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Let the student of the Latin language commence with the Fables of Peledrus ; and by the aid of the Interlinear Translation and Notes, make him- self thoroughly master of the sense of each Fable in the single Latin text ; — so thoroughly, as to be able, not only to render the original, word for word, into English sentences, but also, when examined without the Book, to give the English for each Latin word, and again the Latin for each English, unassisted by the connexion of the story. 2. Having acquired from Phaedrus a considerable number of common Latin words, without attempting their grammatical analysis, let him proceed, in exactly the same manner, with the First Book of Ovid's Metamorphoses, which will make a large addition to his vocabulary in words of less common use. The reading of this Book should be accompanied with the study of the Accidence, as given in the London Latin Grammar. Taking small portions at a time, as, for instance, the first declension of Nouns with the first lesson of Ovid, the student should remark what words in the lesson appear to correspond in form to any of those cases, — and so on, till the distinction of the Parts of Speech is clearly un- derstood, and the Tables of Declension are learned by heart. 3. The regular inflections of the language being thus acquired from the examples in the Grammar, — let him take up the First Book of Virgil's iExEiD, and after construing the Latin text, as in Phaedrus and Ovid, according to the Interlinear Translation, — let him learn to analyse each sentence from the supple- mentary volume of Parsing Lessons ; which will enable him, not only to assign every word in each lesson to its proper part of speech, but to give a full descrip- tion of its peculiar modification, if inflected from its simple form. In this stage of his course he will derive great benefit from frequently altering the signs and forms of nouns and verbs in the Single English Version, so as to require the use of different cases, tenses, &c. of the same Latin word — an exercise which will give him complete power over the Inflections of the language. 4. Let him now proceed with Cesar's Invasion of Britain ; and accompany each reading with a small portion of the Latin Syntax in the same manner as he accompanied Ovid with the Accidence of the Grammar. This will gradually ren- der him familiar with the Construction of the language. The style of the Com- mentaries is remarkably easy of construction, and therefore peculiarly adapted for this exercise ; which is further facilitated by the rules of Syntax, in the London Latin Grammar, being principally exemplified from this Part of Caesar, and the METHOD OF STUDY. Book of Virgil's JEneid already analysed. After finishing Caesar, he should recur to the Virgil, which he before used only as a praxis of inflection, and make himself master of the construction by the rules of Syntax, and also of the scanning of each line, by the rules of Prosody. 5. In reading the Life of Agricola by Tacitus, he should endeavour to combine in each lesson the exercises of inflection and construction which hitherto he has taken separately; describing single words according to their several declensions, and compound phrases according to their several dependencies. In learning the Greek language, precisely the same method may be followed in the correspondent Parts of the Series. 1. Lucian's Dialogues furnish a copious Vocabulary as the elementary volume. 2. Anacreon's Odes present a variety of simple sentences, from which to dis- tinguish the Parts of Speech, as given in the London Greek Grammar. 3. Homer's Iliad, accompanied by the supplementary volume of Parsing Lessons, involves a complete praxis in the Inflections of the language. 4. Xenophon's Memorabilia give an introduction to Syntax, which will be further familiarized by recurring to the Iliad. 5. Herodotus's Histories supply an interesting subject-matter, on which to practise in combination the various exercises separately performed in the previous volumes. After thus going through the Latin or Greek Series, the Student is strongly recom- mended to recur to the earlier volumes, in the same order as before, and to exercise the whole of his grammatical knowledge in each of those Parts, as well as in the last, using the Interlinear Translation as little as possible, and giving more atten- tion to the Notes than in his first reading. By the completion of this Elementary Course, he will not only be perfectly com- petent to enter on the reading of other Classic Authors, without the aid of a trans- lation, but will be prepared with a valuable store of words and phrases for Greek and Latin Composition . The practice of writing in each language according to these models, will ensure a critical acquaintance with their peculiar delicacies: and although, in commencing a new Author, the young learner must require some assistance from judicious commentators, yet, as far as the Language is concerned, he may rest assured he is already in possession of its leading properties and powers. THE FOLLOWING EXTRACTS FROM THE TWO INTRODUCTORY PARTS OF PHjEDRUS AND LUCIAN, MAY SERVE AS SPECIMENS OF THE INTERLINEAR TRANSLATIONS OF THE LATIN AND GREEK SERIES. THE PILOT AND THE SAILORS. FROM Pn^DRUS. The thread of Life is of a mingled yarn — good and ill together. tempes- tem- Navis vexata saevis A-ship being-harassed by-fierce tatibus, inter lachrymas vectorum, et pests, amid the-tears of-passengers, and metum mortis, subito dies their fear of-death, suddenly the-day mutatur ad serenam faciem ; ccepit* is-changed to a-calm aspect; ferri tuta secundis to-be-carried safe with-favourable she-began flatibus, breezes que extollere and to-elate nautas the- sailors nimia with-too-much bilaritate. Turn Gubernator, f factus jollity. Then the-Pilot, having-been-niade sophus periclo: "Oportet gaudere wise by-danger, says : " It-is-meet to-rejoice parce, sparingly, et and queri to-complain sensim ; \. guardedly ; quia dolor grief totam vitam." the-whole o/-hfe." et gaudium miscet § and joy checkers * This verb is here so long delayed, that we might almost have desired the substantive in the form of an ablative absolute ; if the similarity of cases would not have created ambiguity. t Gubernator (navis), " the governor of a ship," is expressed by the single word "pilot."— The predicate sophus is a Grecism. t Sensim — The use of this adverb is rather sin- gular, though perhaps not so anomalous as it appears from its usual English representative " m-sensibly ; " it means here a cautious circum- spection, as of a person feeling his way. § The singular verb is here very elegant, the two substantives constituting but one indivisible subject: — unless it be construed, by hypallage, " Life mingles grief and joy." FROM LUCIAN'S DREAM. Advantages offered by Education. Ae t)V Trei&n fioi, irpoirov ptv But if thou-be-persuaded by-me, first indeed eiri-8et|cw ffoi xoAAa epya iraXaiSiv I-will-display to-thee many works of-ancient avSpwv, cnro-ayyeXovo-a Kai Oavfiourras Trpa^eis men, reporting both admirable actions Kai Xoyovs avruiVy kcu airo- to-say) experienced-in aXL-things. And the soul, oirep ecrrt Kvpuararou croi, Kara-Koafn]crco wtechpart is most-masterly to-thee, I-will-adorn iroXXdis Kai ayaBois* KOo~fX7]ixa— V PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Introduction. Summary i Table of the Travels of Herodotus cxxxv Table of Commercial Products mentioned by Hero- dotus . ♦ cxlix Short Table of Chronological Events from B.C. 579 to B.C. 408 clix Index i INTRODUCTION. 1 o ascertain the moral and political condition of people whose national existence has long since ceased ; to investigate their physical and mental character; to approximate as near as possible to an historical commencement of our social sy- stems ; to trace their development, and to esti- mate the actual effect on our own happiness, of the actions and opinions of our predecessors,— this is the object of a rational and well directed study of the ancient monuments of Europe, Africa and Asia. The moral nature of man cannot be learned by considering him only as the member of some one political society, influenced by the opinions and habits which his geographical position as- signs to him ; a wider range of view will exhibit him in all the physical varieties of climate, and in all the accompanying diversities of character. But our observations, to be complete, must not be limited to the experience of a single life, and to one small portion of the general existence : the animal Man does not cease to exist, though indi- viduals in rapid succession make way for one an- other : there is a link which connects every single member of our species with the remotest proge- nitor of his race ; and the history of man consi- dered as a member of society, is a part of our own life. They are but few in number who are satisfied with the enjoyments and pursuits of the present. a2 IV INTRODUCTION. It is true that the larger portion of mankind are so much occupied with providing for their imme- diate wants, that they can blend with the pains or the pleasures of the present, nothing beyond the anxieties of the future ; but those whose con- dition raises them above the necessities of the many, may add to the stock of general know- ledge, by preserving or reviving the remembrance of the past ; they may seek refuge from the an- noyances, the petty jealousies, and the unavoid- able collisions of daily life, in the calm contem- plation of another age. Every recorded well authenticated fact is a lesson of instruction to those who read and un- derstand. It has sometimes been doubted if the study of history, and particularly of that portion which is designated, somewhat carelessly, by the term Ancient History, produces any practical and beneficial effect. If it does not, the blame lies with those who handle materials of which they know not the nature or the use. It is not a sufficient objection to a patient and unprejudiced examination into the remotest ages of the world, to allege the uncertainty of all hi- story, and to insist on the various causes of error and deception. We may admit that much is false, that much is uncertain ; but we know also that a great deal is true : the origin of many po- litical movements with their details, the intrigues of a Persian harem, and the very existence of a Semiramis or a Sesostris may by some be consi- dered uncertain ; and they are not important. INTRODUCTION. V But such facts as a nation's existence, their religious and political code, their domestic arts, their public or private amusements, are often at- tested by evidence that will satisfy those who know what to believe, though the series of their kings should be as confused as the ruins of the buildings which they erected. Ignorance errs in two ways, both on the side of scepticism and cre- dulity ; real knowledge alone can teach us what we ought to believe. A mistake is sometimes made in considering history as it is exhibited in written documents only: but this is an imperfect view of the subject. Every exertion of man by which he has gained dominion over animate and inanimate nature, and every important moral or political change, is indicated by some visible and enduring sign, which is frequently overlooked only because it is familiar. The domestic animals whose services we use, the vegetables and fruits which we enjoy, our habits, our opinions, our knowledge and our misconceptions, are an inheritance that we have received ; and the history of the origin, the im- provement, or the deterioration of this property, is to be looked for in all that we see upon the earth. An ancient people of Africa erected temples and market-houses from the furthest waters of the Nile, as far as the fertile Delta of Egypt ; and their history and national existence are chiefly to be found in the imperishable monuments of religion, and commercial enterprise. The Ba- VI INTRODUCTION. bylonian of an age on the remotest verge of history attempted to raise a monument which should reach to heaven : his history, which is found in written documents, can be read also in the ex- isting memorials * of his labour. The ancient hi- story of a people is a comparison of all written records with one another, and with all we can now learn of the physical and local peculiarities of the country which they inhabited. The singular customs which Herodotus de- scribes, may excite occasionally a smile of doubt or contempt, or sometimes create a feeling of dis- gust f ; but to him who studies the nature of man as a social animal, such brief notices are the most valuable parts of history. When we can depend on the veracity of the narrator, we look with in- terest on every recorded social regulation of every age and country. We see the characters and habits which mark the different varieties of the human species, and we perceive the modifica- tions which difference in geographical position compel people of a common origin to receive. We find among the most distinguished nations of antiquity, codes of laws, and usages of society, to trace which to their origin is not so practicable or profitable, as to examine their operation and progress. We discover in them the unceasing * Compare Genesis, xi. 3, &c; Herod. Book I. chap. 181. and Heeren, Ideen iiber die politik &e. on the remains of Babylon, 4th edit. vol. i. part. 2. t See Book I. chaps. 196. 199. 216. as examples. INTRODUCTION. VU efforts that have been made to remedy the evils which spring up and develope themselves gradu- ally in every community ; and we see that all sy- stems contain in them something which necessa- rily produces change, and with change we gene- rally find decay. A breaking up of the political machine ensues ; some parts are lost, but most of them are indestructible, and they help to form another whole. The best combination would be that which would contain within itself the principle of change without the danger of dissolution. The study of ancient history has received with- in the present generation an impulse and a di- rection which will conduct to a useful end. In- stead of adopting from hastily written modern compilations the false notions and the erroneous conclusions of careless and superficial inquirers, we find ourselves guided to a patient and a pro- fitable study of the original authorities by the la- bours of zealous and enlightened critics. A new form has been given to the disjointed and dis- torted matter of antiquity, and a spirit is breathed into it that will not expire. The History of Herodotus is one of the most valuable relics of past ages, and a monument of persevering industry and strict veracity. His chro- nology may afford matter for dispute, and his oriental history may have only a partial value ; but on the mass of geographical and physical facts which he has collected, his reputation will for ever rest ; and with the increase of our know- ledge it will continually extend. Vlll INTRODUCTION. The countrymen of Herodotus did not always duly appreciate the merits of a traveller and anti- quarian, whose services rendered to the history of our species have perhaps not been exceeded by any subsequent inquirer. On one point his weak- ness occasionally shows itself, when he treats of the religious rites, the mysteries, and the deities of the nations that were known to him. We may consider him as writing the history of the human race*, as far as he could learn it by diligent investigation, by examining written documents, by collecting oral traditions, by com- paring the language, the religion, and the phy- sical character of people widely separated. Yet he does not, like Diodorusf and other compilers of general history, begin with the origin of things, with the separation of chaos into order, or the genealogies of the gods ; he begins his history not with the beginning, but at that point where his knowledge commenced. He makes us ac- quainted at once with facts that are curious and instructive, which border on the limits of genuine history. The great movement of an Asiatic people into Europe, their disgraceful defeats and their re- treat, are the primary subject of the epic history * It is difficult to assign precisely the reason why the hi- story of Carthage was not included in his book, since he had more than one opportunity of making such a digression, which would have been consistent with his general plan. See Book iii. 19; vii. 165. f See the third Memoir of Geinoz on Herodotus. Acad, des Inscrip. T. xxiii. INTRODUCTION. IX of Herodotus : but the rise and origin of the Per- sian power form a necessary introduction to the main events ; and with the conquests of the first Cyrus, and those of his successors, he found it easy to connect every thing that he could learn of the geographical position, the products, the na- tional stock, and the religious practices of every country of the then known world. The history of the wars of the Persians and the Hellenes, the main subject of his narrative # , is associated then with the history of the earth and the human race. More than twenty-two centuries ago the tra- veller of Halicarnassus endeavoured to collect the fragments of national monuments that were rapidly disappearing : he found them in the oral traditions of many people, in the remnants of races that were becoming extinct, as their period was drawing to a close, or as foreign intermixture was destroying their character ; he saw iEgypt in its decay and decrepitude ; and that which is antiquity to us, was not less so to him. The pro- gress of modern discoveries is throwing for us a light over that obscurity which he could not pe- netrate ; and we are now approximating to a view of important facts which were hid from his know- ledge. To give the student some clue to the varied and multifarious contents of the History of Hero- dotus, a brief summary of the principal facts ap- * See his Introduction to his History. X INTRODUCTION. peared to be necessary. When I first began to draw it up, I intended to comprise the whole in about forty pages, but I soon found that a just summary could not be comprised within such narrow limits. As it was done in haste, and in part finished before I fully perceived how useful it might be to a student, I feel conscious that its execution is less complete than it might be. Since it was impossible to comprehend all the facts without almost making a translation of the book, I have attempted to draw the student's at- tention to what I consider the most important ; — and as the mode in which a thing is expressed often leads to the just interpretation of it, I have endeavoured in some instances to make that in- telligible, which in Herodotas appears obscure. The most useful facts are, notices of commer- cial relations, of geographical positions, of ani- mal and other products, of religious opinions and rites, and the scattered fragments of the histories of nations. Want of knowledge and want of books of re- ference have left this incidental interpretation of Herodotus frequently incomplete. A few notes have been occasionally subjoined, when any thing in the Summary seemed to require them ; these notes might have been made much more numerous, but the difficulty was in knowing when to stop in giving explanations of this kind. The references to writers who may be compared with Herodotus, and to passages in Thucydides, Xenophon, Pausanias, &c, will be useful to those INTRODUCTION. XI who will take the trouble of making a compa- rison : among other things, they will point out to him down to what period Herodotus was labour- ing at, and adding to his great work. I have taken pains to ascertain that the references were correct, except in a few instances where I had not the books, and I was obliged to trust to the good faith of others. The Index has been altered from that in Schweighaeuser's edition, and many errors in the references have been corrected. Some unim- portant words have been omitted, but on the whole the Index has received additions, and it is hoped, improvements, by the insertion of Geo- graphical notices from Rennel, Larcher and Hennicke, and Botanical notices from Linnaeus and Sprengel. — This Index was drawn up by Mr. Henry Davis. G. LONG. University of London. May 1829. SUMMARY, &c. BOOK I. From the fabulous story of Icu to the death of KvpoQ the Persian, B.C. 529. Chap. 1 — 5. Compare this portion of mythic history, and the f&v0ot in 'HgoSoroj generally, with Atolagos ^ikiKiutyis. Book iv. Chap. 14 — 25. The kpyityiq of A^vkttyis at ILvtia. Compare Uoivaxpiecg. Book x. chap. 16; and generally compare TlocvaocvicAg. Book x. chap. 9 — 19. with the remarks of ' Hgolorog on the treasures and works of art in the temple of the As?t@o/; and also 2t£o&/3«j/. Book ix. <&&)Ktg. — Tictvaex,uiccs and '2r^oc(iau may also be generally com- pared with 'H^oBotoj, when they treat of the same geographical position or work of art, &c. Chap. 30. 1(fhO)V. Compare the life of Idhuv by IThovrcc^os. Chap. 65. AvKov^yo?. Compare the life of AvKovgyos by IlAoy- Tct(>x,og, and the Aoocihonf^Quiuu TLokiritx of 3ivoveq, AioXeec, and Awpieei; of Aait] ; the course of the river AXvc 7. The dynasty of the 'HpaicXeiSai precedes that of the MeppvaSai, to which KpoiffOQ belongs ; KavSavXrjc the last of the 'Hjoa/cXeiScu. 8 — 11. The story of KavSau- Xrjc and his wife. 12. Tvyno murders KavSav- XrjQ, and takes possession of his wife and king- dom ; ApyjXo^oc, the poet of UapoQ, contempo- rary with TvyriQ( l ). 13. 14. Tvyric supported by the oracle of the AeXu)v. 15. Ap- $vg his successor ; the invasion of Aoi in Hexameter verses : the plan of KpoiaoQ for testing the vera- city of the Delphic oracle. 50. 51. The dona- tions of gold and silver to the temple of the AeX- paoprr)c;, besieges No>oq, the capital of the Aaavpioi ; the route and distance from the Ai/hptj MairiTic to M?j§ik:»7 ; the road which the 2kv0oc, rout his army : and occupy all A7n-oc ; a few of the HicvOai plunder the ancient temple of Ovpavirj A(j>po^iTtj at Aaicaktov ( ] ) ; they are punished by a peculiar ( 1 ) "RpoSoros speaks of a temple of this goddess in Kvirpos j and one in Kvdrjpa built by the Qoivikcs. See Uavcravias. Book iii. chap. 23. I. 107—125.] HERODOTUS. ix disease, which affects their children : the 2/cv0vec, except those of MiXrjToc,, after the defeat of Kpoi- gqc, assemble at the Tlavuoviov and send to ^iraprrf for assistance. 142. 143. The twelve states of the ltiivea ; the four varieties of their language : the A&rjvaioi and other Iwvec, except those of Aairi, dislike the distinctive name of Itovec ; the national temple Uaviwviov, the place of assembly for the federal congress. 144. The six Dorian states united by a religious and political associa- tion ; their national temple is at Tpiomov ; \AAi- KapvriacTOG is excluded from the confederation for the irregular proceedings of a citizen of that town. 145 — 148. The reason which 'HpoSoros assigns for there being twelve cities or states in luyvirj ; the names of the twelve states or cities of the Ayaioi ; the different tribes that joined the Iidveq in their emigration from the IIeAo7row»jo>/ceec airo^aa^ioi ( 1 ) ; the Icjvcq from the Trpvravriiov of AOrivai took Carian women for their wives : their original form of government : certain religious rites characteristic of the Ionic stock of AOrivai : the Ylavibyviov situated on the promontory Mv/caXrj ; a district is marked out as federal property by dedicating it to nocei- (1) The Sic. 154 — 160. HaKrvric, a Lydian to whom Kvpoc had confided all the gold, induces the people to revolt : the advice of Kjooicfoc to Kvpoc : Ma- taprjQ a Mede is sent into Av^ltj : HaKrvric flies to Kvfxr\ ; the Kv/ulcllol are required by M.a£apriG to surrender him : the old oracle of the Bjoay^iSai (*) is consulted : this temple is in the territory of MiXtjtoc above port Ylavopfxoc : the meanness and duplicity of the oracle : UaKTvriQ flies to Xioc, and is given up to the Uepaai by the Xiot for a bribe. 161. 162. The death of Malapric : 'Apirayoc; suc- ceeds him; his mode of taking cities. 163 — 167. The voyages of the 3>wAcaieec to the A^pitjc, to Tvpariviri, Iflripir}, and TaprrftKroQ : their city is blockaded by 'Ap-rrayoc : they leave it and sail to Xiog : part of them return to Qwicaia : the rest determine to visit AXaXirj, a settlement made by them twenty years before in the island of Kvpvoa ; (1) In chap. 158. we find tovs Bpayx^as, which re- sembles AeX^ovs, and has the appearance of an Ethnic name. In chap. 92. of this book we may also observe ev BpayX l fywfcateeq lose many of their ships, and with the remainder sail to 'Pijyiov ; af- terwards they seize a city of Oivwrpiri, which in the time of 'H/oooWoc was called 'YeXrj. 