Class £433 m &6VJ- SKETCHES AND STATISTICS OF CINCINNATI IN 1851 BY CHARLES CIST. CINCINNATI: WM. H. MOORE & CO., PUBLISHERS, 118 MAIN STREET. 1851. IV PREFACE. to comprehend that what is thus of interest to them, probably interests very few others ; and that if every topic were presented to public notice, which each individual might deem of importance, no single volume, however large, could embrace the entire subject. If I had not known, in early life, the unreasonableness of individuals on this point, a circumstance that occurred to me a few years since, would have fully enlightened me. I had been preparing for publication, a directory, and in the pro- gress of the work, called upon an honest German up Walnut street, who was extensively engaged in the manufacture of bratwurst, knackwurst, leber wurst, and sour-krout. I had taken down his address. "When you got dat book out," said he, "you brings me one, and I pays you for it." I promised to do so, accordingly. By some unaccountable neglect of my transcriber of names, the dealer in wurst and sour-krout was left out of the directory, and having ascertained that fact, I did not trouble myself to deliver a book, which I knew this individual would not take on finding him- self left out, as he readily would by turning to it in search of the name — the universal practice of purchasers. Several months had elapsed, when one morning rising Main street, and just opposite Ephraim Morgan's store, I discovered my German friend. Stopping short, and in a very angry tone, he accosted me, with ' ' Why you not put my name down in your correctory f" " Well, I don't know ; is it not down?" was my remark. " No," replied he, very indignantly, " Your correctory not wort one cent. How do people knows where he kits his sour krout?" I shall make no further application of the story than to say, that I must expect every man who has his sour-krout left out, will also be apt to pronounce this volume "not worth one cent." It behooves me, however, to refer to what is in, rather than what has been left out. The articles on Geology and Magnetism, by Professor Locke ; on Medical Topography, by Dr. Drake ; on Me- teorology, by Professor Ray ; on Education, and Transportation and Travel, by E. D. Mansfield, as well as articles on the culture of PREFACE. V the strawberry and grape by Robert Buchanan, have been obtained from the fountainheads of knowledge in these lines, respectively, and will commend themselves to the reader as of high value. The ar- ticle, Cincinnati — its Destiny, from the pen of S. H. Goodin, of our city, will not fail to make a strong impression upon those who desire to contemplate the great future of Cincinnati. The residue of the volume is, with few exceptions, my own, and claims no higher merit than accuracy, as far as attainable. One great design of this publication, being* to illustrate Cincinnati in whatever aspect it might be contemplated, biographies of indivi- duals who have been selected as types of the industrial and profes- sional classes, constitute one of its features. The subjects of these articles, are persons who have by industry, energy, integrity, perse- verance and business tact, achieved the position — in most cases, at the . head of their respective classes — which they now occupy. Many of these individuals have fought the great battle of life, with- out aid or even sympathy in the darkest hour of that struggle, and their history enforces the great lesson to new beginners, that few things are impossible to the resolute will, the patient and untiring- purpose, and the direct and straightforward principle. A large share of this publication is taken up with the statistics of manufactured and industrial products. I cannot persuade myself, however, that the extent of this department is greater than the im- portance of the subject demands, taking into view the great fact which these tables establish, that the products of manufacture here, consti- tute more than one-half the business operations of Cincinnati, and the profits not less than three-fourths of the rewards of industry in all its branches. These tables afford indisputable evidence that the raw material consumed in our manufacturing operations does not as an average exceed 54 per cent, or thirty out of fifty-live millions dollars, the entire value of our industrial products, leaving 46 per cent, or more than twenty-five millions of dollars, as the revenue derived to Cincinnati from this department of business. It is be- lieved that this mode of exhibiting the value of manufactures to a VI PREFACE. community, at any rate presents the subject in a clearer light than it has heretofore been shown. I take this opportunity of saying, that my statistics will be found to differ in most points of a corresponding nature, from the national census of 1850, to which I am indebted for nothing but the tables of population and nativities in Cincinnati, and the census table for Ohio. I leave the question, which is more worthy of credit, to the public, simply adding, that this is one great reason why my manu- facturing table enters so largely as it does, into details. Many of the marshals' assistants here, did their duty faithfully, but the stu- pidity or worse, of others, shut out a variety of details necessary to the fullness and accuracy of the aggregate. Cincinnati, July 10th, 1851. TABLE OF SUBJECTS I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.— Site— Boundaries and Divi- sions — Geology — Magnetism — Terrestrial Magnetism — Magnetic In- tensity — Medical Topography — Meteorology 13 II. PERSONAL STATISTICS.— Population— Census of 1850— Nativities, United States — Nativities, Foreigners — Occupations, Trades and Pur- suits 44 III. EDUCATION.— Funds — Organization— Buildings— Corps of Teach- ers — Course of Studies — Statistics — Cost of Public Instruction — Cen- tral School — Parochial Schools — Academies and Private Schools — Colleges — Law Schools — Mercantile Schools — Theological Schools — General View of Education in Cincinnati — Fairmount Theological Seminary — Lane Seminary — St Xavier Seminary — Law School — Cin- cinnati Mercantile College — St. Xavier College — Wesleyan Female College — Woodward College and High School — Herron's Seminary — Cincinnati Female Seminary — R. & H. H. Young's Academy 52 IV. SOCIAL STATISTICS.— Dwelling-houses and Stores— Periodicals- Churches and Religious Societies 71 V. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES.— Courts of Judicature— Legislative and Executive Departments 84 VI. MONETARY.— Banks and Bankers— Fire, Marine and Life Insurance. 88 VII. WATER AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.— City Water Works — Gas Works 10 2 VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.— Observatory— Cincinnati Horticul- tural Society— Medical College of Ohio— Eclectic Medical Institute— Physo-Medical College — Ohio College of Dental Surgeiy — Ohio Mechanics' Institute — Young Men's Mercantile Library Association — Apprentices' Library 1 07 [X. THE FINE ARTS.— Arts' Union Hall— Picture Gallery— Artists.. 121 (vii.) Vlll TABLE OF SUBJECTS. X. TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL.— Natural and Artificial Routes; Rivers, Roads, Canals and Railroads — Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad Company — Ohio and Mississippi Railroad Com- pany — Little Miami Railroad Company — Sandusky Ro\ite — Cleveland Route — Miami Canal — Cincinnati and Whitewater Canal — Forward- ing facilities 136 XL NECROLOGICAL. — Spring Grove Cemetery— Comparative Mortality Table 145 XII. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, ETC.— Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio — Orphan Asylums — "Widows Home — House of Re- fuge — Poorhouse and Farm — Cincinnati Relief Union — Hotel for In- valids — Tract Depository — Benevolent Societies — Temperance Socie- ties — Masonic — Odd Fellows — Public Halls — Hotels — Bathhouses — Fire Department 149 XIII. MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.— Table of Values, and Number of Hands Employed in each Pursuit — Per Cent- age of Raw Materials, Labor, etc 169 XIV. COMMERCE.— Tables of Imports— Of Exports— Commission Busi- ness 262 XV. MISCELLANEOUS.— Culture of the Grape— Suburbs— Biography, S. P. Chase — Farmers College — Markets and Market-Houses — Biography, A. Morrell, Jr. — Hog and its products — Biography, David T. Disney — Statistics of Strawberries — Biography, Geo. W. Coffin — Medical College of Ohio — Biography, J. D. Jones — The Electro Chronograph — Bio- graphy, 0. M. Mitchel — Cincinnati, its Destiny — Biography, George W. Neff— Ship Building on the Ohio — New Public Buildings — St. Peter's Cathedral — Ohio Female College — National Armory in the "West — Biography, Nicholas Longworth — Bowlder Pavement — Cin- cinnati Observatory — Coal — Glendale — Census of Ohio 266 CINCINNATI IN 1851 I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. SITE. A well-defined circle of hills — three miles in its diameter, and of remarkable regularity of outline, bisected east and west by the river Ohio, and north and south by Mill creek and Licking river — marks the site of Cincinnati, as its precise centre. The Ohio, at this point, makes in its course a bold, abrupt sweep, in the immediate curve of which, and on its northern edge, lies the city, which is, therefore, when approached by water, hardly visible until its entire panorama bursts upon the eye. The territory it embraces, includ- ing its north-east suburb — Fulton — may be not inaptly compared, in shape, to the old-fashioned harp, the curved side of which is formed by the Ohio ; the upper edge, by Mill creek ; and the straight edge, by the northern line of the city, brought down at the north-east at an acute angle to the base of the instrument. Cincinnati is immediately opposite Covington and Newport, in Kentucky. — Its latitude was determined, by Colonel Jared Mans- field, in his topographical surveys, 39° 6' 30" north, and its longi- tude 7° 24' 45" west. It is nearly central between Pittsburgh, at the head of the Ohio, and Cairo, at the junction of that river with the Mississippi, being about 465 miles from each point. Its distance by land traveling is — from Columbus 115; Indianapolis 120; Lex- ington 90 ; Nashville 270, and Pittsburgh 290 miles. By steam- boat conveyance — from Louisville 138; St. Louis 655; Natchez 1335, and New Orleans 1631 miles. By stage route it is 572 miles from Washington; 551 from Baltimore; 600 from Philadelphia, and, via Lake Erie and the Erie canal, 950 miles from New York. The upper plane of Cincinnati is 540 feet above tide water at (13) 14 BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. Albany, and 25 feet below the level of Lake Erie : low water-mark of the Ohio river here being 432 feet above tide water at Albany, or 133 feet below Lake Erie. The descent of the upper part of Cincinnati to low water-mark is therefore 108 feet. The platform of the city was originally formed of three levels or terraces, all sloping from the Ohio northwardly. The first of these extended from the bluff bank of the river to the base of the gravelly hill, which ranged nearly parallel with what is now Third street. The second of these terraces stretched to the hills immediately north of the old Corporation line ; and the third, embraced the yet higher elevations, which comprise the principal part of the Xlth and Xllth wards of Cincinnati, and form the city boundary at its northern edge or line. The grade of these terraces has been for years changing, to conform to the general improvement of the city, and now affords the regular and facile ascent and descent required for heavy draughts, as well as to permit the safe discharge of water from the upper table of Cincinnati. The best views of Cincinnati may be obtained from various points of the hills along its northern edge. Those whose residence on the immediate coast of the Atlantic renders the dashing of its billows along the shore a familiar sound, will recognize at once, while stand- ing on one of these hills, in the sounds of city life blended and har- monized by distance, the peculiar and well known music of ocean waves bursting on the shore, — one of the grandest, and at the same time of the sweetest, among the harmonies of nature. BOUOAKIES AND DIVISIONS Cincinnati is bounded — north and north-east by Mill creek and Fulton townships; the Ohio river forms its southern and eastern boundaries; and Mill creek lies on its west. It is divided into sixteen Wards, whose limits and boundary lines are as follows : I. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Third streets ; run- ning thence eastwardly, along Third to Symmes street; thence north-eastwardly, along Symmes and High streets, to the old Cor- poration line ; thence due west, along said Corporation line, as far as the point of intersection of East Sixth street; thence south- westwardly, along East Sixth street, to Main street ; thence south- wardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning. II. — Beginning at the intersection of Race and Third streets; BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 15 running thence eastwardly, along Third street, to Walnut street ; thence southwardly, along Walnut street, to Pearl street; thence east- wardly, along Pearl street to Main street; thence northwardly, along Main street to Seventh street; thence westwardly, along Seventh street to Race street; thence southwardly, along Race street, to the place of beginning. III. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Third streets ; running thence eastwardly, along Third street to Symmes street ; thence north-eastwardly along Symmes and High streets, to the old Corporation line; thence east, along said line to the Ohio river; thence down the Ohio river, with the meanders thereof, to the foot of Main street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning. IV. — Beginning at the intersection of John and Third streets; running thence, eastwardly, along Third street to Walnut street; thence southwardly, along Walnut street to Pearl street; thence eastwardly, along Pearl street to Main street ; thence southwardly, along Main street, to the Ohio river ; thence down the Ohio river, with the meanders thereof, to the foot of John street ; thence north- wardly, along John street, to the place of beginning. V. — Beginning at the intersection of Western Row and Seventh street; running thence, eastwardly, along Seventh street to Main street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to the Miami canal ; thence westwardly, along said Miami canal to Plum street ; thence westwardly, along the continuation of South Canal, or Grandin street, to Western Row ; thence southwardly, along Western Row, to the place of beginning. VI. — Beginning at the intersection of Fifth and Smith streets ; running thence, southwardly, along Smith street, to Third street ; thence eastwardly, along Third street, to John street ; thence south- wardly, along John street, to the Ohio river ; thence down the Ohio river, with the meanders thereof, to the foot of Fifth street ; thence eastwardly, along Fifth street, to the place of beginning. VII. — Beginning at the intersection of Western Row and Liberty street, or the old Corporation line ; running thence east, along said Liberty street, or old Corporation line, to Race street ; thence south- wardly, along Race street, to the Miami canal; thence westwardly, along and across the Miami canal to Plum street ; thence westwardly along the continuation of South Canal or Grandin street, to Western Row ; thence northwardly, along Western Row, to the place of beginning. 16 BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. VIII. — Beginning at the intersection of Baymiller and Catharine streets ; running thence eastwardly, along Catharine street, to West- ern Row; thence northwardly, along Western Row, to Liberty street, or the old Corporation line ; thence east, along the said Liberty street, or old Corporation line, to Piatt street ; thence south- wardly, along Piatt street to Clark street ; thence eastwardly, along Clark street, to Baymiller street; thence southwardly along Bay- miller street, to the place of beginning. IX. — Bea-innino- at the intersection of Main and Hunt streets; running thence eastwardly, along Hunt street, to the Lebanon turn- pike road ; thence north-eastwardly, along the Lebanon turnpike road, to Liberty street, or the old Corporation line ; thence east, along Liberty street, or the old Corporation line, to Main street ; thence southwardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning. X. — Beginning at Race street, where it intersects the Miami canal ; running thence eastwardly, along the said Miami canal to Main street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to Liberty street, or the old Corporation line ; thence east, along the said Liberty street, or the old Corporation line, to Race street; thence south- wardly, along Race street, to the place of beginning. XL — Beginning at the intersection of Vine street and Liberty street, or the old Corporation line ; running thence east, along said line, to the point where the same is intersected by the west line of Fulton township ; thence north-eastwardly, along the said line, to the northern boundary of the city; thence west, along the said northern boundary line, to the Vine street road : thence southwardly, along the Vine street road, to the place of beginning. XII. — Beginning at the intersection of Vine street and Liberty street, or the old Corporation line; running thence west, along said line to Mill creek ; thence up Mill creek, with the meanders thereof, to the northern boundary of the city ; thence east, along the said northern boundary line, to the Vine street road ; thence southwardly, along the said road, to the place of beginning. XIII. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Sixth streets ; running thence eastwardly and north-eastwardly, along Sixth street, to the old Corporation line ; thence west, along the said old Corpora- tion line, to the Lebanon turnpike road ; thence south-westwardly, along the said Lebanon turnpike road, to a point where it intersects Hunt street ; thence eastwardly, along Hunt street, to Main street ; thence southwardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning. GEOLOGY. 17 XIV. — Beginning at the intersection of Smith and Third streets ; running thence eastwardly, along Third street, to Race street; thence northwardly, along Race street, to Seventh street; thence westwardly, along Seventh street to John street ; thence southwardly, along John street, to Sixth street; thence westwardly, along Sixth street, to Smith street ; thence southwardly, along Smith street, to the place of beginning. XV. — Beginning at the intersection of Catharine street and Bay- miller street ; running thence southwardly, along Baymiller street, to George street ; thence south from George street to Sixth street ; thence westwardly, along Sixth street, to the Whitewater canal ; thence southwardly, along the Whitewater canal, to the crossing of Fifth street ; thence eastwardly, along Fifth street to Smith street ; thence northwardly, along Smith street, to Sixth street; thence eastwardly, along Sixth street, to John street ; thence northwardly, along John street to Seventh street ; thence eastwardly, along Seventh street, to Western Row ; thence northwardly, along West- ern Row, to Catharine street ; thence westwardly, along Catharine street, to the place of beginning. XVI. — Beginning at the foot of Fifth street ; running thence east- wardly, along Fifth street to the Whitewater canal ; thence north- wardly, along the said Whitewater canal, to Sixth street ; thence eastwardly, along Sixth street, to a point south of Baymiller street, where it intersects George street ; thence north to George street ; thence northwardly, along Baymiller street, to Clark street; thence westwardly, along Clark street, to Piatt street ; thence northwardly, along Piatt street, to the old Corporation line ; thence west, along said line, to Mill creek ; thence down Mill creek, with the meanders thereof, to the Ohio river ; thence up the Ohio river, with the mean- ders thereof, to the place of beginning. GEOLOGY. Cincinnati is situated in that part of the f* geological column" of rocks commonly known, among the learned, under the name of the " Lower Silurian Formation," a place in general below, but nearly contiguous to, the coal-measures, but in particular at Cincinnati, considerably removed from the coal by the interposition of several layers of different sorts of rocks. Our blue limestone at Cincinnati is, however, very different in its character from the Silurian Forma- 18 GEOLOGY. tion of England, being infinitely more abundant in fossils, most of which are of a different species. The country in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati seems, in a remote period of geological history, to have been a level terrace about 600 feet above low water of the Ohio, and nearly 1200 feet above the Atlantic ocean. This terrace, now modified by the valleys or channels excavated by the streams, is composed of alternate layers of blue clay-marl, and a blue or lead- colored fossiliferous limestone. The stone is nearly pure carbonate ,of lime, but sometimes passing more or less into a soft shale or slate. The marl contains lime and is effervescent with acids, but still exhibits the external characters of a tough clay somewhat indurated. Through these strata the streams appear to have worn their present channels to the depth of five to six hundred feet, having left, at various heights above their present beds, their ancient alluvion of clay, sand, and gravel, often inclosing logs of wood and not unfre- quently the remains of elephants and mastodons. The larger streams are now found meandering through alluvial plains called ''bottom lands," extending from half of a mile to four miles in width. These alluvions present at the surface a rich, black, fertile mold, from six inches to two or three feet deep, well wrought in the native condi- tion, by the natural cultivators, the earth-worm and the mole. Beneath this mold are several feet, eight to twelve, perhaps, of amber-colored clay-loam, supported often by a substratum of clay, sand, or granitic gravel. The black mold and amber loam above described, extend over the high terrace, but often with a diminished thickness, and without the gravelly substratum, resting immediately on the limestone in situ. It constitutes a soil of proverbial fertility, but from the quantity of clay which it contains, it is adhesive when too wet, and stiff and impenetrable when too dry. This amber- colored loam imparts its tinge to the waters of the Ohio during its floods, and has given origin to the poetical name of the "Amber Stream." The descents into the valleys, although steep, are gener- ally rounded and covered with fertile soil. As the rocks, although they sometimes " crop out," never form high cliffs, the waved and hilly outline seen from below is rather beautiful than picturesque. Cincinnati itself is built on an ancient alluvial plain, lying in two levels called the " upper and lower bottoms." The lower level, fifty to sixty feet above extreme low water of the Ohio, presents a deep loam ; the upper level, seventy or eighty feet higher than the lower one, beside the black mold and amber loam, has a substratum GEOLOOV. 