.A6 liiiii i::::!:!!' LC3J3 1 U. S,. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 'AS' 6UREAU OF NATURALIZATION iq i'2^ RICHARD K. CAMPBELL, Commissioner THE WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS WITH THE BUREAU OF NATURALIZATION IN THE PREPARATION FOR CITIZENSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CANDIDATE FOR NATURALIZATION Exlracl from the Annual Report ol the Commissioner of Naturalization for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1916 ") WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 Ig^ -7 '^r\''^ D. of D. MAY 16 1917 v5 4 AMERICANIZATION. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS AS PARTICIPANTS IN FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. In presenting this the first review of this new activity of the bureau, it is eminently desirable to refer to the fact that while this report deals with the achievements during the year it also refers to the pre- liminary steps in a work which has been in process of development and actual growth for over two years. When its full potentiality has been exerted it is possibly safe to assume that it will rank among the most far-reaching fundamental administrative activities ever launched by any department of the Government, dealing directly, as it does, individually with the citizenship of the entire body politic. It presents the first linking together of the American public school with the Federal Government for the definite object of elevating the average of understanding of the most neglected of all professions — the profession of self-government — a profession most vital to the per- petuation of those principles enunciated in the American Declaration of Independence that "All men are created equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights." Only by an intelligent appreciation of that sovereignty embraced in self-government can the spirit of these words, uttered when " our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new Nation," be comprehended. Heretofore the only attention given by the public-school authori- ties directly to candidates for citizenship had been to the petitioners for naturalization. The petitioners in all instances have passed through the declarant stage for at least two years and have com- pleted the five j^ears' residence. They are eligible for a hearing and ad- mission to citizenship 90 days after the petition has been made. It is the candidate for citizenship at this stage for whom the citizenship classes heretofore had been organized. Their period of probation has all but expired, they are about to be invested with citizenship, and become a part of the body politic. They represent the smaller, numerically, of the two classes — about 100,000 aliens a year. The bureau, however, presented an entirely new subject to the school authorities for their consideration and enrollment when it brought the declarant and his wife and the wife of the petitioner to their attention, and also when it brought the public schools to the atten- tion of these hundreds of thousands of seekers after the " priceless heritage." During the year preceding this report 247,815 alien friends declared under solemn oath their intention to become citizens of the United States and to reside permanently in this country. Each one of these candidates for citizenship must wait at least two years and ninety days before taking the final step. It is during this two-year period he is most receptive of influences for his Americaniza- tion. The wives of the declarants and petitioners represent a full quarter of a million of the immigrant body never previously ap- proached directly by our Government as prospective citizens. ' This enterprise therefore is distinctly novel, unconceived before by either the public or the public-school authorities and at the present time only comprehended in a very slight way by the general public. (3) DEPARTMENTAL DIRECTION. In that portion of the report of the Secretary of Labor for the fiscal year 1915 which was devoted to a review of the work of the Bureau of Naturalization an extended commendation was made of the development of the plans of the Bureau of Naturalization for linking the public schools of the United States with the bureau in a campaign for that great objective of the act of June 29, 1906— -the actual elevation of the standard of and regard for American citizen- ship. In his reference to this work as " constructive work " the Sec- retary said: The organic act of this bureau does not limit its operations to checking im- proper naturalization. By that act the bureau, operating under the direction and control of the Secretary of Labor, has " charge of all matters concerning the naturalization of aliens." Evidently constructive work with reference to citizenship was contemplated by Congress, and such work has been initiated by the bureau. After review^ing the number of foreigners applying for admission to citizenship, those admitted and those denied, the Secretary ad- verted to the fact that " individuals, associations, and public schools organized citizenship classes to teach petitioners for naturalization " as — The direct result of resistance by naturalization examiners to the admission to citizenship of applicants ignorant of our form of government. Continuing, the Secretary said: But during the year of this report [1915] the bureau, after conferences with public-school authorities, has perfected a plan by which all public schools may cooperate with it in educating citizenship candidates. After briefly describing the method by which the public schools and the Bureau of Naturalization had carried on this national co- operative work, the Secretary, following an allusion to the million aliens who during the preceding three years had taken steps to be- come citizens, said : Probably 75 per cent of these range all the way from fairly admissible to unfit candidates, but nearly all can be transformed through attendance at the public schools into desirable citizenship material. The value, therefore, of such a national movement is manifest. It benefits not only the individual candidate for citizenship but native-born citizens also and reacts desirably upon the entire civic interests of the country. That approximately three-fourths of our resi- dent aliens retain foreign allegiance appears from the census returns and only 25 per cent of those admitted to citizenship annually are the most desirable. The condition, thei-efore, which confronted the Bureau of Naturalization was whether or not to confine itself to negative work or to endeavor to improve the citizenship qualities of applicants. The latter is the course preferred and now pursued. For this purpose the bureau has developed its plans for linking with it the public schools of the United States. These plans contemplate active support of each teacher in every class formed for the teaching of adults. During the first school year teachers will be re- quested to make notes of the subjects and courses of instruction and of their effect upon the pupil and to submit the results of their observations to the Bureau of Naturalization. When the results have been received the bureau will arrange them in systematic order and then call a conference at Washing- ton for the purpose of formulating appropriate courses of instruction based upon experience. fitTEEAU FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES. In the volume of Kegulations of the Department of Labor, pro- mulgated October 15, 1915, the functions and duties of the Bureau of Naturalization as clearly set forth, in part, are as follows: The Bureau of Naturalization has administrative control, under the direction of the Secretary, of all matters relating to the naturalization of aliens and the administration of the naturalization laws. By the organic act of March 4, 1913, the administrative officer in charge of the Bureau of Naturalization and of the administration of the naturalization law is the Commissioner of Naturalization and in his absence the Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization. In its administration of the naturalization law the bureau obtains the co- operation of the public-school authorities throughout the United States. It furnishes them the names and addresses of the declarants for citizenship and petitioners for naturalization for the purpose of bringing these prospective citizens into contact at the earliest moment with the Americanizing influences of the public-school system and thereby contributing to the elevation of citizen- ship standards. By insuring comprehension of the true spirit of our institutions on the part of aliens admitted to citizenship the bureau may hope to make their acquisition serve as a strengthening influence upon the moral, social, political, and industrial qualities of those institutions. Through reports from various public schools where courses in citizenship have been taken by aliens seeking naturalization the bureau aims to disseminate information throughout the public-school system. It thereby acts as a clearing house of information on civic instruction. Without relaxing its efforts at exclud- ing unfit aliens from citizenship, it is endeavoring to stimulate preparation. Its ideal in this respect is to promote the attainment by aliens of such qualifica- tions for the citizenship they seek as will better fit them for its duties. The Bureau has in its archives the duplicate of all naturalization papers issued by all of the courts exercising naturalization jurisdiction throughout the United States since the Federal supervision of the naturalization law was under- taken. These embrace the declaration of intention, the petition for naturaliza- tion, and the certificate of naturalization. These references to the lawful functions and activities of the Bureau of Naturalization by the Secretary in his annual report and in the fiscal regulations of the department find their origin in the plan formulated in the bureau on April 20, 1914. This plan was based upon the authority conferred by Congress upon this bureau by the acts of June 29, 1906, and March 4, 1913. In the first act Congress provided a uniform rule for the naturalization of aliens throughout the United States, and, to accomplish this uniformity, created a Federal administrative bureau charged with the administration of this law. By the act of March 4, 1913, it declared the Commissioner of Naturalization or in his absence the Deputy Commissioner of Nat- uralization to be the Federal officer in charge of the administration of the naturalization laws, under the direction of the Secretary of Labor, and placed with the Bureau of Naturalization the charge of all mat- ters concerning the naturalization of aliens. EARLY ACTIVITIES. Within this broad field of authority resistance to the admission to citizenship of candidates wholly unfit for that high estate was one of the prominent activities of the bureau in the initiation of its adminis- trative authority. This activity aroused pubic attention to such a degree on behalf of the disappointed applicants that conferences in their behalf were held by the bureau's field representatives with public-spirited individuals, public-school authorities, and members of the Federal and State judiciary, with the result that as early as in 1909 citizenship classes were organized. Some correspondence was carried on between the bureau and individuals interested in the well- being of the immigrant, but no definite action was taken by the bureau. The first of these classes reported to the bureau was organized in Hartford, Conn., through the conferences of the naturalization ex- aminers, Judge James P. Piatt, of the district court of the United States, and the public-school authorities of that city. Classes were organized later in other parts of New England, and the spirit of this activity extended gradually to other parts of the country, Eock Island, 111., being one of the earliest places where citizenship classes were formed. BROADENING OF POLICY. Discussions of this activity were held in the bureau from time to time, particularly in the latter part of 1913 and in the early part of 1914, with the result that on April 20, 1914, a plan was submitted for dignifying in the eyes of the public the proceeding of admission to citizenship and placing it upon that high plane which it has al- ways held in the minds of those who thoroughly appreciate and value citizenship. The results accomplished locally through conferences and the formation of citizenship classes and the benefits derived therefrom w^ere cited as accomplishments possible throughout the en- tire Nation. The elimination of the known evils attending some of the private organizations seeking, under the guise of instruction, to exploit the ignorance of the candidates for citizenship as an easy means for the acquisition of a lucrative income was referred to as one of the reforms that would follow a cooperative activity between the public schools, the public generally, and the Bureau of Naturali- zation. The expressions of the Executive in recognition of the highest principles and ideals of government both nationally and internation- ally and the peculiar relationship of the Bureau of Naturalization to these in its direct dealing with the citizenry and citizenship ideals were dwelt upon as justifying the inauguration of such a policy. It was seen that the influence of the bureau for the betterment of citizenship could be extended to every hamlet in the United States through the expansion and extension of the influence of the naturali- zation laws. This plan proposed the organization of the public schools with the Bureau of Naturalization into an active unit for the development of American ideals of citizenship in the student body; the assembling together on stated occasions, in the different metro- politan and other centers, of naturalized citizens and candidates for citizenship; the conduct of patriotic exercises, including addresses, and singing national anthems ; and a public conferring of citizenship. BROADENING OF ACTIVITIES. CONFERENCES WITH SCHOOL OFFICIALS. After conferences with the Assistant Secretary of Labor upon this project and at his instance a representative of the bureau visited the cities of Chicago, St, Louis, Milwaukee, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Phila- delphia, and New York in the summer of 1914 and the following winter, held discussions and conferences with the public-school au- thorities, representatives of the judiciary, Government officials, busi- ness organizations, and others upon this proposed Nation-wide plan for citizenship preparedness through the Americanization of the resident alien body and the consequent reaction upon and stimulation of the interest of the native-born American in the benefits to be de- rived by him from that citizenship which is his by the right of birth. The proposition of a cooperative movement on the part of the public schools with the Bureau of Naturalization was not only heart- ily indorsed, but the bureau was urged by these educators to take the lead in this educational work so vital to citizenship and to formulate a course of instruction adaptable to the candidates for citizenship. In the conferences with the judges of the courts the presentation of the educational plan brought forth their unanimous indorsement and assurances that they would recognize the cooperation of the school authorities with the Bureau of Naturalization at the time the peti- tions for naturalization were heard by the courts for the admission to citizenship of the candidates. Concurrently with this, with the object of organizing civic classes, the bureau carried on correspondence directly with the authorities of different cities and with those interested in the subject of nat- uralization. Among these places where civic classes were organized the city of Los Angeles attained greatest prominence. SURVEYS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Following the conferences referred to, steps were perfected in March, 1915, for a survey of the entire country by correspondence and through the field officers of the bureau to ascertain the efforts and accomplishments of the public-school authorities in the direc- tion of educating foreigners over 18 years of age; what percentage of the foreigners were candidates for citizenship in these classes ; the scope of instruction offered by the public schools; and what other organizations were interested in the preparation of the foreigner for citizenship. This survey was carefully carried on throughout the United States by the entire Naturalization Service and continued uninterrupted until the inauguration of this national cooperative work with the opening of the school term in 1915. The reports disclosed many interesting situations. An isolated one from the superintendent of schools at Green Bay, Wis., follows : We have been conducting night-school classes for foreigners for the past three years. The first year we had about 12 foreigners enrolled, the second year about 32, this year the total number for the year in the foreign classes was about 71. Out of this enrollment of 71 about 12 are women. These classes have been meeting twice a week for two hours on each night since last October, and are to continue until May 13. Of those enrolled all are over 18 years of age, with the majority ranging from 18 to 32 years. About 10 of this enrollment are taking this work with a view to making application for citizenship. Most of them, however, will make use of it for that purpose, even though such is not their intention at the present time. We find the attendance in the foreign classes better than most night-school classes. These people evince a decided interest in the work and show a determined spirit to learn the English language, especially as regards our customs and laws. These classes have been a source of great satisfaction to us. 8 This report is characteristic of man}'^ of those received and indi- cates fairly well the interest on the part of the school authorities and the appreciation of the foreigners in this much-needed instruction. The reports also showed that the larger cities had been devoting their attention to the education of the foreigner, probably the greatest activity being reported from New York City with its 1,000 classes comprising approximately 4:0,000 adult foreigners. The bureau learned of the existence of classes for instructing foreigners in many other places where, taken collectively, the instruction embraced vir- tuall}^ everj^thing taught in the grammar schools and in some in- stances in high schools, but the actual instruction in citizenship was found only in approximately a score of places and in these in but its earliest stage of development. It was also disclosed that in many places classes had been organized, flourished, waned, and finally died for lack of sufficient support. In these places the establishment and maintenance of schools were assured by those connected with them if the Bureau of Naturalization would lend its needed Federal support. PHILADELPHIA RECEPTION — EXECUTIVE RECOGNITION. As a means of centralizing the interest of the public upon this pro- posed novel national cooperative movement, the bureau, in December, 1914, proposed to the mayor of Philadelphia to hold the reception to the newly naturalized citizens in that city, which