168. The Tr\toi leave their city, and build Aj3o\//>a in O/oi/i/oj. 169. 170. The rest of the ItjveQ are subdued: the congress at Tlaviuviov ; the proposition of Biaa to sail to 2ap$o> (Sardinia) ; the previous plan of QaXris for forming a more complete politi- cal union among the Iwvec C 1 ). 171 — 173. The origin of the Kapec and their history : their rela- tionship to the Mvcfoi and AvSoi indicated by some common religious rites and privileges ( 2 ) : the Kawioi ; their language related to the Carian tongue: the Avkioi, their origin and history; their present abode in Amr) was once possessed by the SoXt^uoi ; the privileges of their women. 174. The Kapec submit to 'Apirayoc: the Cni- dian canal or channel across the Iofytoc ; the ad- vice of the UvOiri to the Kw&oi, and the good reasoning contained in her Iambic lines. 175. 176. The UriSaaeeG, an inland tribe, submit to 'ApirayoQ : the desperate resistance made by Sai/- Ooq a city of the Avkloi ; most of the present 'BavOioi are of a foreign stock ; the resistance of (1) This plan, if we may judge from the brief state- ment of 'Hpodoros, contained the elements of a federal union. See Srpci/W. Book xiv. on the Lycian confede- ration. (2) See 2rpa/3wj/. Book xiv. on MvXaaa. xiv SUMMARY OF [I. 177—190. KawoQ. 177. 178. Kvpoc attacks the Aavvp ioi : Baj3uXwv the residence of the Assyrian kings after the destruction of Nivoc ; the extent of the city. 179 — 183. The mode in which it was built, and the materials employed ; the Ic a small branch of the Ev(j)part}Q productive in a(T(j)a\TOQ : the Evparr}Q flows from the country of the A/o/uevioi through BafivXwv and enters the Erythraean sea : the city then consists of two parts ; the brick walls on each side of the river with gates of cop- per, that give access from the cross streets to the river : the temple of Zevc BrjXoc, which 'H/ooSo- toq saw ; the XaXSaioi the priests of the temple : the ZevQ BijXoc and the Zeuo 0>?j3aioc compared : the golden image of Zeuc, his golden table, seat, and steps ; a colossal golden statue of a man, which H/ooSotog did not see ; the XaXSaioi furnished him with his information about it. 184. 185. H- /ooSotoc refers to his Aaavpioi \oyoi for the history of the Babylonian kings ; *2e/j.ipapic, a queen, made the embankments on the river : Nirtu^ic, another queen of Baj3uXwv, changed the course of the river at ApSepiiaca ( x ), improved the em- bankments, and made a large basin near the river. 186. 1 87. "Nirwicpic also built up with bricks the sides of the river at the city ; and built stone piers to support planks and to form a passage from one part of the city to the other : her tomb, examined by AapeioQ. 188 — 190. Aaj3wrrroc, the king ( 1 ) This chapter is not very intelligible. See the dis- cussion of it in Heeren's " Ideen," &c. vol. ii. and also Larcher's note. I. 191—200.] HERODOTUS. xv of the Aoavpioi, resided in Baj3vXwi> ; Kvpoc; marches against him ; the Persian king's travel- ling establishment : the water of the Xoa<77njq is carried in silver vessels : the rW$qc is made ford- able by digging numerous channels on each side of the river : the sources of the Tvvdrjc, and its course; Baj3vXa>v is besieged. 191. KvpoQ di- verts the course of the 'Ev(j)parriQ ) and his army enters BafivXwv. 192. The great value of the country of the Baj3vXwvtot ; 'HpooVroq calls it also rj hoavpir) \d)pv ; under the Persian govern- ment it was a most valuable aarpairrilr\ ; a Per- sian aprafiri compared with an Attic fie^i/mvoQ ; the Indian hunting dogs maintained for the aa- rpairriG. 193. The mode of irrigation adopted in BafivXtovni : the numerous canals ; and the great navigable canal from the "Ev(f)parriQ to the Ttypici 1 ): the amazing fertility of the country surprises 'H/ooSotoc ; no vine, olive, or fig-tree grows there ; the palm-tree, its uses ; the male and female tree ; the artificial means of bringing the date to maturity ( 2 ). 194. Description of the Armenian boat that navigates the TLvtyparm ; the commerce between Apfievit) and Ba|3uXan>. 195 — 200. The Babylonian dress; their seal- rings and walking-sticks : the institutes and cere- (1) Compare Eevcxpuv. Am/3, i. 7. 10. and Appear . Ava/3. Book vii. 7. (2) See Plin. Hist. Nat. Book xiii. 4. and Buffon. Con- tinuation by Brisseau Mirbel. vol. viii. on the palm-tree. 'HpoSoTos in the last few words alludes to caprification. See Plin. Hist. Nat. Book xv. c. 19. and Walpole's Tra- vels, vol. i. p. 241. xvi SUMMARY OF [I. 201—213. monies of marriage : the BafivXwvioi have no re- gular physicians ; the substitute for them : some customs they have in common with the Aiyu7TTioi and ApafieQ : MvXirra the Assyrian A(j)po^irr} ; the peculiar rites attached to her temple ; a simi- lar custom in TLvirpoc, : three Babylonian irarpiai (castes) eat nothing but fish, of which they make a kind of bread ( J ), 201. The Maaaayerai live north of the Apafiic. 202. 203. The Apa&c compared with the larpoQ ; one of its branches flows through a level country into the Caspian sea ; the }Laairir\ QaXaacra has no communication with any other sea : the sea called ArXavriQ and that called JLpvOpt) have a communication with one another; the length and breadth of the Ka ; the Aiyvn-rioi dislike the 'EAA^veq on account of their opposite rites and usages ; the interment of bul- locks and other animals at ArapfBriyjLQ in the island II|Ooaw7riTic. 42. The same deities not worshipped by all the Aiyu7rnoi ; Ioi- wfcec. 45. A story of the 'EXXrjvec respecting 'HpaicXeriQ is confuted. 46. The Mev$r?S(i>j>j? : information ob- tained from the priests of G»jj3eu and the irpofxav- rtec at AwSwvrj : similarity between the oracular ceremonies in 0»jj3ai of Ai-yu7TToq, and in Aco^^. 58 — 60. Public meetings and processions in Ai- yvKTOQ ; these public meetings numerous ; the city BovaipiQ is in the middle of the AcXtci ; a great annual celebration at BovfiaoriQ in honour of AprefMC : the men and women go to Bov/3a(XTiq in boats ; the great quantity of wine consumed, which was all imported ( J ). 61. The festival of Ictiq at Bovct/oic ; the Kapec in Aiyvirroc,. 62. The feast of AQrivairi at Sa'i'c, called the Au^- voKair). 63. The festival of 'HXtoc at 'HXioviro- Xiq ; of Atjtw at Boutw ; of Apr)c at Tlairpr]fxiQ. 64. The origin of the feast of Apr\c, ; the impurity of other people compared with the purer habits of the 'EAXijyec and Aiyu7rrioi. 65. 66. The su- perstition of 'HpoSoroG ; beast worship in Aiyu- 7TToc ; the punishment for killing the iprfe or the Ij3iq : the aieXovpoG (perhaps the cat) ; the cere- monies practised on the death of a cat or a dog (1) See Book ii. 77. and Book in. 6. xxiv SUMMARY OF [II. 67—83. in a family. 67. The places of interment for the respective animals ; the bear (apKroc) and the wolf (Xv/coc) are mentioned (*)• 68 — 70. De- scription of the KpoKoSeiXoc : the meaning of the Ionic term k/ookooViXoc (lizard), and the ^Egyptian word %afi\fja ; some Aiyvirnoi eat the crocodile, others think him sacred : the mode of catching the crocodile. 7 1 . The 'lTnro7roTafxoc„ or river- horse^). 72. Sacred fishes ; the yr\vaX(i)7n{^. 73. The description of the bird called the . Avafj. ii. 2. 9. presents some difficulty : this wolf of 'Hpodoros is not much larger than a fox (a\w7r??£). (2) See Plinius. Nat. Hist. Book viii. 25. 26. on the Crocodile and Hippopotamus. II. 84—96.] HERODOTUS. xxv Ai?tw at Bovtw the most celebrated. 84. The division of labour in the medical profession. 85 —88. The established demonstrations of sorrow when a death takes place in a family : three modes of embalming a body ; the mode fashionable among the rich : the seventy days during which the body lies in nitre ( x ) ; a second and more ceconomical style of embalming : a third mode usual among the poor. 89. Women of rank or beauty not deliver- ed up to the embalmer immediately after death. 90. The honours paid to those who are killed by a crocodile or drowned in the river. 9 1 . The de- scription of the temple of Hepaevc, in the city of Xe/ijutc, which is in the vo/mos 0ijj3ai/coc. 92. The manners of the At*yv7TTiot who inhabit the marshes ; their simple food ; they eat the inner part of the top of the AwToq ( 2 ), and also the root ; the lower part of the j3u|3Xoc likewise is eaten. 93. The shoals of small fishes in the marshes and lakes near the river : the theory of 'HjooSotoc on the mode of their production. 94. The inhabitants of the marsh countries make oil from the seeds of the cnWacvwpiov ( 3 ). 95. They protect them- selves against the mosquitos during their sleep by throwing their fishing-nets over the bed. 96. De- scription of the boat called fiapic that navigates the NeiXoc ; it is made of the aicavOa, which re- (1) Genesis, chap. 1. 2, 3, &c. (2) This Xwros, which is an aquatic plant, must not be confounded with the Xwros of Kvprjvr] (see Book ii. chap.96, and Bookiii. chap. 177), which is a fruit-bearing tree. (3) which is found in 'EMas, and is probably the Palma Christi. xxvi SUMMARY OF [II. 97—105. sembles the Xwroc of Kvpr)vr\ ; the sails are made of the fivfiXoci 1 ). 97. 98. The appearance of the cities of the AeXTa during the inundation com- pared with that of the islands of the iEgean sea : AvOvXXa during the Persian domination furnished the Persian king's wife with shoes ( 2 ) or shoe money 99. 'HpotWoc mentions the sources of his information ; Mrjv, the first king of Aiyu7TToc ; he diverts the course of the river, which once flowed towards Aifivn ; his great embankment near Me^u^nc, which the Uepaai keep in repair ; he builds Me/i<£ic and the temple of 'H^xho-toc at MejuL(f)iQ. 100. The priests read to 'H/ooSoToq from a papyrus manuscript the names of 330 kings after Mrjv ; eighteen of these kings were Aidiowet; out of this large number there was one queen, a native Egyptian, her name Nitoj/c/oic. 101. Moipic the last of the 330 dug a great lake, and built the north TTpotrvXaia of the temple of 'HcJhikttog. 102. 103. 2e(TO)(7T/otc, the great ^Egyptian con- queror, sails out of the Apafiioc koXttoc, and sub- dues nations dwelling on the shores of the Ery- thraean sea ; the columns erected by him : he passes through Aglv into Ev/owttij, and subdues the 6p/iKec and 2kv0cu. 104. 105. 'H/ooSotoc vi- sited the country of the KoXyoi ; he believes the KoXyoi to be descended from a remnant of the army of 2eo-w(TT/3tq ; proofs derived, from the similarity (1) Plin. Nat. Hist. Book xiii. chap. 11, 12. gives a long account of the (Economic uses of the pvftXos or pa- pyrus. (2) Compare SevoQwv. Avo/3. i. 4. 9. H. 106—115.] HERODOTUS. xxvii in their physical appearance, from the practice of circumcision being common to both : from a com- parison of their languages, from the similarity in the fabric of the cotton or linen cloths which the 'EAA^i/ec imported from both countries ; the linen of the KoX^ot is called ^apSoviKov by the EAAr/vec. 106. 'HpoSoroG saw the columns of ILeauorpiQ in TlaXaiffrivri Su/tni? ; he mentions two ancient sculp- tures existing in luyvirj, supposed by him to repre- sent 'Eeawarpia. 1 7 . 1 8 . A conspiracy formed against Seo-wcrr/oiq on his return by his brother : *jLeep(*)G the son of Seo-wo-T/occ ; his blindness, and the cure of it ; the two enor- mous o]3eAoi, each made of a single piece of stone, erected by epc 112. UpwrevG of Me/uK^m his successor; contemporary with 'EAei/rj the daughter of Tvv^apecjQ ; the quarter of the Phoe- nician merchants in Me/u(j>iQ. 113 — 115. The (1) From the BaJDvXwvwi the 'EM^ves received the 7ro\os and yviofiiav* The latter word doubtless refers to a sun-dial ; the former word, which is of less definite meaning, is by some supposed to indicate the determina- tion of a meridian line. xxviii SUMMARY OF [II. 116—126. ./Egyptian story of 'EXei/ij and AXe^avSpos being driven to AcyvTrroo by unfavourable winds ; 'EXewj and her property detained by Upwrevc,. 116. 'H- poSoroc thinks that 'Opripoc was acquainted with this story ; he quotes the IXiac, and the OSixro-eirj to support his opinion. 117. The Kvn-pia eirea not the work of '0 W oc C 1 ). 1 18— 120. The Egyp- tian account of the capture of IXlov : and of the visit of MeveXewq to Ai-y vtttoq : the reasons which induce H/oooWoc to believe that 'EXew? never was at IXioy. 121. V ap.\piv it oc, succeeds TipuyrevQ ; he builds the western irpoirvXaia of the temple of *H(j)ai(TTOQ ; the two large statues, called Summer and Winter, that stood before the irpoirvXaia : his riches ; the strong treasury built to secure them ; the curious story of the architect's son and the king's daughter. 122. VafAipiviroc, descends into 'Ai&jc and plays a game at dice with Arj^Trjp ; his return, and the festival of Arj/mriT-np instituted. 123. 'H/oooWoc simply relates what he heard, and leaves to others to decide on the probability of these stories ; the Aiyvirrioi are the first people who believed the soul to be immortal ; the trans- migration does not commence till the body begins to decay ; the period of the transmigration is 3000 years ; curious remark at the end of this chapter. 124. The tyrannical reign of Xeo^ ; the road of five araSioi in length built of polished and sculp- tured stone; the great pyramid of Xeo^. 125. 126. The mode in which the pyramid was (1) The Scholiast on IlivSapos, Neyu. x. 113. quotes some of the Kvnpia eirea. II. 127—136.] HERODOTUS. xxix erected ; the expense marked on the pyramid in ./Egyptian characters : the daughter of Xeo*iAiTiw»>. 129. Mvicepivoc the son of Xeo^, a benevolent monarch ; his daughter dies ; her body is deposited in a wooden gilded cow, 130. 131. which 'HpoSoroG saw at 2atc; the colossal figures in wood : their mutilated condition ac- counted for by 'HjooSoto*;. 132. Further descrip- tion of the gilded cow of Mvicepivoc;. 133. The oracle of Boutw predicts the death of Mvicepivoc; ; his schemes to prove the falsehood of the prophecy. 134. He left behind him a small pyramid ; which some 'EAXrjyec ignorantly attribute to the courte- zan 'Pw^iomQ, who was contemporary with A/macric, ; Pw§a>7Tio a native of Qprincri; she and Aiaioiroc; o XoyonoioQ were fellow-slaves to a man of ^a/noQ. 135. *P ; A/mvpraioQ mentioned ( 2 ). 141. *2eQti)v a priest of 'H^ataroc succeeds Avv- and Ompic, to Ato- vvctoq. 145. 146. The respective antiquity of 'Hjoa/cXeijc, Aiovvgoq, and Uav, according to the 'EXXjjvec and AiyvnTioi : the opinion of 'HpoSoroc, on this subject. 147. The sources of the know- ledge of 'HjooSotoc; Aiyvirroc; is divided, after the priest's death, into twelve parts, and governed by twelve kings ; they form a kind of alliance among one another. 148. 149. The twelve kings build a XafivpivQoQ near the lake MoipiQ ; 'Hpo- Sotoc astonished at its enormous size and gran- deur: the great temple (vijoq) at Ecpeaoc, and at 2o/uoc : the description of the XafivpivOoq : the description of the lake Moipic, ; the revenue which the kings of the Jlepaai received in the time of 'HpoSoroQ from the fish of this lake. 150. The natives tell 'Hpodoroc, that this lake discharged part of its waters into the ^vpnc, r} ev Aij3v$ by a subterraneous communication: his discussion of this question ; the city Ntvoq on the banks of the TiypiQ. 151. ^afifxiriyoQ one of the twelve is banished into the marshes by the eleven kings, because an oracle had predestined him to be king of all AiyvjrTOG. 152. 153. The prior adventures of ^afifxiriyoQ ; bad weather drives some Ionian (1) Compare the number of generations mentioned in this chapter with the number in the preceding. xxxii SUMMARY OF [II. 154—161. and Carian pirates on the coast ; the banished king obtains their aid and becomes the sole mon- arch of Aiyvn-Toc : he builds the south Trpoirv- \aia of the temple of 'H^accrroc at Me^u^iq ; Attic is the "Ewac^oQ of the *EXX?ji/ec; his avXrj (apart- ment) built by ^afx^iiTiyoQ is surrounded by a portico which is supported by KoXoaaoi (statues) instead of pillars. 154. ^afxfxiriyoQ gives to the \wveQ and Kapec lands near BovfiacrriG; the origin of the caste of interpreters ; from the time of ^a^jjunyoc the 'EXXrjvec possess more correct knowledge of ^Egyptian affairs, on account of their increasing commerce with Aiyvirroc,. 155. 156. The oracle of Arirto in the city Bovtw; the sanctuary (vyioq) of the goddess made of a single piece of stone, except the roof, which is also a single stone. 156. 157. The lake near Bovtw, and the floating island Xe/^uic ; AioyyXoQ o Ev- (popiwvoQ mentioned ( x ) : ^a/uifiiTiyoc; takes A£wtoc a city of ^Evpirj after a long siege. 158. Ne/co>c his son attempts to form a water communication between the NeiX oc and the A/oa/3ioc koXitoq, the northern part of the Erythraean sea ; AapeioQ the Persian completed the canal. 159. Ne/cwq builds a fleet ; he conquers the ^vpioi at Ma-ySoXoc and takes KaoWic( 2 ). 160. ^TaufxiQ succeeds him; the HXetoi send a deputation to him from OXv/m- irir\. 161. Airpiric, the successor of ^a/i/tuc ; his expedition against 2ioW ; 'HpooVroc refers to his (1) Compare TLavoavtas, Book viii. 37. (2) Compare Kings, Book ii. chap. 23 5 and Chronicles, Book ii. chap. 35 — 36. II. 162—174.] HERODOTUS. xxxiii AifivKoi Xoyoc( 1 ); AwpiriQ makes an unsuccessful attack on the Kvprjvaioi. 162. 163. The Atyvw- rioi rebel and choose Afxamc for their king : A-rrpii^c, with numerous auxiliaries, Kapea and lujvec, meets the Aiyvimoi and their leader Afxaaic, at the city Mw/uefxtyic 164. The seven castes of Aiyvirroc; ; the priests, the soldiers, the shepherds or nomades, the hog-feeders, the petty merchants, the inter- preters, and the boatmen ; the two classes of the soldier caste : Aiy virroc, divided into vop.oi. 165. The 'E/OjUOTvj3iot, one of the two military classes ; their vojuoi and numbers. 166. The KaXaaipiec, the other class ; the vofxoi that belong to them ; the number of their body. 167. 'Hpo^oroc re- marks that most nations consider the profession of a soldier more honourable than any other; this was the case among the EAAr/yec, and particularly among the AajceSaijuovtoi ; mechanics more esteem- ed at KopivOoa. 168. The great privileges of the soldier caste ; they are the only landholders except the priests ; the value of the ^Egyptian apovpa. 169 — 171. AirpiriQ loses the battle and his king- dom : the tomb of Airpir\Q and Afiaaic, at 2ai'c : the scruples of 'HpoSoroq: the daughters of Aa- vaoc, mentioned, with allusions to other things that he is afraid to mention. 172- -174. Afxamc, by a practical lesson reproves the Aiyvirrioi for de- spising his mean birth : his habits of business ; his relaxations and amusements ; his character before he ascended the throne ; his mode of esti- mating the merits of the various deities. 175. (1) See Book iv. chap. 159. d xxxiv SUMMARY OF [II. 175—182, 176. He builds magnificent irpoTruXaia for the temple of Adr)vair\ at 2aic ; description of them ; he brings large blocks of stone from Me/n(j)ici and JL\e(pavTivri : he erects a /coXocrcroq at NLep.(j)iG seventy- five 7roSeclong; 'HpoBoroc saw it lying on the ground. 177. The great agricultural and commercial prosperity of Aiyvirroc, under Afxaaic ; SoXwv introduced one of his laws into A0r/^ai( 1 ). 178. 179. The great privileges Afxaaic, grants to the 'EWrivec, ; he allows them to build temples and market-houses at ISavKpanc;; Hpodoroc men- tions the various Hellenic states that formed mer- cantile establishments at NavKparic : Nau/Cjoartq once the only port that foreigners were allowed to enter. 180. The Ae\(j)oi are bound to defray a fourth part of the expense of rebuilding the temple which had been burnt: they visit different places to solicit subscriptions; A/nacrtQ gives them a thou- sand raXavra of arvirrnpir) ( 2 ) ; the Hellenic mer- chants in AiyviTTOQ subscribe twenty fxveai. 181. A/uacric, marries an Hellenic woman, a native of Kvp-qvri ; her fortunes; 'HpoSoroc visited Kvprjvn. 182. AfxaaiQ presents his portrait to Kvprjvt}; his donations to AivSoc and 2a/uoc ; he is the first con- queror of KvirpoQ, which island he renders tribu- tary. (1) Compare Book i. chap. 29. 30. — ZoXwv had given his laws to Adrjvcu before he visited Aiyvwros, unless we suppose him to have made two visits to Afxaais. (2) a-vTTTripiri, perhaps, alum. III. 1—11.] HERODOTUS. xxxv BOOK III. From the invasion of Aijvtttoq by Ka/ij3ucr»jc, B.C. 525, to the capture of Ba/3uXw»> by Aa- peioc, B.C. 516. With the first part of this Book compare the latter part of the First Book of Atoha(>o$ 2^gA., and 2Tgot/3avr)c, a man of % AXucapvnvaoc;, in the service of Ajuatric, leaves him and escapes to Ka^j3uo-i?q. 5. Description of the coast from oi- viKtj to AiyvrrroQ ; KaoWiq a city nearly as large as 'EapSiG. 6. 7. Wine imported into Aiyvrrroc from all parts of 'EXXac and from oi; their marble public buildings : the Ha/mot plunder the ^icftvioi. 59. Adventures of these Samian fugi- tives ; their buildings in KvSomrj of Kprjrt] existed in the time of 'HjooSotoc. 60. The great public works of ^afioa ; the city supplied with water from a spring by the skill of "EvrraXivoQ of Meyapa ; the improvement of the port ; the large temple begun by 'Potfcoc a native architect. 61. Two Mayoi seize on the supreme power while KajufivcrriG is in Aeyu7TToc; one of them, who resembles ^fxepdic, and happens to have the same name, is proclaimed king. 62. 63. The message of the false It/LiepSic to Ka/u- j3v(tt}q : the messenger is questioned and the true state of the case ascertained. 64. 65. Ka/mfivcniG is accidentally wounded at Ay f3arava in ^Evpiri : his last words and death. 66. The Ylepcrai believe that the pretended is the real 2/iejOoV, the brother of Kap.(3v(rrjG. 67. The Mayoc acts in a politic manner ; he reduces the taxes ; the people love his government. 68. 69. The Mayoc takes pos- session of the harem of Kapfivaric,; Otclvyiq, a Per- sian of rank, detects him by means of his daugh- ter, one of the royal concubines, and his want of ears; KafifivaiiG had cut them off. 70. Oravrjc forms a conspiracy with six Persian associates. xl SUMMARY OF [III. 71—89. 71 — 73. The conspirators discuss the matter; the opinion of Aapeioc the son of Xaraair^c, : the remark of Qravric : Tu)j3pvr}Q approves of the plan of Aapeioc, and expresses his indignation at being governed by a MrjSoc, who was a Mayoc, and had lost his ears ; the proposal of Aapeioc adopted. 74. 75. The Mayoi wish Ilp^aawrjc to assure the Tlepvai that S^uepSic is the brother of Ka/ufiv- ar)c : he mounts a tower to make this proclamation, but instead of doing it he exposes the Mayoi, and throws himself down. 76 — 78. The conspirators determine to act immediately : they force their way into the palace : the bold resistance of the Mayoi ; their death. 79. A general massacre of the Ma- yoi ; the origin of the festival called Ma-yo7C and the horse ( [ ) ; the inscription on it. 89. Aapeioc divides his empire (1) The words may probably rather signify a work in relief. HI. 90—105.] HERODOTUS. xli into twenty aarpanriiai, and establishes a regular taxation; the weight of a Babylonian compared with that of a Euboic rakavrov. 90. Four divi- sions, or crarpairri'tai, containing several nations of the Hellenic stock; their annual taxes. 91. Four divisions, in which Aiyvirroc is included ; and their annual contributions. 92. Four more aarpa- 7rr{iai, in which Baj3uXwv is included. 93. Four divisions ; the fourteenth contains the avaairaoroi, the transplanted or transported people ( l ) . 94. Four divisions ; the twentieth contains the IvSoi. 95. 96. 'HpooWoc computes the annual amount of the taxation : further increase of the revenue ; the king's mode of keeping the precious metals. 97. Uepmc free from taxation; an enumeration of those who bring presents. 98. ( 2 ) The IvSoi ; many tribes of them ; they speak various lan- guages ; some IvSoi make clothing from an aquatic plant. 99 — 101. The IvSoi UaSaioi are vojuaSec; their strange usages : other IvSot who abstain from all animal food, and live on the spontaneous vege- table products ; all these IvSoi are black, and are compared with the Ai0io7req; they are not subject to Acijoeioc ; they may be called the Southern Ii/Soc. 102 — 105. The Northern IvSoi who live near the city KaGTTarvpoc are the gold-finders ; the fxvp- fmrjKec that throw up the gold sand ; the descrip- tion of the KafiriXoc, (the camel) : the camel used by the Iv<$oi in their gold-expeditions into the sandy ( 1 ) See 'UpoS. Book v. 15. Book iv. 204. and Book vi. 119. Kings, Book ii. chap. 17, 18, and 24. (2) Compare with these chapters of 'HjootWos on the lv$oi, the IvdtKci of Krrjmas, edited by Lion. xlii SUMMARY OF [III. 106—119. desert( 1 ) : the dangers attending these expeditions. 