19 of sharp quartzose sand and coarse granitic gravel, intermingled with limestone pebbles. Imbedded in this gravel have been found - bones and teeth of elephants. Wells and deep pits, either in the upper or lower level, are often filled with ''choke damp" or car- bonic acid, so as to prove fatal to the incautious laborer who attempts to descend ; this is especially apt to be the case, after such places have remained covered during the night. The layers of blue limestone are from the thinnest possible to twenty-two inches or possibly two feet in thickness, compact or somewhat granular, semicrystalline, strong and durable and well calculated for many economical purposes, such as affording lime for mortar, "metal" for roads, stones for pavements, and for founda- tions, and even a handsome dark marble for interior architecture. They are often literally filled with marine fossils, such as corallines, trilobites, encrinites, orthocerites and various univalve and bivalve shells. People ordinarily mistake these for petrifactions of objects now found in the country, but they are all the products of a primi- tive ocean. The blue limestone of Cincinnati is the lowest rock which occurs within several hundred miles, and occupies a space at 1 feet in thickness. Although its layers lie apparently in an exact level, yet they decline both to the east and to the west so as ultimately to disappear under other strata, and finallv with those strata, under the two great coal-fields which commence between one and two hundred miles on both sides of the city. The strata intervening between the blue limestone and the coal formation, begin to be found at the surface between forty and one hundred miles from our city, concealing that limestone from view. Proceeding upward, they are, in thickness, as follows : — 1st. Blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati,. . . . 1000 ft. 2d. Cliff-limestone, 200 3d. Bituminous shale, 250 4th. Fine-grained sandstone used for building in Cin- cinnati, 350 5th. A coarse pebbly or conglomerate sandstone which includes shale, limestone, iron, salt, and coal, . 2000 ;>e limits of this article do not permit a separate description of these formations, the reader is referred to Professor Locke's report to the legislature of Ohio on the geology of the south-western part of the state, and to Dr. Owen's report, including Dr Locke's 20 GEOLOGY. also, to the Congress of the United States, on the geology of the mineral lands of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. It was stated in the survey of the last named region, that its rocks, including the im- mense treasures of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, were identical with the cliff-limestone of Ohio, showing itself at the Yellow Springs, at Dayton, Columbus, and West Union in Ohio, and at Madison in Indiana, at all of which places it is more or less metalliferous. The blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, after plunging under the great coal-field of Illinois in company with the cliff-limestone, reappears at Dubuque, where it is diminished to a few feet in thick- ness, while the superincumbent cliff-stone, filled with veins of lead ore, is developed into a stratum of six hundred feet in height. The blue limestone extends to Prairie du Chien, to the falls of St. Anthony and some distance up the river St. Peter's, but in a layer of only twenty feet or less. At Prairie du Chien it is raised some hundreds of feet above the water of the Mississippi, and exhibits underneath it a renewal of the cliff rock, but with fewer fossils. From this brief sketch every geologist would anticipate our local advantages. Situated in the centre of the inexhaustibly fertile region of the blue limestone with its alternations of enriching marl, midway between the two largest and most easily wrought coal-fields in the world, and also betAveen inexhaustible beds of excellent iron ore, with every facility of natural water communication, so that even the treasures of the Mississippi mines come to our doors almost spontaneously ; with a fine climate and with every material for the foundation and the superstructure of a city, it must be from a wan- ton abuse of the benevolent munificence of our Creator if we fail to continue to be prosperous and happy. The natural waters of the vicinity of Cincinnati, are such as might be anticipated from the geology. The wells and springs afford clear, cool, " limestone water," viz. : water holding carbonate of lime in solution. The waters of the Miamis, especially when low, contain lime to such an extent as to be too hard for washing. This might be expected, as they have their origin and course through limestone rocks. The proper cliff-limestone is often magnesian, and sulphate of magnesia is not an uncommon ingredient in waters from particular localities, as at Pace's wells. The waters of the Ohio, flowing chiefly over the sandstone and shales of the coal-measures, until within seventy or eighty miles of our city, are but slightly impregnated with mineral matter, and are so soft as scarcely to MAGNETISM. 21 coagulate a solution of soap. Although rather bland in taste, the "hydrant water" of our city, raised from the Ohio, is reputed to he healthy, and less liable to disagree with strangers accustomed only to soft water, than that of springs or wells. MAGNETISM. POPULAR ELEMENTARY DEFINITIONS. The elements of terrestrial magnetism consist simply of the force, power, or intensity with which the earth attracts the magnetized needle, and of the direction in which that force acts ; but from the vast importance of the horizontal or compass-needle, both in naviga- tion and surveying, and from the facility of suspending and experi- menting with the same, it is customary to estimate certain elements of the needle in that position, although it is seldom the direction — never in our latitude — in which, if allowed to move freely in all directions, it would place itself. The quantities sought to be mea- sured are usually four : First. The declination " variation," or direction of the horizontal needle, as it respects the true astronomical north or south points. Second. The force or intensity with which the horizontal needle is attracted by the earth, and held in its direction : this is called the horizontal intensity. Third. The dip, or true course in which a needle, perfectly free to move in all directions, would finally rest and be held by the earth's attraction. Fourth. The force or intensity with which the needle, in the direction of the dip, is attracted by the earth : this is called the total intensity* MAGNETICAL DECLINATION OR VARIATION. Most persons are aware that the compass-needle does not every- where point to the true north, but varies in its direction in different places on the earth's surface, in such a manner that it either points east of it, directly toward it, or west of it. The force with which the earth attracts or pulls such a needle, so as to hold it in its direc- tion, and cause it to vibrate if it be moved out of that direction and be suffered freely to return, is called the horizontal intensity, and is * To avoid a circumlocution of language, the earth's attraction is named without expressing particularly the mutual attraction between the earth and needle. 99 MAGNETISM. measured by the quickness of the vibrations. Thus, when there are a greater number of vibrations of the same needle, in the same time, the horizontal intensity is greater, being as the squares of the num- bers of such vibrations. A vibrating needle used for determining the intensity, is a "magnetical pendulum," acted upon by magnet- ism as a clock pendulum is by gravitation. MAGNETICAL DIP. Make a needle of tempered steel, with pivots at the sides, so that it can turn like a cannon, and point up or down ; balance it so nicely that it will stay in any position in which you place it : this must be done while the steel has no magnetism. Next, magnetize that needle by "touching" it with magnets, as directed in the books on magnetism. Lastly, place the pivots in proper supports, exactly crosswise of the line in which the compass-needle points : it will no longer remain balanced, especially in the horizontal position, but, in the latitude of the United States, the north end will turn down, nearer to a perpendicular than to a level. This turning down, or out of the level, is called the dip; it is measured by the number of de- grees which the north end descends from a level line. The dip increases as we travel northward, until at a point north of the west- ern part of Hudson's Bay, it points directly downward. At or near the equator there is no dip, or the dipping-needle lies level ; and south of that point, the south end of the needle descends, as does the north end in the northern hemisphere. Now, whatever direction the dipping-needle takes, it is held there by a magnetical force of the earth, which when it is moved out of that direction, draws it back again, and causes it to vibrate like a pendulum, and finally, to settle at the proper dip. If the force be greater, the vibrations will be quicker : this force is called the total intensity, and is not usually ascertained by the vibrations of the dipping-needle, but is deduced by calculations from the horizontal intensity, and the dip at any locality. This force, on the whole, in- creases as we proceed northwardly ; but the horizontal intensity, in consequence of the increase of the dip, diminishes in the same direction. At the magnetic pole, where the dip would be 90 degrees (viz. : the dipping-needle perpendicular) the horizontal intensity would be nothing, and the common compass-needle would point in one direction as soon as in another — the magnetical force of the earth pulling it, at all points, directly downward upon the supporting pivot. MAGNETISM. 23 Now, to measure these four quantities, in different localities, as accurately as possible, has been a part of my labors in the late brief survey of a part of our territories. Some sorts of iron ores have an influence on the magnetic needle, and change either its direction or its intensity. The effect of such ore increases directly as the quantity or mass, and diminishes as the squares of the distance increase ; and although the mass may be large, yet, from the effect of depth or distance, the indication may be too slight to be observed, unless by the most delicate instruments, skillfully used. By means of these, we may be guided to vast miner- alogical treasures ; for, however desirous we may be to discover gold and silver mines, iron is the more useful metal. In Iowa, one mag- netical node has been discovered, which may be produced by a "sub- terraneous iron mountain." Independently, however, of any econo- mical views, it will be a matter of gratification to the scientific world to receive a small contribution to their fund of magnetical knowledge ; for an effort is now making to collect and embody as many accurate magnetical observations as possible, in order the more fully to deter- mine the changes, distributions, and general laws of this wonderful force, and to make it still more subservient to the purposes of general utility. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AT CINCINNATI. MAGNETICAL DECLINATION OR VARIATION. In 1825, Mr. Gest, the city surveyor, and Dr. Locke, found the compass-needle to point 5° 15' east of due north. In 1840, the above quantity had diminished to 4° 46' east of due north. In 1846, the variation had been reduced to 4° 01', and at the present time it is probably somewhat less. MAGNETICAL DIP. Since March, 1840, Dr. Locke has made monthly observations on the dip and horizontal intensity. The following table exhibits his results, as regards the dip, up to January, 1841. Each of the twelve observations on the following page, is the mean of sixteen single observations, including all of the possible reversals of the dipping apparatus with two needles LINE OF EQUAL DIP OF LONDON. This line, which, in 1837, was by observation 69° 23', passes more than a degree south of Cincinnati, and advancing westward, passes 24 MAGNETISM. through Princeton, in Indiana, lat. 38° 23' north, long. 87° 30' west, and crosses the Mississippi river about fifteen miles south of St. Louis, in Missouri. This line of equal dip had an adventitious interest, from the fact, that the lines of equal magnetic dip, are also lines of equal mean temperature. Thus the mean temperature of Princeton, Indiana, •would be presumed to be nearly equal to that of London. TABLE OF MAGNETICAL DIP OBSERVED MONTHLY AT CINCINNATI. Day. Hour. Dip by needle No. 1. Dip bv needle No. 2. Mean. O ' 1840. b. m. I), in. O ' O ' March 6, 2 30 to 3 30 P. M. 70 27.250 70 27.562 70 27.812 April 21, 9 46 to 10 40 A. M. 70 29.687 70 28.000 70 28.844 May 21, 10 35 to 11 35 A. M. 70 24.450 70 24.937 70 24.694 June 22, 11 34 to 12 30 M. 70 28.062 70 27.437 70 27.750 July 18, 5 30 to 6 30 P. M. 70 29.062 70 27.937 70 28.500 July 19, 11 30 to 12 30 M. 70 25.625 70 25.812 70 25.718 August 18, 10 00 to 11 00 A. M. 70 27.375 70 27.500 70 27.437 Septr. 24, 9 00 to 10 45 A. M. 70 29.200 70 29.200 70 29.200 October 22, 9 30 to 10 30 A. M. 70 29.000 70 28.375 70 28.687 Novem. 20, 10 15 to 11 15 A. M. 70 25.187 70 25.437 70 25.313 Decern. 23, 11 00 to 12 00 M. 70 27.250 70 26.812 70 27.031 Jan. 23, 1841, 11 00 to 12 00 M. 70 24.937 70 24.750 70 24.844 Mean of 192 observations 70° 27'. 152. MAGNETIC INTENSITY. CINCINNATI AS THE BASE OF REFERENCE OF A MAGNETICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES. Beside the determinations of magnetical dip made at Cincinnati, and quoted above, Dr. Locke has made a survey of the magnetism of a large portion of the United States. His labors were continued for about ten years, viz. : from 1838 to 1848 ; and were extended from the south part of Kentucky to the north side of Lake Superior ; and from the State of Maine to some distance beyond the Mississippi. During the progress of the work, he made the garden of Nicholas Longworth, Esq., of Cincinnati, the base or standard of comparison of the magnetic forces. The magnetic force of the earth at Cincin- nati, he called 1000 ; and proceeded to compare the force at all other places with that assumed quantity. Finally, Dr. Locke, at the request of Col. Sabine, R. A., Secretary of the Royal Society, extended his researches to the magnetical observatory of the British Government at Toronto in Canada. By MAGNETISM. Zb these, and by observations made by Capt. Lefroy, R. A., at several places in the U. S., where Dr. Locke had observed, the force at Cin- cinnati and throughout Dr. Locke's whole survey has been compared with that of all the similar surveys throughout the world. The following table exhibits a comparison of the horizontal force, or the magnetical force with which a compass-needle is held and also the total magnetical force with which the needle of the dipping compass is held at the several places named. This epitome of Dr. Locke's survey is abstracted from Col. Sabine's work in the Philosophical Transactions, Part III, for 1846. London. The results are arranged in three parts : — 1st. A general line of observations from Lexington, Ky., through Cincinnati to Isle Royale, on the north side of Lake Superior. 2d. A line along the Atlantic coast, from Washington city to the State of Maine. 3d. A line along the Mississippi from St. Louis in Missouri, to Prairie du Chieji in Wisconsin. The first of the numerical columns refers to the horizontal mag- netic force at Cincinnati, assumed as 1000; the second, to the total force at Cincinnati, also assumed as 1000. FIRST LINE. LEXINGTON TO ISLE ROYALE. LOCALITY. HOB,. FORCE. CINCINNATI 1000 , Lexington, Ky 1012 , Columbus, 966 , Cleveland, 880 , Detroit 816 , Mackinaw 716 Sault St. Mary 669 Ontonagon R 686 Lapointe 705 Isle Royale 646 TOTAL FORCE 1000 985 996 1016 1011 1039 1037 1039 1044 1052 SECOND OR ATLANTIC LINE. Washington 948 .... Baltimore 932 .... Philadelphia 917 ... . New York 883 .... New Haven 839 .... - 988 991 995 994 988 26 MAGNETISM. LOCALITY. HOR. FORCE. TOTAL FORCE. Portland 753 989 Mt. Washington 729 991 Bethel, Me 727 996 THIRD OR MISSISSIPPI LINE. St. Louis 1042 997 Davenport 939 1012 Dubuque 881 1013 Prairie du Chien 876 1019 In the preceding table, the horizontal and total forces at Cincin- nati are arbitrarily assumed as 1000. The absolute ratio of the horizontal force at Cincinnati to the total force, is near 1 to 3, being on August 21, 1843, 1000 to 2986. It will be seen by inspecting this table, that in general, as we are proceeding northwardly, the horizontal magnetic force by which a compass-needle is held in its direction, is diminishing, while the total force by which the dipping-needle is held in its direction, is increasing. Thus the compass force at Isle Royale, would be less than two-thirds ; 646 to 1000, of what it is at Cincinnati ; while the whole force in the dip or true magnetic direction, would be greater than at Cincinnati : as 1052 to 1000. This diminution of the horizontal or compass force, is caused by the distance to which the horizontal-needle is forced out of the na- tural magnetic direction — the dip — until, when the dip should be perpendicular the horizontal force would be nothing, and the sur- veyor's and the mariner's compass would be useless ; the needle pointing in one direction as readily as in another. Though there have been other laborers in the field of terrestrial magnetism in the U. S., yet none have approached so near to a general survey of the country, in this particular, as Dr. Locke of our own city. The scientific magnetic chart of the U. S., as filled up by Col. Sabine in the work to which reference has been made, is almost entirely based on his observations. The last series of the labors of Professor Locke in this depart- ment, has been lately published as a part of Dr. Jackson's survey of the geology of Lake Superior, by the Department of the Interior, under Hon. Secretary Ewing. Baron Humboldt made observations near the equator in South MAGNETISM. 27 America, and assumed the magnetic force at his station to be one (1.) Other observations have since been compared very extensively with his, until we have reached a station where the total magnetism of the earth is near twice as much as that assumed unit. The inten- sify of the total magnetic force at Cincinnati, according to Humboldt's unit, is 1.796; and the greatest intensity known on the earth is by the same scale 1.878. Dr. Locke found the total intensity at Isle Royale in Lake Superior, to be 1.876, scarcely differing at all from the highest magnetic force yet found, being little over 1 in 1000 less. It is interesting to observe the coincidence of the results obtained by Captain Lefroy and Dr. Locke, where they happened to observe at the same places. These gentlemen have never seen each other ; they used different instruments, and observed at different times, noting, each, the various equations required for temperature, &c. ; nor was it known by anybody what the results would be, until the observations were finally reduced by Col. Sabine in England. The following are some of them : — Detroit Cleveland . . . Toronto . . . . Princeton, N. J. Albany New Haven . . Cambridge . . . TOTAL INTENSITY OF OBSERVER. MAGNETIC FORCE. (1814 Lefroy (1815 Locke (1828 Lefroy (1824 Locke (1836 Lefroy (1836 Locke (1783 Lefroy (1783 Locke (1797 Lefroy (1792 Locke (1773 Lefroy (1774 Locke (1774 Lefroy (1777 Locke It is worthy of notice that the stronger magnetic pole is north of the U. S., and about 20° this side of the true astronomical pole. This spot has been examined by Capt. Henry Ross, nephew of Sir James, who there found the direction of the dipping needle to be perpendicular. This point is also the convergent point of compass- needles, and causes the variation to be toward the west in eastern 28 MAGNETISM. situations ; and toward the east in situations in general westward of the meridian of this pole of convergence. The pole of greatest force is still further southward, lying in general between Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay, varying very little from one of these points to the other. Thus, in general, on the meridian of 90° west, and, of course, lying N. of the U. S., there are three great poles: 1st. The pole of mag- netic intensity of forces, about 50° N. lat. 2d. The pole of magnetic dip and convergence, or the pole of declination, about 70° N. lat. 3d. The astronomical pole, at 90° NT. lat. The singular fact, that the point of greatest magnetic attraction of the earth is not near the pole of magnetic dip and convergence, was first ascertained by Col. Sabine, who ventured to predict its situation. In 1844, Dr. Locke made experiments within the limits of this region of high magnetism, and communicated them to the American Philosophical Society. Some idea of the range of magnetic intensity from Lake Superior to Hudson's Bay, may be formed, from the observations of Capt. Lefroy, from the one point to the other. These observations com- mence within 16 miles of those of Dr. Locke on Lake Superior, and are here thrown into four groups. The mean of the four, com- pared with Dr. Locke's, at Isle Roy ale, may be thus stated : — PLACE. TOTAL INTENSITY. IsleRoyale 1889. . Lapointe, Lake Supr. . . .1875. . 1st Group, N. L. Supr. . .1860. . 2d " " 1867. . 3d " " 1870. . 1865. 4th Group, reaching to) Hudson's Bay. . j Cincinnati 1796. Toronto 1836. . .Locke. . . .Locke. . . .Lefroy . . .Lefroy . . . Lefroy . . .Lefroy . . .Locke.) . .Locke.) Mean of 1 1 obs. .Mean of 13 obs. .Mean of 10 obs. . Mean of 5 obs. . Added for com parison. It seems from the above that there is a special magnetic intensity about Lake Superior, even exceeding that between the lake and Hudson's Bay ; still, the increase of the intensity generally, at dis- tant places, may point to a locality north of the lake, say lat. 52°, as the centre of greatest magnetic force. 