occurred May 10, 1915, and which was honored by the presence of the President of the United States. Immediately preceding this reception the bureau, with the approval of the Secretary, announced in the columns of the press the launching of the Nation-wide cooperative educational cam- paign for tlie betterment and strengthening of the citizenship of the entire Nation, through the aid of the public schools, thus consummat- ing the first stage of the plans for the great Americanization under- taking to which end direct preparations had been going on for over a year. The public response and indorsement given to this reception and educational announcement were beyond all expectations of the bureau. AMERICANIZATION DAT, 1915. As a direct result of the address of the President, the newspaper publicity, and discussions by representatives of the bureau, a wave of patriotic sentiment was aroused which extended throughout the country. Immediately thereafter, in the month of May, patriotic and enterprising individuals proceeded to associate themselves to- gether in the organization of committees whose main objects were to maintain this newly aroused interest. Some looked to a national recognition of the naturalization proceedings ; others by celebrations, and all in various ways, strove to make impressive in the eyes of the public the steps attendant upon naturalization. Those occupying positions of official responsibility, as well as others prominent in the industrial, religious, social, and political world, responded to the influence of this national wave of interest in citizenship created by the reception at Philadelphia. Americanization committees, led by the mayors or other officials, were formed in cities throughout the land to take some cognizance of the naturalization proceedings, and on the Fourth of July and from time to time thereafter, on the 9 admission to citizenship of numbers of aliens in their cities, to hold Americanization Day receptions for the newly naturalized similar to the one held in Philadelphia. From the reports received by the bureau it is evident that these committees were thoroughly equipped and enthusiastic in their support of its work and carried on extensive campaigns of publicity. Posters and circular letters were sent broadcast throughout the country by private and Federal agencies, syndicated news articles were prepared by those w^hose interest in naturalization matters had been stimulated by the Philadelphia reception and published from time to time in the press throughout the country. Senators, Con- gressmen, mayors, governors, captains of industry, and patriotic, labor, social, civic, and other organizations were appealed to. In- dividuals of the greatest prominence were enlisted in this cause both in speaking and writing upon this work of the bureau ; prizes were offered for the best presentation of literary or artistic effort ; in short, during the period immediately following upon the reception which was proposed by this bureau and organized by the city of Phila- delphia in cooperation with the members of the bureau, the interest of the whole Nation was aroused in citizenship as possibly never before in so short a space of time in any governmental activity. The inspiration which the Philadelphia reception and the speech of the President inspired is shown by the following quotations from the correspondence files of the bureau : America does not consist of groups. A man who thinks of himself as be- longing to a particular national group in America has not yet become an American. And the man who goes among you to trade upon your nationality is no worthy son to live under the Stars and Stripes. You dreamed dreams of what America was to be and I hope you have brought the dreams with you. No man who does not see visions will ever realize any high hope or undertaking ; any high enterprise ; and just because you brought the dreams with you, America is more likely to realize the dreams such as you brought. You are enriching us if you come expecting us to be better than we are. Continuing, the correspondence showed these celebrations were intended to be^ occasions to invite the newly naturalized citizens to be the guests of the municipalities, with public ceremonies dignifying naturalization generally for the first time in the history of the Nation and to make July 4, 1915, a day upon which to interpret America to the many peoples in our land, to welcome our new citizens, translate to them the meaning of America, and suggest ways by which they can give their best to America and receive from her the guaranty of true American citizenship. The Secretary of Labor in the discussions of the purposes of this plan of cooperation, expressed his indorsement of them as realizing some of the hopes and ideals entertained by him for the Department of Labor at the time of its creation. NATION-WIDE CONFERENCES. So well had these efforts of the bureau yielded results that at the direction of the Secretary of Labor the Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization made a tour of the United States to present its plans, address gatherings of educators, confer with public-school authorities and other prominent citizens upon the details necessary to this unified 78482°— 17 2 10 action. Among the cities visited were Chicago, Cleveland, Pitts- burgh, Kansas City, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Oakland, San Francisco, Portland, Oreg., Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Coeur d'Alene, Bismarck, Duluth, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Albany, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and other smaller places. In these cities, as a result of these conferences, definite plans were matured which were approved by the Secretary, and the Nation-wide cooper- ative work announced through the columns of the public press in May, 1915, became a reality with the opening of the new school year. SCHOOL PBOBLEMS. It was early learned that the greatest difficulty had been ex- perienced in securing the enrollment of adults other than those who voluntarily came. Publication of notices in the press in all tongues inviting the alien population, posting of notices in public places, and appeals to racial organizations, employers of labor, labor organiza- tions, and others were included in the field of endeavor to secure the desired attendance. Under the wave of awakened interest renewed activity was again shown in these methods by many agencies, including some govern- mental participation. Most prominent among these were colored posters in many languages sent out by the Bureau of Education of the Department of the Interior, announcing these citizenship classes and advising foreigners to attend night school in order to learn English, become better citizens, be able to make a better living, and live better. While this support to the work of this bureau Avas sincere and patriotic, it was known that some more practical plan having the personal touch was needed to bring in the vast numbers not re- sponding. The bureau therefore undertook, first, to call upon each alien can- didate for citizenship, through letters personally addressed to him and his wife, to go to these public schools; second, it requested the teachers to secure the aid of the student body in the classes for adult foreigners to prevail upon their fellow countrymen and friends to enroll; and, third, that the names and addresses of the foreign-born parents of the children in the public schools be availed of to send personal invitations to those who would be benefited by the public schools to attend them. It is believed that with the full development of these avenues of activity every alien in every community in time will be approached and invited to attend the public schools. It was reported also that the greatest difficulty, next to securing the enrollment of adult students, was to secure regular and continued attendance until some material betterment should result beyond a more or less crude ability to speak and write our tongue. The average attendance as compared with the enrollment was found to have been very low, especially in the largest centers. The bureau, therefore, advocated in its correspondence w^th the supporting organizations that prizes be offered for papers and debates upon different Ameri- can subjects l)y these students; that public recognition of citizen- ship be given with the presentation of certificates of graduation and naturalization and the award of the prizes. These were believed to be legitimate inducements to be offered by the public schools and the public generally to secure higher proficiency and larger attendance. 11 It is gratifying that a very general support has been given these projects. STANDARDIZATION OF CITIZENSHIP INSTRUCTION. The need of a standard course of instruction to occupy a certain period of time in its masterj'^ by foreigners, including the illiterate, was emphasized by all, and the preparation of such a course by this bureau, to be printed in but one language — English — was urged by reason of its position of authority in all matters concerning natu- ralization. The bureau, in response to the numerous calls upon it, agreed to serve the public schools in meeting the public need for a stand- ard course of citizenship instruction. It was furnished by many schools with the material used in this plan of instruction, and therefrom complied, in small pamphlet form, as a preliminary step in the advance toward standardization. An Outline Course in Citi- zenship. Thousands of copies of this pamphlet were distributed for use in the citizenship classes. At their request large numbers of the pamphlet also were furnished for use in the day schools, in accordance with the recommendation of the bureau that the subject matter be taugiit in the upper graded and high schools to the young American boy and girl coming into citizenship responsibilities. In undertaking this duty the bureau regards the entire public-school system of the United States as a vast national committee working with it in the standardization of this special branch of instruction. This pamphlet deals elementally with the duties of citizenship in the city, county. State, and Nation, and has been uniformly spoken of as a timely publication. A prominent Federal judge, commenting upon the course, while recognizing the elemental character, expressed the belief, after some considerable questioning outside of the court room, that " Not 60 per cent of the native-born adult male population of the United States could get a 50 per cent mark on the topics sug- gested in the Outline Course." The belief has been expressed that the use of the Outline Course would be beneficial to the schools as well as to the students. Referring to the young people going through the public schools, particularly those in attendance upon the day schools, one jurist said: "They have gone to the public schools and left them without the slightest knowledge of the framework or method of ad- ministration of either the National or State Governments. They sometimes know the practical workings of the city government, but not by reason of anything that the schools taught." The need un- doubtedly exists for a more intimate sense of responsibility in the native-born citizen for our Government, and adequate instruction in citizenship responsibility should be established in every public school of the United States. If less than 50 per cent of the native-born adult male population of the United States can manifest a 50 per cent knowledge on the elements of our Government, surely such a uniform course should be established. In addition to the recognition of the demands of the public-school authorities for a standard course in citizenship, recommendation was made that there be embodied in this course some practical means by which the actual performance of citizenship responsibilities and duties migiit be undertaken by the prospective candidate for citizen- ship, and that this be carried on in such manner as to cause the public 12 schools to be used as community centers ; that a syllabus of the natu- ralization law be prepared and placed in the hands of the public- school teachers, together with the preliminary forms supplied by the bureau to foreii?ne^-s to aid them in furnishing the facts necessary to the filing of a declaration of intention and a petition for naturaliza- tion. The requests for the preparation of a textbook by the bureau received during the past two years were renewed after the receipt by the public-school authorities of the Outline Course in Citizenship instruction. Accordingly requests were forwarded during March and April to all the superintendents of the schools engaged in this work to send in copies of the courses of instruction they were giving and any matter they were using. From the material received a course was partially prepared and discussed with approval at the citizen- ship convention. Its completion at an early time is being under- taken. At the convention the necessity for such a standard course of instruction was repeatedly asserted, and the opportunity which the bureau offered for the accomplishment through it by the public schools of a standardization of citizenship instruction was heartily applauded. It is hoped to have this book, together with the Outline Course amplified, ready for distribution to the students as a text- book, and to the teachers as a manual, respectively, with the opening of the new school year. Copies of the Outline Course were forwarded by the secretary of this department to the AVar and Navy Departments shortly after it was published, with the suggestion that the course in citizenship might with benefit be added to the other educational work done by those departments. Both departments promptly expressed interest in the subject as desirable for the instruction of enlisted men of the Army and Navy, and called for hundreds of copies of the pamphlet for distribution to their various schools for enlisted men. Later many additional hundreds of copies were furnished these depart- ments, upon request, for distribution to the various departments of the Army, Army posts, naval stations, and on shipboard. SYLLABUS OF THE NATURALIZATION LAW. The bureau also has prepared a syllabus of the naturalization law, making it available for the public-school teachers to give advice to those of the school members desiring to seek naturalization, and placed in their hands the preliminary forms heretofore given only to the clerks of the naturalization courts and the individual candi- date for citizenship. Many thousands of these documents have been furnished the public-school authorities, and their free use by them in the classroom will work a greater individual saving of unneces- sary expense to the alien friend than any one other service that the teacher may render the prospective citizen. Notwithstanding the limitation previously observed in the distribution of these forms to the clerks of courts, large numbers of them have been constantly obtained by unscrupulous individuals, their main objective being to exact a fee, toll, or petty graft from the ignorant and unsuspectmg foreigners for the small amount of advice which any public-school teacher or disinterested American citizen would be only too glad to render without charge. These trifling services have been charged 13 for in amounts reported to range from 25 cents to $50, which the uninformed and unsuspecting alien must pay if he embarks upon the road to citizenship under the auspices of these self-serving indi- viduals. It is urged, therefore, that the public-school teachers avail themselves not only of the forms, but of the slight knowledge of the law afforded by the syllabus, and make an active use of the knowl- edge thus acquired in behalf of their students, and, through them, of their friends not enrolled in the schools. Each teacher should become in this manner an assistant naturalization examiner. The preparation and distribution of these documents in this manner was approved by the Secretary. SCHOOL EECORD CAEDS. In order to carry into action the details of the approved plan, individual cards were prepared and printed for the declarants, the petitioners, and their wives, respectively, and one for the transferree, or foreigner moving from place to place, a color scheme being adopted to distinguish these records. These cards were furnished for use as the school record, and from the subject matter contained it will be possible to show the transformation brought about by the public schools. The card for the declarant is shown below. NATURALIZATION EDUCATIONAL RECORD Form Nat. Ed. 1 (City.) U. S. Department of Labor BUREAU OF NATURALIZATION (Name of school.) Name Age Residence Arrived in U. S Occupation Nationality Decln. of Int SCHOOL RECORD Date of school entrance Name of wife. 1st year. 2d year. Length of attendance 1st year, nights 2d year, nights EDUCATIONAL RATING OF DECLARANT. At entrance — Illiterate Yes No Reads in native language no Yes Writes in native language No Speaks English (See note) Reads English (See note) Writes English (See note) At entrance. End of 1st year. End of 2d year. Previous education Note.