F 127 .07 P3 Copy 1 RESEARCHES AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION LEWIS H. MORGAN CHAPTER ROCHESTER, N. Y. A Contact Period Seneca Site SITUATED AT FACTORY HOLLOW, ONTARIO COUNTY, N. Y. ARTHUR C. PARKER ArcheoLogist of the New York State Museum Director of the New York State Archeological Association ^ WITH A MAP BY WALTER H. CASSEBEER AND REPORT OF A FIELD SURVEY BY H. C. FOLLETT ROCHESTER, N. Y. 1919 NEW YORK STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Morgan Chapter, Rochester, N. Y. OFFICERS, 1919 President — Alvin II. Dewey. First Vice President — J. G. D'Olier. Second Vice President — E. C. Kelly. Secretary — Walter II. Cassebeer. Treasurer — Edward D. Putnam. Vol. 1. No. 2, RESEARCHES AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION LEWIS H. MORGAN CHAPTER ROCHESTER, N. Y. A Contact Period Seneca Site SITUATED AT FACTORY HOLLOW, ONTARIO COUNTY, N. Y. ARTHUR C- PARKER Archeologist of the New York State 3luseutn Director of the New York State Archeological Association ^ WITH A MAP BY WALTER H. CASSEBEER AND REPORT OF A FIELD SURVEY BY H. C. FOLLETT PUBLISHED BY LEWIS H. MORGAN CHAPTER ROCHESTER, N. Y. 1919 Press of C. F. Milliken & Co., Canandaigua, N. Y. ..(DqTs ■\,\\ii\^i A AN EARLY COLONIAL SENECA SITE At Factory Hollow, Ontario County By ARTHUR C. PARKER Prologue /\ i*LACID stream flows through a winding valley from a -^ ^ small lake to a low banked river. Along this stream from its headwaters, with irregular stops, a nation has flowed, backed water, moved on again, and Anally passed entirely out of the region; but the stream still flows on. It was reputed to have been the belief of that nation, now parsed on, that each stream had a spirit that ever remembered the story of the men whose voices it had heard. It was also ])elieved that the stream, where its banks are high and rocky, was the home of tiny men-creatures called Jogaoli, or pygmies, and that they were immortal, forever faithfully preserving the ceremonies of the red men. The adept who believes, and whose heart is sympathetic, it was thought, might still hear the voices of the Jogaoh, hear them chanting the lore long forgotten by mortals. Now and then their drums would sound, tapping out the dances of the ancients. The listening ear and watchful eye of the initiate sometimes caught bits of wisdom that the Jogaoh chanted ; but unless he had bathed in sweet herbswater, had fasted many days and had offered sacrifice of tobacco, he could not remember and thus could never tell the secrets he had seen and heard. But should he be faithful and zealous the Jogaoh would not only reveal all ancient wisdom to him but give him a charm that would make his memory keen. Nor was this to be for his own selfish interests only, but that he might found an order and teach all others who would conform to the rites and offer sacrifice, the secrets of ancient days. 4 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE The Valley of the Honeoye. Honeoye creek is a small stream formed by the outflowing waters of Hemlock, Canadice and Honeoye lakes, three small lakes lying between Canandaigua and the Genesee. All are lakes of narrow valleys and high precipitous hills, bnt the outlet that drains* them all has a wide and pleasant valley. It runs north north-west from the point where it drains the Honeoye, plunges over a series of falls and then takes two sharp turns, like an "S" reversed and then flows westward in ON TARIO COUNTY PIG. ]. Outline map of Ontario County, sliowing the location of the Factory Hollow Site. an arch bent north, plunges over a fall and a few rods further empties into the Genesee. Its passage way from those pleasant lakes has been a boisterous one over falls and around sharp bends. Today should one follow the Honeoye from its source to its confluence with the Genesee, and thence northward in the mingled waters to Lake Ontario, a land of great fertility would be traversed. Gardens, broad farms, rich bottom lands, and matchless orchards, would be seen. It is one of the garden spots of the Empire State. In the years before the pale invader found this spot, it had also been a garden land that for centuries had attracted to itself A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 6 in an 3^ different bands of wandering red men. They came, — from whence we know not, — they saw and they coveted. They fought, and each in turn possessed it by driving the other out. It was in the year of 1905 that I first learned of the attractiveness of the Honeoye to the archeologist, and my introduction was due to the kindness and interest of Joseph E. Mattern of West Rush. Mr. IMattem had made a collection of relics from the Indian sites he had discovered and thus knew the region from an archeologist 's view point. I took his advice and explored the valley. Will you not take this journey again with me and visit the sites? Starting from the mouth of the creek on the south bank (with the Genesee to the west), we will pause to observe a site that shows clear traces of two occupations, the Iroquoian above and the Algonkian below. A little further south on the Stull farm along the Genesee is another mixed site yielding the hooded face pipe of the Iroquois. Passing up the creek on both sides relics will be seen wherever the ground is plowed. On the Woodruff farm^ is a remarkable site, again with two occupations. Jnet south of here Mr. i\Iattern found a very fine specimen of a semi-hmar slate knife of the so called Eskimoan type. Another site is found in the cemetery at East Rush. So far we are in the town of Rush and in the south-east corner of Monroe Coimty. At almost every farm house we are told of relics plowed up and of skeletons found when house and barn foundations are dug. Crossing the line into ^lendon township the creek veers sharply southward and curves into a bow. Within this bow on the Kirkpatrick farm is a large and much occupied site, known as Totiacton ; the French called it Somiontouan and said it was one of the four great towns of the Seneca. Around another bend we go, finding scattered relics by the wayside, and shortly the town of Honeoye Falls is reached. Just west and on a tributary stream that empties into the first bend of the "S" is another large site rivaling the former in the abundance of its relics. It is on the Dann farm and seems just a few years more recent than the Kirkpatrick site. Due east of here and a little north is the famous Gandagaro, on Boughton Hill. From Honeoye Falls we follow the creek into the town of West Bloomifield where relics become numerous. Every farmer 6 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE has them or can tell yoii where to find them. Near the railroad station on the Augustus Warren farm is a remarkable site lying on rolling ground east of the creek. Two cemeteries have been found here, both rifled of their contents and no records made. We pause to utter our deprecation of vandals who dig for relics only and who never write down the facts of their digging, but, as it is, our anger rises as we proceed. The valley has been dug to death, when i)y the use of a little intelligence it might have been dug to life, and science might have benefited. But scores of vandals have sold their souls for the few dollars they got when they parted with the treasure they rifled from the graves of the sleeping red men. What ignoble thieves they are who rob the treasure vaults of sleeping history and fail to transcribe the record on the scrolls of man's activities! Some of the specimens from the Grus Warren farm were bought by R. M. Peck who sold them to the State Museum, but all perished in that disastrous fire in the State Capitol in 1911. (Amid falling walls, streams of molten metal and flames, I tried to save them, biit only had my overcoat burned with a dozen holes for my pains aud for days wore my ihands in bandages.) Passing still further up the stream a line of hills is met. At the top of the first, just to the east, is another site, the first hill-top Iroquoian stronghold that so far we have met. All others have been on the valley lands or on slight rises of