(ilass t* i> y 7 V fi ^ / J c H i ^ ,^- ^ Iowa Co. / HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY, WISCONSIN, CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF ITS SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES ; AN EXTENSIVE AND MINUTE SKETCH OF ITS CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES— THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES; ITS WAR RECORD, BIOGRAPH- ICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS; THE WHOLE PRECEDED BY A HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, STATISTICS OF THE STATE, AND AN ABSTRACT OF ITS LAWS AND CON- STITUTION AND OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. iijLTJsa:s..A.T:E id. CHIC A G O : WESTERN HISTt^RICAL COMPANY. MDCCCLXXXI. A (i7 C/J V PREFACE. ^T^HIS WORK was commenced with a specific object in view, which was to place upon record, in a reliable manner and in permanent form, whatever incidents of importance have trans- pired within the region of which Iowa County is now a part. As a necessary preliminary to this work, a brief history of the entire district now known as Wisconsin is given, together with such valuable facts concerning the antiquities of the Northwest as science has revealed. Fol- lowing along this plan of labor, the history of the Lead Region, with an ample geological and mineralogical sketch thereof, is detailed from trustworthy sources. The more local records embrace the narrative of settlement in the early times that tried the courage and endurance of the heroic pioneers ; a recital of the bravery of Iowa's citizen-soldiers in the Indian wars ; a description of the characteristic deeds of the representative men of the county, and a complete delineation of the events of the past half-century. In the history of the county will be found incidents, reminiscences and anecdotes, which serve to spice the more statistical portions of the work. In the preparation of this volume, many men of experience have patiently examined record books, intelligently conversed with pioneers, and carefully compiled the fruits of their industrious researches. The chief value of the history lies in the fact that not only was the original matter gathered first-handed from the participants in many of the scenes, but in the fact, of still greater importance, that the proof-sheets have been submitted for correction to many of the oldest settlers. Herein is furnished a truthful reflex of the times and deeds of by-gone days, and it is hoped that the present generation will feel that pride in the work which future gener- ations are surely destined to do. The publishers are aware that all persons cannot be pleased, but impartial and conscientious efforts must eventually be accepted at their true worth. Upon that faith is this volume submitted to the public with confidence. Thanks are herein expressed to the scores of Pioneers, the County Officials, the Clergy and the Press for the uniform courtesy extended the compilers. April, 1881. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. Page. | Antiquities 13 , Indian Tribes 21 P re-Territorial Annals 29] Wisconsin Territory 41 j \Vicicon»«in nsaState 52 i First Administration 52 \ Ifccond Administration 57 i Third Adrainietration 59 Fourth Administration 62 Fifth Administration ('A Sixth Administration G6 Seventh Administration C7 Warot" Secession Commenced 69 Kighth Administration 76 Ninth Administration 85 j Statistics of Volunteers 90 I Tenth Administration 92 I Kleventh Administration 93 Twelfth Administration 94 ' Thirteeiitli Administration 97 Fourteenth Administration 99 Fifteenth Administration 104 Sixteenth Administration 109 : •pngraphy and Geology 110 The Archa-an Age 112 Paleozoic Time — Silurian Age 115 Devonian Age 119 Glacial Period 120 Climatology 121 I Trees, Shrubs and Vines 128 Fauna 134 ' Fish find Fish Culture l:i4 Large Animals — Time of their Disap- I pearance 13S ! Peculiarities of the Bird Fanna l:i9 Educational 140 Original School Code 140 Agitation for Free Schools 141 j Seboo! System under State Govern- ment HI I School Fund Income 142 State University 14H Agricultural College 144 Normal Schools 144 Teachers' Institutes 146 Graded Schools 140 HIS^TORV OF WISCOSTSI^'. Page, i Educational : Township System 146 ' Free High Schools 147 School Offices 147 State Teachers' Certificates 147 Teachers' Associations 148 Libraries 148 State Superintendents 148 College Sketches 149 Female Colleges 150 Academies and Seminaries 151 ('ommercial Schools 151 Agriculture 151 ; Mineral Resources 162 Lead and Zinc 162 Iron 165 Copper 168 Gold and Silver 168 Brick Clavs 168 Cement Rock 170 Limestone— Glass Sand 171 Peat— Building Stones 172 Railroads 173 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 173 Chicago A Northwestern 176 j Wisconsin Central 178 Western Union 179 West Wisconsin 180 ; Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western 180 | Green Bay & Minnesota 181 ' Wisconsin Valley 181 ' Sheboygan & Fond du Lac 181 , Mineral Point 182 t Madison & Portage 182 North Wisconsin 183 Prairie du Chien & McGregor 183 Chippewa Falls & Western 183 Narrow Gauge 183 Conclusion 184 Lumber 185 Banking 191 Commerce and iVIanufactures 198 Furs 199 Lead and Zinc — Iron 2(tO Lumber 201 Grain 202 Page. Commorce and Manufactures : Dairy Products 203 Pork and Beef. 203 Hops 204 Tobacco — Cranberries 205 Liquors 205 Miscellaneous 206 Water Powers 20G Manufactures 208 Conclusion 208 The Public Domain 210 Health 230 Geographical Position 230 Physical Features 230 Geology 231 Dniinage 232 Climatology 232 Rain Character. ^ 233 Isotherms 234 Barometrical 234 Winds 235 Climatological Changes from Settling in the State 235 Influence of Nationalities 2^)7 Occupations— Food— Education, etc 238 History of Disease 238 Ratio of Sickness, Ft. Howard and Win- nebago 239 Education of the Blind 241 Institute of IVaf and Dumb 241 Industrial School for Boys 242 State Prison 242 State Hospital for the Insane 242 Northern Hospital for the Insane .243 City of Milwaukee 243 Health Resorts 244 Change of Diseases 246 Pulmonary Diseases 248 Statistics 249 Population, 1875, of Townships, Alpha- betically Arranged by Counties 249 Population by Counties 258 Nativity by Counties 2fi9 Valuation of Property 260 Acreage of Principal Crops 261, 262 AU!$lltA€T OF AVIM'0\SI^ STATE LAWS. Page. Actions 283 Arrest 283 Attachment 284 Adoption of Children 276 Assignmput of Mortgage 274 Assessment and Collection of Taxefl 267 Assessment of Tajtea 26s Bills of Exchange or Promissory Notes 272 Borrowed Money 267 Capital Punishment 278 Collection of Taxes 270 Commercial Terms 285 Common Schools 266 Damages for Trespass 279 Page. Elections and General Elections 263 Estrays 279 Exemptions 284 Fences 280 Forms of Conveyances 273 Forms of Mortgagee 274 Garnishment 284 Highways and Bridges 270 Hours of Labor 273 Interest 277 Intoxicating Liquors 271 Judgments 284 Jurisdiction of Courts 277 J»»rore 278 Pagf. ' Landlord and T'-nant 281 I Limitation i-i Actions !i85 I Marks and Brands 281 I Married Women 283 ! Stay Law 284 Surveyors and Surveys 282 Support of Poor 282 Suggestions to Persons Purchaaing Books by Subscription 28.T j Title of Real Property by Descent 275 Weights and Measures 278 'Wills ■. 276 Wolf Scalps 278 Paoe. Wisconsin Sta*e Constitution 287 U. S. Constitution 297 MlSCKIiLANKOlim. Page. Vote of Wisconsin for Governor and Presi- dent 306-307 Population of the State.. Pack. 3uS VI CONTEXTS. HISTORY OF THE liKAD RE«IO\. Page. AmoiiK the Rocks 309 The Mineral District In Detail 331 Death of Mosis Strong 331 The DriftlesD Area 336 Top«iKrai»hv and Surface Geology 340 The Lead Region De»cribeil 347 Mineralogy 34S Histori- an ! Early Navigation and Commerce 396 DavenjKjrt at Fever River 396 I The Buck Lead 399 Jossce Shull's Trailership 399 Dr. Samuel C. Muir 399 A. P. Van Matre 400 ; The First White Woman _ 601 The First American History 401 The Change in .Management 402 Moses Meeker's Colony 404 The First Marriage 405 The First Death 405 The First Births 405 S4>cial Development 405 The First Post Office 406 Government Control of the Mines 408 Charles Bracken's Sketch.- 420 Names of those who Mined prior to 1830... 423 Political History 423 R. H. Magoon's Memoirs 427 ■ Stillmau's Defeat, Kingston's Narrative ... 435 CHAPTER I. PAOf. ; Indian Occupancy « 437 Derivation of the Name 438 Natural Vegetation 439 Water. Scenery and Soil 440 Coon Bluff; a Romance of the Wis- consin 440 Educating Slaves 445 The Mysterious Cave 448 I Recovery of the Lost Child 457 ■ CHAPTKR IT. The Winehago War 461 I Capture of Red Bird 463 First Settlement, Dodgeville 46,'; Van Matre Survey 466 Flnit White Woman 466 Peddler's Creek and Dallas. 466 MInelal Point 467 Early Merchandising 467 First Marriage and Birth 467 First Farming 468 First Mill 408 Blue River 468 RIdgeway 471 First School and Phj'sician 471 Old Helena 471 A Visit to Helena in 1836 472 Furnaces, 1827 and 1828 47.'i The First Census 474 Territorial Roads 475 First County Schools 475 County School Work since 1843 477 CHAPTER III. The Black Hawk War 479 I Doilge's Letter and the Mineral Point Mes.senger 479 | First Military Movement and Forts 480 Distributing Supplies 4S1 Account of Arms Distributed at Mineral Point 481 Occurrences and Mound Fort 4S2 Fort Jackson .\larmed 483 Battle of the Pecatonicft 485 Battle of Wisconsin Heights and Bad Axe 486 Grignon's Recollections 490 CHAPTER IV. Mineral Discoveries and Limitations 492 Indian Treaties and .\buse8 493 First Miners and litrly Depiivations 494 Life In the Diggings 495 First Land Pistrirts 496 Claim Restrictions and First Entries 497 Projected Railroads and Canals 498 Hard Money Wealth 499 First Roads and Highwars BOO Chronicles of the Cliulera, 1849 and 1850, 601 The .'Second Visitation, 1851 Ro3 Land Swindling Schemes 504 CHAPTER V. Official Records 508 La Fayette and Montgomery Counties... 511 State Government and subsequent Re- forms 812 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. Pace. , Past and Present County Buildings 514 1 Judicial Districts and First Cases 616 . The County Seat War 517 , County Poor Houseand Farm 520 ■ CH.-^PTER VI.— MiSERAi. Point Bailroai>. Company Charter and Projecteosed of to the United States, besides a strip three miles in width from near the portage north, t>n each side of the Wisconsin river and forty-eight miles long — still leaving them in peace- able ])Ossession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty broad. Finally, in 1848, the Menomonees sold all their lands in Wisconsin to the General Govern- ment, preparatory to their movement to a reservation beyond the Mississippi of six hundred thousand acres; but the latter tract was afterward re-ceded to the United States; for, notwith- standing there were treaty stipulations for the removal of the tribe to that tract, there were obstacles in the way of their speedy migration, resulting, finally, in their being permitted to remain in Wisconsin. Lands, to the amount of twelve townships, were granted them for their permanent homes, on the upper Wolf river, in what is now Shawano and Oconto counties — a portion, but a very small one, of what was once their extensive possessions. To this reservation they removed in October, 1852. Thus are the Menomonees, the only one of the original tribes of Wisconsin who, as a whole, have a local habitation within its limits. This tribe refused to join the Sioux in their outbreak in 1861, and several of their warriors served as volunteers in the United States army during the late civil war. It is now over two centuries since the civilized world began to gain knowledge of the exist- ence, in the far West, of a tribe of Indians known as the Winnebagoes — that is, men of the sea; pointing, possibly, to their early migration from the shores of the Mexican gulf, or the Pacific. The territory now included within the limits of Wisconsin, and so much of the State of Michigan as lies north of Green bay, Lake Michigan, the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron were, in early times, inhabited by several tribes of the Algonquin race, forming a barrier to the Dakotas, or Sioux, who had advanced eastward to the Mississippi. But the Winnebagoes, although one of the tribes belonging to the family of the latter, had passed the great river, at some unknown period, and settled upon the head waters of Green bay. Here, this "sea-tribe," as early, it is believed, as 1634, was visited by an agent of France and a treaty concluded with them. The tribe •ifterward called themselves Hochungara, or Ochunkoraw, but were styled by the Sioux, Hotanke, or Sturgeon. Nothing more is heard of the Ouenibigout^, or Winnebegouk (as the Winnebagoes were early called by the Jesuit missionaries, and the Algonquin tribes, meaning men from the fetid or salt water, translated by the French, Puants) for the next thirty-five years, although •.here is no doubt that the tribe had been visited meanwhile by adventurous Frenciimen, when on the second of December, 1669, some of that nation were noted at a Sac (Sauk or Saukis) village on Green bay, by Father AUouez. THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCOXSIX. 25 As early at least as 1670, the French were actively engaged among the Winnebagoes trading. " We found affairs," says one of the Jesuit missionaries, who arrived among tiiem in September of that year, " we found affairs there in a pretty bad posture, and the minds of the savages much soured against the French, who were there trading ; ill-treating them in deeds and words, pillag- ing and carrying away their merchandise in spite of them, and conducting themselves toward them with insupportable insolences and indignities. The cause of this disorder," adds the mis- sionary, " is that they had received some bad treatment from the French, to whom they had this year come to trade, and particularly from the soldiers, from whom they pretended to have received many wrongs and injuries." It is thus made certain that the arms of France were carried into the territory of the Winnebagoes over two hundred years ago. The Fox river of Green bay was found at that date a difficult stream to navigate. Two Jesuits who ascended the river in 1670, had "three or four leagues of rapids to contend with," when they had advanced " one day's journey " from the head of the bay, " more difficult than those which are common in other rivers, in this, that the flints, over which" they had to walk with naked feet to drag their canoes, were so "sharp and so cutting, that one has all the trouble in the world to hold one's self steady against the great rushing of the waters." At the falls they found an idol that the savages honored ; " never failing, in passing, to make him some sacrifice of tobacco, or arrows, or paintings, or other things, to thank him that, by his assistance, they had, in ascending, avoided the dangers of the waterfalls which are in this stream ; or else, if they had to ascend, to pray him to aid them in this perilous navigation." The devout missionaries caused the idol " to be lifted up by the strength of arm, and cast into the depths of the river, to appear no more " to the idolatrous savages. The mission of St. Francis Xavier, founded in December, 1669, by Allouez, was a roving one among the tribes inhabiting the shores of Green bay and the interior country watered by the Fox river and its tributaries, for about two years, when its first mission-house was erected at what is now Depere, Brown county. This chapel was soon after destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in 1676. The Winnebagoes, by this time, had not only received considerable spiritual instruction from the Jesuit fathers, but had obtained quite an insight into the mysteries of trading and trafficking with white men; for, following the footsteps of the missionaries, and sometimes preceding them, were the ubiquitous French fur traders. It is impossible to determine precisely what territory was occupied by the Winnebagoes at this early date, farther than that they lived near the head of Green bay. A direct trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence was not carried on by the Winne- bagoes to any great extent until the beginning of the eighteenth century. As early as 1679, an advance party of La Salle had collected a large store of furs at the mouth of Green bay, doubtless in a traffic with this tribe and others contiguous to them ; generally, however, the surrounding nations sold their peltries to the Ottawas, who disposed of them, in turn, to the French. The commencement of the eighteenth centurj- found the Winnebagoes firmly in alliance with France, and in peace with the dreaded Iroquios. In 17 18, the nation numbered si.x hundred. They were afterward found to have moved up Fox river, locating upon Winne- bago lake, which stream and lake were their ancient seat, and from which they had been driven either by fear or the prowess of more powerful tribes of the West or Southwest. Their inter- course with the French was gradually extended and generally peaceful, though not always so, joining with them, as did the Menomonees, in their wars with the Iroquois, and subsequently in their conflicts with the English, which finally ended in 1760. When the British, in October, 1761, took jxjssession of the French post, at the head of 26 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Green bay, the Wiiinebagoes were found to number one hundred and fifty warriors only ; their nearest village being at the lower end of Winnebago lake. They had in all not less than three towns. Their country, at this period, included not only that lake, but all the streams flowing into it, especially Fox river; afterward extended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers. They readily changed their course of trade — asking now of the commandant at the fort for English traders to be sent among them. In the Indian outbreak under Pontiac in 1763, they joined with the Menomonees and other tribes to befriend the British garrison at the head of the bay, assisting in conducting them to a place of safety. They continued their friendship to the English during the Revolution, by joining with them against the colonies, and were active in the Indian war of 1790-4, taking part in the attack on Fort Recovery, upon the Maumee, in the present State of Ohio, in 1793. They fought also on the side of the British in the war of 1812-15, aiding, in 1814, to reduce Prairie du Chien. They were then estimated at 4,500. When, in 1816, the government of the United States sent troops to take possession of the Green bay country, by establishing a garrison there, some trouble was anticipated from these Indians, who, at that date, had the reputation of being a bold and warlike tribe. A deputation from the nation came down Fox river and remonstrated with the American commandant at what was thought to be an intrusion. They were desirous of knowing why a fort was to be established so near them. The reply was that, although the troops were armed for war if necessary, their purjxjse was peace. Their resixjnse was an old one : " If your object is peace, you have too many men ; if war, you have too few." However, the display of a number of cannon which had not yet been mounted, satisfied the Winnebagoes that the .Vniericans were masters of the\ituation, and the deputation gave the garrison no farther trouble. On the 3d of June, 1816, at St. Louis, the tribe made a treaty of peace and friendship with the General Government; but they continued to levy tribute on all white people who passed up Fox river. English annuities also kept up a bad feeling. At this time, a portion of the tribe was living upon the Wisconsin river, away from the rest of the nation, which was still seated upon the waters flowing into Green bay. In 1820, they had five villages on Winnebago lake and fourteen on Rock river. In 1825, the claim of the Winnebagoes was an extensive one, so far as territory was concerned. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock river to within forty miles of its mouth, in Illinois, where they had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small streams flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached Black river and the upper Wis- consin, in other words, to the Chippewa territory, but did not extend across Fox river, although they contended for the whole of Winnebago lake. In 1829, a large part of their territory in southwest Wisconsin, lying between Sugar river and the Mississippi, and extending to the Wis- consin river, was sold to the General Government; and, three years later all the residue lying south and east of the Wisconsin and the Fox river of Green bay ; the Winnebago prophet having before that date supported the Sacs in their hostility. Finally, in the brief language of the treaty between this tribe (which had become unsettled and wasteful) and the United States, of the first of November, 1837, "The Winnebago Nation of Indians " ceded to the General Government '■ all their lands east of the Mississippi." Not an acre was reserved. And the Indians agreed that, within eight months from that date, they would move west of " the great river." This arrangement, however, was not carried out fully. In 1842, there were only 756 at Turkey river, Iowa, their new home, with as many in Wisconsin, and smaller bands e' .ewliere. All had become lawless, and roving. Some removed in 1848; while a party to the number of over eight hun- dred left the State as late as 1873. The present home of the tribe is in Nebraska, where they have a reservation north of and adjacent to the Omahas, containing over one hundred thousand acres. However, since their first removal beyond the Mississippi, they have several times THE IXDIAN TRIBES f)F WISCOXSIN. 27 changed their place of abode. Their number, all told, is less than twenty-five hundred. When the territory, now constituting the northern portion of Wisconsin, became very generally known to the civilized inhabitants of the eastern part of the United States, it was found to be occupied by Indians called the Chippewas. Their hunting-grounds extended south from Lake Superior to the heads of the Menomonee, the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers ; also farther eastward and westward. At an early day they were engaged in a war with the Sioux — a war indeed, which was long continued. The Chippewas, however, persistently maintained their position — still occupying the same region when the General Government extended its jurisdiction over the whole country south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi. By treaties with the Chippewas at different periods, down to the year 1827, the General Gov- ernment had recognized them as the owners of about one quarter of what is now the entire State. The same policy was pursued toward this tribe as with neighboring ones, in the purchase of their lands by the United States. Gradually they parted with their extensive possessions, until, in 1842, the last acre within what is now Wisconsin was disposed of. It was the intention of the General Government to remove the several ban-ds of the Chippewas who had thus ceded their lands to a tract reserved for them beyond the Mississippi; but this determination was afterward changed so as to allow them to remain upon certain reservations within the limits of their old- time hunting grounds. These reservations they continue to occupy. They are located in Bay- field, Ashland, Chippewa and Lincoln counties. The clans are known, respectively, as the Red Cliff band, the Bad River band, the Lac Courte Oreille band, and the Lac de Flambeau band. Of all the tribes inhabiting what is now Wisconsin when its territory was first visited by white men, the Sacs (Sauks or Saukies) and Foxes (Outagamies) are, in history, the most noted. They are of the Algonquin family, and are first mentioned in 1665, by Father Allouez, but as ■separate tribes. Afterward, however, because of the identity of their language, and their asso- ciations, they were and still are considered as one nation. In December, 1669, Allouez found upon the shores of Green bay a village of Sacs, occupied also by members of other tribes; and early in 1670 he visited a village of the same Indians located upon the Fox river of Green bay, at a distance of four leagues from its mouth. Here a device of these Indians for catching fish arrested the attention of the missionary. "From one side of the river to the other," he writes, "they made a barricade, planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishes, who by the aid of a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between the stakes." When the Jesuit father first obtained, five years previous, a knowledge of this tribe, they were represented as savage above all others, great in numbers, and without any permanent dwelling ]ilace. The Foxes were of two stocks: one calling themselves Outagamies or Foxes, whence our English name ; tlie other, Muscjuakink, or men of red clay, the name now used by the tribe. They lived in early times with their kindred the Sacs east of Detroit, and as some say near the St. Lawrence. They were driven west, and settled at Saginaw, a name derived from the Sacs. Thence they were forced by the Iroquois to Green bay; but were compelled to leave that jjlace and settle on Fox river. Allouez, on the twenty-fourth of April, 1670, arrived at a village of the Foxes, situated on Wolf river, a northern tributary of the Fox. "The nation," he declares, "is renowned for being numerous ; they have more than four hundred men bearing arms ; the number of women and children is greater, on account of polygamy which exists among them — each man having commonly four wives, some of them six, and others as high as ten." The missionary found that the Foxes had retreated to those parts to escape the persecutions of the Iroquois. Allouez •established among these Indians his mission of St. Mark, rejoicing in the fact that in less than 28 HISTORY OF ■WISCONSIN. two years he had baptized "sixty children and some adults." The Foxes, at the summons of De la Barre, in 1684, sent warriors against the Five Nations. They also took part in Denonville's more serious campaign ; but soon after became hostile to the French. As early as 1693, they had plundered several on their way to trade with the Sioux, alleging that they were carrying arms and ammunition to their ancient enemies — frequently causing them to make portages to the southward in crossing from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. Afterward they became recon- ciled to the French; but the reconciliation was of short duration. In 1712, Fort Detroit, then defended by only a handful of men, was attacked by them in conjunction with the Mascou- tens and Kickapoos. However, in the end, by calling in friendly Indians, the garrison not only protected themselves but were enabled to act on the offensive, destroying the greater part of the besieging force. The nation continued their ill will to the French. The consequence was that their territory in 1 7 16 had been invaded and they were reduced to sue for peace. But their friendship was not of long continuance. In 17 iS, the Foxes numbered five hundred men and "abounded in women and children." They are spoken of at that date as being very industrious, raising large quantities of Indian corn. In 1728, another expedition was sent against them by the French. Meanwhile the Menomonees had also become hostile; so, too, the Sacs, who were now the allies of the Foxes. The result of the enterprise was, an attack upon and the defeat of a number of Menomonees; the burning of the wigwams of the Winnebagos (after passing the deserted village of the Sacs upon the Fox river), that tribe, also, at this date being hostile ; and the destruction of the fields of the Foxes. They were again attacked in their own country by the French, in 1730, and defeated. In 1734, both the Sacs and Foxes came in conflict with the same foe; but this time the French were not as successful as on previous expeditions. In 1736, the Sacs and Foxes were "connected with the government of Canada ; " but it is certain they were far from being friendly to the French. The conflict between France and Great Britain commencing in 1754. found the Sacs and Foxes allied with the former power, against the English, although not long previous to this time they were the bitter enemies of the French. At the close of that contest so disastrous to the interests of France in North America, these tribes readily gave in their adhesion to the con- querors, asking tliat English traders might be sent them. The two nations, then about equally divided, numbered, in 1761, about seven hundred warriors. Neither of the tribes took part in Pontiac's war, but they befriended the English. The Sacs had migrated farther to the west- ward ; but the Foxes — at least a portion of them — still remained upon the waters of the river of Green bay, which perpetuates their name. A few years later, however, and the former were occupants of the upper Wisconsin ; also, to a considerable distance below the portage, where their chief town was located. Further down the same stream was the upper village of the Foxes, while their lower one was situated near its mouth at the site of the present city of Prairie du Chien. At this date, 1766, the northern portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all that part watered by the streams flowing north into Lake Superior, was the home of the Chippewas. The country around nearly the whole'of Green bay was the hunting ground of the Menomonees. The territory of Winnebago lake and Fox river was the seat of the Winnebagoes. The region of the Wisconsin river was the dwelling place of the Sacs and Foxes. During the war of the Revolution, the Sacs and Foxes continued the firm friends of the English. -At the commencement of the nineteenth century, only a small part of their territory was included in what is now Wisconsin, and that was in the extreme southwest. In 1804, they ceded this to the United States ; so that they no longer were owners of any lands within this State. From that date, therefore, these allied tribes can not be considered as belonging to the PRE-TEKRITORIAL ANXALS OF WISCONSIN. 29 Indian nations of Wisconsin. A striking episode in their subsequent history — the Black Hawk War — comes in, notwithstanding, as a part, incidentally, of the annals of the State. Deserving a place in a notice of the Indian tribes of Wisconsin is the nation known as the PoTTAWATTAMiES. As early as 1639, they were the neighbors of the Winnebagoes upon Green bay. They were still upon its southern shore, in two villages, in 1670 ; and ten years subsequent to that date they occupied, at least in one village the same region. At the expiration of the first quarter of the eighteenth century, a part only of the nation were in that vicinity — upon the islands at the mouth of the bay. These islands were then known as the Pottawattamie islands, and considered as the ancient abode of these Indians. Already had a large portion of this tribe emigrated southward, one band resting on the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, the other near Detroit. One peculiarity of this tribe — at least of such as resided in what is now Wisconsin — was their intimate association with neighboring bands. When, in 1669, a village of the Pottawattamies, located upon the southeast shore of Green bay, was visited by AUouez, he found with them Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes. So, also, when, many years subsequent to that date, a band of these Indians were located at Milwaukee, with tliem were Ottawas and Chippewas. These " united tribes " claimed all the lands of their respective tribes and of other nations, giving the United States, when possession was taken of the western country by the General Government, no little trouble. Finally, by a treaty, held at Chicago in 1833, their claims, such as they were, to lands along the western shore of Lake Michigan, within the present State of Wisconsin, extending westward to Rock river, were purchased by the United States, with permission to retain possession three years longer of their ceded lands, after which time this " united nation of Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies " began to disappear, and soon were no longer seen in southeastern Wisconsin or in other portions of the State. Besides the five tribes — Menomonees, Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, and Pottawattamies — many others, whole or in part, have, since the territory now constituting the State was first visited by white men, been occupants of its territory. Of these, some are only known as having once lived in what is now Wisconsin; others — such as the Hurons, Illinois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Aliamis, Noquets, Ottawas and Sioux, are recognized as Indians once dwelling in this region ; yet so transitory has been their occupation, or so little is known of their history, that they scarcely can be claimed as belonging to the State. Commencing in 1822, and continuing at intervals through some of the following years, was the migration to Wisconsm from the State of New York of the remains or portions of four tribes : the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns. The Oneidas finally located west of Green Bay, where they still reside. Their reservation contains over 60,000 acres, and lies wholly within the present counties of Brown and Outagamie. The Stockbridges and Munsees, who first located above Green Bay, on the east side of Fox river, afterward moved to the east side of Winnebago lake. They now occupy a reservation joining the southwest township of the Menomenee reservation, in Shawano county, and are fast becoming citizens. The Brothertowns first located on the east side of Fox river, but subsequently moved to the east side of Winnebago lake, where, in 1839, they broke up their tribal relations and became citizens of Wisconsin territory. III.— PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. When, in 1634, the first white man set foot upon any portion of the territory now consti- tuting the State of Wisconsin, the whole country was, of course, a wilderness. Its inhabitants, the aboriginal Red men, were thinly but widely scattered over all the country. John Nicolet, a Frenchman, who had been in Canada since 1618, and had spent several years among the ■30 IIISTOHV (IF WISCONSIN. Indians, was the first of civilized men to unlock the mystery of its situation and people. French authorities upon the St. Lawrence sent him as an ambassador to the Winnebagoes, of whom he had heard strange stories. On his outward voyage lie visited the Hurons — allies of the French — a tribe seated upon the eastern side of the lake which bears their name, and Nicolet was empowered to negotiate a peace with them. " When he approached the Winnebago town, he sent some of his Indian attendants to announce his coming, put on a robe of damask, and advanced to meet the expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children fled, scream- ing that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and lightning ; but the chiefs and warriors regaled liim with so bountiful a hospitality, that a hundred and twenty beavers were devoured at a single feast." Such was the advent of the daring Frenchman into what is now the State of "Wisconsin. " Upon the borders of Green bay," wrote the Jesuit, Paul le Jeune, in 1640, " are the Meno- monees; still farther on, the Winnebagoes, a sedentary people, and very numerous. Some Frenchmen," he continues, " call them the ' Nation of the Stinkards,' because the Algonquin word Winipeg signifies ' stinking water.' Now they thus call the water of the sea ; therefore, these people call themselves ' Winnebagoes,' because they came from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge ; consequently we must not call them the ' Nation of Stinkards,' but the * Nation of the Sea.' " From these Men of the Sea, Nicolet passed westward, ascended Fox river of Green Bay, until nigh the portage to the Wisconsin, down which stream he could have floated easily to the Mississippi, the "great water" of his guides, which he mistook for the sea. This adventurous Frenchman, when so near re-discovering the river which has given immortality to De Soto, turned his face to the eastward ; retraced his steps to Green bay, and finally returned in safety to Quebec. This was the first exploration of what is now Wisconsin — onlv fourteen years after the landing of the Pilgrims upon the wild shores, of New England. Wisconsin, for twenty-four years after its discovery, was left to its savage inhabitants. At length, in 1658, two daring fur traders penetrated to Lake Superior, and wintered there. They probably set foot upon what is now Wisconsin soil, as they made several trijis among the sur- rounding tribes. They saw, among other things, at six days' journey beyond the lake, toward the southwest, Indians that the Iroquois had driven from their homes upon the eastern shores of Lake Huron. These Frenchmen heard of the ferocious Sioux, and of a great river — not the sea, as Nicolet had supposed — on which they dwelt. This was the Mississippi; and to these traders is the world indebted for a knowledge of its existence ; as De Soto's discovery was never used, and soon became well-nigh, if not entirely, forgotten. From these upper countries, in the Sum- mer of 1660, the two returned to Quebec, with three hundred Indians in sixty canoes, laden with -peltry. This was, indeed, the dawn — though exceedingly faint — of what is now the commerce of the great Northwest. Nineteen years after flashed a more brilliant light; for, in 1679. the " Griffin," laden with furs, left one of the islands at the mouth of Green bay, on its return — spreading her sails for Niagara, but never more to be heard of Following in the footsteps of the fur traders came the Jesuit missionaries to Lake Superior ; ■one of them. Father Menard, as early as 1660, reaching its southern shore as far to the westward, probably, as Kewenaw, in the present State of Michigan. There is no positive evidence, however, that he or his French companions, visited any portion of what is now Wisconsin ; although the next year, i66x, some of his associates probably passed down the Menomonee river to Green bay. Following Menard came Father Claude AUouez, arriving on the first day of October, 1665, at "Chagowamigong," or " Chegoimegon," now Chequamegon, or Ashland Bay, " at the bottom of ■which," wrote the missionary, " is situated the great villages of the savages, who there plant their fields of Indian corn, and lead a stationary life." Near by he erected a small chapel of bark — the PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 31 first structure erected by civilized man in Wisconsin. At La Pointe, in the present Ashland county, he established the mission of the Holy Ghost. The next Catholic mission in what is now Wisconsin was that of St. Francis Xavier, founded also by Allouez. Upon the second of December, 1669, he first attended to his priestly devotions upon the waters of Green bay. This mission, for the first two years of its existence, was a migratory one. The surrounding tribes were all visited, including the Pottawattamies, Menom- onees, Winnebagoes, and Sacs and Foxes. However, in i67i,one hundred and five years before the Declaration of Independence, there was erected, at what is now Depere, Brown county, a chapel for the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Thus early diJ the Jesuit Fathers, in their plain garbs and unarmed, carry the cross to many of the benighted heathen occupying the country circumscribed by Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, and the "great river" — the Mississippi. French domination in Wisconsin dates from the year 167 i, the very year in which it seems the indomitable LaSalle, upon his first expedition, passed the mouth of Green bay, but did not enter it. France then took formal possession of the whole of the country of the upper lakes. By this time, the commerce with the western tribes had so attached them to her interests that she determined to extend her power to the utmost limits — vague and indeterminate as they were — of Canada. An agent — Daumont de St. Lusson — was dispatched to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of Ste. Mary, between Lake Huron and Lake- Superior. The invitation was extended far and near. The principal chiefs of Wisconsin tribes,, gathered by Nicolas Perrot in Green bay, were present at the meeting. Then and there, with, due ceremony, it was announced that the great Northwest was placed under the protection of the French government. And why not.' She had discovered it — had to a certain extent explored it — had to a limited extent established commerce with it — and her missionaries had proclaimed the faith to the wondering savages. But none of her agents — none of the fur- traders — none of the missionaries — had yet reached the Mississippi, the "great river," concerning, which so many marvels had been heard, although it is claimed that, in 1669, it had been seen by the intrepid La Salle. But the time for its discovery, or properly re-discovcry, was at hand, if,, indeed, it can be called, with propriety, a re-discovery, since its existence to the westward was- already known to every white man particularly interested in matters appertaining to the North- west. Now, however, for the first time, its upper half was to be, to a certain extent, explored. For the first time, a white man was to behold its vast tribute, above the Illinois river, rolling onward toward the Mexican gulf. Who was that man ? His name was Louis Joliet; with him was Father James Marquette. Born at Quebec, in 1645, educated by the Jesuits, and first resolving to be a priest, then- turning fur-trader, Joliet had, finally, been sent with an associate to explore the copper mines of Lake Superior. He was a man of close and intelligent observation, and possessed considerable mathematical acquirements. At this time, 1673, he was a merchant, courageous, hardy, enter- . prising. He was appointed by French authorities at Quebec to " discover " the Mississippi. He- passed up the lakes to Mackinaw, and found at Point St. Ignace, on the north side of the strait. Father James Marquette, who readily agreed to accompany him. Their outfit was very simple : two birch-bark canoes and a supply of smoked meat and Indian corn. They had a company of five men with them, beginning their voyage on the seventeenth of May, 1673. Passing the straits,, they coasted the northern shores of Lake Michigan, moved up Green bay and Fox river to the portage. They crossed to the Wisconsin, down which they paddled their frail canoes, until, on the seventeenth of June, they entered — " discovered " — the Mississipjii. So the northern, the eastern and the western boundary of what is now Wisconsin had been reached at this date;, therefore, it may be said that its territory had been explor>.d sufficiently for the forming of a. 32 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. pretty correct idea of its general features as well as of its savage inhabitants. After dropping down the Mississippi many miles, Joliet and Marquette returned to Green bay, where the latter remained to recruit his exhausted strength, while Joliet descended to Quebec, to report his "discoveries" to his superiors. Then followed the expedition of LaSalle to the west, from the St. Lawrence, when, in 1679, he and Father Louis Hennepin coasted along the western shore of Lake Michigan, frequently landing ; then, the return of Henri de Tonty, one of LaSalle's party down the same coast to Green bay, in 1680, from the Illinois; the return, also, the same year, of Hennepin, from up the Mis- sissippi, whither he had made his way from the Illinois, across what is now Wisconsin, by the Wisconsin and Fox rivers to Green bay, in company with DuLhut, or DuLuth, who, on his way down the " great river " from Lake Superior, had met the friar ; and then, the voyage, in 1683, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, by the same route, of LeSueur, and his subsequent establishment at La Pointe, in what is now Ashland county, Wisconsin, followed several years after by a trip up the Mississippi. The act of Daumont de St. Lusson, at the Sault Sainte Mary, in 1671, in taking possession of the country beyond Lake Michigan, not being regarded as suffi- ciently definite, Nicolas Perrot, in 1689, at Green bay, again took possession of that territory, as well as of the valleys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and extending the dominion of New France over the country on the Upper Mississippi, and "to other places more remote." The voyage of St. Cosme, in 1699, when he and his companions frequently landed on the west coast of Lake Michigan, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin, completed the explorations in the west for the seventeenth century. Following in the footsteps of early explorations, of self sacrificing attempts of the Jesuits to carry the cross to the wild tribes of the West, of the first visits of the lawless coureurs de bois, was the military occupation — if such it can be called — of what is now Wisconsin by the French. The ninety years of domination by France in this region were years of only nominal possession. The record of this occupation is made up of facts concerning the Indian jwlicy of the French rulers; their contests with the Sacs and Foxes; their treaties, at various times, with different tribes ; their interest in, and protection of, the fur trade , and kindred subjects. The Indian tribes were, at most, only the allies of France. Posts — mere stockades without cannon, more for protection to fur-traders than for any other purpose — were erected upon the Mississippi at two points at least, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin. On the west side of Fox river of Green bay, "half a league from its mouth," was a French post, as early as 1721, where resided, besides the commandant and an uncouth squad of soldiers, a Jesuit missionary; and near by were collected Indians of different tribes. Of course, the omnipresent fur-trader helped to augment the sum-total of its occupants. This post was, not long after, destroyed, but another was established there. When, however, France yielded her inchoate rights in the West to Great Britain — when, in 1761, the latter took possession of the country — there was not a French jwst within what is now Wisconsin. The "fort" near the head of Green bay, had been vacated for some years; it was found "rotten, the stockade ready to fall, and the houses without cover;" emblematic of the decay — the fast-crumbling and jierishing state — of French supremacy, at that date, in America. Wisconsin, when England's control began, was little better than a howling wilderness. There was not within the broad limits of what is now the State, a single l>ona fide settler, at the time the French Government yielded up its possession to the English ; that is to say, there were none according to the present acceptation of the term "settler." The military occupation of Wisconsin by the British, after the Seven Years' War, was a brief one. La Bay — as the post at what is now the city of Fort HowarH. Brown county, was called — was, on the twelfth of October, 1761, taken possession of by English troops, under Captain Belfour, of the Eightieth regiment. Two days after, that officer departed, leaving Lieutenant PEE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 33 James Gorrell, in command, with one sergeant, one corporal and fifteen privates. There also remained at the post a French interpreter and two English traders. The name of the fortifica- tion was changed to Fort Edward Augustus. This post was abandoned by the commandant on the twenty-first of June, 1763, on account of the breaking out of Pontiac's War and the capture of the fort at Mackinaw by the savages. The cause of this war was this : The Indian tribes saw the danger which the downfall of the French interests in Canada was sure to bring to them. They banded together under Pontiac to avert their ruin. The struggle was short but fierce — full of " scenes of tragic interest, with marvels of suffering and vicissitude, of heroism and endur- ance ; " but the white man conquered. The moving incidents in this bloody drama were enacted to the eastward of what is now Wisconsin, coming no nearer than Mackinaw, which, as just mentioned, the savages captured; but it resulted in the evacuation of its territory by British troops, who never after took possession of it, though tliey continued until 1796 a nominal military rule over it, after Mackinaw was again occupied by them. An early French Canadian trading station at the head of Green bay assumed finally the form of a permanent settlement — -the first one in Wisconsin. To claim, however that any French Canadian is entitled to the honor of being the first permanent white settler is assuming for him more than the facts seem to warrant. The title of " The Father and Founder of Wis- consin " belongs to no man. After Pontiac's War, one of the noted events in this region was the journey of Jonathan Carver, who, in 1766, passed up Fo.x river to the portage, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. He noticed the tumbling-down post at what is now Green Bay, Brown county. He saw a few families living in the fort, and some French settlers, who cultivated the land opposite, and appeared to live very comfortably. That was the whole e.xtent of improvements in what is now Wisconsin. The organization of the Northwest Fur Company ; the passage of an act by the British Parliament by which the whole Northwest was included in the Province of Quebec; the joining of the Indians in this region witli the British, against tlie Americans, in the War of the Revolution; the exploration of the lead region of the Upper Mississippi by Julian Dubuque; the passage of the ordinance of 1787; the first settlement of the territory northwest of the River Ohio; and the Indian war which followed, are all incidents, during British occu- pation, of more or less interest for the student of Wisconsin history. He will find that, by the treaty of 1783 and of 1795, with Great Britain, all the inhabitants residing in this region were to be protected by the United States in the full and peaceable possession of their property, with the right to remain in, or to withdraw from it, with their effects, within one year. AH who did not leave were to be deemed American citizens, allowed to enjoy all the privileges of citizenship, and to be under the protection of the General Government. He will also find that less than two years was the whole time of actual military occupation of what is now Wisconsin by British soldiers, and that English domination, which sliould have ended at the close of the Revolu- tion, was arbitrarily continued until the Summer of 1796, when the western posts, none of which were upon territory circumscribed by Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi river, were delivered into the keeping of the United States. Thus the supremacy of Great Britain over the Northwest was, after an actual continuance of thirty-five years, at an end. Although the General Government did not get possession of the region northwest of the Ohio, throughout its full extent, for thirteen years subsequent to its acquirement by the treaty of peace of 1783 with Great Britain, nevertheless, steps were taken, very soon, to obtain concessions from such of the colonies as had declared an ownership in any portion of it. None of the claimants, seemingly, had better rights than Virginia, who, by virtue of conquests, largely her own, of the Illinois settlements and posts, extended her jurisdiction over that country, erecting into a county 34 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. so much of the region northwest of tlie Ohio, as had been settled Hy Virginians or might after- ward be settled by them. But as, previous to her yielding all rights to territory beyond that river, she had not carried her arms into the region north of the Illinois or made settlements upon what is now the soil of Wisconsin, nor included any portion of it within the bounds of an organ- ized county, it follows that her dominion was not actually extended over any |)art of the area included within the present boundaries of this State; nor did she then claim jurisdiction north of the Illinois river, but on the other hand expressly disclaimed it. Virginia and all the other claimants finally ceded to the United States their rights, such as they were, beyond the Ohio, except two reservations of limited extent ; and the General Govern- ment became the undisputed owner of the "Great West," without any internal claims to posses- sion save those of the Indians. Meanwhile, the United States took measures to extend its juris- diction over the whole country by the passage of the famous ordinance of 1787, which established a government over "the territory of the United Stales, northwest of the River Ohio." But this organic law was, of course, nugatory over that portion of the region occupied by the British, until their yielding possession in 1796, when, for the first time, Anglo-American rule commenced, though nominally, in what is now Wisconsin. By the ordinance just mentioned, "the United States, in congress assembled," declared that the territory northwest of the Ohio should, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district . subject, however, to be divided into districts, as future circumstances might, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. It was ordained that a governor, secretary and three judges should be appointed for the Territory; a general assembly was also provided for; and it was declared that religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education should forever be encouraged. It was also ordained that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, "otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Thus was established the first Magna Charta for the five great States since that tine formed out of "the territory northwest of the River Ohio," and the first rules and regulations for their government. Under this act of Congress, .\rthur St. Clair was appointed governor of the Northwestern Territory, as it was called, and Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum, and John Armstrong, judges, — the latter not accepting the office, John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his place. Winthrop Sargeant was appointed secretary. At different periods, counties were erected to include various portions of the Territory. By the governor's proclamation of the 15th of August, 1796, one was formed to include the whole of the present area of Northern Ohio, west of Cleveland; also, all of what is now the State of Indiana, north of a line drawn from Fort Wayne " west-northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan ; " the whole of the present State of Michigan, except its extreme northwest corner on Lake Superior ; a small corner in the north- east, part of what is now Illinois, including Chicago; and so much of the present State of Wis- consin as is watered by the streams flowing into Lake Michigan, which of course included an extensive portion, taking in many of its eastern and interior counties as now constituted. This vast county was named Wayne. So the few settlers then at the head of Green bay had their local habitations, constructively at least, in " Wayne county, Northwestern Territory." It was just at that date that Great Britain vacated the western posts, and the United States took quiet possession of them. But the western portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all its territory watered by streams flowing northward into Lake Superior, and westward and southwestward into the Mississippi, was as yet without any county organization ; as the county of St. Clair, including the Illinois country to the southward, reached no farther north than the mouth of Little Macki- naw creek, where it empties into the River Illinois, in what is now the State of Illinois. The PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF AVISCONSIN. 35 "law of Paris," which was in force under French domination in Canada, and whicli by the British Parliament in 1774, had been continued in force under English supremacy, was still "the law of the land " west of Lake Michigan, practically at least. From and after the fourth day of July, 1800, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lay to the westward of a line beginning upon that stream opposite to the mouth of Kentucky river and running thence to what is now Fort Recovery in Mercer county, Ohio ; thence north until it intersected the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, for the purposes of temporary government, constituted a separate territory called Indiana. It included not only the whole of the present State of Illinois and nearly all of what is now Indiana, but more than half of the State of Michigan as now defined, also a considerable part of the present Minnesota, and the whole of what is now Wis- consin. The seat of government was established at "Saint Vincennes on the Wabash," now the city of Vincennes, Indiana. To this extensiue area was added "from and after" the admission of Ohio into the Union, all the territory west of that State, and east of the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Indiana as originally established; so that now all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," was, excepting the State of Ohio, included in Indiana Ter- ritory. On the thirtieth day of June, 1805, so much of Indiana Territory as lay to the north of a liho drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the same bend through the middle of the first mentioned lake to its north- ern extremity, and thence duo north to the northern boundary of the United States, was, for the purpose of temporary government, constituted a separate Territory called Michigan. Of course no part of the present State of Wisconsin was included therein ; but the whole remained in the Territory of Indiana until the second day of March, 1809, when all that part of the last men- tioned Territory which lay west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from that stream and " Post Vincennes," due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, by an act approved on the third of February previous, constituted a separate Territory, called Illinois. Meanwhile jurisdiction had been extended by the authorities of Indiana Territory over the country lying west of Lake Michigan, to the extent, at least, of appointing a justice of the peace for each of the settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. .All of what is now Wisconsin was transferred to the Territory of Illinois, upon the organization of the latter, except a small portion lying east of the meridian line drawn through Vincennes, which remained a part of Indiana Territory. This fraction included nearly the whole area between Green bay and Lake Michigan. . When, in 1816, Indiana became a State, "the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," contained, besides Ohio and Indiana, the Territories of Illinois and Michigan, only ; so the narrow strip, formerly a part of Indiana Territory, lying east of a line drawn due north from Vincennes, and west of the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, belonged to nei- ther, and was left without any organization. However, upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, in i8i8, all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," lying west of Michigan Territory and north of the States of Indiana and Illinois, was attached to and made a part of Michigan 'territory ; by which act the whole of the present State of Wisconsin came under the jurisdiction of the latter. During the existence of the Territory of Illinois, a kind of jurisdiction was had over the two settlements in what is now Wisconsin — rather more ideal than real, however. In 1834, Congress greatly increased the limits of the Territory of Michigan, by adding to it, for judicial purposes, a large extent of country west of the Mississippi — reaching south as far as 36 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. the present boundary line between the present States of Iowa and Missouri ; north, to the terri- torial line between the United States and Canada ; and west, to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. It so continued down to the fourth of July, 1836. A retrospective glance at the history of this region for forty years previous to the last men- tioned year, including the tim; which elapsed after the surrender of the western posts, in 1796, by the British, discloses many facts of interest and importance. The Anglo-Americans, not long after the region of country west of Lake Michigan became a part of Indiana Territory, began now and then to cast an eye, either through the opening of the Great Lakes or the Mississippi, upon its rolling rivers, its outspread prairies, and its dense forests, and to covet the goodly land ; but the settlers at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were mostly French Canadians at this date, although a few were Americans. The General Govern- ment, however, began to take measures preparatory to its occupation, by purchasing, in 1804, a tract in what is now the southwest portion of the State, of the Indians, and by holding the various tribes to a strict account for any murders committed by them on American citizens passing through their territories or trading with them. Comparative peace reigned in the incipient settle- ments at the head of Green bay and at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which was changed by the breaking out of the war of 1812, with Great Britain. The English early succeeded in securing the Wisconsin Indian tribes as their allies in this war; and the taking of Mackinaw by the British in July, 1812, virtually put the latter in posses- sion of what is now the eastern portion of the State. Early in 1814, the government authorities of the United States caused to be fitted out at St. Louis a large boat, having on board all the men that could be mustered and spared from the lower country, and sent up the Mississippi to protect the upper region and the few settlers therein. The troops landed at Prairie du Chien, and immediately proceeded to fortify. Not long after. Colonel McKay, of the British army, crossing the country by course of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, with over five hundred British and Indians, received the surrender of the whole force. The officers and men were paroled and sent down the river. This was the only battle fought upon Wisconsin soil during the last war with England. The post at Prairie du Chien was left in command of a captain with two compa- nies from Mackinaw. He remained there until after the peace of 1815, when the place was evacuated by the British. When it became generally known to the Indian tribes in what is now Wisconsin, that the contest between the United States and Great Britain was at an end, they generally expressed themselves as ready and willing to make treaties with the General Government — eager, in fact, to establish friendly relations with the power they had so recently been hostile to. This was, therefore, a favorable moment for taking actual possession of the country between the Missis- sippi and Lake Michigan ; and United States troops were soon ordered to occupy the two prom- inent points between Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. At the former place was erected Fort Howard ; at the latter Fort Crawford. At Green Bay, half a hundred (or less) French Cana- dians cultivated the soil ; at Prairie du Chien, there were not more than thirty houses, mostly occupied by traders, while on the prairie outside the village, a number of farms were cultivated. Such was Wisconsin when, at the close of the last war with Great Britain, it began in earnest to be occupied by Americans. The latter were few in number, but in 1818, they began to feel, now that the country was attached to Michigan Territory and the laws of the United States were extended over them, that they were not altogether beyond the protectionof a government of their own, notwithstanding they were surrounded by savage tribes. Their happiness was increased upon the erection, by proclamation of Lewis Cass, governor of the Territor)' of Michigan, of three Territorial counties: Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford. Their establishment dates PEE-TERRITORIAL AXNALS OF WISCONSIN. 37 the twenty-sixth of October, 1818. The county of Michilimackinac not only included all of the present State of Wisconsin lying north of a line drawn due west from near the head of the Little Noquet bay, but territory east and west of it, so as to reach from Lake Huron to the Missis- sippi river. Its county seat was established "at the Borough of Michilimackinac." The whole area in Michigan Territory south of the county of Michilimackinac and west of Lake Michigan formed the two counties of Brown and Crawford: the former to include the area east of a line drawn due north and south through the middle of the portage between the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin ; the latter to include the whole region west of that line. Prairie du Chien was designated as the county seat of Crawford; Green Bay, of Brown county. On the 22d of December, 1826, a county named Chippewa was formed from the northern portions of Michilimackinac, including the southern shores of Lake Superior throughout its entire length, and extending from the straits leading from that lake into Lake Huron, west to the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, with the county seat " at such point in the vicinity of the Sault de Ste. Marie, as a majority of the county commissioners to be appointed shall designate." Embraced within this county,— its southern boundary being the parallel 46° 31' north latitude, — was all the territory of the present State of Wisconsin now bordering on Lake Superior. Immediately upon the erection of Brown and Crawford counties, they were organized, and their offices filled by appointment of the governor. County courts were established, consisting of one chief and two associate justices, either of whom formed a quorum. They were required to hold one term of court annually in their respective counties. These county courts had origi- nal and exclusive jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law and equity, where the matter in dis- pute exceeded the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, and did not exceed the value of one thousand dollars. They had, however, no jurisdiction in ejectment. They had exclusive cog- nizance of all offenses the punishment whereof was not capital, and the same power to issue remedial and other process, writs of error and mandamus excepted, that the supreme court had at Detroit. Appeals from justices of the peace were made to the county courts. The establishing of Indian agencies by the General Government; the holding of treaties with some of the Indian tribes; the adjustment of land claims at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien ; the appointment of postmasters at these two points, were all indications of a proper interest being taken by the United States in the affairs of the country. But a drawback to this region, was the fact that, in all civil cases of over a thousand dollars, and in criminal cases that were capital, as well as in actions of ejectment, and in the allowance of writs of error, and man- damus, recourse must be had to the supreme court at Detroit; the latter place being the seat of government of Michigan Territory. However, in January, 1823, an act of congress provided for a district court, and for the appointment of a judge, for the counties of Brown, Crawford, and Michilimackinac. This court had concurrent jurisdiction, civil and criminal, with the supreme court of the Territory, in most cases, subject, however, to have its decisions taken to the latter tribunal by a writ of error. The law provided for holding one term of court in each year, in each of the counties named in the act ; so, at last, there was to be an administration of justice at home, and the people were to be relieved from all military arbitrations, which frequently had been imposed upon them. James Duane Doty was appointed judge of this court at its organiza- tion. A May term of the court was held in Prairie du Chien; a June term in Green Bay; a July term in " the Borough of Michilimackinac," in each year. In 1824, Henry S. Baird, of Brown county, was appointed district attorney. Doty held the office of judge until May, 1832, when he was succeeded by David Irvin. This court continued until 1S36, when it was abrogated by the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin. For a long time it had been known that there were lead mines in what is now the soutli- 38 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. western portion of the State; but it was not until the year 1825, and the two following years, thai very general attention was attracted to them, which eventuated in the settlement of different places in that region, by Americans, who came to dig for lead ore. This rapid increase of settlers awakened the jealousy of the Winnebago Indians, at what they deemed an unauthorized, intrusion upon their lands, which, with other causes operating unfavorably upon their minds,^ aroused them in June, 1827, to open acts of hostility. Murders became frequent. Finally, the militia of Prairie du Chien were called out. On the twenty-ninth of August, Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the United States army, with a strong force of regulars, ascended the Wis- consin river to put an end to any further spread of Winnebago disturbances. He was joined oa the first of September, by one hundred and thirty Galena volunteers, mounted, and under com- mand of General Henry Dodge. The Winnebagoes were awed into submission. Thus ended the " Winnebago War." It was followed by the erection at the portage of Fort Winnebago, by the United States. After the restoration of tranquillity, the United States proceeded by treaty with the Indians, to secure the right to occupy the lead regions. This was in 1828. The next year, the General Government purchased of the Winnebagoes, Southwestern Wisconsin, which put an end to all trouble on account of mining ojjerations. On the ninth of October, 1829, a county was formed, by the legislative council of the Territory of Michigan, comprising all that part of Crawford county lying south of the Wisconsin river. This new county was called Iowa. The county seat was temporarily established at Mineral Point. Following this was a treaty in 1831, with the Menomonees, for all their lands east of Green bay, Winnebago lake, and the Fo.\ and Milwaukee rivers. There was now a crisis at hand. The most prominent event to be recorded in the pre-Ter- ritorial annals of Wisconsin is known as the Black Hawk War. This conflict of arms between the Sacs and Fo.xes and the United States arose from a controversy in regard to lands. By a. treaty made at Fort Harmar, just across the River Muskingum from Marietta, Ohio, in January, 1789, the Pottawattamie and Sac tribes of Indians, among others, were received into the friend- ship of the General Government, and a league of peace and unity established between the con- tracting parties On the third of November, 1804, a treaty at St. Louis stipulated tliat the united Sac and Fox tribes should be received into the friendship of the United States, and also be placed under their ])rotection. These tribes also agreed to consider themselves under the pro- tection of the General Government and of no other power whatsoever. .\t this treaty lands were ceded which were circumscribed by a boundary beginning at a point on the Missouri river ojiposite the mouth of the Gasconade, and running thence in a direct course so as to strike the River Jefferson at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down that stream to the Missis- sippi. It then ran up the latter river to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and up that stream to a ])oint thirty-six miles in a direct line from its mouth ; thence by a straight course to a point where the Fox river of the Illinois leaves the small lake then called Sakaegan, and from that point down the Fox to the Illinois, and down the latter to the Mississippi. The consideration for this cession was the payment of goods to the value of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars — six hundred to be paid to the Sacs and four hundred to the Foxes — to be liquidated in goods valued at first cost. After- ward, Fort Madison was erected just above the Des Moines rapids in the Mississippi, on the ter- ritory ceded at the last mentioned treaty. Then followed the war with Great Britain, and the S.1CS and Foxes agreed to take no part therein. However, a portion afterward joined the English against the Americans along with other Western tribes. At the restoration of peace the Sacs and Foxes held treaties with the United States. There was a renewal of the treaty of 1804- PEE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 39 Such in brief is a general outline of affairs, so far as those two tribes were concerned, down to the close of the last war with England. From this time, to the year 1830, several additional treaties were made with the Sacs and Foxes by the General Government: one in 1822, by which they relin- (juished their right to have the United States establish a trading house or factory at a convenient point at which the Indians could trade and save themselves from the imposition of traders, for ■Avhich they were paid the sum of one thousand dollars in merchandise. Again, in 1824, they rsold to the General Government all their lands in Missouri, north of Missouri river, for which they received one thousand dollars the same year, and an annuity of one thousand dollars for ten years. In 1830, they ceded to the United States a strip of land twenty miles wide from the Mis- sissippi to the Des Moines, on the north side of their territory. The time had now come for the two tribes to leave the eastern shore of the Mississippi and retire across the " great water." Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, erected his wigwam on the west side of the river, and was followed by a large part of the two tribes. But a band headed by Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or the Black Sparrow Hawk, commonly called Black Hawk, refused to leave their village near Rock Island. They contended that they had not sold their town to the United States ; and, upon their return early in 1831, from a hunt across the Mississippi, finding their village and fields in possession of the whites, they determined to repossess their homes at all hazards. This was looked upon, or called, an encroachment by the settlers ; so the governor of Illinois took the responsibility of declaring the State invaded, and asked the United States to drive the refractory Indians beyond the Mississippi. The result was, the Indian village was destroyed by Illinois volunteers. This and the threatened advance across the river by the United States commander, brought Black Hawk and his followers to terms. They sued for peace — agreeing to remain forever on the west side of the Mississippi. But this truce was of short duration. Early in the Spring of 1832, Black Hawk having assembled his forces on the Mississippi, in the vicinity of the locality where Fort Madison had stood, crossed that stream and ascended Rock river. This was the signal for war. The governor of Illinois made a call for volunteers ; and, in a brief space of time, eighteen hundred had assembled at Beardstown, Cass county. They marched for the mouth of Rock river, where a council of war was held by their officers and Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the regular forces. The Indians were sent word by •General Atkinson that they must return and recross the Mississippi, or they would be driven back by force. " If you wish to fight us, come on," was the laconic but defiant reply of the Sac ■chief. When the attempt was made to compel these Indians to go back across the "great river," a collision occurred between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk's braves, resulting in the dis- comfiture of the former with the loss of eleven men. Soon afterward the volunteers were dis- charged, and the first campaign of Black Hawk's War was at an end. This was in May, 1832. In June following, a new force had been raised and put under the command of General Atkinson, who commenced iiis march up Rock river. Before this, there had been a general *'forting" in the lead region, including the whole country in Southwest Wisconsin, notwithstand- ing which, a number of settlers had been killed by the savages, mostly in Illinois. Squads of volunteers, in two or three instances, had encountered the Indians ; and in one with entire suc- cess — upon the Pecatonica, in what is now Lafayette county, Wisconsin — every savage (and there were seventeen of them) being killed. The loss of the volunteers was three killed and wounded. Atkinson's march up Rock river was attended with some skirmishing; when, being informed that Black Hawk and his force were at Lake Koshkonong, in the southwest corner of what is now Jefferson county, Wisconsin, he immediately moved thither with a portion of his army, where the whole force was ordered to concentrate. But the Sac chief with his people had ilown. Colonels Henry Dodge and James D. Henry, with the forces under them, discovered the 40 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. trail of the savages, leading in the direction of the Wisconsin river. It was evident that the retreating force was large, and that it had but recently passed. The pursuing troops hastened their march. On the twenty-first of July, 1832, they arrived at the hills which skirt the left bank of that stream, in what is now Ro.xbury town (township), Dane county. Here was Black Hawk's whole force, including women and children, the aged and infirm, hastening by every effort to escape across the river. But that this might now be eff"ected, it became necessary for that chief to make a firm stand, to cover the retreat. The Indians were in the bottom lands when the pursuing whites made their appearance upon the heights in their rear. Colonel Dodge occupied the front and sustained the first attack of the Indians. He was soon joined by Henry with his force, when they obtained a complete victory. The action commenced about five o'clock in the afternoon and ended at sunset. The enemy, numbering not less than five hundred, sustained a loss of about sixty killed and a large number wounded. The loss of the Americans was one killed and eight wounded. This conflict has since been known as the battle of Wis- consin Heights. During the night following the battle, Black Hawk made his escape with his remaining force and people down the Wisconsin river. The women and children made their way down stream in canoes, while the warriors marched on foot along the shore. The Indians were pursued in their flight, and were finally brought to a stand on the Mississippi river, near the mouth of the Bad Axe, on the west boundary of what is now Vernon county, Wisconsin. About two o'clock on the morning of the second of August, the line of march began to the scene of the last con- flict in the Black Hawk War. Dodge's command formed the advance, supported by regular troops, under Colonel Zachary Taylor, afterward president of the United States. Meanwhile an armed steamboat had moved up the Mississippi and lay in front of the savages; so they were attacked on all sides by the exasperated .Americans. The battle lasted about two hours, and was a complete victory for the whites. Black Hawk fled, but was soon after cajjtured. This ended the war. The survey of public lands by the General Government; the locating and opening of land offices at Mineral Point and Green Bay; the erection of Milwaukee county from a part of Brown, to include all the territory bounded on the east and south by the east and south lines of the present State, on the north by what is now the north boundary of Washington and Ozaukee counties and farther westward on the north line of township numbered twelve, and on the west by the dividing line between ranges eight and nine ; and the changing of the eastern boundary of Iowa county to correspond with the western one of Milwaukee county; — are some of the important events following the close of the Black Hawk war. There was an immediate and rapid increase of immigration, not only in the mining region but in various other parts of what is now Wisconsin, more especially in that portion bordering on Lake Michigan. The interior was yet sparsely settled. By the act of June 28, 1834, congress having attached to the Territory of Michigan, for judicial purposes, all the country "west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri," comprising the whole of what is now the State of Iowa, all of the present State of Minnesota west of the Mississippi river, and more than half of what is now the Terri- tory of Dakota, the legislative council of Michigan Territory extended her laws over the whole area, dividing it on the 6th of September, 1834, by a line drawn due west from the lower end of Rock island to the Missouri river into two counties: the countrj' south of that line constituting the county of Des Moines; north of the line, to be known as the county of Dubuque. This whole region west of the Mississippi was known as the Iowa district. Immediately after the treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes, the United States having come into ownership of a large tract in this district, several families crossed the Mississippi, and settled on the purchase, but as WISCOXSIN TERRITORY. 41 the time provided for the Indians to give possession was the first of June, 1833, these settlers were dispossessed by order of the General Government. So soon, however, as the Indians yielded possession, settlements began, but, from the date just mentioned until September, 1834, after the district was attached, for judicial purposes, to Michigan Territory, it was without any municipal law whatever. The organization of the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines on the sixth of that month, secured, of course a regular administration of justice. Before this time to facili- tate intercourse between the two remote military posts of Fort Howard at Green Bay, and Fort ' Crawford at Prairie du Chien, a military road was commenced to connect the two points; so, one improvement followed another. On the ist of January, 1836, a session (the first one) of the seventh legislative council of Michigan Territory — that is, of so much of it as lay to the westward of Lake Michigan — was held at Green Bay, and a memorial adopted, asking Congress fo"r the formation of a new Territory west of that lake ; to include all of Michigan Territory not embraced in the proposed State of Michigan. Congress, as will now be shown, very soon com- plied with the request of the memorialists. IV.— WISCONSIN TERRITORY. The establishing of a separate and distinct Territory west of Lake Michigan, was the result of the prospective admission of Michigan into the Union (an event which took place not until the twenty-sixth of January, 1837), as the population, in all the region outside of the boundaries determined upon by the people for that State, would otherwise be left without a government, or, at least, it would be necessary to change the capital of the old Michigan Territory farther to the westward ; so it was thought best to erect a new territory, to be called Wisconsin (an Indian word signifying wild rushing water, or channel, so called from the principal eastern tributary of the Mississippi within its borders), which was done by an act of congress, approved April 20, 1836, to take effect from and after the third day of July following. The Territory was made to include all that is now embraced within the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and a part of the Territory of Dakota, more particularly described within boundaries commencing at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green bay; thence through that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up that stream to its head, which is nearest the lake of the Desert ; thence to the middle of that lake ; thence down the Montreal river to its mouth ; thence with a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States last touches the lake northwest; thence on the north, with the territorial line, to the White Earth river; on the west by a line drawn down the middle of the main channel of that stream to the Missouri river, and down the middle of the main channel of the last mentioned stream to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as already fixed by act of congress, to the place or point of beginning. Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque, and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michili- mackinac left unorganized. Although, at this time, the State of Michigan was only engaged, so to speak, to the Union, to include the two jieninsulas (many of its citizens preferring in lieu thereof the lower one only, with a small slice off the northern boundary of the State of Ohio as now constituted), yet the marriage ceremony was performed, as has been stated, a few months afterward. The act of congress establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin was very full and complete. It first determined its boundaries ; then it declared tliat all authority of the govern- ment of Michigan over the new Territory should cease on the fourth day of July, 1836, with a 42 HISTORY OF "WlSCOXSrN". proper reservation of rights in favor of the Indians. It provided for subsequently dividing tne Territory into one or more, should congress deem it wise so to do. It also declared that the executive power and authority m and over the Territory should be vested in a governor, at the same time defining his powers. It provided for the appointment of a secretary, stating what his duties should be. The legislative power was vested in the governor and legislative assembly, the latter to consist of a council and house of representatives, answering respectively to the senate and assembly, as states are usually organized. There was a provision for taking the_ census of the several counties, and one giving the governor ])Ower to name the time, place, and manner of holding the first election, and to declare the number of members of the council and house of representatives to which each county should be entitled. He was also to determine where the first legislative assembly should meet, and a wise provision was that the latter should not be in session in any one year more than seventy-five days. One section of the act declared who should be entitled to vote and hold office ; another defined the extent of the powers of the legislature, and a third provided that all laws should be submitted to congress for their approval or rejection. There was a section designating what offices should be elective and what ones should be filled by the governor. There were others regulating the judiciary for the Territory and declaring what offices should be appointed by the United States, providing for their taking the proper oaths of office and regulating their salaries. One, perhaps the most important of all, declared that the Territory should be entitled to and enjoy all the rights, privileges, and advantages granted by the celebrated ordinance of 1787. There was also a provision for the election of a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States; and a declaration that all suits and indictments pending in the old courts should be con- tinued in the new ones. Five thousand dollars were appropriated for a library for the accommo- dation of the legislative assembly of the Territory and of its supreme court. For the new Territory, Henry Dodge was, on the 30th of April, 1836, by Andrew Jackson, then President of the United States, commissioned governor. John S. Horner was conmiissioned secretary; Charles Dunn, chief justice; David Irvin and William C. Frazer, associate judges; W. W. Chapman, attorney, and Francis Gehon, marshal. The machinery of a territorial gov- ernment was thus formed, which was set in motion by these officers taking the prescribed oath of office. The next important step to be taken was to organize the Territorial legislature. The provisions of the organic act relative to the enumeration of the population of the Territory were that previously to the first election, the governor should cause the ceusus of the inhabitants of the several counties to be taken by the several sheriffs, and that the latter should make returns of the same to the Executive. These figures gave to Des Moines county, 6,257 ; Iowa county, 5,234; Dubuque county, 4,274; Milwaukee county, 2,893; Brown county, 2,706; Crawford county, 850. The entire population, therefore, of Wisconsin Territory in the summer of 1836, as given by the first census was, in precise numbers, twenty-two thousand two hundred and four- teen, of which the two counties west of the Mississippi furnished nearly one half. The apportion- ment, after the census had been taken, made by the governor, gave to the different counties thir- teen councilmen and twenty-six rei)resentatives. Brown county got two councilmen and three representatives ; Crawford, two representatives, but no councilmen ; Milwaukee, two councilmen and three representatives ; Iowa, Dubuque and Des Moines, each three councilmen ; but of repre- sentatives, Iowa got six ; Dubuque, five, and Des Moines, seven. The election was held on the tenth of October, 1836, exciting considerable interest, growing out, chiefly, of local considera- tions. The permanent location of the capital, the division of counties, and the location of county seats, were the principal questions influencing the voters. There were elected from the county of Brown, Henry S. Baird and John P. .