— Show Well=W., Faii^=F., Poor=P., None=N. The card for the petitioner differs only in subject matter by indi- cating that the alien is a petitioner for naturalization. The purpose of these cards in the plan proposed and used by the public-school authorities during the year was to show the name of every foreigner who had spoken for citizenship and also to provide a record of attendance at the school. With this record the illiterates 14 can be shown upon entering the school and the progress toward the eradication of illiteracy among the foreigners recorded. When these cards were sent out to the superintendents of schools they were re- quested to maintain the records and return the cards at the end of the school year, to enable the bureau to tabulate the information shown by them at that time. This was carefully done as far as the school facilities admitted, but the force at the disposal of the bureau has been insufficient to enable it to tabulate the information con- tained. It is hoped with the increase in the personnel requested in the estimates submitted to the department that the very valuable information which may come from these cards may be tabulated and shown in the next annual report. AID OF ORGANIZATIONS REQUESTED. The plan also proposed sending letters to each candidate for citi- zenship and his wife inviting them to the schools, obtaining the services of various organizations in arousing interest in this work and in supporting the public schools in their endeavors to form these classes. These organizations included all churches, Sons and Daugh- ters of the American Revolution, Grand Army of the Republic, Spanish-American War Veterans, labor organizations, women's clubs, singing societies, community- center organizations, the National Education Association, chambers of commerce, and commercial and various racial or national organizations. It was believed they would stimulate the interest of those engaged in this work by presenting flags to the school and court rooms, causing libraries to open in the evening, providing special departments in the libraries with books dealing with civics and citizenship in simple language and making the presence of these books known, providing entertainments in public libraries, public schools, and elsewhere, arousing interest in the national anthems, illustrating governmental activities — Federal, State, and municipal — through motion pictures, lantern slides, and lectures, providing joint graduation exercises of the adult foreigners in the public schools and ceremonies at their admission to citizenship, and in other ways dignifying citizenship as it should be. PUBLIC RECOGNITION OF CITIZENSHIP. A certificate of graduation was recommended for adoption by the bureau for distribution to the successful candidates for citizenship in attendance upon the public schools, which might be presented at a ceremonial of graduation from the public schools at the time the certificate of naturalization is granted; this certificate to bear the signatures of officials in Washington and in the naturalization field service, together with those of the school authorities, as an evidence of distinction and honor. As a result of the discussions with the school authorities and mem- bers of the judiciary the proposition of a joint representation of the public schools and the Bureau of Naturalization upon the certificate of graduation issued by the public schools took definite form. It was both approved and urged upon the bureau that it perfect a certificate of graduation to be issued in the name of the candidate for citizenship by the school authorities upon his admission to citizen- 15 ship and at the same time that his certificate of naturalization is delivered to him. In a few places the certificate of the public schools was being urged as final evidence of the admissibility of a candidate for citizenship, but upon a consideration of the requirements of the law, as well as of the evils that undoubtedly would result from such a practice, it was seen that a certificate of graduation could serve no such purpose. Congress having placed the administrative super- vision of the naturalization law with this Federal agency, it can not delegate its authority ; nor can its authority be delegated to the edu- cational institutions of this country. The public schools are not sufficiently in touch with the candidate for citizenship, throughout the five-year period — except in the rarest instances — to warrant the issuance of a certificate carrying with it such responsibilities. Few of the candidates for citizenship ever attend the night schools, and a smaller number the day schools, while the period of attendance almost invariably fails to extend over the five years of residence dur- ing which good moral character must be established. In some cities certificates of graduation have been prepared by the school authori- ties for issuance to the adult foreign students in the night classes. Ceremonies and formal exercises have been observed on the occasion of their presentation. These exercises have been participated in by the judiciary, municipal officials, and public-spirited individuals and organizations, with the result that the naturalization proceeding has been correspondingly enhanced in the minds of the general public. CITIZENSHIP SUNDAY. An observance of a national citizenship Sunday by the churches was recommended, and a convention of the public-school authorities with the bureau also was embraced in the plan. Every item con- tained in the program had received the strongest indorsements and approval of the Federal and State judges having naturalization jurisdiction, public-school authorities, and organizations of every character interested in the welfare of the alien and the Nation, and this plan as here outlined was given departmental approval. Virtu- ally all of the propositions have become realities since and have taken their place as administrative activities of this bureau in con- formity with the authority conferred upon it by Congress. That the preparations had been made wisely and that there is substantial merit to this national enterprise are attested by the extent of territory in which in so short a time it has been undertaken and supported by the school authorities. In addition to the personal conferences referred to, and the pub- licity through the press, letters were sent to the superintendents of schools of every city and town of 4,000 inhabitants and over, inviting their attention to this great national need and asking their coopera- tion. Similar letters were sent later to all places of 2,500 population. Favorable responses were received from the public schools in every State of the Union. When it is considered that all of this work was of a pioneer character, both on the part of the public schools and of this bureau, the progress toward a unified system has been nothing short of marvelous. In some of the larger cities the plan proposed by the bureau for securing the attendance upon the public schools of the citizenship 16 candidates failed of full realization, while in cities of smaller popu- lation the success was complete. The greatest favor was found in places with a relatively small foreign community, or where the entire population was not so great as to lose the sense of personal guardian- ship of their foreign-born friends, while in others a less interested spirit was manifest and in still others an indifference to their pres- ence, well-being, and wants was found. In every community, how- ever, it was possible to find some sympathizers among the citizenry who would be willing to put their shoulders to the wheel to move forward the cause. In the larger cities and, indeed, throughout the entire country, one well-known condition has been again emphasized— the inadequacy of the financial support given by the local communities to the public schools. They should be more liberally provided with the necessary funds. In many communities where no provision for maintaining the night schools had been made the bureau, through the activities of its own officers, secured the financial support necessary by arous- ing public-spirited individuals to contribute to the public-school funds sufficient, to admit of the establishment and maintenance of these classes. In others individual school-teachers and public- spirited men and women in various walks of life constituted a vol- unteer force to carry on this work of higher ideals. In the States where the general funds could not be availed of for this purpose, patriotic individuals aided the municipalities to meet the situation, personally providing funds to insure the opening of these classes. Not all of the appeals for the support of this bureau in aid of the public schools were from American citizens. Many came from for- eigners seeking an opportunity to fit themselves through education for citizenship responsibilities. The responses from churches of all denominations received by the bureau to its call for a national observance by them of good citizen- ship Sunday on July 2, 1916, are filled with expressions of gratifica- tion and indorsement of the efforts to engraft the spiritual element upon this work. The material advantages have been generally rec- ognized by the public as shown by the expressions of approval and encouragement conveyed in the resolutions adopted by many com- mercial bodies throughout the country. LARGE PERCENTAGE OF NONCITIZEN STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. As a result of inquiries made of various public-school superintend- ents in the largest cities it has been disclosed that about 80 per cent of the adult foreigners in the night schools have taken no steps to- ward securing American citizenship. Approximately 18 per cent among those remaining represent those who have taken out their first papers and 2 per cent those who have secured their certificates of naturalization. These proportions vary in some cities, so that 83 per cent, and even as high as 94 per cent, were reported as nonciti- zens. This would seem to call for some attention on the part of the local authorities, and emphasizes more clearly than any other one ele- ment the desirability of teaching in these classes the true spirit of our institutions of government. The subject of American citizenship should be kept constantly in the foreground in these classes, so that all it signifies may be brought to the attention of this too-large per- 17 centage of noncitizen membership of the student body. It is fair to assume that by following a wise and intelligent treatment of this subject among this larger number of foreigners a regard for Ameri- can ideals of government will be inspired in their minds even greater than that heretofore felt by their declarant and petitioner classmates. Virtually every immigrant landing upon these shores is a prospec- tive candidate for American citizenship and maj^ be legitimately so regarded. He has left the ties of family, sovereignty, and nativity in the old country and cast his lot amongst us. His immediate wel- fare is being cared for under our institutions of government, with no immediate sense of the form of government entering into his daily round of activities. Those who come to the public schools are of the most ambitious and energetic of the alien friends. They come for just what their intelligence tells them they can get — the means for securing a better livelihood. They are ready to receive everything that the teacher has to give them for their betterment. They are ready recipients of instruction in every feature relating to America and American institutions. The teachers well may point to the source from which the student body is receiving this aid and arouse into activity that strong but latent sense of devotion to this country which will be found to exist throughout the entire resident-alien population of the United States. JUDICIAL SUPPORT ASSURED. Among the assurances to the bureau of support in this entire edu- cational propaganda, those received from the judiciary were exceed- ingly inspiring. Throughout the extent of the land the judges have realized their inability to settle upon any standard of admissibility, either nationally or locally. There never has been any concerted action heretofore made for the establishment of such a standard. Every judge sitting in naturalization cases with whom the matter has been discussed, either directly or by correspondence, has given his unqualified assurance of support to this undertaking. They have expressed uniformly their sense of regret at the necessity for the dismissal of petitions because of lack of knowledge on the part of the petitioners. In many courts petitioners are no longer dismissed if that be the sole ground, but the petitions are deferred and the candidates directed to secure the aid of the public schools in advanc- ing their understanding of our institutions. As shown by the statements of the various chief examiners, these continuances of petitions for naturalization to later dates at the original hearings by the courts are increasing. This is a most sig- nificant recognition by the courts of the higher standard which in various localities the public schools are aiding the candidates to attain. This already has become the practice in cities where the public schools are in cooperation with the bureau and is extending rapidly as the adequacy of their facilities are known. In many courts the merest rudimentary knowledge has been accepted as the best that can be manifested. This is so, especially where individuals and certain private organizations have collected together a few facts, and after discussing these with the candidates have drilled them in making set responses to certain stereotyped questions. Yet no judge 78482°— 17 3 18 , believes that such an acquisition of information actually equips an otherwise uninformed alien to discharge the duties of American citi- zenship. In some localities this represents the height of develop- ment of public thought regarding citizenship preparation. PEEVAILING EVILS TO 0^'ERCOME, There appear to be actual combinations in some places in restraint of the opening of the public school for teaching the adult foreigner. Nonaction bj^ the public schools tends to strengthen and perpetuate just such organizations, whose sole objective is private individual gain. The bureau has in its files at least one instance where a practice appears to have grown up by which at one naturalization hearing a single attorney had 99 petitioners on his list. This hearing was no variation from the general rule, except that the number of foreign- ers under his control who were candidates for citizenship might have been less or more on that hearing day than at some others. He has stated that he receives from $10 to $25 from each of these foreigners, and it is generally known that the net pick-up of this attorney at a naturalization hearing ranges anywhere from $900 to $1,500, and yet in this community where he flourishes the public schools have not, for some inscrutable reason, organized classes for these foreigners. One particularly impressive feature of this traffic in this community should be mentioned — that most, if not all, of the foreigners who come under his influence are engaged in the mining industry. If these hard-working foreigners were engaged in a lucrative vocation, the tax of from $10 to $25 to insure their admission to citizenship might not be individually excessive. Such action not only does not inspire these individuals to apply for American citizenship but is a decided deterrent upon the exercise of the desire to do so, as it is generally understood that the runners of this individual make state- ments which are calculated to discourage the application for citizen- ship excepting through this particular route. It was this particular activity to which reference was made in the plan originally proposing this unification of effort between the public schools and the Bureau of Naturalization. Its elimination was be- lieved possible by this means, but, as stated, up to the present time the bureau has not been able to secure the opening of the public schools of that community, notwithstanding constant correspondence and conferences by the field examiners of the bureau. The bureau believes, however, that the time is very near when its efforts will result in the complete breaking up of this most extensive trafficking on the ignorance of the foreigners, as it is much encouraged by re- ports to it in the belief that the public schools will organize during the present scholastic year classes for real and actual instruction to displace the specious " question-and-answer " drill to enable the candidate to " get by." WIVES OF CANDIDATES FOR CITIZENSHIP. During the year, for the purpose of including the wife in this citizenship-betterment campaign by the public schools, the bureau wrote a special letter personally addressed to the wives of 49,094 petitioners and declarants, telling them of the advantages which 19 would result from their attendance upon the public schools. The name of each wife was also sent, upon an individual card, to the public school in the community where the candidate lived. This inclusion of the wife in the scope of this activity was to enable her to get some conception of the meaning of an American home and aid her in establishing it for her family. In many cities throughout the country the public night schools now teach home care, sewing, cook- ing, and other domestic arts and sciences to the foreign-born women in their communities. Intense interest is manifested upon the part of these wives and mothers, as in many instances they bring their babies to the schoolroom and while they sleep the mothers devote their time to learning to read, speak, and write in our tongue in ad- dition to receiving instruction in the more domestic subjects. In order to insure extending this influence to the wife of every declarant the bureau, with the approval of the department, changed the form of the declaration of intention so as to require the inclusion of the name of the wife therein, no provision having been made for her name in the form as originally prepared. Approximately a quarter of a million women of foreign allegiance will be thus brought within the province of the Bureau of Naturalization through the filing of declarations of intention and petitions for naturalization by their husbands. There is a large number of the foreign element repre- sented by the children of the immigrants, but all of the educa- tional facilities which the schools of this country afford are offered to these children, and the bureau understands this work is being furthered by the Immigration Bureau of this department. This re- port, therefore, does not deal with the children of the immigrant in any sense. Many women's clubs and various women's organizations have ap- plied to the bureau to participate in furthering this work. The bureau has accepted all proffers of aid and in turn appealed to many other organizations to lend their cooperation in the extension of this national movement. The bureau believes that the influences which have been set in motion will be felt by all of the women of the resi- dent foreign body, as it has received the assurances of heartiest co- operation from all of these organizations. An appeal is therefore be- ing made to the wife of every foreigner who is a candidate for citi- zenship — through all of these agencies working in common with the bureau — to avail herself of the public schools, and to the public schools to open their doors to a wider and broader contact with the wife of the candidate for citizenship, and to aid in elevating her condition from that produced by the European environment under which she was born to the high plane of American intellectual equality in the home. STATE GOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION. Many local State agencies have been authorized to carry on this work, and in some instances are in direct cooperation with the bureau in a greater extension of the influence of the public schools. Nota- ble among these may be meniioned the California Department of Home Education, which is working in support of this movement to further the education of the wives of the candidates for citizenship, sending its representatives to the very homes of the candidates and 20 taking the message of the American home to the wives of the com- ing Americans. GROWTH OF COOPERATION. A general letter bearing the approval of the Secretary of Labor was prepared on July 20, 1915, and sent out to the superintendents of schools of all cities and towns of 2,500 population and over, in- viting their attention to this great national need, asking their cooper- ation, and urging their participation in this authorized Federal ac- tivity. Favorable responses were received from the public schools of every State in the Union. Other communications were sent from time totime, and by August 15, 1915, 38 cities and towns had pledged their active cooperation with the bureau with the opening of the school year. This number increased to 93 by September 1, to 217 by October 1, 290 by November 1, and rapidly thereafter to the end of the fiscal year, when a total of 613 had enlisted. The following table shows the rapid expansion of the work : Table XXIII. — Monthly increases in number of cities with public schools co- operating. Aug. 15, 1915. Sept. 1,1915. Sept. 15, 1915 Oct. 1,1915.. Oct. 15, 1915. Nov. 1,1915. Dec. 1, 1915. . Total. 38 93 129 217 246 290 425 Increase. 