Il ''^A v^. V. ,c\^ .^^^• -r-. A} . \ 1 fi .. > ,. h ^y . ■ ■ - \ ■, j<'^ '"^^ "'i^_ ■""~W ^' '-^. ': ^ 1 , ^''•- ^- .^' oV' ,\\' * ^ ■*? .\^ ^ ,^'i^/ ^0 O ./'^- '■^ f^^ .^ • S ^ -0- . '■ * v^^^^ ^^^ V .-^ i A" ^ ^.-^Nt C^ ,\> ■':. A^ -^^^ ^-v ^■> '^c^ "■■J ,xV ^ xS-^' ,\^" .0 \ .>-\---„^%.; \^.--- .a"^ ^-' -^':iC'5*, '■. ''U ^..,N^- -^/^ .-^ \ ■■ / ^J ^ ^ aN \^ HISTORY OF THE CITY OF ALBANY, From the discovery of the Great River, in 1524, hy Verrazzaiio, to the present time, By ARTHUR JAMES WEISE, M. A. E. H. Bender, Albany, 71 & 73 State Street. 1884. 8 vc, pp. 520, ilhistrated, cloth, $5.00. "Albanians have been looking forward with more than ordinary interest to the publication of ' The History of the City of Albany,' which has been prepared and compiled by Arthur James Weise, A. M., who has received the highest commendations for his careful researches, historical discoveries, and pleasing diction. * * * His narrative covers a period of 360 years, and is not only exhaustive but charming. The style of diction is easy and flowing, and the incidents narrated are fresh, animated and authentic." — Albany Evening Journal. " The print, paper and binding will commend the work, as well as the varied character of its interesting contents." — Albany Argus, " Hitherto, historians have led us to believe that Henry Hudson and the crew of the Half Moon were the first Europeans to survey the site of our city. But this impression is effaced by the convincing evidence presented in the History of Albany, written by Arthur James Weise, A. M., author of The Discoveries of America to the year 1525. As the first history of our city, it will no doubt be a very popular work, and will likely be the only one of the kind extant for many years." — Albany Press and Knickerbocker. " The book was greatly needed." — Cultivator and Country Gentleman, Albany. "The ' History of Albany,' by A. J. Weise, A. M., is a work of real value. It contains accurate and hitherto practically inaccessible informa- tiun. It is written with dispassionate and discriminating honesty, which is the very essence of safe and satisfactory history." — Right Rev. Willi.vm Croswell Doane, S. T. D., LL. D., Bishop of Albany. " Every page of this excellent historical work gives unmistakable evi- dence of careful and painstaking research. The book is printed in clear, handsome type, on choice paper, in elegant binding, and forms a beautiful volume. Every citizen of the State of New York who possesses a library, or who has ;i desire even to be classed among the intelligent of this genera- tion, either with or without a library of his own, cannot afford to miss it from his possession."— A/fl^'-fl's?;/^ of American History. New York. " It is a singular fact, and one hardly to the credit of Albany, that al- though she dates from 1624, yet this, ' The History of the City of Albany, N. Y.,' by A. J. Weise, A. M , is the first fairly adequate account of her rise and progress that has yet appeared. It was reserved for Mr. Weise to supplement and complete, and in some respects to supersede, the labors of Munsell and others with this creditable volume. Mr. Weise was well eciuipped for his task, and his work will add to his reputation." Neiv York Daily Tribune. 1 THE DISCOVERIES OF AMERICA, To the Year 1525, By ARTHUR JAMES WEISE, A. M. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York : 27 & 29 West 23d Street. London : 25 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. 1884. 8 vo., pp. 380, cloth, $4.50. MAPS. 1. A part.of the map of the world made by Juan de la Cosa in 1500. 2. A part of the map of the world made by Johann Ruysch, contained in the edition of Ptolemy's geography printed in Rome in 1508. 3. Map of the New World contained in Peter Martyr's "Legatio Baby- lonica " printed in 1511. 4. A part of the map of the New World contained in the edition of Ptolemy's geography printed in Slrasburg in 15 13. 5. A tracing representing the limits of the discoveries of Juan Ponce de Leon and Francisco de Garay, 1521. 6. A part of the map of the world made by Visconte de MaioUo, 1527. 7. A part of the Cabot- map of 1544. 8. Map of Terre de la Franciscane, 1545. 9. Map of a part of North America, 1553. 10. A part of the map of the world made by Gerard Mercator in 1569. 11. Delineation of the hyperborean regions of Sigurd Stephanius in 1570. 12. A part of the map of the fourth part of the world, by Andie Thevet. 1575- " The chief merit of Mr. Weise's book, and its distinguishing feature, is the compression in a single convenient volume, in a continuous narrative, arranged in chronological sequence, of all the authenticated records of voy- ages in North American waters and of discoveries on the mainland prior to 1525. * * * To the general reader, who has neither the time nor the opportunity to consult, much less to study and compare, the multitude of scattered books and manuscripts in which the narratives of the early voya- gers and discoverers, or of their historiographers, are preserved in minute and oftentimes tedious detail, Mr. Weise's epitome will prove an acceptable substitute, sufficiently full for all practicable purposes, and more trustwor- thy and intelligible than most of the early relations, especially since many of them were written in foreign languages. * * * His work is a model of carefulness and candoV, especially when dealing with rival or controvert- ed claims." — Harpers' New Monthly Magazine. " Mr. Weise has produced a charming as well as an exhaustive work on an obscure but by no means an uninteresting subject, and the general read- er may join with the antiquarian scholar in animated gratitude for the achievement. * * * The book is not top large for convenience, it is elegantly printed, and we know of no other which contains so well-con- densed and thorough an account of the discovery of America." — Magazine of American History, Nezu York. " This author has not satisfied himself with following 'standard ' author- ities, with repeating their errors and reaffirming their theories. He has gone to original sources, and, as generally with that kind of industry, he has found plenty of important matter that has been hitherto overlooked. His ' Discoveries of America' is a very thorough piece of scholarship. * * Mr. Weise writes for all cultivated people ; not only for the historical student, but for the teacher and all the 'general readers' who know what good books are. Thus, while he is careful to show his methods, to indicate his author- ities, and to outline the character of his researches and into what ground they led him, and while to this extent his book is severe, yet the agreeable- ness of his style is so ever present, and the story he has to tell is in itself so fascinating, that the book is as 'readable' as Prescott or Irving." — Evening Telegtaph, Philadelphia. " Mr. Weise's handsome valume, with fac-similes of many rare maps, ex- amples of the labors of former cosmographers, contains the gist of what is known in regard to the discovery of America." — New Yoi-k Titnes. " Mr. Weise furnishes a good synopsis of Vespucci's celebrated narrative, and a still better one of the striking story of Verrazzano. * * * The reader will find an explanation of the derivation of ' Manhattan' from the French manants, a name formerly applied to persons of low condition, and used by the first explorers to designate the aborigines of New France." — Nexv York Daily Tribune. " In the thorough and scholarly work before us, Mr. Weise has not only rendered valuable service to the reading public, but has made an extremely importan*. addition to the political and geographical history of the American continent." — The World, New York. " He has not written for specialists, but for plain people who care more for the totality of what is presented to them than for a nice discussion of disputed points." — The Mail and Express, New York. "The volume brings together information which otherwise would lie widely apart, scattered through books, many of which are rare, and many others inaccessible to general readers. * * * It will prove a welcome and useful addition to the history of the New \Nor\di.— The Independent, New York. " Mr. Weise has searched far and wide in the libraries of Europe and America to gather the material for his work, and the result shows that his labors have been to good purpose."— The Nezv York Observer. " The value of this volume, as a record of the different discoveries, is unquestionable." — Boston Daily Advertiser. " Every library should have this record of the authentic accounts of the discoveries made by the ancients on the Western Continent."— AVw Eng- land Journal of Educatmt. •' The volume is a monument of special study, and a work which will take a deservedly high rank." — The Hartford Courant. " It is not often the reader will find a history more charmingly written. * * * The valuable facts of its chapters attest the rare good judgment and scholarly acquirements of the ax\l\iox:—Inter.Ocean, Chicago. " This book bears the marks of industrious research in fields that have not yet been overworked, and which offer irresistible allurements to the his- torical inquirer." — Popular Science Monthly. " Eight years of earnest study and research have been devoted by Mr. Arthur James Weise to preparing and perfecting his admirable and instruc- tive work, wherein is displayed throughout a high order of narrative and descriptive skill." — Times-De?iiocrai, New Orleans. " Sustained by an ambition to gather in one volume, embellished with many quaint maps, all the authorities possible to be secured, he has afforded readers an impartial insight into that far-away realm — the early ages of America. It is an American book, permeated with the true Ameri- can instinct, and produced with proper scholarship, judgment and taste." — Hartford Post. " Students of history will be greatly interested in this volume." — Star, Washington. "A strong feature of the work is the number of valuable maps and charts of this country as it was known to the geographers of that remote period." — Times, Philadelphia. HISTORY OF THE CITY OF TROY, From the expulsion of the Mohegan Indians to the present centennial year of the independence of the United States of America, 1876, By A. J. WEISE, A. M. Troy, N. Y., William H. Young, 8 & 9 First Street. 1876. 8 vo., pp. 400. illustrated, cloth, $3.50. " It more than fulfills the promise of Mr. Weise when he first announced his intention of undertaking so arduous a task." — Troy Daily Times. "A work which for many years will be the standard history of the city, and which, when it is displaced by subsequent publications, will become the foundation for all works of similar character." — Troy Daily Press. "Mr. Weise has given the public a history for which every man, woman and child claiming to be a Trojan should be grateful and thankful."— 7"//^ Troy Northern Budget. " One of the best and most carefully prepared local histories which we have seen." — Evening Post, New York. HISTORY OF LANSINGBURGH, N. V., From the year 1770 to 1877. By A. J. WEISE, A. M. Troy, N. Y., William H. Young, 8 & g First Street. 1877. S vo., pp. 44, cloth, $1.00. /' THE CITY OF TROY AND ITS VICINITY BY ARTHUR [AMES WEISE EDWARD GREEN TROY : 314 RIVER STREET 1886 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by Arthur James Weise, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. All rights reserved. r\ t t ^ PREFACE. In writing the History of the City of Troy in 1876. my lime was too lim- ited to permit a satisfactory presentation of the city's industries, so long having wide fame in the United States and in foreign countries. Induced by the desire of those conceiving that a work including the events and cu- cumstances of the settlement and growth of Troy, and the causes and issues of the origin and development of her manufactures should be pre- pared while there was opportunity to obtain reliable information from per- sons connected and contemporary with the beginning and expansion ot these local undertakings, I began the inviting and yet toilsome task accom- plished in the publication of this unpretentious volume. Within the period of the century, from 1786 to 18S6, beginning with the first occupation of the site of Troy by emigrants from the New England Stales I have grouped, under the different subject-headings, the pnnc.pal facts appertaining to the history of the village and city. Should the one hundredth anniversary of the naming of the place, Troy, be celebrated m 1880. much of this information will make the event more significant and memorable. Troy is not only noted for the manufacture of collars, cuffs, shirts, horseshoes, iron, steel, stoves, cars, railroad rails, surveying instru- ments, church hells, chains, knitting and laundry machine.y, but enjoys the distinction of distributing her productions in more countries than any other city in the United States of like population and wealth. The infor- mation I have presented respecting her banks, churches, schools, newspa- pers. charitable and other institutions, will, I doubt not. be appreciated by those desiring knowledge of the city's history. ARTHUR JAMES WEISE. Troy, N. Y.. September 18, 1886. " TO WILLIAM H. YOUNG, THE PUBLISHER OP THE AUTHDR's FI RST HISTORY OK TR( iY, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. POSTSCRIPT. The author is under many obligations to the large numbtr of persons contributing illustrations to this work. The kind favors of William Gur- ley, Lewis E. Gurley, Richardson H. Thurman, Reuben Teckham, William II. Young, and other gentlemen are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due to James L. Thompson for the engraving of the Day Home, and to James F. Cowee and to John W. Sherrerd for special courtesies. THE CITY OF TROY. Francis I., King of France, in 1523, commissioned Giovanni da Ver- razzano, a Florentine, to discover new^ lands. In January, 1524, after touch- ing at the Deserted Islands, off the west coast of Africa, he sailed west- wardly toward the unexplored part of North America, between Nova Scotia and Florida. He came in sight of the continent at the thirty-fourth par- allel, near Cape Fear, on the coast of North Carolina. Coasting northward- ly, he discovered, late in April, the Bay of New York, where he beheld the noble stream, now called the Hudson, flowing into it from the north. The domain, which France had ac- quired by right of discovery, was first called Francesca. After Verrazzano's voyage, the Great {Grande) River, as the Hudson was then named, was fre- quently ascended by French traders to obtain furs from the tribes of In- dians living along its banks. On a map of the world made in 1569, by Gerard Mercator, the river is delineat- ed to the height of its navigation, at the mouths of the Mohawk River, op- posite the sites of Troy and Lansing- burgh. Henry Hudson, employed in 1609 by the East India Company of Hol- land, to search north of Novaya Zem- lya for a navigable way to Asia, find- ing an impassable barrier of ice en- girdling the Arctic Ocean, gave his officers and crew the choice of two proposals : one to come to the coast of North America, at the fortieth par- allel of latitude, to search for a river or strait by which he might pass from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean ; the other, to seek a passage at Da- vis's Strait. The first field of explo- ration was preferred, not only because it wa^ in a warmer region, but on ac- count of Hudson's inclination to make the voyage, inasmuch as Captain John Smith had sent him letters and maps from Virginia, showing, as the former thought, that it was possible for the English navigator to sail from the north part of America and reach the Pacific Ocean, supposed at that time to be not far west of the settlement on the James River. When Hudson ascended the Great River, the Indians informed him that the French had been coming in sloojjs to the height of its navigation to trade with them. Finding that he could go no farther in the Half Moon than the site of Waterford, Hudson sailed homeward. The information respecting the large quantities of beaver and otter skins to be obtained from the natives 2 inhabiting the region of the Great {Groote) River, as the Hudson was first called by the Dutch, induced cer- tain capitalists of Holland to send a number of vessels to the river to traf- fic for peltry. The profitable re- turns of the ventures led to the organ- ization of the West India Company, of Holland, which in 1621, obtained a charter from the government, which granted the corporation the exclusive privilege of trading with the natives of that part of New France lying be- tween the fortieth and forty-fifth par- allels of north latitude. This terri- tory, discovered by Verrazzano in 1524, and delineated on many rare maps made in the same century, the usurping Hollanders in 1614 called New Netherland. The members of the West India Company, desiring to increase its rev- enues, advertised in 1629 that any per- son belonging to the association get- ting fifty emigrants, over fifteen years of age, to settle within four years on a tract of land extending eight Dutch or sixteen English miles, on one side of a navigable river in New Nether- land, or one-half that length on oppo- site sides of a river, should be a pa- troon and the proprietor of the land on which the colony had been planted. In 1630, Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, a pearl merchant of Amsterdam, began to send colonists to the North River, or, as it was also called, Hudson's River. He, having complied with the requirements of the West India Company, became the patroon of Rensselaerswyck, a manor twenty-four miles long and forty-eight wide, now included within the limits of Albany, Rensselaer and Columbia counties. The great estate is delineated on a parchment map, made about the year 1631, and preserved in the archives of the Van Rensselaer family. The north , boundary line of the manor crossed the Hudson a little north of the confluence of the Mohawk ; its south one immediately below Beeren Island. The northeastern part of Rensse- laerswyck included the site of Troy, and was denominated on the map Pafraets Dael, (Pafraets' Part), so named, no doubt, in honor of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer's mother, who was called before her marriage Maria Pa- fraets, or Pafraats, as the name was sometimes written. On the map is a delineation of an Indian fort, called Unumats Casteel by the Dutch map maker. This palisaded village of the Mohegan Indians was seemingly on the north bank of the stream now known as the Poesten Kill. Some years before the map was made, the Mohegan tribe of Indians had pos- sessed the land on the east side of the Hudson, but they had been driven from it by the Mohawk Indians liv- ing along the Mohawk River. It is related by J. Romeyn Brod- head, the deceased historian, that the site of Troy was included in a tract of land purchased from the Indians on March 13, 1652, by the agent of the patroon of Rensselaerswyck, and that it was called Paanpaack. Wheth- er this be true or not, there is a con- firmation of a patent in the office of the Secretary of the State of New York, given by Richard Nicolls, the English governor, on April 13, 1667, to Sweer Theunissen, declaratory of his ownership of that part of the the " Great Meadow Ground " which was in the year 1659 purchased of the Indian proprietors by Jan Barentsen Wemp, with the leave and consent of Jan Baptist Van Rensselaer and Arent Van Corlaer. This tract of land, Sweer Theunissen sold on May 6, 1679, to Pieter Van Woggelum. The latter enlarged his possession of this part of the site of Troy by purchas- ing of Robert Saunders, on Septem- ber 19, 1681, a part of the wood- 8 land called by the Indians Passquas- sick, lying south of the Piscawen Kill, a stream emptying into the hydraulic canal, near the sloop lock, at the state dam. On June 3, 1707, Derick Van der Heyden purchased the two tracts of land belonging to Pieter Van Woggelum, and extending along the Hudson River from the Poesten to the Piscawen Kill. In 1720, on a map made by Philip Verplanck of his sur- vey of Derick Van der Heyden's farm of 497 acres, two farm houses are delineated which appear to be near where now River and Ferry streets intersect. As the Van der Heyden farm lay witliin the limits of the manor of Rensselaerswyck, the Dutch farmer annually paid to the patroon a ground-rent, in lieu of all other dues, of three and three-fourths bushels of wheat and two fat hens or capons. In November, 1731, Derick Van der Heyden divided his farm, and conveyed an equal third part of it to each of his three sons, Jacob, David and Matthias. (See Troy.) Academies.— St. Mary's Commercial Acade- my, No. 237 Fourth Street, between Washington and Adams streets. The institution had its beginning in a free school established about the year 1847, by the Rev. Peter Havermans, of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, in a building No. 239 Fourth Street, erected by him. About the year I852, the school was given the name of St. Joseph's Academy, and about the year 1866, that of the Christian Brothers' Academy. The name St. Mary's Commercial Academy was ta- ken in 1878, when the present build- ing was erected. A number of Broth- ers of the Christian Schools forms the corps of teachers. Troy Academy, northwest corner of State and Seventh streets. The act to incorporate the academy was passed May c, 1834. The act to re- vive tlie act incorporating it, and to unite it with the Rensselaer Institute, was passed May 8, 1837. The act made it lawful for the two institutions to become a corporate body, the Rensselaer Institute to be the depart- ment of experimental science, the academy the department of classic literature. On May 3, 1S3S, the trus- tees resolved to adopt Charles H. An- thony's school as the Troy Academy, and to accept from the city the use of the Lancasterian school-house, a frame building, filled in with brick, 65 by 35 feet, two stories high, with a cupola, erected in 1816, on the lot on the northwest corner of State and Seventh streets. On May 8, the city conveyed to the trustees the school-house and the lot on which it was built. In the fall of the same year the first session of the academy was begun, Charles H. Anthony, piincipal, and John P. Isham, assistant teacher. On Febru- ary 5, 1839, the academy was placed under the supervision and visitation of the regents of the university. The building was burned in the fire of May 10, 1862. The present building was erected on the site of the former, and completed in May, 1863. Since 1858, T. Newton Willson has been princi- pal of the academy. Adams' Island. (See Van Scha- ick's Island.) Albany. Under the West India Company, of Holland, a small colony of French Walloons with a few Dutch freemen was planted on the site of Albany, in May, 1624. The place was first called Fort Orange, the name of the small fort of logs and earth erected there that year. In 1652, the hamlet was named Beverswyck (Bea- ver Village), by Pieter Stuyvesant, the Dutch director of the West India Company. When surrendered to the English, in 1664, it was named Albany, in honor of James, Dake of York and Albany. The village, when repossessed by the Dutch, in 1672, was called Willemstadt, in honor of William, Prince of Orange. In 1674, when transferred to the English, it was again named Albany. It was chattered a city by Governor Thomas Dongan, July 22, 1686. Albany be- came the seat of the state govern- ment in 1797. The corner-stone of the first Capitol was laii^! April 23, 1806 ; the corner-5tone of tlie present imposing edifice, June 24, 1871. Pop- ulation : 1790, 3,506; 1800, 5,349; iSio, 9,356 ; 1814, 10,083 ; 1820, 12,541; 1825, 15,974; 1830, 24,238; 1835, 28,109; 1840, 33,663; 1845, 42,139; 1850, 50,763; 1855. 57.333; i860, 62,367; 1865, 62,613; 1S70, 69,422; 1875, 86,013; 1880, ,0,903. Distsit from Troy seven miles. Half hourly trains kave Union Depot dai- ly for Albany and intermediate places on the " Beu Line " In summer a line of steamboats plies hourly be- tween the two cities. (See Steam- boats.) Albany Iron WorLs. (See Troy Steel and Iron Company.) Albia, in the fifth ward, is about 25- miles southeast of the court-house. A map of the village was made in February, 1813, by William McMan- us. In Spafford's Gazetteer of the State of New York of 1824, Albia is described as "a scattered village of some 40 houses and about 200 inhabi- tants, 2-J [miles] from the city, in the 5th ward." The Albia Cotton Factory was then "an extensive and growing establishment, having 1,700 spindles and 30 water power looms in operation, with a bleach." Below Albia village was " another bleaching establishment," where cloths were "bleached, dressed, callendered and neatly done up for 6 cents a pound, i to 2 cents a yard, on common cotton goods." The Pawling Avenue Meth- odist Episcopal Church, the Third Presbyterian Church, and the Troy & Albia Horse Car Company's depot, are on the north side of Washington Street. The engine house of the Hope Steam Fire Engine Company, No 7, is on the south side of the street, near the Grist-mill road. Horse cars run to Albia half-hourly in the day-time from the intersection of Congress and River streets. American District Tele- graph Company. (See Tele- graph Companies.) American House, on the south- east corner of Third and Fulton streets, is one of the largest hotels in the city. Americas Club, organized No- vember 5, 1871, meets on Thursday evenings at No. 378 Second Street. Apollo Hall, on the second floor of the builr^ing on the southeast cor- nel of Congress and River streets, is occupied by the Troy Turn Verein. Apothecaries. — In the city there are about thirty-seven places where drugs and medicines are sold. Among the number of well-known apothecaries are Charles H. Bosworth, No. 312 River Street, on the east side, between Franklin Square and Fulton Street. On May 15, 1882, he became propri- etor of this long-established drug and prescription store The business was begun in 1849 by Guidon B. Wallace, at No. 2S2 River Street. Henry H. Becker and Philip D. Hosford, of the firm of Becker & Hosford, succeeded to it in 1852. In 1853 they removed the store to No. 314 River Street. In 1854, Henry H. Becker became pro- prietor of it. In 1856, Samuel O. Gleason purchased it, and continued in the business at No. 314 River Street until the fire of May 10, 1862, when the buildina: was burned. In August, that year, he took possession of the storeroom No. 312 River Street, where he remained in business until he was succeeded by Charles H. Bosworth. During the twenty-seven years in which the latter has been in the busi- ness, he was a member of the firm of C. H. Bosworth & Co., apothecaries, at the southeast corner of Bridge Avenue and River Street, and after- wards of the firm of H. C. Sheldon & Co., at No. 246 River Street. Be- sides drugs and proprietary medicines, he has a large variety of toilet prepa- rations, extracts, and powders. He has also many kinds of trusses, from which buyers can obtain any desirable shape. He has also a large stock of surgical appliances, splints, bandages, elastic stockings and abdominal sup- porters. He is agent for the Bethes- da Mineral Spring Company, of Wau- kesha, Wisconsin. The medicinal benefits of the Bethesda water in the treatment of the different forms of Bright's disease, and of diabetes, are well known, and many persons afflict- ed with kidney ailments have given testimonials of the therapeutic value of the water. It can be obtained at the store in small and large quantities. Beside keeping the Bethesda spring water on draught, he has the waters of the Saratoga springs on draught. He !s the sole agent for the sale of the Andrus patent porous buckskin under-garments in the city, and for the sale of Dr. Waters' celebrated pulmonica. He also fills orders for choice cut flowers. Robert Glass, southeast corner of Second and Madison streets. (See Addenda.) Herman Gnadendorff, No. 14 Second Street, east side, between Broadway and State Street. (See Addenda.) Alexander M. Knowlson, No. 350 Broadway. He possesses one of the most attractive drug, medicine and prescription stores in the city. Spacious, well-lighted, tastefully fur- nished, it presents those admirable features comporting with the business which he has so long and successfully conducted. His first predecessor, Charles Heimstreet, began it at No. 10 State Street, in January, 1S36. The latter, in 1851, and his clerk, William E. Hagan, formed the partnership of Charles Heimstreet & Co. On the death of the senior partner, Novem- . ber 25, 1854, William E. Hagan, suc- ceeded to the business, which he con- ducted until 1858, when he and Fitz Henry Knight became partners in the firm of William E. Hagan & Co. In 1861 F. H. Knight withdrew to enter the army. In November, 1862, Wil- liam E. Hagan moved his store to No. I First Street, south of the Troy House. On February 16, 1864, Alex- ander M. Knowlson purchased the stock and interest of William E. Hagan and continued in the business at the same place until January, 10, 1871, when he moved to the building No. 350 Broadway. Besides having all the conveniences of a judiciously arranged pharmaceutical establish- ment, the store contains a large and expensive stock of drugs and medi- cines. Knowlson's 4711 cologne, tooth-wash, aromatic dentifrice, gly- cerine jelly, quinine hair-tonic, and other special toilet preparations sus- tain the high commendation bestowed upon them. In the prescription de- partment the best and finest drugs are used, and the compounding of them is done only by registered pharmacists. In the manufacture of butter of cocoa suppositories by the cold process, iz'^'m£^\ A. M. KNOWLSON S PHARMACY, 35O BROADWAY. which secures an equal distribution of the medicinal ingredients, Knowl- son's patent suppository machine is used. Being equal in weight and uniform in shape, the Knowlson sup- positories are superior to those differ- ently made. The mineral waters of Saratoga can be obtained on draught at the store in the natural condition in which they were taken from the different springs, being hydrostatically drawn from block-tin lined barrels by an automatic apparatus devised by Prof. D. M. Greene, of Troy. A. M. Knowlson also has for sale an exceed- ingly large collection of choice and rare roses and other cut flowers from numerous green houses in tlie vicinity of Troy and New York City. His command of any number or kind of flowers is almost unlimited, and per- sons desiring any for weddings, recep- tions, dinners or other entertainments, can obtain them at short notice by leaving orders at the store or by trans- mitting them by telephone. Bouquets and floral designs are made by an artist specially employed by him for such work. Edward F. Leahy, southeast cor- ner of Hoosick and North Second streets. (See Addenda.) David F. Magill, No. id King Street, east side. (See Addenda.) Cardinal H. Shacklady, north- west corner of Fulton and Fifth streets. (See Addenda.) Elijah \V. Stoddard, southwest corner of Congress and Third streets. (See Addenda.) Architects. — Brown & Dawson, room 12, sec- ond floor of Keenan Building, north- west corner of Broadway and Third Street. (See Addenda.) M. F. CUMMINGS, rooms 10 and 11 Times Building, northeast corner of Broadway and Third Street. (See Addenda.) Clarence B. Cutler, room 4, Troy Savings Bank Building, north- east corner of Second and State streets. (See Addenda.) Armory, New York State, is on the southeast corner of Ferry and River streets. The state appropriated on March 15, 1883, $75,000 to pur- chase a site and erect on it a new armory for the military organizations in the city belonging to the National Guard. For the site of the building the International Hotel property and the lot and building south of it were purchased April 6, that year. In the spring of 1884, Brown & Dawson, architects, having furnished the plans and specifications, the erection of the armory was begun. The corner-stone was laid on July 4 in the presence of the Sixth, Twelfth and Twenty-First separate companies, the Fourth Bat- tery, the municipal authorities, and an assemblage of citizens, by Major-Gen- eral Joseph B. Carr, commanding the fifth brigade, third division of the National Guard. The Rev. William Taylor, of the Universalist Church, offered a prayer, the Hon. Martin I. Townsena delivered an address, and the Rev. J. Ireland Tucker, D. D., of the Church of the Holy Cross, pronounced a benediction. The me- tallic box placed in the cavity of the corner-stone contained histories of the military companies present, a copy of the act appropriating the money to erect the armory, a lithograph of the building, a history of its site, copies of the city newspapers, and a volume of the History of the city of Troy, 1876, by A. J. Weise, presented by the publisher, William H. Young. The building was completed and oc- cupied in March, 1886. The front- age of the armory on Ferry Street is 130 feet ; depth on River Street, i£0 feet. The height of the west tower from the pavement is 88 feet ; that of the east one, 84 feet. The company rooms in the front part of the build- ing are entered from the hall, :2 feet wide, extending to the drill-room, were contributed by the different com- panies to furnish their respective rooms. The Fourth Battery (Troy City Artillery,) rooms aie i, 2 and 3, on the first floor, on the west side of the hall. Those of the Sixth Sepa- rate (Infantry) Company, (Troy Citi- zens' Corps,) are 7, 8 and 9 on the sec- NEW YORK STATE ARMORY, CORNER FERRY AND RIVER STREETS. which is 100 by 130 feet, and has a gallery on the north side. On the west side of the basement is an artil- lery room, 38 by 100 feet. Besides the appropriation of ^75,000, the state made another of $10,000 to complete the armory. The county of Rensse- laer, in the spring of 1S83, appropri- ated $7,000 toward the purchase of the site. About $10,000 additional ond floor, immediately over those of the Fourth Battery. The west octag- onal room on the third floor is occu- pied by the Old Guard of the Troy Citizens' Corps. The rooms of the Twenty-First Separate (Infantry) Company (Tibbits' Cadets,) are 4, 5 and 6 on the first floor, on 'he east side of the hall. Those of the Twelfth Separate (Infantry) Com- 9 pany (Tibbits* Sons of Veterans) are lO, II and 12, on the second floor, above those of the Twenty-First Com- pany. The company has also an oc- tagonal room on the third floor. The homestead of Jacob D. Van der Heyden, known as the Patroon of Troy, once occupied a part of the site of the armory. On February 9, 1803, he conveyed the property to his son, Derick Y., who removed the "old ferry-house " and erected on its site a two-story, brick dwelling. Some years afterward, Derick Y. Van der Heyden went to the island of Santa Cruz, West Indies, to recuperate his . failing health, but he was not benefited by the change of residence, and died there, February I, 1818. To trans- port the body to Troy on a vessel without detection, the corpse was sus- pended in a hogshead filled with rum. It reached its destination, and was transferred in one of the rooms of the dwelling to a coffin. In 1S31, a third story was added to the building, which then took the name of the National Hotel. While professionally attend- ing a session of the Rensselaer County Court, Aaron Burr had rooms in the hotel for himself and his negro ser- vant. A number of years afterward a man and a woman, representing themselves as married, took rooms and board in the house. A week afterward they were found dead in bed with their throats cut. The un- known people explained in a note that extreme poverty had caused them to commit suicide. In 1864, Charles C. Cottrell undertook the manage- ment of the hotel, which he called the St. Charles. His successor, Gur- don Hay, in 1S66, changed the name to that of the International Hotel, which designation it retained until the demolition of the building in the spring of 1884. The old New York State Armory, No. 134 River Street, east side, be- tween Congress and Ferry streets, was erected in i860. Art Store.— Edgar L. Everett's art store. No. I Keenan Building, on the north side of Broadway, between Second and Third streets, is well-known for its large and attractive collection of fine paintings, engravings, etchings, statuary, rare china and cut glass- ware, unique bronzes and bric-a-brac. It has become a much frequented place of supply for those purchasing artists's materials and those having pictures to frame. In 1869, Edgar L. Everett, with his father, formed the firm of Lorenzo C. Everett & Son, dealers in picture frames and artists's materials, at No. 2 First Street, on the site of the Hall Building. On the demolition of the building in 1870, the store was removed to No. I2 Third Street. On the death of his father, Edgar L. Everett succeeded to the business. In 1872, he occupied the store, No. 5 Times Building, in which he continued to do business until 1 88 1, when he moved to his present store on Broadway, in the Keenan Building, immediately east of the Mansion House. Associations. — (See Island Park Association ; Railroad Young Men's Christian Associa- tion ; Robert Emmet Association ; Troy Scientific Association; Troy Young Men's Association ; Troy Young Men's Catholic Literary Association ; Young Wome.n's As- sociation.) Asylums. — St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum is on the southwest corner of Washington and Fifth streets. The institution was projected about the year 1848, by the Rev. Peter Haver- mans of St. Mary's Roman Catholic 10 Church, and was first named St. Mary's Orphan Asyhim. On the completion of the Troy Hospital, a part of it was used as an asylum. In 1854, the children were removed to the brick building erected for an asylum on the west side of Hill Street, at its intersec- tion with Fifth Street. The loca- tion being unsuitable, the brick building, No. 185 Third Street, was occupied as an asylum about the year 1859. In 1865, the name of the institution was changed to that of St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum, In 1866, the buildings. No. 20 and 22 Liberty Street, became the property of the asylum. On the erection of the new Troy Hospital, on the east side of Eighth Street, at the head of Fulton Street, the old hospital on the southwest corner of Fifth and Wash- ington streets was vacated. In May, 1872, it was purchased for the asy- lum and occupied in the fall of that year. About 180 orphan girls, be- tween the ages of three and twelve years, are at present inmates of the asylum, which is in charge of ten Sisters of Charity. Troy Catholic Male Orphan Asylum, northeast corner of Bedford and Hanover streets. The asylum was projected by the Rev. Peter Havermans, pastor of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church. It was first at No. 237 Fourth Street, be- tween Washington and Adams streets. In 1854, it was removed to a building on the east side of Fifth Street, be- tween Washington and Adams streets. The institution was named St. Mary's Male Orphan Asylum. On Saturday, May 5, 1866, the building was set on fire and burned. The orphans were temporarily cared for by a number of charitable people until another asylum was erected on the site of the burned build- ing with a part of the material of the barracks, on the grounds of the Rensselaer County Agricultural So- ciety, used by the volunteer soldiers. The corner-stone of the present four- story, brick building was laid by the Right Rev. J. J. Conroy, Bishop of Albany, June 24, 1866. The build- ing was occupied in 1868. Seventeen trustees control the finances of the institution, and fourteen Brothers of the Christian Schools are intrusted with the care and education of the orphans, whose ages range from two to twelve years. About 350 are at present in the asylum. About 200 day-scholars attend the school con- nected with it. The Rev. Brother Alexander is the present director of the institution. Troy Orphan Asylum is on the east side of Eighth Street, between Hutton and Hoosick streets. A number of persons, desiring to ameliorate the condition of orphan and destitute children in the city, met in the mayor's court-room in the court- house on October 22. 1833, and or- ganized the Troy Association for the Relief of Destitute Children. The name of the association was changed on December 17, 1834, to that of The Troy Orphan Asylum. The act incorporating the institution was passed, April 10, 1835. It gave the management of the estate and con- cerns of the asylum to a board of twenty-one trustees. The first were David Buel, jr., Thomas L. Ostrom, Gurdon Grant, Griffith P. Griffith, Thaddeus B. Bigelow, Ashael Gil- bert, jr., William W. Whipple, Amos Allen, Richard P. Hart, John Thomas, Stephen Warren, P. H. Buckley, Elias Lasell, Jacob D. Lansing, Gardner Landon, Elias Pattison, George Vail, Jacob Merritt, John S. McCoun, Day O. Kellogg, and John Paine. In 1834, a building, then known as No. 52 Third Street, 11 was rented for an asylum. In 1836, the institution was moved to a two- story, brick building, on a plot of ground running from Grand Division to Federal Street, between Sixth and Eighth streets. On May 10, I862, the building, No. 65 Grand Division Street, was burned in the great fire of that day. The asylum was then temporarily moved to Lansingburgh; In 1884, Apollo Commandery, Knights Templars, finished an unfin- ished part of the third story for a dormitory. In December, 1885, the asylum's permanent fund amounted to $71,931.61, from which an income of $4,157.00 was derived. A large sum, however, is annually needed to meet the current expenses of the in- stitution, which is still partly de- TROY ORPHAN ASYLUM. no orphans being then in the institu- tion. Mrs. Betsey A. Hart having given $10,000 and a number of citizens a similar amount, and the State of New York having appro- priated $5,000, the three-story, brick building, No. 294 Eighth Street, was erected and occupied in 1864. From 1850 to 1885, legacies and gifts amounting to $74,000 were received. pendent upon the yearly contributions of its friends and payments made by the city. The present number of orphans in the asylum is about 100. The whole number of orphans registered since \its organization, 1,743. The matron is Miss Grace L. White. Present officers: Charles W. Tillinghast, president; Lewis E. Gurley, vice president; William H. 12 Hollister, jr., secretary; Aaron Vail, treasurer; Otis G. Clark, John S. Perry, Harvey J. King, Joseph W. Fuller, George H. Starbuck, Dudley Tibbits, P. M. Converse, Francis N. Mann, jr., Aaron Vail, John Wool Grlswold, Charles W. Tillinghast, Uri Gilbert, Lewis E. Gurley, Charles N. Lockw^ood, William Kemp, William Howard Doughty, William H. Hollister, jr., Liberty Gil- bert, Walter P. Warren, Henry G. Ludlow, and George B. Cluett, trustees. Athenaeum Building, The, on the east side of First Street, between River and State streets, was erected by the Troy Saving Bank in 1845. (See City Hall and Troy Young Men's Association.) Bachelor Club, The, occupies rooms on the second floor of Kennedy Hall, No. 13 Third Street. Ballston Spa, seat of justice of Saratoga County, twenty-five miles from Troy, on the Rensselaer and Sar- atoga Railroad, was incorporated March 21, 1807. The Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad extends through the village. It was fir;>t called Balls- town in honor of the Rev. Eliphalet Ball, who, in 1769, came from Bed- ford, Westchester County, and settled about two and a half miles from the springs on land sold to pay for the sur- vey of the Kayaderosseras patent. In 1792, the name was changed to Balls- ton. The mineral spring at the north end of the village was discovered in 1769. Nicholas Low, in 1803-4, erected the Sans Souci hotel. In 1813 Balls- ton Spa was described as a "village of no houses and stores, an academy, a small meeting house, and some very large boarding houses. The Sans Souci hotel is thought to be one of the most elegant and extensive in Amer- ica, and has accommodated 170 board- ers and lodgers ; but it is designed for about 130 only." The waters of the different springs at Ballston have for many years had a wide reputation for their therapeutic mineral properties. During the summer season, they attract large numbers of visitors to the place, which contains some pretty residences and several large hotels. Its various manufactories give employment to many of its inhabitants. The Balls- ton yotirnal and the Ballston Defiio- crat are published weekly. There are two national banks in the place. The churches are one Baptist, one Episcopal, one Methodist, one Presby- terian, and one Roman Catholic. Population 3,011. Bands. — Doring's Military Band. — The Watervliet Arsenal Cornet Band was organized in 1846, by E. P. Jones. In 1 85 1, its members were discharged from the service of the United States. In the fall of that year the organiza- tion took the name of the Troy Cornet Band. In May, 1861, its members enlisted in the service of the United States and was attach- ed to the Second Regiment, New York Volunteers. After serving eighteen months, the members were discharged under the general or- der discontinuing regimental bands. Charles Doring, in 1857, succeeded E. P. Jones as leader of the band. It was incorporated in 1869 as Doring's Military Band. Maschke's Cadet Band was or- ganized in 1880 by Edwin J. Maschke, who since then has been its leader. Bankers and Brokers. — CiPPERLY, Cole & Haslehurst. (See Insurance.) Ogden, Calder & Co., bank- ers and brokers, at No. 16 First Ogden. Calder & Co. BANKING HOUSE OF OGDEN, CALDER & CO. 14 Street, transact a general banking business and issue letters of credit and drafts available in all parts of America and Europe. The firm buys and sells all classes of investment securities, and executes orders on commission in the stock exchanges of Boston, New York and Philadel- phia, with all of which the firm has connection by private wires, and is thus enabled to serve its customers with secrecy and dispatch. As early as 1824, John D. W. Calder engaged in the business at No. 238 River Street, two doors north of the Troy House. He was succeeded shortly afterward by the firm of Calder & Co., which continued until 1834. In 1856, G. Parish Ogden, the senior member of the firm of Ogden. Calder & Co., began the business of a banker and broker, in Green's Building, on the southeast corner of Albany (Broadway) and Fourth streets. In 1863. he and William C. Hart formed the firm of G. Parish Ogden & Co., doing business at No. 11 First Street until 1865, when they moved their banking house to the Farmers' Bank Building, No. 16 First Street, east side, between River and State streets. On the with- drawal of William C.Hart, in 1870, Ezra R. Vail became associated with G. Parish Ogden; the name of G. Parish Ogden & Co., being retained by the firm. Gouverneur Ogden, the son of the senior member of the firm, was admitted as a co-partner in 1879. On the withdrawal of Ezra R. Vail, the firm of Ogden, Calder & Co., was formed in 1883 ; the co-partners being G. Parish Ogden, J. Frank Calder and Gouverneur Ogden. The firm as agents represent the Liverpool and London and Globe Company, the Germania, the Standard, the Commercial Union, the British America, the Union of San Francisco, and other fire insurance companies. The firm also effects marine, life, ac- cident, and boiler insurance. Banks. — Since 1801, eighteen banks have been established in Troy, eight of which discontinued business, and one became bankrupt. Extinct Banks.— Farmers' Bank. The merchants of Troy, Lansingburgh, and Water- ford, previous to the establishment of this bank, transacted their bank- ing business in Albany. On March 31, 1 801, the act to incorporate the Farmers' Bank, with a capital not ex- ceeding $300,000, was passed. The first directors named in the act were : John Woodworth, Daniel Merritt, Benjamin Tibbits, Christopher Hut- ton, Townsend McCoun, and Ephraim Morgan, Troy ; Elijah Janes, Charles Selden, John D. Dick- inson, James Hickok, and Wil- liam Bradley, Lansingburgh ; Guert Van Schoonhoven, and Samuel Stewart, Waterford. The bank build- ing was to be located in the town of Troy, at a place which Hosea Moffit, Jonathan Brown, John E. Van Alen, and James McKown, or any three of them might select, but near the road leading from Troy to Lansing- burgh, and not farther north than Mill Creek, the (Piscawen Kill), nor farther south than the house of Joshua Raymond. The building was to be erected and so far completed as to permit the transaction of the business of the bank in it, on December i, 1801. Respecting the site of the bank, the following action was taken by the directors at a meeting held at Jacobs' tavern, in Lansingburgh, June 29, 1 801 : Resolved, unanimously. That in case the lot for the temporary place of the establishment of the bank shall fall to the village of Troy, that we 15 will point out to the commissioners the house of Joshua Raymond in the village of Troy as the house contem- plated in the act, and in case it should fall to the village of Lansingburgh, we will immediately cause a tempo- rary building to be erected on the middle ground at or near the place contemplated by the commissioners for transacting the business until the legislature shall have decided on the petition of the directors. * * * Resolved, unanimously. That we will unite in a petition to the legis- lature at the next session for obtain- ing the alterations in the act of incor- poration to enable the directors to carry into effect the matters contem- plated in the resolutions of the board respecting the permanent and tem- porary place for the building, and that we will unitedly and severally use our best exertions in the premises. * * * "Resolved, That we will severally keep secret the rent of the lot for the temporary place of establishing the bank and our resolutions this day passed respecting the^ame, until the further order of the board on the same. X * * Resolved, unanhnously. That this board will immediately proceed to de- termine by lot agreeable to the resolu- tions of the 6ih day of June, as amended, the temporary place for the establishment of ttie bank, and that Mr. Bradley do prepare and roll up for the purpose five ballots with the word Lansingburgh written thereon, and five ballots with the word Troy written thereon; that the same be placed and shook together in a hat by Mr. Hutton, and drawn by Mr. Merritt blindfold in the presence of the board, and that the said tempora- ry place bhall be at the village, the name of which shall be written on two of the three first ballots so to be drawn. * * * Mr. Merritt drew one after another three ballots out of the hat so prepared, on opening which it ap- peared that the word Lansingburgh was written on the two first and the word Troy on the third." \\\ July, at a meeting at Ashley's tavern, in Troy, the directors deter- mined to accept two lots in Middlc- btirgh, (a collection of houses around Mount Olympus), tendered by Jacob D. Van der Heyden, and to purchase two adjoining lots, and to erect on the plot a two-story, brick building, 30 by 40 feet. In November, the diiectors met for the first time in the banking house, and resolved that the bank should begin business on December i; that the banking hours should be from 10 A. M. to 2 P. M.; that no note less than $200 should be discounted for a longer time than fifty-six days ; that the rate of discount should be six per cent; and that all paper offered for discount should be inclosed in "sealed covers" addressed to the cashier. The vault of the bank was a small, arched, brick crypt built in the cellar of the building, which is still standing on the northwest corner of River and Middleburgh streets, and which in 1883 was converted into a three-story dwelling. (See Rensselaer Polytechnmc Insti- tute) By the act passed April 6, 1808, the bank's charter was extended to the first Tuesday of March, ,'1821, and the directors were permitted to remove the institution to 'the com- pact part" of Troy. On November 15, iSoS, the new liank building on First Street, on tlie .-^econd lot south of the one on the southwest corner of First and State streets, was occupied. The building was burned in the large fire of June 20, 1820. The bank was then moved to the building on the northeast corner of First and State streets, and, in 1830, to the building next north of it, now the banking house of Ogden, Calder & Co., where the institution discontinued business, 16 February 27, 1865. (See United National Bank). Presidents: John D. Dickinson, April 9, 1801, to 1828; Townsend McCoun, 1828 to 1835 ; Gurdon Corn- ing, 1835 to 1842 ; James Van Schoon- hoven, 1842 to 1853; John T. Mc- Coun, 1S53 to 1861 ; E. Thompson Gale, February 7, 1861, to 1865. Cashiers : Hugh Peebles, April g, 1801, to 182- ; James Van Schoon- hoven, 182- to 1837; Philander Wells, 1837 to 1858; Charles P. Hartt, 1S58 to 1865. Bank of Troy. — The act to in- corporate the Bank of Troy was passed March 22, 1811. The capital stock was divided into 20,000 shares, each $25, exclusive of the amount taken by the State, but its subscrip- tion was not to exceed 2,000 shares. The institution was to be under the management of seventeen directors ; three chosen by the governor and and council of appointment, (of these three, one director was to reside at Lansingburgh, another at Troy, and the third at Waterford, the other fourteen elected by the stockhold- ers, (four to reside at Lansing- burgh, six at Troy, and four at Waterford). The directors were permitted to establish branch banks at Lansingburgh and Waterford, but at these no paper was to be discounted. On March 12, 1813, the bank was authorized to establish a branch bank at Waterford for deposits and dis- counting paper. On April 9, 1813, another act was passed permitiing the five directors who were to reside at Lansingburgh, to reside in Rensselaer and Saratoga counties. The act of February 4, 1814, permitted the five directors who were to reside at Water- ford to reside in any part of the state. By the act of April 22, 1829, the the right of the directors to establish a branch bank at Waterford was ab- rogated. The first directors were : Albert Pawling, Benjamin Smith, Joseph D. Selden, Ebenezer Jones, Esaias Warren, Richard P. Hart, Jacob Merritt, Thomas Trenor, Alan- son Douglass, Jonathan Burr, John Stewart, Roger Skinner, John Cra- mer, John T. Close, Moses Scott, Richard Davis, jr., and John House The business of the bank immedi- ately after the occupation of the hank building, on the northwest corner of First and State streets greatly ex- ceeded the expectations of its organ- izers and the institution for a number of years paid dividends of eight and sometimes as high as eight and a half per cent. (See United National Bank.) Presidents: Esaias Warren, 1811 to 1829 ; Stephen Warren, 1829 to 1847 ; Nathan Dauchy, 1847 to 1853 ; Jo- seph M. Warren, 1853 to 1S65. Cashiers: Alanson Douglass, 1811 to 1828 : Stephen R. Warren, 182S to 1831 ; Thaddeus W. Patchin, 1831 to 1837 ; John Paine, 1837 to 1852 ; John P. Nazro, 1852 to 1856 ; Tracy Taylor, 1856 to 1865. The Merchants and Mechanics' Bank was chartered April 29, 1829. Its first directors were George Vail, Jedediah Tracy, Rufus Richards, Na- than Warren, Elias Pattison, John P. Cushman, Jonas C. Heartt, Gur- don Grant, Jeremiah Chichester, Sam- uel Pitcher, Isaac McConihe, Wil- liam Smith, and Stephen W Dana. At the first meeting of the directors in July, 1829, George Vail was elected president, and Alanson Douglass cash- ier. The bank began business in its biiilding. No 16 First Street. On February 22, 1865, the bank became the Merchants and Mechanics' Na- tional Bank of Troy. On Oclober3l, 1878, the bank was enjoined from doing business, its accounts showing that the Schaghticoke Woolen Mills, 17 at Hart's Falls, N. Y., were indebted to the bank, $430,867.98, and that the bank's liabilities exceeded the assets, $465,664. Capital stock $300,000. Presidents: George Vail, 1829 to 1851 ; D. Thomas Vail, 1851 to 1856 ; John Kerr, 1856 to 1857 ; D. Thomas Vail, 1857 to 1878 Cashiers : Alanson Douglass, 1829 to 1837 ; Charles S. Douglass, 1837 to 1851 ; Tracy Taylor, 1851 to 1856 ; Francis Sims, 1856 to 1878. Howard Trust and Banking Company established February i, 1839, with a capital of $100,000. Its banking rooms were at No. 10 First Street. William Howard, Harrison Durkee, and Isaac B. Hart were its first directors ; William Howard being elected president, and George Q. Pom- eroy cashier of the institution. The company, having paid all its liabilities in full, discontinued business in 1843. From 1840 to 1843 its banking rooms were at No 205 River Street. Commercial Bank of Troy or- ganized under the general banking law of the state, began business in August, 1839, at No. 5^ Second Street, north of the Mansion House, with a capital of $200,000 The first direc- tors were : Benjamin Marshall, Elias Plum, John D. Willard, Latham Cor- nell, Joseph Russell, Elias Dorlon, S. W. Britton, T. Mann, J. G. Bacon, E. Caipenter, John W. Bates, Charles H. Kellogg, and E. F. Grant. In 1842 the bank was removed to No. i Frank- lin Square, and in the spring of 1846 to tlie room on the north side of the hall of the Athenasum Building, No. 10 First Street. It continued busi- ness uniil 1862, when it clo ed its ac- counts, paying nearly 180 per canton its stock. Presidents: Robert D. Silliman, 1839 tc 1847 ; Elias Plum, 1847 to 1862. Cashiers: Frederick Leake, 183910 1853 ; Charles R. Richards, 1S53 to 1855 ; Frederick Leake, 1855 to 1862. Market Bank of Troy, organ- ized in January, 1853, with a capital of $200,000. Its first directors were Jeremiah S. Hakes, Joseph Daggett, Elias Johnson, Hiram House, Henry R. Hubbell, Harvey Church, Augus- tus Lester, Noyes H. W. Reynolds, Hiram Miller, David S. McNamara. M. J. Bockes, and William J. Baucus. The bank began business in Septem- ber in the Market Bank Building, No. 2S0 River Street. In January, 1865, the bank was discontinued ; the Na- tional Exchange Bank succeeding to its business. Presidents : Jeremiah S. Hakes, 1853 to 1858; Hiram Miller, 1858 to 1865. Cashiers : Albert C. Gunnison, 1853 to 1859; John H. Neher, 1859 to 1864; Shepard Tappen, 1864 to 1865. Troy Savings Company was or- ganized June 29, 1854, under the act for the incorporation of building, mu- tual loan and accumulating fund asso- ciations, passed April lO, 1851. The first officers were Uri Gil- bert, president ; Joseph U. Orvis, vice president ; and John P. Al- bertson, secretary and treasurer. The office of the company was at No. 18 First Street. $150,000 was the largest amount of deposits ever held by the company. The accounts of the company were closed in 1880. First National Bank of Troy was organized October 17, 1863, with a capital of $200,000. The bank be- gan business at No. 218 River Street, January i, 1864, and on May I. re- moved to No. 15 First Street. On January 27, 1864, the capital was in- creased to $300,000. The first di- rectors were Thomas Coleman, Rich- ardson"H. Thurman, Lyman Bennett, 18 Otis G. Clark. William L. Van Al- styne, Edward R. Swasey, Hugh Ranken, Charles Eddy, Charles E. Dusenberry, and David B. Cox. The bank discontinued business February 24, 1883, and was succeeded by the National Bank of Troy. President : Thomas Coleman, Oc- tober 24, 1863, to February 24, 1883. Cashier : Richardson H. Thur- man, October 24, 1863, to February 24, 1883. Tellers : Frederick P. Allen, 1863 to 1866 ; William G. Crissey, 1866 to 1873; J- Spencer Garnsey, 1873 to 1875; George H. Morrison, 1875 to 1883. National Exchange Bank of Troy was organized January, 1865, with a capital of $100,000. The bank succeeded to the business of the Mar- ket Bank. (See Market Bank.) The first directors were : Hiram House, Hiram Miller, A. J. Pine, W. J. Baucus, William Gurley, A. B. Morgan and Lucius Wright. The bank began business in the Market Bank Building, No. 280 River Street. In 1877 the bank discontinued busi- ness, paying all its liabilities. Presidents: Hiram Miller, 1865 to 1877 ; William Gurley, 1877. Cashier: Shepard Tappen, 1865 to 1877. Existing Banks. — There are nine banks in the city. The Troy Savings Bank has deposits aggregating about $5,000,000. The capital of the eight national banks is $1,890,000. Troy Savings Bank is on the northeast corner of Second and State streets. The act incorporating the bank was passed April 23, 1S23. At a meeting of the board of managers at Piatt Titus' inn, (the Troy House), on Friday, August i, that year, Townsend McCoun was elected presi- dent of the bank. The by-laws pro- vided that the bank should be opened on every Saturday evening, from 6 to 8 o'clock ; that deposits of $1 and of larger amounts should be received ; that no interest should be paid on sums less than $5 ; and that no frac- tional part of a dollar should be ac- cepted. On Saturday evening, August 30, the bank began business in the Farmers' Bank, on the northeast cor- ner of First and State streets, receiv- ing from the first depositor, Martha Jefferson, a colored woman, $20. The deposits of that evening amounted to $359- The Troy Savings Bank was in 1824 removed to the Bank of Troy, on the northwest corner of First and State streets. In 1832 deposits were received at the office of the treasurer, Jacob L. Lane, No. 53 First Street. In 1836, he removed his office to No. 8 First Street. In 1845, the bank erected the Athenaeum Building, now the property of the Troy Young Men's Association, on the east side of First Street, between River and State streets. On its completion in 1846, the Savings Bank was removed to the banking room of the Commercial Bank, which occupied the front room on the first floor of the Athtnseum Building, on the north side of the hall. In 1850, the Troy Savings Bank occupied the front room on the south side of the hall where it remained until its removal on March 25, 1875, to the new and attractive granite building, on the northeast corner of Second and State streets. The build- ing cost about $435,000 ; the money being a part of the accumulated earnings of the bank. (See Music Hall.) Amount of deposits on Jan- uary I, 1886, $4,965,063.06 Presidents : Townsend McCoun, 1823 to 1834; Richard P. Hart, 1834 to 1839; Stephen Warren, 1S39 to 1847 ; Gurdon Corning, 1S47 to 1850; 20 Jared S. Weed, 1850 to 1870 ; Charles B.jRussell, 1870 to present time. Secretaries and accountants : John Paine, 1823 to 1829; Jacob L. Lane, 1829 to 1846 ; Frederick Leake, 1846 101850; Ferdinand J. Suydam. 1850 to 1851; Adam R, Smith, 1851 ; Joseph J. Tiliinghast, 1851 to 1855 ; Charles B. Russell. 1855 to 1870; Charles N. Lockwood, 1870 to 1875 ; William M. Corning, 1875 to present time. Treasurer : Charles N. Lockwood from 1875 to present time. Troy City National Bank, on the southeast corner of Fourth and Grand Division streets, was organized January I, 1865, with a capital of $500,000. It succeeded to the busi- ness of the Troy City Bank, incor- porated April 19, 1833, with a capital of .$300,000. On Wednesday, July 10, 1833, the stockholders at Wash- ington Hall, No. 331 River Street, elected Richard P. Hart, Robert D. Silliman, Alsop Weed, Henry Vail, John T. McCoun, George B. Warren, Job Pierson, Abraham Van Tuyl, Gil- bert Reilay, William P. Haskin, Thaddeus B. Bigelow. Anson Arnold, and Elnathan F. Grant directors of the institution. On July 11, the bank began business in a room above Bus- kirk & Proudfit's store in the building, No. 3 Franklin Square. When the brick banking house on the southeast corner of Fourth and Grand Division streets was finished, the bank was moved to it, on September 13. In the great fire of Saturday afternoon. May 10, 1862, it was burned, but most of the books and money was removed. The contents of the vault were found uninjured. On Monday, the bank continued its business in the building, No. 220 Kiver Street, formerly occu- pying a part of the site of the Hall Building. On June 13, 1863, the bank was moved into its present, attractive, iron building on the site of the first banking house. On May 10, 1877, the capital of the bank was reduced to $300,000, by the payment of $200,000 to the stockholders. Present directors: Charles K. Brown, William Howard Doughty, Charles Cleminshaw, John I. Thompson, George A. Stone, Samuel B. Sanford, John Don, Henry H. Darling, John A. Manning, Charles N. Lockwood, David M. Greene, James K. P. Pine, and William H. Frear. Presidents: Richard P. Hart, 1830 to 1844; George B. Warren, 1844 to 1857 ; John A. Griswold, 1857 to 1873 ; Hannibal Green, 1873 to 1875; John B. Pierson, 1875 to August 12, 1885 ; George A. Stone, September 28, 1885, to present time. Cashiers : George R. Davis, 1833 ; Silas K Stow, 1833 to 1863 ; George F. Sims, 1863 to 1873; George A. Stone, 1873 to September 28, 1885 ; Oscar E. Van Zile, September 28, 1885, to present time. Tellers: Harrison Durkee, 1833 to 1835; William Stimpson, 1836 to 1S38 ; Charles P. Hartt, 1839 to 1841 ; Tracy Taylor, 1841 to 1846; Charles P. Hartt, 1847 to 185 1 ; George F. Sims, 1851 to 1863 ; O^car E. Van Zile, 1863 to September 28, 1885 ; Abram N. Belcher, October 14, 1885, to present time. Union National Bank of Troy, No. 12 First Street, succeeded to the business of the Union Bank of Troy, which was organized under the general banking law of the state Jan- uary I, 1851, with a capital of $300,- 000. Its first directors were : Joel Mallary, John Kerr. William F. Sage, Thomas N. Lockwood, P. T. Heartt, Hiram B. Ingalls, L. A. Battershall, Jonathan W. Freeman, Lyman Ben- nett, Richardson H. Thurman, and David B. Cox. The bank began busi- ness, Apiil, 1851, in the building, No. 349 River Street. The bank was 31 TROY CITY NATIONAL BANK, CORNER FOURTH AND GRAND DIVISION STS. shortly afterward removed to the building, No. 12 First Street. On March 21, 1865. it became a national bank, with a capital of $300,000. Present directors: John M. Corliss, Thomas W. Lockwood, Lewis E. Gur- ley. Liberty Gilbert. C. E. Hanaman, George H. Freeman, Adam R. Smith, A. C. Fellows, William Gurley, Alfred Mosher, Samuel R. Clexton, Ellas Kehn, James H. Nichols, Charles F. Conkey, and W. John Stevenson. Presidents: Joel Mallary, 1851 to 1857; L A. Battershall, 1857101866; William F. Sage, 1866 to 1870 ; Hiram Smith, 1870 to 1881 ; William Gur- ley, March 15, 1881, to present time. Cashiers: Pliny M. Corbin, 1851 to 1874; Adam R. Smith, December i, 1874, to present time. 22 Tellers : Willard Gay, 185 1 to 1852 ; A. Russell, 1853 ; John H. Neher, 1854 to 1858 ; Adam R. Smith, 1858 to 1874 ; Henry Wheeler, December I, 1874, to present time. Manufacturers' National Bank OF Troy, on the corner of River and King streets, became a national bank January 3, 1865, with a capital of $150,000. It succeeded to the busi- ness of the Manufacturers' Bank of Troy, organized in 1852, under the general banking law, with a capital of $250,000. The first directors were : Arba Read, Harvey Smith, Dennis M. Fitch, John Mairs, Robert Chris- tie, jr., Charles W. Thompson, Titus Eddy, John C. Mather, John S. Chris- tie, and William Stevenson. The bank began business at No. 7 State Street, in May, 1852. In 1853, it was removed to No. 13 First Street. On May I, 1856. the bank fii-st occupied the present building. Present directors : Henry E. Weed ; David Cowee, E. Murphy, jr., Joseph Hillman, Samuel O. Gleason, David F. Magill, Henry Morrison, George P. Ide, Gardner Earl, Charles Mc- Carthy, Frank Gilbert, Charles R. Stone, and James Fleming. Presidents : Arba Read, 1852 to 1856 ; Roger A. Flood, 1856 to 1864 ; Thomas Symonds, 1864 to 1877 ; Henry E. Weed, 1877 to 1883 ; George P. Ide, 1883 to present time. Cashiers: John S. Christie, 1852 to 101856; Charles P. Hartt, 1856 to 1858 ; Charles M. Wellington, 1858 to 1882 ; Samuel O. Gleason, Septem- ber 15, 1882, to present time. Tellers : W. C. Hart, 1852 to 1856 ; Elijahs. House, 1856 to 1863; J. D. Bancroft, 1863 to 1864; A. R. Moore, 1864 to 1882 ; W. H. Bellows, 1882 to 1883 ; D. H. Humphrey, May, 1883, to present time. National State Bank of Troy, on the southeast corner of State and First streets, became a national bank on April 15, 1865, with a capital of $250,000, and succeeded to the busi- ness of the State Bank of Troy, or- ganized under the general banking law of the state, in 1852, with a capi- tal of $250,000. The first directors were: Ralph J. Starks, John liilch- ins, Philip S. Dorlon, David Carr, George Dana Wolkyns, D. Voleniine, Willard Gay, Alfred B. Nash, James Wager, J. G. Bacon, George W. Hicks, J. F. Simmons, Lyman R. Avery, and Henry Ingram. The bank began business in its banking house, on the southeast comer of First and Stale streets, on September 2, 1852. Present directors : Henry Ingram, Ralph J. Starks, Philip S. Dorlon, Albert E. Bonesteel, Willard Gay, Charles Warner, Lyman R. Avery, Luther R. Graves, John J. Joslin, Ebenezer Warner, Tom S. Wotkyns, and Thomas Colwell. Presidents : Ralph J. Starks, 1852 ; Alfred Wotkyns, 1852 to 1868; Henry Ingram, 1868 to 1883 ; Charles War- ner, 1883 to present time. Cashier: Willard Gay, 1852 to present time. Tellers : Charles M. Wellington, 1852101858; E. D. Barton, 185810 1861; Daniel W. Ford, 1861 to pres- ent time. Central National Bank of Troy, No. 13 First Street, between River and State streets, with a capital of $300,000, succeeded to the business of the Central Bank of Troy on April 4, 1865, The Central Bank of Troy was organized under the general bank- ing law of the state, December 29, 1852, with a capital of $200,000. The first directors were : J. Lansing Van Schoonhoven, Ralph Hawley, James T. Main, Martin I. Townsend, George H. Phillips, Lucius M. Cooley, Law- rence Van Valkenburgh, Volney Rich- mond, Giles B. Kellogg, James Buel, Jason J. Gillespie, John Ran- 23 ken, Orin Kellogg, William T. Dodge, and Orson Brewster. The bank be- gan business in the building, No. 271 River Street, December 29, 1852. On May i, 1853, the bank was re- moved to No. 5 Second Street. On May I, 1865, it was removed to No. 13 First Street. Present capital, $200,000. Present directors : Justus Miller, Moses Warren, William H. Van Schoonhoven, Joseph B. Wilkinson, Luman IT. Gibbs, John L. Blanchard, John T. Christie, James O'Neil, Al- bert B. Gibbs, William J. Howes, Joseph Fales, Albert A. Sampson, W. Stone Smith, Henry S. Ranken, and H. F. Boardman. Presidents : J. Lansing Van Schoon- hoven, 1852 to 1874; George C. Bur- dett, 1874 to 1883; Moses Warren, February, 1S83, to present time. Cashiers : James Buel, 1852 to 1857 ; John B Kellogg, 1857 to 1871 ; Asa W. Wickes, June 20, 1871, to present time. Tellers : Asa W. Wickes, 1852 to 1871 ; Charles H. Adams, 1871 to 1872; George Kirsop, jr., 1872 to present time. Mutual National Bank of Troy, on the northeast corner of First and State streets, became a ra- tional bank on March 23, 1865, with a capital of $250,000. It succeeded to the business of the Mutual Bank of Troy, organized under the general banking law of the state, November 24, 1852, with a capital of $200,000. Its first directors were : Jonas C. Heartt, James Morrison, jr.. Job S. Olin, John P. Albertson, Nathaniel Potter, jr., John G. Buswell, Elias Ross, Henry C. Lockwood, and Jo- seph U. Orvis. The bank began bu- siness, January 18, 1853, in the build- ing on the northeast corner of First and State streets. In 1881-82, the banking rooms were renovated, the bank occupying the vacant rooms in the Merchants and Mechanics' Bank Building, from November 15, 1880 to April 14, 1881. The present directors are : William Kemp, David Mann, Charles B. Bishop, James H. Howe, Francis N. Mann, jr., Thomas D. Abrams, Jonas S. Heartt, John Worthington, George A. Packer, William H. Young, Charles A. Brown, George B. Cluett. and John K. Howe. Presidents : John P. Albertson, 1852 to 1876; Calvin Hayner, 1876 to 1878; William Kemp, July 17, 1878, to present time. Cashiers : George A. Stone, 1852 to 1873 ; George H. Sagendorf, Febru- ary 14, 1873, to present time. Tellers : B. P. Rogers. 1855 ; D. H. Humphrey, 1855 to 1856: E. F. Wait, 1856 to 1862 ; George H. Sag- endorf, 1862 to 1873 ; Rice C. Bull, 1873, to present time. United National Bank of Trov, on the northwest corner of First and State streets, was organized March 7, 1865, with a capital of $300,000. The designation, United, was taken because the institution was organized by stockholders of the Farmers' Bank and the Bank of Troy. (See Farm- ers' Bank and Bank of Troy.) The first directors ( f the bank were: E. Thompson Gale, Joseph M. War- ren, John L. Thompson, George H. Cramer, Uii Gilbert, Alfonzo Bills, Azro B. Morgan Norman B. Squires, William A. Shepard, Alonzo McCon- the. Jolm Hobart Warren, Hanford N. Lockwood, and Thomas M. Tibbits. On April 13, 1865, the bank began business in the rooms previously occu- pied by the Bank of Troy, in the building on the northwest corner of Fiist and State streets, now the properly of the United National Bank. On March 19, 1877, its capital was reduced to $240,000. In 1 884, the 24 interior of the bank building was renovated, and a number of fire and burglar safe deposit and storage vaults constructed at the west end of the banking-room. Present directors : E. Thompson Gale, Uri Gilbert, Norman B. Squires, Joseph M. Warren, George H. Cra- mer, William A. Thompson, George T. Lane, John W. Cipperly, Edward Tracy, Joseph W. Fuller, James A. Burden, C. E. Dudley Tibbits, and Charles W. Tillinghast. Presidents : E. Thompson Gale, 1865 to 1885 ; Joseph W. Fuller, Jan- uary 13, 1885, to present time. Cashiers : Tracy Taylor, 1865 to 1867; George H. Perry, 1867 10 No- vember 13, 1885 ; John H. Neher, November 24, 1885, to the present time. Tellers: George H. Perry, 1865 to 1867; A. G. H. Calder, 1867 to 1873; John H. Neher, 1873 to 1885 ; Ben- jamin A. Rousseau, 1885 ; Samuel S. Bullions, December 28, 1885, to pres- ent time. National Bank of Troy, No. 15 First Street, was organized, with a capital of $200,000, under the na- tional banking law, on February 24, 1883, and on that day succeeded to the business of the First National Bank of Troy, the charter of which had then terminated. The first and present directors: Thomas Cole- man, Lebbeus Burton, Philip H. Ne- her, Otis G. Clark, John Duke, Fran- cis A. Ostrander, Shepard Tappen, Daniel Klock, jr,, Andrew B. Fales, Franklin W. Farnam, Francis A. Fales, Andrew M. Church, Josiah A. Waite, Charles E. Dusenberry, James E. Kimball. President : Thomas Coleman, 1883 to present time. Vice-president : Francis A. Fales, 1883 to present time. Cashier : George H. Morrison, 1883 to present time. Tellers : Francis W. Mackie, Feb- ruary 24, 1883. to September, 1883 : Thomas T. Trimble, 1883 to present time. Baptist Churches — There are five Baptist Churches in the city : First Baptist Church, east side of Third Street, between State and Congress streets. On a Sunday after- noon, in the year 1793, a number of Baptists, among whom were Silas Co- vell, Adam Keeling and Anthony Goodspeed, assembled with iheir fam- ilies in the dwelling-house of Silas Covell, then on the northwest corner of Liberty and River streets, to en- gage in divine worship, conducted by Elder Elias Lee, who on that occa- sion preached the first sermon heard by a Baptist congregation in Troy. He had preached in the morning at Albany, and after the services there came on horseback to Troy After- ward meetings on Sundays were held in Silas Covell's warehouse on the bank of the river, in the rear of the building then standing on the south- west corner of River and Congress streets Later, the organizers of the present society worshipped frequently in the court-house and elsewhere in the village On October 15, 1795, " The First Particular Baptist Church in the village of Troy " was organ- ized. On January 30, 1796, "in con- sideration of the sum of five shil- lings," Jacob D. Van der Heyden ard Mary, his wife, conveyed to the trus- tees of the church lot 231, fifty by one hundred and thirty feet, on the east side of Third Street, (the site of the present edifice), " for the purpose of a burial ground, and to erect a meeting-house for the sole and only use " of the society. In the minirtes of the Shaftsbury Baptist Association, meeting at Shaftsbury Centre, June 5, 1800, the following entry appears: " On motion of Elders [Isaac] Webb 25 and [Lemuel] Covell, voted to recom- mend it to the churclies to lend some assistance to the Baptist church in the village of Troy towa ds building a hou=e for divine worsliip When we consider that their number at present is but small, and consists mostly of females, — there being not more than — together with the importance of having the cause of religion built up in that place ; we flatter ourselves that our churches will come forward w)th promptitude, and contribute lib- erally for so noble a purpose." In 1S03 the Rev. Isaac Webb became pastor of the society, which, on Jan- FIRST PARTICULAR BAPTIST CHURCH, 183O. two or three males who can advance anything towards such an undertak- ing, and at the same time consider that there is a favorable prospect of their society's increasing, if they had a suitable place to meet in, and had preaching part of the time, (which they might have, if they had a house. uary 10, 1804, elected Adam Keeling, Edward Tylee, Silas Covell, Ebene- zer Jones, and Noble S. Johnson trustees of the church. At the June meeting rf the Shaftsbury Baptist Association at Clifton Park, in 1604, the Troy society was added to the number of churches connected 26 with the body. At its next meeting, in June, 1805, at Hoosick Falls, the membership of the First Particular Baptist Church in the village of Troy was reported as embracing 75 persons; 34 having been added to the society that year. A small, weather-boarded building was shortly thereafter erected by the society for a meeting-house. On June 4 and 5, 1806, the Shafts- bury Association held its twenty- sixth annual meeting in the new building; sixteen Baptist ministers be- ing in attendance. In 1813, the soci- ety erected a building for conference and other meetings. The Rev. Fran- cis Wayland, senior, pastor of the so- ciety from 1 8 12 to 18 16, thus wrote. May 25, 1816, of a revival conducted by him : "Our weekly prayer-meeting had hitherto been held in a small school-room, and but thinly attended. The school-room became crowded and insufficient to hold the number that attended. It was found neces- sary to remove it to the meeting- house. * * * On the first Lord's day in April, Brother (Archibald) Maclay from New York, assisted me in baptizing thirty-nine persons ; and on the first Lord's day of this month, I baptized fifteen more, among them an old gentleman aged 74." In the first half of this century, the rite of baptism by immersion was performed in the river, by Baptist ministers, either at the foot of Ferry Street, or at the foot of Grand Division Street, or near the foot of Hoosick Street. In June, 1816, the church was dis- missed from the Shaftsbury Associa- tion to join the Hudson River Baptist Association. When the Rev. Charles George Somers was ordained pastor of the church, on Wednesday, July 10, 1816, the following mention was made in one of the city newspapers of the use of the First Presbyterian meeting- house for the services : " The Baptist meeting-house undergoing some alter- ations, the Presbyterians politely offered the use of theirs Tor the occa- sion, which was accepted." The first meeting-house was a two-story, weath-- er boarded structure, with a square tower and plam steeple. In the tower, the city placed, in 1824, a town clock, having three dials, one facing west, the others north and south. (See Clock, Town). The present brick edifice, 64 by 100 feet, was erected in 1846. The spire has a height of 177 feet from the ground. In 1881-82, the interior was renovated, a new bap- tistry placed back of the pulpit, the portico lowered, the s'x Ionic columns were lengthened, and the rooms in. the basement enlarged and refurn-i ished, at a cost of about $20,000, 1 The membership of the church has^ frequently been decreased by the or- ganization of other Baptist societies in the city and vicinity. The first dismission of members occurred Ma) 12, 1S27, on the organization of the Baptist Church in West Troy. After-i ward members were dismissed tC( form the Second, the Fifth Street anc' the Vail Avenue Baptist churches Present membership 677. The Rev George C. Baldwin, a graduate O' Hamilton Theological Institute, was called to the pastorate of the church! July 9, 1844. On Sunday, Augus 25, he began the labors of his ministry in Troy. On Sunday, June 7, 1885; he tendered his resignation as pastor his duties to end in October. The congregation, unwilling to have hinu terminate his successful and desirabli ministry, would not accept his resigna tion. His subsequent insistence ti be released from his long continuec labor of more than forty-one year finally induced the society, on Fridaj evening, November 6, 1885, to con sent to his request. The present pas tor of the church, the Rev. L. M. S Haynes, D.D., entered on his dutie on April I, 1886. !i^«^d?l?t^fe^ "^wtl |ill~ — llll~*^ii!lliPl ' 111' \ * I"!-™ X iiiiiinwiii iiini i4 iiiii iiM'iiaL III «r FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, THIRD SlREhT. 28 Pastors : Isaac Webb, 1803 to 181 1 ; Francis Wayland, sr., 1812 to 1816; Charles G. Somers, 1816 to 1821 ; Le- land Howard, 1823 to 1828; Peter Ludlow, jr., 1S29 ; Benjamin M. Hill, 1830 to 1839 ; John Cookson, 1840 to 1842 ; Lorenzo O. Lovell, 1843 ; George C. Baldwin, D D., August 25, 1844 to November 6, 1885 ; L. M. S. Haynes, D.D., April i, 1886, to pies- ent time. Second Baptist Church, Ida Hill, south side of Congress Street, opposite Brunswick Avenue. A num- ber of Baptists worshipping in a build- ing on First Street, between Ferry and Division streets, determined on February 4, 1834, to organize a second Baptist society in the city. On Feb- ruary 26, they lesolved to call it the Second Particular Baptist Church and Society of the city of Troy. On March 17, Josiah Converse, Israel Seymour, Latham Cornell, Isaac Lovejoy, Apollo Harvey, Abel Bun- nel, Gardner W. Rand, Lemuel Brintnall, and John Wheeler were elected trustees of the church. On April 4, the meeting-house and lots of the First Restorationist Society of Troy, on the south side of Ferry Street, and on the east side of the alley, between Second and First streets, became the properly of the Second Particular Baptist Church. The society, on June 8, called the Rev. Ebenezer S. Raymond to become its pastor. After his resignation, in 1841, the society lost its membership, and about 1852 ceased to exist as an or- ganization. In September, 1866, the Mt. Ida Baptist Mission Sunday School was organized and occupied a brick build- ing on the south side of Congress Street, standing on the present site of St. Francis' Roman Catholic Church. The school was conducted by the members of the First Baptist and the Fifth Street Baptist churches; Cyrus Carter being superintendent. A meet- ing was held in the Sunday-school room, on Wednesday, February 12, 1868, to revive the organization of the Second Baptist Society of Troy, at which meeting sixty-six persons signi- fied their intentioa to become mem- bers of it. Reuben Cole, John Price, Frederick A. Sheldon, George Harri- son, William H. Prentice, James P. Collins, James P. Gates, Edwaid A. Billings, and Lewis E. Gurley were then elected trustees of the society. The act to enable the Second Partic- ular Baptist Church and Society of the city of Troy 10 repossess its property was passed by the legislature, April 18, 1868. The site of the church \\a.> purchased from the Mar- shall estate, and in November that year the contracts for the erection o( the present brick edifice were made. On May 25, 1S69, the corner-stone was laid, and on the second Sunday in Match, 1870, the church was dedi- cated, In 1875 the society became a self-sustaining body. Present mem- bership 248. Pastors : Ebenezer S. Raymond, July, 1834 to 1841 ; W. T. C. Hanna, April, 1870, to January 31, 1880 ; L. S. Johnson, May i, 1880, to June i, 1882 ; Charles F. Hopkins, 1882 to 1883 ; H. B. Steelman, September i, 1883, to present time. Fifth Street Baptist Church, southeast corner of Fifth and Fulton streets. On May 8, 1843, fifty-seven members of the First Baptist Church were granted letters of dismission to form a second Baptist society in the city. They and a number of other persons, on June 6, ort;anized them- selves into the body called the North Baptist Church. Its members, on the same day, called the Rev. Leland Howard to the pastorate of the so- ciety, who shortly thereafter entered UK 111 :,rkKKl bAPTIST CHURCH, COK. FIFTH AND FULTON SI REETS. 30 upon the discharge of the duties of that office. The society was recog- nized as a church, on June 15, by a Baptist council. The members began worshipping in the Presbyterian session house, No. 71 Fourth Street, formerly occupying the site of the Grand Cen- tral Theatre. On August 24, three adjacent lots, 779, 780, and 781, at the southeast corner of Elbow (Ful- ton) and Fifth streets were purchased for $3,000 from Ethelinda Selden, on which the erection of the first church was begun. On the afternoon of Sep- tember II, the corner-stone was laid. The edifice was dedicated May 23, 1844. It was built of brick at an ex- pense of $15,000. On October 28, 1852, it was destroyed by fire with a number of other buildings in its vicin- ity. The church was rebuilt at a cost of $10,000, and dedicated June 26, 1853. On May 10, 1862, the second edifice, the parsonage, and the homes of about forty families connected with the society were burned in the great conflagration of that day. The pres- ent attractive brick church was then erected. Services were held in the lecture-room for the first time, in De- cember, that year. On May 14, 1863, the church was dedicated ; the Rev. E. L. Magoon, D.D., of Albany, preach- ing the dedicatory sermon. The building is 97 feet long and 67 wide ; the main tower 113 feet high. In the auditorium are about 130 pews. The pulpit and baptistiy are in a recess at the east end of the auditorium, ihe choir and organ in one at the west end. In the basement are the lecture and Sunday-school rooms. The bell in the tower weighs 2,500 pounds, The church was refitted in 1878, at an expense of about $3,000. Present number of members, 619. The South Troy Baptist Church is a branch of the Fifth Street Church. (See South Troy Baptist Church). The present officers of the church are : Lewis E. Gurley, Otis G. Clark, and William Gurley, deacons ; Otis G. Clark, Hiram Miller. M F. Cum- mings, P. H. Neher, William Gur- ley, Justus Miller, W. J. Ranken, S. D. Sweet, and E. C. Lyman, trustees. Lewis E Gurley has been superin- tendent of the Sunday-school since 1854. Pastors : Leland Howard, June, 1S43, to May I, 1846 ; J. H. Walden, 1846 to October 15, 1848 ; J. G. War- ren, D.D., February, 1849, to July, 1855 -.C. P Sheldon. D.D., Septem- ber I, 1S56, to October, 1875 ; L. J. Matteson, January, 1876, to 1877 ; J. H. Griffith, April. 1878, to October. 1883; H. C. Hiscox, May i, 1885, to present time. Vail Avenue Baptist Church, on the southeast corner of Vail and Cemetery avenues. In January, 1868, Mrs. Susan N. McLane and William D. McLane organized a Sunday- school, which became the Vail Ave- nue Mission of the First Baptist Church of Troy. In i86g, a chapel was erected on the east side of Vail Avenue, a little south of the site of the present edifice and dedicated St p- tember 26 ; the Rev. George C Bald- win preaching the dedicatory sermon. The Rev. Ezra D. Simons was placed in charge of the mi-sion. About eighty members having received let- ters of dismission from the First Bap- tist Church, organized on April 23, 1871, the scciety, which then look the name of the Vail Avenue Baptist Church. On April 27, the society was constituted a church by a Baptist council. In 1873, the chapel was en- larged In 1883, the building was moved to its present location. Pres- ent membership, 172. Pastors : Ezra D. Simons, April 23, 1871, to May I, 1876; John Mostyn, July, 1876, to 1877 ; Thomas Bick- ford, August, 1878, to 1879; J. W. SOUTH TROY BAPTIST CHURCH. 32 Martin, 1880, to 1882; George E. Weeks, April 14, 1883, to present time. South Troy Baptist Church, on the east side of First Street, between Polk and Main streets. James L. Phillips, a member of the -Fifth Street Baptist Church, organized at his house. No. 540 Second Street, in Oc- tober, 1867, a Sunday-school, which, shortly afterward, held its sessions in the office-building of H. Burden & Sons' Steam Mills, where, also, reli- gious services were attended by those interested in the Sunday-school. On June 14, 1869, a two-story frame building, known as No. 552 First Street, and the lot on which the struc- ture stood, were purchased for $4,000. The lower rooms of 'he house were renovated and furnished for the use of the Sunday-school and for religious services, at an expense of about $1,000, contributed by the members of the Fifth Street Baptist Church. On October 24, 1869, the South Troy Baptist Church was organized as a branch of the Fifth Street Baptist Church, from a number of persons connected with it. A call was given the Rev. Richard Davies, of Wales, who was installed pastor of the society, on February i, 1870. A large num- ber of persons having become mem- bers of the church during the winter of 1884-85, the society and its friends belonging to the parent church under- took the erection of the present chapel, an attractive wooden structure, 47 by 78 feet, built on the site of the former building The auditorium, 29 by 48 feet, has about 200 sittings. An infant Sunday-school room, and five Sunday-school class rooms, open into it. A library room is convenient to them. Beneath the tower is the pastor's study. In the basement are the heaters, and two dressing rooms, which communicate by stairways with the baptistry, back of the pulpit-plat- form. An audience of about 500 per- sons can be seated in the building. Cost of building and furniture, about $10,000. M. F. Cummings, architect. The church was dedicated on Sunday afternoon, January 17, 1886. On the removal of the old chapel to the rear of the new one', the former was fitted for a dwelling house. Present num- ber of members, 86. Pastors : Richard Davies, February I, 1870, to March, 1871 ; J. N. Smith, 1871 to January i, 1875 ; E. D. Phil- lips, 1881 to 1883. Since 1883 the service has been conducted by lay- men. Bath-on-the-Hudson, the first station on the Troy and Greenbush Railroad, three miles south of the city. It derived its name from several min- eral springs, discovered about the close of the last century, near the vil- lage. John Maude, an English trav- eller, in June, 1800, visited the place; which he described as " a town Jateiy laid out by the patroon," and having " about thirty houses," " The medici- nal springs and baths, at one time so much vaunted, are now shut up and neglected ; yet, as a watering place, it was to have rivaled Ballstown, and, as a trading place, Lansingburgh and Troy." The manor-house, north of the village, was built about the year 1839, by William P. Van Rensselaer. The village was incorporated May 5, 1874 Beef.— Gaffey & Zeiser, wholesale deal- ers in western dressed beef and pork, at Nos. 27 and 28 River Street, west side, between Washington and Adams streets, command a great part of the territory of Northern New York, Ver- mont and Western Massachusetts for the distribution of large quantities of dressed beef, daily received by them from Chicago. The firm was formed 33 by David GaflFey and Dagobert Zeiser, on December i, 1882. On February I, 1883, they occupied the two-story, wooden building, erected by them for an office and refrigerator, near the freight-delivery yards of the New York Central and the Troy & Boston railroads. Gaffey & Zeizer at once bravely entered into competition with the agents of Swift & Co., then exclu- sively supplying dealers in Troy and vicinity with western dressed beef, and after a persistent struggle during the year 1883, the firm became strong- ly established in public favor, and acquired, by its perseverance and en- terprise, the large business in the wide-extended territory mentioned. Gaffey & Zeiser obtain their dressed beef from Aimour & Co., Chicago, which the Troy firm sells to dealers only. Beeren Island, or Bears' Island, in the Hudson, is eighteen miles south of the city. It was called Beeren F.ylandt by the Dutch, about the year 1625. i>f^r. bear ; beereii,\iQ2^x%. In 1643, the patroon of Rensselaerswyck ibuilt on it a small fort, called Rens- selaers Steyti, Rensselaer's Castle. An unsuccessful attempt to cultivate ithe indigo-plant on this island was Imade in the same century. It was a (common resort of the Indians during jthe fishing season. I B. G. Club, organized in 1848, occupies rooms at No. 7^ State Street. Bells. — The fame of having tens of thousands of church bells ringing round the earth made in her foundries is realized by Troy. In the distant missionary fields in Africa, along the fertile borders of the Nile, beyond the ruins of Ninevah, near the jun- gles of India, around the pagodas of China, over the heathen-inhabited islands of the Pacific, in every part of the wide extent of the United States, the sound-waves of Troy bells billow and break. In 18S0, Julius Hanks, of Litch- field, Conn., moved to Gibbonsville, (now West Troy), and erected, on the plat of ground now partly occupied by the building, No. 237 Broadway, a foundry, where he made church bells, mathematical, and sur\'eying in- struments, and cannon. In the fall of 1825, he removed to Troy, having purchased, June 25, that year, of Jacob D. E. Van der Heyden, lot 795, on the northeast corner of Fifth and Elbow (Fulton) streets. On it he erected a two-story, weather-boarded building, residing in the part fronting on Fifth Street, and using the other, on Elbow Street, for his business. On the corner of the alley, eastward, he built a small foundry. (See engrav- ing of building under Engineers AND Surveyors' Instruments). As advertised, here he was " prepared to execute any orders in his line of bu- siness, viz. : church-bells, with im- proved cast-iron yokes, also town clocks, copper and brass castings, sur- veyors' instruments of the most im- proved construction." In the spring of 1830, Alpheus and Truman Hanks, of Hartford, Conn., advertised that they had purchased the property of their brother, Julius, and that they were "prepared to furnish church bells from 100 to 3,000 pounds." Sometime afterward, Oscar, the son of Julius Hanks, succeeded to the busi- ness, in which he continued until about 1848. In 1852, Eber Jones and James H. Hitchcock, forming the firm of [ones & Hitchcock, began manu- facturing church bells, in the Peck Building, on the northwest corner of First and Adams streets. In 1873, the Jones & Co. Troy Bell Foundry succeeded to the business, which, >ince 1854, has been conducted in the brick building, on the southwest cor- ner of Adams and First streets. 34 Clinton H. Meneely Bell Com- pany, office and foundry, Nos. 22, 24 and 26 River Street, east side, be- tween Washington and Adams streets. In 1869, Clinton H. Meneely and George H. Kimberly formed the part- nership of Meneely & Kimberly, erect- ing their foundry on the site now oc- cupied by that of the Meneely Bell Company. In 1879, the partnership was dissolved. On January i, 1880, the Clinton H. Meneely Bell Com- pany, a stock company, was organized. The company's constant reception of orders from different parts of the world for church-bells is an honoring attestation of their excellence. Their shape, weight and tone are based upon the combination of so many essen- tials that the business is one which obtains its distinction from the adap- tation of bells to the places and pur- poses for which they are intended. The company's foundry is fitted with all the necessary appliances for mould- ing and casting bells of different weight and size. The quality of a bell's sound or sonorousness depends on its shape as well as on the metal used in casting it. Copper and tin are the best materials for making clear- toned bells. The most approved pro- portions are 78 parts of copper and 22 of tin. Not unfrequently the com- pany receives jewelry to be melted to form a part of the composition of gifc- bells. A chime of bells is a set of bells, the tones of which, beginning with the largest, known as the tenor- bell, follow one another in diatonic succession. Eight bells, representing the notes of the natural scale, make a natural chime, The addition of another bell, of a flat, seventh lone, gives a new series of diatonic tones, five in number, in the key of the fourth, thereby admitting the chiming of the bells in two keys. The ninth bell generally supplements the octave, so that a full chime includes nine bells. The addition of a bell of a sharp fourth tone produces a new series of six in the key of the second, but as the bell is made very heavy, it is seldom ordered. Tunes on chimes are played somewhat after the man- ner of a piano-forte, the keys being wooden handles, set on a frame and connected by trackers (wooden rods) with the bells. The company have recently sent chimes to churches in Boston, Worcester, Salem, Mass , Da- rien, Conn., Albany, Geneva, Chau- tauqua, Marnaroneck, N. Y , Mont- gomery, Ala., Gambier, Ohio, Chica- go, 111., St. Louis, Mo., and other cities. Two bells were sent to the west coast of Africa, twelve to mis- sionary schools in the interior of that country, four to Constantinople, three to Shang-Hai, China, and several to England, Bulgaria, Persia and India. Many of the bells sent to foreign lands bear inscriptions in the lan- guage of their inhabitants. Berlin, one of the seventeen towns of Rensselaer County, was erected by act of legislature, passed March 21, 1806. The town is near the center of the eastern boundary of the county. Population, 1810, 3,012 1815,1,955; 1820, 1,986; 1825,1,989 1830,2,019; 1835, 1,757; 1840, 1,794 1845,1,845; 1850,2,005; 1855,2,167 1860,2,223; 1865,2,149; 1870,2,088 1875, 2,252; 1880, 2,202. In the town is the village of Ber- lin, in which are three churches, two taverns, and about one hundred and fifty dwellings, stores, and shops. The hamlet of Berlin Center comprises a church, a store, a tavern, and about twenty other buildings. South Ber- lin IS a collection of about twenty-five buildings, among which is a church, a factory, and a saw-mill. Bessemer Iron Works. (See Troy Steel and Iron Company.) 35 Bible Society of Rensselaer County was organized in the court- house. July II, 1815. Depositary, William H. Young, bookseller, Nos. 8 and 9 First Street. Boat Clubs. (See Cohoes Row- ing Club ; Laureate Boat Club ; Neptune Boat Club ; Sans Souci Yacht Club ; William S. Earl Boat Club.) Boilers, Steam.— Thomas S. Sutherland, at the Franklin Iron Works, on Center Island, between Troy and Green Island, tnanufactures steam boilers for steamboats, factories, mills, and fur- naces. Twenty years experience in the business has highly qualified him to merit the large patronage acquired by him. Employing only skilled workmen, he is enabled to make boil- ers which commend his work in all points for its excellence and perfec- tion. He also manufactures water and steam tanks, gasometers, oil stills, filters, paper bleachers, and smoke stacks. For welding heavy shafting and forging ponderous parts of ma- chinery, he possesses facilities which give him no little distinction in this line of work. On June 11, 1866, he began manufacturing steam boilers in a building on the north side of North Street, between River and Mount streets. In 1867, he moved to the building No. 481 River Street, corner of Hutlon Street. In 1878, his son, Charles H., became associated with him in the business, under the firm name of Thos. S. Sutherland & Son. On the burning of the establishment, on December 7, 1879, ^he firm occu- pied, for a short time, a part of the Starbuck Building, on Center Island, whence the firm moved to the new building, erected in 1880, on the northwest corner of River and Hut- ton streets. In 1883, the firm occu- pied the Hannibal Green Spring Works, on Smith Avenue. After the dissolution of the firm, Thomas S. Sutherland, in May, 1885, moved to the present buildings occupied by him, on the south side of Center Island. His post-office address is Troy, N. Y. Bookstores, — H. B. NiMS & Co., booksellers and stationers, Nos. 9 and 10 Cannon Place, and No. il Second Street, are successors to the business established in 1842 by William and Homer Mer- riam at No. 9 Cannon Place, southwest comer of Broadway and Second Street. In 1847, Ransom B. Moore became a partner, and the firm of W. & H. Merriam was changed to that of Merriam, Moore, & Co., and the place of business to No. 5 Board- man Building, on the northeast cor- ner of River and Fulton streets. On May I, 1849, they again occupied their former store-room, at Cannon Place. On the dissolution of the part- nership, on January 15, 1851, Homer Merriam and Ransom B. Moore formed the firm of Merriam & Moore. Henry B. Nims, who had been a clerk in the establishment from Octo- ber, 1849, w^s admitted as a partner on Februaryi2, 1852; the firm taking the name of Merriam, Moore & Co. By the withdrawal of Homer Mer- riam to enter into partnership with G. & C. Merriam, the publishers of Web- ster's dictionaries, the firm of Moore & Nims was formed in 1858. On its dissolution, H. B. Nims & Co., on February i, 1859, succeeded it ; H. B. Nims with Henry F. Smith and Joseph Knight, for a number of years clerks in the store, forming the part- nership, which still exists. The salerooms, retail and whole- sale, of Nims & Co., are admirably arranged to display their large stock 36 of standard and miscellaneous works, finely illustrated gift books, educa- tional text-books, common and choice stationery! illuminated cards, in and out-door games, and other attractive and salable specialties usually found in first-class book and stationery stores. As publishers of a number of entertaining books for children, and also of several series of popular school books, Nims & Co. have greatly enlarged their wholesale business, which now extends westward as far as Colorado, and from Minnesota south- ward to Texas. Since 1852, the sev- eral firms conducting the business have manufactured terrestrial and ce- lestial globes. The Franklin, of varying diameters, from 6 to 30 inches, made by Nims & Co., besides accurately illustrating the latest dis- covered configurations of the earth, and pictorially exhibiting the stellar firmament, are attractively mounted and durably framed. The firm also has different styles of book and music racks, dictionary holders, book-shelves and cases. William H. Young, Bookseller AND Stationer, Nos. 8 and 9 First Street and 214 River Street, has, asso- ciatively and singly, been engaged in the business since 1842. It was be- gun by his first predecessor, Ebenezer Piatt, in the spring of 1821, in a building on the west side of River Street, opposite Titus's Tavern, now the Troy House. In the fall of that year, Ebenezer Piatt and Daniel W. Piatt formed the partnership of E. & D. W. Piatt, booksellers and stationers. In 1822, their place of business was named the " Franklin Bookstore ;" a bust of the distinguished American, Benjamin Franklin, being over the doorway. On April 29, 1823, they re- moved to Philip Heartt's three-story, brick building, on the east side of River Street, nearly opposite Gale & Thompson's drug store. In May, 1825, Ebenezer Piatt and John Rous- seau formed the firm of E. Piatt & Co., and continued the business at the same place. No. 172 River Street. On March 10, 1828, Zephaniah Clark and James L. Hosford entered into partnership, under the name of Clark ^ & Hosford, and purchased the stock of E. Piatt & Co. In March, 1832, Z. Clark and Joseph Hosford, as Z. Clark & Co. succeeded Clark & Hosford. On May i, that year, the firm removed from No 172 River Street to No. 216 River Street. On September 10, 1832, Zephaniah Clark succeeded to the business, in which he continued until March i, 1842, when William H. Young and Charles P. Hartt formed the partnership of • Young & Hartt, and purchased his stock of books and stationery. In 1 1851, Charles P. Hartt withdrew, and '■ William H. Young conducted the bus- iness until 1861, when he formed a 1 partnership with Benjamin D. Ben- • son, under the name of Young & ' Benson. In 1866, the junior partner withdrew. In March, 1869, William > H. Young and Frederick Blake be- came partners, under the name ofl Young & Blake. In March, 1875, , the partnership was dissolved, from 1 which time, William H. Young has ■ continued the business. In 1864, he ■ erected the brown-stone-front build- ing, Nos. 8 and 9 First Street, which 1 he occupied that year, and connected 1 it with his store-room. No. 216 River r Street. In 1871, he erected the three- story, brick building. No. 214 Riven Street, to which he removed that part ; of his stock contained in the store- - room. No. 216 River Street. In the: new building, on River Street, he also 1 established a book-bindery and a 1 printing office. In 1876, he published the History of the City of Troy, writ- ten by A. J. Weise, an octavo volumcf of 400 pages. His spacious store-- WILLIAM H. young's BOOKSTORE, FIRST STREET. 