\rndt, members of the council; Ebenezer Childs, Albert WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 43 G. Ellis and Alexander J. Irwin, members of the house of representatives ; from Milwaukee, the councilmen were Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet ; representatives, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee ; from Iowa, councilmen, EbenezerBrigham, John B. Terry and James R. Vineyard; representatives, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley and J. P. Cox : from Dubuque, councilmen, John Foley, Thomas McCraney and Thomas McKnight ; representatives, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle and Patrick Quigley : from Des Moines, councilmen, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas and Arthur B. Inghram ; representatives, Isaac Lefifler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds and David R. Chance : from Crawford, repre- sentatives, James H. Lockwood and James B. Dallam. Belmont, in the present county of LaFayette, then in Iowa county, was, by the governor, appointed the place for the meeting of the legislature ; he also fixed the time — the twenty-fifth of October. A quorum was in attendance in both branches at the time decided upon for their assembling, and the two houses were speedily organized by the election of Peter Hill Fngle, of Dubuque, speaker of the house, and Henry S, Baird, of Brown, president of the council. Each of the separate divisions of the government — the executive, the judicial, and the legislative — was now in working order, except that it remained for the legislature to divide the Territory into judicial districts, and make an assignment of the judges ; and for the governor to appoint a Ter- ritorial treasurer, auditor and attorney general. The act of congress establishing the Terri- tory required that it should be divided into three judicial districts. The counties of Crawford and Iowa were constitued by the legislature the first district, to which was assigned Chief Justice Dunn. The second district was composed of the counties of Des Moines and Dubuque ; to it was assigned Associate Judge Irvin. The third district was formed of the counties of Brown and Milwaukee, to which was assigned Associate Judge Frazer. Governor Dodge, in his first message to the Territorial legislature, directed attention to the necessity for defining the jurisdiction and powers of the several courts, and recommended that congress should be memorialized to extend the right of pre-emption to actual settlers upon the public lands and to miners on mineral lands; also, to remove the obstructions in the rapids of the Upper Mississippi, to construct harbors and light-houses on Lake Michigan, to improve the navigation of Fox river and to survey the same from its mouth to Fort Winnebago, to increase the amount of lands granted to the Territory for school purposes, and to organize and arm the militia for the protection of the frontier settlements. The first act passed by the legis- lature was one privileging members from arrest in certain cases and conferring on themselves power to punish parties for contempt. The second one established the three judicial districts and assigned the judges thereto. One was passed to borrow money to defray the expenses •of the session ; others protecting all lands donated to the Territory by the United States in aid of schools, and creating a common school fund. .\ memorial to congress was adopted request- ing authorization to sell the school-section in each township, and appropriate the money arising therefrom for increasing the fund for schools. During this session, five counties were "set off" west of the Mississippi river: Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine, and Cook; and fifteen east of that stream: Walworth, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Portage, Dodge, Washington, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Calumet, Manitowoc, Marquette, Rock, Grant and Green. The principal question agitating the legislature at its first session was the location of the ■capital. Already the people west of the Mississippi were speculating upon the establishment of a Territory on that side the river, prospects for which would be enhanced evidently, by placing the seat of government somewhat in a central position east of that stream, for Wisconsin 44 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Territory. Now, as Madison wus a point answering such requirements she triumphed over all competitors; and the latter numbered a dozen or more — including, among others, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, Racine, Belmont, Mineral Point, Green Bay, and Cassville. The struggle over this question was one of the most exciting ever witnessed in the Territorial legislature. Madison was fixed upon as the seat of government, but it was provided that sessions of the legislature should be held at Burlington, in Des Moines county, until the fourth of March, 1839, unless the public buildings in the new capital should be sooner completed. After an enactment that the legislature should thereafter meet on the first Monday of November of each year, both houses, on the ninth day of December, 1S36, adjourned sine die. In the act of congress establishing the Territory of Wisconsin it was provided that a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years, should be elected by the voters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly, and that the first election should be held at such time and place or places, and be conducted in such manner as the governor of the Territory should appoint and direct. In pursuance of this enactment, Governor Dodge directed that the election for delegate should be at the time and places appointed for the election of members of the legislative assembly — the loth of October, 1836. The successful candidate for that office was George W. Jones, of Sinsinawa Mound, Iowa county — in that portion which was afterward "set off" as Grant county. Jones, under the act of 1819, had been elected a delegate for Michigan Territory, in October, 1835, and took his seat at the ensuing session, in December of that year. By the act of June 15, 1836, the consti- tution and State government which the people of Michigan had formed for themselves was accepted, ratified and confirmed, and she was declared to be one of the United States of America, so that the term of two years for which Jones had been elected was cut short, as, in the nature of the case, his term could not survive the existence of the Territory he represented. But, as he was a candidate for election to represent the new Territory of Wisconsin in congress as a delegate, and was successful, he took his seat at the commencement of the second session of the' twenty-fourth congress — December 12, 1836, notwithstanding he had been elected only a little over two months. The first term of the supreme court of the Territory was held at Belmont on tlie 8th day of December. There were present, Charles Dunn, chief justice, and David Irvin, associate judge. John Catlin was appointed clerk, and Henry S. Baird having previously been commissioned attorney general for the Territory by Governor Dodge, appeared before the court and took the oath of office. Causes in which the United States was party or interested were looked after by the United States attorney, who received his appointment from the president; while all cases in which the Territory was interested was attended to by the attorney general, whose commission was signed by the governor. The appointing of a crier and reporter and the admission of several attorneys to practice, completed the business for the term. The annual term appointed for the third Monday of July of the following year, at Madison, was not held; as no business for the action of the court had matured. At the time of the complete organization of the Territory of Wisconsin, when the whole machinery had been put fairly in motion ; when its first legislature at its first session had, after passing forty-two laws and three joint resolutions, in forty-six days, adjourned; — at this time, the entire portion west of the Mississippi had, in round numbers, a population of only eleven thousand; while the sparsely settled mineral region, the military establishments — Fort Craw- ford, Fort Winnebago, and Fort Howard — and the settlements at or near them, with the village of Milwaukee, constituted about all there was of the Territory east of that river, aggregating about twelve thousand inhabitants. There was no land in market, except a narrow strip along WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 45 the shore of Lake Michigan, and in the vicinity of Green bay. The residue of the country south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers was open only to preemption by actual settlers. The Indian tribes still claimed a large portion of the lands. On the north and as far west as the Red river of the north were located the Chippewas. The southern limits of their posses- sions were defined by a line drawn from a point on that stream in about latitude 46° 30' in a southeasterly direction to the head of Lake St. Croix ; thence in the same general direction to what is now Stevens Point, in the present Portage county, Wisconsin ; thence nearly east to Wolf river; and thence in a direction nearly northeast to the Menomonee river. The whole country bounded by the Red river and Mississippi on the east ; the parallel of about 43° of latitude on the south; the Missouri and White Earth river on the west; and the Territorial line on the north, was occupied by the Sioux. In the southwest part of the Territory, lying mostly south of latitude 43° — in the country reaching to the Missouri State boundary line south, and to the Missouri river west — were the homes of the Pottawattamies, the lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes. Between the Wisconsin river and the Mississippi, and extending north to the south line of the Chippewas was the territory of the Winnebagoes. East of the Winnebagoes in the country north of the Fox river of Green bay were located the Menomonees, their lands extending to Wolf river. Such was the general outline of Indian occupancy in Wisconsin Territory at its organization. A portion of the country east of Wolf river and north of Green bay and the Fox river; the whole of the area lying south of Green bay. Fox river and the Wisconsin ; and a strip of territory immediately west of the Mississippi, about fifty miles in width, and extending from the Missouri State line as far north as the northern boundary of the present State of Iowa, constituted the whole extent of country over which the Indians had no claim. The second session of the first legislative assembly of the Territory began at Burlington, now the county seat of Des Moines county, Iowa, on the 6th of November, 1837. The governor, in his message, recommended a codification of the laws, the organization of the militia, and other measures of interest to the people. An act was passed providing for taking another census, and one abolishing imprisonment for debt. By a joint resolution, congress was urged to make an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars in money, and two townships of land for a " University of the Territory of Wisconsin." The money was not appropriated, but the land was granted — forty-six thousand and eighty acres. This was the fundamental endowment of the present State university, at Madison. A bill was also passed to regulate the sale of school lands, and to prepare for organizing, regulating and perfecting schools. Another act, which passed the legislature at this session, proved an apple of discord to the people of the Territory. The measure was intended to provide ways and means whereby to connect, by canals and slack- water, the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by way of Rock river, the Catfish, the four lakes and the Wisconsin, by the incorporation of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company. This company was given authority to apply to congress for an appro- priation in money or lands to aid in the construction of the work, which was to have its eastern outlet in the Milwaukee river, and to unite at its western terminus with Rock river, near the present village of Jefferson, in Jefferson county. The result was that a grant of land of odd- numbered sections in a strip of territory five miles on each side of the line of the proposed canal was secured, and in July, 1839, over forty thousand acres were sold at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. However, owing mainly to the fact that purchasers were compelled to pay double the government price for their lands — owing also to the circumstance of an antagonism growing up between the officers of the canal company and the Territorial officers intrusted with the disposition of the lands, and to conflicts between'the beneficiaries of 46 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the grant and some of the leading politicians of the time — the whole' scheme proved a curse and a blight rather than a blessing, and eventuating, of course, in the total failure of the project. There had been much Territorial and State legislation concerning the matter ; but very little work, meanwhile, was done on the canal. It is only within the year 1875 that an apparent ■quietus has been given to the subject, and legislative enactments forever put at rest. Fourteen counties were set off during this session of the legislature at Burlington — all west of the Mississippi. They were Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clinton, Delaware, Fayette, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Linn, Slaughter, Scott and Clayton. One hundred and five acts and twenty joint resolutions were passed. On the 20th of January, 1838, both houses adjourned until the second Monday of June following. The census of the Territory having been taken in May, the special session of the first legis- lature commenced on the eleventh of June, 1838, at Burlington, pursuant to adjournment, mainly for the purpose of making a new apportionment of members of the house. This was effected by giving twelve members to the counties east of the Mississippi, and fourteen to those west of that stream, to be contingent, however, upon the division of the Territory, which measure was not •only then before congress, but had been actually passed by that body, though unknown to the Territorial legislature. The law made it incumbent on the governor, in the event of the Terri- tory being divided before the next general election, to make an apportionment for the part remaining, — enacting that the one made by the act of the legislature should, in that case, have no effect. Having provided that the next session should be held at Madison, the legislative body adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of June, 1S38, the public buildings at the new capital having been put under contract in .April, previous. Up to this time, the officers of the Territory at large, appointed by the president of the United States at its organization, had remained unchanged, except that the secretary, John S. Horner, had been removed and his place given to William B. Slaughter, by appointment, dated February 16, 1837. ■ Now there were two other changes made. On the nineteenth of June, Edward James was commissioned marshal, and on the fifth of July, Moses M. Strong was commissioned attorney of the United States for the Ter- ritory. By an act of congress, approved June 12, 1838, to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish a Territorial government west of the Mississippi, it was provided that from and after the third day of July following, all that part of Wisconsin Territory lying west of that river and west of a line drawn due north from its headwaters or sources to the Territorial line, for the purposes of a Territorial government should be set apart and known by the name of Iowa. It was further enacted that the Territory of Wisconsin should thereafter extend westward only to the Mississippi. It will be seen therefore that all that portion of the present State of Minnesota, extending eastward from the Mississippi to the St. Croix and northward to the United States boundary line, was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, even after the organization of the Terri- tory of Iowa. The census taken in May, just previous to the passage of this act, gave a total population to the several counties of the Territory, east of the Mississippi, of 18,149. On the third Monday of July, 1838, the annual terms of the supreme court — the first one after the re-organization of the Territory of Wisconsin — was held at Madison. There were present Chief Justice Dunn and .\ssociate Judge Frazer. After admitting five attorneys to practice, hearing several motions, and granting several rules, the court adjourned. -Ml the terms of the Supreme Court thereafter were held at Madison. .\t an election held in the Territory on the tenth day of September, 1838, James Duane Doty received the highest number of votes for the office of delegate to congress, and was declared by Governor Dodge duly elected, by a certificate of election, issued on the twenty-seventh day of October following. Upon the commencement of the third session of the twenty-fifth congress WISCONSEN^ TERRITORY. 47" on Monday, December lo, 1838, Isaac E. Crary, member from Michigan, announced to the chair of the house of representatives that Doty was in attendance as delegate from Wisconsin Terri- tory, and moved that he be qualified. Jones, the former delegate, then rose and protested, against Doty's right to the seat, claiming that his (Jones') term had not expired. The basis for his claim was that under the act of 1817, a delegate must be elected only for one congress, and- not for parts of two congressional terms ; that his term as a delegate from Wisconsin did not commence until the fourth of March, 1837, and consequently would not expire until the fourth of March, 1S39. The subject was finally referred to the committee of elections. This com- mittee, on the fourteenth of January, 1839, reported in favor of Doty's right to his seat as dele- gate, submitting a resolution to that effect which passed the house by a vote of one hundred and. sixty-five to twenty-five. Whereupon Doty was qualified as delegate from Wisconsin Territory, and took his seat at the date last mentioned. On the 8th of November, Andrew G. Miller was appointed by Martin Van Buren, then, president of the United States, associate judge of the supreme court, to succeed Judge Frazer, who died at Milwaukee, on the i8th of October. During this year, Moses M. Strong succeeded- W. W. Chapman as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th day of November, 1838, the legislature of the re-organized Territory of Wis- consin — being the first session of the second legislative assembly — met at Madison. Governor Dodge, in his message, recommended an investigation of the banks then in operation, memorial- izing congress for a grant of lands for the improvement of the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin; the revision of the laws; the division of the Territory into judicial districts; the justice of granting to all miners who have obtained the ownership of mineral grounds under the regulations of the superintendent of the United States lead mines, either by discovery or pur- chase, the right of pre-emption; and the improvement of the harbors on Lake Michigan. The attention of this Legislature was directed to the mode in which the commissioners of public buildings had discharged their duties There was an investigation of the three banks- then in ojjeration in the Territory — one at Green Bay, one at Mineral Point, and the other at M Iwaukee. A plan, also, for the revision of the laws of the Territory was considered. A new assignment was made for the holding of district courts. Chief Justice Dunn was assigned to the- first district, composed of the counties of Iowa, Grant and Crawford ; Judge Irvin to the second^ composed of the counties of Dane, Jefferson, Rock, Walworth and Green; while Judge Miller was assigned to the third district, composed of Milwaukee, Brown and Racine counties — includ- ing therein the unorganized counties of Washington and Dodge, which, for judicial purposes, were, when constituted by name and boundary, attached to Milwaukee county, and had so remained since that date. The legislature adjourned on the 22d of December, to meet again on the 2ist of the following month. "Although," said the president of the council, upon the occasion of the adjournment, "but few acts of a general character have been passed, as the discussions and- action of this body have been chiefly confined to bills of a local nature, and to the passage oti memorials to the parent government in behalf of the great interests of the Territory; yet it is believed tiiat the concurrent resolutions of the two houses authorizing a revision of the laws, is a measure of infinite importance to the true interests of the people, and to the credit and charac- ter of the Territory." Tbe census of the Territory having been taken during the year 1838, showed a population of 18,130, an increase in two years of 6,447. The second session of the second legislative assembly commenced on the twenty-first day of January, 1839, agreeable to adjournment. The most important work was the revision of the laws which had been perfected during the recess, by the committee to whom the work was intrusted. 48 HISTORY OF "SVISCOXSIN. consisting of three members from each house : from the council, M. L. Martin, Marshall M. Strong, and James Collins ; from the house of representatives, Edward V. Whiton, Augustus Story, and Barlow Shackleford. The act legalizing the revision, took effect on the fourth day of July following. The laws as revised, composed the principal part of those forming the Revised Statutes of 1839, a valuable volume for all classes in the territory — and especially so for the courts and lawyers — during the next ten years. The sine die adjournment of this legislature took place on the nth of March, 1839. On the 8th of March of this year, Henry Dodge, whose term for three years as governor was about to expire, was again commissioned by the president of the United States, as governor of the Territory of Wisconsin. At the July term of the supreme court, all the judges were pre- sent, and several cases were heard and decided. A seal for the court was also adopted. The attorney general of the 1 erritory at this time was H. N. Wells, who had been commissioned by Governor Dodge, on the 30th of March previous, in place of H. S. Baird, resigned. Wells not being in attendance at this term of the court, Franklin J. Munger was appointed by the judge attorney general for that session. The clerk, John Catlin having resigned, Simeon Mills was selected by the court to fill his place. From this time, the supreme court met annually, as pro- vided by law, until Wisconsin became a State. The next legislature assembled at Madison, on the second of December, 1839. This was the third session of the second legislative assembly of the Territory.^ The term for which mem- bers of the house were elected, would soon expire ; it was therefore desirable that a new appor- tionment should be made. As the census would be taken the ensuing June, by the United States, it would be unnecessary for the Territory to make an additional enumeration. A short session was resolved upon, and then an adjournment until after the completion of the census. One of the subjects occupying largely the attention of the members, was the condition of the capitol, and the conduct of the commissioners intrusted with the money appropriated by congress to defray the cost of its construction. The legislature adjourned on the thirteenth of January, 1840, to meet again on the third of the ensuing August. The completion of the census showed a population for the Territory of thirty thousand seven hundred and forty-four, against eighteen thousand one hundred and thirty, two years previous. Upon the re-assembling of the legisla- ture — which is known as the extra session of the second legi-lative assembly — at the time agreed upon, some changes were made in the apportionment of members to the house of representa- tives ; the session lasted but a few days, a final adjournment taking place on the fourteenth of August, 1840. At the July term of the supreme court, Simeon Mills resigned the office of clerk, and La Fayette Kellogg was appointed in his place. Kellogg continued to hold the posi- tion until the state judiciary was organized. At the ensuing election, James Duane Doty was re-elected Territorial delegate, taking his seat for the first time under his second term, on the eighth day of December, 1840, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-sixth congress. The first session of the third legislative assembly commencev. on the seventh of December, 1840, with all new members in the house except three. All had recently been elected under the new apportionment. Most of the session was devoted to the ordinary routine of legislation. There was, however, a departure, in the passage of two acts granting divorces, from the usual current of legislative proceedings in the Territory. There was, also, a very interesting contested election case between two members from Brown county. Such was the backwardness in regard to the building of the capitol, at this date, that a large majority of the members stood ready to remove the seat of government to some other place. However, as no particular point could be agreed upon, it remained at Madison. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of February, WISCONSIN TEBKITOKV. 49 1841, having continued a term of seventy-five days, the maximum time limited by the organic act. Francis J. Dunn, appointed by Martin Van Buren, was commissioned in place of William B. Slaughter, as secretary of the Territory, on the 25th of January, 1S41, but was himself super- ceded by the appointment of A. P. Field, on the 23d day of April following. On the 15th of March, Daniel Hugunin was commissioned as marshal in place of Edward James, and on the 27th of April, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th of June, Governor Dodge commissioned as attorney general of the Territory, M. M. Jackson. On the 13th of September following, Dodge was removed from office by John Tyler, then president of the United States, and James Duane Doty appointed in his place. The appointment of Doty, then the delegate of the Territory in congress, by the president of the United States as governor, and the consequent resignation of the latter of his seat in the house of representatives, caused a vacancy which was filled by the election of Henry Dodge to that office, on the 27th of September, 1841; so that Doty and Dodge changed places. Dodge took his seat for the first time, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty- fifth congress — Monday, December 7, 1841. About this time, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal imbroglio broke out afresh. The loan agent appointed by the governor to negotiate a loan of one hundred thousand dollars for the work, reported that he had negotiated fifty-six thousand dollars of bonds, which had been issued ; but he did not report what kind of money was to be received for them. Now, the canal commissioners claimed that it was their right and duty not to recognize any loan which was to be paid in such currency as they disapproved of. This dispute defeated the loan, and stopped all work on the canal. During the year 1841, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney. The second session of the third legislative assembly began at Madison, on the sixth of December, 1841. Governor Doty, in his message to that body, boldly avowed the doctrine that no law of the Territory was effective, until expressly approved by congress. "The act," said he, "establishing the government of Wisconsin, in the third sec- tion, requires the secretary of the Territory to transmit annually, on or before the first Monday in December, ' two copies of the laws to the speaker of the house of representatives, for the use of congress.' The sixth section provides that 'all laws of ^the governor and legislative assembly shall be submitted to, and, if disapproved by the congress of the United States, the same shall be null and of no effect.' " "These provisions," he added, "it seems to me, require the laws to be actually submitted to congress before they take effect. They change the law by which this country was governed while it was a part of Michigan. That law provided that the laws should be reported to congress, and that they should ' be in force in the .'district until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress.' " The governor concluded in these words: "The opinion of my predecessor, which was expressed to the first legislature assembled after the organization of this government, in his message delivered at Belmont on the twenty-sixth day of October, 1836, fully sustains this view of the subject which I have presented. He said: 'We have convened under an act of congress of the United States establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, for the purpose of enacting such laws as may be required for the government of the people of this Territory, after their approval by con- gress.'" This construction of the organic act resulted in a lengthy warfare between the gov- ernor and the legislative assembly. At this session, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal again raised a tumult. " Congress had made a valuable grant of land to the Territory in trust. The Territory was the trustee; the canal company the cestui que trust. The trust had been accepted, and a large portion of the lands hnd been sold, oue tenth of the purchase money received, and ample securities held 50 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. for the balance." The Territory now, by its legislature, repealed all the laws authorizing a loan, and all which contemplated the expenditure of any money on its part in constructing the canal. The legislature resolved that all connection ought to be dissolved, and the work on the canal by the Territory abandoned, and that the latter ought not further to execute the trust. They resolved also that the congress be requested to divert the grant to such other internal improvements as should be designated by the Territory, subject to the approval of congress; and that, if the latter should decline to make this diversion, it was requested to take back the grant, and disj^se of the unsold lands. On the eleventh of February, 1842, a tragedy was enacted in the le^jislative council, causing great excitement over the whole Territory. On that day, Charles C. P. Arndt, a member from Brown county, was, while that body was in session, shot dead by James R. Vineyard, a member from Grant county. The difficulty grew out of a debate on motion to lay on the table the nomination of Enos S. Baker to the office of sheriff of Grant county. Immediately before adjournment of the council, the parties who had come together, after loud and angry words had been spoken, were separated by the by-standers. When an adjournment had been announced, they met again; whereupon Arndt struck at Vine- yard. The latter then drew a pistol and shot Arndt. He died in a few moments. Vineyard immediately surrendered himself to the sheriff of the county, waived an examination, and was committed to jail. After a short confinement, he was brought before the chief justice of the Territory, on a writ oi habeas corpus, and admitted to bail. He was afterward indicted for man- slaughter, was tried and acquitted. Three days after shooting .^rndt, Vineyard sent in his resignation as member of the council. That body refused to receive it, or to have it read even; but at once exjielled him. The second and List session of the third legislative assembly came to a close on the eighteenth of February, 1842. The first session of the fourth legislative assembly commenced on the fifth day of Decem- ber, 1842. The members had been elected under a new apportionment based upon a census taken in the previous June, which showed a total population for the Territory of forty-six thou- sand six hundred and seventy-eight — an increase of nearly ten thousand in two years. A politi- cal count showed a decided democratic majority in each house. Governor Doty's political proclivities were with the whig party. The contest between him and the legislature now assumed a serious character. He refused to "hold converse" with it, for the reason that, in his opinion, no appropriation had been made by congress to defray the expenses of the session, and» as a consequence, none could be held. The legislature made a representation to congress, then in session, of the objections of the governor, and adjourned on the tenth of December, to meet again on the thirteenth of January, 1843. It was not until the fourth of February following that a quorum in both houses had assembled, when the legislature, through a joint committee, waited on the governor, and informed him that they had again met according to adjournment, and were then ready to proceed to business. Previous to this time, congress had made an appropriation to cover the expenses of the legislature now in session, which it was supposed would remove all conflict about its legality. But the governor had, on the thirtieth day of January previous, issued a proclamation, convening a special session of the legislature on the sixth of March, and still refused to recognize the present one as legal. Both houses then adjourned to the day fixed by the executive. .\ final adjournment took place on the seventeenth of April following. The term of two years for which Henry Dodge was elected as delegate, having expired at the close of the third session of the twenty-seventh congress, he was, on the twenty-fifth of Sep- tember, 1843, re-elected, taking his seat for the first time on his second term at the commence- ment of the first session of the twenty-eighth congress, Monday, December 4, 1843. On the thirtieth of October of this year, George Floyd was commissioned by President Tyler as WISCOXSIN TERRITORY. Pt secretary of the Territory, in place of A. P. Field. The second session of the fourth legislative assembly of the Territory, commencing on the fourth of December, 1843, and terminating on the thirty-first of January, 1844 — a period of fifty- nine days — accomplished but little worthy of especial mention, except the submission of the question of the formation of a State government to a vote of the people, to be taken at the gene- ral election to be held in September following. The proposition did not succeed at the ballot- box. The third session of the fo\irth legislative assembly did not commence until the sixth of January, 1845, as the time had been changed to the first Monday in that month for annual meet- ings. Governor Doty having persisted in spelling Wisconsin with a "k" and an "a" — Wis- >Jonsan — and some of the people having adopted his method, it was thought by this legislature a matter of sufficient importance to be checked. So, by a joint resolution, the orthography — Wisrons/n — employed in the organic act, was adopted as the true one for the Territory, and has ever since been used. Before the commencement of this session Doty's term of office had expired. He was superseded as governor of the Territory by N. P. Tallmadge, the latter having been appointed on the twenty-first of June, 1844. On the thirty-first of August, Charles M. Prevost was appointed marshal of the Territory, in place of Daniel Hugunin. There was the utmost harmony between Governor Tallmadge and the legislature of the Territory at its session in 1845. His message, which was delivered to the two houses in person, on the seventeenth of January, was well received. Among other items of interest to which he called the attention of the legis- lative assembly, was one concerning the construction of a railroad to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi. " The interests of the Territory," said he, " seem inperiously to demand the con- struction of a railroad, or other communication, from some suitable point on Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river. Much difference of opinion seems to exist as to what it shall be, and how it is to be accomplished. There is a general impression," continued the governor, "that the con- struction of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal, which was intended to connect those waters, is abandoned. It remains to be seen what shall be substituted for it." The session terminated on the twenty-fourth of February, 1S45. James K. Polk having been inaugurated president of the United States on the fourth of March, 1845, Henry Dodge was again put into the gubernatorial chair of the Territory, receiving his appointment on the eighth of April, 1S45. Other changes were made by the president during the same year, John B. Rockwell being, on the fourteenth of March, appointed marslial, and W. P. Lynde, on the fourteenth of July, United States attorney for the Territory, Governor Tall- madge, on the twenty-second of January of this year, having commissioned the latter also as attorney general. On the twenty-second of September, Morgan L. Martin was elected delegate to the twenty-ninth congress, as the successor of Henry Dodge. The fourth and last session of the fourth legislative assembly was organized on the fifth of January, 1846. This session, although a short one, proved very important. Preliminary steps were taken for the formation of a State government. The first Tuesday in April next succeeding was the day fixed upon for the people to vote for or against the proposition. When taken it resulted in a large majority voting in favor of the measure. An act was passed providing for taking the census of the Territory, and for the apportionment by the governor of delegates to form a State constitution, based upon the new enumeration. The delegates were to be elected on the first Monday in September, and the convention was to assemble on the first Monday in October, 1846. The constitution wlien formed was to be submitted to the vote of the people for adoption or rejection, as, at the close of the session, the terms of members of the. council wiio had been elected for four years, and of the house, who had been elected for two years, all ended. The legislature 5z HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. re-organized the election districts, and conferred on the governor the power and duty of making an apportionment, based on the census to be taken, for the next legislative assembly, when, on the third of February, 1846, both houses adjourned sine die. On tlie twenty-second of January, Governor Dodge appointed A. Hyatt Smith attorney general of the Territory. On the twenty- fourth of February, JohnCatlin was appointed Territorial secretary by the president. The census taken in the following June showed a population for the Territory of one hun- dred and fifty-five thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. Delegates liaving been elected to form a constitution for the proposed new State, met at Madison on the fifth day of October. After completing their labors, they adjourned. This event took place on the sixteenth of December, 1846. The constitution thus formed was submitted to a popular vote on the first Tuesday of April, 1847, and rejected. The first session of the fifth legislative assembly com- menced on the fourth of January of that year. But little was done. Both houses finally adjourned on the eleventh of February, 1847. John H. Tweedy was elected as the successor of Morgan L. Martin, delegate to the thirtieth congress, on the sixth of September following. On the twenty-seventh of that month, Governor Dodge issued a proclamation for a special session of the legislature, to commence on the eighteenth of the ensuing month, to take action concern- ing the admission of Wisconsin into the Union. The two houses assembled on the day named in the proclamation, and a law was passed for the holding of another convention to frame a constitution ; when, after nine days' labor, they adjourned. Delegates to the new convention were elected on the last Monday of November, and that body met at Madison on the fifteenth of December, 1847. .K census of the Territory was taken this year, which showed a population of two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and forty-six. The result of the labors of the second constitutional convention was the formation of a constitution, which, being submitted to the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, was duly ratified. The second and last session of the fifth legislative assembly — the last legislative assembly of Wisconsin Territory — commenced on the seventh of February, 1848, and adjourned ww ///> on the thirteenth of March following. On the twentieth of the same month, J. H. Tweedy, delegate from Wisconsin, introduced a bill in congress for its admission into the Union. The bill was finally passed; and on the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, Wisconsin became a State. There had been seventeen sessions of the legislative assembly of the Territory, of an average duration of forty days each : the longest one lasted seventy-six days ; the shortest, ten days. So long as the Territory had an existence, the apportionment of thirteen members for the council, and twenty-six for the house of representatives, was continued, as provided in the organic act. There had been, besides those previously mentioned, nine additional counties " set off " by the legislative assembly of the Territory, so that they now numbered in all twenty-eight: Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green, Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calu- met, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe. v.— WISCONSIN AS A STATE. First Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor — 1848, 1849. The boundaries prescribed in the act of congress, entitled " An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," approved August 6, 1846, were accepted by the convention which formed the constitution of Wisconsin, and are described in that instrument as "beginning at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois — that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan WISCONSIX AS A STATE. 53 where the line of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses tlie same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan [and] Green bay to tlie mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Brule river ; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brule ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South island;;, in the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Mon- treal river to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis river; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollett's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the River St. Croi.x ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning." The territory included within these lines constitutes the State of Wisconsin, familiarly known as the " Badger State." All that portion of Wisconsin Territory, as formerly constituted, lying west of so much of the above mentioned boundary as extends from the middle of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Croix river, not being included in Wisconsin, the limits of the State are, of course, not identical with those of the Territory as they previously existed. The State of Wisconsin, thus bounded, is situated between the parallel of forty-two degrees thirty minutes and that of forty-seven degrees, north latitude, and between the eighty-seventh and ninety-third degrees west longitude, nearly. For a portion of its northern border it has Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world ; for a part of its eastern boundary it has Lake Michigan, almost equal in size to Lake Superior ; while the Mississippi, the largest river in the world but one, forms a large portion of its western boundary. The State of Michi- gan lies on the east ; Illinois on the south ; Iowa and Minnesota on the west. Wisconsin has an average length of about two hundred and sixty miles; an average breadth of two hundred and fifteen miles. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted by the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, provided for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, members of the State legislature, and members of congress, on the second Monday of the ensuing May. On that day — the 8th of the month — the election was held, which resulted in the choice of Nelson Dewey, for governor ; John E. Holmes, for lieutenant governor; Thomas McHugh, for secretary of state; Jairus C. Fairchild, for state treasurer; and James S. Brown, for attorney general. The State was divided into nineteen senatorial, and sixty-six assembly districts, in each of which one member was elected ; it was also divided into two congressional districts, in each of which one member of congress was elected — William Pitt Lynde in the first district, composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green ; Mason C. Darling, in the second district, composed of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, I>a Fayette, Grant, Richland, Craw- ford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe — the counties of Richland, Chippewa and La Pointe being unorganized. The first session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced at Madison, the seat of govern- ment for the State, on Monday, the 5th day of June, 1848. Ninean E. Whiteside was elected speaker of the assembly, and Henry Billings president of the senate, //y" tempore. The democrats were largely in the majority in both houses. The legislature, in joint convention, on the 7lh of June, canvassed, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, the votes given on the .8th of May ])revior.s, fi,r the State officers and the two representatives in congress. On the same 54 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. day, the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary ot state, treasurer, and attorney general, were sworn into office in presence of both houses. All these officers, as well as the representatives in congress, were democrats. Dewey's majority over John H. Tweedy, whig, was five thousand and eighty-nine. William ■ P. Lynde's majority in the first district, for congress, over Edward V. Whiton, whig, was two thousand four hundred and forty-seven. Mason C. Darling's majority in the second district, over Alexander L. Collins, whig, was two thousand eight hundred and forty- six. As the thirtieth congress, to which Lynde and Darling were elected would expire on the 4th of March, 1S49, their terms of office would, of course, end on that day. The former took his. seat on the 5th of June, the latter on the 9th of June, 1848. The constitution vested the judicial power of the State in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, and in justices of the peace, giving the legislature power to vest such juris- diction as should be deemed necessary in municijjal courts ; also, conferring upon it the power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. The State was divided into five judicial circuits; and judges were to be elected at a time to be provided for by the legislature at its first session. It was provided that there should be no- election for a judge or judges, at any general election for State or county officers, nor withia thirty days either before or after such election. On the 8th of June, 1848, Governor Dewey delivered his first message to a joint convention of the two houses. It was clear, concise, and definite upon such subjects as, in his opinion, demanded immediate attention. His views were generally regarded as sound and statesmanlike by the people of the State. " You have convened," said he, "under the provisions of the con- stitution of the State of Wisconsin, to perform as representatives of the people, the important duties contemplated by that instrument." " The first session of the legislature of a free people," continued the governor, " after assuming the political identity of a sovereign State, is an event of no ordinary character in its history, and will be fraught with consequences of the highest importance to its future welfare and prosperity. Wisconsin possesses the natural elements, fostered by the judicious system of legislation," the governor added, " to become one of the most populous and prosperous States of the American Union. With a soil unequaled in fertility, and productive of all the necessary comforts of life, rich in mineral wealth, with commercial advantages unsurpassed by any inland State, possessing extensive manufacturing facilities, with a salubrious climate, and peopled with a population enterprising, industrious, and intelligent, the course of the State of Wisconsin must be onward, until she ranks among the first of the States of the Great West. It is," concluded the speaker, " under the most favorable auspices that the State of Wisconsin has taken her position among the families of States. With a population numbering nearly one quarter of a million, and rapidly increasing, free from the incubus of a. State debt, and rich in the return yielded as the reward of labor in all the branches of industrial pursuits, our State occupies an enviable position abroad, that is highly gratifying to the pride of our people." Governor Dewey then recommended a number of measures necessary, in his judgment, to be made upon changing from a Territorial to a State government. The first important business of the legislature, was the election of two United States- senators. The successful candidates were Henry Dodge and Isaac P. Walker, both democrats. Their election took place on the 8th of June, 1848, Dodge taking his seat in the senate on the 23d of June, and Walker on the 26th of June, 1848. The latter drew the short term; so that his office would expire on the 4th day of March, 1849, at the end of the thirtieth congress : Dodge drew the long term, his office to expire on the 4th day of March, 1851, at the end of the thirty-first congress. The residue of the session was taken up in passing such acts as were deemed necessary to put the machinery of the new State government, in all its branches, in fair WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 55 Tunning order. One was passed providing for tiie annual meeting of the legislature, on the second Wednesday of January of each year ; another prescribing the duties of State officers ; one dividing the State into three congressional districts. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, and Racine; the second, of the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Dane, Iowa, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Adams, Portage, Chippewa, La Pointe, and St. Croix ; the third, of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Dodge, Jefferson, and Columbia. Another act provided for the election of judges of the circuit courts, on the first Monday of August, 1848. By the same act, it was provided that the first term of the supreme court should be held in Madison on the second Monday of January, 1849, ^^^ thereafter at the same place on the same day, yearly ; afterward changed so as to hold a January and June term in each year. An act was also passed providing for the election, and defining the duties of State superintendent of public instruction. That officer was to be elected at the general election to be holden in each year, his term of office to commence on the first Monday of January succeeding his election. Another act established a State university ; another exempted a homestead from a forced sale ; another provided for a revision of the statutes. The legislature, after a session of eighty-five •days, adjourned sine die on the twenty-flrst of August, 1848. The State, as previously stated, was divided into five judicial circuits : Edward V. Whiton being chosen judge at the election on the first Monday in August, 1848, of the first circuit, com- posed of the counties of Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green, as then constituted; Levi Hubbell of the second, composed of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, and Dane ; Charles H. Larrabee, of the third, composed of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk, and Portage, as then formed; .Mexander W. Stow, of the fourth, composed of Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lai, Winnebago, and Calumet; and Mortimer M. Jackson, of the fifth circuit, composed of the counties of Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford and St. Croix, as then organized; the county of Richland being attached to Iowa county; the county of Chippewa to the county of Craw- ford ; and the county of LaPointe to the county of St. Croix, for judicial purposes. In the ensuing Fall there was a presidential election. There were then three organized political parties in the State : whig, democratic, and free-soil — each of which had a ticket in the field. The democrats were in the majority, and their four electors cast their votes for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler. At this election, Eleazer Root was the successful candidate for State superintendent of public instruction. In his election party politics were not considered. There were also three members for the thirty-first congress chosen : Charles Durkee, tc represent the first district; Orsamus Cole, the second; and James D. Dotv, the third district. Durkee was a free-soiler; Cole, a whig ; Doty, a democrat — with somewhat decided Doty proclivities. The act of the legislature, exempting a homestead from forced sale of any debt or liability contracted after January i, 1849, approved the twenty-ninth of July previous, and another act for a like exemption of certain i)ersonal property, approved August 10, 184S, were laws the most liberal in their nature passed by any State of the Union previous to those dates. It was prophe- sied that they would work wonderful changes in the business transactions of the new State — for the worse ; but time passed, and their utility were soon evident : it was soon very generally acknowledged that proper exemption laws were highly beneficial — a real good to the greatest number of the citizens of a State. So much of Wisconsin Territory as lay west of the St. Croix and the State boundary north of it, was, upon the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, left, for the time being, without a government — unless it was still "Wisconsin Territory." Henry Dodge, upon Ijeing elected to the United States senate from Wisconsin, vacated, of course, the office of governor of this fraction. John H, Tweedy, delegate in congress at the time Wisconsin became a State, made a formal 56 IIISTOUY OF AVISCOXSIX. resignation of his office, thus leaving the fractional Territory unrepresented. Thereupon John Catlin, secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin as a whole, and now claiming, by virtue of that office, to be acting governor of the fractional part, issued a proclamation as such officer for an election on the thirtieth of October, 1848, of a delegate in congress. Nearly four hundred votes were polled in the district, showing " Wisconsin Territory " still to have a population of not less than two thousand. H. H. Sibley was elected to that office. On the fifteenth of January, 1849, he was admitted to a seat as "delegate from Wisconsin Territorj'." This hastened the formation of the Territory of Minnesota — a bill for that purpose having become a law on the third of March, when " Wisconsin Territory" ceased finally to e.\ist, being included in the new Territory. The year 1848 — the first year of the existence of Wisconsin as a State — was one of general prosperity to its rapidly increasing population. The National Government effected a treaty with the Menomoneee Indians, by which their title was extinguished to the country north of the Fox river of Green bay, embracing all their lands in the State. This was an important acquisition, as it opened a large tract of country to civilization and settlement, which had been for a consid- erable time greatly desired by the people. The State jjOvcrnment at the close of the year hac been in existence long enough to demonstrate its sucoessful operation. The electric telegraph had already reached the capital ; and Wisconsin entered its second year upon a flood tide of jirosperity. Under the constitution, the circuit judges were also judges of the supreme court. An act of the legislature, approved June 29, 1848, providing for the election of judges, and for the classification and organization of the judiciary of the State, authorized the election, by the judge.?, of one of their number as chief justice. Judge Alexander W. Stow was chosen to that office, and, as chief justice, held, in conjunction with Associate Judges Whiten, Jackson, Larrabee, and Hubbell, the first session of the supreme court at Madison, commencing on the eighth day of January, 1S49. The second session of the State legislature commenced, according to law, on the tenth of January, 1849, Harrison C. Hobart being elected speaker of the assembly. Governor Dewey, in his message, sent to both houses on the nth, referred to the rapidly increasing population of the State, and the indomitable energy displayed in the development of its productive capacity. He recommended the sale of the university lands on a long credit, the erection of a State prison, and the modification of certain laws. On the seventeenth of January, the two houses met in joint convention to elect an United States senator in place of Isaac P Walker, who had drawn the short term. The democrats had a small majority on joint ballot. \\'alker was re-elected; this time, for a full term of six years, from the 4th of March, 1849. The legislature at this session passed many acts of public utility; some relating to the boundaries of counties; others, to the laying out of roads; eighteen, to the organization of towns. The courts were cared for; school districts were organized; special tax;- were authorized, and an act passed relative to the sale and superintendence of the school and university lands, prescribing the jjowers and duties of the commissioners who were to have charge of the same. These commissioners, consisting of the secretary of state, treasurer of state, and attorney general, were not only put in charge of the school and university lands held by the State, but also of funds arising from the sale of them. This law has been many times amended and portions of it repealed. The lands at jiresent subject to sale are classified as school lands, university lands, agricultural college lands, Marathon county lands, normal school lands, and drainage lands, and are subject to sale at private entry on terms fixed by law. Regulations concerning the apportionment and investment of trust funds are made by the commissioners in pursuance of law. All lands now the jiroperty of the State subject to sale, or that have been State lands and sold, were derived from the Gen- WISCOXSIN^ AS A STATE. 57 eral Government. Lands owned by the State amount, at the present time, to about one and one half million acres. A joint resolution passed the legislature on the 31st of March, 1849, instructing Isaac P. Walker to resign his seat as United States senator, for " presenting and voting for an amend- ment to the general appropriation bill, providing for a government in California and New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande, which did not contain a provision forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude " in those Territories. The senator refused to regard these instructions. The legislature adjourned on the second of April, 1849, after a session of eighty- three days. In July, 1848, the legislature of Wisconsin elected M. Frank, Charles C. Jordan, and A. W. Randall, commissioners to collate and revise all the public acts of the State, of a general and permanent nature in force at the close of the session. Randall declining to act, Charles M. Baker was appointed by the governor in his place. The commissioners commenced their labors in August, 1848, and were engaged in the revision the greater part of the time until the close of the session of the legislature of 1849. It was found impossible for the revisers to conclude their labors within the time contemplated by the act authorizing their appointment; so a joint select committee of the two houses at their second session was appointed to assist in the work. The laws revised by this committee and by the commissioners, were submitted to, and approved by, the legislature. These laws, with a fjw passed by that body, wliich were introduced by individual members, formed the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin of 1849 — a volume of over nine hundri^d pages. At the general election held in November of this year, Dewey was re-elected governor. S. W. Beall was elected lieutenant governor ; William A. Barstow, secretary of state ; Jairus C. Fairchild was re-elected treasurer ; S. Park Coon was elected attorney general ; and Eleazcr Root, re-elected superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were chosen as dem- ocrats, except Root, who ran as an independent candidate, the term of his office having been changed so as to continue two years from the first day of January next succeeding his election. By the revised statutes of 1849, all State officers elected for a full term went into office on the first of January next succeeding their election. The year 1849 developed in an increased ratio the productive capacity of the State in every department of labor. The agriculturist, the artisan, the miner, reaped the well-earned reward of his honest labor. The commercial and manufacturing interests were extended in a manner highly creditable to the enterprise of the people. The educational interest of the State began to assume a more systematic organization. The tide of immigration suffered no decrease during the year. Within the limits of Wisconsin, the oppressed of other climes continued to find welcome and happy homes. Second Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor (Second Term) — 1850, 1851. On the first day of Januarj', 1850, Nelson Dewey took the oath of office, and quietly entered upon his duties as governor, for the second term. The third legislature convened on the ninth. Moses M. Strong was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses had democratic majorities. Most of the business transacted was of a local character. By an act approved the fifth of Feb- ruary, the " January term " of the supreme court was changed to December. The legislature adjourned after a session of only thirty-four days. An act was passed organizing a sixth judicial circuit, from and after the first Monday in July, 1850, consisting of the counties of Crawford, Chippewa, Bad Axe, St. Croix and La Pointe, an election for judge to be holden on the same day. Wirain Knowlton w.-is elected Judge of that circuit. 58 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. The first cliariuible institution in Wisconsin, incorporated by the State, was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Blind." A scliool for that unfortunate class had been opened in Janesville, in the latter part of 1859, receiving its support from the citizens of that place and vicinity. By an act of the legislature, approved February 9, 1S50, this school was taken under the care of the Institute, to continue and maintain it, at Janesville, and to qualify, as far as might be, the blind of the State for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government; for obtaining the means of subsistence; and for the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens. It has since been supported from the treasury of the State. On the seventh of October, 1850, it was opened for the reception of pupils, under the direction of a board of trustees, appointed by the governor. The Institute, at the present time, has three departments: in one is given instruction such as is usually taught in common schools; in another, musical training is imparted ; in a third, broom-making is taught to the boys, — sewing, knitting and various kinds of fancy work to the girls, and seating cane-bottomed chairs to both boys and girls. On the thirteenth of April, 1874, the building of the Institute was destroyed by fire. A new building has since been erected. The taking of the census by the United States, this year, showed a population for Wisconsin of over three hundred and five thousand — the astonishing increase in two years of nearly ninety- five thousand! In 1840, the population of Wisconsin Territory was only thirty thousand. This addition, in ten years, of two hundred and seventy-five thousand transcended all previous experience in the settlement of any portion of the New World, of the same extent of territory. It was the result of a steady and persistent flow of men and their families, seeking permanent homes in the youiig and rising State. Many were German, Scandinavian and Irish; but the larger proportion were, of course, from the Eastern and Middle States of the Union. The principal attractions of Wisconsin were the e.'ccellency and cheapness of its lands, its valuable mines of lead, its extensive forests of pine, and the unlimited waier-power of its numerous streams. By the Revised Statutes of 1849, Wisconsin was divided into three congressional districts — the second congressional apportionment — each of which was entitled to elect one representative in the congress of the United States. The counties of Milwaukee, W'aukesha, Walworth and Racine constituted the first district; the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, Dane, Sauk, Adams, Portage, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe, the second district; the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Columbia, Dodge and Jefferson, the third district. At the general election in the Autumn of this year, Charles Durkee, of the first district; Benjamin C. Eastman, of the second ; and John B. Macy, of the third district, were elected to represent the State in the thirty-second congress of the United States. Durkee, it will be remembered, represented the same district in the previous congress : he ran the second time as an independent candidate. Eastman and Mucy were elected upon democratic tickets. The General Government this year donated to the State all the swamp and overflowed lands within its boundaries. The year 1850 to the agriculturist of Wisconsin was not one of unbounded prosperity, owing to the partial failure of the wheat crop. In the other branches of agriculture there were fair returns. The State was visited during the year by cholera ; not, however, to a very alarming extent. The fourth session of the legislature of the State commenced on the 8th of January, 1851. Frederick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in the legisla- ture was democratic. Governor Dewey, in his message, referred to the death of the president of the United States, Zachary Taylor; said that the treasury and finances of the State were in a WISCOKSIX AS A STATE. 69 sound condition; and then adverted to many topics of interest and importance to the people of Wisconsin. It was an able document. One of the important measures of the session was the election of an United States senator, in the place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the 4th of March, next ensuing. In joint convention of the legislature held on the 20th of January, Dodge was re-elected for a full term of six years. On the 2 2d, the governor approved a joint resolution of the legislature, rescinding not only so much of the joint resolu- tion of the legislative assembly of Wisconsin, passed March 31, 1849, as censured Isaac J. Walker, but also the instructions in those resolutions relative to his resigning his seat in the senate of the United States, Among the important bills passed at this session of "the legislature was one providing for the location and erection of a State prison. Another one — the apportionment bill — was vetoed by the governor, and having been passed on the last day of the session, failed to become a law. The legislature adjourned on the eighteenth of March, 185 1, after a session of seventy days. On the ist day of January, 185 1, Timothy O. Howe took his seat as one of the associate judges of the supreme court, he having been elected judge of the fourth circuit in place of Alex- ander W. Stow. The office of chief justice of the supreme court, which had been filled by Judge Stow, therefore became vacant, and so remained until the commencement of the next term — June 18, 1851 — when Levi Hubbell, judge of the second circuit, was, by the judges present, pursuant to the statute, elected to that office. By an act of the legislature approved March 14, 1851, the location and erection of a State prison for Wisconsin was provided for — the point afterward determined upon as a suitable place for its establishment being Waupun, Dodge county. By a subsequent act, the prison was •declared to be the general penitentiary and prison of the State for the reformation as well as for the punishment of offenders, in which were to be confined, employed at hard labor, and governed as provided for by the legislature, all offenders who might be committed and sentenced accord- ing to law, to the punishment of solitary imprisonment, or imprisonment therein at hard labor. The organization and management of this the first reformatory and penal State institution in Wisconsin, commenced and has been continued in accordance with the demands of an advanced civilization and an enlightened humanity. On the 29th of September, 1851, Judge Hubbell was re-elected for the full term of six years as judge of the second judicial circuit, to commence January i, 1852. At the general election in November, 1851, Leonard J. Farwell was chosen governor; Timothy Burns, lieutenant governor; Charles D. Robinson, secretary of State ; E. H. Janssen, State treasurer; E. Estabrook, attorney general; and Azel P. Ladd, superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were elected as democrats except Farwell, who ran as a whig ; his majority over D. A. J. Upham, democrat, was a little rising of five hundred. Third Administration. — L. J. Farwell, Governor — 1852-1853. Governor Farwell's administration commenced on the fifth day of January, 1852. Previous to this — on the third day of the month — Edward V. Whiton was chosen by the judges of the supreme court, chief justice, to succeed Judge Hubbell. On the fourteenth of that month, the legislature assembled at Madison. This was the beginning of the fifth annual session. James McM. Shafter was elected speaker of the assembly. In the senate, the democrats had a majority ; in the assembly, the whigs. The governor, in his message, recommended the memorial- izing of congress to cause the agricultural lands within the State to be surveyed and brought into market; to cause, also, the mineral lands to be surveyed and geologically examined, and •offered for sale; and to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors. The question of "bank or no bank " having been submitted to the people in November previous. 60 IIISTOliY OF WISCONSIN . and decided in favor of banks, under the constitution, the power was thereby given to the legis- lature then in session to grant bank charters, or to pass a general banking law. Farwell recom- mended that necessary measures be taken to carry into effect this constitutional provision. A larger number of" laws was passed at this session than at any previous one. By a provision of the constitution, the legislature was given power to provide by law, if they should think it expe- dient and necessary, for the organization of a separate supreme court, to consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such time and in such manner as the legislature might provide. Under this authority, an act was passed at this session providing for the election of a cliief justice and two associates, on the last Monday of the September following, to form a supreme court of the State, to supplant the old one, provision for the change being inserted in the constitution. There was also an act passed to apportion and district anew the members of the senate and assembly, by which the number was increased from eighty-five to one hundred and seven : twenty-five for the senate ; eighty- two for the assembly. An act authorizing the business of banking passed the legislature and was approved by the governor, on the 19th of April. By this law, the office of bank-comptroller was created — the officer to be first appointed by the governor, and to hold his office until the first Monday in January, 1854. At the general election in the Fall of 1853, and every two years thereafter, the office was to be filled by vote of the people. Governor Farwell afterward, on the 20th of November, appointed James S. Baker to that office. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of April, 1852. The second charitable institution incorporated by the State was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb." It was originally a private school for deaf mutes, near, and subsequently in, the village of Delavan, Walworth county. By an act of the legislature approved April 19, 1852, it was made the object and duty of the corporation to establish, con- tinue and maintain this school for the education of the deaf and dumb, "at or near the village of Delavan, to qualify, as near as might be, that unfortunate class of persons for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government, obtaining the means of subsistence, and the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens." It has since been sup- ported by annual appropriations made by the legislature. A complete organization of the school was effected in June, 1852, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor of the State. The institute has for its design the e !ucation of sucli children of the State as, on account of deafness, can not be instructed in common schools. Instruction is given by signs, by the manual alphabet, by written language, and to one class by articulation. Two trades are taught: cabinet-making and shoe-making. During this year, considerable interest was manifested in the projecting of railroads. At the September election, E. V. Whiton was elected chief justice of the new supreme court and Samu^ Crawford and Abram D. Smith associate justices. Under the law, the cliief justice was to serve a term of four years from the first day of June next ensuing; while the two associates were to cast lots — one to serve for six years, the other for two years, from June 1, 1853. Craw- ford drew the short term — Smith the long term. At the subsequent general election for mem- bers to the thirty-third congress, Daniel Wells, Jr., was chosen from the first district , B. C Eastman from the second.- and J. B. Macy from the third district. All were democrats. A democratic electoral ticket was chosen at the same time. The electors cast their votes for Pierce and Butler. During 1852, the citizens of Wisconsin enjoyed unusual prosperity in the ample products and remuneration of their industry and enterprise. Abundant harvests and high markets; at increase in moneyed circulation, and the downward tendency of the rates of interest: a prevail- ing confidence among business men and in business enterprises; a continual accession to the "WISCOXSIN" AS A STATE. 61 population of the State by immigration; the energetic prosecution of internal improvements under the skillful management of companies; the extension of permanent agricultural improve- ments; and the rapid growth of the various cities and villages; were among the encouraging prospects of the year. The si.xth session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1S53. On the twenty-sixth of the same month, William K. Wilson, of Milwaukee, preferred charges in the assembly against Levi Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of the State, of divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in the discharge of the duties of his office. A resolu- tion followed appointing a committee to report articles 6f impeachment, directing the members thereof to go to the senate and impeach Hubbell. Upon the trial of tlie judge before the senate, he was acquitted. An act was passed to provide for the election of a State prison commis- sioner by the legislature at that session — to liold his office until the first day of the ensuing January. The office was then to be filled by popular vote at the general election in November, 1853 — and afterwards biennially — the term of office to be two years from the first day of Jan- uary next succeeding the election by the people. On the 28th of March, the legislature, in joint convention, elected John Taylor to that office. The legislature adjourned on the fourth day of .\pril until the si.xth of the following June, when it again met, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of July, both sessions aggregating one hundred and thirty-one days. By an act of the legislature approved February 9, 1853, the "Wisconsin State Agricultural Society," which had been organized in March, 185 1, was incorporated, its object being to promote and improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical, manufacturing and household arts. It was soon after taken under the fostering care of the State by an appropria- tion made by the legislature, to be expended by the society in such manner as it might deem best calculated to promote the objects of its incorporation; State aid was continued down to the commencement of the rebellion. No help was extended during the war nor until 1873 ; since which time there has been realized annually from the State a sum commensurate with its most pressing needs. The society has printed seventeen volumes of transactions and has held annually a State fair, except during the civil war. Besides these fairs, its most important work is the holding annually, at the capital of the State, a convention for the promotion of agriculture gen- erally. The meetings are largely participated in by men representing the educational and industrial interests of Wisconsin. By an act of the legislature approved March 4, 1853, the "State Historical Society of Wisconsin " was incorporated — having been previously organized — the object being to collect, embody, arrange and preserve in authentic form, a library of books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary and other materials illustrative of the history of the State; to rescue from oblivion the memory of its early pioneers, and to obtain and preserve narratives of their exploits, perils, and hardy adventures ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and the past and present condition, and resources of Wisconsin. The society was also author- ized to take proper steps to promote the study of history by lectures, and to diffuse and publish information relating to the description and history of the State. The legislature soon after took the society under its fostering care by voting a respectable sum for its benefit. Liberal State aid has been continued to the present time. The society, besides collecting a library of historical books and pamphlets the largest in the West, has published eight volumes of collections and a catalogue of four volumes. Its rooms are in the capitol at Madison, and none of its property can be alienated without the consent of the State. It has a valuable collection of painted por- traits and bound newspaper files; and in its cabinet are to be found many prehistoric relics. On the first day of June, 1S53, tlie justices of the new supreme court went into office: Associate 62 msTORV (^F Ansroxsi?^. Justice Crawford, for two years; Chief Justice Whiten, for four years, Associate Justice Smith for six years as previously mentioned. The first (June) term was held at Madison. La Fayette Kellogg was appointed and qualified as clerk. On the 21st of September, Timothy Burns, lieu- tenant governor of Wisconsin, died at La Crosse. As a testimonial of respect for the deceased the several State departments, in accordance with a proclamation of the governor, were closed for one day — October 3, 1853. In the Fall of this year, democrats, whigs and free-soilers, each called a convention to nominate candidates for the various State offices to be sup]5orted by them at the ensuing election in November. The successful ticket was, for governor, William A. Bars- tow ; for lieutenant governor, James T. Lewis, for secretary of State, Alexander T. Gray, for State treasurer, Edward H. Janssen; for attorney general, George B. Smith ; for superintendent of public instruction, Hiram A. Wright; for State prison commissioner, A. W. Starks; and for bank comptroller, William M. Dennis. They were all democrats. The year 1S53 was, to the agriculturists of the State, one of prosperity. Every branch of industry prospered. The increase of commerce and manufactures more than realized the expec- tations of the most sanguine. Fourth Administration. — William A. Barstow, CJovernor — 1854-1855. On Monday, the second of January, 1854, William A. Barstow took the oath of office as governor of Wisconsin. The legislature commenced its seventh regular session on the eleventh of January. Fred- erick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses were democratic. The legislature adjourned on the 3d of April following, after a session of eighty-three days. In the early part of March, a fugitive slave case greatly excited the people of Wisconsin. A slave named Joshua Glover, belonging to B. S. Garland of Missouri, had escaped from his master and made his way to the vicinity of Racine. Garland, learning the whereabouts of his personal chattel, came to the State, obtained, on the 9th of March, 1854, from the judges of the district court of the United States for the district of Wisconsin, a warrant for the apprehension of Glover, which was put into the hands of the deputy marshal of the United States. Glover was secured and lodged in jail in Milwaukee. A number of persons afterward assembled and rescued the fugitive. Among those who took an active part in this proceeding was Sherman M. Booth, who was arrested therefor and committed by a United States commissioner, but was released from custody by Abram D. Smith, one of the associate justices of the supreme court of Wisconsin, upon a writ of habeas corpus. The record of the proceedings was thereupon taken to that court in full bench by a writ of certiorari to correct any error that might have been committed before the associate justice. At the June term, 1854, the justices held that Booth was entitled to be discharged, because the commitment set forth no cause for detention. Booth was afterward indicted in the United States district court and a warrant issued for his arrest. He was again imprisoned; and again he applied to the supreme court — then, in term time — for a writ of habeas corpus. This was in July, 1854. In his petition to the su])reme court. Booth set forth that he was in confinement upon a warrant issued by the district court of the ll^nitcd States and that the object of the imprisonment was to compel him to answer an indictment then pending against him therein. The sui)reme court of the State held that these facts showed that the district court of the United States had obtained jurisdiction of the case and that it was apparent that the indictment was for an offense of which the federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction. They could not therefore interfere ; and his application for a discharge •was denied. Upon the indictment, Booth was tried and convicted, fined and imprisoned, for a violation of th fugitive slave Uiw. Again tiie prisoner applied to the supreme court of Wisconsin, — his WISCOXSm AS A STATE. 63 last application bearing date January 26, 1855. He claimed discharge on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the law under which he had been indicted. The supreme court held that the indictment upon which he had been tried and convicted contained three counts, the first of which was to be considered as properly charging an offense within the act of congress of Septem- ber 18, 1850, known as the "fugitive slave law," while the second and third counts did not set forth or charge an offense punishable by any statute of the United States ; and as, upon these last- mentioned counts he was found guilty and not upon the first, he must be discharged. The action of the supreme court of Wisconsin in a second time discharging Booth, was afterward reversed by the supreme court of the United States ; and, its decision being respected by the State court. Booth was re-arrested in 1S60, and the sentence of the district court of the United States executed in part upon him, when he was pardoned by the president. By an act of the legislature, approved March 30, 1S54, a " State Lunatic Asylum " was directed to be built at or in the vicinity of Madison, the capital of the State, upon land to be donated or purchased for that purpose. By a subsequent act, the name of the asylum was changed to the " Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane." This was the third charitable institution established by the State. The hospital was opened for patients in July, 1S60, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor. All insane persons, residents of Wisconsin, who,, under the law providing for admission of patients into the hospital for treatment, become resi- dents therein, are maintained at the expense of the State, provided the county in whicli such patient resided before being brought to the hospital pays the sum of one dollar and fifty cents a week for his or her support. Any patient can be supported by relatives, friends or guardians, if the latter desire to relieve the county and State from the burden, and can have special care and be provided with a special attendant, if the expense of the same be borne by parties interested. The hospital is beautifully located on the north shore of Lake Mendota, in Dane county, about four miles from Madison. At the general election in the Fall of 1854, for members from Wisconsin to the thirty-fourth, congress, Daniel Wells, Jr. was chosen from the first district ; C. C. Washburn, from the second, and Charles Billinghurst from the third district. Billinghurst and Washburn were elected as republicans— that party having been organized in the Summer previous. Wells was a democrat. The year 1854 was one of prosperity for-Wisconsin, to all its industrial occupations. Abund- ant crops and increased prices were generally realized by the agriculturist. It was a year also of general health. It was ascertained that the amount of exports during the year, including lumber and mineral, exceeded thirteen millions of dollars. The eighth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the loth of January. 1855. C. C. Sholes was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate was democratic ; the assembly, republican. On joint ballot, the republicans had but one majority. On the istof February, Charles Durkee, a republican, was elected United States senator for a full term of six years from the 4th of March next ensuing, to fill the place of Isaac P. Walker whose term would expire on that day. Among the bills passed of a general nature, was one relative to the rights of married women, providing that any married woman, whose husband, either from drunkenness or profligacy, should neglect or refuse to provide for her support, should have the right, in her own name, to transact business, receive and collect her own earnings, and apply the same for her own support, and education of her children, free from the control and interference of her husband. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April, after a session of eighty-three days, Orsamus Cole having been elected in this month an associate justice of the supreme court in place of Judge Samuel Crawford, whose term of office would expire r AS A STATE. 