, Bishop of Aberdeen. Andrew Macfarlane, Bishop of Eoss and Moray. William Abernethy Drummond, Bishop of Edinburgh. John Strachan, Bishop of Brechin. The relations between the Scottish and English Nonjuring prelates were generally of the most fraternal sort. On the 24th of February, 1712, George Hickes, consecrated (1693) suffragan of Thetford, by the deprived bishops of Nor- wich, Ely, and Peterborough, united with 48 The Scottish Nonjurors two of his Scottish fellow-sufferers (John Falconer and Archibald Campbell) in ele- vating James Gadderar to the episcopate. On the 3d of June, 1713, he was assisted in the consecration of Jeremiah Collier, Nathaniel Spinckes, and Samuel Hawes, for his own church, by the two Scottish Nonjurors residing in London — Archibald Campbell and James Gadderar. On the 30th of March, 1725, Bishops Fullarton, Millar, Irvine, and Freebairn consecrated another bishop — Henry Doughty — for their English brethren, and consecrated him at Edinburgh. On the 5th of March, 1777, Eobert Gor- don, the last surviving prelate of that por- tion of the English Nonjuring body with which the Scottish bishops were in com- munion (Archibald Campbell had started another and independent line, in 1733, of bishops consecrated by a single bishop, which endured until 1805, 1 but was not otherwise recognized), wrote to " The right reverend the Primus, and his colleagues, the Bishops of the Church of Scotland," a letter in these words : " Considering the 1 See Chapter on The English Nonjurors. The Scottish Nonjurors 49 precarious and uncertain tenure of man's life, and, in particular, mine own infirmities in an advanced age, which the Psalmist tells us is but labor and sorrow, I cannot help being full of solicitude and anxiety to pro- vide for the spiritual comfort and security of the poor orphans of the anti-revolution Church of England, whom I shall leave behind me ; it is therefore my earnest de- sire and request to your paternities, that you would vouchsafe to take the poor min- ished remnant under the wings of your paternal protection, receiving them into full communion as sound members of the Catholic Church, by such synodical act as to your paternities, in your wisdom, shall seem meet ; wherein, right reverend breth- ren, you will afford the highest satisfac- tion and comfort to your affectionate brother, and devoted servant in Christ." The answer of the Scottish bishops was at once brotherly and paternal. They said: "We hereby declare, upon eve^ proper occasion, our willingness to take under our care and tuition, and to receive into full communion with us, in all the holy offices of Christian communion and 4 50 The Scottish Nonjurors fellowship, as members of Christ's mysti- cal body, all those who are in fall com- munion with you; and we promise that they shall be entitled to the same privi- leges in the participation of the Holy mys- teries, and all other means of grace, dis- pensed by the bishops and ministers of our Church, equally with those under our pastoral care in this our ancient kingdom." In 1779 Bishop Gordon was gathered to his fathers, and the original Nonjuring English Church had ceased to be. Occasionally, however, the Scotsmen could not brook the interference of their Southern brethren. Thus, in the year 1744, Bishop George Smith, one of the English Nonjurors, hav- ing received into communion a deposed Scottish clergyman, intimated to the re- calcitrant presbyters of Edinburgh, who were disposed to animadvert upon the canons lately enacted, that he and his col- leagues might proceed to the consecration of one of their number — which thing if he had done, another schism would have been initiated. And Bishop Keith, who died The Scottish Nonjurors 51 Primus of the Scottish Church, on the 20th of January, 1757, and to whom we are in- debted for the standard " Historical Cata- logue of Scottish Bishops " (to say nothing of his other literary labors), seriously ex- postulated with one of the Campbell line (consecrated by a single individual) for un- necessary interference in the affairs of the Church north of the Tweed. AUTHORITIES FOR THIS CHAPTER: Lathbury : History of the Nonjurors. Perceval : On Apostolical Sitccession. Grub : Ecclesiastical History of Scotland. Lawson: Scottish Episcopal Church since the Revolts tion. Skinner : Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, THE COLLEGE BISHOPS 1688-1732 The Revolution of 188S, which established Presbyteri- anism in Scotland, surprised the ejected bishops of the Scottish Church into the rejection of the diocesan episco- pacy that had superseded the tribal in the xnth century — previous to which time the bishop of S. Andrews was the only diocesan prelate in Scotland, as Grub explains ; and to him was given the title of The Bishop of the Scots, just as Aidan had been Bishop of the Northumbrians; and Felix, Bishop of the East Angles ; and Diuma, the Scot, Bishop of the Mercians and Middle Angles ; and Cedd, Bishop of the East Saxons ; and Trumwine, Bishop of the Picts ; and Tuathal, abbot of Dunkeld, on the union of the Scots and Picts under Kenneth (849), was styled primus episcopus ; which title was changed on the translation of the primacy to S. Andrews, fifty years later, into Episcopi Scotorum (Escop Alban, in the Keltic), as applied to the bishops of that see, because " they were the bishops of the whole nation of the Scots. '* Had the answer of the bishop of Edinburgh to King William III. been different — more politic or more courte- ous — the ancient church of Scotland had not been disestab- lished. But its fate was sealed in that interview ; and thenceforth, even until the death of this same Bishop Rose, in 1720, whose episcopal authority, however, was recognized to the end by the clergy of the metropolitan province of S. Andrews — whose vicar-general he had been as bishop of Edinburgh — all the presbyters elevated to the Scottish episcopate u were consecrated solely for the pur- pose of preserving the succession," and without smyportio gregis being assigned to them. CHAPTEE V THE COLLEGE BISHOPS 1 In the year 1688-89 the bishops of the Church of Scotland were deprived of their temporalities and, as it fell out, of juris- diction. The bishop of Edinburgh, whose answer to the king precipitated the over- throw of the Establishment, and who, on the death of the primate, Arthur Ross, as- sumed (1705) the title of vicar of the see of S. Andrews, and, eventually, as the sole sur- vivor of the diocesan bishops, became Episcopus Scotorum, raised to the episco- pate, as metropolitan and primate, six cler- gymen who survived him (two — Campbell and Gadderar — residing in England ; four — Fullarton, Falconer, Millar, and Irvine — living in Scotland) ; but " none of them 1 See the chapters on The Usagers, &ndOrdi?iations ? ; also those on The Scottish Nonjurors, and The English Non- jurors. 56 The College Bishops either possessed or laid claim to any juris- diction in virtue of his episcopal charac- ter." Once more there was not a diocesan bishop in Scotland. The situation was unique. A College of Bishops governed the Church of Scotland I According to the Scotichronicon (Dr. Gor- don), this extraordinary system lasted from 1686 to circ. 1740, and included twenty bishops from first to last. But one must read between the lines of these tables. Of the prelates in possession of sees at the Eevolution, but five, exclusive of Bishop Gordon, who had joined the Boman com- munion, survived the death (1704) of Arch- bishop Boss, the primate of S. Andrews, — the archbishop of Glasgow and the bishops of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Moray and Dum- blane ; and one of these, "William Hay, the bishop of Moray, was physically incapaci- tated. To preserve the episcopate it was resolved to proceed to the consecration of other clergymen, and on January 25, 1705, John Fullarton, who had been one of the ministers of Paisley, and John Sage, a graduate of S. Salvator's College, S. An- drews, parish schoolmaster, tutor, parish The College Bishops 57 priest, polemic, chaplain, were raised to the episcopal order by John Glasgoio (Pater- son), Alexander Edinburgh (Eose), Robert Dumblane (Douglas) ; and it was stipulated that during the lifetime of the consecrators " they were to have no share in the gen- eral government of the Church, but only to assist in consecrations and ordinations, and to give their counsel and aid when re- quired." As the deaths of Bishop Hay (1707) and Archbishop Paterson (1708) again reduced the number of the Scottish prelates to five — Hallyburton, formerly of Aberdeen, Eose, of Edinburgh, Douglas, formerly of Dum- blane, and Fullarton and Sage, and as Hal- lyburton had become " so weak in his in- tellectuals that it was not judged convenient to employ him in any business of impor- tance that required a certain degree of se- crecy and caution," it was thought expedi- ent to raise other two to the episcopate, and, accordingly, on April 28, 1709, John Falconer, ejected minister of Carnbee in Fife, and Henry Christie, ejected incum- bent of Kinross, were consecrated at Dun- dee, the usual residence of Bishop Douglas, 58 The College Bishops by Alexander Edinburgh, Robert Dum- blane and John Sage. On June 17, 1711, death relieved Bishop Sage of the burdens of the episcopate ; and the surviving prelates filled his place by consecrating, on S. Bartholomew's day of the same year, at Dundee, the son of Lord Neil Campbell and grandson of the famous covenanting leader, Archibald, marquis of Argyll, and on the same conditions that had been laid down in the case of the former consecrations. At the time, Archibald Campbell was a resident of London, and there he continued to live, even after his consecration, to the great detriment of the Church, becoming the author of a new schism among the English Nonjurors, for a small section of whom he consecrated, un- assisted, and without the consent of his col- leagues, one Roger Lawrence, the first of a line of prelates (1733-95) owing their epis- copal character to the action of a single bishop. At the opening of 1712 the Episcopal College consisted of Bishops Rose, Doug- las, Falconer, Christie, and Campbell, Bishop Rose acting as Primus. On S. The College Bishops 59 Matthias' Day (February 24th) James Gadderar, formerly minister at Kilmalcolm, in Ayrshire, then resident in England, was consecrated at London by Archibald Campbell, George Hickes, ejected dean of Worcester, an English Nonjuror, conse- crated suffragan of Thetford by the de- prived Anglican prelates, and John Fal- coner. This is said to be the only instance of an English Nonjuring bishop joining in the consecration of a Scottish prelate, al- though the Scottish bishops, on two occa- sions at least — in the consecration (1713) of Jeremiah Collier, Nathaniel Spinckes, and Samuel Hawes ; and again (1725), in the consecration of Henry Doughty — did what they could to perpetuate the Jacobite line in England. Bishop Gadderar continued to reside in London till the year 1724. The death of Bishop Christie, in 1718, left but three prelates in Scotland — Rose, Fullarton, and Falconer, and forced the survivors to take immediate steps toward the preservation of the succession. Ac- cordingly, on the 22d of October of the same year, Arthur Millar (who had been deprived of his parochial cure at Inveresk, 60 The College Bishops in the county of Edinburgh, by the com- mittee of estates in 1689, and had, subse- quently, been tried for not praying for King George), and William Irvine (who had been driven out of his parish of Kirk- michael, in Ayrshire, at the Revolution, by the Cameronian rabble, and had been twice incarcerated for his Jacobite proclivities) were consecrated, at Edinburgh, by Alex- ander Edinburgh, John Fullarton, and John Falconer. This was the last time that Bishop Eose took part in any important ceremony. On the 20th of March, 1720, " this primitive and upright prelate," the sole survivor of his brethren ejected at the Revolution, fell asleep ; and the Scottish Church was ab- solutely without a prelate consecrated or elected to any particular diocese or dis- trict. A few days later, the four surviving res- ident Scottish bishops having exhibited their letters of consecration, and demon- strated their episcopal character, Bishop Fullarton was the choice of a duly convened meeting of presbyters (about fifty in num- ber) as the successor of Bishop Rose, to The College Bishops 61 reside at Edinburgh, and to act as Primus, but without any metropolitan authority. The bishops concurred, and assumed the name of The Episcopal College. Encouraged, as Grub tells us, by what had taken place at Edinburgh, a large body of the clergy of Angus, and those also in the presbytery of S. Andrews, requested Bishop Falconer, who resided in Fife, to assume the spiritual superintendence of them, and the people committed to their charge. This arrangement was made with- out delay, and Bishop Falconer became a " district bishop," the old territorial limits of the ecclesiastical divisions being disre- garded. Shortly after, the clergy and laity of the county of Aberdeen, unable to secure the episcopal superintendence of Bishop Falcon- er, elected (May 10, 1721) Archibald Camp- bell, resident in London, as their ordinary ; but The College, fearing his liturgical pro- clivities, refused to confirm the election. "Whereupon Campbell sent his colleague Gadderar to Aberdeen, with a commission to act as his vicar ; and four years went by before he would resign the see in favor of 62 The College Bishops his friend by a formal deed ; and even then he reserved his right, in case he should be able to come to Aberdeen and claim it. On the 17th of October of the next year (1722), two presbyters, Andrew Cant, son of the principal of the college of Edinburgh, a grandson of a covenanting minister, and David Freebairn, originally minister at Dunning, but not in much repute for learn- ing or ability, were consecrated to the episcopate by "Bishops Fullarton, Millar, and Irvine ; two years later, on the Feast of S. James, 1724, the same bishops con- ferred the episcopal order on Alexander Duncan, formerly minister of Kilpatrick Easter, and Robert Norrie, presbyter in Dundee ; and, on the 29th day of Novem- ber, 1726, John Ouchterlonie, a bitter po- litical partisan, and once minister of Aber- lemno, and James Rose, a brother of the late bishop of Edinburgh, formerly minis- ter of Monimail, received the apostolical commission from the hands of Bishops Freebairn, Duncan, and Cant. None of these were consecrated to any see ; all were without any spiritual authority. Bishops Fullarton and Gadderar were the only dio- The College Bishops G3 cesan bishops in Scotland. Fullarton had been elected by the clergy (1720) to suc- ceed Bishop Rose ; Gadderar, who had been originally commissioned by Campbell to act as his vicar at Aberdeen, had been elected (June 17, 1725) as their ordinary by the clergy of Moray, assembled in the col- lege at Elgin. One year previously (4 July, 1724) Bishop Gadderar had signed five ar- ticles of agreement, as between him and his College colleagues, the fourth of which declared that " The Primus and the other bishops do grant their authority and com- mission to the said Bishop Gadderar to officiate as bishop of Aberdeen for the future — with this express condition, that he do not ascribe his officiating there to any delegation or substitution for any other person whatsoever, but only to the election of the presbyters, and authority of the bishops of this Church." Early in May, 1727, the venerable Primus was gathered to his fathers, and Bishop Gadderar was left the only diocesan pre- late in Scotland — "all the others," as Law- son observes, " having no more spiritual authority by toleration than they had in 64 The College Bishops England, or in any other country where the Church existed or was established." "Well might Bishop Eussell (writing 1821) exclaim : " We believe no clergyman out of Scotland ever supposed that a number of men admitted to the order of Bishops, but to whom as individuals the government of no part of the church was committed, had, as a body or college, a right to claim the government of the whole." On the death of Bishop Eullarton, the clergy of Edinburgh, on the 5th of May, elected Bishop Millar as their diocesan, who was thereupon acknowledged as Primus, and vicar-general and metropolitan, though not without much controversy and schismatical procedure. On the 4th of June, of the same year (1727), the Bev. Dr. Thomas Battray, of Craighall, proprietor of the fine estate of Craighall in Perthshire, one of the most learned men of the day, having been elect- ed as their ordinary by the presbyters resident within the ancient diocese of Dun- keld, was consecrated at Edinburgh by Bishops Millar, Gadderar, and Cant, the first Scottish bishop consecrated to any The College Bishops 65 particular district subsequent to the Revo- lution. Two weeks later (June 18th), William Dunbar, formerly minister of Cruden, in Aberdeenshire, of which cure he had been deprived in 1716, although appointed to it after the Revolution, having been elected by the clergy of the diocese of Moray (Gadderar's election not having been con- firmed) to be their bishop; and Robert Keith, presbyter in Edinburgh, designed to be co-adjutor to the aged Primus, were consecrated at Edinburgh by Bishops Millar, Gadderar, and Rattray. On the 22d of June, John Gillan and David Ranken, presbyters in Edinburgh, were elevated to the episcopal order with- out election to any see, by Bishops Free- bairn, Duncan, Rose, and Ouchterlonie. On the 9th day of October, 1727, Bishop Millar died at a very advanced age. And on the 19th of the same month the clergy of Edinburgh elected the Rev. Andrew Lumsden, minister at Duddingston before the Revolution, and archdeacon under Bishop Fullarton, a very aged presbyter, to the vacant see, and he was consecrated on 5 66 The College Bishops the 2d of November following, at Edin- burgh, by Bishops Cant, Rattray, and Keith. On the 10th of July, 1733, Bishop Keith was elected by the clergy of Fife to the superintendence of that district, but con- tinued to reside in Edinburgh, and in ac- cordance with the Goncordate of December, 1731, still retained the administration of Orkney, Caithness, and the Isles. After this, the Scottish bishops, with a very few exceptions, were consecrated to regular and definite sees. The exceptions were : Henry Edgar, consecrated November 1, 1759 ; Arthur Petrie, consecrated June 27, 1777; George Innes, consecrated August 13, 1778 ; John Skinner, consecrated Sep- tember 25, 1782 ; Andrew Macfarlane, con- secrated March 7, 1787; John Strachan, consecrated September 26, 1787 ; Alex- ander Jolly, consecrated June 24, 1796; Matthew H. Luscombe, consecrated (to go abroad) March 20, 1825 ; and David Moir, consecrated October 8, 1837. The Concordate, which ended the novel scheme of governing the Church by a Col- lege of Bishops, was subscribed by all the The College Bishops 67 bishops on the 13th of May, 1732, the bishop of Edinburgh alone objecting to the article abolishing the office of metropolitan ; on which account the office of Primus was taken from him and transferred to Bishop Freebairn. The sixth article assigns and apportions dioceses. Authorities for this Chapter. History of the Scottish Episcopal Church from the Revolution to the Present Time. John Parker Lawson. Edinburgh, 1843. Pp. 588. Ecclesiastical History of Scotland. George Grub. Edinburgh, 1861. Four vols. An Apology for the Doctrine of Apostolical Succession. Hon. and Rev. A. P. Perceval, B.C.L. London, 1839. Scotichronicon. Dr. Gordon, of S. Andrews. Glasgow, 1867. Three vols., containing Bishop Keith's Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops. Skinner's Ecclesiastical History ', etc. VI THE USAGEES 1720-1732 In the year 1718 the Scottish bishops, to whom the con- troversy that was dividing the English Nonjurors was re- ferred for a synodical declaration, refused to decide in fa- vor of those who contended for the Communion Office as it is in the Book of Common Prayer — the party headed by Bishop Spinckes, formerly one of the prebendaries of Sarum, and Rector of S. Martin's, in that diocese. At the same time, they stood out against those (whom the learned Bishop Collier represented) who wished the usages restored that had been acknowledged at the commence- ment of the Reformation. But the via media is not al- ways the via sapie?is. On the death of Bishop Rose (1720) the same contro- versy raged in, and divided the Scottish Church, the bishops taking sides, and actively propagating their re- spective views and parties. Three years later, Mr. Lock- hart, one of the " Trustees " of the exiled prince, wrote him, under date of May 21, 1723 : " Since my last, Gad- derar (bishop) having gone to the North, and boldly con- temned both the advices and orders of the College and your Trustees, by openly advancing his opinions, and practising his Usages, and having gained several of both clergy and laity over to his way of thinking, is in a fair way of creating a terrible schism, which cannot fail in having dismal effects." CHAPTEE VI THE USAGEES 1 On the death (1720) of Bishop Eose, of Edinburgh, the last of the deprived dio- cesan prelates, the liturgical practices which had led to a schism among the Eng- lish Nonjurors on the decease (1715) of Bishop Hickes, wrought to the creation of two parties among the six surviving Scottish prelates. Bishops Falconer, Campbell, and Gad- derar (two of whom resided in London, and were in the frequent company of Bishops Collier and Brett, the leaders of "the primitive party" in the Nonjuring Church in the South) were favorable to the " Usages : " The mixing of water with the wine ; 1 To be read in connection with the chapter on College Bishops. See also the chapters on The Scottish Nonjurors and The English Nonjurors. 72 The Usagers The commemoration of the faithful de- parted ; The use of an express prayer of Invoca- tion in consecrating the Elements ; The use of the Oblatory prayer before distribution. They also favored a return to diocesan episcopacy, and were not tied to the rec- ommendations of the exiled royal family. On the other side were ranged the new Primus (Bishop Fullarton), and Bishops Millar and Irvine, men entirely subject to the will of the Chevalier, who thought to control them better as a College of Bishops, to which he could add at pleasure, than as ordinaries in charge of fixed and definite districts. On the 17th of October, 1722, the Colle- giate Party, to prevent the bishops in favor of the usages from acquiring a majority, elevated to the episcopate two presbyters, Andrew Cant, one of the former ministers of Edinburgh, and son of the principal of the college of Edinburgh, and David Free- bairn, sometime minister at Dunning, but not in much repute for scholarship or ability ; and, to retain the majority they The Usagers 73 had now gained, the same three prelates consecrated, in 1724, other two opponents of the obnoxious liturgical practices — Alex- ander Duncan, formerly minister at Kil- birnie, and Eobert Norrie, once stationed at Dundee ; and two years later Bishops Freebairn, Duncan, and Cant made bishops out of John Ouchterlonie, minister at Aber- lemno till 1716, and James Eose, a brother of the late primate — all of them the choice of the exiled James and his " Trustees." x In November, 1725, Bishop Irvine was translated to Paradise, where he was joined, early in 1727, by Bishops Norrie and Fullarton, successively. Then (1727) the clergy of Edinburgh elected Bishop Millar (who had left the College Party) as their diocesan, who, thereupon, was acknowledged as Primus, vicar-general, and metropolitan, by Bishop Gadderar, ordinary of Aberdeen, and Bishop Cant, consecrated " bishop at large," but opposed to the Erastianism of his colleagues. The other bishops, Free- 1 Grub's Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, vol. iii. , pp. 387, 395. Lawson's Scottish Episcopal Church since the Revolution, p. 233, etc. Lockhart Papers. Skinner's Ecclesiastical History, vol. ii. 74 The Usagers bairn, Duncan, Rose, and Ouchterlonie, however, refused their consent. A violent controversy ensued. The Usagers held to Bishop Miliar. The Col- lege Party appointed Bishop Freebairn to supersede him or to superintend his dio- cese in the interim. On the 4th of June (1727), Dr. Thomas Rattray, of Craighall, one of the most dis- tinguished scholars of the day, and a noted champion of the usages, having been elect- ed to the see of Dunkeld by the presby- ters connected therewith, was consecrated to diocesan superintendence by Bishops Millar, Gadderar, and Cant. On the 11th of the same month, the Col- lege Party added two prelates to their ranks — John Gillan, preceptor and chap- lain to Mr. Lockhart of Carnworth (one of the " Trustees " of the exiled James), and the nominee of the Chevalier, and David Ranken, who was consecrated without con- sulting the " king." Seven days later the Usagers (or Dioce- san Party) consecrated the Rev. William Dunbar, formerly minister of Cruden, in Aberdeenshire, to the see of Moray, the The Usagers 75 clergy attached thereto having elected him to be their bishop ; and at the same time the Eev. Kobert Keith, presbyter in Edin- burgh, a man of considerable ability and industry, and the author of the "History of the Church and State in Scotland dur- ing the Period of the Eeformation and the Reign of Queen Mary" — (the source of Dr. Robertson's historical endeavor), who had been nominated as coadjutor to the failing primate, was raised to the episcopal order. On the 9th of October, Bishop Millar was gathered to his fathers, but not before the other party had passed a formal act an- nulling his election to the see of Edin- burgh, and suspending him from his func- tions. The election of Rattray and Dunbar they further declared to be null and void, their consecration to be irregular and un- canonical, and themselves to be no bish- ops of the Scottish Church, and to have no power or jurisdiction as such. 1 On the 19th of the same month the clergy of Edinburgh met to elect a bishop 1 Grub's Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, vol. iv. , pp. 3, 5, 6. Skinner's Ecclesiastical History, vol. ii., p. 623, etc. 76 The Usagers for the diocese. Among them, and voting with them, were two of the College Bishops — Ranken and Gillan ! The result of the election was the consecration, on the 2d of November, at Edinburgh, by Bishops Cant, Rattray, and Keith, of Andrew Lumsden, an aged presbyter, once archdeacon of Edinburgh ; and again the Usagers or Di- ocesan Party had occasion to rejoice. Bishop Ranken died in 1728 ; and two years later, during which time no new consecrations took place, Bishop Cant fell asleep. In the meantime Bishop Lumsden man- ifested no partiality for either side, and Bishop Keith, representing the Usagers, and Bishop Gillan, speaking for the Col- lege Painty, were in frequent conference. At last, in December, 1731, a concordate was drawn up, which terminated the con- troversy. It was agreed : 1. That the Scottish or English Liturgy only should be used in the public divine service ; and that none of the usages which had caused recent differences should be introduced into the public worship ; 2. That no man should thereafter be The Usagers 77 consecrated a bishop of the Scottish Church without the consent and approba- tion of the majority of the other bishops ; 3. That a mandate from the Primus or the consent of the other bishops should be necessary to the election of a bishop by the presbyters of a vacant diocese ; 4. That the Primus, for convocating and presiding only, should be chosen by the bishops, by a majority of the voices ; 5. That Bishop Freebairn should be the first Primus, to serve as above noted; 6. That the bishops should be diocesan, and distributed as herein designated. VII UNCANONICAL BISHOPS 1553-1558 In the year 1534, on the last of March, the convocation of the province of Canterbury prepared and signed an instru- ment with this title : " Quod Romanus episcopus non habet majorem aliquam jurisdictionem a Deo sibi collatam in hoc regno Angliae quam qui vis externus episcopus " — The bish- op of Rome hath not any greater jurisdiction conferred upon him by God in this realm of England than any other foreign bishop. On June 1st, of the same year, the convo- cation of the province of York sent the king a sort of an address, renouncing the pope's supremacy in very similar terms, and expressly declaring ' ' that, by the word of God, he has no more jurisdiction in England than any other bishop." The learned Henry Wharton had (1690) in his own hands u no less than one hundred and seventy-five such instruments," repudiating the pope's authority, 11 containing the subscriptions of all the bishops, chapters, monasteries, colleges, hospitals, etc., of thirteen dioceses," and was aware of the existence of the subscriptions of the other nine dioceses. No one pretends that these instruments were ever duly withdrawn, repealed, or altered by the same ecclesiastical legislature duly convened. And yet, on the accession of Queen Mary, u no less than thirteen bishops were deprived without pretence of ecclesiastical law as received by the Church of England ; and others irregularly intruded into their sees " by authority of the bishop of Rome. CHAPTEE VIX UNCANONICAL BISHOPS On the deprivation and imprisonment of the lawful primate, Thomas Cranmer, six- teen bishops were consecrated more Ro- mano, in one of the provinces of the Eng- lish Church, and thrust into the sees that had been forcibly vacated. Of these six- teen consecrations, but four are duly en- tered in the register at Lambeth. "Where and by whom the others were effected does not appear, no record of them occur- ing in the muniments of Lambeth, Lon- don, or Canterbury. The four uncanonical bishops, of whose consecration to English sees there is rec- ord, were : Eeginald Pole, consecrated (March 22, 1555) to Canterbury, by Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York ; Edmund Bonner, bishop of London ; Thomas Thirlby, bish- 6 82 Uncanonical Bishops op of Ely ; Richard Pates, bishop of Wor- cester ; John Whyte, bishop of Lincoln ; Maurice Griffith, bishop of Rochester ; and Thomas Goldwell, bishop of S. Asaph. Thomas Watson, consecrated (August 15, 1557) to the see of Lincoln, by the archbishop of York and the bishops of Ely and Bangor. David Poole, consecrated (August 15, 1557) to the see of Peterborough, by the archbishop of York and the bishops of Ely and Bangor. John Christopher, consecrated (Novem- ber 21, 1557) to the see of Chichester, by the bishops of London, Ely, and Rochester. The twelve uncanonical bishops of this reign, whose consecrations are not noted in the official registers of the Church, were : John Whyte, consecrated to Lincoln, one of the consecrators of Reginald Pole ; Richard Pates, consecrated to Worces- ter, one of the consecrators of Reginald Pole ; Maurice Griffith, consecrated to Roches- ter, one of the consecrators of Reginald Pole ; Thomas Goldwell, consecrated to S. As- Uncanonical Bishops 83 aph, one of the consecrators of Eeginald Pole; Gilbert Brown, consecrated to Bath and Wells; Henry Morgan, consecrated to S. David's ; John Hopton, consecrated to Norwich ; John Holyman, consecrated to Bristol ; Balph Baines, consecrated to Lichfield ; "William Glynne, consecrated to Bangor ; James Brooks, consecrated to Gloucester ; James Turberville, consecrated to the see of Exeter. On the accession of Elizabeth, all bish- ops uncanonically consecrated in and for the Church of England were ejected from the sees into which they had been intrud- ed; and it does not appear that they at- tempted to institute a Roman succession in the realm. The only bishops of the province of Canterbury at this date, who had been consecrated consonant to the ecclesiastical regulations of the country, were the eight who had been raised to the episcopal or- der before the enthronement of Mary, viz. : Salisbury, suffragan of Thetford ; 84 Uncanonical Bishops Barlow, who had been bishop of Wells, one of the consecrators of Matthew Parker. Hodgskins, suffragan of Bedford, one of the consecrators of Matthew Parker, and the only one of the seven consecrators of Reginald Pole whose line of succession can be traced ; Bonner, bishop of London, protege of Cardinal Wolsey, chaplain to Henry VIII., ambassador to France, Germany, and Rome, prisoner- in the Fleet, and later, committed to the Marshalsea and deprived of his see (1549) for neglect of the cause of the Reformation, restored by Mary, one of the consecrators of Reginald Pole — un- canonically raised (1555) to the archiepis- copal see of Canterbury ; Thirlby, bishop of Ely, one of the con- secrators of Reginald Pole, and assessor with Bonner in the public degradation (1556) of Cranmer ; Kitchen, bishop of Llandaff, "the ca- lamity of his see," who alone of all the sur- viving diocesans took the oath of suprem- acy to Elizabeth ; Coverdale, who had been bishop of Ex- eter, one of the consecrators of Matthew Parker. Uncanonical Bishops 85 Scory, who had formerly held the see of Chichester, one of the consecrators of Matthew Parker. But three of these eight held and ad- ministered sees when the new government came in, and two of them (Bonner and Thirlby) " were incapacitated, as well be- cause they had been instrumental in the murder of their metropolitan, as because they pertinaciously adhered to the author- ity of the bishop of Rome, which had been duly and canonically renounced by the Church of England, and which they had themselves abjured." Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York, one of the consecrators of Reginald Pole, also survived to this reign. Consecrated to Rochester (1540) in the time of Henry VIII., translated to Worcester in 1543, and to the archiepiscopal see of York in 1555, he was deprived for refusing to re- pudiate the jurisdiction of Rome over the English Church, and went to live on his estate in Surrey. Every see but Llandaff was now vacant ; but its occupant had been canonically con- secrated thereto in the days of Henry VIII. VIII PAEKEE versus POLE 1555-J559 u The case, as regards the English succession, may be thus stated. The present protestant archbishops and bishops of the State Church possess the titles and temporali- ties of the ancient sees, and trace their descent by way of episcopal ordinations from Matthew Parker, who was con- secrated to the see of Canterbury by order of Queen Eliza- beth on the 15th Of December, 1559. The fact that he was consecrated to that see in the year stated is beyond dispute. That he was ever validly consecrated is denied by Cath- olic, and maintained by protestant, authorities." "The validity of Parker's consecration depends upon two questions : firstly, was he consecrated by a bishop who had himself been validly consecrated ? and, secondly, was the ritual, used at his consecration, sufficient to confer valid episcopal ordination ? " " The four ex-prelates who are named as the consecra- tors of Parker, cannot be said to have transmitted to him any ecclesiastical jurisdiction whatever. Persons can only transmit that which they themselves possess." — Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy of England and Scotland. W. Maziere Brady, Rome, 1877. CHAPTER Vni , PAEKEE versus POLE MATTHEW PARKER The record of the consecration of Arch- bishop Parker is to be found in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, as well as in the register at Lambeth. In the latter document the preface runs : " Rituum et Ceremoniarum ordo in Con- secratione Reverendissimi Dni Matthei Parker, Archiepi Cantuar in Capella infra Manerium suum de Lambehith die Do- minico (videlicet) Decimo Septimo die Mensis Decembris, Anno Domini Millesimo Quingentesimo Quinquagesimo Nono." In each of the registers it is noted that his consecrators were William Chichester, John Hereford, John Bedford, Miles, late Exeter. 90 Parker versus Pole Doubt has been expressed as to the epis- copal character of William Barlow. No record of the time, place, or manner of his consecration can be found. But what of the three other consecrators ? John Hodgskins was certainly conse- crated suffragan of Bedford, December 9, 1537, and his consecrators were John Lon- don (Stokesley), John Bochester (Hilsey), and Robert St. Asaph (Parfew). And in Lambeth registry it stands that Bobert Par- few, or Wharton, was duly consecrated July 2, 1536, to the see of St. Asaph, by Thomas Canterbury, John Bangor (Capon), and Will- iam Nomvich (Bugg). Of Miles Coverdale and John Scory, it is likewise on record that they were conse- crated bishops August 30, 1551, by Thomas Canterbury, Nicholas London (Bidley), and John Bedford (Hodgskins). According to the Lambeth register, Matthew Parker was not consecrated by one bishop with others assisting, but by all the four bishops conjointly. There can be no question that three of these consecrators, at least, were in the succession, and that Archbishop Parker's episcopal descent can Parker versus Pole 91 be traced, by the records, through three undisputed channels which link him to Archbishop Warham and Cardinal Fisher. The two documents (Archbishop Park- er's register at Lambeth, and a manuscript among Parker's papers at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge) are also official records of the facts that Matthew Parker was con- secrated at the chapel at Lambeth, and not at Nag's Head ; and that the rite used at his consecration was the duly appointed ordinal of the Church of England. REGINALD POLE Among the sixteen bishops uncanoni- cally consecrated and intruded into Eng- lish sees, during the reign of Queen Mary, Eeginald Pole, cardinal, is on record, in Pole's register at Lambeth, as having been consecrated to Canterbury (March 22, 1555) by Nicholas York (Heath), Edmund Lon- don (Bonner), Thomas Ely (Thirlby), Eichard Worcester (Pates), John Lincoln (Whyte), Maurice Rochester (Griffith), and Thomas St. Asaph (Goldwell). 92 Parker versus Pole Of the consecration of Richard Pates no record can be found. Of the consecration of John Whyte no record can be found. Of the consecration of Maurice Griffith no record can be found. Of the consecration of Thomas Gold- well no record can be found. Nicholas Heath is on record as having been consecrated by Stephen Winchester (Gardiner), Richard Chichester (Sampson), and John Hereford (Skypp); but of the consecrations of Stephen Gardiner, Rich- ard Sampson, and John Skypp no record can be found. Edmund Bonner is on record as having been consecrated by Stephen Winchester, Richard Chichester, and John Hereford ; but of the consecrations of the conse- crators no record can be found. Thomas Thirlby is on record as having been consecrated by Edmund Ronner, Nicholas Heath, and John Hodgskins ; but of the consecrations of the consecrators of Bonner and Heath no record can be found. The episcopal character of John Hodg- skins, however, is beyond dispute. Not Parker versus Pole 93 only is there due record of his consecra- tion by John London (Stokesley), John Rochester (Hilsey), and Robert St. Asaph (Parfew), but one of them at least (Eobert Parfew) is registered as having been con- secrated by Thomas Canterbury, John Bangor, and William Norwich. The Church of Rome maintains the val- idity of the consecration of Reginald Pole. But the line of succession of only one of his seven consecrators can be duly traced. And John Hodgskins, suffragan of Bed- ford, was also one of the consecrators, four years later, of Matthew Parker ! IX MISSING BISHOPS 1535-1784 OHAPTEE IX MISSING BISHOPS The names of the consecrators of Edward Fox, said to have been bishop of Hereford from 1535, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of Hugh Latimer, said to have been bishop of Wor- cester from 1535, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration, although his resignation (1539) is mentioned. The names of the consecrators of Richard Sampson, said to have been made bishop of Chichester, 1536, and to have been trans- lated to Coventry, 1543, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of "William Rugg, said to have been bishop of Norwich 7 98 Missing Bishops from 1536, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of William Barlow, said to have been made bishop of St. Asaph, 1536, to have been translated to St. David's the same year, to Bath and Wells, 1549, and to Chichester, 1559, are not in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of John Hilsey, said to have been made bishop of Rochester, 1536, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of John Skypp, said to have been made bishop of Hereford, 1539, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of John Bell, said to have been made bishop of Worcester, 1539, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of George Day, said to have been made bishop of Missing Bishops 99 Chichester, 1543, are not recorded in the register at Lambeth, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of twelve of the sixteen uncanonical bishops of Queen Mary's 1 reign, are not recorded in the reg- isters of Lambeth, London, or Canterbury, nor does it appear where they were made bishops. The names of the consecrators of Richard Pates (Worcester), John Whyte (Lincoln), Maurice Griffith (Rochester), and Thomas Goldwell (St. Asaph), four of the conse- crators of Reginald Pole (1555), cannot be found, nor is there record of the conse- crations of these four consecrators. The names of the consecrators of Stephen Gardiner (Winchester), Richard Sampson (Chichester), and John Skypp (Hereford) — the consecrators of Nicholas Heath (York), and Edmund Bonner (London), two of the consecrators of Reginald Pole — have not been recorded, nor is there note of their consecrations. The names of the consecrators of William Downham, said to have been made bishop 1 See chapter on Uncanonical Bishops. 100 Missing Bishops of Chester, 1561, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of James Stanley, said to have been made bishop of Sodor, 1573, are not recorded in the reg- ister, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of John May, said to have been made bishop of Carlisle, 1577, are not recorded in the reg- ister, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of George Lloyd, said to have been made bishop of Sodor, 1600, and to have been translated to Chester, 1604, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of John Spottiswoode, Andrew Lamb, and Gavin Hamilton (consecrated, respectively, to the sees of Glasgow, Brechin, and Galloway, and through whom the Sydserf line of Scottish bishops (which terminated (1663) on the death of Sydserf, bishop of Orkney), Missing Bishops 101 derived the succession) are not found in the usual record-book ; but the mandate for the consecration, directed to George London, Launcelot Ely, Eichard Rochester, and Henry Worcester, is in Archbishop Ban- croft's register; and Bishop Keith, in his " Catalogue of Scottish Bishops," affirms that the consecrations took place at London House, October 21, 1610, the consecrators being George London, Launcelot Ely, and James Bath and Wells. Unless the registers of St. Andrews are still in existence, there would seem to be no official record (with but two exceptions — that of John Paterson, consecrated by Bobert Glasgow and Alexander Edinburgh, to Galloway in 1674; and that of Arthur Boss, consecrated to Argyll, 1675, by the same prelates) of the consecrations or the consecrators of the Scottish bishops from George Wishart, consecrated bishop of Edinburgh, 1662, to John Gordon, conse- crated bishop of Galloway, 1688, inclusive. The other ecclesiastical records of the Church of Scotland are said to have been burnt in the fire which destroyed the Houses of Parliament, whither the collection had 102 Missing Bishops been taken, for the nonce, from the library of Sion College, London, where they had been deposited by Bishop Campbell, one of the Scottish Nonjurors resident in Eng- land. Twenty-eight bishops are thus with- out a duly authenticated episcopal pedi- gree. 1 The names of the consecrators of Barn- abas Potter, said to have been made bishop of Carlisle, 1628, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of "William Forster, said to have been made bishop of Sodor, March 9, 1633, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of Bichard Parr, said to have been made bishop of Sodor, June 10, 1635, are not recorded in 1 John Parker Lawson says, in his " History of the Scot- tish Episcopal Church from the Revolution to the Present Time" (1843), that "there may probably be some docu- ments in the General Register House, Edinburgh ; for the proceedings at every consecration must have been reported to the Scottish Privy Council, and by them to the Sov- ereign in England " (p. 578). Missing Bishops 103 the register, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of John Owen, said to have been made bishop of St. Asaph during the reign of Charles II., are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of Henry Feme, said to have been made bishop of Chester, 1662, are not recorded in the reg- ister, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of Edward Eainbow, said to have been made bishop of Carlisle, 1664, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of Walter Blanford, said to have been made bishop of Oxford, 1665, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of John Wilkins, said to have been made bishop of Chester, 1668, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. 104 Missing Bishops The names of the consecrators of Henry Bridgeman, said to have been made bishop of Sodor, 1671, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his consecration. The license for the consecration of John Pearson to the see of Chester, is found on the Lambeth records, and is dated January 13, 1672, but the names of his consecrators are not entered, nor is there note there of his consecration. The license for the consecration of John Lake to the see of Sodor is on record, but not the date of consecration, or names of the consecrators, or the fact of his conse- cration. He is said to have been conse- crated January 6, 1682; to have been translated to Bristol 1684; and to Chich- ester 1685. The names of the consecrators of Thomas Smith, said to have been made bishop of Carlisle, 1684, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his consecration. The license for the consecration of Bap- tist Levins to the see of Sodor is on rec- ord, but not the names of his consecrators, Missing Bishops 105 nor is there note there of his consecration, 1684. The names of the consecrators of Nicho- las Stafford, said to have been made bishop of Chester, 1689, are not recorded on the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of "William Dawes, said to have been made bishop of Chester, 1707, are not recorded in the reg- ister, nor is there note there of his conse- cration. The names of the consecrators of Fran- cis Gastrell, said to have been made bishop of Chester, 1719, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his con- secration. The names of the consecrators of John Waugh, said to have been made bishop of Carlisle, 1723, are not recorded in the register, nor is there note there of his consecration. The names of the consecrators of Clau- dius Crigan, said to have been made bishop of Sodor, 1784, are not recorded in the register, nor is there record there of his con- secration. THE ENGLISH NONJURORS 1688-1805 William and Mary having been declared to be king and queen of England, the new oath of allegiance was taken by the two Houses of Parliament in March, 1688-9, the lords spiritual dividing. The archbishop of York, the bishops of London, Lincoln, Bristol, Winchester, Rochester, Llan- daff, and St. Asaph's, and subsequently the bishops of Carlisle and St. David's, transferred their fealty to the new sovereigns in these words: — U I, A. B., do sincerely promise and swear to bear true allegiance to their Majes- ties King William and Queen Mary." Nine others considered that the oath of allegiance they had once taken to King James could not be revoked, and refused to nullify it by doing like homage to another. CHAPTEK X THE ENGLISH NONJURORS 1 The nine prelates of the Church of Eng- land who refused to swear allegiance to William and Mary (1688-9), TheDepriva- and suffered deprivation there- tlon - for, were : William Sancroft, archbishop of Canter- bury. This is he who attended Charles II. on his death-bed (February, 1685), and crowned James II. (May 3, 1685), and who, refusing to read James's Declaration of Indulgence in public, was confined in the Tower, tried, and acquitted with six other prelates. Deprived (February, 1691), he retired to Suffolk, the place of his birth, where he died (1693) in Fresingfield. William Lloyd, consecrated (1675) to Llandaff, translated (1679) to Peterbor- 1 See the chapters on The Scottish Nonjurors, The Col- lege Bishops, and The Usagers. 110 The English Nonjurors ough, and thence (1685) to Norwich. To this deprived prelate the deprived San- croft, ignoring the consecration of Tillotson to the primatial see, to which a majority (16 to 6) of the twenty-two bishops of the provinces had consented, and at which six at least had assisted, delegated, by a for- mal instrument dated the 9th of February, 1691-2, the exercise of his archiepiscopal powers ; and acting as his " Vicar, Factor, and Proxy-General, or Nuncio," this de- prived bishop of Norwich did, with the as- sistance of the deprived bishops of Peter- borough and Ely, on the 24th of February, 1693, after Sancroft's death, and in the lodging of the bishop of Peterborough, in a private house, consecrate George Hickes as suffragan of Thetford, and Thomas Wagstaffe, suffragan of Ipswich ; on which day a schism was inaugurated which lasted one hundred and twelve years, even until the death (1805) of Boothe, the last of the Separatists. Thomas "White, bishop of Peterborough. Evelyn mentions him as a very eloquent preacher, notes his imprisonment in the Tower with the other prelates, for "not The English Nonjurors 111 reading the Declaration for liberty of con- science," and, under date of June 5, 1698, gives this account of his funeral: "Dr. White, late bishop of Norwich, who had been ejected for not complying with gov- ernment, was buried in St. Gregory's churchyard or vault at St. Paul's. His hearse was accompanied by two other Non-juror Bishops, Dr. Turner of Ely, and Dr. Lloyd, with forty other Non-juror clergymen, who would not stay the office of the burial, because the dean of St. Paul's had appointed a Conforming Min- ister to read the office ; at w r hich all much wondered, there being nothing in that office which mentioned the present king." He was one of the three deprived bishops who, not content to suffer in silence after the manner of Ken and others, resolved on the perpetuation of their succession. Francis Turner, bishop of Ely. Master of St. John's College, Cambridge (1670), dean of Windsor (1683), bishop of Eoch- ester (1683), translated to Ely (1684), one of the famous seven confined in the Tower, suspended and deprived with San- croft and Turner, he died in very strait- 112 The English Nonjurors ened circumstances, but not before he had taken part in the consecration of the two divines nominated by the dethroned king to continue the succession of bishops faith- ful to the fallen dynasty. His body lies in the chancel of the church of Therfield, Herts, where he was once rector, the one word Expekgiscar ! appearing on the stone. Thomas Ken, bishop of Bath and Wells, a graduate of "Winchester College (1666), prebendary of the cathedral (1667), chap- lain to Mary at the court of William of Orange, at The Hague (1679), presented to the bishopric by the king, whose mis- tress (Nell Gwynn) he had refused to lodge in Winchester on the occasion of her visit to the city, one of the seven bish- ops to incur the wrath of James because of their attitude toward the Declaration of Indulgence, — this man, on being deprived of his see, retired to Longleat, in Somer- setshire, where he closed his life (1711), preferring retirement to reinstatement in his bishopric on the death (1703) of his successor. Robert Frampton, bishop of Gloucester. The English Nonjurors 113 This was the man of whom Pepys said that he preached most like an apostle that he ever heard man; but, being deprived, he withdrew from the public ministra- tions of the sanctuary, and was content to catechize each afternoon, as occasion of- fered, the children of the parish church, with which he had connected himself, and expound the rector's sermon of the morn- ing. He died (1708) at the age of eighty- six, and was buried privately at Standish, in Gloucestershire. John Lake, bishop of Chichester. He was one of the bishops in the Tower, and, dying before the day fixed for the Oath, he dictated, with his last breath, the mem- orable profession : " Whereas I was bap- tized into the religion of the Church of England, and sucked it in with my milk, I have constantly adhered to it through the whole course of my life, and now, if so be the will of God, shall die in it : and I had resolved, through God's grace assisting me, to have died so, though at a stake." William Thomas, bishop of Worcester, translated (1685) from St. David's. He died before the act of deprivation. 8 114 The English Nonjurors Thomas Cartwright, bishop of Chester, who also died the same year. The new consecrations, for which Bish- ops Lloyd, White, and Turner were re- m , n , sponsible, prolonged the line The Schism. * • ji -bi v i of cleavage .in the English Church. The schism now assumed minatory pro- portions. Dr. George Hickes was not the man to suffer the new line of succession to termi- nate in him. That he felt himself " every inch a bishop " is evident from his Letters of Orders to Laurence Howell (1712) : " Tenore Praesentium, Nos Georgius Hickes, permissione divina Episcopus Suffraga- neus Thetfordiensis, notum facimus uni- versis, quod nos praefectus Episcopus. . . ." The deprived bishops took no other steps to appoint successors. But when "White, Turner, Frampton, Ken, and Wagstaffe were dead, this suffragan did, with the help of two bishops of Scotland (Archibald Campbell and James Gadderar), elevate to the episcopate, on the third day of June, 1713, Jeremy Collier, the essayist The English Nonjurors 115 and historian, Samuel Hawes, and Nathan- iel Spinckes. Hickes dead, Collier, who subscribed himself Jekemias, Primus-Anglo-Britan- nle Episcopus, proceeded, with the assist- ance of Hawes, Spinckes, Campbell, and Gadderar, to consecrate (June 26, 1716, or, according to another authority, January 25, 1715) to the episcopal office Henry Gandy, a bitter partisan and controversialist, and Thomas Brett, ordained in the Church of England, 1690, and admitted into the so- ciety of the Nonjurors but a few months previous to his consecration as bishop, a man of letters and great ability, the choice, presumably, of Suffragan Hickes. But schism leads to schism — in the Church as in the protamoeba. Collier and Brett having introduced and adopted a Neio Communion Office, Spinckes, Hawes, and Candy, who ad- m n hered to the (1661) Book of TheSe ^ atl - Common Prayer, resolved on the conse- cration of some bishops opposed to the Usages, and, accordingly, on the 25th day of January, 1720, raised Hilkiah Bedford and Kalph Taylor to the episcopate. 116 The English Nonjurors Hawes dying, 1722, and Bedford follow- ing him two years later, Taylor proceeded, unassisted, to the consecration (1723-4) of Bobert Welton, and then he and "Welton, the same year, went on and made a bishop out of a man named Talbot. But if a single bishop can make a bishop, it is not in the power of a single bishop to secure the recognition of the work of his hands by the other bishops of his com- munion. And so it was that "Welton and Talbot were compelled to seek occupation and jurisdiction in the American Colonies. The former went to Philadelphia, where he exercised the episcopal functions until, complaint being entered by the bishop of London, the government interfered, and he retired to Portugal, where he died 1726. Talbot took the oaths and returned to the Church of England. At last Taylor died also. And then Spinckes and Gandy, the survivors, secured the episcopal services of John Fullarton, Arthur Millar, "William Irvine, and David Freebairn (Scottish bishops all) ; and Henry Doughty, on the 30th day of March, 1725, was consecrated by them for their friends in England. The English Nonjurors 117 In the same year, a month or two later, John Blackburn and Henry Hall were raised to the episcopate by Spinckes, Gandy, and the newly consecrated Doughty. In 1727 Spinckes was translated to Para- dise ; and of him it has been written that "he had no wealth, few enemies, many friends. His exemplary life was concluded by a happy death. His patience was great ; his self-denial greater ; his charity still greater." The next year (March 25) the leader of this section of the Nonjurors, Eichard Baw- linson, was elevated to the episcopate by Gandy, Doughty, and Blackburn. And on the 26th day of December, of the same year, George Smith was consecrated bishop by Gandy, Blackburn, and Bawlinson. The Prayer-Book party having (1720) consecrated two bishops to perpetuate the succession in their line, the mT ^ TT __. . The Usagers, or Other Section of the JNonjU- The Essential- rors proceeded to increase the number of their bishops, and on the 25th day of November, 1722, John Griffin was 118 The English Nonjurors raised to the episcopal office by Collier, Brett, and Archibald Campbell — one of the Nonjuring bishops of Scotland. In the year 1726 Collier died, and the surviving prelates of the Usagers, unwilling that their section should lack for bishops, went on the next year (April 9) to the con- secration of Thomas Brett, junior, on whose head Brett, senior, Griffin, and the ever- ready Scotch Campbell laid their uplifting hands. By the year 1730 the two sections were " ready and desirous " to meet again in one communion ; and when Tim- Re-union. ., __ - othy Mawman was raised (July 17, 1731) to the episcopate, his con- secrates were Thomas Brett, senior, Thomas Brett, junior (both of the Collier line), and George Smith (of the Spinckes succession). John Blackburn, consecrated (May 6, 1725)by Nathaniel Spinckes, alone objected to the re-union, probably on the ground of the usages, which he could not stomach, resolved to live and die a repre- sentative of the Church of England, "as she stood at the period of the separation." The English Nonjurors 119 The bishop, no doubt, voiced the senti- ments of his colleagues, when in reply to the question of a friend, he said : " We leave the sees open, that the gentlemen who now possess them, upon the restoration, may, if they please, return to their duty, and be continued. "We content ourselves with full episcopal power as suffragans." The good old bishop, who had become a proof-reader, departed this life on the 17th of November, 1741, and was buried in Islington churchyard, where, according to Nichols, this epitaph occurs : HIC SITUM EST QUOD MORTALE FUIT VIEI VERE REVERENDI JOHANNIS BLACKBOURNE, A.M. ECOLESI^B ANGLICANS PRESBYTERI, PONTTFICORUM ^EQUE AC NOVATORUM MALLEI, DOCTI, CLARI, STRENUI, PROMPTI : QUI (UTI VERBO DICAM) CETERA ENIM QUIS NESCIT ? CUM EO NON DIGNUS ERAT, USQUE ADEO DEGENER, MUNDUS, AD BEATORUM SEDES TRANSLATUS EST, 17° DIE NOVEMBRIS A.D. MDCCXLI. .ETAT. SU.E LVIII. 120 The English Nonjurors In the year 1741 (June 11), Eobert Gordon was raised to the episcopate by Thomas Brett, senior, George Smith, and Timothy Mawman; and when he died (1779) this line became extinct. About the time of the termination of the disputes respecting the usages, Archibald Uncanonical Campbell — that regionary and Bishops, irresponsible Scottish bishop (who aforetime had joined his uncle, the earl of Argyll, in his insurrection against James VII., and had subsequently, devoted to the interests of the house of Stuart, re- fused the oath of allegiance to "William and Mary), elected (1721) to the see of Aber- deen, after being ten years a bishop with- out a diocese and a resident of London to the end — acting by his own authority, con- secrated (1733) Eoger Lawrence, the au- thor of " Lay Baptism Invalid," thus initiat- ing another line of Nonjuring bishops, and one obnoxious to the regular Nonjurors, as requiring the presence of one bishop only at a consecration. The same year, as it would appear, Camp- bell and Lawrence united to raise Thomas The English Nonjurors 121 Deacon, the author of "The Doctrine of the Church of Borne," to the episcopate ; and, in due course of time, Thomas Dea- con made a bishop out of P. J. Brown, a brother, as has been supposed, of the earl of Annandale. In 1780, Thomas Deacon consecrated Kenrick Price and William Cartwright, who on his death-bed (1799) conformed to the Church of England and was communi- cated by one of her clergy. Before his death, however, Cartwright raised (1795) Thomas Garnett to the epis- copate ; and shortly after Thomas Garnett consecrated Charles Boothe. But every schism has its end. And in 1805, when Charles Boothe died in Ireland, the last line of Nonjuring bishops became extinct. In the year 1840 the crozier which had been used by them was in the possession of John Crossley, Esq., of Scaitcliffe, near Todmorden. Authorities for this Chapter : Lathbury : History of the Nonjurors. Perceval : On Apostolical Succession. Lawson : History of the Scottish Episcopal Church since the Revolution, XI THE IEISH NONJURORS 1688-1716 CHAPTER XI THE IEISH NONJURORS As the accession of William and Mary scarcely affected the unity of the Irish Church, a few words will serve to describe the situation. Hopkins, bishop of Derry, endeavored to dissuade the apprentices of that city from closing the gates against the troops of James. Dopping, bishop of Meath, was desirous to accompany the king to the battle of the Boyne. Dopping, Otway of Ossory, Digby of Limerick, and "Wetenbell of Cork and Ross, sat in the parliament convened in Dublin by the unfortunate monarch, before the throne was acknowledged lost. Two bishops only refused to take the oaths to the new government : Sheridan, bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, 126 The Irish Nonjurors who took refuge in England, where he was supported by the contributions of sym- pathizing prelates, and where he died (1716) in great poverty, the father, how- ever, of two bishops ; and Otway, bishop of Ossory, who, somehow, contrived to hold his see till death (1693) deprived him. Authority for this Chapter: Bishop Mant : History of the Church of Ireland. xn ROMAN TITULAES IN ENGLAND 1623-1850 In the year 1559, fourteen bishops of the Italian Church, resident or acting in England, many of whom had been un- canonically consecrated in the preceding reign, were de- prived for refusing the oath of supremacy to the queen ; and after that, for three hundred years save nine, that Church had only titulars in the realm. CHAPTEE XII EOMAN TITULAKS IN ENGLAND Thomas Watson, the last bishop of Lin- coln to profess obedience to the see of Rome, dying in prison in Wisbeach Castle, September, 1584; and Thomas Goldwell, the last Roman prelate of St. Asaph, dying in Italy, April, 1585, — the hierarchy of the Italian Church in England became ex- tinct. In the year 1587, Sixtus V., bishop of Rome, created the Rev. William Allen, a cardinal-priest, "Prefect of the English Mission," assigning to him the title of S. Martin in montibas, and placing " the relics of Catholicism" under his care. Three years later, Gregory XIV. appointed Car- dinal Allen librarian of the Vatican, and conferred on him the archbishopric of 9 130 Roman Titulars in England Malines, of which, however, he never took possession. In 1594 the cardinal was overtaken by death in Rome. Archpriests in England. In the year 1598, one George Blackwell, B.D., scholar of Trinity College, Oxford (1562), fellow and master of arts in 1567, a pervert in 1574, was appointed "arch- priest of England," by command of Clem- ent VIII., bishop of Eome ; and for twen- ty-three years more (1598-1621) the Italian mission in England was without a resident episcopal superintendent, its affairs being administered by a series of archpriests (George Blackwell, 1598-1608; George Birkhead, 1608-1614; William Harrison 1615-1621), constituted each in turn " Head of the Secular Priests sent to England from the Seminary of Douay and Borne," to whom faculty was given to rule, suspend, or admonish all secular priests, and from whom the bishop of Rome was to receive every six months an account of the state of the mission. Of these three archpriests, Blackwell Roman Titulars in England 131 was deprived of his office by the bishop of Rome (1608) because of his advocacy of the usual oath to the king ; and William Harrison (the last of them) was granted " facultates pro archipresbytero Angliae, in regnis Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae, Monae, et aliis locis dominii regis Magnae Britan- niae, ac pro personis eorundem regnorum et dominiorum tantum," the brief being dated 11 July, 1615. Intruded Titular Bishops. In the year 1623, William Bishop, stu- dent at Gloucester Hall, Oxford (1570-3), "apostate to Papestrie" (1574), then at Douay, Rheims, and Rome, in the English College, where he took the mission oath, doctor of the Sorbonne, member of the controversialist community in Arras Col- lege, Paris — was consecrated bishop of Chalcedon, in Asia, in partibus infidelium, and made "vicar apostolic of England," where he died the next year, after the ad- ministration of confirmation to the mem- bers of his communion in and near Lon- don, living there, concealed, in great 132 Roman Titulars in England retirement. This titular bishop was given jurisdiction over Scotland as well as Eng- land ; but the bishop of Rome was com- pelled, by reason of the ancient and invet- erate enmity existing between the two nations, to order him to abstain from inter- ference