55 36 88 29 44 135 Jan. 1, 1916. Feb. 1, 1916. Mar. 1, 1916. Apr. 1, 1916. May 1,1916. June 1, 1016 July 1, 1916. Total. 457 534 509 597 610 612 613 Increase. 32 77 35 28 13 2 1 While the foregoing table shows the rapid extension to new fields from month to month of this Nation-wide cooperation, it conveys no idea of the amount of individual effort by the public-school officers and teachers, public-spirited men and women, patriotic, commercial, philanthropic, and other organizations in its accomplishment. Some reference will be made later, therefore, to a few places where the activities suggest the special efforts which preceded the organization of citizenship classes for the adult foreigner. Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, naturalization papers filed in fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, and names furnished, by States and cities or towns. state and city or town. Population, 1910. Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910. Naturalisation papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Names furnished. Total. Foreign- born white. Total. Natu- ralized. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Declar- ants, Peti- tion- ers. Candi- dates' wives. ALABAMA. Birmingham 132, 685 9,019 6,437 5,700 3,474 2,250 2,944 2,023 919 1,179 558 186 104 103 64 78 20 12 2 23 16 3 16 AEIZONA. Bisbee 5 Douglas 1 » See Bisbee. 21 Table XXIV. — Foreign-born tcMte males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. State and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- born white. Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations Peti- tions. Names furnished. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. Candl- dates' wives. CALIFORNIA. Alameda Berkeley Colma Eureka Fresno Los Angeles . . . San redro... Oakland Ontario AltaLoma.. Chino Cucamonga. . Etiwanda... Guasti Upland Pomona Red Bluff Redwood City. Riverside Sacramento San Diego San Francisco. San Jose San Mateo San Rafael Santa Barl ara. Santa Monica. . Sawtelle The Palms . . , Santa Rosa Venice Denver. Pueblo. CONNECTICUT. Ansonia Avon Bridgeport Bristol Chester Danbiiry Greenwich Hartford Huntington Manchester Meriden Middletown Naugatuck New Britain New Haven New London Norwich Putnam Rockville Soutliington South Manchester . Stamford Suffleld Thompson ville Torrington 23,383 40, 434 (') 11,845 24, 892 319, 198 (') 150, 174 4,274 (') 1,444 2,384 10,207 3,530 2,442 15,212 44, 696 39, 578 416,912 28, 946 4,384 5,934 11,659 7,847 2,143 (^) 7,817 (2) 213, 381 44, 395 15, 152 1,337 102, 054 13, 502 1,419 23, 502 16, 463 98. 915 6,545 13,641 32, 066 20, 749 12, 722 43. 916 133, 605 19, 659 28, 219 7,280 7,977 6,516 28, 836 3,841 (') 16, 840 5,555 7,653 (^) 3,600 5,445 60,584 (') 36,822 581 (2) (2) (2) (=) (2) (') 882 373 (') 2,166 8,885 7,366 130, 874 5,817 1,031 1,747 1,793 1,248 (^) (2) 1,318 (2) 38,941 8,331 5,711 (') 36, 180 3,982 (=) 5,529 5,080 31,2'I3 1,758 5,006 9,390 6,398 4,283 18, 015 42, 784 4,561 8,405 1,780 2,764 1,724 (2) 8,872 874 (') 6,064 2,842 3,627 2,228 2,487 29,676 (=) 19,334 283 (2) {') (2) (4 (2) 438 182 (') 1,065 5,331 3,845 75, 768 2,963 538 932 877 576 (=) 667 (2) 19, 204 4,777 2,926 (') 17, 114 1,985 2,687 2,301 13, 975 788 2,126 4,346 2,804 2,075 8,843 19, 194 1,993 3,558 801 1,238 855 (^) 3,979 467 3,003 1,720 2,096 (^) 1,076 1,006 14,097 (^) 10,237 155 (^) m (^) m (') 219 113 454 2,424 2,057 36,375 1,637 338 466 417 263 (') {') 376 (2). 10, 959 1,773 1,131 (=) 6,563 695 1,243 784 6,294 340 1,073 2,308 1,025 889 3,054 8,628 701 1,456 284 686 239 1,486 107 1,198 444 101 («) 1,149 («) («) (10) (10) 1,001 (10) («) (') 41 (') (8) 1,215 (") 157 151 52 («) (8) (10) (8) («) 139 230 55 (') («) 493 (') C) (10) (10) 518 (10) m (') 37 (') m 510 (") 108 43 13 (8) (8) (10) («) (») 104 307 59 32 428 21 2 18 13 384 100 6 3 100 290 34 26 5 9 2 25 55 3 7 31 14 39 3 16 57 627 (*) 259 3 (») (5) (5) (5) (5) '\ 3 7 7 97 48 1,958 26 19 18 19 12 («) 128 32 24 1 219 5 1 13 7 264 5 63 14 6 63 122 23 22 2 15 38 3 8 45 635 (<) 222 6 b) (') (») (^) 6 2 4 6 64 53 1,153 27 8 M 18 14 («) 3 («) 8 140 40 19 1 244 5 211 87 10 6 47 94 21 24 1 8 1 3 27 1 See Oakland. 2 Figures not available. 8 See Redwood City. * See Los Angeles. 6 See Ontario, c See Santa Monica. ' See New Haven. « See Hartford. 8 See Middletown. >» See Bridgeport. "See Norwich. 22 Table XXIV. — Foreign-born tcMte males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. Btate and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- born white. Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Names furnished. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. CONNECTICUT — contd. WalUngford . Waterbury . , DELAWARE. Wilmington DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington FLORIDA. Jacksonville St. Augustine... Tampa West Tampa . GEORGIA. Atlanta Boise. ILLINOIS. Aurora Batavia Berwyn Blue Island CarlinvUle Chicago Austin Jefferson Kensington Chicago Heights. Cicero DeKalb East St. Louis... Galesburg Glencoe Granite City Herrin Highland Park . . Joliet Kewaneo La Salle May wood Melrose Park . . Moline North Chicago. . . Oak Park Peoria Rockford Rock Island Springfield Springvalley Waukegan Westville Woodstock INDIANA. Anderson East Chicago . Elkhart 11,155 7:5,141 87,411 331,069 57, 699 5,-194 37, 782 8,258 154,839 17,358 29, 807 4,436 5,841 8,043 3,616 ,185,283 (.') (=>) 14,525 14,557 8,102 58,547 22,089 1,899 9,903 6,861 4,209 34,670 9,307 11,537 8,033 4,806 24,199 3,306 19,444 66,950 45,401 24,335 51,678 7,035 16,069 2,607 4,331 22,476 19,098 19,282 3,302 25, 498 13,678 24, 351 2,488 256 9,896 4,357 4,410 2,283 6,702 1,256 1,570 1,903 358 781,217 {') (=) (•n 6,077 6,072 2,584 9,400 3, .590 2,784 1,080 864 10,441 2,186 3,442 2,053 2,294 7,211 1,325 3,325 8,810 13,828 4,922 6,900 2,992 5,624 1,253 658 977 10,295 1,036 1,570 12, 463 6,754 11,738 1,308 108 4,407 1,816 2,287 1,555 3,566 645 751 1,015 191 379,850 (^) (^) 3,539 3,196 1,478 5,729 1,844 1,863 565 341 5,877 1,155 1,722 947 1,284 4,089 738 1,380 4,661 7,102 2,537 3,356 1,536 3,176 720 354 548 6,638 893 563 4,662 2,872 6,474 587 59 919 279 1,011 548 1,795 412 530 625 147 190,693 (') (^) 1,135 1,354 637 1,613 1,192 344 205 120 2,483 017 888 515 413 2,229 246 934 2,598 4,094 1,491 1,940 1,112 1,087 389 217 255 951 437 (•) (») 200 382 112 119 226 (•0 (*} 140 14,820 (*) (*) (*) (♦) (.*) 83 232 47 (*) 185 91 (8) 153 96 247 (*) (.*) (8) («) (*) 166 173 537 134 130 215 87 57 C) 196 n 38 209 (') (') (*) 141 8,312 («) (*) (*) 75 140 17 148 34 («) 95 63 124 (4) 0) (8) («) {*) 86 91 .351 148 93 178 68 15 .(») 14 101 156 236 (=■) 9,254 (*) 0) (') 41 39 6 148 23 2 18 191 6 80 34 10 29 34 21 51 112 70 58 28 51 15 7 52 169 33 1 17 5,132 U) (*) (*) 50 82 12 101 1 2 14 5 4 63 33 10 26 (') 91 5 17 54 80 51 101 32 59 2 4 1 See New Haven. 2 See Tampa. 8 See Aurora. * See Chicago. ^ Figures not available. •See Waukegan. ' See Maywood. 6 See Rock Island. 'See Hammond. 23 Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- born white. Foreifoi-born white males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Names furnished. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. Candi- dates' wives. INDIANA— continued. Fort Wayne Gary Hammond Indianapolis Laporte Logansport Mishawaka Richmond South Bend Whiting IOWA. Burlington Cedar Falls Cedar Rapids Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Fort Dodge Mason City Ottumwa Sioux City KANSAS. Atchison Kansas City Pittsburg Topeka KENTUCKY. Louisville LOUISIANA. Lake Charles New Orleans MAINE. Auburn Augusta Bangor Bath Brunswick Lewiston Lisbon Portland Rumford Sanford "Vaterville Winthrop MAETLAND. Baltimore MASSACHUSETTS. Adams Amherst Arlington Atho! Attleboro Belmont Beverly 'See Hammond. 'See South Bend. ^See Portland. 63,933 16,802 20,925 233,650 10,525 19,050 11,886 22,324 53,684 6,587 24,324 5,012 32,811 43,028 86,368 38, 494 15,543 11,230 22,012 47,828 16,429 82,331 14,755 43,684 223,928 11,449 339,075 15,064 13,211 24,803 9,396 6,621 26,247 4,116 58,571 6,777 9,049 11,458 2,114 558,485 13,026 5,112 11,187 8,536 16,215 5,542 18,650 7,204 3,785 8,242 5,693 5,553 3,131 19,767 10,407 1,954 1,083 1,405 777 1,803 977 1,173 599 13,420 6,787 2,888 1,715 3,938 2,037 753 356 5,321 2,619 8,101 4,132 10,395 5,231 6,089 3,220 2,188 1,199 1,508 823 1,745 910 10,452 5,781 1,084 526 10,344 5,710 1,137 4,153 17,436 537 27,686 2,574 2,639 4,280 1,315 1,539 9,418 9SS 12,078 2,634 3,385 2,688 77,043 5,097 661 2,758 1,038 4,453 1,572 4,661 2,123 8,334 287 13, 486 1,090 1,022 1,883 526 602 3,502 427 B,023 1,280 1,114 1,138 33,630 2,042 259 1,157 779 1,919 639 2,174 2,459 1,008 1,022 6,088 522 414 346 320 2,226 463 1,283 261 1,531 2,597 2,807 2,281 609 322 539 2,408 289 2,427 322 1,115 5,704 146 6,138 454 271 610 210 270 1,406 165 2,222 192 380 464 16,643 766 83 602 176 SOS 275 808 77 (') 419 333 24 73 (') 5 147 (1) 20 119 104 91 194 79 69 60 17 160 10 76 122 23 16 378 116 65 90 19 (0 297 64 (5) (8) (10) (») (12) 22 (») 232 94 18 6 (2) 4 146 (') 20 277 235 19 422 (») (10) (») (12) 30 34 45 179 12 44 2 3 21 4 11 4 66 46 107 31 20 31 82 5 244 26 435 67 4 234 313 ^ See Auburn. s See Augusta. '• Figures not available. ' See Pittsfleld. s See Northampton. 9 See Cambridge. "• See Worcester, u See Fall River. »2 See Salem. 24 Table XXIV. — Foreigrirborn white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreigoi- born white. Foreign-bom ^trhite males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Names furnished. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. MASSACHUSETTS— con. Boston Allston Brighton Charlestown Dorchester East Boston Hyde Park Mattapan Mount Hope... RosUndale Roxbury South Boston.. West Roxbury. Bridgewater Brockton Brookline Cambridge Canton Chelsea Chicopee Clinton Cohasset Concord Dedham Dudley Easthampton East Weymouth. Everett Fall River Fitchburg Framingham Franklin Gardner Gloucester Greenfield Hanover Haverhill Hingham Holyoke Hudson Ipswich Lawrence Leominster Lowell Lynn Maiden Melrose Marlboro Medford Methuen Milford Montague.' Natick Needham New Bedford Newburyport Neivton North Adams Northampton North Attleboro. . Northbridge North Easton Norwood Oak Bluffs Palmer 670,585 (') (') (') 15,507 ili (1) (') r) (') 7,688 56,878 27,792 104,839 4,797 32, 452 25,401 13,075 2,585 6,421 9,284 4,267 8,524 (') 33,484 119,295 37,826 12,948 5,641 14,699 24,398 10, 427 2,326 44,115 4,965 57, 730 6,743 5,777 85,892 17,580 106,294 89,336 44, 404 15,715 14,579 23,150 11,448 13,055 6,860 9,866 5,026 . 96,a52 14,949 39,806 22,019 19,431 9, 562 8,807 8,014 1,084 8,610 240, 722 (') (I) (') (') (') 4,442 (0 (') 2,317 15,425 8,345 34,608 1,156 13,748 10,036 4,798 520 1,649 2,718 1,579 3,077 (') 9,607 50, 874 13,611 3,156 1,504 5,312 7,484 1,918 0) 11,153 943 23,238 1,790 2,251 41,319 4,875 43, 457 27,344 13,430 3,091 3,344 5,126 4,501 4,331 1,936 1,997 1,584 42,625 3,007 11,191 6,046 4,880 2,490 3,560 (') 2,555 3,074 103,160 a ('} > See Springfield. 'See Salem. " See Boston. « See Worcester. w See Maiden, s See Brockton. ' See Cambridge. " See Greenfield. « See Dedham. « See Northampton. ^ See Fall River. "SeePittsfield. 25 Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and city or tOWB. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- bom white. Forelgn-bom white males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Names furnished. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. Candi- dates' wives. MASSACHUSETTS— con. Peabody Pittsfield Plymouth , Quincy Revere Salem Shrewsbury Somerville Southbridge Springfield Stoneham Stoughton Taunton Wakefield Walpole Waltham Watertown Webster Wellesley , Westfleld West Springfield. Whitman , Winchester , Winthrop Wobum Worcester MICHI6AX. Albion Alpena Battle Creek BayCity Benton Harbor Bessemer , Calumet Centennial Centennial Heights. Kearsarge Laurixmi Osceola Red Jacket Tamarack Wolverine Crystal Falls Detroit Escanaba Flint Grand Haven Grand Rapids Hancock Franklin Mine Quincy Mine Holland Houghton Dodgeville Isle Royale Iron Mountain Iron River Ironwood Jackson Kalamazoo Lansing 15, 32, 12, 32, 18, 43, 1, 77, 12, 88, 7, 6, 34, 11, 4, 27, 12, 11, 5, 16, 9, 7, 9, 10, 15, 145, 5,833 12,706 25,267 45, 166 9,185 4,583 1120,097 (^) (*) e) 8,537 e) 4,211 794 3,775 465, 766 13,194 38, 550 5,856 112,571 8,981 (') (^) 10, 490 5,113 (^) (^) 9,216 2,450 12, 821 31,433 39,437 31,229 5,341 6,744 3,722 10,875 5,331 13,539 (') 20, 751 4,315 22,999 1,362 1,439 9,779 3,128 1,306 7,683 4,057 4,096 1,559 4,401 2,100 1,108 2,486 2,093 4,039 48,492 775 3,586 2,616 11,027 1,187 2,144 e) (.') (.') 2,617 1,953 (.') e) 1,501 156, 565 4,095 6,662 1,364 28,335 3,162 e) e) 2,465 1,184 (.') 3,741 6,234 4,307 6,857 3,973 2,931 3,176 1,621 4,996 2,400 5,696 8,814 1,943 9,942 615 666 4,206 1,280 635 3,068 1,773 1,839 550 2,173 943 481 1,027 819 2,006 22,816 421 1,775 1,259 5,213 538 1,260 (■>) (.') 1,263 e) 1,151 {') e) 818 75, 323 2,236 3,628 665 13,689 1,611 e) (') 1,162 566 (') {') 1,878 e) 3,651 2,182 3,149 2,006 1 See Salem. 2 See Brockton. sSeeDedham. * See Boston. 6 Figures not available. 78482°— 17 8 See Worcester. ' See Cambridge. 8 See FaU River. 9 See Springfield. loSee Battle Creek. 783 1,549 463 2,367 1,407 2,443 4,263 657 4,182 316 266 1,506 662 230 1,525 804 680 234 588 372 218 366 551 1,063 9,126 245 1,264 570 4,009 340 427 825 357 358 32,891 1,365 1,579 393 7,758 786 (^) (?) 764 390 C) (.') 1,208 e) 1,259 1,180 1,505 1,029 0) 299 (==) (') 1,228 («) (') («) 1,074 (') (3) («) (') (^) (') (') («) (') (') (') (2) (') (*) (') 1,288 (10) 34 73 108 104 237 (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) 24 125 9,991 108 328 64 454 (12) (12) (12) (13) 491 (12) (12) 115 (») (U) 114 101 144 0) 152 (.*) 726 (') (') m 431 « (8) (') {') (') (') (») (.') (») (^) m (') I*) (') 648 (10) 27 30 133 39 117 (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) (12) 11 68 1,426 81 80 48 170 (12) (12) (12) (13) 276 (12) (12) 95 (14) (16) 28 28 32 " Exclusive of Laurium and Red Jacket. '2 See Houghton. 13 See Grand Haven. 41 59 28 110 38 147 5 98 24 162 6 7 59 37 8 104 38 22 7 24 8 4 21 15 23 313 4 18 19 49 34 11 194 (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) 24 6,880 13 141 9 255 96 (17) (17) 4 54 (12) (12) 52 8 78 51 58 82 83 11 143 8 12 25 19 2 43 16 16 1 26 11 1 13 16 16 13 12 54 12 11 119 16) 16) 16) 16) 16) 16) 16) ) 8 1,140 18 27 10 129 25 (") (17) 1 14 (12) (12) 40 10 77 19 37 17 61 7 127 27 20 4 35 16 15 1 29 8 1 12 12 11 188 10 11 58 10 6 87 (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) (16) 6 2,078 12 20 8 125 23 (17) (17) (12) (12) 15 " See Crystal Falls. 15 See Bessemer. i« See Calumet. 1' See Hancock. 26 Table XXIV. — Foreiffn-born ichite males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- born white. Foreign-bom white males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Names furnished. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. MICHIGAN— continued. Marquette Munising Muskegon Negaunee Palatkaa Petoskey River Rouge Saginaw Saginaw West Side MINNESOTA. Aurora Adriatic Mesaba Stevens Biwabik Pineville Brainerd Buhl Cliisholm Cloquet Coleraine Bovey Calumet Marble Taconite Crosby Deerwood Ironton Duluth Dunbar East Grand Forks Ely Win ton Eveleth Gilbert Elba. Genoa Min. Location McKinley Sparta Grand Rapids Hibbing International Falls Keewatin Kinney Little Falls Little Marais Mankato Mirmeapolis Mountam Iron Hopper Lconidas Mine Nashwauk New Ulm Rosy St. Cloud St. Paul South St. Paul Tower Two Harbors Virginia Warba Winger Wrenshall 11,503 2,952 24,062 8,460 (») 4,778 4,163 50,510 1,919 (.') 84 1,690 8,526 1,005 7,084 7,031 1,613 1,377 245 887 549 (=) 586 (') 78, 466 (2) 2,533 3,572 (2) 7,036 1,700 151 e) 411 2,230 8,832 1,487 695 (2) 6,078 (2) 10,365 301,408 1,343 (*) (') 2,080 5,648 (}) 10, 600 214,744 4,510 1,111 4,990 10,473 72S 755 3,574 1,048 6,252 3,862 696 1,227 11,701 (.') (.') (2) 2,164 (') 4,469 2,959 (> (> (.') 30,652 e) 773 1,713 (2) 3,761 (h (') (2) e) (2) 4,342 (}) (2) 1,300 2,070 85,938 ^V () e) (2) 1,576 (^) 2,024 56,524 >,723 (.h 2,114 5,340 (') e) 1,930 575 3,092 2,207 342 581 5,584 (=') (2) (2) (2) i') 1.122 (') 2,9.36 1,794 ? C) 17,663 (^) 422 995 (') 2,328 (2) (=) (.') e) {') 2,879 (=) (2) e) 638 1,018 45, 159 (') (=) (') (2) 783 (2) 1,103 29.048 934 (.') 1,265 3,397 (=>) 1,117 280 2,070 869 204 284 3,799 (2) (.') 796 551 753 (P <> ^11 K> (') (.') 8,359 220 377 679 Q e) (2) 730 522 814 23,462 (^) 647 675 17, 071 423 466 958 256 82 124 (') (.') 27 154 (') ^V («) («) («) («) 41 («) («) 38 (') (') (») C) (") (») (") 1,042 C") 64 C) («) («) («) 23 («) (6) («) 66 («) 63 (') C) 14 (15) 36 1,696 («) («) («) (') 21 («) 45 823 33 («) 34 (') (») (") (18) ' See Marquette. ^Figures not available. "See Crystal Falls. * See Detroit. ' See Saginaw. 6 See Duluth. " See Bramerd. ' See Aurora. " See Crosby. "See Biwabik. "gee Ely. 9 See Grand Rapids. " See Gilbert. '" See Coleraine. <■ For superintendent at Stambaugh. 131 53 38 12 0) 102 («) («) («) C) {') 51 («) 49 (") (") 735 C) 31 («) («) («) C) 11 («) («) («) 94 C) 46 ■21 (16) 22 917 («) («) («) (') 11 (?) 22 458 14 («) 24 C) (») (17) (18) (') (') (') 9 («) 9 3 62 18 4 (10) (10) (10) (10) 13 (12) (12) 234 3 29 (13) 43 7 (.'*) (H) 5 92 21 4 10 7 34 1,319 549 19 1 15 88 (') (') («) 64 34 7 (>») m (10) (10) 14 (12) (12) 206 1 2 35 (13) 58 12 (in (") (14) '\ 45 8 7 7 10 853 3 (16) (16) 2 408 17 1 14 64 1^ See Two Harbors. J« See Mount Iron. 1' See East Grand Forks. 18 See Cloquet. 27 Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- born white. Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Names furnished. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. Candi- dates' wives. Gulf port MISSOURI. Cape Girardeau.. Hannibal Kansas City St. Joseph St. Louis Washington MONTANA. Red Lodge NEBRASKA. Lincoln. Omaha. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Berlin Claremont . . Concord Dover Jaffrey Manchester . Nashua Tilton NEW JERSEY. Atlantic City Bayonne Bernardsville Bloomfield Boonton Bordentown Boundbrook Dover East Newark East Rutherford . . . EUzabeth Englewood Hackensack Harrison Hoboken Jersey City Kearneys Arlington Linden Long Branch Montclair Morristown Newark New Brunswick . . . Orange Passaic Paterson Plainfield North Plainfield. Rahway Red Bank Ridgewood Summit 6,386 8,475 18,341 248,381 77, 403 687, 029 3,670 43,973 124,096 11, 780 7,529 21,497 13,247 1,895 70, 063 26, 005 1,866 46, 150 55, 545 C) 15,070 4,930 4,250 3,970 7,468 3,163 4,275 73, 409 9,924 14, 050 14,498 70, 324 267, 779 18, 659 0) 610 13,298 21,550 12, 507 347,469 23,388 29, 630 54,773 125, 600 20, 550 6,117 9,337 7,398 5,416 7,600 375 774 25,327 8,113 125, 706 329 2,099 7,200 27,068 5,082 1,819 4,309 3,296 0) 29, 692 8,957 0) 6,400 20,522 0) 3,359 1,090 349 1,242 1,313 1,215 1,187 23, 894 2,500 3,255 5,257 27, 668 77, 697 6,024 (1) (') 2,529 5,141 2,657 110, 665 6,048 8,069 28,467 45,398 4,144 889 1,659 993 768 2,024 208 421 13,052 4,281 63,440 167 1,314 3,101 13, 788 2,378 731 1,984 1,475 (0 11,486 3,748 0) 2,996 10, 109 0) 1,544 505 162 606 667 546 561 11,713 950 1,473 2,503 13,562 37, 707 2,888 0) 0) 1,250 2,023 1,115 49, 674 2,278 3,660 10, 920 20, 182 1,670 361 840 457 316 769 1 Figures not available. 2 See Manchester. 8 See Jersey City. < See Boundbrook. ■> See Newark. 6 See Morristown. ' See Hackensack. 8 Arlington post office. 