ground. This liill-top is known as the Factory Hollow or Shattuck site. Here we leave our baggage, for here we desire to conduct our study. ^ To understand the location of this site we may pass on up the Honeoye to the point where the Hemlock outlet meets it. Two and a half miles onward, to the south-west, is the celebrated Richmond Mills site, one of the key sites of the prehistoric Seneca. Going back to Factory Hollow we find ourselves in the very heart of what was once a thickly populated Seneca country. To the east is a ridge of hills and over it the small stream which flows into the outlet at the "S" bend. Along it in close formation are a half dozen Seneca sites of an age ranging from early to mid-colonial. There are at least two sites in Livonia township, four in Lima, and northward those we have met in Mendon on the Dann and A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 7 Kirkpatrick farms. Eastward, over the rugged liills aud along Mud Creek, is another group of sites. By a careful study of the map and by reading the records of Denonville aud Sullivan, we are able to discover the historic importance of the country in which we are located. The Factory Hollow site is twenty-five miles south from Lake Ontario measuring from the mouth of Irondequoit Bay. It is on a direct trail from Irondequoit, up the Pittsford branch of Irondequoit creek, over the divide to the Meudou ponds, thence directly south-west to the Totiacton site at the bend of tbe lloneoye. This was the route followed by Denonville in 1G87. There was an east and west trail passing over the hills to Lima, the site of Gandachioragon, and onward to Duydoosot, on the Cleary farm, thence westward through other settlements to the Genesee. To the east the trail ran down the nose of the Factory Hollow site and took the great Canandaigua trail that passed a village directly east in East Bloomfield, thence, eight miles further on, entered Kanadaigua, bent a little south to Onakie and proceeded eastward to Kanandasaga, near the present site of Geneva. The sites we have mentioned along these trails are only a few of the many. Around the lloneoye and Hemlock are other sites once occupied by a stock that was here long before the Seneca-Iroquois. These sites are less conspicuous because the Iroquois stamped themselves deep into the earth, while their predecessors only trod it lightly. Our little journey up the Honeoye and our brief and all too inadequate survey has only suggested the rich archeological interest of this region. Yet in Colonial times it was widely known to the French as the very heart of the Seneca country. To the soldiers who followed Major-General Sullivan in 1779 it was a region that once seen must be conquered and possessed. To see was to desire and to desire meant thie conquest of the native occupants. The Factory Hollow site was not touched and probably not visited by Denonville in 1687. One hundred years later the site was probably not occupied. The descendants of its inhabitants had passed down the stream from their hill-top and settled on the Hat lands on what we know as the Warren site. FIG. 2. Map of the Factory Hollow Site, prepared by Walter H. Cassebeer. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 9 Description of the Site. The Factory Hollow Seneca site is located on lot 73 in the Township of Bloomfield. It lies about a mile in a direct line over the hill south-west of AVest Bloomfield village, measuring from the four corners. To reach the site from the railroad the route requires that the visitor shall take the Batavia branch of the New York Central and alight at West Bloomfield Station. The road running to the south is then followed for a mile and a half to a point where the road intersects with another rmming from north-west to south-east. The north-west branch is followed to its intersection with a road going south. From this corner it is only a quarter of a mile to the side of the hill, upon which the site is located. The little settlement is called Factory Hollow. Another route may be taken from Lima on the Hemlock branch of the Lehiglh Valley. The route for three miles is almost directly east on the West Bloomfield road, two north and south roads l)eing crossed. The road crosses the Honeoye outlet along the bank of a small stream having a high bank. The route thence lies directly south for a (piarter mile or so to the Factory Hollow settlement. Courtesy, of course, requires the permission of the owners of the site to visit it, and we are assured that holders of membership cards in a responsible scientific society, such as the New York State Archeologieal Association or any of its Chapters, will receive every favorable consideration. The site is easily located by its sightly position and its steep west bank, rising to the east of the valley road along the Honeoye between the upper and lower bridges. The banks are Avooded but the top is cleared. Factorj' Hollow site is situated upon a long finger-like projection of the first terrace above the Honeoye outlet, the outer side being the edge of the valley and the inner formed by a small brook. In general the site looks to the north and its more even side is to the west, edging the Honeoye valley. The slopes are steep, the banks being just over the safety line of the angle of repose. On the steep side at the north-Avest corner the bank rises to the 120 feet of its height in a distance of 200 feet, measuring from the beginning of the rise. Mr. Walter H. (!assebcer, Secretary of Alorgan Chapter, and 10 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE an established civil engineer antl architect, of Rochester, with great care made a survey of the site, and from the data secured prepared the map accompanying- this monograph. Mr. Cassebeer in a letter to the writer gives the following information: The general elevation of the portion occupied is about 900 feet above sea level. It is the same level as the plateau across the valleys to the west and east. This valley to the west I should estimate about one quarter to one half mile wide, with the creek level about 740 to 750 above sea level, making this hill about 110 to 125 feet above tihe road to the west. The site slopes very gently, almost imperceptibly to the north, there being a difference of three feet between fences. There are three high points, one at a place to the west of the south fence, w^hich prospects west and rises a couple of feet; the second is about at the lone tree south of the southern pit ; and the third west of the northern pit. These points are all about level, and from the latter, north and westward, the land slopes toward the tree at the edge of the refuse heap about six feet. From there there is an undulating slope to the steep banks on the east. This slope is covered with refuse as shown. North of this tree about 200 feet begins the burial ground. This slopes gently to the north and opens again from the narrow neck at the trees to a wide area bounded on all sides by high banks, wooded east and west but open to a beautiful view down the valley, forming in itself, as you know, a sort of promontory between the .joining valleys or depressions to the east and the west of the site. The soil of the site is heavy and composed of clay, a mixture of clay and gravel and in certain spots, particularly along the eastern edge, pockets of sand and gravel. Beneath is a heavy deposit of yellow clay that When saturated causes slides along the bank. The top soil once denuded is also quite likely to slide or flow over the edges of the hill when the rains have been particularly heavy, or there has been a thaw after a heavy autumnal and early winter precipitation. The heavy soil must have made digging in aboriginal times most difficult, l)ut not- withstanding this, numerous graves have been found. F>tranger still is the fact that the graves are a foot or more deeper than is usual in gi'aves of this period. Tliese considerations are so vital even at the present time tliat digging is almost impossible during the dry seasons. Only when the soil has contained considerable moisture has excavation been possible to modern explorers. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 11 The principal portion of the hill occupied by the Indian population lay in the areas between tihe two necks and somewhat back from them in each direction. This is shown by the refuse distributed through the soil and b.y the boundary lines of refuse dumps. Beyond each neck lie the burial grounds near which is no refuse, save occasional remnants of charcoal from grave fires. The occupied area, according to ]\Ir. Cassebeer's survey, is about 8% acres, while the graveyards take up three to four acres. It is thus seen that the site is larger than the one at Richmond Mills. No systematic Avork has been done save by members of the Lewis H. Morgan Chapter, and thus our sole records are from the notes of the members, particularly Joseph E. Mattem, H. C. Follett, G. R. Mills, Alvin H. Dewey and Walter H. Cassebeer, but the character of the site makes it an important one, marking as it does a transitional period in the culture of the Seneca people. Facilities for making the survey and for conducting test excavations were cheerfully granted by the owner of one part of the site, Mr. H. L. Hopkins. He is a man of unusual intelligence and has exhibited a patriotic spirit in assisting the survey. If local lan'd owners would follow Mr. Hopkins's example in permitting responsible investigators to make detailed studies for scientific purposes, much good Avould be done. Greater good, also, might ])e accomplished in shutting out mere (M)llectors who can show no reasonable excuse for their destructive vandalism than that of snatching in a ghoulish way the relies of the honored dead, red men though they were. Where the Evidences of Occupation Are Found. There are three principal sources of evidence affording material exhibits proving the occupation of the site: 1. The general area, (a) disturbed surface soil containing the surface refuse, (b) refuse pits within the village area. 2.' The side hill refuse dumps. 3. The graves. The Occupied Layer and the Pits. The surface layers of the site are not as deeply stained as on other more sandy sites, or those having a lighter loam. 12 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE However almost anywhere within the village area tests will show stained soil running down below plow depth and containing bits of charcoal, ashes, dhips of flint, bits of pottery, splinters of animal bone and now and then a scrap of brass and a glass bead. These are the durable things that were lost or scattered upon the surface with other material, and stamped into the soil by the uprooting of trees, by animal burrows, by over- washing and by falling into post holes. The surface is thus tattooed with the evidence of its former occupation and witJh the deeper pits and their contents we may reconstruct a picture of the original inhabitants. The pits, that is to say the holes into which garbage and other refuse was cast or the holes in which fires were made for cooking purposes, are relatively infrequent. In general they resemble similar pits on other sites and contain about the same sort of rriaterial. The Side Hill Dumps. Pits were not required for dumping purposes ordinarily because the custom was to duni}) everything discarded over the banks. Portions of the banks arc^ strewn with refuse, which in some places is quite deep, due, no doubt, to the fact that the soil on the denuded top was constantly washing down over the hillside. Mr. Follett, in his description contained in this paper, tells of one pit that gave plain evidence of stratification. The bottom contained purely aboriginal material and the Richmond Mills type of pottery, several bone objects, including the fishhook showTi in fig. 6. The top layers yielded the notched rim pottery and scraps of brass. Graves. The burial grounds of this site are situated at the north and the south extremes of the village. Numerous graves have been opened in the northern end by several collectors, among them the late R. Marvin Peck and Mr. Hinman, the local blacksmith. At least one hundred fifty graves are said to have been opened, though Mr. Follett doubts that so great a number were ever found. Burials are in the usual flexed position and deeper than in other sites, the heaviness of the soil notwith- standing. Artifacts are found buried with the skeletons in the same manner and position as Avith other Seneca burials of the same and later period. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 13 PIG. 3. Potsherds from the Factory Hollow Site. Scale: 1-2. Prom the Dewey Collection. 14 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE Several interesting specimens have been found in the graves by responsible collectors. Among these specimens are : clay pots, clay pipes, some of them having bowls representing animal effigies, particularly wolf heads, bird bodies, mostly the eagle, coiled serpents, etc. The more conventional pipe of the period, that having the ringed bowl (see fig. 4), is also found. We believe that this type of pipe begins its existence with the Factory Hollow period or just before it. Its distribution is concurrent with the notched rim pottery. The Cultural Artifacts. The artifacts recovered from the Factory Hollow site include both native and European articles. Native articles predominate. As in the case of nearly all sites of the early contact period, European material here is mostly remodeled to conform to native needs and fancies ; for example, the sheet brass of metallic kettles has been cut into arrow points and ornaments of native motif. As in the case of all such sites, both native utensils and European occur side by side, as for example a stone knife and a steel knife. Material from this site may be classed as follows: Stone. Hammers, pitted and massive, mullers, celts, chisels, pipes, slickers, net sinkers, anvils, metates, etc. ; flint arrowpoints, knives, scrapers, disks, etc. ; Catlinite ornaments and effigies. Pottery. Vessels (mostly in fragments), pipes (mostly fragments), beads (one), molded disks (one), baked wads of clay. Bone and Antler. Awds, punches, pitching tools, joint pendants, pins, arrow and javelin points, needles, shuttles, beads, tubes, barbless fishhooks, etc. Teeth. Beaver scrapers, pendant beads from the bear, wolf, elk, fox, etc. Wood. Parts of wooden- bowls, spoons, arrow shafts (ends preserved by contact with brass or copper), etc. Skin and Fur. Parts of robes and clothing, preserved by contact with brass or copper and occasionally iron. Shell. A few large tubular beads, an efRgy, unio shell scrapers, etc. ; numerous large holed wampum beads. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 15 Articles of European Origin. l>r;iss kettles, pewter spoon, cud (»f iron chisel bliule, ii'ojj axes, knife blades, awls, scrap brass; glass beads, tubnbu- ;nid round, trade clotli, bbiidvet (doth, ete. Articles of European Origin Wlodified by Native Workers. Fragments of the sheet brass from the kettles were eut into triangular and (one) notched arrowpoints, pendants, ornaments, awls, needles or shuttles, etc. Glass tubular beads were some- times eut. It is quite likely that many other articles than those specifically mentioned here have been found on this site, but the numy collectors who have dug into the graves and pits have left no record of their finds with any central institution. Stone Articles. The stone hammers from the site are the usual massive stones of hard rock and show battering on all faces. Pitted hammer stones while present in the refuse have not been found to be so abundant as on certain earlier sites. Some smootih-faeed muUers have been found and a number of flat metates or grinding stones. So far as is known to the writer, no bowl mortars have been found here and no cylindrical pestles. Celts from the site are found in the same relative proportion as other sites of the same period. Most of them are the ordinary equilateral celt, some polished and some still showing the picking process. A few small chisels have been found. No flat l)ellied adzes occur and none of the so-called beveled celts (wdiich are in reality adzes). The flint arrow- heads are of the usual triangular form, but on this site they are made with unusual neatness and are rather smaller than those found at Richmond ^lills. Few are more than an inch and a quarter long. The flint knives are the usual types, some oval and some with convex sides aud with stems. Some flint knives are discoid. Catlinite Articles. Apparently there was no extensive tradf^ in red pipe-stone or Catlinite until early in the contact period. On early sites very little of this material is ever found. Once seen by the Seneca, however, it became a prized material and w^as employed for many decorative purposes. The Seneca at Factory Hollow secured in some way a few fragments of the precious red pipe-stone. The few articles in our possession 16 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE show that of some they carved beads and of other pieces they carved effigies. The beads are long rectangh^s, two to two and one half inches long and one-fifth inch sqnare (in cross section). PIG. 4. 