LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 0D0D14bl7Sfi 
 
'*./' 
 
t 
 
th: E 
 
 BLACK HILLS OF 
 
 A MINIATURE HISTORY OF THEIR 
 
 Settlement, Resources, Population, and Prospects, 
 
 WITH 
 
 ACCURATE TABLES of LOCAL DISTANCES, 
 
 AND A 
 
 GEIfEEAL BUSIS"ESS DIREOTOEY 
 
 Of the Principal Towns. 
 
 EDITED AND COMPILED BY 
 AND PUBLISHED BY 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 
 CiiAs. H. Wyman, Printer, - - 57 Washington Street 
 
 1879. 
 Copyrig-hted, 1879, by J. S. Gantz. 
 
T EC E 
 
 BLACK HILLS OF DAKOTA, 
 
 A MINIATURE HISTORY OF THEIR 
 
 Settlement, Resources, Population, and Prospects, 
 
 WITH 
 
 ACCURATE TABLES op LOCAL DISTANCES, 
 
 AND A 
 
 SIEI^ERAL BUSIjI^ESS DIREOTOEY 
 
 Of the Principal Towns. 
 
 EDITED AND COMPILED BY 
 
 EC- 3iT- nSZC J^ G- TJ 1 1^ E , 
 
 AND PUBLISHED BY 
 
 J-A.OOS s. (Or Ji^ 1ST rr z . 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 
 HAS. H. Wyman, Printer, - - 57 Washington Street, 
 
 1879. 
 
 Copyri.e^hted, 18T9, by J. S. Gantz. 
 

 1 
 
 THE BLACK HILLS OF DAKOTA. 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 The Black Hills of Dakota were first visited by white men in 
 1810, when Wilson P. Hunt, of the American Fur Company, 
 skirted them on the north while leading an expedition overland 
 to the moutli of the Columbia. 
 
 Soon after the Hunt party passed through, the more daring of 
 white trappers pushed up the Cheyenne river from the Arickaree 
 and Maudan Indian villages, and occasionally penetrated the 
 wild forests and gloomy gorges of the Black Hills; and in 
 1830 the Missouri Fur Company established a trading post near 
 the junction of the North and South Forks of the Cheyenne. 
 
 Thenceforward vague and indefinite reports began to circulate 
 of the existence of rich gold deposits in the Black Hills; and 
 it seems authenticated that Indians did, as far back as 1849, 
 exhibit specimens of native gold which they claimed to have 
 there found. 
 
 Then followed government and private exploring expeditions, 
 which gave the world something approximating reliable in- 
 formation in regard to the resources of the Black Hills. The 
 actual discoveries of Capt. Bonneville in 1834, of Harney in 
 1855, Warren in 1856-'7, Dr. Hayden in 1858-'9, and Gen. Sully 
 in 1864, proved conclusively that gold, coal, iron, and salt 
 abounded in the Black Hills; and their reports were fully con- 
 firmed by the observations of Father DeSmet, the venerable 
 Catholic missionary, who visited the Black Hills at a very early 
 day. 
 
 The Dakota Legislature, in the sessions of 1862 and 1868, sent 
 memorials to Congress for a geological survey of the Black 
 Hills, based on what was claimed to be conclusive proofs of the 
 country's great value as a region of varied mineral wealth. 
 
 It is published that in 1852 a party of nineteen men detached 
 themselves, at Tort Laramie, from a large party en route to Call- 
 fornia, influenced by the reports then current of rich gold de- 
 posits in the Black Hills, made their way thither, and found rich 
 diggings and opened claims; and that they were all massacrod 
 by Indians save one, who shortly after died of disease. This 
 story is so far corroborated that many evidences of old mining 
 works— a rotten, weather-warped string of sluices among them— 
 were found in abundance in the Black Hills soon after the great 
 rush of 187G-'7. 
 
HISTORICAL. 3 
 
 Finally, in the summer of 1874, Gen. Custer entered the 
 
 )uutry at the head of an army of a thousand men, and reported, 
 
 pon his return, that "gokl was discovered at various points." 
 
 The fall of 18T4, defying both hostile Indians and an order of 
 
 ' le General Government interdicting immigration, an expedi- 
 
 on, composed of twenty-eight men and one lady, set out from 
 
 .ioux City, and reached French Creek the latter part of Decem- 
 
 ' 3r, where they found gold and erected stockades. They were 
 
 )on after joined by parties from Bismarck and Cheyenne; and 
 
 Y the spring of 1875, while the prairies were still covered with 
 
 low, the frontier towns were all active with preparations for 
 
 jdigration to the Black Hills. Then the military patrolled all 
 
 le routes of ingress, and seized and destroyed a wagon train 
 
 .•elonging to eniTigrants from Southern Dakota and Western 
 
 .Iowa; and those in charge of it were arrested and imprisoned. 
 
 Early in the summer of that 3'-ear those who had reached the 
 
 ountry were ordered to leave. But the excitement continued to 
 
 itensify until it got beyond control, and the opposition of the 
 
 eneral Government was practically withdrawn a year before 
 
 -le treaty was concluded with the Indians for the cession of the 
 
 (;ountry to the whites. 
 
 Custer City being the objective point of the first year's rush, 
 before the close of 1875 its main street, nearly half a mile long, 
 V as crowded with all kinds of business houses. 
 
 In the spring of 1875, at the very time the General Govern- 
 nvent was pursuing Black Hills immigrants with bayonets, it 
 sont out a scientific expedition, under Prof. Jenney, to make a 
 geological survey. The report of this expedition was confirma- 
 l )ry of previous reports of the richness and extent of the gold 
 (deposits; though the professor did not fully investigate tlie rich 
 deposits, in vein and placer, in Whitewood and Deadwood 
 j'alches, from which the bulk of the gold so far produced has 
 sen taken. 
 
 From French creek prospectors early scattered all through 
 i.ie Hills, so that when Prof. Jenney got into the country he 
 1 )Und mining districts already organized on Spring, Rapid, and 
 Castle creeks. 
 
 Early in the spring of 1876 the famous Whitewood and Dead- 
 
 '^vood diggings were discovered, seventy-five miles north of 
 
 Custer City, at once making those points the centers of popula- 
 
 'Idu, and speedily resulting in the building up of Deadwood 
 
 ' it}"-, the present metropolis of the Black Hills. 
 