65 was thereupon given until the twenty-fifth of February to answer the information that had been filed against him by tlie attorney general. On the day appointed, Barston- filed his plea to the effect that, by the laws of Wisconsin regulating the conducting of general election for State officers, it was the duty of the board of canvassers to determine who was elected to the office of governor; and that the board had found that he was duly elected to that office. It was a plea to the jurisdiction of the court. A demurrer was interposed to this plea, setting forth that the matters therein contained were not sufficient in law to take the case out of court ; asking, also, for a judgment against Barstow, or that he answer further the information filed against him. The demurrer was sustained ; and Barstow was required to answer over within four days ; at *he expiration of which time the counsel for Barstow withdrew from the case, on the ground, as they alleged, that they had appeared at the bar of the court to object to the jurisdiction of that tribunal in the matter, and the court had determined to proceed with the case, holding and exercising full and final jurisdiction over it; and that the} could take no further steps without conceding the right of that tribunal so to hold. Thereupon, on the eighth of March, Barstow entered a protest, by a communication to the supreme court, against any further interference with the department under his charge by that tribunal, " either by attempting to transfer its powers to another or direct the course of executive action." The counsel for Bashford then moved for judgment upon the default of Barstow. A further hearing of the case was postponed until March i8, when the attorney general filed a motion to dismiss the proceedings ; against which Bashford. by his counsel, protested as being prejudicial to his rights. It was the opinion of the court that the attorney general could not dismiss the case, that every thing which was well pleaded for Bashford in his information was confessed by the default of Barstow. By strict usage, a final judgment ought then to have fol- lowed ; but the court came to the conclusion to call upon Bashford to bring forward proof, showing his right to the office. Testimony was then adduced at length, touching the character of the returns made to the State canvassers; after hearing of which it was the opinion of the court that Bashford had received a plurality of votes for governor and that there must be a judgment in his favor and one of ouster against Barstow ; which were rendered accordingly. The ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced on the ninth of January, 1856. William Hull was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate had a repub- lican majority, but the assembly was democratic. On the eleventh Barstow sent in a message to a joint convention of the two houses. On the twenty-first of March he tendered to the legisla- ture his resignation as governor, giving for reasons the action of the supreme court in " Bashford vs. Barstow," which tribunal was then hearing testimony in the case. On the same day Arthur McArthur, lieutenant governor, took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of the State, afterwards sending a message to the legislature, announcing that the resignation of Barstow made it his duty to take the reins of government. On the twenty-fifth, Bashford called on Mc.Vrthur, then occupying the executive office, and demanded possession — at tiie same time intimating that he preferred peaceable measures to force, but that the latter would be employed if necessary. The lieutenant governor thereupon vacated the chair, when the former took the gubernatorial seat, exercising thereafter the functions of the office until his successor was elected and qualified. His right to the seat was recognized by the senate on the twenty-fifth, and by the assembly on the twenty-seventh of March, 1856. This ended the famous case of " Bashford I'S. Barstow," the first and only " war of succession " ever indulged in by Wisconsin. The legislature, on the thirty-first of March, adjourned over to the third of September, to dispose of a congressional land grant to the State. Upon re-assembling, an important measure was taken up — that of a new apportionment for the legislature. It was determined to increase the 66 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIN. number of members from one hundred and seven to one hundred and twenty-seven. Tue sessioip closed on the thirteenth of October. The general election for members to the thirty-fifth congress, held in November, resulted in the choice of John H. Potter, from the first district ; C. C Washburn, from the second ; and Charles Billinghurst, from the third district. They were all elected as republicans. The presidential canvass of this year was an exciting one in the State. The republicans were successful. Electors of that party cast their five votes for Fremont and Dayton. The year 1S56 was not an unprosperous one, agriculturally speaking, although in some respects decidedly unfavorable. In many districts the earlier i)art of the season was exceedingly dry, which materially diminished the wheat crop. Other industrial interests were every where in a flourishing condition. The legislature commenced its tenth regular session at Madison, on the fourteenth day of January, 1857, with a republican majority in both houses. Wyman Spooner was elected speaker of the assembly. For the first time since the admission of the State into the Union, a majority of the members of both houses, together with the governor, were opposed to the democratic party. On the twenty-third the senate and assembly met in joint convention, for the purpose of electing a United States senator in place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. James R. Doolittle, republican, was the successful candidate for that office, for a full term of six years, from the fourth of March, 1857. The legislature adjourned on the ninth of March, 1857. At the Spring election, Judge Whiton was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court for a term of six years. The second reformatory State institution established in Wisconsin, was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 7, 1857, denominated a House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, afterward called the State Reform School, now known as the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, and is located at Waukesha, the county seat of Waukesha county. The courts and several magistrates in any county in Wisconsin may, in their discretion, sentence to this school any male child between the ages of ten and sixteen years, convicted of vagrancy, petit larceny^ or any misdemeanor; also of any offense which would otherwise be punishable by imjirisonment in the Stale prison ; or, of incorrigible or vicious conduct in certam cases. The term of commit- ment must be to the age of twenty-one years. At the State election held in November of this year, the republicans elected A. W. Randall governor; S. I). Hastings, State treasurer, and Edward M. McGraw. State prison commis- sioner. The democrats elected E. D. Campbell, lieutenant governor; D. W. Jones, secretary of State ; Gabriel Bouck, attorney general ; L. C. Draper, superintendent of public instruc- tion, and J. C Stjuircs, bank comptroller. The year 1857 was a disastrous one to Wisconsin, as well as to the whole country, in a finan- cial point of view. Early in the Fall a monetary panic swept over the land. A number of prominent operators in the leading industrial pursuits were obliged to succumb. Agriculturally the year was a fair one for the State. Sixth Administration.— Alexander W. Randall, Governor — 1858-1859. Randall's administration began on the fourth day of January, 185S, when for the first time he was inaugurated governor of the State. On the eleventh of January the legislature commenced its eleventh regular session, with a republican majority in both houses. Frederick S. Lovell was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the seventeenth of March, after an unusually long session of one hundred and twenty-five days. " That a large majority of the members were nieu of integrity, and disposed for the public weal, can not WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 67 be doubted; but they were nearly all new members, and without former legislative experience. They set out to accomplish a great good, by holding up to public scorn and execration the whole- sale briberies and iniquities of the immediate past ; but they lacked concentration of effort, and. for want of union and preconcerted action, they failed to achieve the great triumph they sought, by providing a 'sovereign remedy ' for the evils they exposed." At the regular session of the legislature of 1856, an act was passed for a general revisi"-n of the laws of the State. Under this, and a subsequent act of the adjourned session of that year, three commissioners — David Taylor, Samuel J. Todd, and F. S. Lovell — were appointed "to collect, compile and digest the general laws " of Wisconsin. Their report was submitted to the legislature of 1858, and acted upon at a late day of the session. The laws revised, which received the sanction of the legislature, were published in one volume, and constitute what is know as the Revised Statutes of 1858. At the Fall election, John F. Potter from the first district, and C. C. Washburn from the second district, both republicans, were elected to the thirty-sixth congress ; while C. H. Larrabee, democrat, was elected to represent the third district. The twelfth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1859, with a republican majority in both houses. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of March, 1859, after a session of sixty-nine days. At the regular spring election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice of the supreme court, for a full term of six years, as the successor of Associate Justice Smith. As it was a question when the term of the latter ended — whether on the 31st day of May, 1859, or on the first Monday in January, i860 — he went through with the formality of resigning his office, and the governor of appointing Paine as his successor, on the 20th of June, 1859. On the twelfth of April, 1859, Edward V. Whiton, chief justice of the supreme court, died at his residence in Janesville. The office was filled by executive appointment on the igth of the same month — the successor of Judge Whiton being Luther S. Dixon. Late in the Sum- mer both political parties put into the field a full state ticket. The republicans were successful — electing for governor, Alexander W. Randall ; for lieutenant governor, B. G. Noble • for secretary of state, L. P. Harvey; for state treasurer, S. D. Hastings, for attorney general, James H. Howe; for bank comptroller, G. Van Steenwyck ; for superintendent of public instruction J. L. Pickard ; for state prison commissioner, H..C. Heg. Seventh Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor (second term), 1860-1861. Alexander W. Randall was inaugurated the second time as governor of Wisconsin, on Monday, January 2, i860. One week subsequent, the thirteenth regular session of the legis- lature commenced at Madison. For the first time the republicans had control, not only of all the State offices, but also of both branches of the legislature. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. A new assessment law was among the most important of the acts passed at this session. The legislature adjourned on the second of April. At the sprin» elec- tion, Luther S. Dixon, as an independent candidate, was elected chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of the late Chief Justice Whiton. In the presidential election which followed, republican electors were chosen — casting their five votes, in the electoral college, for Lincoln and Hamlin. At the same election, John F. Potter, from the first district; Luther Hanchett, from the second, and A. Scott Sloan, from the third district, were elected members of the thirty-seventh congress. Hanchett died on the twenty-fourth of November, 1862, when, on the twentieth of December following, W. D. Mclndoe was elected to fill the vacancy. All these congressional representatives were republicans. Wisconsin, in i860, was a strong repub- 68 HISTORY OF ^V^SCONSIN. lican State. According to the censuo of this year, it had a population of over seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand. On the ninth of January, 1861, the fourteenth regular session of the State legislature com- menced at Madison. Both branches were republican. Amasa Cobb was elected speaker of the assembly. On the tenth, both houses met in joint convention to hear the governor read his annual message. It was a remarkable document. Besides giving an excellent synopsis of the operations of the State government for i860, the governor entered largely into a discussion of the question of secession and disunion, as then proposed by some of the southern states of the Union. These are his closing words : " The right of a State to secede from the Union can never be admitted. The National Government can not treat with a State while it is in the Union, and particularly while it stands in an attitude hostile to the Union. So long as any State assumes a position foreign, inde- pendent and hostile to the government, there can be no reconciliation. The government of the United States can not treat with one of its own States as a foreign power. The constitutional laws extend over every Stat? alike. They are to be enforced in every State alike. A State can not come into the Union as it pleases, and go out when it pleases. Once in, it must stay until the Union is destroyed. There is no coercion of a State. But where a faction of a people arrays itself, not against one act, but against all laws, and against all government, there is but one answer to be made : ' The Government must be sustained ; the laivs shall be enforced ! On the twenty-third of January the legislature met in joint convention to elect a United States senator to fill the place of Charles Durkee, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. The successful candidate was Timothy O. Howe, republican, who was elected for a full term of six years from the 4th of March, 1861. One of the important acts passed at this session of the legislature apportioned the State into senate and assembly districts, by which the whole number of members in both houses was increased from one hun- dred and twenty-seven to one hundred and thirty-three. Another act apjxjrtioned the State into six congressional districts instead of three. By this — the third congressional apportionment — each district was to elect one representative. The first district was composed of the coutities of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Dane, and Columbia; the third, of Green, La Fayette, Iowa, Grant, Crawford, Rich- land, and Sauk; the fourth, of Ozaukee, Washington, Dodge, Fond du Lac, and Sheboygan; the fifth, Manitowoc, Calumet, Winnebago, Green Lake, Marquette, Waushara, Waupaca, Outa- gamie, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Oconto, and Shawano; and the sixth, of the counties of Bad Axe, La Crosse, M. nroe, Juneau, Adams, Portage, Wood, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Dunn, Eau Claire, Clark, Marathon, Chippewa, Dallas, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, La Pointe, and Ashland. The legislature adjourned on the seventeenth of April, 1S61. At the spring elections of this year, Orsamus Cole was re-elected as associate justice of the supreme court. On the ninth of May following. Governor Randall issued a proclamation convening the legislature in extra session on the fifteenth of the same month. " The extraordinary condition of the country," said he, "growing out of the rebellion against the government of the United States, makes it necessary that the legislature of this State be convened in special session, to provide more completely for making the power of the State useful to the government and to other loyal States." The fifteenth or extra session began on the fifteenth of May, as designated in the governor's proclamation. The message of the governor was devoted entirely to the war. '' At the close of the last annual session of the legislature," said he, " to meet a sudden emer- gency, an act was passed authorizing me to respond to the call ' of the president of the United States, ' for aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws, or to suppress rebellion WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 69 or insurrection, or lo repel invasion within the United States,' and I was authorized, and it was made my duty, to take such measures as, in my judgment, should provide in the speediest and most efficient manner for responding to such call : and to this end I was authorized to accept the services of volunteers for active service, to be enrolled in companies of not less than seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each. I was also authorized to provide for uniforming and equipping such companies as were not provided with uniforms and equipments." " The first call of the president for immediate active service," con- tinued the governor, " was for one regiment of men. My proclamation, issued immediately after the passage of the act of the legislature, was answered within less than ten days, by companies enough, each containing the requisite number of men, to make up at least five regiments instead of one. I then issued another proclamation, announcing the offers that had been made, and advising that thereafter companies might be enrolled to stand as minute men, ready to answer further calls, as they might be made, but without expense to the State, except as they were mustered into service. In less than one month from the date of my first proclamation, at least five thou- sand men, either as individuals or enrolled companies, have offered their services for the war, and all appear anxious for active service in the field." " The time for deliberation," concludes the governor, "must give way to the lime for action. The constitution of the United States must be sustained in all its first intent and wholeness. The right of the people of every State to go into every other State and engage in any lawful pursuit, without unlawful interference or molestation; the freedom of speech and of the press; the right of trial by jury; security from imjustifiable seizure of persons or papers, and all constitutional privileges and immunities, must receive new guarantees of safety." The extra session of the legislature passed, wtih a single exception, no acts e.xcept such as appertained to the military exigencies of the times. Both houses adjourned sine die on the twenty-seventh of May, 1861. As the administration of Governor Randall would close with the year, and as he was not a candidate for re-election, there was much interest felt throughout the State as to who his successor should be. Three State tickets were put in nomination : union, republican, and democratic. The republican ticket was successful, electing Louis P. Harvey, governor; Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor ; James T. Lewis, secretary of state ; S. D.- Hastings, state treasurer; James H. Howe, attorney general; W. H. Ramsey, bank comp- troller; J. L. Pickard, superintendent of public instruction; and A. P. Hodges, state prison commissioner. The \V'.\r ok Secession — Last Year of Randall's Administration. When Wisconsin was first called upon to aid the General Government in its efforts to sustain itself against the designs of the secession conspirators, the commercial affairs of the State were embarrassed to a considerable degree by the depreciation of the currency. The designs of the secessionists were so far developed at the ending of the year i860 as to show that resistance to the national authority had been fully determined on. It is not a matter of wonder, then, that Governor Randall in his message to the legislature, early in January, 1861, should have set forth the dangers which threatened the Union, or should have denied the right of a State to secede from it. " Secession," said he, " is revolution ; revolution is war ; war against the government of the United States is treason." "It is time," he continued, "now, to know whether we have any government, and if so, whether it has any strength. Is our written constitution more than a sheet of parchment .' The nation must be lost or preserved by its own strength. Its strength is in the patriotism of the people. It is time now that politicians became patriots; that men show their love of country by every sacrifice, but that of principle, and by 70 HiSTOBY OF "vrrscojrsix. unwavering devotion to its interests and integrity." "The hopes," added the governor, most eloquently, " of civilization and Christianity are suspended now upon the answer to this (juestion of dissolution. The capacity for, as well as the rigiit of, self-government is to pass its ordeal, and speculation to become certainty. Other systems have been tried, and have failed ; and all along, the skeletons of nations have been strewn, as warnings and land-marks, upon the great highway of historic overnnient. Wisconsin is true, and her people steadfast. She will not destroy the Union, ^or consent that it shall be done. Devised by great, and wise, and good men, in days of sore trial, it must stand. Like some bold mountain, at whose base the great seas break their angry floods, and around whose summit the thunders of a thousand hurricanes have rattled — strong, unmoved, immovable — so may our Union be, while treason surges at its base, and passions rage around it, unmoved, immovable — here let it stand forever." These are the words of an exalted and genuine patriotism. But the governor did not content himself with eloquence alone. He came down to matters of business as well. He urged the necessity of legislation that would give more efficient organization to the militia of the State. He warned the legislators to make preparations also for the coming time that should try the souls of men. "Tlie signs of tlie limes," said he, " indicate that there may arise a contingency in the condition of the government, when it will become necessary to respond to a call of the National Government for men and means to maintain the integrity of the Union, and to thwart the designs of men engaged in organized treason. While no unnecessary expense should be incurred, yet it is the part of wisdom, both for individuals and States, in revolutionary times, to be prepared to defend our institutions to the last extremity." It was thus the patriotic governor gave evidence to the members of both houses that he " scented the battle afar off." On the i6th of January, a joint resolution of the legislature was passed, declaring that the people of Wisconsin are ready to co-operate with the friends of the Union every where for its preservation, to yield a cheerful obedience to its requirements, and to demand a like obedience from all others ; that the legislature of Wisconsin, profoundly impressed with the value of the Union, and determined to preserve it unimpaired, hail with joy the recent firm, dignified and patriotic special message of the president of the United States; that they tender to him, through the chief magistrate of their own State, whatever aid, in men and money, may be required to enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the Federal Government, and in defense of the more perfect Union, which has conferred prosperity and happiness on the American people. " Renewing," said they, " the pledge given and redeemed by our fathers, we are ready to devote our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors in upholding the Union and the constitution." The legislature, in order to put the State upon a kind of "war footing," passed an act for its defense, and to aid in enforcing the laws and maintaining the authority of the General Government. It was under this act that Governor Randall was enabled to organize the earlier regiments of Wisconsin. By it, in case of a call from the president of the United States to aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws to suppress rebellion or insurrection, or to repel invasion within the United States, the governor was authorized to provide, in the most efficient manner, for responding to such call — to accept the services of volunteers for service, in companies of seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each, and to commission officers for them. The governor was also authorized to contract for uniforms and equipments necessary for putting such companies into active service. One hundred thousand dollars were appropriated for war purposes; and bonds were authorized to be issued for that amount, to be negotiated by the governor, for raising funds. It will be seen, therefore, that the exigencies of the times — for Fort Su.iiter had not yet been surrendered — "w^sco^^SIN as a state. 71 were fully met by the people's representatives, they doing their whole duty, as they then under- stood it, in aid of the perpetuity of the Union. Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, Robert Anderson, major of the first artillery, United States army, accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, marched out of the fort on Sunday afternoon, the fourteenth of April, 1861, with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting his flag with fifty guns. This, in brief, is llie story of the fall of Sumter and the opening act of the War of the Rebellion. " Whereas," said Abraham Lincoln, president, in his proclamation of the next day, " the laws of the United States have been for some time past, and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by law." Now, in view of that fact, he called forth the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress those combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. " A call is made on you by to-night's mail for one regiment of militia for immediate service," telegraphed the secretary of war to Randall, on the same day. In Wisconsin, as elsewhere, the public pulse quickened under the excitement of the fall of Sumter. " The dangers which surrounded the nation awakened the liveliest sentiments of patriotism and devotion. For the time, party fealty was forgotten in the general desire to save the nation. The minds of the people soon settled into the conviction that a bloody war was at hand, and that the glorious fabric of our National Government, and the principles upon which it is founded, were in jeopardy, and with a determination unparalleled in the history of any country, they rushed to its defense. On every hand the National flag could be seen displayed, and the public enthusiasm knew no bounds ; in city, town, and hamlet, the burden on every tongue was war." "We have never been accustomed," said Governor Randall, " to consider the military arm as essential to the maintenance of our government, but an exigency has arisen that demands its employment." "The time has come," he continued, " when parties and plat- forms must be forgotten, and all good citizens and patriots unite together in putting down rebels and traitors." "What is money,'' he asked, "what is life, in the presence of such a crisis .^ " Such utterances and such enthusiasm could but have their effect upon the legislature, which, it will be remembered, was still in session ; so, although that body had already voted to adjourn, sine die, on the fifteenth of April, yet, when the moment arrived, and a message from the governor was received, announcing that, owing to the extraordinary exigencies which had arisen, an amend- ment of the law of the thirteenth instant was necessary, the resolution to adjourn was at once rescinded. The two houses thereupon not only increased the amount of bonds to be issued to two hundred thousand dollars, but they also passed a law exempting from civil process, during the time of service, all persons enlisting and mustering into the United States army from Wis- consin. When, on the seventeenth, the legislature did adjourn, the scene was a remarkable one. Nine cheers were given for the star spangled banner and three for the Governor's Guard, who had just then tendered their services — the first in the State — under the call for a regiment of men for three months' duty. " For the first time in the history of this federal government," are the words of the gover- nor, in a proclamation issued on the sixteenth of .Vpril, " organized treason has manifested itself within several States of the Union, and armed rebels are making war against it." " The treasuries of the country," said he, "must no longer be plundered; the public property must be 72 IIISTOin' OF ■SVISCON'SIN protected from aggressive violence ; that already seized must be retaken, and the laws must be executed in every State of the Union alike." "A demand," he added, " made upon Wiscon- sin by the president of the United Stales, for aid to sustain the federal arm, must meet with a prompt response." The patriotism of the State was abundantly exhibited in their filling up a regiment before some of tlie remote settlements had any knowledge of the call. On the twenty- second. Governor Randall reported to the secretary of war that the First regiment was ready to go into rendezvous. I'he place designated was "Camp Scott," at Milwaukee; the day, the twenty-seventh of April. Then and there the several companies assembled — the regiment after- ward completing its organization. With a wise foresight. Governor Randall ordered, as a reserve force and in advance of another call for troops by the president, the formation of two more regiments — the Second and Third, and, eventually, the Fourth. Camps at Madison, Fond du Lac, and Racine, were formed for their reception, where suitable buildings were erected for their accommodation. Companies assigned to the Second regiment were ordered to commence moving into "Camp Randall," at Madison, on the first day of May. On the seventh, the secretary of war, under call of the presi- dent of the United States for forty-two thousand additional volunteers — this time for three years, or during the war — telegraphed Governor Randall that no more three months' volunteers were wanted; that such companies as were recruited must re-enlist for the new term or be disbanded. At the extra session of the legislature of Wisconsin, which, as already mentioned, com- menced on the fifteenth of May, called by Governor Randall immediately upon his being notified of the second call of the president for troops, on the third of May, the law hurriedly passed at the close of the regular session, and under which the governor had organized the First regi- ment, was found inadequate to meet the second call for troops. " A bill was introduced, and became a law, authorizing the governor to raise six regiments of infantry, inclusive of those he had organ- ized or placed at quarters. When the six regiments were mustered into the United States service, he was authorized to raise two additional regiments, and thus to keep two regiments continually in reserve to meet any future call of the General Government. He was authorized to quarter and subsist volunteers at rendezvous — to transport, clothe, subsist and quarter them in camp at the expense of the State. Arms and munitions were to be furnished by the United States. Recruits were to be mustered into State service, and into United States service, for three years. Two assistant surgeons to each regiment were to be appointed, and paid by the State. The regi- ments, as they came into camp, were to be instructed in drill and various camp duties, to secure efficiency in the field. The troops, so called in, were to be paid monthly by the State, the same pay and emoluments as the soldiers in the United States army, from the date of enlistment. The paymaster general was authorized to draw funds from the State treasury for the payment of the State troops, and the expense incurred in subsisting, transporting and clothing them. The governor was authorized to purchase military stores, subsistence, clothing, medicine, field and camp equipage, and the sum of one million dollars was appropriated to enable the governor to carry out the law." Other laws were passed relating to military matters. One authorized the governor to pur- chase two thousand stand of arms ; and fifty thousand dollars were appropriated to pay lor the same. Another authorized counties, towns, cities and incorporated villages to levy taxes for the purjKise of providing for the support of families of volunteers residing in their respective limits. The one passed at the previous session, exempting volunteers from civil process rhile in the service, was amended so as to include all who might thereafter enlist. One granted five dollars per month as extra pay to enlisted volunteers having families dependent ujx)n them for support, payable to their families, .\nother authorized the governor to employ such aids, clerks and \\rTsco>rsi]sr as a state. 73 messengers, as he deemed necessary for the public interests. Still another authori/.ed the pay- ment of those who had enlisted for three months, but had declined to go in for three years. The expenses of the extra session were ordered to be paid out of the " war fund." One million dollars in bonds were authorized to be issued for war purposes to form that fund. The governor, secretary of state and state treasurer were empowered to negotiate them. By a joint resolu- tion approved the twenty-first of May, the consent of the legislature was given to the governor to be absent from the State during the war, for as long a time as in his discretion he might think proper or advisable, in connection with the military forces of the State. For liberality, zeal and genuine patriotism, the members of the Wisconsin legislature, for the year 1861, deserve a high commendation. All that was necessary upon their final adjournment at the close of the extra session to place the State upon a " war footing," was the organization by the governor of the various military departments. These he effected by appointing Brigadier General William L. Utley, adjutant general ; Brigadier General W. W. Tredway, quartermaster genera,! ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier General Simeon Mills, paymaster gen- eral; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major E. L. Buttrick, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. On the seventeenth of May, the First regiment, at "Camp Scott," was mustered into the United States service, and the war department informed that it awaited marching orders. The regimental officers were not all in accordance with the law and mode adopted afterwards. On the seventh of the month Governor Randall had appointed Rufus King a brigadier general, and assigned the First, Second, Third and Fourth regiments to his command as the Wisconsin brigade ; although at that date only the First and Second had been called into camp. This brigade organization was not recognized by the General Government. The secretary of war telegraphed the governor of Wisconsin that the quota of the State, under the second call of the president, was two regiments — so that the whole number under both calls was only three — one (the First) for three months, two (the Second and Third) for three years. Notwithstanding this, Governor Randall proceeded to organize the Fourth. As a number of the companies ordered into " Camp Randall " on the first day of May to form the Second regiment had only enlisted for three months, the order of the secretary of war of the seventh of that month making it imperative that all such companies must re-enlist for three years or during the war, or be disbanded, the question of extending their term of enlist- ment was submitted to the companies of the regiment, when about five hundred consented to the change. The quota of the regiment was afterward made r.p, and the whole mustered into the service of the United States for three years or during the war, under the president's second call for troops. This was on the eleventh of June, 1861. The Third regiment having had its companies assigned early in May, they were ordered in June into "Cam[) Hamilton" at Fond du Lac, where the regiment was organized, and, on the twenty-ninth of June, mustered into the United States' service as a three years regiment. This filled Wisconsin's quota under the second call of President Lincoln. By this time war matters in the State began to assume a systematic course of procedure — thanks to the patriotism of the people, the wisdom of the legislature, and the untiring energy and exertions of the governor and his subordinates. The determination of the secretary of war to accept from Wisconsin only two three-years regiments under the second call for troops was soon changed, and three more were authorized, making it necessary to organize the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth. The Fourth was called into " Camp Utley " at Racine on the sixth of June, and was mustered into the service of the United States on the ninth of the follo-./ing month. By the twenty-eiglith of June, all the conii)anies of the Fifth had assembled at " Camp Randall," and on the thirteenth of July were mustered in as 74 inSTOEY OF TTISCOXSIN. United States troops. By the first of July, at the same place, the complement for the Sixth regiment had been made up, and the companies were mustered for three years into the service of the General Government, on tlie sixteenth of the same month. Governor Randall did not stop the good work when six regiments had been accepted, but assigned the necessary companies to form two more regiments — the Seventh and Eighth ; however, he wisely concluded not to call them into camp until after harvest, unless specially required to do so. " If they are needed sooner," said the governor, in a letter to the president on the first of July, " a call will be imme- diately responded to, and we shall have their uniforms and equipments ready for them." "By the authority of our legislature," added the writer, ' I shall, after the middle of August, keep two regiments equipped and in camp ready for a call to service, and will have them ready at an earlier day if needed." About the latter part of June, W. P. Alexander, of Beloit, a good marksman, was commis- sioned captain to raise a company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment. He at once engaged in the work. The company was filled to one hundred and three privates and three officers. It left the State about the middle of September under Captain Alexander, and was mustered into the service at Wehawken on the twenty-third day of that month, as Company " G " of Berdan's regiment of sharpshooters. On the twenty-sixth of July, a commission was issued to G. Van Deutsch of Milwaukee, to raise a company of cavalry. He succeeded in filling his company to eighty-four men. He left the State in September, joining Fremont. The company was after- ward attached to the fifth cavalry regiment of Missouri. About the 20th of August, Governor Randall was authorized to organize and equip as rapidly as possible five regiments of infantry and five batteries of artillery, and procure for them necessary clothing and equipments according to United States regulations and prices, subject to the inspec- tion of ofiicers of the General Government. The five regiments were to be additional to the eight already raised. One regiment was to be German. During the last week of August the companies of the Seventh regiment were ordered into "Camp Randall," at Madison. They were mustered into the service soon after arrival. On the 28th of August orders were issued for the reorganization of the First regiment for three years, its term of three months having expired. The secretary of war having signified his acceptance of the regiment for the new term, its mus- tering into the service was completed on the nineteenth of October. This made six infantry regi- ments in addition to the eight already accepted, or fourteen in all. On the same day orders were issued assigning companies to the Eighth regiment, — the whole moving to " Camp Randall," at Madison, the first week in September, where their mustering in was finished on the thirteenth. The Ninth, a German reginent, was recruited in squads, and sent into camp, where they were formed into companies, and the whole mustered in on the 26th of October, i86i,at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Companies were assigned the Tenth regiment on the 18th of September, a'nd ordered into camp at Milwaukee, where it was fully organized about the first of October, being mustered into the service on the fourteenth of that month. The Tenth infantry was enlisted in September, 1861, and mustered in on the fourteenth of October, 1861, at "Camp Holton," Mil- waukee. The Eleventh regiment was called by companies into " Camp Randall " the latter pari of September and first of October, 1861, and mustered in on the eighteenth. The Twelfth was called in to the same camp and mustered in by conip.-.nies between the twenty-eighth of October and the fifth of November, 1861. The Thirteenth rendezvoused at "Camp Treadway," Janes- vilie, being mustered into the United States service on the seventeenth of October, iS6i. These thirteen regiments were all that had been accepted and mustered into the United States servif-e while Randall was governor. From the commencement of the rebellion a great desire had been manifested for the orpan- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 75 ization of artillery companies in Wisconsin, and this desire was finally gratified. Each battery was to number one hundred and fifty men, and, as has been shown, five had been authorized by the General Government to be raised in Wisconsin. The First battery was recruited at La Crosse, under the superintendence of Captain Jacob T. Foster, and was known as the " La Crosse Artillery." It rendezvoused at Racine^early in October, 1861, where on the tenth of that month, it was mustered into the United States service. The Second battery, Captain Ernest Herzberg, assembled at " Camp Utley," Racine, and was mustered in with the First battery on the tenth. The Third, known as the " Badger Battery," was organized by Captain L. H. Drury, at Madison and Berlin, and was mustered into the service on the same day and at the same place as the First and Second. The Fourth battery, recruited and organized at Beloit, under the supervision of Captain John F. Vallee, was mustered in on the first of October, 1861, at Racine. The Fifth battery was recruited at Monroe, Green county, under the superintendence of Captain Oscar F- Pinney, moving afterward to " Camp Utley," Racine, where, on the first of October, it was mus- tered in, along with the Fourth. So brisk had been the recruiting, it was ascertained by the governor that seven companies had been raised instead of five, when the secretary of war was telegraphed to, and the extra companies — the Sixth and Seventh accepted ; the Sixth, known as the " Buena Vista Artillery," being recruited at Lone Rock, Richland county, in September, Captain Henry Dillon, and mustered in on the second of October, 1861, at Racine; the Seventh, known as the "Badger State Flying .Artillery," having organized at Milwaukee, Captain Richard R. GriflSths, and mustered in on the fourth of the same month, going into camp at Racine on the eighth. This completed the mustering in of the first seven batteries, during Governor Randall's administration; the whole mustered force being thirteen regiments of infantry; one company of cavalry ; one of sharpshooters ; and these seven artillery companies. "Wisconsin," said the gov- ernor, in response to a request as to the number of regiments organized, " sent one regiment for three months, — officers and men eight hundred and ten. The other regiments ■ )r the war up to the Thirteenth (including the First, re-organized), will average one thousand men each; one company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment, one hundred and three men ; and seven companies of light artillery." Of cavalry from Wisconsin, only Deutsch's company had been mustered into the United States, although three regiments had been authorized by the General Government before the close of Randall's administration. The governor, before the expiration of his office, was empowered to organize more artillery companies — ten in all ; and five additional regiments of infantry — making the whole number eighteen. On the tenth of December, he wrote : " Our Fourteenth infantry is full and in camp. * * * Fifteenth has five companies in camp, and filling up. Sixteenth has eight companies in camp, and will be full by the 25th of December. Seventeenth has some four hundred men enlisted. Eighteenth will be in camp, full, by January i. Seven maximum companies of artillery in camp. * * * Three regiments of cavalry — two full above the maximum; the third, about eight hundred men in camp." It will be seen, therefore, that a considerable number of men in the three branches of the service was then in camp that had not been mustered into the service; and this number was considerably increased by the 6th of January, 1862, the day that Randall's official term expired ; but no more men were mustered in, until his successor came into office, than those previously mentioned. The First regiment — three months' — left " Camp Scott," Milwaukee, on the ninth of June, 1861, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — eight hundred and ten in number; John C. Starkweather, colonel. The regiment returned to Milwaukee on the seventeenth of August, 1S61, and was mustered out on the twenty-second. The First regiment re-organized at "Camp Scott," Milwaukee. Its mustering into the service, as previously mentioned, was completed on the nineteenth of October. On the twenty- 76 HISTORY OF WTSCOXST^r. eighth, it started for Louisville, Kentucky — nine hundred and forty-five strong — under command of its former colonel, John C. Starkweather. The Second regiment, with S. Park Coon as colonel, left " Camp Randall, Madison, lor Washington city, on the eleventh of June, 1861 — numbering, in all, one thousand and fifty-one. The Third regiment started from " Camp Hamilton," Fond du Lac, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, under command of Charles S. Hamilton, as colonel, on the twelfth of July, 1861, with a numerical strength of nine hundred and seventy- nine. The Fourth regiment — Colonel Halbert E. Payne — with a numerical strength of one thousand and fifty-three, departed on the fifteenth of July, 1861, from "Camp Utley," Racine, for Baltimore, Maryland. The Fifth regiment left "Camp Randall," Madison, one thousand and fifty-eight strong, commanded by Colonel Amasa Cobb, on the twenty-fourth of July, 1861, for Washington city. On the twenty-eighth of July, 1861, the Sixth regiment, numbering one thousand and eighty-fouf, moved from Madison, having been ordered to Washington city. It was commanded by Colonel Lysander Cutter. The Seventh regiment — Joseph Van Dor, Colonel — with a numerical strength of one thouFuiid and sixteen men — officers and privates, received orders, as did the Fifth and Sixth, to move forward to Washington. They started from Madison on the morning of the twenty-first of September, 1S61, for active service. The Eighth infantrj', nine hundred and seventy-three strong, commanded by Colonel Robert C. Murphy, left Madison, en route for St. Louis, Missouri, on the morning of the twelfth of October, 1861. The Ninth, or German regiment, with Frederick Salomon in command as colonel, did not leave "Camp Sigel," for active service, while Randall was governor. The Tenth infantry moved from " Camp Holton," Milwaukee, commanded by Colonel Alfred R. Chapin, on the ninth of November, 1861, destined for Louisville, Kentucky, with a total number of nine hundred and sixteen officers and privates. On the twentieth of November, 1861, the Eleventh regiment "broke camp" at Madison, starting for St. Louis, under command of Charles L. Harris, as colonel. Its whole number of men was nine hundred and sixteen. The Twelfth regiment, at " Camp Randall," Madison — Colonel George E. Bryant, and the Thirteenth, at " Camp Tredway," Janesville — Colonel Maurice Maloney — were still in camp at the expiration of the administration of Governor Randall : these, with the Ninth, were all that had not moved out of the State for active service, of those mustered in previous to January 6, 1S61,— making a grand total of infantry sent from Wisconsin, up to that date, by the governor, to answer calls of the General Government, for three years' service or during the war, of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-one men, in tea regiments, averaging very nearly one thousand to eacii regiment. Besides these ten regiments of infantry for three years' service, Wisconsin had also sent into the field the First regiment, for three months' service, numbering eight hundred and ten men; Alexander's company of sharp- shooters, one hundred and six; and Deutsch's company of cavalry, eighty-four: in all, one thousand. Adding these to the three years' regiments, and the whole force, in round numbers, was eleven thousand men, furnished by the Stale in 1861. Eighth .Administration. — Louis P. Harvey and Edward Salomon, Governors — 1862-1863. Louis P. Harvey was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the sixth of January, 1862. The fifteenth regular session of the legislature of the State began on the eighth of the same month. In the senate, the republicans were in the majority; but in the assembly they had only a plurality of members, there being a number of" Union " men in that branch — enough, indeed, to elect, by outside aid, J. W. Beardsley, who ran for the assembly, upon the " Union " ticket, as speaker. Governor Harvey, on the tenth, read his message to the legislature in joint convention. " No previous legislature," are his opening words, " has convened under equal incentives to a disinterested zeal in the public service The occasion," he adds, " pleads WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 77 with you in rebuke of all the meaner passions, admonishing to the exercise of a consi icntious patriotism, becoming the representatives of a Christian people, called in God's providence to pass through the furnace of a great trial of their virtue, and of the strength of the Government." On the seventh of April following, the legislature adjourned until the third of June next ensuin". Before it again assembled, an event occurred, casting a gloom over the whole State. The occasion was the accidental drowning of Governor Harvey. Soon after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, on the seventh of April, 1862, the certainty that some of the Wisconsin regiments had suffered severely, induced the governor to organize a reli'f party, to aid the wounded and suffering soldiers from the State. On the t*enth, Harvey and others started on their tour of benevolence. Arriving at Chicago, they found a large num- ber of boxes had been forwarded there from different points in the State, containing supplies of various kinds. At Mound City, Paducah, and Savannah, the governor and his party adminis- tered to the wants of the sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers. Having completed their mission of mercy, they repaired to a boat in the harbor of Savannah, to await the arrival of the Alinne- haha, which was to convey them to Cairo, on their homeward trip. It was late in the evening of the nineteenth of April, 1862, and very dark when the boat arrived which was to take the governor and his friends on board ; and as she rounded to, the bow touching the DutiLil/i, on which was congregated the party ready to depart; Governor Harvey, by a misstep, fell overboard between the two boats, into the Tennessee river. The current was strong, and the water more than thirty feet deep. Every thing was done that could be, to save his life, but all to no purpose. His body was subsequently found and brought to Madison for interment. Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor, by virtue of a provision of the constitution of the State, upon the death of Harvey, succeeded to the office of governor of Wisconsin. On the third day of June, the legislature re-assembled in accordance with adjournment on the seventh of April previous, Governor Salomon, in his message of that day, to the senate and assembly, after announcing the sad event of the death of the late governor, said : " The last among the governors elected by the people of this State, he is the first who has been removed by death from our midst. The circumstances leading to and surrounding the tragic :,nd melancholy cud of the honored and lamented deceased, are well known to the people, and are, with his memory, treasured up in their hearts." He died," added Salomon, "' while in the exercise of the highest duties of philan- thropy and humanity, that a noble impulse had imposed upon him." The legislature, on the thirteenth of June, by a joint resolution, declared that in the death of Governor Harvey, the State had " lost an honest, faithful, and efficient public officer, a high-toned gentleman, a warm- hearted philanthropist, and a sincere friend." Both houses adjourned siw die, on the sevenienth of June, 1S62. Business of great public importance, in the judgment of the governor, rendering a special session of the legislature necessary, he issued, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1862, his proc- lamation to that effect, convening both houses on the tenth of September following. On that day he sent in his message, relating wholly to war matters. He referred to the fact that since the adjournment of the previous session, six hundred thousand more men had been called for by the president of the United States, to suppress the rebellion. " It is evident," said he, "' that to meet further calls, it is necessary to rely upon a system of drafting or conscription, in Wisconsin." The governor then proceeded to recommend such measures as he deemed necessary to meet the exigencies of the times. The legislature levied a tax to aid volunleering, and passed a law giving the right of suffrage to soldiers in the military service. They also authorized the raising of money for payment of bounties to volunteers. The legislature adjourned on the twenty- si.xth of September, 1862, after a session of sixteen days, and the enacting of seventeen laws. 78 HTSTOBY OF WISCON'SIN'. On the 7th of October, James H. Howe, attorney general, resigned his office to enter the army. On the 14th of that month, Winfield Smith was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy. At the general election in the Fall of this year, six congressmen were elected to the thirty- eighth congress: James S. Brown from the first district; I. C. Sloan, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; Charles A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Ezra Wheeler, from the fifth ; and W. D. Mclndoe, from the sixth district. Sloan, Cobb, and Mclndoe, were elected as republi- cans ; Brown, Eldridge, and Wheeler, as democrats. The sixteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature, commenced on the fourteenth of January, 1863. J. Allen Barber was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in both houses was republican. Governor Salomon read his message on the fifteenth, to the joint convention, referring, at length, to matters connected with the war of the rebellion. A large number of bills were passed by the legislature for the benefit of soldiers and their families. On the twenty-second, the legislature re-elected James R. Doolittle, to the United States senate for six years, from the fourth of March next ensuing. The legislature adjourned siiu die on the second of April following. In the Spring of this year, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court, running as an independent candidate. By a provision of the Revised Statutes of 1858, as amended by an act passed in 1S62, and interpreted by another act passed in 1S75, the terms of the justices of the supreme court, elected for a full term, commence on the first Monday in January next succeeding their election. At the Fall election there were two tickets in the field : democratic and union republican. The latter was successful, electing James T. Lewis, governor; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Lucius Fairchild, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; Winfield Smith, attorney general ; J. L. Pickard, state superintendent ; W. H. Ramsay, bank comp- troller ; and Henry Cordier, state prison commissioner. War of Secession — Harvey and Salomon's Administration. When Governor Randall turned over to his successor in the gubernatorial chair, the military matters of Wisconsin, he had remaining in the State, either already organized or in process of formation, the Ninth infantry, also the Twelfth up to the Nineteenth inclusive; three regiments of cavalry ; and ten batteries — First to Tenth inclusive. Colonel Edward Daniels, in the Summer of 1861, was authorized by the war department to recruit and organize one battalion of cavalry in Wisconsin. He was subsequently authorized to raise two more companies. •Governor Ran- dall, in October, was authorized to complete the regiment — the First cavalry — by the organiza- tion of six additional companies. The organization of the Second cavalry regiment was author- ized in the Fall of 1861, as an "independent acceptance," but \\>i finally turned over to the State authorities. Early in November, iS6i, the war department issued an order discontinuing enlistments for the cavalry service, and circulars were sent to the diflerent State executives to consolidate all incomplete regiments. Ex-Governor Barstow, by authority of General Fremont, which authority was confirmed by the General Government, had commenced the organization of a cavalry regiment — the Third Wisconsin — when Governor Randall received information that the authority of Barstow had been revoked. The latter, however, soon had his autliority restored. In October, Governor Randall was authorized by the war department to raise three additional companies of artillery — Eighth to Tenth inclusive. These three batteries were all filled and went into camp by the close of 1861. Governor Randall, therefore, besides sending out of the State eleven thousand men, had in process of formation, or fully organized, nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry, and ten companies of artillery, left behind in WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 79 various camps in the State, to be turned over to his successor. The military officers of Wisconsin were the governor, Louis P. Harvey, commander-in- chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general ; Brigadier General W. W. Tred- way, quartermaster general ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier Gen- eral Simeon Mills, paymaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major M. H. Carpenter, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. As the General Government had taken the recruiting service out of the hands of the executives of the States, and appointed superintendents in their place, the offices of commissary general and paymaster general were no longer necessary ; and their time, after the commencement of the administration in Wisconsin of 1862, was employed, so long as they continued their respective offices, in settling up the business of each. The office of commissary general was- closed about the first of June, 1862; that of paymaster general on the tenth of July following. On the last of August, 1862, Brigadier General Tredway resigned the position of quartermaster general, and Nathaniel F. Lund was appointed to fill his place. Upon the convening of the legislature of the State in its regular January session of this year — 1S62, Governor Harvey gave, in his message to that body, a full statement of what had been done by Wisconsin in matters appertaining to the war, under the administration of his predecessor. He stated that the State furnished to the service of the General Government under the call for volunteers for three months, one regiment — First Wisconsin ; under the call for volunteers for tliree years, or the war, ten regiments, numbering from the First re -organized to the Eleventh, excluding the Ninth or German regiment. He gave as the whole number of officers, musicians and privates, in these ten three-year regiments, ten thousand one hundred and seventeen. He further stated that there were then organized and awaiting orders, the Ninth, in " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, numbering nine hundred and forty men, under Colonel Frederick Salomon; the Twelfth, in " Camp Randall," one thousand and thirty-nine men, under Colonel George E. Bryant; the Thirteenth, in "Camp Tredway," Janesville, having nine hundred and nineteen men, commanded by Colonel M. Maloney ; and the Fourteenth, at " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, eight hundred and fifty men, under Colonel D. E. Wood. The Fifteenth or Scandinavian regiment. Colonel H. C. Heg, seven hundred men, and the Sixteenth, Colonel Benjamin Allen, nine hundred men, were at that time at "Camp Randall," in near readiness for marching orders. The Seventeenth (Irish) regiment. Colonel J. L. Doran, and the Eighteenth, Colonel James S. Alban, had their full number of companies in readiness, lacking one, and had been notified to go into camp — the former at Madison, the latter at Milwaukee. Seven companies of artillery, numbering together one thousand and fifty men, had remained for a considerable time in " Camp Utley," Racine, impatient of the delays of the General Govern- ment in calling them to move forward. Three additional companies of artillery were about going into camp, numbering three hundred and thirty-four men. Besides these, the State had furnished, as already mentioned, an independent company of cavalry, then in Missouri, raised by Captain Von Deutsch, of eighty-one men ; a company of one hundred and four men for Ber- dan's sharpshooters; and an additional company for the Second regiment, of about eighty men. Three regiments of cavalry — the First, Colonel E. Daniels; the Second, Colonel C. C. Washburn; and the Third, Colonel W. \. Barstow; were being organized. They numbered together, two thou- sand four hundred and fifty men. The Nineteenth (independent) regiment was rapidly organ- izing under the direction of the General Government, by Colonel H. T. Sanders, Racine. Not bringing this last regiment into view, the State had, at the commencement of Governor Harvey's administration, including the First, three-months' regiment, either in the service of the United States or organizing for it, a total of twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three men. 80 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN'. The legislature at its regular session of 1862, passed a law making it necessary to present all claims which were made payable out of the war fund, within twelve months from the time they accrued ; a law was also passed authorizing the investment of the principal of tlie school fund in the bonds of the state issued for war purposes ; another, amendatory of the act of the extra session of 1861, granting exemption to persons enrolled in the military service, so as to except persons acting as fiduciary agents, either as executors or administrators, or guardians or trustees, or persons defrauding the State, or any school district of moneys belonging to the same ; also author- izing a stay of proceedings in foreclosures of mortgages, by advertisements. " The State Aid Law" was amended so as to apply to all regiments of infantr)', cavalry, artillery and sharpshooters, defining the rights of families, fixing penalties for the issue of false papers, and imposing duties on military officers in the field to make certain reports. These amendments only included regi- ments and companies organized up to and including the Twentieth, which was in process of organization before the close of the session. A law was also passed suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State, or held by volunteers ; another defining the duties of the allotment com- missioners appointed by the president of the United States, and fixing their compensation. One authorized the issuing of bonds for two hundred thousand dollars for war pur])oses ; one author- ized a temporary loan from the general fund to pay State aid to volunteers ; and one, the appoint- ment of a joint committee to investigate the sale of war bonds ; while another authorized the governor to appoint surgeons to batteries, and assistant surgeons to cavalry regiments. The legislature, it will be remembered, took a recess from the seventh of April to the third of June, 1862. Upon its re-assembling, ".. act was passed providing lor the discontinuance of the active services of the paymaster general, quartermaster general and commissary general. Another act appropriated twenty thousand dollars to enable the governor to care for the sick and wounded soldiers of the State. There was also another act passed authorizing the auditing, by the quartermaster general, of bills for subsistence and transportation of the Wisconsin cavalry regiments. At the extra session called by Governor Salomon, for the tenth of September, 1S62, an amendment was made to the law granting aid to families of volunteers, by including all regi- ments of cavalry, infantry, or batteries of artillery before that time raised in the State, or that might afterward be raised and mustered into the United States service. It also authorized the levying of a State tax of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars to be placed to the credit of the war fund and used in the payment of warrants for " State Aid" to families of volunteers. Another law authorized commissioned officers out of the State to administer oaths and take acknowledgments of deeds and other pajiers. One act authorized soldiers in the field, although out of the State, to exercise the right of suffrage ; and another gave towns, cities, incorporated villages and counties the authority to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers. On the fifth of August, 1862, Governor Salomon received from the war department a dispatch stating that orders had been issued for a draft of three hundred thousand men to be immediately called into the service of the United States, to serve for nine months unless sooner discharged ; that if the State quota under a call made July 2, of that year, for three hundred thousand vol- unteers, was not filled by the fifteenth of August, the deficiency would be made up by draft ; and that the secretary of war would assign the quotas to the States and establish regulations for the draft. On the eighth of that month, the governor of the State was ordered to immediately cause an enrollment of all able-bodied citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age, by counties. Governor Salomon was authorized to appoint proper officers, and the United States promised to pay all reasonable expenses. The quota for Wisconsin, under the call for nine months' men, was eleven thousand nine hundred and four. The draft was made by the governor in obedience to the order he had received from Washington ; but such had been the volunteering under the stim- "WISOOXSIN" AS A STATE. 81 ulus caused by a fear of it, that only four thousand five hundred and thirty-seven rnen were drafted. This was the first and only draft made in Wisconsin by the State authorities. Subsequent ones were made under the direction of the provost marshal general at Wash- ington. The enlisting, organization and mustering into the United States service during Randall's administration of thirteen regiments of infantry — the First to the Thirteenth inclusive, and the marching of ten of them out of the State before the close of 1861, also, of one company of cavalry under Captain Von Deutsch and one company of sharpshooters under Captain Alexander, con- stituted the effective aid abroad of Wisconsin during that year to suppress the rebellion. But for the year 1862, this aid, as to number of organizations, was more than doubled, as will now be shown. The Ninth regiment left " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, under command of Colonel Frederick Salomon, on the twenty-second of January, 1862, numbering thirty-nine officers and eight hun dred and eighty-four men, to report at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The Twelfth infantry left Wisconsin under command of Colonel George E. Bryant, ten hundred and forty-five strong, the eleventh of January, 1862, with orders to report at Weston, Missouri. The Thirteenth regiment — Colonel Maurice Maloney — left "Camp Tredway," Janesville, on the eighteenth of January, 1862, nine hundred and seventy strong, under orders to report at Leavenworth, Kansas, where it arrived on the twenty-third. The Fourteenth regiment of infantry departed from " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, under command of Colonel David E. Wood, for St. Louis, Missouri, on the eighth of March, 1862, it having been mustered into the United States service on the thirtieth of January previous. Its total strength was nine hundred and seventy officers and men. It arrived at its destination on the tenth of March, and went into quarters at " Benton Barracks." The Fifteenth regiment, mostly recruited from the Scandinavian population of Wisconsin, was organized at "Camp Randall," Madison — Hans C. Heg as colonel. Its muster into the United States service was completed i>n the fourteenth of February, 1S62, it leaving the State for St. Louis, Missouri, on the second of March following, with a total strength of eight hundred and one officers and men. The Sixteenth regiment was organized at "Camp Randall," and was mustered into the service on the last day of January, 1862, leaving the State, with Benjamin Allen as colonel, for St. Louis on the thirteenth of March ensuing, having a total strength of one thousand and sixty-six. The reg.mental organization of the Seventeenth infantry (Irish), Colonel John L. Doran, was effected at " Camp Randall," and the mustering in of the men completed on the fifteenth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the twenty-third for St. Louis. The Eighteenth regiment organized at " Camp Trowbridge," Milwaukee — James S. Alban, colonel — completed its muster into the United States service on the fifteenth of March, 1862, and left the State for St. Louis on the thirtieth, reaching their point of destination on the thirty- first. The Nineteenth infantry rendezvoused at Racine as an independent regiment, its colonel, Horace T. Sanders, being commissioned by the war department. The men were mustered into the service as fast as they were enlisted. Independent organizations being abolished, by an order from Washington, the Nineteenth was placed on the same footing as other regiments in the State. On the twentieth of April, 1862, the regiment was ordered to " Camp Randall " to guard rebel prisoners. Here the mustering in was completed, numbering in all nine hundred and seventy-three. They left the State for Washington on the second of June. 82 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The muster into the United States service of the Twentieth regiment — IJertine Pinckne\v colonel — was completed on the twenty-third of August, iS6?, at "Camp Randall," the original strength being nine hundred and ninety. On the thirtieth of August the regiment left the State for St. Louis. The Twenty-first infantry was organized at Oshkush, being mustered in on the fifth of Sep- tember, 1862, with a force of one thousand and two, all told — Benjamin J. Sweet, colonel — leaving the State for Cincinnati on the eleventh. The Twenty-second regiment — Colonel William L. Utley — was organized at "Camp Utley," Racine, and mustered in on the second of September, 1862. Its original strength was one thou- sand and nine. It left the State for Cincinnati on the sixteenth. On the thirtieth of .\ugust, 1S62, the Twenty-third regiment — Colonel Joshua J. Guppey — was mustered in at "Camp Randall," leaving Madison for Cincinnati on the fifteenth. The Twenty-fourth infantry rendezvoused at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Its muster in was completed on the twenty-first of August, 1S62, the regiment leaving the State under Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, for Kentucky, on the fifth of September, one thousand strong. On the fourteenth of September, 1S62, at " Camp Salomon," LaCrosse, the Twenty-fifth regiment was mustered into the service — Milton Montgomery, colonel. They left the State on the nineteenth with orders to report to General Pope, at St. Paul, Minnesota, to aid in suppress- ing the Indian difficulties in that State. Their entire strength was one thousand and eighteen. The regiment, after contributing to the preservation of tranquillity among the settlers, and deterring the Indians from hostilities, returned to Wisconsin, arriving at " Camp Randall " on the eighteenth of December, 1862. The Twenty-sixth — almost wholly a German regiment — was mustered into the service at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the sevcnteentli of September, 1S62. The regiment, under com- mand of Colonel William H. Jacobs, left the State for VVasiiington city on the sixtii of October, one thousand strong. The Twenty-seventh infantry was ordered to rendezvous at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1S62 ; but the discontinuance of recruiting for new regiments in August left the Twenty-seventh with only seven companies full. An order authorizing the recruiting of three more companies was received, and under the supervision of Colonel Conrad Krez the organization was completed, but the regiment at the close of the year had not been mustered into the service. On the twenty-fourth of October, 1862, the Twenty-eighth regiment — James M. Lewis, of Oconomowoc, colonel — was mustered into the United States service at "Camp Washburn," Mil- waukee. Its strength was nine hundred and sixty-one. In November, the regiment was employed in arresting and guarding the draft rioters in Ozaukee county. It left the State for Columbus, Kentucky, on the twentieth of December, where they arrived on the twenty-second; remaining there until the fifth of January, 1863. The Twenty-ninth infantry — Colonel Charles R. Gill — was organized at " Camp Randall," where its muster into the United States service was completed on the twenty-seventh of Sep- tember, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for Cairo, Illinois, on the second of November. The Thirtieth regiment, organized at "Camp Randall" under the supervision of Colonel Daniel J. Dill, completed its muster into the United States service on the twenty-first of October, 1S62, with a strength of nine hundred and six. On the sixteenth of November, one company of the Thirtieth was sent to Green Bay to protect the draft commissioner, remaining several weeks. On the eighteenth, seven companies moved to Milwaukee to assist in enforcing the draft in Mil- waukee county, while two companies remained in "Camp Randall" to guard Ozaukee rioters. WISCONSIX AS A STATE. 83 On the twenty-second, six companies from Milwaukee went to West Bend, Washington county, one company returning to "Camp Randall." After the completion of the draft in Washington county, four companies returned to camp, while two companies were engaged in gathering up tlie drafted men. The final and complete organization of the Thirty-first infantry — Colonel Isaac E. Mess- more — was not concluded during the year 1862. The Thirty-second regiment, organized at "Camp Bragg," Oshkosh, with James H. Howe as colonel, was mustered into the service on the twenty-fifth of September, 1862 ; and, on the thirtieth of October, leaving the State, it proceeded by way of Chicago and Cairo to Mempiiis, Tennessee, going into camp on the third of November. The original strength of the Thirty- second was nine hundred and ninety-three. The Thirty-third infantry — Colonel Jonathan B. Moore — mustered in on the eighteenth of October, 1862, at "Camp Utley," Racine, left the State, eight hundred and ninety-two strong, moving by way of Chicago to Cairo. The Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted men, original strength nine hundred and sixty-one — Colonel Fritz Anneke — liad its muster into service for nine months completed at "Camp Wash- burn," Milwaukee, on the last day of the year 1862. Of the twenty-four infantry regiments, numbered from the Twelfth to the Thirty-fourthi inclusive, and including also the Ninth, three — the Ninth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth — were mus- tered into the United States service in 1861. The whole of the residue were mustered in during, the year 1862, except the Twenty-seventh and the Thirty-first. All were sent out of the State during 1862, except the last two mentioned and the Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-fourth. The First regiment of cavalry — Colonel Edward Daniels — perfected its organization at " Camp Harvey," Kenosha. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the eighth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the seventeenth, with a strength of eleven hundred and twenty-four. The muster of the Second Wisconsin cavalry was completed on the twelfth of March, 1S62, at "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the twenty- fourth, eleven hundred and twenty-seven strong. It was under the command of Cadwallader C. Washburn as colonel. The Third Wisconsin cavalry — Colonel William A. Barstow — was mustered in at " Camp Barstow," Janesville. The muster was completed on the 3rst of January, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the 26th of March for St. Louis, with a strength of eleven hundred and eighty-six. The original project of forming a regiment of light artillery in Wisconsin was overruled by the war department, and the several batteries were sent from the State as independent organizations. The First battery — Captain Jacob T. Foster — perfected its organization at "Camp Utley," where the company was mustered in, it leaving the State with a strength of one hundred and fifty-five, on the 23d of January, 1862, for Louisville, where the battery went into "Camp Irvine," near that city. The Second battery — Captain Ernest F. Herzberg — was mustered into the service at "Camp Utley," October 10, 1861, the company numbering one hundred and fifty- three. It left the State for Baltimore, on the 21st of January, 1S62. The Third battery — Cap- tain L. H. Drury — completed its orgarvization of one hundred and seventy at "Camp Utley," and was mustered in October 10, 1861, leaving the State for Louisville, on the 23d of January, 1862. The Fourth battery — Captain John F. Vallee — rendezvoused at "Camp Utley." Its muster in was completed on the ist of October, 1861, its whole force being one hundred and fif.y one. The company left the State for Baltimore on the 21st of January, 1862. The Fifth bat- 84 HTSTORY OF AVISCOXSIN. tery, commanded by Captain Oscar F. Pinney, was mustered in on thj ist of October, 1861, at ^' Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, on the 15th of March, 1862, one hundred and fifty-five strong. The Si.xth battery — Captain Henry Dillon — was mustered in on the 2d of October, 1861, at " Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, March 15, 1862, with a numer- ical strength of one hundred and fifty-seven. The Seventh battery — Captain Richard R. Grif- fiths — was mustered in on the 4th of October, 1861, at '" Camp Utley," and proceeded on the 15th of March, 1862, with the Fifth and Sixth batteries to St. Louis. The Eighth battery, com- manded by Captain Stephen J. Carpenter, was mustered in on the 8th of January, 1862, at "Camp Utley," and left the State on the 18th of March following, for St. Louis, one hundred and sixty-one strong. The Ninth battery, under command of Captain Cyrus H. Johnson, was organ- ized at Burlington, Racine county. It was mustered in on the 7th of January, 1862, leaving " Camp Utley " for St. Louis, on the i8th of March. At St. Louis, their complement of men — one hundred and fifty-five — was made up by the transfer of forty-five from another battery. The Tenth battery — Captain Yates V. Bebee — after being mustered in at Milwaukee, on the loth of February, 1862, left "Camp Utley," Racine, on the iSth of March for St. Louis, one hundred and seventeen strong. The Eleventh battery — Captain John O'Rourke — was made up of the "Oconto Irish Guards " and a detachment of Illinois recruits. The company was organized at " Camp Douglas," Chicago, in the Spring of 1862. Early in 1862, William A. Pile succeeded in enlisting ninety-nine men as a company to be known as the Twelfth battery. The men were mustered in and sent forward in squads to St. Louis. Captain Pile's commission was revoked on the iSth of July. His place was filled by William Zickrick. These twelve batteries were all that left the State in 1862. To these are to be added the three regiments of cavalry and the nineteen regi- ments of infantry, as the effective force sent out during the year by Wisconsin. The military officers of the State, at the commencement of 1863, were Edward Salomon, governor and commander-in-chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adjutant general ; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster general ; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; and Colonel W. H. Watson, military secretary. The two incomplete regiments of 1862 — the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-first volunteers — were completed and in the field in March, 1863. The former was mustered in at "Camp Sigel " — Colonel Conrad Krez — on the 7th of March, and left the State, eight hundred and sixty-five strong, on the 16th for Columbus, Kentucky ; the latter, under command of Colonel Isaac E. Messmore, with a strength of eight hundred and seventy-eight, left Wisconsin on the ist of March, for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirty-fourth (drafted) regiment left "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, on the 31st of January, 1863, for Columbus, Kentucky, numbering nine hundred and sixty-one, commanded by Colonel Fritz .Anneke. On the 17th of February, 1863, the Twenty-fifth regiment left "Camp Randall" for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirtieth regiment remained in Wisconsin during the whole of 1863, performing various duties — the only one of the whole thirty-four that, at the end of that year, had not left the State. On the 14th of January, 1863, the legislature of Wisconsin, as before stated, convened at Madison. Governor Salomon, in his message to that body, gave a summary of the transac- tions of the war fund during the calendar year; also of what was done in 1862, in the recruiting of military forces, and the manner in which the calls of the president were responded to. There were a number of military laws passed at this session. A multitude of special acts authorizing towns to raise bounties for volunteers, were also passed. No additional regiments of infantry besides those already mentioned were organized in 1863, although recruiting for old regiments continued. On the 3d of March, 1863, the congress of the United States passed the "Conscription Act." Under this act, Wisconsin was divided WISCOXSIX AS A STATE. 85 into six districts. In the first district, I. M. Bean was appointed provost marshal; C. M. liaker, commissioner; and T- B. Dousman, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Milwaukee. In the second district, S. J. M. Putnam was appointed provost marshal; L. B. Caswell, commissioner; and Dr. C. R. Head, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Janesville. In the third district, J. G. Clark was appointed provost marshal; E. E. Byant, commissioner ; and John H. Vivian, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Prairie du Chien. In the fourth district, E. L. Phillips was appointed provost marshal ; Charles Burchard, commissioner; and L. H. Cary, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Fond du Lac. In the fifth district, C. R. Merrill was appointed provost marshal ; William A. Bugh, commissioner ; and H. O. Crane, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Green Bay. In the sixth district, B. F. Cooper was appointed provost marshal; L. S. Fisher, commissioner; and D. D. Cameron, examining surgeon. Headquarters at LaCrosse. The task of enrolling the State was commenced in the month of May, and was proceeded with to its completion. The nine months' term of service of the Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted militia, having expired, the regiment was mustered out of service on the 8th of September. The enrollment in Wisconsin of all persons liable to the "Conscription" amounted to 1 21, 202. A draft was ordered to take place in November. Nearly fifteen thousand were drafted, only six hundred and twenty-eight of whom were mustered in ; the residue either furnished substitutes, were discharged, failed to report, or paid commutation. In the Summer of 1861, Company " K," Captain Langworthy, of the Second Wisconsin infantry, was detached and placed on duty as heavy artillery. His company was designated as "A," First Regiment Heavy Artillery. This was the only one organized until the Summer of 1863; but its organization was effected outside the State. Three companies were necessary to add to company " A" to complete the battalion. Batteries " B," " C " and " D " were, therefore, organized in Wisconsin, all leaving the State in October and November, 1863. Ninth Administration — James T. Lewis, Governor — 1864-1865. James T. Lewis, of Columbia county, was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the fourth of January, 1864. In an inaugural address, the incoming governor pledged himself to use no executive patronage for a re-election ; declared he would administer the government without prejudice or partiality ; and committed himself to an economical administration of affairs con- nected with the State. On the thirteenth the legislature met in its seventeenth regular session. W. \\'. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The republican and union men were in the majority in this legislature. A number of acts were passed relative to military matters. On the I St day of October, J. L. Pickard having resigned as superintendent of public instruction, J. G. McMynn was, by the governor, appointed to fill the vacancy. On the fif- teenth of November, Governor Lewis appointed Jason Downer an associate justice of the supreme court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Byron Paine, who had resigned his position to take effect on that day, in order to accept the position of lieutenant colonel of one of the regiments of Wisconsin, to whi'ch he had been commissioned on the tenth of August previous. The November elections of this year were entered into with great zeal by the two parties, owing to the fact that a ])resident and vice jjresident of the United States were to be chosen. The republicans were victorious. Electors of that party cast their eight votes for Lincoln and Johnson. The members elected to the thirty -ninth congress from Wisconsin at this election were : from the first district, H. E. Paine ; from the second, I. C. Sloan ; from the third, Amasa Cobb; from the fourth, C. .\. f^ldredge; from the fifth, I'hiletus Sawyer; and 86 HISTORY OF ■WISCONSIN. from the sixth district, W. D. Mclndoe. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was. elected as a democrat. The Eighteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature began in Madison on the elev- enth of January, 1865. W. \V. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was, as to its political complexion, " Republican Union." On the tenth of April, the last day of the session, Governor Lewis informed the legislature that General Lee and his arrny had sur- rendered. " Four years ago," said he, "on the day fixed for adjournment, the sad news of the fall of Fort Sumter was transmitted to the legislature. To-day, thank God! and next to Him t!ie brave officers and soldiers of our army and navy, I am permitted to transmit to you the- official intelligence, just received, of the surrender of General Lee and his army, the last prop of the rebellion. Let us rejoice, and thank the Ruler of the Universe for victory and the pros- pects of an honorable peace." In February preceding, both houses ratified the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United States. Al the Spring election, Jason Downer was chosen associate justice of the supreme court for a full term of six years. The twentieth of April was set apart by the governor as a day of thanksgiving for the overthrow of the rebellion and restoration of peace. At the Fall election both parties, republican and democratic, had tickets in the field. The republicans were victorious, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Thomas S. Allen, secretary of state; William E. Smithy state treasurer; Charles R. Gill, attorney general; John G. McMynn, superintendent o£ public instruction; J. M. Rusk, bank comptroller; and Henry Cordier, state prison commis- sioner. War of .Secession — Lewis' Administration. The military officers for 1864 were besides the governor (who was commander-in-chief} Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adju- tant general ; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster and commissary general, and chief of ordnance ; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general ; and Colonel Frank H, Firmin, military secretary. The legislature met at Madison on the 13th of January, 1864. "In response to the call of the General Government," said the governor, in his message to that body, " Wisconsin had sent to the field on the first day of November last, exclusive of three months' men, thirty - four regiments of infantry, three regiments and one company of cavalry, twelve batteries of light artillery, three batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of sharp- shooters, making an aggregate of forty-one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five men." Quite a number of laws were passed at this session of the legislature relative to military matters: three were acts to authorize towns, cities and villages to raise money by tax for the payment of bounties to volunteers; one revised, amended and consolidated all laws relative to extra pay to Wisconsin soldiers in the service of the United States; one provided for the proper reception by the State, of Wiscons n volunteers returning from the field of service; another repealed the law relative to allotment commissioners. One was passed authorizing the gov- ernor to purchase flags for regiments or batteries whose flags were lost or destroyed in the service: another was passed amending the law suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State or held by volunteers, so as to apply to drafted men; another provided for levying a State tax of $200,000 for the support of families of volunteers. A law was [lassed authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated ten thousand dollars for that purpose. Two other acts authorized the borrowing of money for repel- ling invasion, suppressing insurrection, and defending the State in time of war. One act [no- hibited the taking of fees for procuring volunteers' extra bounty ; another one defined the resi- dence of certain soldiers from this Si..te in the service of the United States, who had received WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 87 local bounties from towns other tlian their proper places of residence. At the commencement of 1864, there were recruiting in the State the Thirty-fifth regiment ■of infantiy and the Thirteenth battery. The latter was mustered in on the 29th of December, 1863, and left the State for New Orleans on the 28th of January, 1864. In February, authority was given by the war department to organize the Thirty-sixth regiment of infantry. On the 27th of that month, the mustering in of the Thirty-fifth was completed at " Camp Washburn " — Colonel Henry Orff — the regiment, one thousand and si.\ty-si.\ strong, leaving the State on the 1 8th of April, 1864, for Alexandriz;, Louisiana. The other regiments, recruited and mustered into the service of the United States during the year 1864, were: the Thirty-sixth — Colonel Prank A. Haskell; the Thirty-seventh — Colonel Sam Harriman ; the Thirty-eighth — Colonel James Bintliff; the Thirty-ninth — Colonel Edwin L. Buttrick ; the Fortieth — Colonel W. Augustus Ray; the Forty-first — Lieutenant Colonel George B. Goodwin; the Forty-second — Colonel Ezra T. Sprague; the Forty-third — Colonel Amasa Cobb. The regiments mustered into the service of the United Slates during the year 1865 were: the Forty-fourth — Colonel George C. Symes ; the Forty-fifth — Colonel Henry F. Belitz; Forty- sixth — Colonel Frederick S. Lovell ; Forty-seventh — Colonel George C. Ginty ; Forty-eighth — Colonel Uri B. Pearsall ; Forty-ninth — Colonel Samuel Fallows; Fiftieth — Colonel John G. ■Clark; Fifty-first — Colonel Leonard Martin; Fifty-second — Lieutenant Colonel Hiram J. Lewis ; and Fifty-third — Lieutenant Colonel Robert T. Pugh. All of the fifty-three regiments of infantry raised in Wisconsin during the war, sooner or later moved to the South and were engaged there in one way or other, in aiding to suppress the rebellion. Twelve of these regiments were assigned to duty in the eas'.ern division, which con- stituted the territory on both sides of the Potomac and upon the seaboard from Baltimore to Savannah. These twelve regiments were: the First (three months). Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, and Thirty-eighth. Ten regiments were assigned to the central division, including Kentucky, Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Georgia. These ten were: the Tenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty- fourth, Thirtieth, Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh. Added to these was the First (re-organized). Thirty-one regiments were ordered to the western division, embracing the country west and northwest of the central division. These were : the Eightli, Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth. Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteentii, Twentieth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty- second, Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third. During the war several transfers were made from one district to another. There were taken from the eastern division, the Third and Twenty-sixth, and sent to the central division; also the Fourth, which was sent to the department of the gulf. The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seven- teenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first and Thirty-second were transferred from the western to the central department. The four regiments of cavalry were assigned to the western division — the First regiment being afterward transferred to the central division. Of the thirteen batteries of light artillery, the Second, Fourth, and Eleventh, were assigned to the eastern division; the First and Third, to the central division ; the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth, to the western division. During the war, the First was transferred to the western division ; while the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth, were transferred to the central division. Of the twelve batteries of the First regiment of heavy artillery — "A," "E," "F," "G," "H," "I," ■"K," "L," and "M," were assigned to duty in the eastern division ; "B" and "C," to the central 88 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. division; and "D," to tlie western division. Company "G," First regiment Berdan's sharp- shooters, was assigned to the eastern division. The military officers of the State for 1865 were the same as the previous year, except that Brigadier General Lund resigned his position as quartermaster general, James M. Lynch being appointed in his place. The legislature of this year met in Madison on the nth of January. " To the calls of the Government for troops," said Governor Lewis, in his message, " no State has responded with greater alacrity than has Wisconsin. She has sent to the field, since the commencement of the war, forty-four regiments of infantry, four regiments and one company of cavalry, one regiment of heavy artillery, thirteen batteries of light artillery, and one company of sharpshooters, making an aggregate (exclusive of hundred day men) of seventy-five thousand one hundred and thirty-three men." Several military laws were passed at this session : one authorizing cities, towns, and villages to pay bounties to volunteers; another, incorporating the Wisconsin Soldiers' Home; two others, amending the act relative "to the commencement and prosecution of civil actions against persons in the military service of the country." One was passed authorizing the payment of salaries, clerk hire, and expenses, of the offices of the adjutant general and quartermaster general from the war fund ; another, amending the act authorizing commissioned officers to take acknowledg- ment of deeds, affidavits and depositions; another, amending the act extending the right of suffrage to soldiers in the field. One act provides for correcting and completing the records of the adjutant general's office, relative to the military history of the individual members of the several military organizations of this State; another fixes the salary of the adjutant general and the quartermaster general, and their clerks and assistants; another prohibits volunteer or sub- stitute brokerage. One act was passed supplementary and explanatory of a previous one of the same session, authorizing towns, cities, or villages, to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers ; another, amending a law of 1864, relating to the relief of soldiers' families; and another, ytro- viding for the establishment of State agencies for the relief and care of sick, wounded, and disabled Wisconsin soldiers. There was an act also passed, authorizing the borrowing of money for a period not exceeding seven months, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, — the amount not to exceed $850,000. On the 13th of April, 1865, orders were received to discontinue recruiting in Wisconsin, and to discharge all drafted men who had not been mustered in. About the first of May, orders were issued for the muster out of all organizations whose term of service would expire on or before the first of the ensuing October. As a consequence, many Wisconsin soldiers were soon on their way home. State military officers devoted their time to the reception of returning regiments, to their payment by the United States, and to settling with those who were entitled to extra pay from the State. Finally, their employment ceased — the last soldier was mustered out — the War of the Rebellion was at an end. Wisconsin had furnished to the federal army during the conflict over ninety thousand men, a considerable number more than the several requisitions of the General Government called for. Nearly eleven thousand of these were killed or died of wounds received in battle, or fell victims to diseases contracted in the militarj' service, to say nothing of those who died after their discharge, and whose deaths do not appear upon the mili- tary records. Nearly twelve million dollars were expended by the State authorities, and the people of the several counties and towns throughout the State, in their efforts to sustain the National Government. Wisconsin feels, as well' she may, proud of her record made in defense of national existence. Shoulder to shoulder with the other loyal States of the Union, she stood — always ranking among "he foremost. From her workshops, her farms, her extensive pineries, she poured forth stalwart WISCONSIX AS A STATE. 89 men, to fill up the organizations which she sent to the field. The blood of these brave men drenched almost every battle-field from Pennsylvania to the Rio Grande, from Missouri to Georgia. To chronicle the deeds and exploits — the heroic achievements — the noble enthusiasm — of the various regiments and military organizations sent by her to do battle against the hydra- headed monster secession — would be a lengthy but pleasant task ; but these stirring annals belong to the history of our whole country. Therein will be told the story which, to the latest time in the existence of this republic, will be read with wonder and astonishment. But an out- line of the action of the State authorities and their labors, and of the origin of the various military organizations, in Wisconsin, to aid in the suppression of the rebellion, must needs contain a reference to other helps employed — mostly incidental, in many cases wholly charitable but none the less effective : the sanitary operations of the State during the rebellion. Foremost among the sanitary operations of Wisconsin during the war of the rebellion was the organization of the surgeon general's department — to the end that the troops sent to the field from the State should have a complete and adequate supply of medicine and instruments as well as an efficient medical staff. In r86i. Governor Randall introduced the practice of appoint- ing agents to travel with the regiments to the field, who were to lake charge of the sick. The practice was not continued by Governor Harvey. On the 17th of June, 1862, an act of the legislature became a law authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated twenty thousand dollars for that purpose. Under this law several expeditions were sent out of the State to look after the unfortunate sons who were suffering from disease or wounds. Soldiers' aid societies were formed throughout the State soon after the opening scenes of the rebellion. When temporary sanitary operations were no longer a necessity in Wisconsin, there followed two military benevolent institutions intended to be of a permanent character : the Soldiers' Home at Milwaukee, and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Madison. The latter, however, has been discontinued. The former, started as a State institu- tion, is now wholly under the direction and support of the General Government. Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Govern- ment, in the courage or constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the war of the rebellion, Wisconsin proved herself the peer of any loyal State. TABULAR STATEMENT. We publish on the following pages the report of the Adjutant General at the close of the war, but before all the Wisconsin organizations had been mustered out. It shows how many brave men courageously forsook homes, friends and the comforts of peaceful avocations, offering their lives in defense of their country's honor. Twenty-two out of every hundred either died, were killed or wounded. Thirteen out of every hundred found a soldier's grave, while only 60 per cent of them marched home at the end of the war. Monuments may crumble, cities fall into decay, the tootle of time leave its impress on all the works of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the great war of the rebellion, in which the sons of Wisconsin bore so conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure. 90 — r o -^ X OJ -T ;7- l^ -^ tr r~i3 O TJ — CO »a -^ « o c OC^t^OCCt^C^C i.- 1^ ?< la OO C ro O to « to C»l N -MUnM •OS C4C^C4i->CCr^i-if-«^^C^^C4 ^ r-t^-^ocMOOt— t^eoo-^owt^oOMcoc^ior: .— -^QO^iot^r-ieceofci^r- ^ 00 c; — c; ,-. -^ o TTcooeot^o-^ c^ to c^i««co^o^c;ecc-)oo50c^»OQOO'Tccc^cc ^CO W Ci •^ —. f C5 s. « - ^ ot usci-j'Cio — o--c--t~a;uDt-ao«> — CcDco — o — tc — C-. OJCMXC^IOTC-. -^c 1= C) X> O 00 GO oooot--*5NMi-ic^r-c:-w — oo-S-*^^ t-SMoccmis>o>oMatc^rjMc:B- ^ -V -^ .s e ■aoiuisMa -. « r^ (M *^ O O en ^: «e i:© O -^ I' O CO CO CO c^ eo o X ^^ ■^ : n •^ «CV|-9< t- % •auiMiK ■§ «io-r-o--oo!KaD-*mi-i-w^oor-x;=(r.mc^^e-;cc-. -Tu--osc:-x eoO-fOOIMSlOt^— VC100aOOOC^WCCecC^05N-».00-r<«DO-»'t--».0-. -.Ot-t~'S.05«r-»C-. «-«.-^-X-rTr(MOe«0000-«' — ^l§^i^l2S2Ssls^§22zS5l = 2S2 = = ISsHI-^x2 = 2-'-^2^ = l moi S OXt--^t^OO«CiO?COCiC^ Ml-OOt-XO ■ • ■ • • r-it^C0OCC»-"O— '•-•CD — Clt— ■^CXJI'-I^ «r IM C^ M W ec C^ CO o cc w c^ c^ ^ ?^ ■« a u«j»iaA d^ S O »d 1— • r- CO t- r-l(N O OS M -H CO cc • • ■ • s ^ cs o to ■^ t^ ^ •-I t* w < l-H .-• 1— a Cs f^ o g s GO c^ o iC .-. o Oi CO Si S '"' •^ c^ rH C^{N ■^ i Z: r- «o s 8 00 r _^ O O Oi OS CO ^ ?Nt-«O^a0CCQC'Vi-i o to .-1 CO C^ ■-" t-* W ^ t^ — 00 c^ : s^ to c^^ •-« I-H I-l i ^q a 100 ^ t^ »0 CO C4 C^ CO '^CNOO — r-tC^O'*iO«0 0'^'^^0(NOUr-<-'CO'*»000 OO 40 to ■* O 00 o w ni M n-i ,-1 CO -v (N C^ 00 ^ I-. « CO « ^ to ^ i-< w r^ t-O H 3 .-. • U i ':DC00000l^'^WC0G0c0<-<^03r--**»0SOO(NOC0«—t-0000«C^i-"S^Q0r-O ^ CI 1 C^ to .-' CO W •-" Meow* UD (N 1-1 rH ri ^ ^ i-H j)8 *S InuiSuo s 1 i -a s 1 1 J= c c c & a b > 1. c *£ c a c c c 1 z 2 ei i - t. c t J > > t. c c J c ■» > t- 1 c X c i < c 1- i > -I > c c a r ^£ & c t > u c c c ^ > c c c 2 j c c t I > a -J > c c c a: c b I. c s c s d c c > C C Q, & X a a £ c X c a c H z > C ■ X > u C c c a a % > c CI b X c <* c X a a »< s ! >» a "£ X > 1 a, c & z c t X % c: c X c a c X b £ & c b J c X c & c J & £ b C c a c 1 ■ T, :'■:"! E g £ S £ .o t g £ c ^ "3 ~ X — ca n "T t2 tc >»^ >» >» > c = c a c a> a> c & CI ^ ^ » £ ^ iMi Nil ^ ^ c t- - = (^ »»iajC_c^ejx i S S S-xxx |z ^5 > 0) c c c 'c X IJ if .ix ■> p- & c. b ■» > c »> *x ■> .■ 0,- n = - = = ^^ ° 5 ° g = £ ~ — = "^ — ■■i>i>5>.2 i,> .h .!: .i: r z E X X X O 3 O 1. > c - ■» > 1- ■* > X. o e p* > « c c ► c s 1 o ■i . a § a S a » >» u o cZ U rr ir u. a GC Lt- * Er Ei^ Er- « U- U. X X U> ss 6- t- H H Er b- H H&^HEhH £r- (- t- * H t- H J- Lfa •A. u. u. u. u< I 91 « C<1 i^D Tji (:o lO •^,-i,--l'-.--«0ic0'r)C^0SC>C^OC^CDOC^Ir-ti0'*-*-*O'^'^'^'*i-"C0 CD lOCO Q0aD;t^;r--VCO tJ.O<£>I- S^»i-Hi-lr-1i-cooioioOi-HOco . cs TP CO CO rH ^ .-. rH ,-. IC CS . r-t rH o o -«»"^ I-H ; .- cs -ft^-tri— tocji— i-^i-H cs ^ 00 -* CO r- O I-H 1— 1 CO rH CO 04 ^ ^ ^ to CO CO f-i »-l O tH X CO : OS : cs 1 ~£* o o o c r~ »•- t— Ci CO T C-1 ; wo ^X-^^-.CC-ll-tf rH ^ C^ C^ CO i-H ^^ . Z o o T • * r-l 1— ( X X ; 5 : 5^ lo : : *>* : CO'^CIOCOCXJCOO CC»-'iOO CSC^):0'^' ; OS • • • o : CO : "^ : • oxoo co'«TCO'*j*i.--cooi:or-i-"?3co : cs . CO X : : t^ : ».o . :'- .r^ t cs cs . : 00 CO : CO ; CO i-H : lo : 00 : t- : cs : • r- ; r-* . cs > • • • : r- 1— : ^ : cs c; ; (N W X X 'J cs X Cl CO 00 rH r- rH • cs X 1-1 r^ ^ CS 00 CO . GS cs ,_^^^OOCS50'MOw30'^i-ir-.CSCS'«*'CCCOOCOCS ^^ 00»O ^r-i M C^CO'-'CO'*?' -^ r- ^ CS -vj ^ I, ^ - uO u bsl u ^ o a t. • C t> ^^i^i 1 > ^a^'^cn c^>^t? £ „• £ «•-=:•- o\z •- — zi =: t- — ^ bi:-t£>£:'£:>£'b^£>&'&> ' [ S°. oSS=^ic,^£S^g = :: T i: =: ::= r 'r; - •- < i *^ a>a»&»a)oa)a>a)a) . o ! t>ei ^'S h ."^ ^4* «« a; ^1 o CJ 1 > c2 c T >■ 1 -3 » > C e > a <; 1 > * ci > "or o 03 "a > > u o 5 *b >■ u "5 lis > c o V * > a -3 u 1 3 > a "5 - >- 3-3 > a * >- c a c: > 4- J bi a ca c 5. c > a> < > 03 > > a- < > > > > ci » > & fi ■» > S3 d » > > > > 5 » >■ 1 > > a 1 1 > £: 1 > eS X >- u a> PQ > a hi a ^ > a >- o ac o o .4 OQ fi C3 -C CO J a 2 5 © '1 = o C & > -3 B cS > < 4 o 5 73 a> a .£ a: a £3 1 00 a bC B 'c *3 a a s I A 5 3 a s-> 2 •= a a s o g a o O ^ = cs c ill : 3^ 32 = " 92 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIX. Tenth Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor — 1866-1867. The inauguration of the newly elected State officers took place on Monday, January i, 1866. The legislature, in its nineteenth regular session, convened on the tenth. H. U. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. The " Union " and " Republican " members were in a majority in both branches of the legislature. " Our first duty," said Governor Fairchild in his message, "is to give thanks to Almighty God for all His mercies during the year that is past." " The people of no nation on earth," he continued, " have greater cause to be thankful than have our people. The enemies of the country have been overthrown in battle. The war has settled finally great questions at issue between ourselves." Among the joint resolutions passed at this session was one submitting the question of a constitutional convention to frame a new constitution for the State, to the people. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of April, having been in session ninety-three days. At the general election in November of this year, there were elected to the Fortieth congress : H. E. Paine, from the first district; B. F. Hopkins, from the second ; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the sixth district. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The proposition for a constitutional conven- tion was voted ujxin by the people at this election, but was defeated. The twentieth session of the legislature commenced on the ninth of January, 1867. Angus Cameron was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was strongly '' Repub- lican-Union." The message of Governor Fairchild was read by him in person, on the tenth. On the twenty-third, the two houses, in joint convention, elected Timothy O. Howe United States senator for the term of six years, commencing on the fourth of March next ensuing. This legislature pissed an act submitting to the people at the next Fall election an amendment to section twenty-one of article four of the constitution of the State, providing for paying a salary of three hundred and fifty dollars to each member of the legislature, instead of a per diem allowance, as previously given. .\ sine die adjournment took place on the eleventh of April, after a service of ninety-three days. To provide for the more efficient collection of license fees due the State, an act, approved on the day of adjournment, authorized the governor to apixiint an agent of the treasury, to superintend and enforce the collection of fees due for licenses fixed by law. This law is still in force, the agent holding his office at the pleasure of the executive of the State. On the 27th of March, Chief Justice Dixon resigned his office but was immediately appointed by the governor to the same position. At the election in April following, associate Justice Cole was re-elected, without opposition, for six years from the first Monday in January following. On the i6th of August, Associate Justice Downer having resigned, Byron Paine was appointed by the governor in his place. The republican State ticket, in the Fall, was elected over the democratic — resulting in the choice of Lucius Fairchild for governor ; Wyman Spooner, for lieutenant governor; Thomas. S. Allen, Jr., secretary of state ; William E. Smith, for state treasurer ; Charles R. Gill, for attorney general; A.J. Craig, for superintendent of public instruction; Jeremiah NL Rusk, for bank comptroller, and Henry Cordier, for state prison commissioner. Except Craig, all these officers were the former incumbents. The amendment to section 21 of article 4 of the constitution of the State, giving the members a salary instead of a per diem allowance, was adopted at this election. As it now stands, each member of the legislature receives, for his services, three hundred and fifty dollars per annum, and ten cents for every mile he travels in going to and returninu from the place of the meetings of the legislature, on the most WlSCONSIN^ AS A STATE. 9S usual route. In case of any extra session of the legislature, no additional compensation shall be allowed to any member thereof, either directly or indirectly. Eleventh Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor (second term) — 1868-1869. The Eleventh Administration in Wisconsin commenced at noon on the 6th day of January, 1868. This was the commencement of Governor Fairchild's second term. On the eighth of January, 1868, began the twenty-first regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assembly. Of the laws of a general nature passed by this legislature, was one abolishing the office of bank comptroller, transferring his .duties to the state treasurer, and another providing for the establishing of libraries in the various townships of the State. A visible effect was produced by the constitutional amendment allowing members a salary, in abreviating this session, though not materially diminishing the amount of bnsiness transacted. A sine die adjournment took place on the sixth of March. At the election in April, 1868, Chief Justice Dixon was chosen for the unexpired balance of his own term, ending on the first Monday of January, 1870. At the same election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice for the unexpired balance of Associate Justice Downer's term, ending the ist day of January, 1872. At the Fall election in this year, republican electors were chosen over those upon the democratic ticket, for president and vice president ; and, as a consequence. Grant and Colfax received the vote of Wisconsin. Of the members elected at the same time, to the forty-first congress, all but one were republicans — Eldredge being a democrat. The successful ticket was : H. E. Paine, from the first district ; B. F. Hopkins, from the second ; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn,. from the sixth district. These were all members, form their respective districts, in the previous congress — the only instance since Wisconsin became a State of a re-election of all the incum- bents. On the thirteenth of January, 1869, began the twenty-second regular session of the State legislature. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assembly. A very important duty imposed upon both houses was the election of a United States senator in the place of James R. Doolittle. The republicans having a majority in the legislature on joint ballot, the excitement among the members belonging to that party rose to a high pitch. The candidates for nomina- tion were Matthew H. Carpenter and C. C. Washburn. The contest was, up to that time,, unparalleled in Wisconsin for the amount of personal interest manifested. Both gentlemen had a large lobby influence assembled at Madison. Carpenter was successful before the republican nominating convention, on the sixth ballot. On the twenty-seventh of January, the two houses proceeded to ratify the nomination by electing him United States senator for six years, from the fourth of March following. One of the most important transactions entered into by the legis- lature of 1869 was the ratification of the suffrage amendment to the constitution of the United States. Both houses adjourned sine die on the eleventh of March — a very short session. At the spring election, on the 6th of April, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court, for a term of six years, from the first Monday in January next ensuing. In the Fall, both democrats and republicans put a State ticket in the field for the ensuing election: the republicans were successful, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor ; Thad- deus C. Pound, lieutenant governor; Llywelyn Breese, secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, state treasurer ; S. S. Barlow, attorney general ; george F. Wheeler, state prison commissioner ; and A. L. Craig, superintendent of public instruction. The office of bank comptroller expired on the 31st day of December, 1869, the duties of the office being transferred to the state treasurer. ■94 HISTORY OF WISCOXSTN. At this election, an amendment to sections 5 and 9 of article five of the constitution of "the Slate was ratified and adopted by the people. Under this amendment, the governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of five thousand dollars, which is in full for all traveling or other expenses incident to his duties. The lieutenant governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of one thousand dollars. Twelfth Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor (third ter.m) — 1870-1871. On the third of January, 1870, commenced the twelfth administration in Wisconsin, Gov- ernor Fairchild thus entering upon his third term as chief e.xecutive of the State ; the onlv instance since the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, of the same person being twice re-elected to that office. It was an emphatic recognition of the value of his services in the gubernatorial chair. On the twelfth of January, the twenty-third regular session of the legis- lature of the State commenced at Madison. James M. Bingham was elected speaker of the assembly. Before the expiration of the month, Governor Fairchild received official information nhat over two hundred thousand dollars of the war claim of Wisconsin upon the General Govern- ment had been audited, considerable more than one hundred thousand having the previous year been allowed. In the month of March, an energetic effort was made in the legislature, by members from Milwaukee, to remove the seat of government from Madison to their city ; but the project was defeated by a considerable majority in the assembly voting to postpone the matter indefinitely. .According to section eight of article one of the constitution, as originally adojited, no person could be held to answer for a criminal offense unless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in certain cases therein specified. The legislature of 1869 proposed an amendment against the "grand jury system " of the constitution, and referred it to the legislature of 1870 for their approval or rejection. The latter took up the proposition and agreed to it by the proper majority, and submitted it to the people at the next election for their ratification. The sine die adjournment of both houses took place on the seventeenth of March, 1870. On the first day of January, previous, the member of congress from the second district ■of the State, B. F. Hopkins, died, and David Atwood, republican, was elected to fill the vacancy on the fifteenth of February following. Early in 1870, was organized the " Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters." By an act of the legislature approved March 16, of that year, it was incorporated, having among its specific objects, researches and investigations in the various departments of the material, meta- physical, ethical, ethnological and social sciences; a progressive and thorough scientific survey •of the State, with a view of determining its mineral, agricultural and other resources; the advancement of the useful arts, through the application of science, and by the encouragement •of original invention; the encouragement of the fine arts, by means of honors and prizes awarded to artists for original works of superior merit; the formation of scientific, economical and art museums; the encouragement of philological and historical research; the collection and preservation of historic records, and the formation of a general library; and the diffusion of knowledge by the publication of original contributions to science, literature and the arts. The academy has already published four volumes of transactions, under authority of the Stale. The fourth charitable institution established by Wisconsin was the " Northern Hospital for the Insane," located at Oshkosh, Winnebago county. It was authorized by an act of the legis- lature approved March 10, 1S70. The law governing the admission of patients to this hospital is the same as to the Wisconsin State Hospital. I WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 95^ On the third day of July, 1870, A. J. Craig, superintendent of public instruction, died of consumption, and Samuel Fallows was, on the 6th of that uio.ith, appointed by the governor to fill the place made vacant by his death. The census taken this year by the General Govern- ment, showed the population of Wisconsin to be over one n.illion sixty-four thousand. At the Fall election for members to the forty-second congress, Alexander Mitchell was chosen to represent the first district; G. W. Hazelton, the second; J. A. Barber, the third; C. A. Eldredge, the fourth; Philetus Sawyer, the fifth; and J M. Rusk, the sixth district. Mitchell and Eldredge were democrats; the residue were republicans. The amendment to section 8, of article 7 of the constitution of the State, abolishing the grand jury system was ratified by a large majority. Under it, no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law, and no person, for the same offense, shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. All persons shall, before conviction, be luiilable by sufficient sureties, e.xcept for capital offenses when the proof is evident and the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless, when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the jniblic safety may require it. Governor Fairchild, in his last annual message to the legislature, delivered to that body at its twenty-fourth regular session beginning on the eleventh of January, i87i,said that Wisconsin State polity was so wisely adapted to the needs of the people, and so favorable to the growthi and prosperity of the commonwealth, as to require but few changes at the hands of the legisla- ture, and those rather of detail than of system. At the commencement of this session, Williani E. Smith was elected speaker of the assembly. A very carefully-perfected measure of this- legislature was one providing for the trial of criminal offenses on information, without the inter- vention of a Grand Jury. A state commissioner of immigration, to be elected by the people, was provided for. Both bodies adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of March. On the thirteenth of January preceding, Associate Justice Byro.i Paine, of the supreme court, died; whereupon the governor, on the 20th of the same month, appointed in his place, until the Spring election should be held, William Penn Lyon. The latter, at the election in April, was chosen by the people to serve the unexpired time of Associate Justice Paine, ending the first Monday of Jan- uary, 1872, and for a full term of six years from the same date. On the 3d of .\pril, Ole C. Johnson was appointed by the governor state commissioner of immigration, to serve until his successor at the next general election could be chosen by the people. To the end that the administration of public charity and correction should thereafter be conducted upon sound- principles of economy, justice and humanity, and that the relations existing between the State and its dependent and criminal classes might be better understood, there was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 23, 1871, a "state board of charities and reform" created — to- consist of five members to be appointed by the governor of the State, the duties of the members being to investigate and supervise the whole system of charitable and correctional institutions supported by the State or receiving aid from the State treasury, and on or before the first day of December in each year to report their proceedings to the executive of the State. This board was thereafter duly organized and its members have since reported annually to the governor their proceedings and the amount of their expenses, as ret^uired by law. The "Wisconsin State Horticultural Society," although previously organized, first under the- name of the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association," was not incorporated until the 24th of March, 187 1 — the object of the society being to improve the condition of horticulture, rural adornment and landscape gardening. By a law of 1868, provisio 1 was made for the publication, of the society's transactions in connection with the State agricultural society ; but by the act. ■96 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. of 187 1, this law was repealed and an- appropriation made for their yearly publication in separate form; resulting in the issuing, up to the present time, of nine volumes. The society holds annual meetings at Madison. At the November election both republicans and democrats had a full ticket for the suffrages of the people. The republicans were successful, electing for governor, C. C. Washburn; M. H. Pettitt, for lieutenant governor; Llywelyn Breese, for secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, for state treasurer; Samuel Fallows, for superintendent of public instruction ; S. S. Barlow, for attorney general ; G. F. Wheeler, for state prison commissioner ; and O. C. Johnson, for state commis- sioner of immigration. .\t this election an amendment to article four of the constitution of the State was ratified and adopted by the people. As it now stands, the legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases : 1st. For changing the names of persons or constituting one person the heir-at-law of another. 2d. For laying out, opening, or altering highways, except in cases of State roads extending into more than one county, and mili- tary roads to aid in the construction of which lands may be granted by congress. 3d. For authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams, at points wholly within this State. 4th. For authorizing the sale or mortgage of real or personal property of minors or others under disability. 5th. For locating or changing any county seat. 6th. For assessment or collection of taxes or for extending the time for the collection thereof. 7th. For granting corporate powers or privileges, except to cities. 8th. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. 9th. For incorporating any town or village, or to amend the charter thereof. The legislature shall provide general laws for the transaction of any business that may be prohibited in the foregoing cases, and all such laws shall be uniform in their operation throughout the State. Industrially considered, the year 1871 had but little to distinguish it from the average of previous years in the State, except that the late frosts of Spring and the drouth of Summer dimin- ished somewhat the yield of certain crops. With the exception of slight showers of only an hour •or two's duration, in the month of September, no rain fell in Wisconsin from the eighth of July to the ninth of October — a period of three months. The consequence was a most calamitous event ■which will render the year 1S71 memorable in the history of the State. The great drouth of the Summer and Fall dried up the streams and swamps in Northern Wisconsin. In the forests, the fallen leaves and underbrush which covered the ground became very ignitable. The ground itself, especially in cases of alluvial or bottom lands, was so dry and parched as to burn readily to the depth of a foot or more. For many days preceding the com- mencement of the second week in October fires swept through the timbered country, and in some instances over prairies and " openings." Farmers, saw-mill owners, railroad men and all others interested in exposed property, labored day and night in contending against the advance of devouring fires, which were destroying, notwithstanding the ceaseless energies of the people, an occasional mill or house and sweeping off, here and there, fences, haystacks and barns. Over the counties lying upon Green bay and a portion of those contiguous thereto on the south, southwest and west, hung a general gloom. No rain came. All energies were exhausted from " fighting fire." The atmosphere was every where permeated with smoke. The waters of the bay and even Lake Michigan, in places, were so enveloped as to render navigation difficult and in some instances dangerous. It finally became very difircult to travel upon highways and on railroads. Time drew on — but there came no rain. The ground in very many places was burned over. Persons sought refuge — some in excavations in the earth, others in wells. The counties of Oconto, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Manitowoc, Outagamie and Shawano were all more or less swept by this besom of destruction ; but in Oconto county, and for some distance into Menomonee county, Michigan, across the Menomonee river, on the west shore of WISCONSIX AS A STATE. 97 the bay and throughout the whole length and breadth of the peninsula, — that is, tiie territory lying between the bay and Lake Michigan, — the fires were the most devastating. The first week in October passed ; then came an actual whirlwind of fire — ten or more miles in width and of indefinite length. The manner of its progress was extraordinary. It destroyed a vast amount of property and many lives. It has been described as a tempestuous sea of flame, accompanied by a most violent hurricane, which multiplied the force of the destructive element. Forests, farm improvements and entire villages were consumed. Men, women and children perished — awfully perished. Even those who fled and sought refuge from the fire in cleared fields, in swamps, lakes and rivers, found, many of them, no safety there, but were burned to death or died of suf- focation. This dreadful and consuming fire was heralded by a sound likened to that of a railroad train — to the roar of a waterfall — to the noise of a battle at a distance. Not human beings only, but horses, o.xen, cows, dogs, swine— every thing that had life — ran to escape the impend- ing destruction. The smoke was suffocating and blinding ; the roar of the tempest deafening ; the atmosphere scorching. Children were separated from their parents, and trampled upon by crazed beasts. Husbands and wives rushed in wild dismay, they knew not where. Death rode triumphantly upon that devastating, fiery flood. More than one thousand men, women and children perished. More than three thousand were rendered destitute — utterly beggared. Mothers were left with fatherless children ; fathers with motherless children. Every where were homeless orphans. All around lay suffering, helpless humanity, burned and maimed. Such was the sickening spectacle after the impetuous and irresistible wave of fire swept over that portiofi of the State. This appalling calamity happened on the 8th and 9th of October. The loss pf property has been estimated at four million dollars. At the tidings of this fearful visitation. Governor Fairchild hastened to the burnt district, to assist, as much as was in his power, the distressed sufferers. He issued, on the 13th of the month, a stirring appeal to the citizens of Wisconsin, for aid. It was promptly responded to from all portions of the State outside the devastated region. Liberal con'ributions in money, clothing and provisions were sent — some from other States, and even from foreign countries. Northwestern Wisconsin also suffered severely, during these months of drouth, from large fires. A comijilation of the public statutes of Wisconsin was prepared during the year iSyijby David Taylor, and published in two volumes, generally known as the Revised Statutes of 1871. It was wholly a private undertaking ; but the legislature authorized the secretary of state to purchase five hundred copies for the use of the State, at its regular session in 1872. Thirteenth Administration. — C. C. Washburn, Governor — 1872-1873. The thirteenth gubernatorial administration in Wisconsin commenced on Monday, January I, 1872. The only changes made, in the present administration from the previous one, were in the offices of governor and lieutenant governor. The twenty-fifth regular session of the legislature began on the lotii of January, with a republican majority in both houses. Daniel Hall was elected speaker of the assembly. The next day the governor delivered to a joint convention of the legislature his first annual message — a lengthy document, setting forth in detail the general condition of State affairs. The recent great conflagrations were referred to, and relief suggested. The work of this session of the Leg- islature was peculiarly difficult, owing to the many general laws which the last constitutional amendment made necessary. The apportionment of the State into new congressional districts was another perplexing and onerous task. Eight districts were formed instead of si.x, as at the commencement of the last decade. By this, the fourth congressional apportionment, each district 98 HISTORY OF AVISCONSm. elects one member. The first district consists of the counties of Rock, Racme, Kenosha, Wal- worth, and Waukesha ; the second, of Jefferson, Dane, Sauk, and Columbia ; the third*of Grant, Iowa, LaFayette.Clreen, Richland, and Crawford ; the fourth, of Milwaukee, Ozaukee, and Wash- ington; the fifth, of Dodge, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan and Manitowoc ; the sixth, of Green Lake, Waushara, Waupaca, Outagamie, Winnebago, Calumet, Brown, Kewaunee and Door ; the sev- enth, of Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Eau Claire, and Clark ; the eighth, of Oconto, Shawano, Portage, Wood, Juneau, Adams, Marquette, Marathon, Dunn, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, Burnett, Bayfield, Douglas, and Ashland. To this district have since been added the new counties of Lincoln, Taylor, Price, Marinette and New. After a session of seventy-seven days, the legislature finished its work, adjourning on the twenty-seventh of March. At the ensuing November election, the republican ticket for presi- dent and vice president of the United States was successful. The ten electors chosen cast their votes in the electoral college for Grant and Wilson. In the eight congressional districts, six republicans and two democrats were elected to the forty-third congress ; the last mentioned from the fourth and fifth districts. C. G. Williams represented the first district; G. W. Hazel- ton the second; J. Allen Barber the third; Alexander Mitchell the fourth; C. A. Eldredge the fifth ; Philetus Sawyer the sixth ; J. M. Rusk the seventh ; and A. G. McDill the eightli district. Throughout Wisconsin, as in all portions of the Union outside the State, a singular pesti- lence prevailed among horses in the months of November and December, 1872, very few escap- ing. Horses kept in warm, well ventilated stables, avoiding currents of air, with little or no medicine, and fed upon nutritious and laxative food, soon recovered. Althougii but few died, yet the loss to the State was considerable, especially in villages and cities, resulting from the diffi- culty to substitute other animals in the place of the horse during the continuance of the disease. The twenty-sixth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the eighth day of January, 1873, with a republican majority in both houses. Henry D. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. On the ninth, Governor Washburn's message — his second annual one — was delivered to the two houses. It opened with a brief reference to the abundant returns from agricultural pursuits, to the developments of the industries of the slate, to the advance in manufacturing, to the rapid extension in railways, and to the general and satisfactory progress in education, throughout Wisconsin. He followed with several recommendations — claiming that "many vast and overshadowing corporations in the United States are justly a source of alarm," and that "the legislature can not scan too closely every measure that should come before it which proposed to give additional rights and privileges to the railways of the state." He also recommended that the " granting of passes to the class of state officials who, through their public office, have power to confer or withhold benefits to a railroad company, be prohibited." Tiie message was favorably commented upon by the press of the state, of all parties. " If Governor Washburn," says one of the opposition papers of his administration, " is not a great statesman, he is certainly not a small politician." One of the first measures of this legislature was the elec- tion of United States senator, to fill the place of Timothy O. Howe, whose terra of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing On the twenty-second of January the two houses met in joint convention, when it was announced that by the previous action of the senate and assembly, Timothy O. Howe was again elected to that office for the term of six years. On the twentieth of March, the legislature adjourned sine die, after a session of seventy-two days. Milton H. Pettitt, the lieutenant governor, died on the 23d day of March following the adjournment. By this sudden and unexpected death, the State lost an upright and conscientious- public officer. wisco^rsiy as a state. 99 Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one providing for a geological sur- vey of the State, to be begun in Ashland and Douglas counties, and completed within four years, by a chief geologist and four assistants, to be appointed by the governor, appropriating for the work an annual payment of thirteen thousand dollars. An act providing for a geological survey, of the State, passed by the legislature, and approved March 25, 1853, autliorized the governor to- appoint a state geologist, who was to select a suitable person as assistant geologist. Their duties were to make a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Under this Law Edward Daniels, on the first day of April, 1S53, was appointed state geologist, superseded on the 12th day of .August, 1854, by James G. Pcrcival, who died in office on the 2d of May, 1856, at HazeL Green. By an act approved March 3, 1S57, James Hall, Ezra Carr and Edward Daniels were appointed by the legislature geological commissioners. By an act approved April 2, r86o, Hall was made principal of the commission. The survey was interrupted bya repeal, March 21, 1862, of previous laws promoting it. However, to complete the survey, the matter was reinstated by the act of this legislature, approved March 29, the governor, under that act, appointing as chief geologist Increase A. Lapham, April 10, 1873. Another act changed the management of the state prison — providing for the appointment by the governor of three directors; one for two years, one for four years, and one for six years,, in place of a state prison commissioner, who had been elected by the people every two years^ along with other officers of the State. At the Spring election, Orsamus Cole, who had been eighteen years upon the bench, was re-elected, without opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court, for a term of si.\ years from the first Monday in January following. The two tickets in the field at the Fall election were the republican and the people's reform. The latter was successful ; the political scepter pissing out of the hands of the republicans, after a supremacy in the State continuing unbroken since the beginning of the seventii administration, when A. W. Randall (governor for a second term) and the residue of the State officers were elected — all republicans. The general success among the cultivators of the soil throughout the state during the year, notwithstanding "the crisis," was marked and satisfactory; but the financial disturbances during the latter part of the Fall and the first part of the Winter, resulted in a general depreciation of prices. Fourteenth Administration. — VVili.i.am R. Taylor, Governor — 1874-75. The fourteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, the fifth day of January, 1874, by the inauguration of William R. Taylor as governor; Charles D. Parker, lieutenant governor; Peter Doyle, secretary of state; Ferdinand Kuehn, state treasurer; A. Scott Sloan, attorney general; Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction; and Martin J. Argard, state commissioner of immigration. These officers were not elected by any distinctive political party as such, but as the representatives of a new political organization, including " all Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and other electors of Wisconsin, friendly to genuine reform through equal and impartial legislation, honesty in office, and rigid economy in the administration of affairs." .\mong the marked characteristics of the ])latfurm agreed upon by the convention nominating the above-mentioned ticket was a declaration by the members that they would " vote for no candidate for office whose nomination is the fruit of his own importunity, or of a corrupt combination among partisan leaders ;" another, " that the sovereignty of the State over corporations of its own creation shall be sacredly respected, to the full extent of protecting the people against every form of monopoly or extor- tion," not denying, however, an encouragement to wholesome enterprise on the part of aggre- L ofC. 100 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIN. gated capital — this "plank" having special reference to a long series of alleged grievances assumed to have been endured by the people on account of discriminations in railroad charges and a consequent burdensome taxation upon labor — especially upon the agricultural industry of the State. The twenty-seventh regular session of. the Wisconsin legislature commenced at Madison on the fourteenth of January. The two houses were politically antagonistic in their majorities; the senate was republican, while the assembly had a "reform" majority. In the latter branch, Gabriel Bouck was elected speaker. Governor Taylor, on the fifteenth, met the legislature in joint convention and delivered his message. " An era," said he, "of apparent prosperity without parallel in the previous history of the nation, has been succeeded by financial reverses affecting all classes of industry, and largely modifying the standard of values." "Accompanying these financial disturbances," added the governor, " has come an imperative demand from the people for a purer political morality, a more equitable apportionment of the burdens and blessings of government, and a more rigid economy in the administration of jniblic affairs." Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one generally known as the " Potter Law," from the circumstance of the bill being introduced by Robert L. D. Potter, sen- ator, representing the twenty-fifth senatorial district of the state. The railroad companies for a number of years had, as before intmiated, been complained of by the people, who charged them with unjust discriminations and exorbitantly high rates for the transportation of passengers and merchandize. All the railroad charters were granted by acts at different times of the State leg- islature, under the constitution which declares that "corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by a special act, exeept for municipal purposes and in cases where, in the judgment of the legislature, the objects of the corporations can not be attained under general laws. All general laws, or special acts, enacted under the provisions of this section, may be altered or repealed by the legislature at any time after their passage." The complaints of the people seem to have remained unheeded, resulting in the passage of the " Potter Law." This law limited the compensation for the transportation of passengers, classi- fied freight, and regulated i)rices for its transportation within the State. It also required the governor on or before the first of May, 1874, by and with the consent of the senate, to appoint three railroad commissioners; one for one year, one for two years, and one for three years, whose terms of office should commence on the fourteenth day of May, and that the governor, thereafter, on the first day of May, of each year, should appoint one commissioner for three years. Under this law, the governor appointed J. H. Osborn, for three years; George H. Paul, for two years ; and J. W. Hoyt, for one year. Under executive direction, this commission inau- gurated its labors by compiling, classifying, and putting into convenient form for public use for the first time, all the railroad legislation of the State. At the outset the two chief railroad corporations of the State — the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Chicago and Northwestern — served formal notice upon the governor of Wis- consin that they would not respect the provisions of the new railroad law. Under his oath of office, to support the constitution of the State, it was the duty of Governor Taylor to expedite all such measures as should be resolved upon by the legislature, and to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. No alternative, therefore, was le'"t the chief executive but to enforce the law by all the means placed in his hands for that purpose. He promptly responded to the noti- fication of the railroad companies by a proclamation, dated May i, 1874, in which he enjoined compliance with the statute, declaring that all the functions of his oflSce would be exercised in faithfully executing the laws, and invoki.ig the aid of all good citizens thereto. "The law of the land," said Governor Taylor, "must be respected and obeyed." " While none," continued he, WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 101 ■" are so weak as to be without its protection, none are so strong as to be above its restraints. If provisions of the law be deemed oppressive, resistance to its mandates will not abate, but rather multiply the anticipated evils." '"It is the right," he added, "of all to test its validity through the constituted channels, but with that right is coupled the duty of yielding a general obedience to its requirements until it has been pronounced invalid by competent authority." The railroad companies claimed not merely the unconstitutionality of the law, but that its enforcement would bankrupt the companies, and' suspend the operation of their lines. The governor, in reply, pleaded the inviolability of his oath of office and his ])ledged faith to the people. The result was an appeal to the courts, in which the State, under the direction of its governor, was compelled to confront an array of the most formidable legal talent of the country. Upon tile result in Wisconsin depended the vitality of much similar legislation in neighboring Slates, and Governor Taylor and his associate representatives of State authority were thus compelled to bear the brunt of a controversy of national extent and consequence. The contention e-xtended both to State and United States courts, the main question involved being the constitutional power of the State over corporations of its own creation. In all respects, the State was fully sustained in its position, and, ultimately, judgments were rendered against the corporations in all the State and federal courts, including the supreme court of the United States, and estab- lisliing finally the complete and absolute power of the people, through the legislature, to modify or altogether repeal the charters of corporations. Another act of the session of 1874 abolished the office of State commissioner of immigra- tion, "on and after " the first Monday of January, 1876. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of March, 1874, after a session of fifty-eight days. The office of state prison commissioner having, by operation of law, become vacant on the fifth day of January, 1874, the governor, on the twenty-third of that month, appointed for State prison directors, Joel Rich, for tw,) years; William E. Smith, for four years; and Xelson Dewey, for six years: these to take the place of that officer. On the sixteenth of June, Chief Justice Dixon, whose term of office would have expired on the first Monday in January, 1876, resigned his seat upon the bench of the supreme court, (Jovernor Taylor appointing Edward G. Ryan in his place until his successor should be elected and qualified. At the November election of this year, the members chosen to the forty-fourth congress were — Charles G. Williams, from the first district; Lucian B. Caswell, from the second; Henry S. Magoon, from the third ; William Pitt Lynde, from the fourth; Samuel D. Burchard, from the fifth; .\. M. Kimball, from the sixth; Jeremiah M. Rusk, from the seventh, and George W. Cate, from the eighth district. Lynde, Burchard and Gate were " reform ; " the residue were republican. At the same election, an amendment to section 3 of article 1 1 of the constitution of the State was duly ratified and adopted by the people. Under this section, as it now stands, it is the duty of the legislature, and they are by it empowered, to jjrovide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting debts, by sucii municipal corporations. No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipi corporation, shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to a*"/ ^ount, including existing indebtedness in the aggregate, exceeding five per centum on the vaiuC of the taxable properly therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, incurring any indebt- edness as aforesaid, shall, before, or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct 102 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discliarge the principal thereof within twenty years from the time of contracting the same. In 1872, the first appropriation for fish culture in Wisconsin was made by the legislature, subject to the direction of the United States commissioner of fisheries. In 1S74, a further sum was apjiropriated, and the governor of the State authorized to appoint three commissioners, whose duties were, upon receiving any spawn or fish, by or through the United States commis- sioner of fish and fisheries, to immediately place such spawn in the care of responsible pisci- culturists of the State, to be liatched and distributed in the different waters in and surrounding Wisconsin. Two more members have since been added by law to the commission; their labors have been much extended, and liberal appropriations made to further the object they have in view — with flattering prospects of their finally being able to stock the streams and lakes of the State with the best varieties of food fish. The year 1874, in Wisconsin, was characterized as one of general prosperity among farmers,, excepting the growers of wheat. The crop of that cereal was light, and, in places, entirely destroyed by the chinch-bug. .^s a consequence, considerable depression existed in business in the wheat-growing districts. Trade and commerce continued throughout the year at a low ebb, the direct result of the monetary crisis of 1873. The legislature commenced its twenty-eighth regular session on the thirteenth of January, 1875, with a republican majority in both houses. F. W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The governor delivered his message in person, on the fourteenth, to the two houses. "Thanking God for all His mercies," are his opening words, " I congratulate you that order and peace reign throughout the length and breadth of our State. Our material i)rosperity has not fulfilled our anticipations. But let us reniember that we bear no burden of financial depression not common to all the States, and that the penalties of folly are the foundation of wisdom." In regard to the " Potter Law," the governor said, " It is not my opinion that this law expressed the best judgment of the legislature which enacted it. While the general princi|)les upon which it is founded command our unqualified ai>probation, and can never be surrendered, it must be conceded that tlie law is defective in some of its details The great object sought to be accomplished by our people, "continued the speaker, "is not the management of railroad property by themselves, but to prevent its mismanagement by others." Concerning the charge that Wisconsin was warring upon railways within her limits, the governor added, " She has never proposed such a war. She proposes none now. She asks only honesty, justice and the peace of mutual good will. To all men concerned, her people say in sincerity and in truth that every dollar invested in our State shall be lawfully entitled to its just protection, whencesoever the danger comes. In demanding justice for all, the State will deny justice to none. In forbidding mismanagement, the State will impose no restraints upon any management that is h nest and just. In this, the moral and hereditary instincts of our peojile furnish a stronger bond of good faith than the judgments of courts or the obligations of paper constitutions. Honest capital may be timid and easily frightened; yet it is more certain to seek investment among a people whose laws are at all times a shield for the weak and a reliance for the strong — where the wholesome restr.iints of judicious legislation are felt alike by the exalted and the humble, the rich and the poor." The first important business to be transacted by this legislature was the election of a United States senator, as the term for which M. H Carpenter had been elected would expire on the fourth of March ensuing. Much interest was manifested in the matter, not only in the two houses, but throughout the State. There was an especial reason for this; for, although the then. wisco>rsi>r as a state. 103 incumbent was a candidate for re-election, with a republican majority in the legislature, yet it was well known that enough members of that party were pledged, before the commencement of the session, to vote against him, to secure his defeat, should they stand firm to their pledges. The republicans met in caucus and nominated Carpenter for re-election; but the recalcitrant members held themselves aloof. Now, according to usual precedents, a nomination by the domi- nant party was equivalenc to an election ; not so, however, in this case, notwithstanding the friends of the nominee felt sanguine of his election in the end. The result of the first ballot, on the twenty-si.vth of January, was, in the senate, thirteen for the republican candidate; in the assembly, forty-six votes, an aggregate of only fifty-nine. He lacked four votes in the assembly and an equal number in the senate, of having a majority i.i each house. On the twenty-seventh, the two houses, in joint convention, h.iving met to compare the record of the voting the day previous, and it appearing that no one person had received a majority of the votes in each house for United States senator, they proceeded to their first joint ballot. The result was, no election. The balloting was continued each day. until the third of February, when, on the eleventh joint trill, .\ngus Cameron, of LaOosse, having received sit.xty-eight votes, to Carpenters fifty-nine, with five scattering, was declared elected. As in the previous session so in this, — one of the most absorbing subjects before the legisla- ture was that of railroads; the " Potter Law" receiving a due share of attention in both houses. The result was an amendment in some important particulars without changing the right of State control : rates were modified. Tlie law as amended was more favorable to the railroad compa- nies and was regarded as a compromise. The legislature adjourned sine die on the 6th of March, This was the shortest session ever held in the State except one of twenty-five years previous. On the i6th of February, O. W. Wight was appointed by the governor chief geologist of Wisconsin, in place of I. A.. Lapham, whose appointment had not been acted upon by the Senate. On the 24th of the same month, J. W- Hoyt was appointed railroad commissioner for three years from the first day of May .'oUowing, on which day his one-year term in the same office would expire, .^t the regular Spring election on the 6th of April following, Edward G. Ryan was elected, without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of Chief Justice Dixon, ending the first Monday in January, 1876, and for a full term of six years from the last mentioned date; so that his present term of office will expire on the ist Monday in Jan- uary, 1882. An act providing for taking the census of Wisconsin on or before the ist of July, 1875, was passed by the legislature and approved the 4th of March pievious. It required an enumeration of all the inhabitants of the State except Indians, who were not entitled to the right of suffrage. Tlie result of this enumeration gave a total population to Wisconsin of one million two hundred and thirty-six thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine. Pi.i the November election, republican and "reform' tickets were in the field for State officers, resulting in the success of the latter, except as to governor. For this office Harrison Ludington was chosen by a majority, according to the State board of canvassers, over William R. Taylor, of eight hundred and forty-one. The rest of the candidates elected were : Charles D. Parker, lieutenant governor; Petei Doyle, secretary of state; Ferdinand Kuehn, treasurer of state, \. Scott Sloan, attorney general; and Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction. The art abolishing the office of state commissionei of immigration was to take effect "on and after" the close of this administration; so, 01 course, no person was voted for to fill that position at the Fall election of 1875. During this administration the principle involved in a long-pending controversy between the State and Minnesota relating to valuable harbor privileges at the head of Lake Superior, was suc- cessfully and finally settled in favor of Wisconsin. The influence of the executive was largely 104 HISTORY OF ■WISrOXSIN. instrumental in initiating a movement which resulted in securing congressional appropriations amounting to §800,000 to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement. A change was inaugu- rated in the whole system of timber agencies over State and railroad lands, by which the duties of agents were localized, and efficiency was so well established that many important trespasses were brought to light from which over §60,000 in penalties was collected and paid into the Treasury, while as much more was subsequently realized from settlements agreed upon and proceedings instituted. By decisive action on the part of tlie governor an unsettled printing claim of nearly a hundred thousand dollars was met and defeated in the courts. During this period also appro- priations were cut down, and the rate of taxation diminished. Governor Taylor bestowed unre- mitting personal attention to details of business with a view of promoting the public interests with strict economy, while his countenance and support was extended to all legitimate enter- prises. He required the Wisconsin Central railroad company to give substantial assurance that it would construct a branch line from Stevens Point to Portage City as contemplated by congress, before issuing certificates for its land grants. The closing year of the century of our national existence — 1875, was one somewhat discour- aging to certain branches of the agricultural interests of Wisconsin. The previous Winter had been an unusually severe one. A greater breadth of corn was planted than in any jirevious year in the State, but the unusually late season, followed by frosts in August and September, entirely ruined thousands of acres of that staple. Fifteenth Administration. — Harrison Ludington, Governor — 1876-1877. The fifteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, January 3, 1876, by the inauguration of State officers — Harrison Ludington, as previously stated, having been elected upon the republican ticket, to fill the chief executive office of the State ; the others, to the residue of the offices, upon the democratic reform ticket: the governor, like three of his predecessors — Farwell, Bashford, and Randall (first term) — having been chosen by a majority less than one thousand ; and, like two of his predecessors — Farwell and Bashford — when all the other State officers differed with him in politics. The twenty-ninth regular session of tlie legislature of Wisconsin began on the lith of Janu- ary, 1876, at Madison. The republicans were in the majority in both houses. Samuel S. Fifield was elected speaker of the assembly. On the 13th, Governor Ludington delivered in person, to a jomt convention of that body, his message, communicating the condition of affairs of the State, and recommending such matters for the consideration of the legislators as were thought expedient : it was brief; its style condensed ; its striking peculiarity, a manly frankness. " It is not the part of wisdom," said he, in his concluding remarks, "to disguise the fact that the people of this State, in common with those of all sections of the Union, have suffered some abatement of the prosperity that they have enjoyed in the past.' "We have entered," he continued, "upon the centennial of our existence as an independent nation. It is fit that we should renew the spirit in which the Republic had its birth, and our determination that it shall endure to fulfill the great purposes of its existence, and to justify the noble sacrifices of its founders." The legislature adjourned j/«^ on the 14th of March, 1876, after a session of sixty-three days. The chief measures of the session were ; The amendment of the railroad laws, maintaining salutary restric- tions while modifying those features which were crippling and crushing an important interest of the State ; and the apportionment of the State into senate and assembly districts. It is a pro- vision of the constitution of the State that the number of the members of the assembly shall never be less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred ; and that the senate shall consist of a number not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth of the number of the members of the i AV/SCONSIN AS A STATE. 105 assembly. Since the year 1862, the aggregate allotted to both houses had been one hundred and thirty-three, the maximum allowed by the constitution; one hundred in the assembly and thirty- three in the senate. The number of this representation was not diminished by the apportion- ment of 1876. One of the railroad laws abolished the board of railroad commissioners, confer- ring its duties upon a railroad commissioner to be appointed by the governor every two years. Under this law. DanaC. J^amb was appointed to that office, on the loth of March, 1876. On the 2d day of February, previous, George W. Burchard was by the governor appointed state prison director for six years, in place of Joel Rich, whose term of office had expired. On the same day T. C. Chamberlin was appointed chief geologist of Wisconsin in place of O. W. Wight. The application of Miss Lavinia Goodell, for admission to the bar of Wisconsin, was rejected by the supreme court of the State, at its January term, 1876. " We can not but think," said Chief Justice Ryan, in the decree of refusal, " we can not but think the common law wise in excluding women from the profession of the law." "The profession," he added, "enters largely into the well-being of society, and, to be honorably filled,, and safely to society, exacts the devotion of life. Tlie law of nature destines and (qualifies the female sex for the bearing and nurture of the children of our race, and for the custody of the homes of the world, and their maintenance in love and honor. And all life-long callings of women inconsistent with these radical and social duties of their sex, as is the profession of the law, are departures from the order of Nature, and, when voluntary, are treason against it." By a law since passed, no person can be denied admission to any court in the State on account of sex ; and Miss Goodell has been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court. By an act of the legislature, approved March 13, 1876, a State board of health was estab- lished, the appointment of a superintendent of vital statistics, was provided for, and certain duties were assigned to local boards of health. The State board was organized soon after; the governor having previously appointed seven persons as its members. The object of the organization, which is supported by the State, is, to educate the people of Wisconsin into a better knowledge of the nature and causes of disease, and a better knowledge and observance of hygienic laws By a law passed in 1868, as amended in 1870 and 1873, the secretprj' of state, state treasurer, and attorney general, were constituted a State board of assessment, to meet in the city of Madison, on the third Wednesday in May, 1874, and biennally thereafter, to make an equalized valuation of the property in the State, as a guide to assessment for taxation. In the tables of equalized valuations compiled by this board in 1876, the whole amount of taxable property in Wisconsin, is set down at $423,596,290 ; of which sum $337,073,148, represents real estate and $86,523,142 personal property. This being the year for the election of president and vice president of the United States, the two political parties in Wisconsin — republican and democratic — had tickets in the field. At the election on Tuesday, November 7, the republican presidential electors received a majority of the votes cast in the State, securing Wisconsin for Hayes and Wheeler. The eight congressional districts elected the same day their members to the forty-fifth congress, whose terms of office would expire on the 4th of March, 1879. Charles G. Williams was elected in the first district; Lucien B. Caswell, in the second; George C. Hazelton, in the third; William P. Lynde, in the fourth; Edw.ird S. Bragg, in the fifth; Gabriel Bouck, in the sixth; H. L. Humphrey, in the seventh; and Thad. C. Pound, in the eighth district. A uiajoriiy of the delegation was republican, the representatives from the fourth, fifth and sixth districts only, being democrats. 106 HISTORY OF WISCONSfN. There was a general and sjxjntaneous exhibition of patriotic impulses throughout the length and breadth of Wisconsin, on the part of both native and !orcign-born citizens, at the com- mencement of the centennial year, and upon the fourth of July. The interest of the people of the State generally, in the Exjxisition at Philadelphia, was manifested in a somewhat remarkable manner from its inception to its close. By an act of congress, approved March 3, 1S71, pro- vision was made for celebrating tlie one hundredth anniversary of American Independence, by holding in that city, in 1876, an exhibition of arts, manufactures, and the products of the soil and mines of the country. A centennial commission, consisting of one commissioner and one alternate commissioner, from each State and Territory, was authorized to be appointed, to carry out the provisions of the act. David Atwood, as commissioner, and E. D. Hollon, as alternate, were commissioned by the president of the United States, from Wisconsin. This commission gradually made progress in preparing for an international exposition. " The commission has been organized," said Governor Washburn, in his message to the legislature in January, 1873, " and has made considerable progress in its work. The occasion will be one to which iTie American people can not fail to respond in the most enthusiastic manner." The president of the United States, by proclamation, in July, 1873, announced the exhibition and national celebra- tion, and commended them to the people of the Union, and of all nations. " It seems fitting," said Governor Taylor, in his message to the Wisconsin legislature in 1874, " that such a cele- bration of this important event, should be held, and it is hoped it will be carried out in a manner wortliy of a great and enlightened nation." By the close of 1874, a large number of foreign governments had signified their intention to participate in the exhibition. The legislature of Wisconsin, at its session in 1875, deeming it essential that the State, with its vast resources in agricultural, mineral, lumbering, manufacturing, and otiier products and industries, should be fully represented at Philadelphia, i)assed an act which was approved March 3, 1875, to provide for a " Board of State Centennial Managers." Two thousand collars were appropriated to pay its necessary expenses. The board was to consist of five members to be appointed by the governor; and there were added thereto, as ex-officio members, the United States centennial commissioner and his alternate. The duties of the members were to dis- seminate information regarding the Exhibition; to secure the co-operation of industrial, scien- tific, agricultural, and other associations in the .State; to appoint co-operative local committees, representing the different industries of the State ; to stimulate local action on all measures intended to render the exhibition successful, and a worthy representation of the industries of the country; to encourage the production of articles suitable for the Exhibition; to distribute documents issued by the centennial commission among manufacturers and others in the State ; to render assistance in furthering the financial and other interests of the exhibition ; to furnish information to the commission on subjects that might be referred to the board ; to care for the interests of the State and of its citizens in matters relating to the exhibition ; to receive and pronounce uixan applications for space ; to apportion the space placed at its disiwsal among the exhibitors from the State ; and to supervise such other details relating to the representation of citizens of Wisconsin in the Exhibition, as might from time to time be delegated by the United States centennial commission. The board was required to meet on the first Wednesday of April, 1875, at the capitol, in Madison, to organize and ado|)t such by-laws and regulations as might be deemed necessary for the successful prosecution of the work committed to their charge Governor Taylor apix>inted Eli Stilson, J. I. Case, J. B. Parkinson, T. C. Pound, and E. A. Calkins, members of the board. Its organization was perfected, at the apjwinted time, by the election of J. B. Parkinson as pre- sident, and W. W. Field, secretary. The e.v-officio members of the board, were David Atwood, WISCONSIN- AS A STATK. 107 Ignited States commissioner, and E. D. Holton, alternate From this time forward, the board was untiring in its efforts to secure a full and proper representation of the varied interests of Wisconsin in the centennial exhibition of 1876. E. A. Calkins having resigned his position as member of the board, Adolph Meinecke took his place by appointment of the governor July 24, 1875. Governor Ludington, in his message to the legislature in January, 1876, spoke in commendation of the coming exhibition. "The occasion," said he, "will afford an excellent opportunity to disi)lay the resources and products of the State, and to attract hither capital and immigration." Soon after the organization of the United States centennial commission, a national organ- ization of the women of the country was perfected. A lady of Philadelphia was placed at its head; and a presiding officer from each State was appointed. Mrs. A. C. Thorp assumed the duties of chairman for Wisconsin, in March, 1875, appointing assistants in various parts of the State, when active work was commenced. This organization was efficient in Wisconsin in arousing an interest in the general purposes and objects of the exhibition. By an act of the legislature, approved March 3, 1876, the sum of twenty thousand dollars was appropriated to the use of the board of centennial managers, for the purpose of arranging for, and making a proper exhibition of, the products, resources, and advantages of the State at the exposition. The treasurer of Wisconsin was, by this act, made an ex-officio member of the board. By this and previous action of the legislature — by efforts put forth by the board of managers — by individual enterprise — by the untiring labors of the "Women's Centennial Execu- tive {'ommittee," to whom, by an act of the legislature, approved the 4th of March, 1S75, one thousand dollars were appropriated — Wisconsin was enabled to take a proud and hcmorable position in the Centennial Exposition — a gratification not only to the thousands of her citizens who visited Philadelphia during its continuance, but to the people generally, throughout the State. In Wisconsin, throughout the centennial year, those engaged in the various branches of agriculture and other useful avocations, were reasonably prosperous. The crop of wheat and oats was a light yield, and of poor quality ; but the corn crop was the largest ever before raised in the State, and of suiierior quality. The dairy and hog product was large, and commanded remunerative prices. Fruits were unusually plenty. Trade and business enterprises, however, generally remained depressed. By section five of article seven of the constitution of Wisconsin, the counties of the State were apportioned into five judicial circuits : the county of Richland being attached to Iowa, Chippewa to Crawford, and La Pointe to St. Croix. In 1850, the fifth circuit was divided, and a sixth circuit formed. In 1864, Crawford and Richland were made part of the fifth circuit. By an act which took effect in 1S54, a seventh circuit was formed. On the first day of January, 1855, the sixth circuit was divided, and an eighth and ninth circuit formed, the county of Columbia being made a part of the last mentioned one. In the same year was also formed a tenth circuit; and, in 1S58, Winnebago county was attached to it; but, in 1S70, that county was attached to the third circuit. In 1858, Kewaunee county was attached to the fourth circuit. .\n eleventh circuit was formed in 1864, from which, in 1865, Dallas county was detached, and made part of the eighth. By an act which took effect on the first day of January, 187 i, the twelftli circuit was formed. In 1876, a thirteenth circuit was "constituted and re-organized." At that time, the whole sixty counties of the State stood apportioned in the thirteen judicial circuits as follows: First circuit, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha; second circuit, Milwaukee, and Waukesha, third circuit. Green Lake, Dodge, Washington, Ozaukee, and Winnebago; fourth circuit, Siicboygan, Calumet, Kewaunee, Fond du Lac, and Manitowoc; fifth circuit, 108 HISTORY or -WISCONSIN. (Irant, Iowa, La Fayette, Richland, and Crawford; sixth circuit, Clark, Jackson, Monroe, La Crosse, and Vernon; seventh circuit, Portage, Marathon, Waupaca, Wood, Waushara, Lincoln, and Taylor; eighth circuit, Dunn, Pepin, Pierce, and St. Croix; ninth circuit, Adams, Columbia, Dane, Juneau, Sauk and Marquette ; tenth circuit, Outagamie, Oconto, Shawano, Door, and Brown •. eleventh circuit, Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Douglas, and Polk ; twelfth circuit, Rock, Green, and JefTerson; and the thirteenth circuit, Buffalo, Eau Claire, and Trempeleau, Marinette and New are no.v in the tenth ; Price is in the seventh circuit. The thirtieth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced, pursuant to law, on tiie loth of January, 1877. The republicans had working majorities in both houses. J. B. Cassoday was elected Speaker of the Assembly. Governor Ludington delivered his message to the joint convention of the legislature the following day. " We should not seek," said he, in his concluding remarks, " to conceal from ourselves the fact that the prosperity which our people have enjoyed for a number of years past, has suffered some interruption. Agriculture has ren- dered less return; labor in all departments has been less productive, and trade has consequently been less active, and has realized a reduced percentage of profit." " These adverse circum- stances," continued the governor, "will not be wholly a misfortune if we heed the lesson that they convey. This lesson is the necessity of strict economy in public and private affairs. We have been living upon a false basis; and the time has now come when we must return to a solid foundation." The legislature adjourned sine die on the 8th of March, after a session of fifty- eight days, passing three hundred and one acts — one hundred and thirteen less than at the session of 1876. The most inijjortant of these, as claimed by the dominant party which passed it, is one for the maintenance of the purity of the ballot box, known as the '' Registry Law." On the 3d day of April, at the regular Spring election, William P. Lyon was re-elected, without opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court for six years from the first Monday in Januarj', 1878, his term of office expiring on the first Monday of Januar)', 1884. Under a law of 1876, to provide for the revision of the statutes of the State, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint three revisors. The persons receiving the appoint- ment were David Taylor, William F. Vilas and J. P. C. Cottrill. By an amendatory law of 1877, for the purpose of having the revision completed for the session of 1878, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint two additional revisors, and assign them special duties on the commission. H. S. Orton was ap|)ointed to revise the criminal law and proceedings, and J. H. Cari)enter to revise the probate laws. Governor Ludington declined being a candidate for renomination. His administration was characterized as one of practical efficiency. As the chief executive officer of Wisconsin, he kept in view the best interests of the State. In matters coming under his control, a rigid system of economy prevailed. There were three tickets in the field presented to the electors of Wisconsin for their suffrages at the general election 1 eld on the sixth of November, 1S77 : republican, democratic, and the "greenback" ticket. The republicans were successful, electing William E. Smith, governor; James M. Bingham, lieutenant governor; Hans B. Warner, secretary of state; Richard Guenther, treasurer; Alexander Wilson, attorney general ; and William C. Whitford, state superintendent of public instruction. At the same election two amendments to the constitution of the State were voted upon and both adopted. The first one amends section four of article seven; so that, hereafter, " the supreme court shall consist of one chief justice and four associate justices, to be- elected by the (pialified electors of the State. The legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of this amendment, provide by law for the election of two associate justices of said court, to hold their offices respectively for terms ending two and four years, respectively after the W1«C0NSIN AS A STATE. 