2/4, lVnlm" Sir fir, ST PETER'S CATHEDRAL MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. 29 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. On the 26th of December, 1788, when the third landing for the permanent settlement of Ohio was made, where Cincinnati now stands, there were already in the Interior Valley of North America — between New Orleans and Quebec — more than thirty towns. In sixty years, the encampment of twenty-six men, by the side of a beaver pond, beneath a dense forest of beech trees, has grown into a city, which has a more numerous stationary white population than any other within the Great Valley ; and, in permanent inhabitants, ranks as the fifth city of the United States. Such an unrivaled growth would, perhaps, justify an ample notice of its condition, even if the medical historian were not identified with it in feeling, interest, and early recollections. The site of the city, on the right bank of the Ohio river, consists of two plains or bottoms ; one near the river, comparatively narrow, and composed of argillaceous alluvion ; the other in its rear, six or eight times as broad, diluvial, and made up, like the higher or second terraces generally, of pebbles, gravel, and sand, with a cover- ing of loam and soil. The lower plain widens as it stretches down the river, and its back part, on the settlement of the town, was a narrow, shallow, and heavily-timbered pond or swamp, overflowed by ordinary spring floods of the river, which ascended upon it along the marshy rivulets by which that tract was partially drained into the Ohio, below the town. In 1793 the whole of the lower plain was submerged ; and in 1832 and 1848 the inundation was repeated, upon every part which had not been raised, with materials washed by the rains, or hauled from the adjacent higher terrace. For many years after the settlement of the village, the drainage of both ter- races was into the low grounds of this bottom, where it accumulated in part upon the surface, and partly in the numerous pits, formed by the manufacture of brick. From these foul accumulations, in summer and early autumn, a constant escape of gas through the superincumbent water could be perceived. The extent of this tract, lying to the west or windward of the village, was sufficient to gener- ate a great many cases of autumnal fever, chiefly of the remittent type, not a few of which every year prove fatal.* Had its surface been buv a few feet lower, so that it could not have been reclaimed, * Drake: Notices concerning Cincinnati, 1810. 30 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. the nuisances in which it abounded must have exerted a retarding influence on the progress of the city. But for the last twenty years the work of transformation by draining, filling up, and building over, has been steadily advancing, and with it a corresponding improve- ment of autumnal health. From the lower plain to the upper and older, the ascent is between fifty and sixty feet. With the groAvth of the town, the front margin of the latter, which was originally a bluff bank, has been graded to a gentle declivity, and the removed material used, as already inti- mated, to raise the back part of the lower bottom ; so that the drain- age of the city is now chiefly by the streets directly into the river. The upper terrace, as was the case with the lower, slopes gently back from its southern or river margin, and at the average distance of a mile, terminates against the base of the Mount Auburn range of blue Silurian limestone hills, whence, during rains, there descend upon it several torrents, which coalesce and flow nearly in the same direction with the river. To the east this terrace is terminated by the narrow valley of a hill-torrent, called Deer creek. Up this valley, in early times, the back-water of the river, when in flood, ascended for half a mile ; and on its recess left a deposit of silt, which, how- ever, was to the summer-leeward of the town, and therefore never produced much effect on the health of the people. Beyond this ra- vine stands Mount Adams, between the base of which and the eastern margin of the city terrace the low ground has been raised above the highest river floods, a culvert has been formed for the creek, with streets extended across it, and the new surface built upon. The ravine, higher up, has a rocky bed and no bottom-lands. The Western canal from Lake Erie, generally called the Miami canal traverses the back part of the upper terrace, from north-west to south-east, and descends into the Ohio by a series of locks through this valley, but does not seem to have generated fever. We must iioav turn to the western margin of the terraces. In stretching off in that direction down the river, both become wider and sink lower, until they are lost in the broad alluvial valley of Mill creek, which stream, once a great river, joins the Ohio one mile and a half below the centre of the city. Its banks are of mud, and por- tions of them are overflowed by river freshets. The work of eleva- tion, by the transfer of gravel and pebbles from the upper terrace, is, however, going on with the rapid extension of the city in that direc- tion ; so that the time seems to be at hand when the whole tract MEDICAL TOPOGRArilT. 31 will be redeemed from all but the extraordinary floods which hap- pen at distant periods, and of which there have been but three since the first settlement of the city. From that date down to the present time, the inhabitants of this locality have been subject to autumnal fever, while those farther east remained exempt. The Whitewater canal, from Indiana, which is conducted up the river bank, crosses Mill creek by an aqueduct, and traversing the lower terrace, terminates in a basin of stagnant water in the south- western part of the city, contributing, no doubt, to the prevalence of fever in that quarter. The river shore, from the mouth of Deer creek to the mouth of Mill creek, a distance of two miles and a half, presents but few nui- sances. At the former point the stream has thrown out a quantity of silt, which, in low water, is laid bare to a limited extent ; from that spot to the other, the shore is free from natural sources of insa- lubrity, much of it being sloped and graveled down to low water. In front of the mouth of Mill creek there is a deposit of silt, envelop- ing the trunks and limbs of trees, of which a considerable extent is exposed in summer and autumn, and, lying to the windward of the city, may be regarded as the most permanent nuisance around it. Below the embouchure of Mill creek, for two miles, and above that of Deer creek for four miles, there is no alluvial bottom, and the river presses against the base of the limestone hills. Let us now contemplate, as a whole, the locality we have been surveying in detail. First : As a general fact, where a tributary enters the Ohio, there is much low bottom; but here, two join it, on opposite sides, and the extent of drowned land is very little. It has elsewhere been intimated that Mill creek, during the diluvial period, was a great river ; and then it was, that an immense quantity of drift, in the form of sand, gravel, pebbles, and bowlders, was heaped up in this locality to such a height that nearly all the terraces are above the ordinary freshets of the Ohio. Second : The area of these terraces, including both sides of the river, is about six square miles ; and their extent, taken in connection with their elevation above the river gives this locality an advantage over every other, from the sources to the mouth of the river. Third : As a consequence of this topography, there is no other spot on the banks of the Ohio, where so great a number of persons could reside with as little exposure to the causes of intermittent and remittent fever. Fourth : From obser- vations continued through forty-eight years, it may be stated, that 32 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. while, in early times, autumnal fever, occurring- every year, was sel- dom, except in some very limited spots, a violent and frequent dis- ease, it has regularly diminished ; and that parts once infested have become exempt. So true is this of the central portions of the city, in latter years, that when a case of intermittent fever happens there, it is generally found that the patient had sojourned in the country. Of remittent fever, so much cannot be said, as occasional cases still appear on streets which are entirely exempt from the other variety. Fifth : The estimated population, within a circle having a radius of a mile and a half, is about one hundred and twenty thousand ; and the extraordinary growth, which has assembled such a number in so short a time, must undoubtedly be ascribed, in part, to the slight prevalence of autumnal fever; by which we are instructed, that medical topography has an intimate connection with the progress of population and civil improvement. Cincinnati has extended (chiefly by a single street), nearly foui miles up the Ohio, with the river close on one side and the hills as close on the other ; the bank rising above high water. This exten- sion comprehends the villages of Fulton, Lewistown, and Pendleton. Beyond the last to the mouth of the Little Miami river, two miles further up, there is a broad, alluvial plain, on which once stood the village of Columbia, the second settlement in the State of Ohio, made November 18th, 1788. Much of this bottom, especially that nearest the Miami, is subject to inundation in the spring of the year, and the inhabitants, chiefly agriculturists, are subject to autumnal fever ; which, however, is much less prevalent and violent than it existed in 1803, and for many years afterward, when the locality was in transitu from dense woods to cultivated fields. Up the valley of Mill creek, which is equal in width to that of the Ohio (although in summer there is scarcely the feeblest current of water), autumnal fever is an annual endemio-epidemic. This valley is not without second, and even third bottoms or terraces, which are elevated and dry ; but it has also broad and low alluvions, on which the overflows of the stream and the spring rains leave sloughs filled with the decaying vegetation of its deep and fertile soil. To these surfaces we should ascribe the fever, which, limited to them in its origin, extends far beyond them in its spread ; as it frequently reaches, not only to those who reside on the older terraces, but, also, the inhabitants of the neighboring bluffs. The malignant intermit- tents of the south are not, however, often met with in this locality, MEDICAL TOPOGRAPIir. 33 nor ever have been ; and the chief mortality is from the remittent type, in its progress becoming typhous. The hill-lands around Cincinnati are, in all directions, of the same height and character. In some places there are gently undulating table lands ; but in general the country is rolling, and presents a countless number of knobs or tuberosities, covered with rich soil, resting on a clay or loam bed, embellished with numerous country seats. Permanent springs are scarce, and much of the well-water is of an inferior quality. Ponds, swales and swamps are of course, unknown; yet autumnal remitting fever, tending to a continued type, occurs more or less every year, and sometimes proves fatal. For many years after the first settlement of Cincinnati, the people supplied themselves with water from wells, and also from the river, as is still the case in Newport and Covington. But to these methods succeeded the present hydraulic system. The water is thrown by a forcing -pump into reservoirs, exposed to the sun and rains, whence it is distributed, through iron and lead pipes, over the city. It often comes to the consumers turbid. The silt which it deposits in the reservoirs, a portion of which remains in suspension and is swallowed with the water, no doubt varies considerably in its composition. A single analysis, of a specimen thrown out of the reservoir in the spring of the year, was made by Dr. Raymond, and gave the fol- lowing results in one hundred parts : Alumina 49.84 Silex 38.30 Carbonate of lime 2.00 Do. iron 1.15 Phosphates of alumina and iron 0.52 Carbonate of magnesia, a trace 0.00 Vegetable mold (humus) 3.50 Other organic matter 4.69 100.00 In general, during every flood, the water when distributed is turbid. For a long time after the settlement of Cincinnati, its only fuel was wood, but this, to a great extent, has been superseded by bitu- minous coal, from the Apalachian Basin. At present, the amount consumed is greater than in any other locality in the Interior Yal- 34 MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. ley, save Pittsburgh, perhaps. This results, not merely from tho great number of inhabitants, but also from the multiplication of their manufacturing establishments. From the better ventilation of this locality, its atmosphere is, however, much less laden with the fumes of burning coal, than that of Pittsburgh. Cincinnati stands in Lat. 39° 6' K, and Long. 84° 29' 30" W. The elevation of the surface of the river at low water, above the level of the sea, is four hundred and thirty-one feet; that of the lower plain about four hundred and ninety ; that of the upper five hundred and forty -three ; that of the surrounding hills, on an average, not far from eight hundred and fifty feet. The population of the city presents many varieties of physiology. The original settlers were from various states of the Union ; and the armies of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, during the Indian wars, left behind them a still greater variety of persons. The subsequent immigration, although largely from the Middle and Northern Atlantic States, has been, in part, from the more Southern. In latter years it has been composed, still more than from either, of Europeans. The most numerous of these are Germans, next Irish, then English, Scotch and Welsh. Very few French, Italians, or Spaniards have sought it out. Lastly, its African population, chiefly emancipated slaves and their offspring, from Kentucky and Virginia, is large : and although intermarriages with the whites are unknown, the streets present as many mulatto, griffe, and quadroon complexions, as those of New Orleans. Thus the varieties of national physiology are very great. A comparative view of the facility or otherwise with which these heterogeneous elements become swallowed up in the absorbing and fusing process, now and for the future in progress, which is destined to render the Anglo-American race paramount throughout this great continent, would be sufficiently curious, although too extensive a sub- ject to be brought into discussion here. It may suffice to say, that of all classes of foreigners, the German soonest assimilates to the great mass. It takes but one generation to obliterate all the dis- tinctive marks of this race — even of its language, usually a most tenacious feature. On the contrary, the Irishman, whose dialect does not differ much, except in accent and tone, from ours, retains his family identity for several generations. So, also, but in a less degree, with the English and Scotch. METEOROLOGY. 35 METEOROLOGY. In the following article, it is proposed to give a summary of the meteorological observations made at Woodward College in this city (Lat. 39° 6' N., Long. 84° 22' W.) during the sixteen years begin- ning with 1835 and ending with 1850. It is most conveniently presented under the following divisions : temperature, wind, rain, WEATHER, and HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER. TEMPERATURE. The first of the following Tables is deduced from observations made at least three times daily, viz. : at or a little before sunrise, at 2 p.m., and at 9p.m. In meteorological reckoning the day com- mences at sunrise, and terminates at sunrise of the following morn- ing ; the mean temperature of each day is the average temperature of the whole 24 hours, and is found by adding together the tempera- tures of the two extreme periods of the day, twice the temperature at 2. p. m., and twice the temperature at 9 p. m., and dividing the sum by 6. Supposing the temperature to increase or decrease gra- dually between each observation, the result is mathematically accur- ate, and is more worthy of confidence than the common method of taking the mean of the greatest and least temperature. This rule is commonly called De Witt's Rule, and is used by the academies in the State of New York. TABLE I. MEAN TEMPERATURE OF CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS. Yrs. Jan. o Feb. O Mar. o Aprl. o May. o June. o July. O Aug. o Sept. o Oct. o Nov. o Dec. o Whole Year. O 183b 34.6 24.5 40.1 50.5 65.3 71.2 71.7 69.1 59.1 55.8 43.3 31.4 51.3 1836 30.6 28.8 36.1 55.6 65.8 70.4 75.8 71.6 69.3 46.2 38.7 30.6 51.6 1837 30.1 36.6 41.8 48.3 62.5 70.1 75.3 72.4 64.9 55.8 48.1 35.5 53.5 1838 36.4 20.9 48.4 50.5 56.7 73.1 79.2 77.7 66.3 50.6 39.0 28.2 52.2 1839 38.0 37.0 44.9 60.2 66.0 69.5 76.2 73.5 61.1 60.3 37.3 30.6 54.5 1840 25.7 42.0 47.7 57.4 63.2 70.8 75.4 74.7 61.8 54.3 40.9 32.4 53.9 1841 32.0 32.5 44.7 51.2 62.1 75.1 79.1 76.4 67.8 51.2 44.2 36.3 54.4 1842 36.7 36.4 52.4 57.7 60.8 69.0 75.6 71.4 i^.d 52.2 35.1 33.8 54.0 1843 35.8 26.6 28.8 51.3 62.8 70.4 73.8 70.3 69.3 47.7 40.6 36.2 51.1 1844 31.7 37.4 44.4 64.1 66.8 71.6 78.5 72.6 65.7 49.5 44.2 36.3 55.2 1845 37.9 40.1 44.5 59.9 61.6 7-J.6 73.4 73.0 64.1 50.2 40.3 24.8 53.5 1846 35.2 31.5 44.2 57.1 67.0 68.2 75.9 76.4 70.7 52.8 45.7 39.8 55.4 1847 30.8 36.8 40.2 55.7 62.7 69.2 74.4 70.5 64.1 53.2 44.9 34.3 53.1 1848 36.7 36.9 42.3 53.7 66.5 71.8 73.8 74.6 62.2 54.0 39.8 41.1 54.4 1849 32.3 32.2 46.5 52.6 63.9 73.9 73.7 73.5 65.3 53.3 49.9 31.6 54.1 1850 36.6 i 35.6 33.5 41.2 43.0 49.0 54.7 58.9 63.3 73.3 71.2 81.6 73.5 78.3 73.5 66.0 65.3 53.4 52.6 46.4 42.4 34.6 33.6 54.6 33.8 53 5 36 METEOROLOGY. From this table we deduce the mean temperature of the lour seasons as follows : — Winter — Dec. Jan. Feb. 33°. 6. Summer — June, July, Aug. 73°. 5. Spring — Mar. Apl. May, 53°.7. Autumn — Sept. Oct. Nov. 53°.4. An inspection of the above table also shows the following, among other particulars : — 1st. February, on the average, is the coldest month of the year.* It is not, however, always the coldest of the winter months. 2d. July is always the warmest month of the year. 3d. June is the least variable month of the year, in regard to its mean temperature, the range being 6°. 9; therefore its general character in regard to temperature, can be predicted with more cer- tainty than that of either of the other months. 4th. March is the most variable month of the year, in regard to its mean temperature, the range being 23° .6 ; its general character, therefore, in regard to temperature, can be predicted with less cer- tainty than that of any other month. 5th. The mean temperature of October is nearly the same as that of the entire year. 6th. The range of the mean temperature of the year is about 3°.5. In regard to the four seasons, we notice further ; that the coldest winter in the above period was in 1845-6, of which, the mean tem- perature was 30°. 5; and, that the warmest winter was that of 1844-5, of which, the mean temperature was 38° .1. This gives for the range of the mean temperature of winter, 7° .6. The coldest spring was that of 1843, of which, the mean tempera- ture was 47°. 7; the warmest spring was that of 1844, of which, the mean temperature was 58° . 4. This gives for the range of the mean temperature of spring, 10° .4. The coldest summer was that of 1847, of which, the mean tem- perature was 71°. 4; the Avarmest summer was that of 1850, of which, the mean temperature was 77° .7. This gives 6° .3, for the range of the mean temperature of summer. The coldest autumn was that of 1 842, of which, the mean tempera- ture was 51°. 3; the warmest autumn was that of 1846, of which, the * Of the 54 military posts of the United States, embracing various latitudes from 24° 20' to 47° 15' N., at 8 posts, December was the coldest month of the year; at 30 posts, January; and in 16 posts, February. At 5 posts, June was the wannest month of the year; at 43 posts, July; and at 6 posts, August. — See Army Reports. METEOROLOGY. 37 mean temperature was 56°. 4. This gives 5° .1 for the range of the mean temperature of autumn. A comparison of these results shows, that of the four seasons, autumn is the most stable, and spring the most variable in its tem- perature. TABLE II. MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. A. M. June, July. 48 Aug. 46 s. 33 0. 29 N. 3 Dec. Whole Year. 1835 30 —17 1 21 40 45 9 —17 Feb. 8th. 1836 — 7 —4 25 38 52 55 48 40 27 15 3 — 7 Feb. 3d. 1837 5 8 20 26 39 52 57 52 42 26122 7 + 5 Jan. 3d. 1838 8 —10 11 28 36 53 59 62 39 30 14 —4 —10 Feb. 22d. 1839 13 5 2 32 36 46 54 47 31 32 2 8 -j- 2 March 4th. 1840 — 1 21 27 42 47 50 7 41 19 18 7 — 1 Jan. 2d, 19th. 1841 —7 4 18 30 37 53 59 9 42 25125 18 '— 7 Jan. 18th. 1842 9 — 5 25 27 30 45 56 53 40 27 8 0—5 Feb. 17th. 1843 2 — 2 1 26 41 38 50 53 4* 19|22 15 — 2 Feb. 7th, 16th. 1844 — 1 15 20 28 45 54 65 56 38 2615 8 — 1 Jan. 29th. 1845 19 8 18 20 34 51 49 50 40 25 11 —6 — 6 Dec. 20th. 1846 10 20 27 43 46 57 64 44 28 15 19 Feb. 26th. 1847 —3 5 14 20 36 47 54 52 38 27 19 2 — 3 Jan. 8th. 1848 —4 17 5 31 40 50 58 61 40 3625 24 — 4 Jan. 10th. 1849 16 3 2828 45 57 59 57 43 34! 24 2 -f- 2 Dec. 31st. 1850 7 22 25 36 44 65 60 44 31 J25 11 Feb. 4th. Least. —7 —17 —4 20 34 38 48 46 131 19| 2 —6 —17 TABLE III. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI. Years. Jan. F. M. A. May. June. July. Aug. S. 0. N. Dec. Whole Year. 1835 660 56 70 83 91 95 93 89 86 82 70 63 950 June 13th. 1836 61 62 71 91 89 95 99 95 93 80 0s 55 99 July 23d. 1837 53 66 73 89 95 95 96 94 90 so 75 73 96 July 15th. 1838 69 51 : 85 85 87 93 97 100 91 84 05 54 100 Aug. 9th. 1839 66 70 79 83 94 94 96 95 88 88 61 48 96 July 25th. 1840 55 75,75 91 89 93 96 93 85 82 71 58 96 July 16th. 1841 54 58i83 82 93 99 98 96 93 70 72 64 99 June 12th. 1842 65 69!85 90 88 95 92 9.3 94 84 77 69 95 June 22d. 1843 67 58 59 88 93 97 98 92 92 77 OS 60 98 J'y 1st, 16th, 27th. 1844 56 70 72 89 89 90 94 93 89 70 75 64 94 July 6th, 14th. 1845 62 70 77 93 91 94 95 92 86 76 68 51 95 July 21st. 1846 67 55 69 88 91 91 96 92 92 81 7i] 66 96 July 10th. 1847 67 60 72 86 88 92 92 90 89 83 75 60 92 July 18th. 92 Aug. 14th. - 1848 60 60 86 84 90 91 90 92 86 75 59 73 1849 60 69 73:88 87 92 92 92 91 7-1 Sll 60 92J'e22,J'yl3,A.5. 1850 61 7271 86 89 95 96 99 93 90 83 77 SO 65 73 96 July 6th. Gr'tst. 69 72 86 93 95 99 100 94 88 100O An examination of tables II and III, shows that the extreme range of the thermometer at Cincinnati is 117°: and that the greatest range in any one year is 100°. 