 During the summer of 1876 the population of the Black Hills 
 
 as swelled by an immigration of not less than seven thousand — 
 
 nearly all of whom settled in and around Deadwood City — and 
 
 the gold yield of that year was about $1,500,000. As quartz 
 
 mining was not inaugurated until the next year, all this was 
 
 taken from the placers. 
 
 Of the entire number in the country on the first of July, 1876, 
 
4 HISTOmiCAL. 
 
 seven-eighths, or about 7,000, were located in an 1 about Dead- 
 wood City; 300 were engaged on the Rapid creek bars; and the 
 remainder, or 700, were on Spring and French creeks, and in 
 other localities in the Central and Southern parts of the Hills. 
 
 Gayville, a mile and a half above Deadwood City, and Crook 
 City, eight miles below, were laid out nearly simultaneously 
 with Deadwood ; Hill City, on Spring creek, was founded soon 
 after Custer City ; and Rapid City, on Rapid creek, was laid out 
 two months earlier than Deadwood City. 
 
 Indian hostilities commenced with the departure of the first 
 emigrant train for the Black Hills, and it cannot be said that 
 they have yet terminated — though the Hills settlements are now 
 so strong, and extend over the country so generally, that Indians 
 are not feared as formerly. How many lost their lives in and 
 on the way to the Black Hills in 1875 will never be known. 
 Many set out on the trip who were never heard of afterwards, 
 and the murdering fiends prowled about the very suburbs of 
 Custer City and Rapid City. But the greatest number of massa- 
 cres were committed in 1876. That year four men were killed 
 on the Cheyenne route, and the Metz family were slaughtered in 
 Red Canyon; one man was killed on the Redwater river; one 
 man was killed on lower Whitewood, and two were killed on the 
 trail between Deadwood and Crook City; four stage company 
 employees and a merchant were shot down and scalped on the 
 Pierre route; three were killed on the Bismarck route: fourteen 
 or fifteen were killed on the foot-hills near Rapid City ; and pro- 
 bably not less than a dozen of the victims of the massacres of 
 1876 lie buried at Custer City. 
 
 Although the list of massacres of 1877 is not nearly as long as 
 that of 1876, it was to the Black Hills settlers a year of constant 
 alarms. The outlying settlements were frequently raided, herds 
 of stock were driven off", and some lives were sacrificed. 
 
 In the year 1878 only one man was killed in the Black Hills 
 settlements — a ranchman in the Redwater country ; and George 
 H. Firman, a freighter, was wounded five miles out from Rapid 
 City, on the Sidney road. 
 
 The present year (1879) two men were murdered on the Pierre 
 route, at the Cheyenne crossing, and a few days later a man 
 was killed on the Bismarck route, by stragglers from Little 
 Wolf's band of Cheyennes, on their way to join Sitting Bull's 
 forces. [They were captured a few weeks later, when attempt- 
 ing to cross the Yellowstone.] But hostile Indians no longer 
 infest the Black Hills, and no danger is to be apprehended 
 from that source in the future except from war parties passing 
 through. 
 
 On the 1st of November, 1876, the terms of the treaty under 
 which the Black Hills were sold to the whites were agreed to 
 by the head-men of the Sioux and the Government Commis- 
 sioners, and the treaty was ratified on the 28th of February, 1877. 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 FIRST HOMICIDES. 
 
 In February, 1876, a man was killed at Custer City — the first 
 homicide by a white man in the Black Hills. The man who 
 fired the fatal bullet had a jury trial, and the jury brought in a 
 verdict of accidental killing — the victim and perpetrator both 
 being drunk and recklessly flourishing their pistols at the time — 
 but fined the latter $30, all *he money he had, "for handling 
 firearms carelessly in the public streets." 
 
 At Gayville, on the 10th of July, 1876, John Hindi was mur- 
 dered by knife stabs, and J. R. Carty and John McCarty were 
 accused of the crime. A committee of seven citizens, appointed 
 by a miners' meeting, to hold an inquest upon the body of 
 Ilinch, reported that "the killing was without just cause or 
 provocation." Carty and McCarty escaped out of the country; 
 but the former was captured soon after at Fort Laramie, and 
 brought back to Gayville. On the 1st of August he had a trial 
 by a meeting of miners, a jury of twelve having been selected, 
 and the evidence showed that McCarty, and not Carty, had done 
 the stabbing. The verdict was, " We find the prisoner guilty of 
 assault and battery;" and he was discharged from custody. 
 
 On the 18th of July, 1876, near Crook City, James Shannon 
 and Thomas Moore fought a duel with rifles, the former being 
 shot through tlie heart by his antagonist, and Shannon's bullet 
 passing directly over and close to Moore's head. Moore was 
 acquitted by a miners' meeting. 
 
 On the 2d of August, 1876, J. B. Hicock (Wild Bill), the 
 famous scout, was killed in a Deadwood saloon by Jack 
 McCall — the perpetrator having been hired, it is said, to commit 
 the bloody deed. Though McCall was acquitted by a citizens' 
 meeting, he was afterwards arrested by the United States au- 
 thorities, and expiated his crime by being hung at Yankton on 
 the 1st of March, 1877. 
 
 We give the circumstances of these first deaths b}'' white men's 
 violence in the Black Hills to show that the majority were, from 
 the beginning, in favor of maintaining law and order, however 
 ineffectual their attempts to do so may have proved. 
 
 In the spring of 1877 the three counties of Lawrence, Pen- 
 nington and Custer were formally organized by the officers 
 appointed by the Governor of the Territory entering upon the 
 discharge of their official duties; since which time regular 
 courts of justice have been maintained in all parts of the coun- 
 try, and security Iro person and property is now as full and com- 
 plete in the Black Hills as in any other part of the Union. 
 Many deaths by violence have occurred, it is true; but the per- 
 petrators and victims have generally been of that class who are 
 disturbing elements in all communities. 
 
6 MINERAL VEINS. 
 
 Mineral Veins— Progress of Quartz Mining. 
 
 Fully developed, the quartz mines of the Black Hills already 
 located and developed, embracing gold, silver and copper, 
 would give employment to 50,000 miners. Already 4,700 loca- 
 tions have been made, and new discoveries are being made 
 daily. A more inviting mining field for capital and enterprise 
 was never opened on the continent. 
 