10» end of the term of the justice of the said court then last to expire. And thereafter the chief justices and associate justices of said court shall be elected and hold their offices respectively for the term of ten years." The second one amends section two of article eight ; so that, heie- after, " no money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. No appropriation shall be made for the payment of any claim against the State, except claims of the United States, and judgments, unless filed within six years after the claim accrued." The year 1S77, in Wisconsin, was notable for excellent crops. A depression in monetary matters continued, it is true, but not without a reasonable prospect of a change for the better within the near future. Sixteenth Administration. — William E. Smith, Governor — 1878 — 1879, At noon, on Monday, January 7, 187S, began the sixteenth administration of Wisconsin, by the inauguration of the State officers elect. On the 9th of the same month, commenced the thirty-first regular session of the Legislature. A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of the Assembly. On the day following. Governor Smith delivered his message — a calm, business-like document — to the Legislature. Both Houses adjourned sine die on the 21st of March following. On the ist day of April, Harlow S. Orton and David Taylor were elected Associate Justices of the Supreme Court; the term of the first named to expire on the first Monday of January, 1888 ; that of the last men- tioned, on the first Monday of January, 1886. In obedience to a proclamation of the Governor, the Legislature convened on the 4th day of June, A. D. 1878, in extra session, to revise the statutes, A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of tiie Assembly. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 7th of the same month. In November following, the members chosen to the Forty-sixth Congress were C. G. Williams, in the First District ; L. B. Caswell, in the Second ; George C. Hazelton, in the Third ; P. V. Deuster, in the Fourth ; E. S. Bragg, in the Fifth ; Gabriel Bouck, in the Sixth; H. L. Humphrey, in the Seventh; and T. C. Pound, in the Eighth. The thirty-second regular session of the Legislature commenced on the 8th day of January, 1879. D. M. Kelly was elected Speaker of the Assembly ; the next day, the message of the Governor — a brief, but able State paper — was delivered to both Houses. On the 21st, Matthew H. Carpenter was elected United States Senator for six years, from the 4th of March thereafter, in place of Timothy O. Howe. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 5th of March, 1879. O"^ '^^ is' day of April following, Orsamus Cole was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, for a term of ten years. Wisconsin has many attractive features. It is a healthy, fertile, well-watered and well-wooded State. Every where within its borders the rights of each citizen are held sacred. Inielligence and education are prominent characteristics of its peojjle. k\\ the necessaries and many of the comforts and luxuries of life are easily to be obtained. .Agriculture, the chief source of wealth to so many nations, is here conducted with profit and success. Generally speaking, the farmer owns the land he cultivates. Here, the laboring man, if honest and industrious, is most certain to secure a competence for himself and family. Few States have made more ample provisions for the unfortunate — the deaf and dumb, the blind, and the insane — than has Wisconsin. Nor has she been less interested in her reformatory and penal institutions. In lier educational facilities, she already rivals the most advanced of her sister States. Her markets are easily reached by rail- ways and water-navigation, so that the products of the country find ready sale. Her commerce is extensive ; her manufactures remunerative; her natural resources great and manifold. In morality and religion, her standard is high. Her laws are lenient, but not lax, securing the greatest good to those who are disposed to live up to their requirements. Wisconsin has, in fact, all the essential elements of prosperity and good government. Exalted and noble, there- fore, must be her future career. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. By T. C. CHAMBERLIN, A. M., State Geologist. The surface features of Wisconsin are simple and symmetrical in character, and present a con- figuration intermediate between the mountainous, on the one hand, and a monotonous level, on the other. The highest summits within the state rise a little more than 1,200 feet above its lowest sur- faces. A few exceptional peaks rise Irom 400 to 600 leet above their bases, but abrupt elevations of more than 200 or 300 feet are not common. Viewed as a whole, the state may be regarded as oc- cupying a swell of land lying b?tween three notable depressions; Lake Michigan on the east, about 578 feet above the mean tide of the ocean, Lake Superior on the north, about 600 feet above the sea, and the valley of the Mississippi river, whose elevation at the Illinois state line is slightly below that of Lake Michigan. From these depressions the surface slopes upward to the summit altitudes of the state. But the rate of ascent is unequal. From Lake Michigan the surface rises by a long, gentle acclivity westward and northward. A similar slope ascends from the Mississippi valley to meet this, and their junction forms a north and south arch extending nearly the entire length of tb«; state. From Lake Superior the surface ascends rapidly to the watershed, which it reaches within about thirty miles of the lake. If we include the contiguous portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan, the whole elevation may be looked upon as a very low, rude, three-sided pyramid, with rounded angles. The apex is near the Michigan line, between the headwaters of the Montreal and Brule rivers. The northern side is short and abrupt. The southeastward and southwestward sides are long, and decline gently. The base of this pyramid may be considered as, in round numbers, 600 feet above the sea, and its extreme apex 1,800 feet. Under the waters of Lake Michigan the surface of the land passes below the sea level before the limits of the state are reached. Under Lake Superior the land-surface descends to even greater depths, but probably not within the boundaries of the state. The regularity of the southward slopes is interrupted in a very interesting way by a remarkable diagonal valley occupied by Green bay and the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. This is a great groove, traversing the state obliciuely, and cutting down the central elevation half its height. A line passing across the surface, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi, at any other jwint, would arch upward from about 400 to 1,000 feet, according to the location, while along the trough of this valley it would reach an elevation barely exceeding 200 feet. On the northwest side of this trough, in general, the surface rises somewhat gradually, giving at most |X)ints much amplitude to the valley, but on the opposite side, the slope ascends rapidly to a well marked watershed that stretches across the state parallel to the valley. .-Vt Lake Winnebago, this diagonal valley is connected with a scarcely less notable one, occupied by tlie Rock river. Geologically, this Green-bay-Rock- I TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. Ill river valley is even more noticeable, since it lies along the trend of the underlying strata, and was in large measure plowed out of a soft stratum by glacial action. Where it crosses the water- shed, near Horicon marsh, it presents the same general features that are seen at other points, and in an almost equally conspicuous degree. Except in the southern part of the state, this valley is confined on the east by an abrupt ascent, and, at many points, by a precipitous, rocky acclivity, known as "The Ledge" — which is the projecting edge of the strata of the Niagara limestone. On the watershed referred to — between the St. Lawrence and Mississippi basins — this ledge is as conspicuous and continuous as at other points, so that we have here again the phenomenon of a valley formed by excavation, running up over an elevation of 300 feet, and connecting two great systems of drainage. On the east side of this valley, as already indicated, there is a sharp ascent of 200 feet, on an average, from the crest of which the surface slopes gently down to Lake Michigan. The uniformity of this slope is broken by an extended line of drift hills, lying obliquely along it and extending from Kewaunee county southward to the Illinois line and known as the Kettle range. A less conspicuous range of similar character branches off from this in the northwest corner of Walworth county and passes across the Rock river valley, where it curves northward, passing west of Madison, crossing the great bend in the Wisconsin river, and bearing northeastward into Oconto county, where it swings round to the westward and crosses the northern part of the state. As a general topographical feature it is not conspicuous and is rather to be conceived as a peculiar chain of drift hills winding over the surface of the state, merely interrupting in some degree the regularity of its slopes There will be occasion to return to this feature in our discussion of the drift. It will be observed that the southeastward slope is interrupted by valleys running across it, rudely parallel to Lake Michigan, and directing its drainage northward and southward, instead of directing it down the slope into the lake. The Mississippi slope presents several conspicuous ridges and valleys, but their trend is tmvard the great river, and they are all due, essentially, to the erosion of the streams that channel the slope. One of these ridges constitutes the divide south of the Wisconsin river, already referred to. Another of these, conspicuous by reason of its narrowness and sharpness, lies between the Kickapoo and the Mississippi, and extends through Crawford, Vernon and Monroe counties. Still another is formed by the quartzite ranges of Sauk county and others of less proininence give a highly diversified character to the slope. Scattered over the surface of the state are prominent hills, some swelling upward into rounded domes, some rising symmetrically into conical peaks, some ascending precipitously into castel- lated towers, and some reaching prominence without regard to beauty of form or convenience of description. A part of these hills were formed by the removal by erosion of the surrounding strata, and a part by the heaping up of drift material by the glacial forces. In the former case, they are composed of rock; in the latter, of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders. The two forms are often combined. The highest peak in the southwestern part of the state is the West Blue mound, which is 1,151 feet above Lake Michigan; in the eastern part, Lapham's peak, 824 feet, and in the central part. Rib hill, 1263 feet. The crest of Penokee range in the northern part of the state rises 1,000 feet, and upwards, above Lake Michigan. The drainage systems correspond in general to these topograpical features, though several minor eccentricities are to be observed. The streams of the Lake Superior system plunge rapidly down their steep slopes, forming numerous falls, some of them possessing great beauty, prominent among which are those of the Montreal river. On the southern slope, the rivers, in the- upper portion of their courses, likewise descend rapidly, though less so, producing a succession of rapids and cascades, and an occasional cataract. In the lower part of their courses, the: 112 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. descent becomes much more gentle and many of them are navigable to a greater or less extent. The rivers west of the Wisconsin pursue an essentially direct course to the Mississippi, attended of course with minor flexures. The Wisconsin river lies, for the greater part of its course, upon the north and south arch of the state, but on encountering the diagonal valley above mentioned it turns southwestward to the " Father of Waters." The streams east of the Wisconsin flow southerly and southeasterly until they likewise encounter this valley when they turn in the opposite direction and discharge northeasterly into Lake Michigan, through Green bay. Between the Green -bay -Rock-river valley and Lake Michigan, the drainage is again in the normal southeasterly direction. In the southern part of the state, the rivers flow in a gen- eral southerly direction, but, beyond the state, turn westward toward the Mississippi. If the courses of the streams be studied in detail, many e.xceedingly interesting and instruc- tive features will be observed, due chiefly to peculiarities of geological structure, some of which will be apparent by inspecting the accompanying geological map. Our space, however, forbids our entering uiwn the subject here. The position of the watershed between the great basins of the Mississippi and the St. Law- rence is somewhat peculiar. On the Illinois line, it lies only three and one half miles from Lake Michigan and about i6o feet above its surface. As traced northward from this point, it retires from the lake and ascends in elevation till it approaches the vicinity of Lake Winnebago, when it recurves upon itself and descends to the portage between the Fo.x and the Wisconsin rivers, whence it pursues a northerly course to the heights of Michigan, when it turns westward and passes in an undulating course across the northern part of the state. It will be observed that much the greater area of the state is drained by the Mississippi system. The relationship which the drainage channels have been observed to sustain to the topo- graphical features is partly that of cause and partly that of eff'ect. The general arching of the surface, giving rise to the main slopes, is due to deep-seated geological causes that produce an upward swelling of the center of the state. This determined the general drainage systems. On the other hand, the streams, acting upon strata of varying hardness, and presenting diflerent atti- tudes, wore away the surface unequally and cut for themselves anomalous channels, leaving corresponding divides between, which gave origin to the minor irregularities that diversify the surface. In addition to this, the glacier — that great ice stream, the father of the drift — planed and plowed the surface and heaped up its debris upon it, modifying both the surface and drainage features Looked at from a causal standpoint, we see the results of internal forces eleviting, and external ae;encies cutting down, or, in a word, the face of the state is the growth of geologic ages furrowed bv tlie teardrojis of the skies. GEOLOf.IC.M, HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. In harmony \\'\\\\ tlie historical character of this atlas, it may be most acceptable to weave our brief sketch of tlie geological structure of the state into the form of a narrative of its growth. THE ARCH.'EAN AGE. LAURKNTIAN PERIOD. The physical history of Wisconsin can be traced back with certainty to a state of complete submergence beneath the waters of the ancient ocean, by which the material of our oldest and deepest strata were deposited. Let an extensive but shallow sea, covering the whole of the present territory of the state, be pictured to the mind, and let it be imagined to be depositing TOPonRAPirr and geol(>(;v 113 mild and sand, as at the iiresent day. and we have before us the tirst authentic stage of the history under consideration. Back of that, the history is lost in the mists of geologic antiquity. The thickness of the sediments tliat accumulated in that early period was immense, being measured by thousands of feet. These sediments occupied of course an essentially horizontal position, and were, doubtless, in a large degree hardened into beds of impure sandstone, shale, and other sedi- mentary rock. But in the progress of time an enormous pressure, attended by heat, was brought to bear upon them laterally, or edgewise, by wiiich they were folded and crumpled, and forced up out of the water, giving rise to an island, the nucleus of Wisconsin. The force which pro- duced this upheaval is believed to have arisen from the cooling and consequent contraction of the globe. The foldings may be imaged as the wrinkles of a shrinking earth. But the contor- tion of the beds was a scarcely more wonderful result than the change in the character of the rock which seems to have taken place simultaneously with the folding, indeed, as the result of the heat and pressure attending it. The sediments, that seem to have previously taken the form of impure sandstone and shale for the most part, underwent a change, in which re-arrangement and crystalization of the ingredients played a conspicuous part. By this metamorphism, granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, hornblende rocks, chloritic schists and other crystalline rocks were formed. These constitute the Laurentian formation and belong to the most ancient period yet distinctly recognized in geology, although there were undoubtedly more ancient rocks. They are therefore very fittingly termed Archtean — ancient — rocks (formerly .\zoic.) No remains of life have been found in this formation in Wisconsin, l)ut from the nature of rocks elsewhere, believed to be of the same age, it is probable that tlie lowest forms of life existed at this time. It is not strange that the great changes through which the rocks have passed should liave so nearly obliterated all traces of them. The original e.xtent of this Laurentian island can not now be accurately ascer- tained, but it will be sufficiently near the truth for our present purposes to consider the formation as it is now exposed, and as it is represented on the maps of the geological survey, as showing approximately the original extent. This will make it include a large area in the north-central portion of the state and a portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. All the rest of the state was beneath the ocean, and the same may be said of the greater portion of the United States The height of this island was doubtless considerable, as it has since been very much cut down by denuding agencies. The strata, as now exposed, mostly stand in highly inclined attitudes and present their worn edges to view. The tops of the folds, of which they are the remnants, seem to have been cut away, and we have tlie nearly vertical sides remaining. HURONIAN PERIOD. As soon as the Laurentian island had been elevated, the waves of the almost shoreless ccean began to beat against it, the elements to disintegrate it, and the rains of the then tropical climate to wash it; and the sand, clay and other dd>ris, thus formed, were dejxjsited beneath the waters around its base, giving rise to a new sedimentary formation. There is no evidence that there was any vegetation on the island: the air and water were, doubtless, heavily charged with carbonic acid, an efficient agent of disintegration : the climate was warm and doubtless very moist — circumstances which combined to hasten the erosion of the island and increase the deposition in the surrounding sea. In addition to these agencies, we judge from the large amount of carbonaceous matter contained in some of the beds, that tliere must have been an abundance of marine vegetation, and, from the limestone beds that accumulated, it is probable that there was marine animal life also, since in later ages that was the chief source of limestone strata. The joint accumulations from these several sources gave rise to a series of shales, sandstones and limestones, whose combined thickness was several thousand feet. 114 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. At length the process of upheaval and metamorphism that closed the Laurentian period was repeated, and these sandstones became eople expected, the legislature of Illinois chartered the " Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad Company " with authority to consolidate with any road in Wisconsin. In 1S55, an act of the Wisconsin legislature consoli- dated the Illinois and Wisconsin companies with the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Com- pany," and the new organization took the name of the " Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Rail- WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 177 road Company." In 1854, and previous to the consolidation, the company had failed and passed into the hands of tlie bondholders, who foreclosed and took stock for their bonds. The old management of A. Hyatt Smith and John B. Macy was superseded, and Wm. B. Ogden was made president. Chicago was all along deeply interested in reaching the rich grain fields of the Rock river valley, as well as the inexhaustible timber and mineral wealth of the northern part of Wisconsin and that part of Michigan bordering on Lake Superior, called the Peninsula. It also sought a connection with the upper Mississippi region, then being rapidly peopled, by a line of railroad to run through Madison to St. Paul, in Minnesota. Its favorite road was started from Chicago on the wide (six feet) gauge, and so constructed seventy miles to Sharon on the Wis- consin state line. This was changed to the usual (four feet, eight and one-half inches) width, and the work was vigorously pushed, reaching Janesville in 1855 and Fond du Lac in 1858. The Rock River Valley Union railroad company had, however, built about thirty miles from Fond du Lac south toward Minnesota Junction before the consolidation took place. The partially graded line on a direct route between Janesville and Madison was abandoned. In 1852 a new charter had been obtained, and the " Beloit & Madison Railroad Company " had been organized to build a road from Beloit via Janesville to Madison. A subsequent amendment to this charter had left out Janesville as a point, and the Beloit branch was pushed through to Madison, reach- ing that city in 1864. The "Galena and Chicago Union Railroad Company" had built a branch of the Galena line from Belvedere to Beloit previous to 1S54. In that year, it leased the Beloit & Madison road, and from 1856 operated it in connection with the Milwaukee & Mississippi, reaching Janes- ville by way of Hanover Junction, a station on its Southern Wisconsin branch, eight miles west of Janesville. The consolidation of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac companies was effected and approved by legislative enactment in 1855, and a new organization called the "Chicago & Northwestern Railwav Company" took their place. The "Green Bay, Milwaukee & Chicago Railroad Company " was chartered in 1851 to build a road from Milwaukee to the state line of Illinois to connect with a road from Chicago, called the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad. Both roads were completed in 1855, and run in connection until 1S63, when they were consolidated under the name of the "Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad Company." To prevent its falling into the hands of the Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern secured it by perpetual lease, May 2, 1866, and it is now operated as its Chicago division. The '■ Kenosha & Beloit Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1S53 to build a road from Kenosha to Beloit, and was organized soon after its charteriwas obtained. Its name was after- ward changed to the " Kenosha, Rockford & Rock Island Railroad Company," and its route changed to run to Rockford instead of Beloit. The line starts at Kenosha, and runs through the county of Kenosha and crosses the state line near the village of Genoa in the county of Wal- worth, a distance of tliirty miles in the state of Wisconsin, and there connects with a road in Illinois running to Rockford, and with which it consolidated. Kenosha and its citizens were the principal subscribers tc its capital stock. The company issued its bonds, secured by the usual mortgage on its franchises and property. Failing to pay its interest, the mortgage was foreclosed, and the road was sold to the Chicago & Northwestern company in 1863, and is now operated by it as the Kenosha division. The line was constructed from Kenosha to Genoa in 1862. The "Northwestern Union Railway Company " was organized in 1872, under the general rail- road law of the state, to build a line of road from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac, with a branch to Lodi. The road was constructed during the years 1872 and 1873 from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac. The Chicago & Northwestern company were principally interested in its being built, to 178 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIN. shorten its line between Chicago and Green Bay, and now uses it as its main through line between- the two points. The " Baraboo Air-Line Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1870,10 build a road from Madison, Columbus, or Waterloo via Baraboo, to La Crosse, or any point on the Mississippi river. It organized in the interest of the Chicago & Northwestern, with which company it con- solidated, and the work of building a connecting line between Madison and Winona Junction was vigorously pushed forward. Lodi was reached in 1870, Baraboo in 1871, and Winona Junc- tion in 1874. The ridges between Elroy and Sparta were tunneled at great expense and with much difficulty. In 1874 the company reported an expenditure for its three tunnels of §476,743.32, and for the 129 i-io miles between Madison and Winona Junction of $5,342,169.96, and a large expenditure yet required to be made on it. In 1867 the Chicago & Northwestern company bought of D. N. Barney & Co. their interest in the Winona & St. Peters railway, a line being built westerly from Winona in Minnesota, and of which one hundred and five miles had been built. It also bought of the same parties their interest in the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott railway, a line being built from Winona Junction, three miles east of La Crosse, to Winona, Minn. The latter line was put in operation in 1870, and is twenty-nine miles long. With the completion of its Madison branc'.i to Winona junction, in 1873, it had in operation a line from Chicago, via Madison and Winona, to Lake Kampeska, Minn., a distance of six hundred and twenty-three miles. In the year 1856 a valuable grant of land was made by congress to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads. The Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company claimed that the grant was obtained through its efforts, and that of right it should have the northeastern grant, so-called. At the adjourned session of the legislature of 1856, a contest over the dispo- sition of tlie grant resulted in conferring it upon the " Wisconsin & Superior Railroad Company," a corporation chartered for the express purpose of giving it this grant. It was generally believed at the time that the new company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company, and at the subsequent session, in the following year, it was authorized to consolidate with the new company, which it did in the spring of that year, and thus obtained the grant of 3,840 acres per mile along its entire line, from Fond du Lac northerly to the state line between Wisconsin and Michigan. It extended its road to Oshkosh in 1859, to A])pleton in 1861, and in i8()2 to Fort Howard, forming a line two hundred and forty-two miles long. The line from Fort Howard to Escanaba, one hundred and fourteen miles long, was opened in Decem- ber, 1872, and made a connection with the peninsular railroad of Michigan. It nowbecamea part of the Chicago & Northwestern, extending from Escanaba to the iron mines, and thence to Lake Superior at Marquette. Albert Keep, of Chicago, is president, and Marvin Hughitt, a gentleman of great railroad ex[>erience, is general superintendent. The company operates five hundred and sixty-seven miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all sixteen hundred and sixteen miles. Its lines extend into five different states. Over these lines its equipment is run in common, or transferred from place to place, as the changes in !.i.-.siness may temjjorarily require. Wisconsin Central Railroad. • The " Milwaukee & Northern Railway Company" was incorporated in 1S70, to build a road from Milwaukee to some point on the Fox river below Winnebago lake, and thence to Lake Superior, with branches. It completed its road to Menasha, one hundred and two miles from Milwaukee, with a branch from Hilbert to Green Bay, twenty-seven miles, in 1873, and in that vear leased Us line to the " Wisconsin Central Railroad Company," which is still operating it. In WISCOXSIN ■RAILROADS. 179 1864 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of a rail- road from Berlin, Doty's Island, Fond du Lac, or Portage, by way of Stevens Point, to Bayfield or Superior, granting the odd sections within ten miles on each side of the line, with an indem- nity limit of twenty miles on each side. The legislature of 1865 failed to dispose of this grant, but that of 1866 provided for the organization of two companies, one to build from Portage City by way of Berlin to Stevens Point, and the other from Menasha to the same point, and then jointly to Bayfield and Lake Superior. The former was called the " Winnebago and Lake Superior Railroad Company," and the latter the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company." In 1869 an act was jiassed consolidating the two companies, which was done under the name of the " Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad Company." In 1871 the name of the company was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad Company." The Winnebago & Lake Superior company was organized under Hon. George Reed as president, and at once commenced the construction of its line of road between Menasha and Stevens Point. In 187 1 the Wisconsin Central consolidated with the " Manitowoc & Mississippi Railroad Company." The articles of consolidation provided that Gardner Colby, a director of the latter company, should be president, and that George Reed, a director of the former, should be vice president of the new organization; with a further provision that Gardner Colby, George Reed, and Elijah B. Phillips should be and remain its executive committee. In 1871, an act was passed incorporating the "Phillips and Colby Construction Company," which created E. B. Phillips, C. L. Colby, Henry Pratt, and such others as they might associate with them, a body corporate, with authority to build railroads and do all manner of things relat- ing to railroad construction and operation. Under this act the construction company contracted with the Wisconsin Central railroad company, to build its line of road from Menasha to Lake .Superior. In November, 1873, the Wisconsin Central leased of the Milwaukee & Northern com- pany its line of road extending from Schwartzburg to Menasha, and the branch to Green Bay, for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years, and also acquired the rights of the latter com- pany to use the track of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company between Schwartzburg and .Milwaukee, and to depot facilities in Milwaukee. The construction of the land grant portion of this important line of road was commenced in 1871, and it was completed to Stevens Point in November of that year. It was built from Stevens Point north one hundred miles to Worcester in 1872. During 1872 and 1873, it was built from Ashland south to the Penoka iron ridge, a dis- tance of thirty miles. The straight line between Portage City and Stevens Point, authorized by an act of the legislature of 1875, was constructed between October i, 1875, and October, 1876, seven'y-one miles in length. The gap of forty-two miles between Worcester and Penoka iron ridge was closed in June, 1877. E. B. Phillips, of Milwaukee, is president and general manager. This line of road passes through a section of our state hitherto unsettled. It has been pushed through with energy, and opened up for settlement an immense region of heavily timbered land, and thus contributed to the growth and prosperity of the state. The Western Union R.\ilro.4D. The " Racine, Janesville & Mississippi Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852,10 build a road from Racine to Beloit, and was organized the same year. The city of Racine issued its bonds for $300,000 in payment for that amount of stock. The towns of Racine, Elkhorn, Dele- van and Beloit gave $190,000, and issued their bonds, and farmers along the line made liberal subscriptions and secured the same by mortgages on their farms. The road was built to Burling- ton in 1S55, to Delavan e.Trly in 1856, and to Beloit, sixty-eight miles from Racine, during the same year. Failing to meet the interest on its bonds and its floating indebtedness, it was sur- 180 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN'. rendered by the company to the bond-holders in 1859, who completed it to Freeport during that year, and afterward built to the Mississippi river at Savannah, and thence to Rock Island. The bond-holders purchased and sold the road in 1866, and a new organization was had as the " West- ern Union Railroad Company," and it has sinee been operated under that name. In 1869, it built a line from Elkhorn to Eagle, seventeen miles, and thus made a connection with Milwau- kee over the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The latter company owns a controlling interest it its line. Alexander Mitchell is the president of the company, and D. A. Olio, general superintendent. West Wisconsin Railroad. The lands granted by congress in 1856 to aid in the construction of a railroad in Wisconsin, from Tomah to Superior and Bayfield, were disposed of as mentioned under the history of tlic Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. The La Crosse company, as we have seen, prevailed in the legislature of 1856, and secured legislation favorable to its interests; but it failed to build the line of road provided for, and forfeited its right to lands granted. In 1863, the " Tomah & Lake St. Croix Railroad Company " was incorporated, with authority to construct a railroad from some point in the town of Tomah in Monroe county, to such point on Lake St. Croix, between town- ships 25 and 31 as the directors might determine. To the company, by the act creating it, was granted all the interest and estate of this state, to so much of the lands granted by the United States to the state of Wisconsin, known as the St. Croix grant, as lay between Tomah and Lake St. Croix. A few months after its organization, the company passed substantially into the hands of D. A. Baldwin and Jacob Humbird, who afterward built a line of road from Tomah, via Black River Falls, and Eau Claire to Hudson, on Lake St. Croix, one hundred and seventy-eight miles. Its name was afterward changed to the "West Wisconsin Railroad Company." In 1873, it built its road from Warren's Mills via Camp Douglass, on the St. Paul road to Elroy, and took up its track from the first-named place, twelve miles, to Tomah. A law-suit resulted, which went against the railroad company, and the matter was finally compromised by the payment of a sum of money by the company to the town of Tomah. The road was built through a new and sparsely settled country, and its earnings have not been sufficient to enrich its stock-holders. It connects at Camp Douglass with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, and at Elroy with the Chicago & Northwestern railway company's line, which gives the latter a through line to St. Paul. It is operated in connection with the Chicago & Northwestern railway, and managed in its interest. It is now in the hands of Wm. H. Ferry, of Chicago, as receiver; H. H. Potter, of Chicago, as president]; and E. W. Winter, of Hudson, superintendent. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway. In 1870, the "Milwaukee, Manitowoc & Green Bay Railroad Company " was chartered to build a road from Milwaukee to Green Bay by way of Manitowoc. It built its line from Mil- waukee to Manitowoc in 1873, when its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & West- ern Railroad Company." Under a decree of foreclosure, it was sold Dec. 10, 1875, and its name w.is changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway Company," by which name it is still known. In 1866, the " Appleton & New London Railroad Company" was incorporated to build a road from ,\ppleton to New London, and thence to Lake Superior. A subsequent amendment to its charter authorized it to extend its road to Manitowoc. It built most of the line from Appleton to that city, and then, under legislative authority, sold this extension to the Milwau- WISCONSIX RAILROADS. 181 kee. Lake Shore cv Western railroad company. The last-named company extended it to New London, on the Wolf river, twenty-one miles, in 1876, where it connects with the Green Bay & Minnesota road. It now operates one hundred and forty-six miles of road, extending from Mil- waukee to New London, passing through Sheboygan, Manitowoc and Appleton, which includes a branch line six miles in length from Manitowoc to Two Rivers. F. W. Rhinelander, of New Vork, is its president, and H. G. H. Reed, of Milwaukee, superintendent. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad. The line of road operated by this company extends from Fort Howard to the Mississippi river, opposite Winona, Minnesota. It is two hundred and sixteen miles in length, and was built through a sparsely settled and heavily timbered section of the state. It began under most discouraging circumstances, yet was pushed through by the energy of a few men at Green Bay and along its line. It was originally chartered in 1866 as the "Green Bay & Lake Pepin Rail- road Company " to build a road from the mouth of the Fox river near Green Bay to the Missis- sippi river opposite Winona. But little was done except the making of preliminary surveys in 1870. During 1870 and 187 1, forty miles were constructed and put in operation. In 1872, one hundred and fourteen miles were graded, the track laid, and the river reached, sixty-two miles farther, in 1873. In 1876, it acquired the right to use the "Winona cut-off " between Winona and Onalaska, and built a line from the latter point to La Crosse, seven miles, thus connecting its road with the chief city of Wisconsin on the Mississippi river. The city of La Crosse aided this extension by subscribing $75,000 and giving its corporation bonds for that amount. Henry Ketchum, of New London, is president of the company, and D. M. Kelly, of Green Bay, gen- eral manager. Wisconsin Valley Road. The "Wisconsin Valley Railroad Company " was incorporated in 187 1 to build a road from a point on or near the line of the Milwaukee & La Crosse railroad, between Kilbourn City and the tunnel in said road to the village of Wausau, in the county of Marathon, and the road to pass not more than one mile west of the village of Grand Rapids, in the county of Wood. The road was commenced at Tomah, and graded to Centralia in 1872, and opened to that village in 1873, ind during 1874 it was completed to Wausau, ninety miles in its whole length. Boston capitalists furnished the money, and it is controlled in the interest of the Dubuque & Minnesota railroad, through which the equipment was procured. The lumber regions of the Wisconsin river find an outlet over it, and its junction with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road at Tomah enables a connection with the railroads of Iowa and Minnesota. It gives the people of Marathon county in outlet long needed for a large lumber traffic, and also enables them to receive their goods and supplies of various kinds for the lumbering region tributary to Wausau. James F. Joy, of Detroit, is president, and F. O. Wyatt, superintendent. Sheboygan & Fond dv Lac Railroad. The "Sheboygan & Mississippi Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1852, to build a road from Sheboygan to the Mississippi river. It was completed from Sheboygan to Plymouth in 1858, to Glenbeulah in i860, to Fond du Lac in 1868, and to Princeton in 1872. The extension from Fond du Lac to Princeton was built under authority of an act passed in 1871. Under a foreclosure in 1861 the line from Sheboygan to Fonddu Lac was sold, and the name of the company chanced to "Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad Company." The length of 182 HISTORY OF "WISCONylN. the line is seventy-eight miles, and it passes through a fertile agricultural country. The city of Sheboygan, county, city and town of Fond du Lac, and the towns of Riverdale, Ripon, Brooklyn, Princeton, and St. Marie, aided in its building to an amount exceeding $250,000. D. L. Wells is president, and Geo. P. Lee, superindendent. The Mineral Point Railroad. The "Mineral Point Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852,10 build a road from Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, to the state line, in township number one, in either the county of Green or La Fayette. It was completed to Warren, in the state of Illinois, thirty-two miles, in 1855, making a connection at that ])oint with the Illinois Central, running from Chicago to Galena. Iowa county loaned its credit and issued its bonds to aid in its construction. It was sold under foreclosure in 1856. Suits were brought against Iowa county to collect the amount of its bonds, and judgment obtained in the federal courts. Much litigation has been had, and ill feeling engendered, the supervisors of the county having been arrested for contempt of the decree of the court. Geo. W. Cobb, of Mineral Point, is the general manager. The Dubuque, Platteville & Milwaukee railroad was completed in July, 1870, and extends from Calamine, a point on the Mineral Point railroad, to the village of Platteville, eighteen miles, and is operated by the Minera*! Point railroad company Madison & Portage Railroad. The legislature of 1855 chartered the "Sugar River Valley Railroad Company " to build a road from a point on the north side of the line of the Southern Wisconsin road, within the limits of Green county, to Dayton, on the Sugar river. In 1857 it was authorized to build south to the state line, and make its northern terminus at Madison. In 1861 it was authorized to build from Madi- son to Portage City, and from Columbus to Portage City, and so much of the land grant act of 1856, as related to the building of the road from Madison, and from Columbus to Portage City, was annulled and repealed, and the rights and privileges that were conferred upon the LaCrosse company were given to the Sugar River Valley railroad company, and the portion of the land grant, applicable to the lines mentioned, was conferred upon the last named company. Under this legislation about twenty miles of the line between Madison and Portage were graded, and the right of way secured for about thirty of the thirty-nine miles. The La Oosse company had done considerable grading before its right was annulled. In 1866 the company was relieved from constructing the road from Columbus to Portage City. In 1870 the purchasers of that part of the Sugar River Valley railroad lyiiig between Madison and Portage City were incorporated as the " Madison & Portage Railroad Company," and to share all the rights, grants, etc., that were conferred upon the Sugar River railroad company by its charter, and amendments thereto, so far as related to that portion of the line. Previous to this time, in 1864 and 1865, judgments had been obtained against the Sugar River Valley company ; and its right of way, grading and depot grounds sold for a small sum. James Campbell, who had been a contractor with the Sugar River Valley company, with others, became the purchasers, and organized under the act of 1870, and, during the year 187 1, com- pleted it between Madison and Portage City, and in March, 1871, leased it to the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, and it is still operated by that corporation. In 1871 the Madison & Portage company was authorized to extend its road south to the Illinois state line, and north from Portage City to Lake Winnebago. The same year it was consolidated with the " Rockford Central WISCONSIN RAILROADa 183 Railroad Company," of Illinois, and its name changed to the "Chicago & Superior Railroad Company," but still retains its own organization. The Madison & Portage railroad company claims a share in the lands granted by acts of congress in 1856, and have commenced proceed- ings to assert its claim, which case is still pending in the federal courts. North Wisconsin Railroad. The "North Wisconsin Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1869, to build a road from Lake St. Croix, or river, to Bayfield on Lake Superior. The grant of land by congress in 1856, to aid in building a road from Lake St. Croix to Bayfield on Lake Superior, under the decision of the federal court, was yet at the disposal of the state. This company, in 187 i, built a short section of its line of road, with the expectation of receiving the grant. In 1873, the grant was conferred upon the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, but under the terms and restrictions con- tained in the act, it declined to accept it. The legislature of 1874 gave it to the North Wiscon- sin company, and it has built forty miles of its road, and received the lands pertaining thereto. Since 1876, it has not completed any part of its line, but is trj'ing to construct twenty miles during the present year. The company is authorized to construct a road both to Superior and to Bayfield, but the act granting the lands confers that portion from Superior to the intersection of the line to Bayfield upon the Chicago & North Pacific air-line railroad. This last-named company have projected a line from Chicago to the west end of Lake Superior, and are the owners of an old grade made through Walworth and Jefferson counties, by a company chartered in 1853 as the " AV'isconsin Central," to build a road from Portage City to Geneva, in the county of Walworth. The latter company had also graded its line between Geneva and the state line of Illinois. This grade was afterward appropriated by the Chicago & Northwestern, and over it they now operate their line from Chicago to Geneva. Prairie du Chiex & McGregor R.\ilroad. This is a line two miles in length, connecting Prairie du Chien in Wisconsin, with McGregor in Iowa. It is owned and operated by John Lawler, of the latter-named place. It extends across both channels of the Mississippi river, and an intervening island. The railroad bridge consists of substantial piling, except a pontoon draw across each navigable channel. Each pontoon is four hundred feet long and thirty feet wide, provided with suitable machinery and operated by steam power. Mr. Lawler has secured a patent on his invention of the pontoon draw for railroad bridges. His line was put in operation in April, 1874. The Chippew.a. Falls & Western Railroad. This road was built in 1874, by a company organized under the general law of the state. It is eleven miles in length, and connects the " Falls " with the West Wisconsin line at Eau Claire. It was constructed by the energetic business men and capitalists of Chippewa Falls, to afford ai. outlet for the great lumber and other interests of that thriving and prosperous city. The road is substantially built, and the track laid with steel rails. Narrow Gauge Railroads. The "Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad Company" was incoriwrated in 1857. Under Its charter, a number of capitalists of the city of Galena, in the state of Illinois, commenced 18i HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the construction of a narrow (three feet) gauge road, running from that city to Platteville, thirty- one miles in length, twenty miles in Wisconsin. It runs through a part of La Fayette county to Platteville, in Grant county, and was completed to the latter jwint in 1875. Surveys are bueing made for an extension to Wingville, in Grant county. The "Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria Railway Company" was organized under the general law of the state, in 1874, to build a narrow gauge road from tlie city of Fond du Lac to the south line of the state in the county of Walworth or Rock, and it declared its intention to consolidate with a company in Illinois that had projected a line of railroad from Peoria, in Illinois, to the south line of the state of Wisconsin. The road is constructed and in operation from Fond du Lac to Iron Ridge, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, twenty-nine miles from Fond du Lac. The " Pine River & Steven's Point Railroad Company " was organized by the enterprising citizens of Richland Center, and has built a narrow gauge road from Lone Rock, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, in Richland county, to Richland Center, si.xteen miles in length. Its track is laid with wooden rails, and it is operated successfully. The " Chicago & Tomah Railroad Company " organized under the general railroad law of the state, in 1872, to construct a narrow gauge road from Chicago, in Illinois, to the city of Tomah, in Wisconsin. Its president and active manager is D. R. Williams, of Clermont, Iowa, and its secretary is L. M. Culver, of Wauzeka. It has graded about forty-five miles, extending from Wauzeka u[) the valley of the Kickapoo river, in Crawford county, Wisconsin. It expects to have fifty-four miles in operation, to Bloomingdale, in Vernon county, the present year (1S77). The rolling stock is guaranteed, and the president is negotiating for the purchase of the iron. South of Wauzeka the line is located to Belmont, in Iowa county. At Wauzeka it will connect with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The public-spirited citizens of Necedah, in Juneau county, have organized under the general law of the state, and graded a road-bed from their village to New Lisbon, on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul company's line. The latter company furnish and lay the iron, and will operate the road. It is thirteen miles in length. Conclusion. The railroads of Wisconsin have grown up under the requirements of the several localities that have planned and commenced their construction, and without regard to any general system. Frequently the work of construction was begun before adequate means were provided, and bankruptcy overtook the roads in their early stages. The consolidation of the various companies, as in the cases of the Chicago, .Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern, and others, has been effected to give through lines and the public greater facilities, as well as to introduce economy in management. At times the people have become apprehensive, and by legisla- tive action prohibited railroads from consolidating, and have sought to control and break down the power of these corporations and to harmonize the interests of the companies and the public. The act of 1874, called the "Potter law," was the assertion, by the legislative power of the state, of its right to control corporations created by itself, and limit the rates at which freight and passengers should be carried. After a long and expensive contest, carried through the state and federal courts, this right has been established, being finally settled by the decision of the supreme court of the LTnited States. Quite all the railroads of Wisconsin have been built with foreign capital. The plan pursued after an organization was effected, was to obtain stock subscriptions from those immediately J LTTMBER M.VNUFACTURE. 185 interested in the enterprise, procure the aid of counties and municipalities, and then alhire the farmers, with the prospect of joint ownership in railroads, to subscribe for stock and mortgage thei^ farms to secure the payment of their subscriptions. Then the whole line was bonded and a mortgage executed. The bonds and mortgages thus obtained, were taken to the money centers of New York, London, Amsterdam and other places, and sold, or hypothecated to obtain the money with which to prosecute the work. The bonds and mortgages were made to draw a high rate of interest, and the earnings of these new roads, through unsettled localities, were insufficient to pay more than running and incidental expenses, and frequently fell short of that. Default occurring in the payment of interest, the mortgages were foreclosed and the property passed into the hands and under the control of foreign capitalists. Such has been the history of most of the railroads of our state. The total number of farm mortgages given has been 3,785, amounting to ^,079,433 ; town, county and municipal bonds, amounting to $6,910,652. The total cost of all the railroads in the state, as given by the railroad commissioner in his report for 1876, has been $98,343,453.67. This vast sum is, no doubt, greatly in excess of what the cost should have been, but the roads have proved of immense benefit in the develop- ment of the material resources of the state. Other lines are needed through sections not yet traversed by the iron steed, and present lines should be extended by branch roads. The questions upo.i which great issues were raised between the railway corporations and the people, are now happily settled by securing to the latter their rights ; and the former, under the wise and conciliatory policy pursued by their managers, are assured of the sa'fety of their investments. An era of good feeling has succeeded one of distrust and antagonism. The people must use the railroads, and the railroads depend upon the people for sustenance and protection. This mutuality of interest, when fully recognized on both sides, will result in giving to capital a fair return and to labor its just reward. LUMBER MANUFACTURE. Bv W. B. JUDSON. Foremost among the industries of Wisconsin is that of manufacturing lumber. Very much of the importance to which the state has attained is due to the development of its forest wealth. In America, agriculture always has been, and always will be, the primary and most important interest; but no nation can subsist upon agriculture alone. While the broad prairies of Illinois and Iowa are rich with a fertile and productive soil, the hills and valleys of northern Wisconsin are clothed with a wealth of timber that has given birth to a great manufacturing interest, which employs millions of capital and thousands of men, and has peopled the northern wilds with energetic, prosperous communities, built up enterprising cities, and crossed the state with a net- work of railways which furnish outlets for its productions and inlets for the new populations which are ever seeking for homes and employment nearer to the setting sun. If a line be drawn upon the state map, from Green Ray westward through Stevens Point, to where it would naturally strike the Mississippi river, it will be below the southern boundary of the pine timber regions, with the single exception of the district drained by the Yellow river, a tributary of the Wisconsin, drawing its timber chiefly from Wood and Juneau counties. The territory north of this imaginary line covers an area a little greater than one half of the state. The pine timbered land is found in belts or ridges, interspersed with prairie openings, patches of hardwood and hemlock, and drained by numerous water-courses. No less than seven large 186 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. rivers traverse this northern section, and, with their numerous tributaries, penetrate every county, affording facilities for floating the logs to the mills, and, in many instances, the power to cut them into lumber. This does not include the St. Croi.x, which forms the greater portion of the boundary line between Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, by means of its tributaries, draws the most and best of its pine from the former state. These streams divide the territory, as far as lumbering is concerned, into six separate and distinct districts : The Green bay shore, which includes the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, the Peshtigo and Oconto rivers, with a number of creeks which flow into the bay between the mouths of the Oconto and Fox rivers ; the Wolf river district; the NVisconsin river, including the Yellow, as before mentioned ; the Black river; the Chippewa and Red Cedar ; and the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix. Beginning with the oldest of these, the Green bay shore, a brief description of each will be attempted. The first saw-mill built in the state, of which there is now any knowledge, was put in operation in 1809, in Brown county, two or three miles east from Depere, on a little stream which was known as East river. It was built by Jacob Franks, but probably was a very small affair. Of its machinery or capacity for sawing, no history has been recorded, and it is not within the memory of any inhabitant of to-day. In 1829, John P. Arndt, of Green Bay, built a water- power mill on the Pensaukee river at a point where the town of Big Suamico now stands. In 1834, a mill was built on the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, and, two years later, one at Peshtigo. Lumber was first shipped to market from this district in 1834, which must be termed the beginning of lumbering operations on the bay shore. The lands drained by the streams which flow into Green bay are located in Shawano and Oconto counties, the latter being the largest in the state. In 1847, Willard Lamb, of Green Bay, made the first sawed pine shingles in that district ; they were sold to the Galena railroad company for use on depot buildings, and were the first of the kind sold in Chicago. Subsequently Green Bay became one of the greatest points for the manufacture of such shingles in the world. The shores of the bay are low, and gradually change from marsh to swamp, then to level dry land, and finally become broken and mountainous to the northward. The pine is in dense groves that crowd closely upon the swamps skirting the bay, and reach far back among the hills of the interior. The Peshtigo flows into the bay about ten miles south of the Menomonee, and takes its rise far back in Oconto county, near to the latter's southern tributaries. It is counted a good logging stream, its annual product being from 40,000,000 to 60,000,000 feet. The timber is of a rather coarse quality, running but a small percentage to what the lumbermen term "uppers." .\bout ten per cent, is what is known as Norway pine. Of the whole amount of timber tributary to the Peshtigo, probably about one third has been cut off to this date. The remainder will not average of as good quality, and only a limited portion of the land is of any value for agricultural purposes after being cleared of the pine. There are only two mills on this stream, both being owned by one company. The Oconto is one of the most important streams in the district. The first saw-mill was built on its banks about the year 1840, though the first lumbering operations of any account were begun in 1845 by David Jones. The business was conducted quite moderately until 1856, in which year several mills were built, and from that date Oconto has been known as quite an extensive lumber manufacturing point. The timber tributary to this stream has been of the best quality found in the state. Lumber cut from it has been known to yield the extraordinarily high average of fifty and sixty per cent, uppers. The timber now being cut will not average more than half that. The proportion of Norway is about five per cent. It is estimated that from three fourths to four fifths of the timber tributary to the Oconto has been cut away, but it will require a much longer time to convert the balance into lumber than was necessary to cut its equivalent in amount, owing to its remote location. The annual production LUMBER MAXUFACTURE. 187 of pine lumber at Oconto is from 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 feet. The whole production of the district, exclusive of the timber which is put into the Menomonee from Wisconsin, is about 140,000,000 feet annually. The Wolf river and its tributaries constitute the next district, proceeding westward. The first saw logs cut on this stream for commercial purposes were floated to the government mill at Neenah in 1835. In 1842, Samuel Farnsworth erected the first saw-mill on the upper Wolf near the location of the present village of Shawano, and in the following spring he sent the first raft of lumber down the Wolf to Oshkosh. This river also rises in Oconto county, but flows in a southerly direction, and enters Winnebago lake at Oshkosh. Its pineries have been very exten- sive, but the drain upon them within the past decade has told with greater effect than upon any other district in the state. The quality of the timber is very fine, and the land is considered good for agricultural purposes, and is being occupied upon the lines of the different railways which cross it. The upper waters of the Wolf are rapid, and have a comparatively steady flow, which renders it a very good stream for driving logs. Upon the upper river, the land is quite rolling, and about the head-waters is almost mountainous. The pine timber that remains in this dis- trict is high up on the main river and branches, and will last but a few years longer. A few years ago the annual product amounted to upward of 250,000,000 feet; in 1876 it was 138,000,000. The principal manufacturing points are Oshkosh and Fond du Lac ; the former has 21 mills, and the latter 10. Next comes the Wisconsin, the longest and most crooked river in the state. It rises in the extreme northern sections, and its general course is southerly until, at Portage City, it makes a grand sweep to the westward and unites with the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. It has numer- ous tributaries, and, together with these, drains a larger area of country than any other river in the state. Its waters flow swiftly and over numerous rapids and embryo falls, which renders log- driving and raft-running very difficult and even hazardous. The timber is generally near the banks of the main stream and its tributaries, gradually diminishing in extent as it recedes from them and giving place to the several varieties of hard-woods. The extent to which operations have been carried on necessitates going further up the stream for available timber, although there is yet what may be termed an abundant supply. The first cutting of lumber on this stream, of which there is any record, was by government soldiers, in 1828, at the building of Fort Winne- bago. In 1831, a mill was built at Whitney's rapids, below Point Bass, in what was then Indian territory. By 1840, mills were in operation as high up as Big Bull falls, and Wausau had a population of 350 souls. Up to 1876, the product of the upper Wisconsin was all sent in rafts to markets on the Mississippi. The river above Point Bass is a series of rapids and eddies ; the current flows at the rate of from 10 to 20 miles an hour, and it can well be imagined that the task of piloting a raft from Wausau to the dells was no slight one. The cost of that kind of transportation in the early times was actually equal to the present market price of the lumber. With a good stage of water, the length of time required to run a raft to St. Louis was 24 days, though quite frequently, owing to inability to get out of the Wisconsin on one rise of water, sev- eral weeks were consumed. The amount of lumber manufactured annually on this river is from 140,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet. Black river is much shorter and smaller than the Wisconsin, but nis long been known as a very important lumbering stream. It is next to the oldest lumber district in the state. The first saw-mill west of Green Bay was built at Black River Falls in 1819 by Col. John Shaw. The Winnebago tribe of Indians, however, in whose territory he was, objected to the innovation of such a fine art, and unceremoniously ofi"ered up the mill upon the altar of their outraged 188 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. solitude. The owner abruptly quitted that portion of the countrj-. In 1839 another attempt to establish a mill on Black river was more successfully made. One was erected at the same point by two brothers by the name of Wood, the millwright being Jacob Spaulding, who eventually became its possessor. His son, Mr. Dudley J. Spaulding, is now a very extensive operator upon Black river. La Crosse is the chief manufacturing point, there being ten saw-mills located there. The annual production of the stream ranges from 150,000,000 to 225,000,000 feet of logs, less than 100,000,000 feet being manufactured into lumber on its banks. The balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. It is a very capricious river to float logs in, which necessitates the carrying over from year to year of a very large amount, variously estimated at from 150,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet, about equal to an entire season's product. This makes the business more hazardous than on many other streams, as the loss from depreciation is very great after the first year. The (luality of the timber is fine, and good prices are realized for it when sold within a year after being cut. The Chippewa district probably contains the largest and finest body of white pine timber now standing, tributary to any one stream, on the continent. It has been claimed, thougii with more extravagance than truth, that the Chii)pewa pineries hold one-half the timber supply of the state. The river itself is a large one, and has many tributaries, which penetrate the rich pine district in all directions. The character of the tributary country is not unlike that through which the Wisconsin flows. In i82Sthe first mill was built in the Chippewa valley, on Wilson's creek, near its confluence with the Red Cedar. Its site is now occupied by the village of Meno- monee. In 1837 another was built on what is the present site of the Union Lumbering Company's mill at Chippewa Falls. It was not until near 1865 that the Chippewa became very prominent as a lumber-making stream. Since that date it has been counted as one of the foremost in the north- west. Upon the river proper there are twenty-two saw-mills, none having a capacity of less than 3,500,000 feet per season, and a number being capable of sawing from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 The annual production of sawed lumber is from 250,000,00c to 300,000,000 feet; the production of logs from 400,000,000 to 500,000,000 feet. In 1867 the mill-owners ujwn the Mississippi, between Winona and Keokuk, organized a corporation known as the Beef Slough Manufactur- ing, Log-Driving and Transportation Company. Its object was to facilitate the handling of logs cut upon the Chippewa and its tributaries, designed for the Mississippi mills. At the confluence of the two rivers various improvements were made, constituting the Beef Slough boom, which is capable of assorting 200,000,000 feet of logs per season. The Chippewa is the most difficult stream in the northwest upon which to operate. In the spring season it is turbulent and ungovernable, and in summer, almost destitute of water. About its head are numerous lakes which easily overflow under the influence of rain, and as their surplus water flows into the Chippewa, its rises are sudden and sometimes damaging in their extent. The river in many places flows between high bluffs, and, under the influence of a freshet, becomes a wild and unmanageable torrent. Logs have never been floated in rafts, as upon other streams, but are turned in loose, and are carried down with each successive rise, in a jumbled and confused mass, wliich entails much labor and loss in the work of assorting an 1 delivering to the respective owners. Previous to the organization of the Eagle Rapids I-looding Dam and Boom Company, in 1S72, the work of securing the stock after putting it into the river was more difficult than to cut and haul it. At the cities of Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, where most of the mills are located, the current, under the influence of high water, is very rapid, and for years the problem was, how to stop and retain the logs, as they would go by in great masses and with almost resist- less velocity. In 1847 is recorded one of the most sudden and disastrous floods in the history of log-running streams. In the month of June the Chipj)ewa rose twelve feet in a single night. 1 LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 189 and, in the disastrous torrent that was created, piers, booms, or " pockets " for holding logs at the mills, together with a fine new mill, were swept away, and the country below where Eau Claire now stands was covered with drift-wood, saw-logs, and other debris. Such occurrences led to the invention of the since famous sheer boom, which is a device placed in the river opposite the mill boom into which it is desired to turn the logs. The sheer boom is thrown diagonally across the river, automatically, the action of the current upon a number of ingeniously arranged "fins" holding it in position. By this means the logs are sheered into the receptacle until it is filled, when the sheer boom, by closing up the " fins" with a windlass, falls back and allows the logs to go on for the next mill to stop and capture its pocket full in like manner. By this method each mill could obtain a stock, but a great difficulty was experienced from the fact that the supply was composed of logs cut and owned by everybody operating on the river, and the process of balancing accounts according to the " marks," at the close of the season, has been one prolific of trouble and legal entanglements. The building of improvements at Eagle Rapids by the company above mentioned remedied the difficulty to some extent, but the process of logging will always be a difficult and hazardous enterprise until adequate means for holding and assorting the entire log product are provided. Upon the Yellow and Eau Claire rivers, two important branches of the Chippewa, such difficulties are avoided by suitable improvements. The entire lumber product of the Chippewa, with the exception of that consumed locally, is floated in rafts to markets upon the Mississippi, between its mouth and St. Louis. The quality of the timber is good, and commands the best market price in the sections where it seeks market. West of the Chippewa district the streams and timber are tributary to the St. Croix, and in all statistical calculations the entire product of that river is credited to Minnesota, the same as that of the Menomonee is given to Michigan, when in fact about one half of each belongs to Wisconsin. The important branches of the St. Croix belonging in this state are the Apple Clam, Yellow, Namekogan, Totagatic and Eau Claire. The sections of country through which they flow contain large bodies of very fine pine timber. The St. Croix has long been noted for the excellence of its dimension timber. Of this stock a portion is cut into lumber at Stillwater, and marketed by rail, and the balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. Such is a brief and somewhat crude description of the main lumbering districts of the state. Aside from these, quite extensive operations are conducted upon various railway lines which penetrate the forests which are remote from log-running streams. In almost every county in the state, mills of greater or less capacity may be found cutting up pine or hard-woods into lumber, shingles, or cooperage stock. Most important, in a lumbering point of view, of all the railroads, is the Wisconsin Central. It extends from Milwaukee to Ashland, on Lake Superior, a distance of 351 miles, with a line to Green Bay, 113 miles, and one from Stevens Point to Portage, 71 miles, making a total length of road, of 449 miles. It has only been completed to Ashland within the last two years. From Milwaukee to Stevens Point it passes around to the east and north of Lake Winnebago, through an excellent hard-wood section. There are many stave mills in operation upon and tributary' to its line, together with wooden-ware establishments and various manufactories requiring either hard or soft timber as raw material. From Stevens Point northward, this road passes through and has tributary to it one of the finest bodies of tim- ber in the state. It crosses the upper waters of Black river and the Flambeau, one of the main tributaries of the Chippewa. From 30,000.000 to 50,000,000 feet of lumber is annually manu- factured on its line, above Stevens Point. The Wisconsin Valley railroad extends from Tomah to Wausau, and was built to afford an outlet, by rail, for the lumber produced at the latter jioint. The extent of the timber supply in this slate has been a matter of much specul.ntion, and 190 HISTORY OF "WISCONSIN. is a subject u[X)n which but little can be definitely said. Pine trees can not be counted or measured until reduced to saw-logs or lumber. It is certain that for twenty years the forests of Wisconsin have yielded large amounts of valuable timber, and no fears are entertained by holders of pine lands that the present generation of owners will witness an exhaustion of their supply. In some sections it is estimated that the destruction to the standing timber by fires, which periodically sweep over large sections, is greater than by the axes of the loggers. The necessity for a state system of forestry, for the protection of the forests from fires, has been urged by many, and with excellent reason ; for no natural resource of the state is of more value and importance than its wealth of timber. According to an esti- mate recently made by a good authority, and which received the sanction of many interested parties, there was standing in the stale in 1876, an amount of pine timber approximating 35,000,000,000 feet. The annual production of lumber in the districts herein described, and from logs floated out of the state to mills on the Mississippi, is about 1,200,000,000 feet. The following table gives the mill capacity per season, and the lumber and shingles manufactured in 1876 : Green Bay Shore Wolf River Wisconsin Central Railroad. Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad Wisconsin River Black River Chippewa River Mississippi River — using Wisconsin logs Total - SEASON CAPACITY. 206,000.000 258,500,000 72,500000 34,500.000 222,000.000 101,000.000 311,000,000 50g.OCO.OOO 1.714,500.000 LUMIIER .MANUFACTURED IN 1S76. 138,250.000 138,645,077 31,530,000 17,700.000 139.700.000 7O.S52.747 255,866,9<)9 380,067,000 1,172,611,823 SHINGLES .MANUFACTURED IN 1S76. 85.400,000 123.192,000 132,700,000 10,700,000 106.250,000 37,675,000 79.250.000 206,977,000 782,144.000 If to the above is added the production of mills outside of the main districts and lines of rail- way herein described, the amount of pine lumber annually produced from Wisconsin forests would reach 1,500,000,000 feet. Of the hard-wood production no authentic information is obtainable To cut the logs and place them upon the banks of the streams, ready for floating to the mills, requires the labor of about 18,000 men. Allowing that, upon an average, each man has a family of two persons besides himself, dependent upon his labor for support, it would be apparent that the first step in the work of manufacturing lumber gives employment and support to 54,000 persons. To convert 1,000,000 feet of logs into lumber, requires the consumption of 1,200 bushels of oats, 9 barrels of pork and beef, 10 tons of hay, 40 barrels of flour, and the use of 2 pairs of horses. Thus the fitting out of the logging companies each fall makes a market for 1,800,000 bushels of oats, 13,500 barrels of pork and beef, 15,000 tons of hay, and 60,000 barrels of flour. Before the lumber is sent to market, fully $6,000,000 is expended for the labor employed in producing it. This industry, aside from furnishing the farmer of the west with the cheapest and best of materials for constructing his buildings, also furnishes a very important market for the products of his farm. The question of the exhaustion of the pine timber supply has met with much discussion during the past few years, and, so far as the forests of Wisconsin are concerned, deserves a brief notice. The great source of supply of white pine timber in the country is that portion of the northwest between the shores of Lake Huron and the banks of the Mississippi, comprising the LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 191 northern portions of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and ^rinnesota. For a quarter of a century these fields have been worked by lumbermen, the amount of the yearly production having increased annually until it reached tlie enormous figure of 4,000,000,000 feet. With all of this tremendous drain upon the forests, there can be pointed out but one or two sections that are actually exhausted. There are, however, two or three where the end can be seen and the date almost foretold. The pineries of Wisconsin have been drawn upon for a less period and less amount than those of Michigan, and, it is generally conceded, will outlast them at the present proportionate rate of cutting. There are many owners of pine timber lands who laugh at the prospect of exhausting their timber, within their lifetime. As time brings them nearer to the end, the labor of procuring the logs, by reason of the distance of the timber from the water-courses, will increase, and the work will jirogress more slowly. In the future of this industry there is much promise. Wisconsin is the natural source of supply for a very large territory. The populous prairies of Illinois and Iowa are near-by and unfailingmarkets. The broad plains of Kansas and the rich valleys of Nebraska, which are still in the cradle of development, will make great drafts upon her forests for the material to construct cities in which the first corner-stone is yet unlaid. Minnesota, notwithstanding the fact that large forests exist within her own confines, is even now no mean customer for Wisconsin lumber, and the ambitious territory of Dakota will soon clamor for material to build up a great and wealthy state. In the inevitable progress of development and growth which must characterize the great west, the demand for pine lumber for building material will be a prominent feature. With the growth of time, changes will occur in the methods of reducing the forests. With the increasing demand and enhancing values will come improvements in manipulating the raw material, and a stricter economy will be preserved in the handling of a commodity which the passage of time only makes more valuable. Wisconsin will become the home of manufactories, which will convert her trees into finished articles of daily consumption, giving employment to thousands of artisans where it now requires hundreds, and bringing back millions of revenue where is now realized thousands. Like all other commodities, lumber becomes more valuable as skilled labor is employed in its manipulation, and the greater the extent to which this is carried, the greater is the growth in prosperity, of the state and its people. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. By JOHN P. McGregor. Wisconsin was organized as a territory in 1836, and the same year several acts were passed by thb territorial legislature, incorporating banks of issue. Of these, one at Green Bay and another at Mineral Point went into operation just in time to play their part in the great panic of 1837. The bank at Green Bay soon failed and left its bills unredeemed. The bank at Mineral Point is said to have struggled a little longer, but both these concerns were short lived, and their issues were but a drop in the great flood of worthless wild-cat bank notes that spread over the whole western country in that disastrous time. The sufferings of the people of Wis- consin, from this cause, left a vivid impression on their minds, which manifested its results in the legislation of the territory and in the constitution of the state adopted in 1S4S. So jealous were the legislatures of the territory, of banks and all their works, that, in ev.ery act of incorporation for any purpose, a clause was inserted to the effect that nothing in the act contained should be 192 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIX. taken to authorize the corporation to assume or exercise any banking powers ; and this proviso was even added to acts incorporating church societies. For some years there can hardly be said to have been any banking business done in the territory ; merchants and business men were left to their own devices to make their exchanges, and every man was his own banker. In the year iS39an act was passed incorporating the " Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company," of Milwaukee. This charter conferred on the corporation, in addition to the usual powers of a fire and marine insurance company, the privilege of receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit ^XiA lending money, — and wound up with the usual prohibition from doing a banking business. This company commenced business at once under the management of George Smith as president and .Alexander Mitchell as secretary. The receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit and lending money, soon outgrew and overshadowed the insurance branch of the institution, which accordingly gradually dried up. In fact, the certificates of dejxssit had all the appearance of ordinary bank notes, and served the purposes of an excellent currency, being always promptly redeemed in coin on demand. Gradually these issues attained a great circulation all through the west, as the people gained more and more confidence in the honesty and ability of the managers ; and though " runs " were several times made, yet being successfully met, the public finally settled down into the belief that these bills were good beyond tjuestion, so that the amount in circulation at one time, is said, on good authority, to have been over $2,000,000. As the general government required specie to be paid for all lands bought of it, the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance company, by redemption of its " certificates of deposit," furnished a large part of the coin needed for use at the Milwaukee land office, and more or less for purchases at land offices in other parts of the state, and its issues were of course much in request for this purpose. For many years this institution furnished the main banking facilities for the business men of the territory and young state, in the way of discounts and e.xchanges; Its right to carry on the operations it was engaged in, under its somewhat dubious and incon- sistent charter, was often questioned, and, in 1852, under the administration of Governor Farwell, some steps were taken to test the matter ; but as the general banking law had then been passed by the legislature, and was about to be submitted to the people, and as it was understood that the company 'oiild organize as a bank under the law. if approved, the legal proceedings were not pressed. While this corporation played so important a part in the financial history and commer- cial development of Wisconsin, the writer is not aware of any available statistics as to the amount of business transacted by it before it became merged in the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank." In 1847, the foundation of the present well-known firm of Marshall & Ilsley was laid by Samuel Marshall, who, in that year, opened a private banking office in Milwaukee, and was joined in 1849 by Charles F. Ilsley. This concern has always held a prominent position among the banking institutions of our state. About this time, at Mineral Point, Washburn & Woodman (C. C. Washburn and Cyrus Woodman) engaged in private banking, as a part of their business. After some years they were succeeded by Wm. T. Henr)', who still continues the banking office. Among the early private bankers of the state were Mr. Kellogg, of Oshkosh ; Ulmann and Bell, of Racine ; and T. C. Shove, of Manitowoc. The latter still continues his business, while that of the other firms has been wound up or merged in organized banks. In 1848, Wisconsin adopted a state constitution. This constitution prohibited the legislature from incorjxjrating banks and from conferring banking lowers on any corporation ; but provided the question of "banks or no banks" might be submitted to a vote of the electors, and, if the decision should be in favor of banks, then the legislature might charter banks or might enact a BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 193 general banking law, but no such special charter or general banking law should have any force until submitted to the electors at a general election, and approved by a majority of votes cast on that subject. In 185 i, the legislature submitted this question to the people, and a majority of the votes were cast in favor of " banks." Accordingly the legislature, in 1S52, made a general banking law, which was submitted to the electors in November of that year, and was approved by them. This law was verj' similar to the free banking law of the state of Nevtr York, which had then been in force about fifteen years, and was generally approved in that state. Our law authorized any number of individuals to form a corporate association for banking purposes, and its main provisions were intended to provide security for the circulating notes, by deposit of state and United States stocks or bonds with the state treasurer, so that the bill holders should sustain no loss in case of the failure of the banks. Provision was made for a bank comptroller, whose main duty it was to see that countersigned circulating notes were issued to banks only in proper . amounts for the securities deposited, and upon compliance with the law, and that the banks kept these securities good. The first bank comptroller was James S. Baker, who was appointed by Governor Farwell. The first banks organized under the new law were the " State Bank," established at Madi- son by Marshall & Ilsley, and the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank," established at Milwaukee under the old management of that company. These banks both went into operation early in January, 1853, and, later in that year, the " State Bank of Wisconsin " (now Milwaukee National Bank of Wisconsin), and the " Farmers' and Millers' Bank " (now First National Bank of Milwaukee), were established, followed in January, 1854, by the "Bank of Mil- waukee " (now National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee). From this time forward banks were rapidly established at different points through the state, until in July, 1857, they numbered sixty — with aggregate capital, $4,205,000; deposits, $3,920,238; and circulation, $2,231,829. In October, the great revulsion and panic of 1857 came on, and in its course and effects tried pretty severely the new banks in Wisconsin. Some of them succumbed to the pressure, but most of them stood the trial well. The great source of loss and weakness at that time was found in the rapid decline of the market value of the securities deposited to protect circulation, which were mostly state bonds, and largely those of the southern states; so that this security, when it came to be tried, did not prove entirely sufficient, .\nother fault of the system, or of the practice under it, was developed at this time. It was found that many of the banks had been set up without actual working capi- tal, merely for the purpose of issuing circulating notes, and were located at distant and inaccessible points in what was then the great northern wilderness of the state ; so that it was expensive and in fact impracticable to present their issues for redemption. While these evils and their rem- edies were a good deal discussed among bankers, the losses and inconveniences to the people were not yet great enough to lead to the adoption of thorough and complete measures of reform. The effect of these difficulties, however, was to bring the bankers of the stave into the habit of consulting and acting together in cases of emergency, the first bankers' convention having been held in 1857. This was followed by others from time to time, and it would be difficult to over- value the great good that has resulted, at several important rrises from the harmonious and con- servative action of the bankers of our state. Partly, at least, upon their recommendations the legislature, in 1858, adopted amendments to the banking law, providing that no bank should be located in a townshi[) containing less than two hundred inhabitants; and that the comptroller should not issuecirculating notes, except to banks doing a regular discount deposit and exchange business in some inhabited town, village, city, or where the ordinary business of inhabited towns, villages and cities was carried on. These amendments were approved by the people at the fall 194 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. election of that year. Banking matters now ran along pretty smoothly until the election in iS6o, of the republican presidential ticket, and the consecjuent agitation in the southern slates threatening civil war, the effects of which were speedily felt; first, in the great depreciation of the bonds of the southern states, and then in a less decline in those of the northern states. .\t this time (taking the state- ment of July, i860,) the number of banks was 104, with aggregate capital, §5,547,000; circula- tion, §4,075,918; deposits, $3,230,252. During the winter following, there was a great deal of uneasiness in regard to our state cur- rency, and continuous demand upon our banks for the redemption of their circulating notes in coin. Many banks of the wild-cat sort failed to redeem their notes, which became depreciated and uncurrent; and, when the rebellion came to a head by the firing on Fort Sumter, the banking interests of the state were threatened with destruction by compulsory winding up and enforced sale at the panic prices then prevailing, of the securities deposited to secure circulation. Under these circumstances, on the 17th of .