with ecclesiastical affairs among the Scots. In the year 1625, Eichard Smith, student of Trinity College, Oxford (circ. 1583), then of the English College, Rome, where (1587) he took the mission oath, then teacher of philosophy in the English College at Valla- dolid (1595-98), a priest on the English mission (1603), later the chief of the con- troversialist community of Arras College, Paris — was consecrated bishop of Chalce- don in partibus infidelium, and sent to Eng- land to succeed the late Bishop Bishop, his consecrator being Cardinal Spada, the nun- cio to France. But it fared not well with this titular. For, vexed at the decision of his master in Rome (which gave him to understand that he had not been created Episcopus Anglice, but Episcopus Calce- donen. in Asia, with faculties limited and revocable ad nutum ipsius Sedis Apostolicce, Roman Titulars in England 133 that the judgment of all disputes was re- served to the Holy See alone, and that mis- sionaries might exercise their faculties without waiting or asking for his approval), he resigned his see in hot haste, and " found no place for repentance, though he sought it carefully with tears." The nuncio and the bishop of Eome would not listen to his petition to be allowed to withdraw his res- ignation ; and the ex-bishop, who had de- parted into France (1629), never returned to England, but spent the remaining years of his life in the convent of the Augustinian nuns at Paris, where he died 1655. Fifty years and more intervened before it was found practicable by the head of the Italian Church to intrude another bishop into England. At last, in the year 1685, the Propaganda elected John Leyburne, a doctor of the Sorbonne, president of Douay College, to be " vicar apostolic of all Eng- land," and in the same year, on the 9th of September, he was consecrated at Eome to the see of Adrametum in partibus sub archi- episcopo Ephesino, and, on arriving in Lon- don, was lodged with the king (James II,), 134 Roman Titulars in England and in 1687 made a visitation of the nor- thern counties, administering confirmation (from January to June) to 20,859 men, women, and children. In the year 1688 England was divided by Ferdinand d'Adda, archbishop of Amasis, the nuncio to James II., acting by order of the Propaganda and the bishop of Rome, into four districts (London, Midland, Nor- thern, Western), to each of which a " vicar apostolic " was assigned, with titles in par- tibus, and with faculties limited ad nostrum et Sedis Apostolicce beneplacitum ; and in the year 1840 these were subdivided into eight districts, with a titular bishop to each, who continued to administer the affairs of their respective jurisdictions until the restoration of the Italian hierarchy in the realm (the " letters apostolic " granting and confirming which were given at Rome, at St. Peter's, "under the Fisherman's ring," the 29th day of September, 1850, in the fifth year of the pontificate of Pius IX.), when Nicholas Patrick Stephen Wiseman, "vicar apos- tolic " of the former London district, was Roman Titulars in England 135 translated from the see of Melipotamus in partibus infdeliwn to the archbishopric of "Westminster and raised to the cardinalate. Between the years 1688 and 1840 the bishop of Rome intruded thirty-six titular bishops into England. The sort and manner of the consecration of some of them starts the question : Has Eome the suc- cession ? The Hon. James Talbot (brother to the 14th Earl of Shrewsbury, and nephew to Gilbert, the 13th Earl of Shrewsbury, who was a Roman priest), elected by Propaganda episcopus Birthani in partibus infidelium, to act as co-adjutor to Bishop Challoner, of the London district, was consecrated (1759) by Dr. Challoner, assisted only by Dr. Petre, the bishop of Armoria in partibus infdelium. Thomas Penswick, who (1831) succeeded Bishop Smith of the Northern district, per coadjutoriam, was consecrated (1824) to the see of Europum in partibus by Bishop Poynter, assisted by Bishop Smith and a 136 Roman Titulars in England priest, the Very Bev. John Gillow, presi- dent of the college at Ushaw, who acted as assistant episcopi loco. 1 Benjamin Petre, a secular priest of the English mission, elected by the Propa- ganda to the co-adjutorship of the London district cum jure successionis, and to the see of Prusa in Bithynia in partibus was consecrated (1721) by Bishop Giffard, of the see of Madaura in partibus, assisted by three priests, the very Reverend and Vener- able James Barker, D.D. ; the Bev. Bo- dolph Clayton, a missionary ; and the Bev. Charles Umphrevill, D.D. ! The Bev. Bichard Challoner, the son of a rigid Presbyterian, student at Douay (1704), professor of rhetoric and philos- ophy, and later vice-president of his Alma Mater, the author (1737) of " The Catholic 1 During the thirty years 1 vacancy (1655-1685) Bishop Val. Maccioni, from Hannover, offered his services to Pro- paganda to travel incognito and consecrate a bishop for the head of the Italian mission in England, and suggested that two mitred abbots assist at the consecration, citing the prec- edent of the consecration of Monsignor Furstenburg's predecessor in the see of Paderborn, who was consecrated by the suffragan bishop of Osnaburg, assisted by two mitred abbots! Roman Titulars in England 137 Christian," elected by the Propaganda to the co-adjutorship of the London district and to the see of Debra in partibus, was consecrated (1741) by Bishop Petre, with the assistance of two priests. The Eev. Edward Dicconson, educated at Douay, where he took the oath in 1699, made procurator, 1701, professor of syntax and a senior, 1708-09, professor of poetry, 1709-10, professor of philosophy, 1711- 12, vice-president and professor of theol- ogy, 1713-14, on the English mission from 1720, nominated by Benedict XIV. to the see of Malla in partibus, and successor to Bishop "Williams, of the Northern district, was consecrated (1741) by Mgr. John Baptist Smits, bishop of Ghent, assistenti- bus (ex dispensatione Pontificia loco duorum episcoporum) eximio D. Prceside et Rev. D 770 ' Jacobo Whitenhall, presbyteris. John Hornyold, student of Douay, chap- lain on the English mission to " the good Madam Giffard," author of " Explanations of the Apostles' Creed, of the Decalogue, and of the Sacraments," whose briefs for the co-adjutorship of the Midland district cam jure sitccessionis, and for the see of 138 Roman Titulars in England Philomelia in partibus, were issued 1751, was consecrated the following year, in Ox- fordshire, by Bishop John Talbot Stonor, of the see of Thespise in partibus, with the assistance of tivo pi*iests. "William Gibson, president of the Eng- lish college at Douay, translator from the French of a work entitled, " The Truth of the Catholic Religion, proved from the Holy Scriptures," who succeeded to the headship of the Northern district per obi- tum bonce memorice Matthei fratris sui germani, was consecrated to the see of Acanthus in partibus (1790) by Bishop Walmsley, of the see of Bania in partibus, icith the assistance of two priests — the Bev. Charles Plowden, and the Bev. John Mil- ner. The Bev. Bonaventure Giffard, of Douay College, distinguished (1677) by the de- gree of doctor of divinity from the Sor- bonne, chaplain to James II., and, by the king's appointment (1688), president of Magdalen College, Oxford, the first " vicar apostolic" of the Midland district, was consecrated (1688) to the see of Madaura Roman Titulars, in England, 139 in partibus by Ferdinand d'Adda, arch- bishop of Amasis in partibus and nuncio in England, without the assistance of any other ecclesiastic. Philip Ellis, the son of an Anglican clergyman, and brother to Sir "William Ellis, secretary of state to the exiled James II., and to the Anglican bishop of Killala in Ireland (1705), a pupil at "West- minster School, where he professed obe- dience to the bishop of Borne, of the Bene- dictine College of S. Gregory, Douay (1670), one of the chaplains and preachers of James II., at Windsor and St. James, the first " vicar apostolic " of the Western district, was consecrated (1688) to the see of Aureliopolis in partibus by Ferdinand d'Adda, archbishop of Amasis in partibus, tvithout the assistance of any other ecclesias- tic. Charles Walmsley, educated at the Bene- dictine College at Douay, and at Paris, a mathematician, an astronomer, and a com- mentator, was consecrated (1756) co-ad- jut or cum jure successionis to the bishop of Nisibi in partibus (in charge of the Western district), with title of bishop of 140 Roman Titulars in England Eama in partibus, by Cardinal Lanti, unas- sisted. Gregory William Sharrock, O.S.B., prior of the Benedictine College of S. Gregory, ai Douay, elected as co-adjutor cum jure successions to Bishop Walmsley and to the see of Telmessa, in Lyeia, in partibus, was consecrated (1780) by Bishop Walmsley, unassisted. John Douglass, educated at Douay, pro- fessor of philosophy in the English Col- lege at Yalladolid, Spain, a priest of the mission at Linton and, later, at York, elected to the see of Centuria in partibus and to the co-adjutorship of the London district, was consecrated (1790) by Dr. William Gibson, bishop of Acanthus in partibus, unassisted. Gregory Stapleton, president of the Eng- lish College of S. Omer and one of the Douay confessors at the time of the French Revo- lution, and first president of St. Edmund's College, in Hertfordshire, appointed " vicar apostolic " of the Midland district and bish- op of Hieroc83saria in partibus, w r as conse- crated (1801) by Bishop Douglass, titular bishop of Centuria in partibus, unassisted. Roman Titulars in England 141 Bernardine Peter Collingriclge, O. S. F., who took the habit in the Franciscan Con- vent of S. Bonaventura, at Douay, and be- came lector of philosophy there, and then lector of divinity, and later guardian of that convent, and subsequently president of the Franciscan Academy, at Baddesley, and (1806) provincial of the English Francis- cans, elected to the co-adjutorship of the Western district, vacant per renuntiationem Hieronymi SharrocJc, and episcopus Thes- piensi in partibus, was consecrated (1807) by Dr. William Poynter episcopus Halien- sis in partibus, unassisted. No bishops belonging to the Boman obedience were intruded into England as " vicars apostolic" from 1585 to 1594; from 1598 to 1621 ; and from 1655 to 1685. During these three periods the Church of England was the only Church in the realm. According to the report of the Abbe Airoldi, internuncio of Flanders, who passed over into England (1670) to exam- ine into the affairs of religion in the realm, the Jesuits and the Franciscans resident 142 Roman Titulars in England there were bitterly opposed to the intro- duction of a bishop among them, and pro- tested strenuously against the re-establish- ment in England of the episcopal office. The first episcopal consecration in Eng- land more Romano, after the rejection of the papal authority, was held in the Banqueting Hall, at Whitehall, April 22, (O.S.), 1688, when Bonaventure Giffard was made bishop of the see of Madaura in partibus, with a brief for the adminis- tration of the spiritual affairs of the Mid- land district. The consecrator was Fer- dinand d'Adda, archbishop of Amasis in partibus, and nuncio in England. The first public confirmation ritu Cathol- ico in the kingdom, after the schism created by the bull of Pius V. (1569), was held in the year 1687, when John Ley- burne, bishop of the see of Adrametum in partibus sub archiepiscopo Epliisino, visited the northern counties and administered the rite to some 20,000 individuals. Other titular bishops (William Bishop, of the see of Chalcedon in partibus (1623), Roman Titulars in England 14 o notably and imprimis) had previously ad- ministered the rite, with all secrecy, to scat- tered members of the Koman communion. James Smith, the first titular bishop of the Northern district (bishop of Callipolis in partibus, 1688-1712) assumed the names of Harper, Tarlton, and Brown, at various times, to avoid the penal laws. George "Witham, bishop of Marcopolis in partibus, and " vicar apostolic " of the Midland district (1716-1725), was known, on occasion, by the alias of Mr. "Markham." In the year 1773 there was but one con- secrated church in the whole Roman com- munion in the Northern district {counties of Chester, Lancaster, York, Northumber- land, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham, and Isle of Man). AUTHOKITY FOR THIS CHAPTER: Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Scotland, a.d. 1585-1876. W. Maziere Brady, Rome, 1877. The materials on which this compendium is based were derived from the archives of the Propaganda and of the English College, Rome, from the private archives of the Vatican, and the Archivio di Stato^ Rome, and other authentic sources. XIII BOMAN TITULAKS IN SCOTLAND 1695-1869 The first council called in Scotland by papal authority- was that which was held at Roxburgh (1126) by John of Crema, cardinal-legate from Honorius II. Reginald (d. 1225), nephew to Olave, the king of The Isles, and to Reginald, the ruler of Man, elected by the prince and clergy of Man, held the see against Nicholas, abbot of Furness, chosen by his own convent, consecrated by the archbishop of York, and supported by Honorius III. In 15G2 Adam Bothwell, prelate of the Italian Church in possession of the see of Orkney, joined Knox's party, being confirmed in the bishopric by Queen Mary, and aided and abetted the Presbyterians until his death in 1593, perform- ing many ordinations. About the same time Alexander Gordon, bishop of Gallo- way and titular archbishop of Athens, identified himself with the new movement, and even petitioned the General Assembly of 1562 for the position of " superintendent." On the 5th of April, 1571, Archbishop Hamilton, of St. Andrews, the last Italian primate of Scotland, attainted and declared a traitor by the first parliament of the Regent Moray, for his alleged concern in the murder of Lord Darn- ley, was hanged on the bridge over the Forth at Stirling, * ' the only bishop who ever died by the hands of an ex- ecutioner in Scotland. " In the year 1603, James Beaton, the Italian incumbent of the archiepiscopal see of Glasgow at the time of his flight (1560) to the continent from the effects of the Reformation, the last survivor of the old Roman succession in Scotland, died in Paris, in the enjoyment of the honors, dignities, and temporalities of his former see, which had been re- stored to him by a special act of Parliament (1598), without requiring his acknowledgment of the established religion. CHAPTER XIII EOMAN TITULABS IN SCOTLAND In the year 1653 the Propaganda deter- mined to restore the Eoman Church in Scotland, and to that end established a mission there forthwith. Forty-two years later the bishop of Rome approved of the election of Thomas Nichol- son, of the family of Kemnay in Aberdeen- shire, by the Congregation of Propaganda, as " vicar apostolic of Scotland ;" and on the 27th day of February, 1695, the bishop- elect was consecrated to the see of Perista- chium in partibus infideliam, by the bishops of Agen, Lugon, and Tpres, the ceremony being performed in the private chapel of the archbishop of Paris. In the year 1706, on the 11th of April (Low Sunday), James Gordon was conse- crated at Montefiascone, " with all secrecy," by Cardinal Barberigo, for the see of Nico- 14:8 Roman Titulars in Scotland polis in partibus, having previously (17th March) been designated coadjutor to the " vicar apostolic " of Scotland ; and on the death of Bishop Nicholson (1718) he suc- ceeded per coadjutoriam. In the year 1720, John Wallace, a Scotch- man of Protestant parentage, private almo- ner to His Majesty King James, student at the Scots College in Paris, priest of the mission, having been appointed, on the nomination of Bishop Gordon, co-adjutor with succession, was consecrated in Edin- burgh, " with all secrecy," but Propaganda never received the authentic acts and oath of consecration. On the 23d of July, 1727, Benedict XIII., bishop of Borne, ratified the decree of Prop- aganda, of date December 17, 1726, crea- ting two " vicariates " in Scotland. THE LOWLAND DISTKICT, CHEATED 1727. In the year 1727, Bishop Gordon became " vicar apostolic " of this newly created dis- trict, and Bishop "Wallace became his co- adjutor. Roman Titulars in Scotland 149 In the year 1735, Alexander Smith, a missionary of twenty-four years' experience, was consecrated to fill the vacancy created by the death of Bishop "Wallace, his briefs for the co-adjutorship with succession, and as episcopus Mosinopoli in partibus infi- delium, dating from September 19, 1735, the consecrators being Bishops Gordon and Macdonald, and the place Edinboro'. On the death of Bishop Gordon (1746) he suc- ceeded per coadjutoriam. In the year 1755, Bishop Smith, unas- sisted, carried out the decree of Propaganda (dated 20th January, 1755), and consecrated James Grant, twenty-one years on the mis- sion, bishop of Sinita in partibus infidelium, and his co-adjutor; and in 1766, Bishop Smith dying, Grant succeeded per co- adjutoriam. In the year 1769, George Hay, " exparen- tibus hcereticis ad ecclesiam Catholicam re- vocatus ab hceresi Calviniana" was conse- crated at Scalon, near Glenlivet (on the 21st of May, by Bishop Grant, assisted by Bishops Hugh and John Macdonald), bishop of Daulia in partibus infidelium, and co-adjutor to the " vicar apostolic," cam jure 150 Roman Titulars in Scotland successions ; and nine years later he suc- ceeded him. Two years later (1789) John Geddes, ad prcesens Doctor Collegii Scotorum Vallisoli- tan., was made co-adjutor cum jure successio- ns, and consecrated episcopus Marochien. in partibus infidelium by the archbishop of Toledo, at Madrid, assisted by the bishops of Urgel and Almeria ; but he died before the " vicariate " became vacant. Shortly after the death of Bishop Geddes (1797), Alexander Cameron, also a Scotch- man of the Roman communion, and of the Scotch College, Rome, was consecrated at Madrid, 28th October, 1798, a second co- adjutor to Bishop Hay, and episcopus Maxi- mianopoli in partibus infidelium ; and in 1805, on the death of Bishop Hay, he suc- ceeded per coadjutoriam. In the year 1816, Bishop Cameron, unas- sisted, consecrated as his co-adjutor one Alexander Patterson, who had been elected to this position by Propaganda, and whose brief to the see of Cybrista in partibus infidelium sub arcliiepiscopo Tyanen., was dated May 14, 1816. In 1826, Bishop Cameron became the Roman Titulars in Scotland 151 first " vicar apostolic " of the Eastern dis- trict. THE HIGHLAND DISTRICT, CREATED 1727. {The Western part of Scotland^ and islands adjacent.) Alexander John Grant, an alumnus of the Scotch College, Rome, was duly com- missioned by the bishop of Eome (1727) to be the first " vicar apostolic " of this new " vicariate," and to be consecrated as bishop of Sura in partibus infidelium ; but he fell sick and died before his elevation to the episcopate. In the year 1731, Hugh Macdonald, a secular priest and nobilis, was appointed in locum Presbyteri Alexandri Johannis Grant, electi Episcopii Surensis, eique as- signare omnes provincias Montanas ejusdem Begni unacum insulis adjacentibus, etc., his briefs to this "vicariate," and to the see of Diana in Numidia in partibus infidelium, dating February 12, and was consecrated October 18, in Edinburgh, by Bishop Gor- don, assisted by Bishop Wallace and a priest. In the year 1761, John Macdonald, 152 Roman Titulars in Scotland nephew of the aforesaid Hugh Macdonald, at the age of thirty-three, was conse- crated at Preshome for the see of Tiberi- opolis in partibus infidelium, to serve as co- adjutor to his uncle ; and, in the year 1773, succeeded per coadjutoriam. In the year 1780 the bishop of Tiberiopo- tis being deceased, one Alexander Macdon- ald, of the Scotch College, Eome, on the mission in Scotland, was consecrated, at Scalan, to the see of Polemonium in par- tibus infidelium, and given episcopal over- sight of the vacant " vicariate," his conse- crators being Bishop Hay and two priests (the Eev. Alexander Cameron and the Eev. James Macgillivray). In 1792 one John Chisholm was conse- crated to this " vicariate " (then vacant) and to the see of Oria in partibus infidelium, his consecrators being Bishop Hay and two priests. In 1805 iEneas Chisholm, brother to the preceding, was consecrated to the co-adju- torship cum jure successionis and to the see of Diocessaria in partibus infidelium, by Bishop Cameron, at Linsmore Seminary. In the year 1820, Banald Macdonald, Roman Titulars in Scotland 153 (C an old and most deserving missionary in those parts," succeeded per obitum JEnece Chisholm, Bishop Paterson consecrating him at Edinburgh to the see of iEryndela, sub archiepiscopo Tarsen., in partibus infide- Hum. In the year 1827 the Propaganda decreed the division of Scotland into three " vica- riates " — the Eastern, the Western, and the Northern. EASTERN DISTRICT, CREATED 1827. Up to the date of the Vatican Council five titular bishops — Paterson, bishop of Cybrista in partibus ; Scott, bishop of Ery- thrae in partibus ; Carruthers, with a brief to Ceramen. sub archiepiscopo Stauropolitano in partibus ; Gillis, bishop of Limyra in partibus sub archiepiscopo Myrensi ; and John Strain, once a pupil at the high school in Edinburgh, a student at the Scots Col- lege, Eome, graduate of the College of the Propaganda (1833), of the Scotch Mission (1834), president of S. Mary's College, 154: Roman Titulars in Scotland Blairs, near Aberdeen, consecrated bishop of Abila in partibus, by His Holiness Pius IX., in his private chapel in the Vatican (1864), made assistant at the pontifical throne (1867), and in attendance on every session of the Vatican Council— held and administered this " vicariate." WESTERN DISTRICT, CREATED 1827. Six titular bishops held this " vicariate " in turn between the years 1827 and 1870 : Eanald Macdonald, bishop of Arindela in partibus; Andrew Scott, bishop of Ery- thrse in partibus (d. 1846) ; John Murdoch, bishop of Castabala in partibus sub arch- iepisco Anazarbeno, who had previously (1833) refused the post of co-adjutor with succession to the bishop of Kingston, in Upper Canada, with the title of Trabacen. in partibus (d. 1863) ; John Gray, bishop of Hypsopolis in partibus, who succeeded (1865) per coadjutoriam, and resigned the "vicariate" in 1869. Dr. Lynch, a priest of the congregation of S. Vincent de Paul, and rector of the Irish College, Paris, who was consecrated Roman Titulars in Scotland 155 bishop of Arcadiopolis in partibus (1866) and made co-adjutor to Bishop Gray, was relieved (1869) of his Scotch co-adjutorship and translated to that of Kildare, Ireland, cum jure successionis. NORTHERN DISTRICT, CREATED 1827. James Francis Kyle, bishop of Germa- nicia in partibus, consecrated by Bishop Paterson (1828) at Aberdeen, was the first " vicar apostolic " of this district ; and he was succeeded (1869) by John Macdonald, of the Scots Seminary in Batisbon, and, later, of the Scots College, Borne, whose briefs for the see of Nicopolis in partibus and co-adjutor to Bishop Kyle, were dated 11 December, 1868, his consecrators being Bishops Chadwick, Gray, and Strain. Of the Boman titulars intruded into Scotland after the year 1695, two (James Gordon, 1706, and John Wallace, 1720) were "consecrated with all secrecy," and by one bishop only; four others (James Grant, 1755 ; iEneas Chisholm, 1805 ; Ban- 156 Boman Titulars in Scotland aid Macdonald, 1819 ; and Alexander Pat- erson, 1816) were also consecrated by one bishop only, though openly; one (Hugh Macdonald, 1731) was consecrated by two bishops and a priest ; and two (Alexander Macdonald, 1780; and John Chisholm, 1792) were consecrated by one bishop and two priests. Authority for this Chapter : Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Scot- land, a.d. 1585-187G." W. Maziere Brady, Rome, 1877. u The materials, with the exception of some documents from the private archives of the Vatican and from the Archivio di Stato in Rome, have been derived from the archives of the Propaganda and of the English College in Rome, and from other authentic sources." — Preface. XIV EOMAN TITULAKS IN IRELAND 1567-1850 " At the accession of Queen Elizabeth, of all the Irish bishops only two were deprived and two others resigned, on account of their adherence to the see of Rome. The rest continued in their sees, and from them the bishops and clergy of the Irish Church derive their orders. The bishops and clergy of the Roman Church who have intruded into the Irish dioceses derive their orders from Spain and Portugal, and not from the Irish Church.'' — Perceval : Apology for the Doctrine of Apostolical Succession. 44 From Curwin, the archbishop of Dublin, recognized by the papacy, and who had been consecrated in England according to the legal forms of the Roman pontifical, in the third year of Queen Mary, Loftus received his episco- pal ordination ; and, on his translation to the see of Dub- lin, he conveyed the same episcopal character to Lancaster, his successor." — Bp. Mant: History of the Church of Ire- land. 44 The Irish orders of the protestant Church, recently dis- established, can be traced to Hugh Curwin, archbishop of Dublin, of whose ordination there was never any doubt en- tertained." 44 That Hugh Curwin, archbishop of Dublin, who un- doubtedly himself possessed valid Orders, consecrated one or more protestant bishops, rests upon the evidence of Sir James Ware, a most trustworthy and accurate writer, who had access to the official registers." — W. Maziere Brady : Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Scot- land^ Rome, 1877. CHAPTEE XIV KOMAN TITULAES IN IRELAND ■ Patrick Walsh, promoted to the united sees of Waterford and Lismore in 1551, by Edward VI., the mandate for his con- secration and restitution of temporalities being directed to Thomas (Lancaster), bishop of Kildare ; Dominic (Tirry), bish- op of Cork and Cloyne; John, bishop of Eoss; Alexander (Devereux), bishop of Ferns ; Eobert (Travers), bishop of Leigh- lin ; Nicholas (Comin), late bishop of "Waterford and Lismore ; and John Moore (suffragan?), bishop of Enachduane, was consecrated on the 23d day of October, and sat as bishop of Waterford and Lis- more after Mary's accession, and continued bishop until his death in 1578, when a "vicar apostolic" for Waterford and Lis- more was appointed by the bishop of 1 See James Paton : British History and Papal Claims. 160 Roman Titulars in Ireland Eome. In 1629, a bishop was named in consistory to fill the united sees, then many years vacant per obitum bonce mem- oi % ice Walesii. 1 In the same year, William (as he is called in the mandate for his consecration), or Edward (as he signed himself) Casey, appointed by Edward VI. to the vacant see of Limerick, likewise in the province of Cashel, was consecrated in Dublin, on the 25th of October, by George Brown, archbishop of Dublin, assisted by Thomas Lancaster, Robert Travers, and Alexander Devereux; but when, shortly after the accession of Mary, this see was declared vacant, Casey's episcopal character being utterly ignored, this same Casey, in or about the year 1556 (according to Brady), did " reconcile " himself to Borne, declar- ing, in his letter, that he was "nothing canonically consecrated, but, by the scis- matical authority of Edward, king of Eng- land, scismatically preferred to the bish- opric of Limerick;" that "the Boman Church is the head of all churches, and that the bishop of Borne is the Vicar of 1 W. Maziere Brady's Catholic Hierarchy, p. 25. Roman Titulars in Ireland 161 Christ in earth, and liath all power of binding and loosing by Christ " ; that he did " embrace the Rev. Lord David "Wolfe, appointed the apostolical messenger for all Ireland from the most holy Lord the Pope"; and that he craved absolution " from all the ecclesiastical sentences, censures, punishments, heresies, and every other blot," etc. In the year 1562, on the 30th of Octo- ber, Roger Skiddy was consecrated (pre- sumably by Archbishop Curwin) to Cork by the Roman ritual, papali ritu, no other ordinal being authorized for use in Ireland till the second year of Elizabeth. 1 A little later, Alexander Craike, a Scotchman, was consecrated to Kildare, by the same Hugh Curwin, whose orders have never been called in question. On the 2d of March, 1563, Adam Loftus was consecrated to Armagh by the same archbishop of Dublin, other prelates (Skiddy and Craike ?) assisting. In the year 1567, the bishop of Rome schismatically intruded a titular bishop 1 Bishop Mant : History of the Ch. of Ireland, i., 219. 11 162 Roman Titulars in Ireland into Cashel. This is he who wounded with a dagger James McCaghwell, the regular archbishop of that see, because he would not vacate in his favor, and effected his escape into Spain ; and who, in the fol- lowing year, was sent, in company with the titular of Emly, by the rebels in Ireland, as ambassadors to the bishop of Rome and the king of Spain, to secure their aid in wresting the country from Elizabeth. In 1572 he turned up in Dundee, where he was arrested by order of the Regent Mar, when a packet of letters was dis- covered in his closet, and among them a Latin commission to the pope and king of Spain, beseeching them to emancipate Ireland from the sway of the queen, and promising to restore the old religion both there and in Scotland. But for his escape on the 8th of August, in the early morn- ing, by means of a rope formed out of his bed-clothes, he would have been surren- dered to Elizabeth, who had made a de- mand for his person. 1 In the year 1578, the Commissioners of Faculties in Ireland, appointed by Eliza- 1 W. Maziere Brady : Catholic Hierarchy, p. 23. Roman Titulars in Ireland 1G3 beth, in 1577, issued a dispensation to Eobert Gafney, precentor of Kilkenny, for "confirming the orders taken by him of a Eunagate from Rome, pretending himself to be bishop of Killaloe by the Pope's authority." * In the year 1580, Dermod McGrahe was appointed titular bishop of Cork. At a synod held in the diocese of Clogher (1587) there were present seven titular bishops holding their commissions from Eome, viz.: The bishop of Derry, styled Eedmundus Derrenis ; The bishop of Eaphoe, styled Donaldus Eapotensis ; The bishop of Down and Connor, styled Cornelius Dernensis et Connorensis ; The bishop of Ardagh, styled Edmundus Ardaghodensis ; The bishop of Kilmore, styled Eichardus Kilmorensis ; The bishop of Clogher, styled Cornelius Clogherensis ; 1 Lawson : Scot. Epis. Ch. from the Reformation, p. 116. 164 Homan Titulars in Ireland The bishop of Achonry, styled Eugenius Aghadensis. In the year 1600 one Matthew d'Oviedo was made titular archbishop of Dublin. Before the death of Elizabeth the bishop of Borne, as it is on record in certain state papers, appointed one Peter Lumbard tit- ular primate of Armagh. Among the state papers of James I. is one from Sir John Davys to the Earl of Salisbury, of date November 12, 1606, in which he particularizes "the pope's titulary bishops " as follows : — " In Ulster : Dr. Peter Lumbard, bear- ing the title of primate of Armagh. He is now at the court of Borne, where he has a pension from the pope of two hundred ducats a month. One O 'Boyle hath the title of bishop of Bapo, in Tirconnel ; he was born in that country and resideth there. Connor O'Dovenny hath the name of bishop of Down and Connor. . . . He was brought into our camp in the habit of a Franciscan. Bichard Brady is titular bishop of Kil- more. Very aged. Roman Titulars in Ireland 165 Jo. Gawne is called bishop of Armagh ; his abode is uncertain. Owen Mclvor McMahon, designed bish- op of Clogher, is now in Germany. These are the pope's bishops in Ul- ster. " In Leinster : One Matthias, a Spanish friar, hath title of archbishop of Dublin ; he now liveth in a monastery in Spain ; he hath a pension of three hundred ducats "per diem. Franciscus di Rivera is the supposed bishop of Leighton ; he is now resident at Antwerp. Robert Lalor, the priest who is now in the Castle of Dublin, is nominated bishop of Kildare. "In jVIounster : David O'Kerny is made by the pope archbishop of Cashel ; he liv- eth in the liberty of Tipperary. Thomas "White, born in "Waterford and nephew to Dr. Lumbard, the pretended primate of Armagh, hath the title of bishop of Waterford. He hath a benefice in the Low Countries, but liveth with his uncle at Rome. Dr. James White is called bishop of 166 Roman Titulars in Ireland Limerick, but resideth at Clonnel, in the liberty of Tipperary. " In Connaught : Florence O'Mulconner hath the name of archbishop of Tuame, but liveth in the court of Spain. One O'Mulrian, a native of the county of Limerick, is styled bishop of Killaloe ; he liveth at Lisbon, and hath a pension of the king of Spain. There are some other bishoprics in the kingdom for which the pope hath pro- vided bishops, of whom I have no certain intelligence." In the year 1610, the proclamation of 4 July, 1605, against titular bishops was re- vived, and the bishop of Down was appre- hended. In the year 1642 Hugh O'Neile, titular primate of Armagh, summoned the bishops and clergy of his province to a synod to be held at Kells ; but Thomas Diaz, titu- lar bishop of Meath, would not recognize his authority, and failed to appear. According to Bishop Mant, there were Roman titulars at Cashel and Tuam also. In the year 1631, General Malachy Roman Titulars in Ireland 167 O'Kelly, titular archbishop of Tuam, lost his life in a battle between the Confeder- ates and the Protestants of the north of Ireland; and in his pocket the searchers found a complete and authentic copy of the treaty with Charles I. By act of Parliament (George III.) all prelates in communion with the Church of Rome were prohibited from entering the kingdom. Dr. Luke Fagan, titular archbishop of Dublin, who died in 1733, resided there, however, a long term of years. James O'Gallagher, titular bishop of Eaphoe, and later of Kildare, took up his abode in an humble tenement in a vil- lage on the Bog of Allen, absenting himself for months at a time, when, staff in hand, he was going the rounds, confirming and ordaining. Dr. Bryan Macmahon, titular archbishop of Armagh (1738-47), lived in a small farm-house in Meath, where he was known as "Mr. Curtis." His successor, Michael O'Reilly, could have been found on a farm near Drogheda. 