106. Remarks on climates ; the horses of MrjSc/cr/, called Nktcuoi; cotton used by the Ivdoi for making clothing. 107. The peculiar vegetable products of Apa^ir] ; the oq), and ivory, the products of AiOiowit}. 115. The Hpi- $avoc> from which amber (riXeKTpov) is procured ; the vrjaoi Ka7rri ; the ApL/j,aep- vyig, one of the seven conspirators : Aapeioc sus- pecting a conspiracy determines to put to death (1) This is perhaps the desert of Kohi, (2) 'ttpoc. Book iv. chap, 27. Aitr^vk, UpofjijO. 807. III. 120—134.] HERODOTUS. xliii lvTa(j)epvYiQ, and all his male connections ; the wife of lvra(j)epvrjc saves her brother and her eldest son. 120. 121. OpoiTtiQ the virapyoc, of *2apSiG ; his treacherous design against UoXvKparriG about the time of the death of KapfivoriG : AvaKpewv o Titjlog a friend of UoXvKparriG* 122 — 125. UoXvKpa- rriG the first genuine historical personage of the Hellenic stock, who aimed at the dominion of the seas ; the message of Opoirr\c, to UoXvKparriG : the Samian sends his treasurer to ascertain the truth of what OpoirriG said : his daughter attempts to dissuade him from visiting OpoirriG : UoXvKpa- rriG takes with him his physician Aityio/crjSrjc of Kporti)v\ OpoirriG crucifies the Samian king, whom 'HjooSotoc extols above all the Hellenic rvpavvoi except those of ^vpriKovaai. 126 — 128. The cruelty of OpoirriG : AapeioG determines to punish him : Btrycuoc is chosen by lot to execute the king's commands ; OpoirriG is put to death. 129. 130. Aapeioc while hunting puts his ancle out of joint; the ^Egyptian doctors make it worse by their un- skilful treatment ; AjtyioKrjSrjc, who had been sent up to Sovo-a with the rest of the property of Opoi- rriG, is brought before the king in his chains and rags : he cures the king, and is liberally rewarded. 131. 132. The adventures of Ar^uo/o^c before he was physician to UoXvKparriG ; his professional services purchased by the state of Aiywa and by the AOrivaioi : his prosperity at 2ovv ; MaiavSpioG and his party make a truce with the invaders, and agree to evacuate the island. 1 45 — 147. The advice of XapiXewc the mad brother of III. 148—160.] HERODOTUS. xlv MaiavSpioc, : Xa/oiXewc attacks the Ilepvai, who were unprepared for such an assault, and kills many men of rank : Oravtic seeing this outrage, orders his soldiers to kill every male ; the aKpo- 7roAtc is blockaded. 148. 149. MaiavSpioc escapes to 'Enaprrj ; the king KXeofievrjc recommends the E ; the disease of Oravr)Q. 1 50 — 153. The BajSvXwviot revolt; their preparations for sustaining a siege ; the city is besieged by the Tiepaai ; in the twentieth month of the siege one of the mules of Zo)7rvpoc produces a foal. 1 54 — 156. Zioirvpoc mutilates his person ; the reasons for this, which he explains to Aapeioa : he passes over to the Baj3uXo)vioc, pretending to have suf- fered from the cruelty of Aapeioc 157. The BafivXwvioi choose him for their commander. 158. Aa/oeioc, acting according to the scheme concerted with Zw7tvjooc, takes the city. 159. 160. He impales 3000 of the chief citizens ; the Ba(5v\tJvioi had destroyed nearly all their women before the siege commenced, that their provisions might last longer ; Aapeioc furnishes them with 50,000 women from the neighbouring nations : the liberality of Aapeioc to Xtoirvpoc ; this Za>7rv- poc, was the father of the Meya|3u£oc who fought against the AOrjvaioi in Ai-yv7TToc (*) ; and the grandfather of the Zwirvpoc who fled to AOrjvai from the Tlepaaii 2 ). (1) Oovkvc). Booki. 109. (2) See Krtjaias, UepatK. 43. xlvi SUMMARY OF [IV. 1—7. BOOK IV. On the Scythian tribes : general and special re- marks onGeography: on the Libyan tribes: from the Scythian expedition of Aapeioc, B.C. 513, to the transplanting of the Bap/cciioi to Ba/CT/nr/. With the geographical description of "Savd/vi compare 2r^«- fiav. Book vii. And compare Appiott/. UsgiTrhovs Ev£- eivov Uovtov with the notices of some positions on the ~Ev%stuoz. Chap. 145—167. and 200—205. The history of the Hellenic colonies on the northern coast of A//3vjj; Kv^vn, B«g- *)7, &c. Compare Sr^a/foj/. Book xvii. near the end. Chap. 168 — 198. The tribes of A//3vjj. Compare Aiol^o;. Book iii. Ir^m. Book xvii. 1. Aapeioc meditates an expedition against the 2/cu0tu ; the Scythian dominion of Ao-t?7 lasted twenty-eight years ; their wives cohabit with the slaves. 2. The reason why the ^Kvdai make their slaves blind ; they use mare's milk. 3. 4. The sons of the slaves oppose the ^KvOai on their re- turn; they dig a deep ditch from the Tauric mountains to the Xipvri MaiwTtc : the sons of the slaves submit. 5.6. The Scythian account of their own origin ; the golden utensils and imple- ments that fell from heaven : 2/coAotoi is the ge- neral and the genuine name of all those tribes whom the EAXrjvec call 2/cv0ai. 7. From the time of TapyiraoG the first Scythian king, to the expedition of Aapeioc, was a period, according to the IlkvQui, of 1000 years; the kings carefully IV. 8—20.] HERODOTUS. xlvii guard the golden presents that came from heaven. 8 — 10. The story of the Pontic 'EAArji/ec about the origin of the "EicvOai ; 'HpaicXeriG visits the country now called 'EkvOlt) : his intercourse with E)(iSva : his three sons, of whom the youngest, 2kv0»jc, possesses the country. 11. Another account, which 'HpocVroq prefers ; the Kifx/mepioi the former occupiers of 2/cv0n? ; the great mound on the banks of the TvprjQ. 1 2. Proofs of their former occupation of ^kvOw from the names of places ; remains of walls called Ki/uL^epia ; the Bo(T7rojOoq called Kiju/mepios. 13 — 15. Apiare^Q of UpoKovvrjffOG a writer of e7rea, and a notorious impostor: the strange story of his dying and coming to life ; 'Hjooc^otoc refers to the e7rea Apt- fiaairea : 'HjoocWoq visited UpoKovvrjcroG, and Me- Tairovriov in IraXiri ; the story of the MeraTrov- tivoi about Apiaretic ; his statue. 1 6. The country beyond ^kvOiyj unknown. 17. The efxiropiov of the Ropvi ; the effects of the cold on animals : the OoWaoivi/oj) as far as Tpi- omov; thirty eOvea (different nations) dwell in this country. 39. The countries west of YlepaiKrj bounded by the TLpvOpr) QaXaaaa, and the A^oa- )3ioc koXttog ( 2 ) ; the sea coast from <&oiviicr) to Aiy vrrroc. 40. Eastern Amy bounded by the Apa<£r}G and the Kaamri QaXavGa on the north, and the Erythrean sea on the south. 4 1 . The country called Aifivri is adjacent to Aiywirroc,, and extends (1) Some of these were engraved on copper. See 'RpoS. Book v. 49 j and Heeren's remarks in his Essay on the " Fontes Geograph. Ptolemaei." (2) The Erythrean sea is often used by 'Hpodoros to designate the present Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Persian Gulf. In this chapter, the canal which Aa- peios made is said to connect the NetXos and the Apapws koXttos. In chap. 158. Book ii. the canal joins the NetXos and the Rpvdprj daXacrcra : but read the remainder of this chapter. 1 SUMMARY OF [IV. 42—51. to the west. 42. In the direction of their length Aeg. 53. The BopvaQevriQ next to the larpoc, in size ; the abundance and excellence of its waters ; its fish ; the rich natural pastures and the fertile lands on its banks; its source unknown ; the 'Ynavic, and the BopwOevtic flow into the same salt-marsh ; the promontory of 'l7r7roXewq, and the temple of AityirjTJ^o ; the Bo- pvaOeveiTai on the Yiravic;. 54. The TlavTUcaTrrjQ, which flows into the JSopvvOevriQ. 55. The Yira- Kvpic; A^iXXrjioc ^po/moc;. 56. The Feppoa flows into the ^Yiraicvpic,. 57. The Tavaic flows into the Xifxvtf MaiririQ ; it separates the 2/cv0ai j3aa-i- Xrjioi from the ^avpo/uarai. 5 8 . These are the chief rivers of *2kvQikti; the bitterness of the grasses of ^KvOiK-n. 59. 60. The Scythian deities, and their appellations, that correspond to the Hellenic ; Zevc, is called TlairaioQ by the 2/cv0ai : the mode of killing an animal in sacrifice. 6 1 . Their boil- ing pots (Ke^rec,) are like Keafiwi Kprjrrfpec; bones are used as fuel ; an animal sometimes cooked in his own skin( 1 ). 62. 63. The temple of AprjQ made of faggots or logs of wood piled up ; their occasional sacrifices of captives : the hog is not used by the ILkvOcu. 64 — 66. Their usages in war : the Scythian mode of converting a human scalp into a napkin ; 'HjooSotog had seen the hu- man skin used as a horsecloth ; its properties : the skulls of their enemies are converted into (1) See the note in Schweighaeuser. e 2 lii SUMMARY OF [IV. 67—80. drinking- vessels ; single combats before the king : the annual celebration of warlike deeds. 67 — 69. Conjurors or diviners numerous in 2ku0ik»? : they are also a kind of doctors, who are consulted when the king is ill ; their system of deceit and robbery: false diviners are burnt alive. 70. The Scythian mode of making a treaty ; earthen vessels used by them. 7 1 . The tombs of their kings are in the territory of the Teppoi ; the funeral rites ; the slaughter of the king's domestics ; a great mound of earth is raised over the body. 72. The repetition of the cruel funeral rites in the following year. 73 — 75. Their private interments : Kavva- /3iq (hemp) grows spontaneously in ^kvBiktj ; the OprjiKeci make cloth of it, very like el/mar a \ivea (linen cloths) : the modes of purification after as- sisting at interments. 76. 77. Kvayapaic, a Scythian visited Kv£i/coc an Hellenic town ; he introduces Hellenic religious ceremonies into HkvOikij, and performs them in secret ; he is de- tected and murdered : the Peloponnesian account of Avayapaic 78 — 80. ^kvXtjc, the son of a Scythian king and an Hellenic woman of larpit}, prefers Hellenic to Scythian usages ; his mother had taught him her own language, that of 'EXXac ; the BopvcQeveiTai a Milesian colony ; ^icvXrjc marries a woman of the place, and builds a house there : he is initiated into the mysteries of Aiow- aoc, BaK^etoc; his house in the Hellenic town was ornamented with marble atyiyyec and ypviree, ; the Scythian army are informed of their king's habits in the city : they revolt ; ^kvXtjq is beheaded ; IV. 81— 89.] HERODOTUS. liii 'HpoSoroG quotes the examples of kvayapaiq and 2/aAnc to show the abhorrence of the ^KvSai for foreign customs. 81. 82. When 'HpooWoc was in ^kvOikv, he could not accurately ascertain the population ; the number may be conjectured from the brazen or copper vessel at E£ajU7rtuoc, which was made by each Scythian contributing one arrow head ; this vessel compared with that of Uavvavnic, the son of KXeopfiporoc ; the 2ku0Tioi sail to the larpoc, and make a bridge over the river ; Aapeioc encamps at the source of the Teapoc in QprjiKr]. 90. 91 . The hot and cold springs of the Teapoc : the column and inscription of AapeioQ. 92. 93. The river AprurKoc ; the heaps of stones made by the army : the Term, a Thracian tribe, south of the larpoc, are subdued by the TLepaai. 94 — 96. The Terai assert themselves to be im- mortal ; they send a messenger to Zap.o\%ic every five years : the tale of the 'EXXrjvec of the 'EX- \riG7TovTOG and of the Tlovroc about this Za/uoX- %iq : the remarks of 'HjooSotoc. 97. 98. Aapeioc crosses the larpoc ; the advice of Kwrjc a Lesbian : Aapeioc, ties sixty knots on a string, and orders the rvpavvoi of the IwveQ to untie one of them daily ; they receive instructions to guard the bridge over the larpoc till the sixty are untied. 99 — 10 1. The general outline of ^kvOikti ; ^kvOiktj which is called apyairj, or old, commences at the larpoc ; its boun- daries ; the position of the country of the Tavpoi, with respect to IlkvOiky), illustrated by a compari- son between the Suniac angle and the rest of At- riKt} ; also by a comparison of the promontory south of aline joining Bpevreaiov and Tapac, with the rest of l-oirvyir) : the Mati/nc and the Tavaic, the eastern boundary of ^EkvOikt} ; the nations that border on ^kvOikyj in the interior, and form its western and northern boundaries : ^EkvOikyj then according to HpoSoroc is a square, each side of which is 4000 stadia ; he reckons a day's journey IV. 102—116.] HERODOTUS. lv to be 200 stadia. 102. The names of the neigh- bouring nations that are solicited to aid the 2fcv0cu. 103. The barbarous manners of the Tavjooi ; I<£i- yeveia their deity. 104 — 107. The AyaOvpaoi fond of gold ornaments : the Neu/ooi once driven from their country by snakes ; the superstitious story of the 'EAA^vec who dwell in HkvOiico : the Av$po(j)ayoi, the men-eaters : the M.e\ayy\aiPoi, so called by the EAArjvec from their black cloth- ing ( ! ). 108. 109. The BovSivoi paint themselves blue and flame-colour ( 2 ) ; the town of the TeXwvoi and its houses of wood ; the Tekiovoi originally merchants from the coast and of Hellenic stock ; they speak a mixed language, Scythian and Hel- lenic : the BovSivoi speak a different language, and are NojuaSec ; the TeXwvoi cultivate the ground and have gardens : the skins and other articles fur- nished by the country of the Bou&woi ( 3 ). 1 1 — 116. The origin of the ^avpofxarai ; in the Scythian language oiop signifies a man, and 7rara to kill ; the AfxaCovea who arrive in ^kvOiktj plunder the natives : the ^KvOai are surprised ; the scheme adopted when they discover the A/ma^oves to be women : the young 2/cv0ai visit the AfiaZoves and (1) Which was made of the skins of bears and other wild animals. (2) Some critics think that the words 7rvppos and y\at>- kos refer to the physical peculiarities of the BovSivoi, to their hair, eyes, &c. See Heeren, Ideen, &c. the chap- ter on the 2/cv0at j and Mannert. Germania. (3) This and the preceding chapter clearly indicate a fur trade carried on by the TeXojvoi with the Hellenic merchants of the Uovms. hi SUMMARY OF [TV. 117— ISO. cohabit with them : the Apalovcc agree to be the wives of these ^KvOai : but insist on leaving the Scythian country : they cross the Tavaic and in- habit the country where the present ^avpofxarai dwell ; the women retain the habits of their an- cestors. 117. The lavpofxarai speak a corrupted Scythian language. • 1 18. 1 19. The message of the ^KvOai to the neighbouring nations : the Te- Xwvoi, BovStvot and ^avpojuarai alone promise assistance. 120. 121. The Scythian mode of warfare ; they fill up the wells and destroy the grass ; they divide the country into three parts for defence : the waggons containing their wives and children, together with most of their cattle, are sent towards the north. 122. The llepaai pursue one division of the army and cross the Tavaic ; the TLepcrai then go to the country of the Bov$ii'ot( 1 ). 123. 124. The Tiepaai burn the wood-built town in this territory; Aapeioc enters the desert of the Qvaaayerai, which is north of the BouSiuoi; the f jur rivers : Aapeioc begins to build eight forts on the banks of the Oapoc ; the ruins remain to the time of 'H/ooSotoc. 125. The Persian chace after the *2kv0cli; the courage of the AyaOvpcroi. 126. 127. Aapeioc challenges the Scythian king to a battle : the wise answer of the Scythian. 128 — 130. The ^KvQai annoy the Hepaai by continued small attacks : the Scythian horses are frightened by the braying of the asses and mules in the Per- sian army : there are no asses or mules in 2kv- (1) See this Persian expedition and the position of the Bovhvot discussed by Mannert. Gcrmania, IV. 131—145.] HERODOTUS. lvii OiKrj : the cunning of the 2/cu0at. 131. 132. The ^.KvQai send to the Uepaai a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows : the meaning of this present. 133. One division of the 2ki»0cu exhort the Iw»>eq to leave the bridge at the end of the appointed days. 134. The contempt of the ^KvOai for the Tlepaai expressed in a strange way. 135. 136. Aapeioa retreats in the night, leaving his sick and his asses behind him : the soldiers who are abandoned ask for mercy from the ^KvQai • the 2/cu0cu hastening to the Yarpoc,, arrive there before Aapeioq, and beg the Iwvea to destroy the bridge. 137.138. MiX- riadrjQ of ABrivai, the TVpavvoa of the Xe/ocroyijo-oq, is disposed to destroy the bridge ; 'Io-riaioc of Mi- \t)toq opposes this ; the reasons which he urges: the names of the rvpavvoi who voted for the pre- servation of the bridge. 139. The rvpavvoi de- ceive the 2/cu0cu, who return to look for the Per- sian army. 140. 141. The 2ku0cu do not find the Uepaai ; Aapeioc with great difficulty makes his way to the river, where he arrives in the night : the loud-voiced ^Egyptian j the army cross the bridge. 142. The 2ku0cu express their contempt for the Iowec. 143. 144. Aapeioc marches through Opv'iKv, and crosses the 'EXX»j7wj3toc, who was left there, has his deficient stock of provisions recruited by some 2a/utoi ; the profitable voyage of the Samian captain to Tap- rrjacTOG ; description of the great copper Kpyrrip in the *H/>aiov at 2a^uoc : a colony with Barrett; at their head settle at IlXarea. 154. 155. The story of the Kvprjvaioi about BarroQ ; F.reap^oc of Kprirri and his daughter <&povifir\ : Barroc, the son of QpovifxT) and a man of Gripri ; BarroQ means king in the Libyan tongue ; the UvOir) orders Bar- toq to take a colony to Aij3vrj. 156. 157. BaT- roa is sent to Aifivri ; he settles in the island TlXarea, opposite the coast of Aifivt) ; the IlvBirj who is consulted by the complaining colonists orders them, in two Hexameter verses, to settle in Aifivri ; the situation of Alipic,. 158. The Aifivec, persuade the colonists to remove to a place named IV. 159—170.] HERODOTUS. lix Ipaaa. 159. The Kvprivaioi; many 'EXXt/vco, being invited by the Kvprivaioi, sail to Ai(3v»?, and deprive the Aifivec, of their lands ; in the reign of BaTTOc, the third king, the Kvprivaioi defeat the invading army of the ^Egyptian Airpiric,. 160. 161. ApKcaiXeojc succeeds Bcm-toc; some Cyrenean rebels build BapKrj ; ApKemXewQ defeat- ed by the Ai/3uec : BaTToqkingof Kvprivti; Ai^mu- va% of Mavnverj is sent by the UvOiri to reform the polity of Kvprivrt; his regulations. 162. 163. A/o- KeciXewQ the son of Barroc is dissatisfied with the restrictions of the royal power introduced by Ar?jt«ova£ ; he is obliged to fly to ^afioQ : he in- vites the HLap.ioi to restore him to Kvprjvri, and promises them the lands ; the answer of the Tivdiri to the inquiries of ApKeaiXetoQ. 164. Ap- KeaiXewQ is restored; his cruelty; his supersti- tion; and his assassination in Ba/ofa/. 165 — 167. ^eperifxri the mother of ApKeaiXetoQ flies to Aiyvrrroc after her son's death : ApvavSria ap- pointed governor of Aiyvrrroc by Ka/i|3vv Karvirepde Kptivriovauov dies : some of the Qpriifcec sell their children for slaves ; they puncture their faces ; agriculture discreditable : their gods : their funeral rites and the mounds of earth raised over the body : the Thracian regions north of the larpoc ; the ^lyvvvai extend as far as the Eve-rot of the ASpivc ; they call themselves descendants of the MjjSoi ; the wise remark of 'HpoSoroQ ; the meaning of 'Ziyvvvai in the lan- guage of the Ai-yvec above MaaaaXit), and in that of KvTrpoQ : the sea coast of /ot/ikij subjected by the Tlepaai. 1 1 . AapeioQ at *2ap$ic ; he gives to 'Lrnaioc a grant of land on the ^rpvfxhiv, called MvpKivoa HSeuvtc ; Kwrjq is made rvpavvoc of Mi- TvXrjvrj. 1 2 — 1 5. The two brothers and the Paeo- nian woman : Aapeioc is struck with the beauty of the Pseonian woman and her industry ; the Tlai- ovec, descendants of the Tevicpoi from Tpoia : Aa- peioc sends orders to Me-y«j3a£oc to bring to him to 2ap&c all the Xiaiovec, : some tribes of the ITai- ovec are carried into Aair\. 16. The names of those Tlatovec, who were not taken by Meyaj3a£oc ; their usages. 17. Meyaj3a£oc sends to Afxvvrr^Q king of Ma/ceSoMir/ to demand earth and water; the mine near the lake Ylpaaiac ; the revenue from it to A\e%av$poc. 18 — 20. Apwrm entertains the liepaai ; the strangers require the females of his family to be present at the banquet ; the licentious behaviour of the Persian envoys : A\eZav$poQ the (1) See Book iv. chap. 94, &c. V. gl—34.] HERODOTUS. lxv son of Afivvrrja recommends his father to retire : he introduces men in women's apparel and mas- sacres the TLepaai. 21. 22. A\e%av$poc, stops all inquiry into the matter by bribes, and by giving his sister to Bovfiapric the Persian general sent to investigate the affair: HpoSoroc, ( l ) promises to prove in another place that the descendants of Hep^iKKYfc are EAA)?i>ec ; AAef avSpoc allowed to be of Hellenic stock by the arbiters of the games at OXvfnrir}. 23. 'lariaioc begins to build on the banks of the *2rpvp.ii)v ; the advice of MeyajSa^or, to Aa/oeioc 24. 25. Aapeioc decoys Igticuog to ^ap^iQ ; and takes him to ^2ov?toc the most prosperous town of \h)vir\ : MiXrjroc indebted to the Uapioi for re- storing tranquillity, two generations before the age of AapeioQ. 30. 31. Fugitives from Na£oc apply to ApiffrayopriG, the deputy governor of Mi\r)TOG, in the place of 'Ioticiiog ; his motives for listening to their prayer : he persuades Apra- (j>epvriG to aid in restoring these Na^toi to their country and their property. 32 — 34. Aapeioc is informed of the proposal ; he is pleased with it, expecting to possess the islands; two hundred (1) See Book viii, chap. 137, &c. f lxvi SUMMARY OF [V. 35—42. TpiypeeQ prepared ; Meyafiarric the Persian com- mander : ApKTrayoprjQ and MeyafiarriQ quarrel ; the Persian informs the Na£ioi of the design of the expedition : the Uepoai spend four months in a fruitless blockade of Na£oc, and then retire. 35. ApiarayopriQ after this failure is in great dif- ficulties, and unable to pay the expenses of the expedition ; he meditates an insurrection against the Tiepaai ; he is encouraged by a message from 'Io-Tiatoc conveyed by punctures on the head of a slave. 36. Apiarayopr\c deliberates with his friends ; EfcaTcuoc o XoyowoioQ argues against an insurrection ; this having no effect, he recommends them, if they determine on war, to seize the trea- sures which Kpoi(TOQ had deposited in the temple of the B/oay^t&u : this good advice was rejected. 37. 38. The rvpawoi of Iwvirj are seized in the encampment at Mvovc, and given up by Apiara- yopriQ to their respective cities ; iaovop.ii\ (political equality) is proclaimed at MiXtitoq : Kwryc of Mi- TvXrivri is put to death by his subjects ; Apicrra- yopris goes to ^iraprr] to ask for assistance. 39. 40. KXeojuevrjq king of ^iraprr) ; the order given by the e(j)opoi to his father Ava^avSpiSric to take a new wife : the second proposal of the e(j>opoi and yepovres ; Aya%av$pi$ric takes another wife, and keeps the first wife also : KXeojuei/rjq the son of this second wife ; the e(f)opoi attend at the de- livery of the first-married wife, suspecting some fraud; she has several sons. 42. KXeojuevr/c is a madman; Awptevc the eldest son of the first- married wife leaves ^iraprri in disgust ; he takes a V. 43—52.] HERODOTUS. lxvii colony to Kivvxp in Ai(3vi/, from which he is driven by the Ma/ceec, Atj3uec, and Kap^ijoWiot. 43. Aw- pievQ returns home, and by the advice of the HvQiri sails for 2i/ceA«? ; the prophecies of Aoio^C 1 ). 44 — 46. The 2vj3a/otToi say that Atopieva aided the Kporu)vir}rai in taking 2vj3apiq ; the different story of the Kpor(ovirirai : the proofs which each party give of their respective accounts ; the tomb of Atopievc on the banks of the dry KpaariQ : the surviving friends of AwpievQ fall in battle against the Qoivucec, and E*yei\nriroG of Kporwv an exile from Kporwv ; he goes to Kvprjvri ; after- wards he joins the expedition of Awpievc in a galley of his own, manned at his own expense ; his victories at OXvfxiriri ; the Eyea-rcuoi honour him with a tomb after he had fallen in the battle against them : KXeopevric; dies early, leaving a daughter Topyto. 49. ApiarayopriQ visits this KAeojuei^jq, taking with him a map of the world on a plate of copper ; his speech to KXeofievrjQ. 50. 51. The questions of KXeo/jtevrjQ to Apiara-* yopris ; he orders Kpiorayopnc, to leave ILtraprr) ; the Ionian endeavours to bribe the king : he is compelled to withdraw from ^iraprr). 52. 'H/oo- Sotoc describes the great road of the king from 2a/oStq to 2ovtoi ; the in- scription and its supposed age : another inscrip - tion, supposed to be of the age of OiSlttovq o Aaiov : a third inscription ; its age ; the fate of the KaS- ^teioi ; the peculiar rites and temples of the Te(j)v- paioi at AQrivai. 62. 