38 rooms contain a large collection of American and foreign publications, Bibles and prayer-books, text-books for colleges and schools, cheap and choice stationery, a full line of gold pens and pencils, and the latest sptcial- ties in fancy goods. He also manufac- tures blank books of all styles, from great bank ledgers to pocket memo- randum books. Boots and Shoes. — Wood & Merrill, wholesale deal- ers in boots, shoes and rubbers. No. 229 River Street. The firm, besides having the distinction of being the only one in the city engaged in the general jobbing business in these goods, is well known for its enter- prise in selling them to a large num- ber of its customers in Northern and Central New York and Vermont. The different classes of boots, shoes and rubbers, contained in the firm's four- story, brick building, opposite the Troy House, indubitably indicate the peculiar local demands of the trade in the territory mentioned. On the es- tablishment of the house, the first firm manufactured most of the goods sold by it, but in later years. Wood & Merrill have discontinued manufac- turing, and wholly devoted their at- tention to the enlargement of their extensive wholesale business. The senior member of the firm, Jacob C. Wood, engaged in the business of manufacturing boots and shoes, in Troy, in 1841. Ten years later, he and Elisha Talmadge formed the part- nership of Talmadge, & Wood, boot and shoe manufacturers, doing busi- ness at No. i8g River Street. On the admission of Theodore A. Wilson, in 1853, the firm took the name of Tal- madge, Wood & Wilson. On his withdrawal, in the following year, the name again became Talmadge & Wood. In 1856, J. R. Prentice was admitted, the name being changed to Talmadge, Wood, & Co. The next year, the firm occupied the building, No. 165 River Street. In 1859, the firm of Wood, Willard, & Prentice succeeded to the business ; Clarence Willard being a partner. In 1864, the firm removed to the building, Nos. 231 and 233 River Street. On January I, 1870, the junior member of the present firm, John V. D. S. Merrill, became a partner ; the firm taking the name of Wood, Prentice & Co. In 1S72, the firm moved to the present building. The firm of Wood & Merrill was formed February i, 1877. Chauncey D. Packard & Son, on the northwest corner of Congress and Third streets, Rand's Opera House Building, continue to supply a large line of customers with all kinds of boots, shoes, slippers, rubbers, pol- ishes and blackings, worn and used by men, women and children. The senior member of the firm has been in the business more than a half-cen- tury, having, in July, 1843, at No. 83 Congress Street, succeeded to the bus- iness, which his grandfather, Timothy Packard, and his father, Davis Pack- ard, under the firm name of T. & U. Packard, established about the year 1828, at No. 57 Congress Street. In 1858, he and his father became part- ners, in the firm of Davis Packard & ' Co., doing business at No. 83 Con- gress Street. In 1863, the firm of Chauncey D. Packard & Co., (War- ren P. Packard), succeeded to the ' business. From 1869 to 1871, Chaun- cey D. Packard conducted it, who, in 1 1871, was succeeded by the firm of 1 Chauncey D. Packard & Co.; his sons, Eugene C. and Angelo S., being co- partners with their father in the busi- ness. In 1872, Augustus Packard also became a member of the firm. In the following year, Chauncey D. 39 Packard succeeded the firm, and moved the store to No. 6g Congress Street, where he coniiniied to conduct the business until 1883, when he and his son, Augustus, formtd ihe present firm. A half-century ago, machine made boots and shoes had not yet been manufactured, and home-made ones, restricted to three kinds of women's shoes, calf-skin, morocco, and slippers, and to two kinds of men's l)oots, coarse and fine, and to men's brogans, a plainly made shoe, were mainly the stock of a large boot and shoe store. Children's boots ^ and shoes had the same classification. Gum shoes, dull, red-colored, and un- shapely, were purchased by dealers in cases, containing from fifty to seventy- five pairs They were very elastic, and were filled with cut straw, earth, or rice-hulls, to protect them from ad- hesion by heat. The dealers freed them from the dirt in and outside, and varnished, and fitted them to the feet of those who bought them. Boys highly prized these gum shoes, and cut them into strips and wound them into balls, which, when thrown against any hard surface, re- bounded to no little distance. Box Makers. (See Paper Box Manufacturers.) Brass Founding. — William Kemp has for more than a third of a century been the propri- etor of the Troy Brass Foundry, on the west side of North Third S reel, between Federal and Jacob streets Ezra S. Howard, who early in the present century had a co;.per and tin-smithery on the southeast corner of the alley on Ferry Street, between Second and Third streets, established about the year 1825, the Troy Bell Foundry, on the site of the Troy Brass foundry, Nos. 27 and 29 North Third Street. When he erected his estab- lishment there, that part of the city was not occupied by many buildings, and North Third Street was still grass grown and ungraded. In the fall of 1851, William Kemp & Co. rented the property, and engaged in the manufacture of brass-work. In the following year, William Kemp succeeded to the business, which, by his individual enterprise and industry, has obtained no little importance among the principal industries of Troy. The property, purchased by William Kemp, in 1856, has a front- age of seventy-five feet on North Third Street, and a depth of one hun- dred and thirty feet west of it. The productions of the works embrace those generally made in a brass foundry. James Kemp, a son of Wil- liam Kemp, has had for more than a decade of years the management of the business. Breweries — There are ten brew- eries in the city, six of which brew ale and porter, and the other four lager beer. During the year 18S5, 142,282 barrels of ale and porter, and 23,750 batrels of lager beer were made. In 1830, the three breweries in the city brewed 14,000 barrels of beer. In 1875, the nine breweries in Troy made 115,713 barrels of ale, porter, and lager beer. Fitzgerald Brothers, maltsters and brewers, are proprietors of the Garryowen Brewery, fronting 225 feet on River Street, west side, between Hutton and Hoosick streets. The malt-house and the brewery are two spacious brick buildings, six stories high, extending to the Hudson, on the west, the distance of 120 feet. On the bank of the river, a wing, 40 by 60 feet, also built of brick, adjoins the brewery on the north. North of the brewery, on River Street, is the 40 office-building, a two-story, brick structure, near which are several other brick buildings belonging to the large establishment, which covers nine building plats, from 495 to 511 River Street. The machinery and appa- ratus contained in the malt-house and the brewery are deemed the best used by maltsters and brewers The malt house was erected in 1877, and the brewery in 1881. The brewing ca- pacity of the establishment is about 70,000 barrels of ale and porter annu- ally. The firm employs about seventy men. The firm's New York City depot is at No. 439 Washington Street, corner of Desbrosses Street. The firm's predecessors were James Lundy, who began brewing, in 1852, at No. 461 River Street; Lundy & Ingram, 1S53 ! Lundy & Kennedy, 1855; Lundy, Dunn, & Co., 1857; Dunn & Kennedy, 1859. On October I, 1866, Michael, John and Edmund Fitzgerald formed the firm of Fitzger- ald Brothers. On the withdrawal of Michael Fitzgerald, in 1870, John and Edmund succeeded to the business. On the death of John Fitzgerald, in 1885, his heirs acquired his interest. Kennedy & Murphy, brewers of ale and porter, have one of the largest brewing establishments in the city. The different buildings, on the south side of Ferry Street, a short distance east of Fifth Street, cover a plat of ground, 450 by 250 feet. Opposite it, on the northeast corner of Ferry and Sixth streets, is one of the three large malt-houses belonging to the firm. The establishment is furnished with the latest improved inventions and conveniences for malting and brew- ing. William Kennedy, the senior member of the firm, engaged in the brewing business in Troy in 1855, and Edward Murphy, jr., in 1863. His father, Edward Murphy, sr., began brewing in Troy in 1846. The site of the Excelsior Brewery has for more than three-quarters of a century been occupied by buildings in which ale and porter have been made. A part of the site was purchased on June 8, 1809, by Charles Hurstfield and Thomas Trenor, two brewers from Lansingburgh, who shortly thereafter erected on the plat a brewery. On July I, 1823, Sterling Armstrong and Thomas Read purchased the property, which is described in the deed as "situate in the back part of the city of Troy," and the building as "a brewery lately occupied by Charles Hurstfield and Thomas Trenor. " The successors of Read & Armstrong have been Read, Armstrong, & Co., 1832: Read & Son, 1837 ; M. P. Read & Brothers, 1841 ; Read & Brothers, 1847 ; Arba Read, 1856 ; Read Broth- ers, 1857 ; Dunn & Kennedy, 1867 ; and Kennedy & Murphy, November I, 1867. Bridges. — Two iron bridges span the Hudson in front of ihe city. On April 9, 1809, the legislature passed an act, incorporating a company to construct a bridge across the Hudson at the foot of Ferry Street. The erection of the bridge was prevented by the opponents of the undertaking obtaining the appointment of com- missioners to report on the feasibility of building the bridge high enough to permit the passage of masted vessels under it. 'I'he commissioners report- ed that the projected bridge would impede the navigation of sailing craft unless it should be built ninety feet above the river. The report was ap- proved, and the project was aban- doned. In 1814, the legislature was petitioned by certam citizens of Al- bany " to bring in a bill for the erec- tion of a toll-bridge across the Hud- son river at the most eligible spot between Columbia Street and the street north of the arsenal at Albany." 41 A meeting was held in the court- house, in Troy, on the evening of January ii, that year, and resolutions were passed to oppose the passage of the bill. This action of ihe people of Troy was the beginning of the long- continued opposition waged against the construction of a bridge across the Hudson at Albany. It did not cease until a half century later, or until April 9, 1856, when the bill was passed to construct the bridge at Albany, completed February 22, 1866. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Bridge spans the Hud- son between Troy and Green Island, at Bridge Avenue. The act incorpo- rating the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railioad Company, passed Apiil 14, 1832, precluded it from constructing a bridge across the Hudson within two miles of the Union Bridge, between Waterford and Lansingburgh. The company, however, was permitted to contract for the use of it. But the people of Lansingburgh were unwill- ing to allow the company to extend the line of its road through the vil- lage, and therefore the company un- dertook, in 1834, the erection of the wooden one, the first bridge construct- ed across the Hudson between the Bay of New York and the head of navigation at Waterford. It was built by Damon & Hayward. It was 1,600 feet long, and rested on eight stone piers. It was roofed, and at its eastern end there was a draw of sixty feet. Its width was sufficient for a railroad track, a carriage-road and a foot-way. The first train of cars passed over it on October 6, 1835. The division of the bridge into two parts was subsequently made by fdling in earth on Centre Island. In 1853, the bridge was widened by an addi- tion to the north side of it. On Sat- urday noon, May 10, 1862, sparks from an engine lodged in the roof of the western end of the eastern section of the bridge and set it on fire. A gale was blowing from the northwest, and the flames were soon under such headway that it was impossible for the firemen to extinguish them, and the bridge fell burning into the river. (See Fire of 1862.) Immediately thereafter the construction of a new section of the bridge was begun. While the structure was building a ferry was established between the city and Centre Island for the transfer of freight and passengers. The western section of the present iron bridge was built in 1876, and the eastern in 1884. Congress Street Bridge, be- tween Troy and West Troy, was opened to the public on Friday, Oc- 2, 1874. The act incorporating the Troy and West Troy Bridge Company was passed April 23. 1872 Capital stock, $150,000; bonds, $200,000. The work of constructing the stone piers of the iron structure was begun in the fall of 1872. The bridge cost about $350,000. The office of the company is at No. 153 River Street. James Forsyth, president ; John F Roy, vice-president ; E. R. Vail, sec- retary and treasurer. Broadway became the name of Albanv Street in 1861. Brunswick, a town of Rensse- laer County, erected March 20, 1807. It extends along the east bounds of the towns of Lansingburgh and Troy. Population : 1810, 2,302 ; 1815, 2,233 ; 1820, 2,318 ; 1825, 2,478 ; 1830, 2,575 ; 1835. 2,679 ; 1840, 3,051 ; 1845, 2,855 ; 1850, 3,146 ; 1855, 3,101 ; i860, 3. no; 1865, 3,175 ; 1870, 3,128; 1S75. 3.237; 1880, 3,402. Eagle Mills, formerly called Mill- town, in the town of Brunswick, is about four miles from Troy It con- tains about sixty buildings, including two churches, two stores, a hoe manu- 43 factory, a foundry, and a tavern. Pop- ulation about 500. Cropseyville is near the eastern limits of tlie town. Brunswick Centre, Clum's Corners, Haynerville, Platesville, and Rock Hollow are small villages in the town. Burden Iron Company.— The appliances for manufacturing annu- ally fifty one millions of horse and mule shoes, enough to shoe the feet of more than twelve millions of horses and mules, are but a part of the mas- sive machinery contained in the mile or more of buildings of the extensive works of the company occupying two locations in the south part of the city ; one immediately south of the Wynants Kill, the other north of the stream. In 1809, John Converse and several other copartners leased two water privileges on the creek, and erected at the upper fall a rolling and slitting mill. The establishment was enlarged in 1813, when it became the property of the Troy Iron and Nail Factory Company ; John Converse, Ruggles Whiting, Nathaniel Adams, E. F. Backus, and Henry W. Delevan. The purpose of ihe company, disclosed in the articles of incorporation, was the manufacture of bar-iron, steel, nail-rods, hoop-iron, sheet-copper, ma- chinery, tools and implements. Cap- ital $96,000. In 1822, Henry Burden became the superintendent of the es- tablishment, when that year he moved from Albany, where he had been en- gaged in manufacturing agricultural implements. The works are described in Spafford's Gazetteer of the State of Nev/ York, published in 1824. *' Among the manufacturing establish- ments of this town, ihe Troy Iron and Nail Factory claims distinguished notice. It stands on the Wynants Kill, in the 6th ward, 2^ miles s. of the city, and is owned by an incorpo- rated company, principally in Albany. These works embrace a rolling and slitting mill, a very extensive nail fac- tory, sundry shops for other mechani- cal business, and about 50 houses, making a busy, sequestered, manufac- turing village, which, in compliment to a man of distinguished merit, I shall call Adamsvile [in honor of Col. Nathaniel Adams]. * * * The nail factory is a stone edifice of great extent, calculated to contain 24 cut- ting and heading machines, all driven by water power, by one enormous iron wheel. * * * It is calculated to work up one-thDusand tons of iron a year." An invention which largely increased the productions of the works shortly thereafter was a wrought-nail and spike machine made by Henry Burden, for which he received a pat- ent. May 26, 1825. In the Troy Di- rectory of 1839 the works are thus de- scribed : " Troy Iron and Nail Factory, John Converse, agent. At these works 900 tons of iron were rolled last year, of whi.h 650 tons were cut into nails. More than 5,000 nail-kegs were used ; 350 tons of Lehigh coal, with 10,000 bushels of charcoal, were consumed ; and more than 40 men employed. The annual disbursement on account of this establishment is about $150,- 000, of which the largest part is paid for iron ; and about $30,000 for labor immediately connected with the works." " The spike factory, owned by the proprietors of the iron and nail fac- tory, made about 150 tons of wrought spikes, employed 8 men, and con- sumed about 40 tons of Lehigh coal, with about 2,000 bushels charcoal. The second machine patented by Henry Burden, December 2, 1834, for making counter-sunk railroad spikes to fasten flat rails to longitu- dinal .sleepers, further enlarged tlie company's business. The most valu- able machine constructed by him was 44 one for making horseshoes, for which, in 1835, he obtained a patent. When it was put in operation many persons visited the factory to see it make fif- teen to twenty shoes a minute. The ingenious inventor, however, was not satisfied with the machine. It was his desire to construct one to take a bar of iron from the roll-train, and to made a shoe without reheating the metal. In 1843, he improved the ma- chine, reducing its action to two move- ments. In 1857, he succeeded in per- fecting one which, after receiving the heated bar, cut, bent, and forged it into a shoe in one movement. In 1836, having undertaken the manu- facture of hook-headed spikes for lay- ing " T " and " H " rails, then begin- ning to supersede the use of flat rails, the company was given its first order for ten tons of them by the Long Island Railroad Company. In 1840, Henry Burden was granted a patent for the invention of the hook -headed spike machine. The five water-wheels of the works being insufficient to operate the num- ber of spike and horseshoe machines required by the company, Henry Bur- den constructed, in 1838-39, the im- mense water-wheel, which Louis Gay- lord Clark figuratively denominated, " the Niagara of water-wheels." In 1 85 1, it gave place to the present large one of 1,200 horse-power. It is an over-shot wheel, 60 feet in diameter, with a width of 22 feet. Around its broad periphery are 36 buckets, 6 feet 3 inches deep. Although the cele- brated wheel at the Isle of Man has a diameter of 70 feet, its buckets are only 6 feet wide, and its estimated power is only 200 horse. By the en- terprise of Henry Burden, the supply of water in the Wynants Kill was largely increased by the construction of storage reservoirs at Sandlake, whereby channels connecting several lakes a great quantity of surplus water w/'?//:'';?i'5,'isi'ri|ii,i™'|-i m^ W'Mf^mm^W I' :.:>»' 46 was obtained to feed the Wynants Kill in seasons of drought. The reservoir immediately east of the Upper Works, covering an area of 14 acres, was con- structed in 1846. The great water- wheel is turned by water flowing from it through a narrow race. The " Burden rotary concentric squeezer," patented in 1840, was an- other of Henry Burden's valuable in- ventions. It is now in use in neatly all the iron mills in this country and in Europe. The United States government having purchased the Burden horse and mule shoes before the civil war, deemed them so important a muni- tion that at the beginning of the re- bellion it was thought expedient to take possession of the works, but H. Burden & Sons gave such assurances of supplying the orders of the govern- ment that the firm was permitted to continue the manufacture of the much needed shoes. When the military op- erations assumed their later astonish- ing magnitude, the government's de- mand for them was greatly augmented. Foreign military officers were much surprised to find them so abundantly supplied when the war department de- sired them. Some of the most suc- cessful cavalry movements were made practicable by the promptness with which H. Burden & Sons filled the large orders of the war department. In order to obtain horse and mule shoes the Confederate government gave orders that whenever opportu- nity offered of capturing wagon trains belonging to the United Slates armies, that the wagons containing horse and mule shoes should first be secured. In the last years of the war, the Confederate government was in so sore need of horse and mule shoes that it contemplated undertaking their manufacture at Atlanta, Georgia. It was proposed that a man named Moses, of Atlanta, then residing in Toronto, Canada, should visit Troy, and secretly obtain drawings of the Burden machines, by which others, to be used at Atlanta, could be con- structed. Shei man's march to the sea, it is said, abruptly terminated the undertaking. The company is now largely en- gaged in manufacturing the new swaged shoes, on machines invented by James A. Burden, for which he ob- tained a patent in 1876. Purchasing from time to time the stock of the Troy Iron and Nail Fac- tory Company, Henry Burden, in 1835, was the owner of about one half of the number of shares. For his assignment to the company of the patents of the spike, horseshoe and other machines he was allowed 30 per cent of their net earnings, which did not include his share of the earn- ings of the works. In 1848, he be- came sole proprietor of the establish- ment, which still bore the name of the Troy Iron and Nail Factory. About the year 1838, he was elected presi- dent of the company. In 1859, James A. Burden was made superintendent of the establishment. The firm of H. Burden & Sons was formed in 1864, the co-partners, being Henry Burden, William F. Burden, James A. Buiden, and I. Townsend Burden. On the death of William F. Burden, December 7, 1867, the business was continued by the other members of the firm. On the death of Henry Burden, January 19, 1871, James A. and I. Townsend Burden conducted the business under the firm-name of H. Burden & Sons, until the incorpo- ration of the Burden Iron Company, June 30, 1881, having a capital of $2,000,000, divided into three parts : James A. Burden, I Townsend Burden, and John L. Arts, trustees and stockhold- ers. On July I, the company was organized by the election of James A. 48 Burden, president, I. Townsend Bur- den, vice-president, and John L. Arts, general manager. The present offi- cers of the company are James A. Burden, president, John L. Arts, general manager, and N. J. Gable, secretary. The different buildings of the com- pany are those of "The Upper Works" or " Water Mills," on the south side of the Wynants Kill, on the hill east of the Hudson; and "The Lower Works " or " Steam Mills," built on the east bank of the Hudson, imme- diately north of the mouth of the Wynants Kill. The latter occupy a part of a tract of land of foriy-five acres, extending three-quarters of a mile along the Hudson from the creek northward to the Clin on Stove Works of the Fuller & Warren Company. They embrace two blast furnace-, 60 feet high, with two casting houses, each 92 by 47 feet ; two stock houses, each 114 by 65 feet; a rolling mill, 421 by 96 feet ; two puddling forges, one 706 by 83 feet, and one 416 by 58 feet ; a horseshoe swaging shop, 271 by 45 ftet ; a horseshoe store- house, 590 by 60 feet, having a ca- pacity for 240,000 kegs of finished horse and mule shoes; an iron ware- house, 167 by 55 feel; a machine shop, 140 by 57 feet ; a blacksmith shop, 130 by 55 feet, and other large structures, which, if compactly aligned with those of " The Upper Works," would be more than a mile long. The first buildings at "The Lower Works" were erected in 1862. The "Upper Works" include a roll- ing mill and puddling forge, 358 by 136 feet, two horseshoe factories, one 125 by 34 feet, and one 120 by 40 feet; a rivet factory, 120 by 80 feet ; a rivet store -house, semi-circular, 168 by 120 feet ; a scrap-house and shop, 175 by 50 feet, and other adjacent buildings. In the different buildings of the im- mense establishment are 100 puddling furnaces, 20 heating furnaces, 1 5 trains of rolls, 4 squeezers, 11 large and 15 small steam engines, besides a num- ber of horseshoe and rivet machines. The magnitude of the means of the Burden Iron Company may be com- prehended when it is known that the works have a capacity for making an- nually 600,000 kegs, or about 51,000,- 000 horse and mule shoes. Besides producing these, the company also manufactures annually thousands of tons of boiler rivets, and a still larger quantify of merchant iron. The company's office-building is an attractive brick structure, 68 by 86 feet, at the north side of the lower mills ; the entrance to which is at Main Street, crossed by the street cars, and a short distance north of the Iron-Works station of the Troy and Greenbush Railroad, (Hudson River Railroad). The counting room and private offices are appropriately furn- ished ; telephone and telegraph wires connecting them with the upper and lower works and with the city ser- vice. Burdett Building, Nos. 251 and 253 River Street, was erected in 1881, by George C. Burdett, deceased. The salerooms and offices of Burdett, Smith, & Co., stove manufacturers, are on the first floor of the building Kelly & Knox insurance agents ; Morrison, Colwell, & Page, iron found- ers ; and Hermann, Aukanti, & Co., manufacturers of women's underwear, occupy rooms on the second floor. The last mentioned firm has its man- ufacturing rooms on the upper floors. The building was partly burned on February 2, 1883, Caledonian Club of Troy and Cohoes, organized January 29, 1872, meets on the second and fourth Tues- day evenings, in the building. No. 279 River Street. BURDETT BUILDING, 25I AND 253 RIVER STREET. 50 Candy Manufacturer. - M. D. Saxe, No. 215 Broadway, retail store; No. 415 Fulton Street, wholesale store and manufactory. Carpenters and Builders. — Charles Duncan, No. 6 and 8 Mechanic Street, between Federal and Grand Division streets. Charles P. Hutchins, rear of 22 State Street, between Second and Third streets. Lemmon & Robinson, (John Lem- mon and Richard F. Robinson, north- west corner of Mechanic and Federal streets. John McBride, rear of No. 464 River Street, between King and Hut- ton streets. G. W. Oliver, west side of Me- chanic Street, between Fulton and Grand Division streets. Carpets and Oil Cloths — Metcalf & Co., dealers in carpets and oil cloths, have one of the largest sale and display rooms in the city. It is in the building Nos. 15 and 17 Third Street, west side, between Broadway and Fulton Street, on the floor immediately above the Postoffice. The attractive room is one hundred and thirty-four feet deep, with a width of fifty feet. It is excellently lighted by large windows, affording the requi- site light, which is unquestionably a special advantage to buyers in ex- amining and comparing the fabric and desig;ns of the large stock of fine car- pets contained in the spacious apart- ment. When they are unrolled and laid in paralled widths, the general effect of any of the Mcquetie, Ax- minster, Wilton, Brussels, ingrain and other carpets is readily perceived. Selections of carpeting for hotels, halls and hou.ses can. in this way, be judiciously made. Metcalf & Co. have besides a great number of beau- tiful lace and drapery curta ns and window shades, and also oil cloths for halls, stairs and tables, variously de- signed and of all widths Canton and cocoa mattings and rugs of differ- ent patterns also compose a part of the firm's large stock of goods. Car- pets when purchased are sewed and laid by the firm's competent workmen with the utmost care and dispatch. Curtains wiih the latest approved fix- tures are quickly hung by them. The firm of Metcalf & Co. was formed on February l, 1886, and succeeded to the business begun in 1865 by Flagg, King, & Co., in the building on the northeast corner of Fulton and Fourth Cars.— The Gilhert Car Manufactur- ing Company, whose extensive build- ings cover about twelve acres of land in the central part of Green Island, is widely known as one of the principal car manufacturing companies in the United Stales. Uri Gilbert its presi- dent, as early as the year 1830, became a partner of Orsamus Eaton, who, about the year 1823, began making carriages and other vehicles, in a building on the south side of Piatt Titus's tavern, now the Troy House. The manufacture of stage-coaches half a century ago in Troy gave no lit- tle distinction to the city. The enter- prise of those engaged in the business is mentioned with evident pride by the Troy Sentinel of May 8, 1827 : " The improvement in the mode of conveyance in this country is not con- fined to steamboats and the water, as those may well testify who recollect the difference between our light, ele- gant and convenient stage-coaches^ 51 with their spring seats and easy mo- tion, and the lumbering vehicles which were in use for the purpose some twelve or fifteen years ago We are happy to know that the public are indebted to the ingenuity and enter- prise of citizens of Troy for some of these additional conveniences. The valuable improvement of fixing a seat over the baggage and a railing around the top of the carriage was first intro- duced, we believe, by Mr. [Charles] Veazie of this city ; and in one of the elegant stage-coaches lately turned out from the shop of O. Eaton, we notiie a still further improvement of a similar kind. An extra seat is placed on the top of the coach, just behind the seat of the driver. It is thus fixed in a more pleasant and agreeable situation, and gives, at the same time, a better balance to the load." A year later, the following description of a Troy stage-coach ap- peared in the same paper; "The lines and curves of the carriage are full of grace, and it is furnished with seats for 21 persons, 12 outsiders and 9 insiders — viz. : a seat over the bag- gage rack, one fronting it on the top behind the driver's seat, and one above it, on the front top, each for three, and the three usual inside seats." In 1S28, Orsamus Eaton moved his establishment to the north- west corner of Sixth and Albany (Broadway) streets where, in 1830, he and Uri Gilbert formed the firm of Eaton & Gilbert, which conducted the business until 1844, when, on March 18, Edward O. Eaton became a copartner, and the name of the firm was clianged to that of Eaton, Gil- bert, & Co. In 1830, ihe manufacture of stage-coaches at the factory of Charles Veazie, and at that of Orsa- mus Eaton, had increased the number annually made in Troy to 50, valued at $60,000, and in 1832 to 200. Not a few coaches, " diligencias generales," were made by them for stage-roads in Mexico. Between the years 1847 and 1853, the stagecoaches made by Eaton, Gilbert, & Co. were running on almost all the mail routes in every state in the Union. In 1850, not less than 5,000 were in use in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and South America. What untold recollections are stirred by the mention of the names of the old-time stage lines, and the different designations given the coaches owned by them ! How many gray-haired men and women in the United States remember the '* Tele- graph," the " Dispatch," and the " Potomac," of the Good Intent Stage Company; the "Great Western," of the Ohio Stage Company ; " Fashion," " Beauty," " Herald," " Jewess," and " Brilliant," of the National Road Stage Company? Besides the large number of stage-coaches made by Eaton, Gilbert, & Co., they also man- ufactured omnibuses, for routes in the cities of Boston, New York, Philadel- phia, and Baltimore. In 1841, Eaton & Gilbert began manufacturing rail- road coaches. Shortly afterward the firm also began making freight-cars. The firm built the first eight-wheel passenger-cars run on the Schenectady and Troy Railroad. The growth of the business of Eaton, Gilbert, & Co. is seen in the number of cars, omni- buses, and stage-coaches made by them in 1850: Stage-coaches, 100; omnibuses, 50; passenger-cars, 30; freight-cars, 150. On the afternoon of October 28, 1852, their car shops on Sixth Street were destroyed by fire. In January, 1853, they sold their property on Sixth Street to the Union Railroad Company, and afterward occupied their new buildings on the northwest corner of George and Clin- ton streets. Green Island. On the introduction of street-cars in the large cities, Eaton, Gilbert, & Co. made many for the different lines in Boston, € 53 New York, Chicago, and St. Louis. In 1862, the partnership of Eaton. Gilbert, & Co. was dissolved, and Uri Gilbert continued the business until 1863, when William E. Gilbert be- came associated in it with his father, under the firm-name of Uri Gilbert & Son. In August, 1864, a part of the car-works were burned. New build- ings were erected, and the business greatly enlarged. During ihe war about five hundred gun-carriages for the United Slates government were made at the works. In 1S64, the firm of Uri Gilbert & Son was succeeded by that of Gilbert, Bush, & Co., the former partners admitting Walter R. Bush into the business. In 1S67, Edward G. Gilbert and Walter R. Bush, jr., were admitted into the partnership, and in 1869, L. O. Han- som. In 1S72, the latter withdrew. The firm of Gilbert, Bush, & Co. was succeeded by the Gilbert & Bush Company, on January i, 1879. On August 25, 1882, the Gilbert Car Manufacturing Company was organ- ized, and took control of the business. Besides constructing for many railroad lines in the United States various classes of cars, ranging from plainly built freight to elaborately ornamented boudoir cars, the company manu- factures a large number of passenger coaches for lines in Australia, New Zealand, and South America. Cars shipped to distant parts of the world are made in sections, for compact packing. The sides, ends, tops, and bottoms of fifteen cars, when closely packed, occupy no more space than that taken by a single car when on wheels. The different parts of these cars are made according 10 a standard scale, so that, if any be lost, dupli- cates may be forwarded to the com- pany to whom the former were shipped. Sometimes as many as forty cars are transported to New York in a barge, to be shipped thence to their different destinations. The car- works are adjacent the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, which affords the company the facilities of sending cars on wheels direct from the establish- ment to different roads in the United States and Canada. The large work- shops and lumber-yards of the com- pany, occupying a half score of squares in the central part of Green Island village, are between Clinton Street on the south and Swan S.reet on the north, and range from George Street on the east to the company's e.xtensive wharf on the south branch of the Mohawk River on the west. The officers of the company are : Uri Gilbert, president and treasurer ; Edward G. Gilbert, vice-president and assistant treasurer; William E. Gilbert, second vice-president, and Frederick S. Young, secretary. The company's post-office address is Troy, N. Y. Carving, Wood and Stone. — L. H. De Zouche, carving in wood and stone ; church-work a specialty ; No. 451 and 453 Fulton Street. Car Wheels.— Jonas S. Heartt & Co., car wheel manufacturers. Second Stieet, corner of Ida Street. Cemeteries. — From 1786 to 1886, a period of one hundred years, not less than fifty thousand interments have been made in the old grave-yards and later cemeteries on and around the site of Troy. In 1786, when set- tlers began to lease building lots at Van der Heyden's Ferry, there were evidences of a grave-yard on the plat of ground now covered by the build- ing on the southeast corner of Congress and River streets. When the Yvonnet building, on its site, was burned, and 54 excavations were made for the founda- tions of another structure, the remains of bodies buried there were exhumed, which, it is said, were then interred in Mount Ida Cemeteiy. On the hill, east of Eighth Strfer, on the dividing line of the Warren and Seminary properties, was the burial-ground of the Van der Heyden family, inclosed by a high stone-wall. The remains interred there wete, in July, 1857, transferred to Oakwood Cemetery. Near the intersection of Madison and Fourth streets was the Schuyler family grave-yard. The tomb-stones in it were still standing in 1848. A half century ago, the Society of Friends had a grave-yard on the south side of Hoosick Street, east of the line of Ninth Street. Third Street Burial-Ground. The plat of ground on which the City Hall is built was conveyed, on May 10, 1796, by Jacob D. Van der Hey- den, to the trustees of the village, "to be used for a public burial ground." After Oakwood Cemetery was laid out, many of the remains in it were buried there. When the grave-yard was taken in 1875 for the site of the City Hall, the remains of 208 persons were exhumed and in- terred in Oakwood Cemeteiy. Be- neath the sod of the unoccupied space between the City Hall and the Baptist Church is a number of graves covered with the marble slabs which once marked them. Among them is the grave of I'latt Titus, who, at the time of his death, on Thursday, April 30, 1833, had been proprietor of the Troy House nearly 30 years Troy Cemetery. This burial ground, east of Mount Ida and west of Ida Falls, the entrance to which is at the foot of Chestnut Street, south of Congress Street, was given to the trustees of the village by Stephen Van Rensselaer, in 1814. The deed conveying it to the village authorities is dated, January 20, 1815. In the neglected grave-yard is a head-stone on which is inscribed : " In memory of Mr. George Young, who died November 6, 1814, .'E, 55 years. Note. — The subject of the above in- scription is the first person whose mortal remains have been deposited in this burying-ground." Mount Ida Cemetery ground, on the east side of Pawling Avenue, was purchased by the city, January i, 1832. The south part of it, known as the old Catholic burying-ground, was sold to the trustees of St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, on February 5, 1835. St Mary's Cemetery, on the north side of the Brunswick and Pitts- town turnpike, was purchased by the Rev. Peter Havermans, on September 10, 1845, and by him conveyed, on December 8, 1866, to the trustees of the cemetery. Oakwood Cemetery. On Sep- tember 9, 1848, the Troy Cemetery Association was organized, and John Pa'ne, D. Thomas Vail, Isaac McCon- ihe, George M. Tibbits, John B. Gale, and Stephen E. Warren were elected trustees. A committee was appointed to report an eligible loca- tion for a cemetery. The attractive site of Oakwood Cemetery was se- lected. On September 5, 1849, the first land embraced in its area was purchased, and thereafter laid out into ■ roads, walks, and burial plats by J. C. Sidney, an experienced landscape en- gineer, of Philadelphia. On Octo- ber 16, 1850, the grounds were conse- crated, and named Oakwood Ceme- • tery. Its present area includes about ,< 300 acres of land. In the beautiful cemetery are the graves of thousands 1 of people who in past years acted 1 their parts and ended their careers ia 1 55 Troy. In 1884-85, the entrance to the grounds on Cemetery Avenue was made more attractive by the erec- tion of iron-gates, a keeper's lodge, and the planting of trees and shrub- bery along the broad avenue leading to the elevated parts of the secluded necropolis. In it is the conspicuous monolith, seventy five feet in height, marking the burial place of Major- marble tablet, inscribed : " In mem- ory of Jacob D. Vanderheyden, who departed this life, Sept. 4th, 1809, aged 50 years, 10 months and 12 days." The Sixth Ward Cemetery, on the hill-side west of Vandenburgh Avenue, near the Burden Iron Com- pany's upper works, is a small plat keki'er's lodge at oakwood cemetery. Geneial John E. Wool, who died in Troy, November 10, 1873. The tomb of Major-General George H. Thoma";, who died in San Francisco, March 28, 1 870, is also to be seen near it, overshadowed by the sculp- tured form of an Ameiican eagle, with outspread wings. There, also, is the grave of Jacob D. Van der Heyden, the patroon of Troy, marked by a of ground, which was conveyed May 17, 1836, to the city by the Troy Nail Factory Company, to be used as a public burial ground for that part of the city, New Mount Ida Cemetery ground, on the north side of Pine Woods Avenue, a half mile east of Mount Ida Cemetery, was purchased by the city, October 5, 1854. 56 St. Peter's Church Cemetery ground, opposite and eastj of Oak- wood Cemetery, was purchased by the Right Rev. John McCloskey, Bishop of Albany, February li, 1858. St. Joseph's Cemetery ground, on the high land between the Poesten and Wynants kills, was purchased by the Rev. Joseph Loyzance, of St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, on November i. i860. Rural Cemetery, about two miles south of West Troy, was projected in 1840, for a burial place for the dead of Albany City and vicinity. The Rural Cemetery Association was in- corporated, April 20, 1841. The ground was consecrated, October 7, 1844. The first interment was made there in May, 1845. St. Agnes Cemetery. The ground of St. Agnes Cemetery, ad- joining Rural Cemetery, was pur- chased by Roman Catholic people, March i, 1867. St Agnes Cemetery Association was incorporated. May 9, that year, and the cemetery conse- crated. May 19 Census. (See Population.) Center Island, opposite ihat part of the city between Fulton and Grand Division streets, is delineated on John Klein's map of Troy, pub- lished in 1818, and named Fish Island. After the erection of the Star- buck buildings on the island, in 1853-54, it was commonly called Star- buck Island. In later yeais, it has borne the name of Center Island. Chains. — The American Chain Cable Works, on the bank of the Hudson, between Douw Street and Smith Av- enue, were established, in 1865, by Joseph B. Carr and N. J. Rockwell. On the latter's retirement that year, William Kemp and De Witt Tuthill became associated with J. B. Carr, under the former firm-name of J. B. Carr & Co. The establishment is a large brick building, 125 by 180 feet. The firm's office is at No. 10 Douw Street. The excellence of the chains and cables made by the firm has given them an extensive sale not only in the United States, but in so distant a country as Norway. Burden's best iron is used, and each chain and cable is subjected to the English ad- miralty test before it is shipped from the works. They have a capacity for making ten tons of chains and cables daily. About 70 skilled workmen are employed. On the death of De- Witt Tuthill. March 4. 18S6, J. B. Carr and William Kemp became the proprietors of the works, under the firm name of J. B. Carr & Co. Chair Company.— (See Troy Chair Company.) Chatauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. The Vincent Circle, formed October, 1S82, meets on the first Thursday evening in each month, from October to June. Churches.— There are forty-six churches within the limits of the city. If Westminster Presbyterian Church, immediately north of the city limi s, and St. Michael's, Rom.in Catholic, immediately south of the city limits, are added to the number, there are forty-eight, denominationally embrac- ing 5 Baptist ; l Church of Christ ; 7 Episcopal ; i Evangelical, (Ger- man) ; 2 Jewish; i Lutheran, (Ger- man) ; 9 Methodist, including i Ger- man ; 12 Presbyterian ; 8 Roman Catholic, including i French and I German ; f Unitarian, and i Univer- salist. 57 Church Homes.— (See Home OF THE Aged Poor ; Presbyterian Church Home; Protestant Epis- copal Church Home.) Church of Christ, northeast corner of River and Jay streets. On May 14, 1837, the society, named the Congregation of Jesus Christ, was or- ganized by Benjamin Read, James Rumbold, and Joseph W. Ager. On May 13, 1838, Dexter Moody became a member of it, who sometime after- ward erected a one-story, weather- boarded building for a house of wor- ship, on the west side of North Second Street, between Jay and Vanderhey- den streets, now converttd into a dwell- ling, known as No. 221. The society flouiished about a decade of years. The Church of Christ w as organ- ized, June 2, 1866, in the hall of the Troy Young Men's Association. The Rev. W. A. Belding was the first pas- tor, and Joseph H. Rhodes, Jeremiah Washburn, and James B. Thomas the first trustees. The socie y erected a brick church, in 1868, on the south- west corner of Seventh and Fulton streets, which was dedicated on De- cember 3. that ytar. The building was purchased in February, 18S5, by the members of St. Paul's Evangeli- cal Church. In April, 1885, ground was purchased on the northeast cor- ner of River and Jay streets, on which an attractive bri.k church was erected. It was dedicated November i, 1885. The bell and the tower weie the gift of Dexter Moody. Sittings 400. Total cost of building, furniture, and bell, $18,318.07. Number of mem- bers about 281. Pastors: W. A. Belding. 1866 to 1872; Levi Osborn. 1S72 ; \V. A. Belding, 1873 ; W. H. Rogers, 1874 to 1875 ". Joseph Bradford Cleaver, 1876 to 1877 ; O. ¥. Bartholomew, 1877 to 1878; Charles Robertson, 1879 to 1880 ; W. T. Mason, 1880 to 1883 ; Simon Rohrer, 1883 to 1884 ; R. W. Stancill, 1884 to present time. Citizens' Corps. — (See Troy Citizens' Corps.) City Hall, southeast corner of Third and State streets. " An act to incorporate the City-Hall Company of the city of Troy " was passed. May 7, 1869, by which Joseph M. Warren, D. Thomas Vail, John L. Flagg, E. Thompson Gale, Jared S. Weed, Fran- cis S. Thayer, Daniel Robinson, Chas. W. Tillinghast, Miles Beach and their associates were authorized to purchase a site, and to erect on it a public building to be used as a city-hall and for other public purposes. The com- pany's capital, $200,000, was allowed to be increased to $300,000. The Troy Savings Bank was permitted to contribute from the surplus funds of the institution money to provide rooms in the building for banking purposes, and was to own the building jointly with the City-Hall Company, in pro- portion to the amount of money con- tributed. The project of forming the company was abandoned when the trustees of the Troy Savings Bank de- termined to build a banking-house on the northeast corner of Second and State streets. Edward Murphy, jr., mayor of the city, in his first message to the com- mon council, in 1875, advocated the erection of a city-hall by the city : " If there is any public building our citizens need, it is a city-hall. * * * Petitions, I learn, are in circulation among our citizens for the purchase of the Athenseum Building. I am free lo say that I am opposed to any such purchase. * * * I would therefore recommend that negotiations be entered into with the heirs of the Vanderheyden estate to have them relinquish their interest and rights 58 (if any exist) in the land located on the southeast corner of Third and State streets, for the purpose of erect- ing thereon a city-hall. The land was originally donated to the city for a burial-ground, but as it is now no longer used for that purpose, it seems to me to be a most eligible location for the erection of a suitable public building to be known as a city-hall." The common council, however, on April I, ordered a special committee, appointed March i8, to buy the Athe- naeum Building, on First Street, which the city had partly occupied for a number of years. It was purchasable at $60,000; $25,000 in cash, and $35,000 in city bonds. The mayor vetoed the resolution, April 15. On May 21, 1875, an act was passed by the legislature authorizing the city of Troy to purchase a suitable site in the city, and to erect thereon a city- hall for the use and purpose of the corporation, at an expense not ex- ceeding $120,000. The Third Street Burial Ground was selected as the site of the city-hall on June 8. The Van der Heyden heirs were paid $10,000 to surrender their right, title and in- terest in the property. On July 8, the plan of M. F. Cummings, archi- tect, for the construction of the build- ing was adopted. The disinterment of the bodies in the burial ground be- gan on Monday, July 12, and was completed on August i ; the remains of 208 persons having been removed to Oakwood and other cemeteries at the expense of the city. The con- tracts for the erection of the building were awarded on July 23. The cor- ner-stone was laid by George M. Tib- bits on Monday, November 15. The building was completed and occupied in October, 1876. The edifice is 150 feet long and 83 wide, built of Phila- delphia pressed brick, with sand-stone and iron trimmings. The common council chamber, on the second story and north end of the building, is 60 feet long and 40 wide The public hall, on the same story, at the south end of the building, has a gallery, and will contain 1,100 people. The total cost of the city hall, including its site and furniture, was $119,761.61. The clock was placed in the tower, August 1885. (See Clock, Town.) City Ofl3.cers. — The officers of the different departments of the city government are a mayor, two alder- men from each ward, a supervisor in each ward, twelve commissioners of public schools, two justices of the justices' court, a constable in each ward, all of whom are elected by bal- lot at the general election ; a comp- troller, a chamberlain, a city attorney, a city engineer, a city clerk, a health officer, two police magistrates, seven commissioners of the city's iunded debt, all of which officers are nomi- nated by the mayor and deemed con- firmed by the common council, unless rejected as provided by law ; a super- intendent of public burial grounds, a superintendent of public clocks, a sealer of weights and meas- ures, a pound keeper, a mayor's pri- vate secretary, a mayor's messenger, a clerk of the board of health, a city- hall janitor and engineer, commission- ers of deeds, not exceeding two for eveiy one thousand inhabitants in the city, all of which officers are appointed by the mayor, and are deemed con- firmed by the common council unless rejected as provided by law ; five water commissioners, and six fire commissioners, elected by the concur- ring vote of two thirds of the whole number of aldermen constituting the common council ; a superintendent of the water works, nominated by the water commissioners and confirmed by the common council ; four general assessors, six commissioners of chari- ties, and four police commissioners, 59 elected by the common council ; a city superintendent, appointed by the contracting board ; three city physi- cians, a superintendent of the poor, and a clerk of the board of charities, appointed by the board of charities; four inspectors of election for each election district, a clerk of the board of excise, appointed by the board of police commissioners ; a chief en- gineer of the fire department and as many assistant engineers as are re- quired, appointed by the board of fire commissioners. A registrar of vital statistics, and three sanitary inspectors are appointed by the board of health. The comptroller, the chamberlain, and the city engineer, cx-officio, con- stitute the local assessors. Clock, Town. — The village trustees called a meeting of the free- holders and inhabitants of Troy at the court. house, on December 21, 1815, at 6 o'clock p. M., "'to take into consideration the expediency of pro- curing a town-clock for the use of the village." Although the trustees were authorized at that meeting to procure one, the people, at another meeting, held on February 8, 1816, rescinded that authorization. On November 4, 1824, a committee was appointed by the common council to determine whether or not the city should purchase the town-clock put in the tower of the Baptist Church, On December 7, 1824, the chamberlain was directed to pay $250 to Abraham Fellows for the clock, provided the trustees of the Baptist Church agreed to let it remain where it had been placed, and to wind it up free of ex- pense to the city. The clock was constructed by Stephen Hasham, of Charles'own, N. H. It has three dials, one facing the west, the others, the north and south. It is now in the tower of the present church. The clock cost $550. The city contracted with Michael Timpane of Troy on May 15, 1885, for the clock in the tower of the city- haH. It was made by the Howard Watch and Clock Company of New York. It cost $1,300. The clock began running on Friday, August 21, 1885. The east and west dials are 8 feet in diameter ; the north and south, 6 feet. The dials are illuminated at night ; an automatic attachment turn- ing the gas on and off at set hours. Clothing. — Morris Gross, clothier and mer- chant tailor, Nos. 336 and 338 River Street, and Nos. 13, 15 and 17 Fourth Street. Ninety-eight years ago, "a tailor and habit-maker," named Asa Crossen, from New London, became one of the settlers at Van der Hey- den's Ferry, and at once advertised " that if elegance in fitting ladies and gentlemen in the newest fashion " we e "an inducement to them to honor him with their commands," he doubted not " from his experience to give general satisfaction " to all who patronized him. A half century la'er, the manufacture of ready-made cloth- ing began. Among those now largely engaged in the business and that of merchant tailoring in Troy, is Morris Gross, who on attaining his majority became a salesman in his father's clothing store, at No. 123 Con- gress Street. In 1868, he himself en- gaged in the same business at No. 119 Congress Street. In 1871, he moved to No. 10 Third Street, where as a merchant tailor and dealer in ready made clothing his business became so large that it was necessary for him in 1874 to extend his saleroom into No. 12 Third Street. In 1880, needing the conveniences of a much larger building, he moved to Marble Hall, Nos. 336 and 338 River Street. From the large plate-glass windows and 60 ^ O'sTS MORRIS GROSS CLOTHING HOUSE. doors on River Street, his spacious, heavily stocked, ready-made-clothing saleroom, 125 by 40 feet, extends to the Fourth Street entrances. On the same floor, on the Fourth Street side of the four-stoiy building, is the chil- dren's clothing department. On the second floor is the merchant tailoring department, where cloths may be se- lected to be made into suits from goods of the latest fashionable patterns dis- played there. On the third and fourth floors are the general stock rooms of the establishment. p 61 JULIUS SAUL'S BUILDING. TuLius Saul merchant tailor and first settlers of Troy was home-made. cloS Nos 324rnd 326 River Street. The spinning wheel and the loom were and Nos 23 and 25 Fourth Street, necessary pieces of furniture in theu The growth of all businesses has pe- new homes. The clothmg o men cuHafchanges marking their develop- and boys was generally cut and made ment S o7 the clothing of the by women. Not a few men engaged 62 in out-door occupations wore leather breeches. In the fall of 1787, one of the village storekeepers wrote to his brother, in Providence, Rhode Island : " Send me as many sheep-skins as you are a mind to. Two of them will make a man a pair of breeches." At the large clothing house of Julius Saul, any one can be convinced that the greater number of the male inhabit- ants of Troy buy their clothing ready- made. The attractive, four-story, brick building extends 150 feet to Fourth Street. The spacious sale- room on the first floor is stocked with seasonable coats, vests, and trousers to supply the numerous customers which the popularity of this well- known clothing house attracts. The custom department is on the second floor, where patterns may be selected from the stock of cloths and other stuffs to be made into such fashiona- ble styles as may be desired. In 1867, Julius Saul began business in Troy as a clothier, at No. 324 River Street. In 1872, he occupied the building, Nos. 336 and 338 River Street In 1879, he moved to his present estab- lishment, Nos. 324 and 326 River Street, and 23 and 25 Fourth Street. In 1884, he opened a branch store in Music Hall, Albany. To obtain all the advantages of a prosperous cloth- ing manufacturing house, he removed his manufactory from Troy to New York, where he has recently estab- lished one of the largest manufactories in the metropolis. Clubs. — Among the clubs in the city noticed under their separate heads are : Americus Club. Bachelor Club. B. G. Club. Caledonian Club of Troy and Co- hoes. Ionic Club. Literary Club. Pafraets Dael Club. Rensselaer Union Club. Troy Bicycle Club. Troy Club. Troy Deaf-Mute Club. (See Boat Clubs.) Coal Dealers. — The principal wholesale and retail dealers in coal in the city are the following : Edward Bolton, Mechanic Street, south of Grand Division Street. David Judson, (A. E, Judson and C. T. Judson, No. 51 River Street. James O'Neil, Front Stret, corner of Ferry Street. Peterson & Packer, (S. A. Peter- son and George A. Packer,) northwest corner of Fulton and Mechanic streets. Stone & Crandell, (Charles R. Stone and Otis N. Crandell,) No. 389 River Street, between Bridge Avenue and Jacob Street. John H. Tupper. northeast corner of River and Jacob Streets. J. A. Wait. Son, & Co., (Josiah A. Wait. L. H. Wait, and D. Ritchie,) No. 140 Fourth Street ; and Front Street, between Liberty and Division streets. John Worthington, No. 107 River Street, between Ferry and Divi- sion streets. Tom S. Wotktns, coal dealer, office on the southwest corner of Ful- ton and Front streets. The adjoining conspicuous coal-pocket, sixty by one hundred and forty-one feet, and forty- five feet high, is one of the largest in the city. It has a storage capacity for about nine thousand tons of coal. 63 The property extends two hundred feet along the south side of Fulton Street and one hundred and fifty along the Hudson River As a dealer in coal Tom S. Wotkyns commands all the necessary means and conveni- ences for supplying his numerous cus- tomers with different kinds of coal, both in large and small quantities, at business at the same place until 1868, when he and his former partner and Lewis A. Rous>eau, became the firm of Stackpole, Wotkyns, & Co. This partneiship was dissolved in 1874. In 1875, Tom S. Wotkyns and Oscar E. Van Zile lecame the firm of \'an Zile & Wotkyns, coal-dealers, con- ducting the business on the southwest roM S. WOTKVNS'S OI-FICE AND COAL-POCKET. the shortest notice. George Dana Wotkyns, the father of Tom S. Wot- kyns, formed, in 1845, a partnership with Joseph Stackpole, under the name of Stackpole & Wotkyns, coal dealers, doing business on Front Street, below Ferry Street. The partnership was dissolved in 1867. George Dana Wotkyns conducted the corner of River and Liberty streets. From the time of the dissolution of this firm in 1S84, Tom S. Wotkyns has continued in the business on the southwest corner of Fulton and Front streets. Van ZiJe & Wotkyns pur- chased the site in 1882, when the firm moved from the former place of busi- ness on the southwest corner of River 64 and Liberty streets. At the begin- ning of the century the site of Tom S. Wotlcyns' office and coal-pocket -was a part of the space known to the people of Troy as the Ship-yard, where many of the sloops carrying grain from Troy were built. It was here that the steamboat Star, built by William Annesley, to ply between Troy and Albany, was launched on Tuesday, June 19, 1827, in the sight of a large number of people. Coffee and Spices. Burden & Co., successors to J. B. Anthony, wholesale dealers and man- ufacturers of coffee and spices ; Union Mills, established, 1848 ; No. 363 River Street. N. Reynolds & Co., (Joseph Nel- son,) Olympus Coffee and Spice Mills, Nos. 656 and 658 River Street. Sole agents for F. & J. Heinz, manufac- turers of pickles, preserves and vin- egar. Cohoes, The City of, in Al- bany County, on the west side of the Hudson, is three miles northwest of Troy, and opposite the village cf Lan- singburgh. The site of Cohoes was conveyed by its Indian possessors to the agents of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, on July 27, 1630. The tract of land in which it[was included was described at that time as extending northward of the site of Albany to a line running westward through a point "a liltle south of Moenemines Casteel ;" a pal- isaded fort of the Mohawks, appar- ently situated on Haver Island. On a map of Rensselaerswyck, made about the year 1631, this part of the great estate of the Dutch patroon is denominated Weeltjs Dael, (Weely's Part.) doubtless so named in honor of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer's second wife, Anna Van Weely. The Mohawk, originally called the Maquas River, on the south bank of which the greater part of the city is built, flows into the Hudson by four branches, the south one of which is partly closed by | the dyke between the city and Green Island. They were thus described, in 1 1656, by a Dutch writer : " The other arm of the North River [the Hudson] 1 runs by four sprouts * * * to the great falls of the Maquas Kill, called by the Indians the Chahoos, and by our nation the Great Fall." j At that time, one or two Du'ch farm- ers had settled in this part of Rensse- laerswyck. In 1767, the farm-houses of Hendrik Lansing, Cornells Ouder- kerke, Diederik Hemstraet, Hans Lan-ii'f sing, Douw Fonda, and Frans Lan- sing were within the present limits of the city. ^ The first bridge spanning the Mohawk River at the site of Co- hoes was built in 1795. It extended from where Mohawk and Remsen streets intersect to the excavated road leading to it on the opposite bank of the river, a short distance west of ihe north end of the railroad bridge. Along the river-road to Albany, imme- ; diately south of the bridge, there j were, in 181 1, a few houses, the local- ity of which bore the name of Cohoes- , ville. That year, the Cohoes Manu- I facturing Company was incorporated j " for the purpose of manufacturing \ cotton, woolen and linen goods,; making bar-iron, anchors, mill-irons, I nail-rods, hoop-iron and iron mon-i gery." About sixty acres of the Heam*i 1 street farm, east of Mohawk Street, and the island subsequently known as j Simmons' Island, opposite the farm, I were purchased by the company. 1 Shortly afterward a building was erected on the west bank of the south branch of the Mohawk River, oppo- i site the north end of the island. In this building the company began man- ufacturing screws by machinery, in- vented by William C. Fenniman. In 05 constructing the Cliamplain and Erie canals, between the years iSi6 and 1825, two locks were built at their junction, near where now is the bridge over the Champlain Canal, west of the dyke across the south branch of the Mohawk River, buili for the track of the Troy & Cohoes street radway. At that time the Erie Canal extended along the present line of Main Street, and thence northward along the pres- ent levels of the Cohoes Company's canals to the north end of Harmony Mill No. I. The Cohoes Company was organized in 1826 (See Cohoes Company.) The place became a post village in T832. In 1836, the village was desciibed as containing " one fac- tory for cotton and woolen machinery, one for edge tools, one for cotton, linen and woolen hosiery, made on newly invented looms, a mill driving turning lathes, an iron foundry, a car- pet factory, an Episcopal church, 2 hotels, 3 stores, many shops of various kinds on the canals, and 60 dwellings." That year the Harmony Cotton Man- ufacturing Company was incorporated. (See Harmony Mills.) In 1837, the work of changing the course of the Erie Canal tiiroiigh the village was begun. In 1843, it was com- pleted. The part extending along the present line of Main Street was tilled in, and became the thoroughfare known as Canal Street, afterward called Main Street. The Cohoes Aif- vertiser, a weekly, was the first news paper printed in the village. It was published by Ayers & Co.. and had its first issue on February 9, 1847. Some years after the construction of the Schenectady and Troy Railroad through Cohoes, a car was attnched to westward trains, and on their ar- rival at the village it was left at that station. Passengers were conveyed to ■ Troy in it, without the use of an en- gine, by permitting it to descend the grade to the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad bridge at Green Island, whence the car was drawn by horses to the terminus of the road in Troy. The village of Cohoes was incorpor- ated, June 5, 1848. The Albany Northern Railroad was formally opened to it. April 11, 1853. The Cohoes Gas Light Company, incor- porated September 13, 1852, began, in July, 1853, supplying consumers with gas. On October 10, 1863, cars began running on the Troy and Cohoes Horse Railroad to the village. Cohoes became a city by the act of incorporation of May, 19, 1869. The first charter election was held, April 12, 1S70, when Charles H. Adams was elected mayor. The first daily paper published in the city. The Dailv News, was issued, September 22, 1873 The Bank of Cohoes, established March 10, 1859. began business June 2, that year. The National Bank of Cohoes succeeded to its business. May 25, 1865. Its capital of $100,000 was increased in August, 1872. to $250,- 000. On the death of Egbert Eg- berts, its first president, Charles H. Adams was elected to the office, May 22, 1869, to which he has since been elected annually. The Manufacturers' Bank of Cohoes, organized March 21, 1872, with a capital of $100,000, began business July 10, that year. On July I, 1874, its capital was in- creased to $150,000. William E. Thorn, its first president, was suc- ceeded on January 19, 1882, by John V. S. Lansing, who since then has filled that position. There are nine churches in the city : one Baptist, one Episcopal, two Meth- odist, one Presbyterian, one Reformed, and three Roman Catholic. The newspapers published in the city are the Cohoes Daily Nezvs, hy W. K. Mansfield ; the Evening Dispatch, by T. & M. Wallace, and the Cohoes Reg- ulator, by Alexis Wager. The fire de- parlment's apparatus includes three steam fire engines, three hose car- riages, and one hook and ladder truck. The appointments to the office of postmaster have been Frederick Y. Waterman, February 23, 1832 ; Hez- ekiah Howe, July 13, 1833; Peter F. Daw, July 28, 1854; George H. Wager, June 7, 1855; Izrakiah W. Chesebro, August 7, i86i ; James H. Masten, June 16, I865 ; October 20, 1867; January 27, 1873; February 8, 1877; February 18, 1881 ; and Feb- ruary 17, 1885. The picturesque features of the great falls of the Mohawk River, at Cohoes, have frequently been de- scribed in prose and poetry. The cat- aract has a width of about 1,100 feet, and a height of 80 feet. The Sche- nectady and Troy, and the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroads have stations in the city. Three lines of street cars running from Tioy, severally by the way of Green Island, Lansingburgh and Waterford, have a common termi- nus in Cohoes, near the interseciion of Mohawk and Remsen streets. Simmons and Van Schaick islands are within the city limits, and are con- nected by iron bridges. The city of Cohoes is a noted seat of manufacture. About fifty mills, factories, and foundries utilize the water-power furnished by the Cohoes Company. About 8,000 persons are employed in the different establish- ments. Besides the six Harmony mills, and the twenty-seven knitting mills, the Cohoes Rolling Mills of Morrison, Colwell, & Page, the works of the Cohoes Iron Foundry and Ma- chine Company, the wi-ought iron-pipe manufactory of Curtis & Co., the axe factories of A. G. Peck & Co., and of the Weed and Becker Manufacturing Company, the knitting machine man- ufactory of Campbell & Clute, and the decorative wood establishment of J. & G. Fischer contribute considerable im- portance to the city. Population: 1830, 150; 1835, 750; 1840, 1,850 ; 1845, 2,029 ; 1850, 4,229 ; 1855, 6,106; i860, 8,800; 1865, 8,795; 1870, 15,373 ; 1875, 17,482 ; 1880, 19.417- The Cohoes Company, incorpo- rated, March 28, 1826, capital $250,- 000, increased April 26, 1833, to $500,000, was privileged to erect and maintain a dam across the Mohawk River, above the falls, and to con- struct canals supplying water from the dam to manufactories on the lands of the corporation. The property, in part, consisted of several tracis of land bordering each side of the river from points above the falls to others east of the bridge across the Mohawk. In 1831, the company built a wooden dam a half mile above the falls, and obtained permission to use the Erie Canal to conduct water to factories until the construction of a channel had been completed by the corpora- tion. In 1833, the company began constructing a canal from the dam and extending southward along the east side of the Erie Canal to a point near and south of the falls. There by two wooden trunks, beneath the Erie Canal, it was connected with a second channel running southward along the west side of the Erie Canal to a point near the north end of the old Har- mony Mill. There by wooden trunks under the Erie Canal, the second channel was connected with Basin A, on the east side of the canal The company's first canal, about two miles long with a fall of 18 feet, was com- | pleted in 1834. The office of the company, a small brick building, oc- cupied the site of the north mill of the Root Manufacturing Company, on the east side of Mohawk Street, near its intersection with Remsen Street. In 1836, the water-power of the com- pany was described as having a head and fall of 120 feet, "permitting the use of the water under six successive falls of from 18 to 23 feet above the level of the state dam, below which it may be used under a head of 11 feet, and may be carried on these levels to almost any point on the company's es- tate." On the completion of the en- larged Erie Canal, in 1843, the greater part of the old section, from the north end of Main Street to the north end of the Old Harmony Mill, was con- veyed by the state to the company, which enabled it to conduct water from its dam southward to the north end of Canal Street, as Main Street was then called. In the fall of 1865, tlie company completed the construc- tion of its present stone dam, 1,443 feet long, built immediately in front of the site of the reconstructed one of 1832. The total length of the com- pany's canals is about three miles. The available water power furnished by them is about equal to 10,000 horse- power ; two-thirds of which is now utilized. The company supplies water- power, and also leases an adequate quantity of land on which to erect buildings at an annual rental of about twenty dollars a horse-power. The company's offices are in the two story brick building, on the east side of Mohawk Street, north of Remsen Street. The officers of the company are Charles C. Birdseye, president ; William E. Thorn, treasurer; and David H. Van Auken, secretary. The Harmony Mills, incorpo- rated, June 17, 1852, to manufacture cotton-goods, succeeded the Harmony Cotton Manufacturing Company, in- corporated. May 24, 1836, which was thus designated in honor of Peter Harmony, a wealthy Spaniard, one of its incorporators. 'The Harmony Cot- ton Manufacturing Company's capital stock of $100,000 was increased, June 17, 1863, to $750,000. In 1S37, the company began the erection of a four- story, brick, cotton-mill, 50 by 1G5 feet, still standing at the south end of " Mill No. I," on the west side of Mohawk Street. The company's property was purchased, in 1851, by Thomas Garner of New York and Alfred Wild of Valatie, who made Robert Johnston superintendent of the mill, which was improved and its spindles increased to 8,000. In 1852, the proprietors assumed the name of The Harmony Mills. The present mills are six in number, most of them large structures, furnished with im- proved machinery and all the conve- niences for the production of cotton- cloth. There are 275,000 spindles and 6,200 looms in them. About 1,800 girls and women, and 1,400 boys and men are employed in the different mills ; the yearly product of which is more than eighty million yards, or about forty-five thousand miles of goods, in the manufacture of which about thirty thousand bales of cotton are consumed. The company owns about seven to eight hundred tenements, mostly constructed of brick, at a close remove from the mills. In excavating, in 1866, for the foun- dations of " Mill No. 3," a five story, brick structure, 1,185 feet long and 73 wide, the bones of a mastodon were found deeply imbedded in an accumu- lation of peat. The skeleton is in the Museum of Natural History, Albany. The officers of the Harmony Mills are John I. Lawrence, president ; William E. Thorn, agent and treas- urer ; Robert Johnston, general man- ager ; David J. Johnston, superintend- ent ; and William S. Smith, pay- master. The Knitting Mills of Cohoes, twenty seven in number, annually manufacture women and men's woolen shirts and drawers valued at about $10,000,000. About 240 sets of cards 68 and 600 knitting cylinders are in use in the mills, in which 4,000 operatives, mostly girls and women, are em- ployed, who earn annually about $1,200,000. Egbert Egberts, Joshua and Tim- othy Bailey, having formed a partner- ship, in 1S32, were the first persons to engage in the knitting business in Co- hoes. That year, they leased the lower s'.ory of the Miller Cotton-Mill, on Erie Stree', now occupied by New- man & Adams. Timothy Bailey im- proved a machine to knit a width of cloth, sufficient for two shirts, making thirty chains of loops across the fab- ric in a minute. To retain the exclu- sive use of the machine, known as the jack and sinker frame, it is said that the firm locked the doors of its knitting room and permitted no one to enter it unless he first gave an assur- ance of secrecy respecting the opera- tion of the novel invention. The up- right, rotary, knitting machines were introduced in the mills about the year 1857. The Tivoli Mills of the Root Manufacturing Company, on the east side of Mohawk Street, north of Courtland Street, are two, large, four story, brick buildings, with basements; one, 67 by 150 feet, the other, 55 by 125 feet. Josiah G. Root, who with L. S. Parsons formed the partnership of J. G. Root & Co., in 1855, pur- chased the knitting mill of Thomas Fowler, and called it the Tiv- oli Hosiery Mill. Josiah G. Root, in 1859, on the dissolution of the part- nership, built the mill, burned April 2, 1874, standing on the site of the present establishment. The firm of J. G. Root & Sons, by the admission of Andrew J. and S. G. Root, was formed in 1859, which, on the retire- ment of Josiah G. Root, in i86g, was succeeded by that of J, G. Root's Sons. The ofticers of the Root Man- ufacturing Company, incorporated. January i, 1875, are Andrew J. Root, president and treasurer, and Robert McHafie, secretary. About 500 op- eratives are employed in the mills, in which are 18 sets of cards and 72 knitting cylinders. The Parsons Manufacturing Company's knitting mills are on the west side of Remsen Street, immedi- ately north of Factory Street. One, the Watervliei Mill, built, in 1850, by Egberts & Bailey, is a four-story, brick structure, 50 by 150 feet; the other, erected shortly afterward, is also a four story, brick building, and is on the north side of the former. In 1855, L. S. Parsons and Josiah G. Root formed the firm of J. G. Root& Co., which, in 1859, was dissolved. L. S. Parsons and J. H. Parsons continued the business in the Fowler Mill, on Erie Street, early known as the Miller Cotton-Mill. On the death of L. S. Parsons, April 27, 18(54, the firm of J. H. Parsons & Co. succeeded to the business ; Mrs. L. S. Parsons representing an interest. In 1867, the firm occupied the Watervliet Mill. In 1884, the Parsons Manufacturing Company was organized, of which, at present, J. H. Parsons is president, Charles H. Disbrow, secretary, and T. W. Pease, superintendent. About 400 operatives are employed in the mills, in which are 15 sets of cards and 46 knitting cylinders. The American Hosiery Mill of Jonathan Hiller, on the east side of Mohawk Street, at its intersection with Remsen St^ee^ was erected by Smith, Gregory, & Co., in 1857. It is a four-story brick structure, 46 by 100 feet. The first firm was succeeded in 1870 by that of Gregorys & Hiller; Alexander, and William M. Gregory, and Jonathan Hiller. On the death of j j Alexander Gregory, in 1875, the firm of Gregory & Hiller succeeded to the business. On January i, 1884, Jon- athan Hiller became proprietor of the 69 mill, which now contains 6 sets of cards and 21 knitting cylinders, and gives employment to about 85 opera- atives, making men and women's white and mixed colored goods. The Ontario Mill, of which Rob- ert Weir is manager, on the north- east corner of Remsen and Ontario stretts, erected by Samuel N. Bald- win, in 1846, was purchased, in 1862, by Chad wick & Wai hurst, (Joseph Chadwick and George Warhursl), who began manufacturing knit goods in it that year. On the withdrawal of George Warhurst, in 1867, William N. Chadwick purchased his interest, and the firm of Chadwick & Co. was formed. Afterward , P. Remsen Chad- wick was admiited a partner. The Ontario Knitting Company was or- ganized in July, 1885. The mill con- tains 6 sets of cards and 17 knitting cylinders. About 100 operatives are employed in it. The Troy Manufacturing Com- pany, of which David Cowee is presi- dent, John V. S. Lansing, treasurer, and James L. Thompson, secretary, was organized February g, 1863. The company purchased that year the knitting mill, on the south side of Ontario Street, between Remsen and Olmsted streets, built by Egberts & Bailey, in 1836, owned by the Bailey Manufacturing Company, formed in 1852. The main building, a four- story, brick structure, fronting on Ontario Street, is 50 by 122 feet. It is connected with three other build- ings, one 41 by 90, another 35 by 60, and another 23 by 55 feet. In the different buildings are 11 sets of casdr and 30 knitting cylinders. Number of operatives, 260. The Star Knitting Company, organized in 1866, in August, that year, pui chased for ^27,000 the Hurst mill-property, on the west side of Mohawk Street, between Remsen and Erie streets. On August 17, 1S63, the former mill occupying the site was destroyed by fire. Three women were burned, and twenty other oper- atives seriously injured in attempting to escape from the building. The company's first officers, citizens of Troy, were : Thomas Coleman, presi- dent ; Richardson H. Thurman, sec- retary and treasurer ; Lyman Bennett, Otis G. Clark, Harvey Smith, Thomas Coleman, and Richardson H. Thur- man, trustees. In 1870, the American Institute, New York, awarded the company a medal for the display of the best merino shirts and drawers on exhibition there that year. A medal and a diploma were given the com- pany for uniform texture and finish of of the fine wool and merino under- wear exhibited at the Centennial Ex- hibition at Philadelphia in 1876. The main knitting mill is a four-story, brick structure, 104 by 65 feet, with a wing at each end of the building ; one, four stories high, 54 by 40 feet, the other, one story high, 15 by 34 feet. The company employs about 150 operatives, and manufactures women and men's fine white merino shirts and drawers, the quality and finish of which have given wide fame in the United States to the goods. The present officers of the company are : Thomas Coleman, president ; Rich- ardson H. Thurman, secretary and treasurer, and Otis G. Clark, agent. The oflice of the company is room 5, on the second floor of the Keenan Building, on the northwest corner of Broadway and Third Street, Troy. The Ranken Knitting Comi'anv, of which William J. Ranken is presi- dent, Henry S, Ranken, secretary and treasurer, and Robert B. Ranken, superintendent, was incorporated Jan- uary 16, 1867, and that year occupied the Halcyon Mills on Erie Street, north of Factory Street, a four-story, brick building, 100 by 200 feet, 70 erected in 1857 by William Burton, but in recent years enlarged to its present dimensions. The company employs about 400 operatives and uses 21 sets of cards and 56 knitting cylinders. The company's New York salerooms are at Nos. 107 and 109 Franklin Street. HORROCKS & Van Benthuysen's Atlantic Mill, on the west side of Rem- sen Street, between Factory and Mo- hawk streets, is a four-story, brick building, 53 by 1 16 feet, and contains 8 sets of cards and 30 knitting cylin- ders. About 175 operatives are em- ployed by the firm. In 1867, George Warhurst purchased the Atlantic Mill, on the east side of Mohawk Street, south of Courtland Street, erected by Alden & Frink, in 1856. Continuing in the knitting business in it until 1872, George Warhurst formed with John Horrocks the firm of George Warhurst & Co , which, in 1876, was succeeded by that of Thompson & Horrocks. John Horrocks and M. W. Van Benthuysen formed the pres- ent partnership in 1878. The firm manufactures women's white woolen goods. Its new mill was erected in 1886. The Enterprise Mill of John Scott & Son, a four-story, brick build- ing, 70 by go feet, on the north side of Courtland Street, between Mohawk and Canvass streets, was erected by the senior member of the firm in 1873, immediately alter the burning of the Stark Knitting Mill, February i, 1873, in which he and Joseph Stewart, as Scott & Stewart, engaged in the knit- ting business in 1869. The firm man- ufactures men and women's white woolen goods, employing about 200 operatives and using 11 sets of cards and 31 knitting cylinders. The firm of John Scott & Son (John Scott, jr.,) was formed in January, 1883. The Kensington Mill of Root & Waterman, erected in 1881-82, is a four-story, brick building, 55 by 100, on the north side of Oneida Street.i between Van Rensselaer and Saratoga • streets. It contains 7 sets of cards and 26 knitting cylinders. About 150 operatives are employed in it. The firm manufactures men and women's white and colored knit-goods. Sam- uel G. Root and George Waterman formed the partnership. May i, 1882. The Standard Woolen Mill, in which Newman & Adams manufac- ture men and women's fine wool, scar-' let goods, pure cochineal dyed, was erected, in 1855, by Egbert Egberts. It is a three-story, brick building, 55 by 100 feet, on the west side of Rera- sen Street, between Factory and Mo- hawk streets, and contains 6 sets ofd cards and 16 knitting cylinders, andd furnishes employment to about 150' operatives. On Erie Street is thei firm's storehouse, 45 by 85 feet.i originally known as the Miller Cotton-i Mill. John L. Newman and William P. Adams formed the firm. May 1,1 1881. Neil & McDowell, successors to Wilcox & McDowell, occupy the four- story, brick knitting mill, 50 by looi feet, on the north side of Ontario 1 Street, west of Remsen Street, built by Charles H. Adams, in 1863. The firm manufactures men and women fine, white, knit underwear, and em ploys about 150 operatives, and has in use 6 sets of cards and 28 knitting cylinders. John Wakeman succeeded Charles H. Adams in the business, Januaiy, 1870, and Wilcox & McDow- ell the former, in 1882. George Neil i| and George H. McDowell, their sue* cessors, formed the present firm, Jan- uary I, 1884. The Cohoes Rolling Mills, Morrison, Colwell, & Page, on the north side of Courtland Street, be- tween Mohawk and Canvass streets, cover a plat of ground, which, sincfti 1854, has been occupied by building^i ne i's< n-,f 71 in wliich merchant iron and steel have been manufactured. That year, Jonas Simmons erected there a rolling mill, which had no local importance until 1S62, when Edward N. Page, from South Staffordshire, England, became associated with him, in the firm of I Simmons & Page. In March, 1864, James Morrison and Thomas Colwell, both of Troy, purchased Jonas Sim- mons' interest, and with Edward N. Page, formed the partnership of Mor- rison, Colwell, & Page. Shortly after- ward the firm erected other buildings, and by the use of improved machin- ery, acquired no little distinction throughout the United States in mak- ing edge-tool iron superior to the best Norway iron. On January 5, 1883, all the buildings were destroyed by fire. The firm at once began the erection of new buildings, which were completed at the beginning of April, that year. These iron buildings were constructed of the material of a part of the Main Centennial Building at ' Philadelphia, in 1876. The finishing building, 180 by 180 feet, the pud- dling building, 85 by 280 feet, with a wing 85 by 85 feet, and several other structures comprise the establishment. The firm's offices are in the two-story, brick building, on the southeast cor- ner of Courtland and Canvass streets. The Troy office is on the second floor of the 13urdett Building, No. 253 River Street. The productions of the Cohocs Rolling Mills embrace all kinds of merchant iron, but chiefly iron for edge-tools, and for steam, gas and water pipe, and boiler tubes. About 400 men aie employed by the firm. Campbell & Clute, at No. 47 Mo- hawk Stieet, opposite the Harmony Hotel, manufacture double, rotary, knitting machines, four-cylinder sleeve machines, flat rib knitting machines, Campbell patent winders, seaming machines, knitting burrs, Brothers' self-operator for jacks, shafting and mill machinery, George Campbell, the senior member of the firm, pre- viously of the firm of Gage, Campbell, & Gage, machinists, Waterford, became associated as a partner with John Clute, January i, 1863 They leased the two-story, wooden building, then standing on the site of their present establishment; the former having been occupied by Jeremiah Clute, bedstead manufacturer. In 1S73, the firm erect- ed the four-story, brick building, 80 by 100 feet, in which is the office and different workrooms of the estab- lishment. A large force of experi- enced workmen are employed in it in manufacturing the popular, double, circular knitting machines used so generally in knitting mills in the United States. A. G. Peck & Co.'s a.\e factory, on the northwest corner of Courtland and Saratoga streets, is a large build- ing, in which 125 workmen are em- ployed in making Peck's Champion Blade axes and edge tools, for which the firm has an extensive sale in the United States, South America, Aus- tralia, Russia, Germany, and other countries. Their superior quality and the perfection of their temper make the axes, adzes, hatchets, picks, mat- tocks, and hoes of the firm merit the higli reputation which they sustain wherever they are used. Daniel Sim- mons originated the manufacture of axes in Cohoes in 1834. In i860, the firm of W. J, Ten Eyck & Co. en- gaged in the business in the factory of Jonas Simmons, on Courtland Street, near the rolling mill. In 1866, the Ten Eyck Manufacturing Company succeeded it, followed, in 1873, by Williams, Ryan, & Jones. On July I 1874, Martin H. Jones and Alfred G. Peck formed the firm of M. H. Jones & Co., which in May, 1879, was succeeded by that of A. G. Peck &Co. TZ CoHOEs Iron Foundry and Ma- chine Company, and the Empire Portal)le T"orge Company, Warren T. Kellogfj, manaf:;er, manufacture at their works on Van Rensselaer Street, north of Courtland Street, Empire portable forges, hand blowers, tuyere irons, mill and warehouse elevators, cylinder, hot air, and improved pipe slashers, tape dressing machines, Leigh's anti-friction loose boss top rol- lers, Snow's standard water wheel gov- ernors, the American watchman's electric clocks, cloth folders, Ballard's patent yard beam trucks, caloric en- gines, cotion and jute dressing ma- chines, castings, and general ma- chinery used in cotton, woolen, and paper mills. Most of the buildings of the large establishment were erected by W. T. Horribin, in iS6g, and purchased by the Cohoes Iron Foundry and Machine Company, formed, December 3, 1877. About 150 workmen are employed in the es- tablishment, which has the distinction of manufacturing the largest number of portable forges made in the United States. Curtis & Co., north side of Court- land Street, between Mohawk and Canvass streets, are largely engaged in manufacturing wrought-iron pipe. This establishment comprises a num- ber of buildings, the most spacious of which is 175 by 200 feet. Besides making gas, steam, and water pipe of all sizes, the firm deals in gas, steam and water-pipe fittings and valves. About 150 men are emplyed in the works, which have a capacity of pio- ducing daily forty tons of pipe. The firm is the only one in the United States, east and norih of Philadelphia, engaged in this branch of manufac- ture. The business was projected, in Cohoes, by the Empire Tube Com- pany, in 1872, which erected the build- ing now occupied by A. G. Peek & Co. Albert Smith and James M. Moreland began the manufacture of , pipe in it, and were succeeded. May I, 1874, by the firm of Albert Smith & Co., (A G. Curtis). The piesent establishment was built in 1876. In t88o, James Morrison bought Albert Smith's interest, and with A. G. Curtis formed the firm of A G. Curtis & Co. On the death of A. G. Curtis, Janu- ary 25, 1883, his widow, Mary M. Curtis, retained his inteiest. Pleniy Aird then became a partner ; the firm name being changed to that of Curtis & Co. J. & G. Fischer, decorative wood workers, manufacturing in the large brick building at the foot of Remsen Street, near its intersection with Mo- hawk Street, have exceptional facili- ties for designing and making indif- ferent woods mantels, wainscoting, ceilings, chimney pieces, book shelvC'j, sideboards, dining tables, cabinets, stairways, ecclesiastical and library, furniture, drug, hat and fur-store fix- jj tures, bank, office, hotel, and saloon appointments. Hard wood interiors, art furniture, parquet floors, and elab- orated mouldings are executed by liie firm in all the classic and moilcrn ' styles. Only the choicest mahogany, cherry, walnut, ash, white, oak, and other woods are used by the firm; all of which aie carefully selected and dried. The firm was formed February I, i88x, since which time it has oucu- pied the building at the foot of Rem- sen Street. Cohoes Rowing Cluk, has its boat-house on the Hudson River, near the Lan^ingburgh and Cohoes Bridge. . The club rooms are in the North Building, on the east side of Mohawk Street, opposite the Harmony Hotel. Coldest Day, The, in Troy, \ was experienced on Sunday, January 4, 1835. At sunrise, that day, an ac- curate theimometer, hanging at the . 78 southeast corner of Albany (Broad- way) and River streets, indicated 32 degrees below zero. Another tlier- monieter, hanging on Second Street, indicated 31 degrees below zero, and other thermometers in different parts of the city varied from 27 degrees to 31 degrees below zero, according to situation. As indi- cated by one thermometer, the changes of temperature in the city during the space of forty-eight hours were as follows : On Saturday, Jan- uary 3, at sunrise, 4 degrees below zero ; on Sunday following, at sun- rise, 28 degrees below ; at 9 A. M., 23 degrees below ; at 12 noon, 10 de- grees below ; at sunset, 6 degrees be- low ; at 8 p. M., 12 degrees below; and on Monday, at sunrise, 10 degrees below. Cold Summer of 1816.— The remarkable season was long remember- ed by the people then living in Troy. Many had had their fears excited by the prediction of the enthusiastic spiriiualist, Benjamin Gorton, for a long time a prominent merchant in the village, but then a resident of the town of Brunswick. From his inter- pretation of the figurative language of Daniel and other prophets, he was convinced that on the eighth day of June, 1816, the earth would be de- stroyed by fire. He and his followers were therefore greatly derided when the day for the fulfillment of his pre- diction came the weather was ex- tremely cold, ice covered the brooks, and snow fell. Vegetation of all kinds was killed by the frosts and little fruit was gathered in the fall. As described by a Connecticut newspaper: "It was known as ' the year without a summer.' The farmers used to refer to it as ' eigliteen hundred and starve to death.' January was mild, as was also Febiuary, with the exception of a tew days. The greater part of March was cold and boisterous. April opened warm, but grew colder as it advanced, ending with snow and ice, and winter cold. In May, ice formed half an inch thick, buds and flowers were frozen, and corn killed. Frost, ice and snow were common in June. Almost every green thing was killed, and the fruit was nearly all destroyed. Snow fell to the depth of nearly three inches in New York and Massachu- setts, and ten inches in Maine. July was accompanied by frost and ice. On the 5th ice was formed of the thickness of window glass in New York, New England, and Pennsyl- vania, and corn was nearly all de- stroyed in certain sections. In August ice formed half an inch thick. A cold northern wind prevailed nearly all summer. "Corn was so frozen that a great deal was cut down and dried for fod- der. Very little ripened in New Eng- land, even here in Connecticut, and even in the Middle States. Farmers were obliged to pay $4 or $5 a bushel for corn of 18 15, for seed for the next year's planting. The first two weeks of September were mild, the rest of the month was cold, with frost, and ice formed a quarter of an inch thick. October was more than usually cold, with frost and ice. No- vember was cold and blustering, with snow enough for good sleighing. De- cember was quite mild and comforta- ble." Collar and Cuff Manufacto- ries. — Fifty-seven years ago, Troy's leading industry had its beginning in a small undertaking of a dry-goods merchant. So insignificant was it in l.s incipiency that no public mention was made of its local benefits for a dec- ade of years after its origination. Even then that progressive and ob- servant man, Professor Amos Eaton, of the Rensselaer Institute, endeav- ored to induce Jefferson Gardner to 74 engage in a more remunerative busi- ness, although the latter, governed by his own conception of its profitable- ness, disregarded his friend's advice, and afterward acquired a competency from the disparaged vocation. The enterprise of its projector only afforded occasional employment to a few women who singly made not more than a dozen collars during the ordinary working hours of a day. They sev- erally received three shillings worth of dry goods for making and launder- ing that number of collars. Now not less than seven thousand girls and women, aided by adapted machinery, earn annually more than a million and a quarter dollars by doing the work required of them in the manufacture of about four million dozens of collars and cuffs. In 1829, Ebenezer Brown, having retired from the Methodist ministry in consequence of certain physical disa- bilities, opened a small dry-goods store at No. 285 River Street, not far south of the site of Fulton Market. " Although a boy at the time," in the words of "an old citizen to the author, " I well remember how angry my father was with my sisters for bringing home from Ebenezer Brown's store a basket of collars, on the top of which lay a card on which was the agree- ment : ' In pay you buy my goods at my prices.' ' Ebenezer Brown,' said my father, ' can conduct his business to suit himself and have those who make collars for him take his goods in pay at his prices, but I think you have been extremely foolish to enter into any such bargain.' My sisters, however, made the collars, and, as it was then the custom, washed, starched, and ironed them, and received their pay in goods." The collars made at that time were commonly called "string-collars." because they were tied around the neck of the wearer with tape-strings. Made of two thicknesses of linen, and slightly stiffened with starch, these standing collars were supported by hair-cloth stocks buckled at the back of the neck of the wearer. The string-collars were sold at two dol- lars a dozen, or singly at twenty-five cents. The "Byron "and "Bishop" collars succeeded them in popular favor. The first persons in Troy to under- take the manufacture of linen collars and shirt bosoms as a special business were Orlando Montague and Austin Granger, composing the firm of Mon- tague & Granger. Beginning busi- ness in 1S34, they occupied a part of the building, No. 222 River Street, then standing on the site of the Hall Building. The following year intro- duced Independence Starks to the people of Troy as a stock and collar- maker. Some years later he added a laundry to his factory at No. 66 North Second Street, and laundered there not only his own goods but those of other manufacturers. Linsn bosoms, frequently called dickeys or shams, were then mostly worn separate from shirts. These false or detached bosoms were tied with tape-strings over the fronts of shirts, and were frilled, plaited, or plain, as suited the wearer. Lyman Bennett was also among the number of manufacturers of linen col- lars who engaged in the business in 1834. In 1838, he occupied a part of the building. No. 308 River Street, where he conducted his business until 1853, when he, with M. W. Hicks and O. W. Edson, formed the part- nership of Bennett, Hicks, & Edson, linen manufacturers, at No. 344 River Street. Wood Babcock engaged in the business in 1838, at No. 300 River Street, and in the following year be- came aissociated with John W. White, in the firm of Babcock & White, col- lar manufacturers, at No. 345 River 75 Street. In 1840, Jefferson Gardner purchased the interest of Wood Bab- cock, and became a partner of John W. White in the firm of Gardner & White, ready-made linen manufac- turers, at No. 345 River Street. In the following year, the partnership was dissolved, and Jefferson Gardner continued in the business at No. 25 Jacob Street. About the year 1845, 'he manufac- ture of linen cutfswas begun in Troy. On ihe introduction of the Wheeler & Wilson sewing machines in the collar, cuff, and shirt manufactories in Troy, in 1852, the different establish- ments shortly afterwaid were necessi- tated to increase the number of their operatives in order to fill the larger orders for the better-made goods. Ex- uert operatives, who before the use of sewing machines had received but fifty cents a day for stitching col- lars and cuffs, were enabled, after- ward, to earn daily from two dollars to two dollars and fifty cents by stitch- ing with the machines. (See Sewing Machines.) In 1855, O. W. Edson, of the firm of Bennett & Edson, was the first of the manufacturers to under- take to operate the Wheeler & Wilson sewing machines by steam-power at the firm's factory, on the southwest comer of Fulton and Union streets. This new departure in the use of steam-power was soon followed by the other manufacturers using sewing ma- chines. Recently the use of button- hole machines has effected no little change in the art of making button- holes. It is a noteworthy fact that the girls and women employed by the collar and cuff manufacturers in Ttoy have become so exceedingly skillful in the art of making collars that the female operatives of other places where the business has been undertaken have hitherto been unsuccessful in compet- ing with them, and this failure ac- counts, inpart, for the superiority of the collars and cuffs made in this city. Another prominent fact which sheds no unworthy fame on this local in- dustry is that almost all the manufac- turers themselves have acquired a thorough knowledge of the%usiness from long and contmued engagements in it. The workrooms of nearly'all the establishments are properly ven- tilated, well-lighted, tidy and clean. A single operative can stitch from 40 to 80 dozens of collars during the or- dinary working hours of a day, and can earn from $6 to $14 a week. An expert employe can turn from 30 to 40 dozens of collars in a day, and can earn from $6 to $10 a week. The sales of collars and cuffs made in Troy annually return to the manu- facturers about five million dollars. In placing the goods in the market not less than three million paper- boxes are required. Fellows & Co. — The history of the firm of Fellows & Co. begins in 1834, when Lyman Bennett undertook the business of making collars at No. 24 North Third Street. In 1853, he en- tered into partnership with M. W. Hicks and O. W. Edson, under the name of Bennett, Hicks, & Edson, linen manufacturers, No. 344 River Street. The changes of the succeed- ing firms were ; Bennett & Edson, southwest corner of Fulton and Union Streets, in 1855 ; Bennett, Edson, & Strickland in i860; Bennett, Strick- land, & Fellows in 1861 ; Bennett & Fellows in 1866 ; Bennett, Fellows, & Co. in 1868; Fellows & Curtis in 1871 ; and Fellows & Company in 1884, which includes A. C. Fellows, J. C. Archibald, and G. L. Hastings. On the dissolution of the firm of Fellows & Curtis, A C. Fellows pur- chased the junior partner's entire inter- est in the establishment, and the sole right to use the trade-mark under which the <. i^ CHURCH & PHALEN'S CONGRESS STREET BUILDING. 14 CHURCH .»c PHALEN S THIRD STREET BUILDING. 