168 Roman Titulars in Ireland Dr. Thomas De Burgo, who died in 1776, is said to have been the last titular bishop in Ireland who owed his position to The Pretender. part 5econ& xv MARRIED RISHOPS "It behooveth therefore a Bishop to be. . . . the husband of one wife. . . . having his children subject with all chastity." — S, Paul^ in Rhemish Version. CHAPTEE XV MAEEIED BISHOPS 1 Ignatius, the pupil of S. John the Evan- gelist, says: "Peter and other of the apostles of Christ were married men." Clement, of Alexandria, in the third book of his Stromata, says : " Peter and Philip had children ; and Paul does not demur in a certain epistle to mention his own wife, whom he did not take about with him, in order to expedite his ministry the better." In the seventh book of the same work he says : " They relate that the blessed Peter, seeing his own wife led away to execution, cried to her in a con- solatory and encouraging voice, addressing her by name : ' Oh, thou, remember the Lord ! ' " Ambrose says (in 2 Cor. xi.) : " All the apostles had wives, only John and Paul 1 See Chapter XX. (Bpiscopoe) in The Bishops' Blub Book. 172 Married Bishops excepted:" — Omnes apostoli, exceptis Jo- hanne et Paulo, uxores habuerunt. Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus, in the lat- ter part of the lid century, says in a letter to Victor of Rome : " Seven of my ances- tors (avyyevets, translated parentes by Ru- finns) have been bishops, and I am the eighth." Chaeremon, bishop of Nilus (circ. 250), it is related by Eusebius (vi., c. xlii.), was sent into banishment with his wife — ajxa tTj s The 3fonophy sites (a party holding that there was but one nature in Christ), head- ed (482) by Peter Fullo, patriarch of An- tioch, and Peter Mongus, patriarch of Alexandria, were afterward split up into Severians (holding that the body of Christ had been subject to decay) — the adherents of Severus, created (513) patriarch of An- tioch ; into Julianists (who denied it) — followers of Julian, bishop of Halicarnas- sus (519) ; into Caianists (likewise con- vinced that the body of Christ had been so interpenetrated by the divine nature from the moment of conception as to be ever incorruptible) — disciples of Cainus, bishop of Alexandria (the two latter sects also going by the names of Aphthartodo- cetee, Docetaa, Phantasiasts, etc., while the votaries of Severus were designated as Phthartolatrce, Ktistolatne, and Creatico- ls3) ; into Agnoefce (who imputed igno- bcen distinguished by the general denomination of Elias, and reside constantly in the city of Mosul. Their spirit- ual dominion is very extensive, takes in a great part of Asia, and comprehends also within its circuit the Arabian Nestorians ; as also the Christians of St. Thomas, who dwell along the coast of Malabar." — Mosheim's Ecclesias- tical History. Schismatical Bishops 225 ranee to the one (divine or human) nature of Christ) — proselytes of Theodosius, bish- op of Alexandria ; into Cononists (insisting on three natures in the Deity, absolutely equal, and joined together by no common essence, and on the imperishableness of the human form) — spiritual children of Conon, bishop of Tarsus ; into Damianists (who distinguished the divine essence from the three persons, denying that each per- son was God, when considered in itself, and abstractly from the other two) — pu- pils of Damian, another bishop of Alexan- dria ; but the various surviving sects were finally fused by Jacob Baradseus, a monk of the monastery of Phasilta, near Nisibis, who, consecrated, after fifteen years' resi- dence in Constantinople, to the see of Nisibis, by Theodosius, the captive Mono- physite patriarch of Alexandria, went ev- erywhere, " from the boundary of Egypt to the banks of the Euphrates, preaching during the day, and often walking thirty or forty miles in the night, to escape his persecutors," consecrating "two patriarchs, twenty-seven bishops, and a hundred thou- sand priests and deacons," until, at his 15 226 Schismatical Bishops death (578), the community was firmly es- tablished in Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and elsewhere, all animosities extinguished, all factions reconciled, and the Jacobite Church (as it was called after its second founder and father) was recognized as the Church of the countries into which his indefatigable zeal had carried and extended it. But the council of Chalcedon (451) had forced the Monophysites (or Eutychians) from the Church. The orthodox patriarchs had been expelled from Antioch and Alex- andria. The bishop of Borne had renounced all communion with the patriarch of Con- stantinople ; and the Acoimetai (the monks of the Studion) were the only party in that city who continued in union with the Latin Church. The schism lasted until the aboli- tion of the Henoticon (519) by Justin I. ; but the 3Ionophy sites have remained sep- arate to this day, considering themselves banned by the decrees of Chalcedon (451). Those of them who submitted to the edict of the Emperor Marcian in favor of the de- cisions of that council were called Melchites (i.e., Boyalists) by their Jacobite brethren, Schismatical Bishops 227 and their spiritual chief is styled the Patri- arch of Antioch, and dwells at Damascus. - The recognition by the bishops of Eome (Vigilius and Pelagius) of the authority of the second council of Constantinople (the fifth ecumenical), held 553, and frequented by only one hundred and fifty bishops, by which the "Three Chapters'' were con- demned, led to the separation from the Latin communion of the churches of Nor- thern Italy — Aquileja, Milan, etc. ; nor was the schism healed till the accession of Gregory the Great. In the vnth century a fresh attempt to bring the Monophysites back to the Church of the Councils resulted in the formation of a new heretical sect, the Monothelites (who held the Monophysite view of one volition, the human will of Christ being absorbed in his divine will), whose doctrinal founder was Theodore, bishop of Pharan, in Arabia, and whose advocacy led to the excommunication (646) of Paul, the patri- arch of Constantinople, by Theodore, bishop of Rome, and to the third council of Con- stantinople (680), in which the doctrine was 228 Schismatical Bishops condemned as a heresy, and all 3fonothelites anathematized. But the sect found refuge among the Mardaites of Mt. Lebanon, whose abbot, John Maro (d. 701), formerly a monk in the famous convent of S. Maro, on the Orontes, they chose for their first bishop, and after whom they are called Maronites. In the year 1182, renouncing the doctrine of one will in Christ, they were admitted to the communion of the Latin Church, al- though their married men may become priests, but no priest may marry after he is in orders ; and their present number is about 100,000. Their patriarch is always called Peter. Macarius IV., patriarch of Antioch, who was present at the sixth ecumenical council (680), was a Monothelite, and the leader of a sect known as Macarians. About the middle of the vmth century, while Boniface was establishing the insti- tutions of Christianity in Germany, Adal- bert, a Gaul, vaulted into the episcopate, without the knowledge of the archbishop, headed an ecclesiastical party among the eastern Franks, and forged a letter to the Schismatical Bishojps 229 human race purporting to have been written by Jesus Christ, and to have been carried from heaven by Michael, the archangel. Happily, the apostle of Germany had in- fluence enough at Eome to secure the con- demnation of this schismatic and impious prelate, which was effected by a council held at Eome, 748, when he was committed to prison, where he seems to have ended his days. The Adoptionisis, who held that, accord- ing to his human nature, Christ was only adopted by God {films adoptivus), found a bishop to lead them and enforce their view in the person of Felix, bishop of Urgel, in the Pyrenees, who defended the tenet at the synod of Eegensburg (792) in the pres- ence of Charlemagne. Condemned, and imprisoned in Rome by Adrian I., he re- canted, and, when released, repudiated the orthodox confession as made under com- pulsion, and fled into the country of the Moors. In 798 he wrote a book, and sent it to Alcuin and other learned men. The next year he was formally condemned by Leo III., at a council in Eome. And in the year 800, after a disputation between 230 Schismatlcal Bishops Alcuin and himself at the council of Aix-la- Chapelle, he retracted, urged his adherents to return to the Church, and did what else he could to hasten the dissolution of the sect, which presently disappeared. The " Children of the Sun " (or the Tlion- trakians, from the village of Thontrake, where their society started), an Armenian sect, which originated in the ixth century with Sembat, a Paulician, and which em- phasized the necessity of personal Bible study and rejected the externals of religion, received a great impetus at the opening of the xith century (1002) in the accession of the metropolitan, Jacob of Harkh, who, travelling through the country, preaching repentance and self-repudiation, and suc- ceeding in the conversion of numbers of clergymen and others, aroused the jealousy and indignation of the Catholics of the Armenian Church, by whom he was speed- ily banned and killed, although the sect maintained its existence a while longer. In Bulgaria, early in the xiith century, the Bogomiles (who held to two Sons of Schismatical Bishops 231 God, Satanael and Christ) assumed an at- titude of direct opposition to the Church, and, boasting of a hierarchy presided over by a " pope," were not even suppressed by the death (1116) of their leader Basil, whom the emperor unmasked by treachery, and for which Jael-like deed Anna Comnena, the pious daughter of Alexius, denominated her father TpccrfcaiBeKarov diroaroXov. In the year 1143, according to Giesler, two Cappa- docian bishops, Clemens andLeontius, were deposed as Bogomili, by a council at Con- stantinople. About the middle of this century we read of one Marcus, bishop of the Cathari * (doc- trinally and institutionally connected with the Bogomili) — a little later denominated Albigenses, or those condemned (1176) by the council of Albi — under whom (1150) they were differentiated into Albanensians (from the place where their spiritual chief resided) and Concoresensians (from Coriza in Dalmatia) ; the former (holding to the doctrine of two eternal beings) subdividing into the sect whose leader was Belasmansa, 1 Giesler's Ecclesiastical History ; Kurtz's Church His- tory, in loco. 232 Schismatical Bishops bishop at Verona, and into the disciples of John de Lugio, bishop at Bergamo ; the latter — the Concoresensians (contending for one eternal principle) — subdividing into the congregation of Baioli (the capital town of the province), whose bishop's name is not clearly made out (to which congrega- tion or party the Albigenses settled in France belonged), and into the church of Concorezzo, whose bishop (1180-1200) was one Nazarius. In the year 1167, one Nicetas was bishop of the Cathari at Con- stantinople; and he it was who went to Lombardy, shortly after the schism under Marcus, to confirm the sect in the knowl- edge of ancient dualism ; and a little later Oatharian congregations, organized into dioceses, existed in Florence (where Philip Paternon [1228] was the Catharian bishop), Milan, Calabria, Sicily, and even in the States of the Church. At the close of the xiith century the Wal- densians (called also in various places and at divers times Apostolicians, Arnaldists, Consolati, Boni homines, Leonista, Saba- tati, Perfecti, Ul tramontanes, Vaudois, etc.), Schismatical Bishops 233 excommunicated by the Roman Church at the council at Verona under Lucius III. (1183), organized an ecclesiastical hierarchy among themselves, under the presidency of "bishops," originally ordained by Peter Waldo, their founder, himself only a citi- zen of Lyons ; and from these old Walden- sian "bishops," themselves without the apostolical succession, the "bishops" of the Bohemian Brothers and the Herrn- huters are descended. Arsenius, the patriarch of Constanti- nople, having excommunicated the regent, Michael Palseologus, for putting out the eyes of the infant prince, with the intent of incapacitating him from reigning, and being in turn himself deposed and ban- ished (1262), his adherents refused to ac- knowledge Joseph as his successor in the see, and separated from the State Church ; nor would the Arsenians return to its com- munion until the bones of their founcter had been solemnly interred in the church of S. Sophia (1312) by the patriarch Ni- phon, and all his old clerical opponents had been suspended for forty days. About this time (1250), according to 234 Sohismatical Bishops Matthew Paris, the bishop of Porto wrote to the archbishop of Kouen that the Albi- genses had set up one Bartholomew for their anti-pope, that he had consecrated several bishops and, residing first in Bul- garia, Croatia, and Dalmatia, had finally settled in the neighborhood of Toulouse. In the next century a schism was caused in the Greek Church by the attempt to de- fine the nature of the light seen on the Mount of Transfiguration — the monks of Mount Athos, headed by Gregory Palamas, archbishop of Thessalonica, insisting that God had then favored His three servants with that eternal light, in which He is ever encircled, which is distinct from His nat- ure and essence ; and Barlaam, afterward bishop of Gieraece, contending for the doc- trine of the oneness of the attributes and essence of God. The Barlaamites were finally routed when, after ten years' dis- sension (1341-1351), a council held at Con- stantinople decided in favor of the Pala- mites and enacted such severe decrees against the believers in the one light only that Barlaam fled to Italy and joined the Schismatical Bishops 235 Latin Church. And so ended the Hesy- cliastic (Quietist) controversy. In the year 1318 the bishop of Eome (John XXIII.) initiated a schism in the Armenian Church (a church already cen- turies old, with a long and regular succes- sion of bishops), by sending thither a Do- minican monk with the title and authority of an archbishop, whose see, which has been fixed at Naxivan, " still remains in the hands of the Dominicans, who alone are admitted to the ghostly dignity." * The bishop of Eome also divided the Armenian Church in Poland by the intru- sion of a Latin prelate into Lemberg. Before the close of this century Eome also established a schismatic congregation in Kiova — ruled by its own metropolitan and opposed to the Eussian bishops there resident. 2 1 In 1593, one Zerapion, a wealthy man and a proselyte to Rome, obtained the title and dignity of patriarch, 41 though there were already two patriarchs at the head of the Armenian Church. He did not, however, enjoy this dignity long; for, soon after his promotion, he was sent into exile by the Persian monarch, at the desire of those Armenians who adhered to the ecclesiastical discipline of their ancestors." 2 In the year 1596 those who adhered to the Roman 236 Schismatical Bishops In the xvith century, Julius III., bishop of Rome, consecrated (1553) one Sulaka patriarch of the Chaldeans, to whom he gave the name of John (although, since 1560, the other bishops connected with the schismatic party have been known as Simeon, with their residence in the city of Ormia, among the mountains of Persia) ; the native Nestorians elevating Simeon Barmana to the same patriarchate, whose successors, since the year 1559, have borne the name of Elias, with their see in Mosul, their jurisdiction including a great part of Asia, the Arabian Nestorians, and the Christians of S. Thomas, who dwell along the coast of Malabar. It was in this same century that Don Alexis de Menezes, the schismatic (Latin) bishop of Goa, invited the Jesuits to assist him in compelling the Christians of S. Thomas to accept the yoke of Rome ; and the horrors of that struggle are pilloried in the index expurgatorius of all right-minded Romanists. communion were called The United ; the title Non-united being given to all who preferred to remain under the jurisdiction of the ancient and original patriarchate of Constantinople. Schismatical Bishops 237 It is not easy to say which is the schis- matic bishop in Syria — whether the spirit- ual chief of the Melchites, the prelate who oversees the Church of the Monopliy sites, the papal vicar who assumes jurisdiction of the Maronites, or the titular bishop in par- tibus (created in Eome) — all of whom claim the title and dignity of patriarch of Anti- och. Even the Maronites, who were ad- mitted to the communion of Rome in the xnth century, have not been consistently loyal to the Church of their adoption, for it is on record that " a large body of them joined the Waldenses, and another contin- gent — six hundred in number, with a bish- op and several ecclesiastics at their head — fled into Corsica, and implored the protec- tion of the republic of Genoa against the violence of the Inquisitors." It was in this century (1569) that Pius V., bishop of Eome, issued the bull which, excommunicating the queen of England, and pretending to free her subjects from their allegiance to her, initiated the schism which led to the separation of thousands from the National Church, and, eventually, to the establishment of an alien and schis- 238 Schismatical Bishops matic ecclesiastical hierarchy in the king- dom. The year 1626 witnessed the rise of an- other schism, for which the bishop of Rome was responsible, in the intrusion of Alphonso Mendez, a Portuguese mission- ary, into the patriarchate of the old Abys- sinian Church ; but, happily, his unwisdom and insolence were so marked that, in the year 1634, he and his colleagues were ex- pelled from the territories of Ethiopia. In the same century one Andrew Achi- gian, having obtained from the bishop of Some the title and dignity of patriarch, as- sumed the name of Ignatius XXIV. (as if he had been a lineal descendant of Igna- tius, bishop of Antioch in the 1st century, and of the lawful patriarchs of Antioch), and lorded it over the Monophy sites of Asia. After him there came, too, another Latin usurper, who entitled himself Igna- tius XXV. ; but the rightful successor of Ignatius I. had influence enough at court to secure the deposition and banishment of the new pretender, when the separatists returned to the Church. ScMsmatical Bishops 239 About the same time the bishop of Eome intruded a schismatic prelate into the indigent Nestorian Church, and the prelates of this insignificant flock, whose ecclesiastical centre is fixed in the city of Diarbek (Amida), assume, in turn, the de- nomination of Joseph. Toward the close of this century the bishop of Rome established Italian " Mis- sions " in England, Scotland, and Ireland, which continue to this day, and perpetu- ate the schism initiated (1569) by Pius V. 1 The separation of the six Nonjuring prelates from the Church of England, on the accession of "William and Mary, led to a schism that involved twenty-seven bish- ops, from first to last, and lapped over on the xixth century. 2 It is related by Skinner, in his Annals, that when, in 1788, the Church of Scotland ceased to be a Nonjuring Church, one Brown, dissatisfied with the action of the bishops in submitting to the " Government of the kingdom as vested in the person of 1 See chapters on Roman Titulars in England, Roman Titulars in Scotland, and Roman Titulars in Ireland. 2 See chapter on The English Nonjurors. 240 Schismatical Bishops his Majesty, King George III.," formed a party, and going to Bishop Eose, of Dum- blane, then in his dotage, persuaded him to elevate him to the episcopal order. Questioned on the subject, the aged prel- ate, not knowing what he had done, made answer : " My sister may have done it, but not I." The schism lasted until the disaf- fected were removed by death. 1 Only Lomenie de Brienne, archbishop of Sens ; Talleyrand, bishop of Autun ; Jarente, bishop of Orleans ; and Savines, bishop of Viviers, took the oath, and ac- cepted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy proposed by the French revolutionists of 1790 ; the remaining prelates — one hun- dred and twenty-seven in all — protested and suffered. Thenceforth, there were two churches in France. Gobel, bishop of Lydda, was chosen the Constitutional Metropolitan of Paris, and distinguished himself as the eulogist of his patron Mira- beau, whom he proclaimed the father of the neio Church. A little later, at the age of seventy, he abjured the Christian relig- ion, sacrificing to the Goddess of Beason 1 See chapter on The Scottish Nonjurors. Schismatical Bishops 241 in his own cathedral church ; and, in 1794, he was arrested, condemned, and executed as an atheist. Expilly, a clerical deputy, was elected bishop of Quimper, and conse- crated in Paris, with Marolle, another bishop-elect, by Talleyrand, whose " am- bition far surpassed the ecclesiastical sphere." Gregory, Claude le Coz, Lamour- ette, and Moses were elected to other va- cated sees. And at last it came to pass that the Constitutional Church was more in favor with the people than the ancient Roman Church that had been superseded ; and but for the Concordat, between the First Consul and Pius YXL, signed July 15, 1801, in which it is declared that "the Apostolical Eoman Catholic religion is the religion of the great majority of the French," etc., "the new church" had never, perhaps, been put to confusion. Only Infallibility can differentiate be- tween the popes and antipopes who have a _ . . from time to time divided the » c nisms m the Roman Church of Rome, and claimed simultaneously the allegiance of the Christian world. 10 242 Schismatical Bishops Which of the three co-existing popes — Gregory XII. (1406-1415), who held his court at Friuli; Benedict XIII. (1394- 1424), the Avignon pope, who held his court at Peniscola, in Spain; or John XXIII., the Eoman pope (1410-1415)— was the schismatic prelate? And when the council of Constance (1415-1418) de- posed them all — Benedict XIII., for per- jury, heresy, and schism ; and John XXIII., as "the Devil Incarnate," accord- ing to the talk of the day, charged with every conceivable crime, fifty -four accu- sations being preferred against him — and elected Cardinal Odo Colonna (Martin V.) to the see of Borne, and there were four bishops living consecrated to 8. Peter's chair, only one of whom submitted to the sentence of deprivation, — how many were in a state of schism ? When the council of Pisa (1409) de- posed Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII., as " perjured heretics and schismatics," each of whom, however, continued to pose as S. Peter's successor and to curse his rival to the lowest hell, and elect- ed Petrus Philargi (Alexander V.), and Schismatical Bishops 243 there were three popes — which was the pope ? And what of the sacred triumvirate of the xith century : whether was Benedict IX. (1033-1048), twice driven from Borne, Sylvester III. (1044), or Gregory VI. (1044-46), guilty of the sin of schism? Nor is the problem easier when we at- tempt to decide between two simultaneous popes. When Eugenius IV. (1431-1447) and Felix V. (1439-1449) were contending for the obedience of the world, the former de- nounced the latter as " a hell-dog," " Anti- christ," " the golden calf," and " Mahom- et." In 1294 Boniface VIII. rescinded all the acts of Celestine, the hermit, after he had seized him and confined him to the Rock of Fumorn, where he died ten months later. In 1159 Alexander III. proclaimed his rival " a forerunner of Antichrist ; " and Victor IV. reciprocated, by denouncing Alexander as " the offspring of Belial, the spawn of hell." In 1130 Anacletus II. was elected by a 244: Schismatical Bishops majority of the conclave in opposition to Innocent IL, who anathematized the new- made bishop as " a son of hell, who dared contest the kingdom of heaven with him." But presently this "son of hell" was the sole proprietor of the Pateimonium Petbi, for Innocent had fled to France. In due time it came to pass that Anacletus " went to his own place ; " and then Innocent re- turned, and was again The Infallible. In 1118 Gregory VIII. was elected in opposition to Gelasius II. The former was the schismatic, of course ? Nay, not so. Gregory, backed by the kaiser, was too much for Gelasius, the Italian bishop, who was compelled to flee. Gregory, then, be- ing in possession, was S. Peter's succes- sor ? Not at all. For the next pope (Ca- lixtus II.) set him on a mangy camel, dressed in a bloody sheep-skin, and had him dragged from one prison to another until his death. Had the emperor not de- serted him, he would, probably, have been canonized. Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) and Clement III. held possession of S. Peter's chair by turns. On the death of Gregory, Clement Sohismatical Bishops 245 sat down thereon with Victor III., Urban II., and Paschal II. In the Hid century there was a schism between Calixtus I. and Hippolytus ; and, later, another between Cornelius and No- vatian. In the ivth century there was a schism between Liberius and Felix; and, later, another between Damasus and Ursinus. In the vth century there was a schism between Boniface I. and Eulalius; and, later, another between Symmachus and Laurentius. In the yith century there was a schism between Boniface II. and Dioscorus ; and, later, another between Sylverius and Yi- gilius. In the viith century there was a schism between Petrus and Theodoras, and John V.; and, later, another between Paschal and Theodoras, elected in opposition to Sergius. In the vmth century there was a schism between Theophylactus and Paul ; and, later, another between Philip, Stephen III., and Constantinus ; the latter of whom was deposed by Stephen, shut up in a monastery, and his eyes put out. 246 Schismatical Bishops In the ixth century there was a schism between Eugenius II. and Zizimus; an- other, later, between Benedict III. and Anastasius ; another, yet later, between For- mosus and Sergius ; and a fourth (according to one authority) between Stephen VII., John IX., Eonianus I., and Theodoras II. In the xth century there was a schism between Leo V. and Christophorus, who deposed and imprisoned his rival; an- other, later, between John XII. and Leo VIII.; and a third between Benedict VI., John XIV., and Boniface VII., the latter of whom began his reign by having Bene- dict VI. strangled in the castle of S. An- gelo, and concluded it by the poisoning of John XIV. in the same stronghold. In the xith century there was a schism between Gregory V., Calabritanus John XVL, and Sylvester II.; another, later, between Gregory and Benedict VIII.; a third between Sylvester III., Benedict IX., and Gregory VI.; a fourth between Bene- dict X. and Stephen IX.; a fifth between Alexander II. and Honorius II. (Cadalus) ; and a sixth between Gregory VII. (Hilde- brand) and Clement III. (Wibertus). Schismatical Bishops 247 In the xnth century there was a schism between Paschal II., Theodoricus, Alber- tus, and Maginulfus (Sylvester IV.); an- other, later, between Gelasius II. and Gregory VIII. (Burdinus); a third be- tween Calixtus II. and Celestine (Theo- baldus Buccapecus) ; a fourth between In- nocent II., Anacletus, and Victor IV. (Gregory) ; a fifth between Alexander III., Victor IV. (Octavianus), Paschal III. (Guido Cremensis), Calixtus III. (Johannes de Struma), and Innocent III. (Landus Titinus). In the xivth century there was a schism between Nicholas V. and John XXII.; and the great schism of the West, which lasted until the year 1429, dates from the year 1378, during which time there was a pope at Rome, another at Avignon, and often others elsewhere. In the xvth century, a few years after the reunion of the several sections of the Roman Church, another schism was ini- tiated by the election, by the council of Basle (1439), of Amadeus, first duke of Sa- voy (Felix V.), in opposition to Eugenius IV., who, however, triumphed in the issue. XIX OEDINATIONS? " Quid f acit, excepta ordinatione, episcopus, quod pres- byter non faciat." — Jerome, CHAPTEE XIX OKDINATIONS ? Every student of ecclesiastical history of those times is aware that on the outbreak Presbyteral of a schism in Carthage, con- Ordmation. se q Uen t on the appointment (248) of Cyprian, scarcely more than a neophyte, to the bishopric of that city, Novatus, a presbyter, the leader of the party, advanced one Felicissimus, a man of wealth, to the office of a deacon, who, event- ually, became the Magnus Apollo of the opposition ; and, though excommunicated (251), together with the five malcontent presbyters, by a council of North African bishops, it does not appear that he was de- posed. Indeed, Cyprian's protest is curi- ous in the omission of any reference to the invalidity of the ordination : Felicissimus suum diaconum nee permittente me sciente sua factione et ambitione constituit. It was thus he wrote to Cornelius, bishop of Eome 252 Ordinations ? (Ep. xlviii.) : " He it is who, without my leave or knowledge, of his own factiousness and ambition, created his attendant Feli- cissimus a deacon." At the time of the Arian controversy in Alexandria, Alexander being archbishop, Colluthus, one of the city presbyters, plead- ing the need of the times (as Wesley did just fourteen hundred and sixty years later), assumed the functions of a bishop, and pro- ceeded to ordain presbyters and deacons. Among them was one, Ischyras, of whom Alexander of Alexandria wrote to Alexan- der of Constantinople 1 and concerning whom Athanasius has somewhat to say in one of his Apologies. This man's case came before a synod held at Alexandria, and he was incontinently deposed, the ar- gument taking this form : " How came Ischyras to be a priest? Who ordained him? Was it Colluthus? Yes, matter of fact stands thus. Well, but Colluthus being never any more than a priest, all his ordinations have been declared null; and those promoted by him have been pro- nounced laymen, and treated as such." 1 Theodoret : Ecclesiastical History, i. , 4. Ordinations? 253 Joseph Bingham, the ecclesiastical ar- chaeologist, calls attention to those presby- ters who were divested of their rank and reduced to the status of the laity by the council of Sardica (347), because Euthy- chianus and Musoeus, who ordained them, were not bishops at all, only presbyters. Often quoted, too, is the fact that Aerius, the director of one of the earliest Chris- tian hospitals, in Sebaste, Pontus, and a presbyter, was reckoned among the here- tics of his age, because he was wont to as- sume that he had authority to impose hands in ordination; and, when he separated (360) from the Church, the Aerians were well supplied with priests and deacons of his own creation. The second council of Constantinople (381), convoked by order of the emperor, Theodosius, attended by one hundred and fifty bishops, although the signatures amount to no more than one hundred and forty-two, quickly proceeded to declare that Maximus, The Cynic, had not been made bishop in a regular or lawful way, that he was a usurper of the see of Con- stantinople, and that all Ms ordinations were 254 Ordinations ? null and void : a decision tantamount to a decree that orders are not valid unless re- ceived from a bishop. The second council of Seville, held in the chapter house of the Jerusalem Church at Seville, on the 13th of November, 618 (or 619), which was attended by eight bishops of the province of Betica and the clergy of the city ; two laymen — the governor of the province and the chancellor — being al- lowed seats ; Isidore, the archbishop pre- siding, — was very severe on presbyteral interposition, ordering (canon v.) the de- position of a presbyter and two deacons, be- cause a priest present, owing to the blind- ness of the bishop who ordained them, had pronounced the words of benediction. In monasteries on the continent the pres- byter-abbot seems to have had the power of ordination. At least there is good au- thority 1 for asserting that in the Rule of the Abbot Aurelian, a contemporary of Columbkille, it is thus written : And ivlien the abbot ivishes he has authority to ordain. 