\pril, 1S61, the legislature passed "an act to protect the holders of the circulating notes of the authorized banks of the state of Wisconsin." As the banking law could not be amended except by approval of the electors, by vote at a general election, a practical suspension of specie payment had to be effected by indirect methods. So this act first directed the bank comptroller to suspend all action toward banks for failing to redeem their circulation. Secondly, it prohibited notaries public from protesting bills of banks until Dec i, 1861. Thirdly, it gave banks until that date to answer complaints in any proceed- ing to compel specie payment of circulating notes. This same legislature also amended the banking law, to cure defects that had been developed in it. These amendments were intended to facilitate the presentation and protest of circulating notes, and the winding up of banks failing to redeem them, and provided that the bank comptroller should not issue circulating notes e.xcept to banks having actual cash capital ; on which point he was to take evidence in all cases; that after Dec. i, 1861, all banks of the state should redeem their issues either at Madison or .Milwaukee, and no bonds or stocks should be received as security for circulation except those of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin. Specie payment of bank bills was then practically suspended, in our state, from April 17 to December i, 1S61, and there was no longer any plain practical test for determining which were good, and which not. In this condition of things, bankers met in convention, and, after discus- sion and inquiry as to the condition and resources of the dilTerent banks, put forth a list of those whose issues were to be considered current and bankable. But things grew worse, and it was evident that the list contained banks that would never be able to redeem their circulation, and the issues of such were from time to lime tlirown out and discredited without any concert of action, so that the uneasiness of people in regard to the financial situation was greatly increased. Tlie bankers finally met, gave the Iianks another sifting, and put forth a list of seventy banks. whose circulating notes they pledged themselves to receive, and pay out as current, until Decem- ber I. There had been so many changes that this pledge was thought necessary to allay the apprehensions of the public. But matters still grew worse instead of belter. Some of the banks in the "current " list closed their doors to their deix)sitors, and others were evidently unsound, and their circulation so insufficiently secured as to make it certain that it would never be redeemed. There was more or less sorting of the currency, both by banks and business men, all over the state, in the endeavor to keep the best and pay out the poorest. In this state of things, some of the Milwaukee banks, without concert of action, and acting under the apprehen- sion of being loaded up with the very worst of the currency, which, it was feared, the country banks and merchants were sorting out and sending to Milwaukee, revised the list again, and BAXKING IN WISCONSIN. 195 threw out ten of the seventy banks whose issues it had been agreed should be received as current. Other banks and bankers were compelled to take the same course to protect them- selves. The consequence was a great disturbance of the public mind, and violent charges of bad faith on the part of the banks, which culminated in the bank riots of June 24, 1861. On that day, a crowd of several hundred disorderly people, starting out most probably only with the idea of making some sort of demonstration of their dissatisfaction with the action of the banks and bankers and with the failure to keep faith with the public, marched through the streets with a band of music, and brought uj) at the corner of Michigan and East Water streets. The banks had just sufficient notice of these proceedings to enable them to lock up their money and valuables in their vaults, before the storm broke upon them. The mob halted at the place above mentioned, and for a time contented themselves with hooting, and showed no dispo- sition to proceed to violence; but, after a little while, a stone was thrown through the windows of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank, situated at one corner of the above streets, and volleys of stones soon followed, not only against that bank, but also against the State Bank of Wisconsin, situated on the opposite corner. The windows of both these institutions and of the offices in the basements under them were effectually demolished. The mob then made a rush into these banks and offices, and completely gutteJ them, offering more or less violence to the inmates, though no person was seriously hurt. The broken furni- ture of the offices under the State Bank of Wisconsin was piled up, and the torch was applied by some of the rioters, while others were busy in endeavoring to break into the safes of the offices and the vaults of the banks. The debris of the furniture in the office of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance (Company's Bank, was also set on fire, and it was plain that if the mob was not immediately checked, the city would be given up to conflagration and pillage — the worst elements, as is always the case with mobs, having assumed the leadership. Just at that juncture, the Milwaukee zouaves, a small military company, appeared on the scene, and with the help of the firemen who had been called out, the mob was put to flight, and the incipient fire was e-xtin- guished. The damage so far done was not great in amount, and the danger for the moment was over ; but the situation was still grave, as the city was full of threats, disturbance and apprehension. By the prompt action of the authorities, a number of companies of volunteers were brought from different places in the state, order was preserved, and, after muttering for three or four days, the storm died away. The effect of that disturbance and alarm was, however, to bring home to the bankers and business men the conviction that effectual measures must be taken to settle our state currency matters on a sound and permanent basis, and that the issues of all banks that could not be put in shape to meet specie payment in December, must be retired from circulation and be got out of the way. A meeting of the bankers was held; also of the merchants' association of Milwaukee, and arrangements were made to raise $100,000, by these two bodies, to be used in assisting weak and crippled banks in securing or retiring their circulation. The bankers appointed a committee to take the matter in charge. It happened that just at this time Governor Randall and State Treasurer Hastings returned from New York City, where they had been making unsuccessful efforts to dispose of $800,000 of Wisconsin war bonds, which had been issued to raise funds to fit out Wisconsin volunteers. Our state had never had any bonds on the eastern market. For other reasons, our credit was not high in New York, and it had been found impossible to dispose of these bonds for over sixty cents on the dollar. The state officers conferred with the bankers to see what could be done at home ; and it was finally arranged that the bankers' committee should undertake to get the state banks to dispose of their southern and other depreciated state bonds on deposit to 196 HISTOIIV or AVISCOXSIN, secure circulation, for what they would bring in coin, in New York, and replace these bonds with those of our own state,. which were to be taken by our banks notninally at par — seventy percent, being paid in cash, and the different banks purchasing bonds, giving their individual obligation for the thirty per cent, balance, to be paid in semi-annual installments, with an agreement that the state should deduct these installments from the interest so long as these bonds should remain on deposit with the state. By the terms of the law, sixty per cent, of the proceeds of the bonds had to be paid in coin. The bankers' committee went to work, and with some labor and difficulty induced most of the banks to sell their southern securities at the existing low prices in New York, and thus produce the coin required to pay for our state bonds. From the funds provided by the merchants and bankers, they assisted many of the weaker banks to make good their securities with the banking department of the state. By the 19th of July, six of the ten rejected banks that had been the occasion of the riot, were made good, and restored to the list. The other four were wound up, and their issues redeemed at par, and, before the last of August, the value of the securities of all the banks on the current list were brought up to their circulation, as shown by the comptroller's report. Wisconsin currency at the time of the bank riot was at a discount of about 15 per cent., as compared with gold or New York exchange. At the middle of July the discount was 10 to 12 per cent., and early in August it fell to 5 per cent. The bankers' committee continued their work in preparation for the resumption of specie payment on December i. While the securities for the bank circulation had been made good, it was, nevertheless, evident that many of the banks on the current list would not be equal to the continued redemption of their bills in specie, and that they would have to be wound up and got out of the way in season. Authority was got from such institutions, as fast as possible, for the bankers' committee to retire their circulation and sell their securities. The Milwaukee banks and bankers took upon themselves the great burden of this business, having arranged among themselves to sort out and withhold from cir- culation the bills of these banks, — distributing the load among themselves in certain defined proportions. Instead of paying out these doubted bills, the different banks brought to the bank- ers' committee such amounts as they accumulated from time to time, and received from the committee certificates of deposit bearing seven per cent, interest, and these bills were locked up by the committee until the securities for these notes could be sold and the proceeds realized. Over $400,000 of this sort of paper was locked up by the committee at one time ; but it was all converted into cash, and, when the first of December came, the remaining l)anks of this state were ready to redeem their issues in gold or its equivalent, and so continued to redeem until the issue of the legal-tender notes and the general suspension of specie payment in the United States. In July, 1861, the number of our banks was 107, \vith capital, $4,607,000; circulation, $-■3 '7. 907 ; dejMsits, $3,265,069. By the contraction incident to the preparations for redemption in specie, the amount of cur- rent Wisconsin bank notes outstanding December i, 1861, was reduced to ,-ibout $1,500,000. When that day came, there was quite a disposition manifested to convert Wisconsin currency into coin, and a sharp financial pinch was felt for a few days ; but as the public became satisfied that the banks were prepared to meet the demand, the c.-ill for redemption rapidly fell off, and the banks soon began to expand their circulation, which was now current and in good demand all through the northwestern states. The amount saved to all the interests of our state, by this successful effort to save our banking system from destruction, is beyond computation. From this time our banks ran along quietly until prohibitory taxation by act of congress drove the bills of state banks out of circulation. BANKING IX "VVISCOXSIN. 197 The national banking law was passed in 1S63, and a few banks were soon organized under it in different parts of the country. The first in Wisconsin was formed by the re-organization of the Farmers' and Millers' Bank, in August, 1863, as the First National Bank of Milwaukee, with Edward D. Holton as president, and H. H. Camp, cashier. The growth of the new system, however, was not very rapid; the state banks were slow to avail themselves of the privileges of the national banking act, and the central authorities concluded to compel them to come in; so facilities were offered for their re-organization as national banks, and then a tax of ten per cent, was laid upon the issues of the state banks. This tax was imposed by act of March, 1865, and at once caused a commotion in our state. In July, 1864, the number of Wisconsin state banks was sixty-si.x, with capital §3,147,000, circulation $2,461,728, deposits $5,483,205, and these figures were probably not very different in the spring of 1S65. The securities for the circulating notes were in great part the bonds of our own state, vi^hich, while known by our own people to he good beyond question, had never been on the general markets of the country so as to be cur- rently known there ; and it was feared that in the hurried retirement of our circulation these bonds would be sacrificed, the currency depreciated, and great loss brought upon our banks and people. There was some excitement, and a general call for the redemption of our state circula- tion, but the banks mostly met the run well, and our people were disposed to stand by our own state bonds. In April, 1861, the legislature passed laws, calling in the mortgage loans of the school fund, and directing its investment in these securities. The state treasurer was required to receive Wisconsin bank notes, not only for taxes and debts due the state, but also on deposit, and to issue certificates for such deposits bearing seven per cent, interest. By these and like means the threatened panic was stopped; and in the course of a few months Wisconsin state currency was nearly all withdrawn from circulation. In July, 1865, the number of state banks was twenty-six, with capital $1,087,000, circulation §192,323, deposits $2,284,210. Under the pressure put on by congress, the organization of national banks, and especially the re-organiza- tion of state banks, under the national system, was proceeding rapidly, and in a short time nearly every town in our own state of much size or importance was provided with one or more of these institutions. In the great panic of 1873, all the Wisconsin banks, both state and national (in common with those of the whole country), were severely tried; but the failures were few and unimpor- tant; and Wisconsin went through that ordeal with less loss and disturbance than almost any other state. We have seen that the history of banking in Wisconsin covers a stormy period, in which great disturbances and panics have occurred at intervals of a few years. It is to be hoped that a more peaceful epoch will succeed, but permanent quiet and prosperity can not rationally be exjiected in the present unsettled condition of our currency, nor until we have gone through the temf)orary stringency incidental to the resumption of specie payment. According to the last report of the comptroller of the currency, the number of national banks in Wisconsin in November, 1876, was forty, with capital $3,400,000, deiwsits $7,<45,36o, circulation $2,072,869. At this time (July, 1877) the number of state banks is twenty-six, with capital $1,288,231, deposits $6,662,973. Their circulation is, of course, merely nominal, though there is no legal obstacle to their issuing circulating notes, except the tax imposed by congress. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. By Hon. H. H. GILES. The material philosophy of a people has lo do with the practical and useful. It sees in iron, coal, cotton, wool, grain and the trees of the forest, the elements of personal comfort and sources of material greatness, and is applied to their development, production and fabrication for purposes of exchange, interchange and sale. The early immigrants to Wisconsin territory found a land teeming with unsurpassed natural advantages; prairies, timber, water and minerals, invit- ing the farmer, miner and lumberman, to come and build houses, furnaces, mills and factories. The first settlers were a food-producing people. The prairies and openings were ready for the plow. The ease with which farms were brought under cultivation, readily enabled the pioneer to supply the food necessar}' for himself and family, while a surplus was often produced in a few months. The hardships so often encountered in the settlement of a new countrj', where forests must be felled and stumps removed to prepare the soil for tillage, were scarcely known, or greatly mitigated. During the decade from 1835 to 1845, so great were the demands for the products of the soil, created by the tide of emigration, that the settlers found a home market for all their surplus products, and so easily were crops grown that, within a verj' brief time after the first emigration, but little was required from abroad. The commerce of the country was carried on by the exchange of products. The settlers (they could scarcely be called farmers) would exchange their wheat, corn, oats and pork for the goods, wares and fabrics of the village merchant. It was an age of barter ; but they looked at the capabilities of the land they had come to possess, and, with firm faith, saw bright promises of better days in the building up of a great state. It is not designed to trace with minuteness the history of Wisconsin through the growth of its commercial and manufacturing interests. To do it justice would require a volume. The aim of this article will be to present a concise view of its present status. Allusion will only be incidentally made to stages of growth and progress by which it has been reached. Few states in the Union possess within their borders so many, and in such abundance, elements that contribute to the material prosperity of a 'people. Its soil of unsurpassed fertility ; its inexhaustible mines of lead, copper, zinc and iron ; its almost boundless forests ; its water-powers, sufficient to drive the machinery of the world ; its long lines of lake shore on two sides, and the " Father of waters " on another, — need but enterprise, energj' and capital to utilize them in building an empire of wealth, where the hum of variedjndustries shall be heard in the music of the sickle, the loom and the anvil. The growth of manufacturing industries was slow during the first twenty-five years of our histor)'. The early settlers were poor. Frequently the land they tilled was pledged to obtain means to pay for it. Capitalists obtained from twenty to thirty per cent, per annum for the use of their money. Indeed, it was the rule, under the free-trade ideas of the money-lenders for them to play the Shylock. While investments in bonds and mortgages were so profitable, few were ready to improve the natural advantages the country presented for building factories and work-shops. COMMERCE AND MAXITACTTtRES. 199 For many years, quite all the implements used in farming were brought from outside the state. While this is the case at present to some extent with the more cumbersome farm machinery, quite a proportion of that and most of the simpler and lighter implements are made at home, while much farm machinery is now manufactured for export to other states. Furs. The northwest was visited and explored by French voyageurs and missionaries from Canada at an early day. The object of the former was trading and gain. The Jesuits, ever zealous in the propagation of their religion, went forth into the unknown wilderness to convert the natives to their faith. As early as 1624, they were operating about Lake Huron and Mackinaw. Father Menird it is related, was with the Indians on Lake Superior as early as 1661. The early explorers were of two classes, and were stimulated by two widely different motives — the voyag- eurs, by the love of gain, and the missionaries, by their zeal in the propagation of their faith. Previous to 1679, a considerable trade in furs had sprung up with Indian tribes in the vicinity of Mackinaw and the northern part of "Ouisconsin." In that year more than two hundred canoes, laden with furs, passed Mackinaw, bound for Montreal. The whole commerce of this vast region then traversed, was carried on with birch-bark canoes. The French used them in traversing wilds — otherwise inaccessible by reason of floods of water at one season, and ice and snow at another — also lakes and morasses which interrupted land journeys, and rapids and cataracts that cut off communication by water. This little vessel enabled them to overcome all difficulties. Being buoyant, it rode the waves, although heavily freighted, and, of light draft, it permitted the traversing of small streams. Its weight was so light that it could be easily carried from one stream to another, and around rapids and other obstructions. With this little vessel, the fur trade of the northwest was carried on, as well as the interior of a vast continent explored. Under the stimulus of commercial enterprise, the French traders penetrated the recesses ot the immense forests whose streams were the home of the beaver, the otter and the mink, and in whose depths were found the martin, sable, ermine, and other fur-bearing animals. A vast trade in furs sprung up, and was carried on by different agents, under authority of the French government. When the military possession of the northwestern domain passed from the government of Francp to that of Great Britain in 1760, the relationship of the fur trade to the government changed. The government of France had controlled the traffic, and made it a means of strength- ening its hold upon the country it possessed. The policy of Great Britain was, to charter companies, and grant them exclusive privileges. The Hudson bay company had grown rich and jKJwerful between 1670 and 1760. Its success had excited the cupidity of capitalists, and rival organizations were formed. The business of the company had been done at their trading-stations — the natives bringing in their furs for exchange and barter. Other companies sent their voyageurs into every nook and corner to traffic with the trappers, and even to catch the fur-bear- ing animals themselves. In the progress of time, private parties engaged in trapping and dealing in furs, and, under the competition created, the business became less profitable. In 1815, congress passed an act prohibiting foreigners from dealing in furs in the United States, or any of its territories. This action was obtained through the influence of John Jacob Astor. Mr. Astor organized the American fur company in 1809, and afterward, in connection with the North- west company, bought out the Mackinaw company, and the two were merged in the Southwest company. The association was suspended by the war of 1812. The American re-entered the field in 1816. The fur trade is still an important branch of traffic in the northern part of the state, and, during eight months of the year, employs a large number of men. 200 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Lead and Zinc. In 1824, the lead ore in the southwestern part of Wisconsin began to attract attention. From 1826 to 1830, there was a great rush of miners to this region, somewhat like the Pike's Peak excitement at a later date. The lead-producing region of Wisconsin covers an area of about 2,200 square miles, and embraces parts of Grant, Iowa and La Fayette counties. Between 1829 and 1839, the production of lead increased from 5,000 to 10,000 tons. After the latter year it rose rapidly, and attained its maximum in 1845, when it reached nearly 25,000 tons. Since that time the production has decreased, although still carried on to a considerable extent. The sulphate and carbonate of zinc abound in great quantities with the lead of southwest Wisconsin. Owing to the difficulty of working this class of ores, it was formerly allowed to accumulate about the mouths of the mines. Within a few years past, metallurgic processes have been so greatly improved, that the zinc ores have been largely utilized. At La Salle, in the state of Illinois, there are three establishments for smelting zinc ores. There is also one at Peru, 111. To smelt zinc ores economically, they are taken where cheap fuel is available. Hence, the location of these works in the vicinity of coal mines. The works mentioned made in 1S75, from ores mostly taken from Wisconsin, 7,510 tons of zinc. These metals are, therefore, imjxir- tant elements in the commerce of Wisconsin. Iron. The iron ores of Wisconsin occur in immense beds in several localities, and are destined to prove of great value. From their product in 1863, there were 3,735 tons of pig iron received at Milwaukee; in 1S65, 4,785 tons; in 1868, 10,890 tons. Of the latter amount, 4,648 tons were from the iron mines at Mayville. There were shipped from Milwaukee, in 1S68, 6,361 tons of pig iron. There were also received 2,500 tons of ore from the Dodge county ore beds. During 1869, the ore beds at Iron Ridge were developed to a considerable extent, and two large blast furnaces constructed in Milwaukee, at which jjlace there were 4,695 tons of ore received, and 2,059 tons were shipped to Chicago and Wyandotte. In 1870, 112,060 tons of iron ore were received at Milwaukee, 95,000 tons of which were from Iron Ridge, and 17,060 tons from Esca- naba and Marquette, in Michigan. The total product of the mines at Iron Ridge in 1871 was 82,284 tons. The Milwaukee iron company received by lake, in the same year, 28,094 tons of Marquette iron ore to mix with the former in making railroad iron. In 1872, there were receivea from Iron Ridge 85,245 tons of ore, and 5,620 tons of pig iron. Much of the metal made by the Wisconsin iron company in 1S72 was shipped to St. Louis, to mix with the iron made from Missouri ore. The following table shows the production of pig iron in Wisconsin, for 1872, 1873 and 1874, in tons : Furnaces. 1S72. 1873. 1874. Milwaukee Iron Company, Milwaukee. Minerva Furnace Company, Milwaukee - 21,818 3.350 5.033 4,S8S 6,910 3.420 5,600 1.780 29,326 5.822 4.155 4.137 8,044 6,141 7.999 6,832 1,528 33.000 Wisconsin Iron Company, Iron Ridge 3.306 3,000 6,500 6,000 Northwestern Iron Company, Mayville Green Bay Iron Company, Green Bay.. ..., National Iron Company, Depere 6.500 7.000 1.300 Fox R iver I ron Company, W. Depere Ironton Furnace, Sauk county . 52.797 73.980 66,600 COMMERCE AND MAjn^FACTIiRES. 201 The Milwaukee iron company, during the year 1S72, entered into the manufacture of mer- chant iron — it having been demonstrated that the raw material could be reduced there cheaper than elsewhere. The Minerva furnace company built also during the same year one of the most compact and complete iron furnaces to be found any where in the country. During the year 1873, the iron, with most other material interests, became seriously prostrated, so that the total receipts of ore in Milwaukee in 1S74 amounted to only 31,993 tons, against 69,418 in 1873, and 85,245 tons in 1872. There were made in Milwaukee in 1874, 29,680 tons of railroad iron. In 1875, 58,868 tons of ore were received at Milwaukee, showing a revival of the trade in an increase of 19,786 tons over the previous year. The operation of the works at Bay View having suspended, the receipts of ore in r876, at Milwaukee, were less than during any year since 1869, being only 31,119 tons, of which amount only 5,488 tons were from Iron Ridge, and the total shipments were only 498 tons. Lumber. The business of lumbering holds an important rank in the commerce of the state. For many years the ceaseless hum of the saw and the stroke of the ax have been heard in all our great forests. The northern portion of the state is characterized by evergreen trees, principally pine; the southern, by hard-woods. There are exceptional localities, but this is a correct state- ment of the general distribution. I think that, geologically speaking, the evergreens belong to the primitive and sandstone regions, and the hard wood to the limestone and clay formations. Northern Wisconsin, so called, embraces that portion of the state north of forty-five degrees, and possesses nearly all the valuable pine forests. The most thoroughly developed portion of this region is that lying along the streams entering into Green bay and Lake Michigan, and border- ing on the Wisconsin river and other streams entering into the Mississippi. Most of the pine in the immediate vicinity of these streams has been cut off well toward their sources ; still, there are vast tracts covered with dense forests, not accessible from streams suitable for log-driving purposes. The building of railroads into these forests will alone give a market value to a large jwrtion of the pine timber there growing. It is well, perhaps, that this is so, for at the present rate of consumption, but a few years will elapse before these noble forests will be totally destroyed. Most of the lumber manufactured on the rivers was formerly taken to a market by being floated down the streams in rafts. Now, the railroads are transporting large quantities, taking it directly from the mills and unloading it at interior points in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin, and some of it in eastern cities. From five to eight thousand men are employed in the pineries in felling the trees, sawing them into logs of suitable length, and hauling them to the mills and streams during every winter in times of fair prices and favorable seasons. The amount of lumber sawed in i860, as carefully estimated, was 355,055,155 feet. The amount of shingles made was 2,272,061, and no account was made of the immense number of logs floated out of the state, for manufac- ture into lumber elsewhere. The amount of logs cut in the winter of 1873 and 1874 was 987,000,000 feet. In 1876 and 1877 the Black river furnished 188,344,464 feet. The Chippewa, 90,000,000; the Red Cedar, 57,000,000. There passed through Beef Slough 129,384,000 feet of logs. Hon. A. H. Eaton, for fourteen years receiver of the United States land office at Stevens Point, estimated the acreage of pine lands in his district at 2,000,000, and, taking his own district as the basis, he estimated the whole state at 8,000,000 acres. Reckoning this at 5,000 feet to the acre, the aggregate pine timber of the state would be 40,000,000,000 feet. The log product annually amounts to an immense sum. In 1876, 1,172,611,823 feet were cut. This is about the average annual draft that is made on the pine lands. There seems to be no remedy for tlie 202 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. wholesale destruction of our pine forests, except the one alluded to, the difficulty of transporta- tion, and this will probably save a portion of them for a long time in the future. At the rate of consumption for twenty years past, we can estimate that fifty years would see northern Wiscon- sin denuded of its pine forests; but our lumber product has reached its maximum, and will probably decrease in the coming years as the distance to be hauled to navigable streams increases. In the mean time lumber, shingles and lath will form an important factor in our commerce, both state and inter-state, an4 will contribute millions to the wealth of our citizens. Grain. Up to 1841, no grain was exported from Wisconsin to be used as food; but, from the time of its first settlement in 1836 to 1840, the supply of bread stuffs from abroad, upon which the people depended, was gradually diminished by the substitution of home products. In the winter of 1840 and 1841, E. D. Holton, of Milwaukee, purchased a small cargo of wheat (about 4,000 bushels), and in the spring of 1S41, shipped it to Buffalo. This was the beginning of a traffic that has grown to immense proportions, and, since that time, wheat has formed the basis of the commerce and prosperity of the state, until the city of Milwaukee has become the greatest primary wheat mart of the world. The following table gives the exports of flour and grain from Milwaukee for thirty-two years, commencing in 1845 : 1845--. 1846... 1847-.- 1848... 1849... 1850... 1851.-. 1852... 1853-- 1854--- 1855--- 1856... 1857-- 1858... 1859... i860... 1861... 1862... 1863-.. 1864... 1865... 1866... 1867..- 1868... 1869... 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873... 1874..- 1875--- 1876... FLOUR, bbls. 7.550 15.756 34.840 92,732 136,657 100,017 51,889 92.995 104,055 145.032 181,568 188,455 228.442 298,668 282,956 457.343 674.474 711.405 603,525 414.833 567.576 720,365 921,663 1,017,598 1,220.058 1,225.941 i,2ir.427 1,232.036 1,805,200 2.217-579 2,163,346 2,654,028 WHEAT, bus. 95.510 213,448 598,411 602,474 1,136,023 297.570 317.285 564,404 956,703 1,809.452 2,641,746 2,761,976 2,581,311 3.994.213 4.732,957 7,568,608 13,300,495 14.915,680 12,837,620 8,992,479 10,479.777 11,634.749 9.59S.452 9,867,029 14,272,799 16.127.838 13,409.467 11,570.565 24.994,266 22.255,380 22.681,020 16,804,394 CORN, bus. 2,500 5,000 13,828 2,220 270 164,908 112,132 218 472 43.958 41.364 37.204 1.485 9.489 88,989 140,786 71,203 480.408 266.249 342.717 93.806 103,173 419.133 [.557.953 197.920 556.563 226.895 96,908 OATS, bus. 4,000 2,100 7.892 363.841 131,716 404,999 13.833 5,433 2.775 562,067 299,002 64,682 1,200 79.094 831.600 811.634 326.472 1,636,595 622,469 536,539 351.768 210,187 772,929 1.323.234 990.525 726.035 1,160,450 1.377.560 BARLEY, bus. 15,000 15,270 103,840 322,261 291,890 339.338 63.379 10,398 800 63,178 53,216 28,056 5,220 44,Soo 133.449 23.479 29,597 18,988 30,822 95.036 120,662 469.325 576.453 931.725 68S.455 464.837 867,970 1.235481 RYE, bus. 54.692 80,365 113.443 20,030 5.378 11.577 9.735 29,810 126,301 84,047 18,210 51.444 255,329 106,795 91,443 7S.035 62,494 208,896 209,751 255.928 79.879 98.923 220,964 COMMEKCE AND MANUFACTURES. 20S Up to 1856, the shipments were ahnost wholly of Wisconsin products ; but with the comple- tion of lines of railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi river, the commerce of Wisconsin became so interwoven with that of Iowa and Minnesota, that the data furnished by the transpor- tation companies, give us no definite figures relating to the products of our own state. Dairy Products. Wisconsin is becoming largely interested in the dairy business. Its numerous springs, streams, and natural adaptability to grass, make it a fine grazing country, and stock thrives remarkably well. Within a few years, cheese-factories have become numerous, and their owners are meeting with excellent success. Wisconsin cheese is bringing the highest price in the markets, and much of it is shipped to England. Butter is also made of a superior quality, and is exten- sively exported. At the rate of progress made during the last few years, Wisconsin will soon take rank with the leading cheese and butter producing states. The counties most largely inter- ested in dairying, are Kenosha, Walworth, Racine, Rock, Green, Waukesha, Winnebago, Sheboy- gan, Jefferson and Dodge. According to estimates by experienced dairymen, the manufacture of butter was 22,473,000 pounds in 1870; 50,130,000 in 1S76; of cheese, 1,591,000 pounds in 1870, as against 17,000,000 in 1876, which will convey a fair idea of the increase of dairy produc- tion. The receipts of cheese in Chicago during 1876, were 23,780,000 pounds, against 12,000,000 in 1875 ; and the receipts of butter were 35,384,r84, against 30,248,247 pounds in 1875. It is esti- mated that fully one-half of these receipts were from AVisconsin. The receipts of butter in Milwaukee were, in 1870, 3,779,114 pounds; in 1875, 6,625,863; in 1876, 8,938,137 pounds ; ot cheese, 5,721,279 pounds in 1875, and 7,055,573 in 1876. Cheese is not mentioned in the trade and commerce reports of Milwaukee until 1873, when it is spoken of as a new and rapidly increasing commodity in the productions of the state. Pork and Beef. Improved breeds, both of swine and cattle, have been introduced into the state during a few years past. The grade of stock has been rapidly bettered, and stock raisers generally are striving with commendable zeal to rival each other in raising the finest of animals for use and the market. The following table shows the receipts of live hogs and l)eef cattle at Milwaukee for thir- teen years : YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BKEF CATTLE. YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 __ 1871 1870 254.317 144,961 242,326 241,099 138,106 126,164 66,138 36,802 46,717 22,748 17,262 14,172 9.220 12.972 1869 1868 I867-- i866 1865 1864 - 1863 52,296 48,717 76,758 31,881 7.546 42,250 56,826 12,521 13,200 15.527 12.955 14.230 18.345 14.655 204 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The following table shows the movement of hog products and beef from Milwaukee since 1862- Shipments by Rail PORK, HAMS, MIDDLES AND SHOULDERS. LARD. BEEF. and Lake. li.irrels. Tierces. Boxes. Bulk. lbs. Barrels. Tierces. Barrels. Tierces. Totals 1876 62,461 56.778 53,702 80,010 90,038 88,940 77,655 69,805 73,526 88,888 74.726 34.013 67,933 90,387 56,432 15,439 15,292 17,124 24,954 20,115 20,192 15,819 9.546 13.146 11,614 7,805 2,713 5.927 15,811 12,685 42,678 28,374 39.572 62,211 39,209 14,938 5,875 5,298 3.239 4.522 34.164 5.000 11,634 5,123,818 2,736,778 1,494,112 1,915,610 4.557,950 5,161,941 4,717,630 2.325.150 1,763,190 454,786 863,746 3,301 6ul 9,110 4-065 6,276 3,932 2.535 1,180 3,637 2,523 3.287 1,929 5,677 10,987 13.538 21,356 18,950 18,509 24.399 27.765 19.746 10,950 8,568 5.055 8,820 6,292 2,487 7,207 10,546 6.-6r 7,333 4.734 5.015 5.365 4.757 .3,892 4.427 7.538 10,150 18.984 11,852 10,427 36 866 42.9S7 33.174 3.439 421 707 462 1,500 1,606 " 1875 " 187J 187'; " 1872.. 1871 1870. 925 2,185 2,221 6.804 4.584 5.528 5.871 6,377 3.217 •' 1860 •' 1868 " 1867 " 1S66... " 1S65 " 1864... •■ 1S63 ■• 1862 _ Hops. The culture of hops, as an article af commerce, received but little attention prior to i860. In 1865, 2,864 bales only were shipped from Milwaukee. In addition, a large amount was used by the brewers tliroughout the state. In 1866, the amount exported was increased, and 5,774 bales were shipped to eastern markets. The price, from forty-five to fifty-five cents per pound, stimulated production, and the article became one of the staple products of the counties of Sauk, Columbia, Adams and Juneau, besides being largely cultivated in parts of some other counties. In 1867, 26,562 bales were received at Milwaukee, and the prices ranged from fifty to. seventy cents per pound. The estimated crop of the state for 1867 was 35,000 bales, and brought over $4,200,000. In 1868, not less than 60,000 bales were grown in the state. The crop everywhere was a large one, and in Wisconsin so very large that an over-supply was anticipated. But (ew, however, were prepared for the decline in prices, that far exceeded the worst apprehensions of those interested. The first sales were made at twenty-five to thirty-five cents per pound, and the prices were reluctantly accepted by the growers. The price continued to decline until the article was unsalable and unavailable in the market. Probably the average price did not exceed ten cents per pound. Notwithstanding the severe check which hop-growing received in 1868, by the unprofitable result, growers were not discouraged, and the crop of 1S69 was a large one. So much of the crop of 186S remained in the hands of the growers, that it is imixjssible to estimate that of 1869. The new crop sold for from ten to fifteen cents, and the old for from t4iree to five cents per pound. Hop-cultivation received a check from over-production in 1868, from which it did not soon recover. \ large proiX)rtion of the yards were plowed under in 1S70. The crop of 1869 was much of it marketed during 1870, at a price of about two and one-half to three and one- half cents per pound, while that of 1870 brought ten to twelve and a half cents. During the year 1871, a great advance in the price, caused by the partial failure of the crop in some of the eastern states, and the decrease in price causing a decrease in production, what was left over of the crop of 1870 more than doubled ^in value before the new reached the market. The latter opened at thirty cents, and steadily rose to fifty and fifty-five for prime COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 205 qualities. The crop of 1872 was of good quality, and the market opened at forty to fifty-five cents as the selling price, and fell fifteen to twenty cents before the close of the year. A much larger 'quantity was raised than the year previous. In 1873 and 1874, the crop was fair and prices ruled from thirty-three to forty-five cents, with increased production. About 18,000 bales were reported as being shipped from the different railway stations of the state. Prices were extremely irregular during 1875, and, after the new crop reached market, fell to a point that would not pay the cost of production. In 1S76, prices ruled low at the opening of the year, and advanced from five to ten cents in January to twenty-eight to thirty in November. Over 17,000 bales were received at Milwaukee, over ro,ooo bales being of the crop of the previous year. Over 13,000 bales were shipped out of the state. ToB.\cco. Tobacco raising is comparatively a new industry in Wisconsin, but is rapidly growing in importance and magnitude. It sells readily for from four to ten cents per pound, and the plant is easily raised. It is not regarded as of superior quality. It first appears as a commodity of transportation in the railway reports for the year 1S71, when the Prairie du Chien division of the St. Paul road moved eastward 1,373,650 pounds. During the four years ending with 1876, there were shipped from Milwaukee an average of 5,118,530 pounds annually, the n.axi- mum being in 1874, 6,982,175 pounds; the minimum in 1875, 2,743,854 'pounds. The crop of 1876 escaped the early frosts, and netted the producer from five to seven cents per pound. The greatar part of it was shipped to Baltimore and Philadelphia. Comparatively little of the leaf raised in the state is used here or by western manufacturers. The crop of the present year, 1S77, is a large one, and has been secured in good order. Itis beingcontractedforat from four to six cents per pound. Cranberries. The cranberry trade is yet in its infancy. But little, comparatively, has been done in devel- oping the capabilities of the e.xtensive bodies of marsh and swamp lands interspersed throughout tlie northern part of the state. Increased attention is being paid to the culture of the fruit; yet, the demand will probably keep ahead of the supply for many years to come. In 185 1, less than 1,500 barrels were sent out of the state. In 1872, the year of greatest production, over 37,000 barrels were exported, and, in 1876, about 17,000 barrels. The price has varied in different years, and taken a range from eight to fifteen dollars a barrel. Spirituous and Malt Liquors. The production of liquors, both spirituous and malt, has kept pace with the growth of population and with the other industries of the state- There were in Wisconsin, in 1872, two hundred and ninety-two breweries and ten distilleries. In 1876, there were two hundred and ninety-three of the former and ten of the latter, and most of them were kept running to their full capacity. Milwaukee alone produced, in 1876, 321,611 barrels of lager beer and 43,173 barrels of high wines. In 1865, it furnished 65,666 barrels of beer, and in 1S70, 108,845 barrels. In 1865, it furnished 3,046 barrels of high wines; in 1870, 22,867 barrels; and in 1875, 39,005. A large quantity of the beer made was shipped to eastern and southern cities. The beer made in 1876 sold at the rate of ten dollars per barrel, the wholesale price of the brewers bringing the sum of $3,2i6,iio. The fame of Milwaukee lager beer is widely extended. This city has furnished since 1870, 1,520,308 barrels which, at the wholesale price, brought $15,203,170. The total production of beer by all the two hundred and ninety-three breweries of the state for 1S76, was 450,508 barrels. 206 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIN. In 1876, Milwaukee produced 43,175 barrels of high wines, or distilled spirits, and the state of Wisconsin 51,959 barrels. In 1870, the former produced 108,845 barrels of beer and 22,867 barrels of distilled spirits, and in the same year the state of Wisconsin produced 189,664 barrels of beer and 36,145 barrels of distilled spirits. Miscellaneous. Porcelain clay, or kaolin, is found in numerous places in Wood and Marathon counties. The mineral is found in but few places in the United States in quantities sufficient to justify the investment of capital necessary to manufacture it. In the counties mentioned, the deposits are found in extensive beds, and only capital and enterprise are needed to make their development ))rofitable. Clay of superior quality for making brick and of fair quality for pottery, is found in numerous localities. The famous " Milwaukee brick," remarkable for their beautiful cream color, is made from a fine clay which is abundant near Milwaukee, and is found in exten- sive beds at Watertown, Whitewater, Edgerton, Stoughton, and several places on the lake shore north of Milwaukee. At Whitewater and some other places the clay is used with success for the making of pottery ware. Water-lime, or hydraulic cement, occurs in numerous places throughout the state. An extensive bed covering between one and two hundred acres, and of an indefinite depth, exists on the banks of the Milwaukee river, and not over one and a half miles from the city limits of Milwaukee. The cement made from the rock of this deposit is first-class in quality, and between twenty and thirty thousand barrels were made and sold last year. The capacity of the works for reducing the rock to cement has been increased to 500 barrels per day. Stones suita- ble for building purposes are widely distributed throughout the state, and nearly every town has its available quarry. Many of these quarries furnish stone of fine quality for substantial and permanent edifices. The quarry at Prairie du Chien furnished the stone for the capital building at Madison, which equals in beauty that of any state in the Union. At Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, La Crosse, and many other places are found quarries of superior building stone. Granite is found in extensive beds In Marathon and Wood counties, and dressed specimens exhibited at the " Centennial " last year, attracted attention for their fine polish. Marbles of various kinds are likewise found in the state. Some of them are beginning to attract attention and are likely to prove valuable. The report of Messrs. Foster & Whitney, United States geol- ogists, speaks of quarries on the Menomonee and Michigamlg rivers as affording beautiful varie- ties and susceptible of a high polish. Richland county contains marble, but its quality is gen- erally considered inferior. Water Powers. Wisconsin is fast becoming a manufacturing state. Its forests of pine, oak, walnut, maple, ash, and other valuable woods used for lumber, are well-nigh inexhaustible. Its water-jx)wer for driving the wheels of machinery is not equaled by that of any state in the northwest. The Lower Fox river between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, a distance of thirty-five miles, furnishes some of the best facilities for manufacturing enterprise in the whole country. Lake Winnebago as a reservoir gives it a great and special advantage, in freedom from liability to freshets and droughts. The stream never varies but a few feet from its highest to its lowest stage, yet gives a steady flow. The Green Bay and Mississippi canal company has, during the last twenty-five years, constructed numerous dams, canals and locks, constituting very valuable improvements. All the property of that company has been transferred to the United States government, which has entered upon a system to render the Fox and Wisconsin rivers navigable to the Mississippi. The fall between the lake and Depere is one hundred and fifty feet, and the water can be utilized COMMKHC'K AXn MANITFACTtmES*. 207 in propelling machinery at Neenah, Menasha, Appleton, Cedar, Little Chute, Kaukauna, Rapid Croche, Little Kaukauna and Depere. The water-power at Appleton in its natural advantages is pronounced by Hon. Hiram Barney, of New York, superior to those at Lowell, Paterson and Rochester, combined. The water-power of the Fox has been improved to a considerable extent, but its full capacity has hardly been touched. Attention has been drawn to it, how- ever, and no doubt is entertained that in a few years the hum of machinery to be propelled by it, will be heard the entire length of the thirty-five miles. The facilities presented by its nearness to timber, iron, and a rich and productive agricultural region, give it an advantage over any of the eastern manufacturing points. The Wisconsin river rises in the extreme northern part of the state, and has its source in a great number of small lakes. The upper portion abounds in valuable water privileges, only a few of which are improved. There are a large number of saw-mills running upon the power of this river. Other machinery, to a limited extent, is in operation. The " Big Bull " falls, at Wausau, are improved, and a power of twenty-two feet fall is obtained. At Little Bull falls, below Wausau, there is a fall of eighteen feet, partially improved. There are many other water-powers in Marathon county, some of which are used in propelling flouring- mills and saw-mills. At Grand Rapids, there is a descent of thirty feet to the mile, and the water can be used many times. Each time, 5,000 horse-power is obtained. At Kilbourn City a large amount of power can be obtained for manufacturing purposes. Chippewa river has its origin in small streams in the north part of the state. Explorers tell us that there are a large number of water powers on all the upper branches, but as the country is yet unsettled, none of them have been improved, and very few even located on our maps. Brunette falls and Ameger falls, above Chippewa Falls city, must furnish considerable water- 1 lower, but its extent is not known. At Chippewa Falls is an excellent water-power, only partially improved. The river descends twenty-six feet in three-fourths of a mile. At Duncan creek at the same place, there is a good fall, improved to run a large flouring mill. At Eagle Rapids, five miles above Chippewa Falls, $120,000 has been expended in improving the fall of the Chippewa river. The city of Eau Claire is situated at the confluence of the Chippewa and Eau Claire rivers, and possesses in its immediate vicinity water-powers almost unrivaled. Some of them are improved. The citizens of Eau Claire have, for several years, striven to obtain legislative authority to dam the Chippewa river, so as to improve the water-power of the Dells, and a lively contest, known as the " Dells fight," has been carried on with the capitalists along the river above that town. There are immense water-powers in Dunn county, on the Red Cedar, Chippewa :ind Eau Galle rivers, on which there are many lumbering establishments. In Pepin county also there are good powers. The Black river and its branches, the La Crosse, Buff"alo, Trempealeau, Reaver, andTamaso, furnish many valuable powers. The St. Croix river is not excelled in the value of its water privileges by any stream in the state, e-xcept the Lower Fox river. At St. Croix Falls, the water of the river makes a descent of eighty-five feet in a distance of five miles, and the vol- ume of water is sufficient to move the machinery for an immense manufacturing business, and the banks present good facilities for building dams, and the river is not subject to freshets. The Kinnekinnick has a large number of falls, sonieof them partially improved. ^Vithin twenty-five miles of its entrance into Lake St. Croix, it has a fall of two hundred feet, and the volume of water averages about three thousand cubic feet per minute. Rock river affords valuable water- privileges at Watertown (with twenty-four feet fall), and largely improved; at Jefferson, Indian Ford and Janesville, all of which are improved. Beloit also has an excellent water-power, and it is largely improved. Scattered throughout the state are many other water-powers, not alluded 208 IIISTOKV OF AVKS(1)XSIN. to in the foregoing. There are several in Manitowoc county ; in Marquette county, also. In Washington county, at West Bend, Berlin, and Cedar Creek, there are good water-jxawers, partly utilized. At Whitewater, in Walworth county, is a good power. In Dane county, there is a water-power at Madison, at the outlet of Lake Mendota ; also, a good one at Stoughton, below the first, or Lake Kegonsa ; also at Paoli, Bellville, Albany and Brodhead, on the Sugar river. In Grant county there are not less than twenty good powers, most of them well-developed. In Racine county, three powers of fine capacity at Waterford, Rochester and Burlington, all of which are improved. The Oconto, Peshtigo and Menomonee rivers furnish a large number of splendid water- powers of large capacity. The Upper Wolf river has scores of water-powers on its main stream and numerous branches; but most of the country is still a wilderness, though containing resources which, when developed, will make it rich and prosperous. There are numerous other streams of less consequence than those named, but of great importance to the localities they severally drain, that have had their powers improved, and their waterfalls are singing the songs of commerce. On the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, there are numerous and valuable water-powers. The Montreal river falls one thousand feet in a distance of thirty miles. Manufactures. The mechanical and manufacturing industries of Wisconsin demonstrate that the people do not rely wholly upon agricultural pursuits, or lumbering, for subsistence, but aim to diversify their labors as much as possible, and to give encouragement to the skill and ingenuity of their mechanics and artisans. All our cities, and most of our villages, supjx)rt establishments that furnish wares and implements in common use among the people. We gather from the census report for 1870 a few facts that will give us an adequate idea of what was done in a single year, remembering that the data furnished is si.x years old, and that great advancement has been made since the statistics were gathered. In 1870, there were eighty-two establishments engaged in making agricultural implements, employing 1,387 hands, and turning out products valued at $2,393,400. There were one hundred and eighty-eight furniture establishments, employing 1,844 men, and making $1,542,300 worth of goods. For making carriages and wagons there were four hundred and eighty-five establishments, employing 2,184 nien, and their product was valued at .'»!2, 596,534; for clothing, two hundred and si.xty-three establishments, and value of product §2,340,400; sash, doors and blinds, eighty-one shops, and value of product $1,852,370; leather, eighty-five tanneries, employing 577 men, and value of products $2,013,000; malt liquors, one hundred and seventy-six breweries, 835 men, and their products valued at $1,790,273. At many points the business of manufacturing is carried on more or less extensively; indeed, there is hardly a village in the state where capital is not invested in some kind of mechanical industry or manufacturing enterprise, and making satisfactory returns; but for details in this respect, the reader is referred to the department of local history. The principal commodities only, which Wisconsin contributes to trade and commerce, have been considered. There remains quite a number of minor articles from which the citizens of the state derive some revenue, such as flax and maple sugar, which can not be separately considered in this paper. Concluding Remarks. Statistics are usually dry reading, but, to one desiring to change his location and seeking information regarding a new country and its capabilities, they become intensely interesting and of great value. The farmer wishes to know about the lands, their value and the productiveness of the soil ; the mechanic about the workshops, the price of labor, and the demand for such wares COMMEHCR AND MANrFACTt'RES. 200 as he is accustomed to make ; the capitalist, concerning all matters that pertain to resources, advantages, and the opportunities for investing his money. Our own people want all the infor- mation that can be gained by the collection of all obtainable facts. The sources of such infor- mation are now various, and the knowledge they impart fragmentary in its character. Provision should be made by law, for the collection and publication of reliable statistics relating to our farming, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, commercial and educational interests. Several of the states of the Union have established a " Bureau of Statistics," and no more valua- ble reports emanate from any of their state departments than those that exhibit a condensed view of the material results accomplished each year. Most of the European states foster these agencies with as much solicitude as any department of their government. Indeed, they have become a social as well as a material necessity, for social science extends its inquiries to the physical laws of man as a social being; to the resources of the country; its productions; the growth of society, and to i?// those facts or conditions which may increase or diminish the strength, growth or happiness of a people. Statistics are the foundation and corner-stone of social science, which is the highest and noblest of all the sciences. A writer has said that, " If God had designed Wisconsin to be chiefly a manufacturing state, instead of agricultural, which she claims to be, and is, it is difficult to see more than one partic- ular in which He could have endowed her more richly for that purpose." She has all the mate- rial for the construction of articles of use and luxury, the means of motive power to propel the machinerj', to turn and fashion, weave, forge, and grind the natural elements that abound in such rich profusion. She has also the men whose enterprise and skill have accomplished most sur- prising results, in not only building up a name for themselves, but in placing the state in a proud position of independence. It is impossible to jiredict what will be the future growth and development of Wisconsin. From its commercial and manufacturing advantages, we may reasonably anticipate that she will in a few years lead in the front rank of the states of the Union in all that constitutes real great- ness. Her educational system is one of the best. With her richly endowed State University, her colleges and high schools, and the people's colleges, the common schools, she has laid a broad and deep foundation for a great and noble commonwealth. It was early seen what were the capabilities of this their newly explored domain. The northwestern explorer, Jonathan Carver, in 1766, one hundred and thirteen years ago, after traversing Wisconsin and viewing its lakes of crystal purity, its rivers of matchless utility, its forests of exhaustless wealth, its prairies of won- derful fertility, its mines of buried treasure, recorded this remarkable prediction of which we see the fulfillment: "To what power or authority this new world will become dependent after it has arisen from its present uncultivated state, time alone can discover. But as the seat of empire from time immemorial has been gradually progressive toward the west, there is no doubt but that at some future period mighty kingdoms will emerge from these wildernesses, and stately palaces and solemn temples with gilded spires reaching to the skies supplant the Indian huts, whose only decorations are the barbarous trophies of'their vanquished enemies." " Westward the course of empire takes its way ; The four first acts already passed, A fifth shall close the drama with the day ( Time's noblest offspring is the last." THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. By D. S. DURRIE. In the early part of the seventeenth century, all the territory north of the Ohio river, including the present state of Wisconsin, was an undiscovered region. As far as now known, it was never visited by white men until the year 1634, when Jean Nicolet came to the Green bay country as an ambassador from the French to the Winnebagoes. The Jesuit fathers in 1660 visited the south shore of Lake Superior ; and, soon after, missions were established at various points in the northwest. The French government appreciating the importance of i>ossessing dominion over this sec- tion, M. Talon, intendant of Canada, took steps to carry out this purpose, and availed himself of the good feelings entertained toward the French by a number of the Indian tribes, to establish the authority of the French crown over this remote quarter. A small party of men led by Daumont de St. Lusson, with Nicolas Perrot as interpreter, set out from Quebec on this mission, in 1670, and St. Lusson sent to the tribes occupying a circuit of a hundred leagues, inviting the nations, among them the Wisconsin tribes inhabiting the ("rrcen bay country, by their chiefs and ambassadors, to meet him at the Sault Sainte Marie the following spring. In the month of May, 1671, fourteen tribes, by their representatives, including the Miamis, Sacs, Winnebagoes, Menomonees, and Pottawattamies, arrived at the place designated. On the morninu of the fourteenth of June, " St. Lusson led his followers to the top of the hill, all fully equipped and under arms. Here, too, in the vestments of their priestly office were four Jesuits : Claude Dablon, superior of the mission on the lakes, Gabriel Druillettes, Claude Allouez, and Andre. All around, the great throng of Indians stood, or crouched, or reclined at length with eyes and ears intent. A large cross of wood had been made ready. Dablon, in solemn form, pronounced his blessing on it ; and then it was reared and planted in the ground, while the Frenchmen, uncovered, sang the Vcxilla Regis. Then a post of cedar was planted beside it, with a metal plate attached, engraven with the royal arms ; while St. Lusson's followers sang the exauiiial, and one of the priests uttered a prayer for the king. St. Lusson now advanced, and, holding his sword in one hand, and raising with the other a sod of earth, proclaimed in a loud voice " that he took possession of all the country occupied by the tribes, and placed them under the king's protection. This act, however, was not regarded as sufficiently definite, and on the eighth of May, 1689, Perrot, who was then commanding for the king at the [xjst of Xadouesiou.N, near Lake Pepin on the west side of the Mississippi, commissioned by the Marquis de Denonville to manage the interests of commerce west of Green bay took possession, in the name of the king, with appropriate ceremonies, of the countries west of Lake Michigan as far as the river St. Peter. riie papers were signed by Perrot and others. By these solemn acts, the present limits of Wisconsin with much contiguous territory, came under the dominion of the French government, the jwssession of which continued until October, 1761 — a period of ninety years from the gathering of the chiefs at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1671. From the commencement of French occupancy up to the time when the British took posses- sion, the district of country embraced within the present limits of this stale had but few white inhabitants besides the roaming Indian traders; and of these few, the locations were separated by a distance of more than two hundred miles in a direct line, and nearly double that distance by THE PUBIJC DOMAIN. 211 the usual water courses. There was no settlement of agriculturists; there were no missionary establishments; no fortified posts at other points, except at Depere and Green bay on Fox -iver, and perhaps at Prairie du Chien, near the junction of the Wisconsin and the Mississippi. The French government made no grant of lands; gave no attention to settlers or agrica.- turists, and the occupation of the country was strictly military. There were, indeed, a few grants of lands made by the French governors and commanders, previous to 175°, to favored indi- viduals, six of which were afterward confirmed by the king of France. There were also others which did not require confirmation, being made by Cardillac, commanding at Detroit, under special authority of the king; of this latter kind, one for a small piece of thirty acres bears with it, says a writer, " so many conditions, reservations, prohibitions of sale, and a whole cavalcade of feudal duties to be performed by the grantee, that in itself, it would be a host in opposition to the agricultural settlement of any country." The grants just referred to, relate to that part of the French possessions outside the limits of the present state of Wisconsin. Within its limits there was a grant of an extensive territory including the fort at the head of Green bay, with the exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in October, 1759, to M. Rigaud. It was sold by the latter to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom it was confirmed by the king of France in January, 1760, at a very critical period, when Quebec had been taken by the British,, and Montreal was only wanting to complete the conquest of Canada. This grant was evidently intended as a perquisite to entrap some unwary persons to give a valuable consideration for it,, as it would be highly impolitic for the government to make such a grant, if they continued mas- ters of the country, since it would surely alienate the affections of the Indians. The whole country had already been virtually conquered by Great Britain, and the grant of course was not confirmed by the English government. Of the war between the French and English governments in America, known as the French and Indian war, it is not necessary to speak, except in general terms. The English made a determined effort to obtain the possessions claimed by the French. The capture of Quebec in 1759, and the subsequent capitulation of Montreal in 1760, extinguished the domination of France in the basin of the St. Lawrence; and by the terms of the treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1763, all the possessions in, and all the claims of the French nation to, the vast country' watered by the Ohio and the Mississippi were ceded to Great Britain. Among the first acts of the new masters of the country was the protection of the eminent domain of the government, and the restriction of all attempts on the part of individuals to acquire Indian titles to lands. By the King of England's proclamation of 1763, no more grants of land within certain prescribed limits could be issued, and all private persons were interdicted the liberty of purchasing lands from the Indians, or of making settlements within those prescribed limits. The indulgence of such a privilege as that of making private purchases of the natives, conduced to the most serious difficulties, and made way for the practice of the most reprehensible frauds. The policy pursued by the English government has been adopted and acted upon by the government of the United States in the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands in every part of the country. In face of the proclamation of 1763, and within three years after its promulgation, under a pretended purchase from, or voluntary grant of the natives, a tract of country nearly one hundred miles square, including large portions of what is now northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, was claimed by Jonathan Carver, and a ratification of his title solicited from the king and council. This was not conceded ; and the representatives of Carver, after the change of government had 212 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. brought the lands under the jurisdiction of the United States, for a series of years presented the same claims before congress, and asked for their confirmation. Such a demand under all the circumstances, could not justify an expectation of success; and, of course, has often been refused. But notwithstanding the abundant means which the public have had of informing themselves of the true nature and condition of Carv^er's claim, bargains and sales of portions of this tract have been made among visionary speculators for more than half a century past. It is now only a short period since the maps of the United States ceased to be defaced by a delineation of Jhe "Carver Grant." The mere transfer of the dominion over the country from the French to the English govern- ment, and the consequent occupation of the English posts by the new masters, did not in any great degree affect the social condition of the inhabitants. By the terms of capitulation, the French subjects were permitted to remain in the country, in the full enjoyment of their civil and religious privileges. The English, however, did not hold peaceable possession of the territory acquired. The war inaugurated by Pontiac and his Indian allies on the military posts occupied by the English soon followed, and in the month of May, 1763, nine posts were captured with much loss of life. In the spring of 1764, twenty-two tribes who were more or less identified in the outbreak, concluded a treaty of peace with General Bradstreet at Niagara. The expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country, and the conquest of the British posts in 1778 and 1779, had the effect to open the way for the emigration of the Anglo-American population to the Mississippi valley; and at the close of the revolutionary war. Great Britain renounced all claim to the whole territory lying east of the Mississippi river. The dominion of the English in the Illinois and Wabash countries, ceased with the loss of the military posts which commanded the Northwestern territory of the United States. As a result of the enterprise and success of Clark, Virginia obtained possession of the Illinois country; his expedition having been undertaken and carried forward under the auspices of that state. Several of the eastern states under their colonial charters, laid claim to portions of the land comprised in the territory northwest of the Ohio river. The claim of Massachusetts was derived from a grant from King James of November 3, 1620; and included from lat. 42° 2' to about lat. 450, extending to the south sea; Connecticut claimed from lat. 4^ north to 42° 2'. The claims of Virginia were from grants from King James, bearing date, respectively, April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1611, and an additional claim for the territory conquered by Clark in the Illinois country ; but they extended no farther north than the southern end of Lake Michigan. It is a popular impression that the territory of tlie present state of Wisconsin was compre- hended in the lands northwest of the river Ohio, over which Virginia exercised jurisdiction, and, consequently, was included in her deed of cession of lands to the United States. This opinion so generally entertained by writers on American history, is a statement which does not appear to have any solid foundation in fact. Virginia never made any conquests or settlements in Wiscon- sin, and at no time prior to the proffer of her claims to the general government had she ever exercised jurisdiction over it. In fact, there were no settlements in Wisconsin except at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien before that time, and these were made by French settlers who were in no wise interfered with while the revolution continued. In Illinois it was otherwise; and the possession of its territory by Virginia was an undisputed fact. During the revolution the title of the sovereignty in Wisconsin was actually in Great Britain, and so remained until the definite treaty of peace in 1783; at which date England yielding her right constructively to the United States, retaining possession, however, until 1796; at which time the western posts were transferred to the United States. THE ITBLIC DOMAIN. 213 All the claiming states finally ceded their interests to the general government, giving the latter a perfect title, subject only to the rights of the Indians. The deed of cession from Virginia was dated March i, 1784. The other states ceded their claims, some before this date, others subsequent thereto. Virginia made a number of stipulations in her deed of cession; among others, that the French and Canadian inhabitants and the neighboring villages who had professed themselves citizens of Virginia, should have their possessions and title confirmed to them, and be protected in tlie enjoyment of their rights and liberties; thr.t 150,000 acres of land near the rapids of the Ohio, should be reserved for that portion of her state troops which had reduced the country; and about 3,500,000 acres between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami be reserved for bounties to her troops on the continental establishment. In consequence of certain objectionable stipulations made by Virginia as to the division of the territory into states, the deed of cession was referred back to that state with a recommenda- tion from congress that these stipulations should be altered. On the 30th of December, 1788, Virginia assented to the wish of congress, and formally ratified and confirmed the fifth article of compact which related to that subject, and tacitly gave her consent to the whole ordinance of 1787. The provisions of this ordinance have since been applied to all the territories of the United States lying north of the 360 40'. After the adoption of the constitution of the United States the the new congress, among its earliest acts, passed one, recognizing the binding force of the ordi- nance of 1787. Of this ordinance it has been said : " It was based on the principles of civil liberty, maintained in the magna charta of England, re-enacted in the bill of rights, and incorporated in our differ- ent state constitutions. It was the fundamental law of the constitution, so to speak, of the great northwest, upon which were based, and with which harmonized all our territorial enactments, as well as our subsequent state legislation, and, moreover, it is to that wise, statesman-like document that we are indebted for much of our prosperity and greatness." After the close of the revolutionary war, enterprising individuals traversed the whole country which had been ceded to the government, and companies were formed to explore and settle the fertile and beautifcl lands beyond the Ohio ; but the determination of the British cabinet not to evacuate the western posts, was well known, and had its effect on the peojjle who were disposed to make settlements. The western tribes were also dissatisfied and threatened war, and efforts were made by the .;overnment to settle the difficulties. A grand council was held at the mouth of Detroit river in December, 17S7, which did not result favorably, and two treaties were subsequently held, which were not respected by the savages who were parties to them. Soon an Indian war ensued, .liich resulted at first disastrously to the American troops under Generals Harmar and St. Clair, but finally with success to the .\merican arms under General Wayne. The treaty of Greenville followed. It was concluded August 3, 1795. -'^'^ 'h's treaty there were present eleven hundred md thirty chiefs and warriors. It was signed by eighty-four chiefs and General Anthony Wayne, vile commissioner of the United States. One of the provisions of the treaty was that in consid- eration ofthe peace then established, and the cessions and relinquishments of lands made by the tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality ofthe United States as the great means of render- ing this peace strong and perpetual, the United States relinquished their claims to all other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and south- ward of the great lakes and the waters united by them, e.xcept certain reservations and portions before purchased ofthe Indians, none of which were within the present limits of this state. The Indian title to the whole of wliat is now Wisconsin, subject only to certain restrictions, became 214 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. absolute in the various tribes inhabiting it. By this treaty it was stipulated that, of the lands relin- quished by the United States, the Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, were quietly to enjoy them ; hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon so long as they pleased ; but, when those tribes or any of them should be disposed to sell them, or any part of them, they were to be sold only to the United States, and until such sale, the United States would protect all of the tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the United States, and all other white persons who might intrude on the same. At the same time all the tribes acknowledged them- selves to be under the protection of the United States, and no other person or power what- soever. The treaty also prohibited any citizen of the United States, or any other white man, settling upon the lands relinquished by the general government ; and such person was to be considered as out of the protection of the United States; and the Indian tribe on whose land the settlement might be made, could drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as it might see fit. It will be seen that the Indians were acknowledged to have an unquestionable title to the lands they occupied until that right should be extinguished by a voluntary cession to the general government; and the constitution of the United States, by declaring treaties already made, as well as those to be made, to be the supreme law of the land, adojited and sanctioned previous treaties with the Indian nations, and consequently admitted their rank among those powers who are capable of making treaties. The several treaties which had been made between commissioners on the part of the United States and various nations of Indians, previous to the treaty of Greenville, were generally restricted to declarations of amity and friendship, the establishment and confirming of bounda- ries, and the protection of settlements on Indian lands; those that followed were generally for a cession of lands and provisions made for their payment. It is proposed to notice the several treaties that took place after that held at Greenville, showing in what way the territory of the present state, came into possession of the government. As will be seen hereafter, it required trea- ties with numerous tribes of Indians to obtain a clear, imdisputed title, as well as many years before it was fully accomplished. 1. A treaty was held at St. Louis, November 3, 1804, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States. William Henry Harrison was acting commissioner on the part of the govern- ment. By the provisions of the treaty, the chiefs and head men of the united tribes ceded to the United States a large tract on both sides of the Mississippi, extending on the east from the mouth of the Illinois to the head of that river, and thence to the Wisconsin; and including on the west considerable portions of Iowa and Missouri, from the mouth of the Gasconade north- ward. In what is now the state of Wisconsin, this grant embraced the whole of the present counties of Grant and La Fayette and a large portion of Iowa and Green counties. The lead region was included in this purchase. In consideration of this cession, the general government agreed to protect the tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their land, against its own citizens and all others who should intrude on them. The tribes permitted a fort to be built on the upper side of the Wisconsin river, near its mouth, and granted a tract of land two miles square, adjoin- ing the same. The government agreed to give them an annuity of one thousand dollars per annum. The validity of this treaty was denied by one band of the Sac Indians, and this cession of land became, twenty-eight years after, the alleged cause of the Black Hawk war. 2. Another treaty was held at Portage des Sioux, now a village in St. Charles county, Mis- souri, on the Mississippi river, Septemlier 13, 1815, with certain chiefs of that iwrtion of the Sac nation then residing in Missouri, who, they said, were compelled since the commencement of THK ITBLIO DOMAIN. 215 the late war, to separate themselves from the rest of their nation. They gave their assent to the treaty made at St. Louis in 1804, and promised to remain separate from the Sacs of Rock river, and to give them no aid or assistance, until peace should be concluded between the United States and the Foxes of Rock river. 3. On the 14th of September, a treaty was made with the chiefs of the Fo.x tribe at the same place. They agreed that all prisoners in their hands should be delivered up to the govern- ment. They assented to, recognized, re-established and confirmed the treaty of 1S04, to the full extent of their interest in the same. 4. A treaty was held at St. Louis, May 13, iSi6, with the Sacs of Rock river, who affirmed the treaty of 1804, and agreed to deliver up all the property stolen or plundered, and in failure to do so, to forfeit all title to their annuities. To this treaty, Black Hawk's name appears with others. That chief afterward affirmed that though he himself had " touched the quill " to this treaty, he knew not what he was signing, and that he was therein deceived by the agent and others, who did not correctly explain the nature of the grant; and in reference to the treaty of St. Louis in 1804, and at Portage des Sioux in 1815, he said that he did not consider the same valid or binding on him or his tribe, inasmuch as by the terms of those treaties, territory was described which the Indians never intended to sell, and the treaty of 1S04, particularly, was made by parties who had neither authority in the nation, nor power to dispose of its lands. Whether this was a true statement of the case, or otherwise, it is quite certain that the grant of lands referred to was often confirmed by his nation, and was deemed conclusive and binding by the government. The latter acted in good faith to the tribes, as well as to the settlers, in the disposition of the lands. 5. A treaty of peace and friendship was made at St. Louis, June 3, iSi6, between the chiefs and warriors of that part of the Winnebagoes residing on the Wisconsin river. In this treaty the tribe state that they have separated themselves from the rest of their nation ; that they, for themselves and those they represent, confirm to the United States all and every cession of land heretofore made by their nation, and every contract and agreement, as far as their interest extended. 6. On the 30th of March, 1817, the Menomonee tribe concluded a treaty of peace ana friendship at St. Louis with the United States, and confirmed all and every cession of land before made by them within the limits of the United States. 7. On the 19th of August, 1825, at Prairie du Chien, a treaty was made with the Sioux, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Winnebagoes, Ottawas and Pottawattamies, by which the boundary between the two first nations was agreed upon ; also between the Chippewas, Winnebagoes and other tribes. 8. Another treaty was held August 5, 1826, at Fond du Lac of Lake Superior, a small settlement on the St. Louis river, in Itaska county, Minn., with the same tribes, by which the previous treaty was confirmed in respect to boundaries, and those of the Chippewas were defined, as a portion of the same was not completed at the former treaty. 9. A treaty was made and concluded August i, 1827, at Butte des Morts, between the United States and the Chippewa, Menomonee and Winnebago tribes, in which the boundaries of their tribes were defined ; no cession of lands was made. 10. A treaty was made at Green Bay, August 25, 1828, with the Winnebagoes, Pottawat- tamies and other tribes. This treaty was made to remove the difficulties which had arisen in consequence of the occupation by white men of that portion of the mining country in fhe south- western part of Wisconsin which had not been ceded to the United States. A provisional 216 HISTORY or AVISCOXSIX. boundary was provided, and privileges accorded the government to freely occupy their territory until a treaty should be made for the cession of the same. This treaty was simply to define the rights of the Indians, and to give the United States the right of occupation. 11. Two treaties were made at Prairie du Chien, on the 29th of July, 1829, and August i, 1829 : at the first date, with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies, by which these nations ceded all their lands which they claimed in the northwestern jjart of Illinois ; and at the latter date with the Winnebagoes, by which that nation ceded and relinquished all their right, title and claim to all their lands south of the Wisconsin river, thus confirming the purchase of the lead- mine region. Certain grants were made to individuals, which grants were not to be leased or sold by the grantees. By this important treaty, about eight millions of acres of land were added to the public domain. The three tracts ceded, and forming one whole, extended from the upper end of Rock river to the mouth of the AV'isconsin, from latitude 41° 30' to latitude 43° 15', on the Mississippi. Following the meanderings of the river, it was about two hundred and forty miles from west to east, extending along the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, affording a passage across the country from the Mississippi to Lake Michigan. The south part of the purchase extended from Rock Island to Lake Michigan. 12. Another important treaty was made at Green Bay, February 8, 1831, between the Meno- monee Indians and the United States. That nation possessed an immense territory. Its eastern division was bounded by the Milwaukee river, the shore of Lake Michigan, Green bay. Fox river, and Lake Winnebago ; its western division, by the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers on the west. Fox river on the south, Green bay on the east, and the high lands which flow the streams into Lake Superior on the north. By this treaty all the eastern division, estimated at two and a half millions of acres, was ceded to the government. By certain other provisions, the tribe was to occupy a large tract lying north of Fox river and east of Wolf river. Their territory farther west was reserved for their hunting-grounds until such time as the general government should desire to purchase it. Another portion, amounting to four millions of acres, lying between Green bay on the east and Wolf river on the west, was also ceded to the United States, besides a strip of country, three miles in width, from near the portage of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers north, on each side of the Wisconsin river, and forty-eight miles long — still leaving the tribe in peaceable possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty broad. By supplementary articles to the treaty, provision was made for the occupancy of certain lands by the New York Indians — two townships on the east side of Lake Winnebago. 13. At the conclusion of the Black Hawk war, in 1832, for the purpose of clearing up the Indian title of the Winnebago nation in the country, a treaty was made and concluded at Fort Armstrong, September 15, 1832. All the territory claimed by this nation lying south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox river of Green bay, was ceded to the Lmited States, and no band or party of Winnebagoes was allowed to reside, plant, fish or hunt on these grounds, after June i, 1S33, or on any part of the country therein ceded. 14. On the 27th of October, 1832, articles of agreement were made and concluded at Green Bay between the United States and the Menomonee Indians, by the terms of which that nation ceded to the New York Indians certain lands on Fox river. 15. An important treaty was made at Chicago, September 26, 1833, between the United States and the Chippewas, Ottawas an J Pottawattamies. Those nations ceded to the government all their lands along the western shore of Lake Micliigan, and between that lake and the land ceded to the United States by the Winnebago nation at the treaty at Fort .Vrmstrong, September 1 THE ITRLIC DOMAIN. 217 15, 1832, bounded on the north by the country lately ceded by the Menomonees, and on the south by the country ceded at the treaty at Prairie du Chien, July 19, 1829 — containing about five millions of acres. 16. On the 3d of September, 1836, a tieaty was made at Cedar Point with the Menomonees, by which lands lying west of Green bay, and a strip on the upper Wisconsin, were ceded to the United States — the quantity of land ceded being estimated at four millions of acres in the Green bay portion ; on the Wisconsin rivei, a strip three miles wide on each side of the river, running forty-eight miles north in a direct Ime, equivalent to 184,320 acres. 17. On the 29th of July, 1837, a treaty was made with the Chippewas of the Mississippi, at Fort Snelling, and the United States, the nation ceding to the government all their lands in Wisconsin lying south of the divide between the waters of Lake Superior and those of the Mississippi. 18. Certain chiefs and braves of the Sioux nation of the Mississippi, while visiting Washing- ton, September 29, 1837, ceded to the United States all their lands east of the Mississippi, and all their islands in said river. 