162 234 6,953 2,256 33, 081 117 420 1,372 7,079 768 298 962 747 (1) 4,566 1,190 4 36 19 374 179 110 50 1,595 945 3 226 1,439 56 43 116 37 31 350 21 1,170 3,364 0) 808 207 63 212 385 255 297 5,036 422 564 1,046 5,796 16, 556 1,430 (1) 496 771 562 21,427 846 1,822 2,967 9,817 830 203 407 175 162 349 9 See Kearney, w See Elizabeth. 11 See Paterson. 12 See Plainfield. 150 («) e) («) 61 83 (') (8) (') 594 (0 501 2,950 C) (') (10) 152 (5) 165 1,891 432 (') (") 751 (10) 0) no) m (') (10) 18 16 36 27 12 204 (2) 148 (3) (*) i') 29 29 («) e) (') 351 359 1,294 (') (') (10) 132 98 1,149 435 (^) (") 638 (10) (.*) (10) (13) (0 (10) 1 94 212 44 417 246 49 68 257 13 5 13 211 25 32 66 311 1,105 85 (?) 12 43 4 31 672 66 5 151 291 31 (12) 14 5 115 892 17 211 75 151 4 17 4 1 19 1 2 189 32 29 36 149 542 81 '\ 16 8 13 592 73 34 90 229 21 (12) 11 4 5 11 807 19 222 141 32 65 140 3 8 5 1 18 2 1 148 28 25 36 142 557 70 14 5 6 437 72 27 72 195 20 (12) 13 4 5 w See Long Branch. 28 Tabue XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and city or Population, 1910. Foreign-bom white males of voting age, 1910. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to Jime 30, 1916. Names furnished. Total. Foreign- born white. Total. Natu- ralized. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Declar- ants. Peti- tion- ers. Candi- dates' wives. NEW JERSEY — COHtd. Town of Union 1 21,023 96,815 6,420 35, 403 13,560 11,020 100, 253 31,267 34,668 11,613 48,443 423,715 7,217 24,709 13,730 17,221 37,176 10,480 12,446 20, 642 11,417 5,189 12,004 14,802 31,297 10,447 12,273 17,970 5,699 6,634 5,683 30,919 6,227 27,805 28,867 4,766,883 30,445 11,955 8,290 14,743 27,936 218,149 72,826 5, 139 137,249 76,813 74,419 26,730 15,949 79,803 5,443 5, 157 14,331 4,358 6,665 26,310 1,057 13,713 3,556 1,269 18, 165 10,624 7,620 2,133 7,389 (4 118,444 943 7,373 1,795 5,146 5,259 1,783 2,215 4,008 2,209 522 1,589 10, 612 1,941 3,915 3,235 1,641 1,343 1,058 8,029 759 4,823 8,677 1,927,703 12,064 3,628 1,854 2,424 4,534 58,993 18,631 1,663 30,781 15,432 21,308 6,268 3,898 26,590 965 1,236 3,200 878 3,133 12,938 471 6,177 1,712 624 8,192 4,691 3,788 1,026 3,310 0) (') 56,337 454 2,990 896 2,548 2,494 840 1,050 1,777 1,142 243 723 5,035 915 (») 1,832 1,558 781 699 553 3,612 325 2,241 4,000 828,793 5,755 1,887 948 1,184 2,122 27,067 9,562 946 14,944 6,554 9,341 2,798 1,914 12,295 514 652 1,669 426 91 ivn. >" £ igua. 11 S m. 12 S 1,723 5,253 232 2,905 920 430 4,827 1,808 1,743 474 1,260 (') 29,409 243 1,605 486 1,067 1,648 206 635 829 336 150 374 2,741 470 581 887 344 268 300 1,950 176 1,125 1,979 318,091 2,082 765 573 641 994 13,003 3,856 342 7,036 4,388 4,326 1,050 777 5,629 301 255 1,011 203 ^igures not oe Troy, ee Niagara ee Yonker 402 C») 8 351 153 133 36 264 0) (0 2,588 79 (=) 47 C) 45 107 (') 73 51 233 48 212 121 (10) 161 (») (12) 67 93 (12) 124 193 (12) 43,402 695 (") (13) 104 196 1,185 319 (15) 575 197 403 181 (12) 1,153 58 92 121 66 availab Falls. s. 278 («) 12 165 114 88 32 94 1,224 48 (=) 55 (.') 34 69 (') (») 41 29 124 25 256 52 (10) 99 (11) (12) 38 55 (12) 51 127 (12) 20,052 306 (») (13) 51 112 817 208 (15) 221 88 181 53 (12) 630 12 27 47 23 e. 13 Se "Se 15 Se 74 267 5 146 75 3 189 116 88 11 198 (0 (*) 1,892 16 19 13 5 81 32 18 56 20 2 12 33 57 47 42 213 8 86 59 2 116 102 73 21 84 0) (*) 847 12 16 39 43 32 13 10 32 20 2 9 13 224 5 44 205 Westfleld 7 West Hoboken West New York NEW MEXICO. 96 50 1 NEW YOKE. 84 110 67 22 86 S Buffalo 1,117 9 12 19 5 Elmira 21 Fulton 11 7 18 20 1 7 Ithaca 9 155 Johnstown 5 Little Falls 35 14 19 5 14 56 17 24 81 33,069 337 71 (») 57 84 1,116 230 27 341 122 230 78 65 289 26 46 43 28 e Buffak e North e Syracu 30 17 17 5 12 66 8 37 36 10,854 140 39 (") 4 58 759 173 13 165 68 147 31 47 276 2 10 20 5 ). Tonawa se. 24 Lockport 12 11 Mechanics ville 4 5 Mount Vernon ... 50 Newark 8 Newburgh 25 New Rochelle 21 New York. 7,204 Niagara Falls 105 North Tonawanda Tonawanda 35 (") Olean 80 Poughkeepsie 76 Rochester 13 Schenectady 147 Solvav 11 Syracuse 171 Troy 67 Utica 104 Watertown 35 White Plains 40 Yonkers . . . 206 NORTH DAKOTA. Bismarck.. . 1 Devils Lake 6 Fargo 9 Jamestown 1 Weehawken post of 2 See Jersey Citv. 8 See Ehzabeth. * See New York. Hoe. 6 See Albany. 6 See Jamesto ' See Cananda « See Johnsto\ nda. 29 Table XXIV. — Foreigr^born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and citj' or town. OHIO. Alliance Ashtabula Barberton Canton Cincinnati , Cleveland Columbus Conneaut Dayton East Youngstown . Elyria Hamilton Middletown... Painesville Piqua Ravenna Salem Springfield Steuben ville Struthers Toledo Youngstown OKLAHOMA. Hugo McAlester. Tulsa Astoria Portland..., The Dalles. PENNSYLVANIA. Allqaippa Allentown Altoona Bradford Chambersburg Charleroi Chester Coaldale Connellsville South Connellsville. Coraopolis Corry Donora Duquesne Duryea Easton Ellwood City Erie Ford City Kittanning Gilberton Glassport Harrisburg Hazelton Indiana Johnstown Kingston Lancaster Lansford Larksville McKeesport > See Canton. » See Ashtabula. * See Youngstown. « See Hamilton. Population, 1910. Total. 15,083 18,266 9,410 50, 217 363,591 560,663 181.511 8;319 116,577 4,972 14,825 35,279 13, 152 5,501 13,388 5,310 8,943 46,921 22,391 3,370 168,497 79,066 4,582 12,954 18, 182 207, 214 4,880 1,743 51,913 52, 127 14,544 11,800 9,615 38,537 5,154 12,845 5,252 5,991 8,174 15, 727 7,487 28,523 3,902 66,525 4,850 4,311 5,401 5, 540 64,186 25,452 5,749 55,482 6,449 47,227 8,321 9,288 42,694 Foreign- born white. 2,659 4,710 2,829 8,648 56, 792 195,703 16,285 1,533 13, 847 3,866 3,061 3,309 1,192 595 752 643 1,239 3,156 5,214 1,055 32,037 24,860 52 405 412 4,088 43,780 653 6,234 5,212 2, 180 172 3,356 6,673 1,905 1,587 1,285 569 3,213 6,381 3,066 3,122 1,067 14,943 2,314 353 1,859 1,817 4,134 5,994 214 15, 316 1,884 3,203 3,154 3,099 12,631 Foreign-bom white males of voting age, 1910. Total. 1,606 2,382 1,723 5,010 26,723 94,431 8,487 793 7,303 2,814 1,709 1,703 690 294 379 337 703 1,662 3,103 606 15,826 14,027 35 257 245 2,562 25, 230 410 (?) 2,705 2,757 1,046 87 1,679 3,476 1,139 793 767 283 1,744 3,504 1,588 1,452 686 7,562 1,361 195 1,076 959 1,979 2,972 113 9,225 1,005 1,472 1,833 1,646 6,551 Natu- ralized. 350 1,108 222 2,005 17,253 40,482 4,453 326 3,451 107 556 1,042 260 138 195 88 234 916 589 109 8,752 4,268 22 123 105 1,172 11, 251 208 Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. 0) 87 655 192 467 3,904 221 (2) 118 (?) 394 34 (') 33 7 26 56 24 220 C) 558 562 Peti- tions. 126 736 29 (?) 232 161 59 10 242 724 (') (^) (») (10) * Figures not available. 6 See New Brighton. ' See Uniontown. 8 See Connellsville. (') 904 1,083 600 60 448 1,137 263 343 (?) 158 114 369 760 560 646 125 3,348 256 77 300 235 917 1,457 33 1,621 369 1,028 325 645 2,548 8 See Pittsburgh. »o See Erie. 11 See Wilkes-Barre. >2 See New Castle. (") 407 (12) 273 (13) 211 (15) (9) 167 (") 381 641 (») 30 235 (") (^) (>) 68 210 89 371 2,225 135 (2) 55 (?) 136 21 («) 19 2 17 56 25 115 (=) 213 204 Names furnished. Declar- ants. 64 574 28 137 90 57 2 113 (8) (') (10) (9) 142 (12) 151 (13) 94 (16) (') 132 (") 176 524 (") 23 135 (") (') 32 35 35 77 306 2,635 142 1 106 230 15 7 8 2 2 4 1 7 129 61 355 311 50 393 7 116 14 2 39 78 60 60 9 291 22 (14) 5 16 28 70 19 251 19 16 76 26 125 Peti- tion- ers. 10 30 17 31 283 1,995 115 2 7 44 14 161 238 53 406 9 26 20 7 («) 4 3 32 46 20 14 9 102 11 (14) 13 6 25 32 2 151 25 4 1 18 49 Candi- dates' wives. 29 14 21 210 ,768 69 1 3 38 11 103 173 23 255 6 a 15 15 4 (8) 9 2 28 41 25 8 12 110 11 (14) 8 7 23 32 1 149 18 2 12 22 55 '3 See Kittanning. " See Ford City. 16 See Coaldale. 30 Table XXIV. — Foreign-horn white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. state and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- bom white. Forolgn-bom wblte males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed Lu county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Declar- ations. Peti- tions. Names fumishod. Declar- ants, Peti- tion- ers. PENNSYLVANU— con. Monessen Monongahela City Mount Carmel Mount Oliver Station. . Nanticoke New Brighton Newcastle New Kensington Norristo\vn Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton Shamokin Sharpshurg South Fork Tyler Tyrone Uniontown West Hazleton Wilkes-Barre W ilkinsburg Williamsport RHODE ISL.^ND. Burrillville... Central Fails. Coventry Cumberland.. Lincoln Newport Pawtucket... Providence... ■Westerly Woonsocket.. SOUTH DAKOTA. Aberdeen... Huron I-ead Mitchell Sioux Falls. TENNESSEE. Memphis Austin Dallas Houston San Antonio. UTAH. Murray City Salt Lake City. Bennington. Bethel , Burlington.. 11,775 7,598 17,532 4,241 18,877 8,329 36, 280 7,707 27,875 ,.549,008 533,905 96,071 129, 867 19,588 8,153 4,592 C) 7,176 13,344 4,715 67, 105 18, 924 31,860 7,878 22, 754 5,848 10, 107 9,825 27, 149 51, 622 224,326 8,696 38, 125 10, 753 5,791 8,392 6,515 14.094 131, 105 29,860 92, 104 78, 800 96,614 4, 057 92, 777 8,698 1,943 20, 468 5,475 1,487 4,927 672 7,187 865 8,620 2,376 4,015 382,578 140,436 8,812 35,112 2,788 1,978 1,127 221 1,447 1,556 16,078 1,971 2,332 1,865 822 2,336 748 2,215 6,467 2,441 5,219 6,318 17,407 1,303 19,035 1,103 3,938 3,210 795 2,727 328 3,923 482 4,707 1,389 1,691 167, 072 70, 148 4,528 17,461 1,517 1,105 667 (') 120 717 802 7,899 920 1,153 1,190 4,391 543 1,569 1,087 2,925 7,523 32,863 985 6,540 897 498 1,447 406 1,119 3,403 1,240 2,811 3,466 7,354 703 8,675 470 1,505 462 272 1,286 270 1,935 148 1,326 227 477 69,415 28, 797 1,430 7,930 867 371 237 («) 66 243 282 3,754 438 723 528 1,870 217 787 780 1,672 4,017 12,988 410 2,300 509 216 547 241 658 1,664 583 1,504 1,754 3,114 236 4,335 (') 70S 285 (•) (^) 287 208 (^) 185 8,105 5,418 127 1,834 {*) (1) (^) 270 (') 670 (') 1,205 (') 35 (8) (5) 104 («) 1,841 («) 126 54 144 17 108 28 86 207 200 419 347 188 (') (=) 106 91 (.') 100 4,i(;8 3,004 70 1,392 (0 (') (') 179 (') 321 (') 701 (') 16 (8) (8) («) 70 (') 1,083 (') 32 226 245 35 28 5 51 4 101 113 30 6,586 1,539 63 478 77 62 11 25 1 33 8 183 3 20 1 1 49 86 500 15 20 6 71 132 125 20 314 22 3,166 1,121 45 317 32 6 6 3 1 35 138 4 27 40 2 5 1 72 78 304 12 20 11 132 1 See Pittsburgh. 2 See Wilkes-Barre. 3 See Monessen. * See Mount Carmel. ' See Johnstown. < Figures not available. ' See Altoona. 8 See Providence. 9 See Salt Lake City. 31 Table XXIV. — Foreign-born white males of voting age, 1910, etc. — Continued. Btete and city or town. Population, 1910. Total. Foreign- born white. Foreign-bom white males of voting age, 1910. Total. Natu- ralized. Naturalization papers filed in county, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. Names furnished. Declar- ations Peti- tions. Declar- ants Peti- tion- ers. Candi- dates' wives. Lynchburg . Norfolk Richmond.. Roanoke... WASHINGTON. Bellingham Black Diamomd... Blaine Clipper Everett Lynden Eoslyn Ronald Seattle Spokane Tacoma Walla Walla WEST VIRGINIA. Charleston Clarksburg Adamston... North View. Tin Plate.... Kej^ser Logan , Morgantown... Sabraton Westover Parfcersburg. . . Piedmont Wellsburg Wheeling WISCONSIN. Appleton Beloit Chippewa Falls.. Eau Claire Fond du Lac Grand Rapids... Green Bay Kenosha La Crosse Madison Manitowoc Marinette Marshfield Menomonie ". Milwaukee Neenah Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Stevens Point Superior Two Rivers Wausau West Allis Total. 29,494 67, 452 127,628 34, 874 24,298 2,051 2,289 (') 24, 814 (') 3, 126 0) .237,194 104, 402 83,743 19,364 22,996 9,201 1, 200 (1) (') 3,705 1,640 9,150 (') (1) 17, 842 2, 054 4,189 41, 641 10, 773 15, 125 8,893 18,310 18, 797 6,521 25, 236 21,371 30,417 25, 531 13, 027 14,610 5, 783 5,036 373, S57 5,734 33, 0G2 38, 002 26,398 8,692 40,384 4,850 16, 560 6,645 29,990,947 450 3,564 4,085 770 5,152 (') (') (') 5,472 (■) 1,556 0) 60,835 21,220 21, 463 2,361 1,014 481 (■) (') (1) 130 (') 1,113 0) 560 (') 262 5,418 3,257 2,395 2,155 4,245 3,062 1,152 4,056 7,642 6,043 4,174 2,534 4,027 1,095 1,258 111,456 1,313 7,406 12, 509 8,667 1,712 13, 772 836 3,918 2,420 250 1,820 2,040 414 2,818 (') (') (1) 3,294 0) 934 (') 36,097 12, 389 12, 191 1,239 543 256 0) (') (') 56 (') 567 0) (1) 278 Q) 122 2,679 1,573 1,307 1,118 2,173 1,585 589 2,078 4,141 2,965 2,105 1,258 2,059 525 640 56, 101 637 3,598 6,590 4,359 856 8,201 461 1,920 1,491 130 931 943 212 1,439 (1) ^'\ (') 1,673 0) 301 (') 16,438 5,495 5,808 682 242 112 0) 0) (') 20 (>) 196 (1) (•) 180 (0 55 1,413 1,287 654 836 1,411 1,035 368 1,524 1,401 1, 759 1,174 789 1,544 298 421 26, 155 438 2,106 2,834 2,061 516 3, 735 117 1,310 386 7 351 95 U 147 (4 {') 200 (■■) 74 (') 1,542 437 462 48 60 66 (^) (?) {^) 14 52 34 10 (') 77 130 43 27 62 51 54 224 48 270 66 33 (8) 46 1,322 (=) 76 319 259 25 202 .('.0) 68 (=) 148 C-) 53 754 249 265 39 22 31 (') (^) (!■) 7 12 17 C) («) 5 20 33 35 93 31 42 69 34 52 118 59 137 24 29 (?) 22 970 (s) 78 196 92 53 147 (10) 89 (") 56 19 1 1 46 8 18 {') 719 161 195 18 (?) (?) 15 46 15 8 14 19 22 149 27 153 2 25 33 8 762 1 30 214 55 4 105 1 20 47 21 (0 451 100 129 24 16 2 (.') 2 6 («) 19 14 9 14 9 5 25 78 37 64 5 17 7 6 756 4 41 153 29 13 128 3 25 14 25 (') 286 60 91 13 (") (?) (') 5 28 60 30 45 5 10 6 6 613 2 40 97 21 12 79 2 23 12 8,113,706 3,803,550 1,684,195 175,254 87,595 108,955 53,507 43, • RECAPITULATION. United States proper. . 91,972,266 13,345,545 29,990,947 8,113,706 6,646,817 3,803,550 3,034,117 1,684,195 207, 151 175, 254 107, 729 87, 595 Cities listed 108, 955 53, 507 43, 269 Balance 61,981,319 5,231,839 2,843,267 1,349,922 31,897 20,134 1 Figures not available » See Seattle. 3 Bee Bellingham. ^ See Roslyn. s See Clarksburg. I' See Morgantown. ' See Keyser. 8 See Grand Rapids. 9 See Oshkosh. '0 See Manitowoc. " See Milwaukee. 32 In the preceding table will be found the names of the cities and towns which, during the year under review, entered into this rational cooperative educational work with this bureau by open- ing their public schools for the instruction of the candidates for citizenship and other resident adult foreigners. In every one of these cities and towns the superintendents of the public schools received the cards prepared by this bureau giving the names of the candidates for citizenship, each superintendent having arranged for the organization and conduct of classes for this instruction. The table also shows the number of names sent to each city and the popu- lation of the city and the foreign-born white population according to the census of 1910, together with the number of declarations of inten- tion and petitions for naturalization filed during the fiscal j^ear 1916. From this it will be seen that the total foreign-born white population residing in these places, according to the last census, was 8,113,706. In some of the places it has not been possible to get figures of popu- lation, and in others several have been grouped together within the county. Appropriate notes explanatory of these variations are shown. FIELD OF POSSIBLE ACTIVITY. Since July 1, 1910, there has been a net addition to the foreign population in this country of approximately 3,000,000, as shown by the immigrants remaining and becoming annual additions to the population. In this entire number scarcely any naturalizations could occur, because of the necessity for five years' continuous residence within the United States required by law. Only those among this number could be naturalized who acted promptly in filing their petitions for naturalization upon the expiration of the five-year period during the course of the year under review. While the table shows a population, therefore, of 29,990,947 in the communities co- operating with this bureau, undoubtedly in these communities reside the majority of the 3,000,000 additions to the foreign population of the country. The four States not included in the table had only 84,680 foreigners at the last census, and the bureau has been assured that they will participate in this Americanizing activity at the open- ing of the new school year. In many of the States the foreign population is out of proportion to the facilities afforded by the public schools. Assurances have been received, however, of the extension of this cooperative move- ment, so that virtually ail of the resident foreign population will be reached. The plans of the bureau which are in process of develop- ment for invading isolated mining camps, logging camps, construc- tion camps, rural communities, and wherever else the foreign-born candidate may be found, will insure carrying into the remotest corners of our land the opportunity for a realization of the dreams of those who have come amongst us from the lands beyond the seas. As stated by the Secretary in the quoted portion of the last annual report of the department, this educational work " benefits not only the individual candidate for citizenship but the native-born citizens also, and reacts desirably upon the entire civic interests of the country." There are approximately 3,000 counties in the States throughout the entire country, including Alaska and Hawaii. In 2,136 counties 33 the naturalization law is in active administrative operation, as shown by the State courts exercising naturalization jurisdiction therein. In all of the counties where the State courts are not exercising juris- diction the applicants resident therein apply to the appropriate district court of the United States. It probably is safe to assume, in view of the extension of the field from year to year, that naturali- zation may be conferred at some time upon residents in every county in the United States in which foreigners are found. From this it will be seen that the scope and influence of the naturalization law will be exerted in every city, village, town, cross roads hamlet, and rural and backwoods section in the United States. SOME RESULTS OF PATKIOTIC ENDEAVOE, Patriotic zeal, enthusiasm, and earnest endeavor characterized the spirit with which the public-school authorities undertook their part of this work and endeavored to secure the attendance upon the night classes of the candidates for citizenship whose names were sent to them by this bureau upon the individual cards. The files of the bureau contain many evidences of self-sacrifice on the part of the students and the teachers in this great national effort toward the ' actual elevation of the standard of American citizenship, individual instances of which will be given in this report. In some cases patri- otic men and women carried on this work only with extreme physical suffering through exposure, especially in the great Northwest, where travel for miles in the face of the rigors of the winter months was necessary to meet the equally earnest and devoted men and women who came for this word of American ideals and life. Special reference should be made to the rural work carried on by teachers who undertook this work in response to the request of the bureau. These teachers were obliged to travel, some of them on foot, for miles, one young lady walking 4 miles between her residence and the school in order to insure the instruction to the students in these out-of-the-way rural places. Such evidences of self-sacrifice in the uplift of others greatly increases the respect for those who so devote themselves to their profession. In Jamestown, N. Dak., no classes for adult foreigners existed in the public schools. In its campaign to secure widest cooperation per- sonal discussions were had from time to time by the bureau's exam- iners with the superintendent of schools and members of the board of education, commercial organizations, and individuals in that city. Their combined activities developed a strong local interest, with the result that a night class was formally established