99 begun in 1841 by Edmund Cole, at No. 52 Congress Street. George Bris- tol, a clerk in his store, became his successor in 1846. In 1854, he moved the store to Rand's Building, on the northwest corner of Third and Con- gress streets. In 1858, Edward E. Belden became his partner ; the firm taking the name of George Bristol & Co. On the dissolution of the part- nership, in l86r, George Bristol indi- vidually continued the business until March i, 1863, when George H. McFarland and Andrew M. Church were admitted into partnership ; the firm-name being George Bristol & Co. On March i, 1866, George H. McFar- land withdrew. On the death of George Bristol, in 1868, Andrew M. Church and Miss Flavia M. Bristol succeeded to the business, under the old firm-name. In 1873, they moved the store to the new brick building, Nos. 85 and 87 Third Street. On February i, 1880, Patrick Phalen, having previously withdrawn from tlie firm of D. McCarthy, Sons, & Co., of Syracuse, N. Y., doing the largest dry-goods business in that city, with which he had been associated more than twenty years, became a partner of Andrew M. Church. In October, 1883, the firm of Church & Phalen occupied the large building on Con- gress Street, and connected it with the Third Street building. William H. Frear, at Cannon Place, has the personal distinction of possessing and conducting a larger retail dry-goods business than any other merchant in a city of the United States of the same population as that of Troy. The patronage of " Frear's Troy Bazaar " is not wholly local, for its fame attracts customers from all the cities, villages and rural districts of Eastern and Northern New York, Vermont, and Western Massachusetts. The people daily thronging the spa- cious salesrooms of the well-regulated establishment are not the only evi- dence of the magnitude of its busi- ness. More than twelve thousand let- ters and packages are received and transmitted monthly through the post- office. Four and sometimes eight, wagons are engaged in delivering goods to purchasers in the city and its vicinity. From two hundred and fifty to three hundred persons are employed in the different departments of the large store. The annual cash sales of the retail departments exceed $1,000,- 000. The main salesroom, on the first floor, has a frontage of 100 feet on Washington Square, and a depth of 119 feet. The part extending to the Second Street entrances has a width of 44 feet and a depth of 130 feet. On the second floor are the cloak, shawl and suit departments, the up- holstery department, and the kitch- en furnishing department. On the Second Street third floor is the counting room. In the basement are the goods-receiving, the carpet, and the wholesale departments. In Feb- ruary, 1859, William H. Frear came to Troy, and, on March i, entered as a salesman the dry-goods store of John Flagg, at No. 12 Fulton Street. On February 11, 1865, he and Sylvanus Haverly formed the partnership of Haverly & Frear. On March 9, that year, they opened a dry-goods store at No. 322 River Street. By articles of agree- ment drawn on January 29, 1868, John Flagg became a copartner on March 16, 1868; the firm taking the name of Flagg, Haverly, & Frear. On April 9, that year, the firm occu- pied the store-rooms Nos, 3 and 4 Cannon Place, vacated by Decker & Rice. On January 2, 1869. Sylvanus Haverly withdrew, and the firm-name was changed to that of Flagg & Frear. On the expiration of the partnersliii) of Flagg & Frear, on March i, 1874, William H, Frear came into posses- ]my%i^]dfiM. %L,til!feJki^i^^r 101 sion of the business. In 1875, '76, '80, and '84, he enlarged the establish- ment by renting and refitting adjoin- ing rooms, so that at present he occu- pies ,Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 Cannon Place, and Nos. 13 and 15 Second Street. Dyers. — About the year 1826, Aaron Hall began dyeing in Troy, in a building on the northwest corner of Jay and River streets. Charles Myers, in 1837, engaged in the same business at No. 277 River Street, where he was succeeded by Anthony St. Jermain. His works were purchased in 1840, by James Warwick, who, in 1842, moved them to No. 435 River Street. Christopher W. Shacklady, dyer, in 1844, became associated with James Warwick in the business, the firm taking the name of Warwick & Shacklady, and occupying the build- ing known as No. 435 River Street. In April, 185 1, the firm moved to the present location of the works of of Christopher W^. Shacklady, who, in 1859, succeeded to the business. In 1870, the firm of Shacklady & Ford was formed, which, in the spring of 1886, was dissolved. At his dye- works, on the southeast corner of River and Jacob streets, Christopher W. Shacklady has all the conveniences necessary to execute the orders given him. William R. Lee, proprietor of the Elder steam dye-works, established in 1856, continues the dyeing business at No. 53 State Street, north side, be- tween Fifth and Sixth streets. Earthquakes. — Two distinct vi- brations of the earth were felt by many people in Troy about 2:07 P. M., on Sunday, August 10, 1884. The wave movement was north and south. On Sunday, November 4, 1877, at 1:53 A. M., there was a shock of an earthquake more perceptible in its effects than the later one. East Greenbush, one of the towns of Rensselaer county, originally known as the town of Clinton, was erected February 23, 1855. Its terri- tory was a part of the town of Green- bush. The Harrowgate spring, about a half a mile from the Greenbush ferry, derived its name, in 1792, from the celebrated Harrowgate springs, twenty miles west of York, England, because the mineral properties of the former were similar to those of the latter. A building was erected near it for visitors using the water. After the war of 1 812 the spring lost its pop- ularity. In the burial ground, in the rear of the Dutch church, in East Greenbush, is the grave of Edmund Charles Genet, who came to the United States from France, in December, 1792, as minister plenipotentiary and consul- general. In March, 18 10, he came to the town of Greenbush and purchased a farm, on which he built the Genet homestead, now the summer residence of Nelson Davenport of Troy. The slab marking his grave is inscribed : " Under this humble stone are in- terred the remains of Edmund Charles Genet, late adjutant-general, minister plenipotentiary and consul-general from the French Republic to the United States of America. He was born at Versailles, parish of St. Louis, in France, Jan. 8, 1763, and died at Prospect Hill, town of Greenbush, July 14, 1834. Driven by the storms of the revolution to the shades of re- tirement, he devoted his talents to his adopted country, where he cherished the love of liberty and virtue. The pursuits of literature and science en- livened his peaceful solitude, and he devoted his life to usefulness and 102 benevolence. His last moments were, like his life, an example of fortitude and true Christian philosophy. His heart was love and friendship's sun. which set on this transitory world to rise with radiant splendor beyond the grave." Beside his grave are the tombs of his two wives; before marriage Cor- nelia Tappan, and Martha Brandon Osgood. He was one of the origi- nators of the Rensselaer County Ag- ricultural Society. In May, 1812, the United States government purchased about 300 acres of land, one and a half miles east of the village of Greenbush, for a mili- tary post. Major-General Henry Dearborn, commanding, erected there eight frame buildings, known as the barracks, each 22 by 252 feet, two stories high, with basements, four on two opposite sides of the parade ground, and four other frame build- ings, two stories high, 90 feet long, for officers* quarters, two occupying sites on the two other opposite sides of the parade ground. A number of other buildings were erected on the eminence commanding an extensive view of the surrounding country. The cantonment had accommodations for more than 4,000 soldiers. The camp's elevated position, frequently called Mount Madison, was deemed a very healthful one, but dur- ing the first year of its occupation much sickness prevailed among the troops. On May 2, 1831, the property was sold by the government. The only village in the town is that of East Greenbush, near the middle of the southern boundary line of the town. Population about 250. In the place are two churches, one hotel, and about forty other buildings. Population of the town of East Greenbush: 1855, 1,606; i860, 1,607; 1865, 1,663; 1870, 1,845; 1875, 2,067; 1880, 2,127. Elbow Street was called Fulton Street in 1847. Electric Light Company, Troy, works on southeast corner of River and Liberty streets, was incor- porated, February 21, 1885. Capital stock, $150,000. The first use of elec- tricity for illuminating purposes in the city was made on Thursday night, December 22, 1881, The first con- tract for lighting the city streets by electricity was made. April 20, 1885. The officers of the company are Albert E. Powers, president ; Samuel Foster, vice president ; and George H. Morrison, secretary and treasurer. Electrotyping — Troy Electrotype Company. No. 7 and 9 Sixth Street, between Fulton and Grand Division streets. Emerald Beneficial Associ- ation. — Branch No. 3 was organ- ized. August 15, 1875 ; chartered, August 29, 1876. The association holds its meetings on the first and third Mondays in each month, at Em- met Hall. No. 8 Third Street. Branch No. 6, organized, April 17, 1884, meets at the same place. Emmet Association, Rob- ert, meets at Emmet Hall, No. 8 Third Street. Empire Order of Mutual Aid. — Griswoli) Lodge, No. 18, meets every fourth Monday, in the Temple of Honor, No. 273 River Street. Troy Lodge, No. 128, meets on the second Monday of each month, at the same place. Employment Society, La- dies', incorporated September 10, 1855, has its rooms in its building 103 No. 45 Ferry Street, between First and Second streets. This admirably conducted society aids a large number of needy women by employing them to make clothing which the managers afterward sell. The present officers are Mrs. C. L. MacArthur, president ; Mrs, John N. Squires, vice president ; Miss Sarah Thurman, secretary ; Mrs. David Cohen, treasurer. Engineers and Surveyors' Instruments.— W. & L. E. GuRLEY, in their large, four-story, brick building, on the north side of Fulton street, between Fifth and Union streets, manufacture The site of the establishment has for more than three-score years been occupied by buildings in which sur- veying and mathematical instruments have been manufactured. Julius Hanks, of Mansfield, Connecticut, having, in 1808, erected in Gibbons- ville, (now West Troy), a bell and brass foundry, purchased, June 15, 1825, from Jacob D. E. Van der Hey- den, lot 795, on the north side of El- bow (Fulton) Street, between Fifth Street and the alley east of it. On this and the adjoining lot, afterwards purchased by him, he erected a two- story, weather-boarded building, fronting with two gables and a portico on Fifth Street. A small JULIUS hanks' building, 1825. theodolites, solar telescopes, com- passes, transits, plane tables, Y levels, miners' compasses, chains, rods, and drawing instruments. The enterpris- ing firm makes annually more engi- neering and surveying instruments than any other three mathematical and philosophical instrument manu- factures in the United States, and widely distributes them in all parts of the world. The Gurley instruments are used by engineers in Japan, Chi- na, India, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, South and Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Hayti, Canada, and in every state and territory in this country. bust of Benjamin Franklin ornament- ed the entablature of the front door on the portico, and the dial of a clock the gable of that part of the building in which were the office and work- rooms : the north part being tlie dwell- ing of the proprietor. On Fulton Street, on the west side of the alley, Julius Hanks built a small, frame structure, which he usedfora foundry. In the two buildings he began manu- facturing, as he advertised, " church bells, town clocks, copper and brass castings, and surveyors' instruments of the most improved construction." 104 In 1829, his son, Oscar, succeeded to on the site of that known as No. 319 the business. River Street, using the basement for a William Gurley, the senior member foundry, the first story for an office of the firm of W. & L. E. Gurley, and a salesroom, and the two upper after graduating, in 1839, from the stories for work-rooms. Lewis E. Gur- Rensselaer Institute, now known as ley, before entering Union College, the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in 1847, whence he was graduated in entered the establishment of Oscar July, 1851, had acquired a knowledge Hanks, in 1840, to learn the business, of the business with Phelps & Gurley. GURLEY BUILDING, FULTON STREET. On February 25, 1545, he and Jonas H. Phelps formed a partnership, under the name of Phelps & Gurley, mathe- matical and philosophical instrument makers, and rented the basement of the building formerly on the south- west corner of River and Grand Divi- sion streets. On May i, 1845, the firm occupied the building formerly In September, 185 1, he was admitted a member of the firm, which took the name of Phelps & Gurleys. On February i, 1852, the Gurley Broth- ers purchased Jonas H. Phelps's inter- est, and continued the business under the name of W. & L. E. Gurley. In the spring of 1852, they bought the property formerly belonging to Oscar 105 Hanks, on Fulton and Fifth streets. That year, they erected, on the site of the Hanks foundry, a four-story, brick building, fronting 65 feet on Fulton Street, and furnished it with the ma- chinery which their enlarged business demanded. On May 10, 1862, it and the building on the corner of Fifth and Fulton streets were burned in the great fire of that day. The erection of the present imposing structure was immediately undertaken. The engine in it set in motion the new machinery on December 10, 1862, the same day of the same month that the machinery in the former building was put in op- eration in 1852. During the civil war the firm made for the United States government brass fuse-plugs for Co- lumbiad shells, brass sight-pieces for Parrott guns, and brass mountings for saddles. The firm also male war munitions for a number of contractors. The firm's notable display of en- gineering instruments , at the Interna- tional Exhibition, at Philadelphia, in 1876, was decreed a special award by the Centennial Commission. An en- gineer's transit of aluminium, the first ever made of that light metal, was a part of the firm's attractive ex- hibit. There are several costly and curiously constructed machines in the establishment used for engraving let- ters and graduating lines on metallic plates which automatically operate with wonderful precision. The firm manufactures platinum wire for its tel- escopes of the exceeding fineness of 1-12.000 of an inch, 10,000 fibres of which can be thrust together through the eye of a No. 9 cambric needle. A thread of the wire sufficient to en- circle the earth can be coiled inside a thimble. The Gurley Building has a frontage of 130 feet on Fulton Street and a depth of 90 on Fifth Street, and ex- tends along Union Street 118 feet. The salesroom, office, drafting, ship- ping, and engine rooms are on the first story. The spacious manufacturing rooms are on the second and third stories. The elaborate and valuable machinery includes twelve graduating engines, six of which are automatic, three engraving and figuring machines, and more than a hundred lathes. The sales of the firm's instruments yearly range from $150,000 to $200,000. A large number of experienced work- men are employed in the establish- ment. Episcopal Churches.— There are seven Episcopal churches in the city. St. Paul's Church, northeast cor- ner of Third and State streets. In a sketch of the life of the Right Rev, Philander Chase, Bishop of Ohio, it is related that after his graduation from Dartmouth College, in 1795, he visited Albany, where he became a teacher in the academy, and on the following Sunday " read divine ser- vice in Troy." It may therefore be assumed that at that time the small number of Episcopalians in the vil- lage were accustomed to assemble in available rooms to engage in religious worship. In 1803, among the clergy- men occasionally conducting these services was the Rev. David Butler. He had been ordained a priest by the Right Rev. Samuel Seabury, Bishop of Connecticut, at Middletown, in that state; June 9, 1793, and, in 1794. became rector of the parish at Litch- field, where he ministered until he was instituted rector of Christ Church, Reading, Connecticut, April 17, I799- Advised by the visiting clergyman, the zealous laymen accepted the aid tendered them by Trinity Church, New York, to build a church and sup- port a rector. To become an incor- porated body, they met in the court- house, on Monday, January 16, 1S04, 15 106 and having made Nicholas Schuyler singburgh, having organized them- chairman, they "determined that all selves, on January 5, 1S04, into a body the male persons present " should " be known by the name of Trinity Church a church or congregation * * * of that village, the Right Rev. Ben- known in law by the name of the jamin Moore, conceiving that the wel- Trustees of St. Paul's Church in fare of the members of the two con- Troy." They then elected Eliakim gregations could best be promoted by ST. Paul's church, 1819. Warren and Jeremiah Pierce, church uniting them in one parish, suggested wardens, and Nicholas Schuyler, the erection of a church midway be- David Buel, jr., Lemuel Hawley, tween the two villages. Deeming the Thomas Davis, Thomas Hillhouse. proposed site unsuitable, the people •John Bird, William S. Parker, and of St. Paul's congregation determined, Hugh Peebles, vestrymen. A num- on March 8, 1804, to erect a church ber of Episcopalians residing in Lan- in the central part of the village, and 107 instructed the trustees to purchase of John Bird the east parts of lots 183 and 184, on the northwest corner of Congress and Third streets. The owner, unwilling to place a price upon the property, its value was ap- praised by Daniel Merritt and John McCoun. The lot, 65 by 100 feet, was purchased, March 26, for $425. David Buel, jr., Thomas Davis, and Nicholas Schuyler, the building committee, were instructed " to con- tract with proper workmen to put up the building of the church; the frame to be well put up and filled in with brick, one thick, the roof well cov- ered to the top of the brick of the steeple, and the house to be in every respect well inclosed." On Monday, July 2, the corner-stone was laid by the Rev. David Butler, " who had previously been chosen rector by the vestry." The event was thus re- ferred to by the Albany Gazette of the following day : " Yesterday morning, at 10 o'clock, the Rev. David Butler, accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Coe, pastor of the Presbyterian Cliurch, and a respectable number of citizens, formed in procession and proceeded to the spot destined for the Protestant Episcopal Church, and with the usual exercises of prayer, vocal and instru- mental music, &c., laid the corner stone upon which to build an edifice for the public worship of God." On his return to Reading, the Rev. David Butler wrote, on August 2, ' to the vestry of the church of Troy and Lansingburgh," that he had ob- tained his dismission from that parish, and would accept the call given him. " I shall endeavor to make myself ready to remove with my family when- ever it may be convenient for Mr. Warren to come down with his ves- sel." On the Sunday preceding Christmas, in 1 804, there were five persons in the congregation who had attended the celebration of the Holy Communion, and these partook of it with several other persons present at that time. Early in the summer of 1805, the church was completed. On Wednes- day, June 26, the pews and seats were " sold at public vendue." The persons who had subscribed and paid money to erect the building or to pur- chase the organ were privileged to have the amount deducted from the sum to be paid for pews or seats. Trinity Church, New York, contrib- uted $2,000 to the erection of the church. The organ, constructed in England, had been in use in the old French church in New York City. For two decades of years after its transference to St. Paul's it was the only church-organ in Troy. The clerk's desk, the lectern, and pulpit, it is said, were constructed one above the other as in old English churches. On Wednesday, January 8, 1806, the Rev. David Butler was instituted rector of St. Paul's parish, and on the following day that of Trinity, Lan- singburgh. He conducted every Sun- day one service in Troy and one in Lansingburgh, except on every fourth Sunday, when he officiated in Water- ford. On Thursday morning, August 21, the Right Rev. Benjamin Moore consecrated the church. The rector, whose clothing was of the fashion of the last century, always walked to the church in gown and bands from the rectory, then on the east side of Fourth Street, and nearly opposite the present site of the Unitarian Church. Robing himself in the con- tracted room, beneath the pulpit, he emerged in his surplice to officiate in the service. In 1813, the number of regular communicants had increased to 84. The rector's manifold duties in St. Paul's parish caused him, in in 1814, to sever his pastoral relations with Trinity Church, Lansingburgh. Tradition relates that the sonorous 108 responses of the clerk were of a pecu- liar solemnity and deeply impressed children. The Canticles were always read until the enlargement of the building, at which time, to please some of the members disliking the in- novation of chanting them, it was or- dered that only one should be chanted, either the Venite or Jubilate. Later all the Canticles were sung except the TV Deum, which was never sung while St. Paul's congregation worshipped in the building. In 1819, it was en- larged by increasing its length 35 feet at the chancel or north end. This addition made the building, including the tower, 90 feet long and 45 wide. The school-house, built in 1809, at the north end of the church, was re- moved to the lot on the north side of the parsonage, on Fourth Street. Desiring a new and larger church, a great number of the members peti- tioned the vestry, in January, 1826, to take steps to build one. On Feb- ruary 27, David Buel, jr., Stephen R. Warren, Nathan Warren, E. Pattison, Lewis Richards, James Van Brackle, and Ira Ford were appointed a com- mittee to report a suitable site, and were requested to inquire whether the old burying-ground, on the south- east corner of Third and State streets, could be obtained and upon what terms ; also whether the church could be exchanged for the Methodist or Bap- tist church, or either of the lots upon which they were built. On March 17, it was determined that the lot of Joshua Harpham, on the northeast corner of Third and State streets, and the next one, north of it, belonging to Benjamin Gilbert, and a part of the lot, next north of the latter, the property of Stephen Bouton, jr., should be purchased. On May I, the first two lots, each 50 by 130 feet, were severally purchased for $3,500 and |2,8oo, both subject to annual ground-rents. On each was a two story, wooden building. They were sold and removed. The pump in the street, near the curb of the pavement, was taken from the well, which was covered with a flag-stone. On Sep- tember 16, Nathan Dauchy, Nathan Bouton, Nathan Warren, Lewis Rich- ards, and Jacob Bishop were appointed a building committee, and authorized to sell the church on the southwest corner of Third and Congress streets and the lot on which the school-house was standing on Fourth Street. In the spring of 1827, the excava- tions for the foundation of the present church were begun. On Tuesday afternoon, April 24, the corner-stone was laid. At four o'clock, the rector, wardens, and vestrymen, with some of the pastors of the other churches in the city, and a large number of people went in procession from the old church to the site of ihe new one. " They then descended into the excavation, intended for the foundation of the new edifice, and the corner-stone was there laid in due form. In a cavity of the corner-stone, made for the purpose, a glass vase was depos- ited, with the following contents : The Holy Bible and Book of Com- mon Prayer, enclosed in leather and covered with wax ; a manuscript his- tory of the origin and progress of the Episcopal Church in this city ; a list of the houses of worship " then " in Troy ; a list of the clergymen ; a roll with the following Latin inscription ; ' In hac urbe, i6mo Jan. A.D. 1804, societas Christiana, auctoritate Epis- copalis Ecclesiae Protestantism in Feoderatis Civitatibus America; Sep- tentrionalis, appellata Ecclesia Sancti Pauli, Trojce, prima est constituta, Suum templum, eodem anno adifica- tum refecium est, A. D. 1819, ac am- plius constructum. A. D. 1827, 24 mo Apr. Rev. David Butler, rectore, necnon Valde Johanne Henrico Ho- bart Episcopo, hoc novum templum, 109 auspiciis beatis, conditum est' ; a copy of Sword's Pocket Almanac, Christian Calendar and Ecclesiastical Register for 1827 ; a copy of Tuttle & Rich- ards' City Calendar for llie years 1826 and 1827 ; the last number of each of the five papers published in this city ; one number of several other pe- riodical journals ; a New York Price Current ; a printed address to parents on the subject of Sunday schools ; a printed circular to the members of the Episcopal Church in the United States ; and a silver plate on which was engraved the following inscrip- tion : ' This corner-stone of Saint Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church of the City of Troy was laid on the 24th day of April, anno Domini 1827, and the 51st year of the Independ- ence of the United States of America, by the Rev. David Butler, rector of the church ; Nathan Bouton and Esaias Warren, wardens ; George Tibbits, Nathan Warren, William Bradley, Nathan Dauchy, Francis Yvonnett, Elias Pattison, James Van Brackle, and David Buel, jr., vestry- men. The Right Rev. John H. Ho bart, Bishop of the Protestant Episco- pal Church of the diocese of the state of New York. Nathan Bouton, Na- than Dauchy, Lewis Richards, Jacob Bishop, Nathan Warren, building committee. Master-builders, Peter Stewart, James McFarlan, masons ; Farquhar McRae, John Corey, car- penters. John Quincy Adams presi- dent of the United States of Ameri- ca.'" When the corner-stone had been laid, the rector delivered an ad- dress and the exercises 'closed with a cii i prayer. ta, I The building, constructed of Am- ca! sterdam limestone, was consecrated ni- 1 by the Right Rev. Bishop Hobart, on 2| ] Saturday, August 16, 1828. On the ■(, completion of the edifice the follow- lo- ing particulars were printed respecting ai, it : " The main body of the church is 103 feet by 70. At the west end is a tower 24 feet square, projecting 12 feet from the face of the wall, and 100 feet high. * * * There are five windows on each side, and three in the east end, each 25 feet high by 8 feet wide — except the great window over the altar, which is 40 feel high and 20 feet wide. Inside, clustered columns support the galleries and the ceiling, which latter is turned into Gothic arches, ornamented with ribs and rows of stucco. The altar Iront, the pulpit, the breastwork of the gal- leries, and the pews are beautifully painted in imitation of British oak. There are one hundred and forty slips on the lower floor, and seventy on the side galleries, besides seats in the organ loft. * * * The new bell, which is an excellent one from Hanks' foundry, and is swinging in the tower, weighs 22 cwt. A neat staircase behind the pulpit leads down to a spacious vestry room in the basement, into which there is also a door in the rear wall. The court is paved all around the church with broad flags, and the whole is enclosed by a neat fence with balusters." The lots and the building cost $40,368 66. The organ, built by Henry Erben, of New York, had 18 slops and 865 pipes. On August iB, one hundred pews in the church were sold for $38,000. Some years laver, the fence on the west and south sides of the building was removed. The erection of the present rectory was undertaken in 1865. The Erben organ was displaced in 1854 by a much larger one, the gift of Mrs. Martha C. Warren, the widow of Stephen Warren. Another, made by C. & G. G. Hook & Hastings of Bos- ton, and connected with the former by pneumatic trackers to play the two at the same time, was placed in the gallery on the north side of the chancel, in 1881. On the first Sunday ST PAUL'S CHURCH, Ib28 Ill in January, 1879, ^ boys' choir, organ- ized by E. Coleman Webb, deceased, choirmaster and organist, succeeded the quartette choir previousiy singing in the church. Among the rich memorial gifts in the building is an elaborate brass lec- tern, presented Easter, 18S0, by Mrs. Walter P. Warren, in memory of her brother, " Edward Ingersoll Warren, born July 18, 1858, died April 8, 1878 ;" a brass, triple corona, for light- ing the chancel, the gift of the Hon. James Forsyth, in 1880; a number of finely illuminated panels on the sides of the chancel, painted and given by Mrs. E. Warren Paine, in 1880 ; a communion service, the gift of Mrs. John L. Thompson, in memory of her deceased husband, in 1881 ; white marble altar steps, given in 1883, by William E. Hagan and family, in memory of Frank Covell Hagan, who died December 19, 1882 ; a beautiful Caen marble reredos, English alabas- ter panels, Tennessee marble columns and shelf, given at Easter, 188C, in memory of Mrs. Phebe Warren Tay- loe, born September 4, 1804, died November 6, 1884 ; also a credence in memory of Mrs. Eliza A. Paine, born March 22, iSoi, died December 20, 1866. The other attractive memorials in the church are the richly illumi- nated glass in the chancel window, 40 feet high and 20 wide, placed there by the congregation to the memory of the Rev. David Butler, D. D. On the north side of the reredos is a tab- let, erected in 182S by the vestry " in memory of Eliakim Warren, senior warden of this church from its organ- ization in 1804 until his death. To his zeal and muniticence the congre- gation is indebted under God for its origin and prosperity. He died Sep- tember 4, 1824, aged 77 years." On the south side of the reredos is an- other erected by the vestry, in mem- ory of Phebe, relict of Eliakim War- ren. She died January 17th, 1835, aged 80 years." Near it is a brass incribed : "David Butler, D. D., first rector of the parish, 1804-1834. Died July il, A. D. 1 842, aged 80 years." Beside it is another lettered : " Robert B. Van Kleeck, Doctor of Divinity, rector of this church, 1837-1854. Born August 25, A. D. 1810. Died, November 23, 1880, aged 70 years." Another, near it, is the gift of the Young Men's Guild of St. Paul's Church, in memory of " Francis Harison, S. T. D. Born in New York City, December 15, 1839. Rector of this church from June I, 1873, until his death. Died December 29, 1885." On the north wall of the church are tliree tablets ; one " in memory of Esaias Warren. * * * A discreet and faithful warden of this church, in which office he succeeded his venerable father. He was born in Norwalk, Connecti- cut, October 16, 1771. Died in this city the 19th of April, 1829." Near it is another " in memory of Stephen Warren, third son of Eliakim and Phebe Warren, for seventeen years senior warden of this church, an office in which his only predecessors were his father and eldest brother. Born March 9. 1783, Died May 9, 1847." The third is '' sacred to the memory of Nathan Warren, who died August 13, 1834. aged 57 years." On the south wall of the church is a brass " in memory of Jonas Coe Heartt, vestryman of this church from 1831 to 1S61 ; warden from 1861 to 1874. Born August 12, 1793. Died April 30, 1874"; and to "Catharine, his wife, born August 8, 1793, died De- cember 28, 1869," Two colored glass windows in the front wall of the build- ing were given at Easter, 1885, one by the Young Men's Guild of St. Paul's Church, and the other by the Sunday-school. 113 The corner-stone of St. Paul's Par- ish House or Chapel, on State Street, was laid July 4, 1869. The stone structure occupies the site of tlie two- story, brick, Sunday-school house erected in 1832. The building was dedicated by the Right Rev. William Croswell Doane, Bishop of Albany, on St. Paul's Day, 1871. The Ger- man congregation of St. Paul's parish began worshipping in the chapel on the second Sunday of October, 1881. The illuminated chancel window bears the inscription : "In memory of T. C. Brinsmade, M. D., who died June 22, A. D. 1867. Erected by his wife." The illuminated window in the east wall was given by John Ho- bart Warren, in memory of his de- ceased wife, "Eliza Atwood Tibbits Warren, born August 12, 1831. En- tered into rest, April 6, 1870." The stone font was the gift of Mrs. Wil- liam O. Cunningham, in memory of her infant son, William Stuart Cun- ningham, who died March 25, 1870." The Martha Memorial House, at the north side of the church, erected and furnished by Joseph W. Fuller and wife, in memory of their daughter, Martha W. Fuller, was presented to the parish by the Rev. Eliphalet N. Potter, D. D., in their behalf, on All Saint's Day, November i, 1881. The parish school has an endow- ment of about $12,000. Rectors: David Butler, D. D., elected July 2, 1804, instituted June l8, 1805, resigned April 26, 1834 ; Robert B. Croes (assistant rector), elected November 26, 1829, began his ministrations March 2, 1830, re- signed January 30, 1831 ; Isaac Peck, (assistant rector), elected August 27, 1831, began his ministrations Decem- ber 4. elected rector April 26, 1834, resigned December 12, 1836; Alonlzo Potter, D. D., (officiated), 1836-37, (made Bishop of Pennsylvania in 1845) ; Robert Boyd Van Kleeck, 16 D. D., elected October 16, 1837, in- stituted November ig, resigned Feb- ruary 6, 1854; Thomas W. Coit, D. D., LL. D., elected March 20, 1854, accepted April 17, began his ministrations April 30, resigned Sep- tember 20, 1872 ; Eliphalet N. Pot- ter, D. D., (associate rector), began his ministrations March i, 1869, re- signed April 2, 1872 ; Francis Hari- son, D. D., called May 4, 1873, ac- cepted May 21, began his ministra- tions June I, instituted October 28, died December 29, 1885; H. Ashton Henry, (assistant minister), priest in charge, January i, 1886, to present time. Assistant ministers : William G. Spencer, October 11, 1854 to 1855 ; George C. Pennel, October 11, 1855 to July II, 1856; Thomas Brinley Fogg, July II, 1S56 to July 11, 1857 ; John Scarborough, July 19, 1857 to July 8, i860, (made bishop of New Jersey in 1875); Edgar Tefft Chapman, July 15, i860 to 1862 ; F. Wain- wright, 1862 to 1863 ; George Worth- ington, 1864 to January 2, 1865 ; (made bishop of Nebraska in 1885) ; Charles A. Holbrook, September 24, 1866 to 1867 ; Richard S. Adams, (officiated at St. Paul's Free Chapel), November g, i86g to July 5, 1870; F. S. Luther, 1871 to 1872 ; Walker Gwynne, (officiated at St. Paul's Free Chapel), October, 1872 to March i, 1876 ; George W. Shinn, October 10, 1873 to January 9, 1875 ; Francis A. Shoup, January g, 1875 to June, 1875 ; Alexander McMillan, 1874 to April 16, 1877 ; William C. Prout, (officiated at St. Paul's Free Chapel), Tuly 15. 1S76 to June 16, 1878; William M. Pickslay. June 9. 1877 to 1878 ; Pelham Wil- liams, S. T. D., (officiated at St. Paul's Free Chapel), December 21. 1879, to January 6, 1881 ; Henry T. Leslie. i87g ; Johannes Rockstroh, (in charge of St. Paul's German congregation). 114 July I. 1881 to July I, 1885 ; Arthur B. Moorhouse, 1884 to 1885 ; Julius G. Erhardt, (in charge of St. Paul's German congregation), July i, 1885 to April, 1886 ; H. Ashton Henry, (priest in charge of St. Paul's parish), January i, 1886 to present time. St. John's Church is on the southeast corner of First and Lib- erty streets. In the fall of 1830 a number of Episcopalians intending to organize a second Episcopal church in the city, began holding lay services in the Presbyterian session house, No. 71 Fourth Street. In that building, in November, they organ- ized " St. John's Church in the city of Troy " by electing David Buel, and John Whiten, wardens, and David Buel, jr., Lewis Rousseau, Asahel Gilbert, jr., Darius Weed, Francis N. Mann, Charles S. J. Goodrich, Henry Rousseau, and Melzer Flagg, vestry- men. A committee was appointed to negotiate the purchase of St. Paul's Church, on the northwest corner of Congress and State streets. On Jan- uary 13, 1831, the ground and the building, " including bell, organ and other personal property appurtenant to the church-edifice," were bought for $5,000. The purchasers cove- nanted that the building should for- ever thereafter be " used and appropri- ated to and for the use of an Episco- pal church by a congregation in con- nection with the Protestant Episcopal Church," and that the property should revert to St. Paul's Church if this use of the building were not made. The Rev. John A. Hicks of Easton, Penn- sylvania, was called to the rectorship of the church, and took charge of the parish in May, 1831. St. John's con- gregation, it is said, included at that time " seventeen communicants and some twenty families." In 1839, a new steeple replaced the old one, and a larger bell was hung in the belfry. In September, that year, a committee appointed to consider the expediency of building a church near Washington Street reported adversely, and in the following year $2,000 were expended in the renovation of the old edifice. Dissatisfied with its location, and be- lieving that the growth and influence of the Episcopal Church in the city would be promoted by building a church in a part of Troy where there was not a Protestant one, the congre- gation requested a full release of St. Paul's Church upon the property pur- chased of it, and the privilege of sell- ing the church and ground belonging to it and of using the money obtained from the sale to erect another edifice for the congregation, "to be conse- crated forever to the use of the Pro- testant Episcopal Church." On March 23, 1849. '^hs trustees of St. Paul's Church accepted the terms and condi- tions proposed by St. John's congre- gation. On February 10, 1853, two lots, numbered 6 and 7, belonging to Dennis M. Fitch, on the southeast corner of First and Liberty streets, were purchased for $3,600, and in the spring of that year the erection of the present substantial and attractive edi- fice was undertaken. On March 14, the property on the northwest corner of Congress and Third streets was sold to Gardner W. Rand for $9,000. Its delivery was under an agreement that the building should be torn down, and until that was done, the edifice should " not be occupied or rented by the purchaser for any purpose what- ever." On Saturday, June 18, the corner-stone of the present church was laid by the Right Rev. Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright, Provisional Bishop of New York. On August 25, 1854, the unfinished building, during the conflagration of that day, when two hundred buildings were burned in its vicinity, was barely saved from the destroying element. ST, JOHN'S CHURCH. 116 A large brand lodged in the highest part of the frame-work of the steeple and set it on fire. James Stantial, seeing the lodgement of the flaming wood, climbed to the dizzy height and hurled the brand to the ground. On May 31, 1855, the church was consecrated by the Right Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D.. LL. D., Provisional Bishop of New York. The sermon was preached by the Right Rev. Alonzo Potter, D. D.. Bishop of Pennsylvania. The red sandstone of the structure was ob- tained at the quarries of Portland, Conn. The length of the building, including the chancel, is 100 feet, the width 62 feet. The chapel at the east end of the church is 50 feet long and 21 wide. The spire has an elevation of about 150 feet. Henry Dudley of New York was the architect of the beautiful structure. It cost about $50,000. In 1858, the stone spire was added to the tower, in memory of Miss Jane Porter Lincoln, a former member of the parish, by her mother, Mrs. Lincoln Phelps, of Baltimore, Md. In September, 1870, a chime of eleven bells was placed in the tower ; the gift of different members of the parish. In 1873-74, the chapel was enlarged. In the spring of 1S79, a new organ displaced the one given by Mrs. George M. Tibbits when the church was built. On the death of the Hon. Francis N. Mann, February 8, 1880, the vestry, by his will, re- ceived $25,000, the interest of which is annually used for certain charitable purposes. In recent years, the church has been greatly enriched by many memorial gifts and special contribu- tions. The picture of St. John, on the chancel-wall, was erected to the mem- ory of Lillian Burdett, in 18S0, by her parents. The brass communion rail was the gift of Mrs. Cicero Price ; the chancel-floor of Minton tile that of the Legula.- Society ; the beautiful pulpit of polished brass, a duplicate of the one in old St. Stephen's church in Philadel- phia, that of W. Stone Smith, in memory of his deceased wife, Fannie Burdett Smith ; the carved, wooden, eagle-lectern that of Mrs. Cicero Price, in memory of her daughter Cora; the carved chancel-chair that of Uri Gilbert and wife, in memory of their son, Joseph L. Gilbert ; the stone font that of John H. Willard and wife, in memory of their son, John Hudson Willard. The brass on the wall, on the south side of the chancel, was erected by the vestry " in memory of Francis N. Mann, one of the founders and for fifty years a warden and ves- tryman of this parish. Born June 19, 1802 ; died February 8, 1880." On the wall on the north side of the chancel is another brass, erected in memory of Thomas A. Tillinghast, a devout member and faithful officer of the church, who died June 10, 1879. Many of the departed dead of the parish have tokens of remembrance in the beautifully designed memorial windows of the church and Sunday- school rooms. The parsonage, on the northeast corner of First and Washington streets, was built in 1863. Rectors : John A. Hicks, May, 1831, to January, 1832; Herman Hooker, November, 1832, to September, 1833; Henry R. Judah, 1833 to 1836; Gor- don Winslow, September, 1836 to 1837; Richard Cox, October, 1837, to May, 1844 ; William H. Walter, September, 1844, to April, 1846 ; A. B. Carter, May 30, 1846, to Septem- ber, 1847 ; Edward Lounsberry, Sep- tember, 1847, to March, 1854; Rich- ard Temple, July, 1854, to September, 1856; J. Brinton Smith, December, 1856, to February, 1859 ; Henry C. Potter, D. D., May, 1859, to May, 1866. George H. Walsh, D. D., July 1S66, to May, 1876; Frank L. 117 Norton, D. D., November i, 1876, to August I, 1880 ; Thaddeus A. Snively, March i, 1881, to present time. Assistant ministers: James Caird, October, 1870, to January i, 1873 ; William M. Barker, 1877 to 1880; George F. Breed, 1S80; Hobart Cooke, February 5, 1SS2, to April i, 1883 ; John B. Harding, 18S3 to 1884 ; Henry Macbeth, June 22, 1884, to October 22, 1S85; E. D. G. Tomp- kins, November, 1855, to present time. Christ Church is on the west side of North Second Street, between Bridge Avenue and Jacob Street. In May, 1836, a number of Episcopalians assembled at No. 35 King Street, the residence of Josiah Bouton, a com- municant of St. Paul's Church, and organized a Sunday-school. With an attendance of twenty-two scholars, the school began its sessions in the Fourth Ward Female Seminary, on the south- east corner of North Second and Jacob streets. In the fall of that year ihe number of scholars had increased to one hundred and seventy. They and the teachers attended in a body the Sunday morning services at St. Paul's Church, where they sat to- gether, in the north gallery. In No- vember, Sunday services began to be held in the Sunday-school room in the seminary, where the Rev. William F. Walker, afterwards rector of Christ Church, first officiated. Notice was then given that a meeting would be held there on December 3, to organ- ize a church to be incorporated accord- ing to the laws of the State of New York. On that day the male persons who had been worshipping in the seminary, on the southeast corner of North Second and Jacob streets, met and having made the Rev. William F. Walker, chairman, elected Elias Lasell, William Osborne, wardens ; William Heartt, Stephen Bouton, Ralph B. Roberts, Richard S. Bryan, William Gary, Thomas Grenell, Josiah Bouton, and Samuel Dauchy, vestry- men. As incorporated, the con- gregation obtained the title of " The Rector, Wardens, and Ves- trymen of Christ Church in the city of Troy." The Rev. William F. Walker was called to the rec- torship of the parish, and he, on De- cember 29, that year, began his min- istrations as rector of Christ Church. Stephen Warren, Jacob Bishop, and Josiah Kellogg having purchased the site of the church and the lots north and south of it, and tendered them to the vestry, subject to the pay- ment of the purchase money, the erec- tion of the present edifice was under- taken. On Thursday, May 10, 183S, the corner-stone of the building was laid by the Right Rev. Benjamin Tredwell Onderdonk. who, on Satur- day, June I, 1839, consecrated the ed- ifice. The building is octagonal in form, and 70 feet in diameter. As described at the time, it "is finished in a style remarkable for its conven- ience and neatness." In 1851, a rec- tory was built on King Street, imme- diately west of the chuich ; a part of the bequest of Mrs. Sarah Bradley be- ing used to pay the cost of its erection. The building was afterward sold and the amount of the money of the leg- acy used by the vestry to construct it was invested conformably to the pro- visions of the bequest. In 1867, the church was renovated and en- larged. A recessed chancel was built at the west side and, adjacent it, organ and vestry rooms. A part of the base- ment was refitted for the use of the Sunday-school. In 1871, a chorus choir was organized, and on January 7, of the following year, the congre- gation adopted the free church sys- tem. The parish-house, adjoining the church, on the north, was erected in 1882 ; mostly with the money of a CHRIST CHURCH. 119 legacy of $10,000, bequeathed by Jacob Jacobs, many years a ves- tryman of the church. That year, the interior of the church was greatly improved, refurnished and en- riched by a number of gifts, among which was the beautifully illuminated chancel window, on which is inscribed: "To the glory of God and in loving memory of Ann Bywater Cluett, en- tered into rest, January 30, 1876. This window is erected by her chil- dren." The carved oak altar, bearing the inscription: " In loving memory of our mother, Rebecca C. Kemp," the deceased wife of William Kemp, was given by her children. The brass lectern was the gift of Samuel C. Tappin and wife, at Easter, 1879. The reredos was presented by Mar- tha E. Kemp, wife of William Kemp, The sedilia were the offering of Mrs. James Morehead, to the memory of her sons. The brass communion rail was given by Mrs. Charles Clemin- shaw, and the brass coronas were con- tributed by her Bible class. The two illuminated windows at the sides of the chancel are in memory of North- rup J. Rockwell and his wife, Mary A. Rockwell, the offering of their niece, Mrs. George B. Cluett. Rectors : William F. Walker, De- cember 29, 1S36 to November 5, 1839 ; Edward Ingersoll. March 16, 1840 to June 2, 1842; Robert B. Fair- bairn, August 7, 1S43 to November 14, 1848, (now warden of St. Stephen's College, Annand:ile, N. Y.) ; Thomas Alfred Starkey, February 27, 1850 to February i, 1S54, (made bishop of Northern New Jersey in 1880) ; James Mulchahey, March 30. 1854 to Octo- ber 4, i860 ; Eaton W. Maxcy, jr., April 14, 1S61 to July 12, 1864; Joseph N. Mulford, October 2, 1864 to January i, 1S86 ; Eaton W. Maxcy, D. D., January 3, 1886 to present time. Assistant ministers : Rev. Edward D. Cooper, 1853 ; Hobart Cooke, 1883 ; H. Ashton Henry, December I, 1884 to January I, 1886. Church of the Holy Cross is on the east side of Eighth Street, op- posite Grand Division Street. A Sat- urday sewing-school, organized about the year 1815, by Phebe Warren, the wife of Eliakim Warren, was sup- ported and conducted by her in St. Paul's parish until her death in 1835. Her daughter-in-law, Mary Warren, the wife of Nathan Warren, then took the management of the school, which, in 1839, she changed to a day- school. The charitable work she had undertaken suggested the erection of a free church, and she, by the advice of the Rev. Robert Boyd Van Kleeck, rector of St. Paul's Church, selected the site of the present edifice as a suitable location for the building. On St. Mark's day, April 25, 1844, the corner-stone was laid by the Right Rev. Benjamin Tredwell Onderdonk, Bishop of New York. On the leaden box, containing a copy of the Bible and one of the Book of Common Prayer, placed in the cavity of the corner-stone, was inscribed : " The church of the Holy Cross was founded in the year of grace, 1844, by Mary Warren, as a house of prayer for all people, without money and without price. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. Amen." Services were held in the church for the first time on Christmas, 1844. The building was consecrated by the Right Rev. William RoUinson Whittingham, Bishop of Maryland, on Wednesday, December 6. 1848. On the following morning. Bishop Whit- tingham admitted the Rev. John Ireland Tucker to the priesthood, who, as a deacon, had been officiating in the church from Christmas, 1844. Since that time he has continued his rectorship of the church through a period of forty-two years, the longest 121 term in which any Protestant clergy- man has served a church in Troy. The parsonage, on the north side of the church, was built in 1857. In 1859, the church was enlarged by the addition of the ante-chapel, making the depth of the building about 104 feet. The school-building adjoining the church, on the south side, was erected shortly after the burning of the Van der Heyden mansion, on the south- west corner of Eighth and Grand Division streets, in the .great fire of May 10, 1862, in which building the school had been conducted a number of years. By the act passed by the leg- islature, March 19, 1846, the school was incorporated as "The Warren Free Institute of the city of Troy." The three buildings are of dressed stone, and add no little attractive- ness to that part of the city in which they are located. The chancel-picture, " The Taking Down from the Cross." was painted and pre- sented to the church by Professor R. W. Weir of West Point Academy. The stained windows, the organ, and the chime of six bells are the gifts of the children of Mary Warren. To her memory, a tablet on the west wall of the ante-chapel bears the following inscription : " This church, free to all people, was founded by Mary, widow of Nathan Warren, A. D., MDCCC XLIV. The ante-chapel, contem- plated by the founder, was built by her children as a memorial of their venerated mother, who, on the VIII day of February, A. D., MDCCCLIX, in the LXX year of her age entered ■into that rest which remaineth to the people of God." The beautiful brass lectern was the gift, in 1S76, of Mary C. Warren, the wife of George Henry Warren of New York City, in memory of her mother, Mary Whitney Phcunix." The lectern is a facsimile of the one in Exeter Ca- thedral, England. The church is 17 one of the earliest of the free churches of the Episcopal communion in the United States, and first in it was introiluced the choral service, mainly through the influence and mu- nificence of Dr. Nathan B. Warren. Rector : John Ireland Tucker, D. D., from December 25, 1844, to the present time. St. Luke's Church is on the east side of Fourth Street, at its intersec- tion with First Street. At a meeting, held in Mechanics' Hall, at the Iron Works, on November 15, 1866, a number of persons interested in the establishment of an Episcopal church in that part of the city, appointed a committee to obtain the means to sup- port a clergyman and to defray the expenses of a new parish, which the projectors of it then determined to call St. Luke's. At a second meeting, at the same place, on November 20, that year, the different Episcopal churches in Troy having promised to contribute the sum of $900 to the mission, Frederick A. Stow and Wil- liam Shattock were elected church wardens, Charles W. Tillinghast, Ste- phen E. Warren, Peter Thalinier, George B. Smith, Robert Bainbridge, Thomas Edgley, Henry Evans, and Samuel Kirkbride, vestrymen. On December 19, the vestry were in- formed that John F. Winslow had tendered a plat of ground on the north side of Robert Bainbridge's house for the site of a church, 50 feet wide, or more, if needed. On March 27. 1867, the Rev. E. S. Widdemer, who had, as a missionary, been min- istering to the congregation from Oc- tober, 1866, was called to take charge of the parish. The erection of the present stone edifice having been un- dertaken, it was dedicated by the Right Rev. William Croswell Doane, on September 27, 1870. The corner- stone of the chapel was laid August 5, 1871. 123 Rectois : E. Soliday Widdemer, called March 27, 1867, resigned Sep- tember 27, 1870 ; George W. Shinn, called November 6, 1870, resigned September 6, 1873 ; Samuel E. Smith, called October 6, 1873, resigned June 16, 1874 ; Daniel G. Anderson, called December 18, 1874, resigned Decem- ber 30, 1875 ; John W. H. Weibel, called March 22, 1876, resigned March 14, 1878 ; James B. Wasson, called July 28, 1878, resigned Octo- ber 5, 18S0 ; R. G. Hamilton, ac- cepted call October 13, 1880, resigned January 27, 1886. Free Church of the Ascension, on Ida Hill, south side of Congress Street, On Sunday evening, Feb- ruary 14. 1868, the Rev. George H. Walsh, D. D., rector of St. John's Church, organized, at the house of William Cox, on Ida Hill, St. John's Free Mission, with a mem- bership of forty-four persons. The Sunday-school of the mission was or- ganized on Friday evening, February 19, and on Sunday, February 21, the school met for the first time, seven teachers and forty four scholars being present. The meetings of the mission were first held in a room in a build- ing in the rear of the Ida Hill cotton- mill. Afterward the mission occu- pied a part of the building, No. 326 Congress Street, and later, the upper part of the house, No. 322 Congress Street, then standing on the present site of St. Francis's Roman Catholic Church. F. W. Farnam and wife. members of St. Paul's Church, having become interested in St. John's Free Mission, determined to erect an edifice for its membership, to be called The Free Church of the Ascension. The erection of the build- ing was undertaken, and on October 19, 1869, the corner-stone was laid ; the Right Rev. William Croswell Doane, D. D., bishop of the diocese. officiating. On February 18, 1871, the church was consecrated, the bishop preaching from the text, Psalms xxiv, 7. The first Sunday service was held in the church on February 19, at 4 o'clock, in the afternoon ; the Rev. James Caird, who had been in charge of the mission from the first Sunday of October, 1870, as an assistant to the rector of St. John's Church, taking part in the services ; the Rev, George H. Walsh, D. D., preaching the sermon. On January i, 1873, the parish became independent and self- sustaining ; the Rev. James Caird, rector. The architecture of the church is Gothic, the building cruciform, con- structed of blue-stone with free stone facings and copings. The length of the building is 94 feet, transept 56, nave 32. The chancel-window, con taining a representation of the ascen- sion of Christ, cost $1,000. The tower, 106 feet high, contains a chime of nine bells. M. F. Cummings, architect. Total cost of the building, $80,000. Sittings, 300. Certificate of incorporation filed, March 13, 1871. Rector : James Caird, January i, 1873, to present time. St. Barnabas Chapel is on the west side of Vail Avenue, north of Middleburgh Street. In 1869, a mis- sion Sunday-school was organized in a building, on the north siHe of Renssel- aer Street, near River Street, by the Rev. Eliphalet N. Potter, D.D., associ- ate rector and some of the members of St. Paul's Church. At a meeting of St. Paul's vestry, November 9, that year, it was " resolved that the plan approved by the rector [the Rev. Thomas W. Coit, D. D., LL. D..] and proposed in a letter from the as- sociate rector, of beginning a chapel- enterprise in North Troy, to be ulti- mately located north of Rensselaer Street, or North Street, and to be 123 permanently connected with St. Paul's, the mother parish, is approved by the vestry, and that they hereby authorize the undertaking." Services on Sun- day were regularly begun ; the Rev. Richard S. Adams taking charge of the mission as an assistant minister of St. Paul's Church; the duties of which position he gratuitously performed until his resignation, July 5, 1870. During the winter of 1870-71, the Rev. William Green officiated at the niissioa. In the spring of 1871, John I. Thompson, a communicant of St. Paul's Church, who was connected with the mission Sunday-school, learn- ing that six lots, between Vail Ave- nue and Mount Street, were for sale, purchased them for a mission church, provided their location should be de- sired for one by those interested in the undertaking. The property was deemed eligible, and the title to it was conveyed to John I. Thompson, Henry B. Dauchy, and Walter P. War- ren, as trustees of St. Paul's Free Chapel, on July i, 1871. The owner of the lots, Warren E. Cheney, con- tributed to the mission $200 of the $7,000 paid for them The property comprised two lots, with a brick building, on the northeast corner of Mount and Middleburgh streets, two on the west side of Vail Avenue, and two west of them on the east side of Mount Street. A frame building, with sittings for 250 people, was erected, on the Vail Avenue lots, at a cost of $3,300; the corner-stone hav- ing been laid on St. Matthew's Day, 1871, by the Right Rev. William Croswell Doane. The chapel was opened for divine service on Christmas Eve, that year. The Rev. Walker Gwynne, as an assistant minister of St. Paul's Church, officiated at the chapel from October, 1872, until his resignation, March i, 1S76. On April I, 1876, John I. Thompson, Henry B. Dauchy, and Walter P. Warren, acting as trustees of St. Paul's Free Chapel, conveyed the property to the trustees of St. Paul's Church ; the former having been appointed by St. Paul's vestry, on March 20, that year, to manage the temporal affairs of the chapel. The Rev. William C. Prout officiated as an assistant minister of St. Paul's Church at the chapel from July 15, 1876 to June i6, 1879. He was succeeded by the Rev. Pelham Williams, S. T. D., as an assistant minister of St. Paul's Church, who officiated from December 21, 1879 to January 6, 1881. On Saturday, Jan- uary 22, 1881, the committee of St. Paul's Church, John I. Thompson, Joseph W. Fuller, and James For- syth, having the management of the affairs of St. Paul's Free Chapel, was discharged by St. Paul's vestry. The latter, on February 7, 1S83, consented to the change of the name of St. Paul's Free Chapel to that of St. Barnabas Chapel. The Rev. Pelham Williams, S. T. D., having been appointed by the bishop of the diocese, in January, 1881, missionary at St. Paul's Free Chapel, still officiates in that position at St. Barnabas Chapel. Evangelical Church. — St. Paul's Evangelical Church, is on the southwest corner of Seventh and Fulton streets. The society was organized in Green's Building, on the southeast corner of Broadway and Fourth Street, November 10, 1879. In February, 1885, the house of wor- ship belonging to the Church of Christ, on the southwest corner of Seventh and Fulton streets, was pur- chased, and, on May 3, that year, the first services of the society were held in it. Sittings, 400. The member- ship includes about 60 families, or about I20 individuals. Pastors: William V. Gerichten, two years ; Victor Broesel, one and 124 three-quarter years ; E. Seeger, De- cember 3, 1883, to present time. Executions of Murderers.— The first execution of a murderer in Rensselaer County was that of Winslow Russell, for killing Michael Backus. The homicide was hung in Troy, on July ig, 1811, on the south side of Congress Street, opposite Eighth Street. In accordance with the sentence, his body " was given to the physicians for dissection." A large concourse of people witnessed the execution. The last public exe- cution in Troy took place on the side of the hill, west of the site of the Pro- vincial Seminary, on November 14, 1834. Thomas Harty was hung then for the murder of his wife, whom he killed with an axe while she was cook- ing his breakfast in the house in which they were living, at the intersection of Fourth and Hill streets. On January 28, 1845, William Miller, a German, was hung in the hall of the upper story of the jail, in the presence of the sheriff and about fifty citizens, for the murder of George West at Sand- lake. Henry G. Green, convicted of poisoning his wife was executed in the jail on Wednesday, Septem- ber 10, 1845. On Thursday, March 15, 1849, Andreas Hall, for the murder of Mrs. Amy Smith of Petersburgh, and Barney O'Donnell, for the murder of Antonio Ratto, an Italian, at Petersburgh, were hung in the jail. Hiram Coon was hung at the jail, on March 22, 1867, for the murder of Mrs. Henry Laker of Pe- tersburgh. On August 13, 1S85, at io;3i A. M., James Horace Jones was hung in the jail for shooting his wife, July 3, 1884, in his saloon, at No. 124 Fourth Street. Farnam Institute, on Ida Hill, north side of Congress Street, was erected in 1872, by F. W. Far- nam, at a cost of about $25,000. It is 84 feet long, 31 wide, 46 high. The tower contains a clock and bell. The lower room is used for parish school purposes, and the upper rooms are used by the members of the Free Church of the Ascension for so- cial gatherings. Architect, M. F. Cummings. Perries. — There are four ferries crossing the river in front of the city. The first, established about two cen- turies ago, was at an early day called Van der Heyden's Ferry. When tlie New England emigrants began to set- tle on the site of Troy, in 1786, the place was designated Ferry Hook. Among the number of settlers was Captain Stephen Ashley, of Salisbury, Conn., who kept a tavern in the old Van der Heyden house, on the south- east corner of River and Division streets. He had charge of the ferry for several years, which then was known as Ashley's Ferry. On May 10, 1788, when Captain Ashley in- tended to occupy another building as a tavern, near the northeast corner of River and Ferry streets, the following advertisement appeared in the Federal He7-ald, printed in Lansingburgh : " The subscriber respectfully in- forms the public that as ihe time for which he leased his ferry to Captain S. Ashley hath expired, he proposes to exert himself in expediting the crossing of those who may please to take passage in his boat, which will ever be in readiness directly opposite the house at present occupied by said Ashley. The terms of crossing will be as moderate as can reasonably be expected, and a considerable allow- ance made to those who contract for the season. " He has in contemplation to com- mence keeping tavern in a few weeks from the date hereof, Avhen no exer- 125 tions of his shall l^e wanting to ac- commodate those who shall resort the house from which Mr. Ashley will shortly remove. Matthise Vander- heyden. " N. B. — Notice for crossing will be given by sounding a conch-shell a few minutes before the boat starts." The charge for ferrying a wagon and horses was is.6d.; for a man and horse, 6d.; for a person, 3d. In May, 179S, Mahlon Taylor es- tablished the lower ferry. The first ferry boats were large, flat-bottomed scows, propelled by iron- pointed poles. Some years after the beginning of the present century, the boats were attached to lopes stretched across the river, and were driven by the force of the current from one land- ing to the other. Later the boat ply- ing across the river at Ferry Street was propelled by machinery. Profes- sor Benjamin Silliman, in 1819, on his way to Quebec, gave this descrip- tion of it: "A platform covers a wide, flat boat. Underneath the platform, there is a large horizontal solid wheel, which extends to the sides of the boat ; and there the platform or deck is cut through, and removed, so as to afford sufficient room for two horses to stand on the flat surface of the wheel, one horse on each side and parallel to the gunwale of the boat. The horses are harnessed in the usual manner for teams, the whiflletrees being attached to stout iron bars, fixed horizontally, at a proper height into posts, which are a part of the fixed portion of the boat. The horses look in opposite directions, one to the bow and the other to the stern ; their feet take hold of channels or giooves cut in the wheels, in the direction of radii ; they press forward, and though they advance not, any more than a squirrel in a revolving cage, or than a spit dog at his work, their feet cause the hori- zontal wheel to revolve, in a direc- tion opposite to that of their own ap- parent motion ; this by a connection of cogs, moves vertical wheels, one on each wing of the boat, and these, being constructed like the paddle wheels of steamboats, produce the same effect, and propel the boat for- ward. The horses are covered by a roof, furnished with curtains, to pro- tect them in bad weather ; they do not appear to labor harder than com- mon draft horses with a heavy load. The inventor of this boat is a Mr. Langdon, of Whitehall, and it claims important advantages of simplicity cheapness, and effect." In 1S54, by a decision of the Su- preme Court, the exclusive privilege of possessing the ferry rights by the Vanderheyden heirs and their succes- sors was annulled, and the right to re- ceive tolls by those maintaining the ferries became a state franchise. Not long afterward the horse-boat was dis- continued at the Ferry Street ferry. Some years earlier, a ferry was estab- lished at the foot of Broadway ; the landing on the west side of the river being at the south end of Green Island. On Friday morning, October 13, 1854, the skiff plying between Troy and Green Island capsized near the middle of the river, with seven- teen persons on board. Many of them could not swim, and eleven were drowned. The accident was caused by the persons on board rising to prevent water from the swells caused by the steamer Alice from en- tering the boat. The fourth ferry, at the foot of Douw Street, having its landing at the foot of Tibbits Street, Green Island, was established after the con- struction of the State Dam. At each of the four ferries small steamboats ply from an early hour in the morning until a late one at night, and carry only foot passengers. The south ferry 126 has its landing at the west side of the Clinton Stove Works. Fire Alarms. — In the village days of Troy, alarms of fire were given by repeated vociferations of the word, hre, and by the rapid ringing of the court-house bell. When the place became a city, the only new feature was the ringing of certain church bells and engine house bells. On December 5, 1867, the fire com- missioners adopted the system of indi eating the district in which the fire was by tolling the number of the district on the fire bells ; the city being divided into five districts ; West Troy, Green Island, and Center Island forming a sixth district. The ringing of alarms and the tolling of the dis- tricts were intrusted to the patrol- men of the Capitol Police. In the fall of 1868, the common council con- tracted for the construction, in the city, of the fire telegraph system of Game- well & Co. On March 25, 1869, it was completed, having forty-three sig- nal stations ; the signal number being struck on St. Paul's, St. Mary's and St. Peter's church bells. There are now seventy-one signal stations, two of which are duplicates : 3 Glen Avenue and River St. 4 Douw and River Sts. 5 Oakwood Av. and Elm St. 6 Middleburgh and Ninth Sts. 8 Eddy Steamer House. 12 Ninth St., near North Adams. ^ 13 Jay and River Sts. 14 Troy and Boston Freight House. 15 Oakwood Ave. Foundry. 16 Hoosick and North Second Sts. 17 Hoosick and Eighth Sts. 21 Hutton and River Sts. 23 Hutton and North Third Sts. 24 Hutton and Ninth Sts. 25 Eagle and Twelfth Sts. 31 Jacob and King Sts. 32 Jacob and Eighth Sts. 34 Federal and River Sts. 35 Federal and North Fourth Sts. 36 Grand Division and N. Third Sts 37 Grand Division and Eighth Sts. 41 Fulton and River Sts. 42 Fulton and Fifth Sts. 43 Broadway and Second St. 45 Broadway and Fourth St. 46 Broadway and Seventh St. 51 State and River Sts. 52 State & Third Sts., Read House. 53 State and Union Sts. 54 Congress and Second Sts. 56 Congress and Fourth Sts. 57 Congress and Seventh Sts. 58 Congress and Farm Sts. 61 Ferry and River Sts. 62 Ferry and Fifth Sts. 63 Division and Third Sts. 73 Gilbert Car Works, G. I. 121 Libeity and River Sts. 122 Liberty and Second Sts. 123 Liberty and Fifth Sts. 124 Adams and River Sts. 125 Adams & Second, Osgood H'se. 126 Adams, near Fourth St. 131 Ida and Second Sts. 132 Jefferson and Sixth Sts. 133 Spring Ave. and Infirmary Road. 134 Madison and River Sts. 135 Madison and Third Sts. 136 Monroe and First Sts. 137 Catholic Male Orphan Asylum. 141 Jackson and Third Sts. 142 Harrison and Second Sts. 144 Second and Fourth Sts. 145 Burden's Steam Mill. 146 Fourth and Mill Sts. 151 Bessemer Steel Works. 152 Stanton Steamer House. 153 Burden's Water Mill. 154 Campbell Highway. 155 Campbell H'y and Spring Av. 156 County House. 161 Thirteenth and South Sts. 162 Fourteenth and Congress Sts. 163 Tompkins's Machine Shop. 164 Brunswick Av. and Congress St. 165 Brunswick and Highland Avs. 166 Marshall Infirmary. 127 171 Pawling and Maple A vs. 172 Pawling Av. & Wash. St., Albia. Alarms of fire are sounded by strik- ing the number of the signal station on St. Paul's, St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, St. Patrick's, and St. Peter's church bells and the gongs in the engine houses. Three consecutive strokes, followed by an interval of twelve seconds, signifies that the alarm was given at box 3, at the corner of Glen Avenue and River Street ; three strokes, with an interval of five sec- onds, followed by five strokes, signifies box 35, at the corner of Federal and North Fourth streets ; one stroke, with an interval of five seconds, then seven strokes, with an interval of five sec- onds, then two strokes, signifies box 172, at Albia. The number of the box is repeated after intervals of twelve seconds. One stroke indicates that the fire is extinguished or under control. Two strokes repeated four times, with intervals of twelve seconds between each two, form a call-signal for the chief engineer and assistant engineers to repair to the chief engineer's office at the Arba Read engine-house. Ten strokes call all the engines and hose carriages to the fire, of which an alarm has been previously sounded. Andrew D. Collins was superintend- ent of the fire alarm telegraph from 1869 to November, 1S83, since which time James Knibbs has been superin- tendent of it. Fire Department, Troy. — The earliest known measures taken to establish a fire department by the trustees of the village of Troy were those consequent upon the act passed by the legislature March 25, 1794, authorizing ihe trustees " to compel the housekeepers " to provide them- selves with a sufficient number of fire- buckets and the necessary tools and implements to extinguish fires, and to impose such fines on the negligent as the majority of the freeholders should deem proper, no fine to exceed forty shillings. The trustees were to elect " with all convenient speed " a a number of firemen, not to exceed fifteen, to have the care and manage- ment of the fire-engine. It was not until 1798 that the organization of the village fire department was under- taken. Then Benjamin Covell, Moses Vail, David Buel, George Tibbits, Daniel Merritt, and Ebenezer Jones were appointed fire wardens, who had control of the firemen and the fire ap- paratus, and wore when present at fires white covers on their hats and carried white rods in their hands as designations of their official authority on such occasions. The company, known afterward as Premier Engine Company, was organized in 1798, with the following members : Henry Bayner, Joseph Brintnall, Silas Covell, Stephen Co- vell, Jonathan Davis, Simon Good- win, Jacob A. Hart, Richard P. Hart, Stephen H. Herrick, Isaac Merritt, Leonard Reed, Amos Salisbury, and Henry Townsend. That year a sec- ond-hand fire-engine was purchased in New York by the trustees. It had a water-trough about nine feet long, twenty inches high, and thirty wide, on which was an upright box, about three feet high, in which were pipes and valves. Through a goose-neck pipe, protruding from the top of the box, water was forced from the trough by treadles and brakes. A stream an inch and a half in diameter could be thrown from the engine upon the roof of any two-story building near it. The engine was drawn on four wooden wheels, each a foot and a half in di- ameter, sawn from a thick oaken plank, and hooped with iron. The property-holders were required by the fire ordinance to have hanging 128 in an accessible part of their dwellings and places of business two leathern buckets, each having the owner's name and a designating number painted on it. The capable men of the village were instructed to deport themselves at the time of a fire in the following manner by the village news- paper : First, seize the fire-buckets immediately, and repair to the spot; let the mind be as composed as possi- ble, and at the same time behave with the greatest activity and energy. Second, those who live most contigu- ous to the engine, together with the firemen, should immediately repair to it, and have the engine under way, also the fire-hooks, and ladders, and axes, to be on the spot at the same instant, and when at the place of ac- tion, there ought to be the most pro- found silence observed, except from the trustees and fire-wardens." The first engine-house of the first company was a small structure of boards on the south side of the court- house, on Second Street. (See page 87.) In later years the engine-house was a building designated as No. 21 State Street. The last engine belong- inor to the company was a third-class one, piano style, built by A. Van Ness, in 1850. The company was discon- tinued from service August 23, i86r, and disbanded, September 5, that year. While the first market-house was standing in State Street, between First and Second Streets, from 1800 to 1806, the fire-ladders and hooks hung on the south and north sides of of the building. The second fire- company, known as Neptune Engine Company No. 2 was organized, June 20, 1803. Its last engine was built by S. Davis & Son, Troy, in 1850; the engine-house being at No. 23 State Street. The company was discontinued in August, 1 86 1, and disbanded September 5, that year. The company paid the tuition of a large number of children attend- ing the Lancasterian and other schools in the city. The names of 279 schol- ars who thus gratuitously received in- struction appear on the records of the company. Washington Volunteer Fire Company, an independent organiza- tion, was incorporated May 26, 1812. (See Washington Volunteer Fire Company). Engine Company No. 3 was or- ganized February i, 1821. It was changed to a hose company, Decem- ber, 1834, and became the Franklin Hose Company. Engine Company No. 4 was or- ganized January 6, 1825. It was changed to a hose company. October 7, 1S37, subsequently known as Eagle Hose Company, No. 10. On July 3, 1845, it again became an engine company, known as Eagle En- gine Company No. 10. On Septem- ber 16, 1847, all the members re- signed. It was re-organized. March 14, 1S48, under the same name. (See Eagle Engine Company No. 10). Torrent Engine Company No. 4 was organized August 2, 1838. The company disbanded, May 20, 1841, and was re-organized, September i, 1S42. Again it disbanded, August 3, 1843, and was reorganized. November 2, 1843. The company was discon- tinued, in August, 1861, and dis- banded, September 5, that year. Its; engine-house was on Congress Street, . Ida Hill, Empire State Engine Company' No. 5 was organized March i, i82t. Its last engine was built, in 1S51, by John Rogers, Albany. The engine- house was at the Iron Works. (See Edmond Stanton Steam Fire En- gine Company No. 6.) iS 130 Hope Engine Company No. 6 was organized May 20, 1826. Its engine- house was in Albia, on the northwest corner of Brunswick Avenue and Washington Street. (See Hope Steam Fire Engine Company No. 7.) Niagara Engine Company No. 7 was organized May 27, 1828. Its last engine was made by Jeffers, Paw- tucket, R. I., in 1857. The engine- house was No. 134 Second Street. (See Jason C. Osgood Steam Fire Engine Company No. 3.) Cataract Engine Company No. 8 was organized August 2, 1832. It was disbanded September 10, 1851, but was leorganized and remained in service until September 5, i86r, when it disbanded. Its last engine was built by W. E. Worth, Albany. The engine-house was at No. 12 Federal Street, in the same building with Eagle Engine No. 10. Rough and Ready Engine Com- pany No. 9 was organized September 21, 1837, as Hydraulic Engine Com- pany No. 9. In 1863, it took the name of Rough and Ready Engine Company No. g. Its last engine was made by Hunneman, Boston, Mass.. and was housed at No. 9 River Street, near the State Dam. In 1865, the company was reorganized as Rough and Ready Hose Company No. 4. (See Charles Eddy Steam Fire Engine Company No. 4.) Lafayette Engine Company No. 10 was organized August 15, 1839. Its last engine was built by Jeffers. Its engine-house was on Ida Hill. (See F. W. Farnam Steam Fire En- gine Company No. 5.) Eagle Engine Company No. 10 was organized July 13, 1845. On September 16, 1847, the members resigned. The 'company was re- organized March 14, 1848. ^On De- cember 20, i860, the company became Eagle Steam Fire Engine Company No. 2. (See Hui;h Ranken Steam Fire Engine Company No. 2.) The company's last hand- engine was built by Tarboss & Co. It was housed at No. 14 Federal Street. ^tna Engine Company No. 12 was organized in 1846, and in 1857 became Hibernia Engine Company No. 12. Its engine was housed on Madi- son Street. The company was dis- continued in 1863. Good Intent Engine Company Company No. 13, an independent organization, was formed in 1850, and discontinued in 1856. Its engine- house was on Batavia Street. Franklin Hose Company No. i was organized December 18, 1834, from Engine Company No. 3. On January i, 1835, it took the name of Franklin Hose Company No. i. The hose-house was in Franklin Street, near the courthouse. Phci;nix Hose Company, organi- zed in 1840, was discontinued in 1851. General Wool Hose Company No. 2, organized February i, 1859, was discontinued in 1861. The hose- house was at No. 19 State Street. Union Hose Company No. 3, organized February I, 1859, existed about one year. The hose-house was at No. 7 Hoosick Street. Hall Hose Company, organized December, 1859, was discontinued, January i, 1871. J. C. Taylor Hose Company No. 3 was formed in i860. (See Charles Eddy Steam Fire Engine Company No. 4.) 131 Hook and Ladder Company No. I, organized February i6, 1826, was discontinued, in 1857. Union Hook and Ladder Com- pany No. 2, organized, April 5, 1832, was discontinued in 1874. The hose- house was at the Iron Works. Trojan Hook and Ladder Com- pany No. 3, organized February 5, 1835. (See Trojan Hook an:d Lad- der Company No. 3), i^ost id. In 1S31, the apparatus of the Troy fire department comprised 8 fire en- gines, 5 hose carts, with 2,200 feet of hose, I hook and ladder truck, with 5 ladders, 6 hooks, 8 axes and 31 fire buckets. The membership of the five companies and of the hook and ladder company included 275 men. The department, on March 10, 1859, consisted of 5 engines, 461 members of engine companies, go members of hose companies, 83 mem- bers of the hook and ladder com- panies ; total members, 634. There were 12 engine companies, each hav- ing a hose tender, 3 hose companies, and 2 hook and ladder companies. There were 8,000 feet of hose in use. On April 13, 1 861, the act was passed by the legislature " to organize a fire department and board of fire commissioners in and for the city of Troy." As constituted by the act, the board of fire comissioners consists of seven persons, one of whom is the mayor of the city, ex-officio^ the six being elected by the common council, to serve for six years. On the first Monday in December of each year a fire commissioner is elected by the comm.on council. The board appoints the chief engineer and his assistants, who, under the direction of the com- missioners, control and command the firemen of the city. The office of the fire commissioners is on the third floor of the Arba Read engine-house, on the northwest corner of Third and State streets. The first commission- ers, designated in the act of April 13, 1861, were Jason C. Osgood, Jonas C. Heartt, Isaac VV. Crissey, Otis G. Clark, William Gurley, and Hugh Ranken. When the board assumed control of the fire department, on May I, 1861, it consisted of two steam-engine companies, eleven hand- engine companies, three hose compa- nies, and two hook and ladder com- panies. In their first report, the com- missioners adverted to the demoraliza- tion caused by the use of hand engines: " The spirit of emulation among rival companies had been carried to such a pitch that serious disputes character- ized every fire ; and a committee of the common council found busy occu- pation in acting as judges and media- tors. The most annoying offshoot of this competition was the system of false alarms, which were of daily, and more than nightly occurrence. Be- yond the disturbance and expenses of such breaches of discipline, several fires were allowed to attain alarming headway and entail severe losses, in consequence of many efficient mem- bers and companies of the fire depart- ment having regarded the alarms sounded as false, as so many at that time were. Persons residing near en- gine houses were loud in their com- plaints of riotous conduct therein and thereabouts. In fact, the fire depart- ment had begun to be regarded in the light of a great social evil, as the re- sult of the presence of improper men and boys who were suffered to connect themselves with a few of the compa- nies. * * * Formerly intoxica- ting drinks were served from the decks of engines without arresting even a word of censure. The fire depart- ment has ceased to be regarded as a training school 'for rowdyism." The companies of the present de- partment embrace the following : 132 Washington Volunteer Fire Company. The company was organ- izea May 26, 1812. By the petition of Leonard Reed, Jeremiah Dauchy, Russell W. Lewis, George Vail, Han- ford N. Lockwood, and others, the company was incorporated by an act of the legislature passed May 26, 1 812. The company was permitted to hold property not exceeding the value of fifteen hundred dollars ; the stock being divided into twenty-five shares, each having the value of sixty- two dollars and filty cents, one share being held by each member of the company ; the number of members being twenty-five. An engine was ob- tained from Abel Hardenbrook of New York, for 8550, similar to the goose-neck engines of the period, with a suction, and having a hose-reel on the top. An engine-house was built on the lot granted the company by Derick Van der Hey- den, on the west side of Fourth Street, about seventy-five feet north of Fulton Street. The engine was housed after April, 1820, in the build- ing on the market-house lot, now the site of the Arba Read sleamer house. During the great fire of Tuesday after- noon, June 20, 1820, the engine nar- rowly escaped burning while drawn along River Street to State Street. For nearly a week it was in service playing water on the smouldering ruins. In 1823, the engine was kept in a house on the ship-yard, now the site of Fulton Market. In 1824, it was again housed on the northwest corner of Third and State streets. In 1843, the hose reel was removed from the engine, which was then re- paired and repainted. A picture of Thetis weeping over the dead body of Achilles, and one of ancient Troy burn- ing in the distance, were painted on the engine by A. B. Moore. In De- cember, 1843, the apparatus was placed in the new brick engine-house on the site of the Second Precinct Sta- tion House, on State Street. In De- cember of the following year, the en- gine was sold to the trustees of Union Village, for $280, and the apparatus of Company No. 7 of Albany pur- chased for $400. The latter is de- scribed as the first piano-deck en- gine owned in Troy, having been built by John Rogers of Albany. In 1851, it was sold for $500, and a new one, made by Silas Davis & Son of Troy, was purchased in November of that year. Sixty men could find positions at the brakes, but the ap- paratus having been found too heavy for use, it was sold with the hose-cart, in October, 1854, to the city of Fon- du-Lac, Wisconsin, for $1,200. In 1855, a new engine, made by L. But- ton & Co., of Waterford, was pur- chased, the box, a mahogany one, being set on springs. On April 19, 1864, the company received a steam fire-engine, made by Button & Blake of Water- ford, the cost of which was $2,150. The hand-engine was sold to the vil- lage of Trumansburgh, Tompkins County, N. Y., for $1,000. The com- pany made overtures to the fire com- missioners for the appointment and payment of an engineer for the steam- er, but they were not accepted. Wil- liam Bailey was then made engineer by the company, who held the posi- tion until April 15, 1867, when he was appointed engineer of the Ranken steamer. Jerome E. DeFreest suc- ceeded him, and still retains the office. On August 2, 1865. the engine-house on State Street having been transfered to the use of the Capital Police, the steamer was taken to the old Franklin Hose Company's house, on the west side of the alley, at the rear of the court-house. On March 22, 186S, the fire commis- sioners agreed to pay the company annually, from May i, 1865, the sum of $650 to meet its current expenses. 133 On October 20, 1867, the engineer of the steamer was placed under full pay by the Troy fire department. On December 31, 1872, the company occupied its two story, brick house, on the northeast corner of Third and Division streets. In December, 1874, a team of horses was purchased for the company, which previously had drawn its engines by hand. On the morning of July 20, 1876, five mem- bers of the company were drowned iu the Hudson, below the Iron Works, by the sinking of the steam- yacht Stella, caused by swells from the steamboat City of Troy: George E. Broomfield, Jonas C. Faulkner, A. Gregory Fox, Thomas Edgley, and Henry Maynicke. The first officers of the company were Hezekiah Williams, captain ; Russell W. Lewis, treasurer ; and Henry Nazro, secretary. Present number of officers and mem- bers, 65. Captains : Hezekiah Williams, 1812; Russell W. Lewis, 1813-1814; Heze- kiah Williams, 1815-1829 ; Robert D. Silliman, 1830-34; G. V. S. Quacken- enbush, 1835-37 i Charles W. Corn- ing, 1838-39 ; John T. McCoun, 1840 ; James Corning, 1841-43 ; E. Thomp- son Gale, 1844, to May, 1849 ; Charles W. Tillinghast, from May, 1849; James H. Congdon, 1850; William E. Hagan, 1851 ; Gerrit Quacken- bush, 1852; S. Nelson Derrick, 1853; Alfred A. Wotkyns, 1854 ; Calvin S. Sill, 1855; Lewis A. Rousseau, 1856; Richard F. Hall, 1857-58 ; Nathan Dauchy, 2d. 1859-60 ; Richard F. Hall, i860 66; William E Gilbert, 1866 ; J. Lansing Lane, 1867-74 ; A. N. Sage, 1874-76 ; Henry Collings, 1877 ; Elias P. Mann, 1878-79 ; John A. Brannan, 1880-81 ; Henry Col- lings, 1882-86. Arba Read Steam Fire-Engine Company No. i. The purchase of a steam fire-engine, having for some time been discussed by some of the citizens of Troy, a paper containing the fol- low ing agreement was circulated in the fall of 1859 • " Fo'' the purpose of demonstrating the feasibility of using steam apparatus for service in extin- guishing fires in the city of Troy, the undersigned associate themselves to form a company for the purpose of purchasing and putting into effective use a good and efficient steam fire- engine ; such a company to be organ- ized distinct from the present fiie de- partment ; to control its own affairs and select its own officers when or- ganized ; all property purchased by them to be the property of the associ- ation and subject to their govern- ment." Lee & Lamed, manufacturers of steam fire engines in New York, having been requested to exhibit in the city an engine made by them, sent by the Francis Skiddy a light steam fire-engine designed to be drawn by men or horses. On Monday morning, November 7, 1859, ^^ reached the city and was drawn to Washington Square, where it remained until noon, and was inspected by a large number of peo- ple. Then it was taken to the wharf at Division Street, where it was tested. Meanwhile many signatures were sub- scribed to the circulated paper, and a considerable sum of money promised to buy a steam fire-engine. On No- vember 23. a committee was appointed to visit Boston, New York, and Phila- delphia to examine the steamers used in those cities and to report upon the best to be obtained. On December 13, the committee reported and was authorized to purchase an engine. On the following day the contract for making one was given to the Amos- keag Manufacturing Company of Man- chester, N. H. On December 19, the constitution and by-laws of the Arba Read Steam Fire Engine Company were adopted. On Monday night, January 9, i860, the following persons 134 were elected[its officers : William Bar- ton, president ; Lewis L. Southwick, vice president ; William T. Willard, secretary ; Townsend M. Vail, treas- urer; Nathaniel B. Slarbuck, captain; Edward H. Chapin, first assistant ; Elam N. Buel, second assistant ; Eli- jah W. Stoddard, third assistant. On March 28, the Arba Read steamer ar- rived by the Troy and Greenbush Railroad, and on the following day a public trial of the engine was made on the wharf, west of Fuller, Warren, & Co.'s store. The engine-house, next north of the company's present one, on the northwest corner of Third and State streets, was built in i860, and the steamer was placed in it. The " law relating to the establish- ment and organization of a steam fire- company of the city of Troy " passed by the common council, February 16, i860, designated the members of the Arba Read Steam Fire Engine Com- pany No. I as firemen of the city, lim- iting their number to sixty persons, and permitting the company to man- age its own affairs under the supervi- sion of the mayor, or, in his absence from the city, under that of the alder- men of the ward in which the com- pany was on duty. The last provision was made to protect the company from any malevolent acts of the hand en- gine companies hostile to the organi- zation of a steam fire-engine company. On May 24, i860, a span of black horses was purchased for the com- pany ; price $450. On January i, 1862, the trustees of the company leased the engine, horses, hose and hose carriage to the city without com- pensation. The present three-story, brick building occupied by the com- pany was erected in 1875. On December 16, 1875, the company re- ceived a self-propelling steam engine from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, and after an unsatisfactory trial of it exchanged it, in August, 1876, for the one now used by the company. James Knibbs was appointed en- gineer of the company, February, i860, which position he filled until Decem- ber I, 1863; from which time William H. Bradt has been engineer. Present number of officers and mem- bers, 39. Captains: Nathaniel B. Starbuck, 1860-61; E. W. Stoddard, 1861; Lewis L. Southwick. 1862-64 ; Wm. G. Crissey, 1865 ; James H. Ingram, 1866-68; Edward M. Green, 1869; Lansing Smith, 1870-75 ; Henry A. Deming, 1876; Isaac F. Handy, 1877; Mark H. Hubbell, 1878 ; Melville S. Marble, 1879-80; Herbert M.Caswell, 1881 ; William J. Macdonald, 1882-83; Herbert M. Caswell, 1884 ; Percy B. McCoy, 1885 ; James H. Lloyd, 1886. Arba Read Steamer Company, composed of the active and honorary members of the Arba Read Steam Fire-Engine Company No. i, was in- corporated, March 18, 1885, as a social club, with the following trustees: Percy B. McCoy, John Squires, James C. Wilbur, John M. Sherrerd, and Frank L. Parker. The first officers elected by the trustees were John Squires, president ; John M. Sher- rerd, secretary and treasurer. A room above the old engine house was suita- bly furnished as a club-room for the members of the organization. On February i, 1886, its first officers were re-elected to the positions mentioned. Personal property, $2,500. Hugh Ranken Steam Fire-En- GINE Company No. 2. In the spring of 1858, several of the members of Eagle Engine Company No. 10, de- siring to have the organization pro- vided with a steam fire-engine, proposed to build one for $1,500 should the common council authorize them to construct it. The aldermen, it seems, did not give the proposal 135 consiileration. On September 28, 1S60, al the annual exhibition of the Rensselaer County Agricultural and Manufacturers' Society, there was a public trial of a number of steam fire- engines built by American manu- facturers. Being solicited to sub- scribe money to purchase the No. 2 engine exhibited by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company for Eagle Engine Company No. 10, a num- ber of citizens advanced $2,750 for that purpose. The engine was purcliased on September 28, and on the evening of that day was placed in the engine-house of the company on t'ederal Street. On December 20, the common council changed the name of Eagle Engine Company No. 10 to Steam Fire-Engine Company No. 2, and on April i, i86r, changed that of the latter to Hugh Ranken Steam Fire-Engine Company No. 2. The common council having appropriated $2,250 to repay the sums advanced by the citizens, the engine became the property of the city. The first en- gineer of the steamer was Roswell R. Morgan. In 1862, he was succeeded by Thomas H. Bailey, who in turn, in 1867, was succeeded by his brother, William Bailey, who is still the en- gineer of the steamer. When the en- gine-house. No. 14 Federal Street, was burned May 10, 1S62, the steamer was temporarily housed at Cozzens' North- ern Hotel, and afterward in the house previously occupied by Niagara En- gine Company No. 7, on Second Street. The new engine-house, built of brick, two stories high, on the site of the old structure, was occupied by the company on February 14, 1863. The present building was erected in 1885. Its occupation by the com- pany was celebrated on Thursday eve- ning, April 23, 1885. Present number of officers and mem- bers, 35. Captains : George W. Shepard, 1S61-63; Charles F. Green, 1S63-66; H. B. Harvey, 1S67; Chas. F.Green, 186S; H. B. Harvey, 1869; Chas. H. McGrath, 1870-72 ; Albert R. Corse, 1873 ; W. G. Mackey, 1874-75 ; Ed- ward J. McKenna, 1876 ; Levi B. Gardner, 1877 ; Patrick J. Fitzgerald, 1S78-81; Andrew J. Forrest, 1882-S3; Edward P. Green, 1884-85 ; Michael J. Quirk, 1886. Jason C. Osgood Steam Fire En- gine Company No. 3. On January 14, 1862, the first steamer belonging to the company reached Troy, and was housed for a time in the building. No. 130 Second Street, occupied by Niagara Engine Company No. 7. The latter company was discontinued on January 23, and from its members was formed Jason C. Osgood Steam Fire Engine Company No. 3. An- drew D. Collins was the company's first engineer. A two-story, brick house was erected for the company in 1862, on the south side of Adams Street, between First and Second streets. In 1865, it was taken by the city for the use of the Capital Police. The present engine-house, on the southwest corner of Adams and Sec- ond streets, was built in 1865-66, Present engineer, Alfred Cook. Present number of officers and members, 38. Captains: James McKeon, 1862- 63; Michael Riley, 1S64; Edgar Ballou. 1865-66; Martin Payne, 1867; Moses C. Green, 1868 ; Samuel Hudson, 1869-70; William T. Mc- Crea, 1871-72; George S. Bos- worth, jr., 1873 ; M. H. Arts, 1874; I. Seymour Scott, 1875-78 ; Adel- bert T. Burdick, 1879-80; Frank- lin Moore, 1S81 ; Thomas B. Bran- nan, 1882-83; William H.Donahue, 1884-86. Charles Eddy Steam Fire En- gine Company No. 4. The company was organized November 21, 1866, 136 from the membership of the J. C. Tay- lor Hose Company No. 3, and the Rough and Ready Hose Company No. 4. The steamer, purchased from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Com- pany, cost $4,250, and was put in ser- vice May 22, 1867. The two-story, brick engine-house, buiU in 1866, on the northeast corner of River and North streets, was occupied by the company in May, 1867 The com- pany was reorganized October 6, 1876. Michael Gillen has been en- gineer of the company since Feb- ruary, 1880. Present number of officers and mem- bers, 48. Captains : Henry Davis, jr., 1866-67 ; Charles H. Hitchcock, 1868-72 : Ar- thur Tilley, 1873 ; George L. Tvler, 1874 ; G. A, Hitchcock, 1875-76 ; George Tyler, 1876 ; Thomas Terry, 1877 ; Robert Seitz, 1878-80 ; Henry H. Plum, i88i ; W. H. Ransley, 1882-83 ; R. H. Walsh, 1884 ; John E. Gaitley, 1885-86. F. W. Farnam Steam Fire-En- GiNE Company No. 5. The company was organized July 17, 1871, from the members of Lafayette Engine Com- pany N. 10. The first steamer of the company was built by L. Button & Son, in 1871. The company's two- story, brick engine-house, on the south side of Congress Street, Ida Hill, was built in 1876. The present engine used by the company was built by the Button Fire Engine Company of Waterford, and was delivered to the company July 3, 1885. James Pollock has been engineer of the company since 1871. Present number of officers and mem- bers, 29. Captains: John W. Rogers, 1872; James Crossen, 1873-76 ; George A. Crawford, 1877 ; Wm. M. Peckham, 1878-79; Thomas Wells. 1880; Rob- ert T. Cary, 1881-82; Morgan A. Allen, 1883 ; John Mackey, 1S84-85 ; George Patterson, i886. Edmond Stanton Steam Fire- Engine Company No. 6. The com- pany was organized January 23, 1873, from the members of Empire State Engine Company No. 5. The first steamer of the company was built by Clapp & Jones. The engine was re- ceived November 30, 1872. The present one was made at the Man- chester Locomotive Works, Manches- ter, N. H. The name of the Empire State Engine Company No. 5 was changed to the present one, Janu- ary 23, 1873. The company's two- story, brick engine-house on the south side of Mill Street, at the Iron Works, was erected in 1877. Timothy Connors is the company's present engineer. Present number of officers and mem- bers, 46. Captains : Thomas Smith, 1873-76; Patrick M. Stanton, 1877 ; Dennis Gleason, 1878; Thomas Keating, 1879 ; William H. Latham, 1880-81 ; John Ryan. 1882-83 ; Hubert Mad- den, 1884-86. Hope Steam Fire Engine Com- pany, No. 7. The company, or- ganized, May 20, 1826, received, in May, 1882, the steamer built by the Clapp & Jones Manufacturing Company, of Hudson, N. Y., used for a number of years by Edmond Stanton Steam Fire Engine Company No. 6. Lyman Rysdorph was made engineer of the steamer in 1882, which position he still retains. The engine is now temporarily housed in a two- story, brick building, on the south side of Washington Stree', Alba. The company has, as yet, no horses to draw the engine. The engine- house, to be built in 1886, will be on the southeast corner of Pawling Ave- nue and the Gristmill road, at the west end of the village of Albia. 181 Present number of officers and mem- bers, 23, Captains: James Chapman, i860; E. Winters, 1S61 ; James Anderson, 1862-64; Jacob Winters, 1865-66; John Bloomingdale, 1867 , Norman Schermerhorn, 1868 ; S. McNaugh- ton , 1S69 ; Jacob Winters, 1870 ; C. H. Clark, 1871 ; Jacob Winters, 1872- 75 ; R. H. Uline, 1876; Abrani Mil- ler, 1877-79 ; William M. Watson, 1880-81 ; Hiram A, Ford, 1882-84 I Albert Minkler, 1885-86. Trojan Hook and Ladder Com- pany No. 3. The company was or- ganized February 5, 1835, in a frame building occupying the site of the Hugh Ranken Steam Fire-Engine Company's engine-house. The com- pany's first truck was a plainly con- structed vehicle. In 1S54, another truck was purchased, which had lieen built by W. H. Tarboss, New York, for a company in New Orleans. The truck-house at No. 14 Federal S'reet was burned in the great fire of May 10, 1S62. Afterward the truck was for a time housed at Cozzens' Northern Hotel, and subsequently at the engine-house in State Street. The company occupied its present two story, brick building, at Franklin Square, in the latter part of April, 1865. The Hayes extension ladder, truck, and fire escape, now used by the company, was purchased in 1884. Captains: J. J. Firth, 1S57 ; L. S. Bunnell, 1858-60 ; J. Crawford Gieen, 1861-65 ; Sidney Wright, 1866-67 ", J. Ciawford Green. 1868 ; D. F. Ma- gill, 1869 ; O. S. Ingram, 1S70-81 ; H. C. Salisbury, 1882-86. Trojan Hook and Ladder Com- pany was incorporated, March r, 1886, as a social club, with the following managers: Henry C. Salisbury, Ed- ward R. Wales. Albert Harrison, Ed- ward A. Wager, Edwin Morrison, Os- man F. Kinloch, Arthur M. Wight, 19 James Q. Godson, and Eugene C. Packard. The Troy fire department possesses eight steam fire-engines, two hook and ladder trucks, eight hose carts, eighteen thousand eight hundred feet of cotton and leather hose, twenty- four horses and seven wagons. The department for many years has been widely known for its unequalled effi- ciency and the remarkable intrepidity displayed by its officers and members in successfully combating with the flames of alarming fires. The present fire commissioners are Elias P. Mann, president of the board, Dennis O'Loughlin, Edmond Stanton, Albert Tompkins, William Ranken, and John M. Galligan. Chief engineer, J. Lansing Lane ; first assistant engineer, (northern dis- trict), Charles F. Green ; second as- sistant engineer, (southern district), Patrick Byron. Fire Department, Trustees of the. — The board of trustees of the fire department of the city of Troy was incorporated by the act passed by the legislature. May 7, 1880. The act empowered " the members of each steam engine company, hand en- gine company, hook and ladder com- pany, and hose company, under the control of the board of fire commis- sioners of the city * * * ^t the annual election for officers, on the first Monday of January in each year, or on any other day to which said an- nual election shall be postponed," to elect from their own number two persons, to be known as trustees of the fire department. The object of the corporation is to provide, maintain, and control a fund for the relief of indigent and disabled firemen, and of the widows and orphans of deceased firemen who have been members of the Troy fire department. The trustees are authorized to receive all moneys 138 due from agents of insurance compa- nies doing business in the city of Troy, as provided by the laws of the state, and to disburse the same and the in- come arising therefrom for the object mentioned. The principal officers of the board of trustees are Thomas E. Byron, president ; A. L. Fowler, sec- retary ; and Thomas A. Dowling, treasurer. Firemen's Association, Ex- empt. — The organization known as the Exempt Firemen's Association of the city of Troy, composed of exempt firemen who have received, or who have become entitled to receive, cer- tificates of discharge by reason of hav- ing served the term of years required by the law of the Troy fire depart- ment, also active firemen of the de- partment, and also the active and ex- empt members of the West Troy, Green Island, Cohoes, Lansingburgh and Waterford fire departments, was formed in Troy, on August 26, 1873. The object of the association is to maintain and perpetuate the social re- lations of the fiiemen of the depart- ment, and " to provide a benefit fund for the relief of the family of a mem- ber who may be removed by death." The association was incorporated May 10, 1886. Present principal officers : John M. Galligan, president; Thomas J. Jennings, secretary ; Joel B. Thompson, treasurer. Fires. — Three large conflagrations have occurred in the city, and de- stroyed real and personal property val- ued at .$4,000,000. Fire of 1820. This conflagration began on Tuesday afternoon, at four o'clock, June 20, 1S20, in the stable belonging to Colonel Thomas Davis, in the rear of his residence, on the west side of First Street, now the site of the building No. 35 First Street. The wind was blowing from the south, and the fire had a rapid course north- wardly. The buildings burned on the west side of River Street covered the space, from Dr. Samuel Gale's drug store (now a part of the building No. 163 River Street, occupied by John L. Thompson, Sons, & Co.), to Corning & Co.'s drug store, (now No. 227 River Street.) On the east side of River Street, all the buildings were burned, from H. & G. Vail's dry- goods store, No. 158, opposite Dr. Samuel Gale's drug-store, to the cor- ner of River and First streets. On First Street, the fire consumed all the buildings, except the building of the Bank of Troy, which was somewhat damaged, from and includinc the two- story, wooden dwelling of Colonel Thomas Davis, to the corner of First and River streets. The buildings on State Street, between River and First streets, were also burner'. The build- ings alttng the river, west of those on River Street, were also consumed. About 90 buildings, in the business part of the city, were burned, of which were 69 stores and dwellings. Fire- men and fire engines from Albany, Lansingbuigh, Waterford, and the Watervliet Arsenal generously assisted the firemen and citizens of Troy to confine the flames to as small an area as possible. The mayor of the city, Esaias Warren, made a public appeal for aid through the newspapers, to re- lieve the wants of the impoverished people, and a local committee was ap- pointed to distribute such donations as were forwarded thereafter to the distressed city. On March 19, 1821, the relief committee reported the re- ceipt of $14,25249, and also of flour, provisions, vegetables, clothing, and household furniture. The city of New York contributed $6,227.35. The total loss of property was es- timated at $700,000. The Rens- selaer and Saratoga Insurance Com- FIELD Ol' THE KIRK OF 182O. 140 pany of Troy paid losses amount- ing to $iio,oOO within sixty days after the tire. On July 4, 1820, the Budget, de- scribing the ruins of the burned dis- trict, remarked: "The immense quantity of grain, flour, provisions, &c., with which many stores four, five and six stories high were crowded full, still burn like a coal-pit, and such is the depth of the cellars, that it is quite impracticable totally to ex- tinguish the fire. It is a singular fact that whole barrels of wheat flour have been completely charred by the late fire, and, without the aid of water, formed a coal harder than that made from hard wood. A piece of this coal was taken from the ruins by a gentle- man, who kept it some time in his hands and handed it to others, and then carried it to Piatt Titus' tavern, [Troy House], and delivered it to him to keep until he should leave the city, as he intended to take it with him. Piatt Titus laid it in his bar, and after some time it was discovered that the coal was on fire, and was burning so freely that had it not been discovered, it is probable the house would soon have been in flames from it." The fire ordinance, passed by the common council, July 8, that year, manifests the extreme carefulness ex- ercised to protect the city from a simi- lar calamity : " No person shall smoke or carry any lighted or burning segar or pipe, in any street, alley, barn, sta- ble, or outhouse in the city, upon pain of forfeiting and paying for each and every such offence, the penalty of one dollar." All the churches in the city ob- served July 12, that year, as a day of public humiliation and prayer. Fire of 1848. A fire, which be- gan about 9:30 A. M. on May i, 1848, in a stable in the rear of Hal- sted's Mechanics' Hall, near the site of the old armory, burned all the buildings on the east and west sides of River Street, between Ferry and Congress streets. Firemen from Lan- singburgh. West Troy, and Albany assisted in suppressing the flames. The companies from Albany drew their engine by hand to Troy over a heavy road. Fire of 1854. On Friday after- noon, at I o'clock, August 25, 1854, the brick, steam planing mill, occu- pied by George Quiggin, standing on the southwest corner of Front and Di- vision streets, was discovered on fire, and an immediate alarm was given. A strong northwest wind was blowing, and the flames spread to the large piles of lumber south of the mill. As described by the Troy Daily Times: *• The fire ran up the south side of Division to River Street, and com- municated to the brick row on the west side of River Street, occupied by Robert Wasson and others, and it was with difficulty the residences on the opposite side were saved. From this point, it ran down the west side of River Street to the lumber yards be- low, crossing over the street and set- ting fire to the residence of Moses I. Winne, below Liberty Street, and thence spreading over the entire sec- tion of the city from Liberty Street down to the alley between Second and Third streets, destroying many valua- ble residences, together with Edger- ton, Sheldon & Osborn's (late Birge's) chair factory, the Troy and Greenbush railroad freight depot and machine shop, Jones & Hitchcock's new and extensive bell foundry, Parmenter's machine shop, and other valuable property." About two hundred build- ings were destroyed, and three hun- dred families rendered houseless. It was estimated that 20,000,000 feet of lumber were burned. Fire companies, with their apparatus, came from Al- bany. West Troy, Cohoes, Lansing- burgh, and Waterford, and aided the ANAL A V £ /^ 6/ £ ini.l) OK IHE FIRE OF 1854. 