38 METEOROLOGY. That in 16 years the least temperature has occurred seven times in February, six times in January, twice in December, and once in March. That in the same period, the greatest temperature has occurred eleven times in July, four times in June, and three times in August. TABLE IV. MONTHLY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE AT CINCINNATI IN 16 YEARS. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Wh. Yr. 1835 630 730 69o 62° 51° 50° 45° 43° 53° 53° 73° 540 112° 1836 60 69 75 66 51 43 44 47 53 53 53 52 106 1837 48 58 53 63 56 43 38 42 48 54 53 66 90 1838 61 61 74 57 51 40 38 38 52 54 51 58 110 1839 53 65 77 51 58 48 42 48 57 56 59 40 94 1840 56 75 54 64 47 46 46 36 44 63 53 51 97 1841 61 54 65 52 56 46 39 37 51 51 47 46 106 1842 56 74 60 63 52 50 36 35 54 57 69 69 100 1843 65 60 58 62 52 59 48 39 44 58 46 45 99 1844 57 55 52 61 44 36 29 37 51 50 60 56 91 1845 43 62 59 73 57 43 46 42 46 51 57 57 101 1846 57 55 49 61 48 45 39 28 48 53 58 47 96 1847 70 55 58 60 52 45 38 38 51 56 56 58 95 1848 64 43 81 53 50 41 32 31 46 59 34 49 96 1849 44 66 45 60 42 35 33 35 48 40 56 58 90 1850 54 72 49 61 53 54 31 33 46 52 52 54 96 Mean. 57 62 61 61 51 45 39 38 49 54 55 54| From this table, we discover that the months having the greatest range of temperature, are February, March, and April ; and those having the least range, are August, July, and June. TABLE V. GREATEST CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITHIN 24 HOURS, IN EACH MONTH AT CINCINNATI, FOR 16 YEARS. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. (Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Wh. Yr. 1835 33° 37° 37° 37° 35° 31° 32o 30° 33° 31° 30° 28° 37° 1836 27 35 32 43 46 33 38 28 30 32 36 30 46 1837 27 25 32 40 42 31 30 35 22 31 32 31 42 1838 29 31 30 37 38 31 28 28 37 35 34 36 38 1839 25 35 31 38 35 35 39 33 35 40 29 19 40 1840 31 38 41 38 33 30 25 27 32 35 40 33 41 1841 21 30 30 37 36 33 30 28 30 35 31 21 37 1842 35 30 43 43 43 34 28 29 34 41 44 34 44 1843 31 31 32 34 36 38 34 32 29 38 28 26 38 1844 28 31 33 37 33 28 25 26 32 31 35 27 37 1845 32 38 39 43 42 32 30 33 31 39 35 32 43 1846 29 29 35 40 32 30 24 23 27 33 32 25 40 1847 22 27 33 42 38 30 25 25 29 7 29 30 42 1848 28 27 40 40 38 30 23 20 27 29 22 29 40 1849 21 28 32 32 34 30 24 30 34 34 34 21 34 1850 30 29 31 36 36 35 21 22 27 34 32 22 36 Mean. 35 38 43 43 46 38 39 35 37 41 44 36 46 METEOROLOGY. 39 The greatest changes, and those felt most sensibly, take place from noon or afternoon of one day to sunrise next morning — the thermometer falling. The least changes generally occur in the summer and autumnal months ; and the greatest in the winter and spring. TABLE VI. WIND The following table contains the average course of the wind for each month in the year, the wind or breeze denoted as being from that one of the principal points to which its origin most nearly ap- proaches. Jan. N. N. E. E. S. E. s. s. w. w. N. W. 2.0 1.7 2.0 0.3 1.1 8.0 12.0 3.9 Feb. 1.5 1.6 1.8 0.6 1.4 6.1 9.6 5.6 March 3.1 2.8 2.7 1.0 2.1 6.3 6.8 6.2 April 2.8 2.8 2.6 0.8 2.0 6.3 8.1 4.6 May- 3.5 3.0 2.8 0.4 1.7 5.7 8.4 5.5 June 1.5 1.5 2.3 0.8 2.0 7.5 9.0 5.4 July 2.9 3.8 1.6 2.0 3.4 5.9 7.0 4.4 August 2.2 4.1 4.0 1.0 2.6 7.5 4.8 4.8 Septr. 2.5 3.4 2.8 0.5 1.6 7.8 5.4 6.0 October 2.5 3.0 1.1 0.6 1.6 6.8 9.4 6.0 Novem. 1.7 3.0 0.8 0.2 1.7 7.5 9.8 5.3 Decern. 1.6 2.0 2.6 0.5 13 7.8 10.5 4.7 27.8 32.7 27.1 8.7 22.5 83.2 100.8 62.4 From the above table it will be seen that westerly winds prevail annually, on an average, about 246 days, or two-thirds of the year ; that easterly winds prevail about 68 days, or less than one-fifth of the year ; that the wind is from the north about 28 days, or one- tenth of the year ; and from the south, about 22 days, or one-six- teenth of the year. The above table is deduced from the observations of the 10 years* ending with 1850, and is the result of about 7000 separate observa- tions. It coincides very nearly with the result of the six years' observations terminating with 1840. * Except in regard to July and August. I was occasionally absent from the city during these months, and could not supply the course of the wind from the tables of other observers in the city, as I frequently did that of the tem- peratures from the tables of my friend, John Lea, Esq. 40 METEOROLOGY. TABLE VII. AMOUNT OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW AT CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug.. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year. IN. IN. IN. IN- IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. 1835 3.82 1.75 1.86 3.37 7.57 7.34 2.46 6.54 3.23 4.35 6.66 3.20 52.15 1836 2.97 4.34 4.18 4.54 9.01 2.14 7.42 5.54 4.77 3.71 4.41 4.36 57.39 1837 0.80 3.43 3.70 2.00 3.79 4.38 3.83 5.91 3.14 4.16 2.52 5.05 42.71 1838 1.90 1.64 0.56 4.77 8.57 7.55 2.47 3.76 0.71 3.55 3.12 0.85 39.45 1839 4.56 2.75 2.69 2.38 4.46 1.96 2.97 0.56 3.24 0.13 2.20 1.72 30.62 1840 1.13 4.68 3.65 4.78 6.08 6.84 4.45 3.73 1.56 4.74 2.50 3.20 47.34 1841 5.55 0.82 2.34 4.75 2.16 1.51 5.33 2.71 2.94 2.46 4.92 5.56 41.05 1842 2.75 6.09 3.02 2.97 3.04 5.67 2.35 4.22 2.95 1.90 3.76 2.57 41.29 1843 3.51 3.54 2.97 6.15 3.54 4.52 2.92 5.89 6.73 4.16 4.26 3.00 51.19 1844 3.10 1.04 4.50 3.13 7.00 6.16 3.50 13.65 1.26 4.32 3.18 1.10 43.65 1845 3.03 1.66 5.46 1.08 1.89 11.50 3.06 6.88 7.51 2.03 1.68 0.60 46.38 1846 3.59 3.23 2.26 3.51 5.17 7.53 3.93 6.10 2.50 2.19 4.26 9.25 53.52 1847 4.71 4.06 5.37 2.12 4.30 7.63 8.25 3.20 3.87 9.57 3.95 8.15 65.18 1848 4.58 2.81 6.72 0.55 5.13 1.86 6.95 3.90 1.53 3.62 2.60 9.43 49.68 1849 6.48 2.04 4.70 3.65 3.61 4.90 8.90 !4.41 2.68 3.86 2.42 5.32 52.97 1850 5.20 6.28 6.62 4.27 1.86 5.00 6.30 7.20 2.22 1.05 2.54 6.22 54.76 Mean. 3.60 3.14 3.79 3.38J4.82| 5.41 4.69 14.64 3.18 3.49 3.50 4.35 48.02 The above gives for the quantity of fluid in the four seasons, the following results : — Winter Dec, Jan., Feb 11.09 inches. Spring Mar., April, May 12.00 " Summer June, July. Aug 14.74 " Autumn Sept., Oct., Nov 10.17 " This shows that summer is the wettest, and autumn the driest season of the year. A further inspection of the table, shows that the wettest month of the year is June, and the driest September (taking into account that it is two days longer than February). The greatest quantity of rain in any month was 11.5 inches, in June, 1845; the least quantity in any month was one-eighth of an inch, in Oct., 1839. The most marked drouth in the above period, was in 1850. From September 18th to November 26th — 68 days, only 1.6 inches of rain fell. The greatest quantity of rain in any one year, was in 1 847 ; the amount being 65.18 inches, which was about 17 inches above the mean; the smallest quantity in any one year was 30.62 inches, which was about 1 7 inches less than the mean. METEOROLOGY. 41 TABLE VIII. DEPTH OF UNMELTED SNOW AT CINCINNATI, FOR 11 WINTERS. Winter. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. Total. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. 1839-40 0.0 7.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.3 1840- 1 1.0 10.4 8.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 24.4 1841- 2 ].0 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 8.8 1842- 3 1.5 3.1 12.1 7.6 2.7 1.3 28.3 1843- 4 1.0 2.8 3.8 1.5 1.2 0.0 10.3 1844- 5 1.0 1.9 2.5 4.6 0.0 0.0 9.0 1845- 6 4.3 0.5 2.6 15.7 0.5 0.0 23.6 1846- 7 7.2 0.8 8.4 3.1 8.6 0.0 28.1 1847- 8 0.0 20.6 7.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 30.1 1848- 9 1.5 4.0 1.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 13.9 1849-50 0.0 18.0 10.0 19.0 3.0 0.0 50.0 Mean. 1.7 6.3 5.6 6.2 2.0 0.1 21.8 This table shows that the amount of snow during the year, is a very variable quantity, ranging from 9 to 50 inches. It also shows, that frequently November and March, and sometimes both, are without snow ; and that only once in ten years, has any snow fallen in April. WEATHER. We have divided the days into three classes. Those that were clear, or of which the greater part was fair, are denominated clear and fair days; those partly clear, but of which the greater portion was cloudy, are denominated variable days; and those that were nearly or entirely cloudy, are denominated cloudy days. The follow- ing is the average number of days of each kind in a year, deduced from the observations from 1840 to 1850, except that the average number for July and August are deduced from the observations alone of 1841,— 43,— 45,— 49, and 50. Clear and fair days 146.3 Variable days 140.6 Cloudy days 78.3 This result is the same for the number of clear and fair days as the average from 1835 to 1840. The least number of clear and fair days in any one of the last sixteen years was 107; this was in 1843, and the mean temperature of this year was only 51° .1 ; or more than 2° below the annual mean. In 1850 the number of cloudy days was only 62, and the 42 METEOROLOGY. mean temperature of this year was more than 1° above the annual mean. The following table contains the average number of days of each kind of weather, for the several months of the year, according to the preceding classification. TABLE IX. Clear and Fair Days. Variable Days. January 10.7 7.8 February 10.0 9.2 March ... 10.8 11.2 April 12.4 12.6 May 13.0 14.4 June 11.9 15.3 July 14.6 13.6 August 12.8 15.8 September 15.9 11.2 October 14.7 10.8 November 10.8 9.8 December 8.7 8.9 According to this table the greatest amount of clear and fair weather occurs in June, July, August, September, and October; and the greatest number of cloudy days in December and January. Cloudy Days. ... 12.5 ... 9.0 . . . 9.0 ... 5.0 . . 3.6 . . . 2.8 ... 2.8 , . . 2.4 . . . 2.9 ... 5.5 ,.. 9.4 , .. 13.4 BAROMETER. TABLE X. Year. Mean height Min. height Max. height Range. Inches. Inches. Inches. 1835 29 .353 28.70 29.89 1.19 1836 29 .345 28.66 29 .82 1.16 1837 29 .291 28.54 29.81 1 .27 1838 29 .347 28.72 29.91 1.19 1839 29 .357 28.66 30.04 1.38 1840 29 .348 28 .53 29.86 1.33 1841 29.314 28.42 29.96 1.54 1842 29 .326 28.61 29.84 1 .23 1843 29 .302 28.48 29.92 1.44 1844 29 .309 28.71 29.78 1.07 1845 29 .32S 28 .83 29.85 1.02 1846 29 .297 28 .64 29.94 1.30 1847 29 .294 28.57 29.91 1.34 1P48 29 .291 28.47 29.86 1.39 1849 29 .519 28.65 30 .05 1.40 1850 29 .273 28.50 29.92 1.42 29.318 28.42 30.05 1.63 The above table contains the mean height, the minimum and maximum height, and the range of the barometer at Woodward col- METEOROLOGY. 43 lege, which is situated about 150 feet above low water of the Ohio, and about 17 feet above the level of Lake Erie. From the table it will also be seen, 1st. that the mean height in any given year, differs but little from the annual mean height ; 2d. that the range of the minimum height for different years is .41 of an unit ; that the range of the maximum height for different years is .27 of an inch; and 3d. that the extreme range is 1.63 inches. The following table presents the mean height of the barometer for each month, during the preceding period ; also the minimum and maximum heights that have occurred in each month, in the same period. TABLE XI. Months. Mean height. Inches. Min. height. Inches. Max. height. Inches. Mean height for the Seasons. Jan. 29.344 28.57 30.05 Feb. 29.312 28.50 30.01 Winter. . . ..29.335 inches. Mar. 29.310 28.48 29.94 Apr. May 29.289 29.243 28.42 28.59 29.76 29.63 Spring .. . ..29.281 " June. 29.271 28.84 29.59 Summer . ..29.316 « July. 29.329 28.91 29.61 Aug. 29.348 29.05 29.62 Autumn.. . .29.348 " Sept. 29.341 28.73 29.72 Oct. 29.362 28.66 29.91 Nov. 29.342 28.61 30.04 Dec. 29.350 28.47 30.04 An examination of this table gives the following results : The mean height of the barometer is the lowest in May, and the highest in October; the former being .075 below, and the latter .044 above the mean for the year; the range being .119. The minimum height of the barometer occurs when the sun is north ; and the maximum height when it is south of the equator. The month nearest to the mean height, is July. Of the four seasons, autumn and winter are above, and spring and summer below the mean height for the year. Spring is the lowest, and autumn the highest of the whole ; the difference between them being .067. The mean height for the summer is nearly the same as the mean height for the year. The barometric heights were corrected for capillarity and reduced to the temperature of freezing water. 44 POPULATION CENSUS OF 1850. II. PERSONAL STATISTICS POPULATION — CENSUS OF 1850. CINCINNATI. WHITE. COLORED. TOTAL 1 6411 434 6845 2 8026 187 8213 3 7567 101 7668 4 10,394 563 10,957 5 5122 161 5283 6 9229 401 9630 7 9167 178 9345 8 14,328 96 14,424 9 9889 816 10,705 10 12,887 145 13,032 12) 19,246 90 19,336 112,266 3172 115,438 TOWNSHIPS. HAMILTON COUNTY. Fulton 3323 — 3323 Spencer 1655 1 1656 Columbia 2411 5 2416 Anderson .... 3014 36 3050 Mill creek .... 6180 107 6287 Storrs 1666 9 1675 Green 3947 1 3951 Delhi 1942 — 1942 Sycamore .... 3727 4 3731 Symmes 1115 — 1115 Colerain 3105 20 3125 Miami 1513 44 1557 Whitewater. . . . 1514 53 1567 Crosby 2480 8 2488 Springfield .... 3598 34 3632 153,356 3494 156,850 ■ ■-.:^f j# i r ) . r i ■f\ r ■ ,-/ AJ h | -$ >•' . . .;■-.>;■■■,.•■■. , n^ 'Re :f^ HI'" ^•S^&fc, «^^»*^ POPULATION CENSUS OF 1850. 45 As the population of Cincinnati in 1840 was 46,338, the census returns for 1850, manifest an increase, for the last ten years, of one hundred and fifty per cent. The increase from 1830 to 1840, was ninety per cent. Our city may therefore be ranked among those cities of the United States, whose growth is not exhausting their elements of progress. It would be doing injustice to the actual increase in population of Cincinnati, to omit the fact, that the recent national census was taken at a period when the cholera was raging in the midst of us. Not only did we sustain a loss of 4832 deaths on this score, but the population returns were farther reduced from the still greater numbers put to flight by the approach and arrival of that pestilence. For weeks every vehicle of conveyance was filled with these fugitives, who, in most cases, did not return in time to be included in the enumeration of inhabitants. There can be no just reason to doubt, that but for these drawbacks, Cincinnati would have yielded within its corporate limits alone, the population of 130,000 inhabitants, which it now comprehends, by including that of its suburbs and immediate adjacencies. The following comparative table will afford a contrast of the pro- gress in the population of Cincinnati, with that of other cities in the Ohio and Mississippi valley. CINCINNATI. PITTSBURGH. LOUISV. NEW ORLEANS. Census of 1800. . . 750. . . 1565 . . . 600. . . 9650 it 1810. . . 2540. . . 4768 . . . 1350. . . 17,242 « 1820. . . 9602. . . 7243 . . . 4012. . . 27,176 it 1830. . . 24,831. . .21,412*. . .10,306. . . 46,310 it 1840. . . 46,338. . .36,478*. . .21,214. . .102,296 340,000, in Nov., 1849. Fire, marine, and inland transportation risks taken at current rates of prenvaim. insurance companies. 97 Washington Life Insurance Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio. Capital, $150,000. Office, Third Street, next door east of the City Bank, feeder's Buildings. JOINT-STOCK AND MUTUAL. Board of Directors. — E. M. Gregory, Hon. John McLean, Hon. C. Morris, James K. Glenn, S. F. Cary, L. G. Bingham, John Elstner, J. 0. Shoup, G. Y. Root, E. P. Coe, Chas, Goodman, G. L. Weed, Henry Van Bergen, D. F. Worcester, James Dunlap, J. P. Kilbreth, W. S. Scarborough, J. P. Reznor, L. D. Ingalsbee, R. B. Hayes, A. Morrell, Thomas Heaton, J. F. Forbus, G. McCullough. Board of Finance. — George L. Weed, James K. Glenn, W. A. Goodman. Officers. — E. M. Gregory, President; Hon. C. Morris, Vice- President; George L. Weed, Treasurer; S. F. Cary, Secretary and General Agent; C. Benton, Assistant Secretary and Actuary. The Washington Life Insurance Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, are authorized by their charter to grant or purchase annuities, and make all contracts pertaining to life risks. It has a capital of $150,000, paid in and well secured. The joint-stock and mutual rates are as low as those of any other com- pany. When the premium amounts to $40 or upward, the assured may pay one-half in cash and the other in a premium note, if insured in the mutual department. Premiums may be paid annually, semi-annually, or quarterly. All the advantages which can be secured by life insurance in any office in this country, may be had in this company. The capital is large and well secured, and the character of those who compose the board is a guarantee that the affairs of the company will be judi- ciously managed, and the interests of the assured protected. In addition to the usual modes of insurance, this company have made arrangements to insure those who do not use intoxicating drinks, at rates corresponding to the diminished risk, and lower than any other company in this country. The joint-stock, mutual, and temperance rates, and all other matters pertaining to the business of the company, may be ascer- tained by reference to their printed pamphlets, or by application at their office. 98 insurance companies. Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Philadelphia. Office, 16 Front Street. Guarantee Capital and accumulated fund over $220,000. Charter perpetual. All the profits divided among the policy holders every year. Daniel L. Miller, President; William M. Clark, Vice-President; John W. Hornor, Secretary. — B. Urner, Agent. New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. Office, 16 Front Street. Established in Boston in 1843. Guarantee Capital and accumulated fund amount now to over $360,000. William Phillips, President; Benj. F. Stevens, Secretary; Benj. Urner, Agent. Dayton Insurance Co. — Fire and Marine. Office, 53 Third street, west of Walnut, over Almy's Bank. Daniel Beckel, President; J. F. Dodds, Secretary. Directors. — Daniel Beckel, L. F. Claflin, D. A. Haines, Joseph Clegg, John Harries, A. Speice, H. M. Brown. James S. Chew, Agent. The Utica Insurance Co. of Utica, N. Y. Capital, $150,000. Henry R. Hart, President ; John S. Hunt, Secretary. Issues policies on hulls and cargoes of steamboats, cargoes of flat-boats, and buildings and contents of all kinds. James S. Chew, Agent. Office, 53 West Third street. Firemen's and Mechanics' Insurance Co., Madison, Ind. Office, 21 Main, west side, between Front and Columbia Streets, Cin. Capital $150,000. David White, President ; Thomas L. Paine, Secretary. David White, C. S. Lodge, N. O. Williams, D. Blackmore, jun., N. McKee Dunn, Samuel M. Strader, Washington Thomas, Matthew Kemberly, Hiram K. Wells, Directors. Insure steamboats and their cargoes, flatboats, marine and inland insurance, buildings, merchandise, and property generally, as low as any other office. M. L. Neville, Secretary ; Wm. B. Cassilly, Agent. insurance companies. 99 Charter Oak Life Insurance Co. of Hartford, Conn. — Joint Stock and Mutual. $200,000 Capital, securely invested under the sanction and approval of the Comptroller of public accounts of the State of Connecticut. Gideon Welles, President; Wm. T. Lee, Vice-President; Saml. Coit, Secretary. Gideon Welles, William T. Lee, Calvin Day, Tertius Wadsworth, Erastus Smith, Thomas Belknap, James G. Bolles, Chas. Seymour, jun., John A. Butler, L. F. Robinson, Directors. George Beach, President Phoenix Bank; D. F. Robinson, Presi- dent Hartford Bank; Hon. Isaac Toucey, late Attorney- General, U. S. This company presents unusual advantages to insurers, from the following considerations : 1st. The capital being $200,000, is larger than that of any com- pany incorporated by the Legislature of Connecticut, and is all pledged for the payment of losses. 2d. It is all invested in securities of the highest character, which are not only approved by the board of directors, but by the comp- troller of public accounts of the State of Connecticut. 3d. Conducting its business on the joint stock and mutual plan, it combines all the benefits and privileges of two distinct companies, with only the expenses of one. 4th. It insures lives at the lowest rates, which can afford perman- ency to the company and safety to the insured. 5th. Its charter is perpetual. Agency at Cincinnati, Henry E.Spencer,— 36 Fourth, east of Wal- nut Street, at Willis & Burt's real estate Office. O. M. Langdon, M. D., Medical Examiner. Insurance Company of Lexington, Kr. Capital $300,000. Columbian Insurance Co. of Boston, Mass. Capital $200,000. Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. of Newark, N. J. Surplus, $1,082,618. British Commercial Life Insurance Co. of London, Eng. Capital, $3,400,000. John W. Hartwell, ill, : 19 Front, near Sycamore Street. i tt^? f Hartwell & Hall, Agents. A. Mitchell Hall, J & 100 insurance companies. .National Loan Fund Life Insurance Co. of London and New York. Capital, $2,000,000. Office, 26 West Front Street. Liggett & Hall, Agents. Union Mutual Life Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1848. Directors' office, 68 State Street, Boston. — Original and accumulated Capital, $200,000, constantly increasing. Office, Heeder's building, Third Street, over City Bank. This company is a purely mutual one, and all its profits are divided among the holders of its life policies. Its funds are all invested by a Board of Finance, composed of the best financiers in the country. Board of Finance. — Franklin Haven, President of Merchants' Bank, Boston; Thomas Thacher, merchant, Boston; Reuel Williams, President of Kennebec Railroad. E. K. Chamberlain, M. D., Consulting Physician ; J. F. White, M. D., Medical Examiner; Baker & Groocock, Agents. This office sustains the highest reputation at home. Cincinnati Agency of the Lafayette Insurance Co. Capital, $200,000.— Stockholders individually liable. Godlove S. Orth, President ; A. M. Crane, Secretary. References in Cincinnati. — J. C. Butler & Co., Kuhn, Rindskoff & Co., W. H. Thompson, Esq., P. Outcalt & Co., Scott & Sullivan, A. J. Mead & Co. This company effects Fire and Marine Insurance on as favorable terms as any other responsible company. Applications received, and losses promptly adjusted, by Joseph J. Davis, Agent. Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co., of Hartford. John L. Yattier, Examining Physician ; Landon C. Rives, M. D., Tom O. Edwards, M. D., E. Kendrick, M. D., A. H. Baker, M. D., S. O. Almy, M. D., Consulting Physicians. Agent in Cincinnati, Joseph J. Davis, Reeder's building, 53 Third Street, between Walnut and Vine. insurance companies. 