2 1 Migne Patrol. Cursus, lxviii., 392. 2 "Et quando abbas voluerit ordinandi habeat po testa- tern." Ordinations ? 255 Richard Ledred, bishop of Ossory, chan- cellor of the University of Oxford, then dean of Lichfield, and (1347) consecrated to the see of Armagh, primate, is on record 1 as saying : If all bishops were dead at one and the same time, the minor priests would be able as bishops to ordain and even to con- secrate. 2 "Was Thomas Lancaster, bishop-elect of Armagh three hundred years later, cogni- zant of this dictum, and did he think that episcopacy had ran out that, months be- fore his consecration to the see to which he had been promoted by Queen Eliza- beth, he went around ordering deacons and priests? Very curious that letter 3 from Bishop Jewell to Archbishop Parker on the subject ! Stranger still his omis- sion to animadvert upon the orders thus received. 1 O'Conor : Columbanus ad Hibernos, No. VII., Intro- ductory Letter XXVI. 2 "Si omnes episcopi simul essent defuncti, sacerdotes minores possent episcopos ordinane et etiam consecrare." So also Archbishop Usher, in his letter to Dr. Bernard. See Baxter's Life, p. 208. 3 This letter is numbered xlv. in Canon Jelf 's edition of the bishop's works (vol. viii., p. 194). 256 Ordinations ? Everybody knows that Dr. Coke, the clergyman of the Church of England whom Wesley ordained (1784) superin- tendent of the Methodists in America, ap- plied to Bishop White, of Pennsylvania, for the " re-ordination " of his preachers ; which thing he most assuredly would not have done had he, or Mr. Asbury, or Mr. Wesley been satisfied as to the validity of the orders transmitted or received. 1 The famous Origen, who was ordained priest (circ. 228) at Csesarea by his friend invalid E is Alexander, bishop of Jerusa- copai Ordina- lem, and Theoctistus, bishop of Caesarea, was deposed (231) by a synod of Egyptian bishops and priests of Alexandria, at the instigation of his diocesan, Bishop Demetrius, who was in- censed at his receiving sacred orders in another jurisdiction ; and this case was, presumably, in the mind of the council of Nicsea in the passage of canon xvi., which decrees that "if any (bishop) shall dare surreptitiously to take and in his own church ordain a man belonging to another, 1 See chapter on Presoyteral Bishops. Ordinations ? 257 "without the consent of his own proper bishop, let the ordination be void." In the year 418, Amator, the only son of noble and wealthy parents, desirous of entering the holy estate of matrimony, was not a little amazed to hear the senile bish- op, whom he had requested to perform the ceremony, mumble, by mistake, the office for the ordination of a clerk, which he read to the very end, no one else the wiser. Before the marriage festivities were con- cluded, the aged prelate, good old Vale- rian, died ; and, when Helladius was chosen in his stead, the young couple hied to him with the story ; and he, when he had heard of the interpretation put upon the incident by Amator and his girlish bride, forthwith advanced the groom to be a deacon, and gave the veil to Martha. On the death of Helladius, the choice of the clergy and people fell on Amator, and he was num- bered with the apostles. Adamnan has this story to tell of the presbyter Findchan, one of the great Co- lumba's disciples (521-597), who, it ap- pears, had brought over with him from Ireland, in the clerical habit, one Aidus, 17 25S Ordinations ? surnamed The Black, of royal descent, a cruel and wicked man, and guilty, among other things, of the murder of Diermit, son of Kerboil, king of all Ireland. After a stay of some time in his monastery in Ethica, Findchan came to conceive a great affection for this freebooter, and desired to see him in the priesthood. A bishop was accordingly sent for ; but, on learning of the crimes of Aidus, he refused to lay his hands upon him, unless Findchan, too, would lay his right hand upon his head, and share the responsibility. "When the uncanonical ordination was completed, rumors of it soon reached the ears of Columba, who, seeking out the offenders, thundered out this judgment on them : " That right hand which Findchan, im- piously and against the law of the Church, has laid upon the head of this son of per- dition, shall speedily rot, and after much agony be buried in the earth before its owner. He shall himself survive for many years; but Aidus, thus unlawfully or- dained, shall return like a dog to his vomit ; he shall again be guilty of cruel murder, and at last, pierced with a lance, Ordinations f 259 shall fall from a tree into the water, and perish. Such an end he deserved long before, who murdered the king of Ireland. " That this double prophecy was fulfilled, what reader of Irish history can doubt! Certainly Adamnan bears record that Find- chan lost his hand long before the worms got his body; and that Aidus, a priest only in name, took to wallowing in the mire once more, and, falling from the prow of a ship into a lake, pierced through with a lance, was drowned and troubled men no more. In the year 853, the council of Soissons, held in the monastery of S. Medard, under Hincmar of Eheims, composed of twenty- six bishops, from five provinces, and fa- vored with the occasional presence of the king, Charles the Bold, took occasion (canon i.) to impeach the validity of the ordinations performed by Ebbo, deposed from the archbishopric of Eheims, for tak- ing part in an uprising against the king, but shortly after, appointed bishop of Hildesheim by Lewis the German, and confirmed by the pope ; and, for thirteen years, the priests whom he had ordained, 260 Ordinations ? after his transfer to the diocese of Hilde- sheim, which, canonically, he had no right to accept without the consent of his brother-bishops, were treated as laymen only. But in August, 866, another (the third) council was held at Soissons, by order of Charles, thirty-five bishops at- tending ; and then Ebbo's clerks were re- stored to the rank from which they had been degraded, and one of them, Vulgude, was that same year consecrated archbishop of Bourges. The city of Kief, the cradle of the Bus- sian Church, where (988) the whole popu- lation, by command of the king, Vladimir, descended into the Dnieper, while some Byzantine priests read aloud the baptismal formula from the cliffs near by, is the pos- sessor of a hand that once belonged to Clement of Borne ; and, in the year 1147, when Clement of Smolensk was elected bishop, in spite of the protest of the patri- arch of Constantinople, the council there and then assembled laid this dead hand upon his head; and thus lie was conse- crated ! As an indication of the temper of those Ordinations ? 261 times, it may be worthy of note that dur- ing the latter half of the xvith century, the daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn upon the throne, many English- men, not satisfied with episcopal ordina- tion, went beyond sea to receive orders from foreign presbyteries, and that among the number were some who had been raised to the office of a deacon by the imposition of the hands of a bishop. 1 In 1709, the Eev. Mr. Greenshields, 2 who was ordained by the bishop of Ross, and afterward held a curacy in Ireland, removing to Edinburgh, and venturing to use the English service there, cited by the Presbytery, and then by the magistrates, to appear before them, and give an account of his license and authority to exercise ministerial functions, was thrown into pris- on, for refusing to submit to the sentence of the Presbytery, and, on application to the Court of Session for liberation, was in- formed that no minister ordained by an 1 Strype's Annals, vol. ii., p. 524. Neale's Puritans (Harpers, 1871), I. 114, 144, 152. 2 Lawson : History of the Scottish Episcopal Church, II., 196. Daniel De Foe : Preface to the History of the Un- ion, 1776, p. 19. 262 Ordinations ? exauctorate (a bishop deprived of author- ity) had ordination according to the law which established Presbyterianism ! ["Neither presbyter, deacon, nor any of the ecclesiasti- cal order shall be ordained without a charge, nor unless the person ordained is particularly ap- Locahs Ordi- pointed to a church in a city or a villaqe. natio : Ordi- x . . . J / \ nation without or to a maT ^V> or to a monastery. And a title. if any shall be ordained without a charge the Holy Synod decrees, to the reproach of the ordainer, that such an ordination shall be inop- erative, and sliall nowhere have effect.'''' — Council of Chalcedon (451), Canon vi.] The erudite Jerome, early a student at Rome of Greek philosophy and Latin lit- erature, baptized at the age of twenty, but a Ciceronian, rather than a Christian, in the realm of letters until awakened by a dream at the age of thirty-four, was or- dained a presbyter some five years later, (379), "with license to continue a monk and return to his monastery again." Paulinus, the richest man of his age, according to Augustine, consul, married, was made presbyter (394) at Barcelona, with the understanding that "he should not be confined to that church, but remain a priest at large." Ordinations ? 263 Of Macedonius, a Syrian anchoret, it is related by Theodoret, that he was with- drawn from his cell in the desert, ordained a presbyter by Flavian, patriarch of Anti- och (381-404), and then allowed to go back to his favorite solitudes. The Chalcedonian canon was enacted to put a stop to such ordinations : titular clerks were to cease ; and all clerks were to have a title {titulus), or fixed source of income, that they might not be a burden on the Church, i.e., they were not to be ordained unless appointed to some partic- ular office or congregation. Among the Excerpta of Egbert, arch- bishop of York (750), is one (52), which reaffirms that no person shall be ordained absolutely, or without naming the place to which he is ordained. 1 Edwin Hatch notes that the canon of Chalcedon was re- enacted, occasion arising, in the Carolin- ian Capitularies (789), the Capit. Fran- cofurt (794), and elsewhere, about that time; and that the Pontificals of Egbert, Dunstan, Yatican ap. Muratori, Eodrad, Eouen, Eeims, Noyon, Eatold, and the 1 Hart's Ecclesiastical Records. 2 64 Ordinations ? Gelasian Sacramentary, required the ordi- nand to designate the particular church from which he was to derive his income. The Council of Placenza, held (1095) by Urban II., at which two hundred bishops attended, with four thousand other ecclesi- astics, and thirty thousand laymen, and whose first and third sessions were held in the open air, that all might participate, enacted the canon (xv.) : We decree that an ordination iviihout a title be accounted null. 1 The national council of Westminster, held, in 1200, by Primate Walter, after due deliberation, formulated its views and decision in this canon (vi.) : " If a bishop shall ordain any man to be a deacon or a priest without a title, let him maintain him till he can provide for him in some churchy Five hundred and forty years later Dr. Sherlock, bishop of Salisbury, remarked in the House of Lords, occasion demand- ing : " According to the canons of the Church of England, the bishop is not to ordain any man without a title, that is, some place where he is to preach, and by 1 Decernimus ut sine titulo facta ordinatio irrita habe- atur. Ordinations ? 265 which he may support himself, of which he must exhibit to the bishop a certificate ; and, if a bishop ordains any man without such a certificate, he is obliged to main- tain him till he get him preferred to some ecclesiastical living." * Novatian, the Roman presbyter, conse- crated to the see of Eome (251), by three Re-ordina- Italian bishops, in opposition tlon - to Cornelius, naturally or- dained a great number of deacons and priests; and, as the Novatiani had spread into Egypt, Armenia, Pontus, Bithynia, Cilicia, Oappadocia, Syria, Arabia, and Mesopotamia, the great schism was one of the questions that came before the council of Nicsea (325) for consideration ; and it was decreed (canon viii.) that their clergy, on returning to the Church, should be ordained — (bare ^etpoOerovfiivov^ tovtovs fJL€V€CV OVTCO? €V T(p K\rjp(p. The case of Meletius, another schismatic, also came before these fathers ; and, after ordering that his clergy, on their return to 1 Grub : Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, iv. , 39. 266 Ordinations ? the Church, should l receive " a more sa- cred ordination," they conceded to him the "honorary rank of bishop " — the episcopal character without episcopal jurisdiction. As to the Paulianists — the adherents of Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, de- posed (269) for heresy, they were to be re-baptized, on entering the Church, and their clergy to be re-ordained as well as re-baptized (canon xix.). 2 The council also enacted a canon (xvi.) to the effect that a presbyter ordained without the consent of his lawful diocesan must be re-ordained by his own bishop to have the ecclesiastical right to minister. When some of the Arian clergy wished to return to the Catholic Church, it was enacted by a council (1 Aurel., 511) that they might be admitted to office cum im- 1 In pursuance of this decree, as Bingham has made out, Theodore, Bishop of Oxyrinchus, re-ordained the Meletian presbyters on their return to the Church. And yet the African Church always allowed the ordination of the Do- natist clergy to stand ! 2 Jacobson, in Herzog's Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia (Incapacity), says " it was repeatedly de- clared that if it was discovered that persons ordained had not been baptized (or properly baptized), they should be baptized, and then re-ordained. " Ordinations ? 267 positce manus benedictione ; and a hundred years later, as Hatch goes on to say, clerks ordained (?) by Scotch or British bishops (a Scottorum vel Britonum episcopis), and those advanced to the priesthood by bish- ops without a diocese (episcopi ambulantes), were compelled to submit to a like cere- mony. The national council of Toledo, held on the 9th of December, 633, attended by sixty-six archbishops and bishops, under the presidency of Isidore of Seville, en- acted a canon (xxviii.), prescribing the ritual of re-ordination for those who had been unjustly degraded. Across the Channel, Theodore, arch- bishop of Canterbury (d. 690), required the holy and humble-minded Chad, late bishop of York, to submit to re-consecration on his appointment to the see of Lichfield, alleg- ing that two of the bishops concerned in elevating him to the episcopal order were " defiled with the heresy of shaving their whole heads and observing Easter on the w r rong day " ! A little later such re-conse- cration was made a canonical requirement. 1 1 " Qui ordinati sunt Scottorum vol Britonnum epis- 2G8 Ordinations ? Jeremy Collier quotes Gregory III., bishop of Eome (731-741), as laying it down for a rule tliat when it was ques- tionable whether the person who ordained a priest was a bishop or not, the person was to be re-ordained by the diocesan be- fore being admitted to any priestly func- tion. In the xith century, Leo IX., another bishop of Eome (1049-1054), ordained over again those who had been admitted to the priesthood by prelates who had obtained their sees by purchase. 1 In the year 1610, at a consecration held in the chapel of London House, on Sun- Non-Episcopal day, the 21st day of October, Ordinations. the bishops of London, Ely, Rochester, and Worcester communicated the episcopal character to three Scotch Presbyterian ministers, whose names and copi, qui in Pascha vel tonsura Catholicae non sunt ordinati ecclesise, iterum a Catholico episcopo rnanus impositione confirmentur." 1 The Rev. Edwin Hatch calls attention, in his article on Ordination, in Smith's Dictionary of Christian Antiq- uities, to a Galatian inscription of the year 416, which gives a record of one who was twice presbyter— dU yevonevos irpeo-jSyrepos. Ordinations ? 269 compellations stand thus in the register : Mr. John Spotswood, minister and conci- onator, as the king's mandate speaks ; Mr. Gawen Hamilton, minister and conciona- tor ; Mr. Andrew Lamb, minister and con- cionator. These were also numbered among the " Tulchan * bishops " (without the succession and without consecration) that " were subject to the discipline of the Kirk " ; but of these orders no account was made ; and, though they were raised to the highest degree without passing through the intermediate orders of deacon and presby- ter, it was not because they had previously been " ministers in good standing" in an- other religious body, but because the epis- copal character could be given by one con- secration, as the primate, Dr. Bancroft, argued out of ancient ecclesiastical history, citing the cases of Ambrose, Nectarius, Eucherius, and others, who, from mere lay- men, were advanced at once into the chair of an apostle. 2 In the year 1661, the Scottish succession having again run out, Thomas Sydserf , the 1 See Chapter on Tulchan Bishops. 2 See Chapter VI., in Bishops' Blue Book. 270 Ordinatio n s ? sole surviving Scots bishop, having been translated to the see of Orkney — James Sharp, " execrated by the Presbyterians as their Judas, traitor, and betrayer," and Robert Leighton, the son of Alexander Leighton, the author of "Zion's Plea against Prelacy," having come to London for the purpose, were raised to the episcopal order by the bishops of London, "Worcester, Car- lisle, and Landaff, but not until they had dis- claimed the validity of their Presbyterian ordination, and had been privately admit- ted to the diaconate and priesthood. John Fairfoul and James Hamilton, consecrated bishops at the same time, had been or- dained by the Scottish bishops of the old succession, and as to them there was no question. Of these, " the Scottish Bishops of the Second Anglican Consecration," James Sharp was elevated to the archbish- opric of St. Andrews ; Andrew Fairfoul, to the archbishopric of Glasgow ; James Hamilton, to the bishopric of Galloway; and Robert Leighton, to the bishopric of Dunblane. Two years later, the death of David Mitchell, bishop of Aberdeen, created no Ordinations ? 271 small vacancy in the newly restored Church. Even while a Presbyterian minister in Ed- inburgh, at the time (1638) the national covenant was imposed, he was a zealous supporter of the liturgy ; and, because " his ecclesiastical principles were those of Laud, 1 and he had declined the jurisdiction of the assembly, and refused to give the pres- bytery of Edinburgh any other name than that of brethren of the exercise," etc., he was deprived by the famous Glasgow As- sembly of that same year ; and, obliged to flee from his own country, he took refuge in Holland, where he supported himself by his skill as a watchmaker. Appointed in 1661 to the see of Aberdeen, he was con- secrated at St. Andrews, on Sunday the first of June, by the primate, Archbishop Sharp, and the bishops of Dunkeld and Moray (consecrated twenty-four days pre- viously) ; and of him it is recorded that he always " insisted on re-ordaining ministers who had received only Presbyterian ordina- tion," although the other prelates had no rule on the subject, but would re-ordain, if 1 See his letter to Bishop Leslie, of Raphoe, under date March, 1638. 272 Ordinations ? requested. 1 Indeed, it is not proven that the bishops nominate of Dunkeld (George Haliburton, minister at Perth), Moray (Murdoch Mackenzie, minister at Elgin), Ross (John Paterson, minister at Aber- deen), Caithness (Patrick Forbes, son of John Forbes, minister at Alford), Brechin (David Strachan, minister at Fettercairn), and The Isles (Eobert Wallace, minister at Barnwell in Ayrshire), who were conse- crated (May 7, 1661) by Archbishops Sharp and Fairf oul and Bishop Hamilton on their return from London, had in every case re- ceived episcopal ordination as deacons and priests ; but, if any of them had merely Presbyterian orders, there is no evidence that they were reordained. 2 John Bramhall, chaplain to the arch- bishop of York (1623), bishop of London- derry (1634), an exile during the Revolu- tion, but made archbishop of Armagh (1661) after the Restoration, insisted on the re- ordination of all Presbyterian ministers 1 Morer : Short Account of Scotland, pp. 59-64. Sym- son : Present State of Scotland, p. 241. Gordon : Re- formed Bishop, pp. 84, 161, 165. 2 Grub : Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, vol. iii., p. 199. Ordinations ? 273 who would serve at the altars of the Church, but declared that he did not annul the min- ister's former orders (if he had any), nor determine their validity or invalidity ; much less did he condemn all the sacred orders of foreign churches, whom he left to their own Judge ; but that he only supplied what- ever was before wanting, as required by the canons of the Anglican Church ; and that he provided for the peace of the Church, that occasion of schism might be removed, and the consciences of the faith- ful satisfied, and that they might have no manner of doubt of his ordination, nor de- cline his presbyterial acts as invalid. 1 All of which the primate inserted in his " let- ters of orders." Jeremy Taylor, bishop of Down and Connor, would have done the same for the new order of ministers of his diocese, but they would none of him, nor would they so much as confer with him on the subject. Bishop Mant (d. 1848), in his "History of the Church of Ireland" (I. 453-8), tells 1 Bishop Vesey : Life of Primate Bramhall. Bp. Mant : Hist, of the Ch. of Ireland, i., 623. Daniel Neal : Hist, of the Puritans, ii., 238. Nichols: Defence of the Ch. of England, In trod., p. 112. 18 274 Ordinations? of an ordination in the diocese of Down and Connor (his own two centuries later), recorded in the " Eegal Visitation Book " of the diocese (1633), in which Eobert Echlin, the ordinary, admitted one Eobert Blair (1623) to the orders of deacon and priest. All seems fair on the surface. But Blair, in a personal narrative, says that, having been invited by Lord Clane- boy, of Scotland, to settle in the parish of Bangor, County Down, he declined the offer because he " could not submit to the use of the English liturgy, nor to episcopal government." His lordship promised that he should have " free entry into the ministry ; " and the process is thus described by Blair : " The Viscount Claneboy, my noble patron, did, on my request, inform the bishop how opposite I was to Episcopalians and their liturgy, and had the influence to procure my ad- mission on easy and honorable terms. Yet, lest his lordship had not been plain enough, I declared my opinion fully to the bishop at our first meeting, and found him yielding beyond my expectation. The bishop said to me : ' I hear good of you, Ordinations t 275 and will impose no conditions on yon ; I am old, and can teach you ceremonies, and you can teach me substance ; only I must ordain you, else neither I nor you can answer the law nor brook the land.' I answered him that his sole ordination did utterly contradict my principles : but he replied both wittily and submissively, 1 "Whatever you account of episcopacy, yet I know you account a presbytery to have divine warrant ; will you not receive orders from Mr. Cunningham and the adjacent brethren, and let me come in among them in no other relation than a presbyter?' This I could not refuse, and so the matter was performed." One of the first acts of Blair was to rebuke his patron for kneel- ing at the Lord's Supper. Invited by Bishop Echlin to preach at the Lord Primate's triennial visitation of the diocese (1626), which was holden by his officials, Ussher being in England, Blair took oc- casion to show that Christ had instituted no bishops, alleging the testimony (1) of the Scriptures, (2) of the fathers, (3) of the moderate divines of the day. Four years later, by request of the same prelate, he 276 Ordinations ? preached an assize sermon before the lords justices, who came annually to the north- ern circuit, in which he took occasion to speak of "the crafty bishop," and to at- tribute to the Lord whatever comfort and credit he enjoyed. In 1632, the bishop was compelled to depose him " for irregu- larities and lawlessness." The same records (" The Eegal Visitation Book") contain an account of the ordina- tion (1630), by Andrew Knox, bishop of Baphoe, of a certain John Livingston (or Liviestowne), who, "in consequence of his opposition to prelacy, was silenced by Spottiswoode, archbishop of St. Andrews, 1627," but managed to get "free entry" into Ireland. In "An Historical Essay upon the Loyalty of the Presbyterians in Great Britain and Ireland, from the Bef- ormation to this present year 1713," there lies imbedded an abstract prepared by Livingstone himself, setting forth the man- ner of his ordination. And, according to his account, it was on this wise : " About August, 1630, I got letters from the Vis- count Clanniboy to come to Ireland, in reference to a call to Killenchy ; whither Ordinations ? 277 I went, and got an unanimous call from the parish. And because it was needful I should be ordained to the ministry, and the bishop of Down, in whose diocese Killenchy was, being a timorous man, would require some engagement; there- fore my Lord Clanniboy sent some with me, and wrote to Mr. Andrew Knox, bish- op of Eaphoe : who, when I came and had delivered the letters from my Lord Clanni- boy, and from the Earl of Wigton, and some others, told me he knew my errand : that I came to him because I had scruples against episcopacy and ceremonies, accord- ing as Mr. Josias Welsh and some others had done before ; and that he thought his old age was prolonged for little other pur- pose but to do such offices ; that if I scrupled to call him 'my lord' he cared not much for it; all he would desire of me, because they got there but few ser- mons, was, that I would preach at Eamal- len the first Sabbath ; and that he would send Mr. Cunningham and two or three neighboring ministers to be present ; who after sermon should give me imposition of hands. But, although they performed the 278 Ordinations ? work, he behoved to be present ; and al- though he durst not answer it to the State, he gave me the Book of Ordination ; and desired that anything I scrupled at I should draw a line over it in the margin, and that Mr. Cunningham should not read it. But I found that it had been so marked by some others before me, that I needed not to mark anything in it." Thus ended the interview; and, a little later, John Livingston was admitted to the priesthood of the Church, the bishop lending nothing but his presence to the ceremony, and not attempting to participate. 1 In 1632 he shared the fate of Blair, being thrust out of the Church for " irregularities and law- lessness." In 1667, the Presbyterians of England, aided by Sir Matthew Hale, Bishop Wil- kins, and others, proposed that, as a con- dition to union with the Church, the words 1 According to the author of Loyalty of the Presbyte- rians, this practice was common then, " all those of the same persuasion who were ordained in Ireland between that time (1622) and the year 1642 being ordained after the same manner. " And he adds : " All of them enjoyed the Church and tithes, though they remained Presbyte- rians still and used not the Liturgy." See also Neal : His- tory of the Puritans (Harpers, 1871), vol. i., p. 261. Ordinations ? 279 of ordination should be changed so as to read : " Take thou legal authority to preach the word of God and administer the sacra- ments in any congregation in England where thou shalt be lawfully appointed thereunto," the word "legal" being con- sidered a sufficient salvo for the intrinsic validity of the orders already received. 1 In September, 1689, after the accession of William and Mary, a royal commission w r as issued, authorizing certain individuals to meet and consider matters connected with the Church ; and when the question of re-ordination w r as to be settled, the com- missioners decided that the hypotheti- cal form should be adopted, in the case of the Dissenters as in the case of uncer- tain baptism, in these words : " If thou art not already ordained, I ordain thee." This, it is said, would have satisfied many of the non-conformists. 2 And it is well known, as Lathbury remarks, that Tillot- son, Burnet, Tenison, and all the men of 1 Abbey and Overton : The English Church in the Eigh- teenth Century, p. 170. Bishop Short : History of the Church of England, § 710 n. 2 Lathbury : History of Convocation, p. 321. Bishop Short : History of the Church of England, § 710. 280 Ordinations? that school, were willing to waive the ques- tion of Presbyterian orders by adopting this proposal. In such a case non-con- formist ministers would have been ad- mitted in the manner adopted by the ancient Church with those who had been ordained by heretics. But Overall, bishop of Norwich (1618), had anticipated this plan of comprehension in the case of De- laune, a French Protestant, whom he would have admitted to the ministry of the Church with these words : " If thou art not ordained before, etc." According to the bishop of Sodor and Man (Thomas Vowler Short), Ussher and Davenant alone, among the bishops, al- lowed of the validity of the ordination of foreign Protestant churches. 1 But the question is one of extreme deli- cacy and difficulty. It seems certain that "William Whitting- ham, one of the Marian exiles, and minis- ter to the English refugees at Geneva, was preferred, on his return home (1563), to the deanery of Durham, where he re- mained some fifteen years or more, when 1 History of the Church of England, § 710 n. Ordinat ions ? 281 proceedings were instituted (1579) against him for not being ordained according to the rites of the Church of England. 1 Thomas Cartwright, B.D., was certainly Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity in Cambridge in the year 1570 (Matthew Parker, primate), one of those who, having received deacon's orders in the Church of England, chose to be made full ministers by the presbyteries of foreign churches, and urgent, in public, for the reduction of the ministers of the Church to two orders — bishops and deacons. 2 The statute 13 Elizabeth, cap. xii., gave liberty to minis- ters of the Scotch and other foreign churches to exercise their ministry in Eng- land without re-ordination. In 1578, Walter Travers, 3 who "com- menced bachelor of divinity in Cam- bridge," as delicious old Fuller observes, 1 Daniel Neal : History of the Puritans (Harpers, 1871), vol. i., p. 145. 2 Strype's Annals, vol. i., pp. 628, 629. Life of Parker, p. 312. 3 Daniel Neal : History of the Puritans (Harpers, 1871), vol. i. , p. 144. Bishop Short : History of the Church of England, § 454. Thomas Fuller : Church History of Britain, Book IX. Appeal of Injured Innocence, p. 518. Sec also Izaac Walton : The Life of Mr. Richard Hooker. 282 Ordinations? went beyond the sea, was ordained min- ister by the presbytery at Antwerp, and, without having other ordination, became afternoon preacher (lecturer) in the Tem- ple, was proffered the divinity professor- ship in the University of St. Andrews, and, when silenced by Archbishop Whit- gift (although he had been recommended to his position in the Temple by the bish- op of London, the diocesan thereof), was invited over by Adam Loftus, archbishop of Dublin and chancellor of Ireland, to be provost of Trinity College, and there con- tinued a number of years. Fuller's ani- madvertor, Dr. Heylin, refers to this Ant- werp presbytery, as a " mongrel company, consisting of two blue aprons to each crewel night-cap." But Neal's descrip- tion should be set alongside. In 1582, Edmund Grindal, archbishop of Canterbury, commanded Dr. Aubrey, his vicar-general, to license Mr. John Mor- rison, a Scots divine, who had had no other ordination than what he received from a Scots presbytery, to preach over his whole province, and "to celebrate the Divine Offices, to minister the Sacraments, etc." Ordinations ? 283 The words of the license are as follows : " Since you, the aforesaid John Morrison, about five years past, in the town of Gar- rett, in the county of Lothian, of the king- dom of Scotland, were admitted and or- dained to sacred orders and the holy ministry, by the imposition of hands, ac- cording to the laudable form and rite of the Eeformed Church of Scotland ; and since the congregation of that county of Lothian is conformable to the orthodox faith, and sincere religion now received in this realm of England, and established by public authority : we, therefore, as much as lies in us, and as by right we may, ap- proving and ratifying the form of your ordi- nation and preferment done in such manner aforesaid, grant unto you a license and faculty, with the consent and express com- mand of the most reverend father in Christ, the Lord Edmund, by the Divine Provi- dence archbishop of Canterbury, to us signified, that in such orders by you taken, you may and have power in any convenient places in and throughout the whole province of Canterbury, to celebrate divine offices, to minister the sacraments, 284 Ordinations ? etc., as much as in you lies ; and we may dejure, and as far as the laws of the king- dom do allow." The license is dated April 6, 1582. 