142 Troy firemen in opposing the progress of the flames. The total loss was es- timated to have been not less than one million dollars. The sufferers by this fire received relief from the citi- zens and from distant benefactors. Fire of 1862. The great confla- gration of Saturday afternoon, May 10, 1862, was caused by sparks from a locomotive lodging in the roof of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad bridge, and setting it on fire. A gale was blowing from the northwest, and the wind at once carried the flaming shingles and glowing brands to the dry roofs of the numerous buildings in the central part of the city. Shortly after noon the alarm was given, and the firemen and engines quickly ar- rived at the east end of the burning bridge. A futile attempt was made to throw water on the flaming struc- tare, but the excessive heat and flying cinders compelled the firemen to aban- don it. An effort was made to open the draw to bar the progress of the de- vouring element, but this was also un- successful. Great tongues of flame leaped high above the blazing bridge, which soon fell into the river, and parts of the burning structure, floating with the current, imperiled the steam- boats and the smaller craft cabled along the wharves. Meanwhile hun- dreds of houses were on fire. From the bridge southeastwardly the flames were widening the area of the confla- gration with such fearful rapidity that the terrified people were scarcely able to escape them, while some were suf- focated in the streets by the dense smoke. When the stores on River Street began burning, the thoroughfare was so darkened by smoke that it was difficult to discern objects at the short- est distances. The high northwest wind swept the thick clouds of lurid smoke across the city, and covered it as with a pall. In less than an hour and a half a broad belt of fire lay across the city, from the river to the eastern hill. It was impossible to' pass from one side of it to the other, except by long detours, either east or west of it. Direful and unfounded reports aug- mented the terribleness of the calam- ity. Dwellings on the eastern hill not directly in the course of the fire were saved from burning with the ut- most difficulty. At one time, on Ninth Street, the greatest consterna- tion prevailed. In that part of the city, it was thought that the buildings there were not endangered, and no precautions were taken to save them from destruction. Suddenly brands weie carried by the wind thither, and and in a short time a number of un- protected houses lay in ashes on that street. The most distressing events of the long-remembered day were those in which helpless persons became the prey of the destructive element. Although the fire occurred at midday, when the people were best prepared to escape, yet so rapid was its progress and so great the panic that several persons were overtaken and hemmed in by the flames, and were burned. Ransom S. Haight was suffocated in the smoke on Seventh Street, where he was burned almost beyond identifi- cation. Thomas O'Donnell, an aged blind man, living on Green Street, north of Grand Division Street, left alone in the house, was burned in it. Zenas Gary, an aged physician, resid- ing at No. 29 Grand Division Street, rescued from his burning dwelling by his faithful wife, was fatally burned and died on the following day at Mar- shall Infirmary. The charred remams of Mary Dunlop and child were found in the ashes of a burned building. Numerous narrow escapes are related by men and women who were im- periled by the rapidly progressive fire. 144 At the beginning of the conflagra- tion, all human means seemed useless to save any of the buildings in the path of the fire. As it advanced southeastwardly, often slight changes of the wind gave it limitations, and the strenuous efforts of the indefatiga- ble firemen frequently checked its progress in different directions. The conflagration, about six o'clock, was stayed at Donohue & Burge's carriage factory, on the northwest corner of Seventh and Congress streets, having destroyed 507 buildings, not including barns and out-houses, covering an area of 75 .icres in the central part of the city. Viewed from Eighth Street, at night, the field of the fire was one of no little grandeur. Here and there unquenched flames illuminated des- olated spaces, and great beds of fire glowed among the blackened walls of the destroyed buildings. The reso- nant rhythm of the steam fire-engines and the steady cadtnces of the striking brakes of the hand-engines lulled to sleep the hundreds of houseless peo- ple in the neighboring homes of those who hospitably received them. Among the larger buildings burned were the Second Presbyterian Church, on the southeast corner of Sixth and Grand Division streets ; the Scotch Presbyterian Church on the east side of Seventh Street, between Broadway and State Street ; the North Baptist Church, on the southeast corner of Fifth and Fulton streets ; the Home Mission, on the east side of Seventh Street, between Broadway and State Street ; the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, on the northeast corner of State and Sixth streets ; the Troy City Bank, on the southeast corner of Fourth and Grand Division streets ; the Troy Orphan Asylum, on the north side of Grand Division, west of Eighth Street ; the Church Asy- lum, on south side of Federal Street, between Sixth and Eighth streets ; and the Union Railroad depot, on the the site of the present building. Fire- men and fire-engines from Albany, West Troy, Cohoes, Lansingburgh, and Waterford, came and assisted in the difficult work of limiting the range of the conflagration. The pro- gress of the fire southward along River Street was successfully opposed by the Arba Read and Jason C. Osgood steamers ; at the intersection of Fourth and Fulton streets, the Washington Volunteer Company checked the flames from crossing Fulton Street at that point ; and at the intersection of Broadway and Fifth Street, the Hugh Ranken and the Empire State engine companies energetically resisted there the ad- vance of the fire. Elsewhere the other companies vigorously battled with the destructive element. The total value of the property de- stroyed was appraised at $2,677,892, on which were insurances amounting to $1,321,874. Loss on real estate, $1,386,080 ; loss on personal property, $1,291,812; insurance on real estate, $766,691 ; and insurance on personal property, $555,183. Fifty thousand dollars were contributed before the end of May for the relief of the suf- ferers by the people of Troy and those of other places. That amount was largely increased during the month of June. In July, 181 new buildings were erecting in the burned district, and in November, six months after the fire, all the lots excepting two, on River Street, on which buildings had been burned, were occupitd by better ones. Pishing Lines — S. Draper & Son, manufacturers of fishing and chalking lines and seine twines, Nos. 652 and 654 River Street. The business was begun by Steplien Draper, in the summer of 1865, in the 145 building No. 643 River Street. In October, that year, he and James Hoyt formed the partnership of Dra- per & fioyt, manufacturing fishing lines and twines in the building now occupied by Hoyt & Wynlcoop, on Spring Avenue. On January i, 1867, after the dissolution of the firm in 1866, Steplien Draper and his son, William H., under the firm-name of S. Draper & Son, continued the busi- ness at the same place. On May i, 186S, they occupied the upper part of the Dickerman Building, No. 81 Ferry Street. In September 1884, the firm moved to its present location. Pos- sessing the latest improved machinery, the firm manufactures all kinds of silk, linen and cotton fishing lines, braided and twisted, chalk lines and seine twine. The firm sends its goods to dealers in all parts of the United States. Flour.— Oliver Boutwell & Son, whole- sale dealers in flour, Nos. 641 to 665 River Street. (See Grain.) James E. Kimball & Sons, flour and produce commission merchants, No. 139 River Street. As a member of the firm of Bates, Grifiin. & Co., James E. Kimball engaged in the business in 1857, since which time he has been associated with the succeed- ing firms: Kimball & Bradley, 1S58- 69 ; James E. Kimball & Co., 1869- 76 ; James E. Kimball & Son, (Charles P.), 1876-84; James E. Kimball & Sons, (Charles P. and Edmund), May I, 18S4, to present time. D. H. Flack & Son, wholesale dealers in flour and feed, office No. 361 River Street. The firm has the exclusive agency in this city and its vicinity for the sale of the celebrated brand of superlative flour made by Washburn, Crosby & Co,, whose three great mills, at Minneapolis, Minn., have a capacity for producing tlaily 7,300 barrels of flour. D. H. Flack & Son, to facilitate their sales of the large number of barrels weekly re- ceived from the manufacturers, have a large storehouse, 36 by 200 feet, on Paine street, on the east side of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, Green Island. The firm also deals in other brands of flour and are also jobbers in middlings and brans. Daniel H. Flack and his son, Clar- ence N. Flack, became associated under the present firm-name on January i, 1871. Le Roy Rickerson, wholesale dealer in flour, northwest corner of Fulton and Front streets. Foundries. — (See Machinery Manufacturers.) Fourth Battery, N. G. S. N. Y. — The information obtained re- specting the Troy City Artillery, now named the Fourth Battery, is very vague and too traditional to furnish any important particulars of its or- ganization. As the company adduces the year 18 1 2 as the date of its early formation, it may be identified with the flying artillery company of which Ruggles Hubbard, on August 11, 1812, became captain; Richard M. Livingston, first lieutenant, and Wil- liam McManus, second lieutenant. The latter company was then connect- ed with the sixth regiment, second bri- gade of the first battalion of artillery of the state militia. In 1828, the Troy City Artillery was included in the fifth regiment of light infantry; William Brown then being captain of the company. For a number of years Charles E. Brintnall held the same position to which on September 29, 1856, Sidney W. Parks, succeeded. The armory of the company was for a time in a building standing on the 146 plat of ground at the entrance of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad bridge. A number of years afterward, it was in a two-story building on Church Street, or on the east side of the alley, nearly opposite the space be- tween the city-hall and the Baptist church. After the state armory was built in i860, on the east side of River Street, between Congress and Ferry streets, the company's quarters were in it. Although retaining the name of the Troy City Artillery, the company as Battery B was incorpor- ated, in 1867, with the twenty fourth regiment, tenth brigade, third division of the National Guard of the state of New York. In 1878, it was known as Battery F, which designation in 1882 was changed to that of the Fourth Battery. The company has the finely furnished rooms i, 2, and 3, on the first floor, on the west side of the hall of the new armory, on the south- east corner of Ferry and River streets. Its present officers are James E. Sharp, captain; Samuel Sexton, first lieutenant; and Gilbert W. Jewett, second lieutenant. The following persons have served as Captains: William Brown, 1828; Howe, 1839; Thomas Godson; William T. Willard ; Charles E. Brint- nall; Sidney W. Parks, from Septem- ber 29, 1856, to July 10, 1861; A. B. Myers, from July 10, 1861, to August 12, 1862; J. Thomas Davis, from August 12, 1862, to July, 1863; Phineas S. Pettit, from July 16, 1863 to April 6, 1864; John M. Landon. from May 4, 1864 to December, 1865; William Shaw, from January 17, 1866 to June, 1866; James E. Curran, from July, 1866 to April 1869; I. Seymour Scott, from April 26, 1869 to 1872; Albert H. Green, from October 5, 1872 to February, 1878; George T. Steenberg, from April 15, 1878, to De- cember 3, 1883; Abram N. Belcher, from April 7, 1884, to August 31, 1885 ; James E. Sharp, from Septem- ber 17, 1885 to present time. Freshets. — The rapid melting of deep beds of snow lying along the Hudson and its tributaries, north of Troy, in winter and in the early spring, or the fall of a great quantity of ram in the same territory, causes the river to overflow its banks and to sweep away in the strong current valuable property or to inundate it. A great freshet, in March, 1647, caused the water in the river to rise to a great height, during which two whales ascended the river. One of them stranded on an island, now cov- ered by the water above the state dam. It is said that the " fish was tolerably fat, for, although the people of Rens- selaerswyck broiled out a great quan- tity of train-oil, still the whole river (the current being still rapid) was oily for three weeks, and covered with grease. While the fish lay rotting, the air was infected with its stench to such a degree that the smell was of- fensive and perceptible for two miles leeward." On March 2 and 3, 1818, the water of a freshet inundated a fourth part of the city. Many persons were com- pelled to abandon their houses, and there was great loss of provisions. On March 12, 1832, a flood carried away a part of the bridge across the Mo- hawk, at Cohoes. On Tuesday morn- ing, March 13, at 11 o'clock, the water in the river in front of the city was eighteen inches higher than that of the freshet of 1818. The cellars and basements of houses on Fourth and Fifth streets as far north as Congress Street were filled with water. On Saturday, February 7, 1857, by the breaking up of the ice in the Mo- hawk and streams north of the city, the water rose rapidly. On Sunday afternoon, about 3 o'clock, the river 147 began rising at the rate of 3 to 4 inches a minute, and on Monday morning, at 7 o'clock, the water was from 12 to 14 feet deep on the wharves. The covered bridge of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, across llie sec- ond branch of the Mohawk River, im- mediately above the stale dam, was swept from its piers and carried over the dam to the north side of the rail- road bridge between Troy and Green Island. There was great loss of property. On February 12, the river was again frozen, and people crossed it on the ice. The flood is said to have been from six to eighteen inches higher than the one in 1832. On Saturday night, February 13, 1886, about ten o'clock, the ice in the river in front of the city began break- ing. The water rose rapidly, and on Sunday afternoon, about three o'clock, its height was three inches less than the high water of the freshet of 1857. The ice between the city and Albany not breaking caused the river to overflow and inundate most of the lower part of the city. Considerable property was lost and damaged by the high water, Friends, Society of,— Early in the present century, the Friends liv- ing in Troy and its vicinity began to hold religious meetmgs in the village. In November, 1803, a committee was appointed by the Easton Monthly Meeting to visit the Friends in Troy and to report the condition of the society. A favorable report was made May '5, 1804. In 1806, the Troy society rented the frame, double- tenement, belonging to Daniel Mer- ritt, on the lot. 50 by 90 feet, on the southwest corner of Fourth and State streets. In it the society held its meetings. On October 20, 1807, Edward Southwick and Abraham Staples, members of the society, pur- chased the property for $2,300, and. on the same day, declared that it was held in trust by them for the Easton Monthly Meeting. The Troy Pre- parative Meeting had a membership which included some of the best peo- ple in Troy. On April 19, 1836, the lot, south of the one on the corner, was purchased by the society. About the year 1840, the society began to de- cline. The two lots and the build- ings on them were sold, March 2, and July i, 1874, to the First Uni- tarian Church. On Monday, October 12, that year, the work of demolish- ing the meeting-house was begun. Fruits. — J. A. HiLLlKER & Co., (Edward Hilliker), wholesale dealers in foreign and domestic fruits. No. 349 River Street, northwest corner of River and ' Grand Division streets. Fulton Market House.— The building was erected in 1840 by the city, on the plat of ground early known as the Troy ship-yard. The building cost about $30,000, and was first occupied in May, 1841. The first floor was leased to butchers and marketmen. The hall above it was used for many years by theatrical com- panies, and for concerts, lectures, and meetings. The building, and the ship- yard plat fronting 112 feet on River Street and extending to the river, was sold by the city to William H. Frear on Monday afternoon, August 4, 1879, for |6l,ooo. Fulton Street previous to the year 1847 was called Elbow Street; a name given it on account of the street's deflection northwestward at River Street. Furnishing Goods. — (See Men's Furnishing Goods.) GREEN \ waterman's BUILDING, 282 RIVER STREET. 149 Furniture.— Grekn & Waterman, manufactur- ers of and dealers in furniture, general upholsterers and house-decorators. No. 2S3 River Street. The firm was formed by J- Crawford Green and Marcus M. Waterman, April i, 1872, who succeeded to the business begun about the year 1S2S, by Elijah Ga- lusha, atNo 307 River Street. In 185S, he occupied the building, No. 270 River Street, where Green & Water- man continued the business until April I, 18S0, when they moved to the large four-story, brick building. No. 2S3 River Street, which had been attractively refitted into spacious sales- rooms, in which the enterprising firm has now a most varied collection of finely-finished furniture, a large stock of choice upholstering goods, and artistic specialties. At the firm's manufacturing establishment, on Front Street, north of Fulton Street, a great variety of elegant furniture is made, where also is elaborated in wood many modern and classic de- signs for house-interiors. The firm furnishes estimates and designs for all kinds of interior work, upholstering and furniture ; also for papering, car- peting, tiling and remodeling the in- teriors of private and public buildings. Isaac Keith, furniture, carpets and upholstery goods, Nos. 255 and 257 River Street. The business was begun in 1834, by Jacob M. Van der Heyden, in a building on the corner of Albany and Second streets, and in another, known as No. 200^ River Street. He was succeeded by Hosea Leach, in 1859, ^^ No. 180 River Street ; Keith, Ensign & Nelson, in 1871, at Nos. 178 and 182 River Street ; Keith & Ensign, in 1872, at Nos. 165 and 167 River Street ; Isaac Keith, in 1873, at the same place, who, in 18S3, moved into the Burdett Building. (See Burdett Building.) L. W. Raymond, dealer in furniture, Nos. 189 and 191 River Street. The business was begun by Albe C. Dan- iels, at No. 18 Congress Street, in 1835. A. L. HoTCHKiN, manufacturer of and dealer in furniture and upholster- ing goods. Nos. 329 and 331 River Street. The business was begun by Leonard Smith, at No. 312 River Street, in 1854. Furs. — (See Keenan Building, Samuel B. Mount, and Hatters, E. W. Boughton & Co.) Gas-light Companies.— The use of gas for illuminating purposes was at first sensational, as the follow- ing advertisement in one of the city newspapers of July 14, 1818, shows: ■' The subscriber informs the citi- zens of Troy and the public at large that he has at a great expense fitted up an apparatus for a splendid and brilliant exhibition of this wonderful production of chemistry. An invisible, aerial, and permanently elastic fluid will be made to burn in the atmos- pheric air with a steady and silent flame, and to afford a soft and most re- markably pleasant light. The gas lights will be exhibited during the whole of the present week at Barney's City Coffee House, near the court- house, in Troy. They will appear in various fanciful forms, as issuing from common burners, from chandeliers, from the beaks and wings of eagles, from a cross, a crescent, and a fish, Samuel Willard." A public exhibition of gas, burning in jets, was made at the court-house, on Monday night, July 19, 1847. In one of the daily papers this notice was given it: "Our citizens will have an opportunity of witnessing a beautiful gas light in front of the court-house this evening about 9 o'clock. It is a 151 different article from that used in Albany and other cities. It gives a more brilliant light and has no offen- sive smell. It is called Clutchett's solar gas, and is manufactured from old grease by a very simple apparatus. The capitol at Washington, Coleman's hotel and numerous other public iiuildings are lighted by the gas. The apparatus will remain at the court house for a number of days, when our citizens will be able to judge the merits of the gas as a cheap and beau- tiful light." The same newspaper on the follow- ing day described the effect of the light: "The front of the court-house was beautifully illuminated last night. The light from the gas lamps tem- porarily placed there was very fine, although the evening was not favor- able. As it was, the light thrown upon the park and surrounding build- ings was very brilliant. The Troy Band, always ready to encourage matters appertaining to the city's welfare, discoursed some eloquent music in honor of the occasion." Although the legislature was pe- titioned in January, 1845, to pass a bill to incorporate the Troy Gas-light Company, it was not until February 16, 1848, that the present company was chartered. On March 15, that year, the following persons were elected its officers: Daniel South- wick, president ; Jonas C. Heartt, John A. Griswold, Willam S. Sands, John T. McCoun, E. Thompson Gale, George B. Warren, Charles Dauchy, and Lemuel H. Davis, directors. George H. Lee of Philadelphia, erected the works on the south side of the lot, on the east side of Hill Street, between Liberty and Washing- ton streets. The capital stock was $100,000, of which $11,000 was taken by citizens of Troy, and the remainder by citizens of Philadelphia. In April, 1850, five miles of mains had been laid and sixty-one street lamps, thirty- two residences and 'several churches had been supplied with gas by the company. The company's office is in the Troy Savings Bank Building, northeast corner of Second and State streets. The Citizens' Gas-light Company of Troy was incorporated, May ig, 1S75. The works are on the east side of Vail Avenue, between Canal Street and Glen Avenue. Office No. 13 Bridge Avenue. Glass — Thorne, Bennett, & Rogers, wholesale dealers in window and plate glass, paints, and glaziers' materials. No. 309 River Street, west side, be- tween Fulton and Grand Division streets. The members of this enter- prising firm, Arthur Thorne, R. J. Bennett, and M. W. Rogers, previ- ously associated under the firm-name of Arthur Thome & Co., changed it, on November 14, 1885, to the present one. On October 29, 1881, Arthur Thorne and W. A. Chapman estab- lished the business under the former name, in the four-story, brick build- ing now occupied by the firm. On the retirement of W. A. Chapman, April 1883, R. J. Bennett entered into partnership with Arthur Thorne ; the business being conducted by them under the name of Arthur Thorne & Co. On February 9. 1885, M. W. Rogers was admitted a member of the firm. Dealing extensively in plain and ornamental glass, Thorne, Ben- nett, & Rogers have their warerooms stocked with all sizes, thicknesses, colors, and designs, embracing French, English, and American window, sin- gle and double, polished and crystal plate, ribbed and rough plate, enameled, and ground glass. The firm promptly fills orders for rolled cathedral glass, and stained and 152 THORNE, BENNETT, & ROGERS* BLDG. figured glass for church-windows. Oval front, full-metal show-cases of different sizes are also included in the goods contained in the firm's sales- rooms. Thorne, Bennett, & Rogers .are manufacturers' agents for the sale of dry colors, paints, and varnishes, and keep constantly in stock a large assortment of ready mixed paints. Painters and glaziers' supplies are also embraced in the stock of the firm. Grafton, one of the towns of Rensselaer County, was erected March 20, 1807. The village of Grafton Cen- ter is about 13 miles east of the city of Troy, and contains two churches, two hotels, three stores, several fac- tories, and a number of dwellings. East Grafton and Quackenkill are small collections of houses. Population of the town of Grafton : 1810, 1,410 ; 1815, 1,378 ; 1820, 1,611 ; 1825, 1,593 ; 1830, 1,681 ; 1835, 1,682 ; 1840, 2,^19 ; 1S45, 1,905 ; 1850. 2,033 ; 1855, 1,888 ; i860, 1.837 ; 1865, 1,673; 1870. 1,599 ; 1875, 1,625 ; 1880, 1,676. Grain and Feed.— Oliver Boutvvell & Son, mil- lers and dealers in flour, grain, and feed, Nos. 641 to 655 River Street. The senior member of the firm en- gaged in business in Troy in 1828, and in the fall of 1837 began milling flour in a two-story, brick building, formerly occupying the site of the firm's flour and feed-mill. At that time there were no less than twelve flouring mills in Troy and its imme- diate vicinity ; now there is not one wholly engaged in grinding flour. In 1786, Troy began its growth by being more conveniently situated than Lan- singburgh at the head of navigation, where vessels could receive grain for transportation. Great quantities of grain were shipped in sloops to dis- tant places from the village, in which were large warehouses belonging to merchants, who during the winter season purchased wheat brought in sleds by farmers living north, west, and east of Troy. The mill and the other adjoining brick buildings of Oliver Boutwell & Son have a frontage of 200 feet on River Street. The machinery is operated by large turbine wheels driven by water from the hydraulic canal extending from Canal Street southward along the west side of River Street. The firm's offices are in the north building, south of which is the mill-building, in which are ground rye flour for bread, and corn and oat.s for feed. The ad- joining building is used for storing flour, feed, and unground grain. Next to it is the plaster-mill, in which Nova 153 Scotia plaster is ground for farmers' use. The firm deals largely in corn, oats, rye, and wheat, which are sold mostly in car-loads to millers north and east of the city. The firm has the sale of Charles A. Pillsbury & Co.'s celebrated flour, made in Minne- apolis, Minn., and other choice brands of flour. The firm also supplies dealers with large quantities of Nova Scotia plaster, in bulk and bag. Charles A. Boutwell became associ- ated in business with his father as a partner in iS66. Present officers : Lewis E. Griffith, commander; Patrick H. Gaynor, se- nior vice-commander; C. A. Sey- mour, junior vice-commander; Wil- liam D. Taylor, adjutant ; Charles M. Leet, quartermaster ; L. H. Hull, chaplain ; Daniel Bounds, surgeon ; John Butler, officer of the day ; Wil- liam Gregory, officer of the guard. The post meets every Friday night, at No. 269 River Street. Post William B. Tibbits, No. 14T, was organized January 14, 1880. «. II' ten (jLIVKR boutwell .'^ SONS MILLS. Grand Army of the Repub- lic. — There are four Grand Army posts in the city. Post G. L. Willard, No. 34, was organized June I, 1S69. First offi- cers : Joseph B. Carr, commander; Joseph Hyde, senior vice-commander ; Joseph Egolf, junior vice-commander ; Edward I. Davis, adjutant ; Bernard N. Smith, quartermaster; Alonzo Al- den, chaplain ; William S. Cooper, M. D., surgeon ; Anson Moore, ser- geant-major ; Isaac F. Handy, quar- termaster-sergeant ; James F. Sim- mons, officer of the day ; George W. Jenkins, officer of the guard. First officers : William Fitzpatrick, commander ; Adelbert T. Burdick, senior vice-commander; Levi W. Hy- dorn, junior vice-commander ; John E. Hanchette, adjutant ; George W. Hazer, quartermaster; Joseph H. Har- rington, chaplain ; Alonzo C. Valen- tine, surgeon ; Nathaniel B. Gardner, officer of the day ; John Singseim, offi- cer of the guard. Present officers : Abram Ashley, commander ; Charles F. Roemer, se- nior vice-commander; William H. Boughton, junior vice-commander; Isaac F. Handy, adjutant ; C. F. A. Schmidt, quartermaster ; George M. 154 Payfer, chaplain ; John E. Vanden- burgh, surgeon ; Alonzo W. Hill, offi- cer of the day ; Hiram D. Pierce, offi- cer of the guard. The post meets in Druids' Hall, No. 197 River Street, on first and third Monday nights of each month. Post John A. Griswold, No. 338, was organized April 16, 1883. First officers : Philip Fitzpatrick, command- er ; Joseph W. Moore, senior vice- commander ; Philip M. Wales junior vice-commander ; Arthur W. Brad- ley, adjutant ; George H. Otis, quar- termaster ; Rice C. Bull, chaplain ; Le Roy McLean, M. D., surgeon ; David M. Ranken, officer of the day ; Edward C. Lyman, officer of the guard. Present officers : Robert W. Hunt, commander ; Philip M. Wales, se- nior vice-commander ; David M. Ran- ken, junior vice-commander ; Arthur W. Bradley, adjutant; George H. Otis, quartermaster ; Howard E. Mitchell, chaplain ; Le Roy McLean, M.D., surgeon; Edward C. Lyman, officer of the day ; R. A. Kerr, officer of the guard. The post meets in Pythian Castle, State Street, on second and fourth Wednesday nights of each month. Post John McConihe, No. 185, was organized March 18, 18S5. First officers : Benjamin F. Page, com- mander ; R. N. Kasson, senior vice- commander ; Edward Hogben, junior vice-commander; Walter Graham, ad- jutant ; A. D. McConihe, quarter- master ; L. H. Balch, chaplain ; R. W. Edwards, officer of the day ; J. H. Conway, officer of the guard. Present officers the same, except- ing Michael McMurray, who is senior vice-commander. The post meets on second and fourth Monday nights of each month, at Dauchy Hall, No. 273 River Street. Grand Central Theatre, Nos. 71 and 73 Fourth Street, was opened as a variety play-house on Monday night, June 7, 1875. The building had previously been the First Unita- rian Church, and earlier the Presby- terian Session-house. On Saturday morning, before daylight, December 24, 1881, the building was burned. In 1882, it was reconstructed and again opened as a theatre. It has a roomy stage, and will seat about 600 persons. Greenbush, one of the first towns of Rensselaer County, was erected April 10, 1792. Population ; 1800, 3,472 ; 1810, 4.458 ; 1S15, 2,396; 1S20, 2,764 ; 1825, 2,914 ; 1830, 3,216 ; 1835, 3.345 ; 1840. 3.701 ; 1845, 4,182: 1S50, 3,945 ; 1855. 3.303 ; i860, 3,992 ; 1865. 4,779 ; 1870, 6202 ; 1875,7,066; 1880, 6,689. Greenbush, in the town of Green- bush, was incorporated as a village, April 14, 1815. The northern part is commonly called East Albany. The site of the village was at an early date a part of the farm of Hendrick Van Rensselaer, on which, about the year 1663, a small fort was erected to pro- tect the settlers from hostile Indians. It was called Fort Crailo ; Crailo be- ing the name of the Van Rensselaer estate, near the city of Amsterdam, Holland. The site of the village was once covered with pine trees, from which it derived its Dutch name, Groenen bosch, Greenbush. The first train on the Troy and Greenbush Railroad arrived in Troy, on June 12, 1845. There are seven churches in the place. Green Island, bounded on the north by the second branch and on the west and south by the first branch of the Mohawk River, and on tlie east by the Hudson, lies west of the northern 155 part of the city. It was early known as Tibbits' Island. It is about two miles long and a half mile wide. Purchased with the other land con- tiguous to it from the Indians by ihe agents of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, on July 27, 1630, it was leased on May 4, 1708, to Colonel Peter Schuyler for one-tenth of its yearly productions. From Colonel Peter Schuyler, it passed to Hendrick Oothout, June 8, 1713, and on his death in 1738, to his son, Jonas, who, in 1769, willed it to his two sons, Hendrick and Volkert. By partition deeds, Hendrick ob- tained the north part of the island, and his brother, the south part. The former, on March i, 1796, conveyed the north part to George and Ben- jamin Tibbits. The executors of the will of Volkert Oothout, on Septem- ber 28, 1833, sold the south part, con- taining 125 acres, to Daniel Cady, who, on June 20, 1834, conveyed it to Elisha Tibbits, who, on September 15, that year, obtained for $750, a release of the annual rent from Stephen Van Rensselaer, the patroon. On October 22, 1834, Elisha Tibbits made a dec- laration that the land had been pur- chased for George Tibbits, George Griswold, and himself ; each being en- titled to one-third part of the 125 acres. In the spring of 1835, Le Grand Cannon became associated with the purchasers; one-half of George Griswold's interest in the property having been conveyed to him. The owners then projected a great improvement of the property by laying out a number of mill and fac- tory sites along the west bank of the Hudson, south of the state dam, from which water was to be conducted by a canal. In 1S38, after a long liti- gation relating to the use of the water from the Hudson, the suit was ended and the proposed improvements abandoned. The property was then subdivided and conveyed to parties claiming ownership. Many of the lots laid out on S. A. Beers' map of April 20, 183S, were subsequently conveyed to different persons, who erected on them dwellings, factories, and manufacturing works. In 1836, a saw-mill and stove- foundry were erected near the state dam. The Eagle Foundry was built in 1 85 1, and in the following year, the Green Island Malleable Iron Works were erected. In 1853, the car works of Eaton, Gilbert, & Co., were built. (See Cars.) The village was incor- porated April 5, 1853. On June 18, that year, the first village officers were elected. The first trustees were Stephen Viele, Jacob Yates, Robert Bogardus, Warren Groat, and Alexander Morrison. There are five churches in the vil- lage: St. Marks, Episcopal, east side of Hudson Avenue, opposite Clinton Street ; St. Joseph's, Roman Catholic, east side of George Street, between Center and Swan streets ; Presbyterian Church, west side of Hudson Avenue, between Market and Clinton streets ; Methodist, east side of Hudson Avenue, near the bridge ; Baptist Mission, northeast corner of Market and George streets. Corporation Hall, built in 1883, is on the northeast cor- ner of George and Clinton streets. The fire apparatus in the village em- braces Uri Gilbert Steam Engine No. I ; William E. Gilbert Hose No. i ; and the John McGowan Hose No. 2 ; The Green Island Review was pub- lished by Henry L. Gilbert, from January i, 1880 to October i, 18S4 ; and the Albany County Herald, from October, 1884 to September, 1885. The Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's car works are immediately north of Tibbits Street. Population: 1S55, 1,324; i860, 1,600; 1870, 3,135; 1880, 4,160. The following manufactories are in the village: 15 Green Island Malleable and Gray Iron Works, Torrance & Co., (William M. Torrance and J. W. Lawrence,) Hudson Avenue, were established in 1852 by William Tor- rance. The firm of Torrance & Co., formed February i, 1S86, succeeded that of Torrance, Merriam, & Co. Crampton & Belden, (Albert Crampton and Emerson Belden.) blind and door manufacturers; office and blind factory northeast corner of Hudson Avenue and Bleecker Street ; door factory Watervliet, west side of first branch of the Mohawk River, op- posite Arch Street, Green Island. The business was begun by Emerson Bel- den in 1867, who, in the foUowmg year, became associated with Albert Crampton under the present firm- name. Green Island Stove Foundry, Marcus L. Filley, east side of George Street, between Bleecker and Tibbits streets. This large establish- ment, having a frontage of 220 feet on George Street, is the property of Marcus L. FiUey, who, in 1859, suc- ceeded to the business of Newberry, Filley, & Co., who, in 1854, succeeded Morrison & Tibbits, and they, in 1848, John Morrison, who, in 1842, suc- ceeded the firm of Morrison, Manning & Co., who built the first foundry on the site in 1836. Andrew L. Rose, manufacturer of patent pipe-cutting and threading tools, and patent pipe-vises, estab- lished in 1 886 the business in the Eagle Foundry Building, on the south- west corner of Paine and Hamilton streets. Linseed Oil Works, A. B. & L. H. Gibbs, south side of Albany Street, near West Troy bridge. Griswold Opera House. — The first llieatrical performance given in Troy was announced in the follow- ing advertisement : " This Monday evening, May the 20th, 1793, Mr. Moore, who performed in Albany about seven years ago, will give an evening's entertainment at the house of Mr. Ashley, in a course of lectures, when the chaste and deli- cate ear will find gratification ; while mirth attends to call forth the Risible Faculties. The exhibition offered is entitled the Muse in Good Humor, in four parts ; to be preceded by an Eu- logy on Free Masonry. Tickets, 2 shillings and six pence for grown per- sons, and one shilling and six pence for children. Doors open at 7 o'clock, and the eulogy commences at half- past seven o'clock precisely." Before the period of menageries and circuses, one or two wild and strange animals were taken about the coun- try on exhibition. The first elephant seen in the village was advertised in this unpretentious way: "A live ele- phant — To be seen in the village of Troy, at the house of Howard Moul- ton, [on the site of the Troy Female Seminary], from Tuesday morning the 8th of October inst., where she will continue till Thursday evening, the loth. Price of admission, twenty- five cents ; children half-price." In December, 1822, "a novel ex- hibition of natural curiosities" was advertised to be "viewed at Mr. Bab- cock's hotel," on the east side of River Street, between Congress and Ferry streets. The chief attractions of this show were a dwarf cow from Spain, two feet nine iticbes high, "allowed by butchers of New York to be a com- plete model of a beauty in the animal creation; " a living coeater, an animal of the ape family, said to have a great use of his tail," and having "no thumbs ; " a learned bear, which could "read, spell, subtract, multiply and divide, make out any number with figures ; " a whale, eighteen feel 151 long, nine around the body, with a moutli four feet wide, caught near Sandy Hook. The managers of this aggregation of wonders promised to gratify the people of Troy with "music on King David's cymbal. This instrument is of the kind used so much by the ancients, and calculated to excite animation, it being plaintive, lively and melodious. Also, Music on the Leaf, accompanied by the violin and organ. The sounds pro- duced by the Leaf are admired by the lovers of music, and considered a great curiosity." In April, 1823, Mr. Keene gave a vocal concert in three parts at Bab- cock's City Hotel, and accompanied his songs on the piano-forte. The cards of admission, one dollar each, were "to be had at the Bar." Mr., Mrs., and Miss Russell gave a theatrical entertainment in May, 1827, in Mr. Churchill's store room, corner of Fifth and Ferry streets. The dramatic pieces presented were "selected from moral authors." The admittance was twenty-five cents. The front seats were reserved for ladies. In the Rensselaer House, previously known as the Bull's Head Tavern, on the corner of River and Second streets, was a large apartment called the "Assembly Room," which was often used for dramatic exhibitions. On Tuesday evening, September 9, 1828, the Troy Theatre Company opened the season with the celebrated tragedy, "Douglass, or the Noble Shepherd." Messrs. Parker, Hunt, D. Stone and Mason, with Mrs. Nagle and Mrs. Marshall were the principal actors. During the season Mr. Eberle of Albany, Mrs. Douglass and Mrs. Stickney from New York, and Mr. Cronk from London played their parts in the Assembly Room. The Troy Museum, in the building on the northeast corner of River and State streets, was opened to the pub- lic on Monday, December 15, 1S2S. Three large rooms were devoted to the display of various collections of natural and artificial curiosities. In the lower room, on the second story, there were about 300 stuffed birds and animals, a case containing more than 700 insects, one filled wilh more than 600 specimens of minerals, another having in it about 600 shells, another with 100 reptiles and insects, and an- other with 200 zoophytes, corallines, and petrifactions. In the upper room, was a large collection of the imple- ments of war of different savage tribes, their household utensils and articles; of dress. Fourteen life-size wax figures were among the other attrac- tions of the room ; one of Washing- ton, Lafayette, Jackson, Daniel Lam- bert, Charlotte Temple, and a Boston beauty. There was also a room of paintings, in which was a splendid cosmorama. The admittance was twenty-five cents ; children, half-price. In 1847, the building on the north- east corner of River and Fulton streets was fitted for the display of a large collection of curiosities, and was called the Troy, or Peale's Museum. It was opened to the public on Mon- day, August 23, that year. " No one can traverse these elegant rooms," a journalist observed, " and through the medium of old-time relics hold communication with past ages, with- out coming away, if not better, at least a wiser person. Birds and beasts of every description are ranged around the rooms, from the smallest humming bird to the American eagle, and from the monkey to the rhinoceros. We were particularly pleased with the different specimens of the flamingo, some of them most perfect, both in form and color. Minerals, fossils, and shells, rare, curious, and in great abundance ; strange fish, crocodiles, and a creature called the duck-billed 158 patibus are among the wonderful ; wife of the manager, taking the role while of the beautiful, the cosmoramic of " Topsy." The play had a contin- views are the most lovely things we uous run of 150 n'ghts in Troy, have seen. * * * Take it all in A larger play-house being desired, all, we have no hesitation in saying a number of capitalists organized the that our museum, in point of beauty Troy Dramatic Building Association, neatness, and elegance, is second to and erected, in 1855, on the none." site of the Griswold Opera House, DIAGRAM OF GRISWOLD OPERA HOUSE. The different concerts and dramatic Nos. 10 and 12 Third Street, the thea- performances given nightly, excepting tre known as the Troy Adelphi, seat- Sunday, and on Saturday afternoon, ing 1,400 people. The stage had a made the museum for many years a depth of 42 feet. The drop curtain, popular place of entertainment, painted by Edward Hayes of the " Uncle Tom's Cabin," as a play, was Boston Theatre, displayed a picture of first presented on the stage of the mu- the Lake of Geneva, Switzerland, seum, Mrs. George C. Howard, the The Adelphi was opened on Monday 159 night, October 22, 1855, with the pre- sentation of " Love's Sacrifice, or the Rival Merchants." The last perform- ance, " Peep O'Day," was given on Saturday night, September 13, 1862. On the morning of October 10, 1862, a few minutes before i o'clock, the the theatre was discovered on fire, and was quickly burned. Griswold Hall, named in honor of John A. Griswold, was built on the site of the Adelphi, in 1863. It was opened with a grand concert on Mon- day night, January 11, 1864. On Sat- urday morning, April i, 1871, about I o'clock, the building was found burning, and soon it was in ruins. The Griswold Opera House was built on the site, in 1871, and was opened, on Monday night, October 30, that year, with the " Lady of Lyons " ; Mrs. Emma Waller, the lessee, taking the cast of " Pauline." Seavey, of New York, painted the drop-curtain, on which was a picture of Lake Como, near Bellagio. The stage has a width of 60, and a depth of 42 feet. The house has sittings for about 1,500 peo- ple. Grocers, Wholesale.— Henry H. Darling, Brother, & Co., wholesale grocers, dealers in flour and country produce, Nos. 305 and 307 River Street, west side, between Fulton and Grand Division streets. The business of this well-known house was originated in 1834, by Samuel Dauchy and Brownell B. Rose, under the firm name of Dauchy & Rose, at No. 289 River Street. Their succes- sors have been Samuel Dauchy, in 1839; Dauchy & Conkey, in 1842; Dauchy & Flood, in 1845 ; Dauchy, Flood, & Co., 1S52, at No. 293 River Street; Dauchy, Lee, & Co., in 1853, at No. 307 River Street ; Dauchy & Flack, in 1856 ; Dauchy & Amadou, in 1S59; Burr & C. H. Dauchy, in 1864 ; Dauchy & Darling, in 1865, (Henry IrL Darling having been a sales- man of the two last named firms since April I, 1862) ; Simmons & Darling, in 1 868 ; Simmons, Darling, & Co., in 1S73, (Edwin E. Darling, a salesman of the two last named firms since 1866, becoming a partner) ; Henry H. Darling & Bro., in 1879 : ^"<^ Henry H. Darling, Brother, & Co., March i, 1886 ; at which time T. Lee Bene- dict, a salesman in the establishrnent since 1876, became a partner. The firm commands an extensive trade in the city, and in Northern New York, Vermont, and Western Massachusetts. Squires, Sherry, & Galusha, wholesale grocers, northeast corner of Fifth Street and Broadway. The founder of this prominent house was Ludlow A. Battershall, who, in 1834, as a grocer, began business in a build- ing on the corner of Federal and North Third streets. In 1838, he be- came a member of the firm of L. A. & D. E. Battershall, No. 327 River Street. On its dissolution, in 1840, he continued the business one year, when he became a member of the firm of Hakes & Battershall. It was suc- ceeded by that of Hakes, Battershall, & Weed, in 1845 ; and it respectively by Battershall & Weed, in 1846 ; Bat- tershall & McDoual, No. 311 River Street ; Battershall, McDoual. & Co., No. 329 River Street in 1855; Mc- Doual, Squires, & Sherry, in 1858 ; Squires, Sherry & Galusha, (Nor- man B. Squires, John Sherry, and Henry Galusha,) on March i, i860. John L. Thompson, who became at that time a silent partner, was succeeded, in 1863, by his son, George S. Thompson, as an active partner, who with- drew in 1869. In 1874, James H. Sherry was admitted a partner, who died in 1882. In 1876, the firm moved to the four-story, brick building, now 160 partly occupied by it. In March, 1883, was formed in March, 1866, by the Arthur G. Sherry became a member brothers, James E. Molloy and Fran- of the firm. cis J. Molloy. Graves, Page, & Co., wholesale grocers, No. 223 River Street, oppo- site the Troy House. The members of this long-established house, Aaron H. Graves, Freeborn H. Page, and Allen Williams, became associated as a firm, January i, 1868. The line of their predecessors begins in 1835, with John Hunter, who, that year, engaged in the grocery business, at No. 183 River Street. He was succeeded by Hunter & Kellogg, in 1838, at the same place ; Hunter, Kellogg, & Co., in 1839; Hunter & Kellogg, in 1S40 ; Hunter, Bosworth, & Co., in 1841 ; Hunter & Bosworth, in 1843 ; John Hunter, in 1846; Hunter & Graves, (Aaron H.), in 1848 ; Hunter. Graves, & Co., 1853 ; Battershall, Graves, & Van Alstyne, in 1858, at Nos. 221 and 223 River Street ; Graves, Van Al- styne, & Co., in £866 ; Graves, Page, & Co., in 1868, (Aaron H. Graves, F. H. Page, Allen Williams, and Ralph Phillips). In 1874, the latter with- drew from the firm. Stevenson, Smith, & Co., whole- sale dealers in groceries, flour and produce. No. 327 River Street. The firm was formed in May, 1881, by W. John Stevenson, R. G. Smith, and W. H. Stevenson. The business was begun in 1861, by Ebenezer R. Collins, at No. 343 River Street. He was succeeded in 1862, by E. R Collins & Co., at 327 River Street ; in 1867, by Collins & Collison ; in 1876, by R. C. CoUibon, and in 1881, by the present firm. James E. Molloy & Co., whole- sale grocers, tea jobbers, and coffee roasters. Nos. 366 and 367 River Street. The business was begun by James E. Molloy, in 1862, at No. 367 River Street. The present firm Flack & Co., wholesale grocers, flour, produce, and seed dealers. No. 375 River Street. Isaac G. Flack and George A. Flack formed the firm ni July, 1884. William A. Flack and his brother began the business at No. 375 River River Street, in 1864, under the firm-name of Flack & Brother, who, in 1871, were succeeded by Wil- liam A. and Isaac G. Flack under the same firm-name, and ihey in turn, in 1884, by the members of the present firm. MoREY & Lee, wholesale grocers, flour and commission merchants. No. 321 RiVer Street. The firm was formed in 1872 by Manley W. Morey and Charles Lee, jr. The business was begun in 1S86 by Sanlord & Morey, at No. 371 River Street, who were succeeded in 1868 by Bell, Dauchy, & Morey, at No. 313 River Street ; in 1869, by Bell & Morey, at No. 333 River Street ; and in 1872 by the present firm. DUSENBERRY & FaIRWEATHER, wholesale grocers and commission meichants, No. 369 River Street. Henry O. Dusenberry and James H. Fairweather formed the firm on June 19, 1879. Hollister & Lape, wholesale grocers and dealers in flour and prod- uce, Nos. 6 and 8 Grand Division Street. William H. Hollister and F. N. Lape formed the firm on May i, 1884, and succeeded to the business begun by Hollister & Catlin in 1880, at No. 347 River Street. Wing & Large, wholesale dealers in fancy groceries, fruits and canned goods. No. 361 River Street The firm was formed by D. A. Wing and W. E. Large on January i, 1884. 161- Hall Building, erected by Ben- jamin H. Hall in 1871, is on the cor- ner of First and River streets. The attractive structure occupies the site of the buildings known early in the cen- tury as Lane's Row. Halls.— Apollo Hall, southeast corner of Congress and River streets. Association Hall, Athenaeum Building, No 10 First Street. Cannon Place Hall, No. 13 Second Street. City Hall, southeast corner of Third and State streets. Druids' Hall, No 197 River Street. Emmet Hall, No. 8 Third Street. Harmony Hall, corner of Third and River streets. Keenan Hall, northwest corner of Broadway and Third Street. Lyceum Hall, No. 10 Third Street. Mechanics' Hall, Mill Street, opposite Spring Street. Moulders' Hall, southwest cor- corner of State and River streets. Music Hall, Troy Savings Bank Building, northeast corner of Second and State streets. Odd Fellows' Hall, No. 285 River Street. Orange Hall, No. 9 First Street. Rand's Concert Hall, southwest corner of Congress and Third streets. Stevens' Hall, No. 134 River street. Temple of Honor Hall, No. 269 River Street. Temperance Hall, St. Mary's Avenue. Handkerchief Manufactur- ers. — Herrmann, Aukam, & Co., manu- facturers of handkerchiefs, women's plain and embroidered skirts, towels, and hem-stitched goods, Burdett Building, No. 251 River street. Frederick G. Aukam en- gaged in business in Troy, in May, 1862. Three years later he began manufacturing men's linen collars and cuffs, shirts, hand- kerchiefs, and women's underwear, at No. 377 River Street, whence he moved in the following year to the building, Nos. 44 and 46 Federal Street. In December, 1873, he be- came associated with Adolph Herr- mann and they formed the firm of Hermann, Aukam, & Co., manufac- turing men's collars and cuffs, shirt fronts, and women's under-clothing, at Nos. 78 and 80 Federal Street. On March 20, 18 So, the firm's factory was burned. Having erected on the northwest corner of the Stone Road and Lake Avenue, in the town of Brunswick, a short distance east of the city limits, a large brick building, 60 by 130 feet, the firm occupied it in June, 1 88 1. This valuable property was destroyed by fire on September 20, 1885. In December, 1885, the firm occupied the four upper stories of the Burdett Building. The firm has the distinction of having manufactured in 1865 the first cotton handkerchiefs made in the United States. The firm's salesrooms are on the four floors of the building, Nos. 31 and 33 Thomas Street, New York. Hardware. — Howe Sc Co., hardware, Nos. 181 and 183 River Street, west side, be- tween State and Congress streets. 163 The founder of this well-known mer- cantile establishment was Philip Heartt, who as early as the year 1791 engaged in the saddlery and harness business in a building on the east side of River Street, nearly opposite that of the present firm of Howe & Co. In or before the year 1797, he and his brother Benjamin formed the firm of P. & B. Heartt, hardware merchants, their store being immediately north of Asa Anthony's, on the northwest corner of State and River streets, and south of that of D. & I. Merritt. On Friday morning, December 8, 1797, the firm's store and that of Asa An- thony were burned to the ground. The firm resumed business in the new building, erected on the site of the old one, and existed until the latter part of the year 1800, when Philip Heartt succeeded to the business. About the year 1805, the firm of Heartt & Smith was formed; the "sign of the pad- lock " hanging before their store. About the year 1812, perhaps some years earlier, the partnership was dis- solved, and the business was again conducted by Philip Heartt. Some years afterward the firm of P. Heartt & Sons was formed. On June 20, 1820, the firm's six-story, brick build- ing, on the site of the present one of Howe & Co., was burned, as was also the firm's three-story, brick build- ing, also filled with hardware, on the opposite side of the street. Af- terward, until August, 1821, the firm occupied the building " one door south of the postoffice," near the northwest corner of River and Congress streets. The firm then took possession of its new building, " five doors above the post- office," now occupied by Howe & Co. On March 7, 1827, the firm of Philip Heartt & Sons was dissolved ; its mem- bers having been Jonas Coe Heartt, James Van Brackle, and Albert P. Heartt. The business was then con- tinued by Jonas C. Heartt, Albert P. and Philip T. Heartt, under the name of J. C. Pleartt & Brothers. In 1840, by the withdrawal of Albert P. Heartt, the firm became J. C. Heartt & Biother. By the admission of Charles S. Heartt in 1845, it became J. C. Heartt, Brother, & Co. By the part- nership of Philip T. and Charles S. Heartt, and James H. Howe, the firm-name, in 1847 became Heartt & Co. In 1852, Philip T. Heartt with- drew. In 1854, Jonas S. Heartt was admitted. In 1856, the only members of the firm were Charles S. Heartt and James H. Howe. In 1864, the building, No. 183 River Street, was added to the store. Franklin Wright and F. Gilbert Brown became mem- bers of the firm on February i, 1867. In 1875, the firm of Howe & Co., suc- ceeded to the business ; the copart- ners being James H. Howe, Franklin Wright, F. Gilbert Brown, and John K. Howe. In 1879, James H. Howe withdrew. On January i, 1884, the copartnership of Franklin Wright, F. Gilbert Brown, and Edward H. Sims was formed under the name of Howe & Co. The large and numerous channels of the firm's extensive busi- ness extend through the greater part of the state of New York, north of the latitude of Troy, and also through the adjacent state of Vermont. J. M. Warren & Co., Nos. 245 and 247 River Street, have widely been known for more than thirty years as a firm conducting the largest hardware business in the city. Their attractive building, fronting fifty feet on River Street and extending two hundred along the south side of Broadway to the river, was erected in 1870, and contains in its spacious sale and store-rooms the most complete stock of general hardware, iron and steel, and house furnishing goods in Northern New York. Although the greater part of the firm's extensive 165 business is within the limits of the state of New York, still numerous orders from dealers in other states between Nova Scotia and Mexico are received. The firm has also a large manufac- turing establishment on the north- west corner of Second and Jefferson streets, where a great quantity of tin and sheet-iron ware is made for the trade. The business was begun in 1809 by Jacob Hart and Henry Nazro under the name of Hart & Nazro, sell- ing "hardware, ironmongery, cutlery and saddlery", at No. 6 Lane's Row, on the east side of River Street, near the corner of First Street. In the great fire of Tuesday, June 20, 1820, Hart & Nazro lost nearly all the con- tents of their store, in the three-storj' brick building, owned by Aaron and Derick Lane, then occupying the site of the Hall Building. On the erection of the new building, immediately after the fire, they occupied the store known as No. 3 Lane's Row, nearly opposite the store of Esaias Warren & Co., on the west side of River Street. On May 28, 1821, the firm was succeeded by that of Hart & Pitcher, which Jacob Hart and Samuel Pitcher then formed. On October 26, 1824, Moses Craft, Isaac B. Hart, and Samuel Pitcher, as the firm of Craft, Hart, & Pitcher, became their successors. The building, No. 207 River Street, was oc- cupied about that time by the firm. On the withdrawal of Moses Craft in 1830, the firm of Hart & Pitcher con- tinued the business until June 24, 1S31, when John M. Card was asso- ciated as a member of the firm of Pitcher, Hart, & Card. In 1832, Hart & Card succeeded to the business. From 1834 to 1836, it was conducted by Isaac B. Hart, when he was suc- ceeded by Hart, Lesley, & Warren ; Isaac B. Hart, George Lesley, and William H. Warren becoming co- partners. On March i, 1840, Joseph M. Warren was admitted, and the firm-name was changed to that of Warrens, Hart, & Lesley. On May i, 1847, the store was moved from 207 to to Nos. 241 and 243 River Street, im- mediately south of the present build- ing occupied by J. M. Warren & Co. On February i, 1855, Joseph M. Warren and Charles W. Tillinghast formed the firm of J. M. Warren & Co. On February i, 1864, they ad- mitted Walter P. Warren, and in 1867, Thomas A. Tillinghast. In 1871, Walter P. Warren withdrew. On the death of Thomas A. Tilling- hast, June 10, 1879, J. M. Warren and Charles W, Tillinghast succeeded to the business. In 1S70 the firm occu- pied the present building, Nos. 245 and 247 River Street. Curtis & Rickerson, manufac- turers, importers, and jobbers of car riage and saddlery hardware. Green's Building, Nos. 407 to 413 Broadway, south side, between Fourth and P^ifth streets. The business is one which has had a most rapid growth during the last quarter of the present cen- tury. Many of the articles found in the large stock of this well-known re- jjository are tho.'C which have been invented and manufactured since it was established in 1867 by John Con- nolly. They exhibit not only the in- genuity of man, but give expression to the thought of contributing to the use and comfort of both man and beast. The different things used in the construction of wagons and car- riages, the various appliances em- ployed in the manufacture of harness, and the unique adaptations and con- veniences intended for decoration and service, special to these branches of business, are to be found in the stock of this wholesale and retail establish- ment. JDouble and single harness of all grades, riding saddles, carriage and sleigh robes, horse blankets, fly- nets, whips, sleigh bells, stable \m luniilnro, trunks, Iravolliuj^ buj^s, ii-c •ind roller skates, nnd other trappiiij^s ami aiipeiulages arc aUo largely dealt in by its cntcrprisin{i proprietors. (.'urtis iK: Riekerson are the sole agents in the Uiiite.l Slates for the sale of Powell I'v Smith's [intent horse-lnil holder, which is regarded as one of the liest eontrivanees for the purpose for whieh it was ilosigned. 'i'hey also manufacture Coy's patent riiij; reins, l»artner in 1872, when the firm-name was changed to that of Connollys t\t Curtis. In 1S73, I'M ward J . Connolly and Montgomery Ci. C'urtis fornieil the firm of Connolly X Cuilis. On January i, 187S, Montgomery (1. Curtis succeeded to the husiness, who on I'"eliruary 1, 1SS6, was sui:ceeded hy the lirm of Curtis iv: Riekerson; Seward Riekerson hecominga partner in the business with Mont. ('•. Curtis. '^^ ^1 11 ^1 ;i 1 fl 1 'I'l^ri w„. ;^'|r: :-';^SM, CURTIS \ inCl^l'-.liSON, 407 AND 4I3 liRCMDWAV. wliich are also very [lopular. The Ibuiuler of the business was John Connolly, deceased, who, as a dealer in saddlery, hardware, and coach trim- mings, engaged in it in 1S57, in the same building in which is the present store. In i86(), he and Montgomery (i. Curtis formed the partnership of Connolly & Curtis, dealers in coach and saddlery liardwarc. Edward J. Connolly, the son of the senior mem- ber of the lirm, was admitted as a co- Hatters.— E/RA W. Boui^irroN & Co., hat- ters and furriers, Nos 248 and 250 River Street, corner of Broadway. The l)usiness was begun by Ceorge I''ry in 1822, who advertised that he had opened a new hat store " a few rods north of E. Lasell's, River Street," and ofTered " for sale, at wholesale and retail, a general assort- ment of men's, boy's and infants' hats," among which were " very supe- 167 rior water-proof, bla*;!: and drab f>ea- ver." He and Henry Rrruti»«*au & B^^ughton. flienry Rou-^i-eau and Ezra \V. j'v.ughfon>; in i8£6, E. W, Bougli- ton, a". No. 2£0 River .Street ; in 1871, E. W. Boughton ^ Co.. (Ezra W. Houghton, Henry Broti^hton, ana Ed- ward M. Botjghton; ; in 1874, E. W. Botaghton A; Co , ^Ezra W. Boaghton and Henry Brought/^n; ; on Febniary r- 1881, E. W. IVmcrhrrm Ac 0> , (^E/ra Str'iet, and \o, 9 Fourth Stre«t, Henry C, Sal i '.bury and Charlc* W. Johnston formed the firrn April 24, 1 386. Haver Island, r^e-w^en tr,'; third and fourth fyranche , of the .Mohawk River ar>d t.he Hud*/>n River. It i» -.aid to have d';rive'i it* name from the I>utch v/ord, //aver, oat». On a parchment map of Ren*- sela^rr*wv','V tt^'^^': ■%V^n'» 'h*; vear i6^; ' ' ' e- at»: 'le Irr -h ••;.: ,d an'j d aUo Gf: n the last . d, the high'*i.y/f- ,,.';• Ajiva/i/ t,v .>araU/ga : thft fr/Tjr branchT-* or 'pronto of 'ioes Stamper ic Strait, fHenry Stamp- er and E. ' ■ men'?, farr Street, E,...- -. ; .. .^DOEJSDA-j JosKFjr p. Dtr^AX, ha* - ^ ' N'os. 208 and 2T0 R;ver .S *he boiine*» in 1874, J^-- - - --- J' >.er Street, and in 1876 rjnoTe,>. bags. No. 344 River Street. 168 Honor, Knights of.— Mara- thon Lodge, No. 2,711, meets the second and fourth Monday evenings of each month at Druids' Hall, No. 197 River Street. Horse-Car Railroads. — (See Railroads.) Hospitals. — See Marshall In- firmary, and Troy Hospital.) Hotels.— American House, southeast cor- ner of Third and Fulton streets. Everett HoirsE, northwest corner of Fulton and Sixth streets. Mansion House, northeast cor- ner of Second Street and Broadway. Northern Hotel, No. 456 River Street. Revere House, Nos, 551, 553 and 555 Broadway, opposite Union Depot. Troy House, intersection of First and River streets. House Furnishing Goods. LocKWOOD & BuELL, (Thomas W. Lockwood, jr., and William C. Buell,) wholesale and retail dealers in house furnishing goods, wood and willow ware, Nos. 209 and 211 River Street. House of the Good Shep- herd, on the corner of Peoples' Av- enue and Fourteenth Street, is a five- story, brick building. The corner- stone was laid by the Right Rev. Bishop McNierny, on Sunday after- noon, May 9, 1886. The house is a home for fallen women desiring to lead a pure life. House, Rensselaer County Alms, south of Spring Avenue, entrance near Maple Avenue. In 1 82 1, a part of the present property was purchased. The building then erected on it was called The House of Industry, In Spafford's Gazetteer of the state of New York, published in 1824, the following remarks were made respecting it : "The county of Rensselaer has taken the lead in this state in the introduction of Count Rumford's plan for the suppression of pauperism, and has erected a house of industry, connected with a valuable farm, and the necessary appendages for enabling the poor to supply their own wants. The plan is to help the poor to the means of helping themselves by employment at all kinds of business as they are most capable of performing. The system is an ad- mirable one, a truly philosophic ap- plication of the precepts of Christian morality and charity, which every philanthropist must ardently desire to see crowned with success." For a number of years, the labor of the pau- pers was given by contract to persons who paid one dollar a week to the county for each person employed by them. The successive contractors had the use of the farm and the service of such of the paupers as were able to work. The keepers of the alms-house are now appointed by the superinten- dents of the county poor. The farm has an area of 160 acres. In 1882, the present buildings were erected. They are of brick and the largest are connected by covered wooden corrid- ors. The keeper's house, a two-story building, 42 by 58 feet, is between the men and women's apartment-build- ings, each two stories high, 55 by 160 feet. North of the men's building is the men's hospital, two stories high, 35 by 45 feet. South of the women's building is the women's hospital, having the same dimensions as the men's hospital. Adjoining the keep- er's house, on the west side, is the 169 dining liall building, onestory high, 48 by 60 feet, in which are two dining rooms, one for the women and the other for the men. Adjoining and west of the latter building is the cooking apartment building, one story high, 32 by 36 feet, and adjoining and west of it, a one-story, biick building, 40 by 60 feet, one-half of which is used for a laundry, and the other for a boiler room. The latter contains two boil- ers for generating steam for healing purposes, and one for cooking. West of the latter building, is a brick coal house. The old main building is now ham has been keeper since December I, 1885. Clinton B. lierrick, M. D., is the county-house physician. Implements. Agricultural.— Cran[)all & Morrison, whose agricultural warehouse and seed- store is on the southwest corner of Front and Grand Division streets, west of River Street, continue llie business begun by Henry Warren, in 1842, at No. 469 River Street, oppo- site the Northern Hotel. The latter, desiring better facilities for his in- % n 1 11 1 i ! 11 ' ' •|fl|l|l 1:^11' Jt^.'i^hi -Ai m 'm _.«^., -., , ---iff ^S !!a^koiiU,SE^aSTDRE!|;:# d| CRANDALL & MORRISON S WAREHOUSE. used for a barn. On the first floor of the keeper's house is the office of the keeper and that of the county phy- sician. On the second floor, on the west side of the building, is the chapel, in which on Sunday mornings, at 8 o'clock, religious services are con- ducted by Roman Catholics, and at ID o'clock by Protestants. The pau- pers now in the building number, at this writing. 2S5 ; two-thirds being men. In the winter of 1885-6, the maximum number of paupers in the buildings was 404. Calvin B. Dun- creasing business, moved in 1848 to the building Nos. 331 and 333 River Street. In i860, he occupied the building No. 309 River Street, where four years later he with George M. Taylor formed the firm of Warren & Taylor. Having erected the large, four-story brick, warehouse, on the southwest corner of Mechanic and Grand Division streets, they occupied it in i86g. In the spring of i88r, Henry- Warren died, and in January, 1S82, George M. Taylor. Louis S. Crandall and George H. Morrison, 23 170 under the firm-name of Crandall & Morrison, having purchased the stock of the establishment, conducted the business until August i, 18S5, when George H. Morrison sold his interest in it to his brother. Leonard Mor- rison. In farming implements, the firm makes a large display and their cus- tomers have every facility given them to examine the various machines and tools contained in the spacious warehouse. Plows, harrows, corn and seed planters, grain drills, cultivators, horse rakes, scythes and cradles, hay tedders, field rolleis, churns cc-rn- shellers, feed-cutters, fan mills, forks, shovels, spades, and scoops, are but a part of the numerous imple- ments, needed by every thrifty and economical farmer, which the enter- prising firm has for sale. Lawn mowers, hydraulic rams, pumps, wheel-barrows, drain pipe, and tile are also included in the varied stock. In fertilizers the firm has different classes : superphosphate of lime, muriate of potash, ground bone. Pacific and Peruvian guanos, and plant food. In the grindstone de- partment are found Black River, In- dependence, Berea, and Lake Huron grindstones of all sizes, together with frames and hangings, both wooden and iron. The firm has an extensive trade in field and garden seeds. H. W. GORDINIER, argricultural implements, field and garden seeds, machines, grain, feed and hay, Nos. 357 and 35g River Street. Estab- lished 1853. Infirmary, The Mai'shall, and Rensselaer County Luna- tie Asylum, east side of Linden Avenue and near Pawling Avenue. The different buildings are seclusively situated on an area of land of about sixteen acres in extent. The in- firmary, a brick building, 45 by 100 feet, erected in 1850, is three stories high, exclusive of the basement. The projector of the institution, Benjamin Marshall, deceased, originally planned it for a home for superannuated and indigent workmen, but by the advice of his friends, it was built for the ac- commodation and care of such sick persons as might be unable to have medical care and attendance else- where. The building and its site, originally valued at $35,000, was the gift of the founder. The institution was incoiporated by the name of "The Marshall Infirmary in the city of Troy," June 20, 1851. The ad- ministration of its affairs was intrusted to twenty-seven jiersons annually elected governors of tlic institution. Every person contributing ten dollars to the institution and annually paying three dollars to its sup[)ort is a mem- ber of the corporation ; and every person contributing one hundred dollars and annually paying there- after five dollars to the corporation besides being a member of it, "is en- titled to recommend one sick peison to be supported without other chatge at the infirmary for six weeks in each year of his contribution ;" and every person contributing one thousand dollars is not only deemed a life-mem- ber but is also entitled to recommend one sick person to be cared for with- out charge "for fifty-two weeks in each year ;" and every person annually paying ten dollars is entitled to re- commend one sick person to the care of the institution "for four weeks in each year without charge." In 1S59, the three-story, brick building, south of and adjoining the infirmary, was built for an insane asylum by the super- visors of Rensselaer County. They also erected in iS6t, the second luna- tic asylum, 40 by 60 feet, built of brick, three stories high, beyond the hill, east of the infirmary building. 171 On the east side and adjoining the in- firmary and the insane asylum is a three story brick building, 31 by 45 feet, in which are the chapel, dining rooms, laundry, kitchen, aud bakery. For the erection of the last named build- ings, the supervisors of Rensselaer County gave $12,000 ; the site"? of which the governors of the Marshall Infirmary conveyed to the county by deeds, the governors "agreeing to take charge of all the county 'lunatics,' and all ca^es of pestilential diseases" sent by "the respective overseers of ihe poor, at a sum sufficient to cover the cost of the case." The two story brick building, 20 by 70 feet, south of and adjoining the insane asylum was built in 18S0, and is used for the care of refractory patients. At this writing, eighty-five insane and twenty sick persons are receiving care at the institution. Joseph D. Lomax, M. D., has been resident medical superin- tendent of the institution since Octo- ber, 1863. Institute, Rensselaer Poly- technic, head of Broadway, was founded November 5, 1S24, by Stephen Van Rensselaer, the last but one of the patroons of Rens-elaers- wyck. He fitted the Farmers' Bank Building, on the northwest corner of Middleburgh and River streets for the use of the school at his own expense and provided the different classrooms with suitable furniture and necessary apparatus. He appointed eight per- sons trustees of the institution; the Rev. Samuel Blatchford, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Lansing- burgh, Elias Parmelee of Lansing- burgh, John Cramer and Guert Van Schoonhoven of Waterford, Simeon . DeWitt, and T. Romeyn Beck of Albany, and John D. Dickinson and Jedediah Tracy of Troy. He also ap- pointed the Rev. Samuel Blatchford president of the institution, and Amos Eaton of Troy, senior professor, and Lewis C. Beck of Albany, junior pro- fessor. At the first meeting of the trustees, on December 29, that year. the name Rensselaer School was given the institution. The opening of the school on January 3, 1825, was thus announced: "The Hon Stephen Van Rensselaer having established a school near the northern limits of Troy for teaching the physical sciences with their application to the arts of life ; having appointed Professor A. Eaton and L. C. Beck to give courses of in- struction particularly calculated to prepare operative chemists and prac- tical naturalists, properly qualified to act as teachers in villages and school districts ; having appointed an agent and furnished him with funds for procuring apparatus and fitting up a laboratory, library room, et cetera ; and the agent having given notice to the president of the institution that the requisite collections and prepara- tions are completed, it seems proper to give public notice of these circum- stances. Accordingly the public is respectfully notified that everything is in readiness at the -Rensselaer School for giving instructions in chemistry, Experimeutal Philosophy, and Natural History, with their application to agriculture, domestic economy, and the arts ; and also for teaching Land Surveying." On the first Monday in January, 1825, the term began. The school was incorporated March 21, 1826. Twelve members of the first class were graduated in 1826. The name of the school was changed to that of the Rensselaer Institute, by an act of legislature, passed April 26, 1832. The remoteness of the institute from the central part of Troy led to the re- moval of the school, in April, 1834, to the Van der Heyden mansion, on tlie southwest corner of Eighth and (Jrand Division streets. In 1843, the Infant -"^i 173 School lot and the'buildings on it, ap- praised at $6,500, were offered by the city to the trustees of the institute as a gift should William P. Van Rens- selaer give them a sum of money equal to the value of the property. The last patroon of Rensselaerswyck having complied with the terms, the institute was moved, in 1S44, to the Infant School Building on the lot, on the northeast corner of State and Sixth streets. On April 8, 1S61, an act was passed by the legislature changing the name of the Rensselaer Institute and incorporating the Rens- selaer Polytechnic Institute. In the great conflagration of Saturday, May 10, 1862, the institute-building, con- taining valuable apparatus, cabinets, and records, was burned. On the following Wednesday, the course of in- struction was continued to the close of the term in the Troy University, now the Provincial Theological Seminary. In the fall of 1862, rooms were rented in the Vail Building, on the northeast corner of Congress and River streets, where the school con- tinued until May r, 1864, when the new building at the head of Broad- way was occupied. The attractive brick structure, four stories high, is 115 feet long and 50 wide. The cost of its erection was about $50,000 ; the greater part of the sum having been obtained by subscription. The building contains the recitation, lec- ture, and drawing rooms, the cabinet of natural history, the library, and the apartments of the janitor. The Winslow Laboratory, north of it, 70 feet long and 40 wide, three stories high, built of brick, was named in honor of John F. Winslow, a former president of the institute, now resid- ing at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. On the first floor is the metallurgical labora- tory, on the second the chemical labor- atory, and on the third are the lecture, recitation, and apparatus rooms. The building was erected in 1865-66. It was partly burned on Wednesday morning, August 27, 1884. The Wil- liam Proudfit astronomical observatory on the hill, immediately east of the in- stitute-building, was erected in 1877- 78 for the school by the late Eben- ezer Proudfit of Troy as a memorial of his son, formerly a student attending the institute. The central part is 30 feet square, with north, south, and east wings ; the total length lieing 76 feet, the breadth 60 feet. The central part is two stories high, surmounted with a paper dome, 29 feet in diam- eter, beneath which is a large stone pier for an equatorial telescope. In the east wing are the piers for meridian in- struments. The other wings are for computing, clock, and library rooms. The cabinets of natural history are exceedingly valuable and con- tain a large number of fine speci- mens of the kingdoms to which they belong. The collection of minerals made by Henry B. Nason, Ph. D., M. D., LL. D., embraces about 500 specimens. The lithol- ogy of the slate of New York is finely illustrated by a large collection of stones contributed by Joseph MuUin, C. E., of Watertown, N. Y., as a me- morial of his brother, Anthony T, E. MuUin, C. E., late passed assistant engineer in the U. S. navy. The collection of shells made by the late Henry Rousseau of Lansmgburgh, contains about 10,000 specimens. A number of beautiful corals and about 500 shells were added to this cabinet by Mrs. Warren, wife of the late George B. Warren, of Troy. About 5,000 specimens of American and European plants, and about 300 pieces of wood from all parts of the world form valuable herbaria. The collection of birds in- cludes 140 specimens presented by the Troy Lyceum of Natural History; 220 collected by the late George B. 174 Warren of Troy and given by Mrs. Warren as a memorial of her husband ; and a number presented by John Ho- bart Warren, of Hoosick, N. Y. The library amlains many valuable scientific works In 1882, the gift of the professional library of the late Alexander L. Holley of Troy greatly increased the number of volumes. A brick gymnasium is now erect- ing on the south side of Broad- way, east of Seventh Street, near the gateway to the institute grounds. On June 11, 1883, Mrs. Mary E. Hart gave $60,000 in invested funds and cash to the institution as a memo- rial of her deceased husband, William Howard Hart, to be " employed exclu- sively for endowing in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute a professorship to be known and designated as the William Howard Hart professorship of rational and technical mechanics." As justly said in the Register of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for 1885 : " Since its foundation, the in- stitute has sent forth a considerable number of graduates, who — as profes- sors and teachers of the mathematical and physical sciences, as practical chemists and geologists, and as en- gineers in the various departments of constructive and topographical art, — have contributed to the increase and diffusion of science, as well as its ap- plication to the business pursuits of life, with a success, to which, it is be- lieved, the institute may refer with becoming confidence and just pride." The following officers of the insti- tution have directed its affairs from 1824 to 1886: Stephen Van Rensselaer, LL. D., patroon, Albany, with power to ap- point examiners, 1824-39. Presidents : Rev. Samuel Blatch- ford, D. D., of Lansingburgh, 1824-28; Rev. John Chester, D. D., of Albany, 1828-29 ; Rev. Eliphalet Nott, D. D., LL. D., (president of Union College,) Schenectady, 1829-45 ; Rev. Nathan S. S. Beman, D. D.. LL. D., Troy, 1845-65 ; Hon. John F. Winslow, Troy, i86^-68; Thomas C. Brin.smade, M. D., Troy, 1868-68 ; Hon, James Forsyth, Troy, 1S68 to present time. Vice-presidents : Orville L. Holley, Troy, (surveyor-general of the state of New York,) 1824-31 ; T. Romeyn Beck, M. D., Albany, (2d vice-presi- dent) 1824-28; Hon. David Buel, jr., Troy, (2d vice-president,) 1829-60 ; Rev. N. S. S. Beman, D. D., Troy, 1842-45; William P. Van Rensselaer, Greenbush, 1845-64; Thomas C. Brins- made, M. D., Troy, 1S64-68 ; Hon. George Gould, Troy, 1868-60; E. Thompson Gale, C. E.. Troy. 1869-72: Hon. William Guiley, C. E., Troy, 1872 to present time. Secretaries: Moses Hale, M. D., 1824-35 ; Rev. E. Hopkins, 1S35-41 ; Hon. Isaac McConihe, 1841-42; Hon. Joseph White, 1842-49; Stephen Wickes, M. D., 1849-54; Rev. John B. Tibbits, 1854-61 ; Hon. William E. Gurley, C. E., 1861-72 ; William H. Doughty, C. E., 1872 to present time. Treasurers : Hon. Hanford N. Lock- wood ; 1824-44 ; Thomas C. Brins- made, M. D., 1844-47 ; Hon. Day Otis Kellogg, 1847-50; William H. Young, 1850 to present time. Insurance Agencies, Fire. — Ogden, Calder, & Co., general in- surance agents, No. 18 First Street. Established in 1824. (See Bankers AND Brokers. Neher & Carpenter, general in- surance agents ; also bankers and bro- kers, No. 5 First Street. Established in 1824. Philip H. Neher and James H. Carpenter formed the firm on May I, 1883. Kennedy & Buell, general fire in- surance agents. Athenaeum, No. 10 176 First Street. Established in 1842. William S. Kennedy and Frederick F. Buell formed the firm on February 25, 1878. CiPPERLY, Cole, & Haslehurst, bankers and general insurance agents No. II First Street. The members of this well-known firm previous to their association in business were members of three early established insurance agencies in the city. The senior mem- ber, John W. Cipperly, engaged in the business in May, 1855, taking tha agency of the Hartford Fire and the Albany insurance companies. He and Grove M. Harwocd, in 1857, formed the firm of Harwood & Cip- perly, insurance agents, doing business at No. 233 River Street. John C. Cole, who, from March 25, 1S54. had been a clerk in the insurance office of Spencer Cole, at No. 253 River Street, became his partner in 1S55 ; the firm taking the name of S. & J. C. Cole, then agents of the Phenix Insurance Company of Brooklyn. On the disso- lution of the firm, in the following year, John C. Cole continued the busi- ness at No. 253 River Street. In 1S65, |ohn W. Cipperly and John C. Cole became associated as partners under the firm-name of Cipperly & Cole, in&utance agents, at No. 233 River Street, and, in January, 1868, moved to No. ir First Street. In January, 1870, the firm purchased the business of Allen & Rogers, (Freder- ick P. Allen and Charles H. Rogers), insurance agents. No. 5 Mansion House Block, by which Cipperly & Cole became agents of the Imperial Fire Insurance Company of London. In 1874, Theodore E. Haslehurst, who from 1868 had held a clerkship in the banking and insurance office of Benjamin A. Tillinghast & Son, at No. 17 First Street, and had been a member of the firm of Benjamin A. Tillinghast, Son, & Co., from 1870, on its dissolution in 1874, became as- sociated with John W. Cipperly and John C. Cole, under the firm-name of Cipperly, Cole, & Haslehurst, at No. II First Street. By Theodore E. Haslehurst's admission as a partner, the firm obtained the agency of the /Etna Insurance Company of Hart- ford, Conn. In 1874, the firm en- gaged in the banking, brokerage, and foreign exchange business, and became agents of a number of proininent ocean steamship lines. The firm has also the agency of ihe Travellers' Life and Accident Insurance Company of Hartford. Gilbert Geer, jr., & Co., real es- tate, loan, and insurance brokers, No. 5 Mansion House Block, Washington Square. This long-established insur- ance agency was founded by the senior member of the firm, Gilbert Geer, jr., in February. 185S, at No 282 River Street. In 1866, he and Charles H. Van Arnam formed the firm of Geer 6 Van Arnam, insurance agents. In February, 1870, the firm moved to No. 5 Mansion House Block. On the dissolution of the firm, in January, 1S72, Gilbert Geer, jr., conducted the business until January i, 1881, when he and William C. Gccr became asso- ciated in It, under the firm-name of Gilbert Geer, jr., & Co. As agents the firm represents the following prom- inent insurance companies : German American Insurance Company, United States Fire Insurance Company, Amer- ican Fire Insurance Company, Citi- zens' Insurance Company of New York, National Fire Insurance Com- pany of New York, Rochester Ger- man Insurance Company of Roches- ter, and the New York Bowery Fire Insurance Company. The firm is also agents for the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company. As real estate agents, the enterprising firm an- nually eff"ects the sale and rent of a great number of properties, and does a large business in loans. 177 Kelly & Knox, general insurance agents, Burdett Building, No. 253 River Street. Es'ablished 1855. W. John Kelly and John H. Knox formed the firm on January i, 1880. Macdonald & VanAlstyne. gen- eral insurance agents, No. 280 River Street. This prominent insurance agency was founded by the firm of Van Every, Macdonald, & Carroll, (W. H. Van Every, John A. Macdon- ald, and John T. Carroll,) on the day of iheir entering into partnership, January 12, 1867. at No. 39 Congress Street, whence they moved shortly afterward to No. 265 River Street. Their successors have been John A. Macdonald, February i, 1878, at No. 280 River Street ; Macdonalds & Van Alstyne, (John A. Macdonald, Wil- liam J. Macdonald, and Richard H Van Alstyne,) June i, 1880, at No. 280 River Street ; and the members of the present firm, John A. Macdon- ald and Richard H. Van Alstyne, December r, 1883. As agents they represent the following fire insurance companies : Home of New York, Westchester Fire of New York, Fire Association of Philadelphia, Connect- icut Fire of Hartford, Commercial Union of London, Phoenix of Lon- don, American of Newark, Guardian of London, Scottish Union and Na- tional Insurance Company of Edin- burgh, Orient of Hartford, St. Paul Fire and Marine of St. Paul, and the Fire Insurance Association of London. They also represent the Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York, in- suring plate-glass, steam boilers, and properly against accidents. In ma- rine insurance they are agents of the St. Paul Fiie and Marine of St. Paul. The firm's oflice is centrally located ^ and attmctively furnished. Alden & Nichols, bankers, bro- kers, insurance and real estate agents, No. I Mutual Bank Building, State 24 Street, near First. Established in 1870. Alonzo Alden and George F. Nichols formed the firm on March i, 188.4. Stillman & Son, general insur- ance agents, and real estate and loan brokers, Troy Savings Bank Building. Established in 1870. Wait J. Still- man and his son, Byron, formed the firm in 1872. Hudson & Smith, general insur- ance agents, room 3, Keenan Build- ing. Established 1870. (See Kek- nan Building.) Insurance Agencies, Life.— Peck & Hillman, general agents of the Connecticut Mutual Life In- surance Company of Hartford, Conn., Nos. 3 and 4 Mutual Bank Building, State Street, between First and Second streets. Eleazer A. Peck and Joseph Hillman, members of the oldest existing firm in the city, became associated, March 10, 1848,. as real estate, stock, ' and insurance bro- kers, at No. 173 River Street, west side, between Congress and State streets. On May i, 1854, they moved to the Mutual Bank Building, on the northeast corner of First and State streets, where' the firm has for more than three decades of years con- ducted its large business. In 1862, when the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company established state agencies, this long-known firm was given the general agency of the state of New York, excepting the city of New York. When the firm became agents of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company its capital was $50,000, which now is $55,000,- 000. D. L. Boardman & Son. New York State general agents of the Mu- tual Life Insurance Company of New York, Troy Savings Bank Building. Established in 1865. Derrick L. 178 Boardman, and his son, Henry F., became associated in business under the present firm-name on November 28, 1883. Alonzo Alden, general agent of the New York Life Insurance Com- pany, No. I, Mutual Bank Building, State Street, between First and Sec- ond streets. He became agent of the company in 1874. William V. Baker, general agent of the Northwestern Life Insurance Company, room 13, Keenan Building. (See Keenan Building.) He be- came agent of the company for East- em New York and Western Massa- chusetts on January i, 1880. lonie Club, organized August 27. 1853, and incorporated August 6, 1868, has its rooms on the second floor of the building. No. i First Street, south of the Troy House. First officers : S. Nelson Derrick, president ; Lewis A. Rousseau, vice- president; Henry B. Dauchy, secre- tary and treasurer. Present officers : James F. Cowee, president ; W. H. Mann, vice-president ; P. F. Van- derheyden, secretary and treasurer. Iron and Steel, Importers and Dealers. Howe & Co. (See Hardware.) J. M. Warren & Co. (See Hard- ware.) Hannibal Green's Son & Co., im- porters and dealers in iron and steel, and manufacturers of carriage springs southeast corner of Broadway and Fourth Street. The founders of this well-known house were Henry Nazro, Augustus A. Thurber, and Hannibal Green, who, in 1832, formed the firm of Nazro, Thurber, & Green, hard- ware merchants, beginning business at No. 233 River Street. The successors of the firm were Nazro & Green, in 1834; Green & Cramer, (George H. Cramer), in 1838; Hannibal Green, in 1852 ; Hannibal Green & Son, (Moses C), in 1S66 ; Hannibal Green, in 1872; and in April, 1875, the pres- ent firm, Edward M. Green and William M, Sanford. The Green Building was erected in 1855. Iron Manufacturers.— Burden Iron Company. (See Burden Iron Co.) Troy Steel and Iron Company. (See Troy Steel and Iron Co.) Iron Work, Architectural — M. Mahony, manufacturer of architectural iron-work, northwest cor- ner of Liberty and Fifth streets In September, 1870, Michael Mahony and Calvin W. Link formed the co- partnership of Link & Mahony, making machinery-castings and build- ing work at their foundry, on the south side of the Hollow Road, (now Spring Avenue), east of the Poesten Kill bridge. Having purchased the Cleary brewery properly, on the north- west corner of Liberty and Fifth streets, the firm erected there and on the site of the row of wooden buildings immediately north of the property, the present brick foundry and finish- ing shop In April, 1878, the firm began manufacturing in the new buildings. On October 18, that year, the partnership of Link & Mahony was dissolved ; M. Mahony continu- ing in the business. In 18S1-82, he enlarged the establishment by ihe erection of additional buildings. The foundry and its additions have every convenience for the manufacture of the special things for which they were designed. The employes of the establishment are skilled and experi- enced workmen. The business in- 179 eludes the manufacture of architectu- ral ii"on-\vork for buildings, iron-fronts for stores, widow lintels, sills, chim- ney caps, illuminating tile for side- walks and areas, floor-lights, stable fixtures, patent mangers, cess-pools and hitching posts. Another class of work embraces hot-air furnaces, steam- generators for house-heating, cooking feed, restaurant use, and other pur- poses. The manufacture of laundry Island Park Association, or- ganized and incorporated in the spring of 1884, leased the excellent race- course on the island immediately north of Pleasure Island, between Troy and Albany. The track, a mile in circuit, is one of the fastest and safest in the United States. It was constructed about the year 1866, and on it the American Girl made a rec- ord of 2:i6^. The capital stock of M. MAHONY S ARCHITECTURAL IRON-WORKS. stoves and Troy polishing irons is also an important part of the business. In machinery castings, pulleys, hangers, and other special iron-work the estab- lishment takes large orders. The architectural iron-works of M. Ma- hony are opposite the western decliv- ity of Ida Hill, and west of the line of the Troy and Greenbush Railroad, and on the northwest corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. the association is $10,000, divided into 100 shares of $100 each. The affairs of the association are managed by a board of fifteen directors. A member of the National Trotting As- sociation, and connected with the Grand Circuit, the Island Park Asso- ciation yearly offers from $30,000 to $40,000 in purses and secures most of the noted horses to compete in its summer and fall races. Its officers 180 are Erastus Corning, president ; stituted April 14, 1872, meets in the George P. Ide, vice-president ; S. W. Third Street synagogue, on the second Giles, secretary ; and Frank Gilbert, and fourth Sunday afternoons of each treasurer. month. Troy City Lodge of the Free Sons of Israel, meets in the synagogue, on Third Street, on the second and fourth Sunday afternoons of each month. Jail, Rensselaer County, is near the northeast corner of Ferry and Fifth streets. The first was erected in 1795, on the southwest cor- ner of the alley, in the rear of the first court-house. (See Court-house.) It was a brick building, two stories high. In 1826, the erection of the present jail was undertaken ; a brick building three stories high, with basement. On the first floor is the sheriff's office, the the waiting room and other apart- ments. On the second are two square rooms and six cells for the confinement of criminals, and on the third is the same number. In 1885, a three-story, brick building, with basement, ad- joining the front one on its north side, was erected. On the second and third floors of the new building are eighteen cells, nine on each floor. In the two buildings about one hundred and twenty prisoners can be lodged. About half that number are confined in them. The bell once hanging in the belfry of the first court-house was placed in the cupola of the jail in 1832. It was there rung for fire- alarms until the introduction in the city of the telegraph fire-alarm sys- tem. Jewelers. — (See Watch-makers AND Jewelers.) Jewish Societies. — Jeremiah Lodge, No, 85, Inde- pendent Order of Bnai Berith, organ ized October 26, 1866, meets in the synagogue, on Third Street, on the first and third Sunday afternoons of each month. Joshua Lodge, No. 78, Indepen- dent Order of Kesher Shel Barzel, in- KiNG David Lodge, No. 28, In- dependent Order of the Sons of Ben- jamin, meets in Pythian Castle, on the first and third Sunday afternoons of each month, Alexander Lodge, No. 63, Berith Abraham, meets in Pythian Castle, on State Street, on the first and third Sunday afternoons of each month. Jewish Synagogues.— Berith Sholom, on the west side of Third Street, between Division and Liberty streets. A number of Jews worshiping in a room in the Wotkyns' Building, on the northwest corner of Congress and First streets, in the spring of 1864 fitted and fur- nished a room on the third floor of the Vail Building, on the northeast cor- ner of Congress and River streets, in which to hold religious services. The congregation took the name of Bikur Cholom, and was served by Louis Neusted as chazan, or reader. On March 26, 1866, the members met in their rooms and having selected Emanuel Gratz, chairman, elected Louis Gross, Selig Levy, Nathan Feibel, Isaac Heilbrun, Aaron Israel, and Jacob Berg, " trus- tees of the church and society of Berith Sholom." In the spring of 1870, the congregation began tlie erection of the brick synagogue on Third Street. The corner-stone was laid on June 12, and on September 22, that year, the synagogue was dedi- cated. 181 Rabbis. — Bernard Eberson, 1870- 77 ; A. N. Coleman, April i. 1879, ^o present time. Readers. — H. G. Solomon. 1864 ; Louis Neusted, 1S64-65 ; Moses Blume, 1870-78. Beth Israel Bickur Cholom, on the third floor of the building Nos. 8 and 10 State Street, between River and First streets. On August 7, 1870, some of the members of the congregation worshiping in Vail's Building, met at the residence of Jacob Cohen, No. 133 River Street, and having selected Michael Brack as chairman of the meeting, elected Solomon Levy, Alexander Manne, Sigismund Seligson, Henry Mark- stone, and Julius Lawrence, "trus- tees of the synagogue and society 'of Beth- Israel Bickur Cholom." In 1874, the congregation began holding its meetings in the building on State Street. Readers. — Bernstein, A. Chellock, Hermand Lovenstein, 1873; Adolph Pollak, 1874-76; Ellas Phillips, 1S80- 81; J. Levy, 1882; Elias Phillips at present time. Shaare Tephilla, (Gates of Prayer,) on the third floor of the building on the northeast corner of River and Congress streets. Polish and Russian people compose the con- gregation organized in 1873. The first place in which it worshiped was in a building on the east side of Fourth Street, between Liberty and Washington streets. Present reader: the Rev. Isaac Berkowitz. Keenan Building. — The south part of the site of this large three- story, brick structure, on the north- west corner of Broadway and Third Street, is lot 199, which Jacob Van der Heyden conveyed, July 22, 1792, to Henry Coonradt, who consented to pay for it "the yearly rent of three pounds current money of the state of New York." The property is de- scribed in the deed as lying and being in the township laid "out by the name of Vanderheyden but now [in 1792] called Troy." The lessee also con- sented to pay " all taxes, charges and assessments, ordinary and extraor- dinary," which might be imposed on the lot. On September 9, 1801, Henry Coonradt conveyed the lot to Edward Tylee for $250, subject to the same covenants, conditions, and provisions set forth in the original instrument. Stephen Warren purchased the im- proved property from Edward Tylee, on January 17, 1810, for $2,250, also subject to the rents, reservations, and covenants required by Jacob D. Van der Heyden. James Keenan, on Feb- ruary, 6, 1882, purchased from Joseph M. Warren, the executor of S'.ephen Warren, deceased, lot 199 and the south half of lot 200, with the build- ings on them, for $40,000. On their demolition in 1882, James Keenan erected the present attractive build- ing, fronting 134 feet on Broadway, and 75 feet on Third Street, The spacious store, Nos. 5 and 6, on the first floor of the building, ac- cessible by doors on Broadway and Third Street, was occupied in 1883 by Thomas H. Magill, selling millinery and fancy goods, such as silks, velvets, laces, rib- bons, ruches, plumes, wings, and other hat and bonnet trimmings, together with women's skirts, corsets, parasols, fans, handkerchiefs, hosiery, and jewelry, besides yarns, zephyrs, embroidery silks, work-baskets, and a great variety of other fancy goods. Thomas H. Magill first engaged in the business in partnership with James G. Fleming, in 1876, under the firm- name of Magill & Fleming, at the southeast corner of Broadway and Second Street. In i88l, the partner- ship was dissolved. He then re- moved to Nos. 207 and 211 Broad- way, and in 1880 to his present place of business. Edgar L. Everett's art store is at the west end of the building, imme- diately east of the Mansion House, on Broadway. (See Art Store.) Samuel B. Mount, dealer in fine and fashionable furs, occupies the at- valises, bags, and other leather goods. Samuel B. Mount has been in the fur business in Troy since 1863. In 1883, he removed to the Keenan Building from his former store, No, 342 River Street. Theodore A. Byram, merchant tailor, at No. 4 Xeenan Building, seasonably replenishes his varied stock of cloths and other stuffs worn by men and boys from the best quality and keenan building. tractively-furnished store. No. 2 Keenan Building. His valuable stock embraces diff'erent kinds of foreign and domestic furs, seal, sable, ermine, marten, beaver, otter, mink, chin- chilla, squirrel, and other animal skins. He largely manufactures fur garments, sacques, dolmans, mantles, capes, circulars, and also muff's, caps, gloves, and carriage and sleigh robes. Besides these, he also sells trunks. most desirable goods in the market. He employs an experienced and ar- tistic cutter and on order makes, at short notice, coats, pantaloons, and vests in all the prevailing styles of cut and fabric. He began business with liis father in 1868 under the firm- name of Joseph H. Byram & Son, merchant tailors. No. 236 River Street. In June, 1879, ^^ conducted the business in his own name. 183 Hudson & Smith, general insur- ance agents, occupy room 3, on the second floor, at the southeast cor- ner of the building. They represent the following favorably known fire in- surance companies : the New Hamp- shiie, the Citizens' of Pittsburgh, the Farragut of New York, the Mer- chants of New York, the Sterl- ing of New York, the American Exchange of New York, the Lafay- ette of Brooklyn, the Jefferson of New York, besides the Accident Insurance Company of North America, Guaran- tee Insurance Company of North America, .and the Phoenix Mutual Life of Hartford. William H. Hud- son engaged in the insurance business in 1870. In 1880, he became a mem- ber ot the firm of Hudson, Bolton, & Co., insurance agents at No. 273 River Street, which was succeeded by that of Hudson, Crary, 1797. the by-laws were adopted. The first and third Tuesday of each month, between September 25 and March 25, and the first Tuesday of each month between March 25 and September 25, "at the hour of six in the evening," were designated "general or publick lodge nights." The lodge, in May, 1797, purchased a bassoon, a violoncello, two clarionets, a hautboy, and a French horn, with which some of the members furnished instrumental music. The instruments were sometimes borrowed and used on certain occasions in the Presbyterian meeting-house. In October, 1799, a lodge was fitted and furnished in Pierce's inn, on River Street, near Ferry Street, and was occupied until the spring of 1813, when another in the tavern of Zachariah Curtis, on the southeast corner of Third and Elbow (Fulton) streets, was rented. In 1824, St. John's Hall, a large room in the Troy House, was fitted for the use of Apollo Lodge and the members of Apollo Chapter of Royal Arch Ma- sons. It was dedicated on Saturday 199 evening, February 7, that year. It was there, on September iS, 1824, that the Manjuis de La Fayette was received under an arch inscribed : " Welcome La Fayette," lettered by Ebenezer Prescott, deceased, one of the early members of the lodge. In March, 1834, a lodge-room was occupied in Huddleston Hall, Nos, 264 and 268 River Street. The room was also called St. John's Hall. AroLLO Lodge, No. 13, received this numerical designation in 1839 from the Grand Lodge which, on ac- count of the secession of certain lodges in the state, then renumliered those remaining under its jurisdiction. In 1842, the new rooms in the Masonic Hall, No. 279 River Street, were oc- cupied by Apollo Lodge. Those fitted for its use in the Mutual Bank Building, on the northeast corner of First and State streets, were dedica- ted, December 27, 1S53. On the second Tuesday in April, 1S72, the first regular communication was held by the lodge in the newly erected Masonic Temple on Third Street. The lodge's stated communications are held on Tuesdays. King Solomon's Primitive Lodge. No. 91, was chartered June 4. 1842. The lodge was organized June 30, that year, and on August 11, the first officers were installed at Ma- sonic Hall, No. 279 River Street. They were Achille J. Rousseau, w. m. ; John S. Perry, s. w.; Joseph A. Wood, j. w.; S. G. Huntington, treasurer; G. H. Bull, secretary; N. T. Woodruff, s. d. ; H. K. Smith, j. d. The lodge's stated communications are held on Thursdays in the Masonic Temple. Mount Zion Lodge, No. 311, was chartered June 13, 1853, and in- stituted July II, that year. First three officers: John S. Perry, w. m.; James S. Keeler, s. w. ; Riley W. Kenyon, j. w. The lodge's stated communications are held on Mondays in the Masonic Temple. Apollo Mark Masters' Lodge, No. 35, was organized in 1807. First three officers: Ira M. Wells, r. w. m.; S: F. Richards and Samuel Reed. Apollo Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, No. 48, was chartered Feb- uary 10, 1816. First three officers: Ira M. Wells, h. p.; William Neafust, k.; Asa Athony s. Delta Lodge of Perfection, in- effable degrees, 4"-i4'^, was organ- ized in 1870. Regular communication on the third Friday of each month. Delta Council P. of J. Ancient and traditional grades, 15° and 160. Regular convocation on the third Friday of each month. Delta Chapter Rose Croix. Philosophical, doctrinal, and chivalric grades, 17° and iS°. Regular meet- ings, first Friday of each month. Bloss Council, No. 14, R. and S. M., was organized, November 23, 1859, under the dispensation and warrant, granted, November 16, that year. Stated assembly first Friday of each month. Apollo Commandery, No. 15, Knights Templars, was organized under a dispensation granted August 12, 1839. ^^ August 26, that year, the following officers were installed at St. John's Hall: Sir Joel G. Candee, p.; Abel Wetherbee, s. w.; James Hinds, j. w.; Simeon Rowell, treasurer; Stephen C. Leggett, re- corder; Benjamin Marshall, s. b., George W. Hicks, s. b,; John S, Perry, w.; and Richmond Jones, Jacob Danker, and Harris W. Bates, guards. Warrant granted by the Grand Commandery, June 4, 1841. First grand commander, Thomas S.Wells, Stated conclaves are 200 held on the second and fourth the Masonic organizations of the city Fridays of each month in the Masonic to procure a site and to erect on it a Temple. building for the use of the fraternity : frLrJuinriiiii .ox .ok .