19. The Winnebago nation, by the chiefs and delegates, held a treaty with the government at Washington, November i, 1837. That nation ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, and obligated themselves to remove, within eight months after the ratification of the treaty, to certain lands west of the river Mississippi which were conveyed to them by the treaty of Sep- tember 21, 1832. 20. The Oneida or New York Indians, residing near Green Bay, by their chief and repre- sentative, on the 3d of February, 1S38, at Washington City, ceded to the United States their title and interest in the land set apart by the treaty made with the Menomonees, May 8, 1831, and the treaty made with the same tribe, October 7, 1832, reserving about 62,000 acres. 21. Another treaty was made at Stockbridge on the 3d of September, 1839, by which the Stockbridge and Munsee tribes (New York Indians) ceded and relinquished to the United States the east half of the tract of 46,080 acres which was laid off for their use on the east side of Lake Winnebago by treaty of October 7, 1832 22. On the 4th of October, 1842, a treaty was made at La Pointe, on Lake Superior, with the Chippewas. All their lands in the northern and northwestern parts of Wisconsin were ceded to the United States. 23. The Menomonee nation, on the iSth of October, 184S, at Pow-aw-hay-kon-nay, ceded and relinquished to the United States all their lands in the state, wherever situated — the gov- ernment to furnish the nation as a home, to be held as Indian lands are held, all the country ceded to the United States by the Chippewa nation August 2, 1847, the consideration being the sum of $350,000, to be paid according to the stipulations of the treaty. A supplementary treaty was made on the 24th of November, 1848, with the Stockbridges — the tribe to sell and relinquish to the United States the township of land on the east side of Lake Winnebago, secured to said tribe by treaty of February 8, 1831. 24. A treaty was made with the Menomonee nation, at the falls of Wolf river, May 12, 1854, being a supplementary treaty to one made October 18, 1848. All the lands ceded to that nation under the treaty last named was ceded to the United States — the Menomonees to receive from the United States a tract of country lying on Wolf river, being townships 28, 29 and 30, of ranges 13, 14, 15, 16. 25. A treaty was made with the Chippewas of Lake Superior, at La Pointe, on the 30th of September, 1S54. That nation ceded to the United States all lands before owned by them in common with the Chippewas of the Mississippi — lying in the vicinity of Lake Superior in Wis- 218 HISTORY <»1' AVISCONSIN. consin and Minnesota. 26. On the 5th of February, 1S56, a treaty was held with the Stockbridge and Munsee tribes, at Stockbridge. All the remaining right and title to lands in the town of Stockbridge, possessed by them, was ceded to the United States ; and the said tribes were to receive in exchange a tract of land near the southern boundary of the Menomonee reservation, and by treaty made at Keshena, February 11, 1856, the Menomonees ceded two townships to locate the said tribes. With this last treaty, the Indian title to all the lands of the present state of Wisconsin was ceded to the United States government, except a few small reservations to certain tribes, and a I)erfect, indefeasible title obtained to all the territory within its borders. In the region of country which is now the state of Wisconsin, the settlements in early times were, as before stated, near Green Bay and at Prairie du Chien. Soon after the organization of the Xorthwest territory, the subject of claims to private property therein received much attention. By an act of congress approved March 3, 1S05, lands lying in the districts of Vincennes, Kas- kaskia and Detroit, which were claimed by virtue of French or British grants, legally and fully executed, or by virtue of grants issued under the authority of any former act of congress by either of the governors of the Northwest or Indiana territory, which had already been surveyed, were, if necessary, to be re-surveyed; and persons claiming lands under these grants were to have until November i, 1805, to give notice of the same. Commissioners were to be appointed to examine, and report at the next session of congress. An act was also passed, approved April 25, 1806, to authorize the granting of patents for lands, according to government surveys that had been made, and to grant donation rights to certain claimants of land in the district of Detroit, and for other purposes Another act was approved May 11, 1820, reviving the powers of the commissioners for ascertaining and deciding on claims in the district of Detroit, and for settling the claims to land at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, in the territory of Michigan ; the commis- sioners to have power to examine and decide on claims filed with the register of the land office, and not before acted on, in accordance with the laws respecting the same. The commissioners discharged the duties imposed on them, and in their report to congress in reference to the claims at Green Bay, they said that the antiquity of this settlement being, in their view, sufficiently established, and that they, being also satisfied that the Indian title must be considered to have been extinguished, decide favorably on the claims presented. About seventy-five titles were con- firmed, and patents for the same were sent to the proper parties by the government. In relation to the Prairie du Chien titles, they reported " that they had met few difficulties in their investi- gations; that, notwithstanding the high antiquity which maybe claimed for the settlement of that place, no one perfect title founded on French or British grant, legally authenticated, had been successfully made out; and that but few deeds of any sort have been exhibited." This they attribute to the carelessness of the Canadians in respect to whatever concerned their land titles, and accords with whatever is known in this regard, of the French population throughout the country. They therefore came to the conclusion that whatever claim the people of the place possessed, and might have for a confirmation of their land titles, they must be founded upon proof of con tinned possession since the year 1796 The commissioners further say, that " since the ancestors of these settlers were cut off, by the treaty which gave the Canadas to the English, from all inter- course with their parent country, the people both of Prairie du Chien and Green Bay have been eft, until within a few years, quite isolated, almost without any government but their own; and, although the present population of these settlements are natives of the countries which they inhabit, and, consequently, are by birth citizens of the northwest, yet, until a few years, they have had as little political connection with its government as their ancestors had with the British. Ignorant of their civil rights, careless of their land titles, docility, habitual hospitality, cheerful THE PUBLIC DOMAIX. 219 submission to the requisitions of any government which may be set over them, are their universal characteristics." In reference to grants by the French and English governments, the commissioners say, they " have not had access to any public archives by which to ascertain with positive certainfy, whether either the French or English ever effected a formal extinguishment of the Indian title at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which also may be said of the land now covered by the city of Detroit , that the French government was not accustomed to hold formal treaties for such purposes with the Indians, and when the lands have been actually procured from them, either by virtue of the assumed right of conquest, or by purchase, evidence of such acquisition is rather to be sought in the traditionary history of the country, or in the casual or scanty relations of travelers, than among collections of state papers. Tradition does recognize the fact of the extinguishment of the Indian title at Prairie du Chien by the old French government, before its surrender to the English; and by the same species of testimony, more positive because more recent, it is estab- lished also, that, in the year 1781, Patrick Sinclair, lieutenant governor of the province of Upper Canada, while the English government had jurisdiction over this country, made a formal purchase from the Indians of the lands comprehending the settlement of Prairie du Chien." The territories and states formed from the section known as the Northwest territory, were : I The Northwest territory proper (17S7-1800) having jurisdiction over all the lands referred to in the ordinance of 1787. In 1802, Ohio was organized as a state with its present boun- •daries. 1. Indiana terrritory was formed July 4, 1800, with the seat of government at Vincennei That territory was made to include all of the northwest, except what afterward became tiie state of Ohio. 3. Michigan territory was formed June 30, 1805. It was bounded on the south by a line drawn east from the south bend of Lake Michigan, on the west by the center of Lake Michigan. It did not include what is now Wisconsin. The upper peninsula was annexed in r836. The state of Michigan was formed January 26, 1S37, with its present boundaries. 4. Illinois territory was formed March 2, 1810. It included all of the Indiana territory west of the Wabash river and Vinccnnes, and a line running due north to the territorial line. All of Wisconsin was included therein, except what lay east of the line drawn north from Vincennes. 5. Indiana was admitted as a state April 19, 1816, including all the territory of Indiana territory, except a narrow strip east of the line of Vincennes, and west of Michigan territory, her western boundary. 6. Illinois was admitted as a state -April 11, 181S. It included all of Illinois territory south of latitude 42° 30'. All of Wisconsin was added to Michigan territory. In the month of Octo- ber of that year, the counties of Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford were formed, comprising besides other territory, the whole of the present state of Wisconsin. 7. Iowa district was attached to Michigan for judicial purposes, June 30, 1834, out of which Des Moines and Dubuque counties were formed. 8. Wisconsin territory was formed April 20, 1836. The state was formed May 29, 1848. The territory of Wisconsin being a part of the Northwest territory claimed, and congress by direct action confirmed to her, all the rights and privileges secured by the ordinance of 1787, one of which was that congress should have authority to form one or two states in that part of the territorj' lying north of an east and west line, drawn through the .southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. Notwithstanding this plain provision of the ordinance, which is declared to 220 HISTORY OF ■^VISCO^^SI^'". 1)6 articles of compact between the original states and the people and states in the said territory, and forever to remain unalterable unless by consent ; yet congress, in establishing the boundaries of the state of Illinois, extended that state about sixty miles north of the line established by the ordinance. This action was claimed to be unjust and contrary to the sjiirlt and letter of the compact with the original states. The legislative assembly of Wisconsin passed resolutions which were approved January 13, 1840, that it was inexpedient for the people of the territory to form a constitution and state government until the southern boundary to which they are so justly entitled by the ordinance of 1787 shall be fully recognized by the parties of the original com- pact. Owing to various complications over which the territory liad no control, her people never succeeded in obtaining from congress what they considered their just rights. It was also contended by many, that the portion of country set off to Michigan on Lai^e Superior given as a compensation in part for the strip of land awarded to Ohio from her south- ern border, should also have constituted a portion of Wisconsin, especially as Michigan never made the least claim to it by her delegate in congress, who was decidedly opposed to the exten- sion of Michigan beyond the limits of the lower peninsula. The first survey of the public lands northwest of the Ohio river, was made pursuant to an act of congress approved May 20, 1785 The geograplier of the confederation was diected to commence the survey of the government lands on the north side of the river Ohio — the first line running north and south, to begin on said river at a point that should be found to be due north from the western termination of a line which had been run as the southern boundary of the state of Pennsylvania; the first line running east and west, to begin at the same point, and to extend through the whole territory- The survey comprised seven ranges, composing ten counties of the present state of Ohio. Other surveys followed when the Indian title was extinguished. Tliomas Hutchins, who held the office of geographer, is believed to be the inventor of the mode of laying out land which was then introduced by him, and is still in general use by the government. Soon after the government had acquired title to the Indian lands south of the Wisconsin river, the public authorities commenced a systematic survey of the lands, for the purpose of bringing the same into market at the earliest possible period. The public lands in Wisconsin are, as elsewhere in the west, surveyed in uniform rec- tangular tracts, each six miles square, by lines running north and south, intersecting others running east and west. These townships are numbered from two lines called the principal meridian and the base line. The principal meridian by which the Wisconsin surveys are gov- erned is that known as the fourth, and extends from the Illinois boundary line to Lake Superior, at the mouth of Montreal river, about two hundred and eighty-two miles. It divides Grant from LaFayette county, and passes through the eastern parts of Vernon, Monroe, Jackson, Clark, Chippewa, and Ashland counties. The base line separates Wisconsin from Illinois in north latitude forty-two degrees, thirty minutes. There are nearly seventeen hundred townships in the state. Each township is subdivided into thirty-six sections by lines running parallel to the sides of the township, one mile apart. A section is, therefore, one mile square, and contains six hundred and forty acres. In fractional townships, each section is numbered the same as the corresponding section in whole townships. Each section is subdivided into half-mile squares, called quarter-sections, each containing one hundred and sixty acres, and the subdivision is carried still further into half-quarter or quarter-quarter sections. It is found necessary to estab- lish at stated intervals standard parallels, commonly called correction lines, to obviate the effect of the curvature of the earth's surface. The convergence in a single township is small, though quite perceptible, the actual excess in length of its south over its north line being in the state THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 221 about three rods. The townships north of the base line, therefore, become narrower toward the north, and if continued for too great a distance, this narrowing would cause serious inconvenience. In the state of Wisconsin there are four of these correction lines. The first is sixty miles north of the base line, and accordingly runs between townships ten and eleven. The second is between townships twenty and twenty-one, and so on. They are usually sixty miles apart. On these parallels, which form new base lines, fresh measurements are made from the principal meridian, and the corners of new townships are fixed six miles apart as on the original base line. This method of procedure not only takes up the error due to convergency of meridians, but arrests that caused by want of precision in the surveys already made. The northern or western sections of townships, which contain more or less than six hun- dred and forty acres, are called fractional sections, for the reason that the surplusage or deficiency arising from errors in surveying, and from other causes, is by law added to or deducted from the western or northern ranges of sections according as the error may be in run- ning the lines from east to west, or from north to south. As soon as the surveys were completed in southern Wisconsin and the Green B.ay section, and a knowledge of the superior qualities of the land for agricultural purposes were known to the people, the emigration became large. In fact much land was taken possession of by settlers in advance of being surveyed and brought into market. As soon as the land offices at Green Bay, Mineral Point, and Milwaukee were located, public announcement was made by the govern- ment, of the time of the sale, when the lands were put up to the highest bidder, and such as were unsold were afterward subject to private entry. The first sales were held at Green Bay and Mineral Point in the year 1835. The sale at Milwaukee was in 1S39. From the reports of the general land office, it appears that from 1835 to 1845 inclusive, there were sold at the three land offices from public sale, 2,958,592-^%% acres, amounting to $3,768,106.51. Fort Howard military reservation was set apart by order of the president March 2, 1829, and comprised all the lands lying upon Fox river and Green bay, in township 24 north, range 20 east, 4th principal meridian, being about four thousand acres. The lands were abandoned for military purposes, by the war department, December 4, 1850. By an act of congress approved March 3, 1863, the commissioner of the general land office was authorized and directed to cause the reservation, including the site of the fort, containingthree and four-hundredths acres, situated in the county of Brown, between Fox river and Beaver Dam run, and which is not included in the confirmations to T. C. Dousman and Daniel Whitney, nor in the grant to the state of Wis- consin, under resolutions of congress approved April 25, 1862, granting lands to Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads, to be surveyed and subdivided into lots not less than one- fourth of an acre, and not more than forty acres, deducting such portions of the same as the public interest and convenience may require ; and when so surveyed and platted, to be sold sep- arately at auction. On the loth of November, 1S64, under directions of the commissioner, the lands were offered for sale at auction at the fort. About one-half of the lands were sold, and purchased by actual settlers, and but few for sj^eculation. The fort and the lands contiguous were sold for six thousand four hundred dollars. The other lands sold brought about the sum of nineteen thousand dollars. That portion of the reservation unsold was to be subject to private entry at the appraised value, and that portion lying between Duck creek and Beaver Dam creek, was subject to entry as other public lands were offered. On the 20th of May, 186S, a joint resolution of congress was approved, by which the com- missioner of the general land office was authori^ed and directed to cause a patent to be issued to the Chicago it Northwestern railroad company in pursuance of a resolution passed by con- 222 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIN. gress, granting the same to the state of Wisconsin, approved April 25, 1862, and by act of the legislature approved June 16, 1862, granting the same to that company for eighty acres of land, as was .surveyed and approved by said commissioner June 11. 1864. The lands thus donated are now used by the railroad company for their depot grounds The Fort Crawford military reservation was purchased from J. H. Lockwood and James D. Doty by the government in the year 1829, and covered the front and main portions of farm lots numbered thirty -three and thirty-four, of the private land claims at Prairie du Chien, and com- prised about one hundred and sixty acres. Fort Crawford was built on this tract in 1829, 1830 and 1 83 1. There was also a reservation of section eighteen, township seven, north of range four west, known as the Cattle Yard. This land was at the mouth of the Kickapoo river, and is now known as the village of Wauzeka. In addition to these lands which were located in Wis- consin, there was a reservation of lands lying on the west side of the Mississippi river, in Iowa. The lands in Wisconsin were relinquished by the secretary of war, January 10, 1851, and were ■originally set apart by the president of the United States, February 17, 1843. In the month of April, 1857, the secretary of war authorized Hon. H. M. Rice, of Minne- sota, to sell that part of the reservation not improved, in tracts not exceeding forty acres each; and, in the month of June of that year, he sold at auction five hundred and seven acres of the reserve opposite Fort Crawford, none of which was claimed by actual settlers ; and in the month of December, 1S57, he sold the remainder to claimants of lands, also on the west side, and the section in Wisconsin known as the Cattle Yard, amounting to i77xVir acres. A portion of this reservation was subdivided into town lots, 80 by 140 feet, with streets 66 feet and alleys 20 feet wide November 17, r864, the acting commissioner of the general land office, by order of the war department, offered for sale at public auction at La Crosse the reservation at Fort Crawford, which had been surveyed and subdivided into town lots, eighty by one hundred and forty feet, with streets sixty-five feet and alleys twenty feet wide, conforming to the plat of the village of Prairie du Chien. The lands unsold were subsequently opened to private entry and disposed of. The lands of the Fort Winnebago reservation were set apart by order of the president, February 9, 1835, and consisted of the following territory: sections two, three, and that part of four lying east of Fox river, and fractional section nine, all in township twelve, north of range nine east , also fractional section thirty-three, in township thirteen, north of range nine east, lying west of Fox river, and the fraction of section four, township twelve north, of range nine east, lying west of claim numbered twenty-one of A. Grignon, and adjacent to Fort Winnebago, reserved by order of the president, July 29, 1851. the whole amounting to about four thousand acres. September the first, 1853, these lands were by order of the president offered for sale at public auction at the fort, by F. H. Masten, assistant quartermaster United States army, having previously been surveyed into forty acre lots, and were purchased by J. B. Martin, G. C. Tallman, W. H. Wells, Wm. Wier, N. H. Wood, M. R. Keegan, and others. The first land offices in Wisconsin were established under an act of congress approved June 26, 1834, creating additional land distncts in the states of Illinois and Missouri, and in the territory north of the state of Illinois. The first section provides " that all that tract lying north of the state of Illinois, west of Lake Michigan, south and southeast of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, included in the present territory of Michigan, shall be divided by a north and south line, drawn from the northern boundary of Illinois along the range of township line west of Fort Winnebago to the Wisconsin river, and to be called — the one on the west side, the Wisconsin land district, and that on the east side the Green Bay land district of the territory of Michigan, which two districts shall embrace the country north of said rivers when the Indian title shall be THE PUBLIC DOMAIN-. 223 extinguished, and the Green Bay district may be divided so as to form two districts, whea the president shall deem it proper;" and by section three of said act, the president was author- ized to appoint a register and receiver for such office, as soon as a sufficient number of townships are surveyed. An act of congress, approved June 15, 1836, divided the Green Bay land district, as estab- lished in 1834, " by a line commencing on the western boundary of said district, and running thence east between townships ten and eleven north, to the line between ranges seventeen and eighteen east, thence north between said ranges of townships to the line between townships twelve and thirteen north, thence east between said townships twelve and thirteen to Lake Michigan ; and all the country bounded north by the division line here described, south b)' the base line, east by Lake Michigan, and west by the division line between ranges eight and nine east," to be constituted a separate district and known as the " Milwaukee land district." It included the present counties of Racine, Kenosha, Rock, Jefferson, Waukesha, Walworth and Milwaukee, and parts of Green, Dane, Washington, Ozaukee, Dodge and Columbia. An act was approved March 3, 1847, creating an additional land district in the territory. All that portion of the public lands lying north and west of the following boundaries, formed a district to be known as the Chippewa land district: commencing at the Mississippi river on the line between townships twenty-two and twenty-three north, running thence east along said line to the fourth principal meridian, thence north along said meridian line to the line dividing town- ships twenty-nine and thirty, thence east along such township line to the Wisconsin river, thence up the main channel of said river to the boundary line between the state of Michigan and the territory of Wisconsin. The counties now included in this district are Pepin, Clark, Eau Claire, Dunn, Pierce, St. Croix, Polk, Barron, Burnett, Douglas, Bayfield, Ashland, Taylor, Chippewa, and parts of Buffalo, Trempeleau and Jackson ; also, the new county of Price. An act of congress, approved March 2, 1849, changed the location of the land office in the Chippewa district from the falls of St. Croix to Stillwater, in the county of St. Croix, in the proposed territory of Minnesota; and, by section two of the act, an additional land office and district was created, comprising all the lands in Wisconsin not included in the districts of land subject to sale at Green Bay, Milwaukee, or Mineral Point, which was to be known as the Western land district, and the president was authorized to designate the site where the office should be licated. Willow River, now Hudson, was selected. The district was usually known as the St. Croix and Chippewa district, and included St. Croi.x, La Pointe, and parts of Chippewa and Marathon counties. By an act of congress, approved July 30, 1852, so much of the public lands in Wisconsin as lay within a boundary line commencing at the southwest corner of township fifteen, north of range two east of the fourth principal meridian, thence running due east to the southeast corner of township fifteen, north of range eleven, east of the fourth principal meridian, thence north along such range line to the north line of the state of Wisconsin, thence westwardly along said north line to the line between ranges one and two east of fourth principal meridian, thence south to the place of beginning, were formed into a new district, and known as the Stevens Point land district, and a land office located at that place. The boundaries enclosed the present counties of Juneau, .\dams, Marquette, Green Lake, Waushara, Waupaca, Portage, Wood, Marathon, Lincoln, Shawano, New and Marinette. The La Crosse land district was formed of the following territory : " Commencing at a point where the line between townships ten and eleven north touches the Mississippi river, thence due east to the fourth principal meridian, thence north to the line between townships fourteen and fifteen north, thence east to the southeast corner of township fifteen north, of range one east of the 224 HlSTOKV Oi Wi^CO^sLN fourth principal meridian, thence north on tlie range line to the south line of township number thirty-one nor;h, thence west on the line between townships number thirt)- and thirty-one to the Chippewa river, thence down said river to its junction with the Mississippi river, thence down said river to the place of beginning." The present counties of Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Buf- falo, Trempealeau, Eau Claire, Clark, and parts of Juneau and Chippewa were included in its limits. By act of congress, approved February 24, 1855, an additional district was formed of all that portion of the Willow river land district lying north of the line dividing townships forty and forty-one, to be called the Fond du Lac district — the office to be located by the president as he might from time to time direct. The present counties of Douglas, Bayfield, Ashland, and part of Burnett were included within its boundaries. By an act of congress, approved March 3, 1857, so much of the districts of land subject to sale at La Crosse and Hudson, in the state of Wisconsin, contained in the following boundaries, were constituted a new district, to be known as the Chippewa land district : North of the line dividing townships twenty-four and twenty-five north; south of the line dividing townships forty and forty-one north ; west of the line dividing ranges one and two east ; and east of the line dividing ranges eleven and twelve west. The location of the office was to be designated by the president as the public interest might require. The present counties of Chippewa, Taylor, Eau Claire and Clark were in this district. There are at the present time six land offices in the state. They are located at Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield and Eau Claire. By the provisions of law, when the number of acres of land in any one district is reduced to one hundred thousand acres, sub- ject to private entry, the secretary of the interior is required to discontinue the office, and the lands remaining unsold are transferred to the nearest land office, to be there subject to sale. The power of locating these offices rests with the president (unless otherwise directed by law), who is also authorized to change and re-establish the boundaries of land districts whenever, in his opinion, the public service will be subserved thereby. The pre-emption law of 1830 was intended for the benefit of actual settlers against compe- tition in open market with non-resident purchasers. It gave every person who cultivated any part of a quarter section the previous year, and occupied the tract at the date mentioned, the privilege of securing it by payment of the minimum price at any time before the day fixed for the commencement of the public sale. To avail himself of this i)rovision he was to file proof of cultivation and occupancy. As men frequently located claims in advance of the sun-ey, it occasionally happened that two or more would find themselves upon the same quarter section, in which case the pre-emption law permitted two joint occupants to divide the quarter section equally between them, whereupon each party received a certificate from the land office, author- izing him to locate an additional eighty acres, elsewhere in the same land district, not interfering with other settlers having the right of preference. This was called a floating right. This pro- vision of the law was ingeniously perverted from its plain purpose in various ways. As fast as these evasions came to the notice of the department, all certificates given to occupants of the same quarter section in excess of the two first, or to more than one member of the same family, to employees, to any person who had not paid for eighty acres originally occupied, as well as those which were not located at the time of such payment, and the additional tract paid for before the public sale, were held to be worthless or fraudulent ; but a large number of these certificates had been issued, and passed into the hands of speculators and designing men, and were a source of almost endless vexation and annoyance to settlers. The law of 1830 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. " 225 expired by limitation in one year from its passage, but was revived by the law of 1834 for two years. In the interim no settler could obtain his land by pre-emption. The law of 1834 extended only to those who had made cultivation in 1833, consequently the settlers of later date were excluded from its benefits. Meanwhile the fraudulent floats were freely used to dispossess actual settlers as late as 1835. The pre-emption law of congress, approved September 4, 1841, provided that every person who should make a settlement in person on public land, and erect a dwelling, should be author- ized to enter a quarter section (one hundred and sixty acres), at the minimum price (one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre), and thus secure the same against competition ; .ind if any person should settle upon and improve land subject to private entry, he might within thirty days give notice to the register of the land office of his intention to claim the land settled upon, and might within one year upon making proof of his right, enter the land at the minimum price. .\t the public land sales at Mineral Point, held in 1835, all those tracts on which lead was found, or on which it was supposed to exist, were reserved to the United States, and were leased under certain regulations by the government for a rent of ten per centum of all the lead raised. The quantity of land thus reserved was estimated at one million acres. Considerable difiiculty was found in collecting these rents, and subsequently it was abandoned, as the amount expended in collecting exceeded the value of the lead collected. In the period of four years the government suffered a loss of over nineteen thousand dollars. The act of congress, approved July n, 1846, authorized the sale of the reserved mineral lands in Illinois, ^Visconsin and Iowa, and provided that, after six months' public notice, the lands should not be subject to the rights of pre-emption until after the same had been offered at public sale, when they should be subject to private entry. The law also provided, that, ujwn satisfac- tory proof being made to the register and receiver of the proper land office, any tract or tracts of land containing a mine or mines of lead ore actually discovered and being worked, would be sold in such legal subdivisions as would include lead mines, and no bid should be received therefor at less than the sum of two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and if such tract or tracts should not be sold at such public sale, at such price, nor should be entered at private sale within twelve months thereafter, the same should be subject to sale as other lands. This act was changed by an .act approved March 3, 1847, providing that any one being in possession by actual occupancy of a mine discovered prior to the passage of this act, who should pay the same rents as those who held leases from the secretary of war, should be entitled to purchase the lands prior to the day of sale at five dollars per acre. Mineral lands were to be offered for sale in forty acre pieces, and no bids were to be received less than five dollars per acre, and if not sold they were then to be subject to private entry at the same price. In 1847 or 1848 the reserved mineral lands were sold at public sale at Mineral Point at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and they were all disposed of at that price. Soon after the formation of Wisconsin territory, an act was passed by its legislature, approved January 5, 1838, incorporating the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, and by an act of congress approved June 18 of the same year, a grant of land was made to aid in the construction of the canal. The grant consisted of the odd-numbered sections on a belt often miles in width from Lake Michigan to Rock river, amounting to 139,190 acres. Of those lands 43,447 acres were sold at public sale in July, 1839, at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. Work was commenced on the canal at Milwaukee, and the Milwaukee river for a short distance from its outlet was improved by the construction of a dam across the river, which was made available for manufacturing and other purposes. A canal was also built about a mile in length and forty feet wide, leading from it down on the west bank of the river. Much 226 HISTORY (tF AVISCOXSIN. dissatisfaction subsequently arose ; the purchasers at this sale, and others occupying these canal and reserved lands felt the injustice of being compelled to pay double price for their lands, and efforts were made to repeal all laws authorizing further sales, and to ask congress to repeal the act making the grant. The legislation on the subject of this grant is voluminous. In 1862 the legislature of the slate passed an act to ascertain and settle the liabilities, if any, of Wisconsin and the company, and a board of commissioners was appointed for that purpose. At the session of the legislature in 1863, the committee made a report with a lengthy opinion of the attorney-gen- eral of the state. The views of that officer were, that the company had no valid claims for damages against the state. In this opinion the commissioners con>;urred. On the 23d of March, 1875, an act was approved by the governor, giving authority to the attorney-general to discharge and release of record any mortgage before executed to the late territory of Wisconsin, given to secure the jjurchase money or any part thereof of any lands granted by congress to aid in the construc- tion of this canal. The quantity of lands unsold was subsequently made a part of the 500,000 acre tract granted by congress for school purposes. It is believed the whole matter is now closed against further legislative enactments. The next grant of lands made by congress lor internal improvements in Wisconsin, was one approved August 8, 1846, entitled " an act to grant a certain quantity of land to aid in the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and to connect the same by canal." By this act there was granted to Wisconsin on her becoming a state, for improving the navigation of the above-named streams, and constructing the canal to unite the same, a quantity of land equal to one-half of three sections in width on each ^ide of Fox river, and the lakes through which it passes from its mouth to the point where the portage canal should enter the same, and each side of the canal from one stream to the other, reserving the alternate sections to the United States with certain provisions in relation thereto. On the 3d of August, 1854, an act of congress was approved, authorizing the governor of Wisconsin to select the balance of lands to which the state was entitled to under the provisions of the act of 1846, out of any unsold government lands sub- ject to private entry in the state, the quantity to be ascertained upon the principles which gov- erned the final adjustment of the grant to the state of Indiana, for the Wabash and Erie canal, approved May 9, 1S48. In the years 1S54 and 1S55, acts of congress were passed, defining and enlarging the grant. Under the grants of 1S46, 1854 and 1855, the number of acres donated for this purpose and certified to the state, was 674,100. After the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, by an act of its legislature, approved August 8, 1848, a board of public works was created, through which the work of improving the said rivers, by the application thereto of the proceeds of the sale of the lands granted by con- gress, was undertaken by the state. It soon became apparent that the moneys realized from the sale of lands were insufficient to meet the obligations of the state issued by its board of public works as they became due ; and in 1853 the work was turned over to the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement company, a corpora- tion created under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin approved July 6, 1853. In 1856, by an act of the legislature of Wisconsin, approved October 3, 1856, the lands granted by congress then unsold were granted by the state, through the said company, to trustees, with power to sell, and to hold the proceeds in trust for the payment of state indebtedness, the completion of the work, thereafter for the payment of bonds issued by the said company, and the balance, if any, for the company itself In February, 1866, the trustees, in execution of the powers contained in the deed of trust made to them, and pursuant to a judgment of the circuit court of Fond du Lac county, sold at public sale at Appleton, Wisconsin, the works of improvement and the balance of lands granted i THE PT'HLUl DOMArX. 227 by congress then unsold, and applied the proceeds to the purposes expressed in the deed of trust. The proceeds were sufficient to pay in full the expenses of the trust, the then outstanding state indebtedness, and to provide a fund sufficient to complete the work according to the plan specified in the act approved October 3, 1856. Under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin r.pproved April 13, 1861, and the acts amend- atory thereof, the purchasers at said sale, on the 15th day of August, 1866, filed their certificate in the office of the secretary of state, and thereby became incorporated as the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, holding, as such company, the said works of improvement. .^t a subsequent date, under instructions from the engineer department of the United States, the surveys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were placed in the charge of General G. K. War- ren, and by act of congress approved July 7, 1S70, the secretary of war was authorized to appoint a board of arbitrators to ascertain how much the government should pay to the suc- cessors of the Improvement company, the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, for the transfer of all its property and rights; and by a subsequent act, approved June 10, 1S72, an appropriation was made therefor. The legislation on matters connected with the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement would make a chapter of itself. The work is now in charge of the government, and will be prosecuted to completion in a sati!;factory manner. On the 29th of May, 1848, an act was approved by the president "to enable the people of Wisconsin territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union," by which certain propositions were to be submitted to the convention which were to be acted upon, and subsequently submitted to the people for their approval. The first constitutional convention was held in October, 1S46, and, having framed a constitution, it was submitted to a vote of the people at the election in 1847, and it was rejected. The second convention met December 15, 1847, and, having formed a constitution, it was adopted by the people at the election in 1848. The following are the propositions proposed by congress : 1. That section sixteen numbered in every township of the public lands of said state, and where such section has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the said state for the use of schools. 2. That seventy-two sections, or two entire townships, of land set apart and reserved for the use and support of a university by act of congress approved June 12, 1838, are hereby granted and conveyed to the state, to be appropriated solely to the use and support of such university in such manner as the legislature may prescribe. 3. That ten entire sections of land to be selected and located under the direction of tiic legislature, in legal subdivisions of not less than one quarter of a section from any of the unap- propriated lands belonging to the United States within the state are granted to the state for completing the public buildings, or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under the direction of the legislature. 4. That all salt-springs within the state, not exceeding twelve in number, shall be granted to the state, to be selected by the legislature, and when selected, to be used or disposed of on such terms, conditions, and regulations as the legislature shall direct. The title to all lands and other property which accrued to the territory of Wisconsin by grant, gift, purchase, forfeiture, escheat, or otherwise, were, by the provisions of the constitution of the state, vested in the state ; and the ])eople of the state, in their right of sovereignty, were declared to possess the ultimate property in and to all lands within its jurisdiction ; and all (ands, the title of which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall revert or escheat to the people. The act of congress for the admission of the state into the Union gave formal assent to the 228 HlSTOHV (»F ■\\ISC0XSIN*. grant relative to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement, and the lands reserved to the United States by said grant, and also the grant to the territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of aiding in opening a canal to connect the waters of Lake Michigan with those of Rock river, were to be offered for sale at the same minimum price, and subject to the same rights of pre-emption as other public lands of the United States. By the provisions of the state constitution, the secretary of state, the state treasurer and attorney-general, were constituted a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. In the year 1850 the commissioners put into market, for the first time, the school lands which had been donated to the state. The total quantity of lands offered was 148,021, 44-100 acres, which sold for the sum of $444,265.19. By an act of congress, approved September 4, 1S41, there were granted to the state 500,000 acres of land, which were, by act of the territorial legislature of 1849, appropriated to the school fund, and the unsold lands of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, amounting to about 140,000 acres, were to be included as a part of the above grant. These lands, and the sixteenth section of each township, make up the whole of the school lands of the state. The whole number of acres sold up to the year 1877 is 1,243,984 acres, and there remain unsold, subject to entry, 216,016 acres. The state university land grant was made in 1838, and seventy-two sections set apart and reserved. The lands were selected in 1845 and 1846. On the 15th of December, 1854, an act of congress was approved, relinquishing to the state the lands reserved for the salt-springs, and seventy-two sections were granted in lieu thereof, in aid of the university of the state The number of acres amounts to 92,160, all of which have been sold except 4,407 acres, wliich are subject to entry. Under the re-organization and enlargement of the university, under provisions of chapter 114, of general laws of 1866, section thirteen provides, among other things, that the income of a fund to be derived from the sales of the two hundred and forty thousand acies, granted by congress by act approved July 2, 1862, entitled : ''An act donating lands to the several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts," be devoted to the state university, and the funds arising therefrom to be known as the " agricultural college fund." All of the grant of lands have been sold except 5 1,635 acres. The quantity of lands donated by act of congress August 6, 1846, for the purpose of completing or erecting public buildings at the seat of government, known as "Capitol Lands," amounted to ten entire sections, or six thousand four hundred acres. A grant of lands was made to the state by act of congress, approved September 28, 1850, of all the swamp and overflowed lands within its limits. The total number of acres of this grant, as certified to the state from the government, to the year 1877, is 1,869,677. A grant of land was made by congress, approved March 3, 1863, for the construction of a military road from Fort Wilkins, Michigan, to Fort Howard, Wisconsin, of every alternate section of public lands, designated by even numbers for three sections in width on each side of said road, and subject to the disposal of the legislature. In 1S65 sales of land were made to the number of 85,961.89 acres, which realized the sum of $114,856.54. An act of congress was approved June 25, 1S64, granting lands to the state to build a military road from W^ausau, Wisconsin, to Ontonagon, on Lake Superior, of every alternate section of land designated as odd sections, for three sections in width on each side of the road. The grant was accepted by the state by law, approved .Vijril 10, 1865. .\n act was also passed by congress, approved April 10, 1866, granting to the state of Wis- consin a donation of public lands to aid in the construction of a breakwater and harbor and ship THK Pl'BLIC DOMAIN". 229 canal at the head of Sturgeon bay, Wis., to connect the waters of Green bay with Lake Michigan. The grant was for 200,000 acres of land. The grant was accepted by the legislature of r868. In 1S74, the same body by resolution transferred to the Sturgeon bay and Lake Michigan ship canal and harbor company 32,342 acres, and the remaining portion was authorized to be sold for agri- cultural purposes by said company. The first railroad grant in Wisconsin was by act of congress, approved June 3, 1856, by the first section of which there was granted to the state, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of a railroad from Madison or Columbus, by the way of Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one, and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior and to Bayfield ; and from Fond du Lac, on Lake Winnebago, northerly to the state line, every alternate section of land designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads, respectively; the land to be applied exclusively in the construction of said roads, and to no other purpose whatever, and subject to the disposal of the legislature, and the same shall remain public highways for the use of the government, free from toll and other charges upon the transportation of property or troops of the United States, with other conditions as to the disposal of said lands. The grant was accepted by the legislature by an act approved October 8, 1856, and on the I ith of the same month an act was approved granting a portion of the lands to the La Crosse & NTississippi railroad company, who were to carry out all the requirements of the original grant. -\. supplementary act was approved the same session, October 13, incorporating the Wisconsin & Superior railroad, wliich company was required to commence the construction of their road on or before January i, 1S57, and to complete the same to Oshkosh before August i, 185S. Of this land grant John W. Cary says: "That portion of the grant given to aid in the construction of a railroad northerly to the state line was conferred on the Wisconsin & Superior railroad company. This company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railroad I ompany, and that part of the grant was transferred to it. The road was, in 1859, extended to Oshkosh, and thence to Menasha, and finally to Green Bay. In the panic of 1857, the company failed to meet its obligations, but was afterward enabled to go on, and continued in possession until June 2, 1859, when its road was sold on the foreclosures of the mortgages given thereon I and on the sixth of the same month the present Chicago & Northwestern railroad company was organized under the statute, by purchasers at said sale, and took possession." .\ large portion of the original grant was given for the construction of a road from Madison or Columbus to the St. Croix river, as before stated. The La Crosse company, during the years 1857 and 1858, completed its main line to La Crosse; the Watertown line, from Watertown to Columbus, and partially graded the line from Madison to Portage City. Neither it nor its suc- cessors ever received any part of the lands of the land grant. In 1856 and 1857, the La Crosse & Milwaukee railroad graded most of the line from Madi- son to Portage. After the failure of the company, this line was abandoned, and so remained until 1870, when a new company was organized, under the name of the Madison & Portage City railroad company. In 1873, an act was passed chartering the Tomah & Lake St. Croix railroad company, and repealing and annulling that portion of the land grant which bestowed the lands from Tomah to Lake St. Croix upon the La Crosse company, and bestowing the same upon the company chartered by this act. This road is known as the West Wisconsin railroad. An act of congress was approved May 5, 1864, granting lands to aid in the construction of lertain roads in the state. This was a re-enactment of the law of 1856, and divided the grant in three sections, one of which was for a road from a point on the St. Croix river or lake, between 230 HISTORY (II' WISCONSIN. townships twenty-five and thirty-one, to the west end of Lake Superior, and from some point on the line of said road, to be selected by the state, to Bayfield — every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, with an indemnity extending twenty miles on each side, was granted, under certain regulations ; another, for aiding in building a road from Tomah to the St. Croix river, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one — every alternate section by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the road ; another for aiding and constructing a railroad from Portage City, Berlin, Doty's Island, or Fond du Lac, as the legislature may determine, in a northwestern direction, to Bayfield, on Lake Superior, and a grant of every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, was donated. The legislature of 1S65 failed to agree upon a disposition of the grant. The succeeding legislature conferred the grant partly upon the " Winnebago «Sj Lake Superior Railroad Company," and partly upon the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company," the former April 6, 1866, and the latter April 9, 1866. The two companies were consolidated, under the name of the "Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad," by act of the legislature, March 6, 1869, and by act of legis- lature approved February 4, 187 1, the name was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad." HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. liv JOSEPH HOBIUNS, M.l). An article on state health, necessarily embracing the etiology, or causes of disease, involves the discussion of the geographical position of the state; its area, physical features; its elevations, depressions; wafer supply; drainage; its mean level above the sea; its geology; climatology; the nationality of its people; their occui^ations, habits, food, education; and, indeed, of all the physical, moral and mental influences wliich affect the public health. Geographical Position. The geographical position of Wisconsin, considered in relation to health, conveys an imme- diate and favorable impression, which is at once confirmed by a reference to the statistical atlas of the United States. On its north it is bounded by Lake Superior, Minnesota, and the northern peninsula of Michigan; on the south by Illinois; on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the west by the Mississippi. It lies between 42° 30' and 46" 55' N. latitude, and between 87° and 92" 50' W. long.; is 285 miles long from north to south, and 255 in breadth from east to west, giving it an area of some 53.924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Its natural surface divisions, I or proportions, are 16 per cent, of i)rairie, 50 of timber, 19 of openings, 15 of marsh, mineral undefined. North of 45" the surface is nearly covered with vast forests of pine. The proportion of the state cultivated is nearly one-sixth. Physical I'eatures. .'Vmong these, its lacustrine character is most conspicuous, so much so that it may not inaptly be called the state of a thousand lakes, its smaller ones being almost universal and innumerable. HEALTH Ol' WISCONSIN. 231 It has an almost artificially perfect arrangement of its larger rivers, both for supply and drainage, is rolling in its surface, having several dividing ridges or water sheds, and varies from 600 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea. Blue Mounds being 1,729 feet above sea level. Its pine and thickly wooded lands are being rapidly denuded, and to some extent converted to agricultural purposes; its marshes in the north are being reclaimed for cranberry cultivation, and in the more thickly settled parts of the state for hay purposes. The surface of the state is beautifully diver- sified with stream, waterfall and rapids; richly wooded bluffs several hundred feet in height, assuming the most romantic and pleasing forms, and composed of sandstone, magnesian limestone, granite, trap, etc. The health and summer resorts of Wisconsin are illustrative of its beauty, and its numerous mineral springs have long since formed an important feature of its character for salubrity. Geology. The geology of Wisconsin does not require from us but a very general notice, as it is only from its relation to disease that we have to consider it. This relation is in a measure apparent in the fact that everywhere the topographical features are governed by the strata below them. The relationship will be seen still further in the chemical or sanitary influence of the geological structures. Through the greater part of the south half of the state limestone is found, the cliff prevailing in the mineral region, and the blue in the other parts; while in the north part of the state the primitive rocks, granite, slate, and sandstone prevail. South of the Wisconsin river sandstone in layers of limestone, forming the most picturesque bluffs, abounds. While west of Lake Michigan extends up to these rocks the limestone formation, being rich in timber or prairie land. Sandstone is found underneath the blue limestone. The general dip of the stratified rocks of the state is toward the south, about S feet to the mile. Medical geology treats of geology so far only as it aifects health. Thus, some diluvial soils and sands are known to be productive of malarial fevers ; others, of a clayey character, retaining water, are productive of cold damp, and give rise to pulmonary and inflammatory diseases ; while others still, being very porous, are promotive of a dry and equable atmosphere. In the Potsdam rocks arise our purest waters and best supply, while our magnesian limestone rocks (a good (luality of this kind of rock being composed of nearly equal parts of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia) affect the water to the extent of producing simple diarrhoea in those unaccustomed to drinking it, as is observed in southern visitors, and was especially noticeable in the rebel prisoners at Camp Randall, though singularly enough do not seem to produce stone and gravel, as is alleged of the same kind of water in the north of England. Why this is so — if so — is a question of some interest. Goitre and cretinism are both attributed to the use of the same magnesian limestone water. Goitre is by no means an uncommon affection here, but not common enough, perhaps, to warrant us in thinking its special cause is in the water, lioiling the water is a preventive of all injurious effects. There is still another objection — partic- ularly applicable to cities — to this kind of water, the carbonates of lime and magnesia whicli it contains, not simply making it hard, but giving it the power to promote the decomposition of organic matters, and thus where the soil is sandy or porous, endangering the purity of our well- water. Geology in general affects all our soils and their products; all our drainage; even our architecture, the material with which we build. Our building stone for half of the state is a magnesian limestone, a rather soft or poor quality of which will absorb one-third of its bulk of water, or two and a half gallons to the cubic foot, while most kinds of sandstone are nearly as porous as loose sand, and in some of them the penetrability for air and water is the same. (A single brick of poor ipiality will absorb a pint of water). Such materials used in the construction 232 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. of our dwellings, without precautionary measures, give rise to rheumatism, other grave diseases, and loss of strength. Besides, this character of stone absorbs readily all kinds of liquid and gaseous impurities, and though hardening in dry air, decays soon when exposed to underground moisture. The material of which our roads are made, as well as the kind of fuel we use in our homes, have the same unquestionable relationship to geology and disease. Drain AG K. The natural drainage of the state, bearing in mind that the mean elevation of its hydro- graphical axis is about i,ooo feet above the sea level, is as excellent as it is obvious. (A line running from Lake Michigan across the state to the Mississippi, shows an elevation of about 500 feet). North its drainage is by a few rapid but insignificant streams into Lake Superior, while east it increases greatly and enters Lake Michigan by way of Green bay. The principal part of the supply and drainage, however, is from the extreme north to the southwest through the center of the state, by five large rivers, which empty themselves into the Mississippi at almost equal distances from each other. Climatology. The climatology of Wisconsin will be exhibited in the observations taken at different times, for longer or shorter periods, and at different points of the state. But it must be borne in mind that climate depends quite as much and very frequently more upon the physical surroundings, upon the presence of large bodies of water, like our lakes, upon large forests, like our pineries, like our heavy hard-woods, and of land elevations and depressions, upon isothermal lines, etc., as it does upon latitude. Our historic period is of a character too brief for us to assume to speak of our climate, or of all the changing causes which influence it — in a positive manner, our horticultural writers, to make the difficulty still greater, affirming that it has several climates within itself; still, sufficient data have been gathered from sufficiently reliable sources to enable us to form a tolerably accurate idea of the subject. The great modifiers of our climate are our lakes. These, bounding as they do, the one, Lake Superior (600 feet above the level of the sea. 420 miles long and 160 broad), on the north side of the state, and the other. Lake Michigan (578 feet above the sea level, 320 miles long and 84 broad), on the east side of the state, serve to govern the range of the thermometer and the mean temperature of the seasons, as much as they are governed in New England by the ocean. Our climate is consequently very much like tliat of the New England sea-board. They both exhibit the same extremes and great extremes, have the same broadly marked continental features at some seasons, and decided tropical features at others. It is of special interest in this con- nection to know that the climate between the eastern coast and the lakes increases in rigor as one advances west until the lakes are reached, and again becomes still more rigorous as one advances into the interior west of the lakes, thus affording proof, if i)roof were wanting, of the modifying and agreeable influences of large bodies of water During the winter the mean temperature of the east on the New England coast is 8.38 higher than the west (beyond the lakes) ; during the spring 3.53 lower ; during the summer 6.99 lower; and during the autumn 1.54 higher. In the mean temperature for the year there is but a fractional difference. That the winters are less rigorous and the summers more temperate on the Great Lakes is demonstrated to be owing not to elevation, but, as on the ocean, to the equal- izing agency of an expanse of water. On the lakes the annual ratio of fair days is 117, .-ind on the New England roast 215 ; the HEALTH OF WISCONSIN'. 233 ( loudy days are as 127 to 73; the rainy as 63 to 46 , and the snowy as 45 to 29 In the former the prevaiHng weather is cloudy, and in the latter it is fair. The immense forests on the upper lake shores of course exercise a considerable influence in the modification of our temperature, as well as in the adding to our rain-fall and cloudy days. A climate of this character, with its attendant rains, gives us that with which we are so abundantly supplied, great variety of food, both for man and beast, the choicest kinds of fruits and vegetables m the greatest profusion, and of the best quality, streams alive with fish, woods and prairies with game, the noblest trees, the most exquisite flowers, and the best breeds of domestic animals the world can boast of. The semi-tropical character of our summer, and its resemblance to that of New England, is shown by the mean temperature — 70" — for three months at Salem, Massachusetts, at Albany, New York, at southern Wisconsin, Fort Snelling and Fort Benton on the Upper Missouri, being the same ; while at Baltimore, Cincinnati and St. Louis, it is 75", and around the gulf of Mexico it is 80°. Another feature of our climate is worthy the notice of invalids and of those who make the thermometer their guide for comfo:t. It is a well-ascertained fact that during the colder seasons the lake country is not only relatively, but positively, warmer than places far south of it. The thermometer, during the severe cold of January, 1856, did not fall so low at the coldest, by 10° to 15° at Lake Superior as at Chicago at the same time. This remark holds true of the changes of all periods of duration, even if continued over a month. The mean temperature at Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 600 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 44° 40', longitude 87°, observations for nine years, is 44.93; and at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 5S0 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 43° 3', longitude 90" 53', observa- tions for four years, is 45.65, giving a just idea of our mean temperature for the state. Under the head of distribution of heat in winter, it is found that the maximum winter range at Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, for sixteen years, is 9.4. Hyetal or Rain Character. Wisconsin is situated within what is termed the area of constant precipitation, neither affected by a rainy season, nor by a partial dry season. The annual quantity of rain on an average for three years at Fort Crawford, was 29.54 inches, and at Fort Howard the mean annual on an average of four years, was 38.83 inches. The annual (quantity of rain, on an average of three years was 31.88 inches at Fort \\'innebago, situate (opposite the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers) 80 miles west of Lake Michigan and 112 miles southwest of Green Bay. The rain-fall is less in the lake district than in the valley of the Mississippi in the same latitudes. One of the peculiarities of our winters is the almost periodical rain-fall of a few days in the middle of the winter (usually in the middle of January), which extends to the Atlantic coast, while north and northwest of us the dry cold continues without a break, winter being uniform and severe, characterized by aridity and steady low temperature. Another peculiarity of our cHmate is, the number of snowy and rainy days is increased disproportionately to the actual quantity — the large bodies of water on the boundaries of the state, contrary to the popular opinion, reduc- ing the annual quantity of rain in their immediate vicinity instead of adding to it, the heavier precipitation being carried further away. One of the most pleasing features of our climate is its frequent succession of showers in summer, tempering as it does our semi-tropical heat, increasing the fertility of the soil, and carpeting our prairies with a green as grateful to the eye as that of England. The hygrometric condition of Wisconsin may be judged of with proximate accuracy by that given of Poultney, Iowa : 234 HISTORY OF "WISCOXSIN Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. 1 Day. Temperature Temperature of Air. of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. lOth Ti- 92 96 93 78° 75 77 81 78 51 55 48 50 44 19th 20- . , 94 96 81 84 81° Si 80 72 71 55 48 47 63 ;o ll 21 13 14 29 -lO 'J'hu average deplli of snow for three years, at Beloit, Wisconsin, was twenty-five inches, while at O.xford county, Maine, the average for twelve years was ninety inches. The isohyetal lines of the mean precipitation of rain and melted snow, for the year 1872, show that of Wiscon- sin to be thirty-two. Isotherms. The mean temperature of spring is represented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters Wis- consin from the west about forty miles south of Hudson, passing in a nearly southeast direction, and crosses the south line of the state near the west line of Walworth county. It then passes nearly around the head of Lake Michigan, then northeast until it reaches the latitude of Milwaukee, whence it passes in a somewhat irregular course east through Ontario, New York, and Massa- chusetts, entering the ocean in the vicinity of Boston. The summer mean isotherm of 70" F. enters Wisconsin from the west but little farther north than the spring isotherm, and passes through the state nearly parallel with the course of that line, crossing the southern boundary near the east line of Walworth county ; passing through Chicago it goes in a direction a little south of east, and enters the Atlantic at New Haven. The mean isotherm of 47'-' F. for autumn, enters the state about twenty miles north of Prairie du Chien, passing in a direction a little north of east through Portage, and enters Lake Michigan near Manitowoc. The isotherm of 20° F. representing the mean temperature of winter, enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes east and north and enters Lake Michigan at Sturgeon bay. The annual mean temperature is repre- sented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes across the state in a direction a little south of east, and enters Lake Michigan a little south of Mi'waukee. What influence these isotherms have upon our belts of disease there are no data to show. But from their influence upon vegetable life, one can not but infer a similar good influence on the animal economy. This is a question for the future. P.ARO.MKTKICAI.. Yearly mean of barometer at 32'' F. as observed at the University of Wisconsin, altitude 1,088 feet above the sea : l86g 28.932 inches. 1870 28.867 " 1871 28.986 ■■ 1872 28.898 •• 1873 28.892 inches. 1874 28.867 " 1875 28.750 " 1876 28.920 " Atmospheric jjrcssure, as indicated by the barometer, is an important element in the causation of disease, far more so than is generally thought. Tlie barometer indicates not only the coming of the storm, but that state of the atmosphere which gives rise to health at one time, and to disease at another. When the barometer is high, both the body and mind have a feeling of elasticity, of vigor and activity, and when the barometer ranges low, the feelings of both are just the reverse ; and both of these states, commonly attributed to temperature, are mostly the result of change in the barometric pressure. Many inflammations, as of the lungs, etc., commonly HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 235 attributed to change in the temperature, have their origin in barometrical vicissitudes. Winds. Generally speaking, the atmospheric movement is from the west. It is of little purpose what the surface wind may be, as this does not affect the fact of the constancy of the westerly loinJs in the middle latitudes. The showers and cumulus clouds of the summer always have this movement. The belt of westerly winds is the belt of constant and equally distributed rains, the feature of our winds upon which so much of our health and comfort depends. Climatological Chan(;hs from Sf.ttlini; the State. There are many theories afloat concerning the effects of reclaiming the soil and the destruc- tion of its forests. To us, a new people and a new state, the question is one of great moment, the more so that it is still in our power not only to watch the effects of such changes, but still more so to control them in a measure for our good. As to the effects upon animal and vegetable life, it would appear that so far as relates to the clearing away of forests, the whole change of conditions is limited to the surface, and dependent for the most part on the retention and slow evaporation in the forest, in contrast with the rapid drainage and evaporation in the open space. The springs, diminishing in number and volume in our more settled parts of the state, do not indicate a lessening rain-fall. It is a well ascertained fact that in other places so denuded, which have been allowed to cover themselves again with forests, the springs reappear, and the streams are as full as before such denudation. With us, happily, while the destruction of forests is going on in various parts of the state, their second grcnvth is also going on, both in the pineries, where new varieties of hard-wood take the place of the jiine, and in the more cultivated parts of the state, cultivation forbidding, as it does, the ])ractice so much in vogue some years ago, of running fires through the undergrowth. Thus, though the renewal of forests may not be keeping pace with their destruction, it would seem clear that as time advances, the springs and streams in the more cultivated sections of the state will fill and flow again, increasing in jiroporlion as the second growth increases and expands. The change, however, from denudation, though strictly limited to the surface, affects the surface in other ways than simply in the retention and evaporation of rain. When the winter winds are blowing, the want of the sheltering protection of belts of trees is bitterly felt, both by man and beast, .^nd so, too, in the almost tropical heats of the summer ; both languish and suffei from tiie want of shade. Nor is the effect of denudation less sensibly felt by vegetable life. The growing of our more delicate fruits, like the peach, the plum, the pear, the better varieties of the cherry and gooseberry, with the beautiful half-hardy flowering shrubs, all of which flourished sc well in a number of our older counties some twenty years ago, areas a rule no longer to be found in those localities, having died out, as is believed, from exposure to the cold winds, to the south west winds in particular, and for want of the protecting influence of the woods. In fruits, how ever, we have this compensation, that, while the more tender varieties have been disappearing, the hardier and e(pially good varieties, especially of apples, have been increasing, while the grape (than which nothing speaks better for climatology), of which we grow some 150 varieties, the strawberry, the raspberry, blackberry and currant, etc., hold their ground. Nor are the cattle suffering as much as formerly, or as much as is perhaps popularly believed, from this want of forests or tree shelter. With the better breeds which our farmers have been able of late years to purchase, with better blood and better food, and better care, our stock instead of dwindling in condition, or in number, from the effect of cold, has progressed in quality and quantity, and competes with the best in the Chicago and the New York markets. 236 HISTORY OF ■WrSCOXSIN. There can, however, be no doubt that the planting of groves and belts of trees in exposed localities, would be serviceable in many ways ; in tempering the air and imparting to it an agreeable moisture in the summer; in modifying the severity of the cold in winter ; in moderating the extreme changes to which our climate is subject; and thus in a measure preventing those discomforts and diseases which occur from sudden changes of temperature. Besides, these jjlantings, when made between our homes or villages and malarial marshes southwest of us, serve (by the aid of our prevailing southwest winds) to break up, to send over and above and beyond >is the malarial substratum of air to whicli we are otherwise injuriously exposed. The effects of reclaiming the soil, or "breaking " as it is called in the west, have, years ago, when the state first began to be settled, been disastrous to health and to life. The moist sod being turned over in hot weather, and left to undergo through the summer a putrifying fomen- tative process, gave rise to the worst kind of malarial, typhoid (bilious) and dysenteric disease. Not, however, that the virulence or mortality altogether depended upon the soil emanations. These were undoubtedly .:ggravated by the absolute poverty of the early settlers, who were wanting in everything, in jjroptr homes, proper food and i>roper medical attendance, medicines and nursing. These fevers have tiwept the state years ago, particularly in the autumns of 1844 and 1845, but are now only observed from time to time in limited localities, following in the autumn the summer's "breaking." But it is pleasing to be able to add that through the advancing prosperity of the state, the greater abundance of the necessaries and comforts of life, and the facilities for obtaining medical care, the diseases incident to " settling " are much less common and much less fatal than formerly. Relations of Climatologv to Saniiarv Status. One of the principal reasons for gathering climatological observations, is to obtain sanitary information, which serves to show us where man may live with the greatest safety to his health. Every country, we might perhaps correctly say every state, has, if not its peculiar diseases, at least its peculiar type of diseases. And by nothing is either this type or variety of disease so much influenced as by climate. Hence the great importance of the study of climatology to health and disease, nay, even to the kind of medicine and to the regulating of the dose to be given. It is, however, best to caution the reader tliat these meteorological observations are not always made at jjoints where they would most accurately show the salubrity of a geographical district, by reason of the fact that the i>ositions were chosen not for this special purpose, but for purely military purposes. We allude to the forts of Wisconsin, from which our statistics for the most part come. Another caution it is also well to bear in mind in looking over the class of diseases reported at these stations in connection with their observations. The diseases arc those of the military of the period, a class from which no very favorable health reports could be expected, considering their habits, exposure, and the influences incidental to frontier life. The geography of disease and climate is of special interest to the public, and a knowledge especially necessary to the state authorities, as it is only by such a knowledge that state legis- lation can possibly restrain or root out the endemic diseases of the state. In connection with the gathering of vital statistics must go the collection of meteorological and topographical statistics, as without these two latter the former is com])aratively useless for sanitary purposes. More ]>articularly does this apply to the malarial diseases of the state. Acclimation is very rarely discussed or even alluded to by our people in relation to Wisconsin, for the reason that, come from whatever part of Europe men may, or from the eastern states, acclimation is acciuired for the most part unconsciously, rarely attended by any malarial affection, unless by exposure in such low, moist localities, where even the natives of the state could not HEALTH OF WISCONSIlsr. 237 live with impunity. It seems to be well eiKJugh established that where malaria exists, whether in London, New York, or Wisconsin ; where the causes of malarial disease are permanent, the effects are permanent, and that there is no positive acclimation to malaria. Hence it should follow that since life and malaria are irreconcilable, we should root out the enemy, as we readily ran by drainage and cultivation, or, where drainage is impossible, by the planting of those shrubs or trees which are found to thrive best, and thereby prove the best evaporators in such localities. Our climate, approximating as it does the 45th degree (being equi-distant from the equator and pole), would a priori be a common ground of compromise and safety, and from this geographical position is not liable to objections existing either north or south of us. Influence of Nationalities. Our population is of such a confessedly heterogeneous character that naturally enough it suggests the (juestion : Has this intermingling of different nationalities sensibly affected our health conditions .' Certainly not, so far as intermarriages between the nations of the Caucasian race are concerned. This opinion is given first upon the fact that our classes of diseases have neither changed nor increased in their intensity by reason of such admixture, so far as can be learned by the statistics or the history of disease in the northwest. Lmported cases of disease are of course excepted. Second, because all that we can gather from statistics and history concern- ing such intermingling of blood goes to prove that it is beneficial in every respect, physically, mentally and morally. England, of all nations, is said to be the best illustration of the good attending an intermingling of the blood of different nations, for the reason that the English character is supposed to be, comparatively speaking, good, and that of all countries she has been perhaps more frequently invaded, and to a greater or less part settled by foreign peoples than any other. From a residence of nearly a quarter of a century in the center of Wisconsin, and from an adequate knowledge of its people, whose nationalities are so various and whose intermarriages are so common, it is at least presumable that we should have heard of or noted any peculiar or injurious results, had any such occurred. None such, however, have been observed. Some fears have been expressed concerning the influence of Celtic blood upon the American temperament, already too nervous, as is alleged. It is scarcely necessary to say that these fears are unsupported by figures or facts. Reasoning from analogy, it would seem safe to affirm (hat the general inter- mingling by intermarriage now going on in our population, confined to the Caucasian nationali- ties, will tend to preserve the good old Anglo-Saxon character, rather than to create any new char- acter for our people. If this view needed support or confirmation, it is to be found in some very interesting truths in relation to it. Mr. Edwin Seguin, in his work on Idiocy, lays special stress on the influences of races in regard to idiocy and other infirmities, like deafness. He says that the crossing of races, which contributed to the elimination of some vices of the blood (as may be the Gase in the United States, where there are proportionally less deaf and dumb than in Europe), ]jroduces a favorable effect on the health of the population, and cites as an example, Belgium, which has fewer deaf and dumb than any country in Europe, owing to the influence of the crossing- of races in jiast ages from the crowds of northern tribes passing', mingling and partly settling there on the way to England. We are aware that it has been predicted that our future will give us a neui type, distinct from all other ])eoples, and that with this type must come not only new diseases but modifications or aggravations of the present diseases, in particular, consumption and insanity. But so long as we are in a formative state as a nation, and that this state seems likely to continue so long as the country has lands to be occupied and there are people in Europe to occupy them, such spec- ulations can be but of little value. 238 HISTOKY OF ^VISCOXSIN. Occupations, Food, Education, etc., as affecting Public Health. The two chief factors of the social and sanitary well-being of a people are a proper educa- tion of the man and a proper cultivation of the soil. Our two principal occupations in Wisconsin are education and agriculture, the learners in the schools being in excess of the laborers on the soil. A happier combination could scarcely be desired, to form an intelligent and a healthy people. How this will affect our habits in the future it is easy to conceive, but for the present it may be said (of so many different nationalities are we composed), that we have no habits which serve to distinguish us from the people of other northwestern states. A well-fed and a well-taught people, no matter how mi.\ed its origin, must sooner or later become homogeneous and a maker of customs. In the mean time we can only speak of our habits as those of a people in general having an abundance of food, though it is to be wished the workers ate more beef and mutton, and less salt-pork, and that whisky was less plentiful in the land. The clothing is sufficient, fuel is cheap, and the dwellings comfortable. Upon the whole, t\\e habits of the people are conducive to health. It is thought unnecessary to refer to the influence upon health in general of other occupations, for the reason that manufacturers, traders and transporters are for the most part localized, and perhaps not sufficiently numerous to exercise any marked influence on the state health. History of Disease. In searching for historical data of disease in Wisconsin, we are able to go back to the year 1766, commencing with the aborigines. The Indians, says Carver, in his chapter on their diseases, in general are healthy and subject to few diseases. Consumption from fatigue and exposure he notices, but adds that the disorder to which they are most subject is 'pleurisy. They are like- wise afflicted with dropsy and paralytic complaints. It is to be presumed that while Carver is speaking generally, he means his remarks to apply, perhaps, more jjarticularly to those Indians with whom he lived so long, the Sioux of this state. That they were subject to fevers is gathered from the use of their remedies for fever, the " fever bush " being an ancient Indian remedy, and ecpially valued by the inhabitants of the interior parts of the colonies. Besides this, they had their remedies for complaints of the bowels, and for all inflammatory complaints. These notices sufficiently indicate the class of diseases which have certainly followed in the wake of the Indi- ans, and are still occurring to his white brother, making it plain enough that lung diseases, bowel complaints, and fevers are in fact native to the state. The fact must not be ignored that the Indian is subject to the same diseases as the human race in general. After Carver, we may quote Major Long's expedition in 1824. The principal disease of the Sacs appears to be a mortification of the intestinal canal, more common among men than women, the disease proving fatal in four days if not relieved. It is unaccompanied with pain, and is neither hernia, dysentery, nor hemorrhoids. Intermittents were prevalent, and the small-pox visited them at different periods. As the Chippcwas have a common Algoncjuin origin with the Sics, and as their home and customs were the same, it may be expected that their diseases were simi- lar. The principal disease to which the Chippewas are liable is consumption of the lungs, generally affecting them between the ages of 30 and 40 ; they linger along for a year or two, but always fall victims to it. Many of them die of a bowel complaint which prevails every year. This disease does not partake, however, of the nature of dysentery. They are frequently affected with sore eyes. Blindness is not common. Many of them become deaf at an early age. Referring to the report of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1854, we find that the decrease in the number of the Menomonees is accounted for by the ravages of small-pox, in 1838, IIKAl/Ill (IF WISCONSIN. 