1 But about the same time the bishop of London dealt out very different measure to one Eobert Wright, fourteen years resi- dent in the University of Cambridge, do- mestic chaplain to Lord Rich, in whose chapel, in the hundreds of Essex, he preached without interruption during the lifetime of his patron. After that event he was cast into prison, and presently pro- nounced a mere layman, incapable of hold- ing any living in the Church ; and yet, as he argued before his lordship, he had preached seven years in the University of Cambridge, and had been " regularly or- dained, by the laying on of the hands of the presbyters at Antwerp." Nor would the bishop ever grant him a license, always saying that he was no minister. 2 No one doubts the honesty and scholar- ship of the sainted Keble. And he some- 1 Strype's Life of Grindal. Perry's English Church History. Neal's History of the Puritans. 2 Strype's Annals, vol. iii. Neal's Puritans (Harpers, 1871), i., 152. Ordinations ? 285 where speaks of "the numbers who had been admitted to the ministry of the Church of England, with no better than Presbyterian ordination." In the First Book of Discipline of the Scottish Presbyterians (Knox, Winram, Willox, Douglas, Eow, and Spottiswoode, compilers), ordination was rejected as un- necessary and superfluous; and it was never practised by Knox and his co-adju- tors. The election of " ministers " was vested solely in the people. On passing a satisfactory examination, the individual elected was to be introduced to his congre- gation by his brethren without ordination or ceremony of any hind — the " approbation of the people, and the declaration of the chief minister, that the person is appointed to serve," being expressly declared suffi- cient ; for, according to the compilers, "al- beit the Apostles used the imposition of hands, yet seeing the miracle is ceased, the using the ceremony we judge not to be necessary." ! 1 Lawson's History of the Scottish Episcopal Church, vol. i., 45, 46, 246, 247. 286 Ordinations ? By the influence of Andrew Melville it was inserted in the Second Book of Disci- pline (1579-1581), and the power of it in- vested in the presbyteries. On the last clay of February, 1596-97, among the fifty-two articles submitted to the famous Perth Assembly was this query: "Is he a lawful pastor who wanteth impositionem manuum ? " And the decision was : " Imposition or laying on of hands is not essential and necessary, but ceremonial and indifferent, in admission of a pastor." In 1598, at the admission of Mr. Robert Bruce as minister of Edinburgh, Mr. Rob- ert Pont, a minister who had never been " ordained," appeared as a zealous advocate of imposition ; which curious circumstance led the fanatical and anti-prelatical histo- rian, David Calderwood, to say : " It is to be observed that this imposition of hands, whereabout this business was made, was holden for a ceremony unnecessary and in- different in our Kirk." An eminent Lutheran divine, professor, and historian has recently said that, in Ordinations ? 2S7 Sweden, " every diocese is regarded as a co-ordinate part of the State Church ; the whole being subordinate only to the king. Seven of these dioceses existed before the Reformation, five new dioceses were cre- ated in the seventeenth century. The consecration of a bishop is regarded as conveying no higher gifts than those be- longing to every true preacher of the Word. In former times, by a special royal dispen- sation, but which was very rarely granted, ordinations were administered in an Epis- copal vacancy by a provost ; the rule, how- ever, of exclusive ordination by bishops is now strictly enforced." * Elsewhere, writ- ing of these non-episcopal ordinations, he says : " Arrangements were accordingly made for the ordination. The officiating ministers were Eudman, Bjork, and San- del, all of whom signed the ordination cer- tificate." This was in 1701. "Twenty- four years afterward, when this was cited as a precedent, the four Swedish pastors disclaimed the authority to ordain, and explained the ordination of Falconer upon 1 Vol. IV. of The American Church History Series (Rev. Professor Henry E. Jacobs, D.D.), pp. 77, 97, 101. 288 Ordinations ? the ground that Budnian had been made, by the ' Archbishop of Sweden/ Suffragan or Vice-bishop." But such ordinations were not unusual, as our good Lutheran authority adds almost immediately : " It is interesting to note that, by a commission of the archbishop and consistory in Up- sala of November 7, 1739, the two Swedish pastors in America, Dylander and Trau- berg, were directed to ordain to the minis- try William Malandir." It appears, too, that when John Eneberg, who had studied at Upsala, was to be admitted to the min- istry, Svedberg, then bishop of Skara, commissioned the Bev. Mr. Norborg, the Swedish pastor in London, where Eneberg then (1729) was, to ordain him. XX EPISCOPAL VISITATIONS 19 " Where bishops were numerous and dioceses of small extent, it is probable that baptism was, as a rule, performed only in the bishop's church, and that confirmation, as a separate rite, existed only for those cases in which pres- byters had baptized in an emergency. In some of the most ancient rituals, baptism, confirmation, and communion are successive stages in a single ceremony. But this had be- come impossible in the great country districts. The part of the baptismal rite which was ordinarily performed by presbyters and deacons was performed by them, without the presence of a bishop, in a " baptismal," or, as it would now be termed, a " parish " church. The part which was ordinarily performed by a bishop, and which in the West, though not in the East, had come to be considered an in- alienable function of the episcopal office, was postponed until the bishop's annual visit." — Hatch's Growth of Church Institutions. 4 'In the Anglo-Saxon Church, the bishop was the sole minister of confirmation, which was regularly given after baptism. But as he could not always be present, he was careful in his annual visits to administer confirmation to those lately baptized." — LingarcCs Anglo-Saxon Church. " We strictly enjoin parish priests to cause children to be confirmed as soon as possible after baptism ; and that they may not, through the negligence of their parents, re- main any longer unconfirmed, we command that infants receive the sacrament of confirmation within three years after their birth." — Cap. III., Synod of Exeter, under Peter Quivil, bishop of Exeter, 1287. CHAPTEE XX EPISCOPAL VISITATIONS "And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, he came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda." * "Paul said unto Barnabas, Let us go again and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the Lord, and see how they do. And he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches." 2 " And after he had spent some time there (Antioch), he departed, and went over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order, strengthening all the disciples." 3 "Now some are puffed up, as though I would not come to you. But I will come shortly, if the Lord will, and will know, not the speech of them which are puffed up, but the power." 4 1 Acts ix. 32. 2 Ibid. xv. 36, 41. 3 Ibid, xviii. 23. 4 1 Corinthians iv. 19. 292 Episcopal Visitations " I will come unto you, when I shall pass through Macedonia." * " Behold, the third time I am ready to come to you." 2 " And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church." 8 " What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia." 4 The council of Tarragona (516), held dur- ing the reign of Theodoric, king of Italy, and guardian of Amalric, king Annual. ° . . of Spain, at which ten bishops were present, appears to have been the first to enact a canon (vm.) directing yearly visitations. The council of Lugo (569), held there by King Theodomir, ordered a new division of the dioceses in Gallicia, on the ground that they were too large to admit of a yearly visitation. The council of Braga, held in June, 572, by Martin, the archbishop, twelve other prelates being present, which acknowledged 1 1 Corinthians xvi. 5. 2 2 Corinthians xii. 14. 3 Ibid. xx. 17. 4 The Revelation i. 11. Episcopal Visitations 293 the four first ecumenical councils, but not the fifth, drew up ten canons, one of which implied that bishops should inspect their respective dioceses yearly. The fourth council of Toledo (633), a national council, to which sixty-six arch- bishops and bishops came from all parts of Spain, and at which Isidore of Seville pre- sided, enacted a canon (xxxvi.), ordering every bishop to visit annually every parish in his diocese. Across the sea, it was the council of Cloves-Hoo, held in the year 747, in the presence of Ethelbald, king of the Mer- cians, Archbishop Cuthbert, of Canterbmy, presiding, eleven bishops and several priests in attendance, which first ordered (canon in.) annual episcopal visitations for the Anglo-Saxon Church. Two years pre- viously the German Boniface had written to Cuthbert, saying : " We have deter- mined in our synod that every presbyter, during the season of Lent, shall annually give an account of his ministry to his bishop, who shall every year carefully make a circuit of his parish (diocese)." 294 Episcopal Visitations As to the objects of these annual visita- tions, the canon (yiii.) of the council of Ob'ects Tarragona (516) on the sub- ject, ordered them that the bishop might provide for the repair of the out-worn or ill-used churches of his dio- cese. According to the third council of Braga (572), the bishop was to remain in each parish two days. The first w r as. to be de- voted to the clergy ; on the second, he was to assemble the people, and instruct them in the principles of the Faith. The fourth council of Toledo (633) laid it upon the bishops, in their yearly cir- cuit, to keep the church fabrics in good repair ; and to instruct and discipline the clergy. The Anglo-Saxon council of Cloves-Hoo (747), ordered the bishop, as he went his annual rounds, to call the people of every condition together to convenient places, and to teach plainly, and forbid them all pagan and superstitious observances, etc. Under Charlemagne, the bishops, to whom he had granted spiritual jurisdiction, investing them with the offices of chan- ' Episcopal Visitations 295 cellor and first councillor, nominating them his missiy were further required to make annual visitations (Sends) for the trial of sins or misdemeanors in every parish. Giesler 1 says that in the rxth century the bishop was also under instructions to see that every parish had a Roman Peniten- tial, edited by Archbishop Theodore (Pri- mate of England, 669-690), or by the ven- erable Beda, presbyter. The national council of "Westminster, held in 1200 by Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, states in one of its fifteen canons, that " the object of visitation is to see to what concerns the cure of souls ; and also that every church hath a silver chalice, sacerdotal vestments, proper books, and other utensils." The first canonical reference to confirma- tion in connection with episcopal visita- tions, is to be found in the acts of the coun- cil (743) of Leptina. The capitularies of Charlemagne also provide for confirmation at the time of the bishop's annual visit. iEccles. Hist., ii., 440, 296 Episcopal Visitations The third council of Braga (572) fixed the legal fee for a visitation at two solidi — " the honorary payment due Accessories. J ± J the office." This action was aimed at those bishops who were in the habit of assessing the parishes, on occasion of their visitations, for the increase of per- sonal income, the repair of their cathedrals, etc.; and parishes were writhing under the burden. The seventh council of Toledo (646) en- acted, amongst other precautions to pre- vent extortion, that no bishop shall remain in any parish during his visitation more than a single day ; and that he shall not demand an unreasonable number of horses for his conveyance. Should he prolong his stay beyond the time specified, it must be at his own cost. The second council of Chalons, held (813) by order of Charlemagne for the reforma- tion of the Church and clergy, forbade bishops to exact anything, on their visita- tions, for the lamps and oil of their ow T n churches ; cancelled the annual tax of twelve or fourteen denarii they had come to demand; and declared that they must Episcopal Visitations 297 not put their clergy to any expense during their circuit. According to a capitulary of Louis the Pious (819), the bishop was to receive as his procuration (the fee due at a visitation) " forty loaves, one pig, three young porkers, three fowls, fifteen eggs, three tuns of ale, and four sacks of oats for his horses." The second council of Ticene (855) again limited the quantity of bread and meat which the bishop might demand at the time of his visitation. The fourth council of Valence, held Janu- ary 8, 855, by order of the Emperor Lo- thaire, fourteen bishops, with the metro- politans, attending from the provinces of Lyons, Vienne, and Aries, passed a canon (xxn.), excusing parishes, not visited by the bishop that year, from paying the episco- pal assessment : no visitation, no visitation fee. A capitulary of Charles the Bald (d. 877) enacts that bishops must choose the richer parishes for their visitations ; that four parishes might unite to bear the ex- penses of a visitation ; and that a bishop must look after his own entertainment, 298 Episcopal Visitations should he visit a parish more than once a year. The council of Lateran, held March 2, 1179 (falsely styled by the Latins the elev- enth ecumenical, no bishops being present from the orthodox eastern Churches), Alex- ander III., presiding over two hundred and eighty bishops connected with the see of Eome, limited the retinue of an archbishop to fifty horses ; a bishop's, to thirty ; and a cardinal's, to twenty-five. Across the sea, the retinue of a bishop, in his parochial visitations, was limited to the number of twenty or thirty attendants, with their horses, which were to be enter- tained for a night and a day ; but in later times a composition in money was received. Nor could a bishop claim more than one procuration a day, however many churches he might visit between midnight and mid- night. 1 The national council of Westminster (1200) passed a canon, containing this pro- vision : That in visiting parishes, an arch- bishop's train exceed not the number of 1 Hart's Ecclesiastical Records, based on Wilkins's Con- cilia. E r pisco^pal Visitations 299 forty or fifty horsemen; nor a bishop's twenty or thirty ; also that they make not their progress with hunting dogs or birds (hawks). In Ireland, the visitation of a district was originally the function of the abbot, who was generally the ecclesiastical superior of the bishop ; and of the abbots of Melrose, Kelso, Jedburgh, and Dryburgh, in Scotia Nova, it is said that " they ranked with the foremost prelates in the land, enjoyed the privileges of the mitre and crozier, were entitled to sit in the national coun- cils, and commissioned by the sovereign to serve their country in embassies, and entrusted with the weightiest interests of the State." 1 The learned editor of " Primate Colton's Visitation" (xivth century) enumerates a number of visitations made by the abbots of that day. In 1150, for instance, the successor of Patrick made a visitation of Tir-Eoghain, and obtained full tribute of cows — a cow from every house of a biatach and freeman, a horse from every chieftain, and twenty cows from the king himself. 1 Stewart's Church of Scotland, pp. 75, 76. 300 Episcopal Visitations In 1153, the visitation of Dal-Cairbre and Ui Eathach Uladh was made by Flaith- bheartach Ua Brolchain, a successor of Columcille, and he received a horse from every chieftain, a sheep from every hearth, a screaball, a horse, and five cows from the Lord Ua Duinnsleibhe, and an ounce of gold from his wife. Three years previously the same abbot, with the unpronounceable name, had made the visitation of Eoghaiu, when he obtained a horse from every chief- tain, a cow from every two biataches, a cow from every three freeholders, a cow from every four villains, twenty cows from the king, and a gold ring of five ounces, his horse, and his battle-dress from Muir- cheartach. And in 1161, when he made a visitation of Osraighe, the tribute due to him was seven score oxen ; but he chose, as a substitute, four hundred and twenty ounces of pure silver. In the diocese of Eaphoe, in the xnith century, the practice was that the bishop "laie the first night upon the herenagh, the second night upon the viccar, and the third night upon the parson ; and that if he staid but one night in the parish, the Episcopal Visitations 301 parson, viccar, and herenagh did contrib- ute equally toward that charge." a The usage of Caithness, in the same cen- tury, was that for every score of cows a "span" of butter should be paid to the bishop. Bishop Adam, who was conse- crated 1214, exacted the same quantity from fifteen cows ; then from twelve ; and finally, for every ten. As a consequence, he was seized by an infuriated crowd, thrust into a hut, and there burned to death along with his prison-house. 2 Cap. vii. of the "Constitutions of Arch- bishop Stratford " (1342), runs : " Whereas archdeacons and other superior ordinaries exact at their visitations excessive and un- lawful procurations, and often, by a fraud- ulent contrivance, come on the night before the visitation day, and lodge in the houses of the rectors and vicars, to their great cost, with their cumbersome retinues and dogs for hunting; and on the morrow, when the visitation is ended, extort a whole procuration in money, as if they had 1 Primate Colton's Visitation, p. 118. 2 Cosmo limes' s Sketches of Early Scottish History, pp. 77, 78, 302 Episcopal Visitations not received any in victuals ; we therefore strictly forbid anything of the kind done in future." l The Irish Parliament, held at Trim, 1447, enacted that no equestrian, beneath the rank of knight or bishop, should use a gilt bridle, or any other gilt harness. On the death of a suffragan, the archbishop of Armagh claimed the best horse, cup, and ring of the deceased prelate. 2 In the xvnth century, as well as earlier, it was customary for the churchwardens to make a present to the bishop when he vis- ited their parish. In the register of S. James's, Bristol, England, these items are set down : 1626. For a sugar loaf that was given my lord at Christmas 15s. Qd. 1629. Paid for a sugar loaf for the Lord Bishop (Robert Wright) 15s. lQd. 1634. Paid for two sugar loaves bestowed on the Lord Bishop £1 6s. Qd. Let us not say that the archbishop of Salzburg, in the xvinth century, was fol- lowed by so great a train on his visitations ; 1 Hart's Ecclesiastical Records, p. 113. 2 Harris's Ware, i., 185, 253. Episcopal Visitations 303 but it is on record that, in 1767, his retinue consisted of a high steward ; a high cham- berlain; a marshal; a master of the sta- bles ; a master of the chase ; a master of the body guard ; a master of the kitchen ; a chancellor ; a hereditary grand marshal ; a hereditary grand chamberlain ; a hered- itary grand butler, and hereditary grand steward (counts every one of them) ; twenty - four councillors ; a consistory court ; a court of justice ; a military cab- inet ; and a cabinet of finance. Going to Frankfort, to the coronation of the emperor (1790), the archbishop of Mainz had a train of fifteen hundred at- tendants, among whom were a "capon- maker and a child's nurse." The great Athanasius, the "Father of Orthodoxy," was accompanied on his visi- tations by a retinue of priests, confirm a- deacons, and laymen. tlons * Martin of Tours, a soldier in his youth, went around his diocese (375-400) clad in ragged dress, and on an ass. Aidan, monk of Iona, who became bish- op of the Northumbrians in 635, after es- 304 Episcopal Visitations tablishing his see at Lindisfarne (to which the name of Holy Isle was given in after- times), went through his diocese (the whole of Bernicia and Deira) on foot ; and "whomsoever he met on the way, whether rich or poor, he stopped to converse with them ; if they were still heathens, he ex- horted them to receive the sacrament of faith ; if they were believers, he strength- ened them in their belief, and encouraged them to the performance of almsgiving and all good works." 1 He also had a church and a chamber, near Bamborough, where he often dwelt for a time, and used to go out thence in all directions, preach- ing. The humble-minded Chad, twice con- secrated to the bishopric — to the see of York, and, later (669), by the Italian arch- bishop of Canterbury, Theodore, as bishop of the Mercians, was also wont, as the same Bede says, " to travel about, not on horseback, but after the manner of the apostles, on foot, to preach the gospel in the towns, the open country, cottages, vil- lages, and castles," endeavoring to know 1 Bede : Ecclesiastical History, iii., 5. Episcopal Visitations 305 his people personally in their own resorts and haunts." Cuthbert, another bishop of Lindisf arne, a keeper of sheep in his youth, a boy with- out his equal in all sports and athletic exercises, yet so impressed with the reali- ties of the unseen world that he entered the monastery of Melrose at the age of fifteen, penetrated to the remotest and poorest villages on foot, scaled the rugged- est mountains in search of forgotten ham- lets, and, wherever he went over his vast diocese, to administer confirmation 1 to converts, was ever the monk and mission- ary, sleeping under a tent, resting on boughs, advising with the woman who had devoted herself to him while he was but a shepherd lad, at home in the palaces of queens, the confidant of peasants and prin- cesses. Anskar, the apostle of Sweden, the brave 1 "No record of the manner in which confirmation was administered has come down to us. If the practice of S. Cuthbert was the same as that of S Aidan and the disci- ples of Columba, this sacred rite, in the ancient Scottish Church, followed immediately after Baptism, and was con- ferred by the imposition of the hands of the bishop, and by anointing with consecrating chrism.'* — Grub's Eccles. Hist, of Scotland., I., 148. 20 306 JEpiscqpal Visitations monk who volunteered (826) to undertake the evangelization of Denmark, whose fero- cious king, Harold, had just been baptized with great pomp, would never sit down to dinner, as he made the visitation of his diocese, "without first ordering some of the poor to be brought in ;" and sometimes he would wash their feet, and distribute bread and meat among them. Malachy, to whom the see of Armagh was left (1129) by will, but who did not enter on possession until the lay arch- bishop (1134) was frightened out of it, restored the sacrament of confirmation, which had been neglected through eight administrations at least, preached in the streets of the cities subject to him, and, attended by his faithful monks, visited, on foot, all the smaller towns and villages of his diocese of Connor, where he was bish- op many years before his promotion to the primacy. This is the saint and intimate of whom Bernard of Clairvaux wrote so lovingly and well. A later archbishop of Armagh, Gelasius, who died in 1173, took a white cow with him on his visitations, for he was weak in- Episcopal Visitations 307 ternally, and "milk formed his only suste- nance." 1 Of Beginald, bishop of Man, who died about 1225, it is on record that he made his episcopal visitations throughout the other islands of his diocese as far as Lewis ; but the manner of them is not a matter of history. 2 Thomas de Cantilupe, the son of Baron William Cantilupe, seneschal of Henry III., the possessor, later, of four papal bulls, granting him permission to hold any number of benefices in England simultane- ously ; then chancellor of university of Ox- ford (1262) ; then chancellor of England (1265); then chaplain of the bishop of Rome ; then, at one and the same time, precentor and canon of York, archdeacon of Stafford, canon of Lichfield, canon of London, canon of Hereford, and holder of 1 Girald. Camb. Experg. Hib., c. 34. Brompton, the abbot of an English Cistercian monastery (xivth century), says that in his day some of the wealthy Irish were wont to baptize their children in milk. In attestation whereof is the testimony of Benedict of Peterborough, a contem- porary : "Mos enim prius erat per di versa loca Hiberniae quod statim cum puer nasceretur. ... si divitis fu= erit filius, ter mergeretur in lacte." — Gest. Hon., ii., 28. 2 Grub's Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, i., 322. 308 Episcopal Visitations the livings of Doderholt, Hampton, Aston, Wintringhani, Deighton, Eippel, and Sun- terfield ; and (1275), at the age of fifty-six, bishop of Hereford ; so very modest that he would not allow his sisters to kiss him ; such a moderate eater, that he would send away the dainty dishes after smelling them, although he " liked lampreys ; " — rode through his diocese with his stole in due place under his cloak, and whenever he saw a child along the road, if he ascer- tained it was unconfirmed, he jumped off his horse and administered the sacrament on the spot. James Kennedy, 1 grandson of Robert III., bishop of St. Andrews, who was trans- lated to Paradise in the year 1466, "visited every kirk in his diocese four times a year, and preached to the said parishioners the word of God, and inquired of them if they were duly instructed by their parsons and vicars, and if the poor were sustained, and the youth brought up and learned accord- ing to the order that was taken in the Kirk of God." Charles Borromeo, who, at the age of 1 Lindsay's Chronicles of Scotland. Episcopal Visitations 309 twenty-one, was invested by Pius IV. with the office of protonotary and a cardinal's hat, and the next year (1560) put in pos- session of the see of Milan, visited the highest mountain-hamlets and the most secluded villages, sitting with stupid little children to teach them the Pater noster and the Ave, distributing alms to the peasantry, and listening with unwearied patience to the complaints of ignorant and ailing women. Oliver Plunket, one of the Eoman titu- lar bishops of Ireland (1669), reported to the Propaganda that within four years he had administered the sacrament of con- firmation to 48,655 persons. John Fal- conar, one of the " exauctorate " bishops of the Scottish Church, a bishop-at-large, not consecrated (1709) to any see, 1 was fore- most among the prelates of his day in re- storing the rite of confirmation, which can hardly be said to have been used since the overthrow of the (Italian) hierarchy in the xvith century (circ. 1560). 2 1 See Chapter on The College Bishops. 2 Grub's Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, iii. , 369. But Burnet says that Leighton, who died 1684, went around continually every year, while bishop of Dumblane, 310 Episcopal Visitations Archbishop King, writing to the bishop of Clogher, under date October 4, 1720, paused to remark, as if it were some new thing: "I have gone through my diocese and confirmed in twenty country churches, in each of which I made a discourse." The act of 1746, which was aimed at the destruction of the Scottish Church, and recognized only letters of orders from Irish or English bishops, soon brought into Edinburgh and elsewhere numbers of clergymen ordained outside of Scotland ; and it is stated that the celebrated Bishop Pococke, when wandering through those parts on an antiquarian tour, administered, with or without warrant from the " exauc- torate " Scottish bishops, the rite of con- firmation to congregations long deprived of the advantages consequent on an epis- copal visitation. 1 preaching and catechizing from parish to parish. Is it possible that confirmation was not included ? 1 In going systematically round his diocese last year (1894), the archbishop of York penetrated into a parish where the countenance of no prelate had been seen since the fourteenth century. Archbishop Maclagan's remote predecessor went there to investigate the misdeeds of a female parishioner charged with having buried her cow with Christian rites and covered its remains with the par- ish pall. XXI THE OLD-TIME BISHOP CHAPTER XXI THE OLD-TIME BISHOP Justinian L, Eoman emperor (527-565), who eventually lapsed into heresy (just as his church of S. Sophia in A secular Constantinople, once the most Magnate- magnificent cathedral in Christendom, has been converted into a Turkish mosque), entrusted the bishops with civil jurisdic- tion over monks and nuns, as well as over the clergy ; gave them the privilege of legislating against gaming and prostitution, etc.; allowed them to interfere where jus- tice was refused or miscarried ; consti- tuted them judges of magistrates in certain contingencies ; conveyed to them the right of concurrence in the choice of city offi- cials, and a joint oversight of the adminis- tration of the city funds, and the mainte- nance of public establishments. 1 1 Giesler's Ecclesiastical History, ii. , 118. 314: The Old-Time Bishop In the viith century, bishops were often employed in affairs of state, and oversight of the entire administration of justice was committed to them, their spir- itual punishments including civil disad- vantages. 1 From Charlemagne's time all bishops were obliged to employ advocates for transacting the secular affairs incompatible with their sacred calling. 2 They were also made the emperor's missi, empowered to visit the parishes and try cases involving sins or misdemeanors. In the xth century the bishops of the Frankish empire were the possessors of almost royal prerogatives. Lewis the In- fant conferred on the bishop of Treves 902) and on the bishop of Tongern (908) the privileges of counts. Henry I. be- stowed on the bishop of Toul (928) the dukedom and dignity of the city of Toul, the first instance of this sort. Otto I. invested his brother Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, with the dukedom of Lor- rain. 3 1 Giesler's Ecclesiastical History, ii., 156. 2 Ibid., ii M 255. 3 Ibid., ii. , 374. The Old-Time Bishop 315 Bishops were also now, as vassals of the king, expected to follow the court to war, and even to lead their troops in person. Thus Luitbert, archbishop of Mainz, fought against the Normans (872) ; against the Sorabes (874) ; and again (883 and 885) against the Normans. Bishop Arno of Wiirzburg took the field (892) against the Slavonians. Henry, bishop of Augsburg, with many other bishops as allies, attacked (982) the Saracens. Michael, bishop of Batisbon, accompanied the Bavarian princes against Hungary. 1 Across the channel, the bishops of the sea-girt isles were also acquiring the priv- ileges connected with markets, coinage, tolls, and feudal judicature. The Council of Gratlea, 2 held about 925 by King Ethelstan, Wulfhelm, archbishop of Canterbury, and other prelates, being present, passed twenty-six laws, seven of them ecclesiastical, and among them one which secured the right of mintage to the 1 Giesler's Ecclesiastical History, ii., 377. Also see Chapter XV. on Martial Prelates, in Bishops' Blue Book. 2 Hart's Ecclesiastical Records, 63. 316 The Old- Time Bishop primate * and to the bishop of Rochester. And it was so that, some time before the Conquest, the weregild of the primate was, by Kentish law, greater than that of the king. On one occasion the signature of the archbishop (Janbyrht) was placed be- fore that of King Offa. By the laws of Edward the Confessor (1052) confirmed subsequently by William I., all archbishops, bishops, earls, barons, and all who have (the right of) sac, soc, thol, theam, and infangihefe, were to have their soldiers and other retainers under their own friburgh. "Let them also have their esquires and other servants under their friburgh" In the xnth century (1175-78) King "William the Lion granted a charter to a Scottish bishop, which gave him the privi- lege of having a burgh at Glasgow, with a market on Thursday. 2 And the grant to 1 A charter of Henry VI. (1446) confirmed this ancient privilege of the archbishops of Canterbury, in these words : " Tres rnonetarios cum tribus cuneis ad monetam fabricandum in civitate cantuarien, perpetud habendos." 2 In the year 1450, the bishop of Glasgow had obtained a jurisdiction of regality, and the city continued subject to The Old-Time Bishop 317 Bishop Jocelin ran thus : " Ut burgum hab- eant (episcopi) apud Glasgow cum fore die Jovis" The archbishops of St. Andrews were " Lords of Regality " over three extensive districts — certain Parishes, Superiorities, and Feu-farms, over which they exercised a temporal jurisdiction ; the bailies repre- senting them in their absence. 