>2x .ok I ' — ' -^ wr' , pw an' ■■« — iililllri IE m ffS^^ • r^r * M T — i«^ m "C Eri rr MASONIC TEMPLE. Masonic Temple, west side of in Troy. On January 17, that year, Third Street, between Broadway and the committee determined to purchase River Street. At the beginning of for $30,000 the two lots on which ihe the year 1871, it was deemed advis- temple is built. The Masonic Hall able by the general room-committee of Association was incorporated February 201 15, iSyi, with a capital stock of$75,- ooo, divided into 3000 shares of $25. On June 19, 1871, the erection of the building was begun; the first stone of the foundation being laid that day. On August 2, the cor- ner-stone was laid by George Babcock, (acting) grand master of an emergent grand lodge of the stale of New York; a large number of the members of the Grand Lodge and of the Masonic lodges in the city, and of those of West Troy, Cohoes, and Lansingburgh having previously moved in a procession through some of the streets of the city. Jesse B. Anthony, Past Master of King Solo- mon's Primitive Lodge, delivered the oration. The temple was dedicated April 2, 1872. The total cost of the site, the building, and its furniture was about $100,000. The building has a frontage of fifty feet and a depth of one hundred and thirty-four feet. The different rooms in it are suitably and handsomely furnished. Mayors. — The persons holding the office of mayor until 1821 were ap- pointed annually by the governor and council of appointment of the state; afterward until 1840, they were elec- ted annually by the common council, then, and subsequently by the people: Albert Pawling, 1816 — 1820; Esaias Warren, 1820 — 1828; Samuel McCoun, 1828— 1830; George Tibbits, 1830— 1836; Richard P. Hart, 1S36— 1838, Jonas C. Heartt, 1838 — 1S43; Gur-; don Corning, 1843 — 1847; Francis N. Mann, 1847— 1850; Day O. Kellogg, iSsoto November, 1850; Hanford N. Lockwood, November, 185010 March, 1S51; Joseph M. Wairen, 1S51 — 1852; George Gould, 1S52 — 1853; Foster Bosworth, 1853 to December, 1S53; Elias Plum, December, 1853 to March, 1854; Jonathan Edwards, 1854 — 1855; John A. Griswold, 1855 — 1856; Hiram Slocum, 1856 — 1857; Alfred Wotkyns, 27 1857—1858; Arba Read, 1858—1860; Lsaac McConihe, jr., i860 — 1861; George B. Warren, jr., 1861 — 1862; James Thorn, 1862 — 1863; William L. Van Alstyne, 1863 — 1864; J'lmes Thorn, 1864— 1865; Uri Gilbert, 1865— 1866; John L. Flagg, 1866— 1868; Miles Beach, 1S68— 1870; Uri Gilbert, 1870—1871; Thomas B. Carol!, 1871 — 1873 ; William Kemp, 1873 — 1875 ; Edward Murphy, jr., 1875, to November 14, 1882; Ed- mund Fitzgerald, November 14, 1882, to present time. McCarthy Building, Nos. 255, 257, 259 River Street, was erected in 1883 by Peter McCarthy. Tsaac Keith, dealer in furniture, occupies a part of the building. (See Furniture.) W, A. Sherman, dealer in stoves and house furnishing goods, and agent for the sale in Troy and vicinity of the Fuller & Warren Company's stoves and furnaces, has his warerooms in the north part of the attractive struc- ture. Meehanicville, incorporated July 16, 1859, is a station on the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, twelve miles from Troy. It is also a station on the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway. It was early known as "the Borough." It contains five churches, an academy, three hotels, a number of stores, and several large manufactories. The Meehanicville Mercury is the only newspaper published in the village. Population 1,265. Medical Societies. — Rensselaer County Homeo- pathic Medical Society was organ- ized in Troy, October 6, 1859. Rensselaer County Medical Society was organized in the court- house, on Tuesday, July i, 1806. McCarthy Building. 203 First officers: Benjamin Woodward, president; John Loudon, vice-presi- dent; Samuel Gale, treasurer; Ira M. Wells, secretary; Ely Burritt, Moses Willard, Hezekiah Eldridge, David Doolittle, and Benjamin Rowe, censors. The society meets annually on the second Tuesday in January, and holds stated meetings on the second Tuesday of each month, except- ing in the months of January, June, July, and August, in the rooms of the Board of Health, in the city-hall. Men's Furnishing Goods. — J. E. ScHOONMAKER & Co., men's furnishing goods. No, g Mansion House, north side of Broadway, be- tween Second and Third streets. The distinction of manufacturing and sell- ing only such goods as are worthy of commendation for excellence of ma- terial and perfection of workmanship has obtained for this firm the marked popularity it enjoys. The behests of fashion are seasonably expressed in the style and class of the goods found in the large and varied stock of the firm. Fine shirts, attractive under- wear, stylish collars and cuffs, hand- some neckwear, plain and fancy hand- kerchiefs, prettily patterned hosiery, perfectly fitting kid and other desir- able gloves, a large number of suspend- ers and patented braces, elaborately made dressing-gowns, smoking caps, gentlemen's jewelry, silk and mohair umbrellas, canes and walking-sticks, are contained in the stock of the firm's well-appointed store. The business was begun by Cluetts & Burrage, at No. 248 River Street, whence in 1874, it was moved to No. 7 Cannon Place, where, in 1876, Robert Cluett & Co., (George B. Cluett, Bro. & Co.) succeeded to it. In 1879, J. E. Schoonmaker became a copartner with Robert Cluett, and they conducted the business as Robert Cluett & Co., at No. 8 Cannon Place. On September i, 1880, the latter firm was succeeded by that of J. E. Schoon- maker & Co., at No. 270 River Street. On December 10, 1884, the firm moved to its present store. No. 9 Mansion House. Stamper & Strait, men's fur- nishing goods, No. 316 River Street. (See Addenda.) Mercantile Agency, The, of R. G. Dun & Co., Henry C. Smith, manager, is on the second floor of the building No. 280 River Street. This local bureau of information re- lating to the financial standing of men engaged in the business in this city and in other places in the United States is a branch of the long-estab- lished continental agency founded in 1841 by Lewis Tappan, who, in 1845, formed a partnership with Benjamin Douglass. On the former's with- drawal from the business in 1849, Arthur Tappan, his brother, and Ben- jamin Douglass, under the firm-name of Tappan & Douglass conducted the prosperous agency until 1854, when the firm of B. Douglass & Co., took its management. On the retirement of the senior member in 1859, R. G. Dun, the junior partner, took con- trol of the business, which now is so extensive that the July edition of the agency's reference book contained the names and ratings of not less than a million of individuals, firms, and cor- porations doing business in this country. The Troy branch was established in 1872, with R. H, Stevens, manager; the office being on the second floor of the building, No. 276 River Street. In 1877, when E. S. Scranton was man- ager, large rooms on the second story of the building. No. 267 River Street, west side, were occupied. E. S. Scranton, in 1880, was succeeded by 204 George F. Sims. On the latter's death in April, 1881, Henry C. Smith, the present efficient manager, became his successor. The daily information ob- tained by the company is made avail- able to its patrons both by printed sheets and special notifications. The offices are suitably fitted and furnished for the transaction of the large local business of this prominent mercantile agency. Messenger Service. — (See American District Telegraph Company.) M e t h o d i s t E p i s c o p a 1 Churches. — There are nine Metho- dist Churches in the city. State Street Church, north- west corner of State and Fifth streets. The organization of the first society of Methodists in Troy was effected by the pioneer preachers of the Cam- bridge circuit established in 1788. As early as 1 793, there were a few followers of John Wesley in the vil- lage holding prayer-meetings. Troy was included m the Cambridge cir- cuit in 1795. The class had thirteen members in 1797. It is recorded in the minutes of the quarterly conference that a Brother Betts reported for Troy. Lorenzo Dow, on the Cam- bridge circuit, visited the village in 1797, and preached in the houses of some of the members of the society. In 1800, the Rev. Michael Coates of the Pittsfield circuit, to which Troy was then connected, statedly preached in the village; the class having thirty members under the leadership of William Cleveland. Among the most zealous Methodists in Troy at this time were Joel Ketchum, Caleb Curtis, Samuel Goodrich, sr., Ben- jamin Betts, William Cleveland, Stephen Andres, and Archibald Gray. In 1802, the Rev. Elias Vanderlip, became discouraged with the back- slidings of some of the members of the class and withdrew his appointment of preaching in the village. It is said that Caleb Curtis and several women were the only persons representing the society during the period of de- clension. At the former's house, the Rev. Samuel Howe preached, as also did Lorenzo Dow, in 1802, "two evenings in succession, the room and entry " being " filled with neighbors." The celebrated itinerant, in his journal, mentions his visits to Troy, "where there was some revival of the class." In 1805, the Rev. Elijah Chichester revived the society and en- rolled the names of seven class-mem- bers; Caleb Curtis being class leader. The inconveniences of holding meet- ings in the rooms of dwelling houses and in the court-house led the mem- bers of the growing society to elect trustees according to the laws of the state of New York, and thereafter to erect a house of worship. On Decem- ber 8, 1808, David Canfield, Eliph- alet King, and Samuel Scoby, were elected trustees of the " Methodist Episcopal Church of the village of Troy." Two lots, numbered 743 and 744, on the east side of Slate Street, and on the northeast corner of the alley, between Fourth and Fifth streets, price $500, were obtained of Jacob D. Van der Heyden; the so- ciety paying an interest of $35 an- nually until it was able to make the purchase of the ground. On January 2, 1809, a subscription was begun to obtain money "for the purpose of building a meeting-house for divine worship." The same year, the erection of a weather-boarded building, two stories high, was undertaken. The society not having sufficient funds to complete the meeting-house, common wooden benches and a plain pulpit took the place of more desirable furniture. In 18 10, the Rev. William SECOND AND THIRD STATE STREET M. E. CHURCHES, IS7I. 206 Phoebus was appointed to the pastor- ate of the church, but "he found no prospect of an adequate support and he left the charge by the consent of the presiding elder." The member- ship was much increased by the re- vival of February, iSii, conducted by the Rev. Lewis Pease of the Lebanon circuit. Shortly afterward the Rev. Smith Arnold was appointed to the pastorate and served the con- gregation acceptably for one year. He was succeeded by the Rev. Peter P. Sanford in i8i2. As there were no quarterly meetings held in Troy before the erection of the church, no love-feasts were held, nor were the the sacraments of the Lord's Supper celebrated. Those of the members desiring to be partici- pants of them went to Ashgrove, in the town of Cambridge, but more frequently to Pittstown or Cooks- borough. In 1827, the "old white church" was moved to the northwest corner of State and Fifth streets, where it was shortly afterward used for the sittings of the courts while the present court-house was building. On the plat of ground occupied by the first meeting-house, a brick edifice, fifty-five feet wide and sixiy-six long, was erected. It was dedicated by Bishop Hedding, December i, 1827. In 1867, the erection of the present attractive stone edifice was under- taken. On Thursday afternoon, June 25, 1868, the corner-stone was laid by the Rev. Truman Seymour; the Rev. George W. Brown, pastor, assisting. Addresses were delivered by the Rev. Stephen D. Brown of New York, and the Rev. Erastus Wentworth, D. D. of Pittsfield, Mass. The building erected accord- ing to the plans of the architects, Woollett & Ogden, was completed, excepting the steeple, in 1871. On Thursday morning, March 30, the church ^was dedicated by Bishop Matthew Simpson, who preached the dedicatory sermon. The edifice has a frontage of 75 feet on State Street, and a depth of 100 feet on Fifth Street. The auditorium, 59 by 70 feet, has 650 sittings; the gallery 250. The tower, ig feet square, rises to the height of 85 feet; when completed with staeple, the height from the sidewalk to the finial on the spire will be 175 feet. Estimated cost of the church when completed $100,000, The old brick church was torn down in the winter of 1871. The corner- stone of the stone chapel on the west side of the church was laid on Thurs- day afternoon. May 30, 1882. The building was dedicated March 29, 1883. Pastors: William Phoebus, 1810 ; Smith Arnold, 1811 ; Peter P. San- ford, 1812; Laban Clark, 1813 to 1814; Tobias Spicer, 1815 to 1816; Samuel Luckey, 181710 1818; William Ross, 1819 to 1820; Benjamin Griffen, 1821 to 1822; Noah Bigelow, 1823; James M. Smith, 1824 to 1825; Stephen Martindale, 1826 to 1827; Samuel Merwin, 1828 to 1829, assisted in 1829 by the Rev. John Tackaberry; John B. Stratton, 1830 to 1831; Buel Goodsell, 1832 to 1833; Noah Levings, 1834 to 1835; Truman Seymour, 1836 to 1S37; Stephen Remington, 1838 to 1839; Charles P.Clarke, 1840 to 1841; Noah Levings, 1842; James Covel. jr., 1843 to 1844. assisted by John W. Lindsay; Luman A. Sand- ford, 1845 to 1846, A. W. Garvin, associate; Allen Steele. 1847 to 1848; Zephaniah N. Lewis, 1849 to 1850; Stephen D. Brown, 1851 to 1852; Lester James, 1S53; Halsey W. Ransom, 1854 to 1855; Stephen Parks, 1856 to 1857; Joseph K. Chesseman, 1858 to 1859; Ira G Bed- well, i860 to 1 86 1, assisted by Prof. C. T. Lewis; Charles W. Gushing, 1862 to 1863; Stephen D. Brown, 1864; Erastus Wentworth, 1865 to 20'i 1867; George W. Brown, 1868 to 1870; William H. Hughes, 1871 to 1873; Henry D. Kimball, 1874 to 1S77; George J. Brown, 1877 to 1880; William J. Stevenson, D. D., 1880 to 18S2: Ensign McChesney, Ph. D., 1882 to 1885; J. E. C. Sawyer, 1S85 to present time. North Second Street Church, northeast corner of North Second and Jacob streets. In 1831, the growth of the city northward suggested to some of the members of the State Street Methodist Church the expe- diency of taking advantage of the in- creased population in the fourth ward by building a church there, which in time liy accessions of converts and of persons already belonging to the de- nomination residing in that part of the city might become self-supporting. At a quarterly conference held on August 8, that year, in the State Street church, William W. Whipple, Eli Townsend, Stephen Andres, Daniel Mervin, jr., and Independence Starks were appointed a committee to provide a place where meetings could he held in the fourth ward of the city. Perceiving that lot 228, on the north- east corner of North Second and Jacob streets, would be a suitable site for a church, Eli Townsend, James Wallace, and Jefferson Gardner, per- sonally purchased the plot for $1,500 on August 13, 1831. At the quarterly conference, on May 12, 1832, the trus- tees of the State Street Church were instructed to buy the property. On March 13, 1833, the board of trustees determined to take the lot at the price of $1,500, and to pay the expenses which had accrued on it since it was purchased by Eli Townsend and his associates, "for the purpose of build- ing a church thereon." Later in the year a committee began circulating a subscription to obtain money to erect a church. On May 13, 1834, the trustees of the State Street Church re- solved to proceed to build as soon as the sum of $4,000 should be sub- scribed. On June 5, the subscriptions having exceeded that sum, the trus- tees determined to proceed to make the contracts for "inclosing the con- templated church," and "to have the building inclosed, if possible," by the first of November. On June 14, Zina P. Eggleston, Thomas L. Ostrom, and Jesse Anthony were appointed the building committee. On August 21, 1835, the trustees of the State Street Church determined by resolu- tion "that our new church be dedi- cated on Sabbath, the 30lh day of August." The church was a brick building with a basement. The plan of the structure was projected by G. & H. Landon. As soon as the rooms in the basement were finished they were used for week-day and Sunday services, and by the Sunday-school which had been organized on June 2, 1835, in Miss Annie Manwarring's school-room, on the west side of North Second Street, between Federal and Jacob streets. On Sunday after- noon, August 30, Bishop Elijah Hedding preached the dedication sermon. On January 13, 1836, it was resolved by the trustees of the State Street Church that the real and per- sonal property belonging to the Troy Station should be divided between the State Street congregation and the North Second Street congregation; the former to take the church and parson- age on State Street and one thousand dollars more of the aggregate amount of the debts than the North Second Street congregation, which was to re- ceive the church it worshiped in and was to assume the payments of its proportion of the debts. By this ac- tion, the North Second Street Metho- dist Church became a separate, self- supporting organization. The erec- tion of the present house of worship NORTH SECOND STREET M. E. CHURCH. 209 was first considered by the trustees at a meeting held by them on April 4, 1S54. At a meeting lield a week later, it was determined to build a brick edifice on the site of the old structure. While the building was erecting the congregation worshiped in the Tabernacle, or old Fourth Pres- byterian Church, on the northwest cor- ner of Elbow (Fulton)and Fifth streets. The new building having been com- pleted, it was dedicated on Friday, December 2g, 1S54; Bishop Edmund S. Janes preaching the dedicatory ser- mon. Pastors: S. D. Ferguson, 1835 to 1836; Charles Sherman, 1836 to 1S3S; Peter C. Oakley, 1838 to 1839; Noah Levings, 1839 to 1S40; Henry L. Starks, 1840 to 1S42; Merritt Bates, 1842 to 1843; Charles Sherman, 1843 to 1844, (died March 10, 1844); S. L. Stillman, 1844 to 1846; Sanford Washburn, 184610 1848; (Alanson W. Garvin, associate, 1847 to 1849); Benjamin Pomeroy, 1848 to 1849; Wil- liam A. Miller, 1848 to 185 1; Berea O. Meeker, 1851 to 1853; Stephen I). Brown, 1853 to 1855; L. D. Stebbins, 1855 to 1857; Albinus Johnson. 1857 to 1858; J. F. Vates, 1858 to i860; San- ford Washburn, i860 to 1S62; Erastus Wentworth, D. D., 1862 to 1S65; John W. Carhart, 1S65 to 1868; James M. King, 1868 to 1871; Hiram C. Sexton, 1871 to 1873; Samuel Meredith, 1873 to 1876; H. C. Farrar, 1876 to 1879; Henry Graham, 1879 to 1882; H. C. Farrar, 1882 to 1885; Henry Graham, D. D., 1885 to pres- ent time. Pawling Avenue Church is on the north side of Washington Street, in Albia. As a large number of the members of State Street Church were residents of Albia in the fifth ward of the city, it was resolved by the trus- tees of State Street Church, on August 15, 1826, that Jolin Usher, Barney Weatherwax, and Caleb 28 Knight should be "a committee of su- perintendence to the building of a Methodist meeting-house in the vil- lage of Albia for the use of the mem- bers." In 1829, the Rev. John Tackaberry was appointed to assist the Rev. Samuel Mervin at Slate Street Church; the former having charge of the mission at Albia. In 1830, the appointment for Troy in- cluded Albia; the Rev. Abialhar M. Osbon, assisting the Rev. John B. Stratton. preached at Albia. In 1831, the Rev. Abiathar M. Osbon was appointed to take charge of the church at Albia. On the tab- let in the front wall of the church is in.scribed: Erected A. D. 1827. Rebuilt, A. D. 1858. In 1868, the church was called the Pawling Avenue Church. Pastors: Abiathar M. O.sbon, 1831 to 1832; Edwin F. White, 1832 to 1833; Aaron Hall, 1853 to 1855; Jeremiah S. Hart, 1855 to 1856; Samuel Hewes, 1857 to 1859: E. S. Stout, 1859 to i860; Z. Phillips, 1S60 to 1861; Lorenzo Barber, 1861 to 1862; G. H. Gregory, 1862 to 1863; W. H. Hughes, 1863 to 1865; C. M. Pegg. 1865 to 1867; J. W. Thompson, 1867 to 1869; J. K. Wager, 1869 to 1870; G. C. Bancroft, 1871 to 1872; W. B. Osgood, 1872 to 1874; Egbert A. Braman, 1874 to 1877; A. C. Rose, 1877 to 1880; W, H. Groat, 1880 to 1S83; A. S. Clark, 1883 to 1884; J. C. Russum, 1884 to present time. Levings' Chapel is on the north side of Mill Street. On Septemlier 24, 1838, a number of persons, desig- nating themselves members of the Fourth Methodist Church in Troy. met at their usual place of worship and there elec'ed Stephen Frank, William Stewart, Charles Dibble, Joseph Car- lin, and Philip Hoyle trustees of "Levings' Chapel in the city of Troy." Tlie church in which the congregation now worships was erected in 1850. 210 Pastors: J. W. Belknap, 1851 to 1852; T. Spicer, 1852 to 1853; Aaron Hill, 1853 to 1855; Jeremiah S. Hart, 1855 to 1857; Samuel Hewes, 1857 to 1859; E. S. Stout, 1859 to i860; Z. Phillips, i860 to 1861; S. P. Williams, 1861 to 1863; Hiram C. Sexton, 1863 to 1865; Robert Fox, 1865 to 1867; George C. Morehouse, 1867 to 1869; Charles F. Noble, 1869 to 1872; John W. Quinlan, 1872 to 1874; William Bedell, 1874 to 1877; H. W. Slocum, 1877 to 1879; Samuel Meredith, 1879 to 1882; C. A. S. Heath, 18S2 to 1885 ; C. R. Hawley, 1885 to present time. Third Street Church, on the northeast corner of Third and Monroe streets, was erected in 1847, and dedi- cated on December 25, that year. The congregation was organized in 1843 as a mission. On March 29, 1844, some of the male members elected George Christie, Joseph Carlin, Wil- liam Barrett, Daniel Hudson, and Enoch Hunt trustees of the church. In 1873, the building was reconstruct- ed. In the spring of 1S84, the or- ganization became a self-supporting church. Pastors: Oliver Emerson, 1846 to 1847; E. Noble, 1S47 to 1849; A- A- Farr and L. Marshall, 1S49 to 1850; C. R. Ford, 1850 to 1S51; J. W. Belknap, 1851 to 1853; John M. Weaver, 1853 to 1854; Jeremiah Hill, 1854 to 1855; M. B. Mead, 1855 to 1856; Elon Foster, 1856 to 1857; D. W. Dayton, 1857 to 1859; E. Goss, 1859 to 1861; R. T. Wade, 1861 to 1863; D. Lvttle, 1863 to 1865: D. T. Elliott, 1865 to 1867; C. M. Pegg. 1867 to 1868; Alverson Senter, 1868 to 1871; S. W. Edgerton, 1871 to 1872; B. M. Hall, 1872 to 1873; Wilbur F. Sanford, (also Hoosick Street), 1S73 to 1874; George C. Bancroft, 1874 to 1877; J. W. Belknap, 1878; Edgar H. Brown, 1884 to present time. Trinity Church, east side of Thirteenth Street, near the inteisec- tion of Thirteenth and Congress streets, A number of persons con- nected with the State Street, the North Second Street, and the Third Street Methodist churches became members of a class which in the fall of 1846 be- gan worshiping statedly at the resi- dence of Isaac Hillman, No. 1S8 Congress Street, Ida Hill. On Octo- ber 8, that year, the male members of the congregation assembled there for the purpose of electing five trustees. Isaac Hillman, Jonathan T. Williams, William H. Robbins, Stephen Mun- ro, and James N. Ausiin were then elected trustees of the "church to be known by the name and title of the Congress Street Methodist Episcopal Church." In June, 1847, a weather- boarded building, commonly called the "Hemlock Church," was erected on the south side of Ferry Street, at its intersection with Congress Street, and in this meeting-house the congre- gation worshiped for two years. A more eligible location on Thirteenth Street having been selected for the erection of a larger building, a brick one was built on the site of the pres- ent church. The cornerstone was laid in October, 184S and the build- ing dedicated, July 12, 1849; the dedicatory sermon being preached by Bishop L. L. Hamline of Oirio, Bishop Elijah Hedding assisting in the services. The entire cost of the site, building, and furniture was $6,- 199 84. The church was erected a free one. and no pew rents were de- manded of those worshiping in it. The church, which had been a mis- sion since the organization of the congregation, was recognized in June, 1850, as an independent one, and the Rev. A. A. Farr, who had preached there the preceding year, was appointed its pastor. 211 Some of the members of the body, dissatisfied with the change of the lo- cation of the church, withdrew and erected on the site of the "Hemlock Church" a brick building, which was known as the Wesleyan Church. It is now used for other purposes. The Congress Street Church was enlarged in i860, and rededicated that Pastors: Edward Noble, 1847 to 1849: A. A. Farr, 1849 *o 1S51; L. Marshall, 1849 to 1850 ; E. Goss, 1851 to 1853; Seymour Cole- man, 1853 to T855; H. Blanchard, 1855 to 1857; C. F. Burdick, 1857 to 1859; A. J. Jutkins, 1859 to 1861; D. P. Hulburd, 1861 to 1S63; George C. Wells, 1863 to 1865; Ensign Stover, TRINITY M. E. CHURCH. year by Bishop Matthew Simpson. In x88o, it was renovated, enlarged, and attractively improved in appearance by the addition of corner towers and other architectural features, at a cost of $14,084.94. The building was re- dedicated, December 2S, 18S0, and given the name of Trinity Church. 1865 to 1868; M. Hulburd, 186S to 1870; G. W. Fitch. 1870 to 1872; Samuel Meredith, 1872 to 1873; A. F. Bailey, 1873 to 1876; J. E. Bowen, 1876 to 1879; George Skene, 1879 to 1882; B.B. Loomis, 1882 to 1885; P. L. Dow, 1885 to present time. 212 Vail Avenue Church, west side Moelling, D. D., 1873 to 1876 ; F. S. of Vail Avenue, between Douw Street Gratz, 1876 to 1879; Julius Seidel, and Glen Avenue. A number of 1879 to 1882; John G. Lutz, 1882 to Methodists statedly worshiping in 1885; W. H. Kurlh, 1885 to present the school-house, in the tenth ward of time, the city, elected on March 15, 1852, Titus Eddy, Oliver Boutwell, George Smith, Samuel G. Sargeant, E. R. Swasey, and Sylvester Cooper trus- tees of the organization which the members named the Methodist Epis- copal Church in Noith Troy. On May 15, 1854 the name was changed to that of the North Troy M. E. Church. In 185S, tiie erection of the present house of worship was begun. On December 10, that year, it was dedicated. In 1867, the church was called Vail Avenue Church. Pastors: Reuben Gregg, 1S55 to 1856; Homer Eaton, 1857 to 1858; C. Morgan, 1858 to 1859; A. Viele, 1859 to 1861; Seymour Coleman, 1861 to 1S63; R. R. Meredith, 1864 to 1865; Myron White, 1S65 to 1866; M. Hulburd, 1866 to 1S68; E. Stover, 1868 to 1869; G. W. Fitch, i86gto 1870; J. W. Tucker, 1870 to 1871; D. T. Elliott, 1S71 to 1872; C. F". Noble, 1S72 to 1875: William J. Tilley, 1875 to 1878; J. K. Wager, 1878 to 1881; J. G Fallon, 1881 to 1884; S M. Williams, 1884 to the present time. First German Church is on the north side of State Street, be- tween Fifth and Sixth streets. The church originated in a mission es- tablished in 1856 in the Wesleyan Methodist Church, at the intersection of Ferry and Congress streets. On July 25, 1857, the congregation was organized. The present church was erected in 1863. Pastors: F. W. Dinger 1857 to 1859; John Swahlen, i860 to 1861; George Abele, 1861 to 1862; Julius Seidel, 18O2 to 1864; J. C. Deininger, 1864 to 1867; G. Mayer, 1S67 to 1S69; Julius Seidel, 1869 to 1870; Joseph other artistic stonework, southeast Kindler, 1870 to 1873; Peter A. corner of North Second and Federal ZiON Church is on the east side of Seventh Street, between Broadway and State Street. On the brown- stone tablet in the front wall of the building is inscribed: "A. M. E. Zion Church, organized A. D. 1 832. Erected A. D. 1865." In 1841, the congregation purchased a lot on which was a building which was fitted for a house of worship. On February 23. 1842, a meeting was held in the church on Fifth Street, near Liberty Street, and William Meads, Jacob Brown, Lewis Butler, Littleton Becket, Lewis Jones were elected trustees of "the Wesleyan M. E. Zion Church of the city ot Troy." By this title the church was incorporated at that time. Pastors: R. Noyes, 1848 to 1849; John A. Williams, 1857 to 1858; Jacob Thomas, 1S64 to 1868; William H. Decker, 186910 1872; J. G. Smith, 1872 to 1874; Joseph P. Thompson, 1874 to 1877: James H. Anderson, 1877 to 1879; William H. Decker, 1879 to 1882; T. O. R. Williams, 1882 to 1885: Samuel C. Burchmore, 1885 to present time. Military Organizations.— (See Fourth Battery, Tibijits' Ca- dets, TiBiiiTs' Sons of Veterans, TiBBiTs' Veteran Corps, and Troy Citizens' Corps.) Monuments, Marble and Granite.— Peter Grant, manufacturer of mortuary marble and granite monu- ments, tombstones, mural tablets, plain and ornamental mantels, and 213 streets. In 1859, he engaged in the business in Troy, and in April, 1867, began the erecion of the three-story, brick building in which his steam marble- works are located. Redesigns and elaborates all kinds of marble and granite work, modern and classic, for moituary chapels, sarcophagi, and tombs, and manufactures in different patterns mantels, grates, open fire- places, and tiled hearlhs. His stock of Minton and American glazed tiles is laige and varied. Buyers have the opportunity of making judicious se- lections from the attractive display in his salesroom. Bf.nnett Perry, steam polishing granite and marble monumental works, east side of River Street, be- tween Jay and Rensselaer streets. William H. Young, granite and maible works, northwest corner of Third and Liberty streets. Mount Ida, a bold and partly precipitous hill, between Congress and tlill streets, has a maximum height of about 240 feet above tide water. Captain Frederick Marryal, C. B., the English naval officer and novelist, in July, 1S37. visited Troy, and thus wiote of his visit to the com- manding eminence. "Troy like a modern academy, is classical, as well as commercial, having Mount Olym- pus on one side and Mount Ida in its rear. The panorama from the sum- mit of the latter is splendid. * * * I remained two hours perched upon the top of the mountain. I should not have staid so long, perhaps, had they not brought me a basket of cherries, so that I could gratify more senses than one. I felt becomingly classical whilst sitting on the precise birthplace of Jupiter, attended by Pomona, with Troy at my feet, and Mount Olympus in the distance." (See Landslides.) Mount Olympus, between Rensselaer and North, River and North Third streets, has an elevation of about 100 feet above tide water, It is formed of sessile argillite rock of the glazed slate variety. It contains carburet of iron, iron pyrites and a curiously striated variety of quartz be- tween the natural cleavages. Small quantities of anthracite coal have been found in it. In the summer of 1823, W. D. Van der Heyden erected an octagonal building on the eminence, where during the warm weather cooling cordials and other beverages were sold. The building was burn- ed on the night of February 13, 1830. Mowing Machine Company, Limited, Troy, manufactures at its works, on Center Island, the Trojan Mower, which has in recent years ob- tained, by direct competition with other machines of its kind, a marked popularity among farmers in different parts of the United States. The sim- plicity of the construction of the Tro- jan Mower, and the uncomplicated action of its machinery commend it above all other inventions for rapidly cutting grasses on flat, hilly, and rough land. Strong in every part, free in movement, and of light draft, it permanently sustains the high favor of those who after using it unquali- fiedly affirm that it is "the strongest, simplest, handiest , and best mower made." The company also entensive- ly manufactures other agricultural ma- chinery and implements, mill-gearing, castings, engines, and boilers. The company was incorporated March 11, 1884. Its officers are Nelson Daven- port, president; Henry Galusha, vice- president, and William Kemp, jr., secretary, treasurer, and general man- ager. 214 /A jl «i r- Music Hall, in the Trov Savings Bank Building, on the northeast cor- ner of Second and State streets, is one of the most elegantly finished and ad- mirably planned halls in the United States. It is no feet in length, 75 in width, and 60 in height, with 1,250 seats. The stage is 31 feet deep and 55 wide. The frescoes are highly artistic and the general appointments decorous. From the beautiful ceiling hangs a magnificent chandelier with 260 gas burners and 10,000 crystal pendants. The corridors are spacious and acces- sible from all parts of the hall. It was dedicated on Monday night, April 19, 1875, by Theodore Thomas, with orchestral and vocal music. Mutual Aid, Empire Order of- Griswold Lodge, No. 18, meets every fourth Monday evening of each month in Temple of Honor Hall, No. 273 River Street. Troy Lodge, No. 128, meets every second Monday evening in Temple of Honor Hall, Nassau, a town of Rensselaer County, was erected by the name of Philipstown, March 2r, 1S06. The name was changed to that of Nassau, April 6, 1808. The village of Nassau, in the southwestern part of the town, was incorporated, March 12, i8iq. It has about 500 inhabitant?. In it are four churches, two hotels, and about one hundred dwellings. East Nassau, in the southeastern part of the town, contains three churches, several taverns and stores, and about sixty dwellings. North Nassau, Hoag's Corners, Brainard, Alps, Dunham Hollow, and Miller's Corners are small places in the town. Population of the town: 1810, 2,501; 1815, 2,748; 1820, 2,873; 1S25, 2,935; 1830, 3.255; 1S35, 3,227; 1S40, 3,236; 1845, 3,104; 1850, 3,261; 1855. 3,000; i860, 3,039; 1865, 2,894; 1870, 2,705; 1875, 2,660: 1880, 2,629. orchestra Parquet DIAGRAM OF MUSIC HALL. 316 National Guard, State of New York. — Armory southeast corner of Ferry and River streets. The Sixth Separate Company, (Troy Citizens' Corps), Twenty-First Separ- ate Company, (Tibbits' Cadets), Twelfth Separate Company, (Tibbits' Sons of Veterans), are a part of the fifth brigade of the third division; Brigadier-General Robert Shaw Oliver, commanding brigade; head quarters, Albany. The Fourth Battery, ( rroy City Artillery), is attached to the third division. Major-General Joseph B. Carr, commanding third division; headquarters, Troy. Newspapers, Lansing- burgh. — The first newspapers pub- lished in Rensselaer Countv were printed in Lansingburgh. The given dates are those of the day and year on which ihe papers were first issued. The Northern Centinel and Lansingburgh Advertiser, weekly, Monday, May 21, 1787. Discon- tinued in 17S8. The Federal IIeuald. weekly, Monday, May 5, 1788. Discontinued in 1790. American Spy, weekly, Friday, April 8, 1791. Discontinued in 1797. Northern Budget, weekly, Tuesday, June 20, 1797. Office re- moved to Troy in May, 1798. Lansingburgh Gazette, weekly, September 12, 1798. Changed to The Rensselaer County Ga- zette, weekly, Tuesday, May 2, 1826.^ Subsequently changed to the Lansingburgh Democrat and Rensselaer County Gazette. Lansingburgh Gazette, weekly, new series, December, 1826. Discon- tinued in 188"?. The Farmers' Register, Tues- day, January 25, 1803. Removed to Troy in 1806. The Democratic Press and Lansingburgh Advertiser, weekly, January 13, 1838. Subsequently changed to Lansingburgh Democrat. Sub- sequently changed to New Advertiser. Discontinued, July 12, 1861. The Literary Cabinet, Novem- ber, 1841. The Golden Rule, a monthly, January i, 1844. Subsequently changed to Young Ladies' Messenger in 1847. The Antiquarian and General Review, a monthly, March. 1847. Discontinued in 1848. The Lansinghurgh Daily Ga- zette, Tuesday, January 3. i860. Discontinued February 11, i860. Semi-Weekly Chronicle, Wed- nesdays and Saturdays. April 6, 1864. Subsequently changed to the Lansingburgh Chronicle and Family Guide, weekly, July 4, 1866. Subsequently called the Weekly Chronicle and Watch- man. Our Little Paper, weekly, Fri- day, September 13, 1872. Discon- tinued December, 1873. • The Lansingburgh Courier, weekly, Friday, December 24, 1875. The paper is still published. Newspapers, Troy.— The re- markable ignorance existing until a number of years ago respecting the publication of the first newspaper in 21-; Troy exemplifies the fact that so im- portant an event can be " to past for- getfulness a prey," as well as one of minor interest. Not until 1880, when the well-preserved copy of The Recorder, number 208, vol- ume iv, "printed by George Gardner, near the court-house," on Tuesday, August l3, 1795, now inclosed in glass in the Troy Young Men's Association library, did the oldest inhabitant know anything respecting its publication. Tradition's tongue was silent concern- ing it, nor was there any mention m?.de of it in Troy's later published newspapers. Whether or not the tiist number of the paper was pub- li!>lied in Troy in lygi is undeter- mined. The pages of the Recorder are 11^ by iS inches; each being di- vided mto four columns. In an ad- vertisement headed " Proposal for printing by subscription, in one vol- ume, tlie Ladies' Friend," the editor requests that the subscription paper be returned him by the middle of September. In the " marine lit kept by Howard Mou'ton. at the city cof- fee house, Troy," the arrival of the following river craft is noticed : Sloop Success, Capt. Benjamin, Troy ; sloop Commerce, Capt. McCoun, Troy ; sloop Emila, Capt. Wilson, Troy; sloop , Capt. Hudson, Troy; sloop Sally, Capt. Baker, Troy. The ed- itor remarks : " A number has sailed for New York loaded with wheat, which will fetch nine or ten instead of 16 or 17 shillings per bushel, which shows that somebody han't work'd it right." Among the advertisements are those of Elhanan Martin & Co., dry goods and groceries ; John Wel- ler & Co., grocers ; Cornelius Adri- ance & Son, hatters ; Philip Heartt, saddlery, harness, sealskin, leather and oil cloth trunks ; and Josiah Greenman, baker. Farmer's Oracle, Luther Pratt & Co., Tuesday, January 31, 1797, Water 29 Street, opposite the ferry. A copy of this paper was found by the writer in 1875, in the garret of the Troy Young Men's Association Building, wrapped in a piece of brown paper. By the gift of E. Thompson Gale, a glass case incloses this valuable memento of the past. It bears date of April 10, 1798, and is number ii of vol- ume ii ; whole number 63. Northern Budget, first published at Lansingburgh, on Tuesday, June 20, 1797, by Robert Moffit & Co. On Tuesday, May 15, 1798, its publica- tion began in Troy, " on the east side of Water-Street, four doors north of Peirce's Inn." The paper had then " an extensive circulation in the state of Vermont, and in the counties of Rensselaer, Saratoga, Washington, and Clinton." On January 3, 1826, its name was changed to Tlie Troy Budget and City Register; on Janu- ary I, 1S28, to The Troy Budget; on July 6, 1840, to the Daily Troy Budget; on July 7, 1845, to the North- ern Budget; on January 3, 1859, to The Troy Daily Budget; on July 29, 1S61, \.o the. Daily Budget and ITnioii,; and on October 14, i86r, to the Troy Daily Budget. Its publication was discontinued in 1862. Troy Gazette, September 3, 1802. Discontinued about 1809. Farmers' Register, Lansingburgh, Tuesday, January 25, 1803. Troy, 1806. Troy Post, September 12, 1812. Troy Sentinel, July 15, 1823. Troy Daily Sentinel, May i, 1830. The first daily newspaper pub- lished in Troy. The Fowler, April, 1824. Evangelical Restorationist, 1825. 218 Troy Review, or Religious and Musical Repository, January 4, 1826. The Reflector, March 25, 1S26. Evangelical Repository, 1S28. Troy Republican, 182S. Anti- Masonic. Northern Watchman, 1831 ; Troy Watchman, 1832. The Gospel Anchor, 1831. The Troy Statesman, June 12, 1832. The Troy Press, weekly, August 4. 1832. The Troy Daily Press, suc- ceeding the Troy Daily Sentinel, Feb- ruary II, 1833. Troy American, September 18, 1833. The Botanic Advocate, 1S34. The Troy Daily Whig, Tuesday evening, July i, 1834. It succeeded the Troy Dally Press and the Troy American. The Weekly Whig was regularly issued. Became Tlie Morn- ing Telegram, May 26, 1882. The Trojan, a penny daily, De- cember 23, 1834. The State Journal, 1836 ; Neic York State Journal, 1837. Troy Daily Mail, November 15, 1837. Troy Daily Bulletin, December 6, 1841. Troy Daily Herald, October 24, 1842. The Aquarian, 1843. The Troy Temperance Mirror, 1843. The Troy Daily Post, a penny paper, October i, 1843. Rensselaer County Post, 1846. The Family Journal, 1844; The New York Family Journal, 1848; The Troy Family Journal, 1851. The Trojan, weekly, 1845. The Troy Daily Telegraph, 1846. The Rensselaer County Tem- perance Advocate, 1846. The Troy Commercial Adver- tiser, March 28, 1S48. The Old Settler, monthly, Jan- uary 16, 185 1. The Unique, semi-monthly, June 12, 1851. The Troy Daily Times began its long period of publication on Wednesday afternoon, June 25. 1S51. The office was at No. 5 Cannon Place. John M. Francis and R. D. Thompson were the proprietors. Single copies of the paper were sold at two cents. There was no late tele- graphic news in the first day's issue. A half column of dispatches "by the Morse line'' was published in the second number. Those in ihe third number were received "by the O'Rielly line." On and after January 8, 1853, the paper was published, upstairs, in the building on the south- east corner of Second and Albany (Broadway) streets; on and after No- vember 2, 1853, upstairs, in the build- ing, Nos. 221 and 223 River Street; on and after May 10, 1854, in the building No. 208 River Street; on and after April 26, 1862, in the building No. 211 River Street; and on and after Monday, April 29, 1872. in the Times Building, on the northeast cor- ner of Broadway and Third Street. On January 31, 1854, John M. Francis became proprietor of the paper. He and Henry O'R. Tucker formed their partnership, September 12, 1863. On February 10, 1866, it was named in the paper as that of John ■-^-■-z-'iS-- Silje (Eton itiilu aimel. '^"M-^ ..■>^:7iT-i: .".."> -."•" ..n,„.,r.,-„.«„„.,„„™,,,,,,-^.. OEE&T i;.::::^:;,,;- " :, - ^^- ;'lvs'iip ifmsimni"'!'' f^^ CMING WINTEII - :z FREAB'S ICill llAXAAi: i c:-,™ns kh -, I'tLLraKNOX i WAKJI AlH _; FURNAt'ES ' ' ^ K. W. JOHNS' ■ GAHRUfli BBOa, iHlSTiCB ■Hi Gannnts BMSUiN STORE. fESiENDEN LiiM BERT' ft TOWERj PAUL W , CROOKS, M. Francis & Co., and on June 5, 1869, as that of J. M. Francis & Tucker. On April 5, 1S81. Henry O'R. Tucker withdrew from the part- nership. On May 2, 18S1, the firm of John M. Francis, Son, & Co., was formed by John M. Francis, Charles S. Francis, William E. Kisselburgh, and John A. Sleicher. The latter withdrew from it, Mav i, 18S3. The publication of the Troy Weekly Times was begun on July 17, 1S56, Ably edited, clearly printed, and largely circulated, The Troy Daily 7'iV«^j justly deserves its wide popu- larity. Wie ^m^ Bal!^ $tt^. SiLrSPO(tEE"TOWtLS; CoaLMerchants. TEEAE 'linmHIEIlUK =-5C-£~-'~-'--| ■...-.i.i.,,wi,.. ;irl.:_^-™_ . ^ ^'•-W-*;!-._-4JJ- — - REMEMBeR. — .'^;-" ■ l.ll.J««.,™tol..i.^ :rr:'--- ^'""°^''' Vi"-' eiiiD eiKiii v:: l.~s,^3^.„ EffiTEial iJ>ATS :.-r.v; «amd« ~=:";c- m mn m. -~-l " INCLUSIVE; ~-~.'-' Tj»i.«.-n-ta»ii.g. =--:; "T^tir-v^rx.-e, .„r:,.. - "^S^" ~=7S'-;£;; . **"i^'.ir;:— ^.. — ^-~r-l ■ WM.H.FREAR IHirLL-,. iBI.CuliBizijr. =~i~r.z"'"t :co[i LLiZiR i cu., aUL £Wai£ BflOKERS unisi^MifiMif. fENEBAL CTE.HeOifS""* \^immz iCEHR CmZENS. ZJHE. T'ofiNroo'"'' TROFTONEtrrOBE -.- r.^.i„,r.aP,M. — j-r.-, """"•[OMi.^ ^^■'^tS^ \!V:sssas:ar^' '^6?2^. ""iB a sout luiii c La Ruche Canadienne, 1851. Our Paper, January, 1853. The Troy Daily Democrat, Oc- tober 24, 1854. The Troy Daily Traveller, 1S54; succeeded the Troy Daily Post. Troy American, 1857. Fisk's Family Journal, 1858. The Daily Arena, Oct. 18, 1859. Troy Daily Express, 1859. The Troy Morning News, April, i860. L'AiGLE Canadien, i860. Troy Daily Union, May 18, 1861. Troy City Democrat, June 28, 1862. 231 The Troy Daily Prkss, the popular Democratic journal of recent years, had its first publication on Saturday afternoon. August 8, 1863, at No. 209 River Street; A". S. Pease, publisher. W. S. Hawley, on June 18, 1866, became proprietor of the paper, which he published until March 2, 1867, at No, 219 River Street. The publication of the new series of The Troy Dailif Press was begun on Monday, October 28, 1867. at Nos. 231 and 233 River Street, by William S. and Edwin P. Hawley under the name of the Hawley Brothers. Ed- win P. Hawley, on November 7, 186S, again became proprietor of the paper. He and Jerome B. Parmen- ter, on November 23, 186S, formed llie firm of Hawley & Parmenter, and they continued the publication of the daily and weekly paper until they were succeeded on May 17, 1869, by the firm of Parmenter & Clark; Jer- imie B. Parmenter and Charles C. Clark. On the death of the latter, Jerome B. Parmenter, on February 15, 1873, came into possession of the paper. He continued its publication until he and George E. Eaton, on April 2, 1883, became associated as its proprietors. On May 26, 1884, The Troy Press Company was incorpor- ated, and since that date the publica- tion of the paper has been under its control. After November 24, 1867, the paper was printed in the building, Nos. 20S and 210 River Street, and after May 3, 1879, at No. 225 River Street. The Weekly was first issued on August 8, 1863, The oflficers of The Troy Press Company are Edward Murphy, jr., president; John J. Cassin, vice presi- dent; Frank P. Harder, treasurer; and George E. Eaton, secretary. The Troy Daily Press, besides be- ing a prominent Democratic organ in the city and state, daily presents its numerous readers with many well- edited columns of telegraphic, local, and general news. Troy News, Sunday, August 21, 1864. It was the first Sunday news- paper printed in Troy. The Saturday Evening Herald, 1S66. The Troy Northern Budcet was first issued as a Sunday paper, on Sunday, March 24, 1867, under the name of the Northern Budget, by Charles L. Mac Arthur, at No. 245 River Street. On February 2, 1S68, its publication was continued at No. 233 River Street, where, on March 8, that year, the paper was enlarged and entitled The Troy Northern Budget. On and after February 7, 1869, it was printed at No i First Street; and on after June 12, 1871, at No. 14 Third Street; and on and after October 18, 1875, at No. 16 Third Street. On March 29, 1875, Arthur Mac Arthur became associated with his father in the publication of the paper, under the firm name of C. L. Mac Arthur & Son. The Budget com- mends itself to its many readers with a great variety of contents; interesting stories, select poetry, theatrical in- formation, local and general news, telegraphic intelligence, and perti- nent editorials. Sunday Herald, November 11, 1867. The Public Spirit, a monthly, 1867. Saturday Bulletin, 1870. Sunday Telegram, November, 1870. Troy Volksfreund, German, weekly, April 13, 1872. L'Avenir National, weekly, 1873. WHY IT IS LOW PRICES BOSTOH STORE. imillll'AMIIIIIIIKI. ClOtK DCMRTMT. i!iriitiiiini!iiioi!«'ti[ i,(i[ii iiiumut BIISTIIV STIIIti:, BUSTIIV S'I'ORE. e«5£i=^iiSii£i-~ The Sunday Trojan, April 25, 1875. The Troy Observer, issued on Sundays, was first published on Sun- day, October 15, 1876, by William V. Cieary, at No. 13 Second Street. In December, 1878, the paper was pur- chased by A. B. Elliott, consolidated with the Sunday Trojan, and issued under the name of the Trojan-Ob- server. On August 3, 1879, Michael F. Collins bought it and changed its name to that under which it was first printed; publishing it at Nos. 208 and 2IO River Street, and since June 5, Freie Deutsche Presse, Decem- 1882, at Nos. 303 and 305 River ber 30, 1876, by August Hillebrandt. Street. Democratic in politics, the The present office of the paper is on Troy Observer has in late years been the third floor of the building, No. 125 successfully conducted] and made a Church Street, between Congress and popular Sunday paper. _, State streets. Issued on Saturdays. ^^ ^i^mim ^imtt^uti. urn ?mm iuured mi ncmn JiKH[:„™ir=::T:jr::|THEi(iiffiBoriui3 ^^n:__ ~ " ;i^.-,v.-.T:.-r— =^-jr;:-.: .^jTZXr.""""*" £iE.-ia 13 rti"*.':? 1 :^:::j:l':i- -"-=■'■=•— ^S=5sn SrSSf--.; i^a^^t^rrc:^ i^irHSH?^ - i?s.'r:li":^.» .:=^^rs:r=*=r •^^r^-r.— - -■v-.-.j-j.-r,>— -:|S5:-s=i5^: ~H,t-~r —7)*"-—^' — (C:^--- ^:A5-a.'3=MS= ""■■■. aa35~""!^ISffi^i^-l: The Evening^ Standard was is- sued for the first time on Thursday October 17, 1877, by the Evening Standard Publishing Company, occu- pying rooms 46 and 47 in the Hall Building. On and after April 29, 1878, the paper was published in the building, No. 217 River Street, and on and after April 24, 1882, at No. 314 River Street. The officers of the company are W. J. Tyner, president; Charles G. Sherman, secretary; and Cornelius Mackey, treasurer. George H. McNamara, business manager. The paper is independent in politics and has a large circulation. HxeOlrng ^ (lli^lc(]^rain. rr==^:- -^ S^" - Light and Life, a quarterly, was first issued in October, 1877, under the name of The Messenger, by the Rev. N. B. Remick, of the Ninth Presbyterian Church, editor and pro- prietor. In June, 1878, it was pub- lished under its present name. The paper is devoted to general church literature, and contains much inter- esting matter relating to the city, and to the church of which the editor is pastor. Saturday Journal, 1879. 30 Troy Morning Telegram, is a continued publication of the Troy Daily Whig, first issued on Tuesday evening, July i, 1834. In 1840, the Whig became a morning paper. As the Troy Momifig Whig, its last issue was on Saturday, August 28, 1880. On Monday, August 30, 1880, the T7vy Morjiing Telegram and Whig was first published by the Troy Tele- gram Company, in the Hall Building. On Monday, April 17, 18S2, the paper was purchased by C. L. Mac Arthur 226 & Son, (Arthur Mac Arthur), who con- tinued to publish it at No. 303 River Street. On Thursday, May 25, 1882, its name was changed to that of The Troy Daily Telegram. Since that date, C. L. Mac Arthur & Son have published it at No. 16 Third Street. It is the only morning daily published in Troy. It has obtained a marked popularity not only as a Republican paper but also as a well- conducted journal. Monthly Bulletin of the Rail- road Young Men's Christian Associa- tion. First issued, March, 1881. Troy Collar, Shirt, and Laun- dry Journal, July, 1882, by Pratt & Clinton, (John P. Pratt and DeWitt Clinton); December, 1882, by the Journal Publishing Company; May, 1883, by Clinton & Dickerman; De- cember 9, 1884, by L. H. Dickerman; office, room 19 Keenan Building. The Journal has obtained no little dis- tinction as a trade publication. The Polytechnic, February 16, 1885, published monthly, but not in July and August. Admirably edited by students of the Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute, this college-monthly now takes high rank with its contem- poraries. High School Record, April 17, 1885, by scholars of the Troy High School. First a semi-monthly, now a monthly. Troy News, daily, 1885. La Patrie, July 24, 1885, by J. M, Authier. Issued Fridays. Office No. 125 Church Street. Troy Sunday News, Sunday, August 23, 1885. Troy Morning Herald, October 12, 1885. The Herald, daily, November 13, 1885. Catholic Weekly, first issued February 27, 1886, by Reynolds. Thompson, & Co. Office on the second floor of the building, on the northwest corner of River Street and Broadway. The paper has a large cir- culation and is published on Saturdays. The Clarion, first published on May 8, 1886, by the Co-operative Board of Knights of Labor of District LXVIII. Issued on Saturdays. Office in Stephens' Hall, No. 134 River Street. The paper is devoted to the interests of the Knights of Labor and explicitly expresses the principles of the organization. Saturday Observer, July 3, 1886, published by Michael F. Collins, at Nos. 303 and 305 River Street, is neutral in politics. The newspapers and periodicals now published in Troy are nineteen: The Troy Daily Times; The Troy Weekly Times; The Troy Daily Press; The Troy Weekly Press; The Troy Northern Bttdget, (weekly, on Sunday); The Troy Observer, (weekly, on Sunday); Evening Standard, (daily); The Troy Daily Telegram; The Troy Weekly Telegram; Freie Deutsche Presse, (weekly, on Satur- day); La Patrie, (weekly, on Friday); Catholic Weekly, (on Saturday); IVie Clarion, (weekly, on Saturday); Saturday Observer; Troy Collar, Shirt, and Laundry Journal, {\Qon\h\y); L.ight and Life, (quarterly); Monthly Bulletin; The Polytechnic, (monthly); and the High School Record, (monthly). Northern News Company, The, Nos. 12 and 14 Third Street, was established in Troy in the spring of 1872. Stephen F. Hoyt, manager and treasurer since 1872, wholesale agent of publishers of newspapers, periodicals, and books ; also, dealer in stationery. North Greenbush, a town in Rensselaer County, was erected February 23, 1855. Bath-on-the- Hudson is in the town. See (Bath- ON-THE-HuDSON.) Wynantskill and Defreestville (Blooming Grove) are small villages. The Forbes manor- house, north of Bath, was built about the year 1839, ^Y William P. Van Rensselaer. In August, 185c, the property was purchased by Paul S. Forbes of New York City for $62,500. Population of the town: 1855, 1,812; i860, 2,170; 1865, 2,575; 1870, 3,058; 1875, 3.940; 1880, 4,132- Odd Fellows, Independent Order of,— Odd Fellows' Hall, No. 287 River Street. Trojan Lodge, No. 27. Char- tered November 11, 1839. Meets on Monday evenings in Odd Fellows' Hall. Rensselaer Lodge, No. 53. Charter granted, June I, 1841. Meets on Wednesday evenings in Odd Fel- lows' Hall. Rensselaer Degree Lodge, No. 7. Organized, November 4, 1841. Meets on the second and fourth Thursday evenings of each montli in Odd Fellows' Hall. Athenian Lodge, No. 96. Char- tered, January 19, 1847. Meets on Tuesday evenings in Odd Fellows' Hall. Rhein Lodge, No. 248, (German). Organized, August 18, 1870. Meets on Wednesday evenings in Druids' Hall, No. 197 River Street. Troy Encampment, No. 3. Or- ganized December 25, 1839. Char- tered, December 6, 1841. Meets on the first and third Thursday evenings of each month in Odd Fellows' Hall. Canton Leo, No. 8. Patriarchs' Militant. Chartered, December 31, 1885. Meets on the second and fourth Thursday evenings of each month at No. 279 River Street. Augusta Rebecca Degree Lodge, No. 36. Chartered, March 20, 1872. Meets on the third Wednesday evenings in each month in Druids' Hall, No. 197 River Street. Troy Union Rebecca Degree Lodge, No. 50. Chartered, February 25, 1874. Meets on the first and third Friday evenings of each month in Odd Fellows' Hall. Funeral Aid Association. Or- ganized, June 21, 1868. Meets on second Monday evenings of each month in Odd Fellows' Hall. Oil, Linseed.— A. B. & L. H. Gibbs, manufacturers of linseed oil. Office, No. 377 River Street; manu- factory. Green Island. Firm formed, May I, 1865. Omnibus Line, Oakwood Avenue, runs daily from the inter- section of River and Congress streets to the upper gate of Oakwood Ceme- tery. Opera Houses.— (See Gris- wold Opera House, and Rand's Opera House.) Optical Goods. — Francis Roarke, Times Building. (See Ad- denda.) Orangemen, — Orange Hall, No. 9 First Street. The Troy True Blue Loyal Orange Lodge, No. 31. Organized, October 17, 1871. Meets on the second Monday evenings of each month in Orange Hall. Mount Horeb District, L. O. L., No. II. Organized, June 15, S28 1 8 73' Meets quarterly in January, April, July, and October, in Orange Hall. George Washington, L. O. L., No. 6i. Organized, June 12, 1873. Meets on the first Monday evenings of each month in Orange Hall. Abraham Lincoln. L. O. L., No. I2g. Organized, February 24, 1876. Meets on the third Monday evening of each month in Orange Hall. Pafraets Dael, a Dutch name, fig- uratively meaning a lazy man's para- dise. Officers: C. W. Tillinghast, 2d, president; E. Courtland Gale, vice- president; A. W. Harrington, jr., treasurer; E. S. Van Zile, secretary; J. H. Harrington, Willard F. Gay, Francis N. Mann, S. Alexander Orr, G. B. Pattison, and William C. Buell, managers. Club room on the second floor of the building. No. 270 River Street. WM. CONNOR'S PAINT WORKS. Golgotha Royal Black Pre- CEPTORY, No. 9. Organized, August 30, 1878. Meets on the fourth Monday evening of each month in Orange Hall. The Orange Funeral Aid Asso- ciation meets quarterly in Orange Hall. Pafraets Dael Club.— Incor- porated, January 9, 1886. The club takes its name from the geographical designation of that part of Rensselaerswyck which mcluded the site of Troy in 1631. Paints.— William Connors, manufacturer of American Seal white lead and ready-mixed paints, Nos. 171 and 173 Hill Street, and Nos. 135 and 137 Ida Street. The use of paint is common to all peoples. Its manufacture is accomplished by innumerable pro- cesses, simple and complex. The paints for the preservation of wood, tin, iron, and other material are mostly made by machinery and require care- ful superintendence to perfect the durability of their color and adhesive- ness. This important branch of the 229 business -has become a prominent in- dustry of the city. The paint and color works of William Connors, on the south side of Hill Street, were erected in 187S. The frontage of the main brick building is fifiy-hve feet with a side depth, including the wing, of one hundred and eighteen feet. The American Seal, a ready-mixed paint, sustains its high reputation wherever it has been used. It is a linseed oil paint, durable and elastic, prepared for immediate use and is easily applied. It is sold in quantities, from a pint to a barrel, of any desired color. It is an excellent dressing for all kinds of iron, tin, stone, brick, plaster, and wood work. This popu- lar paint is tightly sealed in tin cans from which it may readily be applied to surfaces exposed to the injurious effects of air and water. The experi- ence of the enterprising proprietor of the Troy paint and color works, Wil- liam Connors, as a manufacturer of paint, covers a period of more than a >core of years. He is also a dealer in English and American white lead, dry or in oil. Paper-Box Manufacturers— Hughes & Simpson, manufacturers of all kinds of paper-boxes, north- west corner of River and Hoosick streets. George Hughes engaged in the business in Troy, in December, 1872, ..t No. 7 Bridge Avenue. In 1874, he and E. W. Simpson entered into partnership, under the name of Hughes & Simpson, at Nos. 5 and 7 Union Building, Sixth Street. In 1878. they occupied a part of the building, Nos. g and ii Sixth street, whence they moved on May i, 1885, to their present manufactory, which they had purchased of Phillips & Clark, stove manufacturers. The firm not only extensively makes paper- boxes for collar, cuff and shirt manu- facturers, but also for druggists, jew- elers, milliners, and other tradesmen. Paper- Company, Troy, No. 373 River Street. (See Addenda.) Paper-Hangings.— (See Wall- paper.) Paper-Manufacturers. — The first mill in Northern New York in which paper was made was erected on the Poesten Kill, in 1792. It was built by Mahlon Taylor, "near his dwelling-house," and was supplied with water by the same flume as his sawmill and new grist-mill. On De- cember 2g, that year, Charles R. and George Webster, printers in Albany, Ashbel Seymour and Perely Ensign, paper-makers, of the city of Hart- ford, Conn., purchased the property for £400. To supply the mill with rags, they appealed in the newspapers to the people of the village and the adjoining country, to save rags for which they would pay at the mill three pence per pound for white, blue brown and check rags, and a propor- tionate price for other kinds. About the beginning of the century, a sec- ond paper-mill was built on the Wy- nants Kill, immediately east of the House of Industry, where now is the Gold Leaf Paper-Mill, on Campbell's Highway. Orrs & Co., wall, book, and print- ing paper-manufacturers, No. 699 River Street. The senior proprietor of the large mills, near the state dam, William Orr, in 1826, entered the em- ploy of William T. Smith, furniture manufacturer, on the northeast corner of River and State streets. Some years afterward, the latter formed a partnership with Joseph Howland, and they were for a time proprietors of the paper-mill on the Wynants 230 Kill, near the House of Industry. William Orr, with his brother, Alex- ander, in 1837, under the firm name of A. & W. Orr, engaged in the printing of paper-hangings or wall- paper, at No. 76 Congress Street. In 1839, they continued the business at No. 265 River street. The first ma- chinery ever used to print paper by cylinders, on which the designs or pat- terns for paper hangings were engrav- ed or disposed, William Orr claims was thousand rolls of wallpaper, each nine yards in length, in three colors. Previous to the construction of the in- genious invention, not more than one hundred rolls, in one color, from de- signs on flat blocks, could be printed in a day, by the same number of per- sons attending the invaluable machine. It substituted the labor of thirty men. Unpatented by the inventor, the cyl- inder press was subsequently improv- ed by different persons, who at once M fi i i ORRS & CO S PAPER MILLS. invented and constructed by him in this city. Three pattern-bearing cyl- inders, six inches in diameter, hori- zontally revolved at equal distances against another horizontal revolving cylinder, thirty-six inches in diame- ter, carrying the paper receiving the impressions. The different decorative liquids were spread over the patterns by rollers taking the colors from shal- low basins. The press printed, dur- ing the working hours of a day, a protected their improvements by pat- ents. All the world-renowned, cylin- drical printing presses of recent years represent, in part, the original features of the mechanism of the paper-hang- ing pattern press used by William Orr, nearly a half century ago. He also claims that he was the first paper- maker in the United States to manu- facture merchantable printing paper with wood fiber in it. In 1854, at the Troy Paper Mill, he made paper. 231 in the composition of which there were one-fourth bass-wood fiber, and three- fourths rags. He also claims to have invented ami used the wood heads, with tube and rod, to protect paper when transported in rolls. In 1847, William O. Cunningham became a member of the firm, which then took the name of A. & W. Orr & Co. In 1854, the Troy Paper Mill, at the state dam, was erected by the firm. In 1859, the firm vacated No. 265 River Street, and located its office in the paper-mill. In 1868, Alexander M. Orr was admitted a member of the firm. On December 24, that year, Alexander Orr died. In 1869, the other partners formed the firm of Orrs & Co. Frederick W. Orr became a member of it in 1870. S. Alexander Orr, son of William Orr, was admitt- ed a partner, February i, 1885. The buildings embrace the Troy Paper- Mill, the Mount Vernon Mill, the Boiler House, and a range of storage houses ; the first three fronting on the hydraulic canal. The New York city office is at No. 132 Nassau street. R. T. Smart, manufacturer of straw wrapping-paper, Tioy City and Gold Leaf Paper-Mills, Campbell's High- way, near Rensselaer County Alms House. The site of the Gold Leaf Paper-Mill was early in the century occupied by a mill in which paper was made. It was once the property of David Buel, afterward that of Joseph T. and Thomas Ilowland. On April 29, 1853, Joseph vSmart, of South Hemp- stead, Queen's County, the father of R. T. Smart, leased it for five years, and manufactured paper there. On August T, 1858, Joseph W. and An- drew J. Smart purchased the paper- mill property. The flour-mill of Jonathan Richardson, on the site of the Troy City Paper-Mill, was purchased by R. T. Smart, Decem- ber 2, 1858, who also bought the Gold Leaf Mill property, Febru- ary 23, 1875. From 1S68 to 1873, D. D. Tompkins owned the Troy City Paper-Mill property, which, in 1873, R. T. Smart purchased. The latter, now the proprietor of the two paper-mills on the Wynants Kill, ex- tensively manufactures an excellent quality of straw wrapping-paper. Manning & Peckham (John A. Manning and Reuben Peckham), ma- nilla paper-makers, Mount Ida Mills, foot of Cypress Street, near Ida Falls. The senior member of the firm, Reuben Peckham, in 1836, with John G. Buswell, formed the firm of Bus- well & Peckham, stove manufacturers, which was dissolved in 1841. On his return from New York City, he pur- chased, April I, 1850, the interest of Alvin Williams, a member of the firm of Manning & Howland, (William H. Manning, Gardner Howland, and Alvin Williams,) which, in 1846, erected the Mount Ida Mill, and there began the manufacture of manilla paper. On Reuben Peckham's ad- mission to the firm, it took the name of Manning, Peckham. & Howland. On the death of William H. Man- ning, in 1855, ^he business was con- ducted under the same name until the firm's dissolution, in 1857. Since April I, 1857, the business has been conducted by Manning & Peckham. Manning & Paine, (John A. Man- ning and E. Warren Paine), manilla paper manufacturers, Olympus Mills, No. 661 River Street. Firm formed in 1866. John A. Manning, manilla paper manufacturer, Chrystal Palace Mill, No. 663 River Street. He occupied the mill in 1883. Parks.— Seminary Park, comprising lots 116, 117, and 118, bounded, as then delineated on a map of Troy, by 233 Second and Congress streets, on the west by an alley and south by lot 115, was conveyed by Jacob D. Van der Heyden to the trustees of the village of Troy, May 10, 1796, "for the use of a public square and also for the pur- pose of erecting a public school-house or academy, if it shall at any time be judged proper by the inhabitants of said village." In 1802, the village trustees expended $300 on the plat in leveling, fencing, planting trees, and making walks. On July 18, 1S34, the trustees of the First Presbyterian Church conveyed to the city two lots, 87 and 88, and a part of lot 86, at the west end of the plat, "10 be kept open and unoccupied by any building," and to 'be enclosed as a public park." (See First Presbyterian Church.) Washington Park, between Sec- ond, Third, and Washington streets, and Washington Place, was set apart, March 30, 1840, and called Washing- ton Park," devoted to the purpose of a private, ornamental park for the use and recreation of the owners of lots fronting upon the said park." Beman Park, a plat of about six acres, between Fifteenth, Seventeenth, and Jacob streets, and People's Avenue, was given to the city by John Sherry and Sarah L., his wife, on October i, 1878, for a public park. From the fountain space, the highest elevation of the plat, there is an extensive pros- pect of the city and the surrounding landscape. Patents. — George A. Mosher, solicitor of American and foreign patents, and counsellor in patent causes, No. 17 First Street. In recent years, the pro- tection of inventions by patents has been accomplished, not so much for speculative purposes as for the pro- jection of new businesses and the en- largement of older industries by law- ful methods of competition, sustained by peculiar machinery and different processes of manufacture. Troy, as a noted center of manufacture, yearly originates a large number of valuable inventions to be used in her mills, factories, and workshops for a cheaper production of the goods and articles augmenting her industrial fame. To secure a patent, it is necessary to em- ploy a well-informed solicitor to pre- pare accurate specifications and to direct the delineation of proper draw- ings. From two weeks to six months time is needed to obtain a patent. George A. Mosher, since 1882, has wholly devoted his attention in se- curing patents for the large number of inventors employing him. Petersburgh, a town in Rens- selaer County, was erected, March 18, 1791, The village of North Peters- burgh is about twenty-seven miles east of Troy. It is a station on the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel & Western, Lebanon Springs, and Troy & Bos- ton railroads. Population is about 300. A church, two taverns, and a store are in the place. South Petersburgh contains three churches, several hotels, and six stores, and a number of manufactories. Popula- tion about 300. Stillman village is west of South Petersburgh. Population of the town: 18 10, 2,039; 1S15, 1,761; 1820, 2,248; 1825, 2,088; 1830, 2,on; 1835, 1,950; 1840, 1,901; 1S45, 1,876; 1850, 1,908; 1855, 1,663; i860, 1,698; 1865, 1,670; 1870, 1,732; 1875, 1,718; 1880, 1,785. Photographers.— Hardy & Van Arnam, (George R. Hardy and John M. Van Arnam), photographers, No. 390 River Street, between Bridge Avenue and Jacob Street. 233 James Irving, photographer, No. 13 Second Street, engaged in the busi- ness in 1S44. James Lloyd, photographer, No. 44 Third Street. (See Addenda.) Zeph. F. Magill, photographer, Keenan Building, northwest corner of Broadway and Third Street. James D. Schroder, photographer, Nos. 306 and 308 River Street, east side, between Fulton and Grand Division streets. Pianos and Organs.— It is likely that Joshua Thurston, from London., Eng., who began manufac- turing pianos in Troy in 1819, was the first person to engage in the business in the state of New York. In May, that year, he informed the citizens of Troy and Albany that he had " on hand a grand, three-stringed, cabinet piano forte," which he should offer for sale as soon as finished. In July following, he advertised a "grand cabinet piano forte, with drum ac- companiment," for sale, at Union Hall. " The amateurs of music and friends of home manufacture," he announced, " are respectfully invited to call and inspect his six octave, grand cabinet piano forte, which he assures them is equal to the best that has been imported, in touch, tone, ap- pearance, and for strength and stand- ing in tune superior to all." Cluett & Sons, dealers in pianos, organs, and music, No. 265 River Street. This well-known music house was founded in 1854 by William Clu- ett, the senior member of the firm. On the association of his son, J. W. A. Cluett, with him in the business, in 1S57, the firm took the name of Cluett & Son. On the withdrawal of J. W. A. Cluett to engage in the manu- facture of collars and cuffs, in 1863, Edmund and Frederick H. Cluett 31 became partners of their father, under the name of Cluett & Sons. N. L. Weatherby became a member of the firm in 1877. For more than a quar- ter of a century the Cluetts have, as agents, represented the excellent Chickering and Steinway pianos and the Estey Organs, and in later years, the popular Weber, Fischer, and Lin- deman pianos, and the Wilcox & White organs. Pianos are now deem- ed a necessary part of household fur- niture, and this long-established house annually sells from one to two thou- sand pianos and organs in Northern New York, Western Massachusetts, and in the state of Vermont. The branch establishments of the firm are at No. 49 State Street, Albany; No. 129 Warren Street, Hudson ; Harris' Block, Fort Edward ; England's Block, Pittsfield, Mass ; and Mer- chant's Row, Rutland, Vt. The firm occupied its Temple of Music in 1875, where in its spacious salesrooms are to be found a large selection of the different pianos and organa so popular with the public. Pittstown, a town in Rensselaer County, was erected March 7, 1788, by the " act for dividing the counties of this state into towns." The town embraces a great part of the territory of the Pittstown patent, granted by George III., July 23, 1761. The tract of land was named Pittstown in honor of William Pitt, Earl of Chat- ham. Johnsonville, so named by Wil- liam Johnson, a miller, at the Lick, as its site was first called, a station on the Troy and Boston, the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western, and the Greenwich and Johnsonvdle railroads, seventeen miles from Troy, had a pop- ulation of 397 in 1880. In it are three churches, two hotels, six stores, and an axe factory. Valley Falls, population, in 1880, 7S2, fourteen miles from Troy, is a station on the r'siS^^] CLUETT & SONS MUSIC HOUSE. 235 Troy and Boston, and the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western rail- roads. A church, several factories, mills, hotels, and stores, and about 125 dwellings are in it. Tomhannock, thirteen miles northeast of Troy, em- braces two churches, a hotel, several stores and mills, and about fifty other buildings. Raymertown, ten miles from Troy, contains a church, a hotel, several stores and mills, and about fifty dwellings. Boyntonville, two churches, two hotels, several stores, and about thirty-five other buildings. Pittstown Corners, three churches, three stores, and about thirty-five buildings. North Pittstown, a church and about twenty other buildings. East Pittstown, a church ; and Cooks- borough, a church. Population of the town: 1790, 2,447; 1800, 3,483; 1810, 3,692; 1815, 3,708; 1S20, 3,772; 1825, 3.746; 1830, 3,702; TS35, 3,919; 1840, 3,784; 1845. 3.628; 1S50 3,732; 1S55, 3,602; i860, 3,826; 1S65, 3,831; 1870, 4,093; 1875, 3,967; 1880, 4,136. Pleasure Island, in the Hud- son, between Troy and Albany, was opened as a summer resort, on Sunday, July 2, 1882. Area, 21 acres. The boats plying between the two cities land passengers on the island. Plumbing and Gas-fitting — William Ferguson, plumber and gas-filter, Nos. 359 and 361 Fulton street. (See Addenda.) Poestenkill, a town in Rensse- laer County, erected March 2, 1848. The village of Poestenkill has about 350 inhabitants, and contains two churches, three hotels, three stores, and about fifty other buildings. East Poestenkill contains two churches, a hotel, and several stores. Barber- ville and Ives' Corners are small col- lections of houses. Population: 1850, 2092; 1855. i,- 878; i860, 1,833; 1865, 1,952; 1870, 1,769; 1875, 1,727; 1880, 1,765. Police. — The police force of the city is under the control of four po- lice commissioners, elected by the common council, two from each of the two principal political parties. They each receive annual salaries of $1,000. The present police force went on duty March 21, 1885. It now numbers one superintendent, three captains, ten ser- geants, eighty patrolmen, six super- numeraries, four station-house keepers, two surgeons, one chief detective, and three subordinate detectives. The city is divided into three precincts, with a station-house in each, contain- ing quarters for the policemen, cells for prisoners, and apartments for home- less people. Each precinct has a captain of police, three sergeants, and a number of patrolmen. The first precinct station-house is on the south side of Adams Street, between First and Second streets ; the second is on the north side of State Street, be- tween Second and Third streets ; the third is on the east side of North Sec- ond Street, between Hoosick and Vanderheyden streets. The police court sits daily at 9 a. m., in the second precinct station house. The offices of the police commissioners and superin- tendent of police are in rooms 16 and 17 in the city-hall. Population of Troy. — Erni- grants began to settle on the site of Troy in 1786. The village was incorporated, March 25, 1794; the city, April 12, 1816. The popula- tion of 1795 and i8co is estimated. That of the wards was not taken until 1825, 1795. 450; 1800, 1,200; 1805, 2,- 255; i3io, 3,395; 1815, 4,254: 1820, 236 5,264; i825, 7.859; 1830, ri,55i; 1835, 16,959; 1840, 19,334; 1845, 21,709; 1850, 28,785; 1855, 33,269; i860, 39,- 235; 1865, 39, 293; 1870, 44.533; 1875, 48,964; 1880, 56,747, Pork Packers and Provision Dealers. — The business of pork packing, and the shipment of dressed beef, was an important industry of the village of Troy in the last centu- ry. In 1798, nearly three thousand cattle were slaughtered for the mar- kets of New York City and elsewhere. Charles Warner & Co., (Ebene- zer Warner and Charles Smith,) pork packers and provision dealers, Nos. 323 and 325 River Street. The busi- ness was begun by Ebenezer Warner, about the year 1838, on whose death, , in 1849, the firm of Charles Warner & Co., (Ebenezer and Lucius Warner), was formed. Lucius Warner died in 1856. Charles Smith became a part- ner in August, 1867. The building No. 323 River Street, was first occu- pied by the firm in 1853, Albert De Freest, wholesale and retail dealer in pork and lard ; also, groceries and provisions ; northwest comer of Congress and Fourth streets. Established 1854. Post-ofQ.ee, first floor of the Ma- sonic Temple, west side of Third Street, between Fulton Street and Broadway. Before the establishment of a post-office in Lansingburgh, in 1792, the inhabitants of Troy received letters through the Albany office. They were brought usually to the village weekly by the post-riders carrying newspapers to subscribers along the routes. When Lansing- burgh became a post-town, letters for people in Troy, were sent there and were obtained commonly on the ar- rival of the mails by some delegated carrier who delivered them to the per- sons'to whom they were addressed. In 1796, Nathan Williams, a law- student, fitting himself for admission to the bar, in the office of John Wood- worth, surrogate of Rensselaer Coun- ty, was appointed post-master at Troy, Tradition says that the first post-office was in John Woodworth's law office. While David Buel was post-master, the post-office was in his store, No. 225 River Street. During the incum- bency of Samuel Gale, the post-office was in a small back room of the reno- vated building, No. 163 River Street, now the drug-house of John L. Thomp- son Sons, & Co., on the west side of River Street, between Congress and State Streets. When William Pierce, a well-known hotel-keeper and stage- proprietor, was made post-master, he located the office in the building then known as No. 173 River, between Congress and State streets, and in 1830 moved it to the building. No. 6 State Street, south side, on the east corner of the alley, between River and First streets. George R. Davis, May, 1846, moved the post-office from State Street to the Athena;un Build- ing, on the east side of First Street, between River and State streets. The recent post-master, Gilbert Robinson, jr., moved the office to the Masonic Temple, on Saturday, April 22, 1882. The present free delivery system was inaugurated in Troy in 1864, with five carriers. The Troy post-office de- livery system includes Lansingburgh and Green Island. Since the establishment of a post- office in Troy, eighty-nine years ago, nineteen persons have been post-mas- ters by appointment: Nathan Williams, 1796 to 1797; John Woodworth, 1797 to 1800; David Buel, 1800 to 1804; Ruggles Hubbard, 1804 to 1806; Samuel Gale, 1806 to 1S29; William Pierce, 1829 to 1832; Isaac McConihe, December, 237 1832 to 1S42; Charles H. Read, August, 1842 to 1843; George R. Davis, August, 1843 to 1S49; Thomas Clowes, 1849 to 1851; William T. Willard, 1851 to 1853; Foster Bos- worth, 1S53 to 1854; W. W. Whit- man, 185410 1S58; James R. Fonda. Dec. 15, 1858 to Oct. 15, 1861; George T. Blair, Sept. 1S61 to 1862; Thomas Clowes, 1862 to April 9, 1866; (J. W. Freeman, Thomas Clowes' bondsman, on the death of the latter, performed his duties until the appointment of his successor) ; Alonzo Alden, ap- pointed June I, 1866 to 1S74; Gilbert Robertson, jr., appointed February 9, 1874, reappointed, February 18, 1878; reappointed April 4, 1882; term ex- pired, March 16, i836; Edward Dolan, appointed April 28, 1886, and entered upon his duties May 17. Presbyterian Churches. — There are twelve Presbyterian church- es in the city, including Westminister Church, within the limits of Lansing- burgh. First Presbyterian Church, east side of First Street, between Congress and Ferry streets. Previous to the year 1793, the people of the village of Troy were at first accustom- ed to meet on Sundays in the ball- chamber of Ashley's tavern, on the east side of River street, between Congress and Ferry streets, to engage in divine worship. The time of the service was announced by the prolong- ed blowing of a conch-shell used at the ferry to notify passengers of the crossing of the boat. The exercises, in the absence of a minister, were commonly an opening and closing prayer made by William Frazer, a pious Scotchman, afterward for many years the sexton of the church, two psalms or hymns, lined by Jacob D. Van der Heyden, the patroon, who led the singing, and a selected sermon read by Dr. Samuel Gale or Colonel Albert Pawling. The congregation, after its organization and previous to the erection of the meeting-house on the southeast corner of First and Con- gress streets, worshiped in the school- house on the rear of the lot, on the east side of the alley, nearly opposite the yard on the south side of the court-house. Desiring to organize an incorporated Presbyterian congrega- tion, a number of the persons attend- ing these meetings assembled "at the dwelling-house of Stephen Ashley," inn-holder, on December 31, 1791, and there elected, according to law, Jacob D. Van der Heyden, Samuel Gale, Ephraim Morgan, John Mc- Chesney, sr., Benjamin Covell, and Benjamin Gorton, " trustees of the Presbyterian Congregation of the town of Troy." On August 9, 1792, a number of persons in Lansingburgh "incorporated themselves into a Presbyterian congregation in the same manner, and chose the same number of trustees." On August 31, that year, the members of the two bodies, in the name of the united Presbyterian congregations of Lansingburgh and Troy, subscribed a call given the Rev. Jonas Coe, a graduate of Queen's College (now Rutger's), and a licen- ciate of the Presbytery of New York, to become their pastor. The trustees of the congregation to collect regular- ly the contributions of the members were induced, on account of the scarcity of small coin, to put in circula- tion notes of small denominations. Those of two pence read : " By order of the trustees of the Presbyterian Congregation of Troy, I promise to pay the bearer two pence, on demand. B. Gorton, treasurer. August 28th, 1792." About this time, the erection of the wooden meeting-house on the east side of First street, near Con- gress street, was begun on a plat of ground belonging to Jacob l3. Van 238 der Heyden. For framing and weath- er-boarding the building, the contract- ors, Abel House, Robert Powers, Henry and John De Camp, and Ben- jamin Smith, were to be paid " 46 pounds, 13 shillings, York money, in cash ; and 93 pounds, 7 shillings, in European and West Indian goods, at the retail prices in Troy." At a meet- ing of the members of the congrega- tion, on November 26, 1792, it was resolved that, " Whereas the inhabitants of the town have begun and partly complet- ed a church-building, but by reason of the almost infant settlement, and a variety of other public expenses, which must necessarily attend a newly settled town, they find it burdensome for them to carry their wishes into ef- fect without calling in the aid of their friends and fellow Christians, we therefore, the trustees of said congre- gation, * * * * hereby appoint Jacob D. Van der Heyden to present our memorial to all whom he shall think proper, requesting their aid and assistance in the completion of the above undertaking." In the spring of 1793, the flooring was laid, temporary staging erected, and boards supported by blocks for seats were arranged in the plainly con- structed building. The Rev. Jonas Coe, who had been preaching to the congregation for some time after ac- cepting the call, was ordained and in- stalled in the meeting-house, on Tues- day, June 25, that year, by the Pres- bytery of Albany. "On the occasion, the Rev. John McDonald presided, and delivered a solemn and pathetic discourse from the address of Paul to the elders of Ephesus, Acts 20 : 28. The Rev. Simon Hosic gave the charge to the newly ordained minis- ter, and the Rev. Aaron Condict ad- dressed the people. All was con- ducted with propriety and dignity be- coming the solemnity of the occasion." A vault was constructed under the church, and the remains of Dirk Van der Heyden and wife, the parents of Jacob D. Van der Heyden, were taken from their graves in the burial ground near the homestead, and deposited there. On August 8, that year, at a meet- ing of the congregation, Jacob D. Van der Heyden and 'I'imothy Hutton, sr., were elected elders, and Philip Heartt, deacon. On December 16, the same year, in Troy, the session of the united congregations of Lansing- burgh and Troy convened for the first time. It was then resolved that the session should alternately meet " in the towns of Troy and Lansingburgh." It was further resolved that ihe sac- rament of the Lord's supper should be administered twice annually ; "for the first time in the town of Troy, on the third Sabbath of March," 1794, "and in the town of Lansingburgh, on the third Sabbath of July follow- ing ; and afterward every six months in each town alternately." "A selec- tion of tunes was directed to be made for the use of the congregations, with which they were best acquainted ; and no others to be sung in public worship until it should be deemed necessary to make a new addition." On June I, 1795, Jacob D. Van der Heyden, in consideration of five shillings money of the state of New York received by him, conveyed six- teen lots to " the trustees of the Pres- byterian Congregation in the town of Troy," including the lots numbered 8C, 87, and 88, bounded northerly by Congress Street, westerly by First Street, easterly by an alley, twenty feet wide, and southerly by lot 85 ; each lot 50 by 130 feet, " being the ground on which the meeting-house" stood. The Rev. Jonas Coe having accepted, in January, 1804, the call of the congregation in Troy to devote the whole of his time to it, and the ^^|i| i." ll'fl'ili 340 Presbytery having dissolved the rela- tions existing between the united con- gregations, and declared liim the pas- tor of the former only, the Rev. Jonas Coe continued his ministerial labors in Troy until his death in 1822. In 1815, a subscription was circu- lated and $450 were collected " to pur- chase a suitable bell to be hung in the steeple " of the meeting-house, a white-painted structure, 60 by 40 feet. The sittings were the old-style box- pews. The elevated pulpit, overhung by a canopy, surmounted with the fig- ure of a dove, was reached by a narrow flight of winding, balustraded steps. Below and in front of it was the desk of the clerk, who lined the psalms and hymns, and led the singing. Pre- vious to the heating of the building by stoves, hot bricks and foot-stoves were carried to the church in severely cold weather to warm the feet of aged people and delicate women attending the services. Not unfrequently the coldness of the building compelled the Rev, Jonas Coe to preach in his great cloak, with his hands incased in knitted gloves. In 1803, the intro- duction of a stove to heat the build- ing caused considerable discussion, and some of the members withdrew from the congregation. Afterward two box-stoves made the building more comfortable in winter. When carpets were placed on the floor of the church for the first time no little dissension was created. The intro- duction of instrumental music was much opposed, and the bass viol, called "the devil's fiddle," in the choir, was looked upon with contempt by many of the members. The session-house, on the south side of the meeting-house, was erected in 1819, " to be used as a house of prayer and such other purposes" as the session deemed proper. In 1834, the congregation desiring a better and larger house of worship, an agreement was made with the municipal authorilies to exchange, by deeds, lots 87 and 88, and a part of lot 86, for lots 85 and 84, next south of lot 86, on which to erect a church. On July 18, that year, the trustees conveyed the three lots to the city, with a reservation respecting lot 86, " so that a small part of said meeting- house so to be erected only shall stand upon said lots with a view that the residue of said lots may forever * * be kept open and unoccupied by any building and * * * be enclosed as a public park and yard in front of the same meeting-house." It was stipulated that the portico of the church should not extend more than 15 feet on lot 86, and the steps not more than seven beyond the portico. A right of way was reserved by the trustees to and from Congress and also to and from First Street ; a gate to be on First Street, another on Con- gress Street and another either on Congress or First Street, west of the alley. The value of the lots obtained from the city was estimated at $11,000. The erection of the building was be- gun in the spring of 1835, and on Thursday afternoon, April 23, that year, the corner-stone was laid with appropriate services. In it was placed a copy of the original subscription for building the first meeting-house. Early in the summer of 1836, the building was finished, having a front- age on the park of 72 feet and a depth including the portico, of 107 feet. The church is of Doric architecture, hexastyle. The cost of the edifice was about $45,000. On Wednesday afternoon. May 25, that year, the church was dedicated ; the Rev. Ed- ward N. Kirk, of Albany, preaching the dedicatory sermon. A bell, weigh- ing 3,200 pounds, made by Oscar Hanks, was hung in the belfry beneath the roof of the portico. The sur- rounding wood-work confined the 32 242 sound of the bell so much that the ringing of it in its location was con- sidered unserviceable, and the bell was sold some years later to a firm of bell-founders in the city. The first meeting-house, commonly called " the old white church," was sold at public auction, on Monday, June 13, 1836. In 1873, the interior of the second edifice was greatly improved. On one of the three mural tablets in the building is graven : Inscribed to the memory of Rev, Jonas Coe, D. D. , ordained first pastor of this church] June 25th, 1793. Died July 21st, 1822. in the 64th year of his age, hav- ing discharged the duties of an affec- tionate shepherd 29 years. On another : Inscribed to the mem- ory of Jacob D. Vanderheyden, Esq., founder and father of this congrega- tion, and the first ruling elder in this church. Born in Albany, October 28th. 1758. Died in Troy, September 4th. 1809. On the third: In memory of Nathan Sidney Smith Beman, for forty years pastor of this church, from June i8th, 1823, to June i8th, 1863. Born at New Lebanon, N. Y., Nov. 26, 1785. Died at Carbondale, 111., August Sth] 1871, aged 86 years, In 1873, three beautifully figured memorial windows were placed above the middle door ; the central one the gift of a number of the friends of the Rev. N. S. S. Beman, D. D., to whose memory it was inscribed. The one on the west side of it is a memo- rial to the Rev. Jonas Coe, D. D.; the gift of his son-in-law, James Brown, of New York City. The east window was given by the congregation in memory of Jacob D. Van der Hey- den. The circular window above the west door is in memory of Charles P. Hartt, the gift of his widow. The one above the east door, in memory of Gordon B. Saxton and Fhilena F. Saxton, was given by their son, S. B. Saxton. Pastors : Jonas Coe, D. D., June 25. 1793, to July 21, 1822 ; Nathan S. vS. Beman, D. D., LL. D.. June 18, 1823, to June 18, 1863 ; Marvin R. Vincent, D. D., June 18, 1863, to April 17, 1873 ; George N. Webber, D. D., April 8, 1874, to April, 1883 ; Kerr C. Anderson, D. D., called De- cember 26, 1883, installed April, 1884, resigned, September 28, 1885 ; Theophilus Parsons Sawin. called April 6, 1886, installed. Tune 17 1886. •' '' Co-pastors: Robert R. Booth, D. D., November 30, 1853, to June 14, 1857 ; Herrick Johnson, D. D., Jan- uary 28, i860, to October 13, 1862. Second Presbyterian Church, west side of Fifth Street, between Fulton and Grand Division streets. On February i, 1826, a number of persons, chiefly members of .the First Presbyterian Church, having deter- mined to form a second Presbyterian society in the city, and to erect a house of worship, and having appointed Jeremiah Dauchy, Stephen Eldridge, William D. Haight, Robert D. • Silli- man, Uriah Wallace, and Gideon Buckingham trustees, circulated a Subscription paper to obtain money to secure a site and to erect a building. One hundred and eight persons sub- scribed ,f 11,165, in sums from $5 to $1,000, payable to the trustees. On May 22, that year, the trustees pur- chased lots 873 and 874, on the south- east corner of Grand Division and Sixth streets, for $650. At a meeting held May 25, in the school-house, on the west side of Fourth Street, near the corner of Fourth and Elbow (Ful- ton) streets, where the organizers of the society had been attending divine services, the persons already mention- ed as trustees were elected such offi- cers of the "Second Presbyterian Congregation of the city of Troy," according to the laws of the state of New York, II SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 244 The erection of a meeting-house was begun in June, on the plat of ground on Grand Division Street. On Wednesday, July 12, the trustees re- ceived those of the First Presbyterian Church, at the house of Gideon Buck- ingham, on the east side of Fourth Street, adjacent the site of the Troy City National Bank, and with a num- ber of invited ministers proceeded to the site of the church to lay the cor- ner-stone. In the cavity of the stone was placed a cast-iron box, on the bottom of which the name of the firm of Starbuck & Gurley, iron-founders, was imprinted, and on the bell-metal cover was lettered: "Julius Hanks, July 12, 1826." Deposited in the box was a copper-plate, on which was in- scribed : " The corner-stone of the Second Presbyterian Church was laid July 12, 1826. Trustees, Jeremiah Dauchy, Stephen Eldridge, William D. Haight, Robert D. Silliman, Uriah Wallace, Gideon Buckingham. Nehemiah Brown, mason; John Ayres, carpenter." With it were copies of the different newspapers then pub- lished in the city and a number of American coins. After a prayer offered by the Rev. Ebenezer Cheever of Hoosick, the corner-stone was placed in position. The Rev. N. S. S. Beman of the First Presbyterian Church then delivered an address ; the exercises closing with a prayer by the Rev. Mr. Bascom of South Caro- lina. On March 10, 1827, when the build- ing was completed, a call was given the Rev. Mark Tucker, at Northamp- ton, Massachusetts, to become the pastor of the congregation. On Wed- nesday, July iS, the church was dedi- cated ; the Rev. Dr. Griffin, president of Williams College, preaching the sermon, and the Rev. Dr. .Chester of Albany and the Rev. Mr. Cheever of Waterford taking part in the exer- cises. In the building there were seven hundred sittings, not including five hundred in the gallery. On Sep- tember 24, fifty-five persons received letters of dismissal from the First Presbyterian Church to become mem- bers of the Second church. The Rev. Mark Tucker was installed pas- tor, October 31, 1827. On Saturday, May 10, 1862, a brand from the rail- road bridge over the Hudson lodged on the steeple of the church, which with more than seven hundred other structures in the city was consumed in the terrible conflagration of that well- remembered afternoon. Until the completion of the session-house, on the present church plat, the congrega- tion worshiped in Harmony Hall and in different churches tendered its use. In December the congregation began holding services in the session-house. On July 14, 1864, the corner-stone of the present church was laid by the pastor, the Rev. Daniel S. Gregory. The building was dedicated on the evening of March 30, 1865 ; the Rev. William H. Green, D. D., of Prince- ton Theological Seminary, preaching the dedicatory sermon. The clock on the church was given the congrega- tion by Clarence Willard, deceased, by a bequest of $goo. Pastors : Mark Tucker, D. D., Oc- tober 31, 1827 to May 2, 1837 ; Eras- tus Hopkins, September 13, 1837 to October 14, 1841 ; Charles Wads- worth, February 17, 1842 to March 4, 1850 : Thomas P. Field, November 14, 1850 to April 15, 1854 ; Elam Smalley, D. D., June 21, 1854 to his death, July 30, 1858 ; Joseph T. Dur- yea D. D., May iq, 1859 to March, 1862 ; Daniel S. Gregory, August 8, 1863 to December 8, 1866 ; William Irvin, D, D., July 11, 1867, to pres- ent time. Third Presbyterian Church is on the north side of Washington Street, Albia. A number of persons. S45 which had been attending regularly for several months divine worship in the school-house in the village, assem- bled there on the evening of August i6, 1S30, and elected Jesse Tracy, Daniel Wight, and Andrew Finch trustees of the Third Presbyterian Church of the city of Troy. On De- cember 7, that year, forty eight mem- bers of the First Presbyterian Church were dismissed to form the new con- gregation. The session of the church held its first meeting at the house of Jesse Tracy, on December 17, that year ; the three elders being present, Jesse Tracy, Asaph Clark, and An- drew Finch. On August 16, 1831, two lots were purchased on the north side of Washington Street. The erec- tion of a wooden church was then be- gun. It was dedicated December 16, that year; the Rev. Edward N. Kirk of Albany preaching the dedicatory sermon. The building was burned March 24, 1853 Tlie present brick edifice was built that year. (See Mt. Ida Presbyterian Memorial Church.) Pastors: Ebenezer Seymour, 1831; Jacob Miller, 1859 ; R. G. Hinsdale, 1861; J. H. Robinson, 1S63-64; W. W. Page, 1865 ; Charles O. Thatcher, 1867-68; J. H. Noble, 1869-70; C. P. Evans, from August i, 1883, to present time. Second Street Presbyterian Church, east side of Second Street, between Congress and Ferry streets. At the beginning of the year 1833, a number of the members of the Second Presbyterian Church, desiring to or- ganize another Presbyterian society and to erect a house of worship in the immediate vicinity of their homes, began to take such steps as were neces- sary for the accomplishment of those objects. John T. McCoun, Samuel Gale, George Vail, and Abram Nash, on February 6, that year, purchased a part of lot 143, and on February 25, a part of lot 142, on the east side of Second Street, opposite the Troy Fe- male Seminary property, for the site of a church. A committee, appointed on February 9, to solicit subscriptions, soon obtained the sum of $20,325. On the purchased plats the erection of a house of worship was begun ; the corner-stone of which was laid July 2, 1833. The edifice was dedica- ted August 6, 1834. On September 13, George Palmer, Matthew Lane, John T. McCoun, Henry Burden, Hanford N. Lockwood, Leroy Mow- ry, Alfred Slason, John Wheeler, and Townsend M. Vail were elected trustees. The society was organized as the Second Street Presbyterian Church, on the petition of sixty-nine members from the Second Presbyte- rian Church, and by the election of Abraham Nash, George Vail, David Wight, Edward Wilson, jr., elders, and Abraham Brower, deacon. On the same day, the Rev. William D. Snodgrass, D. D., was called to the pastorate of the church, and was in- stalled October 8. In 1866, the organ, presented by John T. McCoun and wife, gave place to one ihe gift of the daughters of Mrs. Betsey A. Hart. In February, 1881, the congrega- tion determined to renovate and en- large the church, and on July 18, the work began. The auditorium was refitted, the galleries were removed, a new pulpit was built, the organ and choir were placed at the north side of it, an attractive facade and bell-tower erected, the Sunday school-room was repainted, and many other improve- ments were made. The total expen- ditures amounted to $34,357.18. The first Sunday service in the enlarged building was held on the morning of April 30, 1882. The five memorial windows in the south wall are severally inscribed : To the memory of Thomas 246 W. Blatchford. M. D., 1 794-1 866 ; to the memory of Rev. John K. Davis and Miss Helen S. Davis ; in memory of Pliny M. Corbin, for 21 years an elder in this church ; in memory of Mrs. Theodocia C. Fitch and her daughter, Mrs. Emily Fitch Heartt ; and in memory of Aaron Read, 1781- 1 87 1. In the north wall are five other memorial windows, severally inscribed: In loving memory of Phebe Bloom Vail by her daughters, Jeanie E. Vail and Phebe H. Vail ; in memory of Samuel and Mary Gale by their sons, E. Thompson and John B. Gale ; in memory of Townsend McCoun Vail and Martha Card, his wife; by their son, Samuel McCoun Vail ; in memo- riam, Jared S. Weed, by his wife, Mary S. Weed ; to the memory of George Vail, an elder in this church from its organization to his death in 1872, and of Jane, his wife, who died in 1866. Pastors: W. D. Snodgrass, D. D., October 3, 1834, to 1844 ; E. W. An- drews, September 18, 1844 to 1848 ; Ebenezer Halley, D. D.. July 6, 1848, to 1855 ; Duncan Kennedy, D. D., July II, 1855, to 1867 ; Charles E. Robinson, D. D., October 23, 1867, to 1877 ; Frederick G. Clark, D. D., April I, 1878, to April 29, 1886. Liberty Street Presbyterian Church is on the north side of Lib- erty Street, between Third and Fourth streets. The lot on which it is built was purchased by the city, June 30, 1834. Shortly afterward the old ses- sion-house of the First Presbyterian Church was bought and removed to the site and an additional story added to the building. On Thursday. No- vember 27, that year, it was dedicated; the Rev. Theodore S. Wright of New York City preaching the dedicatory sermon. The large room on the second floor was set apart for divine worship, and the two rooms beneath were used for a Sunday-school and a day-school. There was no distinct church organization effected by those worshiping there until January 17, 1840, when the common council of the city appointed T. B. Bigelow, William Rich, and Alexander Thuey trustees until a properly in- corporated society could own the property. Thirty-three members of the First Presbyterian Church re- ceived their cards of dismission and organized the Liberty Street Presby- terian Church. On February 3, that year, William Rich, Alexander Thu- ey, and Peter Jackson were elected trustees of the Liberty Street Presby- terian Church, agreeable to the laws of the state of New York for the in- corporation of religious societies, and they, on February 6, that year, pur- chased the meeting-house and its site for 1 1, 000. Pastors: Henry Highland Garnelt, 1841 to 1848 ; Edwin H. Freeman, 1850 ; Benjamin Lynch, 1853 to 1855 ; J. C. Gibbs. 1855 to i860 ; James N. Gloucester, i860 to 1861 ; Jacob A. Prime, 1863 to 1870 ; John Matthews, 1874; William Lynch, 1876 to 1878 ; J. A. Prime, (supply), 1880 to 1881 ; W. C. Brown, 1882 to present time. Park Presbyterian Church, west side of Second Street, between Washington and Adams streets. The desirability of having a Presbyterian church in the vicinity of Washington Park being common to a number of Presbyterians residing in that part of the city in 1853, they, in the spring of that year, subscribed various sums of money to erect one. In the following August the erection of the building was begun ; a site on the west side of Second Street, near Adams, having been purchased. In July, 1854, a room in the edifice having been fur- nished, services were held in it, and a Sunday-school organized. On Au- 247 gust 24, the Troy (Old School) Pres- bytery constituted the Park Presby- terian Church, with a membership of twenty-three persons. On the follow- ing day the great fire of 1854 occurred, destroying two hundred buildings in the vicinity of the church. All the families connected with the organiza- tion, except four, weie deprived of their homes. Flying brands set fire to the building, but it was saved by the exertions of some of the members of the church and aiding firemen. For a time the impoverished condition of the church members delayed the com- pletion of the building. On Decem- ber 31, 1854, the church was dedi- cated. The first el^ders of the church were John Kerr and Lyman J. Rundell. Pastors: Charles S. Robinson, 1855 to i860; Gilbert H. Robertson, 1S60 to 1864; Abner DeWitt. 