in the high-school building on February 21, 1916, with 20 students, notwithstanding the failure of any express provision in the laws of the State author- izing the use of State funds for the public schools in teaching adult foreigners. Because of this failure a small tuition was charged to cover the expenses. The night classes were held on four evenings a week. Individual effort was put forth by personal calls upon the foreign residents in securing increased attendance. So great was the interest aroused among the students that they prevailed upon the school authorities to add a fifth evening for the organization of an American social and recreational program. At this session the stu- dents, bringing in their friends and with their aid, participated in 34 the organization of a singing class at which American patriotic music was learned and sung, with piano and other instrumental accompaniment, and a general social hour ensuing. Conferences and correspondence carried on with the superintendent of schools at San Diego, Cal., had not resulted favorably. In that city it was well known to the bureau that, notwithstanding the large foreign population and the immensity of the city, no night schools were conducted for adult foreigners. Finally, on December 8, 1915, the bureau received a request for naturalization literature from the Cabrillo Commercial Club of that city, accompanied with the state- ment that the club intended to secure all possible information con- cerning naturalization to enable it to answer the inquiries which they were receiving. The bureau at once took advantage of this request to urge again most strongly the organization of citizenship classes for foreigners applying for naturalization. It directed its examiner located at Los Angeles to take up the matter at once with that com- mercial organization, the superintendent of schools, and all others whom he could interest. Through their combined efforts a school was organized in San Diego on February 1, 1916, in which an enroll- jnent of 1,400 within two weeks was reported and of 1,700 in three weeks. The superintendent of schools assures the bureau of his belief that the night school is a perm.anent fixture and will be maintained for the same period as the day schools of that city. The work of the public schools with the adult foreigner in Roslyn, Wash., was brought to the attention of the bureau early in September through the pronounced interest in this work by the superintendent of schools in that city. The cards of the bureau were sent to the superintendent on November 1, and his report shows that at the fii-st session 134 were in attendance, the second night 161, the third night 172, being 125 men and 47 women. The oldest of these students was shown to be 61 years of age and the youngest 15. Although Roslyn is a city of but 3,126 population, of which 1,556 are of foreign birth, there was an enrollment in the night class of 19 nationalities. An effective method pursued by the public schools in Koslyn is found in the contract which is required of each enrolling student. This con- tract calls for the payment of $4 on or before the completion of the school year to the board of directors of the school district by the stu- dent. A condition is inserted in the contract, however, to the effect that if the student attends the full term after entrance the obligation to pay the $4 ceases, but with the stipulation that he shall forfeit $1 for each month of nonattendance, except for siclmess, after enrollment. The night term ran four months during the last year, making the contract equivalent to a deposit of $1 a month for those failing in regular attendance. The principal of the night school notifies each absentee on a form regularly prepared for this purpose in order to avoid the forfeiture. The record of attendance in these night classes and the enthusiasm and interest in this by the students as well as the teachers were of the highest order. The term closed with a ban- quet prepared and served by the students of the domestic-science department, followed by dancing, to 113 students, representing the following 18 nationalities: Austrian, German, Russian, Swedish, Lithuanian, Welsh, Croatian, Bohemian, Slavonian, English, Monte- negrin, French, Italian, Polish, Irish, Scotch, Finnish, American. In addition to this a summer citizenship class was organized, with assur- 35 ances that the regular classes would open early in August. It is hoped that with the new year this instruction will be continuous throughout the year. This representation of nationalities is characteristic of what is to be found in many of these public schools. In addition to these have been found Servians, Bulgarians, Galicians, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Dutch, and many others, the city of Chicago reporting the existence of 49 different nationalities or languages being spoken within its corporate limits. As a result of the conferences of our examiners the superintendent of schools at Bessemer, Mich., in October, 1915, expressed assurances that if the bureau could arouse interest in the candidates for citizen- ship sufficiently to cause them to apply to him for the organization of these classes it would be only a short while until an organization was effected. This was followed by a presentation of the plan, with the result that shortly thereafter the superintendent reported that night classes had been organized after continued efforts on his part and had secured an enrollment of over 150. A letter was received early in January, 1916, from an organization of foreigners effected " for the purpose of helping foreigners to be- come citizens" at Gulf port, Miss., asking the aid of this bureau to establish a night school to teach English to the foreigners in that community. Shortly thereafter, at the direction of the bureau, a con- ference was called in Gulfport by the chief examiner of that district and great public interest was aroused. At the conference of the chief examiner, the mayor, superintendent of schools, and others it ap- peared that under the laws of the State of Mississippi the use of pub- lic funds for the education of adults was prohibited. Financial sup- port was secured, however, from private sources, and all of the teach- ers of the public schools of Gulfport were called together for the purpose of securing, if possible, two or three volunteers to carry on the work. Every teacher in the city schools responded to the call and all volunteered their services. Classes were organirzed at once, with an attendance of 39 on the opening night, 47 the second night, and 57 the third night, with the prospect that every member of the entire adult foreign population who was in need of this kind of help would be enrolled. The report received in June discloses highly satisfactory results and the assurance that the classes would be again opened in the coming fall. Correspondence disclosed that there were no citizenship classes in the Clarksburg (W. Va.) public schools, and yet an interest was manifested. At a conference in November with the representative of the bureau it was ascertained that all funds had been expended or allotted for other educational purposes and that none remained to establish evening classes. Continued attention was given to this center, however, with the result that in January classes were reported to have been organized for three night sessions a week, with an en- rollment of 38. This was accomplished, notwithstanding the lack of funds, because of the strong demand that the school authorities had received. Correspondence was undertaken with Herrin, 111., in July, 1915, and the desire expressed on the part of the city superintendent oi public schools to arrange evening classes for adults with the opening of the new school year, none having been organized there previously. 36 At the direction of the bureau the city was later visited by naturali- zation examiners and a great interest was disclosed on the part of the superintendent of schools. Considerable effort had been made already by the superintendent and others to arouse interest in the alien popu- lation, but without success. The citizenship candidates were listed by the naturalization officers, special letters to the candidates were prepared in the bureau, embracing the entire list of alien declarants covering several years. With the aid of the superintendent of schools, the clerk of the court, and the postmaster public meetings were held, the local newspapers giving unstinted support to these efforts, and a general public spirit followed. Personal calls with the superin- tendent of schools and the naturalization officers were planned by the bureau. The aid of leading representatives of several nationalities was secured and arrangements made for the appearance of examiners before the various foreign clubs and at the public meetings where the plans of the bureau in endeavoring to secure the opening of the public schools were made fully known. As a result of the first meet- ing a list of 38 foreigners desirous of attending public schools was made up. Because of the lack of funds the school board was unable to do more than donate the school building for the class, and, at the direct intervention of the officers of this service, five volunteer teachers were secured. At the opening of these classes the first night 60 were in attendance, while this number grew to 115 by the third night. In response to an inquiry by the bureau of the superintendent he reported these schools as open in June and " will not close." The bureau has continued to cooperate with the school authorities at Herrin and expresses the deepest gratification that, notwithstanding the absence of funds regularly available for this purpose, the classes for adult foreigners were organized and were to be carried on throughout the summer through the devoted efforts of the unselfish, patriotic volunteer workers. In St. Paul, Minn., after persistent efforts on the part of the officers of this service, public sentiment was aroused among individuals and organizations to secure the opening of the public schools for the in struction of adult foreigners. Notwithstanding the lack of funds the persistent effort of those who' came to the aid of the bureau in a series of public hearings before the mayor and other city officials caused the city finally to recognize the appeal of this bureau for the opening of the public schools for teaching the adult foreigner, make the necessary appropriation, and place the duty upon the commis- sioner of education of that city to open the schools in January, 1916. These schools were opened on January 3, with an attendance of about 300. Among those who participated in the series of meetings held was the Women's Welfare League, Commercial Club, Association of Commerce, representatives of many church organizations, local uni- versities, and delegations from practically all of the women's clubs. On November 1, 1915, a public night school for foreigners was opened at Keyser, W. Va., under the exclusive control and authority of the public-school board, which was maintained and continued by the board until the end of May, 1916. Thirty-five students were enrolled. No money was available for the compensation of teachers, but the school board furnished the building, light, and heat and ob- tained volunteer teachers who worked under the supervision and 37 guidance of the superintendent of schools. Great interest was mani- fested by the students, while the teachers, in addition to class instruc- tion, did a considerable amount of social work among the foreign body. Reports of the superintendent indicate that previously there never had been a class in Keyser, either of the public schools or of private character, for the education of the foreign-born residents of that place. The Women's Civic Club of Keyser w^as influential in creating and keeping alive public sentiment and assisted the public schools in getting the foreigners into the schools. The intention of the superintendent was to reopen the school the first week in Septem- ber, 1916, coincident with the opening of the day schools and to con- tinue it for a like period of time. These are only a few of the most conspicuous examples of the establishment and development of the night classes as the direct re- sult of the mutual interest and activities of the public schools, the public, and the Bureau of Naturalization. From these it will be seen that while there was a general spirit of cooperation prevailing throughout the entire country, there were places where almost insur- mountable difficulties appeared before the bureau in the prosecution of this patriotic work of making possible the elevation of the stand- ard of citizenship through the aid of the public schools and affording an opportunity to all those aliens who would become integral parts of our national life to become equipped for this high estate. The bureau sought the natural channels, the public-school system, the sys- tem supported by the various States of the Union, and by the union of this State governmental activity with the Federal administrative authority in the naturalization law it feels that in this short year in which these two forces have been linked together tremendous for- ward strides have been made in the unification of their efforts. By administrative action, therefore, there has been added the third ele- ment so absolutely essential to the best administration of this law — the public schools — to the two forces — ^the executive and judicial — expressly provided by Congress — the executive to administer and supervise, the judicial to interpret and apply the law in given cases, and the public schools to train and equip. UNFAVORABLE LAWS. In several of the States laws prohibit the expenditure of public- school funds for the education of adults. It is urged that remedial State legislation deal appropriately with this condition. A lack of interest on the part of the school authorities has been found in but few places. The lack of funds is a general condition. Absence of sympathy on the part of the general public was seen to exist in many places, but invariably individual interest has been found. A lack of comprehension on the part of the foreigner of the personal benefits and advantages that would accrue to him from availing himself of these public-school facilities, lack of housing facilities for the schools, absence of an understanding of the subject matter, and lack of anything that offers a standard course of instruction prepared to meet all of the needs of these worthy elements of our population, were some of the unfavorable elements confronting the bureau in un- dertaking this Nation-wide movement. In some of these places it was found to be impossible to open the schools, notwithstanding the 38 manifestation of the best interest by the school authorities and their assurances that the classes would be formed at once. ANNUAL SCHOOL SESSIONS. Inquiries were sent to all the cities and towns late in June, 1916, and subsequently, to ascertain whether or not the evening schools for adult foreigners had closed or whether they would continue the course of instruction. Responses were received from 6 saying that the citizenship classes had not closed, but would continue in ses- sion. Seven other places showed only a short period of vacation, while in 11 others no evidence of discontinuance has been received. These places have been in constant cooperation with the bureau since that time and still are receiving the cards containing the names of the candidates for citizenship, and letters of invitation are sent to them to attend the public schools. Table XXV. — Cities reporting schools open the entire year, those showing only a short closing period, and those from whom no report showing discontinuance of sessions has been received. Schools open throughout the year. Schools holding continuous ses- sions and continuing to re- ceive cards and students throughout usual vacation period, as shown by records of the bureau. Schools closed for only a short time. Alameda, Cal. Santa Rosa, Cal. Rochester, N. Y. Bismarck, N. Dak. Cincinnati, Ohio. The Dalles, Oreg. Colma, Cal. Santa Barbara, Cal. Gary, Ind. Arlington, Mass. Winger, Minn. Hamson, N. J. Town of Union, N. J. Little Falls, N. Y. Memphis, Tenn. Lynchburg, Va. Grand Rapids, Wis. Berkeley, Cal., closed June 2- June 30. Oakland, Cal., closed June-July. i San Rafael, Cal., closed June 2- Sept. 4. Herrm, 111., ' closed September. Li.'iin, Mass., closed Aug. 1&-Sept.24. Roslyn, Wash., ^ closed June 13-Oct. 22. Racine, Wis., closed May 31; opened Aug. L" ' Exact dates not given. ' Originally reported to remain open. 3 A C-weeks' summer session for citizenship maintained but dates not reported. * Naturalization class was organized ; length of term not known. GOVERNMENT AID TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. As heretofore stated, the need for a standard course of instruction in citizenship responsibilities to be adopted by the public schools throughout the United States has been emphasized repeatedly to the bureau, and a great number of calls have been received for the prepa- ration of such a standard course. The bureau does not undertake to enter the field of authorship in the preparation of such a textbook, but does undertake to act as a clearing house of methods in the instruc- tion of the foreigner in citizenship responsibilities. It does so within its lawful authority, as conferred upon it by Congress and recognized by the department in the quotation made from the DejDartment Eegu- lations. Realizing this to be a fact, and in response to a generally expressed demand throughout the country for Government aid in this work of preparing the coming Americans for their new responsibilities, the bureau desires to complete the textbook and manual referred to from 39 the material contributed by the public-school officers and teachers en- gaged in the work of instructing the adult alien and to place it, free of cost, in the hands of each candidate for citizenship who will attend the public schools. There is no necessity for copies to be given to those candidates for citizenship who are adequately equipped to assume its responsibilities. To make this possible it desires to make use only of the surplus of $420,282.18 in naturalization fees remaining in the Treasury after all cost of administration has been charged against the total of $2,907,820.45 received from the individual applicants for citizenship. There has been turned in to the Treasury of the United States a surplus, over all cost for the administration of the naturalization law by the Federal Government, amounting to $420,282.18 in naturali- zation fees since the passage of the act of 1906 to the end of the fiscal year under review. The citizen taxpayer is at no expense for this Federal administration. It is all borne by the individual fees collected from those aliens who declare their intention and file their petitions for naturalization, whether they be admitted to citizenship finally or denied admission. During the last seven fiscal years an average of over $65,000 a year above all administrative costs has been collected from the alien friends who have declared their inten- tion and filed their petitions to become citizens of the United States. This annual surplus can not be prevented by a reduction in the amount of