1. Ringed bowl piiie. 2. Catlinite eagle ettigy. 3 button. Scale: About actual size. From the Dewey Collection. Pottery The drilling seems to have been accomplished with a steel drill, but we may by no means be sure of this. One effigy of an eagle or other bird carved in Catlinite is among the more interesting specimens from the site (see fig. 4). It is a little more than an inch and a quarter tall and an inch wide, and less than three-eighths inch thick. The effigy represents a ben Iced bird with wings upraised and outspread. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 17 Evidently it was intended as a pendant, for the head is perforated laterally. The drilling is at a slant from the right side, and a needle cannot be put tlhrough from the left side owing to the height of the wing above the perforation, but a needle inserted on the right side goes clear through until it , touches the left wing. Other Stone Objects. One or two stone pipe bowls of the oval or vase type are reported from the site. One fragment of the panther pipe is reported, but no stone pipes from the site occur in the Dewey collection. Certain long, flat, elliptical pebbles seem to be "slicking stones" and may ihave been used in molding pottery. These stones are found in some abundance on many Iroqvioian sites and many show use. Many that show no marks of usage have been found in graves here as well as elsewhere. Some are incised along the outer edges as if flints had been pressed with a sawing motion against the "slicker". Some of the coarser grained slickers show use as abrasive stones. A few seem to have been used to sharpen the edges of the iron and steel knives acquired from traders and early explorers. The chipped flints are mostly triangular arrow points. A few knives having shoulders and stems occur. The few notched points reported from Factory Hollow seem to have come from an Algonkian site on the flat below. If any have been found on the hill, we may assume that the larger number were left there by the earlier inhabitants of the region, long before the Seneca came into possession of it. Some flint disks have been discovered that seem to be circular knives. Knives of flint, of course, Avere used with a sawing motion, the many small sharp points in the edge of the blade doing the cutting. It was not easy to whittle with a flint knife, though this could be done in a limited way with large single flakes of the harder material. Some scrapers are reported, but no drills. Pottery Articles. Quantities of broken pottery have been found here, the sherds occurring in nearly all the refuse pits. A few complete vessels have been taken from graves, there having been at least two in the Peck collection, destroyed in the Capitol fire in 1011. Most of the pottery has the notched rim and is from bowl-shaped pots rather than from the older 18 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE jar-like pots of the earlier period, as at Richmond Mills (see fig. 5). The neck and collar type does occur, however, but only in the bottoms of the older pits or in old pits that have been filled and which contain no sherds of the notched type. Sherds of the neck and collar type with the incised lines in triangular plats with opposed directions are found at the bottoms of the side hill dumps. The notched rim sherds are found on top. In some cases there is an overwash of clay and soil separating the two layers. These facts seem to be especially significant. They indicate that during the occupancy of this site the Seneca Indian's FIG. 5. Type of notched rim pottery vessel fi'oin the Factory Hoi low- Site, New York State Museum Collection. From H. K. Deisert. Scale: 1-5. evolved or adopted another type of pottery decoration and ei'eii altered the form previously used. The two types of decoration are well illustrated in figure 8. Even here there will be found to be a variation between the kind having the plats of incised parallel lines and the more specialized Mohawk forms. There is even a difi^erence between these and the Richmond Mills types, indicating that the process of degeneration had already set in, with the tide moving toward the notched edge. Some influence was at work producing a modification in decorative motifs. What was it? A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 19 FronftL'bewerConecUon/'"'" ''^" ^''''°'^ """°^^- ""'''■ ^'^^^'^^ 2-3. 20 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE Pottery Pipes. A considerable number of broken pipes have been found here, and include animal and bird effigies, snake forms, and the familiar bowl with parallel rings (see fig. 4). One pipe is described as having a bear's head with a hollow inside having small pebbles in it. The rattle-head pipe of clay is found on a number of early Seneca sites, and, indeed, some that date close to 1700. Other Pottery Articles. A few reworked fragments of broken pottery have l)een found in the form of disks, as if they had been used as small quoits. These are characteristic of early Iroquoian sites, particularly those in Jeft'erson county. Of even greater interest is one molded disk or dice, similar to the deer bone button used by the Iroquois in sets of eight in a dice game. The pottery button is small and well made. See figure 4. One perforated pottery bead, round in shape, is reported. Bone and Antler Articles. These are numerous in the refuse and many fine specimens have been discovered. The awls are of tlie usual types, that is, joint ends, tubular, trough-like, round, and solid splinters, all, of course, sharpened on one end for perforating objects. One long awl, or rather punch, is shown in figure 6, to the left of the plate. A smaller awl of the splinter type is just to the lower right of it. One of the unusual specimens is shown at the top of the picture. It seems to be a scoop or a marrow spoon. However, it may have been intended as a bone scraper, for the edge is sharp. The bone needles from the site are particularly good, being thin and d(4icate. Two types are shown at the lower right of the plate. One has the hole near the center and the other nearer one end. The fish hook shoAvn in the plate is similar to those found in such abundance at Richmond Mills. It is barbless like most if not all prehistoric specimens. Numerous animal teeth separated from the jaws are found in the refuse, and, indeed, some in the graves. Some of these plainly show use, as those of foxes, bears, elks, etc. Some beaver teeth have been used as scrapers and have been hafted. A wolf and elk tooth are shown to the left center of the plate. A beaver tooth scraper is above it. In the lower center of the plate are two ball joint pendants. These are found in considerable numbers in the refuse. m. 0. PIG. 7. Antler articles from the Factory Hollow Site. Top row: Antler arrow point in process. Lower row: Antler pitching tools. Scale: About actual size, Dewey Collection. 