1865 to 1871 ; Donald MacGregor, May, 1872, to present time. WooDsiDE Presbyterian Church, north side of Mill Street. Under the auspices of the First Presbyterian Church, a Sunday-school was organ- ized about the beginning of the year 1866, in Mechanics' Hall, still stand- ing on the south side of Mill Street near the church. At a meeting held on April 8, 1867, a number of Pres- byterians, residing in that part of tlie city, determined to form a church, and engaged the Rev. John Tatlock, of Williamstown, Mass., to take charge of it. At their request, a committee of the Troy Presbytery, on June 19, in Mechanics' Hall, organized the Soutli Presbyterian Church of Troy, with twenty-nine members ; elders, Richard Davidson, Thomas B. Cook, and Ira R. Travell. On January 24, 1868, a call was given the Rev. John Tatlock, " which, however, was not prosecuted before the Presbytery," and he resigned, on May i, "his po- sition as stated minister." In May, the erection of a church and chapel was begun on the land given by Erastus Corning and Henry Burden. The corner-stone was laid September 16. The name of the organization was changed to that of the Woodside Presbyterian Church. About the mid- dle of June, 1869, the chapel was first used for church services. On July 15 the church was dedicated. The cost of the attractive stone-edifice, includ- ing the chapel at the north end of it, was $75,000. Sittings, 300. A tab- let on the interior side of the south wall of the church bears this, inscrip- tion : " Woodside Memorial Church, dedicated to the service of the Triune God, has been erected to the memory of Helen Burden by her husband, Henry Burden, in accordance with her long cherished and earnest desire, 1869." The new chapel, built of stone, east of the church and opposite the old chapel, is used by the Sunday- school, and is admirably furnished. A mural tablet in it is inscribed : "Woodside Chapel. Erected A. D. 1883, by Margaret E. Proudfit, James A. Burden, I. Townsend Burden, in memory of their children." Henry Burden died January 19, 1871, and as it was his intention to build a manse, his surviving children erected one on the west side of the church as a me- morial to their father. Pastors : Matthew B. Lowrie, called July 8, installed October 30, 1S68, to December 26, 1870 ; Teunis S. Ham- lin, installed September 28, 1S71, to September, 1S84; Arthur Huntington Allen, February 8, 1885, to present time. Oakwood Avenue Presbyterian Church is on the northwest corner of Tenth and Hoosick Streets. A number of the members of the First Presbyterian Church organized the Oakwood Avenue Sunday-school, on March 18, 1866, occupying rooms of a building on the west side of Tenth 249 Street, north of Hoosick Street ; A. H. Graves being superintendent. Shortly afterward four lots were pur- chased on the northwest corner of Tenth and Hoosick streets and the election of the chapel was begun. On January i, 1867, the Sunday-school occupied it. The building was dedi- cated July I, 1868. Seventeen mem- bers and two elders were dismissed from the First Presbyterian Church that year to organize the Oakwood Avenue Church. Pastors: George Van Deurs, Janu- ary. 1868 to 1872 ; C. S. Durfee, 1S73 to 1874; George Van Deurs, 187610 1879; George D. Adams, 1881 ; W. H. Sybrandt, 1882 to present time. Ninth Presbyterian Church is on the northwest corner of North Second and Jay Streets. In 1846, some of the members of the Second Presbyterian Church organized a Sun- day-school, held for a time in the small wooden building known as the Disciples' Church, on the west side of North Second Street, between Jay and Vanderheyden streets, and now the dwelling house. No, 221. Afterward the school met in a hall, in the rear of a saloon. No. 45 Hoosick Street. Later the school was discontinued for the want of a suitable place in which to hold its sessions. In 1856, the Young Men's Christian Association of Troy, organized a Sunday-school in the Disciples' Church with twenty scholars. This school was discon- tinued in 1858. In 1859 another was organized in a building, afterward called the Rensselaer Street Mission Chapel, on ihe north side of Rensse- laer Street, near River Street. On July I. 1866, the Sunday-school be- came the charge of the Second Pres- byterian Church. In the spring of 186S, the erection of the house of worship, on the northwest corner of North Second and Jay Streets, was begun ; four adjacent lots there hav- 33 ing been purchased by the trustees of the Second Presbyterian Church. The corner-stone was laid July 21, that year. The chapel was first occupied by the Sunday-school on Sunday, De- cember 20, that year. Religious services on Sunday afternoons were conducted in it by the Rev. William Irvin, D. D., pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, and other min- isters until May, 1869. when the Rev. Ninian B. Remick, a graduate of Union Theological Seminary, was placed in charge of the mission. On September 30, that year, the Troy Presbytery organized the Ninth Pres- byterian Church of Trov, with sev- enty-one members. The Rev. N. B. Remick, having been regularly called to the pastorate of the church, was ordained and installed, October 28, 1869. The first trustees were elected that day, and the church was incor- porated May 3, 1870. The new chapel west of the church was dedicated April ig, 18S3. The manse on the north lot was built in 18S3. Pastor: Ninian B. Remick, 1S69 to present time. Westminster Presbyterian Church, on the northwest corner of First Street and Fifth Avenue, Lan- singburgh. This church is the out- growth of a mission Sunday-school organized under the care of the Second Street Presbyterian Church. A di- lapidated school-house, on the north- west corner of Vail Avenue and Tur- ner's Lane (now Glen Avenue) was on December, 1S6S, refitted for the use of the Sunday-school organized the lirst Sunday in January, 1869 ; Edgar P. Schoonmaker being elected super- intendent, and thirty scholars attend- ing. The success of the school being marked by a large and increasing number of scholars, the members of the Second Presbyterian Church de- cided to erect a chapel on the second lot north of the school-house lot. 251 The building was erected, and was dedicated October 23, 1870. On Febru- ary I, 1871, the Rev. James Marshall took charge of the mission. In Septem- ber following, thirty-nine persons con- nected with the mission requested the Presbytery of Troy to organize them into a Presbyterian society. On No- vember 2, the '' Westmmster Pres- byterian Church of Troy " was duly organized with forty-two members. In August, 1882, the weather-boarded church was moved to its present site. The building was then enlarged by the addition of a Sunday-school room. On September 23, 1882. the first service was held in the building after its removal. The church has a membership of 248 persons. Pastors : James Marshall, Novem- ber 2, 1871 to March i, 1872 ; Thomas L. Sexton, May 9, 1872 to July, 1875; Clarence Eddy, July i, 1875 to 1880 ; George Fairlee, September 22, 1880, to present lime. Mount Ida Presbyterian Me- morial Church is on the west side of Pawling Avenue, and opposite Mount Ida Cemetery. On the evening of April 25, 1870, a Sunday-school, un- der the auspices of the Park Presby- terian Church, was organized in the room occupied by the Mount Ida Temperance Society, in the second story of a weather-boarded building on the southeast corner of Pawling Avenue and Congress Street ; the Rev. Abner DeWitt, pastor of the Park Presbyterian Church, presiding. At the first meeting of the Sunday- school, on May i, in the room men- tioned, there were five officers, eight teachers, and thirty scholars present. By the receipt, in 1871, of $1,500, given by the Second Presbyterian Church of Troy to the memorial fund raised to commemorate the re-union in the Presbyterian Church in the United States, the school being no longer dependent upon the Park Pres.^ byterian Church for support, the erec- tion of the Memorial Chapel was be- gun on the southwest corner of Paw- ling and Elm avenues. In the fall of that year, a number of Presbyterians residing in the vicinity of the chapel conferred with some of the members of the Third Presbyterian Church at Albia, which was then without a pas- tor, and they collectively determined, on December 12, to unite in calling a pastor and in holding regular Sunday services in the Memorial Chapel then building. On January 7, 1872, the Rev. Abner DeWitt, began his pas- toral labors in the Third Presbyterian Church, at Albia. The Memorial Chapel, a weather-boarded building, thirty-five by sixty-five feet, was ded- icated March 14 ; the Sunday-school having continued its meetings until that time in the room of the Mount Ida Temperance Society. The Rev. Abner DeWitt was installed June 20, 1872, in Memorial Chapel ; thirty- eight members being received that day by letter from other Presbyterian churches. At the time of the union in December, 1871, it was agreed that whenever the members from Albia de- sired to withdraw, they had that priv- ilege. In October, 1877, they did withdraw. The remaining members then requested the Presbytery of Troy to organize them as a new society by the name of the Mount Ida Presbyte- rian Memorial Church. Their peti- tion was granted, and the church with one hundred and forty-three members was organized October 16, 1877. On October 18, the Rev. George Edwin McLean was installed pastor of the church. Memorial Chapel was de- stroyed by fire on the night of Decem- ber 3, 1877. The work of laying tlie foundation of the present church, a short distance soutli of the site of the chapel, was begun the same montli; the society worshiping until June 352 i6, 1878, in the Farnam Institute, when on that day the Sunday-school rooms in the new building were first used. The brick edifice, sixty by eighty feet, was dedicated October 24, 1878. The organ, built by Hook & Hastings, of Boston, was placed in the church in March, 1879. Pastors : Abner DeWitt, January 7, 1872 to April 17, 1877, (day of his death); George Edwin McLean, Sep- tember, 1877 to 1882 ; William Reed, 1882 to present time. United Presbyterian Church is on the east side of Fifth Street, between State Street and Broad- way. A number of persons resid- ing in Troy in 1832 desired the Associate Presbytery of Albany to appoint a minister to preach to them. The Rev. Peter Bullions, then a professor of languages in the Albany Academy, in answer to the request, came and preached on September 23, 1832, in a school-house on the east side of Fourth Street, be- tween State and Congress streets. On February 6, 1834, the society was or- ganized in the building with sixteen members. The first ruling elders were Robert Cruikshank and William BrinckerhofF. On May i, 1S34, the society rented a weather-boarded building on the east side of First Street, near Division Street, for its use, and there partook of the sacra- ment of the Lord's Supper as a con- gregation for the first time. In 1836, the society erected a brick church on the east side of Seventh Street, be- tween Broadway and State Street, which was dedicated November 13, 1836. This building was burned in the great fire of May 10, 1862, which was then called the Scotch Presbyte rian Church. Shortly afterward the union of the Associate and the Asso- ciate Reformed Presbyterian churches was effected under the name of the United Presbyterian Church. Imme- diately after the fire, which destroyed the Seventh Street church, the con- gregation began the erection of the present edifice, on the east side of Fifth Street, between Broadway and State Street. It was dedicated Feb- ruary 15, 1863; the site and building having cost $10,039.56. Pastors : Peter Bullions, D. D., December 28, iS36toi852; 1853 to February 13, 1S64, (when he died) ; H. P. McAdam, July 20, 1865 to Jan- uary II, 1871 ; R. D. Williamson, February 6, 1872, to present time. Presbyterian Church Home, No. 90 Fourth Street, east side, be- tween State Street and Broadway, established January 23, 1871. Printers.— Edward Green, book and job printer, No 214 River Street. In April, 1S64, he and S. C. Wilson en- gaged in the business under the name of Wilson & Green, whom he suc- ceeded in August, 1868. T. J. Hurley, book and job printer, Harmony Hall Building, sue cessor to Hurley Brothers. Busi- ness begun by Thomas and T. J. Hur- ley in 1869. Edward H. Lisk, book and job printer, No. 312 River Street. Bu- ness begun by Lisk & Barnum, Feb- ruary 10, 1880. Henry Stowell, printer. No. 5 Cannon Place, began business in 1871. Produce Merchants, Whole- sale.— Truman E. Ingalls, wholesale flour and produce merchant, No. 339 River street, successor to Hanaman & Ingalls. Established in 1871. William F. Stansfield, successor to F. A. Fales, wholesale provision 253 and produce commission merchant. Premier Lodge, No. 20, insti- also pork packer, No. 147 River street, tuted August ii, 1869, meets on Established 1849. Thursday evenings. GUTTENBERG LODGE, No. 112, meets on Friday evenings. Railroads. — Four railroads con- nect Troy with other places. The one first built was the Rensselaer and Saratoga Rail- road, extending twenty-four miles to Ballston now leased to the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company was incorporated by the act passed April 14, 1832. In 1833, the construction of its road was begun. The terminus of the road in Troy was in the yard on the south side of the two-story, brick building, standing in 1835 on the north half of the plat on which is the Troy Young Men's Associa- tion Building. Until 1853, the cars were drawn by horses from Green Island across the bridge and through River Street to the office of the com- pany, in the building. No. 10 First Street. (See Rensselaer and Sar- atoga Railroad Bridge.) The road was constructed to prevent the trade of Northern New York being diverted to Albany via the Schenec- tady and Saratoga and the Mohawk and Hudson railroads. The road was opened from Waterford to Ball- ston, August 10, 1835. On Tuesday, October 6, 1835, the first passenger train crossed the bridge to I'roy. On October 12, that year, the company made the following announcement: " Passengers will leave Troy every morning for the Burrough [Mechanic- ville] in the Ballston and Saratoga train of rail road cars, precisely at lO o'clock, and from thence to Whitehall in coaches and the splendid new packet. Red Bird. * * * Protestant Episcopal Church Home is on the northeast corner of Seventh Street and Broadway. The institution was first established under the name of the House of Mercy by the Brotherhood of St. Barnabas, in November, 1854. It was first located at No. 5 Harrison Place ; afterward on the south side of Federal Street, between Sixth and Eighth streets. The building was burned in the fire May 10, 1S62, By the act passed, April 17, 1863, it was incorporated " The Church Home of the city of Troy," with a board of fifteen trus- tees. The present two-story, brick building was erected in 1873. The site, biUlding, and furniture cost about $30,000. The chapel, on the north side of the house, was erected, in 1880, by the children of Mrs. Jacob Lane, to her memory. Clarence B. Cutler, architect. Public Building, Troy. -On February 5, 1885, the Troy Public Building bill passed the House of Representatives, appropriating $200,- 000 for the purchase of a site and the erection of a building on it for the use of the United States government in the city. The commission appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury to select a suitable site for the building obtained in the summer of 1S86 the Gross, Hall, and Griffith properties, 151 by 132 feet, at the northeast cor- ner of Fourth Street and Broadway, for $99,000. Pythias, Knights of, meet in Pythian Castle, in Mutual National Bank Building, northeast corner of First and State streets. 254 " Cars will remain opposite the office and at the east end of the bridge every morning from sunrise to 9 o'clock to take freight for the Bur- rough, Ballston, and Saratoga." 1 he passenger cars were not much larger than those on the street railways. The doors opened on the sides and the tickets were collected by the conductors standing on the foot-boards along the sides of the cars. At different points on the track along River Street cars were left standing to be conveniently entered by persons stopping over-night at the ho' els. The refusal of the Schenectady and Saratoga Railroad Company to allow the Rensselaer and Sar- atoga Railroad Company to carry freight over the road of the former, from Ballston to Saratoga, caused a number of Troy capitalists to pur- chase the larger part of the stock of the disobliging company to get con- trol of its road. Having obtained the stock, the enterprising directors for a time embargoed Albany's goods from being carried over the road. Schenectady and Troy Rail- road. Troy's competitive spirit was in bonds until the city had a railroad connecting it with those in the west- ern part of the state. The Schenec- tady and Troy Railroad Company was incorporated by the act, passed May 21, 1836. The construction of the road to Schenectady, 21^ miles long, was begun in 1840. From Green Island to the higher ground toward Cohoes, the track was laid on trestle work. Some years later the present high embankment was made. Trains began running on the road in No- vember, 1842. Troy and Greenbush Railroad. An act was passed by the legislature April 17, 1832, to incorporate the New York and Albany Railroad Com- pany. The company was permitted to build a railroad from the junction of Fourth Avenue, in New York City, and the Harlem River, to a point op- posite or near the city of Albany, "with power to continue and extend the same to the city of Troy." The con- struction of the road from New York to Greenbush was delayed for a number of years. Under the act, however, a track was laid from Greenbush to Troy in 1840-41. The use of it was not permitted by law until 1845. On May II, that year, the act to incor- porate the Troy and Greenbush Rail- road Company was pa.-sed. On June 12, the first trains began running on the road. As provided by the char- ter, the road extended from Washing- ton Street, where it intersected the track of the Schenectady and Troy Railroad, laid on River Street, to the town of Greenbush, where it con- nected with the track of the Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad. The trains were drawn by horses through River Street to the depot, on the site of the Manufacturers' National Bank Building, at the intersection of River and King Streets. Troy and Boston Railroad. The first project to connect the two cities commercially was that of a canal, suggested, in 1819, by Lacomi Bald- win, an eminent engineer. In 1826, a commission reported favorably to the Massachusetts legislature respect- ing the construction of a canal be- tween the two places. The building of railroads in the United States hav- mg begun, the feasibility of construct- ing a road to Troy from Greenfield, Mass., running through the Hoosac mountain, was discussed. The cost of constructing forty-five miles of the road, extending from Greenfield north- westward to the south boundary line of Vermont and including the tunnel- ing of the mountain, was estimated at $3,500,000. Previous to the charter- ing of the Troy and Boston Railroad IF" 256 Company, April 4, 1848, a committee of Troy capitalists employed a corps of engineers under the direction of A. F. Edwards to make a preliminary survey of a route from Troy to the Vermont line. In May, 184Q, sub- scriptions to the capital stoci< of the company began to be received. On November 20, that year, John E. Wool, George M. Tibbits. D. Thomas Vail, Daniel Robinson, Charles H. Merritt. Jonas C. Heartt, Elias John- son, E. Thompson Gale, Isaac B. Hart, and Stephen E Warren of Troy, Amos Briggs of Schaghticoke, D. S. McNamara of North Hoosick, and L. Chandler Ball of Hoosick Falls were elected directors of the company. On Thursday morning, June 6, 1850, a large procession, civic and military, marched from the court- house to a field of the Bull's Head farm, north of the city, where, after the delivery of addresses by a number of prominent citizens, General John E. Wool with a pickbroke the ground. Day O. Kellogg, mayor of the city, shoveled the loosened earth into a wheelbarrow, and Amos Briggs, the president of the company, wheeled it away. After these formalities of be- ginning the construction of the road from Troy, and the return of the pro- cession to the city, the officers of the company with more than a hundred guests partook of a dinner at the Troy House. At that time it was thought that the tunneling of the Hoosac moun- tain would be completed btfore the railroad from Troy. The project of tunneling through the mountain was deemed by many an undertaking that would never be accomplished, and it was remarked by a prominent news- paper that " nobody but the Trojans would think of such an exploit." The road of the Troy and Rutland Rail- road Company, formed March 6, 1S51, extending from the junction at Eagle Bridge to Salem, leased to the Rut- land and Washington (Vt.) Railroad Company, was opened June 28, 1852, and on the evening of that day the first passenger train arrived in Troy on the Troy and Boston Railroad from its junction at Eagle Bridge. The road between Troy and Hoosick Falls was opened in August, 1853, On February g, 1875, the first train of cars passed through the Hoosac Tun- nel. Length of tunnel 4f miles. The first passenger train from Boston, via the Fiichburg Railroad, arrived in Troy on October 13, 1875. The first through train from the city, left Troy, July 17, 1876, at 7 A. M., and arrived in Boston at 2:30 p. M. Tength of Troy and Boston Railroad, from Troy to North Adams, Mass., 48 miles. Distance by rail from Troy to Boston, 191 miles. The Troy and Bennington Railroad Company was formed, May 15, 1851. The construction of the road from Hoosac Junction to Bennington, Vt., was begun in June, that year. The road was opened, August i, 1852. It is leased by the Troy and Boston Rail- road Company. Troy Union R.mlroad. — The in- convenience attending the running of the freight and passenger cars of the different railroad companies on River Street, especially in the use of horses for drawing the cars from one point to another on that narrow thor- oughfare, suggested the erection of a depot for the common use of the com- panies. The office of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company was in the building No. 10 First Street, and the offices of the other companies were in the building No. igg River Street, where also the Troy and New York Steamboat Association had its offices. (vSee Steamboats.) By the act, passed June 20, 1S51, the city and the several railroad com- 257 panics were authorized to build a de- pot and to lay tracks to it through the city. Under the act, the Troy Union Railroad Company was formed, July 21, 1851. In January, 1853, the company purchased the Eaton & Gil- bert property on Sixth Street, between Fulton Street and Broadway, On December 3, 1852, by an agreement with the city, the company was per- mitted to take ground on each side of Sixth Street for a passenger house, and to change the course of Sixth Street at that point to permit access to "the passenger house" on the sides of the building. The erection of the depot was begun and completed in 1853 New tracks were laid to the building from the south part of the city ; the water of the stream flowing to the Poesten Kill along the line of Sixth Street having been diverted to other channels. Other tracks were laid to the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Bridge. The tracks on River Street were removed, the Rens- selaer and Saratoga Railroad Bridge was widened, and trains arrived and departed from the depot drawn by lo- comotives. The Union depot and railroad were formally opened on Feb- ruary 22, 1854. The depot was burn- ed in the great fire of May 10, 1862, and the present one erected immedi- ately thereafter. Railways.— (See Street Rail- ways.) Rand's Opera House. — Al- though Rand's Hall, on the northwest corner of Third and Congress streets, had been used for a score of years as a concert room, a lecture hall, and a place of exhibitions, it was not until 1872 that it was enlarged and fitted for dramatic representations. On Monday evening, November 11, that year, it was formally opened with read- ings by Mrs. Scott Siddons. The house seats about 1450 people. Its stage is sixty-three feet wide and forty deep. The building is the property of Gardner Rand. Rangers, Independent Order of.— Camp Columiua, No. 9, (German), meets on every fourth Sunday in each month in Pythian Castle. Camp John A. Grlswold. Camp Henry Burden No. i, meets on the first and fourth Tuesday even- ings in each month in Mechanics' Hall, Mill Street. Rechabites. — Troy Tent, No. 30, meets on the second and fourth Thursday evenings in each month at No. 269 River Street. Rensselaer County, named in honor of the Van Rensselaer family, was erected from a part of Albany County, by the act of legislature, passed February 7, 1791. It is bounded on the east by the states of Massachusetts and Vermont, on the north by Washington County, on the south by Columbia County, and on the west by the Hudson River, and includes the islands nearest the east bank of the stream. Its greatest length is thirty miles and its greatest breadth twenty-two miles. It has an area of 631 square miles, and lies be- tween 42*^27' and 42° 55' north lati- tude and between 3° 10' and 3° 41' east longitude. The county embraces seventeen towns. Population in 1880, 115,340. (Seetownsof Berlin, Bruns- wick, East Greenbush, Grafton, Greenbush, Hoosick, Lansing- burgh, Nassau, North Greenbush, Petersburgh, Pittstown, Poes- tenkill, Sandlake, Schaghti- coke, Schodack, Stephentown, Troy.) 34 259 Rensselaer Union Club, or- ganized October 5, 1S80. Club Build- ing, No. 14 First Street. Gilbert Robertson, jr., president ; Ellas P. Mann, treasurer ; George P. Daw, secretary. Roofing. — PoMEROY & Co., patent asphalt and gravel roofing, Union Street, be- tween Slate and Congress streets. Williams & Manocue, (R. J. Wil- liams and E. Manogue), roofing con- tractors and dealers in iron, tin, tile and rubber roofing materials. Slate roofing a specialty. Office, No. 279 River Street. Established, August, 1885. Roman Catholic Churches. — There are eight Roman Catholic churches in the city, if St. Michael's be included. St. Peter's Church is on the northeast corner of North Second and Hutton streets. A number of Roman Catholics, worshiping in the school- house on the southeast corner of Sec- ond and Ferry streets, was organized into a congregation in 1825, and took the name of St. Peter's Roman Cath- olic Church of Troy. Before the de- molition of the court-house, in 1827, the congregation frequently worshiped in it. Having been in.«tructed to ob- tain a site for a church, tlie trustees, on or about October 28, 1S26, pur- chased lot 214, on the northeast cor- ner of North Second and Hutton streets. As provided in the convey- ance, the plat was " for the use and purpose of having a meeting-house built and forever continued thereupon, for the purpose of religious public worship," and " also that a clock and bell should, within a reasonable time after the building of the first meeting- house, be placed, put and continued thereon," and in case these conditions were not fulfilled, the property was to revert to the grantors. On P'eb- ruary ig, 1827, at a meeting held. in the court-house, trustees were elected and the church was incorporated ac- cording to the laws of the state of New York. On the erection of the church, a frame building, in 1S29, it was dedicated, in 1830, by the Right Rev. John Du Bois, Bishop of New York. Some years later, a brick addition was built to it, increasing the length of the church to eighty feet. About noon, on February 10, 1848, the building was destroyed by fire. The attractive brick structure, with its finely pro- portioned clock-tower and steeple, now occupying its site, was dedicated December 16, 1849; the Right Rev. John McCloskey, Bishop of Albany, preaching the dedicatory sermon. Pastors : P. McGilligan, 1S25 to 1S27 ; John Shanahan, 1827 to 1842 ; Peter Havermans, June 3, 1S42, to 1845 ; Francis Donohue, 1845 ; Philip O'Reiley, 1S47 to 1849; John Curry, 1849 to 1851 ; Michael McDonnell, 1851 to 1855 ; Thomas Daley, 1855 to 1858; Clarence A. Walworth, 1858 to 1861 ; James Keveny, 1861 to 1880; Patrick A. Ludden, May, 1880 to present time. St. Mary's Church is on the northeast corner of Third and Wash- ington streets. While pastor of St. Peter's Church, the Rev. F'ather Hav- ermans, perceiving the advantages of a church in the south part of the city, and having received the sanction of the Right Rev. Bishop Hughes to build one in the name of the trustees of St. Peter's Church, he instructed them to purchase the lot, 50 by 129 feet, on the northeast corner of Third and Washington streets, which they did. May 27, 1843. The erection of ilie church was at once begun. The church, however, was erected with money collected by the Rev. Peter ST. MARY'S CHURCH. 261 Havermans, and became the property of the trustees of St. Mary's Church. On June 29, that year, ihe corner-stone was laid by the Very Rev. John Pow- ers, the vicar-general of New York , the bishop being in Europe. On Sun- day, August 15, 1844, the church was dedicated by the Very Rev. John Pow- ers. The organ, built by Henry Erben of New York, cost $2,200. The clock was made by Phelps & Gurley, At the beginning of the late civil war, the Rev. Father Havermans was the second Roman Catholic minister in the United States to place the .Stars and Stripes above his church and to keep them floating there until the end of the rebellion. The Rev. Peter Hav- ermatis' pastorate of St. Mary's Church has been the longest of any minister of a church in Troy. When he came to the United States, in 1830, there were about 200 priests in the country; now there are 7,796. In 1830, there were only 21 in the state of New York. Pastor: Peter Havermans, 1S43 to present time. St. Joseph's Church is on the north side of Jackson .Street, between Third and Fourth streets. The Rev. Peter Havermans, of St. Mary's Church, seeing the importance of taking advantage of the growth of the city between the Poesten and Wynants kills, and having the consent of the Right Rev. Bishop Hughes, purchased, in the spring of 1847,3 site for a church on the north side of Jackson Street, and began the erection of the build- ing; the excavation for the foundation of which was made by a body of men from the Nail Works. The cor- ner-stone was laid May 21, 1S47 ; the Right Revs. Bishops Hughes and Mc- Closkey officiating. In 1848, the church was purchased by the Society of Jesus, for *6,ooo. On November 6, 1853, the building was dedicated ; the Right Rev. Bishop McCloskey officiating. Pastors : Peter Verheyden, 1848 to 1852 ; Aug. Thebaud, 1S52 to i860; Joseph Loyzance, i860 to 1863 ; Aug. Thebaud, 1863 to 186S ; M. Driscoll, 1868 to 1876; Joseph Loyzance, 1876 to present time. Church of St. John, the Bap- tist, (French), is on the east side of Second Street, between Adams and Jefferson streets. The congregation was organized in 1850. In 1852, the Universalist church, on the east side of Ferry Street, east side of the alley, between First and Second streets, was purchased for its use, and dedicated September 8, that year. On Monday morning, December 18, 1854, about i o'clock, the building was burned. The congregation for a time worship- ed at St. Joseph's Church. On March 10, 1S67, the church was incor- porated according to the laws of the state by the election of trustees. The site of the church on Second Street was purchased, and the corner- stone of the building was laid July 19, 1868. On October 24, 1869, the church was dedicated. Pastors : Magloire F. Turcotte, 1852 to 1S55; George J. Brown, 1869 to 1875 ; G. Huberdault, 1876 to 1880 ; R. J. Coste, 1881 to 1883 ; Jo- seph Charette, 1883 to present time. St. Francis' Church is on the south side of Congress Street, Ida Hill, opposite Thirteenth Street. The congregation was organized in 1861, and took the name of Holy Trinity Church. A brick church was erected on the west side of Fifteenth Street, between Christie and Marshall streets, and dedicated in June, 1863, under the name of St. Francis' Church. The present edifice was erected in 1881-82, and opened for services on Sunday, April 9, 1882. Pastors : Peter Havermans, 1S61 to iS66; Henry Herfkens, 1867 to 1872; F. Francis, 1873 to 1875 i William J. 262 Burke, 1875 to 1876 ; W. A. Drum, 1877 to 1882 ; Charles A. Reilly, 1883 to present time. St. Laurence's Church, (Ger- man), is on the east side of Third Street, near Jefferson Street. The first German Roman Catholic congre- gation in Troy was organized in i860, and worshiped about two years in St. Mary's Hall ; the Rev. Gus. Miet- tinger, pastor. In 1868, St. Lau- rence's congregation was formed in Lutzelberger's Hall, No. 197 River Street, where the members worshiped about one year. Subsequently ser- vices were held in the church of St. John, the Baptist, until the church on the southeast corner of Third and Jefferson streets was built ; the corner- stone of which was laid September 5, 1870. The corner-stone of the pres- ent, large, brick edifice, immediately south of the first church, was laid May 20, 18S3. Pastors : P. S. Puissant, 1868 to 1869 ; Father Drolshagen, 1869 ; Nor bert Stoller, 1870; Henry C. Lipow- sky, 1870; P. A. Puissant. 1871 ; Jos- eph Ottenhues, 1871 to 1879 ; Bernard Schoppe, June i, 1S79 to present time. St. Patrick's Church is on the east side of Vail Avenue, between Canal and Douw streets. In 1871, the ecclesiastical authorities erected the parish of St Patrick, which in- cluded the territory of the city north of Rensselaer Street. The Rev. Father John Joseph Swift, who in 1865, '66, and '67 had been assistant pastor at St. Peter's Church, and sub- sequently pastor of Waddington and outlying missions in St. Lawrence County, was given the pastorate of the new parish. On the plat of ground, extending from River Street to Vail Avenue, a church, 50 by 100 feet, a frame building, fronting on Vail Ave- nue, was erected in 1872. On the first Sunday in September, that year, mass was celebrated for the first time in it. The parsonage on River Street, west of the church, is a two-story, brick building. Pastor: John Joseph Swift, 1871 to present time. St. Michael's Church is on the southeast corner of Stow Avenue and Willow Street, in the town of North Greenbush, immediately south of the city limits. The congregation was organized by the Society of Jesus in 1872. The church was dedicated March 15, 1874. Pastors: Michael Driscoll, S. J., 1872-76; John Fitzpatrick, assistant, 1876 to 1878 ; Michael Flynn, assist- ant, 1878 to 1S79; Francis Marechal, assistant, 1880 to 1S81 ; Peter Coon- ey, assistant, 1882 ; P. McQuaid, 1883 to 1884 ; Michael Nash, 1885 to pres- ent time. Round Lake, an attractive sum- mer resort and camp-meeting ground, is nineteen miles north of Troy on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad. On April i, i868, Joseph Hillman and other prominent members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, in Rensse- laer, Saratoga, and Albany counties, purchased forty acres of land there for a camp-meeting ground. The picturesque body ol placid water on the eastern bounds of the property was named Round Lake. It has a circumference of three miles. The act incorporating the Round Lake Camp Meeting Association was passed May 5, 1868. The first camp-meet- ing at Round Lake was held from September i to 10, that year; the Rev. Jesse T. Peck, D. D., preaching the first sermon. The property now com- prises about 200 acres of land. A large auditorium, more than two hun- dred and fifty pretty cottages, a com- modious hotel, the lake, fountains 263 and parterres of flowers make the embowered retreat in tlie extensive wood one of no ordinary attractive- ness. The first number of the Round Lake Journal was published Septem- ber 3, iS68. Rubber Goods.— Daniel Klock, jr., wholesale and retail dealer in rubber goods, boots and shoes ; retail store. No. lO Broad- way ; wholesale. No. 227 River Street, The success attending his embarkation in business discloses the fact that a merchant's career marked by enterprise, thrift, and honorable dealing gives him a prominent posi- tion among Ills contemporaries and competitors. An humble beginning and a final greatness in any undertak- ing bespeak the labor, self-denial, and attainments of the person or persons effecting the transition from the one to the other. The business in which Daniel Klock, jr., became engaged in 1S65, had been established in Troy in 1S60, by Henry Mayell, at No. 190 River Street. Frederick A. Plum succeeded to the business in 1861, from whom, five years later, Daniel Klock, jr., puichased it. In 1868, he moved to No. 11 Mansion House Block, whence, in 1879, he moved to No. 10 Broadway. In 1S81, his largely increaicd business caused him to occupy the building, No. 273 River Street, with his wholesale department, from which he moved it, in the follow- ing year, to No. 227 River Street. His large and complete stock of rub- ber goods includes belting, hose, steam-packing, cloth, clothing, drug- gists' articles, and toys. As a whole- sale dealer in rubber boots and shoes, he constantly keeps in stock every description of these go; ds. The ter- ritory of his sales extends 'hrough the states of New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Saudlake, a town in Rensselaer County, was erected by the act passed June 19, 1812. There are a number of small lakes in the town. Averill, commonly known as a part of the village of Sandlake, was made a post-office by that name in 1880. It is the seat of a number of mills and factories. Sliter's Corners, a local name for the eastern part of the vil- lage of Sandlake, has been the loca- tion of the post-office since 1S15. Glass House, early known as Rensse- laer Village, is a short distance south of Sliter's Corners. It is on the bor- der of Glass Lake, where the Rensse- laer Glass Factory was built^about the year 1806. West Sandlake is a vil- lage in the western part of the town. In 1S28, when the post-office was es- tablished there, Martin Rysedorph, postmaster, it was called Ulinesville. South Sandlake is in the southwestern part of the town. A post office was established there about 1852. Population of the town of Sand- lake : 1S15, 3,293 ; 1820, 3,302 ; 1S25, 3.426; 1S30, 3.656; 1835, 3.840; 1840, 4,303 ; 1S45, 4,291 ; 1850. 2,559 ; 1S55, 2,588 ; i860, 2,502 ; 1S65 2,606 ; 1870, 2,633 ; 1875. 2,572; 1880, 2,550. Sash and Blind Manufacto- ries. — Thomas Collins, manufacturer of sashes, doors, frames, mouldings, new- el posts, rails and balusters. Office, No. 555 Congress Street ; manufacto- ry, northwest corner of Francis and Highland avenues. Cunningham, Young & Co., (Al- exander G. Cunningham, J. L. and J. T. Young, and James R. Walsh), sash, door and blind manufacturers, and dealers in builders' supplies, No. 145 River Street. Manufactory on Hill Street. Firm formed in April, 1SS6. 264 Sohaghticoke, one of the towns of Rensselaer County, was erected by the act of March 7, 1788, for di- viding the counties of the state of New York into towns. By the charter granted by the English governor, Thomas Dongan, July 22, 1686, the city of Albany was permitted to pur- chase five hundred acres of land at "Schaihtecogue" from the Indians. In 1708, the land having been purchased, a number of plantations were leased to settlers. Johannes Knickerbacker settled there in the early part of the eighteenth century. Near the old homestead of the Knickerbacker family, five miles west of Schaghti- coke. is the famous tree of peace of the Indians, twenty-two feet in cir- cumference around the trunk, planted more than two hundred years ago. Schaghticoke village, early known as Schaghticoke Point, was incorpo- rated by the name of Harts' Falls, March 20, 1867. It is a station on the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and West- ern Railroad. A short distance east of the place is the Schaghticoke sta- tion of the Troy and Boston Railroad. The place is the seat of a number of large manufactories, Population in in 1880, 3,591. The mills of the Schaghticoke Powder Company are about a half mile southeast of the village. Schaghticoke Hill is the name of a small village on the Tom- hannock Creek. Melrose, on the Troy and Boston Railroad, is nine miles from Troy. Population of the town of Schaghti- coke : 1790,1,833; 1800,2,355; iSio, 2,492; 1815,2,847; 1820,2,522; 1825, 2,924; 1830,3,002; 1835,3,243; 1S40, 3,389; 1845,3,091; 1850.3,200; 1855, 3,303; 1860,2,929; 1865,3,054; 1870, 3,125; 1875, 3,271; 1880, 3.610. The vjllage of Castleton, eight miles south of Greenbush, is a station on the Hudson River Railroad. It was in- corporated in 1827, Population in 1880, 912. The National Bank of Castleton was organized January 25, 1865, with a capital of $100,000! Schodack Landing is 3^ miles south of Castleton. Population, about 350. Schodack Depot and South Schodack are stations on the Boston and Albany Railroad. East Schodack, Schodack Center, and Muitzeskill are small vil- lages. Population of the town of Scho- dack : 1800,3,688; 1810. 3,166; 1815, 3,128; 1820, 3,493; 1825,3,506; 1830,' 3,794; 1835,3,793; 1840, 4,125; T845, 3,746; 1850,3,509; 1855, 3,837; i860, 3.993; 1865,4,015; 1870, 4,442; 1875, 4,454; 1880, 4.319. Schodack, one of the towns of Rensselaer County, was erected by the act passed March 17, 1795. Schools, Public— The first school-house erected on the site of Troy was a small, weather-boarded building, known as the Red School- house, standing, in 1791, near the north end of the plat of ground be- tween Congress, Ferry, Second and Third streets. In the latter part of May, 1796, the trustees of the vil- lage advertised for "a schoolmaster capable of teaching all parts of an English education." At a meeting held on Monday, Feb- ruary 5. 1816, at Piatt Titus' inn, (the Troy House), the village trustees re- solved to call a public meeting of the freeholders and inhabitants at the court-house, on the following Thurs- day, to select a site for a school- house, in which to- instruct children according to the system projected by the distinguished Quaker, Joseph Lan- caster, of England, The committee selected the plat of ground on which the Troy Academy is built, on the northwest corner of State and Seventh streets. In April, the erection of the building was begun. By the act in- 205 corporating the city, April 12, 1816, trustees, not exceeding thirteen, were intrusted with the management of the Lancasterian school. It was provided in the same act that at the annual election of municipal officers one commissioner of schools should be elected in each of the wards of the cjty, and three inspectors of schools in the fifth and sixth wards. The Lancasterian school was opened on Monday, September 16, 1816. The terms of admission, as published, were " regulated by reference to the assess- ment list for collection of taxes. The highest price of tuition being two dol- lars a quarter, and the lowest twenty- five cents." These charges included books, stationery, and fuel, furnished by the trustees. The number of ■ scholars attending the school during the first quarter was 315. In iSig, the school-house was burned. It was rebuilt. In 1820, there was a school in the city exclusively for the education of children of persons of African de- scent. In 1828, a monitorial school was opened in the upper-room of the Lan- casterian school-house. During the summer of that year, a two-story, brick building for an infant-school was, erected on the Lancasterian school- house lot, at the northeast corner of Sixth and State streets. (See Troy Academy.) In 1843 the Infant School-house and site were given to the Rensselaer Institute by the city. (See Rensselaer Polytechnic In- stitute.) The act to amend the charter of the city, and to provide for the estab- lishment of free schools in Troy, was passed April 4, 1849. ^" 1850, in the different wards, there were twelve public schools, which, in 1851, were attended by 2,495 scholars. On January 28, 1851, the committee, John S. Perry, George M. Tibbits, and William H. Young, to which the project of establishing a higli school was referred by the board of educa- tion, reported that it was deemed in- expedient "to hasten this work any faster than the board could carry with it an enlightened public opinion." On November 29, 1853, the commit- tee to which the plan for the organiza- tion of a high school was referred by the board of education, recommended the opening of one on the first Mon- day in January, 1854. On that day, the High School began its first term with forty-seven scholars, in the room on the second story of the free school building, on the east side of Sixth Street, between State Street and Broadway ; DeWitt C. Cram, prin- cipal. After the building was burn- ed in the fire of May 10, 1862, the High-School Building, on the west side of Fifth Street, between State Street and Broadway, was erected. The public schools of the city are now under the control of twelve school-commissioners, who constitute the board of school commissioners under the act, passed March 25, 1873. The superintendent, elected by the commissioners, has charge of all the public schools, buildings, furniture, and apparatus. In the last decade of years the net enrollment of children annually at- tending the public-schools in the city has been the following: 1876, 7,907; 1877,7,979; 1878,8,269; 1879,8,905; 1880,8,738; 1881,8,342; 1882,8,253; 1883,8,298; 1884,7,914; 1885,8,038. In 1885, there were 165 teachers em- ployed in the schools, including a vocal-music teacher and a teacher of drawing. In 1884, the schools in the different wards were designated by the follow- ing numbers : thirteenth ward school, No. I ; tenth ward school No. 2, No. 2; tenth ward school No. i. No. 3 ; seventh ward school. No. 4 ; 35 266 fourth ward school, No. 5; third ward school, No. 6 ; second ward school, No. 7 ; first ward school No. i. No. No. 8 ; first ward school No. 2, No. 9 ; eleventh ward school. No. 10 ; ninth ward school, No. 11 ; twelfth ward school. No. 12 ; sixth ward school. No. 13 ; fifth ward school No. I, No. 14 ; fifth ward school No. 2, (Albia), No. 15. High School, west side Fifth Street, between State Street and Broadway, brick building, 40 by 90 feet, three stories high. School No. I, southwest corner of Vail Avenue and Canal Street, brick, 50 by 72, three stories. School No. 2, east side Tenth Street, south of Middleburgh Street, brick, three stories. School No. 3, southwest corner of North Second and Jay streets, brick, 50 by 130, three stories. School No. 4, west side of North Third Street, between Jacob and Hut- ton streets, brick, 34 by 65, two stories. School No. 5, east side of North Fourth Street and west side of Harri- son Place, between Federal and Jacob streets, brick, 50 by 167, three stories. School No. 6, west side Fifth Street, between Broadway and State Street, brick, 40 by 90, three stories. Also High School. School No. 7, east side of Seventh Street, between State and Congress streets, brick, 44 by 82, three stories. School No. 8, west side of Fifth street, between Ferry and Liberty streets, brick, 32 by 48, two stories. School No. 9, northeast corner of River and Liberty streets, brick, 72 by 75, three stories. School No. 10, southwest corner of Third and Adams streets, brick, 45 by 70, three stories. School No. II, west side of Second Street, between Jackson and Monroe streets, brick, 44 by 75, two stories. School No. 12, northwest corner of First and Tyler streets, brick, 65 by 99, three stories with basement. School No. 13, south side of Spring Street, brick, 60 by 81, three stories. School No. 14, southeast corner of Fourteenth Street and Tibbits Ave- nue, brick, 72 by 98, three stories. School No. 15, southwest corner of Rensselaer and Division streets, Albia, frame, 31 by 52, one slory. Male Orphan Asylum school, on northeast corner of Bedford and Han- over streets. Troy Orphan Asylum school, in Troy Orphan Asylum, on east side of Eighth Street, between Hutton and Hoosick streets. The course of study in the public schools covers a period of thirteen years ; the scholar entering the lowest primary school and graduating from the High School, being fitted to enter the freshman class of any of the prin- cipal colleges. Superintendents : Although the law authorizing the appointment of a city superintendent of public schools was not passed until March 25, 1873, ^hc following persons holding the position of clerk to the board of education and of principal of the High School, ex- officio, performed the duties of super- intendent : Edward Danforth, clerk, March 11, 1863 to 1868 ; Isaac W. Dunham, clerk, July 7, 1868 to April 6, 1869 ; Marcus H. Martin, princi- pal of the High School, May, 1869 to September, i86g ; David Beattie, principal of the High School, January I 1870 to April 9, 1873. David Beat- tie was elected superintendent of the public schools on April 9, 1873, and he still retains the position. Seminaries. — St. Joseph's Provincial Semi- nary. On Thursday evening, January 5, 1854, ameetingof some of the citizens of Troy was held in the courthouse to consider the proposals made by a 261 number of persons engaged in estab- lishing a college at Charlottesville, N. Y., to remove the institution to Troy. A committee of conference was appointed, consisting of Hiram Slocum, the Rev. George C. Baldwin, J. A. Millard, and Thomas B. Car- roll, who were to report to an ad- journed meeting, June lo, 1854. The committee reported favorably, and another committee was appointed to solicit money to purchase a site and to erect a college building, and to en- dow the institution, which was to be number of students was about sixty. In July, 1862, the first class was grad- uated. In October of that year, the building and its site were sold by Nelson Forsyth, referee, in a suit brought by the Union Bank for the forclosure of a mortgage of $11,000; the corporation having become bank- rupt by the inability of many persons to pay their subscriptions. Peck & Hillman.real estate brokers, purchased the property at a bid of $7,000; the liabilities aggregating more than $55,000. On December 2, 1862, the ;k ST. Joseph's provincial seminary. unsectarian. In 1855 and 1856, sub- scriptions, in part payments, amount- ing to $200,000 were obtained. In the fall of 1856, the erection of the college building was begun on a part of "great lot A," on the east side of Eighth Street. On October i, the corner-stone was laid. On Septem- ber 8, 1858, the first term of the in- stitution, known as the Troy Univer- sity, began, under the Rev. John Mc- Clintock, D. D., as president. The firm announced, in a published card, that the university could "be retained for the purpose for which it was in- tended," provided the people of Troy and vicinity subscribed the amount necessary to liquidate the indebtedness of the institution." The firm also announced that the following sub- scriptions had been made, conditioned on the endowment of the university by Daniel Drew of New York : Mrs. Betsey A. Hart, $2,000 ; Lyman Ben- 268 nett, $i,ooo; L. A. Battershall, $i,ooo; David Cowee, $ 1,000 ; W. L. Van Alstyne, $1,000; l^eck & Hillman, $1,000 ; and G. Rowland, $500. The proposal not meeting with any satis- factory acceptance, the university, with thiity-nine acres of land surrounding it was sold for $60,000, on December 6, to the Rev. Peter Havermans of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, agent for Archbishop Hughes, of New York. The building is four stories high, 259 feet long, and on an average 48 feet deep, erected at a cost of $197,000. Archbishop Hughes intended to make it the provincial seminary of the state of New York, and to place it under the management of the Sulpitians of Montreal. The latter it appears were unwilling to ac- cede to the overtures of the arch- bishop, and the institution was, in 1864, placed in charge of a faculty consisting of a president and five pro- fessors, three from the University of Louvain and two from New York. In October, the institution was opened with about sixty students. On De- cember I, 1864. Archbishop McClos- key, assisted by the suffragan bishops of Albany, Burlington, Hartford, Bos- ton, and Portland, consecrated the building and placed it under the pro- tection of St. Joseph ; the institution taking the name of St. Joseph's Pro- vincial Seminary. About one hundred and twenty-five students yearly attend the course of instruction in the semi- nary, from which about four hundred and seventy ordained priests have been graduated since 1S64. The full course covers a period of five years, one of which is devoted to philosophy and a general preparation for theological studies, and the other years to the study of theology and the kindred branches of ecclesiastical knowledge. The vacations extend from the last Tluirsday in June to the first Tuesday in September ; and from the begin- ning of February to the middle of the month. The first president of the semi- nary was the Very Rev. Canon Van den Hende, who, in 1871, returned to Belgium. He was succeeded by the Very Rev. Henry Gabriels, D. D., who, previous to 1871, had filled the chair of dogmatic theology. Troy Female Seminary, on the west side of Second Street, between Congress and Ferry streets. Mrs. Emma Willard, the wife of Dr. John Willard, while principal of a girls' school at Middlebuty, Vermont, es- tablished by her in 1814, deeming that an institution for the higher edu- cation of young women was greatly needed in the United States, projected a plan for the incorporation and en- dowment of a seminary in which girls might receive instruction in the same branches of knowledge as young men in colleges. Desiring to establish one at some suitable place in the state of New York, she addressed a letter to Governor DeWitt Clinton, at Albany, expressing her views, and at the same time transmitted a manu- script to him in which the proposed measures to be taken for the accom- plishment of the undertaking were represented. In his reply of Decem- ber 31, 1818, Governor Clinton wrote that he would be pleased to see her the principal of such an institution, and expressed his willingness to aid her. Expecting that the legislature of the state of New York would fur- ther her project by passing an act to incorporate and endow an institution as described by her, she, in the spring of 1819, moved to Waterford, where she opened a girls' school. A num- ber of prominent citizens of Troy becoming interested in her purpose, began to take steps to have such a seminary established in this city of which she was to be given the prin- 270 cipalship. On March 6, 1821, they induced the common council to pass a resolution to raise $4,000 by tax upon the freeholders of the first four wards of the city, "for the purpose of pur- chasing or erecting a suitable building for a Female Academy;" the citizens agreeing to advance $5,000 for the same purpose. On April 14, 1821, the city purchased for $1,700, parts of lots 114 and 115, each fronting on Second Street 50 feet ; lot 115 having a depth of 102 feet 6 inches, and the one-half of lot 114 having the same depth, the other half, a depth of 130 feet to the alley west of it. In May, 1821, Mrs. Willard became principal of the Troy Female Seminary, using the lecture-room of the Troy Lyceum of Natural History, in the court-house, for a recitation-room, and the apart- ments of two dwellings near the court-house for study and lodging, rooms for the boarding scholars. Meanwhile the wooden building, known as Moulton's Coffee-House, 50 by 60 feet, three stories high' standing on the plat of ground on the west side of Second Street, between Congress and Ferry streets, purchased by the city, was stripped of its weath- er-boarding and the frame incased with brick ; the interior being recon- structed with rooms and halls accord- ing to the plans furnished by Mrs. Willard. On August 2, that year, the common council appointed David Buel, jr., Joseph Russell, Nathan Warren, Richard P. Hart, Jeremiah Dauchy, James Mallory. William Bradley, and Amasa Paine, trustees of the institution. In the fall of the year, the building was occupied by the school. The first members of the faculty were: Mrs. Emma Willard, principal; Miss Elizabeth Sherrill, Angelica Gilbert, Mary Heywood, and Elizabeth P. Huntinston, instruc- tors ; Miss Sarah W. Iiigalls, Mary H. Field, Mary E. Akin, and Eliza- beth Whiting, assistant teachers. On May 29, 1825, Dr. John Willard died. On October 13, 1825, the com- mon council resolved to lease the seminary to Mrs. Emma Willard for five years and six months, from No- vember r. 1825. In 1826, the build- ing was lengthened forty feet, at the expense of the citv, and the rent in- creased to $700. The building used for musical instruction and laundering, now demolished, was erected in 1828 at an expense of $3,500. In March and May, 1831, several adjacent plats of ground were purchased, extending the property to Ferry Street and lot 115 and a part of lot 114 to the alley, on the west. In 1833, the main building was extended to the alley, at an expense of $5,000, and the rent increased to $1,100. In 1837, the institution began to receive money from the State Literature Fund, and that year acquired a plat of ground on Ferry Street. In 1838, Mrs. Emma Willard retired from the prin- cipalship of the seminary, leaving it to the care of her son, John H. Wil- lard, and his wife, Sarah L. Willard, both of whom had been associated with her in its management. In 1846, the trustees purchased a plat of ground, 30 by 80 feet, from the First Presbyterian Church, on the west side of the closed alley, running from Ferry to Congress streets, and erected an addition to the main building, 50 by 50 feet. In 1871, the trustees perceiving the seminary was not obtaining the pat- ronage to which it was entitled, on account of their inability to secure sufficient moneys to renovate the building, to provide it with new fur- niture, and to purchase improved school-apparatus, determined to solicit aid of the citizens of Troy, should the city be induced to convey its entire interest in the property to the board. On February i, 1872, the committee 271 from the trustees, William Gurley, Joseph W. Fuller, and William Kemp, presented a request for the transfer of the buildings and grounds to the trustees, together with a memorial, signed by nine hundred and eighty citizens, sanctioning the convey- ance of the property. The action of the common council was so adverse that it was deemed judicious to offer the_ city $50,000 for the property. This was done, and by a vote of 11 to 8 a resolution was passed, June 7, 1872, by the common council, to sell the property to the trustees for $50,- 000, "to be paid on or before the first day of May, 1873," authorizing the mayor to execute a contract to that effect. On June 12, 1872, the mayor, Thomas B. Carroll, signed the agreement, which set forth the condition that the property was "to be used only for school purposes." Although a subscription was at once circulated among the citizens to ob- tain the sum desired, little progress was made until William Gurley, with commendable zeal and indefatigable perseverance, undertook the task of personally soliciting subscriptions. He, later assisted by his brother, Lewis E. Gurley, finally succeeded in increasing the subscriptions to $52,- 615.17, in sums ranging from $4 to $5,000. On May i, 1873, a check, signed by W. & L. E. Gurley, for $50,000, payable at the National Ex- change Bank, to the order of William Kemp, mayor of the city, secured the property to the seminary trustees. John H. Willard and his wife, Sarah L. Willard, having resigned their management of the institution at the close of the term in June, 1872, Miss Emily Wilcox became principal in September, 1872, who, with an effi- cient corps of teachers, has since suc- cessfully conducted the school. At considerable expense the buildings have been renovated and provided with new furniture and school ap- paratus. Sewing Machines.— Wheeler & Wilson Manufac- turing Company, Nos. 454 and 456 Fulton Street. In 1849, Allen B. Wilson, of Pittsfield, Mass., complet- ed the construction of the first sewing machine invented by him. In 1850, it was patented. To manufacture others and sell them, he, with Nathan- iel Wilson, Alanson Warren and George P. Woodruff, formed the firm of Wheeler, Wilson & Co. Among the inviting fields for the immediate sale of the machines, Troy was se- lected. In the winter of 1851-52, Nathaniel Wheeler visited the city, and brought with him one of the plainly-made instruments, now so un- attractive in comparison with the elab- orately and tastefully constructed ma- chines sold by the company. For a number of days the ingenious inven- tion was exhibited at the Mansion House. With no little disappoint- ment, Mr. Wheeler discovered that a disbelief in the practicability of the use of the machine in making collars inclined the manufacturers of collars in the city to reject his overtures to have them subject the labor-saving in- struments to a trial in their factories. In a letter to the writer, he refers to the hesitancy of the collar makers in forming a different opinion respecting the sewing machines : " I particularly brought the attention of the manufac- turers of collars and cuffs to the ma- chines, most of whom shook their heads, doubting the practicability of stitching collars by machinery. Among my visitors was Jefferson Gardner, who seeming to be less skeptical, pa- tiently investigated the subject, and concluded to give the machines a trial." In the spring of 1852, several were sent him to be used in his collar WHELLER V WILSON MANUF. CO S BUILDING. 273 factory on King Street. His tests of their adaptability to collar-work were so satisfactory that he ordered others to be sent him. He afterward visited Bridgeport, Conn., and purchased a half-interest in the sale of the ma- chine in Rensselaer County. Besides using about thirty in his own factory, Jefferson Gardner in a short time dis- posed of a large number to the other collar manufacturers in the city. Strange as it is true, the Wheeler & Wilson sewing machines are the ones now mostly used in the manufacture of collars, cuffs and shirts in Troy. Since their introduction, not less than 20,000 have been sold in this city and in other parts of Rensselaer County. Not a few persons have made them- selves comparatively rich by the use of one or more of these machines. In the salesroom of the Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Company, on Fulton Street, is a machine with which a woman certifies she realized $6,000. With one of the latest im- proved Wheeler & Wilson sewing ma- chines, a skilled operative, during a day's working hours, with steam pow- er, can stitch from 80 to 100 dozen collars. With steam power, an ac- complished machine operator can sew from 18 to 24 shirts in a day ; with foot-power, from g to 12. When un- der full speed, a new Wheeler & Wil- son sewing machine will make from 1,500 to 2,000 stiiches in a minute. Besides machines for collar, cuff, and shirt-work, the company has others designed for stitching in leather, gloves, corsets, and hats, and others again for tailor and dressmaking- work. The new sewing machine " D 10" will likely meet with a large sale, as it is fitted with a new device by which the upper thread is carried around the lower without meeting any resistance, nnd besides is constructed to use a bobbin containing twice the quantity of cotton on bobbins previ- 36 ously used. The latest and most inge- nious invention patented and sold by the Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Company is its new automatic button- hole machine. Almost in a second of time, with unequalled regularity and fineness of finish, this wonderful ma- chine stitches a button-hole, and by the (juick descent of a sharp knife cuts with the utmost precision the opening between the encircling stitch- es. An operative is said to have made in sixty hours 24,000 button-holes with one of these machines, and a woman in a day 6,000 button-holes in 250 dozen of ladie>' collars, with an- other. The button-hole machines and the different sewing machines made by the company are on exhibition in its building on Fulton Street. The sales of all the Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Company's machines in Troy and its vicinity have for four- teen years been intrusted to Oscar Smith, who in 1872 took charge of the Troy office and salesrooms. His predecessors were Jefferson Gardner, who controlled the sale of the sewing machines from 1852 to 1855 ; John W. Armitage, from May 10, 1855 to July 10, 1857; Armitage & Moseley, from July 10, 1857, to June 29, 1861 ; A. B. Elliott, from 1861 to April 27, 1872. Previous to 1872, Oscar Smith had the agency at Albany. At the Troy salesrooms the company has for sale all the appurtenances necessary for the repair of broken parts of the machines, and also supplies thread, silk, and needles used in different kinds of sewing. Shirt Manufactories —One of the large businesses of Troy is that of the manufacture of shirts. Law- rence Van Valkenburgh is honored as the first person to engage extensively in it in the city. In 1845, he estab- lished a shirt factory on the southeast corner of Seventh and Elbow streets. 274 He continued in the business until 1858. It lias now attained such pro- portions that it ranks with the city's chief industries. Its present magni- tude is partly disclosed by the fact that in the different manufactories not infrequently from twenty-five to thirty miles of muslin are cut into shirts in a day. About 4,000 persons, mostly girls and women, are employ- ed in Troy and its vicinity in making the goods, who annually receive in ent development in 1866, when Jus- tus Miller, A. P. Hamlin, and Joseph Wheelock, under the name of Ham- lin, Miller, & Co., began manufac- turing collars and cuffs at No. 464 Fulton Street. On the dissolution of the partnership in the following year. Miller & Wheelock continued the business at the same place. About this time the firm began making shirts. In 1874 E. W. Bingham became a member of the firm, MILKKR, II ALL, \- HARIWLLL I.UILDING. wages not less than $800,000. The annual sales of shirts made in the city exceed $1,500,000. Miller, Hall, & Hartwell, shirt, collar, and cuff manufacturers, Nos. 547 to 553 River Street. The dis- tinction of being the oldest as well as the largest shirt manufactory in the city gives no little local prominence to this establishment. The business of the prosperous firm had its incipi- which then took the name of Miller, Wheelock, & Co., manufacturing at No. 22 King Street. In"; 1875, the firm was succeeded by that of Miller & Bingham, at Nos. 421 and 423 River Street. After the death of E. W. Bingham, in 1877, his widow retained an interest in the business until 1878. Under the name of Miller & Bingham, Justus Miller con- ducted the business at Nos. 421 and 423 River Street until December 7, 275 1879. when the building was burned. Until July i, 1880, he occupied the building on the northeast corner of River and Hoosick streets, whence he moved into his new and commodious manufactory on the west side of River Street, north of Hoosick Street. In 1884, the present firm was formed by Justus Miller, Frank B. Miller, (his son,) William L. Hall, and Charles E. Hartwell. The imposing building, six stories high, has a frontage of 100 feet and a depth of 100. The fire- proof structure contains twelve rooms 50 by 100 feet. In it are the laundry, the collar, cuff, and shiit de- partments. Besides giving employ- ment to a large number of persons in Troy, the enterprising firm distributes work to thousands of people in the surrounding country. Miller, Hall, & Hartwell have a factory at Hoosick Falls and one at Fairhaven, Vermont. The excellent goods made by the firm are purchased by numerous customers throughout the United States. Geo. B. Cluett, Bro., & Co., manufacturers of Monarch shirts, Nos. 441 to 451 River Street. (See Col- lar AND Cuff Manufacturers.) George P. Ide & Co., shirt man- ufacturers, Ide Building. (See Col- lar AND Cuff Manufacturers.) Tim, Wallerstein, & Co., shirt manufacturers, Nos. 62 to 72 Sixth Street, began business in Troy. April I, 187S, and occupied, with Tim & Co., the building Nos. 57 and 59 Federal Street. The members of the firm were Solomon and Louis Tim, E. Wallerstein, Max Herman, and J. O'Sullivan. In 1883, M. Ober was admitted a partner. The firm, with that of Tim & Co., moved, in 1881. to their present five-story, l)rick build- ing, on the east side of Sixtli Street, between Broadway and State Street. A fair conception of the firm's exten- sive manufacturing may be formed from the information that more than ten miles of muslin are cut into shirts in a day at the establishment. The firm enjoys with .Tim & Co. the advantages arising from its joint ownership of the laundry and paper-box manufactory in the Pine Building. The goods of the firm are distributed by jobbers in all parts of the United States. The firm has a shirt factory at Greenwich, and another at Shushan, N. Y. W. H. & A. D. RowE, shirt manu- facturers, Nos. 509, 511 and 513 Riv- er Street, west side, between Hutton and Hoosick streets. They engaged in the business of making collars, cuffs, and shirts, in March, 1872, oc- cupying the upper part of the build- ing on the southwest corner of River and Federal streets. In February, 1884, they moved into the more com- modious, four-story, brick building now occupied by them. Some years ago they discontinued manufacturing collars and cufTs in order to apply themselves particularly to the business of making shirts. As others engaged in this great local industry, William H. and Andrew D. Rowe have with no little enterprise enlarged the sale of their goods, which are known to the trade as the " Crown Shirts." They are manufacturers' agents for the sale of knit underwear, men and women's shirts and drawers. Ball Bros., (John C. Ball,) manu- facturers of shirts of special orders. Hall Building, corner of River and First streets. Wilbur, Miller, & Wilbur, shirt manufacturers, northwest corner of Fulton and Front streets. (See Collar and Cufi- Manuiactur- ERS.) Sisters of St. Joseph. — One community on the east side of Tren- 276 ton Street, opposite Jackson Street; the other, at No. 147 North Second Street. Society, Rensselaer County Agricultural and Horticultu- ral, was organized by articles of as- sociation executed July 27, 1880. Since September, 1881, annual fairs have been held by the society at Rensselaer Park, Lansingburgh, ex- cept in 1885, when the September fair was omitted on account of the State fair being held at Albany. The society is in a highly prosperous con- dition. Its officers ae : Lewis E. Gurley, president ; Paul Cook, vice- president ; Thomas Rourk, secretary ; Shepard Tappen, treasurer. Solicitors of Patents. — William E. Hagan, expert and solicitor of patents since 1864, No, 2ig River Street. George A. Mosher, solicitor of patents and counsellor in patent causes, No. 17 First Street. Austin F. Park, solicitor of pat- ents, room 31 Boardman Building, northeast comer of River and Fulton streets, engaged in the business in 1855. Standard Electrical Test In- struments. — The Electric Manufacturing Company, office No. 311 River Street, has the distinction of making a par- ticular class of electrical test instru- ments of excellent quality and su- perior workmanship, at its works at Greenbush. The special adaptations and peculiar adjustments of the valu- able instruments have won the com- mendation of many prominent elec- tricians and scientists in the countrj-. The works were established at Troy, in March, 1884, and in the following June, the company was incorporated. The new works, at Greenbush, were erected in 1886 ; a commodious brick building, 55 by 80 feet. Robert J. Pratt, the manager, a graduate of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and of Johns Hopkins University, is an experienced electrician, and the de- signer of a number of important mech- anisms, which have been patented. The class of instruments manufactur- ed by the company embraces detector, horizontal astatic, tangent, marine, and reflecting galvanometers, also the im- proved Thomson reflecting and the Helmholtz gaugain galvanometers, resistance coils of all styles, keys of diff"erent designs, Pratt's patented speed indicator, the Bailey testing set, and other electric apparatus. The company has the exclusive right of manufacturing in this country the Woodhouse and Rawson volt amme- ters. Orders for any of the instru- ments are promptly filled. The com- pany has also a department for fine experimental work. Officers: J.Hyde Pratt, president ; George H. Ennis, secretary ; and Robert J. Pratt, elec- trician and manager. Steamboats. — The Clermont, the first steamboat to ply upon the Hudson, left New York on Friday morning, September 4, 1807, at 6 o'clock, and arrived at Albany on the following morning. In making prac- ticable the navigation of the river by steamboats, Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton were granted by the legislature the exclusive privilege for thirty years of employing the boats invented by them in carrying passengers and freight on the Hudson. The first of their steamboats to ply upon the Upper Hudson was the Fire- Fly, which began conveying passen- gers between Albany and Troy in September, 18 12. The privilege granted to Livingston and Fulton 2^7 was, by act of legislature, passed March lo, 1820, transferred to the North River Steamboat Company, and extended to April 11, 1S38. The le- gality of this monopoly being ques- tioned. Chief Justice Marshall, of the Supreme Court, on March 2, 1824, decided it to be unconstitutional. A number of enterprising citizens of Troy immediately organized the Troy Steamboat Company, and contracted for the construction of a steamboat. Commenting on the purposes of the company, the Troy Sentinel oi March 12, that year, remarked : " There will, doubtless, soon be a line of steamboats, to carry passen- gers, running from Troy to New York. When this line shall be in operation, Troy will be a better cen- ter of travel and business than any place on the river. The road from Troy to Schenectady is shorter and better than that to Albany ; the road from Troy to Lebanon Springs, by the Sandlake turnpike, is shorter, smoother, and more level than the turnpike from Albany. Troy is nearer to the great, fashionable watering places, Ballston and Saratoga, than Albany ; in short, such is the situation of this city, in reference not only to the canals [the Erie and Champlain] and the river, but the roads east, west, north, and south, that unless our citizens have lost their forecast and enterprise, it will be speedily manifest how extensive every event, connected in any way with the course of busi- ness and trade, has conspired to pro- mote the prosperity of this fortunate city." On Saturday, August 21, 1824, the steamboat, named the Chief Jus- tice Marshall, was launched at New York, and on Saturday, March I2, 1825, arrived at the Ferry Street wharf; R. \V. Sherman, captain. About 40 cords of pine wood were consumed to generate steam in her copper boiler sufficient for her passage of sixteen hours, between the two cities A large fly-wheel equalized the movements of her machinery. Describing the appointments of the boat, the Troy Sentinel observed : " Her accommodations are spacious, airy, and neat ; and among the various improvements is a large reading room on the upper deck where the principal newspapers in the Union will be filed. Below is a very convenient ' washing- room,' where water is let in from the river, and bells placed leading to the barbers' and waiters' apartments." The use of pine wood for fuel doubt- less made the washing-room a great convenience for the passengers fre- quenting the upper deck. Shortly after the Chief Justice Mar- shall began to ply between Troy and New York, Samuel Gale, the post- master of the Troy office, received the following request from Postmaster- General John McLean: "I wish you would contract with the captain of the new steamboat to carry letters to New York, as well as the intermediate points from your ofiice, and to bring letters to your office. You can then stipulate to pay three cents for each letter that he carries. In that case the letters will be rated with the ordi- nary letter postage." The first steam ferry-boat began plying at the upper ferry, between West Troy and the city, in July, 1826. In 1844, eight steamboats, ten tow- ing steamboats, twenty-four freight barges, and twenty-seven sailing ves- sels, owned by residents of Troy, were engaged in the transportation of passengers and freight. At that time the offices of the Troy and New York Steamboat Association were in the building, No. 199 River Street. A long passage extended from River Street through the building to a broad flight of steps descending to the steamboat wharf below. The passen- 278 ger trains of the different railroads re- ceived and delivered passengers in front of the building. The Empire Captain Stephen R. Roe, and the Troy' Captain A. Gorham, were then the day- line boats; the Albany, Captain R. B. Macy, and the Swallow. Captain A. McLean, were the night-line boats. (See the writer's contribution in the Troy Daily Times, October 22 1879 for the names of the other steamboats plying on the river from 1812 to 1879 ) Citizens' Steamboat Company of Troy. In the winter of 1871-72 books for the subscription of stock for the establishment of a night-line of boats to ply between Troy and New York were opened in this city. On the evening of January 22, 1872 the stockholders met in the Athemxum Buildmg and elected the first board of directors of the company. The directors afterwards met and elected Captain Charles W. Farnham, presi- dent ; Joseph Cornell, vice-president- and Thomas D. Abrams, secretary and treasurer. On February 19. that year, the articles of association of the com- pany were signed by the directors Capital stock, $250,000; 2,500 shares |ioo each. ' On January 14, that year, the Ihomas Powell and Sunnyside were purchased from Cornell, Horton & Co of Catskill ; the C. Vanderbilt and the Connecticut, which severally had been on the Troy line since 1850 and 1866, were sold and afterward used for towing. After the loss of the Sunnyside, on December 1, 1875 the company determined to bui'ld two boats which, in size and appointments, should surpass any of the boats pre- viously plying between Troy and New Vork. The contract for the construc- tion of one was given to John English & Son, of Greenport. L. I. On Ian uary 2, 1876. the building of the boat was begun, and on April i, she was launched and named the City of Troy On the morning of June 15, that year, she arrived at the steamboat landing, at the foot of Broadway Captain L. D. Deming, formerly of tne C Vanderbilt, commanding her Length. 300 feet ; extreme breadth 70; depth of hold, 10; tonnage, i 650' diameter of engine cylinder, 60 inches- stroke. 12 feet; state rooms, 112 -' ladies cabin berths, 40 ; gentlemen's cabin berths, 210. Previous to the City of Troy taking her place on the line, the Twilight, Captain C. D. Hancox, substituted the Sunnyside. Ihe Saratoga was launched from the yard of John English & Son, on March 26, 1877, and arrived at Troy on June ^3. that year ; Captain T. D. Abrams. of the Ihomas Powell, commanding her. Length. 300 feet ; extreme breadth, 68 ; depth of hold, lo ; ton- nage, 1,550 ; diameter of engine cyl- inder, 56 inches ; stroke, 12 feet - state rooms, 113; ladies' cabin berth's, 40- gentlemen's, 210. The engines of the two boats were made by G W Quin tard of New York. The distance from Troy to New York IS about 156 miles, and is trav- ersed by the boats in 10 hours. They make the passage nightly, except on Saturdays, alternately leaving pier 44 North River, at the foot of Christo- pher Street, at 6 p. m . and the land- ing, at the foot of Broadway, Troy about 7:30 (on Sundays at 6) p. m' Captain Thomas D. Abrams has had the command of the Saratoga since 1877, and Captain G. D. Wolcott that of the City of Troy since 1878. The officers of the company are Joseph Cornell, president ; George W Horton. vice-president; Thomas D.' Abrams. secretary and treasurer; and George W. Gibson, general passenger agent. ** The Belle Horton, built in 1880 IS used by the company for excursions and as a tender to the large boats. 279 Albany and Troy Steamboat Company. Daily line; boats W. M. Whitney and T. G. Sanders. Land- ings, foot of Maiden Lane, Albany, and fool of State Street, Troy. Steam Engines.— William Coutie & Sons, manu- facturers of compound steam engines, Nos. lo to. 14 Front Street, near Fed- eral. The high favor in which Cou- tie's compound steam engines are held by those using them is a public attes- tation of their excellence and ser- viceableness. They embody a sim- plicity of construction and an eco- nomic action which make them pre- ferred to all others for factory work. The high and low pressure engines mJlde by tlie firm disclose in their scientific mechanism the secret of their long popularity. The compound enuine running at the works, made in 1862, is the oldest in America. Wil- liam Coutic engaged in the business in 1850, in the building, on the south- east corner of Mechanic (now Front) and Federal streets, burned in the fire of 1862. That year, he purchased the t^ite of the present establishment, and erected the three-story, brick build- ing, 50 by 60 feet. The firm of Wil- liam Coutie & Sons (William and George), also makes as a specialty tools for stove manufacturers. StephentOWn, one of the towns of Rensselaer County, was erected by the act dividing the counties into towns, passed March 7, 178S. The village of Stephentown, on the Leb- anon Springs Railroad, has a popula- tion of 200. North Stephentown is also a station on the same road. West Stephentown, South Stephen- town, Stephentown Center, and Ste- phentown Flatts are small places in the town. Population of the town: 1790, 6,795 ; iSoo, 4,968 ; 1810, 4,567 ; 1815,2,640; 1820,2,592; 1825,2,703; 1830, 2,716; 1835,2,528; 1840,2,753; 1845,2,548; 1850,2,622; 1855,2,397; 1S60, 2,311; 1S65. 2,026; 1S70, 2,133; 1875,2,047; 1880,1,986. Stone. — Don & McDonald (John Don and John McDonald), cutters of stone- trimmings for buildings, and dealers in brown and Ohio stone, and flagging. Front Street, near Federal. Firm formed in 1882. Stove Dealers — Reardon & Ennis. (John Reardon and George H. Ennis), retail agents for the sale of the Bussey & McLeod Stove Company's stoves and ranges, No. 311 River Street. W. A. Sherman, No. 259 River Street. (See McCarthy Building.) Stove Linings and Fire Brick. Harvey S. McLeod, proprietor of the Troy Stove Linmg and Fire Brick Works, southwest corner of First and Monroe streets. In 1871, after the death of Jacob Henry, who engaged in the manufacture of fire brick in Albany in 1825, the works were es- tablished at tlieir present location. In 1882, Harvey S. McLeod purchased them of Bacon & Henry. By ad- ditions to the other buildings and the erection of new ones, he greatly en- larged the establishment. By a new process in the treatment and manipu- lation of infusible clay, the stove linings and fire brick made by him have obtained a wide popularity with stove manufacturers, not only in Troy and its vicinity but in distant places in the country, especially in the western states. The works have a 281 caya .ily of producing weekly 20,000 tels of stove linings and 10,000 fire brick. The office building is No 357 First Street, immediately south of the w(>jks. The street cars cross Monroe Street, a block east of the establish- ment Fire brick of the best (juality fr,r cupolas, blast furnaces, and boiler settings are also made at the works. Stove Manufacturers. — Stoves were first made in Troy for the trade in 1821. In 1829, those cast at the lwo foundries in the city were valued nt $120,000, In 1855, there were seven foundries employing 670 men, whose annual wages aggregated .^216,000. The value of the 75,000 stoves made by them exceeded $1,000,000. In 1S75, twenty-three stove establish- n ents gave employment to 2,115 workmen, who earned that year $1,715,000. The value of the stoves sold was $4,oi2,ouo. In 1885, about 2,000 persons weie employed in seven foundries, whose wages were estimated to be not less than $1,000,000. The value of the stoves exceeded $2,500,- coo. In perfection of casting, beauty cf design, and scientific construction, the stoves, ranges, and furnaces made in Troy are not surpassed by those manufactured elsewhere. The skill and experience of the employers and the intelligence and enterprise of the manufacturers have always been im- portant factors in the successful com- petition which Troy has maintained in finding markets in all parts of the country for the thousands of stoves sent from her foundries. They have also been sent to distant destinations : England, Germany, Turkey, China, Japan, Australia, Sandwich Islands, the West Indies, and South America. Fuller & Warren Company, Clinton Stove Works, west side of River Street, between Madison and Monroe streets. Tlie buildings of the 37 extensive est.'ddishments cover an area of six acres. In the different de- partments about r,2oo persons arc employed, earning annually $480,000. Not less than 60,000 stoves, ranges, and furnaces are yearly made at the works. They are not only widely sold in the United States, but many are sent to foreign countries. In Chicago, the company's sales-build- ing. No. 56 Lake Street, is a five- story, brick structure. The five-story warehouse, 100 by 150 feet, on the North Pier, was one of three build- ings, ou the north side of the city, which escaped the ravages of the great fire of 1871. The branch house at Cleveland, Ohio, is Nos. 62 and 64 River Street. The principal agencies of the company are at No. 236 Water Street, New York ; No. 44 Union Street, Boston ; northeast cor- ner of Light and Lombard streets, Baltimore ; and No. 1045 Market Street, San Francisco. The site of the Clinton Stove Works has been occupied since 1846 by buildings in which stoves have been made. The greater part of it was purchased Oc- tober 8, 1845, by Johnson & Cox, who first erected a foundry on it. The succeeding firms have been Johnson, Cox, & Fuller, 1850; Cox, Warren, Morrison, & Co., 1854; Fuller, War- ren, & Morrison, 1855 ; Fuller, War- ren, & Co., 1859; and the Fuller & Warren Company, incorporated, De- cember 31, 1 88 1. The officers of the company are Joseph W. Fuller, presi- dent ; Walter P. Warren, vice-presi- dent ; Gurdon G. Wolfe, secretary ; Herbert A. Viets, treasurer ; and A. H. Eaton, superintendent of con- struction. BussEY & McLeod Stove Com- pany, offices, salesrooms, and foun- dry east side of Oakwood Avenue, near its intersection with Tenth Street. Beginning with a small plant in 1863, the works have been extend- /^s«{a "_ ,(" 283 ed over a plat of three acres. The company employs 350 workmen, mak- ing annually 20,000 stoves and melt- ing iSoo tons of iron in the product. The " Gold Coin " and " Gold Medal " stoves and ranges made by the com- pany have high commendation in the United States, east of Illinois. The firm of Bussey, McLeod, & Co., was formed in 1863 by Esek Bussey, Charles A. McLeod, and J. O. Mer- riam. Seveial years later, Rufus Lape was admitted a partner ; the name of the firm being unchanged. After the death of J. O. Merriam and Rufus Lape, the other two members of the firm continued the business until December 30, 1882, when the Bussey & McLeod Stove Company was formed, of which Esek Bussey is president ; Charles A. McLeod, first vice-president ; T. Henry Bussey, second vice-president ; Charles M. Austin, treasurer ; John W. Rorabach, secretary, and L. D. Streeter, super- intendent of construction, BuRDETT, Smith, Sl Co., office and salesrooms No. 253 River Street, Bur- dett Building ; foundry east side of Canal Street, near Vail Avenue. L. Potter & Co., 1853; L. Potter, 1858; Potter & Co., 1859; Potter & Paris, 1862; Burdett, Paris, & Co., 1868; Burdett, Potter, Smith, & Co., 1869; Burdett, Smith, & Co., 1871. Edward A. Burdett and W. Stone Smith formed the present firm in 1883. George W. Swett & Co., office and salesroom. No. 219 River Street; Empire Foundry, northwest and south- west corners of Second and Ida streets. Anson Atwood, 1841 ; Atwood&Cole, 1844; Atwood, Cole, & Crane, 1846; Pease, Keeney, & Co., 1848; Clark, Keeney, & Co., 1850; Felton, Kee- ney, & Co., 185 1 ; Swett, Quimby, & Co., 1852; Swett, Quimby, & Perry, 1867; Swett, Quimby, & Co., 18S3 ; George W. Swett & Co., (Fred. W. Swett), January i, 1886. Co-oi'ERATivE Stove Works, southwest corner of River Street and Glen Avenue. Co-operative Iron Founders' Association, 1866; Troy Co-operative Foundry Company, 1871 ; Co-operative Stove Works of Troy, 1878. Andrew B. Fales, stove works, Nos. 279 and 293 North Third Street. A. M. Stratton. 1835; James Wager, 1839 ; Wager & Dater, 1844 ; Wager & Pratt. 1847 ; Wager, Pratt, cS: Co., 1849 ; Wager, Richmond, & Smith, 1852 ; James Wager, 1855 ; Wager & Fox, 1856; Wager & Fales, i860; Wager, Fales, & Co., 1869; Andrew B. Fales, 1872. Marcus L. Filley, stove manu- facturer, No. 287 River Street. (See Green Island.) BURTis & Mann, stove manufac- turers, office and salesroom, No. 231 River Street ; foundry, (J. Gould & Co.,) southwest corner of North Third and North streets. The firm, (O. F. Burtis and H. R. Mann,) was formed May 29, 1S83. It succeeded to the business of Potter & Co., and of H. S. Church. The Victor Stove Company, manufacturers of stoves. No. 399 River Street. J. C. Henderson & Co.. manu- facturers of the Henderson dome, cone. Lively Times, and wrought iron furnaces, No. 195 River Street. The senior member of the firm, J. C. Hen- derson, became a member of the firm of Shavor, Henderson, & Graff, in 1869 ; Sheldon, Greene, & Co., 1870; Shavor & Henderson, in I S72. Onthe dissolution of the last firm, in 1876, he individually engaged in the manu- facture of his popular furnaces, in ;ai;ii!;iiii:!:iiiii:!:ii5;:iii>iaii;a:;iiitiiiii«i[iiiii[iiiii;!iiiM!i»«:iitii!iBi!;D;iiiiiiiiiiiu 285 which he continued until his son, James A., in April, 1885, became associated with him in the business. Stove Polish Manufacturers. C. W. Hart & Co.. (H. B. Dum- mer,) manufacturers of the funnel- paste stove polish, granite cement, indestructible stove putty, petrified furnace cement, and shine-shine starch polish, Nos. 652 and 654 River Street. Firm formed March i, 1886. Street Railways. — Stages were the first public conveyances to cany passengers between Troy and Lan- singburgh. On April 21, 1789, a stage began running daily from Lan- singburgh through Troy to Albany. The faie for ihe round trip was four shillings. In 1794, another stage was put on the route. In 1831, a line of stages began running half-hourly be- tween Troy and Albany. In October, that year, 12,589 passengers were conveyed between the two places. In 1832, a line of stages began run- ning hourly between Troy and Lan- singburgh. From year to year the number of conveyances was increased to shorten the intervals between their trips. - Troy & Lansingburgh Railroad. Under the act authorizing the forma- tion of railroad companies, passed April 2, 1850, the Troy & Lansing- burgh Railroad Company was organ- ized. The articles of association, » signed August 20, i860, were filed September 6, that year. The pur- pose of the company's organization was to construct, maintain and operate a railroad "from some point in the village of Lansingburgh to some point in the city of Troy." Capital stock, f 100,000; shares, $1,000; each fioo. On August 20, i860, the common council permitted the company to con- struct a single railroad track from the north bounds of the city through River Street to Adams, through Adams to Second, through Second to Greenbush Highway to a point near the bridge across the Wynants Kill. On February 19, 1861, the first offi- cers of the company were elected : Thomas Symonds, president; John A. Griswold, vice-president; Miles Beach, secretary and treasurer; and William Barton, engineer- On Monday after- noon, July 15, that year, the work of constructing the road was begun at the north side of the Union Railroad crossing, on River Street, opposite the Manufacturers' Bank ; William Barton, the engineer, first formally breaking the ground with a pick. On August 16, the collection of tolls at the gate on the plank road, between Troy and Lansingburgh, was discon- tinued. The first car ran on the road on August 29. It was drawn by one horse, and furnished with a fare box. A few days thereafter six cars were running on the road. In November, eighty trips were made daily. The completion of the road, in 1862, was a matter of considerable pride to the people of Troy, it being accomplished before the construction of a street railway in Albany. In the summer of 1862, the road was extended to Waterford. The length of the road, mostly two tracks, from the terminus at the Wynants Kill to the one in Waterford, is 6 j6_i_3_ miles. The cars on the line are painted red. The roads of the Troy & Cohoes, the Lan- singburgh & Cohoes, and the Water- ford & Cohoes railroad companies are leased and operated by the Troy & Lansingburgh Railroad Company. Its depots and stables are at the east side of the Union bridge, Lan- singburgh ; on the north side of the road, on Simmons' Island, Cohoes ; at Nos. 103 and 105 River Street, and on the southwest corner of River 286 and Division streets, Troy. The general office is in the building, No. 205 River Street. The company em- ploys 206 men, owns 95 cars, and 468 horses. In 1885, the company carried on the different lines 5,220,315 pas- sengers. The officers of the company are William Kemp, president; Charles Cleminshaw, vice-president ; and Joseph J. Hagen, secretary and treas- urer. North Troy and Iron Works Line. — On January 2g, 1867. the common council permitted the Troy & Lansingburgh Railroad Company to construct a railroad extending from a point in Vandenburgh Street, in the south part of the city, along Mill Street to intersect the track of the Troy & Lansingburgh Railroad at the Wynants Kill bridge, and to diverge from its track on the Greenbush High- way, passing through Fourth, Con- gress, and Third streets northward to Fulton Street to intersect the Troy & Lansingburgh Railroad track on River Street. Although having pet- mission to extend the line farther northward along King, North Second, Rensselaer, North Third, and Mount streets to the main track on River Street, the company only constructed the road northward as far as the in- tersection of Fulton and River streets. The company operated the road with no little loss of capital from June 29, 1867, to December 30, 1870, when it was abandoned. Troy & Cohoes Railroad. The Troy & Cohoes Railioad Company was organized February 11, 1862. The road extends from River Street, at Bridge Avenue, crossing the Rens- selaer & Saratoga Railroad bridge, run- ning through George and Tibbits streets. Green Island, Saratoga, and Mohawk streets, Cohoes, to the ter- minus, near the intersection of Rem- sen and Mohawk streets. The first car ran on the road, Saturday, Oc- tober 10, 1863. Length of road, 3^ miles. The cars of this line are painted white, and run to Ferry Street, Troy. Lansingburgh & Cohoes Rail- road. This road, constructed in 1880, extends from the intersection of Second Avenue and Twelfth Street, Lansing- burgh, across the Hudson River and Mohawk River bridges and Van Schaick and Simmons islands, through Ontario Street to its intersection with the track of the Troy & Cohoes railroad, on Mohawk Street Cohoes. The cars began running on the road, August 18, 1880. Length, i^Yth "^i'^^. The cars of this line are painted blue, and run from the Iron Works, via Lan- singburgh, to Cohoes. Waterford & Cohoes Railroad. This road extends from the intersec- tion of Remsen and Ontario streets, Cohoes, along Ontario Street to Saratoga Street, thence northward along Saratoga Street, crossing the bridge across the Mohawk River, thence along the Waterford Road to the village, to the terminus of the Troy & Lansingburgh Railroad Com- pany's road. The cars began run- ning on the road, August 20, 1884. Length, ly^oV miles. From the green color of the cars, it is known as the Green Line. Sunday School Union, The Rensselaer County, was organ- ized in 1832 and incorporated in 1883. Its objects as defined in the revised constitution of the union, January 19, i860, are " to concentrate the efforts of friends of Sunday-schools ; to dis- seminate useful information on the subject ; to circulate moral and re- ligious publications, and to establish Sunday-schools wherever it may be deemed practicable and expedient." 287 The society has a May anniversary, and a number of conventions are held each year in different parts of the county. The total enrollment of per- sons belonging to the Sunday-schools in the county in 18S5 was 30,063. The number of persons, between the ages of 5 and 21 years, in the county, not connected with a Sunday-school, was reported to be that year, 18,675, The ofhcers of the society are Lewis E. Gurley, president ; James H. Kel- logg, corresponding secretary ; and J. Spencer Garnsey, treasurer. Tailors, Merchant.— James B. Caldwell, (successor to A. Montague & Co.,) merchant tailor. No. 6 Times Building, northeast cor- ner of Broadway and Third Street. The business was established in 1839 by Bernard Montague, at No. 7 Can- non Place. D.wiD Bastable, merchant tailor, No. I, Troy House, intersection of First and River streets. The business was established by Rundell & Leon- ard, in 1S42, at No. 194 River Street. D. Bastable succeeded to it, Febru- ary I, 1876. Ernest W. Brieger, merchant tailor. No. 67 Third Street, began business in 1874. Theodore A. Byram, merchant tailor, No. 4 Keenan Building, Broad- way. Manny & Hardy, (J. L. Manny and W. D. Hardy,) merchant tailors, No. 36 Third Street. Firm formed March i, 1879. Telegraph OflB.ces — About the middle of the month of June, 1846, the planting of posts for the extension of the wire of the Morse magnetic telegraph line between Troy and Whitehall began in the city. The room on the north side of the base- ment of the Athenaum Building was then rented for the office of the com- pany. Moses Johnson was the first superintendent of the Troy station, who was succeeded on August 7, that year, by William C. Buell. On Fri- day morning, July 24, the first tele- gram sent from Troy was transmitted to Saratoga Springs. On Thursday, August 6, the first message from Troy to Buffalo was telegraphed. On Sep- tember 9, that year, the New York and Buffalo line was used for the first time. On October 6, the first telegram from New York to Troy, via Boston, was received. American District Telegraph Company. Messenger service. Main office. Athenaeum Building, No. 10 First Street ; branch office. No. 371 River Street. Baltimore & Ohio Telegraph Company. Office, No. 278 River Street. Mutual Union Telegraph Com- pany. Office, No. 298 River Street. Western Union Telegraph Com- pany. Office, No. 249 River Street ; branch offices. No. 371 River Street, and Union Railroad Depot. Telephone Company of Troy, Commercial, rooms 29 and 45 Boardman Building, north- east corner of River and Fulton streets. On February 28, 1878, the Troy Telephone Dispatch Company was organized. It began business in an office on the second floor of the building. No. 280 River Street. The articles of association of the Commer- cial Telephone Company of Troy were filed December 30, 1879. First officers: Charles S. Woodruff, M. D., president ; Gardner Earl, secretary ; John F. Porter, treasurer. The com- 288 pany purchased the business, instru- ments, and rights of the Troy Tele- phone Dispatch Company, and occu- pied its office. In May, 1880, the Commercial Company moved to the Boardman Building, occupying rooms on the third and fourth floors. Be- ginning with less than a hundred in- struments, with from five to thirty on the circuit of a single wire, the com- pany with its exchanges now serves more than 1,300 renters of telephones, and has control of 800 miles of wires. The central office is connected with branch offices in West Troy, Cohoes, Waterford, and Lansingburgh, and with more than 200 villages and cities, some of which are more than a hundred miles distant from Troy. Present officers of the company : Gardner Earl, president ; George P. Ide, vice- president ; Abram N. Belcher, secre- tary and treasurer. Temperance Societies.— Diamond Rock Temple of Hon- or, No. 35, meets on the first and third Monday evenings of each month at Temple of Honor Hall, No, 269 River Street. Father Albino's Temperance Society meets on Friday evenings in St. Peter's school-room. Father Matthew Parent, T. A. B. Society, No. i, meets in Tem- perance Hall, St. Mary's Avenue. Iron Works Division, No. 52, Sons of Temperance, meets on Satur- day evenings at Mechanics' Hall, Iron Works. Troy Christian Temperance Union, meets on Sunday afternoons and on Tuesday evenings at its rooms in the building, Nos. 386 and 388 River Street. Young Men's Father Matthew T. A. B. Society, No. 2, meets on Tuesday evening in St. Mary's Church. Templars, Independent Or- der of Good,— Phoenix Lodge, No. 300, meets on Friday evening, in Orange Hall, No. 9 First Street. Progressive Lodge, No. 161, meets on Wednesday evening, in Ran- ken Hall, Albia. Templars of Temperance, Royal.— Trojan Council, No. 135, meets on the first Tuesday evening of each month at No. 273 River Street. E. H. Abbott Council meets in Temple of Honor Hall, on the first and third Wednesday evenings of each month. James A. Garfield Council, No. 161, meets on the second and third Wednesday evenings of each month, in Mechanics' Hall, Iron Works. Tibbits' Cadets, 21st Separate (Infantry) Company. N. G. S. N. Y., was organized in February, 1877, and on Thursday evening, March i, that year, was mustered in as the Seventh Separate Company, N. G. S. N. Y., at the old State Armory, on River Street, by Major George H. Otis; 112 men comprising the company. First offi- cers : Jacob H. Patten, captain ; John Mearns, first lieutenant ; John E. Sharp, second lieutenant. The com- pany's quarters in the armory, on the southeast corner of Ferry and River streets, are rooms 4, 5, and 6, on the first floor, east side of the hall. Pres- ent officers : Samuel Foster, captain ; Lawrence Buckley, first lieutenant ; Merrill Dunspaugh, second lieutenant. Tibbits' Veteran Corps, 12th Separate (Infantry) Company, N. G. S. N. v., was organized on Monday evening, March 20, 1876, at Pythian 289 Castle, State Street. The company was composed of soldiers who had served in the late civil war, and, at the time of the organization of the corps, were members of Post George L. Willard, No. 34, G. A. R. Hav- ing taken its name in honor of Briga- dier-General William B. Tibbits, the corps, on its first public parade, May 30, that year, was presented with a stand of colors by him. First offi- cers : Joseph Egolf, commander ; I. Seymour Scott, first vice-commander ; Timothy Quinn, second vice-com- mander. In December, 1884, the corps ceased to exist. Theatres. — (See Grand Cen- tral Theatre, Griswold Opera House. Rand's Opera House.) Tide at Troy.— The tides in the Hudson River are not directly produced by the influence of the sun and moon. They are derivative tides ; parts of great tide waves of the Atlan- tic flowing along the slightly inclined bed of the river. They ascend the river to the state dam, in front of the ,city, distant 175 miles from the ocean. On November 17, 1S77, Lieut. J. H. Willard, U. S. Engineers, furnished the writer with the following tide memoranda : The mid-tide difference of water level between Albany and Governor's Is- land is 2.61 feet. The mean rise and fall of tide at Governor's Island is 4.38 feet. The mean rise and fall of tide at Albany is 2.32 feet. The mean high water level at Al- bany is 1.58 feet above that at Gov- ernor's Island. The mean low water level at Al- bany is 3.64 feet above that at Gov- ernor's Island. The mean rise and fall of tide at South Troy (Iron Works) is 1.92 feet. 38 The mean high water level at South Troy is 1. 73 feet above that at Gov- ernor's Island. The mean low water level at South Troy is 4.16 feet above that at Gov- ernor's Island. Tobacconists and Cigar Man- ufacturers. FiTZPATRiCK & Draper, manufac- turers ■ of fine Havana and other cigars, and wholesale dealers in leaf and manufactured tobacco, Nos. 286 River Street and 9 and 11 Third Street. The members of this well- known firm, Philip Fitzpatrick and Frederick E. Draper, formed the part- nership. September 8, 1869, and en- gaged in the business at No. 286 River Street. Requiring more space for the transaction of their large busi- ness, they extended their shipping de- partment, in February, 1881, to Third Street. Their cigar manufactory is a five-story, brick building, near the northeast corner of Front and Grand Division streets. William A. Lent & Co., (William A. Lent and Richard T. Black) wholesale tobacconists and cigar man- ufacturers. Golden Age Cigar Man- ufactory, No. 310 River Street. Es- tablished in 1877. Little & Company, (Samuel Lit- tle and C. H. Harden), cigar manu- facturers and dealers in tobacco, No. 341 River Street. Established by S. Little in 1862. Transportation Lines.— Merchants' Dispatch Transpor- tation Company, A. H. Purdy, agent. No. 215 River Street. Murray's Line, (old line of Troy barges), ship daily from pier 6, East River, New York, and foot of State Street, Troy ; Murray & Birge, pro- prietors. Edward F. Murray. No. 390 igi River Street, Troy; John T. Birge, 19 Coenties Slip, New York. Philadelphia, Albany and Troy Line, regular steam and inland route via canal. Edward F. Murray, agent. No. 191 River Street. Western Transit Company, A. H. Purdy, agent. No, 215 River Street. Tricycles and Bicycles.