1 Before the Reformation, this Scottish archbishop was the first peer of the king- dom, and ranked next to the royal family. He crowned the sovereign. He was the constant chancellor of the university, and could confer degrees ad lib. His titles were : " Lord of the Lordship and Priory of St. Andrews; Lord Keig and Mony- musk; Lord Kirkliston; Lord Dairsey; Lord Monimail; Lord Scotscraig; Lord Fyningham ; Lord Byrehills ; Lord Pol- duff ; Lord Bishopshire ; Lord Muckhart- the bishop until the Reformation ; but it was not a royal burgh legally, till the charter of Charles I. — Cosmo Innes's Sketches of Early Scotch History, 120. 1 Gordon's Scotichronicon (1867) i., 103: u The Cocket Seal had on one side the King's Arms, with his circum- scription, and on the other St. Andrew bearing his Cross with circumscription, Sigillum coquetae sti An- 318 The Old-Time Bishop shire ; Lord Stow ; Lord Angus ; Lord Little Preston." With his Regalities, he was supreme judge in almost all civil and criminal cases. "He had a right, within his bounds, to appropriate all escheats of goods and forfeited property, to coin money, and levy custom-house duties on wood, hides, skins, flesh, fish, and other goods within the city and territory of St. Andrews; and also to the whole of the cocket-duty, part of which had before been received by the king. The power and the privilege of the Admiralty belonged to the archbishop, who had the power of is- suing and directing cochets, i.e., safe-con- ducts or passes to all ships outward-bound from ports within his jurisdiction." " Ev- ery bishop, on being admitted to his rights, was obliged to swear allegiance to him as well as to the king ; and to pay him a small sum annually under the name of homage-money.' 9 The revenues of the see in the xinth century amounted to .£40,000, at present quotations. 1 In the xvth century the archbishop of Dublin had the rights of a prince pal- 1 Gordon's Scotichronicon, i., 103, 4. Tlie Old Time Bishop 319 atine — those of a king in his palace (palatium) in his own jurisdiction: all writs were in his name, and offences were said to be against his peace ; he could also pardon treasons, murders, and felo- nies. 1 In the year 1614, 2 a crown charter " con- firmed and mortified" lands in certain of the island parishes of the see of Orkney to the bishop thereof and his successors ; and "the whole lands, whether of old called king's lands, bishop's lands, udal lands, or kirk lands, were conveyed in superiority, modified in as far as udallers were con- cerned, to the bishop, together with the holmes, skerries, and all parts and perti- nents belonging to the lands." "Aright and jurisdiction of sheriff and bailie was vested in the bishops within The Bishop- ric, with the authority of commissary over Orkney and Zetland ; and power being- given to appoint sheriffs and bailies, the inhabitants of The Bishopric were ex- 1 For other Bishoprics Palatine see Chapter XVI. in Bishops' Blub Book. 2 Notes on Orkney and Zetland, by Alexander Peterkin, Esq., vol. i., pp. 138, 139, 140, quoted in Lawson's Scottish Church, vol. i., 353. 320 The Old- Time Bishop empted from the jurisdiction of the earl- dom functionaries." x In the " good old days " every ordinary was expected to have and to hold a decani- w M *™™« cum (prison), for the whole- Has a prison. VJ - m " some discipline of his clergy and of the laymen of his diocese who could read. The usual test of the layman's learn- ing was the Miserere mei Deus, which, as it transferred him, on demand, to the custody of the bishop, thus saving him from the penalty of the civil law, was called the neck 1 As a survival of the days when the bishop was also the civil ruler of the territories belonging to his see it may not be amiss to call attention to the fact that the bishop of Urgel issued a proclamation last year (1894) in which he claimed to be the sole ruler of Andorra, and refuses to ac- knowledge the suzerainty of France. Great excitement prevails in Andorra, as, from time immemorial, republican government administrated that country. By dint of much searching, our readers will discover this State among the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain. Its area is exactly four hundred and fifty square miles, and this difficulty prevents the militia of the little country from practising with a Krupp gun recently purchased by the government — the shell would fall into foreign territory. Andorra is, with the sister republic S. Marino and the principalities Liechtenstein and Monaco, a survival of those times when Europe was divided into thousands of small, sovereign States. .-; : The Old- Time Bishop 321 verse. If he could read that, the ordinary pronounced the words Legit ut clericus ; and the prisoner was delivered over to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction. 1 Nestorius, consecrated to the patriarch- ate of Constantinople, April 10, 428, and deposed by the council of Ephesus (431), by the vote of two hundred bishops, be- cause he refused to admit that Mary was " Mother of God," or, as Cyril, his antago- nist and rival, would put it, because he "re- solved Christ into two Sons, to a man filled with God," was also accused to the emperor, Theodosius II., by Basil, the deacon, as one who had treated him and his friends with cruel indignity. "They had been stripped and beaten," he complained, " and led off half naked to the decanicum, where they were detained without food, and again beaten by the decani " — the jailers. That the sacristy or other ecclesiastical annex sometimes served the purpose of a prison, may be inferred from the letter of Gregory III., bishop of Eome (731-741), to the emperor, Leo III., in which he says that, according to the custom of the Church, 1 Buras's Ecclesiastical Law {Benefit of Clergy). 21 322 The Old- Time Bishop an offending clerk, after the bishop has hung round his neck the cross and a copy of the gospels, is confined in one of the treasuries or catechumena of the sacred edi- fice. Theodore of the Studium, the champion of image- worship, the stern opponent of Byzantine Erastianism, the unwearied pro- tester against the persecution of heretics, was imprisoned eighteen months, in a dark subterranean dungeon, by the archbishop of Smyrna, who, at last, in 819, departed for Constantinople to obtain the emperor's permission to have either the head or the tongue of the heroic sufferer cut off. A provincial council in Scotland, held 1225, decreed (cap. xxvni.) that "clerks of every degree shall be protected by the Church, until, from the enormity of their crimes, justice requires that they be de- graded from their orders ; and, that their evil deeds may not go unpunished, let such clerks, upon conviction, be closely confined in the prison of the diocesan, which every bishop ought to have, there to be kept upon the bread of sorrow and the water of tribu- lation." ^Mii^na The Old-Time Bishop 323 The constitutions of Archbishop Boni- face, at Lambeth, 1261, provide " that every bishop have in his diocese one or two prisons, that provision may be made for the secure custody of clerks convicted of crimes." Among the articles of complaint brought by the bishops against Bang Edward I., 1285, is one (art. iv.) " that excommunicated persons shall not be liberated from prison without the consent of the bishop." To which the royal answer was: "Granted, unless the bishop should detain them un- justly." A few years previously (1274), the coun- cil of Saltzburg, held by Frederick, arch- bishop and legate, had passed two canons (xil, xiii.), ordering bishops to send to prison those priests who, although excom- municated or suspended, persisted in offi- ciating at the holy office. By 3 Edward I., c. 2, it was ordered that any clerk, arraigned for felony and claimed by his ordinary, should be consigned to the decanicum, and held there in safe cus- tody till he had submitted to canonical pur- gation. 324 The Old-Time Bishop By 1 Henry VII., c. 4, a priest or other clerk guilty of fornication, adultery, or in- cest might be committed to prison by his ordinary, where he should abide for a time proportionate to the quality of his offence. As late as the xvth century there was a bishop's prison at Termonf eckan near Drog- heda ; and there the archbishop placed one Marcello, a papal emissary, convicted of loose living. The archbishop of Dublin, who had the rights of a prince palatine within his lib- erties, could also boast of a gallows for the execution of criminals, within one mile of his palace, at a place called Harold's- Cross." 1 The bishops sat in the Witenagemot (the national council of Anglo-Saxon days), and also in the shire moots. A Baron. Under William the Conqueror they were numbered among the " barons " — freemen who held lands directly of him. At a parliament held at Northampton, dur- ing the reign of Henry II. (1154-1189), the bishops thus challenged their peers : 1 Harries Ware, i. 300. The Old-Time Bishop 325 non sedemus hie episcopi, sed barones ; nos bar ones, vos barones; pares hie sumus. John Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, fallen under the displeasure of Edward III. (1327-1377), and denied entrance in- to the House of Peers, made protest that he was primus par regni — " the first peer of the realm," and therefore, was not to be excluded from his place and suffrage. 1 In the Scotch cathedrals the bishop sat in the chapter as a simple canon, without pre-eminence of rank or authority. 2 1 Dr. Heylin argued, as against Fuller, that the English bishops had their vote in Parliament as " a third Estate, n and not as temporal barons. See Fuller's Appeal of In- jured Innocence, iii. 621. The bishop of Sodor and Man has no place in Parliament, not holding per mtegram Baroniam — " by an entire barony." "The archbishops of Canterbury and York, and the bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester, always sit as lords spiritual in the House of Lords ; and of the other bishops twenty-one are summoned to Parliament in order of seniority of creation. By an Act of 1848, it was enacted that the number of lords spiritual should not be increased by the creation of new bishoprics. " — Mandell Creighton, Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Cam- bridge. 2 Cosmo limes' s Sketches of Early Scotch History, 81. 326 The Old- Time Bishop According to the Rev. Mandell Creighton, professor of Ecclesiastical History in the A Abb t University of Cambridge, half of the English cathedrals were or early became Benedictine abbeys, of which the canons were monks, and the bishop the abbot. The bishop of Norwich is the only episcopal abbot in England to- day, his title, in legal documents being, " Bishop of Norwich and Abbot of St. Bennet , s-at-Holme, ,, the ruins of which, built 1020, on the site of an older hermitage, by order of Canute, still remain. It was annexed to the bishopric of Norwich in 1535 ; and as all the abbots had a seat in the House of Lords, the present bishop of Norwich has a double claim to his seat. The Parliament which met at "Westmin- ster, April 28, 1540, was the last Parliament of England in which the abbots (and there were twenty present) sat side by side with the bishops and other lords in the House of Peers. It was this Parliament that dis- solved 645 monasteries, of which 27 were represented in the Upper House in the persons of their " mitred abbots ; " for, ac- cording to a dispensation of the archbishop __ The Old- Time Bishop 327 of Canterbury, " by special privilege of the pope," the abbots of exempt monasteries were entitled to wear the mitre, ring, san- dals, gloves, dalmatic, tunic, and other episcopal vestments. 1 " The archbishop (of Canterbury) shall have the best nag of the bishop of Roches- ter when he dies, and his ken- His nel of hunting dogs." 2 This Per ^ ites - was in the xth century. In the province of Cashel the archbishop claimed the best ring, cup, chain, or brevi- ary, of a suffragan bishop upon his de- cease. 3 In England each archbishop had a right of option, i.e., he could claim some piece of preferment in the diocese of every suf- fragan bishop whom he consecrated. Ac- cording to Burns (Ecclesiastical Law, i., 197) this important privilege is still con- tinued, and is even disposable of by will. The archbishop also claimed a heriot on the death of any of his suffragans. 1 Hart's Ecclesiastical Records, 166. 2 Quoted in Hart's Ecclesiastical Records, as occurring in the Jura JEJccles. Cant., A. S., vol. i., 88. 3 Wilkin's Concilia, iii., 566, can. 78. 328 The Old-Time Bishop As appears from a letter of Archbishop Winchelsey (1310), the primate claimed as his perquisite the episcopal ring of every deceased bishop. On the death of Nicholas Bullingham, bishop of "Worcester (1577), Dr. Yate, the vicar-general of Archbishop Grindal, made demand on Mrs. Bullingham for all the seals of the deceased prelate, and his best ring excepting one ; all of which were sur- rendered to him whose due they were. 1 In the ancient English Church the vest- ments of a bishop included sandals (as His ornaments for the feet since Vestments. ^ e Ynith century), an amyt (of fine white linen, covering the head and shoulders, crossing over the breast, and fastened with two strings to the girdle), an alb (a long white tunic, with tight sleeves, not open in front, with collars and cuffs often richly embroidered), a girdle, a suc- cingulum (an ornamental addition to the girdle, double, and hanging down upon 1 Collier's Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, Bk. vi., Part ii. For his retinue, see chapter on Ecclesiastical Visitations. WM The Old- Time Bishop 329 the left side), a stole, a tunicle (or subtile, the subdeacon's vestment), a dalmatic (the deacon's vestment, cut at each side about half-way up to the arm, fringed, etc.), a chasuble (or casula, the principal mass vestment, anciently circular, with a hole in the centre for the head), a maniple (or su- darium, an oblong piece of embroidered silk, of the same color as the chasuble of the day, folded double, passed over the left wrist, or held, according to Anglo-Sax- on usage, in the hand), a mitre (originally plain, but with two horns since the xith century — signifying a knowledge of the two Testaments ; of three varieties : The pretiosa, of gold, silver and jewels ; the aurifrigiata, of silk, embroidered with gold thread and pearls; the simplex, of plain white damask or linen, with red silk infulaB or pendants hanging from it) a pastoral staff (curved, in distinction from the pope's pedum rectum), gloves (said, by Latin ec- clesiastics, to be of apostolic (!) origin, and a ring (symbol of the spiritual wedlock between the bishop and the Church). On solemn occasions a cope was worn ; the ro- chette (a tunic of fine linen or lace, falling 330 The Old- Time Bishop below the knees, with or without sleeves) and Mozetta (a tippet, cape, or pelerine, with a hood appended sometimes) rather belonged to his civil costume. Archbish- ops bore a cross staff, instead of the pas- toral crook, and their distinctive vestment was the pall (pallium, a narrow vestment of white wool with purple crosses worked on it, covering the shoulders over the chas- uble, and pendent in front) ; although in the Greek and Russian churches it is also worn by bishops. According to the canons enacted by the provincial councils of Perth (1242, 1268), the bishops, at the opening of their synods, were to be " clad in albs and copes thrown around the shoulders, with mitres, and bearing in their hands pastoral staffs." An earlier Scottish council (1225) had or- dained on the same subject : " Let the bishops be first vested in their albes, amyts, festal copes, mitres, and gloves, having their pastoral staves in their hands." The only distinctive vestment that Thomas of Villanova, archbishop of "Valen- cia, would wear was a silk instead of a The Old-Time Bishop 331 dirty, old woollen cap; and this bit of head gear he exhibited everywhere, saying : " Behold my episcopal dignity ! In order that I may be esteemed an archbishop, my worthy canons have forced me to wear this." Thomas belonged to the order of Augustinian hermits (1518) ; and it is said that the union of his soul with God was so close that he fell into raptures at his prayers, and that after the sacrifice of the mass his face shone like that of Moses. "Vowed to poverty," he went about his diocese dressed like a pauper. The formal fraction of the pastoral staff was equivalent to deprivation, as we learn from Spelman, who bears record that, in the year 1052, " Pope Leo held a synod at Verzelay ; at which TJlf, bishop of Dor- chester was present, and his episcopal staff would certainly have been broken, had he not paid a large sum of money; for he knew not his office as a bishop ought." It was in a later council (London, 1075), held under Lanfranc, that "Wulstan, bishop of Worcester, was commanded by the arch- bishop to resign his token of jurisdiction, as being illiterate and unworthy of the 332 The Old- Time Bishop episcopal office ; but with noble scorn he refused to surrender it to any save to him from whom he had received it — to Ed- ward the Confessor, who had laid the bur- den on him, and who was now dead. 1 Jocelin, the Cistercian monk of Furness, in the xnth century, dwells, in his "Life of St. Patrick," on the Bachall Isa, or the staff of Jesus, which was given to the apos- tle of Ireland by a hermit in the Tuscan sea, who said that he had received it one night from a stranger, whom he discovered, in the morning, to be no less a personage than the Son of Mary ; and, without this crozier, no prelate thought himself en- throned in Armagh, or was held to be the true successor of St. Patrick. Battles were fought for its possession ; intrigue and bribes were not left untried. After the Conquest, it was frequently used for the administration of oaths. But the re- forming zeal of George Browne, archbishop of Dublin, treated it as Nehushtan, and it was publicly burnt in 1538 as an instru- ment of superstition. 1 For a graphic description of this scene see S. Baring- Gould's u Lives of the Saints," 19 January. The Old- Time Bishop 333 From the vith to the xinth century it was customary to compel an accused per- son, who had not cleared him- His trial of Or- self by oath or compurgation, deals - to make a direct appeal to the judg- ment of God, supernatural intervention being expected to attest his guilt or inno- cence. 1 Among the ordeals (German Urtheil, judgment) was the judicium crucis, in which both parties raised their arms until the body represented the figure of a cross, and he was held to be in the wrong whose arms fell first. A prelate, Herchenrad, bishop of Paris (771), once had recourse to this test in a dispute with some monks, and was victorious. Peter Mediabardi, the new bishop of Florence, having been accused of purchas- ing his bishopric, the clergy and populace of the city, determined to prove the charge by the ordeal ofjire, elected a monk named Peter to walk through the middle of the two burning piles (an arm's width apart), 1 Southey (Progress and Prospects of Society, vol. i., 10) thinks that these appeals to heaven may have been answered at times. 334 The Old-Time Bishop who (having prayed this prayer: "Lord Jesus Christ, the true light of all that believe, I beseech Thy clemency, that if Peter of Pavia, now called bishop of Flor- ence, has obtained the episcopal throne by means of money, which is the heresy of simony, Thou wilt assist me in this terri- ble ordeal, and save me from being burned by the fire, as of old Thou didst preserve the three children in the midst of the burning fiery furnace") stepped boldly forth between the flaming pyres, and came out on the further side uninjured, even his linen alb, his silken stole, and maniple not scorched. Seven years later (1074) Greg- ory VII., recognizing the worth of his services, made him cardinal bishop of Albano. Among the retainers of Richard de Swin- field, bishop of Hereford, was one Thomas de Bruges, his champion, " who received an annual salary that he might fight in the prelate's name on occasion of any lawsuit which might be terminated by judicial duel," which, in the bishop's case, did not result in the death of the vanquished, but was merely a combat (cumfuste et scuto) with The Old- Time Bishop 335 staff and shield. 1 In the year 1284, a trial by battle was waged in a writ of right for a disputed manor, between the champion of the bishop of Ossory and the champion of his competitor. 2 In the twenty-ninth year of Edward III. (1327-1377) a duel also took place by means of champions between the bishop of Salisbury and the earl of Salisbury ; and when the judges, in execution of the law, came to examine the dress of the combatants, they found that the bishop's champion had several sheets of prayers and incantations sown in his clothes. 3 In 1508 the bishop of Galloway became dean of the Chapel-Eoyal at Stirling, with " the care of the souls of the .._. , T7- ^ ^ • Bishop of King and Queen, along with t he c ha pel- precedence in the Chapel ; " ° y and, on the king's solicitation, Alexander III., bishop of Home, conferred on him the additional title of Bishop of the Chapel- 1 Jusserand's English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages, 117. 2 Bishop Mant's History of the Church of Ireland, i. 22, Ware's Bishops, 406. 3 Jusserand's English Wayfaring Life, etc., 118. 336 The Old-Time Bishop Royal. Six prelates, in turn, held and en- joyed the united bishopric : George Vaus, the then bishop of Galloway, who, after the annexation, assumed the title of bishop of Candida Casa, and of the Chapel-Royal ; James Beaton, who wore armor beneath his episcopal robes, and was, successively, archbishop of Glasgow and of St. An- drews; David Arnot, archdeacon of Lo- thian, provost of Bothwell, and abbot of Cambuskenneth ; Henry "Wemyss ; Andrew Durie, abbot of Melrose; and Alexander Gordon, brother of George, earl of Huntly, who had been consecrated " archbishop of Athens," as some recompense for his dis- appointment in not being confirmed to the see of Glasgow. This is he who, later, joined Knox's party, and was appointed, by the Kirk, " superintendent " of Glasgow. As to the Chapel-Royal, located within the precincts of Stirling Castle, it is said to have represented a more ancient chapel dedicated to St. Michael. Its revenues were absorbed after the Reformation, and when the two kingdoms were united under James VI. it ceased to have any importance. A striking clock (the second in Scotland) was The Old- Time Bishop 337 one of the articles of furniture contributed toward its ornamentation by its founder, James IV. (1505) ; and three organs (tria paria organorum, quorum unum de lignis, et duo alii de stanno sive plumbo) — the choir, the great organ, and the swell — backed the chantor, the sixteen canons, and the six boy choristers in the musical rendition of the chapel services. 1 On the 7th day of February, 1530, Henry, bishop of Withern (Galloway) and of the Chapel-Royal at Stirling, on bended knees, and with joined hands placed between the hands of the most reverend father, the archbishop, made and offered his due obedience and manual reverence, as suffragan (Glasgow having been declared a metropolitan see, 1491, the bishops of Dunkeld, Dunblane, Galloway and Argyll became suffragans thereto), to the said metropolitan in this form : " I, Henry of Withern and the Chapel- Royal of Stirling, bishop, now and hence- forward swear and promise obedience and reverence for myself, as bishop of the 1 Lawson's Scottish Episcopal Church, i. 3, 4. 338 Tfie Old-Time Bishop church of Withern, and for that my church of Withern, and for the whole people and clergy of my see and diocese of Withern to you, Gavin, archbishop of Glasgow, my im- mediate metropolitan and to your succes- sors canonically entering ; save, however, remaining always uninjured, the privileges, exemptions, and indulgences foresaid granted me as bishop of the Chapel- Eoyal of Stirling, and to that Chapel. So help me God, and these holy gospels of God. 1 " According to the Roman Pontifical, the bishops subject to the see of Eome still take, at the time of their consecration, the ancient oath, which, ever since its formula- tion, has made them " sedis Romance vilis- sima mancipia" The following passages occur : " I will not be a party in any coun- sel, action, or treaty, which may in any way prejudice our lord, the pope, or the Church of Eome. All the injunctions, reserva- tions, provisions, etc., of the pope, I will observe with all my might, and cause others to observe them. I will also, to the utmost extent of my ability, persecute and 1 Cosmo Innes : Sketches of Early Scotch History, 497. The Old-Time Bishop 339 oppose (persequar et impugnabo) all here- tics, schismatics, and rebels, to our said lord and his successors." x 1 This persecuting clause may be withdrawn from pe- culiar circumstances, and restored by a change of circum- stances. — Mendham's Literary Policy of the Church of Rome, 316. XXII MAETYES " And others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings, yea, moreover, of bonds and imprisonment ; they were stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were slain with the sword ; they wandered about in sheep-skins and goat-skins ; being destitute, afflicted, tormented ; they wandered in deserts, and in mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth." — Hebrews xi. 36-38. — — CHAPTER XXII MAKTYES 43 A.D. to 62 A.D. UNDEE THE JEWS S. James I. (tlie Greater), brother of S. John, and son of Zebedee and Salome, be- headed (43) by Herod Agrippa at Jerusa- lem, was the first Christian bishop to die for his testimony to Jesus. S. James II. (the Less, as being smaller in stature, or because he was not one of the original apostles), surnamed " The Just," on account of his great piety and virtue, author of the Epistle that bears his name, and first bishop of Jerusalem, brother of Simeon, and Jude, and Joses ("brothers of the Lord "), son of Cleopas (or Alphseus) and Mary, called upon to deliver his opin- ion on the character of Christ in the pres- 344 Martyrs ence of an excited crowd, was thrust down over the battlements of the Temple (one of whose towers he had mounted that he might be the better heard), stoned, and beaten to death with a fuller's club (Pass- over, 62) by his enemies, whom his advo- cacy of the divinity of Christ had disap- pointed and enraged. 64 A.D. THE FIRST PERSECUTION — NERO S. Paul, the earliest " missionary bish- op," brother of Eufus (Bom. xvi. 13), and son of Simon of Cyrene, who bore the cross after Jesus (S. Mark xv. 21), was (66) beheaded at Rome. In the same year S. Peter, brother of Andrew, son of Jona, was crucified at Rome with his head downward. S. Bartholomew {Nathaniel Bar-Thol- emy) was (71) flayed alive in Armenia. S. Philip, of Bethsaida, was (80) hanged against a pillar at Hierapolis, a city of Phrygia. S. Jude (" not Iscariot "), surnamed Martyrs 345 Thaddaeus, brother of S. James II., and son of Cleopas (or Alphseus) and Mary, a "brother of the Lord," was (80) shot to death by arrows in Persia or Armenia, S. Mark, the companion of S. Paul the evangelist, the reputed founder and first bishop of the Church of Alexandria, is said to have been dragged through the streets of that city, and then to have been hurled into the sea from a high rock. S. Andrew, brother of Simon Peter, was bound to a cross (X) by order of the proconsul of Achaia. S. Matthew (Levi), one of the four evan- gelists, was slain by a sword in Ethiopia. S. Matthias, a substitute for Judas Is- cariot, according to tradition was first stoned and then beheaded in Colchis. S. Thomas, surnamed Didymus, was run through the body with a spear at Coro- mandel. 95 A.D. THE SECOND PERSECUTION — DOMITIAN S. John the Evangelist, " the beloved disciple," w T as this year banished to the 346 Martyrs isle of Patmos, where he was favored with the visions recorded in The Apocalypse. Timothy, the first bishop of Ephesus, is said to have suffered under Domitian. 106 A.D. THE THIRD PERSECUTION — TRAJAN S. Simeon (the Zealot), the second bish- op of Jerusalem, the successor of his brother, S. James the Less, the oldest and the last of the Apostles, is related by Eu- sebius to have been crucified (107) at the age of 120. Phocas, bishop of Pontus, because he would not do sacrifice to Neptune, was cast into a hot lime-kiln, and next into a scalding bath, where he entered into life. Publius, bishop of Athens, also suffered unto death during the continuance of this persecution. Ignatius, a convert and pupil of "the beloved disciple," third bishop of Antioch, was exposed to wild beasts in the amphi- theatre at Rome (107), and the bones that were left were taken to Antioch and de- Martyrs 347 posited near one of the gates. This is he who was styled Theophorus, because he said he carried God within him. Telesphorus, a Greek by birth, the sev- enth bishop of Rome, the successor of Sixtus I., after an episcopate of eleven years (128-139), " ended his life by an il- lustrious martyrdom," as Eusebius hath it. About the same time, according to this historian (iv. 23), the soul of Publius, bishop of Athens, was torn from its body. Marcus, the first gentile bishop of Jeru- salem, was handed over to the public exe- cutioner about the year 150. He is com- memorated at Adrianople on the 22d of October. 166 A.D. THE FOURTH PERSECUTION — AURELIUS Polycarp, consecrated bishop of Smyrna by his beloved " father in God," S. John the Divine, and supposed to be the " angel of the Church of Smyrna," for whom alone, of all the seven " angels," Jesus Christ had naught but words of praise, visiting Eome in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, was dis- 348 Martyrs covered, arrested, examined, sentenced to be burnt, and expired (167) in the attitude and article of prayer. Pothinus, bishop of Lyons, an aged man of ninety, was dragged through the streets, stoned, plundered, thrown into prison, where (177), after two days' confinement, he resigned his spirit into the hands of God who gave it. 199 A.D. THE FIFTH PERSECUTION — SEVERUS Irenaeus, a disciple of Polycarp, the suc- cessor of the martyred Pothinus in the see of Lyons, a famous writer and theolo- gian, summoned to choose between a cross and an idol, chose the cross, and (circ. 202) was nailed thereon. Thraseas, bishop at Eumenia and Saga- ris, bishop at Laodicea, also suffered at this time. Urban I., bishop of Rome, dragged out of the catacombs in which he was hiding, and brought before the prefect of the city, was accused of having been the occasion of the death of the 5,000 martyrs of the _ ^ _ Martyrs 349 last reign (sic), and of having kept a vast amount of money that had been be- queathed to the Church (which had been distributed among the poor), and (230) summarily executed with the sword. 235 a.d. the sixth persecution — maximinus Pontianus, the successor of Urban I. in the see of Eome, was banished to Sar- dinia in this year, where he died in the mines. Next after him in the bishopric of Eome was Anteros, who, because he caused the acts and deaths of the martyrs to be writ- ten, was put to the sword, Maximinus be- ing the judge. Babylus, patriarch of Antioch, hearing of the intention of the governor, Nume- rian, to visit the church, repulsed him from the door as an idolator and mur- derer, for which (244) he was presently tortured and thrown into prison, where he expired. 350 Martyrs 250 a.d. the seventh persecution — decius Fabian, the nineteenth bishop of Home, the successor of the martyred Anteros, was the first to suffer martyrdom under Decius. At the risk of his life Cornelius suc- ceeded him in the episcopate, and, not long after, in death too, being first ban- ished, and then executed. Lucius (252), who had the courage to carry on the succession, likewise gained the martyr's crown. Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem, a very aged man, was committed to prison and there died. Babylas, bishop of Athens, also died in prison. Nestor, bishop of Magida, in Pamphylia, refusing to renounce his religion, was nailed to a cross (251), whence he exhorted the spectators, and, as they knelt around him at his bidding, his voice leading them in prayers, as he uttered the final Amen, he gave up the ghost. In the same year Decius, having come to Martyrs 351 the city of Babylon, discovered there a bishop named Polychronius, who, disdain- ing to purchase his life at the expense of his soul, was beaten on the mouth with stones until he died. 257 a.d. THE EIGHTH PEESECUTION — VALERIAN Stephen I., the successor of the martyred Lucius in the see of Eome, was among the first to suffer martyrdom (257) under Va- lerian. Sixtus II., the successor of Stephen I. in the see of Eome, was arrested the follow- ing year, in accordance with an order from Valerian, condemning to death all bishops, priests, and deacons, and decapitated in the Mamertine prison. Hippolytus, bishop of Pontus, may have died the martyr's death, but certainly he was not torn to pieces at Ostia by being- attached to the tails of wild horses, as Dol- linger observes that this mode of punish- ment was not practised by the Eomans. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, a lover of unity, but a victim of heresies and schisms, 352 Martyrs after suffering banishment under Valerian, was (258) finally decapitated, outside the city wall, as he knelt in prayer. Fructuosus, bishop of Tarragona, Spain, was surprised in bed by the officers of the court, and, refusing to sacrifice to the gods of Rome, was (259) burnt alive in the am- phitheatre. Zenon, bishop of Verona, it is related, was cruelly tortured and then executed. Nemesianus, Felix, Lucius, another Felix, Litteus, Polianus, Victor, Iaderus, and Da- tivus, bishops in Northern Africa, were beaten and sent to work in the marble quarries. Some of them died from ex- posure, want, cold, and worn out with the unwonted labor. The banished Cyprian (257) wrote to them to comfort and sustain them in their trials. Felix, bishop of Eome and a Roman by birth, was apparently led out to martyrdom in the year 274. 275 a.d. THE NINTH PERSECUTION — AURELIAN Euthychianus, bishop of Rome, of whom it is related, by somehagiologists, that " he, Martyrs 353 with liis own hands, buried three hundred and forty-two martyrs," is thought to have suffered martyrdom himself (283), and was laid in the cemetery of S. Calixtus. Lucian, one of the companions of Dion- ysius, the apostle of Gaul, fell a victim (290) to the prejudices of the heathen to whom he was carrying the gospel, but he lives in history as the apostle of Beauvais, of which place he was bishop. Hilary, bishop of Aquileja, in Northern Italy, refusing to sacrifice to the gods, was beaten with rods, burnt with red-hot coals, which were strewn on his back, covered with salt and vinegar, cast into prison and, on the morrow, slain (285) with Tatian, his deacon, and three other Christians then awaiting execution. Ephraem, a bishop, commemorated March 7, was one of the martyrs (296) of the Ghersonesus. 303 a.d. the tenth persecution — diocletian Sabinus, bishop of Assisi, cast into prison by the governor of Tuscany and 354 Martyrs commanded to venerate a little statue of Jupiter habited in a gilded mantle, dashed it on the ground instead, for which his hands were cut off; and subsequently (303), having converted the prefect and his household, he was executed with them by order of the emperor. Felix, bishop of Tubzacene, in Africa, when all the churches of Syria, as Theo- doret relates, were destroyed on that fate- ful Good Friday (303), refusing to give up the sacred books and parchments, was sent to the emperor, heavily chained, thrust into the hold of the ship, where he was four days without food or water, under the legs of the horses ; and, on landing at Venusium, was slain with the sword on the 30th day of August of the same year. Ireneeus, bishop of Mitrovitz on the Save, in Pannonia (Hungary), esteemed death for Christ greater riches than mother, wife, and children. Phileas, bishop of Thumis r in Egypt, un- moved by threats or entreaties to do sacri- fice to idols, was executed (303) in Alex- andria, along with the tribune of the guard, who had spoken in his behalf. Martyrs 355 Felix, the aged bishop of Spoleto, where the persecuting emperor's palace was situa- ted, was examined by Diocletian himself, and then tortured with fire and decapitated. Philip, the octogenarian bishop of He- raclea, in Thrace, was tortured, scourged, imprisoned, dragged by his feet over the streets of the city, beaten with rods till his bowels gushed out, and then burnt at the stake, where he gave thanks to God till his voice was hushed in death. Victorinus, a Greek, bishop of Pettau, in Upper Pannonia, episcopus Pitabionensis, a Biblical scholar of some repute, whose com- mentaries on Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Habakkuk, Ecclesiastes, the Canticles, and S. Matthew once edified the Church, but of whom we have nothing now save a treatise on " The Creation of the World," is set down by Jerome as a martyr of this period. Narcissus, bishop of Gerona, driven from his see, wandered, homeless, with his dea- con, for the space of nine months, when, returning to Spain, he was assassinated (circ. 308) by the heathen whom he was at- tempting to evangelize. 356 Martyrs Methodius, bishop of Olympus and Pa- tara in Lycia, and, later, of Tyre, an im- placable opponent of Origen, against whose theology he wrote " De Kesurrectione " — large fragments of which have been pre- served, was martyred (311) at Chalcis. Theodore, bishop of Cyrene, in Lybia, was (311) brought to trial by his own son, who charged him before the Roman gov- ernor with being a Christian, and, when or- dered to offer incense before an altar, struck the idol with his shoes, which he held in his hand ; whereupon his tongue was cut out, and, after excruciating sufferings on the rack, was finally released by death. Hesychius, a bishop of Egypt, the earliest Christian scholar, so far as is known, to re- vise the text of the Greek Bible (the Sep- tuagint and the New Testament), fell a victim to the persecuting fury of the em- peror. Quirinus, bishop of Sissek, on the Save, in Croatia, was cast into the Eaab with a millstone around his neck because he would not throw a little incense on the fire to the gods. Clement, bishop of Ancyra, was torn Martyrs 357 with hooks, and had his teeth and jaws broken with stones. Januarius, bishop of Benevento, was de- capitated at Puteoli. Erasmus, bishtfp in Campania, had trial of cruel mockings, and met the fate of Antipas. Philonides, bishop at Curium, in Cyprus, found a martyr's death at home. Anthimus, bishop of Nicomedia, was be- headed, as Eusebius (viii. 13) relates. Tyrannio, bishop of Tyre, was tormented and thrown into the Orontes. Sylvanus, bishop of Emesa, Phoenicia, after an episcopate of forty years, was de- voured by wild beasts in his own city. Sylvanus, bishop of Gaza, was con- demned to the copper mines in Arabia, and subsequently beheaded there with thirty- nine other witnesses. Pochumius, Theodore, Peleus, and Nilus, Egyptian bishops all, closed their career by martyrdom. Peter, bishop of Alexandria, who fifty years before had been a sufferer with Diony - sius in the Decian persecution, was now (312) seized by the express order of the 358 Martyrs emperor and beheaded. There is a legend that he was the last victim of this persecu- tion in Alexandria. SPORADIC Licinius — 320-323 Blasius (S. Blaise) was bishop and mar- tyr at Sebaste (circ. 320), and is commem- orated by the Latin, Byzantine, and Ar- menian Churches. In the year 322, Basil, bishop of Amasea in Pontus, w r as scourged and decapitated because he had given shelter to a beautiful Christian maiden named Glaphyra, on whom the emperor Licinius had cast lust- ful eyes, and whom he was determined to debauch. Julian— 361-363 Donatus, bishop at Arezzo, in Tuscany, is calendared as a victim of the pagan re- action of this reign. Timeotheus, bishop of Prusa, to whom two churches at Constantinople are dedi- cated, is also set down in various meno- ■BB^aSSSSBB Martyrs 359 logies as having suffered martyrdom under this paganized emperor. Theodoret and Sozomen both relate the sufferings (circ. 361) of Mark, bishop of Arethusa (not the Mark of Arethusa, one of the leaders of the Arians from the time of Constantine), " an aged and virtuous pre- late," who, having destroyed an idolatrous temple during the reign of Constantius and erected a Christian church in its place, was commanded, by edict, to rebuild the temple, or to defray the expenses of its re- construction. Unwilling, as well as unable, to do either, he delivered himself up on hearing that, during his flight, others had been arrested in his stead; and, once in the hands of his enemies, he was dragged through the streets, stripped naked, covered with blows, thrown into fetid sewers, pierced with knives and writing imple- ments by the school-boys of the city, thrust into a basket after being anointed with a kind of pickle and with honey, and, sus- pended where the heat was most excessive, was left to the attacks of wasps and bees ; but his fortitude won him release. But the emperor was not a persecutor. 360 Martyrs " A Christian until the age of twenty, ho was influenced by the religion he re- nounced, and retained the moral precepts of Christianity in his memory." * Certain- ly, his vivisection of Basil, a priest of An- cyra, was not in accord with his humane and justice-loving spirit. 309-349 THE PEBSIAN PERSECUTION In the menology of Basil the Macedoni- an (867-886), Bishop Milles is commemo- rated as a martyr November 13. This is he who, originally a soldier in the Per- sian army, abandoned it and became a spiritual leader in the Church Militant. But when the inhabitants of his city would not hear him, he departed, uttering impre- cations against them, taking nothing with him but the holy Book of the Gospels. The same menology also assigns Febru- ary 20th to the commemoration of Sadoc, a bishop, and his one hundred and twenty- eight companions, all of whom suffered 1 Schmidt's Social Results of Early Christianity, 413. Martyrs 361 death (345) under the famous Sapor II., whose "reign lasted seventy-one years, and was marked by bloody wars with the Eoman emperors Constantius and Julian, the latter of whom was defeated and slain (363) in the contest." In the year 343, Narses, bishop of Sciarchadata, was beheaded at the age of four-score years, because he would not do homage to the sun, at the command of Sapor; and John, metropolitan of Beth- Seleucia, was stoned to death. Symeon, the son of a fuller, coadjutor, originally (316), to Papas, bishop of Ctesi- phon, and, later, his successor, accused to Sapor of being in correspondence with the Eomans, was ordered to adore the sun, and, when he would not, was (344) decapi- tated with a hundred other Christians — bishops, presbyters, and clergy of all grades. Sozomen (II. 13) declares that over six- teen thousand men and women, whose names had been ascertained, were martyred under Sapor ; and he gives the names of twenty-three bishops : Barbasymes, Paul, Gadiabes, Sabinus, Mareas, Mocius, John, 362 Martyrs Hormisdas, Papas, James, Komas, Maares, Agas, Bochres, Abdas, Abdiesus, John, Abraham, Agdelas, Sapor, Isaac, Dausas, and Mareabdes, chorepiscopus, who had been captured with about two hundred and fifty of his clergy. 350-523 AEIAN PERSECUTIONS Paul, bishop of Constantinople, the champion of the Nicene Faith, in the en- forced absence of Athanasius, was first banished to Pontus by Constantine, at the instigation of the Arians; then, after his restoration, sent in chains to a castle on the Tigris ; then, after a few years' re- possession of his see, sent to die at Cu- cusus, in Armenia, where, according to Athanasius, the agents sent by the Arian party seized (circ. 350) and strangled him. Eusebius, a Sardinian, educated in Ptome by its bishop Eusebius, elected to the see of Vercelli by an unanimous vote of the people and the clergy, a zealous pleader for the Godhood of Christ, refusing Martyrs 363 to yield to the Arian tendency of the council of Milan (355), was banished by Constantius, first to Scythopolis, then to Cappadocia, and then to the Thebaid ; and, though he regained his liberty on the death of the emperor, he was ultimately stoned to death (371) by his adversaries. Eusebius, bishop of Samosata, on the Euphrates, disguised as a soldier, travelled through Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine, exhorting the Church and consecrating priests, in the reign of Valens, by whom he was banished (373) to Thrace ; on whose death (378) he returned ; and, "while engaged in the reorganization of the Syrian Church, he was killed (379) at Dolica by a stone thrown at him by an Arian woman." 1 Quodvultdeus, bishop of Carthage, in the vth century, at the time of the con- quest of North Africa by the Arian Gen- seric, was torn from his see by the Yandal conqueror, placed on board of a ship, naked, in company with many of his 1 The details of the Arian persecutions under Valens (364-379) are to be found in the ecclesiastical histories of Theodoret, Socrates, and Sozomen. 364 Martyrs clergy, and, despoiled of all personal prop- erty, left to make their way, as best they could, to Naples. There Quodvultdeu»s died. A little later, in the general persecution of the Catholics under Huneric, the son of Genseric, the Vandal king in North Africa, Felix, bishop of Abbirita, paralzyed and incapable of speech or walking, and Cyp- rian, bishop of Uniziba, accompanied by nearly five thousand other Catholic clergy and laymen, were banished to the Libyan desert, where, lacking food and shelter, and wasted by wild beasts, " they lingered out a miserable existence, till death ended their sorrows, and translated them to a glorious immortality." Two years later (484) Huneric issued an edict closing all the churches in Africa, and transferring all ecclesiastical property to the Arian prelates and clergy. The bishops, who had been summoned from all parts of Africa to attend the conference at Carthage, were driven out of the city, their horses taken from them, banished, part of them to labor in the fields, and others to Corsica, to hew wood and build ships. Of Martyrs 365 the 466 who attended the conference, eighty-eight died, forty-six were shipped to Corsica, three hundred and two to other places, twenty-six fled and escaped, and eighty-eight turned Arians. One of them, Lsetus, a prelate especially obnoxious to Huneric, by reason of his zeal and elo- quence, was burnt alive. Marcellus, bishop of Die, in France, at the end of the vith century, was thrown in- to prison by the Arians, where he died from cold and want. THE BAPTIST EEDIYIYUS Herculanus, bishop of Perugia, when that town was besieged by Totila, king of the Goths, in 549, inciting the inhabitants to contend for their homes and city, was condemned by the conqueror to suffer the loss of a strip of skin the length of his en- tire body, and then to be decapitated ; but the commander of the expedition humanely beheaded him first, and then cut the thong of skin, as demanded by the prototype of Shylock. Prcetextatus, bishop of Rouen, was 366 Martyrs stabbed in church on Easter morning (586), by an assassin hired by the ferocious Fredgund, whom he had offended, and whose murderous plans he had thwarted, and, being carried to his bed, he died, having received the Eucharist at the altar, to which he had staggered, his hands dab- bled with blood. Desiderius, bishop of Yienne, having taken the infamous Brunehaut to task for marrying her brother-in-law, became the victim of a royal persecution, which re- sulted in his assassination by three hired highwaymen (608), who pelted him with stones and then killed him outright. Kilian, the apostle of Franconia, an Irish missionary, pointing out to the Duke of "Wurzburg the impropriety of the marriage he had contracted with Geilana, his broth- er's wife, became the object of the furious hate of the barbaric duchess; and so it came to pass that one night, in the year 689, in the absence of Gozbert, the prelate was felled to the earth, decapitated, hur- riedly put under the ground, and his clothes, vestments, sacred books, and crosses interred there with him. Martyrs 367 Lambert, bishop of Maestricht, of noble family and apostolic labors, gave his life (709) a ransom for his nephews, who had killed two men of a neighboring clan, and whose murder was avenged by a red-handed attack upon the innocent prelate. The site of the martyrdom at Liege was pres- ently covered over with a church, and there Grimoald, son of Pepin, was killed (714) while praying for his sick father. Thither, in 727, the relics of Lambert were translated from Maestricht, and the see also, and the saint became patron of the city that grew up around his cathedral. Eumold, an Irish missionary bishop, attempting the conversion of Brabant, fell a victim (775) to the hatred of a party whom he had rebuked for violation of the seventh commandment. At the opening of the next century, a monk of Amabaric, Scotland, Tanco by name, going into Hanover in quest of his former abbot, who had been made bishop of Verden, was presently elevated to that self-same see, his friend, Patto, dying ; and, castigating the savage and licentious 368 Martyrs manners of the day, was quickly despatched by a barbarous and maddened mob. Alphege, bishop of Winchester (984), primate of all England (1006), was taken by the Danes, after their capture of Can- terbury, on board their ships (1011), and, because he would not allow the king and his people to be taxed to raise the three thousand pounds set for his ransom, they led him to the hustings on the eve of Sun- day, the octave of Easter, as the Saxon Chronicle relates, and "pelted him with bones and horns of oxen, and one of them struck him with an axe-iron on the head, so that he sank down, and his holy blood fell on the earth, and his holy soul he sent forth to God's kingdom." Toward the close of the same century, Stanislaus, the inheritor of great wealth, which he renounced for the service of the Church, canon in the cathedral of Cracow, Poland, and elected in 1072 to the bishop- ric of the city, again and again confronted the cruel and profligate king, Boleslaus II., threatening him with excommunication if he did not cease his atrocities. On one of these occasions (1079), the latest Herod, Martyrs 369 in a paroxysm of rage, sent servants after him to murder him ; and, when they were afraid to harm him, overawed by his sanc- tity, he himself rushed after him, and, finding him in the chapel of St. Michael, outside the city wall, fell upon him with the sword, cut open his head, multilated his face, and gave him over into the hands of his attendants, who hacked the body and cast it into a field. In the xiith century Henry, the founder and ruler of the Finnish Church, the arch- bishop of Upsala, a zealous but intolerant missionary, was assassinated on account of the heavy penance he had imposed upon a person of great authority, who had been guilty of manslaughter ; but he was canon- ized by Adrian IV., and he lives in history as the apostle of the Finns. Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne, pre- eminent in his age for wisdom, purity, and earnestness of purpose, regent of Germany during the absence of the emperor (1220) on his crusade, and fearless in his suppres- sion of rapine and violence, became sud- denly aware that he had gained the im- placable hatred of the lawless nobles of the 24 370 Martyrs country, who, organizing a conspiracy against him, presently waylaid him (No- vember 7, 1225), cut his head open, ran him through with a sword, hacked him with their axes, and left him dead with forty-seven wounds. John Fisher, bishop of Eochester, a friend of Eeuchlin and Erasmus, the only English prelate bold enough to hold that Henry's marriage with Catharine of Ara- gon was valid, fell under the royal dis- pleasure, and, at last, on the charge of de- nying the king's supremacy, was (1535) beheaded. MARTYRED MISSIONARIES In the year 755 Boniface, the living Bible, the quickening preacher, the Saxon missionary, the regionary bishop, the bap- tist of 100,000 pagans, the apostle of Ger- many, the founder of the German Church, and its metropolitan, seeking, at the age of seventy-five, to evangelize the heathen not yet reached in Frisia, was murdered, with fifty-two companions, by a mob of idolators ; under his head, as he lay await- ing the fatal blow, a volume of the Gos- Martyrs 371 pels, and rolled up in the shroud he had brought with him, in anticipation of a martyr's end, a copy of St. Ambrose on " The Advantage of Death." Eulogius of Cordova, elected archbishop of Cordova in 858, a zealous champion of Christianity in its contest with Islamism, was beheaded the following year, because he had been instrumental in the conver- sion of a Moorish girl. Leo, archbishop of Eouen, solicitous for the conversion of infidels, resigned his diocese, and made his way into Bayonne, where (900) he was one day killed by some pirates, who had been banished from the town by the better class of citizens. Adalbert, archbishop of Prague, finding it impossible to serve the Church and the emperor, at last, after a third visit to Rome, obtained permission from pope and king to devote the remainder of his life to the conversion of Slavonia ; and, going to Poland, founded the Church there ; whence, crossing the Baltic, he made his way into heathen Prussia, but only to find death near ; for, treading accidentally one day on one of their holy shields, he was 372 Martyrs seized and bound, and (April 23, 997) cut in pieces, while in the act of prayer for his murderers. Bruno, a regionary bishop, following in the track of the martyred apostle of Prus- sia, organized a band of Christian heroes to carry the Gospel among the Sclavonic races of Prussia, but they would none of him, and fell on his little band, and (1008), hacking off the leader's hands and feet, put him and his eighteen associates to death. Anskar, who died 865, lives in history as the apostle of Sweden. But long be- fore the xith century the Swedes had re- lapsed into their former heathenism. On the accession of Olaf Scobkongr, the English Church, at the request of the new king, sent missionaries to Gothland, among whom was Sigfried, archdeacon of York, who had offered himself for the work, and had been consecrated bishop. To him the king gave ear, and, after bap- tism, made over to him, for a church, the royal castle at Husaby, which, consisting of huge halls, with sleeping apartments on each side, and doors at both ends, was soon made to assume the appearance of a cathe- Martyrs 373 dral ; and there Sigfried resided, till lie had effected the conversion of West Goth- land, dying (1045), apparently, in the ful- ness of time. But not so his chaplain, Eskill, who had come with him from Eng- land, and whom he had consecrated bishop. This man, remonstrating with the heathen king, Sweyn, who had driven out the Chris- tian dynasty, and had come with his peo- ple to Stregnas, near to the Malar Lake, to offer the usual sacrifices to Thor, Odin, and Freyr, was struck with a stone by one of the royal followers, and laid prostrate ; in which position he received a blow from an axe, which sheared off his crown, and then dragged to a convenient spot, where he was pelted to death with stones. In the opening year of the xinth cen- tury, Peter Paschal, bishop of Granada (1262), bishop of Jaen (1269), having exas- perated the Moors by his success among their captives, was imprisoned, and, when he issued from the prison a work unfriend- ly to Islamism, he was condemned to die, the sentence being carried into effect Jan- uary 6, 1300. 374 Martyrs 1553-1558 THE MARIAN PERSECUTION John Hooper, of Merton College, Ox- ford, a Cistercian, a famous preacher, con- secrated to Gloucester (1551) with the un- derstanding that he would be required to wear the obnoxious clerical vestments on public occasions only, was thrown into prison, August 29, 1553, where he con- tracted sciatica ; condemned in January, 1559, for his advocacy of clerical marriages, for his defence of divorce, and his denial of transubstantiation ; and burnt at the stake in Gloucester, February 9, 1555, where he endured great agony, as the green fagots would not burn quickly, and had to be rekindled three times. Hugh Latimer, son of a devout yeoman, fellow of Clare Hall (1509), "as obstinate a papist as any in England" at the time of his graduation, royal chaplain, incumbent of "West Kington, Wiltshire, bishop of Worcester (1535-1539), in the Tower 1546, where he was " kept without fire in the frosty winter, " according to his own state- Martyrs 375 ment, released on the accession of Edward VI., though he would not accept another bishopric; was again committed to the Tower (September, 1553), with Archbishop Cranmer and Bishop Bidley ; convicted of heresy, excommunicated, and sentenced to death, for denying the doctrine of transub- stantiation, and the sacrifice of Christ in the Mass ; and, on October 16, 1555, was led to the stake, in front of Balliol College. Nicholas Bidley, fellow of Pembroke (1522), student at the Sorbonne, Paris (1527-29), king's chaplain and master of Pembroke Hall (1540), prebendary of Can- terbury (1541), prebendary of Westminster (1545), bishop of Bochester (1547), bishop of London (1550), was committed to the Tower, July 26, 1553, thence removed with Latimer to the jail of Bocardo, Oxford, where he was burned with this good friend before Balliol Hall, sentenced on the same charges. Thomas Cranmer, fellow of Jesus Col- lege, Cambridge (1511), consecrated to Canterbury, 1533, Henry's stout ally in getting rid of four of his wives, regent for Edward VI., champion of the claims of 376 Martyrs Lady Jane Grey; tried on the counts of treason and heresy, and condemned on the second, six times humiliated himself, when promised life and liberty if he would recant ; publicly repented of his recanta- tions, when he stood a prisoner, condemned, in St. Mary's Church, Oxford; and was burned the same day (March 21, 1556), his right hand, which had offended, being held in the flames to be burned first. Eobert Ferrars, student at Cambridge and Oxford, bishop of St. David's from 1548, " a rash and indiscreet man," accord- ing to Burnet, " a man of large humanity, justice, and uprightness," in Froude's eyes, was deprived of his see on the accession of Mary, condemned for heresy, and burned at Carmarthen (March 30, 1555), when he was also felled to the ground by a blow on the head. John Hamilton, the last archbishop of St. Andrews of the ancient line, who had been captured by the regent on the 2d of April, 1671, in the castle of Dunbarton, was hanged at Stirling four days later, a martyr to religious and political animosity. Martyrs 377 On the third of May, 1679, James Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews of the Anglican succession, a man " temperate and upright in private life, liberal in his charities, and exemplary in the performance of his ordi- nary duties," a convert from Presbyterian- ism to Episcopacy, was barbarously mur- dered by a party of fanatics, some of whom had a personal quarrel with him, being hacked and perforated by their swords, which, they said, they drew on him " be- cause he was an enemy of the Gospel, a murderer of the saints, and a betrayer of the Church." BY THE SAME AUTHOR. THE BISHOPS' BLUE BOOK. i2mo, cloth, 200 pages. Price, $1.00. {Table of Contente: 1. Nolo Episcopari. 2. Volo Episcopari. 3. Bishops Designate. 4. Age of Consecration. 5. Number of Consecrators. 6. Laymen Raised to Episcopate. 7. Deacons Raised to Episcopate. 8. Chorepiscopi. 9. Coadjutor Bishops. 10. Regionary Bishops. I Bishops without a 11. Titular Bishops. ( Diocese. 12. Suffragan Bishops. 13. Monastery Bishops. 14. Episcopal Antecedents. 15. Martial Prelates. 16. Politicians and Statesmen. 17. *AWoTpio€iri(rKoiroi. 18. Epoch-makers. 19. Missionary Bishops. 20. EPISCOP.E. The Churchman says of it (under date April 14, 1894) : " Mr. Reed has brought together a mass of curious learning which is certainly entertaining and suggestive. It can hardly l)e said to establish any new theories in regard to the Episco- pate, but it shows at once the elasticity of the Church, and its strong conviction of the necessity and permanence of that order. . . . Many of the facts here given will probably be new to most of the readers of this volume — they certainly are to us ; and there is an implication that what is here given is only a selection of the most striking points from a very large field of like information. We trust that Mr. Reed may be en- couraged by the success of this work to follow it up with an- other of the same sort." The Church Eclectic (a periodical published in the interests of the Anglo-Catholic School) says of it in its May number : "This is a very useful and interesting register of Episcopal history and incidents, not for one country or age, but for the whole period of the Church since the days of the Apostles. . . . Although a summary, each paragraph is interesting, especially those of the early English and Keltic history, as well as those of oriental, primitive, and mediaeval, and must repre- sent the annotations of a large amount of general historical reading. . . . It is really a very creditable and useful man- ual of little known historical facts for lecturers and speakers on ecclesiastical history." The Independent (New York Congregational) says : " No one, so far as we know, has done what Mr. Reed has attempted in this little book, to collect a sort of classified roll of the exceptional bishops of the Church, who in one way or another have made themselves famous. Counting the good wives, who come in for a class by themselves, he put them into twenty distinct groups. There are chapters on martial bishops, bishops who were devoted to politics, and bishops who intruded into sees that did not belong to them. The epoch-making bishops, the missionary bishops, and bishops of all kinds and degrees, titular, suffragan, regionary, monastery, and coad- jutor, have chapters to commemorate those among them who have risen to favor. The book is a curious one, and makes a rather puzzling impression." The Bishop of New York says of it, in a letter to the author : " All students are your debtors for the very interesting vol- ume you have given in the 'Blue Book.' There are certain books that have a distinct value as ' pointers.' They open lines of interesting research, and indicate the literature that throws light upon them. This you have done, I think, in a very fresh and helpful way, and so have rendered a service of lasting value." ^_ The Bishop of Central New York, writing of it to the author, speaks of it as a — " Book full of rare and extraordinary information, abounding with the fruits of patient research, arranged with singular skill, and a charming example of the bookmaker's art. Many- writers of less learning will be indebted to it. I marvel how you could have found time, in the laborious life of a parish priest, to read and remember and record so much." The venerable Bishop of Central Pennsylvania writes : " The book supplies a compend of material which I should not know where else to find. It is almost indispensable to an ecclesiastic." The Bishop of Rhode Island observes that — " It must have required a great amount of research to col- lect the material for such an original work, and it brings to light many facts of which most of us are ignorant." The Bishop of Pennsylvania says : "The plan of the book is ingenious, and it gives an immense amount of interesting history within a very short compass." The Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol (Dr. Ellicott), one of the foremost scholars of the day, says of this " Blue Book " : " It is really a wonderful collection of facts. I only wish all our ' Blue Books ' were as pleasant and attractive." President Potter (Hobart College) writes : " Permit me to express the very great interest, as well as in- struction, with which I have read the preface and contents of 1 The Bishops' Blue Book.' It came at a time when I was much over-worked, but, having begun to read it, I could not put it down, and found it both entertaining and refreshing." The Very Rev. E. A. Hoffman, D.D., Dean of the General Theological Seminary, New York City, takes occasion to write to the author as follows : " You certainly have collected a very large amount of inter- esting information in regard to the bishops, and I only wonder how you had time, with your various duties, to make such a collection. It will be a very valuable book of reference." The Rev. Dr. Hopson, Professor in St. Stephen's College, New York, affirms : " I have read the book with much interest, and shall treasure it as a valuable book of reference. It is a ' multum in parvo? and testifies to your extensive reading and patient research. I know of no work that contains, in small compass, so much and such varied information in regard to the Episcopate." Professor Chas. W. Shields, D.D., of Princeton College, N. J., describes it as — 11 Beautiful in appearance, and full of curious learning, some of which is very interesting in its bearing upon the ' Historic Episcopate ' of our time. I prize it as a manual to which I may often have occasion to refer." Dr. Wm. Pepper, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, terms it the — "Valuable book on The Bishops," and adds: "It was a happy thought, and has put in attractive form a great deal of desirable, but, to most of us, inaccessible information." BY THE SAME AUTHOR. THE BISHOPS OF THE COUNCILS. [In preparation. THE INFALLIBLE CHURCH IN ITS HISTORICAL SETTING. [In preparation. LITURGICAL VARIATIONS : The Divine Offices Compared. [In preparation. JAMES POTT & CO., Publishers, 114 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 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