63. After the death of 'Shr- Trapyoc, his brother 'l7T7rir?c becomes more cruel and oppressive ; the exiled A\K/,iatwvi^ai contract with the AfjicpiKTvovec to rebuild the temple of the Ae\(j)oi : their satisfactory performance of the con- tries KaWuTTai. Corap. Book viii. 98. and Marco Polo's account of Kublai-khan's posting establishment. Kerr's Voyages and Travels, vol. i. (1) Compare QovkvS. i. 20. V. 64—73.] HERODOTUS. lxix tract gives them influence ; they induce the UvOiri to urge the AaKeSaifiovioi to liberate AQrivai ; the unsuccessful attempt of A y^ijj.oXioc against Ady vai. 64. KAeojicevijq in a second expedition routs the Thessalian cavalry, the allies of 'Ittttitiq, and be- sieges the rvpavvoi in the reiyoc, HeXaayucov. 65. The HeiffKTT pari^ai capitulate and retire to 2iyeiov, after their power had lasted thirty-six years ; the genealogy of the TleiToi and the XaXfccSeec against AOrjvai : the Peloponnesian army dispersed by the disunion of the two Spartan kings ; the law of ^waprrj in consequence of this : the four expe- ditions of the Aw/oieec into Attiktj : the Adyvaioi defeat the Boiwtoi and XaXiciBeeQ ; the AQr\vaioi leave 4000 icXripovyoi (settlers) in the region of Evj3oi?? that belonged to the iTnro^orai (the horse- raisers (*) or breeders) ; 'HjooSotoc saw at AOrivat the chains of the captives suspended on the walls burnt by the MijSoi ; the four horses of copper and the chariot ( 2 ) in the A/cjoo7toXcc ; the inscrip- tion. 78 'HjooSotoc shows the advantages which result to a community from the equal distribution of political power among the free citizens (ior\yo- piri). 79 — 81. The 9rjj3aiot obtain assistance from the Aiyivt}rai against AQ^vai ; the Aia/ctSai : the Aiyivr\rat plunder <£>aXr//)oc, and the TrapaXirj (the sea-coast) of Attiact? ; 7ro\e/j.oQ aKrjpvKroa. 82 — 85. The cause of the enmity between the Aiywr}rai and ABrjvaioi ; the olive-tree of Attikyj ; the EmSavpioi obtain permission to make two statues of olive-tree wood : the Aiyivrirai steal them from JLmSavpoi; : the ABtfvaioi demand them back from Aiyivr? ; the Athenian mission to Ai- yivr) and their account of the matter. 86.87. The ( 1 ) The word, as to its import in a political sense, means the land-holders (yeiofjiopoi) , the rich, the ruling party. (2) Havoavias (Book i. chap. 28) calls this work of art Simply apjja. V. 88—95.] HERODOTUS. Ixxi account of the same transaction by the Aiyivvirai and A/o-yeioi : the Athenian women kill with the Trepovai( l ) of their dresses the single Athenian who returned alive from the expedition against Aiyivt] ; the Athenian women, on account of this, are compelled to adopt the Ionic dress, which re- quires no wepovai ; remarks on the lac, Kaeipa, and AwpiKri eodw yvvaiKuv. 88. The large 7re- povai which the women of Apyoc; and Atyiv>y wore in the time of 'H/oooVroc ; the origin of the fashion. 89. 90. The Aiy ivr\rai, on account of the old quarrel, gladly join the Bocwtoi ; the Aa/ceSaijuo- vioi discover the collusion of the AXk/jlclkoviScii and the TLvQir) ; the xprjfffxoi (prophecies) which KAe- ofievrjc carried off from the Athenian AKpowoXta. 91. 92. 'iTrmriQ is invited from Siyetov by the AaK€$aip.ovioi to attend a congress of the IleXo- wovvt)»?. 96. 'iTnnrjG applies to Apracpepvrjc, which was the cause of an embassy to the Persian from AOrivai. 97.98. At this crisis Apiarayopr]G arrives at ABrj- vai ; the AOnvaioi vote twenty ships for the aid of the Itovec : Apiarayoprja returns to MlXt/jtog ; he persuades the transplanted Uaiovec, whom AapeioG had placed in pvyiri, to run away ; they escape to HaioviT). 99. 100. Five rpwpeeG from TLperpirj join the Athenian ships and sail to MiAtjtog : the Iwi^eq join the squadron ; they sail to Ec^eo-oq and take Zapdtc 101. 102. Most of the houses of ^ZapSiG made of reeds or straw; some built of bricks, with straw or thatched roofs ; the town is burnt ; the river Ucikt(i)\og a branch of the 'Ejo- IxoG : the temple of Kvj3»?/3»j 7 a national goddess of the Avdoi, is burnt ; the battle at E<£eoivuceG, who com- V. 109—121.] HERODOTUS. Ixxiii posed their navy, cruize about the Keys (KAqcoec, a point of land) of Kvirpot ; an Ionian fleet comes to aid OvrjffiXoG. 109 — 1 13. The speech of the rvpavvoi of KvirpOG to the Iowec; to koivov ru>v Ia>»>a>»>, the general or federal government of Iwviri : the Persian and Cyprian forces in the plain of ^iaXajULiQi a Kap the viraaTnarr)Q (shield-bearer) of Ovt/tTiAoc ; the Carian's stratagem : the Iwvec defeat the 3>oii>t/cec in a naval battle ; the Uepaai gain the battle on land ; the horse of Aprvfiioc, : the Kovpieea a colony from ApyoQ ; Ovr^aiXoc falls in the battle ; <&i\oicv7rpoG commended in the e7rea (verses) of 2oXa»>, who once visited KvrrpoG. 114. The ignominious treatment of the body of Ov?/ffiXoc by the A/maQovaioi ; the subsequent honours paid to him ; 'HpooWoq visited Ap.a- Qovq(}). 115. The I(jjvec sail back to Iomrj, and KvnpoQ again becomes a Persian province. 116. 117. The Persian generals divide their forces, and attack the various Hellenic towns of Acrwj : Aav- piariQ takes AapSavos, YlepKurr), and other places ; he advances against Kapiri, hearing of the union of the I, or to WlvpKivoc, : E/caraioc o \oyoiroioc recommends the fortification of Aepoc, a small island near MiXijroq : Apiarayoprjc, occupies Mvp- kivoq with some troops ; he and his soldiers are destroyed by some QpriiKec whom they were blockading in their town. BOOK VI. From the return of lariaioc to SapSic, to the death qfMiXna^rjQ. 1.2. \ariaioc, at ^EapSic; Apra(j)epvriQ makes known to him his suspicions of his treachery : 'lonaioc, escapes to the island Xioq. 3. 4. The Iwveq exasperated at lanaioc,; he pacifies them by a lie : the traitorous correspondence of some Tiepaai in 'EapSic with lariaioc, ; Apra(j>epvriQ detects it and puts many liepaai to death. 5. The MiXriaioi will not receive 'lariaioc into the city ; he obtains some ships from the Aea>/cae€C : the daily nautical exercises of the Greek fleet; the sailors grow tired of this strict discipline. 13. The 2ojiuoe observing this, turn traitors, and make a secret agreement with the Uepoi ; the threat of K/ooicroc to the Aap.\paKt}voi : MiXriaSrjG receives after his death the honours usually paid to an ouciarriG, leader or founder of a colony ; his nephew ( 2 ) ^rricfayoprjG succeeds him ; the assassination of ^rrtaayoprjc* 39. 40. 2tij- aayopr\Q succeeded by his brother MtXrto^a ; 'HjooSotoc promises to mention in another place the circumstances of the death of Ki/utov the father of MiXticio\jc ( 3 ) ; MiXtioSijc marries a Thracian (1) See Eevo((>(i)v. 'EWrjviKa. Book iii. 2. 10. on the wall of AepKvWidas. (2) Tr)i> apyrjv re Kai ra ^prjfiara 7rapa$ovs Sr^«ra- yopr) r$> Kijjlwvos a$e\Toc with a great force intended to act against ILperpir} and AQr\vai : he takes Ochtoc and subdues the M a/ceSoveq ; his fleet wrecked about Adas. 45. The Bpvyoi GpijiKec attack MapSovios in MaiceBoviri ; the Persianiarmy returns to A- rirjrai distinguished from the other inhabitants of the country AaKeSaipuyv : other usages, on the death of a king, resembling those of the Hepaai : 'Hpo&OTOc compares three castes of the Aa/ce&u- fiovioi with those of Aiyvn-roQ. 61. 62. Apiaruyv the father of king ArjjLiaprjToc ; his two barren wives; he falls in love with another man's wife : the way in which he obtains possession of her. 63. 64. Ai/jua/oijToc the son of the third wife, but perhaps not the son of Apiarwv : Aityiapr/Toc suc- ceeds Apiarwv ; the enmity of KXeojuevijq and A?j- fiapr\roQ. 65—67. KXeojxevriQ and AevrvyjiSriQ (1) Compare with chap. 55—60. #evo0wv on the La- cedaemonian polity, and those parts of the IloXtrtJca of ApiffToreXris in which he treats of the same subject. (2) Compare Qovicvdicris. Book i. chap. 87. 88. The EfCfcX^o-m on that occasion decides the question of war. lxxx SUMMARY OF [VI. 67—83. form a combination and declare that Ar}fiapr}roc has no right to be a king of ^iraprri : the ^wap- Tirirai consult the UvOiri ; she is bribed by KAe- opevriG and declares Ari/mapriroQ not to be the son of Apiary. 67 — 69. Ar\fxap7]Toc, deposed ; Aeu- TvyjL&r}c, takes his place ; he insults Art/LLaprjToc; : the deposed king entreats his mother to tell him who is his father : her answer, and her remarks on the period of gestation. 70. Ar^a/or/Toq flies to ZcikvvOoq; he visits AapeioQ, who gives him land and cities (*) ; the character of ArifxaprfroQ. 71. 72. The children of AevrvyjL§riG : the Lace- daemonian expedition to QeaaaXit), the corruption of AevTV*fci$r)G; his flight from 'Eiraprrj, and his exile at Te-ye^, belong to a later period. 73 — 75. KXeo/nevrjQ and Aevrv-^i^rjc demand of the AiyiyrjTcu ten of their principal citizens, whom they deliver up to the AOrivaioi : KXeojuevijc, his villainy becoming notorious, goes to BetreraXci? ; he returns to ApicaSir), and collects a body of Ap~ KaSec, for an attack on ^irapTti ; the fountain of 2tu£ at Nwvaicpic, a city near Oeveoc : KAeojuerr/c restored to ^Zwaprv on the old terms ; he goes mad, and is put in the stocks ; he kills himself in a very original way. 76 — 83. Some account of the excesses of KXeojuevrjG and his violation of things sacred; the At/mj 2tv/*<£»?Ai»; and the river E/oatrivoc ; K\eop.evr)C, transports his troops from Qvper} to Nav7rAirj : the oracle given to the Apyeioi (1) And a wife also, we may presume, for the Persian king's bounty was generally complete. See Eevotywv. Avafl. Book ii. I. 3. and 'EWyjviKa. Book. iii. 1. 6. VI. 84—93.] HERODOTUS. lxxxi and MiAtjotoi ; the expedition of KXeo/uevrjc into the country of the Apyeioi : the Apyeioi defeated : the fugitives burnt alive in the grove of the hero Apyoc, : KXeo/mevtic orders the EiXwreq to whip the priest of 'Hpa : the E(f)opoi accuse him of bribery on his return ; his defence : ApyoQ being deprived of her citizens, the slaves become the masters ; the con- test between the slaves and the sons of those who had perished in the late war. 84. The embassy of the 2/cu0ai to ^iraprr) ; the object of it ; the 2/aj0cu teach KXeo/ueurjc to drink hard ; the opinion of 'HpoSoroq about the tragical death of KXeo- p.evrjQ. 85. 86. The Aiyivqrai claim their ten citizens from the ^LirapTir)Tai : Aevrvy&r)Q goes to AOrjvai and asks for them ; the story of rXau- koc ; the AOrjvaioi keep the ten men of Aiyivri. 87. The Aiy ivr\Tai seize ofTSowiov the vavc, Qetopic (the sacred ship)( 1 ), containing the first citizens of Adnvai. 88 — 90. ~NiKo$po(iOG, a man of Aiyivtf, agrees with the AOrjvaioi to surrender Aryivr/ to them : the AOrivaioi not a match at sea for the Aiyivnrai ; they procure ships from KopivOoo ; the law of KopivOoQ does not allow grants or donations of public property ; the mode in which the law was evaded on this occasion ; the AOrjvaioi come too late ; Nt/cofyxyioc and some discontented Aiyi- vr\rai are allowed to settle at 2oimov; they plun- der the Aiyivnrai ; these transactions belong to a later period. 91 — 93. The massacre in Aryivr/: the reason why the Apyeioi send no public relief to the Aiyivrirai during an invasion by the AQri- (1) See the beginning of the $aidtov of UXaruv. Ixxxii SUMMARY OF [VI. 94—107. vaioi ; ILvpvfiaTyc, an Apyeioc, had killed three men in single combat ; EvjOuj3aTTjc, loses his life in Aiyivri in a single combat with Sox^emjq o AeKe\evc;( l ) : the Aiyivrirai obtain a naval victory over the AOrj- vaioi. 94 — 96. AapeioQ appoints Acme, a MijSoc to -yeuoc, and his nephew Apra(j)epvr)Q, com- manders of the new armament against JLperpia and AQrivai : they sail from 2a/xoo ; and take Nafoq ; the temples and the city are burnt. 97. 98. Acme, does not allow his army to land at AtjXog ; Aaric, puts 300 raXavra of XifiavdJroc on the altar : \wvec, and AioXeec, in the army|of Aaric, ; the earthquake at ArjXoc ; HoocWoc; in- terprets the three Persian words Aapeioc,, He/of yc, Apra^ep^riQ. 99 — 101. The Kapvorioi of Ev- fioiri surrender : the siege of ILperpia ; treachery in the city : the battles under the walls ; the city taken ; the temples burnt ; the citizens enslaved. 102. *l7nriric conducts Auric, and his army to the plain of MapaQwv, the nearest point in Attiki) to TLperpiy. 103. Ten commanders in the Athe- nian army at Mapadwv ; MiXi-iac^c one of them ; the history of his father Kifid)v ; the burial place of KijucDV and his victorious mares : MiXria^q ; his double escape ; he is chosen a arparr\yoc, by the Sr^uoc. 105. 106. <&ei§nnn§r)c, a pro- fessional runner is sent from A0t)vai to ^.waprrj ; his interview with Uav : he arrives in ^iraprri on the second day ; he asks for aid from ^iraprri ; their custom, as they say, prevents them from marching immediately. 107. The vision of 'Itt- (1) See Book ix. 75. VI. 108—120.] HERODOTUS. lxxxiii trine ; his prognostics on the field of MapaOwv. 108. The TLXaraieec join the AOrivaioi with all their forces ; the origin of the friendship of the AOrjvaioi and YlXaraieec;. 109.110. The ten arpa- rriyoi are divided in opinion ; the iroXeiaap'^oc, at this period had an equal vote with each of the ten generals : KaXXc/xa^oc being convinced by the arguments of MiXriaSr/c gives the casting vote for an immediate engagement. Ill — 113. The TroXejuLapxoQ according to usage commands the right wing ; the order of the battle : the AOrivaioi were the first 'EXXrjyec who successfully resisted men clad in the Medic dress : the Tlepaai and the 2a/ccw victorious in the centre ; the wings of the Asiatic army defeated ; a complete rout en- sues. 114. The death of KaXXi/mayot ; the desperate fighting of Kvvaiyeipoc; 6 TLv(j)opi<0voG. 115. 116. The fiapfiapoi lose seven ships ; with the rest they sail round 2ovi/iov, intending to sur- prise AOrivai ; they fail in this attempt and return to Acrirj, 117. The loss on both sides ; the story which EiriZriXoc told 'HpoSoroc about losing his eye-sight in the battle. 118. The vision of Aa- tiq ; his superstition ; the gilded statue of AttoX- X<*>v, which the $>omk€g had carried off from AijXtoi/ to QrifiaHov. 119. 120. AapeioQ places the captives from ILperpia at ApSepuaca in Ktc- criri, near the spring that produces asphaltus, salt and oil; the EperpieeQ retain their habita- tion and their language in the time of 'H/oo- Sotoq : the AaKe$aip.ovioi 9 after the full moon, march at a great rate to AOrivai ; they pay a visit g2 lxxxiv SUMMARY OF [VI. 121—131. to the field of battle. 121 — 124. 'Epodoroc re- fers to the report (see chap. 1 15.) of the AX/c^uai- amSai acting in concert with the Tlepaai ; KaX- XiriQ bought the property of the exiled HeKJiarpa- roc, at public auction : the exploits of KaXXiijc ; his wise behaviour about the marriage of his three daughters : 'HjooSotoc refutes the calumnious charge of treachery made against the AX/cjuaiwi>i- §ai. 125. The history of the family of the AXk- fiaiwviSai ; the presents of K^ooktoc to AXk/ulcihov; the curious way in which the Athenian loaded himself with gold. 126. 127. Ayapiar-q the daughter of KXeiaOevrjG rvpavvoc, of IZikvwv ; her father being at OXvjunrir) invites to ^ikvwv all the 'EXX^ec who wish to contend for the honour of his daughter's hand : the suitors from ItciXitj, the Iovioq koXttoqO, AiTwXia, theIIeXo7rowJ7(7oc, AOrj- vai, EjoeT/ou?, OevGaXiri, and the MoXoaaoi. 128. The suitors spend a year at ^lkvwv ; 'IinroKXeiSric, of AOrivai the favourite with KXeurfleyrjc 129. A great feast at the end of the year ; 'l7nroK\ei$ric, gets drunk, and dances himself out of favour with the rvpavvoc ; his Athenian and Laconian steps ; he stands on his head and capers with his feet in the air. 130. 131. KXeiaOevriG gives his daughter to Meya/cXerjq the son of A\Kjuaiwv : KXeiaOevrjc, who increased the number of Athenian 7r»7, and as far as the lovioc iTQVToc, and the river Iir\veioc,. 22 — 24. The canal dug across the laOjuoc of A0a>c, which is in breadth twelve stadia ; the nature of the ground ( l ); the towns of A0ojq( 2 ) ; 2av*j an (1) Compare QovkvI. Book iv. chap. 109. Cramer's Greece, vol. i. page 258, &c. (2) Sctvij on the laO/ios : Aioy, OXo^u^os, AkpoOwov, Quaeros, KKeiovat in the Peninsula. lxxxviii SUMMARY OF [VII. 25—39 . Hellenic town on the IctOjuoc : the mode of digging the canal ; the superior ingenuity of the <$>oivucec : the motives which 'HjooSotoc supposes to have induced Hepf 17c to dig this canal ; the bridge over the ^rpv^asjv. 25. The Qoivucec, and Aiyu7TTiot are ordered to furnish ropes of the fivfiXoc and of XevKoXivov (*) for making the bridges ; the places used as depots of provisions. 26 — 29. The army- assembles at KpiraWa in KcnnraSoKiri ; crosses the ' AXvq and marches to KeXaivai : JJvOloq a rich Ly- dian merchant entertains aep^rjc and his army : the Lydian gives the king an account of his money in gold and silver coin, and makes him an offer of it : He/o£ijc instead of taking it gives him more. 30. 3 1 . The salt lake of Qpvyiri ; the river Avkoq near KoXoaaai flows under the ground for five stadia ; KvSpapa the boundary of Qpvyiri and AvSiri ; the column of Kjoottroq, and the inscription : the prepara- tion from the fmvpiKrj (a shrub) and flour, resembling honey, which is made at KaWarrj^oc ; the great plane tree (irXaraviaroc). 32. Aep^rjQ at Sap&c. 33 — 35. The coast of Stjo-toc on the 'EXXijctttw- toc : the two bridges from AfivSoQ to 2t?(xtog, seven stadia long ; a storm breaks them down : the foolish behaviour of Eepf tig ; the superintendents of the works are beheaded. 36. Description of the mode of constructing the bridge of boats over the 'EX- \r\airovroQ. 37. The canal of A0a>c completed ; the mounds at each extremity of it ; a great eclipse of the sun. 38. 39. UvOioq the Lydian requests aep&iG to allow one of his five sons to stay at (1) Literally "white flaxj" it might be some flax of a superior quality adapted for making strong cords. VII. 40—60.] HERODOTUS. lxxxix home : the cruel behaviour of the king. 40. The order of the march ; the sacred horses from Nto-a in MrjSia; the sacred chariot of Zevc drawn by eight white horses. 41. The guard of aep^tic ; the 10,000 foot soldiers; and horsemen. 42. 43. They march to the river Kaiicoc ; through Arapvevc,, Kapivrj, the plain of 0??j3»7, to the IXiac yrj ; the lightning on mount IS17 : the ^Kafxav^poc; the Ylepyafxov of Hpia/uLOQ ; a thousand cows sacri- ficed to ASrivair} v IXiac. 44. 45. HepfrK sur- veys his army from a seat of white marble which the AfivSriv 01 had erected ; the sham sea-fight on the 'EXX»j(T7roi/Toc ; the <&oivik€q of 2iSwv victo- rious; the monarch weeps. 46 — 52. The reason why &€p%r}Q weeps : the long conversation between the king and his uncle AprafiavoQ, on the prospects of the king and the possibility of failure. 53. Ap- Tafiavoc, returns to 2oi/\ayovec ; the <&pvyec, originally a tribe from the neighbourhood of Ma- kcSoviy) ; their old name was Bpiyet ; the Apfie- vioi are a colony of Qpvyec 74. The AvSoi armed nearly in the Hellenic style ; their original name Mri'iovec ; the Mvaoi descended from the Avdoi ; called OvXvpmrivoi, from the mountains of Ov- XvfjLTTOQ. 75. The Opj/i/cec of Acmj, with fox-skins on their heads, and boots of deer-skin ( x ) ; these OprjiKea were called ^rpvpovioi while they occu- pied the banks of the ^Tpvjuiwv; when they passed into Aair) they were called BiOvvoi. 76. The name of a nation omitted in the text ; their armour. 77. Kafir)\e€G oi Mqiopec armed like the KiAi/cec; the MiXvai. 78. The Moayoi', the Tifiaprivoi, Mcucpiovec, MoGvvoiicoi, armed like the Moayoi. 79. The Mapec; the KoXyoi; the AXapo&oi and the ILaaireipec armed like the KoA^ot. 80 — 82. The islanders of the Erythrean sea; the avaoivi/cec and the Svpoi of TLaXaia- Tivrj ; the limits of UaXaiGTivri ; 300 ships fur- nished by these people ; the Aiyvirr ioi supply 200. 90. The KviTpioi furnish 150; the different na- tions or tribes in Kvtt^oc are five; those from AOrj- vai and 2aXa/utc ; those from ApKadirj ; those from the island KvOvoq; those from <&oivaai ; and those from AiOioiriri, as the Kv-rrpioi say. 91. The Ki- XiKec furnish 100 ships; the YlajuKfrvXoi 30; the TiajUL(j)v\oi use Hellenic armour; they are de- scendants of some of those who left Tpoir) with KaX^ac and A/lk^iXo^oc after the capture of IXiov. (1) Compare this with the South American lasso. Hall's South America. VII. 92—100.] HERODOTUS. xciii 92. The Avkloi supply 50 ships ; they were called Tep/iuXai in Kpr^rr} ; the origin of the national appellation of Avkioi( 1 ). 93. The AwjOieec of AtriTj, 30 ships ; UeXo7rovvt](TOQ their parent coun- try ; the Kapec, 70 ships : for an account of the KapeQ, 'H/ooSotoc refers to his first book( 2 ). 94. The Iwvec, 100 ships ; this nation while they occupied the country now called Ayaiir\ were named TLeXaayoi AiyiaXeec ; the origin of the term Iwveq. 9 5 . The vrjaiu)rai (the small islanders) supply 1 7 ships ; these people of Pelasgic stock ; their name changed to Ionic; the AioXeec, 60 ships ; the AioAeeq once called ITeXao-yot, as the 'EAArjvec say ; the 'EAArjoTrovrioi (the AfivSrivot excepted), together with some 'EAXr/yec from the Uovtog, furnish 100 ships ; the AfivSrivoi ap- pointed the conservators of the bridges. 96. In every ship there were some Uepaai, MtjSoi, and Sa/cat ; the best sailing ships were those of 2io\uv ; every tribe and city had its national commanders or leaders, whose names 'HpooWoc considers it unnecessary to mention ; but these commanders had no power. 97. 98. The commanders of the navy; 3000 other vessels besides the 1207 rpi- rjpeiQ : other illustrious men not commanders. 99, Aprcfiicnr], a woman, joins the armament with five ships ; on her father's side, of Halicarnassian ; on her mother's, of Cretan descent; her dominion. 100. Ee/o£»/c reviews the troops; the ypajuLfxa- TiffTai (secretaries) register the answers to his in- quiries ; he examines the navy, the same way ; the (1) See Srpa/W. Book xiv. on the Avkwi. (2) See Book i. chap. 171. xciv SUMMARY OF [VII. 101—111. sources of the knowledge of 'HjoooWoc may from this be partly conjectured. 101. ^fxap^roc,, the son of ApKTTwv, the exiled Spartan king, is in the army ; aep% y\c asks his opinion on the probability of success. 102 — 104. The conversation of the two kings; the remarks of Ar/jiea/oijToq on the Spartan character. 105. 106. MaaKapriG is ap- pointed governor of Ao/oiotcoc : this garrison never surrenders to the 'EXX^veq during the time of 'HpoSoroQ ; the presents sent by Apra^ep^vQ the son of He/o£»jc to the descendants of this Macnca- fmr}G. 107. The story of Boyrjc the Persian go- vernor of Hioiv, who was besieged by Kifiojv o MiXnaSeu) after the retreat of Se/o^c( 1 ). 108. 109. All the nations that 'Bep&Q meets with are compelled to join the army; the country as far as QeaaaXiv was already under the power of the Tiepaai ; Eep^riQ marches from Aopio-/co<; to Me- aa/jifipiri ( 2 ) ; the Aiggoc flows between Mecrafj.- (3pirt and ^rpvjLirj a Thasian city ; TaWaucrj the old name of this district; TSpiavriKt], the present; this country properly belongs to the Kucovec: he marches past Mapwveia, AiKaia, and AfiSripa, Hellenic cities; the two lakes; AfiSnpa on the river Neo-roc ; a salt lake near Hiarvpoc,. 110. 111. The names of the Thracian tribes, through whose lands the army passes ( 3 ) : the IZarpai never conquered; they live amidst lofty moun- (1) Compare QovkvS. Book i. chap. 98. and IIXov- -apxos. life of Ki/aiov. (2) which is one of the ItajioSprjiKta rei^ca of this district. (3) TlaiTot, KtKOves, Btoroves, 2a7rcuot, &epvtis, Nerj IloXts, Aiyrj, Qepafiflios, 2iKib)vr), Mevdr), Sa^. xcvi SUMMARY OF [VIT. 124—130. fleet arrives at Oc/ojutj ( l ) ; the A£ioc the boundary of Mu-ySovir? andBoTTiauc; the sea-coast of Botticuic possessed by the towns of l\vai and ITeXXa.- 124 — 126. Aep^rjc marches across the country from AkclvOoq through YlaioviKr} and KprtarioviKt} to the E^eiSwpoc : the camels attacked by lions (Xeovreo) in the night : this region contains lions, and wild ani- mals of the cow kind (|3oec aypioi), with very large horns ; the horns imported among the EXXrjyec; the country between the Netrroc and the A^eXwoc is the lion country ( 2 ). 127.128. Hepf rjc at Qepfjir} ; the space occupied by his army ; the united streams of the AvSiriG and the'AXia/c^uo)v( 3 ) are the boundary of BoTTiauq and MaKeSowq : aep%t)G in a Sidonian ship visits the outlet of the riverllrjyetoc in GeaaaXiri. 129. 