the naturalization fees, as the per capita average is in the neighborhood of only 20 cents. It never was intended that this law should be a revenue-producing measure. The bureau desires, therefore, to have the expense of printing and publishing this textbook met from the excess in naturalization fees heretofore accrued and annually accruing. It desires to have au- thority from Congress to have so much of the printing and binding appropriation of this department as may be used in printing these booklets reimbursed on the books of the Treasury Department from the excess of naturalization fees which has been deposited by law in the Treasury of the United States by the department. Such a re- imbursement should be made upon statements submitted by the Com- missioner of Naturalization to the Treasury Department in company with the quarterly statements of naturalization fees deposited which he transmits to the Auditor of the State and Other Departments. It is believed the cost of the production of these pamphlets when distributed will not equal the surplus in naturalization fees annually accruing over the amount of money Congress appropriates specifically for this bureau or the per capita limit referred to in the individual naturalization fees as prescribed by law. This book very well might be furnished gratis to each student in these classes. Indeed, it should be. This statement is made with- out reserve. For generations this Nation has faced the immigrant problem and done not the first thing nationally to help this body do what it most desires to do — to become Americanized, to be able to fraternize with their fellows of native American birth, to be able to advance their individual welfare in any extent comparable with the great opportunity so prodigally extended on every hand. The Nation simply has opened its doors to the foreign seeker after liberty and opportunity and left him to his own resources unaided and handicapped by every oppressing influence of his former environ- 40 ment. He can not throw them off unaided. He lives and dies under the thralldom of these influences. His children, if they be fortunate, may emancipate themselves, but emancipation may be achieved only by his children's children. The great bar to his disenthrallment is his inability to speak our tongue. It would be rendering the slightest service possible to give to each student in the various classes, whether a candidate for citizenship or not, one copy of this textbook without any cost to him. Such an act as this on the part of the United States Government would at once stimulate interest among the millions in the foreign colonies of our urban centers, cause a largely increased number of foreigners to enroll themselves in these schools by awaken- ing the dormant minds of those who do not grasp the purpose of our public-school system — an institution absolutely strange and for- eign to them. Viewed from the standpoint of the national weal this textbook should be made available for every one of the 1,650,000 ilhterate foreigners within our boundaries. It is the first attempt on the part of the public schools in concert with the Federal Gov- ernment toward establishing a standard course in the highest of all callings — the profession of self-government. The individual cost of probably less than 25 cents to the Government would be more than offset within the first year, so far as the monetary side of the ques- tion is concerned, by the increased receipts of naturalization fees. The other, the greater and broader side, is found in the increased intelligence in this vast body of our residents, the breaking up of the foreign groupings, of the foreign influences, whose hold is upon them with an absohitism as complete and dominant as though they resided within the territory of their nativity and monarchical alle- giance, and their transformation under the Americanizing influence of that heart and spirit of American patriotism found in its greatest purity in the American public schools. No other educational insti- tution can offer with the same singleness of purpose the real spirit of our institutions as do our American public schools. COOPERATION SECURED WITHOUT ADDITIONAL APPROPRIATIONS. This extensive cooperative work between the public schools of this country and the bureau has been brought to its present state of effi- ciency and maturity without obtaining any increase in the personnel of the bureau for this purpose. This could not have been possible of accomplishment but for the fact that the bureau never has held arbitrarily to the modern office system which it installed 10 years ago. This system, organized in 190G, was based upon the card index to the files of the bureau. Such a system even at this day is generally held to be the foundation to the perfect office organization. The bureau, however, made a radical departure from the card-index method and demonstrated that it has the means of conducting its gigantic file system without the necessity for such a resort. By elim- inating all card indexing it has avoided the use of the services of from six to eight clerks upon this feature of office organization and made them available for its educational work. In addition to this accomplishment from the elimination referred to there has been a saving of time to other clerks, so that the aggregate saving has equaled the time of 12.48 clerks to the bureau, and their energies have been devoted to sustaining this national cooperative work with the 41 public schools. By this great economical achievement the coopera- tion of the public schools in 608 cities and towns throughout the country in this great national educational undertaking has been made possible. At the time this work was originally proposed the entire world was at peace and unconscious of the imminence of the great European war. The question of preparedness which is now under discussion throughout the entire Nation appears to be consequent upon the European war situation. This great educational work, however, con- ceived and planned as it was before this great international conflagra- tion, represents the initial work of the Federal Government in what has grown to be a great national undertaking in every walk of life. Before the country was aroused to this question the bureau had car- ried its plans well on their way toward this most fundamental work of preparedness — ^the preparation of the new citizenship of the coun- try for the responsibilities of self-government. It was only by giv- ing the most meager attention to the necessities of the other branches of the work of the bureau that the ever-increasing demands upon it by the public schools could be met. A great state of congestion exists as a direct consequence of this, and a request has been submitted in the estimates to the department for an increase of 9 in the personnel. The bureau has every assurance from 765 cities and towns that the schools will be opened for the adult foreigner in the new school year commencing in the fall of 1916. This will mean the addition of 157 cities and towns to the list of cities whose schools have responded to the appeal of the bureau for cooperation in this broad patriotic work. This number undoubtedly will be increased as the year passes, and reports indicate that the number of cities and towns will approximate 1,000 or more. APPBOPKIATIONS NEEDED TO PERPETUATE PEEPABEDNESS. In its estimates for the new year the bureau asks a further increase of $30,000 for the salaries and expenses of its field traveling force. The amount of increase represented in the estimates for the positions in the bureau in Washington is $14,450. This makes an increase of $44,450, the greater portion of which is to be devoted to carrying on this great national educational work, which has flourished so suc- cessfully during the past year between the public schools and this bureau without any additional cost to the Government. The amount asked is the minimum with which the bureau can expect to carry on its work and without it there must be a failure at a time when com- plete success seems assured. Congress makes two specific appropriations for the administration of the naturalization law. One is for the personnel of the bureau in Washington and the other for miscellaneous expenses from which the field force is maintained. The former amounted last year to $86,210 and the latter to $275,000, an aggregate of $361,210. The naturalization fees collected during the year under review amounted to $410,272.55, leaving a surplus of $49,062.55 for that year, or a sur- plus of $4,612.55 more than the total increase in the appropriations which have been requested for next year. This increase in personnel is asked for the year 1918, and prior to its availability and expendi- ture there will have been several hundreds of thousands of dollars 42 collected and deposited additional to the aggregate of $2,907,820.45 and correspondingly enlarge the $420,282.18 surplus already in the Treasury. To those in the Bureau of Naturalization immediately connected with this work no reason can be seen, therefore, why all of this in- crease should not be allowed. It is believed that this also expresses the convictions of those judges, educators, and business and commer- cial organizations with whom the bureau's representatives have dis- cussed its work. The bureau also feels that there should be an estimate submitted to Congress for adding this personnel to its force through the means of a deficiency appropriation, so that the increase may be availed of during the coming winter months. HELPING HAND EXTENDED TO THE IMMIGRANT BY GOVEENMENT. A reference to the causes of denials of petitions for naturalization will show that 1,336 were denied because of ignorance of American institutions during the past year, while 1,486 suifered from the same cause in the year before. The bureau hopes that with the extension of this educational movement and awakening of the interest of the public a greater understanding of the facilities for entering these foreign classes may be brought to the attention of the millions of illiterates among the resident foreign body, so that they may be in- duced to avail themselves of this opportunity. To many of them this opportunity is unknown, unappreciated, uncomprehended, hav- ing been prohibited in the countries of their nativity, and here is viewed with suspicion bred of generations of oppression by govern- ment. The public schools understand most clearly that there are millions of illiterate foreigners in this land who will avail them- selves of the advantages of the public schools only when they are en- abled to understand that such advantages may be obtained by them. For the Government to extend a helping hand to these illiterates is something beyond their mental vision, totally strange to their mode of thought and to the life they have led and the environments by which they have been surrounded in other lands. Unfortunately the same environments have been brought into this country along with these millions of illiterates, and their very combined presence strengthens the hold of these foreign institutions upon the immi- grants, preventing them from hearing anything that has a real influ- ence upon them to profit by these public-school facilities. They are the victims of their own nationals, and unfortunately also of equally unscrupulous American citizens, who capitalize this ignorance to their own selfish ends, that the permanency of this lucrative field may not only be assured and perpetuated but if possible extended. These are conditions well known to all who are familiar with the life of the for- eign colonies found in all of our cities, and until they are overcome these millions of unfortunate illiterates will continue in this state of bondage. The Bureau of Naturalization has endeavored through the agency of the mails to go into these colonized centers every month with letters personally addressed to the residents therein who have spoken for American citizenship. During the past year 207,584 ap- peals were sent to the declarants and their wives and the petitioners and their wives. The wife of each petitioner was appealed to; but 43 only a small number of the wives of declarants could be reached in this way, because of the failure of the declaration of intention to con- tain any reference to the name of the wife. With the approval of the department, the bureau amended the declaration to include this information. In all, 163,000 letters were addressed person- ally to the alien declarants and petitioners and 44,014 to the wives. Not only by this agency of the mails were the candidates sought, but by personal interviews of its examiners hundreds of thousands of appeals have also gone forth to reach down into the very heart of these foreign forces and to bring out from their midst all who might be prevailed upon to enter these night classes for adult foreigners. A greater local interest must be manifested, however, a more poten- tial spirit aroused, and numbers must come forth to volunteer their aid in extending this Americanizing influence to these foreign groups if America and the influence for humanity which it typifies is not, in all but name, to continue to be shut out and excluded from these alien centers. INDUSTRIAL BETTERMENT. One of the many gratifying reactions from this national coopera- tive undertaking has been observed in the racial organizations and manufacturers. The former are bending every possible effort to secure the presence of their members in the night classes. Manufac- turers in every part of the country also have lent their aid to this end and toward facilitating the alien employee who desires to file his naturalization papers. Numbers of manufacturers are per- mitting their employees to attend the courthouse to file their declara- tions of intention and petitions for naturalization, accompanied by their witnesses, without deducting pay for the time absent from work for these purposes. Many other manufacturers, clearly perceiving the industrial advantage to themselves and their employees, not only do this but also pay their employees for the time they are in attend- ance upon these night classes. These last two manifestations of the timeliness of this unified action in giving this movement their material and financial support are among the most encouraging results that have been found, and reflect strongly the public sentiment which is supporting these two governmental agencies throughout the United States. The bureau urges upon all organizations, especially those repre- senting foreign nationalities, and as well the distinctly American organizations, the necessity of enlisting vigorously in this work of national betterment. LOYALTY OP RESIDENT ALIEN BODY TO OXJE GOVERNMENT. The responses of the aliens to the letters addressed to them by the bureau disclosed an inherent condition of loyalty of mind, devo- tion and attachment to this Government which in itself made the whole enterprise worth while. All of the recipients of the letters from the bureau did not stand in need of the aid which the public schools are now ready and anxious to afford them. The bureau, however, has no means by which it can distinguish between those who are equipped and those not 44 equipped. In the history of the administration of the naturalization law there have been many educated candidates denied and deferred because they were found to be ignorant of our governmental insti- tutions. From this it is clear that instruction relating to our insti- tutions of government may be required by one otherwise well in- formed. The bureau adopted at the outset the uniform policy of sending a letter to each citizenship candidate. It realized that the educated foreigner, upon receipt of this letter, would comprehend its true purpose and that the letter would carry no offense to such per- sons. That this conclusion was justified is shown by the fact that less than a score of letters indicating any irritation were received from the hundreds of thousands of applicants to whom they were mailed. Contrasted with this is the large number from educated aliens who expressed themselves in every way upon this work as being of the highest patriotic order, although showing that the need Avas not theirs for the education offered by the night classes. Some quotations are made here from the letters received. From a clergyman : I consider it my moral duty to thank you most respectfully for your kind advice you offered me in your esteemed letter in relation to becoming a citizen of this country. I think it pertinent of me to inform you of the fact that by the grace of God I amply prepared myself for the supreme responsibility of becoming a citizen of this free and glorious country, first, by passing the New York State regent's examination, receiving a diploma in the year 1909 for 62^ academic points, equivalent to a high-school course. Among the subjects that I studied were included English and American history, advanced, together with civics, so that I am now tiioroughly acquainted with the form of government of this noble land. After a final review of this Constitution I am ready to appear at any time for a final examination to receive my citizenship papers. I wish to say that I have studied law for a year as a junior in a New York university. I continue to study law as a student of the La Salle Extension University Law Faculty. From a student : I received your kind letter, and I thank you very much for what you have done for me. May God recompense you and bless you throughout your life. 1 let you know that I am already attending college, and I expect to complete my college course this coming June. I am well acquainted with the laws, Consti- tution, and customs of this country, which I love with my whole heart From a newspaper editor : My wife and I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your circular letters of the 11th instant, and we wish to express our sincerest thanks for the real paternal advice contained therein. It was very pleasant for me to see that your bureau takes so much interest in our future citizens, and I only hope that our future citizens try to follow your {idvice, to their own advantage and for the benefit of good citizenship. It may probably interest you to know that both my wife and I are nearly real Americans. My wife is a graduate of the American public schools and a former student of the University of Maryland, while I am a graduate of the " English Board School " in London, and have also attended several higher schools in England and also in this country. From a student in a woman's college : Your letter of March 1, addressed to me as a future citizen of the United States, advising me to attend night school in order to make me a better-paid American worker reached me to-day and gave me the first intimation in the 16 years I have been here that Uncle Sam has anything more than a passive inter- est in the hordes that flock to his shores. The letter, however belated it be, is welcome. 