 In the winter of 1877-'8 Pacific Coast capitalists made heavy 
 investments in quartz veins about Lead and Central City — untfl 
 their coming lying dormant — since which time the gold yield of 
 the Black Hills has been constantly and rapidly increasing. 
 For a while it had been thought all the veins that could be 
 profitably worked were confined to the belt of fissures about the 
 heads of Whitewood and Deadwood gulches ; but recent discov- 
 eries have demonstrated that "the belt" extends from the Red- 
 water country, twenty-five miles northwest of Deadwood City, to 
 Harney's Peak, sixty miles to the southeast, and there is good 
 reason to believe it will prove uniformly rich throughout this 
 great extent. 
 
 In the summer of 1876 rich silver ores were discovered on 
 Bear Butte creek, a few miles southeast of Deadwood City; 
 copper was discovered on the Box Elder, on Elk creek, and near 
 Sheridan; silver was discovered south of Custer City; coal was 
 discovered on the Redwater, and in various places between 
 Rapid City and Crook City; and now it is reported that silver 
 ores, rivaling in richness and extent the famous silver mines of 
 Leadville, Colorado, have been found in Rochford district; and 
 ffi'ere is every reason to believe zones of silver-bearing and 
 copper-yielding ores run parallel with the great gold belt, and 
 equal it in extent. 
 
 The gold yield of 1877 is estimated at $2,500,000; the yield of 
 1878 at $:3,000,000; and the yield of the present year will not fall 
 short of !f;7,00U,000. 
 
 California capitalists paid $400,000 for the Father De Smet 
 mine; the Golden Terra sold for $80,000; the Homestake No. 1 
 for $70,000; Homestake No. 2 for $50,000; and the Old Abe for 
 $250,000. The Stand-by mine, in Rochford district, has been 
 bonded for $125,000, and a good share of the agreed price has 
 been paid; the Marjr Bell, Segregated Stand-by, Evangeline, 
 Little Woodchuck, and other Rochford mines, are considered 
 of immense value; and great veins of rich ores, gold, silver, and 
 copper, are now being developed in the vicinity of Tigerville, 
 Pactola, Hill City, Sheridan, and Custer. 
 
 The California companies "stocked" their mines, and some 
 of the stocks were started on the San Francisco boards at less 
 than a dollar per share which are now quoted at from $4 to $10 
 per share. All the Black Hills stocks handled by Pacific Coast 
 capitalists have steadily appreciated as development progressed, 
 
MINERAL VEINS. 7 
 
 and they have become the favorites of the markets outside of the 
 Comstocks. A few months ago tlie Homestake stock was quoted 
 between $2 and $3, and now it is over $30, and continues to rise 
 in value. 
 
 There are now 24 mills in operation, working an aggregate of 
 625 stamps, the total gold yield of which per month is".|404,150. 
 A number of other mills have been contracted for, some of im- 
 mense proportions. 
 
 It is predicted that within five years a chain of mills, ope- 
 rating many thousands of stamps, will be in operation from Lead 
 City all the way across the Hills to the vicinity of Cu.-.ter City. 
 No mining country in the world can show better natural work- 
 ing advantages than are possessed by the districts south, east, 
 and west of Rochford — wood and pure flowing water in abun- 
 dance everywhere, and along the main Rapid and its principal 
 branches water-power of unlimited extent to propel machinery. 
 
 The discovery of the Little Woodchuck silver mine, and other 
 argentiferous veins, in Rochford district, has given a new 
 impetus to silver mining interests in the Black Hills, and it is 
 probable that the time is near at hand when the silver yield here 
 will approximate in aggregate annual value the gold yield. A 
 company of ample means is now organized to work the silver 
 mines on Bear Butte creek. 
 
 Promising copper ores have been found on the Box Elder and 
 Jim creek, and about Sheridan. 
 
 Quicksilver has been found in the Hidden King, at Pactola, 
 and about nine miles southwest of Rapid City. 
 
 Petroleum wells and saline springs exist on the western foot- 
 
 ^ ^* THE PLACER DEPOSITS. 
 
 The placer deposits of the Black Hills are of immense extent. 
 There are untold millions of dollars lying in the main channels 
 of Rapid, Spring, Battle, and French creeks, and in the rich 
 bars along them — which include the rich camps of Rockerville, 
 Tigerville, and Hayward City, these being on tributaries of the 
 currents designated. And we are told it is highly probable a 
 placer area of great extent will be developed to the northwest of 
 Deadwood City, along the southern tributaries of the Redwater. 
 
 The high deposits of these localities are so distant from water 
 that they cannot be advantageously mined until large prelimi- 
 nary expenditures shall have been made in fluming work. This 
 accounts for their still lying undeveloped. It is estimated that 
 there is a sufficiency of water and of good paying bar ground to 
 warrant the operation of 120 hydraulics on Rapid and Spring 
 creeks, which would afford employment to ten men each, or an 
 aggregate of 1300 miners. All this ground '' will pay," as two or 
 three hundred men have been engaged in all parts of it for three 
 years carting the dirt down to water. Under the hydraulic 
 method it would yield immensely. Rich bar diggings are also 
 
8 POPULATION. 
 
 found all along Battle and French creeks, and it is only a ques- 
 tion of time when they will be reached by flumes carrying 
 enough water to work them to the fullest extent. 
 
 Bed-rock is very deep in all the main channels, with a heavy 
 flow of water over it — especially in Rapid and Castle creeks; 
 but by using the most powerful steam-punaps bed-rock has been 
 reached in several places on Rapid and Castle creeks, at great 
 distances apart, and in every instance good prospects were found, 
 the gold usually being coarse and of the nugget class ; and all 
 the tributary channels which have been opened have proven 
 rich. But it will not pay to mine those deep diggings by the 
 use of steam machinery. The time is not distant when they will 
 be made available by bed-rock drainage — the only practicable 
 method — and then they will give employment to 10,000 miners. 
 
 The undeveloped placer deposits of the Black Hills will give 
 employment to 25,000 more miners than have heretofore been 
 engaged. 
 
 Where, under existing industrial conditions, can the laboring 
 man find a more promising field? Where can the capitalist, in 
 the present general stagnation of business, find openings for 
 safer or more profitable investments ? 
 
 POPULATION (May, 1879). 
 
 The population of the Black Hills is variously estimated at 
 from 15,000 to 20,000. We believe it may be set down at 17.500, 
 and that the population by counties may be thus given: Law- 
 rence county, 12,500; Pennington county, 3,750; Custer county, 
 1,250. 
 