130. Bea-caXirj according to tradition once a lake ; description of the basin of OecraaXirj ( 4 ) ; 'HpooWoc supposes the passage of the Tl-qveioc, ( 1 ) The cities of the Thermaic gulf adjoining llaM^ are, Anra^os, Kioftfipeia, Aioxu, Tiyiovos, Kctjuv//a, S/xiXa, Aiveia, which are included in the Kpoaaai-q x^PV- (2) Compare Plinius. Book viii. chap. 16. who refers to Apioro-eXrjs : see Apiar. Hist. Anim. Book viii. (3) See Cramer's Greece, vol. i. p. 220, &c. where this passage is misinterpreted. Compare Cramer's map of Greece with his 1st volume, p. 221. See 2rpa/3wr. Book vii. Epitome near the beginning, where the 'AXt- atcfiiov has a different position assigned to it. (4) The mountains of UrjXiov and CWa are on the eastern side of the basin, OvXvfnros on the north, Iiiv?os on the west, OBpvs on the south. The five great drains of this basin are, the Hrjveios, A7ri£avos, Ovoytovos, Evt- 7r€vs, and the UafiKros j these with their united waters form the Hqveios, the single channel by which they com- municate with the sea. VII. 131—139.] HERODOTUS. xcvii through the mountains to have been effected by an earthquake : the king's plan for flooding the country again, if the OeoaaXoi had not submitted. 131. 132. A third part of the army employed in clearing a road into Oeo-traXi?? over the Macedo- nian mountains : the Hellenic tribes that give earth and water to the king( 1 ) ; the solemn oath of the 'EAAr/yeq who resist the king. 133. No Kt?- pvKec; sent to ask earth and water from A6r)vai or ^,7raprtj; the reason of this. 134 — 136. TaX- BvfiioQ the Kt]pv^ of Ayajne^ivdjv ; his descendants in ^-rraprri enjoy all the honours of the Ktjpvicriiai; Ta\0v(3ioQ angry with the AcuceSaifiovioi for mur- dering the KripviceG of AapeiOQ ; two ^,7raprirjrai offer to go to Bep^riQ, and to die as an atonement for their countrymen : their interview with *Y$ap- vr\c on their journey to *2ovaa : 'Bep&c pardons them. 137. The revival of the anger of TaX0u- ]3ioq during the war of the rieXo7rovi/T?(xiot and AOrivaioi ; the sons of the two devoted men, being sent on a mission to Aec ; 2i/ceXirj invaded by an army of 300,000 men, consisting of 3>oivi/cec, Atj3uec, Ifirjpec, Aiyvec, EXktu/coi, ^apSovioi, K.vpvioi : some say that A/uiX>cac, the Carthaginian com- mander, was defeated by TeXwv, and Qripuv the fiovvapyoc, of AicpayaG, on the same day that the battle of SaXa/uic was fought: the account of the KapyjiSovioi ( J ). 168. The envoys call at KepKvpa ; the pusillanimous and disgraceful con- duct of the KepKvpaioi. 169 — 171. The appli cation to the Kprjrec ; the advice or suggestions of the HvOiri to the Kprjrec : the voyage of Mivwc, and his death at Kap.LKOG in ^iKavirj, now ^uceXirj ; Ypitj in I?/7rvyiTj built by the Kpqrec after the expedition to 2t/ceXi?j to avenge his death ; the great battle between their colonies and the Tapav- tivoi and Pnyivoi : KpriTTj being depopulated re- (1) Compare Aio^wpos. Bookxi. with this fragment of Sicilian Historv. VII. 172—182.] HERODOTUS. ci ceives a new race, principally 'EXXrjvec; the expe- dition to IXiov in the third generation after Mivwc, and its fatal consequences ; the KprjreG being re- minded of these calamities stay at home. 172 — 174. The OeorcaXot send to the Hellenic congress at the laOfjioc of KopivOoQ, requesting them to dispatch a force to guard the pass of OXvfnroc ; Hepf rjc at this time in Aj3v£oc : a force is sent as far as AXoc of Ayaiiri by sea, and then marched to Te/unrea ; these 'EWrjvec, retreat, hearing of the enormous force of l Bep^ric( l ) : the GetnraXoi being deserted join the great king without hesitation. 175. 176. The congress determine to defend the pass of Qepp,07rvAai, and to station their navy at Aprefiimov : description of these two places ; the ancient wall built at the pass ( 2 ) by the wKeeq, to protect themselves against the OecrcxaXoi, who came from the Oeoivi£, a branch of the Ao-w^oc, is fifteen stadia from Qep/xoirvXai ; at AvOrjXri^) is the temple of Arjfxrtrrjp A(ji(J)iktvovic,, and the seats of the A/mcfriKTvovec, and the temple of AfjLcuKeec, advise a retreat from the TlvXai to the laOfxoc of KopivQoc : a spy sent by Hepf 17c reports the appearance of the Hellenic army. 209. The conversation of Hepfrjc and ArjfiapriToc about the ^jraprivrai. 210 — 212. The battle commences ; the losses of the MySoi and Kiamoi : the unavailing attack of 'Y^apvrja and the aOavaroi : another attack ; t le QwKeec had been sent to the mountain to gua d the pass. 213. ETriaXrriQ (avtjp MrjXievc) tells Scpf rjQ of the path over the moun- tains ; the future fortune of the traitor ; other cir- cumstances about him which 'HpoSoroq promises to mention afterwards ( 2 ). 214. Another story about the ancient decayed city of Mvn/vcu, only 80. From 6ev\aaaofievu)v. This practice of guarding the roads and passes is generally characteristic of despotic governments ; it is adopted also in Asia, as for example in the valley of Cashmere. VIII. S — 17.] HERODOTUS. cvii a Spartan, commander of the fleet. 3. The A0rj- vaioi resign their claims to the command of the fleet ; allusion to later events and to the conduct of Havaavirjci 1 ). 4. 5. The allies wish to leave AprefiicFiov after the arrival of the Persian fleet at Aerai; the Ev]3oeec bribe Ge/xicrro/cXe^c with thirty raXavra : he gives Evj0i>j3iaSi»?q and ASei- fxavroc, the Corinthian admiral a small part of this sum to induce them to stay at Apre^iiaiov. 6. 7. The Hepaai intend to attack the Hellenic fleet; the irvp(f)opoG( 2 ) (fire-carrier) : 200 of the king's ships sent round the southern point of HLvfioiri to prevent the 'EXX??vec from escaping. 8. 2kuX- Xirjc? a skilful diver, comes from Atyerai to Apre- jxiaiov in a boat, and brings the news with him. 9 — 1 1 . The design of the 'EXX^vec : the barbaric fleet advances from A(j)erai : an engagement which is stopped by the approach of night. 12. 13. It is now about midsummer; a dreadful thunder storm follows the sea fight and alarms the Asiatics : the 200 ships are wrecked on the rocks (ra KoiXa) of Evfioiri ; the remark of 'HpoSoroq on the inten- tions of the deity. 14. The 'EXXi^ec attack the /3ojo)3ajOoi at Acfrerai and destroy the Cilician ships. 15.16. Another engagement ; these sea-fights take place on the same days with the battle at Qepino7rv- Xai : great loss on both sides. 1 7 . The Aiyvirnoi ( 1 ) See QovkvS. Book i. chap. 95. (2) pride irvpfyopov -Trepiyeveardai is a mode of expres- sion equivalent to " a total destruction of an army, when not even the ' fire-cavrier ' escapes." See Eepocftov. Aa- KedaifjL. Xlo\tr. chap. xiii. 2. 3. and Sturz Lexicon Xeno- phonteum. article ( irvptyopos.' cviii SUMMARY OF [VIII. 18—33. behave best of the king's sailors on this occasion ; they take five Hellenic ships with all the men : the AOrivaioi distinguished ; KXeivirjc o AXicifiia- Sew an Athenian commands a ship of his own, manned by 200 men, all at his own expense. 1 8 — 21 . A retreat to the southern parts of 'EXXac meditated by the Hellenic fleet : they kill all the cattle of Evfioiri to prevent the enemy from taking them : the oracular predictions of Baiac : intelli- gence arrives at the fleet of the affair at Oepp.o7rv- Acti ; the 'EXXijvec retreat. 22. The exhortation to the Iowec which QepiaroicXeric, cuts on the rocks about the fresh springs of Aprep.iaiov. 23 — 25. 'ItTTieurj occupied by the Tlepaai : the foolish contrivance of Hepf »/c to deceive the fleet respect- ing the number that fell at the rivXeu. 26. Some half- starved ApKaSec visit Aep^rjQ, and ask for employment ; the information obtained from them. 27. 28. The GecnxaXoi hate the 3>w/ceec ; the un- successful invasion of tfrioKic by the QeaaaXoi a few years before the battle at the UvXai : the ruin of the Thessalian cavalry on the same occasion. 29. 30. The QeaaaXoi, after the battle at the IluXai, offer to avert the anger of the Tlepaai from the country of the w/ceec, on condition of re- ceiving fifty raXavra of silver : the QwKeec reject the offer; the remark of 'HpoSoroc 31. A nar- row slip of Atopic about thirty stadia wide lies between MrjXic an d Qwkic ; Atopic, once called Apvowic ; Atopic; the ^rjTpoiroXic of the Pelopon- nesian Dorians; Atopic, is spared. 32. 33. The ravages of the Asiatic army in Qwkiq ; some w- VIII. 34—42.] HERODOTUS. cix Keec retreat to Tidopea^) the summit of HapvYiaaoa; others to Ajmcjyiaaa, a city of the AoKpoi 0£oXat : the king marches along the banks of the Kt)(j)ioi leave the city ex- cept sixty men and the II/)o^Tr/q( 3 ) : the sacred armour is carried out of the temple by some in- visible power ; when the fiapfiapoi arrive at tjie temple of Upovr)iri Afir\vai7}, the lightning strikes them, and two huge fragments roll from the top of Wapvriaaoc, : the Democrat fly and are pursued towards Boiwtici ; other prodigies : the two rfpweQ who aid the AeX<^)oi ; 'H/ooSotoc saw the two large rocks that fell from Hapvr)a eQvoQ ; the E/Ojuioveec are ApvoTreQ. 44. The ships of the AQr\vaioi ; why the UXaraieeG were not in the battle of 2ctXa/uic ; during the Pelasgic occupation of the country now named 'EXXac, the AQr\vaioi were IleXao-yoi, with the characteristic appellation of Kpavaoi; the origin of the names KeKpomSai, Adt}vaioi } lojvec 45. The Meycijoeeq, A/jLTrpaKiojrai, and AevicaSioi send ships; these three people are Aw^ec from KopivQoc 46. The ships of the islanders; 'H/oooWoc mentions the national stock of these islanders ( 2 ) ; the *2rvpeeQ and Kvflvioi are Apvoirea. 47. The Qeawp toroi form the northern boundary of the A/^npaKiwrai and Aev- KaSioi ; the Kporuvitirai, who are of Achaean stock, send one ship. 48. The Mr?Xioi( 3 ), 2ioi- vikcq lose their heads ; aep&c is stationed under mount At-yaXewc, opposite to SaXajiuq ; the ypafj.- fxaria\r)poc; : the Aiyivrirai by their bravery free themselves from the imputation of Mtj^kt/lioq. 93. The Atyivrjrai distinguish themselves most in this battle ; the AOrjvaioi are next to them ; a re- ward of 10,000 ^pa^jnai had been proclaimed before the engagement, if any one should take Ap- refiKTiri alive; the queen escaped. 94. The story which the ABrjvaioi tell of the disgraceful conduct of ASeipavroG and the KopivOioi ; the opposite and contradictory account of the KopivOioi, who are supported in their story by the rest of 'EXXac. 95. ApiareiSric, lands on ^vrraXeia with some Athenian 07tXitcu, and kills all the Uepaai in it. 96. The wrecks of the ships carried by the wind to the shore of Arrucri called KioXiac ; the fulfil- ment of a prophecy of Ba/ac and MovcraioQ, and more particularly of one by AvcnarparoQi 1 ). 97 — 99. He/ofjjc begins to construct a mole from the (1) Compare with this passage ^Tpafiiov. Book ix. Ar- 7-107. on the temple of KwXias A^po^irtj. VIII. 100—106.] HERODOTUS. cxv main land to SaAajuis ; this is done to deceive his army ; in the mean time he makes preparations for his own flight, and sends a messenger to Eouo-a : description of the mode by which the Persian kings send messages from one part of the empire to an- other; HpoSoTOQ compares the transmission of the message from one post to another, with the Hellenic festival \ajULTraSri(j)opir) ; this royal post is called in Persian ayyaprjiov : the contrary effects produced at 2ovcra by the two messages. 100 — 102. The advice of MapSovios to 'Bep^rjQ after the defeat ; among other things, he proposes that the king should return, and leave him in EAXac with 300,000 men: Bep^w has a private interview with AprefiKTirt whose advice he asks : she recommends him to return, and to leave MapSovioc,, if he was willing to stay. 103. 104. Hepfrjc follows her advice, because it was the very thing he intended to do ; AprejULKTiri sails to E<^)e<7oc, taking with her the illegitimate sons of Hepfr/q who had accom- panied him : ^pp.orijxoc,, a Yl^aaevc, and a eunuch, is the guardian of these children ; the story of the priestess of AOrivairi and her great beard ( 1 ), repeat- ed. 105. 106. *Ep/iOTi/iO(j was in his youth taken prisoner and sold to Uaviuvioc;, a man of Xioc, who converted him into a eunuch ; this Tlaviwvioc, got his living by making eunuchs, whom he sold at a high price to the fiapfiapoi in *2ap$i(; and Ecfreaoc ; *EjOjuoTtjuoq becomes the property of He/of r)Q : 'EjO- fxoTipoc, goes with the great army to Hap§ic, ; he finds Tlavuovioti in Arapvevc, and takes the oppor- (1) See Book i. chap. 175. i2 cxvi SUMMARY OF [VIII. 107—116. tunity of converting him and his four sons into eunuchs. 107. Sep^rjc sends the ships to guard the bridges of the 'EXXtjcttto^toc ; they mistake the pointed rocks of ZtvcrrvpC) f° r enemies' ships. 108. 109. The Hellenic fleet sails as far as Av- fy>oc ; the deliberations there ; Ge/uKXTo/cXerjc re- commends an expedition to the 'EWtiairovTOG and the destruction of the bridges ; the opposite opinion of Ev/ou|3iac\?q, which is adopted : the speech of Qe/jLiGToicXeriG when he finds he cannot carry his point; he dissuades the AQrjvaioi from going alone to the 'EXX^(T7rovToc ; his suspected motives. 110. ^Eikivvog, the slave of Ge/«<7To/cXeijc, carries a message to Eep^rjG from his master. 111. Av- SpoQ is blockaded by the confederate fleet ; the reasons for this measure : Gejuicrro/cXerjc extorts money from the Kapvarioi and Tiapioi ; he pro- bably gets money secretly from others also. 113. The retreat of the king's army into Oeaaa- Xiri ; MapSovioQ selects from the army 300,000 of the bravest soldiers. 114. The message of the *2iirapTir)Tai to He/of tjg in GeaaaXir) ; the monarch's reply. 115. 116. The retreat of He/of r/c from Geco-aXer/ ; famine and disease thin the numbers of the army ( 2 ) ; the chariot of Zevc, which He/)f tjg had left in MaiceSoviri on his advancing march, is not recovered : the story of the savage Thracian, the king of the BivaXrai and of KpriarwviKrj, ( 1 ) Zioffrrjp is a promontory of Arnq in the ^jios of the Atfaveis. See Srpa/3wy. Book ix. Attikti. (2) Compare A«rxv\os, Repeat. 474—504. ed. Wel- lauer. VIII. 117— 127.] HERODOTUS. cxvii 117. They find the bridges over the EWtiowov- roc, destroyed by the bad weather ; numbers here die of repletion ; the remnant arrives at 2a/oo\c 118. 119. An improbable story of Se/o^c sailing from Hiw»> on the ^rpvfxtov : HpoSoroc does not believe it. 120. A proof that Hep^s passed through Affiripa, which is east of HiW. 121. 122. The 'EAAr/i/ec leave AvSpoc without taking it; the aicpoOivia (the spoils dedicated to the gods) ; 'HpoSoroQ saw the Phoenician ship at thelaO p,oc,(}) ; the colossal statue at UvQw, which was made from the offering to the temple ; it stands near the golden statue of o MafceSwi/ A\e%av$poc : the three golden stars, on a copper mast, the offering of the Atyi- vrjrai ; they are in the corner, very near the Kpr\rr\p ofKpoiwKiG ; and Ismenian AttoXXwv and A^i- (f)iapeu)c; in 0??j3ai : he visits AwoWojv Utwoq, whose temple is north of the lake Kto)7raic„ near the (1) This pedigree also (see Book vii. chap. 204.) con- tains nineteen names between Aevrvx^vs and 'HpaKXerjs. The pedigree of Aevrvx^vs is traced to UpoKXys, and that of Aewvtdrjs to Evpvadevrjs, by two distinct lines, which unite in ApMr-odr)[ios the father of IIpo/cX^s and Evpvadevrjs. (2) This passage cannot be alleged as a proof of the universal ignorance of the 'EXXrjves about the distance from 'EXXas or ArjXos to the island of Va/ios, for it would be contradictoiy to numerous parts of 'llpocoros. To the sailors or soldiers from Kporuv, AevKaha, and Aprpa/aa, a voyage to Sa/zos would appear to carry them a long way from home, and would have as few charms as an expe- dition to the pillars of 'HpcuXe/js. VIII. 137—144.] HERODOTUS. cxix city Aicpai(j)iri • this oracle speaks in the Carian language : MapSovios after hearing the oracle sends A\e%av$poG toAOvjvai \ Apwrrjc the son of the sister of AXef avSpoc; and Bovfiaprici 1 ) a Persian receives from the great king as a present A\a(3av$a in fypvyirj. 137. YlepSiKKtjQ who acquired the so- vereignty of the Ma/ceSovec was the seventh proge- nitor of this A\e%avSpoG ; three brothers (of whom this UepSiKKtiQ is one), descendants of Tr^uei/oc, fly from ApyoQ to the IWvpioi, and from thence go to MaiceSovir) ; picture of the domestic comforts of a Macedonian king of that day. 138. The three brothers being driven from Ma/ceSowi?, live near the gardens of Mt&jq the son of TopSnw, and the native beds of roses ; they subdue Ma/eeSoyi*?. 139. The pedigree of AXe^avSpoc from Uep^iKKrjQ. 140. The address of AXe^avSpoc to the people of AOrjvaL ; in which he recommends them to make peace with MapSovioQ. 141 — 144. The ^Lirap- Tirjrai fearing the consequences of a union of the fiapflapoi and AOnvaioi send deputies to ^7raprrj : their address to the AOrjvaioi after that of AXef av- dpoQ : the Athenian reply to the proposals which A\e%av§poc brought from Mapdoviot : and to the *2irapTiriTai who had suspected their attachment to the Hellenic cause. (1) See Book v. chap. 21. SUMMARY OF [IX. 1— 10. BOOK IX, From the rejection of the proposals ofMapSovioQ by the AOrivaioi to the capture of ^rjaroQ. B.C. 47 8. 1 . MapSovioz being informed by AXef av$po<; of the rejection of his proposals, advances from 0ej- vaioi and Teyeyrai for the left wing ; the arguments of the Tey erirai : the reply of the AOrjvaioi ; their references to mythic and to real history. 28. The AaKeSaifjiovioi to whom the dispute is referred de- cide in favour of the AOrjvaioi ; the names of the nations in the confederate army (* ) ; the ^TrapTi^rai distinct from and superior to the AaKedaifiovioi ; the numbers of the troops ; Apiarei^c, commander of the Athenian troops. 29. 30. The whole num- ber of o7rXiTatin the Hellenic army is 38,700 ; the whole number of \pi\oi, 69,500 ; there are seven ipiXoi (men without expensive defensive armour) attached to each ^Traprir)Tr\c,, and only one to the rest of the Aa/ceSaijiiovioi and 'EXXijveo : the sum total of the confederate troops on the banks of the Awttoq is 108,200. 3 1.3 2. The order of the battle of Mapdovioc ; the nations of Amy and TLvpwirri on the Persian side that are opposed respectively to the nations on the Hellenic side : the 'E/)juotv- j3iec and KaXaaipieQ ( 2 ) the two military castes of Aiyv-rrroc, armed with knives ; they are converted from sailors into soldiers ; the fiapfiapoi amount to 300,000 ; the 'EAArjvec in the barbaric army ( 1 ) 1 0,000 AatceSaiiJLoviot form the right wing j of this body 5000 are 27raj0n?/rai, and each avrjp 2t7rapTiTjTr}s has seven elXwres ; the Teyerjrat, Koptvdioi, the ITort- $air)Tcu from Ha\\r}vr}, Apicaces Opxofievwi, ^iKviavioi, 'EmEavpiot, Tpot^rfvioi, AenperiTai, MvKrjvaioi and Tipvv- dioi, $>\iacrioi } 'Ep/xtovees, TLperpiees and Sri/pees, XctA/u- cees, AfnrpaktriTai, AevKahoi and AvaKTopioi, IlaXees ol etc K€a\ai by the AOqvaioi ; the supplies of the 'EXXrjveq intercepted : the (Bapfiapoi advance as far as the Agcjttog ; the cavalry provoke the 'EX- \rjveG. 41. 42. The confederate Hellenic army increases; AprafiaZoG advises Mapdovioc to re- treat to Qrifiai and to weaken the 'EXXijvec by bribes ; MapSovioc rejects this advice : and de- ( 1 ) See the note on the words wpos I in Schweig- haeuser's edition 5 and OovkvS. i. 107, 108.' on the battle of Tavayprj. cxxiv SUMMARY OF [IX. 43—57. termines to fight. 43. The prophecy which Map- Sovioq quoted, 'H/ooSotoc says, was intended for the IAXvjOtoi and the E-y^eXeec; he quotes the prophecy of Bcwac, which referred to the battle of UXaraiai ; other prophecies by Movaaioc; refer to this event ; the QeppwSwv flows between Tavayptj and TXiaaa. 44 — 46. A\e%av$poQ o Maicehwu comes from the barbarian army in the night : and informs the 'EXXrji/eq of the intended attack : the AOrivaioi and ^7raprir\rai agree to change places in the order of the battle ; the reasons of this ex- change. 47. 48. The Bokotoi perceive this ma- noeuvre ; MapSovioa in consequence changes the position of the Tiepaai ; Tlavcravirtc with his ^irap- Tir\rai again occupies the right wing : the insult- ing message of MapSovioc to the ^-rrapri^rai. 49. 50. The barbarian cavalry annoys the EX- Xrives; the fiapfiapoi are i7T7TOTo£oTai (mounted bowmen) ; the EXXr/vec are prevented from pro- curing water from the Agojttoc, ; the spring Tay- ya(piri is filled up and rendered turbid : the diffi- culties of the Hellenic army. 5 1 . They deter- mine to retreat to the island formed by the arms of the Qeporj, a branch of the Kaioiroc 52. A detachment of the army, that is sent to KiOaipwv to bring the slaves and provision collectors, flies to the 'Hpaiov in front of the city of UXaraiat. 53 — 57. Uavaavwic seeing this motion, orders the Aa/ce$ai/ioi/ioi to follow ; Ajio^aperoQ the Xoyriyoc of the JJiTavr^rvG \oyoG( l ), refuses to fly before the enemy, for thus he terms this retreat : (1) See OovkvS. i. 20. IX. 58—67.] HERODOTUS. cxxv his obstinacy ; the AOtivaioi send to IIavi?j<; to inquire what they shall do : the messenger finds ApojuKpaperoc quarrelling with TLavaaviric the com- mander-in-chief ; Tlavaavir\c, at last orders the army to move ; the AaKe^aijuovioi and Teyerjrai march along the higher grounds ; the ABrivaioi through the plain : Afiojucpaperoc is at last com- pelled to follow the rest, to escape from the /3apj3a- poi ; the river MoXoetc, and the ipov of ^r)fir\ri)p TLXevaiviri. 58. The speech of MapSovioc to the A\eva§ai. 59. 60. The fiapftapoi cross the river Agiottog and pursue the AaKeSaipovioi and Teyerj- rai : UavaaviriG sends to the Adrjvaioi to ask their aid. 61 — 63. The AOrjvaioi attacked by the 'EXX??vec of the barbarian army, as they are moving to aid Uavaaviric ; the victims unpro- pitious to UavaavirtG ; he suffers some loss : the victims are propitious and he gains some advan- tage : the death of MapSovioG and the flight of his army. 64. 65. The victory of Yiavaavir\G ; his pedigree must be looked for in that of Aetovi- $r}G( l ); AeijLivrjffTOG kills MapSovioc ; this Aetjuvij- (DKtG: the Boiwtoi in the barbaric army, and particularly the Qrifiaioi, fight bravely ; their losses. 68. 'H/ooSotoc argues that every thing in the barbaric army depended on the Tlepaai. 69. 70. The runaways at the 'Hpaiov hearing of the victory of Tlavcravirjc come to join in the pursuit; the Theban horsemen meet with the Meyapeec and 4>Aia(rioi, and kill 600 of them, who thus die an ignoble death : the assault of the wooden for- tifications of the Hepoai ; the Teyet^rai plunder the tent of NLapSovioc ; the copper (jxirvr) (horse- manger or trough); of 300,000 men, all are de- stroyed except the 40,000 before mentioned, and 3000 ; the small loss of the AaK€$atp.ovioi, Teyerj- rai and A0r}vaioi. 7 1 . The bravest on the barbarian, and on the Hellenic side ; Apio-Too\/uoc the sole sur- vivor of the affair at Gej0^07ruXeu fell in this battle. 72. The death of KaWiKparvc, the most comely man of all the EXXrji/eq. 73 — 75. ^ujcpavrjc of the ©\tyioc Ae/ceXen ; the story of 'EXeyrj being carried into ArriKt} by O^treuc ; the origin of the privi- leges granted to the Ae/ceXeec by the ^irapTnirai ; these privileges subsisted in the time of 'HoooV toq; reference to the Peloponnesian war; the lands of AeiceXerj spared in this war(*) : the story of the iron anchor or hook of Sw^xm/q ; another account of his revolving shield with the device of an anchor on it : the single combat of 2a>- (jyavrjQ and Eu/ovj3aT7?q( 2 ) ; he loses his life, some ( 1 ) Some would refer these words of 'Upohros to Qov- KvfoSris, vii. 19. (2) See Book vi. 92. IX. 76—84.] HERODOTUS. cxxvii time after the battle of TWaraiai, at AaToq, fighting with the HSawoi about the gold-mines. 76. An Hellenic woman of Kec march to Qrj- fiai to demand the citizens who are guilty of pr\- Siafioc; (favouring the Mede) : the address of Ti- /mtiyeviSriG to the Qrjfiaioi : he escapes ; the other principal movers in the late events are taken to KopivOoc, and put to death. 89. AprafiaZoG in OeaaaXiri ; the BeaaaXoi had not yet heard of the battle ; the Persian deceives them and hastens to BvZavnov, having lost many of his men on the road by hunger, fatigue, and the attacks of the OpriiKec. 90. The battle at MvkoXij takes place on the same day with that at UXaraiai ; the de- puties sent from Sa/uoc to Aeuru^iSrjc, the com- mander of the confederate fleet at A^Xoc ; their address to the commanders. 91. 92. AeuTu^i- Sr/c consents to assist the 2a/itoi against the Tlep- oai ; he is pleased with the propitious name (Hyrj- GiarpaToc,) of the Samian speaker : the covenant between the 2a/iioi and the 'EXXrjvec ; the sacred rites favourable to the 'EXXrjvec ; their religious guide and instructor is Ar)i(j)ovoc, of AttoXXwvitj , (1) See the note in Schweighaeuser ; Ipeves is a con- jectural reading for ipees. IX. 93—101.] HERODOTUS. cxxix a city on the lovioc koXttoc. 93. 