45 From two business men ; Please accept my thanks for your very interesting letter of February 17, rela- tive to my declaration to become an American citizen. It is indeed gratifying to know that you want to help me to a better-paying position. Last year I paid income tax on $4,000. I expect to earn $5,000 the coming year ; and while this would seem a fair average salary I would welcome any suggestion you might make to increase it. I am afraid the superintendent of public schools, whom you advised of my condition, will not find me receptive to his efforts at education. I have studied at various technical schools and a university in England and in this country, so night school in one of the schools would be rather tiresome. I have really been an American at heart since I first came here in the early nineties. My four children are Americans born — one eligible for the Presidency or the Bureau of Naturalization. I think that letter of yours was fine in spirit, and will make a foreigner feel that Uncle Sam, that warm-hearted, simple, blunder- ing old protector of the weak, is very near to them. He will be to them their Uncle Sam. With the kindest regards, believe me. Because I deeply appreciate the inclosed letters to my wife and myself, be- cause I realize the vast amount of good they will accomplish to make our foreign element better citizens, my first impulse is to write you this letter. Without a doubt no one can appreciate more the opportunities for education than one of foreign birth, one born in a country whose government does not only discourage education but sees to it that the great majority of its subjects are kept in ignorance. I am 24 years of age. Came to America in February, 1906. Graduated grammar school No. 93, Baltimore, Md., February, 1909. Graduated from busi- ness college in 1909. Came to Philadelphia May, 1910. Attended Southern evening high school two seasons. My wife came to New York in May, 1908; graduated from public school No. 171, New York, in June, 1910, with " Gold medal for general excellence," and was bookkeeper for three years. From a physician : Yours of October 11 at hand, and I wish to say that I have already taken advantage of the excellent opportunities the schools afford in this great coun- try. My wife, who is of an old American family, has also had that opportunity. In behalf of all foreigners, but particularly my country people (Norway), I wish to thank you for the very commendable means by which this country assists them in becoming good, useful citizens. The following are from men and women and contain expressions of their deep appreciation of the interest manifested in the alien population by the Government of the United States : I do not know how to thank you, indeed, for the great favor you made me by your kind letter October 22, showing me how to prepare myself for the citi- zenship and to get a better position. I had spent three months trying to attend the courses I need in the public schools, but my inefficiency in English with the programs was an insuperable obstacle to my admission. As soon as I received your esteemed I went and showed it to Mr. Anthony, subprincipal of the Tenth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street high schools. He did his best to arrange my program and gave me all the courses I asked him, with such a kindness and good will that I shall never forget. Thanking you again for your high protection and hoping that I will be able to serve my new country as I wish, I remain, dear sir. I am in receipt of your favor of the 17th of November, in which you are kind enough to point out a few of the advantages to be derived by being an American citizen. You also askvme to go to a neighborhood school where I can get such instruction so as to enable me to become American in deed and thought. I wish to thank you for your interest in my welfare, and, in regard to the schooling which you suggest, would inform you that I hardly think it necessary in my case. 46 I am almost 12 years in this country, and during that time have learned to appreciate very highly the United States and its Government. My highest ideal is to become an American in every sense of the word, and to that ideal I am gradually worliing my way, reading United States history, and learning about the Government. I have also married a girl born in the United States and have a son born here, who are both teaching me how to become an American in heart and mind more than any school can. My wife has a college education. Thanliing you for your kindness, I am. I do gratefully reply to your letter to be so kindly accepted a citizen our great Republic. I'll start to improve myself; not simply to improve material conditions, but to add myself to those are useful, as little as my ability may help. You don't realize the uplifting I felt. Thanks to your assistance, it will be no fault of mine if I don't succeed. Your letter of October 30 received relative to naturalization, and I beg to state that I will follow out your instructions very carefully, and go to the public schools. I will appreciate very much, indeed, the honor of being an American citizen, and my slogan will be America first, last, and all the time, and I consider it a great blessing to live in this God-favored country with its great institutions. I am working for my living since 14 years a boy, for very small money and long hours. So you advise very good and kind to me ; I never heard before that some one would have had said that there's a chance to get more money or better job. Yesterday I received your circulation letter from March 3, and I am glad to be able to answer in English for the kind attention of the officers of the United States. When I came to the United States the first thing I did I went to the public school. It is now passed two months and a half my being here and I am very glad to show you the result of my learning English in our Pacific school. My teachers and principal of our school, as well as all people relative to the education, try to do to us the best they can. It was hard work to teach a foreigner who understood no word in English. In this way I hope fast to learn the English and to know all that is necessary for a good American citizen. Myself I desire to be honored to become American citizen, and I am very respectful to the Government of the United States in giving education to everybody who lives in our country. I received it, your letter, and was glad that you give some people a chance to live in a country that we are not afraid. As I have got my first papers, I want to get my full papers ; if you will send me one book to let me know how to get my second paper I will be glad for the United States flag. RENEWED OPPORTUNITY FOR ALIEN FRIENDS. This cooperation between the public schools and the bureau means the extension to the alien friend of the helping hand and a Nation- wide movement going into the colonized groups of foreign-born residents with the direct purpose on the part of the Federal Govern- ment of carrying into these centers that greatest of all American boons — opportunity; the opportunity to realize the ideals which inspired the alien to leave the country of his nativity and cast his lot among us ; the opportunity to secure his position in society upon a higher plane; the opportunity to obtain a better job for himself and advance the interests and Avelfare of his family; the opportunity for them to be placed in the atmosphere of that greatest of all Americanizing influences — the American public school — and there to have implanted in their hearts and souls the true spirit of our institutions of government, for which every candidate for citizen- ship has a high and sacred ambition. 47 From this it should be seen that the old order of things in nat- uralization has completely ceased to exist as even tolerable. The time has passed when the alien could secure the title to American citizenship whether he wanted it or not and at the behest of the politician whose sole purpose was to make him available for the one act on election day. This order has been succeeded by aji observance of the law by the courts with as much thoroughness as conditions have permitted, so that about 25 per cent of the admissions to citi- zenship are fully justified. The other 75 per cent have now been brought to the attention of the public schools. The schools have seen their opportunity to inaugurate a fundamental course of in- struction in citizenship, patriotism, governmental institutions, self- government, and all that pertains to our institutions and to carry on this work in that most productive field of labor which is to be found in this Nation — the alien adult population. The phenomenal prog- ress that has been made during the past year justifies the prediction that the public schools in every community where the alien friend is to be found will open their doors for his instruction and make this work of citizenship preparation a hundred per cent reality through- out the entire country. The brightest and most encouraging phase of this work has been found in the ready response of the Chief Executive of the Nation to lend the presence of his office in honor of this function of the bureau. The first occasion, as mentioned, was the Philadelphia reception ; the second was at the citizenship convention held in the city of Washing- ton during the week of July 10, 1916, Eaymond F. Crist, Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization, presiding, of which the following is the official program: CITIZENSHIP CONVENTION. Monday, July 10. — Address, " Welcome to the City," Hon. Oliver P. Newman, Commissioner of the District of Columbia ; "Americanism," Hon. Louis F. Post] Assistant Secretary of Labor ; address of welcome, Ernest L. Thurston, superin- tendent of schools, Washington, D. C. ; " Evening schools for foreigners in the Northwest," Robert S. Coleman, chief naturalization examiner, St. Paul, Minn. ; "The public schools in the Philippines and Hawaii" (illustrated), Hon. Clar- ence B. Miller, Representative in Congress. Tuesday, July 11. — Address, Hon. Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy; " The schools of the United States Army," Lieut. E. Z. Steever, United States Army ; address, Samuel Gompers, president of American Federation of Labor ; "Americanizing a community" (illustrated), J. Henri Wagner, chief clerk Bureau of Naturalization ; " Rural night schools for aliens in northern Minne- sota," E. A. Freeman, district superintendent of schools. Grand Rapids, Minn. ; " Preparation for American citizenship and life," Hon. Philander P. Claxton, Commissioner United States Bureau of Education. Wednesday, July 12. — "Methods .of reaching and teaching illiterates," Mrs. Cora Wilson Stewart, president of Kentucky Illiteracy Commission, Frankfort, Ky. ; " Outdoor school work in Tacoma, Wash." (illustrated), Hon. Albert John- son, Representative in Congress ; discussion of textbooks by the convention ; "An American in the making" (illustrated). Thursday, July IS. — Selection, the Marine Band ; "Civic preparedness and Americanization," J. M. Berkey, director of special schools and extension work, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; " Some of the problems of getting aliens into the night schools," W. M. Ragsdale, chief naturalization examiner, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; address, the President of the United States ; selection, the Marine Band ; " The immigrant in America" (illustrated) ; "What Portland, Oreg., is doing to Americanize for- eigners," L. R. Alderman, superintendent of schools, Portland, Oreg. ; address, Hon. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor. 48 Friday, July 14. — Address, Hon. Frederick L. Siddon;?, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia : " The man he might have been " (illustrated) ; "What Boston is doing in inimigrunt education," M. J. Downey, assistant director evening and continuation schools, Boston, Mass. ; " The busi- ness man's point of view," I. Walton Schmidt, Industrial Welfare Department, Board of Commerce, Detroit, Mich. ; " The industrial plan of education in AVis- consin," Andrew H. Melville, member State conference board on industrial edu- cation and chief of the bureau of civic, commercial, and community develop- ment. University of Wisconsin Extension Division; "A resume," Raymond F. Crist, Deputy Commissioner of Naturalization. Saturday, July 15. — Miscellaneous. This convention was the first of its kind ever held in the United States and was attended by a number of representative public-school superintendents, principals, and teachers from various parts of the country. These members came- from the cities and towns where the public schools are in cooperation with the Bureau of Naturalization in the preparation for citizenship of the candidates for that estate by naturalization. The convention Avas participated in also by Govern- ment officials representing the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the Government and the staff of field officers of the Bureau of Naturalization, by whom speeches and addresses were made. At the opening of the convention, after referring to the initiation of this work as taking place since the organization of the Department of Labor and as one of its activities, the presiding officer stated the tAvofold object of the convention to be to consider the prob- lems and advancement during the past year in the education of the candidate for citizenship by the public schools and to discuss the textbook for each candidate for citizenship who enters the public schools which the bureau has in course of preparation, in direct re- sponse to the calls upon it from the public schools of the country and the many organizations interested in the Americanization work of these two governmental agencies. Space does not admit in this report setting forth the speeches, as they are to be printed in their entirety. It is most fitting, however, to give the following quotation from the forceful address of the President : It is not fair to the great multitudes of hopeful men and women who press into this country from other countries that we should leave them without that friendly and intimate instruction which will enable them very soon after they come to find out what America is like at heart and what America is in- tended for among the nations of the world. I believe that the chief school that these people must attend after they get here is the school which all of us attend, which is furnished by the life of the communities in which we live and the Nation to which we belong. It is easy, my fellow citizens, to communicate physical lessons, but it is very difficult to communicate spiritual lessons. America was intended to be a spirit among the nations of the world, and it is the purpose of conferences like this to find out the best way to introduce the newcomers to this spirit, and by that very interest in them to enhance and purify in ourselves the thing that ought to make America great, and not only ought to make her gi-eat, but ought to make her exhibit a spirit unlike any other nation in the world. So my interest in this movement is as much an interest in ourselves as in those whom we are trying to Americanize, because if we are genuine Ameri- cans they can not avoid the infection ; whereas if we are not genuine Americans there will be nothing to infect them with, and no amount of teaching, no amount of exposition of the Constitution — which I find very few persons understand it — no amount of dwelling upon the idea of liberty and of justice will accomplish the object we have in view, imless we ourselves illustrate the idea of justice and of liberty. This was the crowning CA'ent of the year and of the two and one- half years of preparation leading to the achievement of the unifica- 49 tion of the State public schools with the Federal Government. It is hoped that this citizenship convention may be the first of a series where annually the feast of reason may be partaken with profit .by an increasing number and mark a steady annual development toward the national standardization of the subject matter and method of instruction, the broadening of the potentiality of effort, a draw- ing closer together of the candidates for citizenship with the pros- pective candidates for citizenship and the public schools of the country in this Nation-wide Americanizing undertaking. Out of this closer contact the bureau entertains the great hope that the doors of the public schoolhouses will be maintained open throughout the year for the instruction of these millions, as it either must furnish their names monthly to the public schools with unfailing regularity or see many thousands denied during the period when the school- houses are closed. None should be denied this opportunity, but all, regardless of age, should be induced to undertake the course of in- struction leading at least to the ability to speak in our tongue. Re- gardless of age illiterates in their own tongue and with no knowl- edge of ours, though upwards of 50 years of age, both men and women, have, within the short period of a tAvelve-month, been equipped with a creditable mastery of American English through the educational agencies which this country affords. APPKECIATION. The bureau desires to extend its heartiest thanks and appreciation to the many organizations which have lent such unselfish, unstinted, and patriotic aid in the various localities in implanting this national work of elevating the standard of citizenship. The local press in every community appeared to perceive the great advantages of this governmental aid to their public schools, as shown by the most lib- eral attention in their columns given to the opening of these schools and to the patriotic favorable editorial notices of the subject from time to time. Unquestionably the daily and weekly periodicals had much to do with arousing a wide interest in their communities and throughout the territory of their circulation. Especial praise is extended to the newspapers of the smaller cities and towns and the more rural communities. The metropolitan press was no less pro- nounced in its support, but in these centers of population its influ- ence Avas not so readily discernible. The field officers of the bureau and the personnel in the bureau engaged in this work have prose- cuted it with an interest and enthusiasm which insures complete ultimate success. By all of these participating in this work of hu- manity, as they have for years, the necessity for this instruction of our prospective citizens was most pronouncedly felt. It has been only through their persistent, loyal, intelligent, and patriotic efforts that this great Americanizing force, once perceived, was made possi- ble of being set into motion and being brought to a definite reality. By their personal contact and correspondence with the public they have started up interest on the part of the school authorities, com- mercial organizations, the press, churches, the resident alien body, and the native citizenry to such an extent that the highest achieve- ments possible have crowned their efforts during this one brief year of combined effort. 50 The greatest evidences of unselfisli patriotism have been demon- strated by those primarily interested in the educational organizations of a private nature in the relinquishment of their desires to engage, or to continue to engage, in pursuit of this work independently of „ the public schools. In one of the most active of these organizations expressions have been made by those immediately engaged in citizen- ship instruction of a willingness not only to see the work taken over entirely by the public schools but to lend their aid to its accom- plishment. o 019 635 6W »