101 Insurance Co. of Madison, Ind. Office of the Cincinnati agency, north-west corner of Walnut and Columbia Streets. A. W. Pitcher, President ; E. G. Whitney, Secretary. Samuel F. Covington, Agent. This company was incorporated by an act of the Indiana Legisla- ture, approved January 26, 1831. It is empowered to insure all kinds of property against hazards of every description ; and also to insure the lives of individuals. The capital stock is one hundred thousand dollars, and is all paid in. The principal office and business of the company is at Madison, Indiana, where it is also engaged in the business of banking. The stock is generally owned by citizens of Madison, and its business and management have been such as render it one of the safest insti- tutions in the west. ^Etna Insurance Co., of Hartford Conn. Annuity Fund, $150,000. The leading idea of the system adopted by this company is, to as- certain precisely what it is worth to insure a given amount upon a life for a certain time, and to charge precisely that sum and no more ; it is attended with none of those vexatious contingencies which are inseparable from the mutual system. It has nothing to do with script, dividends or bonuses, the declaration of which, upon true and equitable principles, is attended with so much difficulty and perplexity ; it is perfectly simple, as well as uniform and equal in all its operations. Risks taken in all the different methods ever adopted by any of the English or American companies, at its agency, 1 and 2 Reeder's Building, 57 Third street, between Walnut and Vine. Thomas K. Brace, President; E. A. Bulkley, Vice-President; S. L. Loomis, Secretary ; J. W. Seymour, Actuary ; C. L. Avery, M. D., Medical Examiner. E. D. Dickerman, Agent. References in Cincinnati. — Willis Lord, D. D., James Calhoun, Harrison & Eaton, James Carter. Hudson River Fire Insurance Co. of Waterford, New York. Capital $300,000, all paid in and secured. Risks taken, and losses promptly adjusted, by E. D. Dickerman, Agent. 102 CITY WATER WORKS. VII. WATER AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT CITY WATER WORKS. E. Hinman, Superintendent. Theodore E. Scowden, Engineer. J. R. Baldridge, Secretary. Charles Balance, and Charles Munroe, Collectors. TRUSTEES. J. C. Hall, N. W. Thomas, and Wm. McCammon. The first settlers of Cincinnati drank from the spring in the hill- side, along and below the present line of Third street, and did their washing in the Ohio river. As the population increased, individuals, for their greater private convenience, sank wells. Still a large portion of the inhabitants obtained their supply from the river, and there are many still living who associate "toting" water by hoop and buckets with their reminis- cences of a washing day. The summer of 1802 was very dry, and most of the springs failed. Among the rest, the one which supplied " Deacon Wade's" tan-yard. Without water the business could not go on — not a dray in the settlement. — What was to be done ? An inventive genius, James McMahan, came to their relief ; with an ax and auger repaired to the adjoining fields, cut a couple of saplings, pinned cross-pieces, and upon them secured a cask. To this " drag," by aid of a yoke, or wooden collar, he geared his bull, and with this fixirt the water was furnished, and the business of the yard kept in operation. In 1806, when the citizens numbered seventeen hundred, the first move for supplying them with water was made by William, better known as " Bill" Gibson, rigging a cask upon wheels, and under- taking the furnishing of water as a part of his business. The facility this water-cart afforded, was as great a desideratum, and as marked an epoch in the history of the progress of the comforts of the town, as any subsequent improvement for furnishing the city with water. CITY WATER WORKS. 103 In 1817, Jesse Reeder built a tank on the bank of the river, near Ludlow street. By means of elevators, worked by horse power, he lifted the water into this tank, and thence sold it to the water carts. In 1816, the Town Council of Cincinnati granted the ** Cincinnati Woolen Manufacturing Company the exclusive privilege of laying pipe in the streets, lanes, and alleys of the town, for the purpose of supplying the citizens thereof with water," conditioned, " That on or before the 4th day of July, 1819, the pipe should be laid, and water conveyed to that part of the town lying south of Third street, commonly called the " Bottom," and to that part of the town called the "Hill," so that it may be delivered three feet above the first floor of James Ferguson's kitchen, in said town, on or before the 2d day of July, 1823." In 1818, the Woolen Manufacturing Company, with the assent of the Town Council, transferred all their right, interest and privi- lege of supplying the inhabitants of the town of Cincinnati with water, to S. W. Davies ; and the legislature granted said Davies, and his associates, an Act of Incorporation by the name of the " Cincin- nati Water Company," with the privilege of creating a capital not exceeding $75,000. Mr. Davies purchased the property now occu- pied by the Engine House and Reservoir, and commenced preparing for furnishing the city with water. A reservoir 40 by 30, and 6 feet deep, bottom and sides planked, was excavated on the hill side, a little south and west of the present site. Two frame buildings were erected on the bank, one on the north, and the other on the south of Front street. A lifting-pump, placed in the building south of Front street, lifted the water from the river into a tank in the building on the north of Front street. From this tank the water was forced up the hill, into the reservoir. The pipes, pumps and machinery were of wood, and worked by horso power. In 1820, there being at the time no improvements between Broad- way and the reservoir, the wooden pipes leading into the town were laid along the hill side, through Martin Baum's orchard, down to Deer creek ; on the west side of the Creek, through what at the time was Baum's fields, now Longworth's garden, and other lots to Broadway ; thence along Fifth street to Sycamore, and down Syca- more to Lower Market. Here the first fire-plug, — a wooden pent- stock — was placed, and from it the first water lifted by machinery 104 CITY WATER WORKS. from the Ohio river, and passed through pipes for the use of the citizens, flowed on the 3d day of July, 1821. In 1824, Mr. Davies purchased the engine and boiler of the steam- boat Vesta ; and Mr. Joseph Dickinson, after having repaired, and fitted the engine up in the frame building south of Front street, attached by means of crank and lever, two lifting-pumps, of 6-inch cylinder, and two force-pumps of 7-inch cylinder and 4-foot stroke. With these the water was lifted from the river into a tank in the same building, and forced, from this tank, up the hill, 400 feet through 5-inch iron pipe, and 350 feet of gum wood pipe, into the reservoir. The trees for these pipes were cut in Deacon Wade's " woods," near the corner of Western Row and Everett streets. In 1827, Mr. Davies sold his interest in the water works to Messrs. Ware, Foote, Greene and others, when in accordance with the act of incorporation a company organization took place. At this time, there were about 17,000 feet of wooden pipe, five hundred and thirty hydrants, and less than 5,000 dollars income. In 1828, the engine was repaired, and the entire pumping appa- ratus remodeled by Anthony Harkness. After this, the water was thrown through a 12-inch iron pipe into a new stone reservoir, 100 feet by 50, and 12 feet deep. This reservoir was enlarged, from time to time, until its dimensions equaled 350 feet in length by 50 feet in width, and 12 feet deep, containing 1,200,000 gallons of water. This reservoir, having served its day, has now to give way to make room for a new one enlarged to meet the present demand. In 1 833, Mr. Harkness made and put up a new engine and pump- ing apparatus, which is now in use. In 1839, the water works were purchased of the Company by the City. They consisted, at that time, of the ground on which the engine house is erected, being 300 feet on Front street, running to the river — 176 feet of ground fronting on the north side of Front street, running to Congress street — a piece of ground bounding 500 feet on High street, and 350 feet on Morton street, including the reservoir — 1885 feet of 10-inch iron pipe, 7914 feet of 8-inch, 10,634 of 4-inch iron pipe, and 117,421 feet of wooden pipe — with 2639 hydrants, and an income of $31,777. In 1844, the City Council contracted with Messrs. Yeatman & Shield for new engines and pumps, which were put in operation in 1846. In 1846, the management of the water works was placed, by an CITY WATER WORKS. 105 act of the Legislature, in charge of three Trustees, to be elected by the people. The following account of the pumping power connected with the works, at this time, is from the report of the engineer, Theo. R. Scowden, to the Trustees. " The engine built by Mr. Anthony Harkness is high pressure, slide valves, and is constructed, in its application of power to the pumps, on the principle of direct action. " The steam cylinder is 25 inches diameter, and works eight feet stroke of piston ; the pump barrel is 17 inches diameter, working same stroke of piston as the cylinder, and the centres of bores exactly in the direction of plumb line. Although antiquated in appearance, the simple and durable arrangement admirably adapts it to the pumping of water ; operating with much ease and regular- ity of motion, and capable of forcing into the reservoir 1,500,000 gallons of water each 12 hours. " The steam engine and pump built by Messrs. Yeatman cfc Shield were constructed from a design by Mr. Shield, and put in operation in March, 1847. The steam engines are connected at right angles by an arrangement in the main cranks. The steam cylinders are 22 inches bore and 10 feet stroke of piston, and form their connection with the main cranks by means of wrought iron pitmans. The pumps are each 14 inches diameter of bore, and 10 feet stroke of piston. Attached to the pumps are two air vessels, 5 feet diameter and 10 feet long ; the pumps throw about 1,800,000 gallons of water into the reservoir each 12 hours. " The engine and pump built by Messrs. A. Harkness & Son, and completed in February, 1851, were from designs furnished by Mr. Scowden, engineer of the water works. " This is a vertical, direct acting, condensing engine, having a cylinder of 45 inches diameter and 8 feet stroke of piston, with double acting vertical forcing-pump, the barrel 1 8 inches diameter, and 8 feet of stroke of piston ; the air vessel attached is 10 feet long and 4 feet diameter. " For quantity and quality of material, faithful workmanship, and high finish, it is eminently superior, possessing every essential of excellence to give it a high rank as a specimen of American mechanism ; likely to give satisfactory results, when thorough trial and experience shall have fully established its practical usefulness." This machinery is capable of throwing 1,750,000 gallons of water into the reservoir each 12 hours. 106 CINCINNATI GAS WORKS. The efficient pumping power of the works at this time, is equal to 5,000,000 gallons of water each 12 hours. The average daily con- sumption of water in the city, is about 2,300,000 gallons, equal to a consumption of coal, daily, of 185 bushels. The walls of the new reservoir now in progress of construction are of common limestone. The entire length will be 368 feet, width 135 feet, and depth 23 feet ; calculated to retain water to the height of 20 feet, and holding 5,000,000 gallons of water. The water was let into the east division of the new reservoir, last December, and since that time the city has been supplied from that source. At this time there are connected with the works, rather more than 45 miles of pipe, and 5700 hydrants, producing an income, for the year ending 15th December, 1850, of $72,500. The cost of the water works, including the sum of $300,000 paid to the old water company, amounts to $796,000. The city bonds have been issued, at different times, to the amount of $680,000 ; the balance, $1 16,000, has been furnished from the surplus income, after paying the interest on the loans, repairs, and all other ordinary expenses of conducting the works. CINCINNATI GAS WORKS. This, which is now a joint-stock company, was originally the private enterprise of J. F. Conover and J. H. Caldwell, to whom the City Council, by ordinance, dated 16th June, 1841, gave the exclu- sive privilege of supplying the citizens and lighting the city with gas for 25 years, when the city has the right to purchase the works at an equitable valuation, made by disinterested persons, mutually chosen. These individuals subsequently obtained a charter, granted by the Legislature, under the name and style of " The Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company," with a capital of $100,000 ; to which company they subsequently transferred their interest, retain- ing a large majority of the stock, under the sanction and approval of the City Council. The Works are on Front, between Smith and Park streets, and inclose about one and a third acre of ground. There are between eighteen and twenty miles of pipe laid, and 500 lamps erected throughout the city. Nearly three miles of pipe are annually added to the existing improvements. W. S. Caldwell, President. OBSERVATORY 107 VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE OBSERVATORY. The site on which the Cincinnati Observatory is erected is one of great beauty. The building crowns a hill which rises some 500 feet above the low water of the Ohio river, and commands a view of wonderful variety. On the east are seen in the distance the hills of Kentucky, the river coming in from the north-east; the towns of Fulton and Jamestown, with their manufactories and ship-yards ; — toward the north and north east, extends the same range of high grounds, on the most southern spur of which the observatory is erected. The nearest of these are now highly cultivated, and are covered with luxuriant vineyards, and orchards of choice fruit. The village of Mount Auburn presents an elegant appearance, especially when lighted by the first rays of the morning sun. Look- ing west from the summit of the Observatory, the entire city of Cincinnati is spread out before the beholder, as upon a map. There is scarcely a building in the whole city which may not be distin- guished from this elevated position. The river is followed by the eye toward the south-west, its continuity occasionally broken by the interposition of high hills ; — on the south and south-west, are seen the Kentucky cities of Newport and Covington, separated by the Licking river, whose rich valley indents the country for more than twenty miles. Such is the character of the position selected for the erection of the first great Astronomical Observatory ever erected by the people. Four acres were presented on the summit of this hill, to the Astro- nomical Society, by N. Longworth ; this lot of ground to be forever exclusively devoted to the uses of the Astronomical Observatory. From so elevated a position, there is, of course, an uninterrupted horizon ; so that the moment an object ascends above that line, it may be brought within the sweep of the telescope. The height of the observatory above the river and above the plane on which the city is built, frees the observers from the annoyance of smoke, heated atmosphere, and fogs, which would be most serious obstacles on a lower level. 1 08 OBSERVATORY. The Observatory building is constructed in such manner as to accommodate the family of the Director, as well as for scientific uses, and for the instruments. The main building, erected of stone, quarried from the hill, presents a front of 80 feet, and rises two stories and a half high on the wings, and three in the centre. The front is ornamented by a Grecian Doric portico, from whose roof there is a beautiful look out on the surrounding country. This portico, in connection with the main building and the transit building, in the rear or on the east side, constitutes a structure whose ground- plan is in the shape of a cross : when viewed from any point north or south, from which the parts of the entire structure may be taken in, the edifice presents an appearance of massiveness and solidity which harmonizes admirably with the known uses to which it is applied. Through the centre of the main building, and founded on the natural rock, rises a pier of grouted masonry eight feet square, entirely insulated from the floors through which it passes, to furnish a permanent and immovable basis for the great equatorial telescope, the chief instrument of the Observatory. This magnificent telescope, one of the largest and most perfect in the world, was made at the Frauenhofer Institute, Munich, by Messrs. Mertz & Mahler, so dis- tinguished for the perfection of their optical instruments. The focal length is about 17-J feet; the diameter of the object glass, twelve inches ; bearing magnifying powers varying from 100 times up to 1400 times. Clock-work is attached to the pon- derous mass of the telescope and all its machinery and circles, by which its mass, weighing some 2500 lbs., is moved with such admirable accuracy, that an object under examination may be fol- lowed by the telescope at the will of the observer. This stupendous instrument, mounted on a stone pedestal of great strength and graceful figure, rises, when directed to the zenith, some 20 feet above the floor of the room in which it is located. This room is surmounted by a roof of peculiar structure, and so arranged that a portion of the vertical wall and the roof, strongly framed together and mounted on wheels on a raihvay track, may, by a single person, be rolled either north or south, when the entire heavens falls within the sweep of the telescope. It is truly won- derful to behold the admirable manner in which this huge instru- ment is balanced and counterpoised, until the astronomer handles it with as much facility as if it were divested of gravity or were afloat on some liquid surface. <^W< ^^fc^t^f. OBSERVATORY. 109 One story lower, and in the transit-room, is mounted the transit telescope, the property of the U. S. Coast Survey, and furnished to the Observatory by the present Superintendent, Dr. A. D. Bache. Connected with this instrument, is an admirable sidereal clock, by Molyneux, of London, and presented to the Observatory by Wilson McGrew of our city. Here also is found the new machinery invented and constructed by the present Director of the Observatory, Professor 0. M. Mitchel : it consists of two instruments of entirely different construction, the one intended to record the observations of right ascension ; the other, observations of difference in declination or of N". P. Distance. It would be quite impossible, in the compass of this notice, to give any just idea of this wonderfully delicate apparatus. By means of the electro-magnet, the clock is made to record its own beats, with surprising beauty, on a disc revolving with uniform velocity on a vertical axis. This disc, covered with paper or metal, receives a minute dot, struck into it by a stylus, driven by a magnet, whose operating electric circuit is closed at each alternate beat, by a deli- cate vibrating wire attached to the pendulum of the clock by an actual spider's iveb ; thus, at each alternate vibration of the pen- dulum, the circuit is closed, and the second is entered, magnetically, on the revolving disc. At the close of each revolution, the disc moves itself forward about the tenth of an inch, without check or interference with the uniformity of its angular motion, and a new circumference of time dots, commences to be recorded. On the time scale thus perpetually forming, the observer can enter, magnet- ically, by the touch of a key, the observed instant of transit of any star or other object across the meridian wires of his telescope. These entries are subsequently read from the disc, even down to the thousandth of one second of time. This apparatus has now been in use for nearly two years, and has furnished observations of accuracy never before reached by any previous instruments. The rapidity, facility, and accuracy attain- able by these observations are truly admirable. Results have made it manifest, that the errors, from all sources, were only to be found among the hundredths of one second of time. The inventor hopes to banish the errors from this region even, and drive them to the thousandth of a second. The declination apparatus is also entirely new, and seems to pos- sess astonishing power. It releases the observer from the necessity 110 CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of reading- any circles or other means of identifying his instrumental positions, and enables him, at a single transit, to record as many as ten observations for declination — even among the swiftly moving- bodies of the equator. This gives an advantage, all other things being equal, of ten to one over the old methods of observing. This instru- ment has been in use about a year, and is yet incomplete in some of its refined details, but has produced remarkable results, and gives the highest promise, when mechanically complete in all its parts. Such are the appliances for work in the Cincinnati Observatory. There is no endowment, and the present director has no salary or other compensation, and no assistance out of his own immediate family. The great telescope has been principally employed in the measure of the newly discovered and previously discovered double and multiple stars, and in figuring remarkable clusters and nebulae. The other apparatus and transit instrument are employed in re- determining the places of the N. A. standard stars, and other kin- dred observations. It is only to be regretted that an enterprise, so nobly conceived, and so well carried out, could not now be permanently endowed, that its instruments might be worked day and night to their utmost capacity. THE CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. This flourishing and useful society was formed in 1843, as the following extracts from its publications will show : The first meeting with reference to the formation of the Cincin- nati Horticultural Society, was held at the house of Robert Buchanan, on the evening of the 17th February, 1843. The fol- lowing persons were present : — Robert Buchanan, A. H. Ernst, M. Flagg, S. C. Parkhurst, J. B. Russell, H. Probasco, V. C. Mar- shall, John Locke, George Graham and Thomas Winter. A. H. Ernst was called to the chair, and J. B. Russell appointed Secre- tary. On motion, J. B. Russell, M. Flagg, and R. Buchanan, were ap- pointed a committee to prepare a constitution and by-laws of the Society. At a subsequent meeting, they made a report, which was accepted ; and the following persons were elected officers for that year: CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ill Robert Buchanan, President; Melzer Flagg, 1st Vice-President; Andrew H. Ernst, 2d Vice-President; L. G. Bingham, 3d Vice- President; S. C. Parklrurst, Treasurer; John B. Russell, Corres- ponding Secretary ; J. G. Anthony, Recording Secretary. Elisha Brigham, George Graham, George W. Neff, Jacob Hoffner, Thomas Winter, William Smith, John Sayers, — Council. STANDING COMMITTEES. On the characters of Fruits and their Synonyms. — A. H. Ernst, M. Flagg, Wm. Smith, John Sayers, Stephen Mosher. On Flowers. — R. Buchanan, John Sayers, Jacob Hoffner, Gabriel Sleath, S. S. Jackson. On Vegetables.