94. The history of his father Eu»?vtoc, and the sacred sheep of AnoWuviri ; a river flows from mount KaKfiwv and enters the sea near the port of QpiKoc ; Evrj- vioq, having apparently neglected the sacred ani- mals, has his eyes put out; the gods are angry with the people of AttoWwviyi for this barbarous punishment : the satisfaction which Ev??vioc re- ceives for the loss of his eyes ; the spirit of pro phecy descends upon him. 95 — 97. Some sus- picions of this ArjicfrovoQ not being the son of Evtjvioq : the Hellenic fleet sails to Ha/mos ; the Phoenician ships of the barbaric army are allowed to sail homewards ; the Tieprrai resolve to draw up their ships on land and to enjoy the protec- tion of the army : their ships are drawn up at Mv/caAr? and surrounded by strong fortifications ; the temple of A»?pjT»?jO EXevcrivir? at MvKaXr) ; its origin and antiquity. 98. 99. The 'EXXrjvec sail to MvKaXrt ; Aevrv-fciBriCj with the aid of a Krjpv% (a professional crier, and loud speaker), from his ship exhorts the Iidvcg to aid the 'EXXrji/eq ; one of two objects would necessarily be obtained by this measure, either the Uepaai would distrust the ItjvrjG, or the Iowec would receive and follow his advice : the Hepaai suspect the 'Ea/uioi and deprive them of their arms ; the MiXrjcrioi are sent to guard the passes that lead to the summits of MvkoXti. 100. 101. The *EXX»ji/eq are encouraged by a supernatural^) voice which tells them that (1) The exact meaning of r}fir}, and the synonymous term kAjjW in the following chapter, may be doubtful, k cxxx SUMMARY OF [IX. 102—109. their countrymen are at that moment conquering MapSovioQ in Bottom) ; the superstition of Hpo- Sotoc : a temple of Ari^mp EAevdivirj both near FIAon-acou and Mv/caAi; ; it is quite certain that the two victories were gained on the same day of the same month. 102 — 104. The battle ; the AOrjvaioi and those who support their wing break down the Persian breast-work ; the fortification is stormed ; the Tlepaai alone make a desperate resistance : the 2ajuioi and other Iwvec assist the EAA»jv€<; as well as they can : the MiArjo-ioi show to the flying /3a/oj3a/ooi roads that lead them di- rectly into the hands of their enemies, and like- wise fall on the flapfiapoi themselves ; Iwvtij a second time revolts from the Uepcrai. 105. The valour of the Adr^vaioi and of 'E/o/ioAv- koq ; who dies in battle, some time after, against the Kapvarioi. 106. The encampment of the fiapfiapoi destroyed ; the deliberations at 2a/uoc about giving to the Iwvec the lands of the me- dizing 'EAAijyec ; the reasons for this proposition, which is rejected ; the 2apoi, Xtoc, Ae- (jovtivoc ; the riches deposited there ; ApravKTW takes possession of them, and ploughs the sacred grounds. 117.118. The protracted siege ; famine in the city : the people eat their bed-cording ( J ) ; the Uepaai with ApravKTriQ and Oio/3a£oc escape in the night ; the place surrenders. 119. 120. Oio- j3a£oc is caught by the Opriucea Aipwdioi and sacri- ficed to nXeto-TtDjOoc, one of their native gods; ApravKTriG is seized near Aiyoq Uorafjioi : the salt fish, and the miraculous broiling of them ; ApravKrvQ is crucified. 121. The 'EAAijvec re- turn home, taking their plunder with them, and some of the materials of which the bridges were constructed; nothing more is done in this year( 2 ). 122. Aprefxfiapric the grandfather of this Ap- TavKrrjQ advised the Tiepaai to change their barren and mountainous country for a more favoured re- gion, since they might choose any part of Aairj ; the remarks of Kvpos on the moral and political condition of men in fertile countries and mild cli- mates. (1) The word tovol signifies cording made of the hides of animals, such as the cow, the horse : strips of cow hides are now used for this purpose in some countries. (2) By comparing QovKvdifys, i. 89. we find that S^o-- ros was taken in the spring j the civil year of 'Hpodoros must then have been near a close, as nothing more was done in that year after the capture of Zrjoros. END OF THE SUMMARY, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS THE SUMMARY. Page xxv. note ( 2 ) : for Book iii. read Book iv. xlii. Chap. 110 — 112 : for 'EAAnsj read'EXhyvts. xlviii. for 27, 28. read 28, 29. li. note ( ! ) : add " and Malte-Brun, Asia, p. 487. trans, on the Mongol mode of dressing a sheep during a march or journey." lvi. Chap. 120, 121 : for three parts read two parts, lix. Chap. 158 : for l^otaet read the fountain of AoroAtaw. — Chap. 159 : after "defeat" insert " at Ig*a«." lxvi. for 39, 40. read 39, 41. lxviii. note Q) : add "and vi. 56, 57." lxxiv. add an note toy. 126. "Compare ®ovx.vh.iv. 102." lxxxiii. add as note to vi. 108. "Compare 0oyxy§. iii. 68." lxxxiv. Chap. 131: put a comma after " Haudnrxos" and erase the comma after " mother's side." xci. Chap. 69: before "Aid/ones" insert " AoxZtot and", ccxvii. Chap. J 20 : for AQ7et£oc%o<; read AgTuQufa. TABLE OF THE TRAVELS OF HP0A0T02 OF 'AAIKAPNH2202, IN THE FIFTH CENTURY BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN iERA. [This Table is founded altogether on his own work : it may not contain the name of every place which he visited, nor is it necessary that it should. When a certain position, as for example AsXQot in ®&)Kt<;, is determined, and Afayxt, many intermediate points are proved at the same time. Those places which some may consider doubtful are marked with a note of interrogation. Some positions are rendered more probable by combining with the evidence respecting them, the evidence of some other contiguous station.] ASIH. Afivfos. iv. 86, 95 ; vii. 33. Nearly opposite Swrro? on the ' E'h'h^a^rourog. Ayfiarava or E»c/3aram. Hamadan. i. 98. The capital of M>jW: the circuit of its outer wall com- pared with that of Afavcti. Its Lat. about SS .^) Long. 48°. 'AXiKapprjtTffos. Boodroon. i. 1. His birth-place in Ku^iyi. Lat. 37°. Long. 27° 30'. ATos. Strait of the Dardanelles, iv. 86, 95; vii. 33. Sailed along this channel : visited the cities on its banks. E(pecros. Ayasoolook. i. 92 ; ii. 106, 10; vi. 19. On the banks of the river Koc'var^og -. describes works of art there. Chap. 92 of Book i. is useful, because it shows us how he distinguishes between Etpso-o.c, where he had seen the works of art, and B^oty^^oc/, where he knew them only by report. The TLegaut before his time had burnt the temple of the Bgaywlxi after plundering it. Lat. 37° 50'. Long. 27° 15'. Qe/jLLaKvpa ? iv. 86 ; ii. 104. On the <3>££fiolisiy : rendered probable by a careful study of these two chapters. IXlov. ii. 10; vii. 43. Compares the alluvial formation of the 2«a^«y^o? in this neighbourhood with the jEgyptian AsAt*. KadvTis. (doubtful.) iii. 5. A city of Ho&houaTtvv) 2y^/jj, about the size of "Sxfitg, in his opinion: some suppose Kxtivrig to be Jerusalem. Comp. 'H^oS. ii. 159. and Kings, Book ii. chap. 23. KoXxis. Mingrelia. ii. 104. On the south-eastern coast of the Black Sea : their lan- guage, physical appearance, &c. compared with those of the AiyvTTTioi. Kv£ikos. A Peninsula of the Sea of Marmara, iv. 14. Where he heard a strange story about A^arsvis. Av&rj. i. 93. Saw and measured the great mound of AAvarrnc, near the lake Tvyaivt. CXXXV11 MaiavSpov ireStoy, The Plain of the Meinder. ii. 10. See IX/oi/. MaKpwves. ii. 104. Neighbours of the Ko/\#o/ : see 2vg/o/. riepffai. The Persians, i. 131, &c, 140. He was well acquainted, from personal observation, with many usages of the Tls^axt and the Mayot. Ihrovij. iii. 55. Q) On the Evyiuo; (2tj«/3. 614.). Upoirovris. Sea of Marmara, iv. 86. Sailed through. Sap^is. Sart. ii. 106; v. 101; iii. 5. On the UotxTtohos, a branch of the 'Egpog. Lat. 38° 35'. Long. 28° 6'. 2ii>w7r»7? Sinope, or Sinub. iv. 12. Rendered probable by taking into account ii. 104; iv. 86 : he mentions LtuuTrn being on a Xsgaopwos. 2vpin TlaXaicrTivrj. Palestine, ii. 106; ii. 104. He saw in ILotkotfariuvi the triumphal columns erected by 2iuais. Phaz or Reon. iv. 36. Sailed from the mouth of the *ff/f, Lat. 42° K/. Long. 41° 10'. tboiviKr]. Part of Syria, ii. 104, 79. Talked with the people on circumcision. Their national song. EYPflllH. A/3cu ? viii. 33. In Q?ux.tg : contained a rich temple of kntiKhai/. Apdripa. viii. 120, 126; vii. 126, 109. On the NfffTo? in ©gw'xj? : the NWto; divided A^hvj^ot into two parts. In Cramer's map of Greece A£S>j§« is 14 miles east of the river. Adnvai. Athens, v. 77; ii. 7; i. 98; vi. 103. The capital of Attw. saw the walls of the A^ovohtg that were burnt by the Mnloi. Lat. 38° nearly. Long. 23° 42'. A\w7re*:at. v. 63. In Attikyi, where is the tomb of Ay %t polios. ATroXkwvir) ? iv. 90. On the Uourog. Apyos. Argos. v. 87, 88. BpevTTjffiov. Brindisi. iv. 99. He was acquainted with the region about it. Lat. 40° 43'. Long. 18° 17'. BvfavTiov. Constantinople, iv. 87. Lat. 41° 5'. Long. 28° 50'. Ae\0ot. Castri. i. 14, 20, 25; viii. 39; ix. 81 ; ii. 135. Describes the position of many votive offerings &c: talks with the AeAfpo/. Lat. 38° 32'. Long. 22° 34'. Aa>?ajv??. ii- 52, 55. In Qitrir^arm : modern site uncertain. ' i H OOQTO s tells us the names of the three priestesses with whom he con- versed. See a Paper by Hawkins, in Walpole's Col- lection, on the site of Dodona. E^a/nraios. iv. 17, 52, 81. In ^KvdiKYi, between the 'Tvetvts (the Bog) and the Bo- qvcQsvyis (the Dnieper), where he saw a large copper vase. The position of E^oc^oitos is thus defined : The great copper vase stands in the spot where the brackish spring is found, which gives its taste to the waters of the 'Tnccuts for four days' sail towards the sea: the fountain is near the common boundary of the agricul- tural IkvQui and the ATiugaueg : at or opposite the territory of the AAet^W?, (who are nearer to the sea than the agricultural 2Kvdou,) the rivers Dniester and Bog are separated by an interval which widens as the streams approach to the sea. Probably near Novo- margorod. Lat. 48° 45'. Long. 31° 35'. QepjjLOTTvXai. Therma. vii. 176, 200, 201, 225, 228. Minute description of this pass, and of the adjacent country both north and south of it. The stone lion in honour of Asau^g. The inscriptions on the co- lumns. Lat. 38° 52'. Long. 22° 40'. See Dodwell's Tour, vol. ii. p. 67. QeaoaXtr). vii. 123. The whole basin otOeo-au^iy was well known to 'H^olorog. Gripcu. Thebes, i. 92 ; v. 59. In Botany : saw there a golden r^Trovg '• read the inscrip- tions in the temple of AnoKhav lapvivtog. Qopvcd,} i. 69. In AotKCiVlKYl. Qprj'krj. iv. 33, 74 ; v. 10. lr}7rvyirj. iv. 99. Part of the modern La Puglia. IraXir). iv. 15. The modern Calabria. Kporwv. Cotrone. v. 44, 45, 43, In \Tu7\iy. cxl MerarrovTioy. iv. 15. Describes the position of the statue of k^tanng in the ocyogct of Msrct7rourto'j. OXvfjnrta ? Antilalla, on the north bank of the Alpheus. ii. 7 ; ix. 81. Distance from Adyjvoit to OhvpirtK and TLtax compared . with a certain distance in kiyvnrog. Uawvir). iv. 33, 74; v. 12, 98. On the banks of the Ir^ypuv : witnessed certain religious rites. HeXoTTOvvrjaos* Morea. iv. 77. Hepivdos ? EreklL iv. 90, 95. In the Thracian Xeooovwot;. UXaraia. ix. 85. In Botartvi. Remarks on the tombs of those who fell in the great battle. Dodwell (Tour, i. 279.) could find no traces of them. Tipamas. v. 16, 17. A lake in Ucttovtv) : description of the natives' mode of life ; and of the road from H^ccat»s past the silver mine into MochsIouw. Sarjocu. vii. 111. A Thracian tribe living in a lofty range of mountains : compares part of their religious system with that of the AfAtv0iKv) f compared with the Suniac angle, and the angular di- strict of Ijjo-i/yw (Terra di Lecce). Teapos. iv. 90, 91. At the sources of the Tex^s, a small branch of the ' E€goj, Maritza. Teyerj. Near the village Piali. i. 66. The chains of the captive AotK&oitftouioi hung round the temple of A7\svi Adwctivi as late as our traveller's time. Teprea. vii. 129, 173. The passage of the Tlvjuuos minutely described. See Dodwell, vol. ii. p. 109. Tvptjs. River Dniester, iv. 82. Saw on a rock on the banks of this river the print of the foot Of ' H(>UKh 71$. Remark. — It is not always easy to assign an exact value to the expressions of 'Hgodoro? which appear to indicate his per- sonal knowledge of a place. Some of the positions included in this and the following Table may not be satisfactorily de- monstrated, and they may be excluded from the list without any diminution of the historian's travelling reputation. When we read that the chains of the captive ActKihoti^Qvtot were hanging round the walls of the temple of AQyivmiyi Ahsvi in Teyw as late as the time of 'HqoIotqs, the evidence appears to me decisive in favour of his having been on the spot. But when we are informed (Book iv. 124.) that Darius, after crossing the Tuvu't's, built eight forts on the river 0«qos, and cxlii that they existed in the time of the historian, we must hesi- tate before we include so remote a spot within the limits of his personal observation : nor can we conclude that the Oot^og may be the Wolga (Rennel), since that is certainly not the meaning of 'H^olorog. The whole narrative of this Persian chase is incredible, and throws suspicion on some of the Geo- graphical facts. AIBYH. Aiyi/7rros. &gypt. ii. all through ; ii. 5; iii. 6. 'HqoIotos visited many parts of AtyvnTog . it is probable that he arrived there by sea. Ajoaj3t?/. Arabia, iii. 5, 6; ii. 75, 12. The part visited probably lay on the road from AtyvTros into 2y£/>j HctkxioTiuY), by which he appears to have entered the latter country. Part of AqccQiyi on the coast he calls 'SvgiYi. Compare ii. 12; iii. 5. Apafiios KoXkos. Red Sea. ii. 11, 159. Probably only the northern part of it. BovfiatTTts. ii. 138. Beautiful description of its temple and groves. Bovtw. ii. 155. On the Sebennytic branch of the Nsfto; : noted for an oracular shrine of Avjtu. TLXecfxivTtvr}. Near Assouan, ii. 29. A city on the N«*of ; the southern limit of his travels. About Lat. 24° 10'. 'H\iov7ro\is. ii. 3. On a branch of the Ns7 behind the doors. The evidence of Herodotus having visited all, or nearly all, the places enumerated in the preceding list, will in general convince those who are well acquainted with him by a care- ful study of the original. A few places may be considered doubtful, where his remarks are of a less positive and direct character. When he says " I saw," or u They told me," or when he uses expressions equivalent to these, the evidence is conclusive : it is sometimes no less so, even when other ex- pressions are used. But, besides the direct evidence of his visiting certain spots, there is the general conviction which remains from a perusal cxlv of his travels and history ; and this is often strong enough to satisfy the reader, without however justifying him in inserting such places in the above catalogue. There is, as far as I know, no passage which proves decidedly his having visited Sicily ; but it can hardly be doubted that he did visit at least some parts of that island. — The same remark will apply to Crete, Susa, and perhaps some other places. A TABLE Of a few very remote spots to which the Hellenic nation was scattered by various events, before the time of 'H-podoros. Afjnrn. vi. 20. On the Persian Gulf, near the mouth of the Tiygig, where Axgetos settled some captive Mfowtof. AphepiKKa. vi. 119. In the province KiaatYi : an estate belonging to Aage/osO), 210 aroclicc from "2ovT(Yi7cii : the natives and the Ku^^oi/toi drove him away. Kvpvos. Corsica, i. 165. The city khctkm, built by the oc.Q. Book iv. p. 179, &c. Oaffis. El Wah. iii. 26. Which some Set^/o/ of the Ata^tavvi (pVhvi were said to possess : several days' journey from ®y€cii in Upper iEgypt. Lat. 25° 45'. Hoveidrfiov. iii. 91. A city founded by AftQftoxog, the son of ApQieiQiag, on the borders of the KthiKsg and 2y^o/. TpiTiavis. iv. 180. 'Hqo^oto; speaks of 'EhKyvsg being settled on the banks of this lake. Tvpirai. iv. 51. 'Em.yiuis settled at the mouth of the Tvgyg, Dniester. 'YeXri. i- 167- In Oimtqw; the Roman Velia. Lat. 40° 10'. Long. 15° 13'. 'Ypii] in lrj7rvyLT}. vii. 170. A city founded by some K^rtg. Note on the position of A-yfioiTotvcc. Some writers have assigned Tauris or Tabrccz (Lat. 38° 3'. Long. 46° 35'.) in Aderbidschan, as the position of Ay/3ot- cxlvii txvx. It was an old notion that the modern Ispahan was the Ayfixrxux of the MjjBo/, a notion that Herbert in his Travels (p. 1 53) disposes of in his summary way, to make room for the claim of Tabrccz. Numerous passages in which Ayfixrxvx or Exfixrxt/x is mentioned, hardly prove its site with precision,- but they ge- nerally tend to show its position in that part of Mvihtx where Hamadan stands. But Egxroo-devYis (2T£«/3ai>, Book ii.) re- moves all doubt: he divides his world into two parts by a parallel of latitude, (twftfi>iinn y^x^^y, a line marking equal length of days,) which runs from the straits of Gibraltar, through the straits of Messana, the southern points of the TL&OTroituwo; and Attikvi, through ' Polos to the bay of laaos : it then runs in a general direction along the range of Txv^og into northern luhx. Of these two parts into which he divides the world, he calls one the southern, and the other the northern. The southern part he subdivides into atxvn the second. The third compartment is a rough kind of quadri- lateral, the north side of which is a line of 10,300 arxhx in length, running from Sx\pxx.o$ on the Evxtyic; to the ford where A7ie%xvb(>o<; crossed the Ttygts, then through Txvyx- pvikx, across the river Avxog, through A$rihx and Ex,3xrxvx to the Kxavixt nv^xt. The opposite but (as the geographer remarks) not parallel side is a line drawn through Bx&v7iau, Sot/o-oc, and ris£<7S9roA/?, to the boundary of Hegats and Kee^- fitctvict. This line from Qx^/xkos to the vvkxi, which was a measured road, does not coincide with the general line of latitude above mentioned, nor with the mountains of Txvgog ; but at the nvhxi the mountains and the road meet. The Caspian defile is the boundary of the northern and southern climate (xhipx) of E^xroakum?- Tx^x, the metropolis of ATQoirxrmvi, is midway between A^rx^xrx on the Agx&s, and Ex&xrxvx (Plin. v. 13.), but the distances are corrupted : that of 2t(>xQu)v, which is 2400 o-rxhx from Tx^x to the Agai&s is probably corrupted also. The evidence of Apptxuog is indeterminate : but when Ax- getos after the battle at Yxvyx^vihx fled to EkQxtxvx (Book iii. 19.), his object was to take the shortest road towards the Caspian defile, and to be in readiness to make a hasty retreat into Bxkt^ix. D'Anville has put clown in his map, near Ispahan, a place called Ecbatana Magorum, which is mentioned by Pliny (vi. 26.), but it is difficult to say what this passage means. When Tobit sent his son Tobias from Nineve to Rages in Media to get the money from Gabael, the young man and his cxlviii companion crossed the Tigris, and came to Ecbatana in Media. The youth stayed there to get married, and his guide went on to Rages for the money. Fxyxi (Rages) is distant from the Caspian defile one excessive day's march, like those of A?>f|- etufyoc (&ppiau iii. 20.): ATroT^'hoha^og (2rga/3. xi. 514. 524.) places 'Potyxt south of the Caspian pass, and 500 arxfau di- stant from it. The Greek names AyZxrotvct or EkZxtuuca, the Chaldee name xnvm Achmetha, Ezra vi. 2, and Hamadan, are all the same word. Note to the article ~E^et^7rutog, in the division of HLvftawn, on the usage of hoitcx. in defining geographical positions in ' HocfioTog. The rivers Tv^vig and 'Tvrotvig approach nearest kbctx Akoc- £a»xg, which means that a line joining the two nearest points of these rivers would, if continued, pass through the territory of the Ahot^avsg. The word kxtx, used by ' HqoIotos to ex- press one object being " in a line with" or ■ opposite to" another, is common. See kxtx rovg Trarsgctg, iii. 14. kmtcc. fA?v Aaxslxi/zoviovs eaTYiae Hs^axg, ix. 31., where it is equiva- lent to xunx : the notion of a certain proximity is necessa- rily implied by this phrase. 'H^oloTog (i. 76.) defines the position of the strong post Utsqw, which is east of the ' Ahvg, by saying that it is x.xtx livawj fixhiora, Kn Ksifieuvi ; which possibly may mean that it is on or near the coast, and on the east side of the bay, opposite the peninsula on which this trading town is situated. He defines the position of a certain spot in A%oi£r/i, where he saw heaps of snakes' bones, by saying that it is xxrcc Bovrovv ToTiiv ^.xhiarx kyj xetftsvog (Book ii. 75.) Again, Bovra is de- fined by saying that it is kutx to ^eQeuvvrtKov KuKso^ivov oTOftoc, tuv NfAoy ctvxTrTiSOUTt W7ro SofruGorig ava (ii. 155.) ; which means, that a person sailing up this branch will see Bovra from the river, and it must lie east of the Sebennytic branch. It stands also near an extensive lake, probably one of those near the coast : any part of Ag«C/»j, then, which is defined by reference to Bovra, must be near the coast, between Kxlvrig and Inuvaog (iii. 5.) : and this is the only spot which can be said to be Kxrec Bovrovv ; Bovra also must be consi- derably east of the Sebennytic branch. A TABLE OF COMMERCIAL ARTICLES MENTIONED BY 'HPOAOT02. These are in some cases either the only or the strongest evidence of a commercial connection between places widely separated : but they do not always prove that a people remote from the native country of a commercial product, received it directly or even through the medium of a single hand. [For the more particular characterizing of the articles marked thus *, I am indebted to Dr. Thomson, Professor of Ma- teria Medica in the University of London.] Alumen of the Latin writers*. arvTZT7]pi7\. ii. 180. Presented by Aftctau; king of KtyvTrrog to the AsMpo/, as his subscription towards rebuilding their temple : arv- 5rT»jg/>5 is not alum, but merely a vitriolic earth that is astringent. See Plinius, Book xxxv. on Alumen. Amber. r)\eicrpop. ill. 115. Brought from a very remote country, and, according to an opinion not adopted by HgoSoro?, from a river H^ctuog. Anns. oirXa. iv. 180; i. 135. Apparently a traffic in arms, between the ' EaAjjz/sj and the tribes round the lake H^nuvig in A&vv. The Hegacti use ^Egyptian breastplates (da^KSf) ; but this will perhaps hardly prove a traffic of this kind between AiyvTrros and the TLtfjaui. Beaver skins. Kaaropes, beavers, iv. 109. From the country of the Bovfovot: and perhaps seal skins. Cassia*, kclou]. iii. 110; ii. 86. Said by some to be the bark of the Laurus Cassia : pro- ud cl cured by the A^«C/o/, according to ' U^oloros : used in embalming in AiyvKTos. Castoreum*. KcurTopwv op^ies. iv. 109. Used, according to ' Hgolorog, for curing womb com- plaints. Castoreum, not from the testicles, but from certain follicles near the anus, containing a peculiar scent. Cinnamon. Kivvajiiajiov. iii. Ill ; ii. 86. The 'JLXhwss derived this name from the 3?otviKt;. According to ' HgoBoroj, the AgoiGioi procured cinnamon from the nests of large birds, which were built of the dried bark or pieces (koc^soc) of cinnamon, brought for this purpose by the birds from the native country of Aiouvaog. It was used in embalming in AiyvTrros. Compare Aiolug. 2/xsA. Book i. Chap. 91. The two words xccair) and xtpycc/xeoftov have given rise to much discussion. Our cinnamon and casia come respectively from Ceylon and Sumatra chiefly; and are said to differ very little, if at all. The word cinnamon (]JMp) occurs Exodus xxx. 25, and appears to be related to the word j-f2p> a reed or pipe ; a term which expresses very well the common appearance of the bark in a pipe-like form. The He- brew word translated Cassia, Exodus xxx. 24, is j-pTJ> kiddak, which is said to denote 'split' or 'divided lengthways,' and hence to signify that kind of cinna- mon corresponding to the Latin Casia lignea. Vincent considers the casia known to the Greeks and Romans as a species of cinnamon, and identical with our cinnamon. The Greek and Roman cinnamon, he says, was not rolled up in pipes, like ours, but it was the tender shoot of the same tree : our casia, also, according to Vincent, is only an inferior kind of our present cinnamon. He doubts " whether the cinnamon and casia of the ancients were both from the same plant." See Vincent, Periplus, Vol. ii. Appendix, p. 702: his remarks however chiefly apply to the classical history of cinnamon posterior to the time of 'HpoBoto?, and throw no light on the genuine nature of his xctatri and Ktvyotpa/xou : for the word x.a,(>(Psot (iii. ill.) may signify just as well the dried top shoots of the tree, as the bark in the form in which we re^ ceive it. There is said to be a Malay word for cinna- mon, which is Kayu-manis. cli Copper. ^ciXkos. - Frequently mentioned as a metal much used, but no in- dications of the countries from which it was chiefly brought, if we except i. 215. Cotton, eipia arco £v\ov. iii. 106, 47 ; vii. 65. ' HgofWo? describes a natural product of lultKYi, which he calls the wool of trees, superior to that of sheep, and used by the IvZot for making cloth : a coat of mail which Apuoit; had made, was partly composed of this material. 