— Fred. P. Edmans, tricycles, bicy- cles and their sundries. No. 606 King Street, near River Street. Es- tablished 1881. Trojan Wheelmen, organized 1886, meet first Wednesday of each month. Headquarters, Fulton Mar- ket Hall. C. E. Betts, president; R. C. Marshall, secretary; C. E. Wilson, treasurer. Troy. — When the first emigrants from the New England states began settling on the Upper Hudson, the land between the Poesten and Pisca- wen kills was the property of three Dutch farmers. Matthias Van der Heyden owned the south part of it, lying between the Poesten Kill and Division Street ; Jacob D. Van der Heyden, the middle, between Division and Grand Division streets ; and Jacob I. Van der Heyden, the north, between Grand Division Street and the Piscawen Kill, a small stream run- ning to the river north of Mount Olympus. The ferry between the middle farm and Steene Hoeck, (Stony Point), op- posite, on the west side of the river, had been in the possession of the Van der Heyden family from the year 1707, (see page 2), and had long borne the name of Van der Heyden's Ferry. From it, the site of Troy derived its early name. Ferry Hook. Jacob I. Van der Heyden's farm- house was a brick building, erected in 1756, on the east side of the River Road, (now River Street), a short dis- tance north of the Hoosick Road, (now Hoosick Street). It now forms a part of the residence of Samuel Clexton, No. 548 Kiver Street. Jacob D. Van der Heyden, the pa- troon, as he was called by the first set- tlers, lived at the southeast corner of Feiry and River streets, in a wooden building, until about the year 1794, when he occupied his new brick man- sion, near the southwest corner of Grand Division and Eighth streets, burned in the fire of May 10, 1862. Matthias Van der Heyden's farm- house was a two-story, wooden build ing, standing near the intersection of Second and Division streets. In 1786, he rented his brick building, erected in 1752, on the east side of the River Road, to Captain Stephen Ashley, who opened it as an inn. The work of demolishing this quaint landmark, on the southeast corner of River and Division streets, was begun on Mon- day, June 28, 1886. Derick, or Dirk Van der Heyden, the father of Matthias, Dirk or Dick, and Abraham, lived on the southeast corner of the alley, on the south side of Division Street, between First and Second streets. His son. Dirk, or " Moogen Dick," as he was called, lived at the head of Liberty Street, on the western side of Mount Ida. Abraham Van der Heyden lived on the southeast corner of Liberty and River streets. South of the Poesten Kill was the farm of Stephen I. Schuyler, who, on May 28, 1771, purchased the property, formerly known as the " Poesten Bow- erij," from Sarah Maginnis, the widow of Teddy Maginnis. The Schuyler homestead stood for many years near the southwest corner of First and Madison streets. 292 The farm of Jan Van Buren ex- tended from the Schuyler farm to the nortli bank of the Wynants Kill. Among the first of the New Eng- land people to settle on the site of Troy was Benjamin Thurber, who, about the year 1786, leased a plat of ground, on the west side of the River Road, from Jacob I. Van der Heyden, and erected on it a small building. On June 4, 1787, the following adver- tisement appeared in the Northern Centinel, published at Lansingburgh : " Benjamin Thurber Hereby ac- quaints the Public that he continues to sort his New Cash Store, at the Sign of the Bunch of Grapes, at the Fork of Hoosick Road, near Jacob Vanderheyden's, with East. West India, and European Goods of all kinds. For which he will receive, in lieu of Cash, black salts. Shipping Furs, Wheat, Corn, Rye, Butter, Cheese, Flax and Flax Seed, Tallow, Hog's lard, Gammons, Pork, Bees'- Wax, and old Pewter. He also con- tinues to receive ashes, as usual, to supply his new erected Pot and Pearl Ash factory, and will pearl black Salts in the best manner on equitable Terms ; and also will give the highest Price for black Salts. " N. B. A number of New French Muskets for sale at the above store." In November, 17S6, Benjamin Co- vell, from Providence, R. I., began merchandising at Ferry Hook, and in the following year, Samuel Gale, M. D., from Killingworth, Conn., the practice of medicine in the new settle- ment. In the spring of 1787, Flores Bancker was employed by Jacob D. Van der Heyden to survey and plat out a part of his farm for the site of a village. "It was, with a foresight not always observed, laid out with a view of its ultimately being a place of considerable magnitude ; and Phila- delphia, with its regular squares and rectangular streets, was selected as its model, by the advice of a gentleman who had made a then rare visit to that celebrated city." Elkanah Watson, in 1788, thus de- scribed Ashley's Ferry ; so called on account of Captain Stephen Ashley having leased the ferry privilege at Ferry Hook : "On the east side of the river, at this point, a new town has been recently laid out, named Van- derheyden. This place is situated precisely at the head of navigation on the Hudson. Several bold and enter- prising adventurers have already set- tle! here ; a number of capacious warehouses and several dwellings are already erected. It is favorably situated in reference to the important and growing trade of Vermont and Massachusetts ; and I believe it not only bids fair to be a serious thorn in the side of New City, [Lansingburgh], but in the issue a fatal rival. I think Vanderheyden must, from its more eligible position, attain ultimate as- cendancy." On Monday evening, January 5, 1789, the name Troy was given to the little hamlet. The following an- nouncement of the action of the peo- ple of the place was published in the newspapers of Lansingburgh and Al- bany : " To THE PUBLIC. — This evening the freeholders of the place lately known by the name of Vanderhey- den's or Ashley's Ferry, situated on the east bank of Hudson's River, about seven miles above Albany, met for the purpose of establishing a name for said place, when by a majority of voices it was confirmed that in future it should be called and known by the name of Troy. From its present im- proved state, and the yet more pleas- ing prospect of its popularity arising from the natural advantages in the mercantile line, it may not be too sanguine to expect, at no very distant S94 period, to see Troy as famous for her trade and navigation as many of our first towns. Troy, January 5, 1789." By "an act to appoint trustees to take and hold certain lands therein mentioned," passed by the legislature, March 25, 1794, Jacob D. Van der Heyden, Benjamin Covell, Anthony Goodspeed, John Pease, Ephraim Morgan, Christopher Hutton, and Samuel Gale were declared to be the first trustees of that part of the town of Troy between the Poesten Kill and Meadow Creek, (a stream emptying into the river a little north of the Hoosick Road), and the Hudson and a line about a half mile eastward of it. By the act, passed February 6, 1798, the place was incorporated under the name of the village of Troy, The power of levying taxes was reserved to the vote of the people. The following observations respect- ing the growth of the village appeared in 1800 in the weekly newspaper: " It will be sufficient for us to observe that fifteen years ago there were in this village (now comprising some- what more than a mile square) but two dwelling houses, and probably not more than fifteen inhabitants, and that at the present time it contains about 300 dwelling houses (independ- ent of stores, etc.,) and 1,802 inhab- itants. A population so rapid has, we believe, but seldom been witnessed in the United States." On April 2, 1801, additional power was granted the trustees, and on March 3, 1803. they were invested with certain other rights. By the act passed April 4, 1806, the village was divided into four wards, and four trus- tees were elected to represent the peo- ple in them. In 1805, boards bearing the names of the streets were placed on corner buildings. In June, 1806, the village was de- scribed at no little length in the col- umns of the Troy Gazette: " The buildings are chiefly situated in River, First, Second, and Third streets. * * * Fourth Street already contains several buildings, * * * several new and good buildings are soon to be put up there, as the lots are taken up and considered very valua- ble. Fifth Street has but few houses as yet ; and but few of the lots in Sixth Street are taken up. The vil- lage lots were mostly laid out one hundred and forty feet deep, and fifty feet front on the streets, running north and south ; an alley twenty feet wide separates them in the rear. Six hun- dred and eight lots are already laid out on the estate of Jacob D. Van der Heyden, and several more on the land farther south." John Lambert, an English traveller, in 1807 thus wrote respecting the ap- pearance of the village : " Troy is a well built town, consisting chiefly of one street of handsome red brick houses, upwards of a mile and a half in length. There are two or three short streets which branch off from the main one ; but it is in the latter [River Street] that all the principal stores, warehouses and shops are sit- uated. It also contains several excel- lent inns and taverns. The houses are all new and lofty and built with much taste and simplicity. * * * The deep red brick, well pointed, gives the buildings an air of neatness and cleanliness seldom met with in old towns The trade which Troy has opened with the new settlements to the northward, through the states of New York and Vermont, as far as Canada, is very extensive, and in another twenty years it promises to rival the old established city of Albany. Its prosperity is indeed al- ready looked upon with an eye of jeal- ousy by the people of the latter place." In 1815, the population of the vil- lage had increased to 4,254. 295 On April 12, 1816, the legislature passed the act making the village a city and incorporating " the mayor, recorder, aldermen and commonalty of the city of Troy." The first char- ter election was held on Tuesday, May 14, that year, in the six wards of the city. The following persons were elected aldermen : First ward, George Allen ; assistant, Amos Salisbury ; second ward, Hugh Peebles ; assist- ant, John Loudon; third ward, Town- send McCoun ; assistant, Gurdon Corning ; fourth ward, Stephen Ross ; assistant, Henry Mallory ; fifth ward, Lemuel Hawley ; sixth ward, Philip Hart, jr. The governor and council of appointment of the state of New York appointed Albert Pawling, mayor, and William L. Marcy, re- corder. In 1824, there were 991 buildings within the limits of the city. Pave- ments were making along the differ- ent streets, but street lamps had not yet been placed in them. In 1825, the population had increased to 7,859. Sixty-six sloops, tonnage 4,489, were owned that year by people in Troy. The commodities shipped that year from the city were valued at $2,500.- 000. In 1826, the resident ministers of churches numbered 5, the physi- cians 12, and the lawyers 31. In 1829, River Street was paved for the first time. That year, numbers were placed on the doors of buildings in the city, and the first directory was published. A correspondent of a popular New York newspaper thus spoke of the city and its inhabitants in 1835: " There is something remarkable in the character of the people. No mat- ter where they come from, or what have been their previous habits, the moment they become residents of this place, they are Trojans. They not only look well to their own individual interests, but imbibe the same spirit of enterprise which they find prevailing, and unite as one man in sustaining the interests and advancing the pros- perity of Troy. It is in fact a sort of community by itself — like Lubec or Hamburg, or any other of the free cities of the ancient Hanseatic league, belonging to the confederacy, it is true, but always minding the main chance for itself. Hence, when any project for the benefit of the town is started, so its feasibility is apparent, there are no bickerings, or jealousies, or rivalships, or long debates. The people go to work and do it. So if any other city or town in the vicinity commences an enterprise of its own, if by possibility it can conflict with the interests of Troy, or give her real or fancied rivals an advantage over it, the Trojans are awake in an instant, and some countervailing project is undertaken, or some original measure projected, whereby they can rather more than sustain themselves in the race of competition. No sooner, for instance, had the steamboat monopoly been broken up by the Supreme Court, and Albany placed a line of steamboats upon the river of her own, than Troy did the same. When a railroad brought the valley of the Mo- hawk within an hour's distance from Albany, Troy united herself with Ver- mont by the process of Macadam. * * * At last, though not least, a railroad having in effect brought the Ballston and Saratoga health springs within two hours of Albany, another railrt)ad brings the same fountains within an hour and a half of Troy. * * * They know and feel that their interests are identified with those of the city, and in whatever way the latter is benefited, they read- ily perceive their own general advant- age. The fruits of this policy, and the entire unanimity with which they act in regard to all matters of profit and loss, are at this time most evident 296 in the flourishing condition of the town." The city, centrally in N. Lat. 42^ 43' 50" and E. Long. 3"^ 21' 45", is on the east bank of the Hudson and opposite the villages of West Troy and Green Island. The river in front of the city is about 700 feet wide. The length of the city is about 3I miles ; bounded on the north by the village of Lansingburgh, and on the south by the town of North Greenbush. Its average width, between the river and the town of Brunswick on the east, is about one mile. The long alluvial plain on which is the most compactly built part of the city, is about a half mile wide ; the accliv- ity of the eastern high land rising to a height varying from 200 to 250 feet. The Poesten Kill, a narrow stream, has a descent within the limits of the city of 230 feet, and fur- nishes considerable power to the mills and factories on its banks. The Wynants Kill, entering the city at Albia and flowing into the river near the south boundary of the city, is also valued for its water power. The state dam across the Hudson, between Troy and Green Island, 1,100 feet long, built in 1823, at a cost of $92,000, to make the Hudson naviga- ble to Waterford for sloops and canal boats, feeds the hydraulic canal, at Canal Street, near the mouth of the Piscawen Kill, with a valuable head of water, utilized by a number of large mills built between the canal and the river. The principal thoroughfares are paved with granite and blue stone. The streets are commonly sixty feet wide. The building blocks in the oldest part of the city were laid out 400 by 280 feet, intersected by alleys. The sidewalks are either smoothly flagged or evenly paved with brick. Elms and other large trees amply shade them in summer. The resi- dences of some of the wealthiest peo- ple are faced with brown stone. Some of the most attractive buildings are of brick. The number of frame dwellings does not exceed those built of brick. In less than a century Troy has ac- quired a population of nearly 70.000. The present inhabitants of West Troy, Green Island, Cohoes, Waterford, and Lansingburgh, in its immediate vi- cinity, would probably augment the number to 120,000. Troy Belting and Supply Company, Nos. 550 to 554 Fulton Street, are manufacturers of a superior quality of oak-tanned leather belting and dealers in all kinds of manufac- turers' supplies, fire, factory, and street hose, steam and power pumps, injectors and ejectors, iron pipe and fittings, paper and twine, rubber goods, steam and water packing, lace leather and belt hooks, oils, oilers, and oil tanks, saws and files. The Troy Belting and Supply Company, of which T. E. Kenyon is president, C. E. Wright, vice-president, and W. H. Kincaid, secretary and treasurer, assumed its present name by permis- sion of the Supreme Court, on May 8, 1886, having been incorporated De- cember 15. 1883, under the name of The J. LeRoy Pine Company. The business was begun in 1867, at No. 510 Fulton Street, by J. LeRoy Pine and Theodore F. Barnum, under the firm-name of Pine & Barnum. In 1870, the firm occupied the lower part of the building. No. 552 Fulton Street, On the dissolution of the fiim, in 1S77, J. LeRoy Pine con- tinued the business at the same place until he was succeeded by the J. Le- Roy Pine Company in 1884. Troy Bicycle Club, organized November 4, 18S1, purchased the 297 spacious Coliseum Building, on the south side of Federal Street, between Sixth and Eighth streets, in the early part of iS86, and fitted it for the pur- poses of the association. The club- house, built of brick, has a frontage of g3 feet and a depth of loi feet. The riding room, adjacent the club- parlors, is 80 by 100 feet. The offi- cers are Robley D. Cook, piesident; Henry I. Seymour, at 171 River Street. His successors were Taylor, Seymour, & Co., southwest corner of Erie and Auburn streets, West Troy, 1854 ; Henry I. Seymour & Co., 1S59; H, I. Seymour, 1864; H, I. Seymour Chair Manufactory, 1871 ; Seymour Chair Company, 1878; The Troy Chair Company, foimed by George O. Callin and George R. Collins, August TROY BICYCLE CLUB HOUSE. George R. Collins, vice-president ; H. Robbins Church, secretary; and Frederick H. Norris, treasurer. Troy Chair Company, office Troy, factory at North Hooaick, manu- factures chairs, children's carriages, wagons, sleds, velocipedes, bicycles, tricycles, and fancy wood work. The business was begun in 1851, by 39 6, 1885 ; the factory then being on the site mentioned in West Troy. Troy Choral Union, organized March 26, 1879, as the Choral Union of the Second Presbyterian Church, incorporated November 9, 1885, under its present name, meets on Mon- day evenings in Association Hall, Atheneeum Building, No. 10 First 298 Street. John Clatworthy, president ; A. W. Harrington, jr., secretary and treasurer ; J. E. Van Olinda, con- ductor. Troy Citizens' Corps, Sixth Separate (Infantry) Company, N. G. S. N. Y., was originally an independent military organization, formed on Wed- nesday evening, September 23, 1835. Several days before its organization public notice was given requesting "those persons who had associated themselves for the purpose of doing military duty based upon the same principles as the Albany Burgesses' Corps," and those spoken to on the subject^ of joining the company to meet that evening at the Assembly Rooms of the Troy House, where the organization of the corps was effected. The first officers elected were Thomas Turner, captain ; Alfred H. Pierce, first, Erastus F. Brigham, second, and Lewis Lyons, third lieutenant. The corp's first drill-room wns in the building on the corner of Second and River streets. The company, greatly reduced by the enlistment of many of its members in the service of the United States government during the civil war, disbanded in 1864. Captains : Thomas Turner, 1835 ; Alfred H. Pierce, 1S36-47; John S. Van Schaick, 1848; John H. Whit- lock, 1849; J. M.Warren Jones, 1S50; Alfred H. Pierce, 1851 ; J. M. War- ren Jones, 1852 ; Alfred H. Pierce, 1853 ; Richard C. Barton, 1854-56 ; Edwin D. Blanchard, 1857-5S ; Ham- ilton L. Shields, 1859-60 ; George F. Sims, 1 861 64. The remarkable prestige of the first corps as a body of citizen soldiery led to the organization of the present Citizens' Corps, on Wednesday eve- ning, November 29, 1876, in the Troy Vocal Society's room, in Green's Building, on the southeast corner of Broadway and Fourth Street. On January 12, 1877, James W. Cusack was elected captain, Walter P. Warren first, Ezra R. Vail second, and LeGrand C. Cramer, third lieutenant. Hav- ing been designated the 6th Separate Company, N. G. S. N. Y., on Febru- ary 3, that year, the corps was mus- tered in at the old armory on Tues- day evening, February 20, by Major George H. Otis, of Brig. Gen. Alon- zo Alden's staff. On Tuesday even- ing, May 15, E. Thompson Gale pre- sented the corps with a stand of col- ors, in memory of his son, Alfred de Forest Gale. The corps made its first public parade on May 30. On De- cember 8, the designation, 20th Sepa- rate Company, N. G. S. N. Y,, was given the corps. On February 4, 1878, it was changed to that of the 6th Separate Company. The corps' quarters are in rooms 7, 8 and 9, on the second floor of the new armory. The Old Guard of the Citizens' Corps, organized July 25, 1879, has its quar- ters on the third floor of the new armory. Present officers of the Troy Citizens' Corps : James W. Cusack, captain ; James L. Thompson, first, George D. Smith, second, John H. Tupper, third lieutenant ; Wait H. Stillman, first sergeant ; Elias P. Mann, quar- termaster's sergeant ; Isaac F. Handy, company clerk. Francis N, Mann, jr., president ; Seymour Van Santvoord, vice-presi- dent; Fred. F. Buell, secretary ; Philip F. Vanderheyden, treasurer. Present officers of the Old Guard : J. L. Russell, captain ; O. S. Ingram, first lieutenant ; C. W. Tillinghast, president ; Robert W. Hunt, vice- president; O. S. Ingram, secretary and treasurer. Troy City Mantel Company, manufacturers of slate mantels, furni- ture tops, bracket-shelves, and toilet vessels. No. 652 River Street. Organ- ized, 1880. 300 Troy Club, organized November 27, 1867, purchased its club-house, on the northwest corner of Second and Congress streets, December 14, that year. First officers : Jonas C. Hearft, president ; E. Thompson Gale, vice- president ; Thomas Buckley, secreta- ry ; Samuel M.Vail, treasurer. Present officers : E. Thompson Gale, presi- dent; Walter P. Warren, vice-presi- dent ; John Clatworthy, secretary ; D. W. Ford, treasurer. Troy Commercial College, McCreary & Shields, proprietors, No. 13 Third Street, entered on its wide- ly-known educational career in 1865. Then named Bryant, Stratton & Fol- som's Commercial College, the school was opened in Young's Building, Nos. 8 & 9 First Street ; C. E. Hollenbeck, resident principal. It began its exist- ence as a branch of the extensive sys- tem of commercial schools then re- cently established in different cities of the United States. John R. Carnell became principal of the college in 1867. On April 12, 1871, it was incor- porated by the legislature as The Troy Commercial College. In 1872, it was moved from Young's Building to the Troy Times Building. Harri- son B. McCreary and Thomas H. Shields acquired the direction of its affairs on May i, 1876. After the fire in the Times Building, February 10, 1878, the sessions of the school were conducted in the building, No. 267 River Street. On May i, that year, the school was moved to Kennedy Hall, No. 13 Third Street, where in the suitably furnished rooms of a large building hundreds of young men and women are excellently educated to en- gage in commercial and mercantile pursuits. The course includes stenog- raphy, telegraphy and typewriting. of galvanized iron cornices, window caps, bay windows, and ornamental work. No. 311 River Street. Troy Deaf Mute Literary Club meets every Saturday, except in June, July and August, in St. Paul's Guild room. W. T. Collins, president ; James M. Witbeck, secre- tary ; James C. Ritter. treasurer. Troy Pile Works, east side of Congress Street, Ida Hill, Johnson & White, proprietors, manufacturers of hand-cut files, and re-cutters of all kinds of old files. The firm was formed by W. Irving Johnson and Henry White, April 13, 1885. Works established in 1831. Troy Fuel- Gas Company, works No. 405 and 407 River Street, established in 1886. Troy Hospital, on the east side of Eighth Street, opposite Fulton Street, a large, four-story, brick build- ing, was erected in 1868. The corner- stone was laid on Sunday afternoon, June 28, that year, by the Right Rev. Bishop Conroy. That of the old Troy Hospital, on the southwest cor- ner of Washington and Fifth streets, was laid by General John E. Wool, August 15, 1849. (See St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum.) The hospital is in charge of Sisters of Charity. Troy Cornice Works. — Rkaruon & Ennis, manufacturers Troy House, L. Collins & Co., several connected, large, five-story buildings, on the east side of First Street, at its intersection with River Street, is one of the most popular and best conducted hotels in the city. As early as 1791, the shop of James Wardwell, a blacksmith, was on its site. On May r, 1794, he purchased of Jacob D. Van der Heyden the lot 301 on which, in T805, was the public- house then known as Titus' Inn, opened by Piatt Titus, who conducted it until his death, April 30, 1833; he having been its keeper "for nearly thirty years," as was mentioned in the obituary at the time of his decease. The succeeding landlords were Archi- bald Kidd, 1833 ; Andrew Watrous, 1838; Coleman & Rogers, (Charles S. April I, 1885 ; L. Collins & Co., (Lu- cius Collins and Charles O'Brien) July I, 18S5. The smaller building in the engrav- ing represents the original inn first kept by Piatt Titus. On the fourth story of the larger building was St. John's Hall, in which, from February, 1824, to March, 1834, the different Masonic organizations in the city met. TROY HOUSE, 1824. Coleman and Charles M. Rogers,) 1845; Charles S. Coleman, 1847; closed 1854 and 1855 : John Van Ar- num, 1856 ; Charles H. Jones, 1857 ; Newman W. Taylor, 1S74 ; James W. Stearns, 1875 ; H. W. Stearns, 1877; Benjamin F. Stiles, 1879; Jan- vrin & Gillis, (L. H. Janvrin and G. H. Gillis), 1881 ; Collins & Par- ris, (Lucius Collins and J. J. Parris,) In 1855, the property was purchased by The Troy House Association. The association then renovated, en- larged, and refurnished the connected buildings. From 1835 to 1S53, the different railroads had a common ter- minus in River Street, opposite the Troy House. The different lines of street cars now pass it. 302 Troy Hydraulic Company, incorporated April 15, 1826. Canal, west side of River Street, and south of Canal Street. Oliver Boutvifell, president ; A. M. Orr, secretary and treasurer. Troy Malleable Iron Com- pany. — The different buildings of the company's large establishment are on the east and west sides of Four- teenth Street, between Marshall and Christie streets. The company was incorporated on May i, 1884. Its niture of stoves, pokers, grate-shakers, lid-lifters, door knobs and keys ; also horse-car, carriage and harness hard- ware, fire engine appendages. The company also manufactures such spe- cialties as powder pulverizing balls, semi-steel fire pots, wheel-barrow wheels, tin and japan-ware fixtures. The company also furnishes supplies to manufacturers of iron safes. The founders of the works were George Harrison and William Knight, who, in 1850, formed the firm of Knight & Harrison, and that year «etr=*F •^'t' ] ~i,;«' ■A-ii- ' TROY MALI.EAIJLE IRON WORKS. present officers are William A. Grip- pin, president ; William Sleicher, jr., vice-president and general manager ; and Edwin Veghte, secretary and treasurer. The business of the com- pany embraces the manufacture of such refined malleable iron castings as belong to railroad cars and locomo- tives, draw-bars or buffers, box-covers, seat-arms and other work ; also such parts of agricultural machinery and implements as are attached to plows, drills, reapers, mowers, threshers, hoes and shovels ; also parts of the fur- built a foundry, twenty-five by eighty feet, on the northeast corner of Four- teenth and Marshall streets. In 1854, E. Warren Paine became a partner, the firm taking the name of Knight, Harrison, & Paine. On the with- drawal of E. Warren Paine, John W. Paine was admitted a member of the firm, which did not change its name. The firm was succeeded, in 1865, by that of Harrison, Kellogg, and Co. ; George Harrison, James H. Kellogg, and John Dunn being the members of the new firm. In 1869, by the with- 303 drawal of the latter partner, the other two members of the firm, under the name of Harrison & Kellogg, suc- ceeded to the business. On August i, iSSi, William Sleicher, jr., William A. Grippin, and Waldo K. Chase, having purchased the good-will and interest of Harrison & Kellogg in the business, the former, under the name of the Troy Malleable Iron Company, continued in its management until May I, 1884, when the present com- pany was incorporated. Troy Pottery and Sewer Pipe Company, Carpenter & Ball, stone-ware manufacturers and wholesale dealers in Rockingham, white, and yellow wares, sewer pipe, drain tile, chimney tops, terra cotta and ornamental tiles, No. 102 Ferry Street. The company was formed by Ira H. Carpenter and C. H. Ball, September i, 1885. On the site of of the establishment, John Gifford began manufacturing stone and earthen ware about 1804. Subsequently he and Josiah Chapman, two prominent Friends, became associated in the business. They resided in the house adjoining the pottery, and in this building, previous to the use of the meeting-house, on the southwest cor- ner of Fourth and State streets, in 1806, the Friends sometimes held their meetings. On the dissolution of the partnership, Josiah Chapman continued in the business until he was succeded by Israel Seymour. His successors were Walter J. Seymour, 1852; Thompson & Tyler, (William Thompson and Isaac Tyler,) 1858 ; Tyler & Co., (Isaac Tyler and Fred- erick Wetmore, 1859 ; Walter J. Sey- mour, 1861 ; Carpenter & Ball, 1885. Troy Railroad Young Men's Christian Association. The first meeting initiating the work of the Young Men's Christian Association among the employes of the different railroad companies whose roads enter the city was held at the Union Depot, November 6, 1880. Addresses were de- livered by Edwin D. Ingersoll, inter- national secretary, and other persons. A number of railroad officials and some prominent members of different churches in the city having become interested in the work, the Troy Rail- road Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation was organized in December, 18S0, A reading-room was opened in the south part of the depot, and re- ligious services were held on .Sunday afternoons in the waiting-rooms of the New York Central Railroad Com- pany. A sum exceeding $4,000 hav- ing been contributed for the erection of a suitable building for the use of the association, Theodore Voorhees, Lewis E. Gurley and Jose;'h De- Golyer were appointed, in July, 1882, a l)uilding committee. On July 24, the work of excava'.ing for the foun- dations of the building was begun on the plat of ground on the northwest corner of the alley, north side of Broadway, between the depot and Seventh Street. On Tuesday even- ing, December 19, the attractive build- ing was formally occupied. The in- terior is admirably arranged with offices, parlors, library, reading and assembly rooms on the first and second floors. The cost of the building, in- cluding its furniture, was about $10,- 000; $2,000 having been contributed by the railroad companies and $5 000 by citizens of Troy, leaving an unpaid debt of $3,000. About 1,000 vol- umes are contained in the library. Present officers : Theodore Voorhees, president ; Joseph Crandall, vice-presi- dent ; Charles A. Nimmo, secretary ; J. W. A. Cluett, treasurer ; Alexander Munro, general secretary ; Lewis E. Gurley, chairman of finance com- mittee. T. R. R, YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. 805 Troy Scientific Association, organized October, 1870, incorporated December, 1874. R. H. Ward, M. D., president ; J. W. A. Cluett, first vice-president; A. M. Wright, M. D., second vice-president ; George H. En- nis, corresponding secretary ; Joseph McKay, recording secretary and treas- urer. Microscope section : R. 11. Ward, M. D., chairman ; C. E. Hana- man, secretary and treasurer. Troy Steel and Iron Com- pany — A capital of $2,500,000, buildings to cover the area of a par- allelogram three-fourths of a mile long by one-fourth of a mile wide, employment for three thousand men, annual amount of wages $1,500,000, coal required 100,000 tons, capacity to produce yearly steel rails to track a road extending from Troy to Chicago, are in part particulars sufficient to in- dicate the magnitude of the corpora- lion's business. The furnaces, facto- ries, forges, mills, and offices of the company's extensive works in the south part of the city have had differ- ent names given them by former pos- sessors. The first site within the present limits of the city selected for the erection of the buildings of an iron manufacturing company was on the banks of the Wynants Kill, which took its name from Wynant Gerritse Van der Poel, who purchased, on Oc- tober 18, 1674, Pieter Van Woggel- um's saw-mill, built on the stream by one of the early Dutch settlers of F ensselaerswyck. In 17S9, David De- fieest, or De Forest, as the name was t)ien written, erected a fulling mill on t'ne north bank of the creek, not far east of the present iion bridge near the terminus of the street railway. In 1807, John Brinkerhoff of Albany built on the site of tlie mill a nail fac- tory, which, in 1824, contained "11 cutting and heading machines." In 1826, Erastus Corning of Albany pur- chased the factory for $5,280, and named it The Albany Nail Factory. He and John T. Norton, having formed a partnership under the name of Norton & Corning, appointed Thomas Tur- ner, jr., superintendent of the estab- lishment. In the Troy Directory of 1830 is this description of it : "Albany Nail Factory, Thomas Turner, jr., agent, drives 12 cut nail machines, and during the year ending April I, 1830, rolled 825 tons of iron, of which 450 tons were cut into nails, and 375 tons were for other uses ; it employs an average of 32 men con- stantly." On the dissolution of the firm of Norton & Corning, James Horner became a partner of Erastus Corning. In 1838, John F. Winslow having associated with them, the firm took the name of Corning, Horner, & Winslow. The establishment was then called the Albany Iron Works. In 1839, the first puddling or making of wrought iron from pig-iron was under- taken at the works. In 1849, the steam mill, on the south side of the Wynants Kill, immediately east of the Bessemer steel works, was built and put in operation. The firm of Corning, Horner, & Winslow was succeeded by that of Corning, Wins- low, & Co. ; Gilbert C. Davidson, and Erastus Corning, jr., being admitted copartners. In 1864, the name of the firm was changed to Comings & Win- slow, and in 1867 to Erastus Corning & Co. The general office of the works was for many years in the building on the north side of Mill Street, immediately east of the ter minus of the street railway. On the north bank of the Wynants Kill, south of Mill Street, are the water-mill, the spike, bolt and rivet factory, the nail factory. Mechanics' Hall, and other structures belonging 40 30: to the company. South of the \Vy- nants Kill, and on the west side of the Greenbush road, are the steam mill, the Star forge, the machine and black- smith shop, the laboratory, and other buildings, nearly all of which were included under the name of The Al- bany Iron Works. It was at these works that some of the iron for the Galena was m;ide in iS6i. In the month of September, that year, while John F. Winslow and John A. Griswold were in Washing- ton to obtain the money due them by the United States government for the plating, C. S. Bushnell, of New Ha- ven, Conn., acting in the interest of the distinguished Swedish engineer, John Ericsson, desired them to exam- ine his plans and specifications of a turreted steam battery and to assist in obtaining from the government a contract for the construction of one. Convinced of its effectiveness, they agreed to enter into a copartnership with Captain Ericsson and C. S. Bushnell to construct one should the government accept their proposals. Secretary Seward, having been called upon by them, obligingly accompanied the three gentlemen to the executive mansion and introduced them to Pres- ident Lincoln. He was so impressed with the nature of their appeal to him to use his influence to further their overtures to the board of naval officers, which had some time before declined to consider the project of Captain Ericsson, that he is reported to have said: " Well, I don't know much about ships, though I once con- trived a canal boat, the model of which is down in the Patent-office, the great excellence of which was that it could be run where there was no water. But I think there is some- thing in this plan of Ericsson. I will tell you what I will do. I will meet you to-morrow at ten o'clock, at the office of Commodore Smith, and we will talk it all over." At the appointed time and place he appeared and sealed himself upon a box in the plainly furnished room. The secretary of the navy and other officers of the department were pres- ent. When John F, Winslow had described the vessel and explained its action, it is said the president was the first to speak, saying, " Well, Com- modore Smith, what do you think of it ?" Having heard his somewhat non-committal reply. President Lin- coln said : " Well, I think there is something in it, as the girl said when she put her foot in the stocking." Bidding those present "Good morn- ing," he passed out the door. Al- though Commodores Paulding and Smith signified their willingness to report favorably on Ericsson's battery, the third member of the board was disinclined to yield his consent. It was not until Captain Ericsson was pursuaded to go again to Washington and to explain the merits of the novel vessel to Secretary Welles and the members of the board appointed by Congress, that a verbal order was given for I he construction of the bat- tery. The board made its report Sep- tember i6, 1861, in which the fea- tures of the contract were outlined. As if foreseeing the peril threaten- ing the wooden war-vessels of the United States, John A. Griswold and John F. Winslow, without waiting to be secured by a written contract with the government, began making the necessary preparations for manu- facturing the iron. The zeal of the Troy contractors in hastening the pro- gress of the work is evinced in the following communication addressed to Captain Ericsson, dated at the Alba- ny Iron Works, September 26, 1861 : "Allow me to ask that you give me your specification for the plates for the hulls (lower) boat for the battery at your earliest convenience, as I want to prepare the slabs in readiness for 809 rolling ; the making of the slabs being the largest part of the operation. I shall make these hull plates of scrap- iron, greatly superior in strength and purity (important when used in salt water and where corrosion is an im- portant consideration) to the ordinary puddled ship-plates. * * * J. F. WiNSLOW." On October 4, 1861, the contract was duly signed and sealed. Five days afterward, John F. Winslow wrote to Captain Ericsson, saying: "It was not until I got Mr. Griswold's tele- gram that all was arranged at Wash- ington, that I felt sure of having the contract secuied with the government, but now that the preliminaries are settled there will be no delinquency or delay in getting the materials (at least the iron portion) forward in time. One hundred days, and they short ones, are few enough to do all that is to be done, yet I have no doubt that without any unforseen mis- hap or embarrassment it may be ac- complished within the time." The next day he again wrote : "Your anxiety in the matter is quite natural, yet time enough to produce the plates must be had, and I suppose we can do that as rapidly as any other concern. * * * I fully realize the import- ance of saving every hour of time, and you may rely upon our best energies to complete the job within the time of the contract." Thomas F. Rowland, agent of the Continental Iron Works at Green- point, L. I., was given the construc- tion of the hull ; the Delamater Iron Works, New York, the contract for making the engine, boilers, and ma- chinery ; and Charles D. DeLancy of Buffalo, that for the port-stoppers. The Monitor was launched at Green- point, on January 30, 1862 ; the one hundred and first working-day from the date of the contract. On Sunday, March 9, that year, the memorable action between the Monitor and the Merrimac took place in Hampton Roads. Five days thereafter the government made the last payment, $68,750, to the enterprising contract- ors whose perseverance and industry gave to the United States in the darkest period of the war the means of sriving her navy from total destruc- tion. During the war a great number of solid lip railroad chairs, used on the military railroads in Virginia and other states in rebellion, were also made at the works for the govern- ment. The Bessemer Steel Works. When in England, in 1862, Alexander L. Holley, of Troy, heard so much said respecting Henry Bessemer's dis- covery of a process by which pig-iron was decarbonized to convert it into steel, that on his return to Troy he induced John A. Griswold and John F. Winslow to become his partners in purchasing the American patents of the distinguished English engineer, bearing dates of February 12 and of August 25, 1856. In the summer of 1863, A. L. Holley went again to England, where in the following spring he olitained the right of mak- ing Bessemer steel in America. The site selected by Winslow, Griswold & Holley to erect a suitable building for a 2^ ton plant was that of the flour- mill built on the bank of the Hudson, south of the Wynants Kill, by Thom- as L. Witbeck, in 1796, and to which he conducted water from the Defreest fulling mill by a "trunk made of joice boards and plank." When this raceway was washed away by a fresh- et, Elisha Putnam constructed in its place a conduit of headless barrels joined end to end, for which improved flume he obtained a patent December 31, 1816. The first conversion of iron into steel at the Bessemer works was accomplished on February 16, •Sll 1865 ; Crown Point charcoal iron be- ing used. To test the fitness of Amer- ican iron for conversion into steel, Winslovv, Griswold, & HoUey wisely experimented with a number of irons manufactured in the United States As there was no recourse at that time to a chemical analysis of the composi- tion of the iron sent them, many of the brands which were tested were as- sumed to be unsuited for conversion into steel. " In the light of our pres- ent chemical knowledge of the manu- facture, " says a recent wiiter, "it is amazing to think of firms sending a few tons to Wyandotte, Troy, or even England, to be tried in actual prac- tice, when a few hours of laboratory work would have settled the entire question." The successful results of the first manufacturing operations of Winslow, Griswold, & Holley, induced the firm to enlarge the works in 1867 with a five ton plant. At that time John C. Thompson was superintendent of the works. Subsequently A. L Holley quitted Troy to take charge of the Pennsylvania Steel Works, at Harris- burgh, Pa., and John C. Thompson to become the superintendent of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company's es- tablishment. Under the superintend- ence of Z. S. Durfee, the latter's suc- cessor, it is said, the works had a ca- pacity of making 40 tons of ingots in a day. By accident, the roof of the larger building caught fire October ig, 1868, which almost consumed the structure and considerably damaged the machinery. Shortly after Z. S. Durfee's resignation, A. L. Holley look the manaqement of the works, Vhich then belonged to John A. Gris- wold & Co. ; John F. Winslow having conveyed his interest to the copartners, John A. Griswold, Erastus Corning, sr., Chester Griswold, and Erastus Corning, jr. The first "blow" in the reconstructed building was made Jan- uary 12, 1870. In 1871, A. L. Holley was succeeded by Barney Mee. On the latter's death, February 11, 1872, John C. Thompson, the first superin- tendent, took charge of the works. He was succeeded by Robert W. Hunt, on October i, 1873, who in turn was succeeded by John Wool Griswold, May i, 1875, who on Au- gust I, 1878, was succeeded by C. T. Arnberg, who still is superintendent. The laboratory was first in charge of the distinguished chemist. Dr. August Wendel, who by assiduous investiga- tion and careful analyses greatly ad- vanced the manufacture of the best qualities of steel in the United States. The Bessemer works in this city have the recogaition of being the ex- perimental as well as the pioneer steel works in America, and the quality of the steel manufactured at them bears the highest reputation in every part of the country. The Bessemer works embrace the converting build- ing, (a ten ton plant,) the melting house, the blooming mill, the ma- chine shop, the boiler and engine house, and other smaller structures. Rensselaer Iron Works. Le Grand Cannon, one of the trustees of the Troy Vulcan Company, on Octo- ber I, 1845, purchased a number of lots on the south side of the Poesten Kill and west of River Street, on which the Troy Vulcan Company, in 1846, built a rolling mill. The land on which it was erected was once a part of the farm early known to the Dutch settlers by the name of the Poesten Bowery, and was also a part of the estate of Teddy Maginnis, sold to Col. Stephen I. Schuyler, May 28, 1771, for ;/^i,8oo. The Troy Rolling Mill Company purchased the property, October 15, 1852, and sold it, November i, that year, to Henry Burden. He convey- ed it, April 25, 1853, to the Rensse- laer Iron Company. John F. Wins- 312 low, on May 29, 1854, bought the property, and he, in turn, in Decem- ber, that year, conveyed it to the Rensselaer Iron Company. In 185S, John A. Grisvvold became agent of the Rensselaer Iron Works, and some years later they became the property of John A. Griswold «& Co.; John A. Griswold, Erastus Corning, sr., Ches- ter Griswold, and Erastus Corning, jr., comprising the firm. The brick building on the north side of the Poes- ten Kill, 100 by 400 feet, known as the rail-mill, was erected in 1870, un- der the supervision of George Bab- cock, then superintendent of the works. The visitor sees in it the va- rious processes by which steel blooms or ingots from the Bessemer works are made into railroad rails. The merchant-iron mill, on the south side of the Poesten Kill, is a brick build- ing, 125 by 320 feet. Near these two large mills are the machine shop, the storage building, and other buildings belonging to the Troy Steel and Iron Company. On March i, 1875, by the consoli- dation of the interests of Erastus Corning & Co., and those of John A. Griswold & Co., the Albany and Rensselaer Iron AND Steel Company was formed. Its officers were Erastus Corning, president ; Chester Griswold, vice- president ; Selden E. Marvin, secreta- ry and treasurer ; James E. Walker, general manager ; and Robert W. Hunt, general superintendent. On July 25, 1885, the articles of incorpo- ration of the Troy Steel and Iron Company were filed ; capital stock, $2,500,000; Erastus Corning, Le Grand B. Can- non, Selden E. Marvin, Alexander J. Leith, H. H. Rogers, Benjamin Brewster, and Chester Griswold, trustees. On August 25, that year, the stockholders elected Chester Griswold, president ; Erastus Corn- a 314 ing, vice-president ; Selden E. Mar- vin, secretary; and treasurer ; and Robert W. Hunt, general superin- tendent of the works. On the organ- ization of ^the company, Erastus Corning conveyed to it Breaker Island and the north part of Hillhouse Island, in the Hudson, opposite the Bessemer works. On those islands the company began erecting on Sep- tember I, 1885, three blast furnaces, 80 feet high, with boshes 18 feet in diameter. With each furnace three Whitwell bricked hot-blast stoves will be connected. The plant will also em- brace seven blowing engines discharg- ing 12,000 cubic feet of air in a min- ute, driven by steam from 16 Heine safety boilers. Each furnace will have a casting house, 150 feet long, built of brick. The engine house, lo- cated north of the furnaces, will be a brick structure 150 feet in length, and the boiler house adjoining it, 153 feet. The stock house, constructed of iron, will be 100 by 300 feet. The wrought iron chimney of the plant will be 200 feet high. A wharf, 500 feet in length, will be built along the east side of Breaker Island. A branch track of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Com- pany's railroad has been constructed from the main road switch, south of the Albany and West Troy turnpike bridge, to Breaker Island, for the transportation of ore and other mate- rial used by the Troy Steel and Iron Company. On August 5, 1886, the company received itsnew steam ferry- boat, 90 feet long, to be used to con- vey cars laden with molten iron from the furnaces on the island across the river to the Bessemer works, where by the " direct process" the iron will be converted into steel, The plant on Breaker Island, it is estimated, will have a capacity of producing 3,150 tons of iron weekly. In the different buildings of the extensive works of the company are 7 double and 14 single puddling fur- naces, 50 heating furnaces, 13 trains of rolls, and more than 35 steam en- gines of different sizes. The produc- tion of the works include steel rails, steel shapes and sheets, special and agricultural steels, iron bars, angles, car-axles, finger-bars, fish-plates, bolts, nuts, steel and iron boiler rivets, and steel rails. The laboratory of the Bessemer works is in charge of J, M. Sherrerd, an excellent chemist, who in 1S81 suc- ceeded Dr. August Wendel, in that department. The ofifices of the Troy Steel and Iron Company are in its two-story, brick building, on the southeast cor- ner of Madison and River streets. The cars of the street railway, on Sec- ond Street, cross Madison Street, a short distance east of the building. Troy Times Building, on the northeast corner of Broadway and Third Street, was erected in 1S71. On Monday, April 29, 1872, the news- paper was first published in it. On February 10, 1878, the building was partly destroyed by fire. (See News- papers.) Troy, Town of. — By an act of legislature, passed March 18, 179 1, the town of Troy was erected from a part of the town of Rensselaerswyck. On Monday, April 4, a town meeting was held at Ashley's tavern, and the first town officers elected. On March 20, 1807, the territory of the town of Brunswick and parts of the towns of Grafton and Lansingburgh were taken from it. In 1814, a part of Brunswick was annexed. In 1836, a part of the town of Troy was added to the town of Greenbush. Troy Turn Verein, organized Augusts, 1852; reorganized Septem- 315 ber 30, 1885, meets on Wednesday evenings, at Apollo Hall. Troy Typographical Union No. 52, organized 1S60. reorganized 1864, meets on the third Tuesday evenings of each month in Emmet Hall. George A. Stevens, president ; Frank O'Brien, vice-president; Cor- nelius A, Conaty, financial secretary ; John M. Hall, recording secretary ; William J. Moreland, corresponding secretary ; Henry Coffeen, treasurer. Northern Budget to the people of Troy to establish a library. " How much to be regretted," the writer re- marks, "that in a village which con- tains 2,000 souls, and whose popula- tion is rapidly increasing, amid sec- ular concerns, the establishment of a public libr.'iry should have been wholly ommitted — an institution from which may be conducted to every door a cor- rection of morals and a source of men- tal improvement." Shortly afterward a "subscription for the Trojan Li- - ^^ TROY TIMES BUILDING. Troy Vocal Society, organized 1875. meets every Tuesday evening at No. 265 River Street. William Irvin, D. D., president ; C. H. Me- neely, vice-president ; John H. Knox, secretary ; and Joseph H. Knight, treasurer. Troy Young Men's Associa- tion, Athenajum Building, east side of First Street, between River and State streets. On November 13, 1799, an appeal was made in the brary" was circulated, and on Tues- day, January 11, 1800, the organiza- tion of The Troy Library was effected at Jeremiah Pierce's inn. A small collection of books having been ob- tained, the library was opened in the fall of that year. At a meeting of the trustees held at Titus' inn, on March 31, iSog, it was '■'Resolved, That the trustees of the Troy Library sell to Apollo Lodge, No. 49, twenty-seven shares in said 316 library at $15 each, amounting to $405, privileging the members (be they more or less,) of said lodge I0 such use of the same as may hereafter be agreed upon between ihe trustees of tlie said library and the committee on the part of the said lodge." The shares were sold, and Apollo Lodge had thereafter its three senior officers annually elected trustees of the library. By the fire of June 20, 1820, some of the books of the li- brary, then kept in the drug store of Ira M. Wells, on River Street, were burned. In January, 1835, the books were by a special agreement placed in the library-room of the Troy Young Men's Association. In 1845, the shares of the stockholders of the Troy Library were given to the association, which then purchased the twenty- seven owned by Apollo Lodge, Presidents of the Troy Library from 1800 to 1826 : Rev. Jonas Coe, Aaron Lane, Nicholas Schuyler, Ebenezer Jones, Gershom Richards, John Board- man, Aaron Lane, Gurdon Corning. Joseph Russell, from 1832 to 1835. Librarians from 1800 to 1826: Zephaniah Filer, Samuel Starr, Livy Stoughton, Isaac Webb, Abraham Ten Eyck, Henry Stockwell, Ira M. Wells, Jacob L. Lane, Sidney A. Redfield. Troy Young Men's Association. A course of public lectures during the winter of 1833-34, having been largely attended, a second one was proposed for the following winter. On November 26, 1834, the following notice was published in several of the city newspapers : " The young men who are in favor of a public course of lectures this winter are requested to meet at the mayor's court-room, on Friday even- ing next, at 8 o'clock, to make the necessary arrangements. At the same time the expediency of forming a ' Young Men's Association' will be discussed." The meeting, held on November 28, in the court-house, attracted a large number of those interested in the organization of an association. Giles B. Kellogg, Thomas Coleman, Martin I. Townsend, Ralph Hawley, and Thaddeus B. Bigelow were ap- pointed a committee "to take into consideration the expediency and prac- ticability of forming a young men's association, and report at a subse- quent meeting." On Friday evening, December 12, the committee reported favorably upon the organization of an association, and submitted a draft of a constitution for one. A committee of five persons from each of the first four wards in the city was then ap- pointed to obtain signers to the con- stitution of The Troy Young Men's Association. On the following Friday evening, the names of 426 signers were reported. At that meeting, John T. McCoun was elected president of the association. On Wednesday even- ing, December 22, the other officers were elected. In January, 1835, the books of the Troy Library, by special agreement, were placed in the library- room of the association, which had rented rooms on the second floor of the building. No. 197 River Street. The two rooms, one in which were about 100 newspapers, home and for- eign, on file, the other containing the library and periodicals, were opened about the middle of February, that year. On April 20, that year, the act was passed by the legislature to incorporate the Troy Young Men's Association. On May i, 1846, the association occu- pied the rooms, fitted for its use, on the second floor of the Athenaeum Building, erected by the Troy Savings Bank in 1845. Iii 1851, when the building was extended to the alley, the two rooms on the second floor of the addition were fitted for the library. The first art exhibition for the benefit of the association was opened ATHEN/EUM BUILDING. 318 February 18, 1858, and closed March 27. Two other art exhibitions were held for the same purpose in the two following winters. In 1859 Ben- jamin H. Hall and Charles L. Alden completed a printed catalogue of the books in the library, which then con- tained 12,067 volumes. In 1862, Wil- liam R. Yourt bequeathed $5,000 to the association ; and George M. Sel- den, the same year, gave it railroad stock, valued at $2,000. In 1870, Clarence Willard bequeathed $10,000 to the association ; in 1879, Roxanna A. Loomis, $1,000; and in 1881 F. O. Mather, about $12,000; and on De- cember 12, 1884, Mrs. Betsey A. Hart gave it $io,ooo. By an act of legislature, passed May 8, 1880, the control, disposal, and management of the real and personal property of the association was vested in a board of twenty-three trustees. They were empowered to organize and add to the departments of the association a free library and a free reading-room whenever, in their judg- ment, the condition of the association and of the trust funds should warrant such action. In the winter of 1881-82, E. Thomp- son Gale, desiring to have the- asso- ciation possess the Athenaeum Build- ing, circulated a paper on which the following subscriptions were made: E. Thompson Gale, $5,000; William Howard Hart, $5,000; Betsey A. Hart, $5,000; William and Lewis E. Gurley, $3,000; Joseph M. Warren, $2,000; Joseph W. Fuller, $1,500; Charles W. Tillinghast, $1,000; Uri Gilbert, $1,000 ; Alphonzo Bills, $500; John B. Gale, $250; T. W. Lock- wood, $250; William Kemp, $250; Willard Gay, $250; Henry C. Lock- wood, $100 ; Cicero Price, $100 ; George H. Freeman, $100 ; James A. Eddy, $100; Elias Kehn, $50; total, $25,450. At the public sale of the property, on January 21, 1882, the Athenseum Building was purchased for $24,500. In 1884, the interest and income from the trust funds and the property of the association having been deemed sufficient to pay its current expenses, the trustees determined to make the library and reading-room free to the public under certain necessary con- ditions and restrictions. Previous to this action, the use of the rooms beneath those used by the association, in the rear building, had been granted to the Free Reading Room Association. The latter had its origin in the Holly Tree Inn, open- ed May 4, 1874, in the building No. 69 Third Street, where a free reading- room and library were established that summer. On March 13, 1877, the Free Reading-Room Association was incorporated. In April, that year, the association rented the vacant common council chamber in the court- house, where it kept its reading-room and library until 1878, when the asso- ciation obtained the use of a part of the basement of the city-hall. On September 11, 1877, E. Thompson Gale, having previously presented the association with a collection of books and a suitable case to contain them, gave it $1,000 in stocks, the income of which to be applied to purchase additional books for the alcove ; the several gifts being made by him in memory of his deceased son, Alfred deForest Gale. In the event of the discontinuance of the association, the the invested funds were to be trans- ferred to the Troy Young Men's Association. On Friday evening, December 12, 1884, the Troy Young Men's Asso- ciation celebrated its semi-centennial anniversary, in Music Hall. Ben- jamin H. Hall read an elaborate monograph of its history, and a number of speeches were made by other gentle- men, officers and members. Lewis E. 319 Gurley, president of the Free Reading- Room Association, formally trans- ferred to the association the property of that association, which then ceased to exist. John S. Cronin, the presi- dent of the Troy Young Men's Asso- ciation, then relinquished the direction of its affairs to the trustees of the in- stitution. In February, 18S5, the renovation and refurnishing of the rooms used by the association and the classified arrangement of the books of the li- brary were begun. On the comple- tion of this work, in the early part of the following summer, the librarian, DeWitt Clinton, and the present assistant librarian, William H. Hen- derson, made a full title and sub- ject card-catalogue of the books, periodicals, and newspapers in the three library rooms. In the lower library-room, connected with the read- ing-room, on the first floor, are works of fiction, children's books, and the Alfred deForest Gale Library. About 5,000 volumes are in this part of the building. In the general library- room, on the second story, are about 18,000 volumes, of which number about 500 are those of the Troy Library, about 2,700 in the Yourt Library, and about 100 in the Hart Library. In the room on the third floor are about 4,000 bound volumes, chiefly comprising law books, New York State and United States govern- ment publications, and files of Troy and New York city newspapers. The total number of bound volumes in the three library-rooms is about 27,000. A printed catalogue, designating the shelf-place of each book, is much needed to enhance the value of this excellently arranged library. Presidents : John T. McCoun, 1835; Thaddeus B. Bigelow, 1836 ; Henry W. Strong, 1837 ; George Gould. 1838; I. J. Merritt, 1839 ; James M. Ste- venson, 1840; Charles H. Read, 1841; J. L. Van Schoonhoven, 1842 ; Joseph White, 1843 ; Thomas Coleman, 1844; John G. Britton, 1845 : William Ha- gen, 1846 ; Gilbert Robertson, jr., 1847; Uri Gilbert, 1848; Amos K. Hadley, 1849: D. B. Cox. 1850; G. B. Wallace, 1S51 ; William Gurley, 1852; George B.Warren, jr., 1853; William H. Young, 1854 ; Lyman R. Avery, 1855 ; William O. Cunning- ham, 1856; DeWitt Tuthill, 1857; Charles L. Alden, 1858 ; Benjamin H. Hall, 1859; John M. Landon, i860; Nelson Davenport, 1861 ; A. B. Fales, 1862; John L. Flagg, 1863; Chauncey O. Greene, 1864; Charles A. Holmes, 1865 ; Clarence Willard, 1865; Frederick P. Allen, 1866 ; Wil- liam E. Gilbert, 1867 ; Benjamin F. Follett, 1868 ; J. Spencer Garnsey, 1869; William D. Clegg, 1870-71; E. L. Fursman, 1872; Edward G. Gilbert, 1S73 ; Irving Hayner, 1874; I. Grant Thompson, 1875 ; Latham C. Strong, 1876 ; William Shaw, 1877 ; Justin Kellogg, 1878; Dudley Tib- bits, 1879 ; Charles R. Defreest, 1880; Elias P. Mann, iSSi ; Charles W. Til- linghast, 18S2 ; Clarkson C. Schuyler, M. D., 1S83 ; John S. Cronin, 1884. President of the board of trustees, E. Thompson Gale, 1880 to present time. Libraiians; William Hagen, 1835; N. B. Milliman, 1841 ; George H. Ball, 1S41 ; John R. Harris, 1842; John H. White, 1844 ; William Rob- ertson, 1845 ; Henry P. Filer.''i846; T. B. Heimstreet, 1864; F. H. Stevens, 1865 ; DeWitt Clinton, 1875 to present time. Troy Young Men's Catholic Literary Association, organized 1S59, meets on the first and third Monday evenings of each month at the association rooms in the building on the northwest corner of Congress and Plrst streets. John T. Kelly, presi- dent ; William Coffee, recording sec- 320 retary ; William Casey, corresponding secretary ; John J. Puicell, treasurer ; John Moran, librarian. Truss Manufacturer.— Thomas P. Bundy, manufacturer of trusses and specialist in the treat- ment of hernia, southeast corner of Broadway and Second Street, began the business in Troy in 1867. Twelfth Separate (Infantry) Company, N. G. S. N. Y., was organized December 9, 1884. The company's quarters are rooms 10, 11 and 12, on the second floor of the State Armory, on the southeast cor- ner of Ferry and River streets. Pres- ent officers: Joseph Egolf, captain ; E. W. Burrage, first lieutenant ; A. W. Hill, second lieutenant. Umbrella Factory, Troy.— Philip Huff, umbrella and parasol manufacturer. No. 72 Congress Street. Established, 1876. Undertaking .— E. W. MiLi.ARD, undertaker and dealer in funeral furnishings, No. 51 Fourth Street. His large collection of sample burial caskets contained in his admirably appointed warerooms embraces those of pine, cedar, chest- nut, and oak woods, either plainly or elaborately draped with cloth or velvet or with both, with or without metallic ornamentation. Whatever requisites may be desired for the suitable burial of the dead, he is able to furnish, be- sides providing carriages and all other accompaniments for funerals. He is also prepared to make interments of the dead sent to Troy from distant places, and to provide rooms for fu- neral services, if needed. Orders can be transmitted him by telephone at any time. On February i, 1877, he engaged in the business at No. 402^ Fulton Street, whence he moved, on May I, 1881, to his present establish- ment, No. 51 Fourth Street, between Broadway and Fulton Street. Underwriters, Troy, Board of, — Office, room 25, Keenan Build- ing. Gilbert Geer, jr., president; J. B. Wilkinson, jr., secretary; Fred. F. Buell, treasurer. Unitarian Church, First, is on the southwest corner of Fourth and State streets. The Rev. Henry F. Harrington, pastor of the Unitarian Church in Albany, having written that he would preach in Troy if those desiring to hear him would secure a suitable room, William Hagen, George Wells, and George Cross obtained the use of the mayor's court-room in the court-house, in which, on Sunday afternoon and evening, June i, 1845, the founders of the church in Troy attended the first religious services conducted by a Unitarian minister. On Friday, June 20, at a meeting held in the mayor's court-room, Thomas Coleman, George Wells, and George Cross were appointed an executive committee to have charge of the affairs of the congregation statedly worshiping in the court-house. In July, a subscription was circulated to obtain money to purchase a building in which regular services could be held. On August 19, the Presbyterian session-house, then standing on the present site of the Grand Central Theatre, on the west side of Fourth Street, between Broadway and State Street, was purchased for $2,500 for the use of the society. Thomas Cole- man, Ammi Brewster, Luke Bemis, George Wells, E. B. Strout, H. Z. Hayner, A. K. Hadley, George Cross, and Franklin Cummings were elected trustees of " The First Unitarian 321 Society of the city of Troy." On the afternoon of November 14, the chapel was dedicated ; the dedicatory sermon being preached by the Rev. H. F. Harrington. In the fall of 1846, the edifice was enlarged. In December, 1874, the building was sold. The society, having undertaking the erec- tion of a brick church on the lot on the southwest corner of Fourth and State streets, previously occupied by the Quaker meeting-house, worshiped in Green's Building, on the southeast corner of Broadway and Fourth Street. On Thursday, May 20, 1S75, the corner-stone of the church was laid. It was dedicated December 15, that year. Seating capacity, 600. Pastors; John Pierpont, August, 1845, to August, 1849; William Silsbee; Joseph Angier, 1851 to 1853 ; Edgar Buckingham, April 27, 1853 to 1867 ; Newton N. Mann, 1869; H. L. Car- gill, 1871 ; George H. Young. April, 1872, to October, 1876; William H. Fish, jr., 1877 to 1885 ; W. H. Spencer, September i, 1885 to present time. . XJniversalist Church, First, west side of Fifth Street, between Broadway and State Street. The founders of the society in 1822 at- tended divine services in the court- house. On July 2, that year, Plenry Koon, William McManus, Abraham L. Lansing, Joseph Weld, James Ad- ams, Samuel Smith, and Stephen Wood were elected trustees of the First Restorationist Church of Troy. In the spring of 1823, the erection of a house of worship was begun on the east side of the alley on the south side of Ferry Street, between First and Second, on lots no and III, pur- chased November 21, 1829. On Tuesd:'y, July 29. 1823, the corner- stone was laid ; the officers and mem- bers of Apollo Lodge, No. 49, Free and Accepted Masons, participating in the ceremonies. In July, 1829, the society changed its name to The First Universalist Church of Troy'. On April 4, 1834, the building was sold to the Second Baptist Society. It was a plain wooden structure, with a square tower. The building was burned December 18^ 1854. On April 29, 1834, the site of the present church was purchased. The church erected on it was dedicated September II, 1835 ; the Rev. J. D. Williamson, of Albany, preaching the dedicatory sermon. In 1875, the church was re- built. Pastors: Lemuel Willis, 1823; Barsilla Streeter; Adolphus Skinner; Benjamin Whittemore, 1829-30; L. L. Saddler ; Clement F. Lefevre, 1832-33; Menzies Raynor, 1S36-38; Lewis C. Browne, 1839 ; Henry B. Soule, 1S42 ; Charles C. Burr, 1843-45 ; J''hn Moore, 1846 ; W. H. Waggoner, 1847-48 ; Josiah C, Waldo. 1850-54 ; John N. Parker, 1855-61 ; James M. Pullman, 1862- 68 ; J. Murray Bailey, 1869 ; L. M. Burrington, 1870-71 ; A. B. Hervey, 1874-78 ; Charles A. Conklin, 1879- 80 ; William Taylor, 1882-84 ; F. A. Dillingham, 18S5 to July, 1886. U. S. steam Carpet Clean- ing Works — E. Westervelt, pro- prietor. Spring Avenue ; office. No. 158 Third Street. Established 1876. U. S., — Uncle Sam. — Among the early emigrants from the New England states settling at Troy was Samuel Wilson, of Mason, New Hampshire. In February, 1789. when twenty-two years of age, he and his brother Ebenezer trudged, with packs on their backs, across the mountainous country, east of the Up- per Hudson, to the little settlement. They, in the following summer, began making brick on the west side of Mount Ida, near the intersection of 42 \ 323 Sixth and Ferry streets. On March 8, 1793. for an annual ground rent of thirty shillings, Jacob D. Van der Heyden leased to Samuel Wilson the west half of the lot on the northwest corner of Second and Ferry streets, where he erected a small frame dwell- ing. About this time, he and his brother engaged in the business of slaughtering cattle. Some years later they built a large slaughter and pack- ing house on the north bank of the Poesten Kill, a little east of River Street. They employed about one hundred men, and sometimes slaugh- tered in a week more than a thousand by the sight of his home. In 1812, Samuel and Ebenezer Wilson con- tracted with Elbert Anderson, jr., to supply him with beef, "packed in full bound barrels of white oak," for the United States troops then stationed at Greenbush. Some of the soldiers had enlisted in Troy, and knowing that Samuel Wilson had furnished the beef packed in the barrels lettered U. S., referred to it as "Uncle Sam's." Another army contractor having pur- chased beef from the Wilsons, adver- tised that he had a large supply of "Uncle Sam's beef," of a superior quality. It soon followed that those LUDLOW VALVE MANUFACTURING CO's WORKS. head of cattle. Samuel Wilson had naturally a friendly disposition, which, with his benevolence to the poor, won for him the esteem and affection of a large circle of acquaintances. Most of them familiarly called him " Uncle Sam," and this designation was often used by his own children. It is re- lated that one of them having wan- dered away from home, and being overcome by a sense of forlornness, was found crying bitterly. Having been questioned respecting his parent- age, he answered that he was "Uncle Sam's boy." The information suf- ficed, and he was soon made happy better informed respecting the ini- tials, U. S , supposing that "Uncle Sam" was a more appropriate appel- lation than Brother Jonathan for the assumed personality of the United States, gave it currency as the desig- nation of those letters. Valves. — Ludlow Valve Manufacturing Company, established its extensive works near the northern limits of the city in 1872. On its organization in 1866, the company engaged in /'": business at Waterford, in the '^.^ building on the west 'side of r^"^" , bn'd I 333 Street, near the mouth of the Cham- plain Canal. Fronting 240 feet on Second Avenue, (formerly State Street), Lansingburgh, the plat of ground oc- cupied by the different buildings of the present establishment extends with that width 400 feet east- wardly to Third Avenue, (formerly Whipple Avenue.) The company manufactures gas, water, steam, and oil valves, check and foot valves, yard, wash and fire hydrants, which have not only a wide sale throughout the United States and Canada, but many are sent to for- eign countries. The works are com- monly designated as located at Nos. 938 to 954 River Street, and 67 to 83 Vail Avenue, Troy, whiclr is the post-office address of the company. Its officers are : Henry G. Ludlow, president ; David J. Johnston, vice- president; M. D. Schoonmaker, treas- urer; John T. Christie, secretary. Van Schaick Island, opposite the village of Lansingburgh, is a mile and a half long and about a half mile wide. It is within the limits of the city of Cohoes. Between Van Schaick Island and Green Island, south of it, the second branch of the Mohawk River flows into the Hudson. Between the island and Haver Island north of it, the third branch of the Mohawk reaches the Hudson. The old homestead of the Van Schaick family, built in the last century, is still standing on the island. Philip Pietersen Schuyler and a certain Goosen Gerretsen purchased it from the Mohawk Indians in 1664. Pre- vious to the construction of the state dam in the Hudson, the four branches of the Mohawk were forda- ble between the adjacent islands at the confluence of the Mohawk with "^'^ the Hudson. The River Road from . Albany to Saratoga (Schuylerville), "1 tk ran along the east side of them in the last century. It was along the River Road that General Burgoyne with his British troops and Hessian mercena- ries proposed to march to Albany. On August 6, 1777, the confident of- ficer, then unopposed in his invasion of Northern New York, wrote to Sir William Howe, that he was "well for- ward," and "impatient to gain the mouth of the Mohawk," but not like- ly "to be in possession of Albany" be- fore "the 22d or 23d" of the month. Gen. Philip Schuyler, in command of the American troops of the northern depaitment, was slowly retreating to- ward Albany. On August 18, his small army, lessened by sickness and desertions, reached Haver and Van Schaick islands. No little dismay and alarm spread through the sur- rounding country when it became known that Burgoyne was approach- ing Albany. Immediately upon the encampment of the Army of the North on Haver and Van Schaick islands, General Schuyler ordered the con- struction of a formidable line of earth- works along the northeastern and northwestern sides of Haver Island to defend the approaches to the ford at Half Moon Point, as the site of Waterford was then called. These defensive works, thrown up under the superintendence of the brave Pole, Thaddeus Kosciusko, chief engineer of the Army of the North, are still conspicuous and well-preserved. On August 20, Major-General Horatio Gates succeeded General Schuyler, who had his headquarters in the Van Schaick homestead. There, on Aug- ust 22, General Gates wrote as follows to General Washington, then in Bucks County, Pennsylvania : " Upon my arrival in this depart- ment, I found the main body ot the army encamped upon Van Schaick's Island, which is made by the sprouts of the Mohawk joining with Hudson River, nine miles north of Albany. A 324 brigade under Gen. Poor is encamped at Loudon's Ferry, on the south bank of the Mohawk River, five miles from hence ; a brigade under Gen. Lincoln had joined Gen. Stark at Bennington, and a brigade under Gen. [Benedict] Arnold marched the 15th inst to join the militia of Tyron County, to raise the siege of Fort Stanwix. Upon leaving Philadelphia, the prospect this way appeared very gloomy, but the severe checks the enemy have met with at Bennington and in Tyron County have given a more pleasing view to public affairs. Particular ac- counts of the signal victory gained by Gen. Stark, and the severe blow Gen. Herkimer gave Sir John Johnson and the scalpers under his command have been transmitted to your excellency by Gen. Schuyler. I anxiously expect the arrival of an express from Gen. Arnold, with an account of the total defeat of the enemy in that quarter. By my calculations he reached Fort Stanwix the day before yesterday. Cols. Livingston's and Courlland's regiments arrived yesterday, and im- mediately joined Gen. Poor's division. I shall also order Gen. Arnold, upon his return, to march to that post. I cannot sufficiently thank your excel- lency for sending Col. Morgan's corps to this army. They will be of the greatest service to it, for until the late successes this way, I am told the army were quite panic-struck by the Indians and their Tory and Canadian assassins in Indian dresses. Hor- rible, indeed, have been the cruelties they have wantonly committed upon many of the miserable inhabitants, insomuch that it is now fair for Gen. Burgoyne, even if the bloody hatchet he has so barbarously desired should find its way into his own head. Gov. Clinton will be here to-day. Upon his arrival, I shall consult with him and Gen. Lincoln upon the best plan to distress, and, I hope, finally to de- feat the enemy. I am sorry to be necessitated to acquaint your excel- lency how neglectfully your orders have been executed at Springfield — few of the militia demanded are yet arrived, but I hear of great numbers upon the march. Your excellency's advice in regard to Moigan's corps, etc., etc., shall be carefully observed. My scouts and spies inform me that the enemy's headquarters and main body are at Saratoga, [Schuyletville], and that they have lately been repair- ing the biidges between that place and Stillwater. As soon as time and circumstances will admit, 1 shall send your excellency a general return of this army. 1 am, sir, your excel- lency'^most ob't servant, Horatio Gates." The Army of the Nonh, about 6,000 strong, having been largely re- inforced and provided with clothing and ammunition, broke camp on Sep- tember 8, and marched toward Still- water, where it arrived the next day. As is known. General Burgoyne sur- rendered to Gen. Gates at Schuylei- viUe, then known as Saratoga, en October 17, 1777. Varnish Manufacturers. — De Golyer & Brother, (Joseph and Watts De Golyer), varnish manu- facturers, No. 113 Sixth Street. The business was begun by Joseph De Golyer in 1847. Wall Paper. James F. Ashley & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in wall-paper and window shades, art-goods and import- ed rugs. No. 267 River Street. Wil- liam T. Smith, the founder of this long-established paper-hangings house, began the business in 1835, at No. 265 River Street. His successors, A. & W. Orr, occupied the building in 1839. William W. Whitman and A. 325 O. Vosburgh, under the firm name of Whitman & Vosburgh, succeeded them in 1859. ^^ No. 267 River Street. William W. Whitman continued the business from' 1862 to 1877, when Oli- ver Wemett, who had been engaged in the same business from 1852, pur- chased his interest and stock. James F. Ashley in 1882, and James F. Ashley & Co. in 1883, became Oliver Wemeft's successors. George J. Brennan, dealer in wall-paper and window shades, house decorator, and general painter, No. 62 Congress Street, engaged in busi- ness in Troy in 1862, with John My- ers, at No. 97 Third Street, under the firm name of Myers & Brennan. In the fall of 1862, George J. Brennan succeeded to the business. In Febru- ary, 1866, he and John S. Perry form- ed the partnership of Perry & Bren- nan, doing business at No. 66 Con- gress and No. 97 Third streets. On the firm's dissolution, May 10, 1873, George J Brennan continued the bus- iness at No. 62 Congress Street until February i, 1876, when his son, Wil- liam H. Brennan became associated with him as a partner; the firm taking the name of George J. Brennan & Son, Since February i, 1878, George J. Brennan has conducted the busi- ness. Henry Lobdell & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in wall papers and window shades, Kennedy Building, No. 13 Third Street, between River Street and Broadway. The use of wall-papers or paper-hangings, as they are frequently called, for the in- tenor decoratkon of buildings is now so common that few houses are with- out them. Cheap or expensive, as the buyer's means may purchase, they give an attractive and finished ap- pearance to the walls of a parlor, dining-rooni, hall or library, which cannot be obtained except by a heavy outlay of money for frescoing and painting. The modern and antique styles contained in the large stock of wall-papers of Lobdell & Co. are so varied in design and so pleasing in effect that in making a selection of a particular paper there is a constant surprise on finding so many harmonies of colors blended in the different patterns so richly and artistically elaborated. The display of window- shades in the spacious salesroom of the firm embraces the latest and most popular designs of the principal manu- facturers. Under the name of Henry Lobdell & Co., the firm engaged in the business at No. 13 Third Street, in 1876. Besides being extensive dealers in paper hangings, paper borders, and window shades, the firm 326 employs a corps of skilled decorators for interior work, for which Lobdell & Co. have acquired no little distinc- tion in Troy. Chauncey D. Bradt, dealer in wall-paper, and general painter, Nos. 407 and 409 Federal Street, began business in Troy, in August, 1880. Washington Square. — The triangular space, bounded by Broad- way, Second, and River streets, was laid out in 1787 as lot 132, on the map of Vanderheyden, as the site of Troy was then called. On February 20, 1792, Jacob D. Van der Heyden leased it to James Spencer, who built on the southeast corner of the plat a two-story, brick dwelling. Twenty years later, on the lot, at the angle of Albany (Broadway) and River streets, was a flat-roofed, two-story, frame building, with a narrow veranda. In the basement of the house was the bakery of John Lantrow. On the first floor weie the apartments of Madame Kelly, a fashionable milliner. On the River Street side, and north of it, was another frame building, in which was the grocery of Jacob and Philip Dater. Beyond it, on the cor- ner of River and Second streets, was a third, two-story, weather-boarded building ; the rooms on the first floor being occupied by a shoemaker, and those on the second by a tailor. A street-pump was at the curb of the sidewalk in front of ihis building. On July I, 1815, James Spencer sold his lot and its buildings to Jacob and Philip Daler for $5,000. Sometime previous to this conveyance of the property, a subscription paper had been circulated, and sufficient money obtained to make the purchase. By an agreement, made by certain mer- chants and other persons owning buildings in the vicinity, Jacob and Philip Dater were to convey the lot to the city of Troy after the removal of the brick house and the three wooden buildings on it. On June 5, 1816, the Daters conveyed the plat to the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and com- monalty of the city of Troy, "for a publick street or open common, to be at all times by them kept open and unencumbered with any building or buildings, and for the free and pub- lick use of the inhabitants of the said city." The city, it seems, never ac- cepted the gift. On September 3. 1818, the common council gave it the name of Washington Square. Those who had subscribed money for its pur- chase defrayed, for many years there- after, the expenses of improving it. About the year 1835, a marble foun- tain, 15 feet high, with three basins, was erected on it. In 1848, Thomas W. Lockwood, then a member of the firm of Lockwood & Orvis, No. 257 River Street, was made treasurer of the Washington Square fountain fund. He. in August, 1848. disbursed about $200 for the repair of the fountain and the erection of the iron fence now in the square. On the removal of the fountain, some years later, Charles L. Richards planted the trees which are now within the circular enclosure. Waste, ATOolen and cotton. — Frank B. Graves, wholesale deal- er in cotton and wool waste, rubber, iron, and metals, No. 137 River Street. Frank B. Graves & Co. en- gaged in the business in i88c. John Trautwein, dealer in paper stock and old metals, No. 137 River Street, engaged in the business in 1870. Troy Waste Manufacturing Company, successors to C. & P. Mc- Carthy, office. No. 461 River Street ; mill southeast corner of Saratoga and 327 Courtland streets, Colioes. Tncorpo- raled February i, 1SS3. Capital, $100,000. Officers: Henry A. Mer- ritt. president ; Peter McCarthy, treasurer ; Charles Mahoney, secre- tary. Watchmakers and Jewelers. Among the persons to engage in this business soon after the village was called Troy, was Nathaniel Adams. (See Burden Iron Co.) James Young, the father of William H, Young, bookseller and stationer, when fourteen years of age, came to Troy in 1796, and entered the former's em- ploy as an apprentice. In 1809, James Young became a member of the firm of Young & Bell, watchmakers and jewelers, successors to Adams & Whipple. On its dissolution, not long afterward, he continued in the business at No. 165 River Street and afterward at No. 9 Congress Street, until 1837, when in consequence of ill-health, he retired from it. James W. Cusack, jeweler and watchmaker, No. 3 Times Building, continues the business begun by Abra- ham Fellows, in the year 1812, in the building, No. 197 River Street, burn- ed in the fire of 1820. The latter's successors were Dennis & Fitch, (Ste- phen A. Dennis and Dennis A. Fitch) No. 197 River Street, 1835 ; Dennis M. Fitch, No. 197 River Street, 1841; Fitch & Cusack, (Edward Cusack), No. 200 River Street, 1853 ; James W. Cusack, under the name of Fi.ch & Cusack, February I, 1855; James W. Cusack, February i, 1857 ; James il W. Cusack & Co., (William F. Clen- dinnen). No. 248 River Street, 1866 ; James W. Cusack, 1871, who, in 1872, moved to his present store in the Times Building. Besides having a large and complete slock of American and foreign-made watches, French clocks, jewelry, precious stones, gold and silver wares, he largely imports each season the latest elaborations of foreign manufacturers. L. C. Champney, watchmaker and jeweler, No. 363 Broadway, corner of Fourth Street. Watch and jewelry repairing a specialty. In 1846, he be- came a partner of George Fisher, and on October 6, that year, succeeded to the business. The line of succession, beginning with George Fisher, watch- maker. No. 21 Congress Stieet, 1838, was connectedly, Fay & Fisher, No. 13 Congress Street, 1S41 ; George Fisher & Co., 1842 ; George Fisher, 1844; Fisher & Champney, 1S46 : Lewis C. Champney, October 6, 1846; at 4 Cannon Place, in 1855 ; at No. 5 Albany Street, 1857 ; Champney & Felton, No. 19 Franklin Street, 1859; broken m i860 and 1861 ; L. C. Champney, No. 12 Third Street, 1862; at No. 344 River Street. 1863 ; at No. 412 Fulton Street, 1S68 ; at No. 358 Broadway, 1870 ; L. C. Champney & Co., 1875 ; L. C. Champney, 1878 ; at No. 363 Broad- way, 1880. EM.A.NUEL Marks, watchmaker and jeweler, No. 282 River Street, en- gaged in the business in 1854, at No. 88 Congress Street. William Platt, jeweler and watchmaker. No. 268 River Street, began business in 1859, at No. 268J River Street. P. H. Salmson, manufacturer of jewelry and dealer in watclies, dia- monds, jewelry, and silver ware, No. 270 River Street, engaged in the bus- iness, September, 1859, o" ^^*^ second floor of the building on the northeast corner of River and State streets. M. Timpane, watchmaker and jew- eler. No. 302 River Street, with Hen- ry W Sherrill, under the firm-name of Timpane & Sherrill, succeeded in 328 t874. to the business established by Thomas Goldsmith in 1842, at No. 242 River Street. Since 1875, he has individually conducted the business. Andrew Aird, jeweler and watch- maker, 4 Mansion House Block, en- gaged in the business in 1875. Samuel C. Tappin, jeweler and watchmaker, No. 286 River Street, began business at the same place in 1877. His goods of foreign manufac- ture are obtained by direct importa- tion. F. W. Sim, (successor to Thomas Goldsmith,) jeweler, watchmaker, and optician, No. 246 River Street. From 1875 to 18S5 he was in the em- ploy of Thomas Goldsmith, who, in September, 1875, re-engaged in the business, at No. 236 River Street, and in which he continued until Feb- ruary I, 1885, when he sold his interest and stock to F. W. Sim. On May t, 1886, the latter occupied his present store. No. 246 River Street. (See Addenda.) Rappaport & BoNTECOU, watch- makers and jewelers, No. 236 River Street. The firm's attractive and valu- able stock includes gold and silver watches of home and foreign manufac- ture, French and American clocks, plain and artistic jewelry, precious stones of all kinds, solid and plated silver ware, bronzes, spectacles, opera glasses, and specialties for wedding presents. The firm was formed May I, 1886. Markus W. Rappaport, an experienced watchmaker from Lem- berg, Austria, entered the employ of Thomas Goldsmith in 1875, and took charge of his watch-making and re- pairing department. The latter sold the former his interest in this part of the business in February, 1885. D. Frank Bontecou was, from 1869 to 1877, in the employ of A. Rumrill & Co., the well-known firm of jewelers, on Broadway, New York, and with their successors, Jaques & Marcus, on the southwest corner of Union Square and 17th Street, from 1877 to 1880. In each of the two depart- ments of their business, the jewelry, and the watch-making and repairirg, the members of the firm have, baih by experience and skilled attainments, the qualifications desirable for their continued success in the business. DoRiNG Brothers, dealers in watches, clocks, jewelry, and musical instruments, southwest corner of Ful- ton and Fourth streets. Charles F. and Joseph C. Doring formed the firm, September 16, 1882. Waterford. — The village of Waterford, at the extreme southtast corner of Saratoga County, is four and a quarter miles from the courthouse in Troy. Its site was a part of the territory possessed by the Mohawk Indians. They called it Maihahe- naack. On May 27, 1664, Philip Pietersen Schuyler and a certain Goo- sen Gerretsen, residents of the village of Beaverswyck, (Albany), addressed a petition to the director-general and council of New Netherland, requesting permission to purchase from the Ma- hikanders "a certain plain, called by the Dutch the Half Moon, situate at the third or fourth mouth of the Mohawk River, with an island be- tween the second and third mouth." Some of the " English of Conneti- kot " desired to buy the land, but the Indian proprietors preferrtd to sell it to the petitioners, and tlie latter wished to possess it " to keep the English away from this river." Pieter Stuyve- sant, the Dutch director-general, and the members of his council consent- ed, July 10, that year, to the request, on the condition that if the land should thereafter be found to be with- in the limits of Rensselaerswyck, ;l"J that the petitioners should acknowl- edge the ownershi]) and jurisdiction of the patroon of the manor. The "foreland of the Half Moon," the site of the village, was immediately south of the north line of the great estate of the Van Rensselaer family. On Oc- tober lo, 1680, Roeloff Gerritse Van der Werken purchased the foreland. John I. Van der Werken, of Half Moon, on May 16, 1783, sold it for ;^i,ooo to Jacobus Van Schoonhoven, of the same place, George Palmer and Daniel Dickison of Stillwater, Gideon Morgan of Litchfield County, Con- necticut, Ezra Hicock of Sheffield "in the state of Massachusetts Bay," and Isaac Averill of Kings District in Al- bany County. A half morgen of land, which included ''the burying-ground on the said farm," was excepted in the conveyance of the land. The six purchasers employed Flores Bancker to lay out the property into village lots. The place which had for some years been called Half Moon Point, was then given the name of Water- ford. This designation was deemed appropriate, for the Hudson an 1 fourth branch of the Mohawk were fordable at its site. By the "act to ap- point trustees to take and hold certain lands therein mentioned," passed by the legislature, March 25, 1794, Hezekiah Ketcham, Jacobus Van Schoonhoven, Matthew Gregory, Isaac Keeler, John Pettit, Duncan Oli- phant, and Thomas Smith were ap- pointed "trustees for the freeholders and inhabitants of that part of the town of Half Moon commonly called Waterford." By this act of incorpo- ration, the freeholders and inhabitants were authorized to make such rules and regulations necessary for " the cleaning and keeping in order and re- pair the common streets and highways in Waterford," and "to compel the housekeepers" in the village " to fur- nish themselves with a sufficient num- ber of tire-buckets and with necessary tools and implements for extinguish- ing of fires," and to appoint a number of men, not exceeding hfteen, to have the care of the engine or engines be- longing to the freeholders. The opening of the bridge, between the village and Lansingburgh, De- cember 3, 1804, was enthusiastically celebrated by the people of the two places. While cannon were fired, a large procession marched from Lan- singburgh across the bridge to Water- ford, where a dinner was served at the expense of the bridge directors. " It is with much pleasure," the Waterford Gazeffe remarked, "we announce the completion of the bridge at this place, which for architectural strength and beauty exceeds, perhaps, anything of the kind in the United States. On examination, it will be found that its symmetry is just in all its parts, which reflects the highest honor on the en- gineer, Mr. Theodore Burr." The bridge was Soo feet long and 30 wide, having four arches, supported by three stone pillars and two stone butments. Cost, $50,000. The village is described in Spafford's Gazetteer of the state of New York of 1813: Waterford, four miles north of Troy, " is the most populous town in the county [Saratoga], and has by far the most trade. * * * xhe Hudson, however, can hardly be called navigable to this place at present, and its trade is principally carried on in flat-bottomed boats, scow-built, and rigged with sails. * * * The vil- lage is handsomely laid out on 5 E. and W. streets, intersected by others at right angles. There are now igo houses and stores, a large proportion of which are of brick, two houses of worship and some other buildings. * * * Just at the point, a rolling dam is thrown across the Mohawk, which supplies some mills. * * * Since the above was written, I learn 43 330 that a wharf 320 yards in length was constructed in 1812, at great expense and labor, together with a canal chan- nel extending along it to the channel of the Hudson. The wharf leads from the point into the Hudson, on an angle of about 45°, inclining down- wards." The present bridge, between the village and Lansingburgh, was built in 1812-14, at a cost of $20,000. In 1819, Mrs. Emma Willard opened a girls' school in the vacant building, previously Samuel Demarest's tavern, on the site of the Morgan House, on Broad Street, which she conducted until she moved to Troy in 1821, and estab- lished there the Troy Female Seminary. The village, in 1824, contained about 900 inhabitants. Two churches, a brick school-house, a girls' academy, a public building, called Mechanics' Hall, and about 2co houses were within its corporate limits. On the completion of the Champlain Canal, in 1823, the village began to enlarge its business interests, and a number of manufactories were established there shortly afterward. The construction of the state dam at Troy greatly im- proved the navigation of the Hudson between it and Waterford. In 1828- 2g, the canal along the west side of the north branch of the Mohawk was designed and constructed by John F. King, from Coleraine, Mass. In 1 83 1, it was extended from the site of J. M. King & Co.'s die works to its present termination. In 1836, the village contained four churches, two academies, a lyceum, where monthly lectures were given on moral, literary, and scientific subjects, a printing office from which a weekly paper was issued, four flouring mills, a twine factory, an ink manufactory, two large machine shops, two foun- dries, a cotton-cloth factory, a tan- nery, three saw-mills, a plaster and cement mill, nineteen stores, eight taverns, a slaughtering establishment in which, in 1835, 5,217 barrels of beef were packed, a bank, and about 200 dwellings. On Saturday afternoon, July 11, 1841, about 4 o'clock, a stable in the rear of the Episcopal Church, on the west side of Third Street, between Broad and Middle streets, was dis- covered on fire. A stiff breeze, blow- ing from the northwest, carried sparks and flaming brands across Third, Second, and Broad streets. The vil- lage firemen, with their hand-engine, were incapable to oppose with success the spreading flames. Cohoes, Lan- singburgh, Troy, and West Troy firemen, with nine engines, came as quickly as possibly to aid in suppress- ing them. About six o'clock, that evening, the fire was under control. Besides the Episcopal Church, 28 stores, 30 dwellings and 70 other buildings were burned ; the greater number having been on the east and west sides of Third and Second Streets, between Broad and Middle streets, and on the south and north sides of Broad Street, between Third and First Streets. The loss was esti- mated to be about 1150,000. The spectacle of the furniture-filled side- walks, the working firemen, the ex- cited householders, the flaming build- ings, and thronging spectators is still vivid in the memories of the older people of the village. The Saratoga County Bank was in- corporated May 29, 1830, with a capi- tal stock of $roo,ooo. On July 14, that year, the directors elected John Knickerbacker president, and Jona- than H. Douglass cashier. The bank began business in a building immedi- ately east of one on the northeast corner of Broad rmd Second streets. Both were burned in the fire of 1841. The books, papers, and money were safely removed from the bank. The present bank building, on the north- 331 east corner of Broad and Second streets, was erected after the fire. In May, 1865, the bank was reorganized under the national banking laws. In 1 87 1, it again became a state bank. On the niglit of October 13, 1872, it was robbed by a number of masked men. They first gained en- trance to the dwelling of the cashier, D. M. Van Hoevenburgh. Having gagged and bound him and the mem- bers of his family, the robbers com- pelled him to unlock the bank vault, from which they took papers and money valued at about $300,000. By compromise some of the papers were returned. The bank discontinued business in 1885. The corner-stone of the town-hall was laid September 16, 1873. Eight newspapers have been pub- lished in Wateriord. The Waterford Gazette, first published by Horace H. Wadsworth, was issued on Tuesday, October 27, 1801. It was discon- tinued in 1 81 6. Waterford Reporter, William L. Fisk, 1822. Anti-Masonic Recorder, J. C. Johnson, 1830, Wa- terford Atlas, W. Hollands & Co., December, 1832. In 1834, the name was changed to the Waterford Atlas and Manufacturers, Mechanics, and Fari?ters' jfournal. Its publication was shortly afterward discontinued. The Democratic Champion, H. Wil- bur, 1840. The Waterford Sentinel, Andrew Hoffman, May iS, 1850. In 1658, it was sold to J. H. Masten ; afterward to William T. Baker ; in 1870, to Hayward & Palmateer ; in 1871, to S. A. Hathaway. In April, 1872, R. D. Palmateer began the publication of The Waterford Adver- tiser. In July, 1873, he purcliased the Sentbiel, the publication of which was then discontinued. Since Octo- ber I, 18S2, the Advertiser has been published by Palmateer & Smith, at No. 34 Fourth Street. In 1886, tlie village began to be supplied with water by the Water- ford Water Works Company, formed in 1885. West Waterford, a station on the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company's railroad, is immediately west of the Champlain canal, the west boundary of the village of Waterford. The former has a population of about 450. Dial (or Doyle) City is the name of the collection of houses, south of the Champlain canal, about the intersection of South and Sixth streets. Population, about 375. Be- tween West Waterford and the Mo- hawk river, opposite Cohoes, is the village called Northside. Population, about 760, Population of Waterford in 1880, 1,822. There are four churches in the village. The first church erected in the place was that of the Reformed Protestant Dutch congregation, built in 1799, on the southwest corner of Third and Middle streets. It is said that the material was that of the first meeting- house erected, about the time of the revolutionary war, by the same con- gregation, a mile and a half north of the village. The elders and deacons of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in Half Moon were incorpo- rated, January 10, 1789. At the be- ginning of this century, the Presby- terian congregation worshiped in the church. The congregation of the Dutch Church liaving become dis- organized, the building was sold in 1876, and removed. Grace, Episcopal, Church, is on the west side of Third Street, between Middle and Broad Streets. On the institution of the Rev. David Butler, rector of St. Paul's parish, Troy, and of Trinity, Lansingburgh, in 1S06, he conducted every Sunday one service in Troy and one in Lansingburgh, except on every fourth Sunday, wiien he officiated in Waterford. The or- 382 ganization of Grace Church was effect- ed, September 17, 1810, by the elec- tion of its first wardens and vestry- men, who were that day incorporated as such of Grace Church. On July i, 181 1, the congregation purchased the Methodist meeting-house, standing on the site of the present church. Hav- ing been refitted, the building was consecrated August 30, 1813. It was burned in the fire of 1841. The present brick building, erected shortly afterward, was enlarged and refitted in 1865. First Presbyterian Church, on the southeast corner of Third and Division streets. About the close of the last century, the Presbyterians in the village organized themselves into a congregation, and for a time wor- shiped with the members of the Re- formed Protestant Dutch Church in their meeting-house. By invitation of the congregation of the First I'resby- terian Church of Lansingburgh, the Presbyterians of Waterford united with the former in calling the Rev. Samuel Blatchford, who was installed pastor of the two churches, July 18, 1804, and which he served 24 years. From 1804 to 1826, the congregation held its services in the Dutch Church. In January, 1826, the use of Classic Hall, on First Street, was obtained, in which the congregation worshiped until the present church was erected. In September, 1826, the building was dedicated. In the fall of 1865, the work of enlarging and refitting it was begun. On the evening of May 10, 1866, the church was re-dedicated. First Baptist Church is on the east side of Third Street, between Middle and Broad streets. The so- ciety was organized in 1821, and wor- shiped for many years in the village .school-house. In 1842, the first meeting-house, built of brick, was erected on the site of the present church. In 1867, it was enlarged and refitted. Methodist Episcopal Church, is on the east side of Third Street, between Middle and South streets. About the beginning of the century the Methodists built a meeting-house on the west side of Third Street, be- tween Middle and Broad streets. On July I, 181 1, it was sold to the con- gregation of Grace Episcopal Church. The first appointment for Waterford was made in 1830. Not long after- ward the congregation built the second meeting-house. St. Mary'.s Roman Catholic Church is on the east side of Sixth Street, in West Wa'erford. There are only a few manufacturing establishments in Waterford. 'Jhe greater number are outside the village limits, in Dial City, and along King's Canal, and at Northside. Button Fire Engine Company, Holroyd & Co., manufacturers ot steam and hand fire-engines, hose car- riages and carts, fire apparatus, and power pumps. Third Street, near the Champlain Canal. The construction and mechanism of the well-known Button fire-engines have given (hem a marked superiority over all others made in this country. Durable, pow- erful in action, operating without vi- bration, they embody all those excel- lencies desirable in first-class fire- engines. The inventor, Lysander Button, began manufacturing them on December 8, 1834, at his engine works on King's Canal. His successors were L. Button & Co.. (N. B. Doe) ; L. Button, 1856; Button & Blake, (Robert Blake,) 1858 ; L. Button. 1863 ; L. Button & Son, (T, E. But- ton,) 1870; and Holroyd & Co., (James, William, and George E. Hol- royd,) July, 1882. In 1850, the works on Third Street were occupied. Dur- 338 ing the past half-century, the Button makes a specialty of sawing thin lum- fireengines, with their notable im- ber, one-eighth, three-sixteenth, and provements have acquired a rare dis- one-quarter of an inch in thick- tinction for their effectiveness and ness, from the largest and choicest attractive workmanship wherever they pine logs brought from Michigan, have been used in the United States, Some of the logs are 90 feet long and Canada, South America, and Europe, from 20 to 40 inches in diameter. litTTON FIRE ENGINE COMPANY S WORKS. W.