22 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE Bone Figurines, or small effigies of the human figure, carved in bone, are one of the characteristic articles of Factory Hollow. These, so far as I know, occur only in graves. There were several in the Peck collection in the State Museum, one or two of them being of unusual interest. At least two specimens are ingeniously carved in the famous "Septeml)er ^lorn" attitude, wihich proves that "there is nothing new under the sun". Beauchamp illustrates several from this site in "Horn and Bone Implements", bulletin of the State Museum. A specimen of a carved figure is shown in the plate. Antler Articles. Some exceptionally fine antler articles have been found in both graves and refuse heaps. Figure 7 shows a series of antler points, illustrating the process of making an antler arrow point. The first specimen, at the left upper corner, shows the prong as broken oft" the antler. It is unworked, save for the intentional break. The next figure shows the prong cut obliquely at one end. The mark of the steel or the flint knife shows a well directed incision. The third piece has been scraped to reduce its irregular outei- surface and has had the base worked into the barb. The last specimen shows a typical Factory Hollow antler arrow i)oint, with the hole drilled in as a socket for the arrow shaft. The marks of the scraper are plainly visil)le on the surface of the point, which is reproduced in approximately actual size. The condition of antler specimens suggests that the native craftsmen possessed the secret of working antler in a softened condition which they afterw^ard again hardened. Many antler specimens show marks of cutting that indicate that they had been cut when they were as easy to cut as wax. Mr. Dewey has suggested that the process was that of soaking the antler in a sort of vinegar and afterward hardening it by allowing it to remain in limewater. However this may be, it is the experience of most archeologists to find antler shavings that are as long and thin as wdiittlings from a stick of green wood. Antler is a hard and difficult substance to carve with flint tools, and even steel tools, such as the Indians were able to get at the time. The second and lower row in plate 7 illustrates several antler "pitching tools" or pins, the first of which shows the A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 23 cutting and shaving down process, and tlie last the complete polishing. This specimen is turther colored by contact with- a piece of copper or brass, being a brilliant copper green. It is from a grave. All the specimens are exceptionally good and typical of the Seneca culture throughout its duration in this special geographic area. They may be tools used in tiaking chipped tlint implements, and their ends show that they have been used against stone. Thus, they are called "pitching tools", a term familiar to archeologists. Shell Articles. The shell articles from Factory Hollow are relatively few compared with those from later sites. The tubular shell beads are of the characteristic coastal type and are made from the dressed down columellae of the Fulgar. Some have been cut into massive and irregular beads, which nevertheless have been neatly perforated. The smaller tubular shell wampum is of considerable interest because it represents the earlier type of this bead. The size is slightly larger than the later bead and all appear to have been made from Fulgar shells. None appear to have been of the purple Venus variety, though the bU'aching process of (burial generally removes all traces of the natural coloring. A string of white wampum more than three feet long was found in one grave. It is of the type described. Shell effigies from the site are rare, but a few- small pendants are in the Dewey collection. One of these represents a claw and has a small perforation for suspension. Another seems to be the remaining portion of a bird effigy, — the familiar flying heron type, numerous on later sites. Unio shells are numerous and most of them seem to be the remnants of those eaten. A few, however, were used as scrapers, probably in skin dressing or for shaping the surfaces of pottery vessels. On these the ground down edge of the shell shows the type of usage to which the shell was put. Brass Articles. Numerous articles composed of brass have been found, particularly in graves. IMost of these articles are small brass kettles, few having a diam^eter greater than ten inches or a depth greater than six. Some have been found containing the remnants of food, such as squash seeds, fish bones, etc., preserved b}^ the copper oxide. Others have been 24 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE found wrapi)ed in elotli, bark, fur, skin and wads of Buffalo hair. These substances were so saturated with copper salts that preservation has been complete. Of greater interest culturally is the use made of sheet brass by the Indians themselves, for this shows tlie adaptation of a new material to native uses. Brass articles so formed fall in two general classes, ornamental and useful. The most common of the useful articles are triangvdar brass arrow points. At Factor^' Hollow several types of arrow points are found; the isosceles triangle, the triangle with an indented base, the triangle perforated in the center, and the barbed point having a straight neck. Some of these types are shown in the line draAving, Fig. 8. The t)arbed point is a rare type and few if any have been found elsewhere. The awl at the lower left in general follows the lines of a bone awl. The nicked edge seems to l)e tiie remains 01 perforations in the piece from which the awl was cut. The article at the bottom may be an attempt to make a rude saw. The toj) or ])ack is strengthened by a folding of the matei'ial. Th(^ oval piece seems to be a iienchint and to have been used as an ornament. The large hook in the center is a most interesting specimen, and apparently is an ornamental pendant. The material is thicker than in the case of other cut bras., ornaments. It is interesting to note that so far as the ornaments of European brass are concerned, the Seneca made almost the sanu' forms in producing them that the moiirul building Indians of Ohio did centuries before in mica; but though the Seneca knew of mica, during the long period they had been in this area they never used mica for ornaments. Mica was tabooed for reasons best known to the successors of the mound building Indians. Among the brass articles from Factory Hollow is a piece evidently once a patch applied to a brass kettle. It is perforated and has strips of brass inserted and bent over to hold on the patch. Other brass articles found are rolled tubular beads and a few conical fringe ornaments, much more abundant on later sites, especially on the Tram farm and on the Augustus Warren farm. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 25 FIG. 8. Brass articles from the Factory Hollow Site. 1. Triangular point. 2. Perforated bras.s triangle. 3. Brass pendan^. 4. Barbed brass point. 5. Sickle shaped brass pendant. 6. Brass awl. 7. Brass saw. Scale: 2-3. Dewey Collection. 