'Hgolorog calls this the produce of a tree that grows without cultivation. Dates. (3a\avoL tojv i&oipiKiov. iv. 172. The ^eiaecfAavsg annually went from the coast to Avyfooc for their supply. Dogs. Kvves. i. 192; vii. 187. From IvfoKYi (compare Ktykh*s> Ivltxct, 5.), much used by the Persian nobles for hunting wild animals : the native country of this dog is northern India and Af- ghanistan. (Malte-Brun, vol. iii. p. 39. Transl.) Ebony wood, efievos. iii. 97, 114. From AtdiOTTiYi. Eunuchs, evvovxot' waives eKTOfiiai. iii. 49, 92; viii. 105; iii. 130. l,ot(>lis and EQeaos were slave markets. 2oko-«, the poli- tical capital of the Persian monarchs, was supplied with eunuchs from B«€vA??io a native of India: the word K&oti/aTog (from pb, white,) is perhaps intended to express the white TT resinous oil of Lebanon. The frankincense tree or shrub, though now culti- vated in Arabia, is not native there, but according to Niebuhr and Bruce introduced from Abyssinia, m 2 clii Furs or Skins, ^epfiura. iv. 109. From a lake in the country of the Bovhuot, which is east of the Tuvuig or Don: among other things, pro- bably the skin of the Siberian Phoca. (See Heeren, vol. i. part 3. p. 415.) Gold in bullion or small particles, ypvaos, \p-nyfia. iv. 196 ; i. 69, 93; vi. 46; vii. 112; iii. 57, 104, 105. The K^^oowo* procure it from a place west of the Straits of Gibraltar : particles in the streams of Mount T/xco'hog: mines in ^kxtttyi 'YXyi, and in Qstaog: pro- cured by the luloi from the great central desert of Kobi, &c. &c. 'HoqIotos (iii. 95.) estimates the rela- tive value of equal weights of gold and silver after the proportion of 1 3 to 1 . Gold coined. vopLiajxa ypvaov. i. 93; iv. 166; iii. 96. 130. First by the Avlot : the gold coinage of A*%stog. Grain, gitos. iv. 17, 18 ; vii. 147. Exported by the agricultural Scythians (2kvQoci Agoryigsg and Tsagyoi) on the ' TTrocvtg and Boqv oQsvyg '. HsgfiK at AQvlog saw the grain fleet from the Black Sea car- rying grain to Atytvri and the Usloirovvwog. Hemp. Kavva/Dis. iv. 74; v. 12. The Cannabis sativa: according to 'H^ohrog, hemp very nearly resembling flax in appearance. Grows in 2xt» - Gikyi spontaneously ; is also cultivated : the QprJKig make clothing of this hemp, like linen cloth (husov si pec) : some critics contend that the word "hivsou in 'HQoloTog signifies both linen and cotton. Honey, artificial. /icXi. vii. 31 ; iv. 194; i. 193. Substitute for sugar : made from the juice of the ftvgixy, thickened with flour: made also probably from the juice of the date, and not from the sap of the palm- tree. Horns, /cepeo. vii. 124, 126; iv. 192. Horns of wild cattle imported into 'E-KXugC) from Tlxto- uixri and K^sr tuviky}. The horns of the ogvg of A&vv (') See note, p. cli. cliii used for making musical instruments : the ogv; is about the size of a cow. Horses, linroi. iii- 90; vii. 40. 360 horses annually sent from K/A/x/>j to Axgetog: the horses of Niax in My$ikyi. Iron, (ridrjpos. i. 25. Often mentioned ; but without any specific remark, ex- cept that YKxvko; of Xio$ invented the art of welding it. Ivory. e\e(pavros oSovtcs jneyaXoi. iii. 97. Part of the contribution paid to Amnios every third year by the Aidioire$ bordering on Aiyvxros. Jars, earthen. Kepctfioi. iii. 6*. Imported into AtyvTrros from all parts of 'EAXac^ 1 ) and <&otviKYi twice a year, with wine in them : and after- wards used by the caravan between AtyvvTog and 2t/§/j7 as water-pitchers in the Little Desert. Ladanum*. Xrjfiavov. iii. 112. The gum of the T^vihog or Cistus Creticus. (See Tourne- fort's Account of Crete, vol. i. p. 74. Transl.) That which c H£odoro.c was acquainted with was collected in Ag*£/jj, according to his opinion. (') It is important to attend to the signification of the word 'EAAeeg in Herodotus, and the Ethnic term 'Ey^^usg. Apxoig king of AiyvnrTos (ii. 182.) sent many presents to 'ETShxgx the places enumerated are Kv^uvt in A&vyi, Atulog in 'Pdhog, and the island Ixpog. When the Ilexes/ sailed from l.thav in &otuixY} t with the Hellenic doctor Aj^o>c»3§>k> on a surveying expedition, they examined the sea coast of 'E'h'hxg and its principal towns, till they came to Tx^xg in It«A/>j. When the Hellenic deputies came to Lv^yikovoxi to ask for aid against Sfg&Si they tell Tshav, in their address to him, that he pos- sesses no small part of 'EKhxg, being lord of JLixshw. The terms ' Eh7\ cc$ and 'EXhviu&g, then, are applicable to all places and persons where a sufficient number of ' EWyvig were collected to form a distinct social community. This remark is necessary, for the purpose of showing that wine imported into Aiyv7rrog from all parts of 'E"hhxg, denotes a very ex- tensive commercial connection between the 'ET&wfg and Aiywxrog. cliv Lead. fxoXvfidos. hi. 56. Simply mentioned. Linen cloth, \ivov. ii. 105; v. 12. Imported into 'EAAaK 1 ) from Ko^ws and Acyvrros- the spinning of flax an occupation of the women of Hoctot/iYi on the Ir^vpcou. Marble of Paros. Uapios Xidos. in. 57 ; v. 62. Public buildings at *2,i(pvo<; and AsAfpo/, of Parian marble. Myrrh*, ajivpyr]. iii. 107; ii. 86; vii. 181. Myrrh is a gum resin containing some volatile oil : though it is mentioned as an article of commerce as early as the time of Jacob (Genesis xxxvii. 35.), the tree that yields it is yet unknown. Used in embalming bodies in Atyv7rrog : for dressing wounds. Papyrus*. /3v/3\os. v. 58; vii. 25; ii. 37. The Cyperus Papyrus : the rind or fibrous coats of the plant were used for writing on, after undergoing a cer- tain preparation : M. Varro (quoted by Plin. xiii. chap. 11.) says that this use of the papyrus was not known before the occupation of ^Egypt by Alexander'; an assertion that needs no confutation. Used as writing material by the "E.~Khwis : ship-sails, ropes, and shoes worn by the priests of Aiywra*;, made of the /3t/£Ao?. Pitch, mcraa. iv. 195. The natural pitch of ZxkuuDoc (Zante) was collected and sold in the time of 'H^oSoto.c, as well as in the days of Dr. Chandler. (See Chandler's Greece, vol. ii. p. 302.) Pitch from Hh^kyi, probably made from chips of the pine-tree in the usual way. Salt. uXes or a\s. vii. 30; iv. 181, 182, 183. From a lake in £vy/>7. From various great deposits in the Sahara. The ToigxftxvTsg (the people of Fezzan) spread earth over the salt, and then sow their grain. Salted fish, i^dves es irapiyevaiv, or rapiyps. iv. 53. From the Bo^va&tvyig : salt crystallized found at the mouth of this river. (>) See note, p. cli. civ Seal rings, o(j>pr}ythes. i. 195 ; Hi. 41. Worn by the "BctQv'Kuutoi : Oeolagos of JZxpos skilled in setting precious stones in gold. Shoes. v7ro^rjjjLaTa. i. 195 ; ii. 37. r H^orog compares the form of the Babylonian shoe with the Boeotian shoes : the choice of such a standard of comparison implies that Boeotian shoes were very ge- nerally used : papyrus shoes might also be exported from Ato/j//xsc : it is a resin containing benzoic acid, the produce of the Styrax officinalis, a tree now growing in the Levant, from which it has been transplanted to the neighbourhood of Rome : the purest is in tears, or small round grains ; but a coarse sort is in lump, mixed with many im- purities. Tin. KaaaiTepos. iii. 115. From the islands KstaaiTi^thg (supposed by some to be the Scilly Islands) : 'Hgodoro.c could not learn any thing exact about them : it is certain however, he adds, that tin comes from the remotest parts. Tin is found in the Penjab ; and also in the territory of the AQxyyxt (2t£«£. 72. 4.); and TloaaZuviog (2rga«. 147.) says it was dug from mines in the north west part of Spain. Water, vZup. iii. 117. The Great King derived a revenue from the waters of the river Akyi;, which were sold to the nations dwelling on its streams, for the purpose of irrigating their grain fields. In China, Bucharia, and Persia, the water with which the fields are irrigated is now a source of re- venue for the Chans. Wine, palm, otvos tyoiviKrjios. i. 194. Carried in boats down the river EvQqvjtyi;, together with other commodities, from Ag t usi/iy to BxZvhcov. from the grape, olios, iii. 6; ii. 37; iv. 66. Imported twice a year from Qoivikvi, and all parts of 'Ex>.flt?(')in earthen jars: wine, according to'H^oooro?, used by the Iwdcti, which must have been imported. (') See note. p< cli. clvii Wool, eipiov. ii. 81 ; i. 195; iii. 113; ii. 42; v. 49. dyed. Woollen cloths used by the AiyvnTtoi and Ba&u'kautot : and probably manufactured by them from the wool furnished by the Aqo&ioi and the people of Ku^ocvioc : but the sheep was raised in Atyvxrog also : tegvyw noted for its sheep. c Hgdhorog (i. 203.) says that the tribes of the Kccvxc&oog dye woollen cloths with figures of animals, by the aid of vegetable colours, and that these colours are permanent, and do not wash out. That they would be an article of curiosity at least, if not of regular commerce, seems a natural inference from this passage. Works of art. \. 25; ii. 182; iv. 88; ii. 69; iv. 36; v. 49. ThctvKog of Xiog made a silver vase for A^vetrr^s, who presented it to the A&tpoc the various presents of Apccais : the picture of Aotgstog and his army crossing the Booi;, placed in the ' Hgouov at Loc^og : the ci(>TY)pciTK ~hihuu. xvTi* mentioned by f HgoBoro? (Bookii. 69.) as ornaments put in the ears of the sacred croco- diles of (drfeai and the lake Mo/§/?, are supposed by some to signify glass ornaments or beads ; the mummies found in the catacombs near Cairo and in the Thebaid are decorated with glass beads. This glass was pro- bably imported from om«>7, or it might be manufac- tured in AtyvKTog. Maps or plates of copper (yyg frt^tolot) mehtioned generally; a particular mention of one that AgurroiyogYig carried with him to '2irx(>TYi, &c. &c. Note. — This Table is probably neither quite complete nor altogether exact in the whole of its details ; and it would be no easy task to make it so. It might have been somewhat en- larged by the aid of Ktjkt^j, but it is thought better to keep these two authors distinct. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. It is some time before the student of Herodotus can com- prehend perfectly the general subject and plan of this history ; which, till the whole work has been carefully perused, appears a disjointed and unconnected mass. But the numerous di- gressions and episodes which fill the first four books are only preparatory to the development of the main subject in the last five. The design of this work, as we learn from the In- troduction (i. I.), is the wars between the Hellenes and the Persae. That the student, then, may understand the progress of the main action of this epic history, from the first recorded collision between the Hellenes and Persae, the Persian conquest of Ionia, till the conclusion of the drama by the conquest of Sestos ; it will be useful to subjoin a very brief Chronological Table. — This Table exhibits the series of Per- sian kings, the main events in Hellenic and Persian history, with their dates from B.C. 559 to the capture of Sestos in the spring of B.C. 478. But as Herodotus incidentally notices several events posterior to the siege of Sestos, and therefore only alludes to them in his History for the sake of particular illustration, it is thought advisable to present these also with their dates, for the purpose of showing the latest probable period to which his life was extended. This Chronological Table is founded on the "Fasti Hel- lenici" of Clinton, and I have adopted the dates which he has obtained by his investigations. As far as I can judge from the few opportunities which I have had of examining them, they may be admitted till other and better reasons disprove them. I should not hesitate to give to this Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece the praise which I think is justly due to it, were it not hazardous to risk opinions on a subject so difficult. The Olympiads I have omitted, because a student can easily calculate them from a knowledge of the year B.C. to which any event is assigned, the commencement of the first 01. B.C. 776, and an attention to the current year and Olympiad. It is difficult to give any good reason why we should now encumber ourselves with so clumsy a chronolo- gical reckoning. R p Kvpos, king of the Ueprrai. 560 HutnaT^ocToi; becomes tuqumos of A0*ji/«/, seventy years before the battle at Mu^»&uu } i. 59. clx B.C. 559 Kyg6c elected general of the IIs^*/ : overthrows the empire of the MjjSo/. i. 127, 128, 130. 546 Sxghg the capital of Avliy taken by Kv^og. i. 84. The Avloi revolt when Kvgog returns to the East, and are again reduced to subjection by Ma^u^g a Mylog, the general of Kvgog. MafagYig is succeeded by ' Agnccyo g, who reduces to subjection the cities of the lavsg, Aio- Xff g, Ketgsg, Kecvutot, Avkioi. i. 171. The length of time occupied by these military operations is not stated. 538 BctGvTicov taken by Kv^og. i. 191. 532 TleKrungarog recovers his power at Adyt/eu, after being twice driven out : he strengthens himself by the aid of money and friends, i. 64. 529 Kvgog falls in battle against the queen of the Mccwcc- yirotu i. 214. Comp. Kr)ja/«f, ILegrtK. 6. Ka/xftvarjs, son of Kvpos, king of the Heparai. 527 Death of UaaurTgctTog '> he is succeeded by his son 'Iirirtys. OovkvI. vi. 54. 525 KoiftGvaYi; considers the lavs; and Aiohag as hereditary slaves, ii. 1 : he conquers Aiyvxrog in the fifth year of his reign, iii. 11, 13. The first chapter of the se- cond book of 'HgoZoTo; contains a brief statement of an expedition against Aiyvxrog j but he immediately leaves his main subject, and occupies the whole of his second book with the history of Aiyv^rrog : in the third book, chap. 1. he resumes his narrative. 521 The death of KupQwrig, after a reign of seven years five months, iii. 66, The Mayos lifjiepSis, an impostor, king of the Ilepaai. 521 He is assassinated after a reign of seven months, iii. 78 : the reigns of KctftSvamg and S^e^S/?, according to the system of 'HgoBo Tog, comprehended exactly eight years, iii. 67. Aapeios, the son of 'Yaraair^ of the royal family of the Axcujuevicat, elected king of the Tlepvai. iii. 86 ; i. 209. The expedition to 2oc t uog to restore SiAoc-av took place early in the reign of £x%etog, but not till the second or third year at least: for according to 'H^oS. (iii. 139.) it was after the death of Oqoitv; (iii. 127, 129.), and after the surveying expedition sent to Ei^ecg (iii. 136.) which must have occupied one year at least. clxi B.C. — The siege of BuQvhvv commenced while the fleet was engaged in the Samian expedition (iii. 1 50.), and it lasted a little more than twenty months (iii. 153, 1 55.). 514 Assassination of ' iKyrecgxog at Afaucit. v. 56. Compare Qovxvl. vi. 56, 57. 510 'Iwavjjf the brother of ' Ia-a-ag^o? is expelled from A0yivcc{, and retires to 2/yg/oy on the ^Kec^ecul^og. v. 65. The family of the IlenricrTg*Tih*i governed Adyvcct for thirty-six years, v. 65. See Clinton's Ap- pendix, ' Pisistratidae.' 508 ? The Scythian expedition of Aureus. This date is ab- solutely uncertain, but it is after the capture of Bot- Zuhav, and before the war of Neefc?. Some place it B.C. 513. 'H^ohoroc (iv. 1.) begins the history of thie Scythian expedition, but he immediately leaves his main narrative, and presents us with a geographical and historical sketch of the Scythian and other Northern nations. The Scythian campaign is con- tained between chapters 83 and 143, book iv. The Persian expedition into A&vyi is contemporary with this Scythian war. iv. 145. The 'Eaajjj*? of Buqxyi are transplanted into Bxkt^yi. iv. 202, 204. 501 Nos|;oc is besieged by MeyxQecT^s and AQtarecyo^Yis for four months, v. 34. 500 AyoTayoQns goes to 2-z-a§T>j and A&nvcti to ask for aid against the Ut^axt, immediately previous to which it had been determined to revolt; the first overt act of rebellion was the deposing of the tvquuvoi in the Asiatic Greek cities, v. 37, 38. 499 2a$t$ burnt by the combined forces of lovm, Adwui, and E§£T£/>?. v. 99, 100, 101. This was the immediate cause of the great wars between the Usgacct and 'EA- A»JI/£.C Of Ef^TTJJ. 497 Death of A^Totyo^g in ©^i'xw. v. 126. Compare Qovwl. iv. 102. 495 The great sea fight near MiTiyrog, in which the combined Asiatic 'Eaa^i/s.c are defeated by the Persian fleet, prin- cipally consisting of <3?oivix.ig. vi. 6, 14 &c, 18. M/A)jtoc was blockaded and taken after the naval engagement, but the length of the siege is not stated. This took place in the sixth year from the revolt of A^tdruyo^ng . v. 37 j vi. 18. and therefore in the year B.C. 495, if the date B.C. 500 is correct. Clinton places this sea fight B.C. 494, and adds that Miletus was taken in the sixth year of the war. This makes a difference of one year between the dates here given, (from B.C. 495 clxii B.C. down to B.C. 491,) and those of Clinton; and increases the difficulty of reconciling the dates in Herodotus. See Clinton, B.C. 492, and Appendix on the Ionian war (p. 244.), and on Herod, vi. 95. — The capture of Micros was the subject of a drama of O^tm^oc, en- titled Mfryrov xbaaig. vi. 21. 494 Xiog, AeffSof, and Tevelog taken by the Persian fleet, vi. 3 1 . 493 The first Persian expedition under Mccoooviog. vi. 43: his fleet is wrecked off the Peninsula of AOa;. vi. 44. 492 The Qocatot compelled by Atzgetog to destroy their for- tifications, vi. 46. 491 Preparations for the expedition into 'E*Aa?. vi. 48, 95. 490 The second grand Persian expedition under Aar/j a Mvdog, and AqruQegMig. vi. 94. "l^irtng the exiled Tvgavitos conducts the army from E^gT^/r, in EvZotr) to the plain ofMot^^j/ in Attikyi. vi. 102. The defeat of the Asiatic army. vi. 113 — 117. 486 The revolt of AtyvwTog. vii. 1. 485 The death of Aa^iog, after a reign of 36 years, vii. 4. Sepfys, the son of Aapetos, king of the Tlepaai. 484 Atyvvrog reduced to subjection a "second time. vii. 7 : and entrusted to the government of Axcctpsavg the brother of Aocgsiog. 484 Birth of 'Hpodoros, according to Pamphila, quoted by Gellius. xv. 23. 481 During four entire years after the reduction of Atyvxrog preparations are making for the grand expedition. vii. 20. 480 Commencement of the great march from Sccfiig. vii. 20, 37.(') Battles at Qsq/^o-ttv^ui and AgTspuatoy. vii. 194, 210, &c. Great battle at lotkxfAig in the autumn, viii. 113. 479 Mocfioviog occupies AQwtu ten months after Ss^ng had taken it in the preceding year. ix. 3 : battle at IlA*- rottct : death of Mxfiovtog. ix. 63 : battle at Nvxot^n. 478 S^to.c is taken by 3ct'j0tir7rog in the spring of 478, and near the end of the civil year of 'Hooloro;. ix. 181. With the capture of Sjjarof the history of 'Hgodorog ends. (•) Clinton understands the words sk, Mecaxec^g the Persian go- vernor of Aoptaxog received annual presents from the Great King : and the descendants of Mctaxx/^ng re- ceived similar presents from Aorcc^s^g the son of Beg&g. vii. 106. 460 Revolt of lux^ag ; defeat and death of Axottftevyis in Atyv^rrog, iii. 12; vii. 7. Compare Govxvl. i. 104. 457 The battle of Tauxygx, in which the '2%-u^Tinrott defeat the combined troops of AQnvui and Apyog. ix. 35 Compare Qovxvl. i. 107, 108. 456 Meyoi€ot£og sent into Atyvirrog by the Great King, to command against the AOyiuuioi. iii. 160. Compare ©ovkvZ. i. 109. Krviatxg, Usgatx. 33. 455 Aiyvxrog reduced, with the exception of ApvPTutog, who took refuge in the marshes, ii. 140. Compare QovkvI. i. 110. Flight of ZaKVPog son of MsyocQv^og tc Adnuect. iii. 160. Compare Krnaiotg. TLegaix. 43. The date of this event is doubtful, but it was some time after the re- duction of AtyvKTog, and perhaps after B.C. 431. Ac- cording to some about B.C. 424. 431 "Evgvftccxog with 400 QnQoaoi attempts to get possession of n.'Kccrui^ but loses his life. vii. 233. Compare Qovxvlt. ii. 2—5. This year the Peloponnesian war commenced. 430 The Spartan ambassadors to the Great King are betrayed into the hands of the Adwutot by 2/tosA«>k, king of 0) The death of Aupvwrog took place during this war, which lasted above nine years. 'HpoI. ix. 64. clxiv B.C. the ©gw'xfs, and being carried to Attjk/, are put to death, vii. 137. Compare GovkvZ. ii. 67. 425 Death of A^rec^e^ng I. Eepfys II.; son of Ap-cc^ep^s I., king of the Ilepffai. He reigned about forty-five days, Krwixg, TLtptx.. 45; or one year, or two months, A/oS. xii. 71. 2t/y%?AAo?, p. 61. 'ZeKvyciavos or Soyhauos ; an illegitimate son of Apra- fepfys I., king of the ITeparat. He reigned about six months and fifteen days. Kr^/ac, TliQaiK. 48. 424 £2x os or Actpetos No0os; another illegitimate son of Apra^ep^s I., king of the Ileptrai. 414 Aftuoroaog establishes himself in Aiyv7rrog. 413 Invasion of Arr/xn by the Axxilxtfitot/tot, when Agxg*£>j was spared by the invaders, ix. 73. Perhaps this may refer to the events in QqvkvI. vii. 1 9. 409 Revolt of the M>j5o/, and their second subjugation in the reign of Accgstog. i. 130. Compare Hn>ojw*. i. 2, 9. 408 0) Hocvai^tg succeeds ApvgTccioc. iii. 1 5, who died six years after establishing himself in Aiyv-zrog. This is the latest event mentioned by 'Hoohorog. ( l ) The Afiv^rettog mentioned by 2fyx«?i>io^, or B.C. 423. But the duration of ^Egyptian independence, from the re-establishment of AftvgTxiog to the expulsion of Nc*tibm6«V from Aiyvrrog by Clx,og II., sometimes called A^rct^o^ng III., is a period of sixty-five years, four months (2*y«AA. 61, 62.). Now this reduction of AiyvKrog is placed by SvyK&Kog (quoting M«- vidcou from AfioQ£og -. — the story respecting him and his arrow, iv. 36. A/3d>j£ot, vi. 46; vii. 109, 126. founded by the Tmot on the southern coast of Q^Hvi, i. 168 ; viii. 120. visited by He$w, vii. 109. AfiQoxof&os and ' TneQuvQvig, sons of Darius, vii. 224. Afigawxog an AOwcitog, a spy in the army of Asavihvis, viii. 21 . Afivlog, an Hellenic town on the Asiatic coast of the c Ex*>?ff- TovTQg> v. 117 ; vii. 33, 34, 174: near the bridge of He(>%vig t vii. 34. A/3vlviuo{, vii. 44. AyccOosQyot, i. 67. See Ltt ex.gr tnrex,t. Ayudv(>ooi, a nation of ImOoli between the largos and the TvgYii, iv. 49, 102, 125. Their manners and customs, iv. 103. AyccQvgaog, the son of 'H^axA^c, iv. 10. Ay otio?, the father of Ovopuarog, vi. 127. Ayu*f&xTcc, (statues) first dedicated to the gods by the At- yvKTtot, ii. 4. One of latg as a woman with the horns of an ox, ii. 41. of Zivg with the face of a ram, ii. 42. of Tlocu with the face of a goat, ii. 46. of 'E^ung (oq9k €%&» rx eii- lo;ct), ii. 51. of 'H(potio~rog resembling the Oowxjji'o/ Uoc- rxixoi, iii. 37. One made by Apcco-tg out of afoot bath and the reason of it, ii. 172. Statues of Zsvg eu OKvpTny and Tloaufcav, ix. 81. One of Atpgohirn and AQyiuouy at Kv^vvi, ii. 181. Two stone statues of AfauuiY) at Atulog, ii. 182. Statues o£ Aec,uiYi and Av%Yij?, vi. 131. AyoMTtxhev);, a native of ' A~htx,a.^jr,aog t who violated the laws of the temple of AtoMcov T^/ox/o;, i. 144. Ay/3a>io?, the father of MigfiuKog, vii. 98. Ayfixretvot to. Myhxx, the capital of MyiIixsi, iii. 64, 92. the residence of KDpo;, i. 153. and of Kotpfivorig, iii. 64. Ayfio&TWJX, on the coast of 3>o/wx*j in Iv^r/i, iii. 62, 64. AyyUrn;, a river of QoYiiKy flowing into the 1t%v(/7, a town of Q^Uy near the Xtgo-oityo-og, between Kufitn and TIkktvyi, vii. 58. Aygiccvsg, a people of HccksIoviyi, v. 16. AyfJteevyg, a river of Q^'ikyi which empties itself into the 'Etyog, iv. 90. Aygau, the first of the ' H^uiKzihoii, kings of Sardis, i. 7. Ayv'h'hotioi, the inhabitants of Ayv?