— G. W. Neff, J. B. Russell, E. B. Reeder, Chas. W. Elliot, John Frazer. On Entomology, as connected with insect depredations on Fruit and Shade Trees. — John P. Foote, J. A. Warder, R. Buchanan, Charles Cheney, Charles W. Elliot, E. J. Hooper, M. Flagg, Daniel Gano, William Price, John G. Anthony, George Graham, James H. Perkins, Dr. N. B. Shaler. During the spring, summer and autumn of 1843, the society held meetings nearly every Saturday, in the lower room, on Third Street, between Walnut and Vine, formerly occupied as the Post Office. The number of its members increased very fast, and a great interest in its objects was created. A correspondence was opened with dis- tinguished horticulturists in different parts of the Union ; new fruits were thus brought to light, and seeds and scions of superior varieties were exchanged and disseminated. The exhibitions of flowers in the spring, and of fruits, vegetables, and American wine in the autumn, were crowded with visitors, and a great impulse thus given to the culture of fruits and flowers. From this humble beginning, it has prospered beyond the fondest anticipations of its most ardent friends, and now, in the eighth year, numbers near seven hundred members. Its receipts for the past year were over 81900, and expenditures near 81800; about $1200 being paid out in premiums for fruits and flowers, and horticultural designs and decorations. That the society has been productive of much good, there can be no doubt ; the great improvement in our fruit and flower market, which we notice every year, is the strongest evidence of its utility, while the growing taste for the beautiful and innocent pursuits of 112 CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. horticulture, gives pleasing occupation and a delightful hobby, to the leisure hours of many an amateur in our city and vicinity, afford- ing at the same time, an extensive and liberal market for the nur- seryman and florist. The semi-annual exhibitions of this society, particularly the au- tumnal, have been rich and varied, and highly creditable to our infant western institutions. Gentlemen from the east have acknow- ledged that our exhibitions compare favorably with the best of those across the mountains, and in many fruits, even excel them. Strong efforts are now being made to erect a horticultural hall, upon an enlarged scale, and in a style which shall be a credit to the society and an ornament to the city ; and from the liberal encourage- ment already met with, the object will, no doubt, be accomplished. Long may our citizens continue to cultivate a taste for these useful and ennobling pursuits, so eminently calculated to mend the manners and improve the heart. The officers of the society for the present year, are : — A. H. Ernst, President; William Resor, M. S. Wade, K B. Shaler, Vice-Presidents ; John A. Warder, Recording Secretary ; George Graham, Corresponding Secretary; William Resor, Trea- surer. Executive Council. — John P. Foote, M. McWilliams, Wm. Orange, S. S. Jackson, G. Sleath, Jos. Longworth, and S. Mosher. STANDING COMMITTEES FOR THE TEAR. Fruits. — M. McWilliams, M. S. Wade, S. M. Carter, Wm. Orange, John G. Anthony. Flowers. — N. B. Shaler, James Hall, Robert Neale, Chas. Patton, Thomas Salter. Vegetables. — John P. Foote, A. Worthington, Robert M. Moore, George Graham, Heniy Ives. Library. — John P. Foote, John A. Warder, John G. Anthony. MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. This Institution was first chartered, and placed in the hands of a Board of Trustees, in 1819, and went fully into operation in 1825. The State furnished the means by which a spacious edifice was erected. It contains large lecture rooms and an amphitheatre, together with apartments for the library, as well as private rooms MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 113 for the professors, and apartments well fitted up for pursuing, pri- vately, the study of anatomy. The library contains upward of two thousand volumes, of well-selected standard works, purchased by the State, and for the use of the students of the college. The cabi- net belonging to the Anatomical department is supplied with all the materials necessary for acquiring a minute and thorough knowledge of the human frame. These consist of detached bones, of wired and natural skeletons, and of dried preparations, to exhibit the muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, lymphatics, etc., etc. In addition, are very accurate wooden models of the small bones, and represen- tations in wax, of the soft and more delicate structures. The cabinet of Comparative Anatomy, is supposed to be supplied more extensively, and with rarer specimens, than any other in the Union. Beside perfect skeletons of foreign and American animals, birds, etc., there is an immense number of detached crania, from the elephant and hippopotamus to the minute orders. The cabinet belonging to the Surgical department has been formed at great expense, by the labor of more than thirty-five years. It contains a large number of very rare specimens, among which are sections of the thigh-bones, that establish as fact, what European surgeons have long denied, viz : the possibility, by proper treatment, of a re-union, after a fracture, of the neck of these bones. There are near five hundred specimens of diseased bones alone. Of the department of Chemistry, it seems hardly necessary that we should speak. The known industry and extraordinary enthu- siasm, in every department of the physical sciences, of the gentleman who fills the chemical chair, are the strongest guarantees, that for the most full and efficient performance of the peculiar duties allotted to him, nothing that was necessary has been left unprovided. Many of his instruments are the result of his own powers of invention ; but the most important were selected by himself, in Europe, and pur- chased at great cost. BelontnnQf to the chair of Materia Medica, is a laro-e collection of indigenous plants, their extracts and other medicinal preparations, together with all the foreign articles used in practice ; and the various topics embraced in the department of Obstetrics and diseases of women and children, are elucidated, in part, by numerous and exceedingly interesting wax casts, most of which were obtained in Paris, of some of the best French artists. The students have the advantage of access to the Commercial 114 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. Hospital, where they witness the medical and surgical treatment of the patients by members of the faculty. This is an invaluable pri- vilege, and affords the students great facilities for acquiring a correct knowledge of diseases and their treatment. There are in the hospi- tal, annually, 3000 patients; and during the two winters usually devoted to attendance upon lectures, as great a variety of diseases is presented to the student, as generally falls under the observation of a physician during a lifetime of practice. But what is of first importance to the western student, is the fact, that through the facilities afforded by the connection spoken of, he can acquire a per- fect knowledge of those diseases which he will be called upon to treat, on his first introduction into practice. A further advantage of this connection, also, is that students have the opportunity of witnessing operations, by one, long and successfully acquainted with the practical use of the knife. In the prosecution of Practical Anatomy, also, every facility is afforded them that can be obtained at similar institutions of the country. At no period during its entire history have the prospects of the school been more encouraging. The utmost harmony prevails in the faculty, and the present class is as large as any which has ever attended, with one exception. There are, at present, one hundred and eighty-six students. Board of Trustees. — John P. Foote, President ; J. L. Vattier, M.D., Secretary; A. N. Riddle, Treasurer; William Mount, M. D., Jacob Strader, E. C. Roll, E. B. Reeder, G. W. Holmes, Miles Greenwood, Flamen Ball, B. F. Tefft, D. D. Faculty. — H. W. Baxley, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. John Locke, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy. L. M. Lawson, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology. T. O. Edwards, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics, and Medical Jurisprudence. R. D. Mussey, M. D., Professor of Surgery. Landon C. Rives, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and the Diseases of women and children. John Bell, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. John Davis, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. L. M. Lawson, M. D., Dean. MEDICAL COLLEGES. 115 ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE Chartered in 1845. Z. Freeman, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. Jos. R. Buchanan, M. D., Physiology and Institutes of Medicine. Lorenzo E. Jones, M. D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics. R. S. Newton, M. D., Surgery. Benjamin L. Hill, M. D., Obstetrics. I. Gibson Jones, M. D., Theory and Practice of Medicine. J. Milton Sanders, Chemistry and Pharmacy. This institution had enrolled upon its list of students, for the session of 1850-51, one hundred and ninety names. PHYSO-MEDICAL COLLEGE. Corner of Fifth and Western Row. Chartered 1850. Faculty. — E. H. Stockwell, M. D., Professor of Anatomy. " J. A. Powers, " " Surgery. " E. Morgan Parritt, " " Chemistry. " Joseph Brown, " " Materia Medica. R. C. Carter, " " Obstetrics. " H. F. Johnson, " " Practice of Med. THE OHIO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. Chartered in 1845. Board of Trustees. — B. P. Aydelotte, D. D., President ; Israel Dodge, M. D., Secretary; Robert Buchanan, Esq., Calvin Fletcher, Esq., William Johnston, Cincinnati, G. S. P. Hempstead, M. D., Portsmouth, Samuel Martin, M.D., Xenia, James P. Hildreth, M. D., Marietta, Ohio. This Institution has matriculated seventy students, and conferred degrees on forty of them. The Faculty stands : James Taylor, M. D., D.D.S., Prof. Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery. George Mendenhall, M. D., Prof. Pathology and Therapeutics. Thomas Wood, M. D., Prof. Anatomy and Physiology; John Allen, D. D. S., Prof. Operative Mechanical Dentistry; G. L. Van Emon, A.M., D. D. S., Lecturer on Dental Chemistry and Demon- strator of Operative and Mechanical Dentistry. 116 OHIO mechanics' institute. OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. Incorporated 1829. This spacious and well proportioned edifice is at the intersection of Sixth and Vine Streets, and owes its construction to the public spirit of Miles Greenwood and a few other whole-souled mechanics, who have contributed liberally of their time, personal labors, and pecuniary contributions, to erect this highly creditable temple to the mechanic arts. Within its walls the various mechanics' fairs are annually held. Scientific knowledge is taught here by lectures, illustrated by extensive philosophical and electrical apparatus, and mineralogical cabinet; and impressed on the minds of the mem- bers by the use of a copious and valuable library, of more than five thousand volumes ; and reading-room periodicals of more than forty, of first class public, scientific and philosophical jour- nals of the day. There are twelve hundred members — five hundred of whom use the library. Of these last, more than three hundred are minors. Courses of lectures weekly, have been held hitherto, throughout the winter months. These will be hereafter extended to three lectures in each week, during that season. The edifice is four stories high, and Gothic in its style. Dimensions, 90 feet on Vine, by 75 on Sixth ; main entrance on Sixth. The walls are of brick, 85 feet high from the ground floor to top of cor- nice. The door and window sills are of cast iron, as are also the columns supporting the fronts. The exterior walls are finished with stucco imitation of stone, in the most durable manner. The entire height to the top of the roof is 100 feet, in the centre of which, is a cupola or lookout ; and, as the building is situated on the most ele- vated point of land between the canal and river, from it will be afforded one of the finest views of the city, Covington and Newport, to be had elsewhere, except from the hills themselves. The interior arrangements are also very complete. The lower part on Vine is occupied as stores, and the corner on Sixth, with its two fronts on Vine and Sixth, as fitted out by W. B. Chapman, is one of the best furnished and arranged drug-stores in Cincinnati. The large room next west of the main entrance, is devoted to the exclusive use of mechanics, as a show room for manufactured articles of home fabrication, embracing every department of the mechanic arts. Here, for a slight rental, the artisan can deposit for inspec- YOUNG MEN'S LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 117 tion or sale, such of the creations of his genius as lie desires to bring before the community, both for his own and their benefit. The second story is occupied as a library, reading and class rooms, exclusively by the Institute. The third story contains the Institute hall, 90 by 65 feet, with convenient anterooms attached. The fourth story, halls for the I. 0. of O. F. The building is warmed with hot air, and lighted with gas. Es- timated cost $50,000. Officers. — M. Greenwood, President; R. C. Philips, Vice-Presi- dent; Wm. G. Neilson, Recording Secretary; W. B. Chapman, Corresponding Secretary; L. T. Wells, Treasurer; Jos. B. Ladd, Librarian. YOUNG MEN'S MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Officers for 1351. — Joseph C. Butler, President; James Lupton, Vice President; Robert L. Fabian, Corresponding Secretary; H. D. Huntington, Recording Secretary; William H. Neff, Treasurer. Charles R. Fosdick, B. P. Hinman, F. W. Ridgely, L. A. Ostram, Samuel Robbins, Directors ; Charles E. Cist, Librarian, George W. Frazer, Assistant Librarian. Library and reading-rooms in the Cincinnati College, on Walnut street ; open every day, Sundays excepted, from eight o'clock in the morning until ten in the evening. This association was first organized by the election of officers and the adoption of a constitution and by-laws, April 18,1 835. At the commencement of the present year, the number of mem- bers, was sixteen hundred and twenty-three. Two hundred and thirty-four names have been since added to the list. Of this number, one hundred and sixty-five are active, and sixty -nine, honorary. During the year, twelve hundred and ninety -two volumes have been added to the library ; eleven hundred and fifty-nine by purchase, one hundred and thirty-three by donation, together with thirty-two volumes of bound periodicals and magazines; making the total number of volumes now in the library, eleven thousand and ninety- six, embracing the standard works in the various departments of literature, science, and art, and a copious selection from current literature of those works that are attractive, and interesting, and 10 118 apprentices' library. beneficial in their tendency, and will be read by the great majority of readers, while graver works remain upon the shelves. The Reading Room constitutes one of the most attractive features of the association. Here are regularly received fifteen Quarterly, one Bi-Monthly, thirty-two Monthly, and two Weekly magazines ; and the list of newspapers extends to ninety-one, embracing those from every part of our own country, and the most interesting from foreign lands. Lectures, on various popular subjects, by gentlemen of distin- guished reputation from all parts of the United States, are delivered weekly, throughout the winter, and form an interesting feature of this Institution. The Library and Reading Rooms are much frequented by strangers ; of whom there are always great numbers visiting Cincinnati. The current expenses, as well as the constant additions made to the library shelves and reading desks, are amply met by the contri- butions of the members, and revenue from lectures ; which last year amounted to $5,113 12 cents; an amount highly creditable to the Institution and its supporters. There are few objects in the city which so forcibly impress strangers in general as this Library, and the Reading Rooms, its adjuncts. APPRENTICES' LIBRARY. This Institution was founded, February 8, 1821, and was estab- lished by public contributions of books and money. It contains two thousand two hundred volumes of interesting works of history, travels, voyages, arts and sciences, philosophy, chemistry, classics, religion and morality ; and in fact, nearly every work which is of an instructive nature to youth. About four hundred volumes are taken out weekly. It is governed by a Board of Directors, who are appointed annually, by the contributors to the library ; if they neglect to do so at the time specified, the city council make the appointment. THE FINE ARTS. 119 IX. THE FINE ARTS The Fine Arts appear to seek geographical localities.. Many of the cities of the old world give evidence of this ; and the sphere of the beautiful in one branch has so harmonized with that of others, so great has been the affinity in the different classes of the ennobling arts, that, in order to enjoy the genial influences of association, they have rendered some of these old, and otherwise worn-out capi- tals of the European states, the magnets, which to this day, attract to them all those who are in love with the beautiful, from all parts of the civilized world. The fame and character of Florence, is made up in the eye and heart of thousands, who Avill never see the beau- tiful things in her rich galleries ; of the knowledge, that she has given to the world, and still retains within her borders, unnumbered and glorious evidences, that she had a real and fostering love of the grand, the beautiful and sublime in art and poesy. This is her character ; and she has obtained it, by a long course of faithful and truth -loving appreciation of those, who, by their genius, talents and labor, were rendering her, hundreds of years gone by, almost the centre of the artistic world, at the present da}^. Is it not worth something to have the reflection of genius cast upon a city by her own sons? Is it not a living light that cannot be destroyed, what- ever may betide in after time ? Cincinnati has sent from her young bosom, some names, which now have an existence in the world of art, that can never perish. These names, with those of her savans, more than any and all her other citizens, have rendered her known in Europe. She is looked upon, by those whose esteem is precious as jewels, as the artistic and scientific city of our great Republic ; as the centre of the most cultivated and art-loving, and, consequently, the most refined people on our Continent. Now, for so young a nation, and still younger city, this is a high position : it should be the wish of all that it may be sustained with honor to ourselves, and justice toward those, who are the immediate cause of our reflected greatness. Our love for these great pursuits, should be manifested, so palpably springing from a proper source, that it would be no discredit in our 120 THE FINE ARTS. assuming a fair share of the honor of our public position. We should aid those -who are aiding us. Heretofore we have enjoyed the honor arising from the exertions, the genius, and taste of our artists, without giving them that sympathy and substantial en- couragement, that just appreciation of their laborious efforts, which should make this, the home of their gratitude and affections. This it has not been. Can we point to anything as our share in the mutual labor of giving our city the honorable place she now holds ? The answer is an expressive silence. It should be our pleasure, as it is our duty, in these efforts at elevation of the public taste, to establish an Academy of Design, which should be open to all classes of artisans. There should be sections of artists in painting and sculpture, architecture, ornamental marble and stone workers, carvers in wood and metal, gold and silversmiths, cabinet makers ; and indeed, as many other occupations as choose to unite themselves in separate sections, for the purpose of mutual instruction, in the art of Design. Collections of paintings and models, sculptures, carv- ings, engravings, engraved gems, original drawings, plaster casts, from the best antique statues, as well as modern, bronzes, and a well-selected library upon the Fine Arts, should be some of the attrac- tions to draw students from all parts of our common country here, to be instructed and elevated in their different walks ; thus as from a common centre radiating a just and classical taste to all around us, both in form and color. "We should cultivate a study of truth in art, by a just, fearless, and honest criticism upon our OAvn works, which should supersede the newspaper puffs of the present day, that are destitute of all correct knowledge of art or of modesty ; and have ruined many of those artists whose success they were meant to promote. That an Academy of Design, properly endowed, can be estab- lished, none can doubt, when they remember how easily the large sum of nearly $25,000 was raised for the benefit of the present Arts Union, and the still more liberal purchase of the Peale Paintings, and the establishment of the Picture Gallery, of which it is to form the nucleus. An Academy of Design, with its different sections, would be a source of instruction, the effects of which would be seen in all our houses as well as in their exterior ; in all our cemeteries, and in all our public buildings ; each one being a monu- ment itself of the liberality, good taste, and good sense, of its founders. Then could we say, with just pride, that our city had THE FINE ARTS. 121 seconded, with a beautiful