 The population of the towns may be thus estimated : Dead- 
 wood City, 5,000; Central City, 1,500; Lead City, 1,000; Rapid 
 City, 500; Rockerville, 700; Crook City, 500; Gayville, 300; 
 Golden Gate, 300; Galena, 200; Rochford, 400; Custer City (for 
 a while nearly abandoned, but again advancing), 800; Sturgis 
 City, 300; Spearfish City, 250; Sheridan, 200; Hill City, 200; 
 Tigerville, 300; Pactola, Castleton, Hayward, Sitting Bull, 
 Myersville, Montezuma, Florence, and Ochre, 100 each. This 
 aggregates the population of the towns at 12,650 — leaving out of 
 the assumed aggregate population of 17,500 4,850 to be dis- 
 tributed among the more distant camps and agricultural sec- 
 tions — the Redwater, Cheyenne, Belle Fourche, Lower Rapid, 
 etc. The great majority of those in all the towns^except, per- 
 -haps, Deadwood City, the commercial center, and Lead City and 
 Central City, the ore-crushing centers — are miners, engaged in 
 the development of mines in the immediate vicinity of their 
 respective residences. 
 
 The present indications are that the population of the Black 
 Hills will be largely increased — b}^ an influx of both agricul- 
 turists and miners — before the close of the year. 
 
 The local movements of population are now from the north 
 to the South — from Lawrence to Pennington and Custer coun- 
 
TABLES OP LOCAL DISTANCES. 9 
 
 ties ; but slioiild the new mines in the Redwater country develop 
 as richly as is hoped for, or should practical work be inaugu- 
 rated on the proposed Deadwood City and Redwater narrow- 
 gauge railroad, Lawrence county may again lead in increase of 
 population. 
 
 TABLES OF LOCAL DISTAxXCES. 
 
 Deadwood Ci y to— 
 
 Gentral City 
 
 Gay ville 
 
 Golden Gate 
 
 Pennin""ton 
 
 Miles. 
 ... 2 
 
 ;;; 7' 
 
 ... 5 
 
 Rapid Citt to— 
 
 Crook City 
 
 Deadwood 
 
 Central City 
 
 Lead City 
 
 Miles. 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 South Bend 
 
 ... 2 
 
 30 
 
 
 ... 3 
 
 ... 7 
 ... 9 
 ... 4 
 ... 12 
 ... 25 
 ...35 
 ...42 
 .. 47 
 ...35 
 ... 54 
 . . 45 
 ...51 
 ... 60 
 ... 70 
 ...14 
 ... 27 
 
 :;: ^ 
 
 ...14 
 a?. 
 
 
 47 
 
 Crook Citv 
 
 Galena 
 
 Forest City 
 
 Pactola 
 
 56 
 
 . ... 15 
 
 Lead City 
 
 Spearfish. 
 
 Rochford 
 
 Castleton 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 Hill Citv 
 
 22 
 
 Pactola 
 
 Rapid City 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Tigerville 
 
 Rockerville 
 
 Hayward 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 . .. 18 
 
 Castleton 
 
 Rockerville 
 
 Tio-erville (via Castleton) 
 
 Harney City 
 
 Custer City 
 
 Rochford 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 28 
 
 Hill City 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 Mvers City 
 
 30 
 
 Custer City 
 
 Forest City 
 
 Ochre City 
 
 Golden Center. 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 Florence t ........ . 
 
 Elkhorn Citv 
 
 31 
 
 Ochre City 
 
 Sturg-is 
 
 Mountain City 
 
 Sitting Bull 
 
 45 
 
 26 
 
 Fort Meade 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 Fort Meade 
 
 Pennington 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 Miles. 
 .. 25 
 
 28 
 
 . . 47 
 
 Rochford to— 
 
 Gayville 
 
 Rockerville to— 
 
 Rapid City 
 
 43K 
 
 Rapid City 
 
 Miles. 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 Tigerville 
 
 Castleton 
 
 ::: 1 
 
 ...29 
 ...25 
 
 ...27 
 ...26 
 
 Custer City 
 
 Central City 
 
 Gavville 
 
 Golden Gate 
 
 Hayward 
 
 Harney., 
 
 Hill City 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 Penning^ton 
 
 South Bend 
 
 Anchor 
 
 .. 20 
 ...25 
 ...25 
 .. 32 
 ...34 
 ...25 
 ...33 
 ...15 
 ...28 
 
 Tigerville 
 
 Castleton 
 
 Custer Citv 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 Crook City 
 
 Galena 
 
 Lead City.. 
 
 Spearfish . . '. 
 
 Pactola 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sitting Bull 
 
 Rochford 
 
 Deadwood 
 
 Sturgis 
 
 Fort Meade 
 
 Crook City 
 
 31J^ 
 
 35 
 
 54 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 Castleton 
 
 ::: i^ 
 
 .. 25 
 ...45 
 ...39 
 .. 2 
 
 ... 30 
 ... 32 
 .. 5 
 
 59 
 
 Rockerville 
 
 Hill City 
 
 Galena 
 
 Forest City. 
 
 42 
 
 . . . «« 
 
 Hayward 
 
 Forest City .' 
 
 Florence 
 
 Ochre City 
 
 Sturgis 
 
 Fort Meade 
 
 Sitting Bull 
 
 
10 GENERAL FACTS. 
 
 GENERAL FACTS. 
 
 The area of the Black Hills is 6,000 square miles, situate 
 between the Forks of the Cheyenne river. They are mineral- 
 bearing nearly throughout, holding mines of gold, silver, quick- 
 silver, copper, lead, plumbago, coal, and other metals and min- 
 erals — gold, silver, and copper predominating in importance. 
 Probably no other portion of the globe, of the same extent, con- 
 tains such a quantity and variety of mineral wealth. 
 
 Where the soil is susceptible of cultivation it is very produc- 
 tive, being a very rich vegetable mold; but the tillable extent, 
 within the Hills proper, is limited — will not exceed one-twelfth 
 the entire area. There are, however, extensive farming tracts 
 along and for many miles out from the foot-hills. 
 
 Much of the country between the Forks of the Cheyenne is 
 unsurpassed for grazing. In some localities animals keep fat 
 the winter through without being fed from the stack. 
 