^n a town of Tv^oww; — their country in a state of pollution; — the manner of its purification, i. 167. Ayxipobjog, the son of Acry^, sent from 2xot^T>j to expel the Tinaiar^ctrihxi from Advent; his death and funeral, v. 63. Adages: — BxaiXsos %siq VTrs^riKyg, viii. 140. Tvva.ix.og kolkiu, ix. 107. At'i tKovtou 771^1 t^t^itv, v. 49. E* tov iutxvrov to sa£ s%ot(>ocigY)Tcct, vii. 161. E* tg/sv we/ o/xge/ © 0v/xog, vii. 39. Ex/ |t/£ov ctK^ng rx,trai to, ^r^ay^curctf vi. 11. EirtaKvdiaov, vi. 84. Keto^g/fl tig titxr,, i. 166. K«rat>,£/- yj/av civ ev "Kukokii, iv. 149. "Mrihe -xv(><£o(>og tx$vyai> Tregt- tyeviTOy viii. 6. Ov Qoovrtg ' IkkokXuGvi, vi. 129. TI/ti/o? t^o- flrov iXTQV^/stVf vi. 37. ABf/^sti/To?, the father of A^iarir,g y vii. 137. another, the son of Q.x.vTog a Corinthian commander at A^nfAiatov who wished to run away, viii. 5. His speech to (dsfttoToxKeyg, and that general's answer, viii. 59. His in- solence, c. 61 ; and flight, c. 94. Alixfai,, a king of the A&vsg, who having been deprived of his territory by the Kv ^vettoi threw himself upon the pro- tection of Ax£/»jc, iv. 159. INDEX. iii A&£h<7toc, the son of Tu^etog the king of HiKvuvy v. 67, and the father of Atyia'Ksvg, v. 68. hated by Y^kuakmg the 2/- Kvvvios, by whose intrigues the honours paid to Algwrog were discontinued and transferred to Me^otutwogy v. 67. a Phrygian (Ogy|), the son of Tofimc and grandson of Mtl/igy killed his brother, i. 35, 45. Kqoioos cleansed him from his pollution, i. 35. He is intrusted by Kgoiaog with the care of his son Arvg in a hunting excursion, i. 41, — and he has the misfortune accidentally to kill the youth in hunting, i. 43. He stabs himself upon the tomb of Arvg, i. 45. Algtxg, o, (Adriatic sea) west of iKhv^tn and 'EAAot?, between those countries and the great peninsula of Italy, iv. 33 ; v. 9. discovered by the ^aKoctacy i. 163. Alvgpctxilo&ty inhabitants of Atfivm near the confines of At- yvKTog; their customs, iv. 168. AetpcuYitTTos, a distinguished man of 2toc£t>7, who slew Mctfio- utos, and died himself in the Messenian war, ix. 64. Afgo7ro?, the son of Tvjpsvog, viii. 137. the son of OA/ttto?, and the father of AAxstik, viii. 139. A^ecvyg, the son of Aqtccio;, the general of the 2oydo/, vii. 66. A^ig, a town of the Kv^uaioi in A&vvi, iv. 157, 169. A^Woj-, a sea coast city of 2yg/)j a little northward of Aokx- Tiauy besieged by If oc^uir/^ocy ii. 157. AdapoiSy the son of A/oAo?, who conspired with Im to put $g/|o; to death, vii. 197. AdYiDccyogYiSy the son of Agp^werrgfltT/du?, and an ambassador of the Ic&pioty ix. 90. Afaucehs, a native of TgijjeJV, vii. 213- AOyvoUy the only city of the laves which was distinguished in the time of Kv^o?,i. 143. oppressed by Tluaiar^otrng the rvgccvvog, i. 59, 60. Its liberation from the rv^uuvigy v. 55, 62 — 66. It was taken by fifeg£»j«, viii. 51, 55; also a second time by Motfiottiog and burnt, ix. 3, 13. The ecKgon-ohtg seized upon by KheopevYiSy v. 72 : — set on fire by the Hepett, viii. 53. AfavotiYiy the daughter of lioaulsau and Tyrauts, who is said to have been adopted by Zsvg t iv. 180. Her contention with Uoaafeai/ for the lordship of ArrtKYi, viii. 55. A temple of AOyivociy) at 2/ys/ov, v. 95:— at 2«i> in Aiyvxragy adorned in the ^ow^ociu, ii. 175. An oracle in AtyvnTog, ii. 83. A festival among the Avaetg, at which there were combats of virgins, iv. 1 80. Three statues, one gilded and two of brass, sent by Af/.ocaigy— the first to Kvq/iv*, the [ a 2 ] iv INDEX. last two to Aivhog, ii. 182. A bearded priestess of A^uuiyi at Tlyiletaos a town of Kccgr/i, i. 175; viii. 104. The ett- ythg, which are always found on the statues of AfauociYi, originated from A/£t/w, iv. 189. AfavaiYi AKsyi :— her temple at Tsysn, i. 66. ix. 70. Aawar/i : — her temple burnt by ' AXvccrryig, i. 19. Two were afterwards substituted. YKtag : — Ss^mg sacrifices to her a thousand oxen, vii. 43. KgettrTtY} ; — her temple erected by Aaoisvg, v. 45. ILcch^Yivi? :— her temple at Mctgctdav, i. 62. IloXiecg at AQnuoit, v. 82: — her temple in the ocK^oirohig, which the Au^mg were not allowed to enter, v. 72. TlohiQvxos :— her temple in the island of X/o?, i. 160. U^ounh : — her temple at Aiktyai, i. 92; viii. 37, 39. 2/c/£ot£ : — her temple at IcthocfitTg, viii. 94. AQweiioi, a most ancient people. Tii'kuayix.ov tQvog, the only people of 'E^Ticts who had changed their abodes ^a- vccorett), i. 56; vii. 161; viii. 44. They disliked the name of lai/sg, i. 143. called at different times lie* ecayot, K^x- vuoi, KexQOirilcct, AQnvuioi, luusg, viii. 44. The number of citizens in the time of Axgstog, v. 97. The laws of 2oha», i. 29. see ii. 177. The names of the tribes ((pvhoit) changed by K'hucdevris, v. 69. Their KgurxvYiiov, i. 146. Their five yearly festivals [to*^*^, vi. 111. They publicly reward AypoxylYig a physician, iii. 131. Their revenue from the mines of Aetv^stou, vii. 144. They are obliged to become a nautical people, vii. 144. They had two hundred ships in the war against the He^aon, viii. 61. The dress of their women, v. 87. Said to be the wisest people of 'Ex>a;, i. 60.— skilled in the conduct of sieges, ix. 70. — little powerful under the ri/gawo/, v. 78, 91. When liberated from the rv^xuvt;, they became eminent in 'Ex?ia?, v. 66 t 97. They composed the right wing at the battle of HhctTutoci, ix. 46, 47. Their prudence in the war against the Usgaoct, viii. 3 ; ix. 27. — Their factions arising from the dissensions of their prin- cipal families, i. 59—63; v. 55 seq., to put an end to which, the TI&oTovvwtoi made four different expeditions into ArTiKYiy v. 62 seq. The last of them under the com- mand of KAso^fi/vK, was frustrated in a surprising manner by a contention between KTiSoftsvyg and An/xu^rog, the two kings of 2sra£T>7, v. 74, 75. Their war concerning liyuov with the Mirv'hYiuetioi, v. 94, 95. Their war with their neighbours at Etevalg, i. 30. Their war with the Bo/*to/, and principally with the ®y&uioi, v. 79 — 81. a consequence INDEX. v of the cunning counsels which the Atr-tehcupovioi gave to the TZhxToiises, vi. 108; v. 74 — 76. They forcibly expelled the Tlzkotoyoi from Attikyi ; who in return took off all the wives of the Adwociot to Ay/tvo;, vi. 137, 138. The A0>j- v»toi in consequence invaded Aviftvos, under the conduct of MAt/«S>jj, vi. 139, 140. Their war and dissensions with the AiyluYiTut, v. 81 — 89; vi. 49, 87 — 93;— which, however, were ended at the commencement of the war with the Uegaociy vii. 145. When K\eof^euy\g was preparing to make war on them, their ambassadors at 2agB/?, contrary to the will of the people, promised submission to Augetog, v. 73. A subsequent embassy is treated with contempt by A^ret,- (psgvw, v. 96, — and the Afavxto: in consequence assist the luutg in their opposition to Analog, v. 97, — and attack 2*^?, v. 100. Consequent war with the FLegaott, v. 105; vi. 94; vii. 133. Aa.ru; and Agrcc/pegi/yc at the command of AecQstos attack 'EAAocj with a large naval force, but are defeated by the Afavouoi at MagaQav, vi. 111. honourably distinguished in the war against Se^rig as the preservers of Hellenic liberty, vii. 139 ; viii. 3. Their valour at Agrepaaiou, viii. 17. They leave AQyidou, viii. 41. — the most distinguished at the battle of 'loikxp.Tg with the exception of the AtyTvnrctt, viii. 84. On the second inva- sion of the TLe^aott under Mct^oviog, they retired to 2#Aa- plg, ix. 6, — and sent an embassy to ActKilott^au, ix. 7. Their excellent conduct at nAoera/os/, ix. 12 — 23,46, 60, — and also at My*eeA>?, ix. 102. They besiege ^wrog, ix. 114. Their war with the Kccgvanoi, ix. 105. with the Whai/ai, ix. 75. Their war with the IlfAocroi/^a/o/, vii. 137; ix. 73. Afy&tTYig, a district of Atyvirros not far from Bowleg, ii. 166. A6%vg, a river of G^'iky) falling into the lor^og, iv. 49. Ad a mountain on one of the western peninsulas of 0g>ji'*>j, vii. 22, — round which the fleet of Aoc^uog was ob- liged to coast, vi. 44, 95. The isthmus cut through at the command of Begvs, vii. 21—25, 122. At* 9} KoAx/?, near the river 3>a<7/?, i. 2 ; vii. 193, 197. Atc&KYis, the father of la'Kvoav and IIoAt/xgesrjjc, iii- 39, 139; vi. 13. the son of TLohvoau, tyrant of lupog, but dethroned by AfitaTecyoQYic : — he induced the "2ocf&iot to defection from their allies, vii. 13. — restored to power, vi. 25. Atotxtlctt, sent by the Atytwirett to the assistance of the 0>j- Qoiiot, v. 80. Their aid invoked by the 'E^yi/eg at 2*Aa- ^/c, viii. 64. AtecKog and Atyivyi, the ancestors of Mt^Tiotl/ig 6 Kriarog, vi. vi INDEX. 35. A temple was built to the honour of AiotKog in the Ayo^n at Adyvott, V. 89. AietCy the son of /Aa;oj, vi. 35. another, the son of TgAa^&v, reckoned among the yj^s, v. 66. — invoked at SaA^r?, viii. 64. Dedication of a trireme to him at ^cchotftTg, viii. 121. Aiyxiy a city of A^ecu/i, in the Ut'ho7roi>vri(rot; t i. 145. Aiyxiov ro rtikciyot;, a sea full of islands extending between 'E*Ase? and the western or Hellenic coast of Aaivi. Aiyoc^ssi; Ylzkxoyoi, — living on the western coast of Aoin, emigrants from Axoah in the neKoTrovvrxro;, vii. 94. Atyalxt, a large tribe {(pv'hn) in ^Trot^m, so called from Ai- yevg, iv. 149. AiytiQK, a city of A%u,iir\ in the TLt'koTrovpwos, i. 145. Atyws, the son of Ilee^rai', who expelled his brother Avko; from AQnuoci, i. 173. the son of O'idhvKog, from whom the Aiytihxi derived their name, iv. 149. Aiyn, 2l city situated in the peninsula of HuT^nvn, vii. 123. Aiytoi^sfs, a tribe of Itxvav, so called from AiyiuKivg the son of ABgwTToc, V. 68. Aiyioiksag, a mountain in Attixyj near AQwm, where Hs&vig stood and looked at the sea-fight off 2»Aa^r?, viii. 90. Aiyixogng, the son of lav, v. 66. AiyiTistct, an island of the 'Stvqcu situated between Ev/3o/>j and the coast of Att/x>?, vi. 107. Atyihioiy a city of Evfioiv near E^er^)?, vi. 101. Atyivot and 0>j/3>j daughters of Aff^Troc, v. 80. A/yfj/tf, on the northern coast of the Il$*o7rovi>yiM?, ix. 119. Aiyv7niot. — They imagined themselves to be the aborigines of the earth, but yet allowed priority to the <&(>vyfs, ii. 2. They pretend to be related to KD^og, iii. 2. The great peculiarity and marked difference of their laws and cus- toms from those of all other nations, ii. 35 et seq; — with which laws, however, they are quite satisfied, ii. 78, — and refuse to adopt any other, ii. 91. — divided into seven classes or casts, ii. 164. They are a healthy people on account of the unvariableness of the climate, but they nevertheless purge themselves monthly, ii. 77. The hardness of their heads and the reason of it, iii. 12. They need little labour in cultivating their land, ii. 13. The bean not cultivated by them, ii. 37,— and no vines growing in the country, ii. 77. Their barley wine, ii. 77. Oil from the plant aiKhiKVTr^toc (Palma Christi) from which the castor-oil is made), ii. 94. They live with thei? animals, ii. 36. They do not feed pigs, iv. 186. They sacrifice sows once a year to SfXjjyq and AtovDaoc, and eat the flesh, ii. 47, 48; — but after touch- ing the animal they perform their ablutions, ii. 47. The Atywrriot of the vopog OyQctios refrain- from slaying sheep, and sacrifice goats, ii. 42. Those of the Mevtivicuos vopog do the contrary, ii. 42, 46. Circumcision practised among the Aiyvirnot, ii. 36, 104. The men wear two garments, the women only one, ii. 36. Their garments linen and woollen, ii. 81. ointments, ii. 94. Their food and drink, ii. 77, 78, 92. Their manner of sa- lutation, ii. 80. Their poetry, ii. 79. The principal assem- viii INDEX. blies of the nation, ii. 59. Their mournings and funerals, ii. 85, 86. Three methods of embalming, ii. 86, 88. The manners and customs of the Aiyvrrriot who live in the marshy districts, ii. 92, 93. Their ships built of the thorn (uKccvdri), ii. 96. The KctKuctcts; and E^uoTvZis; a race of soldiers, ii. 164, 166: — their pay and privileges, ii. 167, — and arms both offensive and defensive, vii. 89.— held in great contempt by the priest-king 1-dau, ii. 141. Their physicians, of the highest repute in ancient times, iii. 129. Particular physicians for particular diseases, ii. 84. Their interpreters, ii. 164. Their origin from emigrant lavsg, who taught them the Hellenic language, ii. 154. Their priests, ii. 36, — who had an hereditary chief, ii. 37, — whose statue was always placed during his life-time in the temple of Zsvg at jj/£c, ii. 146. Almost all the names of the gods were introduced from AtyvTrro; into 'Ex*«r> and those gods whose names were not known, appear to have been named by the Ilshxayoi and AiZve;, ii. 50. Their religious rites, ii. 38 et seqq; — sacrifices ii. 39, 41, — which were interdicted in the reign of Xeenf/ 3 ii. 124 ; — but again permitted by HvksoIvo;, ii. 129. Sacred pomps and festivals, ii. 58, 64, Animal-worship, ii. 65. Oracles, ii. 83. Divination by sacrifices derived from the Aiyv- nrtoi/n. 57. Mysteries at 2»iV> "• 171. Agreement be- tween the observances of the Aiyv-zrioi and those of the O^QtKot, the BxKxtKot, and the TLvt>xyoo:toi, ii. 81. Gods reigned in Atyvxro; before men, ii. 144. Three hundred and thirty kings in Ar/wro;, of whom the first was M/;>;;, ii. 99, 100. Principal kinj€«/, marshy, ii. 4. Aiyvmos defined by the oracle of A/apau, ii. 18. Its ex- tent, ii. 5, 8, 15, 17, 149. Its situation opposite to moun- tainous KtTuKw, ii. 34. The frontier country of Aatyj kui A&vyi, ii. 16,— bordering upon AiQvyi, ii. 65. Entrance- roads and boundaries of Aiyvnrog, iii. 5. The nature of the country, ii. 8. Its soil different from the soils of the neighbouring countries, ii. 12. The inundations of the Ng/Aof, ii. 97. and consequent fertility of the country, ii. 14. The heat of the water of the Ng-fAoj during the night, as compared with that of the clear atmosphere and dew, ii. 68. The regularity of the climate, ii. 77. — not abounding with wild animals, ii. 65; ftQOKohftot, ii. 68 — 70; — Ikkoi oi noraptot, ii. 71 ; — &ihg (resembling the cur- lew), ii. 75 — 77; — gregarious birds, ii. 93; — horned ser- pents, ii. 74; -winged serpents, ii. 75; — other animals, ii. 14, 42, 47, 60, 65, 67, 72, 95 ; iv. 186. The country productive of the papyrus (/3v€aoj), the 'Kurog (Rhamnus Lotus, Linn.) and lilies (%g/j/g«), ii. 92; — aCKhiwx^tQv, ii. 94; — the radish, onions (Kgoftpvot), and garlick, ii. 125. Intersected with canals, and on that account unfit for the use of cavalry and carriages, ii. 108. It contains more wonderful things than any other country, ii. 35. — divided into districts (vopoi), ii. 1 64 ; — afterwards into twelve por- tions or kingdoms, ii. 1 47. Prosperity in the reign of A^£- otg, and its twenty thousand towns, ii. 177. The ancient history of AiyvxTog, 99 et seqq. ; destruction threatened to it by Kctf&ZDawg, iii. 3. The YiiQaoci take possession of it, iii. 7—10. It becomes tributary to the Jl^uui, iii. 91. x INDEX. Aithovpog (the cat), extremely attached to its young, ii. 66. The mode of its burial among the Aiyvxnot, ii. 67. Aitiiorrss, a people in the interior of AtQvy, how civilized, ii. 30. bordering upon Atyvrrog, subdued by K»(*&vog, the son of UccTotixo;, an attendant upon ' Iarxo- x.£UTng, vii. 154. — the father of ©qgay, vii. 165. Atuo;, a city of 0£>ji";o?, on the east bank of the E£poc, just at its mouth, iv. 90 ; vii. 58. Aiuv^u, ret, a city in Ogw'xy opposite the island of "Zctfiofyw'xri, vi. 47. AioKssc, anciently called HeKotayoi, vii. 95. Their country invaded and subdued by Kgouxog, i. 6, 26, 28. They are willing to submit to Kvgog, i. 141. The Aioheeg and luvtg the hereditary slaves of KotftGvaYig, ii. 1. — tributary to A«. quo;, iii. 90. — captured by 'T^xj on the coast of Ihietg, v. 122. — in the fleet of Hifag, vii. 95. The Ato^teg in pos- session of 2>jffT0f, ix. 115. Aiohig, on the west coast of Asia Minor, v. 123; vii. 176. Its eleven cities, five of which were situated on islands, i. 1 49, 151. The people unite their wealth with that of the lung, who were situated to the south of them, i. 149, 151. One of its towns burnt, viii. 35. Aio^og, the father of Adxpecg, vii. 197. AtoMiog, the father of Tyvog, iv. 150. AtoxtvYig, the son of ^SoQav of E^st^iyi ; his consideration for the Afauaiot in the Persian war, vi. 100. Aisy)g, the father of AvxoftvihYig, viii. 1 1 . AtoxgiuuiY), a tribe of the See^/o/, iii. 26. INDEX. xi Atoxvhog the tragic poet, the son of Ev(po^au t ii. 1 56. AtjuTTost the author of the fables, ii. 134. Atrofhig v) %aqvi in 'E~Kh»g> west of <^axtg, vi. 127. Atrofhog, M&7\yis the brother of Ttrogftog, a man of extraor- dinary strength, vi. 127. Axocvdv (the thorn), ships were made of the wood of this tree by the Aiyvntrio^ ii. 96. AKccvtioi, a city near Mount A&ag in ©gqixi}, vi. 44. The Axctvdtoi admitted by Ht^ng to the rights of hospitality among the Persians, and presented with the Median dress, vii. 116. Their sea, vii. 22. A%oi(>voivtYi, a district in the west of 'Ehhotg without the Ilg- KoTrouvYiaog, contiguous to AtraTag, ii. 10. AKtQoihoi, natives of Africa, supposed to have eyes in their breasts, iv. 191. AKYu>ccToc t a prophet in the temple of the Ae*ee>7, vi. 53. Axgo&yor/, a city situated within the isthmus on which Mount A&yg stands in 0^i'xyj, vii. 22. Ax^'TTohtg of A&yivoci stormed and taken by the Tls^auiy viii. 52, 53. A> etQcculec, a city of £yy/» in Aain, viii. 136. Araketvlot in K#^w, nearly east of MfrYirog, vii. 195. A^a^Jg, the king of the Bagxeuo/, slain by the people in the wyo(>vi, iv. 164. A*u£ausg, a tribe of Sxvdot/, iv. 17. A^et^tn ($), a city built by the Qaxoctseg in Kvpuog (Corsica), i. 165. Ahccgohot, a people of Ao-ty, between the Uourog Ev%eivog and the Keurvw dxhuaav, in the army of Segfuc, Hi. 94. Their armour and their general, vii. 79. Axefjewfyoff, the son of U^tet^og, who abduced 'E*si»j, i. 3j— but was driven by contrary winds upon the coast of At- yvvTog, and obliged there to leave her and the'property of xii INDEX. MsvsTiws which he had carried off with her, ii. 113 — 115. In the Kv7r^ioc emot, however, he is related to have made the voyage from 2;t#£t>j to Iktov in three days, ii. 117. Ahe^cti/ZQog the son of Apvurrig and a king of Mccx,tooviYi, v. 19; vii. 173. — adjudged to be an 'Ext^yiu at the games of Q\vf/.- kix, where he distinguished himself, v. 22. He puts to death at an entertainment the haughty ambassadors of the Ilsgoxt at his father's court, v. 19, 21. He sends friendly advice to the 'EXAyji^at ©s^om/Xa/ upon the approach of Bs^/ig with his army, vii. 173. He is sent by MagSowo; as an ambassador to AQwut, viii. 136. He counsels the AQnvcLioi to make peace with the Ilegeou, viii. 140. He betrays the cause of Moefiovtog to the AQwuioi at IlXa- rottoct, ix. 44,45. A golden statue of him at Aehipoi, viii. 121. Ahivcthxty kings of ©£i/)7, who sent heralds to Ss^/ig to petition aid against the 'Etoyveg, vii. 6. — oppressors of the people, vii. 172, AhYi'iov to irebou, in KA/x/«, vi. 95. ' AbtecKftuu, a river of MccksZouiyi, which, according to 'H^o- oorog, falls into the AvZiyg, and with it forms the boundary of Borrtccug and Maxgdowc, vii. 127. ' AhiKcc(>vYi(rjg7o/ carried on by his father, i. 16 — 19. In an illness he asks advice of the oracle and makes peace with QQocavfiovhog the rv^uwog of the Mihyvioi,!. 19 — 22, — and on his recovery dedicates presents at AsAjBo/, and on what account, i. 16, 73, 74. He expels the K/^tc- fte(iioi from Aatv), i. 16. His death, and the length of his reign fifty-seven years, i. 25. His celebrated tomb, i. 93, f AAy?, a river of Aatn rising in Mount Tuvgog, and forming the boundary line of the two parts of Aatvi, i. 72 ; v. 52 ; vii. 26. crossed by K^owog, i. 75. Axipevg and Magcou, the sons of O^aiCpca/Tog, who distinguished themselves at ©r^oTryA*/, vii. 227. A"hax£KUi t a village in Attikyi near AQviuoit, v. 63. Ap,ot£ov£g y a nation of women in the vicinity of the river 0?^- /ucodau in Aairi (called by the IkvQxi, Qio^7ra.roc\ at war with the c EAA>?i/>j£, iv. 110. Some of them are cast upon the shore of the LkvQou ; a battle ensues and they are disco- vered to be women, upon which the ^.kvQoci send a number of young men to their tents : — a friendly intercourse and xiv INDEX. marriages ensue, and the A/xx^oveg learn the language of the ?*KvQcti t iv. ill— 1 16 ;— whence arose the Ixvoo/uutxi, iv. 117. KfAu.^vihfiU from the river Qs^aZtuu make inroads upon Ar- tikvi, ix. 27. AfAxdovc, a city of Kvirgog, besieged by Oi/wftog the king of SotXccftTs, v. 104; but relieved by the approach of the Ileg- aoci, v. 108. Apetdovctot : —they revolt from the M»j5o/, v. 104. They pay divine honours to Ovwi^og after his death, v. 114. KfAcurtg, an Aiywxriog of low origin, ii. 172. After the slaughter of the Kv^vutot by the Atyvnriot, he is proclaimed king by the rebels instead of Awy/is, whom he afterwards con- quers at McofAipQts and delivers over as a captive to the AtyvTrriot, ii. 161—163, 169. The crafty manner in which he vindicates the obscurity of his origin, ii. 172. His man- ner of life, ii. 173, 174. His wife AuIikyi, a native of Ky- PYiw> makes a vow to AQqoZitvi, ii. 181. He is a QiXsKhyv {a friend to the ' EKhws;), ii. 1 78. He introduces the laves and KctQeg as his foreign body-guards, ii. 154. 2oXai> at his court, i. 30. He forms a friendly alliance with the Kv^Yiveciot, ii. 181,— and makes a treaty with Kgourog, i. 77. He dissolves an agreement of friendly hospitality (£e/w«) with HohvK^otTY^ of loc/xos on account of the too great good-fortune of the latter, iii. 40, 43. He was the first who took Kw(>og and made it tributary, ii. 182. KxpGvoYi; asks for the hand of his daughter, and he deceives him by sending, instead of her, N/t*?tk the daughter of Anting ; — war in consequence between the TLs(>aou and Atywrtoi, iii. 1. 2, — at the commencement of which Ap&w; dies, iii. 10. Great works completed in his reign, ii. 175, 176. Sacred offerings sent by him into 'E*.~Kag, ii. 182. another, MX>ji/>7, a citizen of Ad/ivou, who be- gan the battle at "Sethetftlg, viii. 84. He pursued Aoriftiot* in her flight, on which account great praise was bestowed on him, viii. 93. A l usevox.7^y)c, the possessor of lands at Iqinoig, and much en- riched by the shipwreck which the n^o-os/ there suffered, vii. 190. A^yjffT^/?, the daughter of Orecuw and the wife of S?ef>jc vii. 61, 114. Her jealousy and cruelty towards the wife of MxirtvT/);, ix. 111. INDEX. xv AfuctuTos, one of the suitors of Ay«g/or«, vi. 127. ' A/xfoKecg, the son of 'Ai/wk a king of the K«^>jSo«//o/, who disappeared in a surprising manner during the battle with Teha*, vii. 165, 167 ; — after which the Ku^^ovtot paid him divine honours, vii. 167. Appcju, his oracle in AiQvyi, i. 46 ; ii. 32. The origin of this oracle, ii. 55. Aftftaiuot, colonists of Aiyv7criQi and AtQioveg, ii. 42. They have a temple of Zivg derived from that of the Zsvg G/i- Sxavg, iv. 181. The ill-fated expedition of KapZvong against them, iii. 25, 26. Their king Ei-saggo;, ii. 32. Afiofx,*T«/a/. ix. 71. how buried, ix. 85. AftogyYis, a general of the Ue^crxt, v. 121. Aftovv, the name given to Zivg by the Atyvvrtot, ii. 42. A^n-s^o?, a golden vine, vii. 27. the cape of Togou/w, vii. 122. A/tKYi, a city upon the Egy^>j dc&KoctJorn at the mouth of the Tty^tg, vi. 20. AfA^^etKtaretiy a people north of Akcc^uukyi, adjacent to the 0£vuy, the father of ' H^xKhng, vi. 53. origin from A/- yyTrroj, ii. 43. He presented a tripod at ©>£«/ a/ Bo*arx- txixi, ix. 28. Avx%,xvl%ihng t the son of Aeau and a king of lirx^rr^ i. 67 ; v. 39 ; vii. 204. His first wife, whom he loved, had no children, and he was obliged by the EQogoi to marry again, in order that the race of Eupvcfavg might not be extinct, v. 39, 41. His four sons in consequence, v. 41 ; vii. 205. another, the son of ©soro^-o?, vii. 205. Ai/x^xul^og, the son of Evoyx^xTng, vii. 204. Avx\i~htug t the son of A^/d^o^, viii. 131. another, the son of K^nnvng and the rvoxwog of 'P»i- yiov, who with his father-in-law T>j£/A>g; invited ' Apfo- xxg into 2/*f?u>7> vii. 165. Being at enmity with the Zxy- x.*xtoi t he counsels the IxfAiai to seize upon Zxyx^y, vi. 23. Avxvx, a city of the (Pgvyeg, vii. 30. AvxQng, the son of Orxvvig, the general of the Kigom in the army of Hffag, vii. 62. AuxtptyaTos, a village in the southern part of Arrtxr,, iv. 99. Avx-frxyiKy a wise "ZkuQ/i;, iv. 46. After his return from his travels to ^.KvdixYi, he was killed during a service to the Mother of the gods, iv. 76. Another account credited among the 'EKhwsg, iv. 77. The ^LxvQxt denied all know- ledge of him, iv. 76. A-Aor.c, the ancestor of KteiotisnYi; of 2/*Kvp,oi/tYig, viii. 118. 'EtoYiavovTiYig, vii. 188. The annual winds do not affect the Ns/Aoj, ii. 20. An army buried in the sand by the wind, iii. 26. An expedition against the winds by the TyAAo/, iv. 173. An altar to the winds at Qvr/i, vii. 178. worshipped by the Usgvxt, i. 131. Boys sacrificed to them by MsusMag, ii. 119. charmed by the Mocyoty vii. 191. Avyizujtoc, the father of Swe^tonf, vii. 134. another, the son of 2^-5^/17?, sent as an ambassador by the ActKihuifAoviot into Aain and killed on his way by the A6r\vutot, vii. 137. AvOspcovg, a town in MoiKeho»r/i given up to ' Inn-tvis, v. 94. AvSYihriy a town at QegpoTrv'hoti where the ApQtT^vovsg had their seats, vii. 176, 200. Aj/0t»AA>7, a city in AiyuTrrog, whose appointed business it was to furnish the sandals of the queen of the reigning mo- narch in Aiyv7TTog, ii. 98. Avuau, a K»^x>^ QvtQ ?> father of ApfaKugy vii. 165. AvoKotiu, a mountain path at ©s^oo-isAa/, vii. 216. Avrecyogug, the father of ' Hyviro^Yig, ix. 76. AvrxKottot, large whales so called, iv. 53. Auretufyog v) Tlihccayig in the T^uocg taken by OrduYig, V. 26. vii. 42. AuTtiagog, a native of Aypvog who deserted from Ss^vs to the side of the 'E7\*Yi!/eg, viii. 1 1. AvrtKv^y a city in the south of e