spirit, the high and ennobling aims, the rich taste, and unclouded genius of her artists. A mirror of strength and talent would be visible on all sides ; and in the future, might be discerned, the lofty place occupied by the Queen of the West among the cultivated and enlightened cities of the world. ARTS UNION HALL. This fine saloon, with its attendant offices, occupies the fourth story of the building at the corner of Sycamore and Fourth Streets ; to which it has given its own name. This hall is 71 by 33 feet, on the floor, and 24 feet to the skylight above. It is not quite as long as the exhibition room of the New York Arts Union, but is wider and higher, and therefore of equal extent. It will serve to display three hundred pictures of average size. As many as three hundred pictures, of various sizes, have been exhibited here at one time. A picture has been recently ordered by the directors, of Mrs. Lily Martin Spencer, at 250 dollars ; and a statue or other subject, in marble, to Hiram Powers, with a carte blanche as to design, and the price to be set by himself at from $3000 to $5000 dollars. PICTURE GALLERY. William Wiswell, a public-spirited citizen of ours, has recently fitted up a picture gallery, to which visitors are not only admitted without charge, but afforded the opportunity of seeing it during any period of daylight, which may suit their convenience — the entrance door standing open all the time. A valuable collection of three hundred portraits, fancy and his- torical pieces, embracing the works of Kellogg, Beard, Rothermel, Heade, and other well-known artists, is there placed, under the safe- guard of the community, to whose sense of honor and justice, the proprietor has appealed; and up to this period, with well justified confidence. The gem of this gallery is Powers' recently executed bust of Gen. Jackson ; one of his highest achievements in this line. AETISTS. Cincinnati has been, for many years, extensively and favorably known as the birthplace, if not the home of a school of artists, who 122 THE FINE ARTS. may De found in various parts of Europe, to say nothing of those in great numbers, whose talent has found exercise in the various great cities of our own republic. The following list gives their names ; the date at which they commenced their course ; their pre- sent residence, with names of persons in whose parlors their pic- tures, statues, &c, may be found. The first class consists of those whose career commences gener- ally at an early date, such as, Edwin B. Smith, 1815. — Portraits and historical pieces; D. Churchill, J. H. Cromwell. A. W. Corwine, 1821. — Portraits; Capt. J. Pierce, P. S. Symmes, N. Guilford, Timothy Walker, &c. Joseph Mason, 1822. — Portraits; George Selves, Mrs. Mason, D. Churchill. Joseph Kyle, 1 823. — New York City. Portraits, and fancy pieces ; S. Stibbs, M. Burt. His paintings are mostly in New York, where he has resided for many years. Samuel M. Lee, 1826. — Landscapes; P. S. Symmes, Joseph Graham, D. B. Lawler, J. G. Worthington, T. H. Yeatman, J. S. Armstrong, &c. His best works are at Louisville, Kentucky. Alonzo Douglass, 1828. — Cincinnati. Portraits; Andrew Burt, James Douglass. C. Harding, 1828. — Portraits; S. S. L'Hommedieu, Philip Young. Tuttle, 1830, was a pupil of West. — Portraits; J. H. Cromwell, T. H. Yeatman, Jacob Burnet. Daniel Steele, 1830. John J. Tucker, 1834. — Portraits; Dr. Shotwell and George Selves. Sidney S. Lyon, 1836. — Louisville. Portraits and landscapes ; M. M. Carll, Mark P. Taylor, Jonathan Lyon. Those to whose names no residence is affixed, are known or believed to be no longer in life. Of those who are known to survive, Douglass and Lyon have engaged in other pursuits. This list has been confined to portrait and landscape painters — it might, however, include Shubael Clevenger, modeler and sculptor, who commenced in 1836, and died in 1844, on his way home from Italy ; and Augustus Rostaing, who executed cameo likenesses and fancy heads in shell, in 1835, and left this country subsequently, for Paris, France, where he now resides. Also Thomas Campbell, a miniature painter, who commenced here in 1840, and has since de- THE FINE ARTS. 123 ceased. Clevcnger has left busts which may be seen in the parlors of N. Longworth, William Greene, and Judge Burnet. Ros- taing's Cameos ; IN". Longworth, J. C. Hall ; and Campbell's minia- tures — Wm. Yorke, J. H. Beard, J. D. Jones, J. P. Broad well, and A. Baldwin. Artists living, and in practice — Portrait and Composition Painters — Miner K. Kellogg, 1828. — New York. Portraits, compositions, and fancy pieces; Charles S. Kellogg, N. Longworth, Wm. Manser, Reuben R. Springer, S. I. Kellogg. He has a copy of Stuart's portrait of Washington, and original portraits of Presidents Van Buren and Polk, at Wiswell's gallery of paintings on Fourth Street, and an original portrait of General Jackson at the Masonic Hall. He has painted another copy of Stuart's Washington, for the Legis- lature of New Jersey, — of Chief Justice Taney, for the Baltimore bar ; and General Scott for the New York city authorities. He has also executed the only portrait of General Worth extant. Among his compositions, are the Circassian, a female figure, for James Robb of New Orleans ; and what is probably his best work in this line, the Greek captive, ordered by Riggs, of the firm of Corcoran & Riggs, Washington city. A few years since, Kellogg, on a visit to Constantinople, made a full length portrait of Redschid Pacha, Prime Vizier of the Sultan of Turkey ; on which occasion, and as a mark of that minister's gratification, Kellogg received from him a superb gold cup, profusely set with diamonds. J. H. Beard, 1830. — Cincinnati. Portraits, fancy heads and groups; Charles Stetson, R. R. Springer, S. S. L'Hommedieu, J. S. Arm- strong, Griffin Taylor, S. E. Foote, G. K. Shoenberger, and W. R. Morris. Beard's portraits are in most of our principal cities. He has painted full length portraits of Charles Hammond and General Harrison, and a three-quarter length, of Gen. Taylor, on orders from public institutions. His compositions are "The Emigrants," "Poor Relations," "Last of the Red Men," Last Victim of the Deluge ;" and more recently, 't the Squatters." This last is to be sent to England, as a picture of back woods life in America, in some of its aspects. John Frankenstein, 1831. — Springfield, Ohio. Portraits, historical subjects, sculptures, and landscapes; Jos. Pierce, Aaron Bowen, W. P. Resor, J Rowan, Bardstown, Kentucky, W. H. Seward, Peter A. Porter, and John C. Spencer, New York State ; Professor Frost and Matthew T. Miller, Philadelphia; Thomas Thompson, Boston, 124 THE FINE ARTS. and L. Derbyshire, Toronto, Canada. Among his composition and historical pieces, are : The Holy Family — Indian in contemplation — Madonna — The Butt — Day Dreams — The Bud — Isaiah and the Infant Saviour — Christ mocked in the Prsetorium. Most of these are owned in our eastern cities and in Canada. E. Hall Martin, 1831. — California. Portraits and marine pieces ; Wm. M. Ward, Wm. Noble, John Martin, B. Kirby, E. J. Miller. W. H. Powell, 1833. — Paris, France. Portraits, fancy and his- torical pieces ; N. Longworth, Larz Anderson, N. C. McLean, Wm. M. Hubbell, Mrs. Powell, Dr. Smith. " Salvator Rosa among the Brigands," was his first historical piece, and painted in 1823. This was followed by " Columbus before the Council at Salamanca,'* which being exhibited at Washington City, in 1 847, obtained him the appointment, by Congress, to paint an historical piece, to fill the last vacant panel in the Rotunda of the Capitol. This distinction was conferred on him by the unanimous vote of the Senate, and a vote of 195 to 34 in the House of Representatives, over more than sixty artists, who were his competitors. On this painting, now nearly completed, he has been engaged during the last four years ; the subject is " DeSoto discovering the Mississippi." He has also on hand, " The Burial of De Soto," and a full length portrait of " Lamartine ;" which last is a commission from the Maryland His- torical Society. Powell has painted two fine portraits of J. Q. Adams, the larger of which he presented to the Cincinnati Observ- atory. He has also painted " The Signing of the Constitution, of the Pilgrims on board the Mayflower," and " The Calabrian Peasant Girl ;" " The Italian Shepherd Boy," and " The Roman Cattle Drover;" the last three of small size. Thomas B. Reed, is a poet as well as a painter, and of high order of merit in either line, 1836. — Florence. Portraits, landscapes, and historical pieces ; E. B. Reeder, W. R. Morton, I. G. Burnet, J. J. Wright, Dr. Drake, George Selves, E. Wiswell. Among his compositions are " Love's First Whisper," and " Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to his Daughters," and " Loves of the Zephyrs," a fine ideal. W. P. Brannan, 1837. — California. Portraits, landscapes, and fancy pieces. A. Donogh, Mrs. J. P. Campbell, S. Burdsal, D. G. A. Davenport, R. Adams, George Cullu'm, Dr. S. 0. Almy, S. S. Smith, Wm. Piatt, S. M. Hart. A. Baldwin, 1838. — Cincinnati, landscapes and marine pieces ; THE FINE ARTS. 125 Andrew J. Burt, S. S. Smith, R. W. Lee, E. Dexter, S. Stokes, J. B. Russell. T. W. Whittridge, 1 838.— Dusseldorf. Landscapes ; R. R. Springer, A. W. Bullock, W. G. Breese, H. Probasco, Miss L. M. Hartwell, W. A. Collard, D. B. Lawler, F. C. Yeatman, James Lupton, Chas. Anderson, Lewis Stagg, S. B. Palmer. John Cranch, 1839.— New York. Portraits and fancy pieces; E. J. Miller, Mrs. A. Wood, E. Dexter, J. Longworth J. W. Coleman, Dr. L. C. Rives, J. P. Foote, D. K. Este, jr. G. N. Frankenstein, 1840.— Springfield, Ohio. Landscape and portraits ; Griffin Taylor, George Selves, Dr. Locke, C. D. Dana, W. S. Sampson, J. D. Park, B. F. Sandford, W. B. Wood, Donn Piatt, Charles E. Cist, J. F. Taylor, J. H. Coleman, D. B. Pierson, J. T. Hinsdale, R. S. Bacon, Cincinnati. Thomas H. Shreve, Ben Cassidy, Professor Noble Butler, and Rev. J. Craik, Louisville, P. A. Porter, G. W. Holley, Niagara Falls, N. Y., Professor Frost,' Philadelphia, Abbott Lawrence, Charles Francis Adams, George Ticknor, and Dr. S. A. Bemis, Boston, Mass., S. Derbyshire, S. Keefer, Toronto, and George Desbarats, Montreal, Canada. It is characteristic of G. N. Frankenstein, that his landscapes, even in the minutest details, are strictly from Nature. His land- scapes are never fancy pieces, or copies from other artists. Charles Soule, 1841.— Cincinnati. Portraits, fruit pieces, &c.; J. D. Jones, D. K. Este, jr., Charles Anderson, N. Wright, Judge Burnet, Larz Anderson, N. Longworth. He has painted a full length portrait of Josiah Lawrence, for the Merchants' Exchano- e ; indeed, his portraits, like those of Beard, are hard to be numbered ; like Beard too, he is the favorite painter of portraits. William L. Sonntag, 1 842.— Cincinnati. Landscapes; A. S. Winslow Charles Stetson, Thomas Faris, J. T. Foote, Adam N. Riddle, N. G. Pendleton, Barton White, Chs. L. Strong, William Wilshire,' E. S. Brooks, E. B. Reeder, Henry Howe, J. N. Ridgway; many of Sonn- tag's best pieces, are in our Atlantic Cities. Lilly Martin Spencer.— New York. Fancy and historical pieces ; W. Gregory, T. Faris, Arts Union, N. C. McLean, Mrs. J. P. Camp- bell, W. G. Breese, A. M. Taylor. Her compositions are generally subjects taken from Shakspeare, such as " Lear and his Daughters," " Ophelia," ''Romeo and Juliet." J.R.Johnston, 1842. — Cincinnati. Sculpture, portraits, land- scapes, and historical pieces ; J. J. Faran, G. W. Johnston, T. Faris, 11 126 THE FINE ARTS. J. D. Jones, Michael Jones, Cullum & Jackson, William Kent, Frank's Museum. Two of his historical pieces, " The Starved Rock," a legend of Illinois river, and the " Mouth of Bad Axe river," are owned by J. W. S. Browne. J. Insco Williams, 1842. — Cincinnati. Portraits, historical pieces ; his " Panorama of the Bible," recently destroyed by fire, has been greatly admired at the east. C. R. Edwards, 1842. — Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes; Dr. Gatchell, Dr. Garretson, Dr. Owens, Thomas String, J. H. Coleman. Jacob Cox, 1843. — Indianapolis. Landscapes, fancy pieces, and portraits; Miles Greenwood, W. S. Groesbeck, T. Faris, Gardner Phipps, F. Lawson, D. B. Lawler, P. C. Bonte, J. J. O'Leary. R. S. Duncanson, 1843. — Cincinnati. Fruit, fancy and historical paintings, and landscapes ; James Foster, W. H. Brisbane, S. S. Smith, Thomas Faris, Dr. Neivton, J. H. Oliver, Calvin T. Starbuck, J. Blackford, N. Longworth, Charles Stetson. His historical pieces, are, " Shylock and Jessica," " Trial of Shakspeare," " Ruins of Carthage," "Battle-ground of the River Raisin," "Western Hunters' Encampment." William Walcutt, 1844. — New York. Portraits and historical pieces; William Dennison, J. Kelsey. His "Battle of Monmouth," with most of his portraits, are in New York. B. M. McConkey, 1 844. — Dusseldorf. Landscapes ; Wm. Wiswell, George T. Jones, J. Kebler, W. S. Johnston, William Goodman, Jas. Ruffin, Gardner Phipps, F. Simon, Charles G. Springer, James M. Trimble, T. J. Strait, Victor Williams, B. Urner. H. W. Greenland, 1 844. — Cincinnati. Marine pieces and land- scapes ; Broadway Exchange, Judge Burnet, Wulkop and Meyenn. J. C. Wolfe, 1845. — Cincinnati. Landscapes, portraits and his- torical pieces ; Jos. Burgoyne, Professor Ray, 0. Oncken, J. T. Walbridge, James Foster, Elisha Hotchkiss, Timothy Kirby, J. Mills, H. S. Hendrickson, F. G. Cary, S. F. Cary, and Female Academy at Mount Healthy. His "Joseph and Potiphar's Wife," is at the St. Charles Exchange ; his other historical or rather allegorical pictures, are Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," and Milton's "Para- dise Lost." J. 0. Eaton, 1846. — Cincinnati. Portraits, landscapes, and his- torical pieces ; D. P. Strader, G. H. Brown, J. M. Wade, John Shillito, J. F. Torrence, Charles Stetson, R. L. Fabian, Dr. Judkins, THE FINE ARTS. 127 J. K. Wilson, M. P. Cassilly, D. T. Woodrow, M. J. Louderback, Dr. Caldwell, at Studio. His " Christ Disputing with the Doctors," is at W. S. Sampson's. D.B.Walcutt, 1846. — Cincinnati. Portraits; John Simpkinson, J. M. Blair, Edgar Conkling, William Wood, Richard Conkling, John Elstner, Thomas Sharp, William H. Crisp, G. R. Baker, Charles H. Wolff. A. H. Hummell, 1847. — Waynesville. Portraits and fancy pieces ; George C. Davis, Mrs. A. Parker, W. F. Barker, Maysville, Ky. 0. F. Thompson. C.J. Hulse, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes and fancy pieces; S. G. Burnet, Dr. Muscroft, E. D. Norris, Franklin Ernst, Charles Spinning, J. C. Buerckle, L. G. Curtiss, Collard Martin. Jesse Hulse, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes and fancy pieces; S. G. Burnet, F. Ernst, E. C. Hawkins, Dr. Muscroft, Dr. J. F. Johnston, Dr. Murphy, W. S. Merrill. C. S. Spinning, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes ; J. F. Meline, J. W. Hartwell, Dr. Knowlton, Dayton, J. N. McFarland, Tiffin, Ohio. George W. Phillips, 1 848. — Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes; E. M. Gregory, E. Carll, J. H. Brandt, G. Bown, Studio. George W. White, 1848. — Cincinnati. Portrait fancy pieces, and landscapes ; J. P. Broadwell, C. S. Burdsal, and E. C. Hawkins, P. M'Carty, Thomas Faris. P. McCreight, 1849. — Cincinnati. Landscapes; William Hiatt, Mrs. J. E. Reeder, R. L. Fabian, Henry Marks, J. W. Phillips. Miss S. Gengembre, 1849. — Portraits and fancy pieces; W. Wiswell, Arts Union, William Goodman, Gardner Phipps, Edgar Conkling. Edward Cridland, 1850. — Cincinnati. Portraits; Arts Union. Jacob H. Sloop, 1850. — Cincinnati. Marine views; T. Faris, John R. Johnston. Ralph Butts, 1851. — Cincinnati. Landscape and portraits. A. P. Bonte, 1851. — Cincinnati. Landscapes. In gathering these facts and dates, a general visit was paid to the professional studios in Cincinnati, and the gratifying admission was everywhere made by the artists, that they had employment ample in its extent, and remunerative in its character; some of them ac- knowledging, that more commissions were offered than they could possibly undertake to execute. This state of things impresses the hope that Cincinnati will soon become, in the Fine Arts, the mother 128 THE FINE ARTS. that takes care of her children, rather than as heretofore, the mother that turns them out to shift for themselves. Miniature Painters — F. V. Peticolas, 1825. — Clermont County, 0. Thomas Dawson, 1825. — Cincinnati. J. 0. Gorman, 1831. — Frankfort, Kentucky. William Miller, 1847. — Cincinnati. Jacob Hoffner, W. H. Mus- sey, M. D., Nathaniel Wright, N. P. Iglehart, Wm. Willis, Saml. R. Bates, Mrs. G. H. Bates, M. S. Rogers, Israel Wilson, G. K. Shoenberger, S. E. Foote. Modelers and Sculptors — Hiram Powers, 1828. — Florence, Italy. Busts and statuary ; J. P. Foote, N. Longworth, Judge Burnet, W. Lytle, William C. Preston, S. C. His bust of Jackson is in Wis- well's gallery. Powers has executed other busts, which may be seen in the eastern cities. His Fisher Boy, Proserpine, Calhoun, Eve, America and California, stamp him as the sculptor of the age, if not of all ages past and to come. H. K. Brown, 1833. — Brooklyn. Busts; D. Corwin and others. John S. Whetstone, 1837. — Cincinnati. Busts; Western Museum; John Whetstone. C. C. Brackett, 1838. — Boston. Busts; Henry Ives and others. John King, 1838. — Boston. Busts and Cameos; M. L. Neville and others. N. F. Baker, 1841. — Cincinnati. Busts and statues; John Baker, Professor Mitchel, J. P. Foote, Dr. Worcester. Baker's statue of Efi-eria is in the Arts Union, and his Cincinnatus is in the college. T. D. Jones, 1842. — New York. Busts; Henry Clay, Lewis Cass, Thomas Corwin, Mrs. Gen. Taylor. Of the miniature painters, Peticolas, and Whetstone of the sculp- tors, have left their employments for other pursuits ; and Baker has abandoned his professional implements, it is hoped, only to resume them in due time. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 129 X. TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. RIVERS, ROADS, CANALS, AND RAILROADS. In the valley of the Ohio, there is no place so central, in relation to its population and resources, as Cincinnati. This centrality has a great and permanent influence on its destiny. It makes it conve- nient and cheap for a multitude of people to visit it as a mart of com- merce and as a depository of the arts. It tends to make it a com- mon depot of all the things connected with either business or plea- sure ; because it is central, it must also become the focus, or meeting place of a great net-work of internal communications— radiating from, to, and through this common centre, to every part of the country. Accordingly, we find, that, in fact, no city of the Union, even the oldest, has such a various and vast system of artificial communica- tions either actually finished, now constructing, or planned with the strongest probability of success, as this central city. To exhibit this fact clearly, we will first state certain elements which relate to this natural centrality. 1. The Ohio river is 959 miles in length — from Pittsburgh to the Mississippi. From Pittsburgh to Cincinnati, is 458 miles; and from Cincinnati to the mouth of the Ohio, is 501 miles; so that Cincin- nati is very nearly in the actual centre of the valley. 2. From Maumee bay to Knoxville, on the Tennessee river, is about 400 miles, in a direct line ; and Cincinnati is very nearly on the line, and exactly half way ; so that to the whole country, which lies between the Lakes and Tennessee river, Cincinnati is just cen- tral. 3. If we take the distance between Cincinnati and Nashville, on the Cumberland river, as a radius, and Cincmnati as the centre, the circle described will include Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, western Vir- ginia, and western Pennsylvania; a country embracing 150,000 square miles, and capable of sustaining comfortably and happily, thirty millions of people, and which now contains nearly five mil- lions. To this entire country Cincinnati is central by nature, 130 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. and central by commerce ; for her actual trade extends to every portion of it. 4. If we draw a straight line from Baltimore, on tide water, to St. Louis, on the Mississippi, Cincinnati will be on that line ; at least, it varies so little from it, that the variation is of no practical import- ance. On this line, Cincinnati is three hundred miles from St. Louis, and four hundred from Baltimore ; so that it is again central, in the great line of locomotion between the seaboard and the western bank of the Mississippi. 5. If this straight line be extended to the Pacific Ocean, it will touch near San Francisco ; so that Cincinnati is on the great line of central communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Advantages equal to these, in relation to internal commerce and migration on the American continent, are not possessed by any other point east of the Mississippi. In improving this position by artificial communications, the first step was to make roads into the valley of the Miamis ; after that, the State canals were made ; one of which, connects Cincinnati with Maumee ; and by the junction with the Wabash canal, connects her also with the interior of Indiana, down to the mouth of the Wabash, at Evansville. Next come railroads ; and within the last five years, the progress of Cincinnati in Railways, either finished, constructing, or chartered and commenced, with the strongest probability of suc- cess, is fully equal to that in any other city whatever, in the same period of time. The principal statistics, in relation to these import- ant highways, are given below, under separate heads. I. MACADAMIZED ROADS. Until about 1835, the roads around Cincinnati, were of that primi- tive character, which are peculiar to all new countries. Many of them led over the tops of the highest hills, without any reference to grades, while all were what are now called mud roads. The inven- tion of McAdam seemed to come, as a special remedy for such high- ways, and a great relief to a people suffering under such evils. It was not, however, until Cincinnati had attained thirty thousand in- habitants, that the macadamized roads were adopted here ; since that time, every road of any importance, leading from the city, has been macadamized, generally, by chartered companies, and in some instances, by the county commissioners. The following are the principal macadamized roads leading from Cincinnati. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 131 DIRECTION. MIJ.i:^. E. N. E...100 .N.E 50 .1ST. ... .N. W. .N. ... 15 miles only finished. 21 72 21 . . Continuation of No. 5. 