 The timber belts of the Hills have been over-estimated in 
 extent Probably 4,000 square miles are covered with pine 
 forests, besides which there are generous growths of oak, 
 ash, and other hard woods, along the foot-hills, and considerable 
 Cottonwood along the lower water-couf ses ; but the demand for 
 these timbers, in agricultural and mining pursuits, will con- 
 stantly increase, wherefore it is not probable lumber will ever be 
 exported to any considerable extent. 
 
 The experience thus far has been that rainfalls are heavy 
 and frequent in the early summer and early fall, usually accom- 
 panied by terrific electrical phenomena. 
 
 The winter snow^-fall has been no greater than the spring and 
 autumn rainfall. Though the mercury sometimes drops below 
 zero, the experience has been that the average winter tempera- 
 ture of the Black Hills is no lower than that of Chicago; and 
 often there are delightful conditions of weather in the winter 
 months. 
 
 The sanitary condition is now excellent, though the first two 
 years of the country's settlement mountain fever — of the typhus 
 type — was very prevalent, and often terminated fatally. 
 
 The natural scenery combines all that is grand and beautiful 
 in niiture — richly grassed valleys, picturesque parks, forest- 
 crowned peaks, and savage canyons. The Black Hills will un- 
 doubtedly be a favorite summer resort for tourists when railroad 
 communication shall have been established. 
 
 The greatest elevations in the Black Hills are: In the north- 
 west—Devil's Tower, 5,100 feet; Crow Peak, 6,700; Elk Moun- 
 tain, 6,750; and Warren's Peak, 6,900. In the northeast— Bear 
 Butte, 6,000 feet. In the west — Inyan Kara Mountain, 6,750 feet, 
 and Crook's Monument, 7,600. In the south— Harney's Peak, 
 towering above all the others with an altitude of 7,740 feet. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS PACTS. 
 
 11 
 
 The altitude of Dead wood City is 4,425 feet; Rapid City, 
 3,175; Rockerville, 4,125; Crook City, 3,725; Pactola (esti- 
 mated), 4,000; Rocliford (estimated), 4,500; Custer City (esti- 
 mated), 4,200. 
 
 As the most accurate and comprehensive method of fixing the 
 geographical position of the Black Hills relative to other parts 
 of the country, we give the following directions and distances in 
 miles from various points to Harney's Peak, the highest eleva- 
 tion — taking a map by Lieutenant of Engineers George M. 
 Wheeler, U. S. A., as the basis of calculation: 
 
 Chicag"o •. . 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Yankton 
 
 Omaha 
 
 Cheyenne 
 
 Sidney 
 
 Denver 
 
 Salt Lake 
 
 Helena (M.T.). 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Bismarck 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 WEST. 
 
 NORTH. 
 
 EAST. 
 
 
 
 770 
 
 
 
 730 
 
 
 
 270 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 "80 
 
 
 
 450 
 
 
 
 420 
 
 190 
 
 
 825 
 
 
 
 
 205 
 
 115 
 
 
 70 
 
 480 
 
 160 
 400 
 100 
 190 
 200 
 185 
 300 
 210 
 
 *4io 
 
 Three years ago elk, deer, and bearj were numerous in the 
 Black Hills, and they are still often seen in localities distant 
 from the mining camps; but they have become shy, and it now 
 takes a skillful hunter to capture them. Mountain lions 
 (the largest of the panther race) are occasionally seen in wild, 
 secluded places. The antelope is found on the foot-hills and 
 adjacent plains. There are also beaver, hares, rabbits, red pine 
 squirrels, foxes, wolves, coyotes and prairie dogs. Among the 
 fowls sought by the sportsman are ducks, grouse, prairie 
 chickens, pheasants and sand-hill cranes; and of the smaller 
 kinds there are meadow larks, robins, doves, wrens, tom-tits, 
 blackbirds, and nearly all the woodpecker species. Birds of 
 prey are numerous, from the fierce little sparrow-hawk up to the 
 kingly eagle. 
 
 MISCELLAjVEOUS FACTS. 
 
 There are six newspapers published in the Black Hills — four 
 in Lawrence county, and two in Pennington — established in the 
 order we will give them : Black Hills Pioneer (daily and weekly, 
 at Dead wood); Black Rills Times (daily and weekly, at Dead- 
 wood); Black Hills Herald (dail}--, at Central City); Black Hills 
 Journal (weekly, Rapid Citj^); Western Enterprise (daily. Lead 
 City) ; Black Hills Central (weekly, Rochford). All are liberally 
 supported. 
 
 The number of stock grazing between the Forks of the 
 
13 MISCELLANEOUS PACTS. 
 
 Cheyenne is numbered at 100,000 head. Thousands more will 
 be brought in within the present year. 
 
 In 1878 there were 23,000 tons of freight brought in ; and it is 
 estimated, from now known necessities and business plans, that 
 35,000 tons will be brought in this year; and the aggregate will 
 be much greater should the mining interests of Rochford dis- 
 trict develop as is expected. Two telegraph lines are in operation. 
 
 Three stage companies are in operation — Deadwood, Rapid 
 City and Sidney ; Deadwood and Bismarck ; Deadwood, Rapid 
 City and Cheyenne. 
 
 Churches and schools, and the leading humanitarian and 
 charitable institutions, are well sustained in all the principal 
 settlements. 
 
 The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company have 
 commenced work on an extension of their Iowa and Dakota 
 division — which is to be an air-line as nearly as practicable — 
 from Canton, in Eastern Dakota, to Rapid City, and thence on 
 to Deadwood. They promise to have the cars running within 
 seventy-five miles of Rapid City the present year, and that the 
 road will be finished in the summer of 1880; and the powerful 
 Illinois Central and Chicago and Northwestern Companies will 
 also rapidlv extend their northwestern connections toward the 
 Black Hills. 
 
 The Cheyenne and Black Hills Railroad Company claim that 
 nearly all their stock has been subscribed for, and they promise 
 to begin construction work at an early day. 
 
 There are four companies of troops now stationed at Fort 
 Meade, and some elegant mansard-roofed officers' quarters have 
 been erected ; but the public moneys thus expended would do 
 the Black Hills pioneers as much good if they were burned in a 
 bonfire at Washington City, as there are no roads or settlements 
 of any kind to protect where Fort Meade is situated. The War 
 Department has been memorialized to abandon Fort Meade, and 
 establish garrisons in* the Redwater country and on the Lower 
 Rapid, where they would do some good. 
 