\TERFORD Sawing Mills, Wil- liam Burtons' Sons, sawers and deal- ers in mahogany and fancy woods, picture and looking-glass hacks, cigar- box wood, brush blocks and veneers, pine, oak. and chestnut bill timber, (Dial City), south side of Chaniplain Canal. The woods sawed are mostly imported ones. Mahogany and cedar from Mexico and the West Indies ; rosewood from Brazil, and satinwood from San Domingo. Cigar box lum- ber is manufactured from Spanish cedar, and from various imitations of it made from domestic woods. Red cedar from Florida is sawed for cab- inet work and wardrobes. The firm The thin pine is used for a variety of purposes ; looking glass and picture backs, pattern lumt)er,and fancy boxes. The business was begun in Cohoes, in 1S35, by Hawes & Goodwin, who, in 1836, were succeeded by Hawes & Baker, which firm, in 1838, sold their mill to Levi Silliman. In 1840, Wil- liam Burton, the father of William E. and Benjamin P. Burton, the mem- bers of the present firm, made Cohoes his residence, and there, with John M. Tremain, engaged in the business. In 1S44, William Burton purchased his partner's interest, and the ma- chinery and good-will of Levi Silli- man. The firm of William Burton cS: 334 Co., (James Burton) was then formed and a veneer and saw-mill erected by it, on the east side of Erie Street, Some years later, William Burton succeeded to the business, and in 1872 moved to Waterford and purchased the saw-mill on the site of the present one. The firm of William Burton's Sons was formed May I, 1881. Its business is extensive and widely known. Stocks and Dies J. M. King cS: Co., manufacturers of button pliers, slocks, rind dies, taper, plug, and pipe taps, and reamers, King's Canal. The works were established in 1829 by Daniel B. King. The firm of J. M. King & Co. was formed in 1S49. On the decease of J. M. King in 1871, Mary E. Daniels inherited his interest in the business. Thomas Breslin, a member of the present firm, was ad- mitted July I, 1867, Holroyd & Co., manufacturers of stocks and dies, taper, plug, and pipe taps for machinists, blacksmiths, and gas-fitters, King's Canal. The first works were built in 1847 by James Holroyd. In 1864, the present estab- lishment was erected. About thirty workmen are employed. The mem- bers of the firm are James, William, and George E. Holroyd. Gage Machine Works. George Gage, manufacturer of knitting, brush, and papermill machinery, lathes, steam engines, shafting, pulleys, and other gearing. King's Canal. He established the works on the canal in 1834, having made Waterford his residence, June 15, 1829. John E. Gage is superintendent of the works. Hudson Valley Knitting Com- pany's mill, on the noitheast corner of Hudson and Fifth streets, was in part originally the flouring mill of Townsend M.Vail& Sons. Dows, Hoi- royd, & Safely, in 1871, refitted it for a knitting mill. The Hudson Valley Knitting Company, incorporated No- vember 8, 1877; E. W. Scott, presi- dent ; Francis A. Fales, treasurer ; John Consalus, George W. Chapman, and K. B. Dowsley, purchased the property in 1877. The company runs seven sets of cards, employs about 125 operatives, and manufactures men, women, and children's fine underwear, white and colored. Massasoit Knitting Mills, Ed- ward G. Munson, manufacturer of men, women, and children's seam- knitted, white underwear, at the north side of the Mohawk River, opposite the state dam, at Cohoes. The mills are on the site of the Shatemuck Flouring Mills, burned July 26, 1869. The Munson Manufacturini; Com- pany was formed in February, 1872, by Garry Munson, (deceased, 1883,) Edward G. Munson, George Camp- IdcII, and John Clute. The present proprietor, Edward G. Munson, em- jiloys 125 operatives and runs seven sets of machinery. Post-office address, Cohoes, N. Y. Diamond Knitting Mills, J. W. Himes, manufacturer of men and women's white and scarlet, high grade, knit underwear, between the north branch of the Mohawk River and the Champlain Canal, Northside. In 1868, he engaged in the business in Cohoes, and established there the Diamond Knitting Mills, on the west side of Remsen Street. In January, 1870, he and A. C. Vail formed the firm of Himes and Vail. They pur- chased, in 1878, the House and Fulton Flour Mill property on the north side of the Mohawk River, near the state dam, and erected there the present Diamond Mills. Since the dissolu- tion of the firm in 1883, J. W. Himes has continued the manufacture of knit goods, employing about 250 opera- tives. His post-office address is Co- 335 hoes, N. Y. He sells his goods direct to the trade. Waterford Kniiting Company, manufaclurers of scarlet, knit under- wear, King's Canal. J. W. Himes, president; Thomas Breslin, treasurer; M. E. Daniels, secretary. The com- pany was formed January, i8S6, and refitted the Rock Island Flouring Mills previously owned by J. B. Enos & Co., erected about the year 1863. The company employs about 80 operatives. Its goods are sold direct to the trade from the Diamond Mills. Mohawk and Hudson Paper Mill, Frank Gilbert proprietor and manufacturer of printing paper. King's Canal. In 1872, the Mohawk and Hudson Paper Company began manufacturing paper on the site of the present mill. In 1876, Frank Gil- bert, one of the members of the com- pany, purchased its interest. Six tons of printing paper are made daily at the mill, in which 45 men are employ- ed. The firm of Gilbert & Bell (F. H. Bell,) has a pulp-mill, on Saratoga Street, Cohoes, near the street-railway bridge across the Champlain Canal. The works of the Mohawk & Hud- son Manufacturing Company are in Dial City, south of the Champlain Canal. A lampblack factory, and three more knitting mills are to be included in the number of Waterford's manufactories. Water Works, Troy.— About the beginning of the century the vil- lage was supplied with water by the Aqueduct Water Works, through wooden pipes from a spring on the western declivity of Mount Ida, east of Liberty Street. On July i, 1806, an ordinance was passed by the vil- lage trustees "to preserve the unne- cessary waste of water" brought to the village by " the aqueducts." An act " to incorporate the pro- prietors of the Earthern Conduit Com- pany of Troy," was passed by the legislature, June 16, 1812. By the "act to incorporate the proprietors of the Conduit Company of Troy," passed April 13, 1814, the company was per- mitted to use cast-iron pipes ; the man- ufacture of which had been begun about that time at Salisbury, Conn. The act incorporating the Troy Water Works was passed April i8, 1829 ; the stock was not to exceed $250,000. By the act passed, March 20, 1832, the company w as permitted to sell its property to the city. It was conveyed, and the construction of a series of reservoirs was begun in the spring of 1833, on the Piscawen Kill, where now is the distributing reser- voir, west of Oakwood Avenue. The aggregate capacity of the several res- ervoirs was 1,009,359 gallons. In 1843 and 1S53, other reservoirs were constructed along the Piscawen Kill, west and east of Oakwood Avenue. The total cost of the Troy Water Works, March i, 1848, was $160,496,- 37. There were then 59,497 feet of pipes distributing water through the city. By the act, passed March 9. 1855, Harvey Smith, William F. Sage, Thomas Symonds, Joseph M.Warren, and Liberty Gilbert were appointed by the legislature water commissioners of Tioy. Their successors were to be elected by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the common council. In 1859-60, 1862, 1868, and 1869, other reservoirs were constructed. In 1 86 1, a force pump was placed in a building near the state-dam to pump water from the river into the mains. The machinery was afterward suc- cessively moved to buildings on the hydraulic canal, south of the former station, and water pumped from the canal to supply in part the city. On March 19, 1879, a plat of ground 336 was purchased of J. Lansing Van Schoonhoven for $9,000, on the north- west corner of State and Washington streets, in Lansingburgh. From its frontage of 300 feet on State Street it extends westward 450 feet to low-water mark on the bank of the Hudson. A contract was made with the Holly Manufacturing Company of Lockport, N. Y., on May 7, 1879, for "two sets of pumping engines and boilers with the necessary buildings, including smoke-stack, the inlet chamber in the Hudson River, the tunnel leading therefrom to the pump-well, a high service reservoir and a 30-inch rising or force main extending from the pumping station to Lower Oakwood Reservoir, (a distance of about 3^ miles);" the consideration being $235,- 000. In June, that year, the enlargement of the water works began, and in February, 1880. water was pumped into the lower Oakwood reservoir for the first time from the new station. In the attractive one-story building, faced with Croton pressed brick, are two Holly quadruplev engines, each capable of pumping six million gal- lons of water daily. Near it is a two-story bfick building in which the engineers reside. The thirty-inch main, through which water is forced into lower Oakwood reservoir, is 16,753 fcst long, and extends from the pumping station southward through Lansingburgh to Glen Avenue, where it deflects eastwardly and enters the lower Oakwood reservoir on the east side of Oakwood Avenue. The system of reservoirs of the Troy Water Works begins with Bruns- wick Lake, in the town of Brunswick, about three miles east of Oakwood Avrnue. Immediately west of it is Vanderheyden Lake. About two miles west of that lake, on the Link road, is the high service reservoir, 384 feet above tide-water. About a half a mile west of it is the upper Oakwood reservoir, and west of it, the lower Oakwood reservoir, on the east side of Oakwood Avenue. On the west side of the avenue is the low service reservoir. The system of distribution of water to different parts of the city embraces three divisions : The low service comprises that part of the city between the river and a plane of 202 feet above the height of tide-water. One main extends westerly from the low service reservoir along Glen Avenue to River Street. Another from the same reservoir ex- tends westerly along and across the Piscawen Kill to the pipes which for- merly supplied water from the old distributing reservoir. One of the pipes distributes water along Eighth Street to Federal Street, and runs thence to River, Fourth, Ida, Third streets, across the Poesten Kill, thence to Madison, Fourih, to and across the Wynants Kill to Water Street. The other pipe extends southwesterly to the intersection of Canal Street and Vail Avenue, and thence runs to River Street, and thence along River Street southwardly to the central part of the city. The middle service includes that part of the city between a plane of 202 feet above tide-water and a plane of 290 feet above the same. The main supplying this division extends across the land of William 11. Frear to Oakwood Avenue, thence along it to Tenth Street, People's Avenue, Ninth, Federal, Eighth and Congress streets to the stone bridge across the Poesten Kill, on Pawling Avenue. The high service embraces that part of the city between a plane of 290 feet and a plane of 384 feet above tide-water. The main supplying this division extends from the high service reservoir across the fields to Burdett Avenue, thence to Tibbits, Bruns- 337 wick. Pawling, Maple avenues to Campbell's Hiehway, and thence along it to the Iron Works. The present extent and capacity of the water works and those of 1855 are contrasted in the annual report of the water commissioners for the fiscal year 18S4 ; "At that time the city had a population of about 33,000. Its water works, such as they were, had then been in existence over twenty years, and had cost, up to that year inclusive, about $175,000. The ex- tent of pipe laid was 12 miles ; num- ber of fire plugs, 85; stop gates, 91. The assessed water-rents were $15,- 324.60. There was but one storage reservoir, Brunswick Lake, and one distributing reservoir in addition to the fire dam, with an aggregate ca- pacity of three hundred and fifty-two million gallons ; and there was but one 1 2-inch supply pipe for the whole city, while the total daily supply of probably less than one million gallons was fully ample to meet the demands of that day. * * * " During the short interval of only thirty years that has elapsed since that lime the population of the city has increased to 60,000. The board has had to supervise the additional expenditure, in construction alone, of the large sum of $933,618.70. The extent of pipe laid has increased from 12 to 48 miles; the fire plugs from 85 to 516, aside from private plugs ; and the stop-gates from 91 to 740. The assessed water rents have increased from $15,000 to $65,000 ; the storage, or reservoir capacity, from three hun- dred and fifty-two millions to six hun- dred and thirty-three millions ; the daily consumption from one to nine millions ; and finally a large and ex- pensive system of pumping by steam power ftom the Hudson River has been superadded to the original grav- ity supply in order to meet the grow- ing demands of our large population." The total cost of the water works from 1S33 to March i, 1S86, was $1,149,083.81. The present debt, since the enlargement and extension of the water works in 1879, 's $421,- 000. The water commissioners are Richard F. Hall, president, Joseph Fales, Lyman R. Avery, David M. Ranken, and Dennis J. Whalen. On February i, 1 885, Palmer H. Baer- mann succeeded David M. Gteene as chief engineer of the water works de- partment. Edward H. Chapin has been superintendent since 1854. John G. Ogden has filled the position of clerk of the department since 1875. The offices of the department are in the city building. No. 47 State Street, east of Fifth Street. West Troy. — The site of the vil- lage of West Troy was originally a part of the tract of land purchased of the Indians for Kiliaen Van Rensse- laer, July 27, 1630. On the map of Rensselaerswyck, made about the year 1631, this northwest section of the great manor is denominated Weelijs Duel (Weely's Part), so named it would seem in honor of the patroon's second wife, Anna Van Weely. Later, the lowland south of the first branch of the Mohawk River was called by the Dutch de J^lachte, (the Plain or Flat). Arent Van Curler, a cousin of the patroon, was the first person to cultivate a farm on it, where he lived from 1642 to 1660. Richard Van Rensselaer, a son of the patroon, afterward possessed the bou- wery for a number of years. On June 22, 1672, Jeremias Van Rensselaer sold the farm and the island opposite it to Philip Schuyler, for 5000 Hol- land guilders, $2,000. The farm ex- tended along the Hudson from the Krom Kill, (Crooked Creek), south of the Schuyler homestead, at Port Schuy- ler, northward to Steene-hoeck kill. 44 338 (Stone-point Creek) now Dry River. North of the farm was another belong- ing to Bastiaen De Winter. It lay between the Steene-hoeck kill and the rocky eminence projecting into the the Hudson called by the Dutch Steene Hoeck (Stone Point). " The Rock House," on the southeast cor- ner of Buffalo Street and Broadway, is built on a part of the "great blacke rocke," Steene Hoeck. The Schuyler mansion, south of Port Schuyler, was built about the year 1768, on the site of the burned one, erected in the previous cen- tury. In 1793, a part of the farm of John Schuyler, jr., was surveyed and laid out for a village by John Campbell. The place was called Washington. It comprised thatpart of Port Schuyler between Spring and North streets. Spring Street was then called South Street. On January i, 1805, James Gib- bons purchased from John S. Schuyler a tract of land immediately north of the village of Washington. Shortly afterward a part of that land was laid out for a village and called Gibbons- ville. In i8i3,the two places were thus described in Spafford's Gazetteer of the State of New York : "Washington 5 miles N. of Albany and Gibbons Ville, opposite Troy, 6 miles." Gib- bonsville then contained about fifteen houses. The bell and brass foundry, which Julius Hanks of Mansfield, Conn.,_'had erected in 1808, on the west side of Water Street, (Broad- way), between Ferry and Buffalo streets, was thus mentioned in the same work : " Here is also a bell foundry with a considerable variety of works in brass, plating, &c. Several small cannon have been lately made here,'on a contract with the state of Connecticut. Surveyors' compasses of superior construction and workman- ship are made here, and I have seen some samples of plaited wares done in a very superior style." On July 14, 1813, the United States purchased of James Gibbons about twelve acres of land in Gibbonsville for $2,585, on which in the following year the erection of the buildings of the Watervliet Arsenal was begun. On March 19, 1814, the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Washing- ton and Gibbonsville was organized in the school-house in the former village. In the spring of the following year, the erection of the meeting-house was begun on the west side of Water (Broadway) Street, between North Street and the arsenal grounds. The church was dedicated on Wednesday, July 17, 1816. On August 19, 1817, the Watervliet post-office was estab- lished in Gibbonsville. Abijah Whee- ler, the post-master, kept the office in his store on the southwest corner of Water (Broadway) and Ferry streets. On April 23, 1823. the legislature passed the " act to vest certain pow- ers and privileges in the freeholders and inhabitants of Gibbonsville," by which the village was to be incorpor- ated. As no election for village offi- cers was held as provided by the act, a second act was passed April 4, 1825. Under the last, Julius Hanks, Elijah Rainey. Isaac Chapman, Edward Learned, and Isaac Frink were elected trustees, and Gerrit T. Lansing, treas- urer, and Nathan Robbins, collector. Julius Hanks was chosen president of the board of trustees. In Spafford's Gazetteer of 1824, Gibbonsville is described : " It is incorporated as a village, has 52 houses, shops, and stores. Hanks' bell and cannon foundry and manufactory of town clocks and surveyors' instruments, a manufactory of paper moulds, the United States arsenal and depot, at Watervliet, and 2 basins on the canal. It is a busy little place, and having the canal, good docking ground on 339 the Hudson, the side cut and locks to Troy, with important advantages for a large basin on the margin of the river, bids fair to grow pretty rapidly. * * * Gibbonsville is connected with Troy by 2 horse-ferries, on Langdon's improved construction. * * * Washington village, a half mile below Gibbonsville, has about 40 houses, the Albany road and canal." In the same work the following mention was made of the United Slates arsenal: " It is designed to be the principal depot for military stores, arms, and equipments in the northern states, and is now [1824] one of the largest in the United States. The buildings present a long front on the river, and consist of a brick arsenal, 35 by 120 feet, 2i stories in height ; 2 brick houses for officers' quarters ; i brick building, 25 by 98 feet, 3 sto- ries, for quarters for mechanics and soldiers ; 2 brick buildings, each 22 by 136 feet, for mechanics' shops ; 2 do. each i^ story, 45 by 1S3 feet, for military carriages and equipments ; a brick magazine for powder and am- munition, 60 by 19 feet, surrounded by a brick wall, 14 feet high, 264 feet perimeter ; a stone magazine, 87 by 21 feet, surrounded by a wall 300 feet perimeter, 14 feet high ; a wooden building, 40 by 22 feet, 2 stories, for a laboratory, and a stable and a forage house. It has also a dock in front, on the Hudson. * * * The pub- lic property is probably little short of a million of dollars in value. * * * The Erie Canal runs through the depot, between the front and rear buildings, over which is a bridge. This establishment was located in 1S13, and commenced in 1814, under the direction of Col. [George] Bom- ford of the ordnance department, but it has been for some years under the direction of Major [James] Dalliba, an officer of the same department." The construction of the Erie Canal, which runs through the village, was begun July 4, 1817, and completed October 26, 1825. The openmg of the canal between Gibbonsville and Rochester was celebrated on Wednes- day, October 8, 1823. On that day, the Trojan Trader, flying a Hag in- scribed : " From Troy ; the first west- ern boat loaded at Hudson's River," left the village for Rochester. The side cut, south of the first branch of the Mohawk River, was completed Saturday, November 15, 1823. That afternoon, the packet boat, Superior, with a number of citizens of Troy on board, passed through the lock into the Hudson and crossed the river to Troy. In 1823, George Tibbits, Richard P. Hart, Esaias Warren, Philip Scliuyler, Ebenezer Wis.vall, Nathan Warren, Samuel Gale, John P. Cush- man, William Hart, Jacob Merritt, Elias Pattison, George Vail, Stephen Warren, Philip Hart, jr., John Paine, John D. Dickinson, and Theodore F. French, having organized themselves into a corporation called the " West Troy Company," purchased, No- vember 12, that year, from John Bleecker and Elizabeth, his wife, 400 acres of land, " north of the division line between James Gibbons and John Bleecker," or north of Buifalo Street. The Troy and Schenectady turn- pike, " the street leading from Albany to the Cohoes bridge," and the Erie Canal crossed the tract of land. " Steinhook Creek," as Dry River was then called, flowed through it to the Hudson. The eastern part of the land was laid out into building lots and the western part into farm lots. The purchasers paid $45,000 for the land, and called the projected village West Troy. In 1827, Willard Earl, Jal)ez Bur- rows, Abijah Wheeler, David Wheeler, Enoch Burrows, Ciilbert C. Bedell, 340 and Jonathan Hart, taking the name of the Port Schuyler Company, pur- chased of John and Peter S. Schuyler the land which was surveyed by Evert Van Alen and Sergeant John Camp- bell of the United States ordnance de- partment, and laid out into building lots, as delineated on the map made October 23, 1827. This place, which included the village of Washington, was called Port Schuyler. Gibbonsville, in which the erection of buildings was begun in 1800, in 1830 had 60 dwelling houses, 87 fam- ilies, 559 inhabitants, 3 public houses, 9 stores, and the United States ar- senal. West Troy, in which the erection of buildings was begun in 1824, in 1830 had 113 dwellings, 93 families. 510 inhabitants, i church, 4 public houses, and 23 stores. Port Schuyler in 1830, had 52 dwel- lings, 75 families, 450 inhabitants, i church, I public house, and 12 stores. By the act for the incorporation of " the village of West Troy," includ- ing in it Gibbonsville and Port Schuyler, passed April 30, 1S36, two trustees in each of the four wards, a president, and other village officers, were elected on May 3, that year. The Watervliet Bank, incorporated. May 21, 1836, with a capital slock of $250,000, doing business in the brick building on the northwest corner of Broadway and Buffalo Street, failed in April, 1842. The name of the post-office was changed from Watervliet to that of West Troy, July i, 1847 When the construction of the Al- bany Northern Railroad was begun in 1851, the first line surveyed for it extended through the village, entering it on the south near the Schuyler homestead and running thence north- ward along the east side of Broadway to (keen Island, crossing the hrst branch of the Mohawk River at the side-cut at the foot of Union Street. The construction of the road on this line having been opposed, the line was changed to the west side of the village. A Y was constructed by which trains going northward and si-uthward could enter the village on the line of Canal Street, now Central Avenue. The station was a small frame building on the northeast corner of the alley, between Ohio Street and the Erie Canal. A freight-house was built on the north side of Canal Street, on the west side of Dry River. The build- ing of the street railway from Albany to West Troy in 1862, so diminished the number of passengers travelling be- tween the two places on the Albany Northern Railroad that after De- cember 21, 1863, the use of the Y was discontinued. A station was then erected at the head of Genesee Street. The Bank of West Troy, which began business, on May i, 1852, in its banking house on the southwest corner of Washington and Canal streets, with a capital of $200,000, became the National Bank of West Troy, in 1865, with a capital stock of $250,000. Its present capital is $100,000. The corner-stone of Corporation Hall was laid August 24, 1864. The United States Arsenal grounds now embrace about 100 acres of land, inclosed by a high stone wall, except- ing on Broadway, along which is a fence of iron pickets. About 1,500 men were employed at the arsenal during the civil war, manufacturing ordnance supplies. Since the pur- chase of the grounds about a million and a half dollars have been ex- pended in the erection of the different buildings on them. The property has a frontage of 1600 feet on the Hudson. There are 10 churches in the vil- lage. The North Reformed Church, northwest corner of Washington and 341 Buffalo streets ; the Jermain Memo- rial Presbyterian Cliurcli, formerly the South Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, northwest corner of Middle and Croton streets ; Trinity Episco- pal Church, east side of Washington Street, between Ferry and Schenectady streets ; First Baptist Church, north- east corner of Ohio Street and Cen- tral Avenue ; P'irst Presbyterian Church, north side r.f Union Street, between Catherine and Ford streets ; Ohio Street Methodist Episcopal Church, southwest corner of Ohio and Ontario streets ; Washington Street Methodist Episcopal Church, north- west corner of Washington and Ferry streets ; St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, southwest corner of Union and Burlington streets ; St. Bridget's Roman Catholic Church, northwest corner of Salem and Mansion streets; Holy Heart of Mary, Roman Catholic, French, Church, on northwest corner of Gibbons and Buffalo streets. The first newspaper printed in the village was the Palladimn, and was published by the W^arren Brothers in 1832. Its publication was soon discontinued. On October 4, 1S37, William Hollands began the publica- tion of the West Troy Advocate and Watervliet Advertiser, a weekly, and continued it until his death in 1853. The paper was afterward published by his son, William Hollands, jr. Its publication was discontinued in 1864. The publication of the Watervliet Daily Democrat was begun January 18, 1859. I^ w^^ shortly afterward succeeded by the Albany County Dem- ocrat, which was published until July, 1884. The Watervliet Journal was published by James Treanor and T. I. Hardin, from May, 1S80, to July, 1885. They then purchased the Dem- ocrat and consolidated the two papers under the name of the Journal and Democrat, which is still published by them. Population of West Troy in 1840, 4,572; 1850, 6,900; 1S60, 8,952; 1870, 10,693 ; 1880, 8,82c. The cen- sus of the village in 1880 was care- lessly taken, and it is likely there were about 11,000 inhabitants at that time. The principal manufactories are the following : James Roy & Co., manufacturers of shawls, woolen and worsted goods, east side of Broadway, foot of Spring Street. Early in the present century satinet was made in a large frame building, erected on the bank of the Hudson, at the foot of Spring Street, in the village of Washington. South of the factory, and nearly opposite Mill Street was a flouring mill. On the map of Port Schuyler, made Oc- tober 23, 1827, the ground plans of the two buildings are delineated. On February 14, 1S43, James Roy, who with John Knower, had begun the manufacture of woolen shawls in the satinet factory, previously occupied by A. S. Blackman, purchased a half-part of the property and a number of adjacent lots. Having obtained a number of skilled operatives from Scotland, where James Roy was born, the enterprising manufacturers were then making a grade of shawls noway inferior in quality and texture to those imported. In 1847, the first of the present large brick buildings of the establishment was erected by James Roy & Co. On January i, 1866, John F. Roy became a member of the tirm. On December 29, 1869, "James Roy & Company " was incoporated with a capital of $400,000 ; since in- creased to $500,000 ; James Roy, John Knower, John F. Roy, and Benjamin Knower constituting the corporation. Besides the different buildings, fronting 800 feet on Broad- way, the company has a large brick factory on the northeast corner of B4S Broadway and Mansion Street, and another in Schenectady. Roy & Co., (John Knovver and A. H. Sweny), manufacturers of butts and hinges, Broadway, near Spring Street. Andrew Rogers and James Roy, under the name of Rogers & Roy, engaged in the business in the basement of the old satinet factory. The firm of Roy & Co., (John Knower, James Roy, & Peter Roy), was incor- porated, December 28, 1870. J. M. Jones' Sons, car manufac- turers. Circle Street, north of Berlin Street. John M. Jones, the father of the members of the firm, with Henry W. Witbeck, under the name of Wit- beck & Jones, in 1839, began the manufacture of carriages and wagons, in a frame building, afterward burned, on the site of the present works. During the first years of gold mining in California, the firm made and shipped a great number of lumber and express wagons around Cape Horn to San Francisco. On Henry W. Witbeck's withdrawal in 1863, George H. Lawrence became associ- ciated for a short time with J. M. Jones in the business. In 1S64, the firm of Jones & Co. was formed by J. M. and Richard W. Jones. In 1S74, it was succeeded by that of J. M. Jones & Co.; the two sons John H. and Walter A. Jones engaging in the business with their father. In 1879, the business was discontinued in West Troy. In the spring of 18S2, John H. and Walter A. Jones resumed in West Troy the manufacture of street- cars begun by Jones & Lawrence in 1864. Thousands of street-cars have been made at these works for different railway companies in the United Slates, South America, Aus- tralia, England, Germany, India, and other distant countries. In 1870, two hundred were made for the Bombay Tramway Company. During the civil war many gun carriages were made for the United States government. About 300 street-cars are now annu- ally made by the firm, which employs about 2CO skilled workmen. Covert Manufacturing Com- pany, makers of harness snaps, chain and rope goods, southwest corner of Central Avenue and West Street. Many of the ingeniously constructed specialties made at the works are figuratively designated, " Covert's horse and mule jewelry." Although partly decorative, their usefulness is at once apparent in the different adapta- tions for the purposes for which they are admirably designed. The loop, round eye, open eye, and swivel snaps attachable to harness, lariats, and ropes, the web and rope halters, ties, and cords commend their convenience and durability to persons acquainted with the management and care of horses, mules, and cattle. The com- pany also manufactures a large class of chains and cables used by farmers, lumbermen, dredgers, car manufactur- ers, and water-craft builders, and sub- jects them to the highest standard tests of strength of Europe and America. The patent adjustable sol- dering irons and adjustable coppers made at the works for tinsmiths and plumbers are everywhere recognized for their excellence. The business was begun in 1873, at No. 210 First Street, Troy, by James C. and Madison Covert, Henry and S. Bradley Wake- man, under the name of the Breast Hold-back Company. The Covert Manufacturing Company was formed August 9, 1877. James C. and Madi- son Covert succeeded to the business, under the same name, in 1882. In February, 1879, the present works on the southwest corner of Central Ave- nue and West Street were erected by the company, which sells its goods not only to the trade in this country but to numerous importers in England, 343 Austria, Germany, India, Africa, and other distant lands. The wide adver- tisement of the company's specialties have greatly enlarged its business dur- ing the last five years. George R. Meneely & Co., man- ufacturers of Hopkins' patent self- fitting journal bearings for railroad cars and locomotives, bronze and brass castings, and anti-friction met- als. South Albany Street, south of the U. S. arsenal grounds. George R. Me- neely and S. W. Getman, having formed the firm in 1874, began in March, that year, manufacturing at their present establishment. The popular use of the Hopkin.s' journal bearings by the different railroads in the United States have made it more convenient to the manufacturers to have two establishments, one at West Troy and the other at Atlanta, Ga., from which they supply orders from those parts of the country nearest to them. Meneely Hardware Company, (George R. and Charles D. Meneely, and John Gibbons), manufacturers of hardware specialties, South Albany Street, south of the United States arsenal grounds. The company was formed on January i, 1S83. The works have a frontage of about 270 feet on South Albany Street, and a depth of 125 feet, Meneely & Co., (E. A., A. H., and George K. Meneely), bell founders. No. 205 Broadway. The business was begun by Julius Hanks, in 1808, who was succeeded in 1826, by An- drew Meneely ; in 1850, by Andrew Meneely & Son ; in 1S51, by Andrew Meneely's Sons ; in 1863, by E. A. & G. R. Meneely ; and in 1S74, by Me- neely & Co. Two foundries and the lumber busi- ness are also comprised in the indus- trial interests of the village. The West Troy Water Works Company, incorporated, 1876, began supplying the village with water in 1877. The water is pumped from the Mohawk River near Niskayuna. The storage reservoir is about a mile west of the village. Wire Cloth Manufactory.— J. B. S. Maltky, manufacturer of wire cloth, sieves, riddles, screens, window guards, and painted window screen cloth. No. 357 and 359 River Street. As a member of the firm of Nutting & Co., he engaged in the business in 1864. Wire Manufacturers.— J. Wool Griswold, manufacturer of iron, steel and galvanized wire, works on the Poesten Kill, foot of Cypress Street. Established, 1879. Griswold Brothers, (John Wool Griswold and Frank B. Griswold), manufacturers of patent steel wire bale ties, works on the Poesten Kill, foot of Cypress Street. In 1884, the firm succeeded the Brockner-Evans Company, incorporated, April 4, 1883. Wood-workers. — Edward Carter, manufacturer of carpenters' planes, mechanics' tools, wood mouldings, and ornamental work, Nos. 22 to 40 Spring Avenue ; salesroom, No. 203 River Street. The manufacture of planes and tools was begun in Troy in 1828, by Simeon Rowell, at No. 38 Ferry Street. His successors were Charles S. Rowell, rear No. 52 Congress Street. 1832 ; Jared West, 1832 ; Richard Carter, March, 1833; R. & L. Carter, No. 11 Ferry Street, 1835 ; E. & C. Carter, (Edward and Charles), No. 11 Ferry Street, 1847; Edward Carter, No. 171 River Street, 1854 ; E. & C. Carter, (Edward and 344 Cyrus), No. 249 River Street, 1862 ; Edward Carter, No. 249 River Street, 1865. Besides manufacturing tools, moulding, stair rails, Edward Carter executes, on orders, circular and scroll sawing, planing and turning. His sale of tools is extensive, not only in the United States, but in the West Indies, South America, Australia, and the Sandwich Islands. A. V. G. Smith, sawing, planing, and turning mills, Front Street, near Federal, began business in 1876 as successor to Curley & Lansing, at the same place. Wool Dealers.— Stephen W. Barker, wool dealer, Nos. 171 and 173 River Street. In 1832, John Kerr engaged in the busi- ness at No. 127 River Street. His successors were John Kerr & Co., 173 River Street, 1835 ; Knowlson & Mor- gan, 1865 ; James S. Knowlson <& Co., 153 River Street, 1870; Knowl- son & Organ, 1874 ; Stephen Barker & Son, 1875; Stephen Barker, 171 and i73RiverStreei, 1876; Stephen W. Barker, September 13, 1883. John Consalus, wool dealer, No^-. 417 and 419 River Street. In 1843, Hiram Herrington engaged in the busi- ness at 273 River Street, and was succeeded by Herrington & Warren, No. 283 River Street, 1852 ; Hiram Herrington. No. 283 River Street, 1862; Herrington & McClure, No. 283 River Street 1S64. In 1865, the firm of J. & D. A. Consalus was formed, which engaged in vhe business at No. 375 River Street, whence, in 1866, the firm moved to No. 283 ; succeed- ing there Herrington & McClure. In 1871, John Consalus succeeded to the business, who then removed to Nos. 417 and 419 River Street. Young Women's Associa- tion, The, of the city of Troy, or- ganized in January, 18S3, occupies rooms in the Manufacturers' National Bank Building, on the corner of River and King streets. Its object is to ameliorate the condition and promote the interests of young women by pro- viding them with a proper and an at- tractive place where they may pass leisure hour^■, and improve themselves by attending evening courses of iri- struction and by reading books of a well-selected library. The institution was incorporated June lO, 1885. Spelling, penmanship, arithmetic, book-keeping, mu^ic, type-writin;;, mdlinery, and fine sewing are taught those desiring free instruction. A matron is in charge of the rooms, which are open every afternoon and evening, excepting on Sunday. The present officers are Mrs. Charles E. Patterson, president ; Mrs. J K. Howe, secretary ; and Mrs. C. A. McLeod, treasurer. 345 OMISSIONS IN FIRST CLASSIFICATION. Apothecaries.— Andrew Sawyer, apothecary, No. 348 River Street, engaged in the busi- ness at the same place in 1866. R. H. Staruuck, apothecary and druggist, northwest corner of Broad- way and Fifth Street, engaged in the business in 1869, at No. 18 Third Street. MONCRIEF & Francis, (Robert Moncrief and William M. Francis), No. 77 Congress Street, formed the firm May i, 1886. Art Booms. — Joseph Hicks, dealer in paintings, engravings, and art goods. No. 44 Third Street. His father, William Hicks, began the business in 1851, at No. 199 River Street. Asylum, St. Vincent's Female Orphan. The new asylum, a large, four-story, brick building, on the east side of Eighth Street, between Federal and Jacob streets, was erected during the summer of 1886. Boiler Manufacturer. — M. Maiiony, manufacturer of boil- ers for steam and hot water heating, office and foundry, northwest corner of Liberty and Fifth Streets ; ware- rooms, No. 143 River Street, Troy, and 85 Center Street, New York. 45 Box Manufacturers.— John Leggett & Son (Joseph A.,) manufacturers of paper-boxes of all kinds, Nos. 34 and 36 North Fourth Street, The senior member of the firm engaged in the business in 1869, with Sidney Bush, under the firm- name of Bush & Leggett, Nos. 380 and 382 River Street. C. E. Vandercook, manufacturer of packing and cigar boxes, Nos. 6 & 8 Front (Mechanic) Street, engaged in the business in 1875. Brick Works, Troy Fire. — James Ostrander & Son, manufac- turers of fire brick, blocks and tile, and dealers in fire clays and sand, Nos. 209 and 211 Second Street. The different buildings of the extensive works are on twenty-seven lots front- ing on First and Second streets, be- tween Canal Avenue and Madison Street. The appliances for making fire brick are complete in every de- partment of the establishment. Moulded in a multiplicity of shapes, the brick, blocks, and tile vary from 3 to 1000 pounds in weight. The va- rious uses made of them in furnaces, forges, foundries, and factories where they are subject to high degrees of heat, to alternations of expansion and contraction, and to the effects of gen- erated gases, demand of the manu- facturer a wide range of knowledge to perfect the brick for the purposes for which they are designed. The wide 346 reputation of the works for producing an unexcelled quality of heavy blocks for blast furnaces, rolling mills, and steel works, has given no little promi- nence to the establishment for many years. Mining his own clay and sand at Woodbridge, N. J., and his kaolin at Rossville, Staten Island, the pro- prietor possesses all the facilities to fill large orders with dispatch and on satisfactory terms. The works were established in 1850 by Daniel Hud- son, who was succeeded in 1853 by James Ostrander ; in 1S56, by Ostran- der & Heartt, (Jonas S.); in 1S66, by James Ostrander ; and in 1868, by James Ostrander & Son. On the death of his father, December 14, 1874, Francis A. Ostrander became the proprietor of the establishment. About lOO workmen are employed at the works. The first blocks and tuyeres used in the Bessemer steel works in this city and other places in the country were made at the works. Brush Manufacturer.— Isaiah DeFreest, horse-brush manufacturer. No. 351 River Street, began business in 1867 at No. 267 River Street, with Edward C. Allen, under the firm name of Allen & De- Freest. Since 1873 he has individu- ally conducted the business, making all grades of horse-brushes with wooden and leather backs, and selling them to the trade in all parts of the United States. Button-hole Makers. Dater & Lee, makers of button- holes in collars, cuffs, shirt-trimmings and other goods. No. 506 Fulton Street. John Dater and George H. Lee formed the firm, August 16, 1886. Established 1S82. About 90 opera- tives are employed. E. T. Young & Co., shirt, collar, and cuff button-hole manufacturers. Gurley Building, No. 24 Fifth Street. Eyelet end work a specialty. The firm was formed. May 12, 1886. Clothing. — J. S. TOBEY, manufacturer and dealer in men's and boys' clothing, Nos. 281 and 322 (Troy Clothing Company,) River Street, engaged in the business in Troy in 1850. Furniture.— Robert Keith, manufacturer and dealer in furniture. No. 179 River Street, engaged in the business in 1880, at No. 189 River Street, whence he removed to his present place of business in April, 1885. Cornelius Fogarty, manufacturer and dealer in furniture, carpets, feath- ers, and bedding, northwest corner of River and State streets, succeeded, February, 1S86, Fogarty & York, who began the business at the same place, January, i, 1884. M. Doyle's Sons, manufacturers and dealers in furniture, carpets, and bedding, Nos. 176 to 180 River Street, on May i, 18S6, succeeded their father, M. Doyle, who engaged in the business in 1870, on the northeast corner of River and Ferry streets. Glass. — Thorne & Rogers, dealers in win- dow and plate glass. No. 309 River Street, assumed the firm name August 23, 1886 ; their former partner, R. J. Bennett, retiring. Hoosick, one of the towns of Rensselaer County, was erected Marcli 7, 1788. Its territory embraces the land included in the Hoosick Patent, granted July 28, 1688 ; the Walloom- sac Patent, dated June 15, 1739, and the Schneyder Patent, March 24, 1762. 847 Iloosick Falls, the largest village in the town, was incorporated April 14, 1827. The Boston, Iloosac Tun- nel & Western, ami the Troy & Bos- ton railroads pass through it. The village is the seat of the works of the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reap- ing Machine Company, formed in 1865. Population, 4,520. Hoosick, North Hoosick, Eagle Bridge, Wal- loomsac, Buskirk's Bridge, West Hoosick, and Petersburgh Junction are small villages in the town. Population of the town of Hoosick: 1790. 3,035 ; iSoo, 3. 141 ; i8ro, 3,117 ; 1815, 2,907 ; 1820, 3,373 ; 1825, 3,481 ; 1830, 3,584 ; 1835, 3,525 ; 1840, 3,539 ; 1845, 3,576 ; 1850, 3,724 ; 1855, 4,120 ; i860, 4,446 ; 1S65, 4,783 ; 1870, 5,728 ; 1875, 6,525 ; 1880, 7,890. Institute, Rensselaer Poly- technic.— In 1841, '42, and '43, the sessions of the Rensselaer Institute were held in the Farmers' Bank Building, on the northwest corner of River and Mid- dleburgh streets. Hon. James For- syth, LL. D., president of the insti- tute, died August 10, 1886. Laundry Machinery. — A. P. Adams, laundry machinery and supplies, Nos. 7 & 9 Sixth Street. The use of machinery in laundries is no longer a matter of expediency. Aggressive competition compels laun- drymen everywhere to possess the fa- cilities of accomplishing with dispatch and perfection the commissions given them. Badly washed, unequally starched, and imperfectly ironed goods are no longer accepted by cir- cumspect manufacturers and wearers. Whatever faultiness is discoverable in carelessly laundered goods, it is likely to be due to the want of skill on the part of employes rather than to the working of machinery. The ingeni- ously constructed laundry machinery so excellently made at the works of A. P. Adams, embracing in part re- versing washers, centrifugal ironers, steam heated ironing machines, collar and cuff and shirt ironers, dampening machines, and other patented appli- ances, has the high commendation of experienced laundrymen in all parts of the country. The wide popularity of the Adams' laundry machinery is indicated by the extensive sale of it in the United States, Canada, England, India, Australia and other countries. In 1873, Alonzo P. Adams engaged in Troy with Thos. .S. Wiles in launder- ing. In 1877. Wiles, Adams & Co., (Henry Kelly,) began the sale of laun- dry supplies. In 1879, on the organ- ization of the Troy Laundry Machin- ery Company, A. P. Adams was elected its president. In 1884, he be- gan the manufacture of laundry ma- chinery and supplies at Nos. 7 & g Sixth Street. Troy Laundry Machinery Com- pany, Limited, manufacturers and dealers in laundry machinery and sup- plies, Nos. 648 and 650 Fulton Street. The continental fame of Troy laun- dering is a popular commendation of the ingeniously constructed machinery used by the laundrymen of the city. The marvelous rapidity and the un- equalled perfection with which the various processes of washing, drying, starching, and ironing are accomplish- ed amply demonstrate the high merits of the apparatus effecting them. The Troy Laundry Machinery Company is entitled to the honor of making some of the best and most extensively used machinery in the Troy laundries. Its hydraulic washers, wringers, starching machines, dampners, mangles, calen- ders, shirt, collar, and cuff ironers are not only its own patents, but in adapt- ation and efficiency unsurpassed. The recently patented shirt-ironer now 348 made by the company will doubtless attain a wide popularity not only in the city laundries but in others in the United States. The adequacy of these different machines may be com- prehended by the information that one will wash in a day 1,500 dozen collars and cuffs, another in ten minutes will free from water 150 dozen, another starch in a day 200 dozen collars and cuffs or 600 shirts, another dampen in a day 2,400 dozen collars or cuffs, and another iron in ten liours 1,200 dozen of the same goods. The com- pany was incorporated January i, 1881, and in February, 1882, occupied the present establishment on the north side of Fulton Street, between Sixth and Seventh streets. The officers of the company are Delavan Peck, presi- dent ; Thomas S. Wiles, vice-presi- dent ; Allen Conkling, treasurer; and Jacob H. Ten Eyck, secretary. The company's branch establishments are at Nos. 8 and 10 New Church Street, New York, and on Canal Street, Chicago, and at ii Silver- Wood Street, London, England, and Hausvoigtei- Platz 9, Berlin, Prussia. Machinery.— Knowlson & Kelly, machinists and engineers, manufacturers of im- proved Corliss engines, narrow gauge track locomotives, steam and boiler pumps, southeast corner of Division and River streets. John Knowlson and James Kelly formed the firm in the fall of 1869, and began the busi- ness in the building formerly on the southeast corner of Liberty and River streets. Having purchased the site of the old Matthias Van der Heyden house, built in 1752, they, in June, 1886, began the erection of their pres- ent works, fronting 95 feet on River street, with a depth of 71 feet. Some of the narrow gauge track locomotives made by the firm have been sent to such distant places as Cuba and South America. The firm also constructs engines for propellers. General re- pairing is done at the works. The members of the firm are frequently employed as consulting eagineers. Neemfs Brothers, manufacturers of castings for steam engines, machin- ery, railroads, buildings, at Troy Ma- chinery Foundry, Nos. 206 to 212 First Street, south of Adams. Joseph H. and Spencer Neemes formed the firm May 11. 1883, and succeeded their father, C. S. Neemes, who be- gan the business in 1874, at Nos. 36 & 38 River Street, whence the firm removed to the present works, in Oc- tober, 1886. The firm gives special attention to loam casting and balance wheels and patterns of pulleys, and general foundry work. Henry Moyles, manufacturer of portable grain mills, elevators, hoist- ing and other machinery, Enterprise Iron Works, 210 & 212 First Street, successor in 18S4 to Chrystal & Moyles, 1884 ; Chrystal, Walsh & Moyles, 1880; and F. W. Parmenter, 1852. Manufacturers and Engi- neers' Supplies. — Barnum Brothers, dealers in me- chanical supplies, and manufacturers of leather belting, No. 187 River Street. This well-known firm fur- nishes to manufacturers and engineers the numerous articles needed in estab- lishments where machinery is used. Besides selling rubber goods for me- chanical purposes, the members of the firm are agents for the Boston Belting Company. The senior mem- ber of the firm, Theodore F. Barnum, engaged in the business in 1867, on Fulton street. In March, 1877, he and his brother, Frederick W. Bar- num, formed the firm and occupied a part of the Savings Bank Building 349 on the northeast corner of Second and State streets, whence they removed in iSyg, to their present place of business. Mount Ida Manufacturing Company. — Mount Ida Mani facturing Company, manufacturing cotton warp, Congress Street, Ida Hill, was incor- porated in 1884,. with a capital of $75,000. Henry B. Dauchy, presi- dent ; John B. Dauchy, secretary and treasurer. Nickel Works.— HoYT & Wynkoop, nickel platers and iron founders. Spring Avenue, employ about 90 workmen. James B. Hoyt and George W. Wynkoop formed the firm in the spring of 1875. MooRK & FiTzsiMONS, Olympus Nickel Works, southwest corner of Vail Avenue and North Street. The members of the firm, John P. Moore and Bernard Fitzsimons, es'.ablished the works January i. 1885. This branch of business, so intimately con- nected with the manufacture of stoves, has of late years attained an import- ance peculiar to the rapid develop- ment of this industry. The firm's fa- cilities for plating stove ornaments, knobs, turnkeys, hinge pins, and other appendages, are commensurate with the large patronage it enjoys in Troy. Polishing, grinding and finish- ing of every description are done at the works as well as all kinds of nickel plating. Picture Framing.— F. W. Salisbury & Co., manufac- turers of picture frames and mould- ings, No. 13 Congress Street. Estab- lished in 1876. Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fit- ters.— William H. Barnes, No. 14 First Street, engaged in the business in September, 1876, begun by his father, William Barnes, in 1854, at No. 217 River Street. William Fkrouson, Nos. 359 & 361 Fulton Street, engaged in the business in 1866, Samuel Morris, No. 414 Fulton Street, engaged in the business in 1868, with H. L. St. Ormond. Charles Wills, plumber, steam and gas fitter, room 4, Harmony Hall Building, engaged in the business in 1871. Mulligan & Schermerhorn, (Martin Mulligan and Harrison Scher- merhorn,) Troy Savings Bank Build- ing, began business in March. 1880. Michael Kennedy, No. 5 Wot- kyns Block, Congress Street, engaged in the business in 1883, at No. 115 Fifth Street, as a member of the firm of Egan & Kennedy. Quinn & Tilly, William F. Quinn and George W. Tilly, No. 96 King Street, formed the firm October 1, 1885. E. W. Reid, No. 70 Second Street, engaged in the business in May, 1886. Real Estate Brokers.— J. H. WiNSLOW & Co., real estate, loan, and insurance brokers. No. 13 State Street. The sale and convey- ance of real estate in Troy and its vi- cinity are now mostly made by agents having ofiices in the central part of the ciiy and advertising conspicuously in the daily newspapers having large circulations. This well-known firm, formed in 1879, by Joseph H. Wins- low and Irving Hayner, has the com- mand of an extensive business which annually exceeds a million of dollars in the sale and rentage of property, 350 negotiating loans and collecting rents. As agents of the Western Farm Mort- gage Company, of Lawrence, Kansas, ihe firm has sold a large number of the company's desirable securities. The firm, liesides widely advertising the property it has for sale and rent in the Troy newspapers, also publishes descriptive real estate registers. Restaurant and Confection- ery.— Charles C. Sinsabaugh, restaura- teur and confectioner, No. 20 Third Street. George W. Sinsabaugh en- gaged in the business as a confection- er in 1S46, at No. 21 Congress Street, whence he removed in 1848 to No. 42 First Street, and in 1S56, to No. 18 Third Street. In 1869, after the erection of his building. No. 20 Third Street, he occupied it. His son, Charles C. Sinsabaugh, sncceeded him in the business in 187S. Saddlery Hardware.— WiNNE & Drake, (John E Winne and Charles F. Drake), successors to Winne, Burdick & Co., dealers in saddlery hardware and carriage mate- rials, No. 221 River Street. The bus- iness was begun in 1846 by Francis Drake. The firm was formed, Janu- ary I, 1883. Manning, Patterson & Co., (J. G. Manning, T. W. P. Patterson, and Philander Pollock), dealers in sad- dlery hardware. No. 355 River Street, formed the firm in 1884. Tannery, Troy.— H. B. Haight, manufacturer of leather, Troy Tannery, Hill Street, engaged in the business November 20, 18S0. The buildings of the estab- lishment, extending ,150 feet along both sides of the street, occupy in part the site of the flour mill of Mah- lon Taylor, built about the year 1793. In 18S5, 25,000 hides were tanned at the establishment, where about 100 hands are employed. On the opposite side of the Poesten Kill, H. B. Height's father, S. B. Haight, in 1839, built the tannery burned about 1873. Telegram, The Troy Daily, was conveyed by C. L. MacArthur & Son to John Hastings, editor and proprietor, October 4, 18S6. INDEX OF MANUFACTURES. Ale, 39. Axes, 71. Beer, 39. Bells, Church, 33, 343. Belting, 2g6. Blinds, 156, 263. Boats, Paper, 189. Boilers, vSteam, 35, 345. Boxes, Paper, 229, 345. " Wooden, 345. Brass Work, 39. Brick, Fire, 279, 345. Brushes, 189, 346. Button-holes, 86, 346. Butts, 342. Candy, 50. Carriages, 189. Cars, 50, 53, 155, 342. Car Wheels, 53, Chains, 56. Chairs, 297. Cigars, 289. Collars and Cuffs, 73, 86, 189. Cornice, 300. Cotton Cloth, 67. Crackers, 189. Curry-combs, 88, 90. Doors, 156, 263. Dies, 334. Electrical Instruments, 276. Engineers' Instruments, 103. Engines, Fire, 322. Engines, Steam, 279, 348. Files, 300. Fishing Lines, 144. Flour, 152. Forges, Portable, 72. Furnaces, Heating, 281, 283. Furniture, 149, 346. Furs, 167, 182. Globes, 36. Goods, woolen and worsted, 341. Handkerchiefs, 161. Hardware, 343. Hats, 166, 167. Hinges, 342. Horse and mule jewelry, 342. Horseshoes, 43, 48. Hydrants, 323. Iron, 43, 48, 70, 71, 305, 314. Iron work, 178, 348, 349. Journal bearings, 343. knit Goods, 67, 70, 184, 189, 334, 335. Knitting Machinery, 71, 183. Laundry Machinery, 193, 347. Leather, 350. Machinery, 71, 72, 1S3, 193, 334, 34S. Malleable Iron, 156, 302. Malt, 194. Mantels, 196, 29S. Monuments, 212. Mowing Machines, 213. Oil, Linseed, 156, 227. Paint, 228. Paper, 229, 231. 335. Photographs, 183, 232, 233. Picture Frames, 349. Pipe, gas, steam and water, 72. Planes, Carpenters, 343. Plaster, 152. Railroad Rails, 305-314. Rivets, Boiler, 48. Sash and blinds, 263. Shawls, 341. Sheet-iron ware, 165. Shirts, 78, 79, 82, 273, 275. Skirts, women's, 161. Snaps, Harness, 342. 353 Steel, 305-314. Umbrellas, 320. Stocks, 334. Valves, 322. Stoves, 156, 281, 285. Varnishes, 324. Stove Lining, 279, 345. Veneers, 333. " Polish, 285. Warp, Cotton, 349. Surveyors' Instruments, 103. Wire, 343. Tinware, 165. Wire Cloth, 343. Tools, 71, 343. Woods, 333. Twines, 320. Wood Work, 72, 333, 343, 344. INDEX. (The names of firms and those of pastors of churches are omitted.) Abrams, T. D., 23, 27S. Adams, Alonzo P., 192, 347. Chas. H., 23, 65, 70, i8q, 191. " James, 321. " Nathaniel, 43, 317. William P., 70. Aird, Andrew, 328. " Henry, 72. Albertson, J. P., 17, 23. Alden, Alonzo, 153, 177, 178, 237, 298. " Charles L., 184, 318, 319. Allen, Amos., 10. Edward C, 346. " Arthur H.. 247. " Frederick P., 18, 88, 176, 319. " George, 295. " Morgan A., 136. Anderson, James, 137. jr., Elbert, 322. AndreSj Stephen, 204, 207. Annesley, W., 64. Anthony, Asa, 162, 199. C. H., 3. " Jesse B., 64, 201. " Jesse, 207, Archibald, J. C, 75. Armitage, John W., 273. Armstrong, Sterling, 40. Arnberg, C. T., 311. Arnold, Anson, 20. Arts, John L., 46, 48. " M. II., 135. Ashley, Abiam, 153. " James F., 325. " Stephen, 88, 124, 156, 198, 237, 290. Asylums, 9, 345. 46 Atwood, Anson, 283. Aukam, Frederick G., 161. Austin, Charles M., 283. " James N., 210. Authier, J. M,, 226. Averill, Isaac, 329. Avery, Lyman R., 22, 319, 337. Ayres, John, 244. Babcock, George, 201, 312. " Wood, 74, 75, Backus, E. F., 43, " Michael, 124. Bacon, Jesse, 198. " J. G., 17, 22. Baermann, Palmer H., 337. Bailey, Joshua, 68. Thomas H , 135. " William, 132. 135. Bainbridge, Robert, 121. Baker, William V., 178, 183. William T., 331, Balch, L. H., 154. Baldwin, George C, 26, 28, 30, 267. " Samuel N., 69. Ball, Eliphalet, 12. " George H., 319. " John C, 275. " L. Chandler, 256. Ballou. Edgar, 135. Bancker, Flores, 292, 329. J. D., 22. Barker, Stephen W., 334. " W., 86. Barnes, William, 349. William H.. 349. Barnum, Frederick W., 348. " Theodore F., 184, 296, 348. 854 Barrett, William, 210. Barton, E. D,, 22, Richard C. 29S. William, 285. Bastable, David, 287. Bates, Harris W., 199 " John W., 17. Baucus, William J., 17, 18. Bayner, Henry, 127. Beach, Miles, 57, 201, 285. Beattie, David, 266. Beck, Lewis C, 171. " T. Romeyn, 171, 174. Becker, Henry H., 4, 5. Becket, Littleton, 212. Bedell, Gilbert C, 339, Beers, S. A., 155. Beiderbecke, H., 193. Beiermeister, sr., Frederick, 86. " jr., Frederick, 85. Belcher, Abram, N., 20, 146. Belden, Edward E., 99. " Emerson, 156. Belding, W. A., 57. Bell. F. H., 335. Bellows. W. H., 22. Bemis, Luke, 320. Benedict, T. Lee, 159. Bennett, Lyman, 17, 20, 59, 74, 75, 267. R. J., 151,346. Benson, Benjamin D., 36. Berg, Jacob, 180. Berkowits, Isaac, 181. Best, J. A.. 184. Betts, Benjamin, 204. " C. E., 290. Bigelow, Thaddeus B., 10, 20, 246, 316, 319. Bills, Alfonzo, 23, 318. Billings, C. W.. 196. Edward A., 28. " Edwin A., 197. Bingham, E. W., 274. Bird, John, 106, 107, 198. Birdseye, Charles C, 67. Birge, Joseph T., 290. Bishop, Charles B. 23. Jacob, 108, 109, T17. Black, Richard T., 289. Blackman, A. S., 341. Blair, George T., 237. Blake, Frederick, 36. *' Robert, 332. Blanchard, Edwin D., 77, 298. John L., 23, 85. " Joseph, 186. Blatchford. Samuel, 171, 174, 332. Bleecker, John, 339. " Thomas W., 246. Bloomingdale, John, 137. Boardman, Derrick L., 178. H. F., 23, 178. " John, 316. Bockes, M. J., 17. Bogardus, Bobert, 155. Bolton, C, 189. " Edward, 62. Bomford, George, 339. Bonesteel, Albert E., 22. Bontecou, D. Frank, 328. Bosworth, Foster, 201, 237. " Charles H., 4, 5. " George S., 135. Boughton, Edward M., 167. E. H.. 167. " Ezra W., 167. " Josiah, 117. " Stephen, 117. William H., 153. Bounds, Daniel, 153. Bouton, Nathan, 108, 109. " Stephen, 108. Boutwell, Charles A., 153. " Oliver, 212, 302. Bowman, Cassius, 85. " jr., Joseph, 85, 86. " sr., Joseph, 85. Bradley, Arthur W., 154. " Sarah, 117. " William, 14, 15, 109, 270. Bradt, William H., 134. " Chauncey D., 326. Brannan, John A., 133. " Thomas B., 135. Brennan, George J., 325. " William H., 325. Breslin, Thomas, 334. Brewster, Ammi, 320. " Benjamin, 312. " Orson, 23. 365 Brieger, Ernest W., 287. Briggs, Amos, 256. " David C, 86. Brinkerhoff, John, 30.5. " William, 252. Brinsmade, T. C, 113, 174. Brintnall, Charles E., 145, 146. " Joseph, 127. " Lemuel, 28. Bristol, Flavia M. , 99. " George, 99. Britton, John T,, 319. " S. W., 17. Broomfield, George, 133. Broughton, Henry, 167. Brower, Abraham, 245. Brown, Charles A., 23, 184. " Charles K., 20. " Ebenezer, 74. " F. Gilbert, 163. " Jacob, 212, " James, 242. " Jonathan, 14, " Nehemiah, 244. " William, 145, 146, Bruce, Charles E., 82. Bruck, Michael, 181. Bryan, Richard S., 117. Buckingham, Gideon, 242, 244. Buckley, Lawrence, 288. " P. H., 10. " Thomas, 300. Buel, David, 114, 127, 231, 236. " jr.. David 10, 106, 107, 108, 109. 114, 174, 270. " Elam N., 134. " James, 22, 23. Buell, Fred F., 166, 298, 320. " William C. 168, 228. Bull. G. H.. 199. " Rice C, 23, 154. Bullions, Samuel S., 24. Bullis, Frederick, 96. Bundy, Thomas P., 320. Bunnell, Abel, 28. Burchmore, Samuel C, Burden, Helen, 247. Henry, 43, 44, 46, 245, 247. 257. 311. " I. Townsend, 46, 247. Burden, James A., 24, 46, 48, 247. " John, 85, William, F., 46. Burdett, Edward A., 283. " George C, 23, 48. " Lillian, 116. Burdick, Adelbert T., 135, 153. Burr, Aaron, 9. " Jonathan, 16. " Theodore, 329. Bun age, E. W.. 320. Burritt, Ely, 203. Burrows, Enoch, 339. " Jabez, 339. Burtis. O. F., 283. Burton, Benjamin P., 333. James, 334. " Lebbeus, 24. " William, 70, 134, 333. Bush, Sidney, 345. " jr., Walter R., 53. Bushnell, C. S,, 307. Bussey, Esek, 283. " T.Henry, 283. Buswell. John G. 23, 231. Butler, John, 153. " Lewis, 212. Button, Lysander, 332. " T. E.. 332. Byram, Theodore, A., 182, 287. Byron, Patrick, 137. " Thomas E., 138. Cady, Daniel, 155. Caird, James, 117, 122. Calder, A. G. H., 24. ' ' John D. W,. 14. " J. Frank, 14, " Philip A., 94. Caldwell, James B., 287. Campbell, George, 334. John, 338, 340. Candee, Joel G., igg. Canfield, David, 204. Cannon, Le Grand, 155, 298, 311, 31: Card, John M., 165. Carlin, Joseph, 209, 210. Carnell, John R., 300. Carpenter, E., 17. " Ira H., 303. " James H., 174. 356 Carr, David, 22. " Joseph B., 7, 56, 153. Carroll, John T., 177. Thomas B., 201, 271, 267. Carter, Charles, 343. Cyrus, 28, 343. " Edward, 343. " L- 343- " Richard, 343. Gary, Robert T., 136. " Sydney T., 94. " Zenas, 142. Casey, William, 320. Cassin, John J., 221. Caswell, Herbert M., 134. Catlin, George, O., 297. Chadwick, Joseph, 69. " P. Remsen, 69. William N., 6g, Champney, L. C, 327. Chapin, Edward H., 134, 337. Chapman, George W. 334. " Isaac, 338. " James, 137. " Josiah, 303. W. A., 151. Charette, Joseph, 261. Chase, Waldo K., 303. Chellock, Bernstein A., 181. Cheney, Warren E., 123. Chesebro, Israkiah W., 66. Chichester, Jeremiah. 16. Christie, George, 210. " John S., 22. " John T., 23, 323. " Robert, 22. Church, Andrew M., 24, 96, 99. " Charles R , 94. •* Harvey, 17. " H. Robbins, 297. H. S., 283. Cipperly, John W., 24, 176. Clark, A., 167. " Asaph, 245. " Charles C , 221. '• C. H.. 137. " J. Willard, 90. " Louis Gaylord, 44. " Otis G., 12, 18, 24, 30, 69, 131. " Zephaniah, 36. Clatworthy, John, 298, 300. Cleary, William V., 222, Clegg, William D., 319. Cleminshaw, Charles, 20, 82, 119, 286. Clendinnen, William F., 327. Cleveland, William, 204. Clexton, Samuel R., 21. Clinton, DeWitt, 226, 268, 319. Close, John T., 16. Clowes, Thomas, 237. Cluett, Ann B., 119. " Edmund, 233. " Frederick H., 233. " George B., 12, 23, 79, 119, 203. " J. W. A., 79, 233, 303, 305. " Robert, 79. Clute, Jeremiah, 71. " John, 71, 334. Coffee, William, 319. Cofteen, Henry, 315, Cohen, David, 103. " Jacob, 181. Cole, Edmund, 99. " H. W., 80, 81, 189. '* John C, 176. " Reuben, 28. " Spencer, 176. Coleman, A. N., 181. " Charles S., 301. Thomas, 17, 18, 24, 69, 316, 319. 320. Ceilings, Henry, 133. Collins, Andrew D., 127, 135. " Cornelius v., 94. " Ebenezer, R., 160. " George R., 297. " Lucius, 301. " Michael F , 222, 226. " Thomas, 263. W. T., 300. Collison, R. C, 160. Colwell, Thomas, 22, 71. Conaty, Cornelius A., 315. Congdon, James H., 133. Conkey, Charles F., 21, 194, 196. Conkling, Allen, 348. Connolly, Edward J., 166. " John, 165, 166. Connors, Timothy, 136. " William, 228. 35') Consalus, John, 334, 344. Converse, George G., 94. John, 43. " Josiah, 28. Perrin W., 12, 94. Conway, J. IL, 154. Cook, Alfred, 135. " Paul, 276. " Robley D., 297. " Thomas B., 247. Cooley, Lucius M., 22. Coon, D. W., 81. " Hiram, 124. " J. H.. 80. 81. Coonradt, Henry, 182. Cooper, Sylvester, 212. William S., 153. Corbin, Pliny M., 21, 246. Corey, John, 109. Corliss, Charles H., 77. " John A., 77. John M., 21, 77. Wilbur F., 77. Cornell, Joseph, 278. Latham, 17, 28. Corning, Charles W., 133. " Douglas, 86. " Erastus, 247. jr., Erastus, 305, 311, 312. " sr., Erastus, 180, 247. 305, 311, 312, 314. " Gurdon, 16, 18, 201, 295, 316. " James, 133. " William M., 20. Corse, Albert R., 135. Cottrell, Charles C, 9. Coutie, George, 279. " William, 279. Covell, Benjamin, 127, 237, 292, 294. " Lemuel, 25, " Silas, 24, 25, 127, " Stephen, 127. Covert, James C, 342. ■' Madison, 342. Cowee, David, 22, 69, 92, 268. " Farwell, 92. " James F., 92, 178. Cox, David B., 18, 20. " D. B., 319. Cox, William, 122. Craft, Moses, 165. Cram, DeWitt C, 265. Cramer, George H., 23, 24, 178. John, 16, 171. Crampton, Albert, 156. Crandall, Joseph, 303. " Louis S., 169, 170. Crandell, Otis N., 62. Crawford, George A., 136. Crissey, Isaac W., 131. " William G., 18, 134. Cronin, John S., 319. Cross, George, 320. Crossen, Asa, 59. Cruikshank, Robert, 252. Cummings, Franklin, 320. M. F., 7, 30, 58, 92, 122, 124. Cunningham, Alexander G., 263. " William O., 113, 231, 319- Curran, James E., 146. Curtis, A. G., 72. " Caleb, 204. " H. C, 82. " Mary M., 72. " Montgomery G., 166. " Zachariah, 198. Cusack, Edward, 327. " James W , 298, 327. Cushman, John P., 16, 339. Cutler, Clarence B., 7, 253. Daggett, Joseph, 17. Dalliba, James, 339. Dana, Stephen W., 16. Danforth, Edward, 266. Daniels, Albe C, 149. Mary E., 333. Danker, Jacob, 199. Darling, Edwin E., 159. " Henry H., 20, 159. Dater, C. W., 85. " Jacob, 326. John, 346. " Philip, 326. Dauchy, Charles, 151. " Henry B., 123, 178, 349. " Jeremiah, 132, 242, 244, 270. John B., 349. 358 Dauchy, Nathan, i6, io8, 109, 133. " Samuel, 117, 159. Davenport, Nelson, 213, 319. Davidson, Gilbert C, 305. " Richard, 247. Davies, Richard, 32. Davis, Edward I., 153. " George R., 20, 236, 237. " Helen S., 246. " jr., Henry, 136. " Jonathan, 127. " John H., 246. " jr., Richard, 16. " J. Thomas, 146. •' Lemuel H., 151. " Thomas, 106, 107, 138. Daw, George P., 259. " Peter F., 66. Dearborn, Henry, 102. DeCamp, Henry, 238. John, 238. DeForest, David, 305. DeFreest, Albert, 236. " Charles R., 319. " Charles W., 192, 193. " Isaiah, 346. " James T., 193. " Jerome E., 132. R. M., 189. DeGolyer, Joseph, 303, 324. " Watts, 324. DeLancy, Charles D., 309. Delevan, Henry W., 43. Demarest, Samuel, 330. Deming, Henry A., 134. L. D.. 278. Dennis, Stephen A., 327. Derrick, S. Nelson, 133, 178. DeWinter, Bastiaen, 338. DeWitt, Simeon, 171. De Zouche, L. H., 53. Dibble, Charles, 209. Dickerman, James E., 85. L. H., 226. Dickinson, John D., 14, 16, 171, 187, 339- Dickison, Daniel, 329. Disbrow, Charles H., 68. Doane, William Croswell, 113, 121, 122, 123. Dodge, William T., 23. Doe, N. B., 332. Dolan, Edward, 237. Dole, James, 187, 198. Don, John, 20, 279. Donahue, William H , 135. Doolittle, David, 203. Doring, Charles, 12. Charles F., 328. Joseph C, 328. Dorlon, Elias, 17, 167. Philip S., 22. Doughty, William Howard, 12, 20, 174. Douglass, Alanson, 16, 17. " Benjamin, 203. " Charles S., 17. " Jonathan H., 330. Dow, Lorenzo, 204. Dowling, Thomas A., 138. Dowsley, K. B., 334. Doyle, M., 346. Drake, Charles F., 350. " Francis, 350. Draper, Frederick E., 289. " Stephen, 144, 145. " William H., 145. Dudley, Henry, 116. Dugan, Joseph P., 167. Duke, John, 24. Dummer, H. B., 285, Duncan, Charles, 50. Dunham, Calvin B., l6g. " Calvin B., 169. " Isaac W., 266. T. M., 85, 189. Dun, R. G., 203. Dunn, John, 302. Dunspaugh, Merrill, 288. Durfee, Z. S., 311. Durkee, Harrison, 17, 20. Dusenberry, Charles E., 18, 24. " Henry O., 160. Dyer, Clinton M., 189. Earl, Gardner, 22, 77, 287, 288. " William S., 77. " Willard, 339. Eaton, Amos, 73. " A. H.. 281. " Edward O., 51. " George E., 221. 359 Eaton, Orsamus, 50, 51. Eddy, Charles, i8. " Clarence, 251. ' ' James A., 318. " Titus, 22, 212. Edgley, Thomas, 121, 133. Edmans, Fred. P., 2go. Edson, O. W.. 74. 75- Edwards, A. F., 256. " Jonathan, 201. R. W., 154. Efnor, John, iqS. Egberts, Egbert, 65, 68, 70. Eggleston, Zina P., 207. Egolf, Joseph, 153, 289, 320. Eldridge, Hezekiah, 203. Stephen, 242, 244. Elliott, A. B,, 222, 273. Ellis, Lyman, ig8. Marvel, 198. Ennis, George H., 276, 279, 305. Ensign, Perely, 229. Erben, Henry, 109, 261. Ericsson, John, 307. Evans, Henry, 121. •' C. P., 245. Everett, Edgar L., 9, 1S2. " Loienzo C, 9. Fairlee, George, 251. Fairwreather, James H., 160. Fales, Andrew B., 24, 283, 319. . " Francis A., 24, 252, 334. Joseph, 23, 337. Farnham, Charles W., 27S. Farnam, Franklin W., 24, 122, 124. Fassett, John V., 92, 94. Faulkner, Jonas C, 133. Feibel, Nathan, 180. Fellows, Abraham, 59, 327. A. C, 21, 75, 82. Ferguson, William, 235, 349- Field, Mary H., 270. Filer, Henry P., 319. " Zephaniah, 316. Filley, Marcus L., 156, 283. Finch, Andrew, 245. Firth, J. J., 137. Fischer, J., 72. G., 72. Fisher, George, 327. Fisk, L. C, 94. •' William L., 331. Fitch, Dennis M., 22, 114- Theodore C, 246. Fitzgerald, Edmund, 40, 201. *' John, 40. " Michael, 40. Patrick J., I35- Fitzpatrick, Philip, I54. 289. William, 153- Fitzsimons, Bernard, 349. Flack, Clarence, N., I45- Daniel H., I45- George A., 160. " Isaac G., 160. William A., 160. Flaag, John, 99. " John L., 57. 201, 319. Melzer, 114. Fleming, James, 22. " James G., 181. Flood, Roger A., 22. Fogarty, Cornelius, 346- Follett, Benjamin F., 319. Fonda, Douw, 64. " ■ James R., 237. Ford, Daniel W., 22, 300. " Hiram A., 137- Ira, 108. " S. V. R., 82. Forrest, Andrew J., 135. Forsyth, James, 41, m, 123, I74- 347- " Nelson, 267. Foster, Samuel, 102, 188. Fowler, A. L., 138. Thomas, 68. Fox, A. Gregory, 133. " Joseph, 189. Francis, Charles S., 219. John M., 218. William M., 345. Franklin, Benjamin, 103. John H., 189. Frank, Stephen, 209. Frazer, William, 237. Frear, William H., 20, 99, I47- Freeman, Edwin H., 246. George H., 21, 318. Jonathan W., 20, 237. French, Theodore F., 339- 360 Frink, Isaac, 338. Fry, George, 166. Fuller, Joseph W., 12, 24, 113, 123, 271, 281, 318. " Martha W., 113. Fursman, E. L., 319. Gable, N. J., 48. Gabriels, Henry, 268. Gage, George, 334. " John, 334. Gaitley, John E., 136. Gale, Alfred deForest, 91, 298, 318. " Edward C, 228. " E. Thompson, 16, 23, 24, 57, 91, 92, 133, 151, 174, 217, 246, 256, 298, 300, 318, 319. " John B., 54, 92, 246, 318. " Mary, 246, " jr., Samuel, 92, 94, 138, 203, 236, 245, 246, 277, 339. " sr., Samuel, 198, 237, 292, 294. " William, 92. Galligan, John M., 137, 138. Gallup, William H., 86. Galusha, Henry, 159, 213. " Elijah, 149, Gardner, George, 217. " Jefferson, 73, 75, 77, 207, 271, 273. " Levi B. 135. " Nathaniel B., 153. Garner, Thomas, 67. Garnsey, J. Spencer, 18, 287, 319. Garrett, Elmer H., 77. Gary, William, 117. Gates, James P., 28. Gaynor, Patrick H., 153. Gay, Willard, 22, 318. " Willard F., 228. Geer, jr., Gilbert, 176, 184, 320. " William €., 176. Genet, Edmund Charles, lOi. Germain, S. W., 343. Gerretsen, Goosen, 323, 328. Gibbons, James, 338, 343. Gibbs, Albert B., 23, 156. Luman H., 23, 156. Gibson, George W., 278. Gilford, John, 303. Gilbert, Angelica, 270 Gilbert, jr., Ashael, 10, 114. " Benjamin, 108. Edward G., 53, 319. " Frank, 22, 180, 335. Henry L., 155. " Joseph L., 116. " Liberty, 12, 21, 335. " Uri, 12, 17, 23, 24, 50, 51, 53, 116, 201, 318, 319. William E., 53, 133, 319. Giles, S. W., 180. Gillen, Michael, 136. Gillespie, Jason J., 22. Gillis, G. H., 301. Glass, Robert, 5. Gleason, Dennis, 136. " Samuel O., 5, 22. Gnadendorff, Herman, 5. Godson, James Q , 137. " Thomas, 146. Goldsmith, Thomas, 328 Goodrich, Charles S. J., 114. " sr., Samuel, 204. Goodspeed, Anthony, 24, 291. Goodwin, Simon, 127. Gordinier, H. W., 170. Gorham, Shubael, 187. " Stephen, 187. Gorton, Benjamin, 73, 198, 237. Gould, George, 319. Grace, John, 185. Graham, Henry, 209. Walter, 154, Granger, Austin, 74. Grant, E. F., 17, 20. " Gurdon, 10, 16. , L. D., 189. " Peter, 212. Gratz, Emanuel, 180. Graves, Aaron H., 160, 249. Frank B., 326. " Luther R., 22. Gray, Archibald, 204. Green, Albert H., 146. Charles F., 135, 137. " Chauncey O., 319. " Edward, 252. Edward M., 134, 178. Edward P., 135. Hannibal, 20, 178. 361 Green, Henry CI.. 124. J. Crawford, 137, 149. Moses C, 135, 178. Greene, David M., 20, 337. Greenman, Josiah, 217. (Gregory, Alexander, 68. Matthew, 329. William, 153. William M., 68. Grenell, Thomas, 117. Griffith, Lewis E., 153. P. G., 10. Grippin, William A., 302. Griswold, Chester, 311, 312. Frank B., 343. George, 155. John A., 20, 94, 151, 159, 201, 257, 285, 307, 309, 3". 312. John Wool, 12, 311, 343. Gross, Louis, 180. " Morris, 59. Gunnison, Albert C, 17. Gurley, Lewis E., 11, 12, 21, 28, 30, 104, 271, 276, 287, 303, 318. " William, 18, 21, 30, 104, 131, 174, 271, 318, 319. Hadley, Amos K., 319, 320. Hagan, Frank Covell, in. William E., 5, in, 133, 276. Hagen, Joseph J., 286. " William, 319, 320, Haight, H. B., 350. I. N., 192. " Ransom S., 142. " S. B.. 350. William D., 242, 244. Hakes, Jeremiah S., 17. Hale, M. D. Moses, 174. Hall, Aaron, loi. " Andreas, 124, " Benjamin H., 161, 318, 319. " John M., 315. '• Richard F., 133, 337. " William L., 275. Hallagan, John, 192. Hamblin, Myron C, 191. Hamlin, A. P., 274. Hanaman, C. E., 21, 305. Hanchette, John E., 153. 47 Hancox, C. D., 278. Handy, Isaac F., 134, 153, 298. Hanks, Alpheus, 33. Julius, 33, 103, 244, 33S, 343. " Oscar, 33, 104, 240. " Truman, 33. Hansom, L. O., 53. Harden, C. H., 289. Hardenbrook, Abel, 132. Harder, Frank P., 221. William A., 189. Hardin, T. L, 341. Hardy, George R., 232. " W. D., 287. Harmony, Peter, 67. Harison, Francis, in. 113. Harpham, Joshua, 108. Harrington, Joseph H., 153, 228. jr.. A. W., 22S, 298. Harris, John R., 319. Harrison, Albert, 137. George, 28, 183, 302. William W., 90. Hart, Betsy A., n, 245, 267, 318. C. W., 285. Isaac B., 17, 165, 256. Jacob, 165. Jacob A., 127. Mary E , 174. jr., Philip. 295, 339. Richard P., 10, 16, 18, 20, 201, 127, 270, 339. William Howard, 174, 318. William, 339. William C , 14, 22. Jonathan, 339 Hartt, Charles P., 16, 20, 22, 36, 242. Ilartwell, Charles E., 275. Harty, Thomas, 124. Harvey, Apollo, 28. Harwood, Grove M., 176. Hasham, Stephen, 59. Haskin, William P., 20. Haslehurst, Theodore E., 176. Hastings, G. L., 75. John, 350. Hathaway, S. A,, 331. Haverly, Sylvanus, 99. Havermans, Peter, 3, 9, 10, 54, 259, 261, 268. 362 Hawley, Edwin P., 221. " Lemuel, 106, 295. " Ralph, 22, 316. William S., 221. Hay, Gurdon, 9. Hayner, Calvin, 23. " H. Z., 320. Irving, 319, 349. Haynes, L. M. S., 26, 28. Hazer, George W., 153. Heartt, Albert P., 163 " Benjamin, 162. " Catharine, in. " Charles S., 163. " Emily Fitch, 246. " Jonas C, 16, 23, III, 131, 151, 163, 201, 256, 300. " Jonas S., 23, 163, 346. " Philip, 36, 163, 217, 238. P. T., 20, 163,. William, 117. Heilbrunn, Isaac, 180. Heimstreet, T. B., 319. Ilemstraet Diederik, 64. Henderson, James A.. 2S5. J. C, 2S3. " William H. 319. Henry, H. Ashton, 113, 119. " Jacob, 279. Herrmann, Adolph, 161. Herman, Max. 84, 275. Herrick, Clinton B., 169. " Stephen H., 127, Herrington, Hiram, 344. Hey wood, Mary, 270. Hickok Ezra, 1S7, 329. " James, 14. Hicks, George W., 22, 199. Joseph, 345. '• M. W., 74, 75. " William, 345. Hill, Alonzo W., 154. 320. Hiller, Jonathan, 68. Hillebrandt, August, 223. Hillhouse. Thomas, 106. Hilliker, Edward, 147. ■ Hiliman, Isaac, 210. " Joseph, 22, 177, 262. Himes, J. W., 334, 335- Hinds, James, 199. Iliscox, H. C , 30. Ilitchins, John, 22. Hitchcock, Charles II., 136. G. A., 136. " George, 86. " James H., 33. Hobart, John 11., 109. Hoffman, Andrew, 331. Hogben, Edward, 154. Holdridge, Arnold H., 77. Hollands, jr., William, 341. William, 331, 341. Hollenbeck, C. E., 300. HoUey, Alexander L., 174, 309, 311. Orville L., 174. Hollister, William H., 160. " jr., William H., 12. Holmes, Charles A., 94, 319. Henry, 84. Holroyd, George E , 332, 334. James, 332, 334. William, 332, 334, 341. Horner. James, 305. Hopkins, E., 174. Horribin, W. T., 72. Horrocks, John, 70. Horton, George W., 278. Hosford, James L., 36. Philip D., 4. Hotchkin, A. L , 149. House, Abel, 23S. Edward O., 79, 80. " Elijah S., 22. '• Hiram, 17, iS, 77. " John, 16. " John M., 79. " Samuel A., 79. " William M., 80, Howard, Ezra S., 39. " William 17. Howe, Hezekiah, 66. " James H., 23. " John K., 23, 163, 344. Howes, William J., 23. Howland, Gardner, 231, 268. " Joseph, 229, 231. " Thomas, 231. Huylc, Philip, 209. Hoyt, James, 145. James B. , 349. 3fi:5 Hoyt, Stephen F., 226. Hubbard Ruggles. 145, 236. Hubbell, Henry R., 17. " Mark H., 134. Hudson, Daniel, 210, 346. " Samuel, 135. William H., 183. Huff, Philip, 320. Hughes, George, 229. Hull, L. H., 153. Humphrey, D. H., 22, 23. Hunt, Enoch, 210. " Robert W., 154,298, 311, 312, 314- Hunter, Aaron, 160. " John, 160. Huntingdon, S. G., 199. Huntington, Elizabeth P., 270. Hurcomb, Walter F,, 192. Hurstfield, Charles, 40. Hurley, Thomas, 252. " . T. J., 252. Hutchins, Charles, P., 40. Hutton, Christopher, 14, 294. " sr., Timothy, 238. Hyde, Joseph, 153. Hydorn, Levi W., 153. Ide, Fred B., 85. " George P., 22, 82, 180, 275, 288, " James M., 82. " John C, 84. •' Samuel N., 77, 82. Ingalls, Hiram B., 20. " Sarah W., 270. " Truman E., 252. Ingersoll, Edwin D., 303. Ingram, Henry, 22. " James H., 134. " O. S., 137, 298. Institute, Rensselaer Polyteclinic, 171, 347- Irving, James, 233. Irvin, William, 244, 249, 315. Isham, John P., 3. Israel, Aaron, 180. Jackson, Peter, 246. Jacobs, Jacob, 119. Janes, Elijah, 14, 187. Janvrin, L. H., 301. "Jefferson, Martha, 18. Jenkins, George W., 153. Jennings, Thomas J., 138. Jessen, John F., 189. Jewett, Gilbert W., 146. Johnson, Charles W., 167. " Elias, 17, 256. " J. c, 331. " Moses, 287. Noble S.. 25. " William, 233. " W. Irving, 300. Johnston, David J,, 67, 322. " Robert, 67. Jones, Charles H., 301. " Ebenezer, 16, 25, 33, 127, 316, " E. P., 12, " James Horace, 124. " John H., 342. " John M., 342. " J. M. Warren, 298. " Lewis, 212. " Martin H., 71. " Richard W., 342. " Richmond, 199. " Walter A., 342. Joslin, John J., 22. Judson, A. E., 62. C. T.. 62. " David, 62. Kane, N. T., 184. Kasson, R. N., 154. Keating, Thomas, 136. Keeler, Isaac, 329. " James S., 199, Keeling, Adam, 24, 25. Keenan, James, 181. Kehn, Elias, 21, 318. Keith, Isaac, 149, 201. " Robert, 346. Kellogg, Charles H., 17, 88, 90. Day O., 10, 174, 201, 256. Giles, B., 22, 316. " James H., 287, 302. " John B., 23. " Josiah, 117. " Justin, 319. Orin, 23. " Warren T., 72, 90. William P., 88, 90. Keliey, James, 34S. 364 Kelly, Henry, 347. " W. John, 177. " John T., 319. Kemp, James, 39 " Martha E., 119. " jr., William, 213. " Rebecca C, 119. " William, 12, 23 39, 56, 119, 201, 213, 271, 286, 318. Kennedy, Michael, 349. " William, 40. William S., 146. Kenyon, Riley W., 199. T. E., 296. Kerr, John, 17, 20, 247, 344. " R. A., 154. Ketcham, Hezekiah, 329. Ketchum, Joel, 204. Kidd, Archibald, 301. Kilmer, C. E., 86. Kimball, Charles P., 145. " Edmund, 145. " Henry D., 207. " James E., 24, 145. Kimberly, George H., 34. Kincaid, W. H., 296. King, Daniel B., 334. Eliphalet., 204. " Harvey, J., 12. " John F. , 330. Kinloch, Osman F. , 137. Kirsopjr., George, 23. Kisselburgh, William E., 219. Klein, John, 56, Klock, jr., Daniel, 24, 263. Knibbs, James 127, 134. Knickerbocker, Johannes, 264. John, 330. Knight, Caleb, 209. " Fitz Henry, 5. " Joseph, 35. " Joseph H., 315. " William, 302. Knower, Benjamin, 341. John, 341. Knowlson Alexander M., 5, 6, 7. " James S., 344. John, 348. Knox, John H., 177, 315. Koon, Henry, 321. Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 167. Kurth, W. H., 212. LaFayette, Marquis de, 199. Laker, Henry, 124. Lambert, John 294. Lancaster, Joseph, 264. Landon, Gardner, 10. " John, 19S, 203. John M., 146, 319. Lane, Aaron, 165, 316. " Dcrick, 165. " George T., 24. " Jacob L., 18, 20, 316. " Mrs Jacob L., 253. " J. Lansing, 133, 137. Matthew, 245. Lansing, Abraham Jacob, 186. " Abraham L., 321. " Frans, 64. Gerritt T., 338. " Hans, 64. " Hendrick, 64. " Jacob D., 10. " John V. S., 65, 69. " Levinus, 187. Lantrow, John, 326. Lape, F. N., 160. " Rufus, 283. Large, W. E., 160. Laseli, Elias, 10, 117, 166. " Samuel H., 96. Latham, William H., 136. Lawrence, George H., 342. " John L, 67. " Julius, 181. J. W., 156. Leach, Hosea, 149. Leahy, Edward F., 7. Leake, Frederick, 17, 20. Learned, Edward, 338. Lee, jr., Charles, 160. " George H., 151, 346. " William R , loi. Leet, Charles M., 153. Lefferts, W. P. 184. Leggett. John, 345. Joseph A., 345. " Stephen C, 199. Lcith, Alexander, J., 312. Lent, William A., 289. 365 Lesley, George, 165. Lester, Augustus, 17. Levy, Selig, 180. " Solomon. iSi. Lewis, Russell W., 132, 133. Lincoln, Jane Porter, 116. Link, Calvin W., 178. Lisk, Edward H., 252. Little, Samuel, 289. Livingston, Richard M., 145. Robert R., 276. Lloyd, James, 233, '■ James H., 134. Lockwood, Charles N., 12, 20. " jr., Thomas W., 168. " Hanford, N., 23, 132, 174, 174, 201, 245. " Henry C, 23, 318. " Thomas N., 20. " Thomas W., 21, 318, 326. Lomax, Joseph D., 171. Loomis, Roxanna A., 318. Lovejoy, Isaac, 28, Lovett, John, 187. Loudon, John, 295. Low, Nicholas, 12. Loyzance, Joseph, 56, 261. Ludden, Patrick A., 259. Ludlow, Henry G., 12, 323. Lundy, James, 40. Lyman, E. C, 30, 154. Lynsen, David B., 198. Lyons, Lewis. 298. MacArthur, Arthur, 221, 226. MacArthur, Charles L., 103, 221, 225, 350. Macbeth, Henry. 117. Macdonald, John A., 177. " William J., 134, 177. MacGregor, Donald, 247. Mackey, Cornelius, 224. " John, 136. W. G., 135- Mackie, Francis W., 24. Madden, Hubert, 136. Magill, D. F., 7, 22, 137. Thomas H., 181. " Zeph F., 183, 233. Maginnis, Sarah, 290. Teddy, 290, 311. Mahoney, Charles, 327. Mahony, Michael, 178, 345. Main, James T., 22. Mairs, John, 22. Mallary, Joel, 20, 21. Mallory, Henry, 295, " James, 270. Mann, David. 23. " Elias P., 133, 137, 259, 298, 319- " Francis N., 1 14, 116, 201, 228. " jr., Francis N., 12, 23, 298. " H. R., 283. " T.. 17. " W. H., 178. Manne, Alexander, iSi. Manning, John A., 20, 231. " J. G., 350. " William H., 231. J. L., 287. Manogue, E., 259. Mansfield, W. K., 65. Manwarring, Annie, 207. Marble, Melville S., 134. 'Marcy, William L., 295. Marks, Emanuel, 327. Markstone, Henry, 181. Marryatt, Capt. Frederick, 213. Marshall, Benjamin, 17, 170, 199. John A., 86. " R. C, 290. Martin, Marcus H., 266. Marvin, Selden E., 312, 314. Maschke, Edwin J., 12. Masten, James H., 66, 331. Master, W., 198. Mastodon, 67. Mather, F. O., 318. " John C, 22. Maude, John, 32. Maullin, Joseph, 79. Maxcy, Eaton W., 119. Mayell, Henry, 263. Maynicke, Henry, 133. McBride, John, 50. McCarthy, Charles, 22. " Peter, 201, 327. McChesney, sr., John, 237. McClintock, John, 267. McCollum, William, 189. 366 McConihe, A. D., 154. " Alonzo, 23. " Isaac, 16, 54, 174, 236. jr., Isaac, 201. McCoun, John, 107. John T., 16, 20, 133, 151, 245. 316, 319. " John S , 10. " Samuel, 201. " Townsend, 14, 16, 18, 295. McCoy, Percy B., 134. McCrea, William T., 135. McCreary, Harrison B., 300. McDonald, John, 279. McDowell, George H., 70. McFarland, George H., 99. McFarlan, James, 109. McGrath, Charles H., 135. McHafie. Robert, 68. McKay, Joseph, 305. McKenna, Edward J., 135. McKeon, James, 135. McKown, James, 14. McLane, Susan N., 30. " William D., 30. McLean, John, 277. " Le Roy, 154. McLeod, Charles A., 1S4, 283, 344. " Harvey S., 279. McLoughlin, James E., 184. McManus, William, 4, 145, 321. McMillan, Alexander, 113. McMurray, Michael, 154. William, 189. McNamara, George H., 224. " David S., 17, 256. McNaughton, S., 137. McRae, Farquhar, 109. Mearns, John, 288. Mee, Barney, 311. Meeker, William A., 94. Meneely, A. H., 343. " Andrew, 343. " Charles D., 343. " Clinton H.. 34, 315. E. A., 343- " George R., 343. Merchant, M. F., 92. Merriam, Homer, 35. " J.O., 283. Merriam, William, 35. Merrill, Carlton H., 94. John V, D. S., 38. Merritt, Charles H., 256. " Daniel, 14, 107, 127, 147. " Henry A., 327. I. J., 319- " Isaac, 127. " Jacob, 10, 16, 339. Marvin, jr., Daniel, 207. Millard, E. W., 320. J. A., 267. Miller, Abram, 137. " Frank B., 275. •' H. B., 189. " Hiram, 17, 18, 30. " Justus, 23, 30, 274, 275. " P. F., 86. " William, 124. Milliman, N. B.. 319. Miner, Samuel, 198. Minkler, Albert, 137. Mitchell, Howard E., 154. Moffit, Hosea. 14. Molloy, Francis J., 160. James E., 160. Moncrief, Robert, 345. Montague, Bernard, 287. " Orlando, 74, Moody, Dexter, 57. Moore, Anson, 153. " A. B., 132. " A. R., 22. " Franklin, 135. " John P.. 349. " Joseph W., 154. " Ransom B., 35. Moran, John, 320. Morehead, James, 119. Moreland, James M., 72. William J., 315. Morey, Manley W., 160. Morgan, A. B., 18, 23. " Ephraim, 14, 237, 294. " Gideon, 329. Jonas, 187. " Roswell R., 135. Morris, Samuel, 349. Morrison, Alexander, 155. Edwin, 86, 137. 367 Morrison, George H., i8, 24, 102, 169 " Henry, 22. *' James, 71, 72. " jr., James, 23. " John, 156. " Leonard, 170, Moseley, William F., 86. Mosher, Alfred, 21. George A., 232. 276. Moulton, Howard, 156, 198, 217, 270. Mount. Samuel B., 149, 182. Mowry, Leroy, 245. Moyles, Henry, 348. Mulford, Joseph N., 119. Mulligan,' Martin, 349. Mullm, Anthony T. E., I73- Joseph, 173. Munro, Alexander, 303. Stephen. 210. Munson, Edward G.. 334- Garry, 334. Murphy, jr., E., 22. 40, 57. 201, 221. sr., Edward, 40. Murray, Edward F., 2S9, 290. Myers, A. B., 146 Charles, loi. John, 325. Nash, Abram, 245. Alfred B., 22. Michael, 262. Nazro, Henry. 133, 165, 178. John P, 16. Neafust, William, 199. Neemes, C. S., 348. " Joseph H., 348. " Spencer, 348. Neher, John H , 17, 22, 24. Philip H., 24, 30, 174. Neil, George, 70. Nelson, Joseph, 64. Newman, John L., 70. Nichols, George F., I77- " James H., 21. Nimmo, Charles A., 303. Nims, Henty B., 35. Norris, Frederick H., 297. Norton, John T., 305. " K. S., 79- Ober, M., 85, 275. O'Brien, Charles, 301. O'Brien, Frank, 315. O'Donnell, Barney, 124. " Thomas, 142. Ogden, G. Parish, 14- " Gouverneur, 14. " John G., 337- Olin, Job S., 23. Oliphant, Duncan, 329. Oliver, G. W., 50. O'Loughlin, Dennis, 137. O'Neil, James, 23, 62. Oothout, Hendrick, 155. Jonas, 155. Volkert, 155. Orr, Alexander, 230. " Alexander M.. 231, 302. " Frederick W., 231. " S. Alexander, 22S, 231. " William, 229, 230. Orvis, Joseph U., 17, 23. Osborne, William, 117. Osgood, Jason C, 131. " Martha Brandon, 102. Ostrander, Francis A., 24, 346. James, 345, 346. Ostrom, Thomas L., 10, 14, 207. O'Sullivan, J., 84, 275. Otis, George H., 154, 288, 298. Ouderkerke, Cornelius, 64. Packard, Angelo S., 38. Augustus, 38. Chauncey D., 38. Davis, 38. Eugene C, 38, 137. Timothy, 38. Warren P., 38. Packer, George A., 23, 62. Pafraets, Maria, 2. Page, Benjamin F., 154. " Edward N., 70, 71. " Freeborn, 160. " F. H„ 160. Paine, Amasa, 270. " Eliza A., III. " E. Warren, iii, 231, 302. " John, 10, 16, 20, 54, 339. " John W., 302. Palmateer, R. D , 331. Palmer, George, 245, 329. Parker, Frank L., 134. 368 Parker, William S., io6. Park, Austin F., 276. Parks, Sidney W., 145, 146. " Stephen, 84. Parmelee, Elias, 171. Parmenter, F. W., 34S. " Jerome B., 221. Parris, J, J., 301. Parsons, J. H , 68. " L. S., 68. Patchin, Thaddeus W., 16. Patten, Jacob H., 288. Patterson, Charles E., 344. " George, 136. " Thomas W., 192, 350. Pattison, E., 108, 109. •' Elias, 10, 16, 339. G. B., 228. Patton, D. O., 85. William N., 85. Paulding, Commodore, 307. Pawling, Albert, 16, 201, 237, 295. Payfer, George M., 154. Payne, Martin, 135. Peabody, F. F., 81. Pease, A. S., 221. " John, 198, 294. " T. W,, 68. Peck, Alfred G., 71. " Delavan, 348. " Eleazer A., 177. " Isaac, 113. Peckham, Reuben, 94, 231. William M., 94, 136. Peebles, Hugh, 16, 106, 295. Penniman, S. J., 189. William C, 64. Perry, Bennett, 213. " George H., 24. " John S., 12, 199, 264, 325. Peterson, S. A., 62. Pe'ctit, John, 329. " Phineas S., 146. Phalen, Patrick, 96, 99. Phelps, Jonas H., 104. " Mrs. Lincoln. 116. Phillips, Elias, 181. " George H., 22. " James L., 32. " Ralph, 160. Phcenix, Mary Whitney, 121. Pierce, Alfred H., 298. " Hiram D., 154. " Jeremiah, 106, 198. " William, 236. Pierson, Job, 20. *' John B., 20. Pine, A. J., 18. " James K. P., 20, 189, 191, " J. LeRoy, 296. Piatt, Daniel W., 36. " Ebenezer, 36. " John P., 226. " William. 327. Plum, Elias 17, 201. Frederick, A., 263. " Henry H., 136. Pollock, James, 136. " Philander, 192, 350. Pomeroy, George Q., 17. Porler, John F., 287. Potter, L., 283. " jr., Nathaniel, 23. Powers, Albert E., 102, 189. " John, 261. " Nathan B., 1S9. Robert, 238. William, 189. Pratt, J. Hyde, 276. " Robert J., 276. Prentice, J. R., 38. William H., 28. Prescott, Ebenezer, 199. Price, Cicero, 116, 31S. '' John, 28. Williard M., 192. Prime, Jacob A., 246. Proudfit, Ebenezer, 94, 173. " Margaret E., 247. Purcell, John J., 320. Purdy, A. H., 289, 2go. Putnam, Elisha, 309. Quackenbush, Gerrit, 96, 133. " Gerrit VanSchaick, 95, 96, I33. Quinn, Timothy, 289. " William F., 349. Quirk, Michael J., 135. Quiggin, George, 140. Rainey, Elijah, 338. 369 Rand, Gardner W., 28, 114. Ranken, David M., 154, 337. Hugh, 18, 131. " Henry S., 23, 69. " John, 23. " William, 137. W. J., 30, 69. Robert B , 6q. Ransley, W.H.. 136, Rappaport. Markus W., 32S. Ratio, Antonio, 124. Raymond, Joshua. 14, 15. L. W.. 149. Read, Aaron, 246 " Arba, 22, 40, 201. " Benjamin. 57. " Charles H., 237, 319. " Thomas. 40. Reardon, John, 279. Redfield, L. R., 92. " Sidney A., 316. Reed, Leonard, 127 132. " Samuel, 199, William, 252. Reid. E. W., 349. Reilay, Gilbert, 20. Reilly, Charles A., 262 Remick, Ninian B., 225, 249. Reynolds, Noyes H. W , 17. W. H., 57. Rhodes, Joseph H , 57. Rich, William, 246. Richards, Charles L„ 325. Charles R., 17. " Gershom, 316. " Lewis, 108, 109. " Rufus, 16. S. F.. 199. Richardson, Jonathan, 231. Richmond, Charles L., 167. " Volney, 22. Rickerson, Le Roy, 145. Seward, 166. Riley, Michael, 135. Ritchie, D., 62. Ritter, James C, 300. Roarke, Francis. 227. Robbins, Nathan, 338. William H., 2IO. Roberts, Ralph B., 117. 48 Roberts, William, 198. Robertson jr., Gilbert, 236, 237, 259, 319- " William, 319. Robinson, Daniel, 57, 94, 256. " George S., 84. " John A., 94. Rockwell, Mary A., 119. Roemer, Charles F., 153. " N. J., 56, 119. Rogers, Andrew, 342. " B. P., 23. Charles H.. 176. " Charles M., 301, " H. C, 312. John, 128, 132. " John W., 136. " M. W.. 151. " R. J., 346. Root, Andrew J., 68. " Josiah G., 68. " S.G., 68, 70. Rorabach, John W., 283. Rose, Andrew L., 156. " Brownell B., 159. Ross, Elias, 23. " Stephen, 295. Rourk, Thomas, 276. Rosseau, Achille J., 199. " Benjamin A,. 24. " Henry, 167, 173. " John, 36. " Lewis, 114. Lewis A., 63, 133, 178. Rowe, A. D., 275. " Benjamin, 203. " William H., 275. Rowell, Charles S., 343. " Simeon, 199, 343. Rowland, Thomas F., 309. Roy, James, 341. " John F., 41, 341. " Peter, 342. Rumbold, James, 57. Rundell, Lyman J., 247. Russell, A., 22; " Charles B., 20. J. L.,298. Joseph, 17, 270, 3 [6. " Winslow, 124. 370 Russum, J- C., 209. Ryan, John, 136. Rysdorph, Lyman, 136. " Martin, 263. Sage, William F., 20, 21, 335. •• A. N., 133. Sagendorf, George H., 23. Salisbury, Amos, 127, 295. F. W. 349. " Henry C, 137, 167. Salmson, P. H., 327. Sampson, Albert A., 23. Sands, William S.. 151. Sanford, Samuel B., 20, 84. William M., 178. Sargeant, Samuel G., 212. Saul, Julius, 61, 62. Saunders, Robert, 2, 186, 188. Sawin, T. P., 242. Sawyer, Andrew, 345. " J. E. C. 207. Saxe, Charles J., 79. " M. D., 50. Saxton, Gordon B , 242 " Philena F., 242. " S. B., 242. Schermerhorn, Harrison, 349. " Norman, 137. Schmidt, C. F. A., 153. Schoonmaker, Edgar P. 249. " M. D., 323. Schoppe, Bernard, 262. Schroder, James D., 233. Schuyler, Clarkson C, 319. John S., 338, 340. " Nicholas, 106, 107, 316. " Peter S., 340. Philip, 155. 167, 337, 339. " Philip Pielersen, 323, 328. " Stephen I., 290, 311. Scoby, Samuel, 204. Scott, E. W., 334. " I. Seymour, 135, 146, 2S9. " jr., John, 70. " Moses, 16. Scranton. E. S., 203. Seeger, E., 124. Seitz, Emil, 1S4. '* Robert, 136 Selden, Charles, 14. Selden, George M., 318. " Joseph D.. 16. " William J., 94. Seligson, Sigismund, 181. Servat, Nicholas M., 198. Sexton, Samuel, 146. Seymour, Ashbel, 229. " C. A., 153. " Henry I., 297. " Israel, 28, 303. " Walter J.. 303 Shacklady, Cardinal H.. 7. " Christopher W., loi. Sharp, James E., 146. " John E., 288. Shattock, William, 121. Shaw, William, 146. 319. Sheffer, Charles E., 86. Sheldon, Fredeiick A., 28. " H. C, 5. Shepard, George W., 135. '• William A., 23. Sherman, Charles G., 224. " W. A., 201, 279. William H., 96. R. W., 277. Sherrerd, John M., 134, 314. Sherrill, Elizabeth, 270. Henry W., 327. Sherry, Arthur G., 159. " James H., 159. " John, 159, 232. Shields, Hamilton L., 29S. " Thomas H., 300. Sickles, Thomas, 198. Sidney, J. C, 54. Sill, Calvin S., 133. Silliman, Benjamin, 125. '• Robert D., 17, 18, 133,242, 244. Levi, 333. Sim, F. W., 328. Sims, Edward H., 163. " Francis, 17. " George F., 20, 204, 298. Simmons, Daniel, 71. J. F., 22, 153. •' Jonas, 71. Simpson, E. W., 229. Singseim, John, 153. 371 Sinsabaugh, Charles C, 350. " George W., 350. Skillman, George E., 189. Skinner, Roger, 16. Slason. Alfred, 245. Sleicher, John A., 219. " jr., William, 302. Slocum, Hiram, 201, 267. Smart, Andrew J., 231. " Joseph, 231. " foseph W., 231. " R. T., 231. Smith, Adam R., 20, 21, 22. " Albert, 72. " Amy, 124. " A. V. G..344- " Benjamin, 16, 238. Bernard N., 153. " Charles, 236. " Fannie Burdett, 116. " George, 212, " George B., 121. " George D., 183, 298. " H. K., 199. " Harvey, 22, 69, 335. " Henry C, 203, 204. " Henry F., 35. " Hiram, 21. " Lampson, 192. '• Lansing, 134. " Leonard, 149. " Oscar, 273. R. G., 160. " R. M., 85. ' ' Samuel, 321. " Thomas, 136, 329. W. Stone, 23, 116, 283. " William, 16. " William S., 67. " William T., 229, 324. Snively, Thaddeus A., 117. Southwick, Daniel, 151. " Edward, 247. " Lewis L., 134. Spencer, James, 326. " W. H., 321. Spicer, George A., 85. Squires, David, 19S. " John, 84, 134. " Norman B., 23, 24, 159. Squires, John N.. 103. 'Robert, 84. vStamper, Henry, 167. Sfai.cill. R. W., 57. Stansfield, William 1".. 252. Stimton, Edmond, 137. Patrick M.. 136. Stackpole, Joseph, 63. Stantial, James, n6. Staples, Abraham, 147. Starbuck, George H., 12. " Nathaniel B., 134. " R. H.. 345. Si arks, Independence, 74. Starkweather, Richard D., 88. Starr. Samuel, 316. Statzel), H. C, 81. Stearns, James W., 301. H. W., 301. Steelman, H. B., 28. Steenherg, George T., 146. Stevens, F. H., 319. " George A., 31-,. R. H., 203. Stevenson, James M., 319. " William, 22. W. H., 160. " W. John, 21, 160. Stewart, John, 16. *' Joseph, 70. " Peter, 109. " Samuel, 14. " William, 209. Stiles, Benjamin F., 301. Stillman, Byron. 177. " Wait J., 177. Wait II., 29S. Stimpson , William, 20. St. Jermain. Anthony, loi. Stockwell, Henry, 316. Stoddard, Elijah W., 7, 134. Stone, Charles R.,*22, 62. " George A., 20, 23. St. Ostrom, H. I^., 349. Stratton. A. M., 2S3. Stoughton, Livy, 316. Stout, E. B., 320. Stow, Frederick A., 121. " Silas K., 20. Stowell, Henry, 252, 372 Strait, E. Smith, 167 Streeter, L. D., 283. Strong, Henry W., 319. " Latham C, 319. Sutherland, Charles II. 35. " Thomas S., 35. Suydam, Ferdinand J.. 20. Swasey, Edward R., 18, 212. Sweet, Miles, 90. Sweny, A. H., 342. Swett, Fred W., 283. •' George W., 286. Sweney, A. H., 342. Swift, John Joseph, 262. Sybrandt, W. H., 249. Symonds, Thomas, 22, 285, 335. Talmadge, Elisha, 38. Tanner, A. G., 184. Tappan, Arthur, 203. " Cornelia, 102. " Lewis, 203. Tappen, Shepard, 17, 18, 24, 276. Tappin, Samuel C. 119, 328. Tarboss, W. H., 137. Tayloe, Phebe Warren, III. Taylor, George M., 169. " Mahlon, 125, 229, 350. " Newman W., 301. " Tracy, 16, 17, 20, 24. *' William, 7. " William D., 153. Ten Eyck, Abraham, 92, 316. " Jacob H., 192, 348. Terry, Thomas, 136. Thalimer, Peter, 121. Thayer, Francis S., 57. Theunissen, Sweer, 2. Thomas, James B., 57. John, 10. Thompson, Charles W., 22. " George S., 159. " I. Grant, 319. " James L., 69, 298. JoelB., 138. " John C, 311. " John L., 23, 92, III, 159. " John I., 20, 92, 123. M., 189. R. D.. 218. " William, 303. Thompson, William A., 24, 92. Thorn, James, 201. " William E., 65, 67. Thome, Arthur, 151, 346. Thuey, Alexander, 246. Thurber, Augustus A., 178. " Benjamin, 292. Thurman, Richardson H., 17, 18, 20, 69. " Sarah, 103. Thurston, Joshua, 233, Tibbits, Benjamin, 14, 92, 155. Dudley, 12, 24, 319. " Elisha, 155. " George, 92, 109, 127, 155, 201, 339. " George M., 54, 58, 116, 256, 265. " John B., 174. " Thomas M., 23. William B , 289. Tilley, Arthur, 136. George W., 349. Tillinghast, Charles W., 11, 12, 24, 57, 121, 133, 165, 228, 298, 318, 319. Thomas A., 116, 165. Joseph J., 20. Tillman, Christopher, 187. Tim, Louis, 84, 275. " Solomon, 84, 275. Timpane, Michael, 59, 327. Titus, Piatt, 54, 140, 264, 301. Tobey, J. S., 346. Tolhurst, Charles H., 194 " William H., 194. Tompkins, Albert, 137, 184. Clark, 183. D. D., 231. E. D. G., 117. " Ira, 184. William C, 186. Torrance, William M., 156. Townsend, Eli, 207. " Henry, 127. Martin I., 7, 22, 316. Tracy. Edward, 24, 189. " Jedediah, 16, 171. " Jesse, 245. Trautwein, John, 326. 373 Travell, Ira R., 247. Treanor, James, 341. Tremain, John M., 333. Trenor, Thomas, 16,40. Trimble, Thomas T., 24, Trusdell, Chester, iq8. Tucker, Henry O'R., 218. J. Ireland, 7, 119, 121. Tupper, John II., 62, 298. Turner, Thomas, 298, 305. William W.. 86. Tuthill, DeWitt, 56, 319. Twining, Frank B., 82. Tylee, Edward, 25, 181. Tyler, George, 136. " George L., 136. " Isaac, 303. Tyner, W. J., 224. Uline, R. H., 137. Usher, John, 209. Vail, A. €., 334- " Aaron, 12, 16. " D. Thomas, 17, 54, 57, 94, 256. " Ezra, R., 14, 41, 298. " George, 10, 16, 17, 94, 132, 245, 246. 339. " Henry, 20, 94. " Jane, 246. " Jeanie E., 246. " Martha Card, 246. •' Moses, 127. " Phebe Bloom, 246. " Phebe H.. 246. " Samuel McCoun, 246, 300. " Townsend M., 134, 245, 246. Valentine, Alonzo C, 153. Van Alen, Evert, 340. " John E., 14 Van Alstyne, Richard H., 177. William L., 18,201, 268. Van Arnam, Charles H., 176. " John M., 232. Van Arnum, John, 301. Van Auken, David H., 67. Van Benthuysen, M. W., 70. Van Brackle, James, 108, 109, 163. Van Buren, Jan, 292. Van Buskirk, John M., 196. Van Corlaer, Arent. 2, 337. Van Curler, Arent, 337. Vandenburgh, John E., 154. Vandercook, C. E., 345. Van der Heyden, Abraham, 290. " David, 3, 181. " Derick, 3, 132. 238, 290. Derick Y., 9. " Jacob, 3. " Jacob D., 9, 15, 24, 54, 55. 88, 181, 204,232,237, 238, 242, 290, 292, 294, 322, 326. " Jacob D. E., 33, 103, 300. Jacob I., 290, 292. Jacob M., 149. Mary, 24. Matthias 3, 125, 290. W. D., 213. Vanderheyden, P. F., 178. Vanderlip, Elias, 204. Van der Poel, Wynant Gerritse, 305. Van der Werken, John I., 329. " Roeloft Gerritse, 329 Van Evern, Martin, 193. Van Every, W. H., 177. Van Hovenburgh, D. M., 331. Van Ness, A,, 128. Van Olinda, J. E., 29S. Van Rensselaer, Hendrick, 154, " Jan Baptist, 2. " Jeremias, 337. " John, 187. " Kiliaen, 2, 64, 155, 337- " Richard, 337. Stephen, 54, 155, 171, 174 " William P., 32, 173, 174, 227. Van Santvoord, Seymour, 298. Van Schaick, John S., 298. Van Schoonhoven, Guert, 14, 171. " Jacobus, 329. " James, 16, 94, " J. Lansing, 22, 23. 94. 319- " William H., 23. Van Tuyl, Abraham, 20. 374 Van Vechten, jr., John, 94. Van Valkenburgh, Lawrence, 22, 273. Van Volkenburgh, J. M., 8u, 81. Van Weely,.Anna, 64, 337. Van Woggelum, Pieter, 2. 3, 186, 305 Van Zile, E. S., 228. Oscar E., 20, 63. William P.. 86. Veazie, Charles, 51. Veghte, Edwin, 302, Verplanck, Philip, 3. Viele, A., 212. " Stephen, 155. Viets, Herbert A., 281, Vilas, Samuel H., 94. Volentine, D., 22. Voorhees, Theodore, 303. Vosburgh, A. O., 325. Wadsworth, Horace H., 331. Wager, Alexis. 65. Edward A., 137. " George H., 66. " James, 22, 283. Wait, E. F., 23. Tosiah A., 24, 62. " L. H., 62. Wakeman, Henry, 342. " John, 70, " S. Bradley, 342. Wales, Edward R., 137. " Frederick K., 192. " Philip M., 154. Walker, James E., 312. Wallace, Gurdon B., 4, 319. " James, 207, •' Uriah, 242, 244, Wallerstein, E., 84, 275. Walsh, Charles R , 90. " James R., 263. " Michael, 167. " R. H., 136. Ward, Aaron, 187. " R. H., 305. Wardwell, James, 300. Warhurst, George, 69, 70. Warner, Charles, 22, 236. " Ebenezer, 22, 236. " Lucius, 236. Warren, Alanson, 271. " Edward Ingersoll, iii. Warren, Eliakim, 106, in, 119. " Eliza Atwood Tibbits, 113. " Esaias, 16, 109, in, 138, 201, 339 " George B., 20, 151, 173, 174. " jr., George B , 20i, 319. " George Henry, 121. " Henry, 169. " John Hobart, 23, 113, 174. Joseph M., 16, 23, 24, 57, 181, 201, 165, 318, 335. " Martha C, 109. " Mary, 119, 121. " Mary C, 12I. " Moses, 23. " Nathan, 16, 108. 109, III, 119, 121, 270, 339. " Nathan B., 121. " Phebe, in, 119. " Stephen, 10, 16, iS, 109, in, 117, 181. 339. " Stephen E., 54, 121, 256. " Stephen R., 16, 108. •* Walter P., 12, in, 123, 165, 281, 298, 300. William H., 165. Warwick, James. loi, Washburn, Jeremiah, 57. Wasson, Robert, 140. Waterman, Frederick Y., " George, 70 " Marcus M., 149. Waters, Clarence W., 189. " Elisha, 189 " George A., 189, Watrous, Andrew, 301. Watson, Elkanah, 186, 292. " William M., 137. Weatherby, N. L., 233. Weatherwax, Barney, 209. Webb, E. Coleman, in. " Isaac, 316. Webster, Charles R., 229. " George, 229. Weed, Alsop, 20. " Darius, 114. " Henry E., 22 " Jared S., 20, 57, 246. " Mary S., 246. Weir, Robert, 69. 875 Weir, R. W., I2i. Weise, A. J., 7. 36- Weld, Joseph, 321. Waller, John, 198. Wellington, Charles M., 22. Wells. George, 320. Ira. M.. 92, 199 203, 316. Philander, 16. " Thomas 136. Thomas S., 199- Wemett. Oliver, 325. Wemp, Jan Barentsen, 2. Wendel. August, 311. SM- Wendell, Joannes, 186. "M. E., 192. Nathan D., 192. Robert, 1S6. West, George, 124. Jared, 343, Westervelt, E., 321 Weiherbee, Abel, 199. Wei more. Frederick, 303. Whelan, Dennis J., 337- Wheeler, Abijah, 338. David, 339, Henry, 22. John. 28, 245. William, 88. Wheelock, Joseph, 274. Whipple, William W., 10, 207. White, Grace L., 11. Henry. 300. John H., 319 " John W.. 74. 75. 77- " Joseph, 174, 319. William, 198. Whitbeck, John H., 298. Whitlock, John H., 298. Whitman, W. W., 237. 324. 325- Whiting. Elizabeth, 270. Ruggles, 43. Whiton, John, 114. Whyland, Calvin, 192. Wickes, Asa W., 23. " Stephen, 174. Wight, Arthur M., I37- Daniel, 245. " David, 245. Wilbur, H., 86, 331- G. W., 86. Wilbur, James C, I34- John S., 189. Wilcox, Emily, 271. Wild, Alfred, 67. Wiles, Thomas S., 191. 347. 348. Wilkinson, Joseph B., 23. jr., T. B., 320. Willard, Clarence, 38, 244, 318. 319- Emma, 268, 270. 330. John, 268, 270. John D., 17. John H., 116. 270, 289. John Hudson, 116. " Moses. 203. Samuel, 149. Sarah L., 270. William T., I34. 146, 237- Willett, jr., Elbert, 198. Williams, Allen, 160. " Alvin, 231. " Hezekiah, I33- Jonathan T., 210. Nathan, 236. Pelham, 113. 123. Williams, R. J., 259. S. M., 212. R. D., 252. Wills, Charles, 349- Willson, T. Newton, 3. Wilson, Allen B., 271. Arthur R., 77- C. E., 290. Ebenezer, 321, 322. " jr., Edward, 245. "Nathaniel, 271. Theodore A., 38. Samuel 321, 322. S. C, 252. " Washington, 77. Wing, D. A., 160. Winne, John E., 350. Moses I., 140- Winslow, John P., 121, I73, I74, 305. 307. 309. 3"- John IL, 349- Winters, E., I37- Jacob, 137. Wiswall, Ebenezer, 339. Witbeck, Henry W., 342. James M., 300. 376 Witbeck, Thomas L., 309 Wolcott, G. D., 278. Wolfe, Gurdon G., 281. Wood, Jacob C., 38. " Joseph A., igg. " Stephen, 321. Woodruff, Charles S., 287. " George P., 271. N. T., 199. Woodward, Benjamin, 203. Woodworth, John, 14, 198, 236. Wool, John E., 55, 256, 300. Worth, W. E., 130. Worthington, John, 23, 62. Wotkyns, Alfred, 22, 201. " Alfred A., 133. " George Dana, 22, 63. " Tom S., 22, 62. Wright, A. M., 305. Wright, C. E., 296. " Franklin, 163. " Lucius, 18. " Sidney, 137. " Theodore, 246. Wynkoop, George W., 349. Yates, Jacob, 155. Young, E. T., 349. Frederick S. , 53. George, 54. " James, 327. " J. L., 263. " J. T., 263. " William H., 7, 23, 35, 36, 174, 265, 319.327. jr., William H., 213. Yourt, William R., 318. Yvonnett, Francis, 109. ADDENDA, CHURCHES. Rev. J. O. Lincoln, rector of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, 1886. Rev. E. S. De G. Tompkins, assistant minister, St. John's Episcopal Church, 1886. Rev. Eben Halley, D. D., pastor of Second Street Presbyterian Church, November i, 1886. Rev. Charles F. Hand, pastor of Vail Avenue Baptist Church, 1886. Rev. Oscar F. Safford, D. D., pastor of Universalist Church, 1886. BUSINESS FIRMS. NiMS & Knight, (H. B. Nims and Joseph Knight,) on February i, 1886, succeeded H. B. Nims & Co., booksellers and stationers, Nos. 9 and 10 Cannon Place. The Troy Daily Press, office and publishing department removed to the Weed Building, on the southeast corner of Fulton and Fourth streets. The Troy Daily Telegram, office and publishing department re- moved to No. 415 Fulton Street, between Fourth and Fifth streets. ERRATA. On page 253, first column, line twenty-four, read Mrs. Jacob L. Lane. On page 314, first column, thirteenth line, xzzA four instead of " three." 49 ELIJAH YI. STODDARD, Nos. 68 and 70 Congress, corner Third Street. B.A.IDEA.XJ & STOIDI3J^E,ID, 1848. ^ APOTHECARY,:^ No. 14 SECOND STREET, NEAR BROADWAY. EST^A-BXiISHEXJ, 1868. EDWARD F. LEAHY, DRUGGIST AND APOTHECARY, PRESCRIPTIONS CAREFULLY COMPOUNDED. Southeast Corner of Hoosick Street and Fifth Avenue. ROBERT GLASS, DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, PAIXTS, AM) OILS, SOUTHEAST CORNER SECOND AND MADISON STREETS. C. H. SHACKLADY, DRUGGIST AND APOTHECARY, Corner of Fulton Street and Fifth Avenue. Pi-opi-u^tor and inamifaeturer of TROY LAUNDRY MARKING INK, ELEC- TRIC TOOTHACHE DROPS, ODENTO FOR THE TEETH. All popular and highly recommended. FANCY AND TOILET ARTICLES, PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS, No. lO Kino Strekt. 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