38 NAME. 1. Goshen, Wilmington, "Wash ington, and Circleville turn pike 2. Montgomery, Kochr., Clarks- ville, and Wilmington 3. Chillicothe & Hillsborough. .. 4. Batavia turnpike E 5. Lebanon, Xenia, and Spring-) field ) 6. Lebanon, Centerville, and) Dayton > 7. Great Miami turnpike to Dayton, through Monroe and Franklin 8. Cincinnati and Hamilton. . . 9. Hamilton and Eaton 10. Colerain, Hamilton, and) Oxford ) 11. Cincinnati, Carthage, and) Hamilton ) 12. Dayton and Springfield. . . . 13. The Harrison turnpike. . . . 14. The Covington and Williams town, Ky Total, fourteen macadamized roads, 514 miles. These roads proceed directly from Cincinnati, but many of them are continued, by their connection with other roads, until they ex- tend through the State. Thus the Dayton and Springfield roads, by their connection with the National road at Springfield, go through the State to Wheeling, and over the mountains to Baltimore. .N. W... .. 21 N .. 30. .Continuation of No. 8. N. W. .. . . 37 tt 25 N .. 24. . Continuation of 6 &, 7. ,W .. 20 36 II. CANALS. The canal system of Ohio, commenced in 1824, was not fully completed until 1842. Since then, the rapid introduction of Rail- roads, and the complete demonstration of their success, for the pur- poses of speedy communication, have arrested the progress of canals. Those, however, which terminate at Cincinnati, have been of great and undoubted utility to the commerce of the city. Immense amounts of freight are transmitted upon them, especially of the heavy products of the country. The canals which connect directly with Cincinnati, are as follows : — 132 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 1. Miami canal and Extension N" 290 miles. 2. Whitewater canal N. W. . 70 " 3. Wabash and Erie S. W. 200 " . . . Continuation of 1. Total Canals 560 « The Miami canal commences at Cincinnati, and follows the great Miami valley, until it passes the summit, at St. Mary's, and enters the Maumee valley, terminating at Toledo. The Wabash canal is wholly in Indiana, but joins the Miami canal at Junction, in the valley of Maumee, and pursues the Wabash valley to Terre-Haute, and will be finished to Evansville, at the mouth of the Wabash. A boat may now pass from Cincinnati to Terre-Haute ; and soon may pass . to Evansville — more than six hundred miles of canal navigation ! III. RAILROADS. Railways are rapidly taking the place of other means of loco- motion, for the purposes of travel, and of rapid transit for light goods, and even for the transportation of such heavy articles as coal and iron. Their effects upon the economy of society, and their social influences generally, are very remarkable. They are making a great and extraordinary revolution in the means of intercourse. Cincin- nati is, by its centrality, before mentioned, admirably adapted for the adoption and successful employment of this new element of commercial power. On every side, toward every point, radiating lines from Cincinnati will penetrate the most fertile regions of Ame- rica. They will connect the lakes with the rivers ; they will bind ocean to ocean ; they will bear the burdens of enormous harvests ; develop the treasures of the disemboweled earth, and carry bread to laboring millions. It was not until 1835, however, ten years after the success of the Liverpool railway, that it was seriously proposed to make a railway from Cincinnati. The one proposed, was the Little Miami railroad ; which, after many years of hard struggles, was com- pleted to Springfield, 84 miles. In 1836, the Charleston railway was chartered from Cincinnati, through Kentucky, Tennessee, N. Carolina, Georgia, and S. Carolina, to Charleston. The project, as a whole, failed, in consequence of the great burdens laid on the charter as conditions, by the State of Kentucky. It has, nevertheless, been in 2wogress toward completion ever since; until it is now, on the southern side, more than half completed. From Charleston, South NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 133 Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia, an entire line of railroad is com- pleted to Chattanooga on the Tennessee river, Tennessee; a distance of 447 miles from Charleston, and 433 miles from Savannah. From Chattanooga a railway is in rapid construction to Nashville and another to Knoxville. From both these points, it is quite certain there will be railroads, at no distant day, to Cincinnati ; thus com- pleting the original plan of 1836. The railway from Covington to Lexington, now constructing, will be part of the great line. From Cincinnati, north to the Lakes, the lines which connect the Ohio river with the Lakes, are already finished ; these also make a continuation of the great Southern line. The entire line from Charles- ton and Savannah to Cleveland and Sandusky, through Cincinnati, will be about thirteen hundred miles in length. The great East and West Line will be formed, by the Ohio and Mis- sissijtyi Railroad, the Cincinnati and Belprt, and the Baltimore and Ohio, extending from Baltimore, on tidewater, to St. Louis, on the Mississippi. Radiating lines to other points of the compass are already in pro- cess of construction. Of these there are three different lines begun, or chartered, through Indianapolis to the north-west. One up the Great Miami to Dayton, there connecting with lines to Indiana, to San- dusky, and to Cleveland. Another line will lead north-east through Wilmington, Ohio, "Washington, Circleville and Lancaster, until it joins the Central Line at Zanesville. Other projects have been spoken of, and many charters have been granted for lateral lines of railway, connecting those which radiate directly from Cincinnati, with those which proceed from the Atlantic. When the whole are completed, of which there is strong probability, Cincinnati will have about four thousand miles of railway, which are on lines directly leading from, or to, this city. The vast influence of these mighty streams of inter- nal communication, centring here, cannot be anticipated. When connected with the productions of the inexhaustible soil which they traverse, and with the great population already here, the joint in- fluence of such potent causes, will probably create an extent of com- merce, and a growth of civic power and wealth, of which we have, at present, only a faint conception. In the following table are included only those lines, which lead directly through Cincinnati, and which are either finished, construct- ing, or, to which subscriptions have been partially made. 134 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. Names and Localities. Length. Finished. Construct- ing. Partly pro- vided for. Little Miami Mad River 84 134 54 I 149 60 25 40 16 45 37 130 I 121 85 325 96 51 270 369 80 280 84 134 54 149 25 16 177 60 40 35 37 34 85 61 61 70 103 10 96 121 325 35 369 80 Xenia and Columbus Cincinnati, Columbus and Cleveland Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Dayton and Springfield Hamilton and Eaton Findley Branch a Western b Cincinnati and Hillsborough . . Cincinnati and Belpre c Cincinnati, Circleville and Zanes- ville d Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis e Ohio and Mississippi/ Covington and Lexington g .... Indianapolis and Lafayette h .. . Indianapolis and Terre-hautei. . Pacific Raihvav j North Western k Baltimore and Ohio 21 Lines of Railway 2,261 639 i 586 1,006 The principle upon which the above table is constructed includes all the lines, — which are continuations — of those lines, which pro- ceed directly from Cincinnati. On the other hand, it excludes all the lines, which are merely lateral to those leading from Cincin- nati. Thus, it includes the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; but excludes the Indiana and Bellefontaine Road, which is lateral to the Mad River Line at Bellefontaine. On this principle we have the following great lines, viz : Baltimore and Ohio Line 280 miles. North-Western Railway to the Ohio 80 Cincinnati and Belpre 130 Cincinnati and Hillsborough 37 Little Miami 22 Ohio and Mississippi 325 Pacific, to Mouth of Kanzas 369 From Baltimore to the Kanz as 1,243 In the same manner, the line from Charleston, South Carolina, through Cincinnati to Cleveland, will make about 1,100 miles, in length, of which 700 are actually completed, and 140 more in course of construction ; yet, as there is a link, between Lexington, Kentucky, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 135 and Knoxville, or Nashville, Tennessee, unprovided for, no notice is taken of it, above, except so far as Lexington. If the Southern Line, to Charleston and Savannah, — with some continuous lines in the north-west had been included, in the above table, — the aggregate would have been, as stated above,— -four thou- sand miles of direct railway, from Cincinnati ; all which there is the strongest reason to believe, will be completed, in a very few years. The following notes on the above table, will explain the connec- tions of the several posts. a. The Findley Branch, connects the Mad River Railroad with Findley, the county seat of Hancock county. b. The Western Railway, connects Dayton with Greenville, the county seat of Darke county, and thence to the Indiana Line, in the direction of Winchester, Indiana. c. The Belpre and Cincinnati, is to unite the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at, or near, Parkersbum, Virginia, with Cincinnati. d. The Cincinnati, Circleville, and Zanesville Line is intended to connect Cincinnati, joining the Little Miami, at the mouth of Todd's Fork, with the Ohio Central, at Zanesville. e. The Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis, will be connected with Cin- cinnati, by the Ohio and Mississippi, at Lawrenceburg. At India- napolis, it connects with the Lafayette, making, in all, 166 miles from Cincinnati to Lafayette. /. The Ohio and Mississippi, will connect Cincinnati and St. Louis. g. The Covington and Lexington passes up the Licking to Paris. h. The Indianapolis and Lafayette will be continued north- westerly to Chicago. i. The Indianapolis and Terre-haute will pass on west through Illinois. j. The Pacific Railway connects St. Louis with the mouth of the Kanzas river, and is a continuation of the Ohio and Mississippi. Jc. The North- Western Railroad has been chartered by the State of Virginia, to connect the Baltimore and Ohio, at the Three Forks of Tygart's river, with the Cincinnati and Belpre; thus making a continuous line to Cincinnati. All these railroads, it will thus be perceived, have a direct bearing upon the commercial interests of Cincinnati, and will contribute to swell the aggregate of its general business. The following table presents the aggregate results of roads, canals, and railroads, finished, or undertaken, through Cincinnati. 136 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. Works. Finished. | In progress. Undertaken. 14 Mc Adam Roads 3 Canals 21 Railways 514 miles 560 " 639 " 586 1,006 38 Works. 1,713 586 1,006 -j Cincinnati has, therefore, seventeen hundred miles of railways, canals, and macadamized roads finished, nearly six hundred in pro- gress, and one thousand undertaken, on lines radiating from itself. If to these be added other lines, continuous to these, which have a probability of early completion, the whole will make five thousand miles of artificial highway, soon to be completed. CINCINNATI, HAMILTON, AND DAYTON RAILROAD COMPANY. Office, north-west corner Vine and Fourth Streets. President. — S. S. L'Hommedieu. Directors. — J. C. Wright, Samuel Fosdick, E. B. Reeder, William Burnet, A. M. Taylor, Cincinnati; John Woods, Hamilton; Alex. Grimes, Dayton; Jos. B. Varnum, New York. Secretary. — Isaac Shoemaker; Treasurer — Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company ; Chief Engineer — R. M. Shoemaker. OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD COMPANY. Office, BromwelV s buildings, north-east corner Fourth and Vine Streets. Booms 5 and 6, second story. President. — Abner T. Ellis. Directors.— Alphonso Taft, John S. G. Burt, Charles W. West, Eden B. Reeder, George W. Cochran, John Baker, Henry Hanna, James C. Hall, David Z. Sedam, Joseph A. James, John Slevin, Cincinnati ; Joseph G. Bowman, Illinois ; William Burtch, Samuel Wise, William R. McCord, Samuel Judah, Vincennes, la. ; Thomp- son Dean, John Cobb, Aurora, la. ; George W. Lane, Lawrence- burgh, la. ; Elias Conwell, Ripley Co., la. Secretary. — H. H. Goodman; Treasurer — Henry Hanna; Coun- selor — Alphonso Taft; Chief Engineer — E. Gest. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 137 LITTLE MIAMI RAILKOAD COMPANY. Office, corner of Congress and Kilgour Streets. President. — Jacob Strader. Directors. — Jacob Strader, John Kilgour, Griffin Taylor, R. R. Springer, John H. Groesbeck, Nat. Wright, John Bacon, William McCammon, Abraham Hivling, James Hicks, jun., Larz Anderson, Alphonso Taft. Secretary. — John Kilgour; Treasurer — Archibald Irwin; Super- intendent and Engineer — W. H. Clement. This is the only railroad, leading from Cincinnati, which is actu- ally in operation. It connects, at Springfield, with the Mad river and Sandusky railroad, and at Xenia, with the railroad via Columbus, from Cleveland ; thus affording two distinct routes to Lake Erie. The whole number of passengers carried on this road within the past year, was 144,486, and the amount received from them was $204,589 87. Of these 52,288 are through passengers, from Cincin- nati to Springfield and from Springfield to Cincinnati, who paid an aggregate sum of not far from $125,000. A portion of these pas- sengers, however, although counted as through passengers on this line, did not travel beyond the limits of this road, and are therefore, for the purposes of this calculation, to be added to the list of way- passengers. The receipts therefore, from passengers passing through, to or from the lake and the eastern lines of travel, did not in fact greatly exceed $100,000, or one-half the aggregate amount received from passengers. Of the earnings of the road for the transportation of freight, the greater portion belongs to the class of way-freight. The table an- nexed to the Superintendent's report, showing the "principal ar- ticles of freight transported," exhibits very clearly the fact, that by far the greater portion were articles of domestic product and con- sumption, passing between Cincinnati and the country adjacent to the road. The only exception is comprised under the single head of "merchandise;" and as this item, being 18,295 tons, includes no small amount of way-freight, the whole of the through-freight would not yield, for the past year, over $35,000 ; and the account would then stand as follows : Way-freight $157,607 38 Way-passengers 102,294 93 $259,602 31 138 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. Through-freight $35,000 00 Through -passengers 102,294 93 $137,294 93 The whole receipts for 1850, would be : For way-freight and passengers $259,902 31 For through-freight and passengers 137,294 93 Carrying the mail 8,500 00 $405,697 24 It is well understood, that the property of railroads depends, to a great extent, on the magnitude of its way-freight and travel, in comparison with its through travel and freight ; because, while the last class is liable to be diverted from it by competitive lines, the first class may be said to be inseparably connected with it. In this aspect of the subject, the comparison thus made of the character of its freight and travel, is a highly favorable feature in the business of the Little Miami Railroad Company. The cars and machinery of this company have been all made at Cincinnati. SANDUSKY ROUTE. P. W. Stkadee, Agent. From Cincinnati to Sandusky, Buffalo, Boston, New York, d-c, Via Little Miami, Mad River, and Lake Erie railroads to Sandusky, Steam- boat line to Buffalo, and thence via railroad to Albany, and steamer to New York. — Also Steamboat line — on and after opening of New York and Erie Railroad — to Dunkirk, and thence to New York. LITTLE MIAMI RAILROAD. Two daily trains at five o'clock and twenty minutes A. M., and two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M. Connecting train at two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M., to Sandusky, Buffalo, New York, Boston, &c. Passengers by two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M. train — Saturdays ex- cepted — arrive at Sandusky next morning at six o'clock, and leave by regular line Steamer at seven o'clock A. M. for Buffalo, connecting at Buffalo with morning express train for Albany, and evening steamer for New York. Also, on and after opening of New York and Erie Railroad, connecting at Dunkirk with morning express train, and arriving at New York same evening. Passengers by five o'clock and twenty minutes A. M. train — Sundays excepted —sleep at Sandusky, and take regular line Steamer next morning. Saturday afternoon train at two o'clock and thirty minutes, to Springfield only. The Sunday two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M. train. — Through train- NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 139 connects Monday morning, -with steamer Alabama, for Buffalo, &c. ; and with steamer Arrow, ior Detroit, £ Greenwich 12)£ New London 7 Wellington 11 Grafton w ll Olmsted T.10 Cleveland 15 Buffalo 200 454 Oriskana 7 Whitesborough 4 Utica 4 Herkimer 14 Little Falls 7 St. Johnsville 10 Palatine Bridge 9 Fonda 13 Amsterdam 11 Schenectady 9 Albany 16 325 150 200 12 142 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. MIAMI CANAL. The amount of tolls for 1850, collected on this canal, was $315,103 60 cents, leaving, as net proceeds, after deducting cost of repairs, superintendence, &c, the sum of $192,645 38 cents ; being $64,'~88 86 cents over the proceeds of 1849. There arrived in 1850, at Cincinnati, by this canal, 117,655 tons of merchandise, and were cleared during the same period 42,784 tons. There arrived at Toledo in 1850, 122,580 tons, and were cleared 61,390. The increase during the past, over the preceding year, was, at Cincinnati, arrivals, 13,047 tons; clearances 6,568 tons. At Toledo, arrivals, 18,016 ; clearances, 31,180 tons. The increase of business has been greater at the upper than at the lower end of the canal, both in arrivals and clearances, owing to the extent in which the Little Miami Railroad shares business at this point ; but, as will be seen, our railroad facilities have not, thus far, reduced, nor are they ever expected to reduce, materially, or even relatively, the canal business of Cincinnati and vicinity. CINCINNATI AND WHITEWATER CANAL. Incorporated, April, 1837. — Charter perpetual. Length, 25 miles from Harrison to Cincinnati ; — connects at Har- rison with the Whitewater Valley Canal ; — crosses the Dry Fork of Whitewater — the Miami river and Mill creek ; the two former through wooden aqueducts ; the latter over a free-stone arch ; — feeder dam at Harrison, supplied from Whitewater river ; — canal passes through the hills dividing the Miami and Ohio rivers by a tunnel 1900 feet long ; and comes up the bank of the river to the city. Cost of con- struction and right of way $800,000 : the State of Ohio subscribed to the capital stock, $150,000; the City of Cincinnati, $400,000; individuals, about $90,000; the balance of money necessary to complete the work was raised on certificates and bonds, issued by the Company. Boats first passed to the city November, 1843. The great flood in the Whitewater river, in December, 1846, swept away the feeder-dam, and about a mile of the canal at Harrison. The Company repaired the damage during the sum- mer and fall of 1 847. In the fall of the same year, another flood swept away the entire canal at Harrison, which determined the FORWARDING FACILITIES. 143 company to re-locate on higher ground, which was done in 1848; since which, no accident of any importance has occurred ; and it is believed the work is now as permanent as any similar work in the country. — Owing to the interruptions to the business of the canal by these accidents, the revenue has not yet been sufficient to make the repairs, but the increased business, in the last year, leads to the belief, that, though from heavy cost, compared to the length of the canal, not much interest will be realized to the stock- holders, the city will be exceedingly benefited by the trade from the Whitewater Valley. Of the receipts of the canal in the month of January, 1851, the collectors' books show Barrels of flour . . . . 19,522 " lard 2,780 Kegs " 2,765 Casks of hams 76 Hogs 376 Barrels of pork 504 Lumber, 92,380 feet, beside 1 steads, &c, &c. Officers. — William McCammon, President; Larz Anderson, Alex. Webb, John B. Warren, Thomas H. Yeatman, Harvey Calvert, and C. W. West.— Directors ; P. Outcalt, Treasurer; C. W. West, Secretary. Pounds of bulk pork 1,131,218 Bushels of wheat . . . . 7,841 " " corn . . . . .14,177 " " barley . . . . 2,284 " " oats . . . . . 884 " " flax-seed . . . 100 ood, stone, shipstuff, bran, bed FORWARDING FACILITIES-ERIE AND ONTARIO LINE. 1851. iJtffed.Q. LATHAM * MOODY. ^f^fe, Forwarding and Commission merchants and Produce brokers, Cincinnati, Ohio. Agents for Erie and Ontario Line to Boston and New York, via Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain. And for Transportation lines to New York via Buffalo and Oswego. Also to Baltimore and Philadelphia, via Pittsburgh. Prompt attention paid to the purchase, sale, and shipment of produce and merchandise. SYRACUSE AND OSWEGO LINE. Vessels and Propellers on the Lakes, via Oswego. M. Merick & Co., Oswego, New York ; Eaton, Hovey & Co, Syracuse, New York, Proprietors. 144 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. Agents — Robe and Higbee, 107, Broad street, New York ; C. W. Godard, 98, Pier, Albany, New York; M. Merrick & Co., Oswego, New York ; Field & King, Toledo, Ohio. WESTERN LINE. Griffith's Western Line, connected with Regular Daily Line of Steamers from Toledo to Buffalo. Also, "We have a Regular line of First-rate Canal boats, to all points on the Wa- bash Canal. James Wilson & Co., Commission and Forwarding merchants, Canal ana Court streets, between Main and Walnut, Cincinnati, Ohio. AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION LINE. James F. Torrence, Commission and Forwarding Merchant, Canal street, between Walnut and Vine streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Agent for the American Transportation Company, — through, without tran- shipment at Albany or Troy. Cargoes Insured. Two Boats Daily from New York and Buffalo. REFERENCES. M. M. Caleb, Hiram Joy, C. V. Clark, 101, Broad street, New York; L. E. Evans, Albany ; Niles & Wheeler, Buffalo ; Brown n