 Rapid creek is the largest current in the Black Hills — water 
 cool, soft, and sweet. In the dryest seasons its volume is not 
 less, on the average, than 25 feet wide and 12 inches deep, and 
 the greater part of the year it is of sufficient extent for rafting 
 from the center of the Hills down to the Cheyenne. As its name 
 implies, it is a swift, impeftious current, and it flows through 
 magnificent pine forests. 
 
 The Spearfish, on the north, is as large and attractive a cur- 
 rent as the Rapid; and the Redwater, in the northwest, is a 
 current of much greater volume. 
 
 The number of business firms is 2,000. 
 
 Few manufacturing enterprises, aside from the lumbering 
 business, have as yet been inaugurated. Several breweries are 
 being successfully operated in Lawrence count}", and a large 
 cheese factory and creamery is being erected at Rapid City. 
 
PABMING AND GRAZING. 13 
 
 Fifty thousand bushels of potatoes were raised in the Hills 
 valleys in the summer of 1878, 10,000 bushels of grain, and 
 large amounts of all kinds of vegetables. A much greater 
 breadth has been sown and planted the present year. 
 
 The machinery for a grist mill, to be erected in Spearfish 
 valley, has been purchased, and the mill will be put in opera- 
 tion "the present year. A grist mill may also be erected the 
 present year in the Rapid valley. 
 
 Four daily mails are in operation. 
 
 FAEMING AND GRAZING. 
 
 When mining is considered as unconnected with other 
 industrial pursuits, it is simply barbaric. It strips a country of 
 its native wealth, leaving behind no recompensing monuments 
 of beauty or substantial contributions to civilization. Though 
 even richer and more lasting than we have reported them to be, 
 the mines of the precious metals are not alone sufficient to make 
 the Black Hills a country of progress and enterprise, of happy 
 and refined homes. 
 
 The Forks of the Cheyenne aggregate about 400 miles in longi- 
 tudinal extent, the bordering valley lauds having an average 
 width of probably five miles. In places the soil is rich and 
 fertile, being a black loam, from three to six feet deep. But the 
 fertile tracts are of limited extent, the major portion of the 
 valley lands having a light, sandy, and unproductive soil. 
 
 In places there are fine groves of timber on each stream — 
 Cottonwood, oak, ash, elm, and quaking asp — affording an ample 
 supply for building, fencing, and fuel. 
 
 The best farm sites are to be found on the uplands, the bottom 
 lands not being so well adapted to general tillage ; but the latter 
 are sometimes good for oats, and are usually valuable for their 
 heavy growth of hay grasses. 
 
 On the uplands there are extensive tracts of excellent wheat 
 ground; and in some localities the more tender vegetables, such 
 as melons, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc., do well, and the hardier 
 varieties of tree fruits would undoubtedly succeed. 
 
 One-fifth of the valley lands of the Forks of the Cheyenne, or 
 an aggregate of three hundred square miles, could be success- 
 fully cultivated. This would subdivide into twelve hundred 
 farms of a quarter section each, all within easy marketing dis- 
 tance of the mining camps. 
 
 As flour has never been rated in the Hills below $5.50 per 
 hundred pounds, and never can be much lower before railroad 
 communication shall have been established, a more profitable 
 field for grain-raising cannot be found on the continent. 
 
 Outside a few stock ranch locations, none of the lands on the 
 Forks of the Cheyenne have yet been appropriated. 
 
 Back from the Forks of the Cheyenne, towards the mountains, 
 
14 FARMING AND GRAZING. 
 
 are also extensive districts of excellent farming lands — practi- 
 cally proved to be such. The principal of these are the valleys 
 of the Redwater and ^^pearfish on the north and northwest, 
 Rapid creek valley on the east, and French creek on the south ; 
 but I will not consider French creek valley, as, unfortunately, 
 it does not now, and may never, possess adequate irrigating- 
 facilities. 
 
 The cultivable area of the Redwater and Spearfish valleys 
 embi^aces not less than 150 square miles, or land enough for 600 
 farms of a quarter section each. About 150 locations have been 
 made in those valleys — fifty of which have been improved by 
 actual cultivation ; the remainder being devoted to stock rais- 
 ing. Everything grown elsewhere in the United States, in the 
 same latitude, can be, and has been, successfully raised in the 
 valleys of the Redwater and Spearfish. One Spearfish farm 
 netted its owners, in 1877, $15,000, from potatoes alone; after 
 which they sold their improvements for $3,000. 
 
 The supply of water is ample to irrigate all the farming lands 
 of the Spearfish and Redwater valleys. 
 
 The cultivable extent of the lower Rapid creek valley — all 
 of it below its emergepient from the mountains, — and the con- 
 tiguous lands which may be irrigated from the Rapid, must ag- 
 gregate 200 square miles, or enough for 800 quarter section 
 farms. 
 
 Probably not to exceed 100 locations have yet been made in 
 this section, leaving room for 700 more. 
 
 Enough grain has been raised in the Rapid creek valley to 
 demonstrate the adaptability of the soil and climate to the pro- 
 duction of all the small grains. The finest potatoes exhibited at 
 the Dakota Terj'itoriai Fair in 1877 were produced on the town 
 site of Pactola, 13 miles above Rapid City, where the growing 
 season is somewhat shorter than on or below the foot-hills. 
 
 All the farming lands of the Rapid creek valley are advan- 
 tageously situated for irrigating, and the supply of water for 
 that purpose is unfailing ; but irrigation for grain was not nec- 
 essary in the summer of 1877. 
 
 As plums, and other wild fruits, grow abundantly along the 
 foot-hills, and on the lower water- courses, we believe the hardier 
 varieties of fruits can be produced in the Black Hills. 
 
 According to the above estimates, which are below rather than 
 above the correct figures, there are enough choice farming lands 
 on the Forks of the Cheyenne, and in the valleys of the Rapid, 
 Redwater and Spearfish creeks, for 2,466 quarter- section farms. 
 Only 300 have yet been located, leaving 2,166 for future comers. 
 
 We have not taken into account the innumerable^ little isolated 
 valleys, in all parts of the country surrounding and in the inte- 
 rior of the Black Hills, where good farming tracts may be found, 
 and we exclude all that is not specially adapted to cultivation. 
 Including these minor valleys, we may safely say there are a 
 half million acres of the richest soil in and about the Black 
 
FARMING AND GRAZING. 15 
 
 Hills subject to location under the pre-emption and homestead 
 laws. 
 