26 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE Iron Implements. Articles of iron or steel from the site iiu'lnde a few knives, evidently once having- bone handles, iron axes of the usual trade type, known as the Ghent ax, chisel edges and other undetermined specimens. Several iron awls have been found, none of them in handles. Articles of Glass. These include European beads. At Factory Hollow only a few types of European beads have been found, indicating' only the begrinning of trade with the whites. In all sites of a later period beads are abundant and of a score or more tyi)es. The beads in our possession from this site are mostly round blue beads about one fifth inch in diameter. There are a few small blue and Avhiti' l)eads and a still smaller nnmber of red beads striped red and white. The State iMuseum has ten varieties of beads from the site, all from the Dewey collection. Preserved Cloth. Where blanket cloth or clothing fabric has been in contact with brass or copper the leaching out of the copper salts saturates the fabric and preserves it from decay. In the graves of this site several piec(^s of red woolen cloth of coarse weave have been found, still retaining the original red dye. It a])pears to be a type oC trade cloth known for several centuries as Dobson, after an English manufacturer. Relation of Factory Hollow Site to Others in the Region. Seneca Village Sites in G-eneral. From the testimony of early travelers, missionaries and exploi-ers, the Seneca tribe was a populous one, oc;-upyiug a considei-able range of territory, and living in at least four large villages and several smaller ones. If we take the number of four principal towns as the correct number in the time of Greenhalg-h for example, we may assume that each of these village localities at a previous time had other localities. We know that it was the custom of the Seneca and cognate tribes to move their towns to other sites at periodic times. The duration of an occupied site probably depended uj)()n several factors. A site was habitable so long as there Avas a good water supply, a plentiful Avood supply, a fertile ag:ricultural area, and easy communication with other villages. There may have been also thaumaturgical reasons for moving villages. It may be that the e\nl spirits A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 27 of witches, the ghosts of enemies, the iinre(]viiti'(l si)irits of slain warriors or the wraiths of animals, haunted the village, bringing siekenss and ill hick. One might endure cold and hunger, but who can withstand the unseen powers of the air! The dream of a sorcerer, the whim of an old woman of the cult of the rulers of the tribal destiny may have ordered the movement of the village to a new location. Life is a tragedy, the red forest dwellers well understood. The old viUage with its heaps of decaying refuse, its tainted water, its graves find its tick-infested l)ark lodges, must be abandoned. Its muddy and rutted area was slimy with the filth of a decade. [t was haggard and withered like a leaf burnt by August sun and bitten by October frost. It must fall in ruin. The neighboring village had heard the ghostly voices warning. Already their new cabins were smiling upon a grassy plot. The time has come for ns to go. The survey had been made and with many a sacrificial prayer, the burning of t()l)acco incense, the wail of regret, the chanting of invocation, the new site is announced. The time is at hand when we go ! It is springtime and the ycai- is new. We shall bestir ourselves like the birds and build new nests! With songs of joy, the furniture, pelts, utensils, ceremonial paraphernalia ai'c moved and placed under gunrd. The men are busy cutting poles, timbers and stakes for the new houses. Bark is peeled in great sheets that smell of the fragrance of the elm. Boys and men strip otil' shreds of elm bMi'k, l)utternut and basswond, using the inner l)ark. These shreds are soaked and twisted into ropes and cords for tying the sheet bark on the new houses. Everyone is busy, for the life of the red men is one of continuous toil. Great barn-like frames are erected and the slabs of liark laid over them. Soon there is a new village aiul there is great rejoicing. At the Strawl^M-ry thanksgiving, a village festival is held to which all neighboring villagers are invited. The winter's store of corn, transported from the old granaries, affords meal for bread: the Avarricn-s have provided a ton of meat. It is a time of thanksgiving. Then there is a wail. A long somber looking burden is taken out on a bark litter. In a spot chosen for the purpose 28 A CONTAlCT PERIOD SENECA SITE there is h newly made grave. We listen, and from a new long house we hear a warrior shout. Shortly a grandmother comes forth with another and smaller bundle upon a thin board with a hooded top. There is a new babe in the village, a new babe eoiiic to watch the vilhvgc grow and age, — a new babe come who shall perhaps live to see the village move again before he is old enough to go with the men on the hunt. When he is old enough to walk he will visit the old village with his mother who, armed with magical charms that will keep the ghosts away, will tell him the story of the old town. And what a ruin it is! Rank weeds and briars have grown about it. Some of the lodge poles are standing, like ghosts of trees. The bark has rotted off and lies in tattered heaps. Burrowing animals prowl about, forest mice gnaw at tlu^ bones of the last feasts. "Our house was here," says the mother. "There is a magical stone there. Th<^ graves are over in the clump of pines." No stay in the abandoned town is long, for it is unlucky to reawaken the shcides that linger there. The new village by this time shows the marks of occupation iind iinist eventually be abandoned: l)ut however well located, the old towiU site will not again l)c molested. The march is always on. Such, in br-ief, and leaving out any attempt at description, is the lite story of the Seneca village. Eaeh oiu' of the four (or more) great villages kept on moving. It is not e;isy to say where the earlier Factory IIoHoav site WMs, but 1 tbink we may be reasonably sure that its new location was on the flat land and rolling hillocks now on the Warren farm. It is important to note that the Factory Hollow site marks the last of a series of hill-top locations. Not long after- this, tliongh sightly places may have been chosen for drainage and for some natural advantage, the Seneca villages came (h)wn from the hills and were located on the lower level. It may be that the Factory Hollow site marks another change. It does not appear to liave been palisaded like some earlier sites. It may be that the steep hill was considered sufficient protection. Nor is there any suggestion or trace of a wall and ditch, or a palisade line on the loAVer site on the Warren farm. The walled towns were disappearing. But it must not be thought that A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 29 all walled towns disappeared. Some were in existence when Deuouville raided the Seneca towns in 1687. But the beginning of great changes had started. Age of the Site. The Factory Hollow site, as we have previously stated, marks the period when the intiuence of the white trader was just beginning to be felt. It has yielded too many articles of European origin to m^ke it possible for us to state that the site is as early as the Champlain period. There are too few to permit the estimate to fall as low as the Denonville time. Our estimate must fall between these periods, with the margin well toward the earlier time. Let us say for the sake of argument that it was just before the time of the Erie wars of 1656. Let us even admit that the site was known to Sanson d' Abbeville, whose map appeared in 1656. Look at his map and see the string of lakes on a tributary of the Genesee and say if that tributary is not the Honeoye. Look again and see that he names the country as the land of the Sonontourorons (the people of the hills, or the Seneca). The Boughton Hill site is one that lingered on the hills. Trust the French to measure their foes and to locate their strongholds. The Name of the Village. We know that the occupants of the site were the Seneca. We know this because every specimen from the hill cries out its origin as audibly to the understanding as if it spoke to the ear. The material compares with that from sites that white explorers marked and mapped as Seneca. It does not compare in similarity wiith material from mound sites or from Algonkian sites. It is Seneca material; the occupants of the site were Seneca. This much we may state with certainty. But what village was this on the hill? The curious and the cautious will ask, "Has it a name?" and demand that we give it. This is a demand that is proper, yet, how shall we dispose of it? Lewis Henry Morgan, in the "League of the Iroquois", gives the name of Ga-nun-da-ok as that of West Blooniifield. May it not be that this was the name applied to the hill-top site along the Honeoye and on the hill above Factory Hollow? Shall we say, for the sake of better information, that our site is Ga-nim-da-ok ? The word means, "village upon a 30 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE hill," or "upon the hiH". Ganunda is a term applied to both village and to hill, for the Seneca villages M^ere upon hills. Here then is a problem for those who are lovers of truth and devoted to mystery, even as the "faithful of old" whom we have described in our prologue. Who shall offer incense of toliacco as he ponders? Who shall be faithful and zealous, that the Jogaoli may reveal the hidden wisdom and bestow a charm? The "order" indeed has been founded, and its members must retain the "listening ear and the watchful eye", thereby to observe the wisdom of the Jogaoli. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 31 APPENDIX A Field Survey of Factory Hollow Site By Harrison C. Follett My first visit to tliis site in 1915 did not impress me with its importance, owing- perhaps to tradition which says that the refuse is scarce and articles rare. Later, with more investigation, I altered my opinion, as will be seen. There are at this time a number of depressions on the west bank of the site, showing distinctly that considerable excavating had been carried on hy tnuateur collectors. Tlie top soil here is about two feet deep, composed of a tenacious red clay, interspersed with sand and resting on a strata of hard yellow clay. When th(! top soil has l)een disturbed, a heavy rain will cause it to slide, and in this way tons have been carried to the bottom of the hill, taking with it the refuse, which in its course mingles with the soil to such an extent that very little is visible when it is arrested by the flat lands below. Several test pits were sunk ah)ng the slop(% by Mr. Dewey and myself, resulting in the h)eatioji of a innnber of deposits of refuse, most of which had been previously dug over. These were located near the escarpment of the bank and well toAvards the southern end of the village site. In the virgin refuse the artifacts' were not plentiful and contained but few animal bones for the quantity of black earth encountered. Occasional finds of a bone awl, iron axe, pieces of bone needles, brass scrap, and a few of the round red g-lass beads were made. From this place to the northern fence line which crosses the site from west to east, very little refuse exists. In all probability most of the deposit which once undoubtedly existed here has been washed to the bottom and buried underneath several feet of clay. Further survey of the site rendered it apparent that there must be quantities of refuse and of m,uch more importance than that which we had so far encountered; therefore investigation was made on the slope on the north side of the fence above mentioned and in the heavy underbrush. Some very interesting artifacts were exhumed proving of the utmost importance in rescuing from oblivion the annals of the past as they are recorded in this kitchen midden. 32 A CONTAjCT PERIOD SENECA SITE The refuse had apparently been dumped over the edge of the bank and washed down, lodging wherever there was a depression arresting it, as evidenced by the triangular shape of the pits on completion. In one of these pits we found quantities of pot sherds (identical with those of the Richmond Kills site), buried in the ashes and on the bottom, directly over this and in contact with the heavy overlaid rim pattern of the later date, which is the predominating type found here. Over this deposit and nearer the surface were pieces of brass kettles. As the ashes were mingled together and free from surface or any foreign matter there can not be a mistake in the identification which we were particular in observing. This deposit was three feet deep in the center. Among the artifacts unearthed is a bone fishhook, the only one known to have been found on this site. A few years ago a great slide of earth took place on the west slope near the north fence line, exposing large quantities of animal bones. The slide was of such dimensions that it aroused considerable interest, and it was visited by a number of people who curiously pronounced the bones as human. As a result stories arc prevalent that skeletons were washed down the bank "by the hundreds". This refuse lodged in various places, but is so merged with the clay that it has been rendered almost impossible to obtain any specimens by any degree of reasonable lal)or. However, a few articles have been extracted from some of the more exposed places. Testing on the eastern slope and opposite the village site did not disclose any refuse, but a small deposit was located on the north-east corner, in a hollow between two small knolls. This accumulation is evidently the result of wash and very few articles were obtained in it. Test holes sunk on the escarpment of the ridge extending along the northern side of the village site disclosed refuse which in some spots is two feet deep. It evidently has been dug over, and no attempt by us was made to excavate here. A deep pit of virgin refuse was opened in a hollow between two knolls on the narrow neck of land to the north of the village and the section which separates the village from the burial site. This pit is three feet deep in the center, is conical. A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 33 gradually tapering up to the surface, and is about fifteen feet in diameter, being nearly round. The articles ol)tained were few in number considering the amount of the debris taken out. It was almost solid ashes and a very interesting midden. Our refuse work ceased with the completion of this pit. The burying ground, which is located but a few rods to the north of here, has from surface appearance received considerable devastation. It is a crime that the records of the work on such an important site have not been preserved. The only information obtainable is that most of the graves were opened a number of years ago by a Mr. Marvin Peck, of West Bloomfield, who sold his collection to the State, but unfortu- nately most of it was destroyed by fire in the Capitol at Albany in 1911. Local residents say about one hundred and fifty graves were opened, an estimate I think too high by at least fifty. Those who have seen some of the exhumations claim that great (piantities of artifacts were taken out, among which were stone implements, clay jars, pipes and numerous European articles, as beads, l)rass articles and iron axes. In a grave opened by a Mr. Hinman, a nearby resident, the skeleton was said to have been covered with a fur robe containing a bear's skull, covered with a layer of red cedar sticks. Beneath the robe wah a brass kettle, inverted, covering three cla.y pots. Near the body was a clay pipe with a bear effigy, the head of which, being hollow, contained a snuill pebble, which would rattle when the pipe was shaken. With another skeleton were found two bone dolls one of which is in the collection of Mr. Dewey. I would .iudgc that not more than fifty to seventy burials had l)een exhumed. A few test pits were sunk in between and on the extreme outside of spots where graves had been opened, but without success. Without doubt a trench across the top of the knoll would prove successful in the location of several graves. Work in this respect was not carried on owing to permission not having been obtained from the property owner. Burials apparently extend down a portion at least of the west side of the knoll, and there may be an extensive burial site in the vicinitv not vet disturbed. 