 The entire territory between the Forks of the Cheyenne may 
 be estimated at 1-5,000 square miles. We think one-half of this 
 area is specially adapted to stock raising, and in nearly every 
 portion stock could find good protection against inclement 
 weather in the groves and willow thickets which abound along 
 all the streams. 
 
 Stock ranges extend beyond the Forks of the Cheyenne in 
 nearly every direction, stretching in a westerly direction into 
 the magnificent grazing fields of the Big Horn and Yellowstone 
 valleys, and easterly to the Missouri river. 
 
 "When the supply of beef exceeds the home demand— as it soon 
 must — the Black Hills stock-raiser can get his cattle into the 
 general markets very cheaply, as he would have but little over 
 one hundred miles to drive over, and good ranges all the way, 
 by following the general course of the Cheyenne down to the 
 Missouri river. 
 
 The many extensive prairie tracts in the interior of the Black 
 Hills, called "parks," we believe to be specially adapted to sheep 
 raising. The ranges will probably be thus divided, by common 
 consent, when the stock interests grow into magnitude — sheep 
 in the mountains, and horses and cattle in the lower valleys. 
 
 The time is certainly near at hand when the Black Hills re- 
 gion will be one of the leading sources of supply for beef cattle ; 
 and it may become important for the production of wool. "With 
 nearly five millions of acres of grazing lands, of such a charac- 
 ter that stock can subsist upon them nine months out of the 
 twelve, it would become a prosperous country without other re- 
 sources. 
 
 There are flowing springs in all parts of the country. A 
 spring two or three miles above Rapid City is a great natural 
 curiosity. It flows enough water, the year around, to propel 
 any amount of machinery. Being in the midst of a large grove 
 of wide-spreading oaks, and walled in by grand mountains, it 
 bids fair to become a noted pleasure resort. 
 
 Is not the foregoing exhibit satisfactory? It requires not the 
 gift of prophecy to foresee the result. As constant as the tides 
 of the ocean are the currents of emigration from the east to the 
 west. The necessities of the race demand that all this dormant 
 wealth of mine and soil and stream shall be developed, and it 
 will be within the next decade. The mineral veins will be tun- 
 neled; the auriferous gravel banks leveled; the fertile valleys 
 wrought into grain fields and orchards ; the richly-grassed hills 
 and plateaus covered with domestic herds; the torrents har- 
 nessed to the driving wheels of the mill and factory ; and liberal 
 educational systems — inspiring those forms of free thought 
 which lift the soul and expand the mind — will halo the whole 
 with moral beauty and intellectual splendor. 
 
 " Time's noblest offspring is the last." 
 
16 DIGEST OF MINING LAWS. 
 
 Digest of Mining Laws— General and Local. 
 
 Only citizens, and those who have declared their intention to 
 become such, can legally locate mines. 
 
 All land is mineral that is moi'C valuable for mining than 
 farming purposes. 
 
 A vein or lode extends 150 feet on each side of its center, and 
 the end lines must be parallel with each other. 
 
 Locators have the exclusive right of all the surface included 
 within the lines of their locations, and of all veins throughout 
 their entire depth the tops or apices of which are inside such 
 surface lines; but their right of possession is confined to such 
 portions thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downward 
 through the end-lines of their locations — no right being granted 
 to enter upon the surface location of another. 
 
 Where two or more veins intersect or cross, the prior location 
 will take the ore within the space of intersection. 
 
 The discoverer must record within twenty days from the date 
 of discovery, and his location certificate must contain (1) the 
 name of the vein; (2) the name of the locator; (3) the date of 
 location ; (4) the number of feet in length claimed on each aide 
 of the discovery-shaft; (5) the number of feet in width claimed 
 on each side; (6) the general course of the vein, as nearly as 
 may be. 
 
 The following is the usual form of a location certificate : 
 
 Know all men by these presents : 
 
 That we, Richard Roe and John Doe, of the county of Lawrence and Terri- 
 tory of Dakota, claim, by right of discovery and location, fifteen hundred feet 
 linear and horizontal measurement on the Golden Horn lode, along- the vein 
 thereof, with all its dips, variations and angles, together with one hundred and 
 fifty feet in width on each side of the middle of such vein at the surface, and 
 all veins, lodes, ledges, and surface grounds within the lines of said claim. Five 
 hundred (500) feet of said claim run northerly from the center of the discovery- 
 shaft, and one thousand (1,000) feet run southerly from the center of said 
 discovery-shaft; said discovery- shaft being situated upon said lode within the 
 lines of said claim, in Hardscrabble mining district, county of Lawrence, and 
 territory of Dakota, more fully described as follows : [Here describe the locus 
 by reference to contiguous gulches, claims, etc.] 
 
 Said Golden Horn lode was located on the 30th day of May, A. D. 1879. 
 
 Date of certificate, April 28, A. D. 1879. 
 
 JOHN DOE. 
 Attest: RICHARD ROE. 
 
 JOHN SMITH. 
 TOM JONES. 
 
 The discovery-shaft must show a well-defined vein; a plain 
 notice embracing the above facts must be posted at the point of 
 discovery; the surface boundaries must be marked l)y eight 
 substantial jwsts (besides discovery), hewed on the sides facing 
 the location, and su::k in the ground or firmly planted in monu- 
 
DIGEST OF MINING LAWS. 17 
 
 ments of stone, and arrang-ed as shown in the following 
 diagram : 
 
 o- 
 
 O Discovery Shaft ^ 
 
 Any cut deep enough to disclose the vein, or a 10-foot adit or 
 trench along the vein from the point of discovery, would be a 
 legal discovery-shaft. 
 
 The discoverer has thirty days from the time of uncovering a 
 vein to sink his discovery-shaft. [Locators cannot exercise too 
 much care in defining their veins at the outset.] 
 
 All mining claims are subject to the right of way, for mining 
 purposes, of any ditch or flume, tram- way or pack-trail in use, 
 or that may be laid out across such locations ; but such right of 
 way shall not be exercised against any location made prior to 
 the claim of such right of way without the consent of the claim- 
 owners, except by condemnation, as in the case of land taken for 
 public highways ; and such ditch or flume shall be so constructed 
 as not to injure vested rights. 
 