34 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE Tlic soil on the knoll is gravelly loam, on the lower ground the tenacious red clay and of such a hard nature that it is difficult to make an impression in it with a shovel except in wet weather. It is said the graves on this site are unusually deep, as is evidenced by the examining of one opened that had been previously dug. It had a depth of four and one-half feet and then th(^ bottom had not been reached Three or four graves were unearthed in a gravel pit near the north-east corner of the village site a few years ago. No records are obtainable of the articles, if any. A small luirial site was discovered in 1916 on the edge of the east bank at the extreme southern end of the village site. i*revious to this five skeletons had been removed, and as near as I am able to ascertain each grave contained articles, among which are a clay pipe, two or three bone arrow points, some triangular arrow points (flint), a few glass and wampum beads, and fragments of bi'ass kettles. These burials had been oi^ened the previous year and were located on a knoll which projects to the east from the narroAV neck of land as shown in the map. Trenches were hi id out across the to]) in the shape of a cross without result. In addition to this test holes were sunk in several ])laces, determining to our satisfaction that no other burials existed on this knoll. Crossing the hollow to the south testing was commenced in a series of holes two feet apart. This was fifty feet from where the skeletons just described were located. Charcoal was discovered in a hole close to the edge of the bank and on the slope which extends from the center of the field to the escarpment of the bank on the east side of the site. This charcoal was located so close to the edge that we did not at first entertain much hopes of its being the evidence of a burial underneath, a sign that seldom fails. A skeleton was located here at a depth of only eighteen inches, three others on the same level and only a few feet apart. One of the skeletons was that of a young adult and in a good state of preservation with the exception of the skull which had been crushed evidently by the weight of the earth. The other three were older adults and the bones Avere nearly all decomposed. One grave contained a stone about ten inches in diameter which had A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE 35 been placed on top of the body when buried, as it was found resting on the bones of the skeleton. All were buried in the flexed position and had charcoal over them. One grave had been lined on the bottom with bark ; two graves had consider- able red paint strewn through the earth. These two did not contain any articles, but traces of iron rust indicated a knife or some other small implement. The other two contained remnants of two brass kettles, fifty-five round blue glass beads, one hundred twenty-five of the old type wampum beads, two triangular points (flint), three small flat and thin stones with rounded ends, called "whet stones" and undoubtedly used as such, a small clay pot broken and badly decomposed which was resting on the bark and contained small animal bones, which represented the food. Placed on top of this mass were four small chunks of anthracite coal, four badly decomposed bears teeth, three pieces of worked flint, and two scpiash seeds. The soil here is a tenacious red clay and the locatioii being on low ground is very sogg\', which may account for the l)ad coiulition of most of the articles. Further test holes did not discover any more burials, so trenching in all directions was resorted to in hopes of discovering others on top of the knoll. I was certain that this knoll had been extensively used, not only from its lo-ation but from the fact that the burials just described had been located so low down. We were utiable, however, to discover another particle of evidence and concluded that we had excavated the entire ni'mber in this vicinity. A trench was started at or near the bottom of the hill below where the graves were opened and charcoal in large (piantities located about half way up the bank. This deposit was about tAvo feet wide and eighteen inches dee]), but did not contain any animal bones or other evidence to connect it with the former inhabitants of the site. A single burial was discovered in the north-west corner of this field and Yery close to the village site, while excavations were being carried on for a drain a number of years ago. Xo others being exposed there probably are no more located there. The village site at the present time being under sod, it is impossible to give it a thorough testing or observation, from tlie surface. When under cultivation a long time ago it is said a 36 A CONTACT PERIOD SENECA SITE number of black spots several feet in diameter were visible; these were undoubtedly lodge sites and must contain more or less good refuse and buried history. At the southern extremity of the village site a prominent knoll extends out beyond the general alignm,ent of the west bank and has given rise to a local story that it was the fort of the village. It is said that the middle of this knoll which is nearly round contained a deep pit of black earth. Testing over its entirety and around its base failed to disclose any black earth or previously disturbed earth. About half way down the western bank and well towards the north end is what appears to have been an ancient road-way or wide path leading up towards the top of the bank. This has been described in some previous sketches on this site. We have made tests for signs of artificial WMirk on it, but failing to locate anything other than a natural depression that was possibly formed by the washing down of the earth from above, we are satisfied that it had no aboriginal origin. From the top of the hill on which this village was located, an unobstructed view of the country can be had for several miles around. It is one of the most conipletely naturally fortified Indian village sites known anywhere in Western New York. On the map of Lewis H. Morgan, which places a number of Indian villages in the locality, a name given as Ga-nun-da-ok and said to mean "a village on a hill" has historically been applied to the more recent village of West Bloomfield. It is, however, my opinion that it is none other than the name referred to by the Indians in their traditions as applying to this site, which is not mentioned in any of the early histories, perhaps owing to the location. It was not brought under cultivation until recently. It is only about one fourth of a mile to this site from West Bloomfield, and this Indian village site not being known it would not have been an unusual mistake to have the location misappropriated. From our surveys and a study of the artifacts obtained from here. I do not think there can be a question of doubt as to the continuous occupation of the village through a portion of at least three periods. The New York State Archeological Association. The objects of this Association shall be : 1st, to promote the study of New York State archeology, ethnology and aboriginal histor\% and to record the results of such study for the benefit of science ; 2d, to preserve and protect the ancient mounds and localities connected with the Indians who formerly inhabited this state, and to prevent the destruction of these monuments, so far as possible ; 3rd, to encourage the formation of scientific coUec- tibns of aboriginal artifacts and to cooperate with the various museums within the State in the diffusion of archeological knowl- edge ; 4th, to establish a uniform system of records and standard catalog of XcAV York State archeology: to establish a register of collections and collectors, students and sources of information; 5th, to prevent the matuifacture and sale of fraudulent specimens and to prevent the spread of erroneous statements concerning matters of archeological interest. All persons interested in these subjects are invited to become members of the Association or of the local Chapter nearest to them. The Association and its Chapters plan to issue a uniform series of transactions and researches covering all fields consistent with the objects of the Association. All members of the Association or of its constituent Chapters are issued a membership certificate suitable for framing and a pocket membership card serving as an introduction in .the field where collecting is contemplated. The Association is approved by the State Education Depart- ment, ITniversity of the State of New York, and is working in cooperation with the State iMuseum. Address all correspondence to Alvin H. Dewey, Box 185, Rochester, N. Y., or Walter IT. Cassebeer, 236 Meigs St., Roches- ter, N. Y., or A. C. Parker, State Museum, Albany, N. Y. "S. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS nil mil mil II 014 221 416 7 #