 When the right to mine is distinct from the ownership or 
 right of occupancy of the surface, the owner or rightful occu- 
 pant of the surface may demand security from the miner ; and 
 if refused, may enjoin the miner from working until such se- 
 curity is given. 
 
 A locator may at any time amend his location by recording an 
 additional certificate of location, in accordance with the general 
 requirements of the mining laws, providing such relocation does 
 not, at the time of making it, interfere 'mth the existing rights 
 of others. 
 
 In order to hold a vein before patent issues, work must be 
 done or improvements made to the value of $100 a year ; and 
 within six months from the year within which such outlay is re- 
 quired to be made the person who made such outlay, or some 
 person for him, shall make and record an aflidavit of the fact ; 
 and the recorder's certificate shall be prima facie evidence of the 
 performance of such labor or the making of such improvements. 
 
 The relocation of abandoned claims shall be by erecting new 
 boundaries and by sinking a new discovery- shaft, or by sinking 
 from the bottom of the old shaft as if it were a new shaft com- 
 menced from the surface. [The safer course is to sink a new 
 shaft.] 
 
 No location certificate can embrace more than one claim, no 
 difference how many locators there may be. 
 
 The Register of Deeds is entitled to $1.50 for recording and 
 
18 DIGEST OF MINING LAWS. 
 
 furnishing- a certified copy — $1 for the former, and 50 cents for 
 the latter. 
 
 The penal code of Dakota makes it a misdemeanor, punishable 
 by imprisonment in the county jail not less than thii-ty days 
 nor more than six months, and by fine not exceeding- $250, for 
 two or more persons, by force and violence, or by threats of vio- 
 lence, to cause any person or persons to stop working- on mining- 
 property. 
 
 The statutes of Dakota embrace a liberal law for the incorpo- 
 ration of mining- companies. 
 
 Mining property in Dakota is subject to laborers' liens for 
 work performed upon it. 
 
 The locators of a tunnel shall have the right of possession of 
 all veins within 3,000 feet from the face of such tunnel, on the 
 line thereof, not previously known to exist; and locations of 
 veins on the lines of such tunnel that do not " crop out," made 
 after the commencement of the tunnel, and while work is being 
 prosecuted upon it with reasonable diligence, are invalid. 
 
 Locators of a tunnel must, when they enter cover, erect a 
 substantial post or monument at the point of conimencerat-nt, 
 and post thereon a notice giving (1) the names of the locatoi-s ; 
 (2) the proposed direction; (3) the height and width; must (4) 
 specify in their notice such well-known or easily-ascertained 
 objects in the vicinity as will clearly determine the extent and 
 course of the tunnel when completed; and (5) at the time of post- 
 ing their location notice, shall establish their boundary lines by 
 lines of stakes or monuments to the terminus of the 3,000 feet 
 claimed. 
 
 A full and complete copy of the notice of location defining the 
 tunnel claim, with a sworn statement of all the relating facts, 
 and that it is the intention to prosecute the work with reasona- 
 ble diligence for the discovery of veins, must be filed for record 
 at the time of posting the notice of location. 
 
 The money expended in making a tunnel is considered as ex- 
 pended upon veins struck in such tunnel. 
 
 Upon the failure of one of several co-owners to contribute his 
 portion towards the development of mining property, those who 
 have so contributed may, at the expiration of the year, give the 
 delinquent jiersonal notice in writing, or by publication in the 
 newspaper nearest said property at least once a week for 90 days, 
 and if the delinquent should fail to contribute his proportion 
 within 90 days from the service or first publication of such no- 
 tice, then his interest in the property shall become the property 
 of his co-owners who have made the required expenditures. 
 
 "When labor or improvements to the amount of $f)00 shall have 
 been performed or made upon a vein, patent may be applied for. 
 
 Notice of such application must be published for sixty days, 
 at the expiration of which time, if no adverse claim shall have 
 been filed, it will be assumed that the applicant is entitled to a 
 
DIGEST OF MINING LAWS. 19 
 
 patent, upon making" the necessary proofs and paying- the Re- 
 ceiver of the district office the official fees and $5 per acre. [The 
 preliminaries of obtaining a patent are somewhat complex, and 
 exactness is required in detail ; wherefore the applicant had 
 better secure the services of an attorney who makes a specialty 
 of such business.] 
 
 Placer mining claims may be patented at $2.50 per acre, or at 
 that rate for fractional parts of an acre, under like circumstances 
 and conditions, and upon similar proceedings, as are provided for 
 veins; but no placer location can embrace more than 20 acres for 
 each individual claimant, or more than 160 acres in one appli- 
 cation. 
 
 A patent for a placer claim conveys any vein embraced which 
 was not known to exist when the patent was applied for; but 
 when a mineral vein is known to be embraced in the p>]acer tract 
 at the time of making application, the fact must be distinctly 
 stated, when the patent will issue including such vein 
 upon the applicant paying $5 jyer acre therefor, including 25 feet 
 of surface ground on each side thereof. 
 
 Owners of quartz mills and reduction works, as well as quartz 
 mine claimants, can claim not to exceed five acres of non-min- 
 eral lands for a mill-site, upon making the required proofs, and 
 paying $5 per acre therefor. 
 
 Mill-sites may be applied for along with applications for 
 mines with which they may be connected. 
 
 ^ Water-rights for mining jmrposes vest by priority of posses- 
 sion; and all patents granted are subjected to such vested rights. 
 If an adverse claimant does not commence suit within the 
 projier time — from the dishonesty of his attorney, the irregu- 
 larity c)f the mails, or any other cause — he has no redress 
 thi'ough the Interior Department. 
 
 In the adjudication of mining rights the Interior Department 
 decides upon forms ; the courts upon merits. 
 
 Contestants may compromise, and then a new survey will be 
 OT-dered conforming- with the lines agreed upon by the com- 
 promise. 
 
 Deposits of borax, auriferous cement, copper, diamonds, and 
 other precious stones, fire clay, iron, kaoline, limestone, marble, 
 mica, petroleum, plumbago, slate, salt spring-s, sulphur, umber, 
 etc., may he patented under the mining laws upon proof, in each 
 specified case, of the land being more valuable for the mineral 
 specified than for agricultural purposes. What is found in vein 
 dejiosits must be entered under the provisions of the law gov- 
 erning veins, or "rock in place;" other deposits may be entered 
 under the provisions of the law governing the entry of gold 
 placers. 
 
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