239 of the cholera, in 1S47 (whicli lalter was superinduced by misery and starvation), and by the fever, which from time to time, commonly in the winter, has been raging among them, being clearly the consequence of want of provisions and other necessaries. The report for 1850 says, there has been considerable sickness among the Winnebagoes for several months past ; dysentery has been the prevalent disease, confined mostly to children. For 1857 : the Winnebagoes have suffered considerably from chronic diseases, scrofula and consumption. For 1859: the chief malady among the Winnebagoes is phthisis pulmonalis and its analogous diseases, having its source in hereditary origin. Some of the malignant diseases are occasionally met with among them, and intermittent and remittent fevers. In 1863: of the Menomonees, there is a large mortality list of the tribes under my charge. Measles and some of the more common eruptive diseases are the causes. But the most common and most fatal disease which affects the Indians at this agency is pneumonia, generally of an acute character. There is but little tubercular disease to be found in any of these tribes, Menomonees, Stockbridges, Oneidas, etc. In the report for 1865, one can not but notice with some regret the absence of all allusion, except to small-pox, to the diseases of the Indians. Regret, because reliable information of such diseases serves a variety of valuable purposes, for comparison, confirmation, etc., of those of the white population. For these reasons, if for none other, it is to be hoped that the attention of the proper authorities will be called to this feature of such reports. The first reliable report on the diseases of the people (as distinguished from the Indians) of Wisconsin to which we have had access, is Lawson's Army Report of Registered Diseases, for 10 years, commencing 1829, and ending 1838 (ten years before the admission of Wisconsin into the Union as a state). FORT HOWARD, GREEN BAY. This abstract exhibits the second quar- ters only, the mean strength being 1,702. All other diseases 1 14, excepting vene- real diseases, abcesses, wounds, ul- cers, injuries, and ebriety cases. Intermittent fever 30 Remittent do II Synochal do 4 Typhus do Diseases of respiratory organs loi Diseases of digestive organs 1S4 Diseases of brain and nervous system 9 Dropsies - I Rheumatic affections 61 Under the class of diseases of the jespiratory organs, are comprised 384 catarrh, 6 pneu- monia, 60 pleuritis, and 28 phthisis pulmonalis; under the class of digestive organs, 376 diar- rhoea and dysentery, 184 colic and cholera, and 10 hepatitis; under the class of diseases of the brain and nervous system, 15 epilepsy, etc. The deaths from all causes, according to the post returns, are 25, being 1^ per cent, per annum. The annual rate of intermittent cases is 6, and that of remittent is 3, per 100 of mean strengtli. Table of Ratio of Sickness at Fort Howard. Seasons. MEAN STREXCril.' NUMBFR TREATED. RAI'E I'ER 1,000 OF MEAN STRE.NGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 10 first quarters 1.764 1,702 1,526 1.594 726 1.073 636 405 425 Q third " - - 703 399 \nnual rate '.647 1 J. I 50 i.9"3 240 ITISTOKV OF WIsrOXSIX Every man has consequently, on an average, been reported sick about once in every six months, showing this region to be extraordinarily salubrious. The annual ratio of mortality, according to the medical reports, is -^ per cent. ; and of the adjutant-general's returns, i-^ per cent. FORT WINNEBAGO. Intermittent fever 21 Remittent fever 10 Synochal fever I Typhus fever — Diseases of the respiratory organs 141 Diseases of digestive organs. 90 Diseases of brain and nervous system. - 2 Rheumatic affections 26 This abstract exhibits the fourth quarters only, the mean strength being 1,571. .Ml other diseases, 80, with the exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are comprised 448 catarrh, 1 1 pneu- monia, 29 pleuritis and 10 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 193 diarrhoea and dysentery, 149 colic and cholera, and 17 hepatitis; under the class of brain and nervous system, i epilepsy. The total number of deaths, according to the post returns, is 20. Of these, 3 are from phthisis pulmonalis, i pleuritis, 2 chronic hepatitis, i gastric enteritis, i splenitis, etc. 1 ABL1-; OF RATIO OF SICKNESS AT FORT WISXEBAGO. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. MMKER TRl-.ATED. RATE PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QI'ARTI- RLY. ID ilrst quarters . ......... 1.535 1.505 1.527 1,571 552 517 581 495 360 343 380 3«5 10 third " 1.534 2,145 1,398 Every man on an average is consetjuently reported sick once in eight months and a half. FORT CRAWFORD. Intermittent fever ..262 Remittent fever — 61 Synochal fever — — • Typhus fever — Diseases of respiratory organs 177 Diseases of digestive organs 722 Diseases of brain and nervous system 16 Rheumatic affections 58 This abstract exhibits the third quarters only, the mean strength being 1,885. .'Ml other diseases, 309, with the same list of exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are included 1,048 of catarrh, 28 pneu- monia, 75 pleuritis and 13 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 933 diarrhoea and dysentery, and 195 colic and cholera; tinder the head of brain and nervous diseases, 7 epilepsy, etc. The total of deaths, according to the post returns, is 94, the annual ratio being 2^^ per cent. The causes of death are: 6 phthisis pulmonalis, 6 epidemic cholera, i common cholera, 4 remittent fever, 3 dysentery, etc. In the third quarter of 1830 there were 154 cases of fever, while the same quarter of 1.S36, with a greater strength, affords hut one case, the dilTerencc seeming to depend upon the temperature. HEALTH OF WISCONSIN, 241 The relative agency of the seasons in the jiroduction of disease in general is shown in the annexed table : TABLE fiXHIBITINC, THE RATIO OF SICKNESS. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TREATED. RATIO PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 9 first quarters. . . i,66o 1.749 1,885 1,878 9S7 1,267 1,948 1.270 595 724 1,033 676 10 second " lo third " 10 fourth " Annual ratio- 1,793 5.472 3.052 Consequently every man on an average has been reported sick once in nearly every four months. But high as this ratio of sickness is, at this fort, and, indeed, at the others, it is low considering the topographical surroundings of the posts. But besides these injurious topograph- ical and other influences already alluded to, there were still other elements of mischief among the men at these stations, such as " bad bread and bad whisky," and salt meat, a dietary table giving rise, if not to " land-scurvy," as was the case at the posts lower down in the Mississipi>i valley (more fatal than either small-pox or cholera), at least to its concomitant diseases. The reason for using these early data of the United States Army medical reports in pref- erence to later ones is, that even though the later ones may be somewhat more correct in certain jiarticulars, the former serve to establish, as it were, a connecting link (though a long one) between the historical sketch of the diseases of the Indian and those of the white settler; and again — these posts being no longer occupied — ho further data are obtainable. To continue this historical account of the diseases of \\'isconsin, we must now nave recourse to the state institutions. The Institution kor the Education of the Blind. '1 he first charitable institution established by the state was formally opened in 1850, at Janesville. The census of 1875 showed that there were 493 blind persons in the state, those of school age — that is — under 20 years of age, probably amounting to 125. The number of pupils in the institution that year, 82 ; the average for the past ten years being 68. If the health report of the institution is any indication of the salubrity of its location, then, indeed, is Janes- ville in this respect an enviable city. Its report for 1876 gives one death from consumption, and a number of cases of whooping-cough, all recovered. In 1875, ten cases of mild scarlet fever, recovered. One severe and two mild cases of typhoid fever, recovered. For 1873, no sick list. For 1872, the mumps went through the school. For 1.S71, health of the school reasonably good; few cases of severe illness have occurred. The Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. This was organized in June, 1852, at Delavan. The whole number of deaf and dumb per- sons in the state, as shown by the census of 1875, was 720. The report for 1866 gives the number of pupils as 156. Little sickness, a few cases of sore throat, and slight bowel affections comprise nearly all the ailments; and the physician's report adds: "The sanitary reports of the institution from its earliest history to the present date has been a guarantee of the healthiness of the location. Having gone carefully over the most reliable tabulated statements of deaf-mutism, its parent- 242 ]risT(»i;v oi" AVifscoxsix. age, its home, its causes, and its origin, \vc would most earnestly call the attention of the public to the fact that the chief cause comes under the head of congenital, 75 of the 150 pupils in ilii;, institution having this origin. Such a fearful proixjrtion as this must of necessity have its origin in a cause or causes proportionately fearful. Nor, fortunately, is the causation a mystery, since most careful examination leaves not a shadow of doubt that consanguineous marriages are the sources of this great evil. Without occupying further space by illustrative tables and argumentsi we would simply direct the attention of our legislators and thoughtful men to the /aw 0/ this dis- ease — which is, that the number of deaf and dumb, imbeciles, and idiots is in direct keeping with the degree of consanguinity. With such a law and exhibit before us, would not a legislative inquiry into the subject, with the view of adopting f retentive means, be a wise step.' The evil is fear- ful ; the cause is plain; so, too, is the remedy." Industrial School kor Boys. This institution is situated on the banks of the Fox river, at Waukesha, and was organized in i860. The whole number of the inmates since it was opened in July, i860, to October lOi 1876, was 1,291. The whole number of inmates for 1876 was 415. Of these, since the period of opening up to date, October, 1876, 25 have died : 8, of typhoid fever; i, of typhoid erysipelas ; I, of gastric fever: 3, of brain fct-er; i, nervous fever; 2, congestion of the lungs; 2, congestive chills; 5, of consumption; i of dropsy; and i of inflammatory rheumatism. The State Prison. This was located at Waupun in July, 1857. On September 30, 1876, there were 266 inmates. But one death from natural causes occurred during the year. The health of the prisoners has been unusually good, the prevalent affections attendant upnjn the seasons, of a mild and manageable character. State Hospital ior the Insane. This institution, located near Madison, was opened for patients in July, i860. The total number of admissions down to the year 1877, was 1,227 males, 1,122 females, total 2,349. Over one half of these have been impro^'cd ; nearly one third recovered ; while less than one quarter have been discharged unimproved. Total number of deaths, 288. At the commencement of the year, October i, 1875, there were in the hospital 376 patients. In the report for the year ending September 30, 1876, we find the past year has been one of unusual health in the hospital. No serious epidemic has prevailed, although 20 deaths have been reported, 7 fatally ill before admis- sion, 4 worn-out cases, etc. Insanity, coming as it does, under this head of an article on State Health, is of the highest interest from a state point of view, not only because so much may be done to remedy it, but that still more can and ought to be done by the state to prevent it. Our insane amount to i in 700 of the whole ])opulation, the total number in hospitals, poor-houses and prisons being in round numbers 1,400. It is a striking fact, calling for our earnest consideration, that the Germans, Irish and Scandinavians import and transmit more insanity — three to one — than the American-born population produce. The causes assigned for this disparity, are, as affecting importation, ihal those in whom there is an hereditary tendency to disease constitute the migratory class, for the reason that those who are sound and in the full possession of their powers are most ai>t to contend successfully in the struggle to live and maintain their position at home; while those who are most unsound and unequal to life's contests are unable to migrate. In other words, the strongest will not leave, the weakest can not leave. By this, the character of the migratory is defined. As affects transmission, poverty is a most fruitful parent of insanity, so too is poor land. Says Dr. Boughton, superintendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane: HEALTH OF "WISCONSIN 243 Wisconsin is characterized by a large poor class, especially in the northern ])art of the state, where people without means have settled on new and poorly paying farms, where their life is made up of hard work, exposure to a severe climate, bad and insufficient diet, cheerless homes, etc., etc. These causes are prolific in the production of insanity. It is easy, therefore, to trace the causes that give us so large a per cent, of insane in many of the counties of the state. Nor is it of less interest to know, as Dr. B. adds : We draw our patients from those families where phthisis pulmonalis, rheumatism and insanity prevail. Insanity and rheumatism are interchange- able in hereditary cases, so too are insanity and phithisis. What may be accomplished by intel- ligent efforts to stem the increase of insanity in our state .'' Much. Early treatment is one means, this is of course curative in its character. And its necessity and advantage are well illustrated ill table No. lo of the annual report of Dr. Boughton, for 1876, where it is seen that 45.33 of males, and 44.59 of the females who had been sent to the State Hospital having been insane but three months before admission, were cured, the proportion of cures becoming less in proportion tc) the longer duration of insanity before admission. As a preventive means, the dissemination of the kind of knowledge that shows indisputably that insanity is largely hereditary, and conse- <|uently that intermarriage with families so tainted should on the one hand be avoided by the citizen, and on the other hand, perhaps, prevented by the state, (congress at the same time restraining or preventing as far as possible persons so tainted from settling in this country.) By the state, inasmuch as the great burthen of caring for the insane falls upon the state. Still other jjreventive means are found in the improved '-tiltivation of our lands and in our improved education ; in fact, in whatever lessens the trials of the poor and lifts them out of ignorance and pauperism. It is only by culture, says Hufeland, that man acquires perfection, morally, mentally and ])hysically. His whole organization is so ordered that he may either become nothing or anything, hypercultitre and the 7vant of cultivation being alike destructive. The Norther.n' Hospitai- kor the Insane. This hospital was opened at Oshkosh, May, 1873. The total number under treatment September 30, 1876 was — males 246, females 257, total 503. No ailment of an epidemic charac- ter has affected the health of the household, which has been generally good. The report of Dr. Kempster is full of suggestive matter for the legislator and sociologist. CrrV OK .MiLWAUKKE. .Still adhering to the plan, in writing the sanitary liistory of the state, of gathering up all the health statistics which properly belong to us, we now take up those of Milwaukee, the only city in Wisconsin, so far as we know, that has kept up a system of statistics of its diseases. The city is built on each side of the mouth of Milwaukee river, on the west shore of Lake Michi- j;an in lat. 43° 3' 45" N., long. 87" 57' W., and is considered remarkable for its healthy climate. The board of health has furnished us with its report for 1870 and downward. The character of its mortality from Jime 19, 1869, to March 31, 1870, is thus summarized: In children under five years of age, 758 out of 1,249 deaths, consumption, 93; convulsions, 128; cholera infantum, 59; diarrhoea, 12S; scarlet fever, 132; typhoid fever, 52; inflammation of the lungs, 41 ; still- bom, 79. This disproportionate number of still-born children is attributed in part to a laxity of morals. The deaths from consumption in Milwaukee are 7}^ out of every 100, one third less out of a like number of deaths than in San Francisco, in which city, in 4,000 deaths, 441 died of con- sumption, being ii out of every 100 deaths for the year ending July, 1869. The deaths for 1870 numbered 1,655, 'he population being at the last census report, 71,636. . "244 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Table ok Principal Causks. Consumption 143 Inflammation of lungs 56 The Milwaukee population being about Convulsions 259 72,000, the death rate per annum for Diarrhoea 131 every 1,000 inhabitants would be 21. Diptheria 74 after proper deductions of deaths from Scarlet fever 52 I other causes than from disease, showing Typhoid fever 49 | very favorably as compared with other Oldage 28 cities. Still-born 123 Glasgow has 39 to every i,ooo; Liverpool, 36; London, 25 ; New Orleans, 54; New York, 32; San Francisco, 24; Milwaukee, 21. Among seventeen of the principal cities of the Union, Milwaukee ranks the ninth in rate of mortality. An impression has prevailed that Milwaukee is subject to a large and disproportionate amount of lung and allied diseases. Statistics disprove this, its deaths from consumption being only 6 percent., while those of Chicago are 7.75 ; of St. Louis, 9.68; of Cincinnati, 11.95; ^"<^ °^ Boston, 19.31. But few cases of malarial disease occur in Milwaukee, and fewer cases of intestinal fever than in the interior of the state. The mortality among children is explained by its occurring chiefly among the poor foreign-born population, where all that can incite and aggravate disease is always to be found. This, (the historical part of the health article), will doubtless call forth from the profession much additional and desirable matter, but excepting what will further appear under the head of Madison it is proper to say that we have exhausted the sources of information on the si'bject within our reach. He.^i.th Kesorts. Next in order would seem to come soine notice of the summer and health resorts of Wiscon- sin, which, significant of the salubrity of the state, are not only becoming more numerous, but "vlso more frequented from year to year. Madison, the capital of the state, with a population of 11,000, is built on an isthmus between two considerable lakes, from 70 to 125 feet above their level; 80 miles west of Milwaukee, in latitude 43° 5' north, and longitude 89° 20' west, in the northern temperate region. The lake basins, and also the neck of land between ihem, have a linear arrangement, trending northeast and southwest. The same linear topography characterises the whole adjacent country and the boun- dary lines of its various geological formations, this striking feature being due to the former move- ment of glacier ice over the face of the countr)'. .\t two points, one mile a|)art, the Capitol and University hills, respectively 348 and 370 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, rise prominently above the rest of the isthmus. Both of these hills are heaps of drift material from 100 to 1 26 feet thickness, according to the record of the artesian well. The neck of land on which Madison stands is of the same material. The same boring discloses to us the underlying rock structure, pene- trating 614 feet of friable quartzose sandstone belonging to the Potsdam series, loj^ feet of red shale belonging to the same series, and 209"^ feet of crystalline rocks belonging to the Archaean. In the country immediately around Madison, the altitude is generally considerably greater, and the higher grounds are occupied by various strata, nearly horizontal, of sandstone and limestone. The Potsdam sandstone rises about 30 feet above the level of Lake Mendota, on its northern shore, where at McBride's Point it may be seen overlaid by the next and hitherto unrecognized layer, one of more or less impure, dark-colored, magnesian limestone, to which the name of Men- dota is assigned, and which furnishes a good building stone. The descent of these strata is about HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. 245 9 feet to the mile in a due southerly direction. Overlying the Mendota beds are.again sandstone layers, the uppermost portions of which are occasionally charged with lo to 20 per cent, of calca- reous and dolomitic matter, and then furnish a cream-colored building stone of considerable value. Most of this stratum which has been designated as the J/rt.'/'/.fow sandstone, is, however, quite non-calcareous, being either a ferruginous brown stone, or a quite pure, white, nearly loose sand. In the latter phase it is of value for the manufacture of glass. In a number of quarries, cuttings and exposed places around the city, the Madison beds are seen to be overlaid by a gray- ish, magnesian limestone, the lower magnesian, varying very considerably in its character, but largely composed of a flinty-textured, heavy-bedded, quite pure dolomite, which is burnt into a good quality of liine. Its thickness exceeds 80 feet. Madison, with the conveniences and com- forts of a capital city, from its easy access by railroads, from not only in itself being beautiful, but from its beautiful surroundings, from its good society, charming climate, and artesian mineral water, is naturally a great summer resort. Though there are no vital statistics of the city to refer to, a residence of nearly a quarter of a century has made us sufficiently acquainted with its sanitary history, which is more .or less the sanitary history of this part of the state, and in a measure of the state itself. In 1844 and 1845, it was visited by an epidemic malarial fever of a bilious type, and not unfrequently fatal, which passed very generally through the state, and was attributed to the turning up of the soil. It was most virulent in the autumns. Again in 1854 it was visited by a light choleraic epidemic, whicli also swept the state, assuming very generally a particularly mild type. Again in 1857 it suffered lightly from the epidemic dysentery, which passed through the state. In 1865, it suffered from a visitation of diptheria, the disease prevailing generally over the state at that time. It has also had two visitations of the epidemic grip {grippe), or influenza. The last invasion, some five years since, commencing in a manner perhaps worthy of noting, by first affecting the horses very generally, and again, by beginning on the east side of the city, while the other epidemics for the past twenty-five years (unless the choleraic visitation was an exception) came in on the soutli- west side of the city, as has been the case, so far as we have been able to observe with the light epidemics to which children are subject. But little typhoid fever is found here, and the aguish fevers when they occur are light and easy of control. There is but little diarrhoea or dysen- tery. Pneumonia and its allied affections are more common, so is rheumatism, and so neuralgia. Inflammatory croup, however, is very rare, sporadic diptheria seeming to be taking its place. All the ordinary eruptive fevers of children are and always have been of a peculiarly mild type. Prairie du Chien, situated immediately at the junction of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi, •s built about 70 feet above low water, and 642 feet above the level of the sea. The cliffs on both sides of the river present on their summits the lower strata of the blue Silurian limestone of Cincinnati, beneath which are found sandstone and magnesian limestone down to the water's edge. We give this notice of Prairie du Chien for the purpose of bringing to the knowledge of the public that it possesses one of the most superb artesian wells in the state, which is attracting many persons by its remedial mineral pro[)erties. Green Hay sanitarily may be considered as sufficiently indicated under the head of Fort Howard. It is, however, proper to add that from its geographical position and beautiful situa- tion at the head of the bay, its easy access both by railroad and steamboat, its pleasant days and cool summer nights, it has naturally become ([uite a popular summer resort, particularly for southern people. Racine, some 25 miles south by east by rail from .Milwaukee and 62 by rail from Chicago, is built upon the banks and some 40 feet above the level of the lake. Its soil is a sandy loam and 246 UISTOHY (»l' AVISCOXSIN'. gravel, consequently it has a dry, healthy surface, and is much freijucnted in the summer for its coolness and salubrity. Waukesha, i8 miles west of Milwaukee by railroad, is a healthy, pleasant place of resort at all times on account of its mineral water, so well known and so highly appreciated throughout the country. Oconomowoc, 32 miles by railroad west by north of Milwaukee, is a healthy and de- lightfully located resort for the summer. Its many lakes and drives form its chief attractions, and though its accommodations were considered ample, during the past summer they were found totally inadequate to meet the demands of its numerous visitors. The Dalles, at Kilbourn City, by rail 16 miles from Portage, is unsurpassed in tiie northwest for the novelty, romantic character, and striking beauty of its rock and river scenery. It is high and dry ; has pure water and fine air. and every -day boat and drive views enough to fill up a month pleasantly. Lake Geneva, 70 miles by rail from Chicago, is built on the north side of the lake, is justly celebrated for its beauty, and its reputation as a summer resort is growing. Green Lake, six miles west of Ripon, and 89 northwest from Milwaukee, is some 15 miles long and three broad, surrounded by beautiful groves and prairies; and is claimed to be one of the healthiest little places on the continent. Devil's Lake is 36 miles by rail north of Madison. Of all the romantic little spots in Wis- consin, and they are innumerable, there is none more romantic or worthy of a summer visitor's admiration than this. It is, though shut in from the rude world by bluffs 500 feet high, a very favorite resort, and should be especially so for those who seek quiet, and rest, and health. Sparta, 246 miles by rail from Chicago, is pleasantly and healthily situated, and its artesian mineral water strongly impregnated with carbonate of iron, having, it is said, over 14 grains in solution to the imperial gallon, an unusually large proportion, attracts its annual summer crowd. Sheboygan, 62 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, from its handsome position on a bluff over- looking the lake, and from the beauty of its surroundings as well as from the character of its mineral waters, is an attractive summer resort. Elkhart Lake, 57 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, is rapidly acquiring a good name from those seeking health or pleasure. Change in Diseases. In order to ascertain whether the classes of diseases in the state at the date of Carver's travels are the same which prevail to-day, we have compared his description of them with those tabulated in the army medical reports of Forts Howard, Crawford and Winnebago, and again with those given in the U. S. Census for 1870, and with the medical statistics of the city of ■Milwaukee. The three distinct and prominent classes prevailing from Carver's to the jjresent time, are, in the order of prevalence, diseases of the respiratory organs, consumption, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.; diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, dysentery, diarrhoea, etc.; and the malarial fevers. At Fort Howard alone do the diseases of the digestive organs seem to have outnumbered those of the respiratory organs. So far as it is possible to gather from the reports of the commissioners of Indian affairs, these features of the relative prevalence of the three classes of disease are not disturbed. There are, however, some disturbing or qualifying agencies operating and affecting the amount or distribution of these classes in different areas or belts. For instance, there are two HEAI/ril OF AvrscoNSlN. 247 irregular areas in the state; the one extending from the Mississippi east and north, and the other starting almost as low down as Madison, and running up as far as Green Bay, which are more subject to malarial diseases than are the other parts of the state. While it is found that those parts of the state least subject to diseases of the digestive organs are, a belt along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and a belt running from near Prairie du Chien north into the pineries. Again, it is found that the part of the state most subjec' to enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, is quite a narrow belt running north from the southern border line into the center of the state, or about two-thirds of the distance toward the pineries. All along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and stretching across the country by way of Fond du Lac to the Mississippi, is u belt much less subject to these disorders. It is equally beyond cjuestion that the western shore of Lake Michigan, and the southern shore of Lake Superior, as well as the western half of the southern boundary line of the pineries, are less affected with consumption than the interior parts of the state. The tendency of these diseases is certainly to amelioration. The sanitary history of Wiscon- sin does not differ from that of any other state east of us, in this striking particular; the farther you trace back the history of disease, the worse its type is found to be. It follows, then, that the improvement in public health must progress with the general improvement of the state, as has been the case with the eastern states, and that the consequent amelioration of our malarial diseases especially will tend to mitigate infectious diseases. The ameliorating influences, how- ever, that sanitary science has brought to bear upon disease, of which England is so happy an illustration, has scarcely as yet begun to be known to us. But the time has come at last when this science is moving both the hearts and minds of thinking and humane men in the state, and its voice has been heard in our legislative halls, evoking a law by which we are, as a people, to be governed, as by any other enactment. The organization of a state board of health is a new era in our humanity. In this board is invested all legal power over the state health. To it is com- mitted all the sanitary responsibility of the state, and the greatest good to the people at large must follow the efforts it is making. There are many other points of sanitary interest to which it is desirable to call the attention of those interested in Wisconsin. It is a popular truth that a dry climate, all other things being equal, is a healthy climate. Our hygrometrical records show Wisconsin to have one of the driest climates in the United States. Choleraic diseases rarely jirevail unless in a comparatively stagnant state of the atmosphere, where tiiey are most fatal. \\ here high winds prevail such diseases are rare. The winds in \\'isconsin, while proverbially high and frequent (carrying away and dissipating malarial emanations), are not destructive to life or [jroperty, as is the case, by their violence, in some of the adjoining states. A moist, warm atmosphere is always provocative of disease. Such a state of atmosphere is rare with us, and still more rarely continuous beyond a day or two. Moist air is the medium of malarial poisoning, holding as it does in solution gases and poisonous exhalations. Its character is readily illustrated by the peculiar smell of some marsh lands on autumnal evenings. Such a state of moisture is seen only in our lowest shut-in marshes (where there is but little or no air-current), nnd then only for a very limited jieriod, in very hot weather. But too much importance is attached by tlie public to a simply dry atmosphere for respira- tory diseases. The same mistake is made with regard to the good effects in such disorders of simply high elevations. Dry air in itself or a high elevation in itself, or both combined, are not necessarily favorable to health, or curative of disease. In the light and rare atmosphere of Pike's Peak, an elevation of 6,000 feet, tlie pulse is accelerated, the amount of sleep is dimin- ished, and the human machine is |)ut under a high-pressure rate of living, conducive only to its 248 HisTOin' (»F ^vIs^o^^sIN. injury. The average rate of the pulse in healthy visitors is from 115 to 120 per minute (the normal rate, in moderate elevations, being about 75). And where there is any organic atTection of the heart, or tendency to bleeding from the lungs, it is just this very dry atmosphere and high elevation that make these /•(•/«<'(/;«(/) destructive. Hence it is that Wisconsin, for the generality of lung diseases, especially when accompanied with hemorrhage, or with heart disease, is prefer- able to Colorado. It may be objected, that the diseases of the respiratory organs are in excess of other diseases in Wisconsin. This feature, however, is not confined to the cold belt of our temperate latitudes — our proportion of respiratory diseases, be it noted, comparing most favor- ably witii that of other states, as may be seen in the following table: Climatological Distribution of Pulmonary Diseases. Deaths by Phthisis. Per cent. Death.s by all ; Per cenl. of entire diseases of Res- of entire Mortality, piratory Organs. Mortality. Massachusetts, 1850, U. S. Census Ohio. 1849-50, U. S. Census Michigan, 1850, U. S. Census Illinois, 1849-50. U. S. Census Wisconsin, 1849-50, U. S. Census 3,426 17.65 2.558 S.83 657 14.55 866 7.36 290 9.99 4,418 3.98S 1,084 1.799 535 22.27 13.77 24.00 15.00 ■8.43 Now, while the mortuary statistics of the United States census for 1850 are acknowledged to be imperfect, they are, nevertheless, undoubtedly correct as to the causes of mortality. But besides this statistical evidence of the cliraatological causes of disease, there are certain relative general, if not special, truths which serve to guide us in our estimate. Respiratory diseases of all kinds irurease in proportion as the temperature decreases, the humidity of the air being the same. Another equally certain element in the production of this class of diseases is variableness of climate. Still, this feature of our climate is only an element in causation, and affects us, as we shall see in the table below, very little as compared with other states. Indeed, it is still disputed whether there is not more consumption in tropical climates than in temperate climates. This much is admitted, however, that consumption is rare in the arctic regions. Dr. Terry says the annual ratio of pulmonarj' diseases is lower in the northern than in the southern regions of the United States, and Dr. Drake, an equally eminent authority, recommends those suffering from or threatened with pulmonary affections, to retreat to the colder districts of the country, citing among others localities near Lake Superior — a recommendation which our experience of nearly half a century endorses. Proportion of Pneumonia to Consumption in the Different States. STATES. CONS. PNEUM. states. -i CONS. 1 PNEUM. 1 Massachusetts Ohio 3.424 2.558 866 549 895 647 1 North Carolina Kentucky 562 ' 664 1,288 ■ 429 290 1 194 When we compare the general death-rate of Wisconsin with that of the other states of the Union, we find that it compares most favorably with that of \'ermont, the healthiest of the New England states. The United States census of 1850, i860 and 1S70, gives Wisconsin 94 deaths to 10,000 of the population, while it gives Vermont 101 to every 10,000 of her inhabitants. The STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 249 census of 1870 shows that the death-rate from consumption in Minnesota, Iowa, California and Wis- consin are alike. These four states show the lowest death-rate among the states from consumption, the mortality being 13 to 14 per cent, of the whole death-rate. Climatologically considered, then, there is not a more healthy state in the Union than the state of Wisconsin. But for health purposes something more is requisite than climate. Climate and soil must be equally good. Men should shun the soil, no matter how rich it be, if the climate is inimical to health, and rather choose the climate that is salubrious, even if the soil is not so rich. In Wisconsin, generally speaking, the soil and climate are equally conducive to health, and alike good for agricultural purposes. STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 1875. ADAMS COUNTY. towk.i, <'itik.s and Villages. Adams Big Flats Dell Prairie.. Easton Jackson Leola Lincoln Monroe New Chester New Haven... Preston Qninpy . Kicbfleh Sichfleld , Rome SprlnRvlile Stronff's Prairie.. White Creek Total. POPULATION. White. Colored 200 77 244 164 261 117 204 240 163 444 74 126 121 199 189 501 127 198 71 221 153 200 100 193 229 137 403 62 118 99 131 182 433 115 3.045 2~ ■4" 4 898 154 465 317 461 217 397 469 300 847 186 244 220 330 371 934 242 6.5U2 ASHLAND COUNTY. 268 141 180 141 448 La Polnte 282 Total 409 321 730 Buytteld. BAYFIELD COUNTY. 588 493 1 .. 1.032 BARRON COUNTY. I'OPCLATION. Towns, citiks and While. Colored .2 6 1 -< Barron 343 til 326 214 122 240 285 397 319 216 182 84 106 638 Gbetac 856 Prairie Farm 6H3 Stanford... 542 43t) Total ; 2.068 1,669 3,737 BROWN COUNTY. Aswabanon 210 143 371 410 943 291 1.889 591 3.966 581 784 687 519 499 765 616 384 it 774 477 982 1.222 11 858 956 i.?§! 482 4.017 542 705 579 467 408 633 .529 335 792 372 698 452 1.058 ■5' 29 is' ti' ■is 385 279 711 768 1.911 K;lHMl 499 3.61U 1.073 (iiveiiBay rity 8.037 1.123 1.489 I.26D 986 909 1.398 New Denmark Plttsfleld "6' "i' v 1.145 719 Prelilc l.ti42 806 1.470 929 \V«st Dcpere village 1.923 2.295 Total 18,376 16.899 53 45 35.373 250 HISTORY OF WLSCONSIX. BURNETT COUNTY. POPCLATIOK. TOWWO. CITIES AND White. Colored Villages. "a 5 a a < 433 231 87 379 191 82 11 5 12 4 14 2? 827 434 Wood Lake 195 Total 751 652 28 1,456 liUFFALO COUNTY. 296 34 307 188 876 369 292 277 413 339 275 215 402 341 717 899 552 465 500 254 2 3 — 550 KelVlJtTe 293 279 137 336 321 282 227 372 8U9 240 212 383 306 671 664 501 421 494 — 637 275 712 I'ross Door (itlmantoa (; leiK'oe 690 574 504 785 648 Manvllle r lion Modena 515 427 785 647 1.388 I.. 'ids 1.053 886 fountain City vlUage 994 Total 7.517 6,702 2 ; 3 14.219 OAIiUMET COUNTY. Brotliertown Hrllllon 864 666 1.061 668 1.008 1.016 910 690 809 1.000 592 875 949 753 865 639 12 16 3 1 itii iii 4 156 1.692 1.173 2.093 1.267 1.884 1.965 1.590 2.092 Woodvllle. 1.329 Total 7.730 6.989 193 183 15.085 CLAJRK COUNTY'. 106 aos 358 68 205 262 ill 847 137 789 86 183 132 186 226 70 171 91 210 142 47 810 48 123 237 71 113 807 123 736 130 107 121 153 68 135 (jolby 513 325 Kacnu 104 663 101 328 *ir;iiit Hcwet 155 264 Mentor MayvlUe 654 260 1,525 73 352 Uiiilv 807 Wt'SloIl 879 \N';i\hhurD 138 806 Total 3.988 3.294 7 282 CHIPPEWA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, CITIES AN i» Villages. White. Colored S be < 361 488 654 1.360 1,046 846 442 269 430 606 1.755 288 1.074 252 368 '«■ 680 I^S t'litppewa Falls city 5.050 617 2.434 1.688 Siffel 598 Avneaton 810 Total 8.313 5.670 6 7 13.99S COLUMBIA COUNTY. Arlington Caledonia (Xilunilinstown toluinl>usclly Coiirllaud Dekorra 512 639 481 912 662 662 376 749 515 596 449 444 853 759 130 2.164 630 409 423 486 580 33 497 584 400 991 647 618 351 712 *^l B05 743 437 409 863 \\l 3,161 556 374 347 442 540 84 i" :::: .90S 1,809 Fountain Prairie .461 ,012 .103 .046 .448 Lowvllle 886 Marcellon 4 3 ■j- 1 3 "i' 858 1.721 1.496 Pacific 249 4.337 1.186 783 770 West Point. 928 1.120 West vr. Vll. of Randolph.. 67 Total 14,710 14,069 15 9 28.803 CRAWFORD COUNTY. 177 755 n\ 411 429 404 186 765 688 766 358 404 336 352 535 424 309 468 6l? 511 "4 "2 12 3 is' 11 368 1.616 1.448 1.S64 571 Marietta 903 Prairie Uu Chlen town Prairie VlLLAOKS. White Colored ^ t£ 4.' 5 rt i S Of 1 Bailey's Harbor 210 359 344 244 420 208 377 1H6 394 226 268 290 331 286 220 186 316 279 210 382 206 325 107 278 192 211 259 301 244 181 396 675 Clay Banks 623 454 Korestvi ile 802 414 tiibralter. ... 702 273 672 Nasewaupce 418 479 549 Sturgeon Bay village 632 530 Washington 401 Total 4,343 3.877 8.020 DUNN COUNTY. Colfax Dunn Eau Galle Kik Mounil Grant. Lucas Menoinwiiee .. New Haven..., Pew Red Cedar Rock Creek.... Slierldan Sherman Spring Brook., Stanton Talnter TItfany Weston Total 7,394 I 6,021 178 578 577 261 490 239 1,959 130 130 349 .327 156 379 «28 271 400 128 212 170 458 490 231 463 190 1,467 124 115 313 203 146 308 548 229 263 117 188 ... 1 5" "si i" '.'.'. r "2 DODGE COUNTY. 348 1,036 1,067 492 954 429 3,433 254 245 662 581 302 687 1,176 503 663 245 400 13427 Aslilppun 742 794 1,656 567 593 451 694 701 in 451 985 1.143 591 907 156 833 832 1,014 1,318 532 1,006 66S 956 149 559 1,072 956 586 615 1,435 628 700 1,442 1,501 3,455 1.091 Beaver Dam town Heaver Dam city Burnett 707 1,795 524 519 403 636 701 632 381 508 911 1,097 .599 841 154 804 759 929 1,245 537 951 653 912 163 506 1.026 806 558 618 1,520 441 "4" 854 1,330 1,402 1,356 853 1.012 Clyinan Klha '25 "i' ....|28 ....; 3 Hubbard 2.240 1.1 9I> 1.748 810 1,637 1.597 1,943 2,563 1,069 1,958 1,321 1,868 318 1,065 2.09S 1,762 1 14'j Horlcun village Hustlsford I.e Koy Lonilra .Mayvllle vill.ige OaK Grove . . l" 1 .... Portland Rubicon Randohib village, E. ward .Shields Theresa Trenton Wcstford 1 v Wllllamsliiwn Watertnwn elly, S A 6 w'ds Waupun village, 1st ward,. 1.233 2,9.55 1.070 Total 24,785 23 54 1 .1^ M4 , JQ MU.l DANE COUNTY. TOWNS, Cities asd Villages, POPULATION. Willie. Colored 9i 2 ee ==• S Ui Albion Berry , Black Earth Blooming Grove.... Blue Mounds Bristol Burke , t'hrlstiana , Cottage Grove , Cross Plains , Dane Oeerfield Dunkirk Dunn Fitchburg Madison town Madison city Mazonianie Medina Middleton Montrose Oregon Ferry Primrose Pleasant Springs Roxbury Rutland Sprlngdale Springfield Stougnton village... Sun Prairie Sun Prairie village. . Vienna Verona Verraoiit Westport. Windsor York 679 582 .... 592 643 451 446 655 474 1 559 631 679 658 575 546 853 740 580 549 1 703 727 597 571 493 413 677 .575 I 586 587 576 575 419 361 4 4 4,858 5,174 41 20 813 818 3 1 726 691 866 850 2 540 538 1 655 704 530 444 470 448 1 569 !:87 1 592 559 553 504 522 495 728 664 685 622 615 457 283 806 547 479 ,54 6 491 2 562 555 1 813 808 629 558 3 1 518 484 1 26,894 25,814 60 30 1.261 1,135 897 1,030 1.090 1,137 1,121 1,593 1,130 1.430 1,168 906 1,253 1,173 1.051 788 10.0!t:i 1,635 1.417 1.718 1,079 1,359 974 919 1,057 1,151 1,057 1,018 1,392 1,207 972 589 1,026 1,039 1,118 1.621 1,191 1,003 52,798 FON DU LAC COUNTY. Ashford Auburn Alto Byrou Calumet Eden Emi>ire Kldonulo FondduLac Forest Friendship Fond du Lacclty— First ward Second ward Third ward Fourth ward Fifth ward .Sixth ward •Seventh ward Eighth ward Lamarthie Metomen MarshHeld Oaktield Osceola iCIpon Kusendale. Ulpon city- First ward Second ward. Sprlngvale Taycheedah Waupnn Wanpun village, N. ward Total 1.064 877 685 723 763 527 840 768 793 682 1,109 1,156 1.085 1,374 .594 739 655 726 780 918 1.055 748 684 630 611 872 777 642 783 666 498 25. 149 9.38 799 686 661 649 713 490 747 676 686 524 1.175 1,248 1.2U4 1.398 563 727 659 753 731 919 891 673 667 581 584 981 862 580 717 64 4 478 2.006 1.676 1,411 1.346 1.372 1,476 1,029 1,587 1,445 1.479 1,107 2,300 2.409 2,295 2,774 1,157 1,481 1.369 1,523 1,513 1,838 1,962 1,421 1,351 1,211 1,200 1,864 1,647 1.222 1,500 1,311 979 8U I 50,241 2o2 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. EAU CLAIRK COUNTY. POPCLATIOX. TOWS9. CITIKS AND Wlilte. Colored S 1 1 s < 649 461 419 4.646 231 158 701 496 260 93 337 393 507 383 887 3,777 179 163 653 463 343 290 327 .... is 1.056 844 706 a 4 10 400 Kairclilld 1.354 959 utter Creek Fleasaiit Vallev 503 171 ni 8,724 7,250 13 4 15,991 GREEN COUNTY. Adams 476 565 585 669 695 759 84 g 451) ni 463 1,525 650 lis 446 630 437 585 554 750 654 751 S50 433 847 486 441 1,693 558 445 597 630 l" •i' 913 1 150 Brooklyn 1 138 BrodheaU village 1 438 Decatur 701 1 714 '6' 2 T r 1 036 903 3,237 1,110 New Glarus 975 1,338 876 893 ... 496 ,..•• 1.016 11,102 10.900 14 11 22.037 GRANT COUNTY. 865 413 974 607 487 709 425 935 611 446 1.047 558 636 539 458 1.376 359 671 369 109 400 500 2.000 1.373 439 716 486 330 5S6 380 293 20.037 805 413 996 599 513 677 ,S84 8:15 531 397 1,074 491 557 481 >|i 604 357 97 381 440 2.054 1.368 401 613 469 374 481 354 269 18,944 37 "s" 2 "l' 6 30 3 "r ■3 1,717 Blue Klver 8-,'6 1.978 1.306 Clifton 999 1.3S6 M09 1.770 1 lien Haven ilrkory Grove Hazel (Jrcen 1,144 843 2.131 1.1149 1.194 1.030 Liberty 8 S3 Lanca.ster Little (trant 2.743 708 Muscoda Marluii Mlllvlllo Mount Hope s' 2 16 1 65 S 1 9 40 :.375 736 306 7S1 }>arl.i ; 9411 PlattvlUe. 4.lltiO 3,1114 Patcli (trove SlllftSiT Watrrloo 855 1.330 9.55 Watlerstown WliiBVllle 604 1.017 734 \V',ii Village.-*. I'OPCLATiOS. •White Colored Berlin Berlin illy. Brooklyn .., Green Lake Kinf^ston .. ManclifSter, Blackford .. Jlarquette . Princeton.. .St. Marie... Seneca. Total . 548 1,586 707 739 452 630 737 5.'i7 1.076 390 333 B 554 1,755 691 759 443 654 683 521 1,015 336 235 7.642 1 6 I '.'.'.. 1.102 8,841 1,399 1,500 896 1,285 1,419 1.0S8 2,091 726 458 15,274 IOWA COUNTY. 1.004 390 1.854 1.565 1.078 818 806 1.458 484 785 1.299 480 362 994 367 1,870 1,459 972 705 715 1,581 443 712 1,174 434 3o8 2 i" ".■i' 3 4 11 "2 4 1,930 CIvde 757 S.725 Highland 3.024 2.059 1.526 1.527 Mineral Point city :. 8.054 Mo.sniw 927 1.497 Rid«e\vav Waidwirk Wyonil ng 2.478 914 730 Total 12.384 11,714 26 9 31.133 JACKSON COUNTY. Albion Alma Garden Valley, Hixlon Irvine Mancliester.... Melrose Mlllsliiti Northflild .. . Sprlngfleld Total 1.438 1.334 5 1 1 699 620 549 477 714 554 669 588 236 197 613 646 128 448 82 439 565 467 |.... 6.039 5,394 6 1 2.768 1.319 1.026 1.268 1.2.57 423 1,169 210 877 1.082 11.339 JEFFERSON COUNTY. Aztalan Coneord Cold SiirhiR Farnilnirton Hebron IxotdH JetTerion Kush koiiong Lake Mills Mllford Oakland Palmyra. .'iidllvan .Sumner Waterloo Waterloo Tillage Wati-i liiwn I.iwn Walerluw II eit\. Isl, 2d. 3d, 4tli. and 7tli wardj} Tout 17.703 669 770 375 ,215 665 930 ,081 ,744 745 799 571 798 757 348 .536 418 115 386 635 747 3.50 1,193 608 857 1,958 1,810 720 778 736 256 489 397 1,066 3.283 17.137 4 2 6 3 '2 1 21 4 "i 13 l' 40 39 1.312 1,523 2,416 1.273 1.777 4.041 3.566 1.499 1,651 1.086 1.676 1,483 603 1,016 815 2.180 6.569 J4.908 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIX. JUNKAU COUNTY. POPCLATIOX. TOWXS.CITIKS .VXD White. Colored V 6 n s ^ 0: ■n 117 135 397 390 309 553 656 2^4 259 178 548 1.001 558 267 748 419 510 774 119 115 343 322 249 519 510 240 224 160 569 864 573 248 690 377 460 719 r "2" T T 1 236 250 740 712 558 1.072 1.066 5!4 483 338 1,118 1,865 1,133 Clearfield Ffarion \ ecedah New Lisbon village 1.438 796 970 1.495 Seven MileCreek Summit Wonewoc T,993 7.301 3 3 15,300 KENOSHA COUNTY. Brieliton Bristol Kenosha city Paris Pleasant Prairie. Randal! Sotners Salem Wheatland Total 561 505 585 552 •.! 2 2.426 2,533 7 7 539 479 734 723 5 ft 297 252 793 657 5 5 697 669 434 433 .... 7,066 6.803 19 19 1,066 1,137 4.959 1.018 1,457 549 1.450 1.366 867 13.907 ICEWAUNEE COUNTY. 687 532 706 742 747 1.337 497 623 917 718 632 506 706 657 726 1.233 440 534 780 685 1,319 1.412 I'as.-M Kraiilillii Kewaunee town .t village. LliH'Dln 1.399 1.473 2.570 937 1.157 1.697 RedKlver 1.403 Total 7,506 6.899 14,405 LA CROSSE COUNTY. Barre 866 HauRor 667 Hums 516 ('ani|>bell 528 Faniilugton 919 Ciieufield 426 Haul I Itoii 863 Hullanil I 461 La Crosse city— First ward 1 1.131 .Second ward 1 725 Third ward 1 1.784 Fourth ward 596 Flflh ward < 1.195 Onalaska town ' 712 Ouataska vlll.age ' 393 Shell,; ' 482 Washington 499 I Total ' 12,263 348 604 485 375 940 380 839 402 1,205 640 1,916 753 982 666 287 355 423 11.590 35 37 714 1,271 991 906 1,862 8116 1,703 863 2,392 1,373 3,711 1,354 2.182 1.378 680 837 922 23.945 1.A FAYETTE COUNTY. Towns, cities asd ViLLAaES. Arpyle Belmont Benton Btanchard Darlington Elk Grove Fayette Gratiot. Kendall Monticetlo New Diggings Seymour .ShuUslnirg Wayne White Oak .Springs Willow Springs Wiota Total FOPrLATION. 583 571 660 591 I 886 795 273 25S 1„330 1,341 2 610 423 602 595 866 855 468 420 238 231 1 922 883 522 416 1,253 1,287 1 554 527 231 215 555 509 935 866 1 2 4 11,388 10,781 1,154 1,251 1,681 529 2.671 933 1.197 1.721 888 469 1.805 938 2.540 1.081 446 1.064 1,801 22.169 EINCOIiN COUNTY, Jenny. 5-23 372 MARQUETTK COUNTY. Buffalo Crystal Lake.. Douplas. Harris , Montello , Mecan Mouudville ., Newton Neskoro , Oxford , Packwaukee. Shield Sprinpfield... Westtield Total 4.490 362 370 384 330 3S1 338 260 271 459 425 356 352 219 179 331 338 277 253 274 268 343 ,326 343 307 163 146 338 304 4,207 1 "i~ 732 714 719 531 884 708 398 669 530 542 669 650 309 642 8,697 M.ARATHON COUNTY. 109 585 359 373 135 4l4 232 .307 479 159 439 1.560 110 263 50 539 223 298 129 351 235 238 430 119 385 1.260 114 215 159 1,124 582 Hull 671 284 765 487 545 909 Texas Wausau Wausau clly WelM Weslon 278 824 2.820 224 479 Total • 5.524 4.586 1 10,111 254 HISTOKY X. TO\VN8. ClTIKS AMi White. Coloreil VlLLA(iK.«. 6 St s 1 < Glllett 196 551 152 1,446 563 2.371 1.495 744 268 179 361 108 1,086 453 2.086 1.022 537 185 375 Little Suanilro 912 Maple Vallfv 260 3 1 2 2.537 1,017 4,467 ii 1 2,620 1,281 Stiles 458 8 "3" TotaU 7.786 6.017 13.812 OUTAGAMIE COUNTY. Appleton city 8.307 489 533 646 836 238 536 170 B89 850 842 719 562 980 263 408 111 100 290 759 3,403 492 429 463 718 179 516 140 655 731 811 669 533 937 238 338 92 100 247 624 11 "4" '4' "2" T 9 's' 1 6,730 981 Itovlna 974 1.009 1.559 417 Dale 1.052 310 EllliiKton 1.353 1.581 1.653 1.3H8 1.095 1.917 499 746 Maine 203 New Loiulon, 3tl ward Osborn Seymour 200 Total 13.233 12.313 22 20 25.558 OZAUKEK COUXTY. CeOarbtirg Beleltiiii KrtHluiila Grafton Mequon I'ort WnshlnKton. Saukville Total 1.876 1.043 992 910 1.617 1.497 1.081 1.268 1.009 924 844 1.522 1.481 979 1 1 8.516 8.029 1 1 2.644 8.062 1.016 1,756 8.189 *.978 2.06U 16.545 PIERCE COUNTY. Clifton 388 807 646 987 .380 628 124 656 644 484 535 983 430 167 403 513 297 .326 -7.977 324 2.50 554 248 343 542 101 514 480 415 644 934 369 141 327 451 2.'.2 253 29 10 "4 24 9 "a 718 557 Ellsworth Kl I'as.. tillinan 1,200 535 723 1.1:0 Isaljella 225 Martell 1.070 MaldiMi Uork 1.024 899 1.1.32 River Falls 1.916 Uork Elm Salem 799 308 973 649 679 Total 7.046 i44 85 16.101 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN 255 POLK COl XTY. POPULATION White. Colored Towns. CiTiKs and St to o t 3j s < 510 376 266 209 425 399 209 61 160 105 486 208 134 447 318 268 174 352 322 141 45 157 85 428 198 110 '12 ■56 "9 .... 47 694 lt;tlsiim Lake 555 I'liireka 383 777 Luck 106 317 Mllltowri 16 9 209 Osceola St. Croix Falls 914 Total 3.543 3.045 78 65 6,736 PORTAGE COUNTY. Amherst 650 376 248 394 277 126 522 309 244 541 571 141 651 783 234 719 741 315 7,842 575 345 230 332 232 120 497 293 199 496 514 130 616 711 134 613 687 289 7.0- .... 1,225 721 Belmont liuciia Vista Eaii Pleiiie 478 726 509 Hull 1.019 1.0:i7 Plover 1 0H5 PlneGrove 271 1.267 1 Stevens Point city— 1.331 Serontl ward 1.428 604 Tblrd ward Total 1 14,856 PEPIX COUNTY. 194 497 271 311 759 315 693 120 181 375 DliianiL Frankfort 478 .... 233 .... 274 975 504 585 644 288 635 117 2 .>;tiickholm WatervUle 606 1,128 237 Total 3.060 2,750 3 5.816 ROCK COUNTY. 445 877 2,163 606 642 966 1.060 613 463 6.040 611 434 698 662 945 483 639 609 622 680 592 1.009 433 314 2.371 473 498 952 9.->0 523 400 6.015 676 387 6.i3 616 V:|0 471 603 646 497 55S 537 1.015 39 "2" 1 34 ■ 4 1 r 1 .33 ■ i" 28 1 1 878 Itel'fi. riTIKS AND White. Colored V ILL AUKS. 7. 1 1 391 648 678 604 456 954 1.114 533 892 651 5B7 i :i74 6i:i 54H 410 1.04.1 1.1 -ji; 5lt> .IS I 50 1 .VJti 832 378 575 1 .... 766 1.270 L.'ill La Valle 1.153 8S6 •i' "s" "a" 1.H99 ReetlsbiirK S,24-J 1.049 773 Tro\' 1,052 1.093 Wi'stiU'Id 1,320 Winrtcirt 827 1,220 Total 1S.816 18.088 17 11 26.9.32 SHAWANO COUNTY. Almund AnRt'Ilco Belle Plalne..., (iraiil Greet! Valley.. IlarilaiiU Hennaii Mit|ile Urove. . Nmvarciio Palla Richmond Sessor Seneca. Shawano town, Shawanoclty.. WashlnRton ... Waiikecliaii... Total 53 30 83 206 130 .... a»6 363 345 .... 7118 272 198 .... 470 150 124 •14 •8 291 477 441 918 147 135 .... 2S2 243 196 439 80 "S 148 836 228 466 164 136 300 90 89 179 72 60 132 131 93 224 405 362 •12 MO 789 2<9 216 455 218 197 415 3,548 3,048 26 13 6,635 •Slockbrldge Indians. SHEBOYGAN COUNTY. Grepnbnsh Herman Holland Ltina Lyndon Mlnhcll Mosel Plymomh Rhine Russell .Scott SheboVRan town Shebovfcan city— First ward Seroiid ward Thiril ward Fourth ward ShehoyKan Falls Sheboygan Falls village Sherman Wilson Total 1.004 1.152 1.535 1.167 8K4 637 552 1,369 793 383 754 796 565 738 918 993 613 872 «16 i ES s a. E ». < Arcadia Albion Burnslile... Caledonia.. Dudee Eltrlck Hale Lincoln Preslon Pigeon .^umner Trempealeau. Total.. 1.464 201 1 368 3.882 169 547 493 1,040 293 212 510 285 291 576 774 741 .515 889 856 745 657 463 .020 410 335 745 755 706 3 1.464 316 303 619 406 412 878 882 795 1 1.67R 7.844 7.144 4 14.992 TAYLOR COUNTY. . I 542 I 897 I 71 1 8 I VERNON COUNTY. 84S 476 734 483 506 361 703 358 451 650 519 584 642 554 tIJ 111 1.046 522 443 403 458 640 Jt! 343 638 359 434 487 524 552 ill 435 621 266 v,% 1 55 1 .... 58" 936 1.374 939 957 812 1.841 Greenwood 885 T i .... T 1.219 1,006 1.108 1.194 1. 1 1 .'. Liberty 447 899 1.3811 62.1 3.01 K 998 883 747 Total 11.166 10,245 21.524 WALWORTH COUNTY. 84.081 591 713 704 510 IS? 514 506 443 736 490 I.OOl 2.060 879 685 468 495 JJ? 664 i 481 616 s;338 1.107 Oarlen Delavan vlllaKe •g- 1.442 1.785 764 '•22* I 6Sn 1.010 1 '955 iS«; 1 7 S' 926 1,989 1.180 978 1,011 Wai worl li 1,270 e 8 4,895 Total 13.149 13.067 18 < 25 86,859 STATISTICS OF WISCOXSIX. 257 WASHIXGTOX COUNTY. POPULATION. TOWyS, CITIES AND Villages. White. Colored ii A 5 1 1 Is, £ < 951 660 612 878 1.030 1,403 1,028 731 936 921 220 1,005 855 451 6U1 857 689 571 839 955 1.321 1.014 703 820 819 160 907 855 444 624 .... I.S08 1.350 1 183 Erlii .... 1.717 1.985 2.727 2.042 1.434 1 756 Hartford .Tacksoii Kewaskum Hoik 3 Richfielil 1,740 .Schleisliigerville Trenton .... 380 1,912 1.710 893 1,225 Wayne West Bond town West Beud village .... Total. 12,282 11,576 4 .... 23,862 WAUKESHA COUNTY. Brookfield 1,128 792 617 746 761 1,205 778. 562 766 887 464 759 996 1,054 619 657 1.031 1,318 1,095 716 605 ■'i' 2,228 Delaneld 1,509 Eagle 1,224 Genesee 629 .... 658 .... 1,143 ... 1,376 1.421 2.348 736 573 1 522 1 135 684 ...' 1.450 820 419 1.707 893 710 ;....!.... 1.474 1,115 1,016 540 588 700 1,449 4 4 •4 21 4 5 2.121 2.080 1.159 1.247 1,735 Waukesha v lllage 2,807 Total 15,140 14,196 33 26 29,425 WAUPACA COUNTY. Bear Creek 393 478 426 131 411 456 111 478 S88 408 534 588 192 510 875 511 566 448 205 938 413 261 427 10,146 384 451 390 119 363 402 112 439 376 363 203 532 182 426 HOI 495 512 397 184 1,036 369 237 388 .... T 777 929 817 250 774 858 223 917 764 771 j.Ind 1,087 1,120 372 Mukwa New I^tiidcm 966 1.682 1,006 1,078 845 389 1,976 Waupaca Weyaiiwejfa 782 498 815 Total 9,451 5 4 19.646 WAUSHARA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns. Cities and Villages. White. Colored *5 1 S < Aurora 537 692 137 256 122 223 443 309 300 331 459 473 5ig 384 245 322 347 473 666 147 244 114 256 399 279 369 277 397 437 185 186 319 226 325 361 4 6 1,020 1.3.58 284 500 Blooinfield Ooloiiia Dakota Hancock , 479 Leon 842 588 Oasis Poysippi PlaiiiftelU 608 856 910 378 366 703 Kose Riciifonl Sa.xvine Snrinirwater 471 647 Total 5,953 5.560 4 6 11.523 WINNEBAGO COUNTY. Algoma Black Wolf 393 459 691 389 1,579 276 697 5T3 2.062 610 1.622 8.672 463 1.0.^5 57H 5SS .596 1.342 460 39C 438 609 331 1,961 2.52 578 5iO 1.961 510 1.690 8.263 405 'ill 553 535 1.230 417 ■3' "3"' 789 1.300 Menasha 720 3 170 1.123 4 023 OshkojU 1 31 ■3' '4 3 41" s' T 1 124 3 312 O.shkoshcity ... HoyRa ri 17.015 868 Utioa 1.078 1 141 1 131 2.577 Total 23.106 31,825 51 51 45,033 WOOD COUNTY. Altiirndnle Centralla elty Dexter Grand KHpldsciiy. . Grand Kaplds Llnr.jln Port Erhvards Rudolph Kenilnclun Saratoga SiRel Seliera Wood Total 3,291 102 429 191 737 876 231 193 255 79 1.59 231 183 125 74 371 113 680 297 194 117 317 73 144 201 165 104 2,750 i 1 T .... 6 1 176 800 3U4 1.418 677 4S5 310 472 1.52 303 433 349 229 6.048 258 III.STOItV OF \VISC0NS1X. POPULATION BY COUNTIES. SUMMARY FKOM STATE AND KEDEKAL CENSUS. Counties. 1840. 1850. 1855. 1860. 1865. 1870. 1875. 187 6.868 6.492 515 13 3.'>S 11.795 3.864 12 7.895 1.895 789 24.441 8.068 43.922 42.818 2,948 812 2,704 3.162 34.154 31.189 19.808 12.663 18.967 4.170 30.438 8.770 13900 5.530 12.186 18.134 ■■■22.416 2.892 8.233 62.518 8.410 3.592 9.587 15.682 2.392 4.672 1,400 7,507 21,360 9,732 36.690 .5.392 18.963 829 26.875 5,698 256 '■269 15,282 6,776 171 8.638 3.278 l.ull 26.112 11.011 50,192 46,841 3.998 532 5,170 5.2S1 42.029 33.618 20.646 12. .596 20.657 5.631 30.597 10.013 12.676 7.039 14.834 20.358 6.601 221 538 344 25.168 11,123 706 12,335 8.311 3.450 28.802 13.075 53.096 47.035 4.919 1.122 9.488 10.769 46.273 37.979 23.611 13.195 24.544 7.687 34,050 12.396 13.177 10.281 20.295 22.667 6,508 760 3.787 1.082 2.107 6.215 6.699 832 35.378 14,219 1.456 (.'alumet 275 1.743 615 ■■■■9;665 2.498 16639 19,138 3.631 838 232 17.965 3.323 37.714 34.540 739 385 1.796 15.065 13.995 Clark 7.282 1.502 314 67 28.803 15.035 52,798 48.394 iJon?^ 8,020 741 18,427 "■■i4;5ie 16.198 8,566 ""9;522 'i'i.siu 15,991 139 9i6 933 24,781 23.170 14.827 ■ is! 205 1,098 26,869 .50.241 39.086 22.027 15.274 3.978 24.1.33 11.339 914 34.908 1.5.300 Kptiusha 10,734 12,397 1.109 3.904 16.064 '"i3.oi» 447 1,427 46.265 2.407 1.501 4.914 12,973 13.907 14.405 "iiiisi ""3.i'&i 489 508 81,077 23.945 22.169 I.lnrolii Manitowoc 895 38.456 10.111 235 26.762 3.678 7.327 72.320 11.652 4.858 11,852 14.882 3.002 6.324 1.677 8.145 22.884 12.186 26.033 7.255 20.154 1.369 27,671 33.369 5.885 a057 89.936 16.562 8.322 18.440 15.579 4.659 10.003 3.422 10.640 26.742 15.736 39.030 11.039 23.868 3,165 31,778 18 S,6US 8,597 Milwaukee 122.927 21.026 13.812 25.558 16.545 5.816 1,720 547 5.151 20,673 5.584 31.364 2.040 13,814 254 20.391 493 4,823 22.662 18.897 24.012 4.437 5.541 17,439 15.101 ""iiaio 14.973 963 20.750 624 4.371 ■ftaTO 6.736 1.623 3.475 14.8.56 28.702 17.3.53 1.701 809 102 39,039 14.956 26.932 6.635 188 34.021 849 2.560 11.U07 26.496 23.622 26.831 8.851 8.770 23,770 2.425 5.199 13.644 25.773 24.019 27.029 11.208 9,002 10.728 18.673 25.992 23.905 28.258 15.533 11.379 37..325 3.911 14.992 ""i.aii 348 ■■■ 7!862 i:2ii 21.524 26 2.59 23.862 29.42.'i 19 646 11. .'23 135 10,167 45.0.33 6.048 30.945 305.391 552.109 775.881 868,325 1.054.670 1.236.729 In a not« to the territory of Indlaoa returns appears the followlog: .ilppl, had 65. and Oreen Bay 50 inbabltanls. "On the l8t of August, 1800. Prairie du Cbleu, on the MIsals- STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN". 25& NATIVITY BY COUNTIES. CENSUS OF iS/o. Native. FOREIGX BOIt.N". COUNTIES. § =9 •« .^« rt _rt :* £ B ll M ■3 c c OJ i o ■i h 1 o i 1,250 S-5 ig S "3 12 1 .=: o a 2 % rti o n 6 Q Adiiius 5.351 2,649 127 142 225 26 133 5 537 4 9 32 Ashland.... 174 148 47 12 4 18 1 8 3 Uarruii 246 132 292 127 2 7 1 41 98 14 Ita\ liel.l 288 175 56 23 2 4 23 3 1 :::: IlloWM 14.728 11,098 10,440 1,687 873 1,442 112 2,733 "68 45 102 "31 947 37*1 Uiiltalo 6.834 4,433 4.269 173 56 242 125 1.971 39 556 67 941 4 Iliini.^tt 144 100 ,562 4 4 1 1 1 55 CaUiiii.T 7.661 5.658 4.674 165 167 500 13 3,267 "si 3 i68 "88 92 22 ('lii[»]"--\va... 4.725 2.764 S,5ii6 1,437 120 417 39 938 34 439 34 35 29 20 (Mark 2.751 1,196 69!) 226 81 45 18 235 4 79 1 1 4I roliiirihia... 19.632 12,233 9,150 511 2.046 1,332 629 2,774 30 1.515 34 67 "44 Crawford 9.612 5.808 3.463 397 186 906 48 640 35 764 402 46 3 11 Dane S:j.436 22,738 19.640 684 1.631 2.955 463 6,276 160 6.601 195 216 17 131 DoUfie 28.708 20,934 18.327 565 1,8.16 2,301 256 12,666 187 383 167 97 77 37 Iioor 2.806 1.903 2.U3 290 89 828 23 426 27 344 43 16 3 82 Dtui^las 712 340 410 1.33 41 66 6 60 4 93 8 3 3 51 luinn 6.268 3 177 3.220 437 147 827 51 842 17 1.336 44 3 Kuii (*laire.. 7.:i94 3,336 3.375 767 242 487 54 835 34 871 2 39 1 21 Koiid du Lac .11.477 20.112 14.796 1,754 1.291 2,572 317 7.372 12.5' 156 7 193 627 gg. tiraiit 28.565 19.390 9.414 386 2,531 1,281 189 3.385 83 543 547 118 71 13 vKan.. 19.192 14.957 12.557 323 303 943 38 8.497 119 234 "38 99 1,682 8 St. ('roix 7.451 4,158 3.584 816 150 1.202 5^i 294 6 940 3 38 71 Tiftiiifealeai 1... 6.339 3,700 4.393 209 185 286 141 776 22 2.633 "41 16 6 9 Vernon 13.605 7.232 .5.040 184 189 306 87 661 30 3,138 281 35 3 39 Walworth... .'. . 20.822 11.214 1 .5.130 391 921 1,729 148 1.173 81 579 1 40 15 2B Washington 13.868 12.501 10.051 97 110 882 35 8.213 134 40 296 79 58 2 Wankcsha.. 18.368 13.304 9.906 332 2,065 1,593 397 4.335 37 486 54 96 43 278 Wanpara 11.011 6,225 4.328 508 260 517 60 1.243 39 1,225 8 65 2 557 Waushara... 8.702 u'.W^ ' 2.577 264 508 307 42 816 11 220 3 1 369 Winnchafio. 2.5.209 12070 1,.558 1,531 1.399 146 5.261 53 762 "26 300 23 723 Wood 2. .538 1,587 1 1,374 636 42 171 34 299 3 106 23 51 260 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Assessed Valuation of Taxable Property for the YEAR 1876. Adams Ashland liarron llayHeld Itrown Ilullalo liunititt Calumet Chippewa .... Clark Columbia.... rrawford Dane Oodge Door DauRlas Dunn. K.1U Claire... Fond du Lac. Grant Green Green Lake.. luwa •lacksiMi Jefferson... . Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee... La Crosse La F'ayette... Lincoln Manitowoc .. Marathon Marquette... Milwaukee.. Monroe Oconto Outaeamle... Ozaukee I'epln Pleice Polk Portage Racine Richland Rock .St. Croix Sauk Shewano .Sheboygan..., Taylor Trempealeau Vernon Walworth Wa^lilii;;tun. Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winuebaffo.. Wood...T:...., Total Value of per- sonal property S 179.771 42.686 140.374 21.7(15 442.287 438.501 .32.419 373.94B 96.5. ti24 281.813 1,87.1.049 527.013 4.610. 7H8 2,446.793 13.5.107 19.4.34 1,052,300 1.354.142 2,489.759 S.502.795 1,966.599 789.736 1,23.3,676 472,124 1,753,985 660,125 1.320,957 54B.678 1.336.271 1.196. .502 13 654 1,141.320 335.078 S26.H68 15,345,281 658.191 455,741 623,744 881.784 235.283 • 738.082 237.567 564.079 2,418.248 612.171 4,462.048 816.768 1,364.772 121.267 1,903.861 53.812 840.378 924.835 8.187.722 1,062.347 3.16.5. .504 480.837 343..509 3.081.308 251.669 Value of real estate. S 624,168 889.523 1,043.964 533.167 2.19.5.053 890,028 442,765 2,107,211 4,3.59.245 S.35.5.972 7.083.N92 1.457,586 14.HS2.179 11,014,318 659,650 410.227 1,875.148 4,204,2.33 11,649,769 7.0.39.201 6.290.829 3.485,819 4,348.452 1,040,417 7.896,833 1,607.245 4,488.186 2,560.641 4,01,5.568 4,77.5.417 1.. 532. .54 2 5.290.599 1,744.901 1,033,967 46.477.283 1.994,911 8.411.557 S.34a26t 2,803.688 695.316 2,43.5.319 1,121.599 1.592,018 8.071.811 1.908.386 13,931,410 3,110.445 4,0.36,813 68.5.917 7,096.170 816.421 1.904.988 2,288.420 10,5.59,519 4.927,634 11,892.119 1,826.908 1.34.3.029 9,810.290 598920 5274,417.873 S 803.939 932.189 1,190.338 554.872 2,637..340 1.328,529 475.184 2.481.157 5,324,869 2,637,785 8.9.58,941 1,984.629 19,492.947 13.461.111 194,757 429.661 2,927,448 5.558,375 14.1.39,528 9.541.996 8.257.428 4.275.555 5.582.128 1.512.541 9,6.50.818 2.267,370 5,809.143 3,107.319 5.351.839 5,971,919 1.546.196 6,431.923 2.079.979 1,360.6.35 61.822,564 2,653.102 3.867,298 3.972.011 3,185,472 830.599 .3.173. ..01 1,359.166 2.156.097 10.490.059 2.520.557 ia3»3.458 .3.927.213 5,401.585 807.184 9.000.031 K70.233 2.71.5.366 .3.213.255 1.3.747.241 5.989.981 15.057.623 2.307.745 1.686 538 12.89), .598 850.589 5351.780,351 Valuation op Untaxed Property, from assessors' Returns for 1875 and 1876. Co., town, city and village property. S 6,147 2,340 ■■"fiiMO 43,325 15.300 ""iiido ■■3!.356 29.785 45.800 "iT.ies '"72.136 49.320 !)2.505 25,650 ■"isiiso 600 12.600 ■■'i9i3o6 10.750 31.000 2a210 15.700 ,5.680 1,318,506 5,368 "loiioo 5,280 25 13.950 ""8.060 22.700 525 28.000 11,400 9.000 2.000 10,725 350 1.600 70.200 7,500 700 250 21.3.50 6.380 1,500 82,0I«.B36 School, eol- lege and academy property. S 9,900 4,925 ■'"iiVoo 102,635 27,787 1,500 ■■■■5,V66 3.000 115.605 11,000 "so! 63d ""3;i'24 3,200 16,933 60.500 197.405 66,875 " 36;774 66.266 '46!.365 17.720 1.500 55.930 9.640 21.248 27,202 8,735 771.265 13,200 "961296 18.415 a247 7.3.675 10.940 25,916 24,625 "'io.o66 7.211 4,125 2.800 2,000 "150,200 506 34,940 21.080 29.495 2.735.817 S." ^rlL^n"] Railroad aii'd all 1 _ ,„, oroDe?tv' I property. other ' Total, properly, property. $ 4,713 1,000 125 2.685 83,369 29.760 3.000 13.220 55.014 1.300 91.142 4.100 359.390 121.075 7.029 2..351 3.200 56,930 259.900 109.405 76.995 23,840 55.026 15.075 172.300 19.280 46,860 la521 110,643 71,610 " 84!874 16.825 12,080 1,212,390 33.158 saioo 73.375 32.920 4.180 2.5,115 5.272 42.470 236.000 37.915 242,660 41,370 87,670 5.714 123.895 "•26.S66 2.325 129.310 120,670 2ia760 34.410 22,524 36,860 27.000 4.774.828 '$1,220,000 94,025 150 73 175,885 04 095 110.000 89,800 34,400 421,604 527,155 95.4.50 2,000 "6L.V66 75.000 237.915 120.000 51,800 300 "102,606 146,901 60.653 l,27i!6()6 17.585 76.720 347.515 136.000 22.026 70,400 250.976 "7'5i!956 6a 720 22,500 "55; 830 336,400 a 300 "186,606 2,300 84,780 2,720 7,487.827 $ 400 2,780 900 1,340 10,421 100 2.52.987 14.400 200 60.000 16,780 32,245 600 2.730 600 8i'2d6 6,275 10.500 2.525 15.300 74,800 400 3.595 682.800 2,340 "3,606 3,470 9.835 1.000 6.735 900 120.950 ■34.656 6,850 1.150 t 21.158 l,22a265 125 10.386 826.638 73.897 4. .500 14.393 60.174 184.875 312.028 12.5.200 699.357 296 305 7 229 22 638 428 004 833 153 47a9^0 384.520 170 020 8a070 183.680 253.599 402.300 77.35.-. 12.3.S25 49.516 264.043 202.340 10.040 254.828 110.380 26 495 5,257..".55 71 651 114.820 524.,5,SO 196 I '91 1 44,253 lU.rio 22.047 147,686 845,250 38.4ll> 1,107,-riil 217.:l4ll li:1.12u 14.925 194.775 380.800 3.5.725 28.050 670 710 18a213 220.1.50 74.225 67.954 159.065 3a 960 l,662.388i|ia524.196 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 261 ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. Counties. NUMBER OP ACRES. - Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye, Hops. Tobacco. Flax-seed. 5,146 5 4,070V 11.456 28 639« 20 13.923 9.213X 21 6K 4.583 2,734 1,596 40,274 19,173 84,072 29,401 V 352 5 9,671 11,765 18,208M 98,709 58,168 15.608 46,980 K,071Ji 28,379 ll,84flH 15.H'-) 1.1 06 10.581 61.549 5.353 84 3.477X 15 5.732 12.573K 637 9.858 9.032 2.408 24.071 10.584 67,120 25,5925< 3,391 50 1,3,833 7.183 20.763 02.054 34.191 8.013 34.433 12.189Hi 16.845 14.272K 14.174 V),632 249 ;-,194 712 21.437X 5.020 4.873 10.213)(; 12,864 3.412 2,447H 9.473 4,47,i 8,3:iS 1,842 9,0S63< 15.241« 11.606M 80.103 17.541 24.469V 4.408H 16.704 54M 15.034 23.0.55 88.225 14.104 18.980 7.448 8.847 13.813 1.029 83 8,488 660 759K 282V 27 Bayfield 16,384 48.507K 1.179 32.860M 10.442 2.457 64.472 19.054 89.253 128.708 4.771 5.012 2,751 58 4,048V 1,258 a08 7.694 3.912 23.499 11.463 696 5,254 870 264 23 IK 185 95 7,648 1,588 7,410 2,134V 788 i7K 9K Iluffalo Calumet 39 lOH 593V 317K 136 9 2V Crawford. 15 2.459H 8 45 153K Dodge l)i 2-."n8 ■(5 , .1)12 29.043 4.409 37.064 21.676 19.953 33.569 11.598K i!;?i 38.' • '•262 4.538M 4.5-!8 9.517 11.774 31.634 2.490 f '"76 ,'■ ;5« , ..JOH 41.187 9.293 15.70m 7.884X 13.228X 12.384K 77.810 27.701 6,485 45,959 60X 53,656 42.277 20.588 53.691 34.140 13.518 12.573 49.999 837 1.445.8.50K 1.560 1.242 8 554 2.839 666M 1.170 2,609H 1.739 8.773 445 1.649 2.164 3.045 1.273 20 4.299 670 93 5.063 1,769 357 940K 4,n6K 613V 2,851 440 1,284U 2,22Slt 589 V 19,424 2,022 2,197« , 205 7,519 2 2.38IX 5„542 8.934M 6.614 8.527 1,060 836V 1,427 29K 1,156 933 754« 3,296 3,793K 3.455 1.892 613 7.611 3.137 611 3.520 3,177 1,735 68 11 44 113X 28 212 179K 71M 840 1.169 8 m H 2 Grant 29 44 25.217 363 22 1 10,145 100 6 3,434 7 2^ 16,670 854X 355 1.5.121 ■;.104M 12,608 ^34 4 761 •- h84K 6,924 8,904 4,104 l',076 ' 904X • 4 BOX t.:.041K 5.390 33,81 6H 1,904 8,244 32 18,106 22,499 45,456 11,613 28.318 9.524 18.726M 15.404 958 5,233 116 10.503 .3.074V 1.277 724 514 663 258 326 7.665X 2.212 1.770V 15.038M 173 6.164X l,160Ji 4,832 3 550 633 4.875K 6,002 7,659 4,383 15.416 982 872H 3 1 1 2 139 65 390 3 u« 25M 7 Milwaukee 82 X liH 10 Polk 2 3 584V 31 M 499K 41K X 4K 2»(; 2,105X 4,88SK 282 St Croix . 4 .Sauk 3.118K X 49 42« 187 107V 29 239 295 340 110 14 13 14 IIX 9 1,169 113 5 3 3 Wan para 3 9 3 Wood ■. '.".'.'.'. 2 Total 1.025.801V 854.861K 183,030V 175,314X 11.184H 4.842 62,008^ 262 HISTORY OF W1SC0.XSIN. ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. Counties. KCMBER OF ACRES. Timber. Clover Seed, Bushels. Cultivated tirasses. Potatoes. Roots. Apples. t ii-livnteil CiMiiltrrrie.-*. 3.161 241 1.813K lUO 771 266 341K 30 150 909V 120K 1.017 4 55V 58 4K 25.040 1.152.000 24.175 12; 739 57; 463 553 28V 5 BiiyllelU ilruwii.- Riillalo 5.769K 39 13.361 25K 219 4.000 552K 1.733 Cl.iik 9.348 32.326 4.925 53.219 29.5.',2 257 luo 10.032 ■■■■■41.609 37.792 28.833 13.920 15.566 5.316 17.407 8.705 29.8.56 5.665 11.390 22.719 316 32.25bK 5.4.53 3.387 20,557 14,217 6.170 11.681 8.528 425 1.918V 2.493 3.585 3.780K 20 II'O 989 78 1.533K 2.460 4.8.30K 16.254 126 000 51.879 Ctiltunbla io'4 618 80 89 36 '•*?8 Cr.^wford SO K 111.463 49,.369K ■566; 006 5.414 2.969K 2.489M Dixlge Uouela^. 10 219 2 61K Ixiiin 8 Eaii Claire 2.7II1K 3.03S 1.1. '.9 921 1.6.',0K 510 2.209 1.T38 l.llltO I.-4H7 781 1.633 106 2.251 667 926 3.(130K 1..VJ0 836 51 1,566V eiM 2.935V 2.7h6 5.980K 1.467 1.987K 100 2.233 339 2.170 44 239 994 14.986 Ivili. llli ■Jii..il:l>-j 22.3113 51.026 53 880 83.774 1,500 (iiaiit Gni-n 16 5 46 41 94 52K 18V 10 99 26 Iilwaukee 113 Mem roe 1 666 97 OzaiiKee 1,266V '77 11 60K 16.004 479 .3.676 4.-.7 l.(l54V 73X 1,730 2 2T9K 749 4.(P56K 500^5 4,952 205 83«V 1.561 i 1.349 IVplil Pli-rce 12.974 2.642 10.142H 21,5)5« ia924K 5r.I32K 14.293 25.22:'V 4.111 40,123 173 18,738 20.197 45 093 6.513 38 629 13.540 9.770 23.433 2.15 724 591 2.01 6 V 1.548V 1.1 53X 2.930 1.176 S.209K 548 2.723 9>l 878>i 1.241 2.18:iK 46.821 3.982 1.695 1.343 1.630 169 41 178 128V 46K lOX 122K 10 104K 64K 1.33 34 41K 140 5.iK 9,430 383 9-t 45 35 182.671 121 I'tiik 2 580 sii'so 28.7I8K 6.5.394 57.587K .3.606 1 R8.or.SK 80.533 , 68,057 840 Iti'hlaiid 2.I60M S4I6 St. Croix 80 Sank 1.24g« 3,101 10.738 Tuvl<»r 2 IV ? 185 l,flS3 194 400 17,664m| Tru III pealeau ; 12.149 91.194 50.221 50 080 42,690 82.985 66.510 2.'>.737 93.242 270 Vfnioii 1.134 2 798 16.080 1.529 Waiipjica \Vausli.ira 610 117 720 Wood.... Total 889.018.V 133.420K I. 3. 624 H 139.891 « 4.090 22bK| 76.945X 1 ABSTRACT OF LAWS, WISCONSIN. ELECTORS AND GENERAL ELECTIONS. Sec. 12. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years or upward, belonging to ■either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the State for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election : 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens con- formably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. 3. Persons of Indian blood who have once been declared by law of Congress to be citizens of the United States, any subsequent law of Congress to the contrary notwithstanding. 4. Civilized ] rsons of Indian descent not members of any tribe. Every person convicted of bribery shall be excluded from the right of suffrage unless restored to civil rights ; and no person who shall have made or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon tiie result of any election at which he shall offer to vote, shall be permitted to vote at such election. Sec. 1-3. No elector shall vote except in the town, ward, village or election district in which he actually resides. Sec. 14. The general election prescribed in the Constitution shall be held in the several towns, wards, villages and election districts on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday in November in each year, at which time there shall be chosen such Representatives in Congress, Electors of President and Vice President, State officers, and county officers as are by law to be elected in such year. Sec. 15. All elections shall be held in each town at the place where the last town-meeting was held, or at such other place as shall have been ordered at such last meeting: or as shall have been ordered by the Supervisors when they establish more than one election poll, except that the first election after the organization of a new town shall be held at the place directed in the act or proceeding by which it was organized; and all elections in villages constituting separate elec- tion districts and in the wards of cities, shall be held at the place to be ordered by the Trustees of such village, or the Common Council of such city, at least ten days before such election, un- less a different provision is made in the act incorporating such village or city. Skc. 1G. Whenever it shall be(;ome impossible or inconvenient to hold an election at the place designated therefor, the Board of Inspectors, after having assembled at or as near as prac- ticable to such place, and before receiving any votes may adjourn to the nearest convenient place for holding the election, and at such adjourned place shall forthwith proceed with the election. Upon adJKurning any election as hereinbefore provided, the Board of Inspectors shall cause proc- lamation thereof to be made, and shall station a Constable or some other proper person at the place where the adjournment was made, to notify all electors arriving at such place of adjourn- ment, and the place to which it was made. 264 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX Sec. 20. A registry of electors shall annually be made : 1. In each ward or election district of every city which, at the last previous census, had a population of three thousand or more. 2. In each ward or election district of every incorporated village in which, by law, sep- arate elections are held ; which village at the last preceding census, had a popula- tion of fifteen hundred or more. 3. In every town containing a village which, at said census, had a population of fifteen hundred or more, in which village separate general elections are not by law required to be held. 4. In all towns any part of which shall have been embraced in any part of any city or village in which a registration by this chapter is required. Such registration shall be made in the manner provided by this chapter. The persons authorized by lay to act as Inspectors of Election in each of such towns, wards or election dis- tricts shall constitute the Board of Registry therefor. Sec. 21. The said Inspectors shall have their first meeting on Tuesday, four weeks pre- ceding each general election, at the place where said election is to be held ; and in election districts at which there were polled at liie previous general election three hundred votes or less, they shall sit for one day, and in districts at wiiith there were more than three hundred votes polled, they shall have power to sit two days if necessary, for the purpose of making such list. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon and hold their meetings open until 8 o'clock in the evening of each day during which they sliall so sit. The Clerks appointed by law to act as Clerks of Election shall act as Clerks of the Board of Registry on the day of election only. Tlic proceedings shall be open, and all electors of the district shall be entitled to be heard in relation to corrections or additions to said registry. They shall have the same powers to preserve order which In.«pectors of EU'ction have on election days, and in towns vacancies in the Board shall be filled in the same manner that vacancies are filled at elections. Sec. 22. The said Inspectors at their first meeting, and before doing any business, shall severally take and subscribe the oath of Inspectors at a general election, and said Inspectors shall at their first meeting make a re<;istry of all the electors of their respective districts, placing thereon the full names, al])habetically arranged according to surnames, in one column, and in another tlie residence by number and name of street or other location, if known. If any elector's residence is at any hotel or public boarding-house tlie name of the hotel or boarding-house sliall be stated in the registry. They shall put thereon the names of all persons residing in their elec- tion district appearing on the poll-list kept at the last preceding general election, and are author- ized to take therefor such poll-list from the office where kept, omitting such as have died or removed fri)m the district, and adding the names of all other persons known to tlicm to be elect- ors in such district. In case of the formation of a new election district since tlie last preceding general election, the said Board therein may make such registry from the best means at their command, and may, if necessary, procure therefor certified copies of the last poll-list. They shall complete said registry as far as practicable at their first meeting, and shall make four, copies thereof, and certify the oi-iginal and each copy to be a true list of the electors in their district so far as the same are known to them. One of said copies shall be immediatoly posted in a conspicuous place in the room in which their meeting was held, and be accessible to any elector for examina- tion or making copies thereof, and one copy shall be retained by each Inspector for revision and eorrectionat the second meeting. Theyshall within twodaysaftersaidfirstmeetingfiletlieoriginal registry made by them, and said poll-list in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and may, in their discretion, cause ten printed copies of said registry to be made and posted in ten of the most public places of said election district, or may publish the same in a newspaper at an expense not exceeding one cent for each name. Sec. 23. The Inspectors shall hold their second meeting at the same place designated for iiolding elections on the Tuesday two weeks preceding the election. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon. In election districts having less than three hundred voters, as shown by the ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 265 preliminary registry, the Board shall complete the registry on the same day ; but if there are more tiiaii that number of voters, they shall sit two days. They shall remain in session until 8 o'clock in the evening. They shall revise and correct the registry first by erasing the name of any person who shall be proved to their satisfaction by the oaths of two electors of the district to be not entitled to vote therein at the next ensuing election, unless such person shall appear and if chal- lenged, shall answer the questions and take the oath hereinafter provided ; secondly, by entering thereon the names of every elector entitled to vote in the district at the next election who shall appear before the Board and require it, and state his place of residence, giving street and num- ber, if numbered, or location, as hereinbefore provided, if challenged answer the questions, and tnke the oaths provided in case of challenge at an election ; but if any person shall refuse to answer all such questions or to take such oatii, his name shall not be registered. Any person who is not twenty-one years of age before the date when the registry is required to be corrected, but will be if he lives until the day of election, shall have his name put on the registry if he be other- wise qualified to be an elector. Any elector who did not vote at the previous general election shall be entitled to be registered either at the preliminary or the final registration of electors by apjiearing before the Board of Registration of his election district and establishing his right to be I'egistered, or, instead of a personal appearance, he may make his application to be registered to the Board in writing. Such application shall state the name and period of continuous resi- dence in the election district and place of residence therein, giving the number and street of the applicant, and, in case tiie person making the application is of foreign birth, he shall state when he came to tiie United States and to the State of Wisconsin, and the time and place of declaring his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, and that he is entitled to vote at the election. Upon receiving such application, tiie Board of Registration shall register the name of such applicant, if it appears to the Board that the applicant is, by his statement, entitled to vote. Such statement shall be made under oath, and shall be preserved by the Board and be filed in the office of the village or city clerk, as the case may be. All city and village clerks shall keep blanks for making tiie application for registration, as provided by this section. Tlie form sliallbe ])rescribed by the Secretary of State. Every person named in this section shall be subject to the same punishment for any false statement or other offense in respect thereto as is provided in case of such false statement or other offense by an elector oftering to vote at an election. After such registry shall have been fully completed on the days above mentioned, no name shall be added thereto by any person or upon any pretext. Within three days after the second meeting tiie said Board shall cause four copies of the registry to be made, cacli of which shall be certified by tliem to be a correct registry of the electors of tiieir district, one of wiiich shall be kept by each Inspector for use on election day, and one shall forthwith be filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk. All registries shall at all times be open to pub- lic inspection at the office where deposited without charge. Sec. 2-i. On election day tlic Inspectors shall designate two of their number at the opening of the polls, who shall check the names of every elector voting in such district whose name is on the registry. No vote shall be received at any general election in any ward or election district defined in Section 20, if the name of the person offering to vote be not on said registry made at the second meeting as aforesaid, except as hereinafter provided ; but in case any one shall, after the last day for completing such registry, and before such election, become a qualified voter of the district, he shall have the same right to vote therein at such election as if his name liad been duly registered, provided he shall, at the time he offers to vote, deliver to the Inspectors his affi- davit, in which he shiill state the facts, showing that he has. since the completion of sucli regis- try, become a qualified elector of such district, and tiie facts showing that he was not such elector on the day such registry was completed, and shall also deliver to such Inspectors tlie affi- davits of two freeholders, electors in such election district, corroborating all the material state- ments in his affidavit. In case any person who was a voter at the last previous general election shall not be registered, such person shall be entitled to vote on making affidavit that he was enti- tled to vote at the previous election, and that he has not become disqualified by reason of removal 2G6 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. from tlie election district or otherwise, since that election, which affidavit shall also be corrobo- rated by the affidavits of two freeholders, as is provided for other non-registereil voters. No one freeholder shall be competent to make at any one election corroborating affidavits for more than three voters. All of said affidavits shall be sworn to before some officer authorized by the laws of this State to take depositions. The Inspectors shall keep a list of the names and residence of the electors voting whose names are not on said completed registry, and attach said list to the registry and return it, together with all sucli affidavits, to the proper town, city or village clerk. No compensation shall be paid or received for taking or certifying any such affidavits. On the day following the election, one of said poll-lists and one copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be attached together and filed in tlie office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and the other of said poll-lists and copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be returned to the County Clerk with the returns of the election. Such Inspectors sliall give notice by advertisement in a newspaper printed in the city, village or town where such registration was made, of tlie registry, and shall include in such notice all additions to and omissions from the preliminary list, and shall also state where tlie election is to be held. In case there be no newspaper printed in such city, village or town, such notice shall be given by posting copies thereof in tliree or more public places in each ward or election district in such city, village or town. For publication of such notice in any such newspaper the publisher thereof shall be entitled to the same compensation per folio as is prescribed for publishing other legal notices. COMMON SCHOOLS. Sec. 413. The formation of any school district shall be by written order of the Town Board, describing the territory embraced in the same, to be filed with the Town Clerk within twenty days after the making thereo.f. The Supervisors shall deliver to a taxable inhabitant of the district their notice thereof in writing, describing its boundaries, and appointing a time and place for the first district meeting, and shall therein direct such inhabitant to notify every (juali- fied voter of the district, oitiier personally or by leaving a written notice at his place of resi- dence, of the time and place of such meeting, at least five days before the time appointed Mierefor, and said inhabitant shall notify the voters of such district accordingly, and indorse thereon a return containing the names of all persons thus notified, and said notice and return shall be recorded as a part of tiie record of the first meeting in such district. Sec. 414. In case such notice shall not be given, or the inhabitants of a district shall ncg- lect or refuse to assemble and form a district meeting when so notified, or in case any school dis- trict having been formed or organized shall afterward be disorganized, so that no competent authority shall e.xist therein to call a special district meeting, in the manner hereinafter pro- vided, notice shall be given by the Town Board, and served in the manner prescribed in tiie pre- ceding section. Whenever a district meeting shall be called as prescribed in this and the preceding section, it shall be the duty, of the electors of the district to assemble at the time and place so directed. Sec. 415. Whenever it shall be necessary to form a district from two or more adjoining towns, the Town Boards of such towns sliall meet together and form such districts by their writ- ten order, describing the territory embraced in such district, signed by at least two of the Super- visors of each town; and shall file one such order with the Town Clerk of each town, and deliver the notice of formation to a taxable inhabitant of such district, aiul cause the same to be served and returned in the time and manner hereinbefore prescribed ; and any such district may be altered only by the joint action of the Town Boards of such towns in the same manner that other districts are altered. Sec. 416. Every school district shall be deemed duly organized when any two of the offi- cers elected at the first legal meeting thereof shall have consented to serve in the offices to which they have been respective!}' elected, by a written acceptance thereof filed with the clerk of the first meeting, and recorded in the minutes thereof; and every school district shall be considered ABSTKACT OF LAWS. 207 as duly organized after it shall have exercised the franchises and privileges of a district for the term of two years. Sec. 425. The annual meeting of all school districts in which graded schools of two or more departments are taught, shall be held on the second Monday of July, and of all other school districts on the last Monday of September, in each year. The hour of such meeting shall be seven o'clock in the afternoon, unless otherwise provided by a vote of the district, duly recorded at the last previous annual meeting ; l>ut at any annual meeting a majority of the electors present may determine that the annual meeting of such district shall be held on the last Monday of August instead of the last Monday of September. Said determination to take elfect wlien a copy of the proceedings of said annual meeting in reference to such change shall have been filed with the Town Clerk in -which the schoolhouse of such district is situated, and to remain in force until rescinded by a like vote of the electors of such district. Sec. 42G. Tlie Clerk shall give at least six da\'s' previous notice of every annual district meeting, by posting notices thereof in four or more public places in the district, one of which bhail be affixed to the outer door of the schoolhouse, if there be one in the district, and he shall give like notices for every adjourned district meeting when such meeting shall have been adjourned for more than one month ; but no annual meeting shall be deemed illegal for want of due notice, unless it shall appear that the omission to give such notice was willful and fraudulent. Sec. 427. Special district meetings may be called by the Clerk, or, in his absence, by tiie Directors or Treasurer, on written reijuest of five legal voters of the district, in the manner prescribed for calling an annual meeting ; and the electors, when lawfully assembled at a special UKcting, shall have power to transact the same business as at the first and each annual meeting, except the election of officers. The business to be transacted at any special meeting shall be particularly specified in the notices calling the same, and said notices shall be posted six full days prior to the meeting. No tax or loan or debt shall be voted at a special meeting, unless three-fourths of the legal voters shall have been notified, either personally or by a written notice left at their places of residence, stating the time and place and objects of the meeting, and specifying the amount proposed to be voted, at least six days before the time appointed therefor. Sec. 428. Every person shall be entitled to vote in any school district meeting who is qualified to vote at a general election for State and county officers, and who is a resident of such school district. ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DISTRICT TAXES. Sec. 469. All school district taxes, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall be assessed on the same kinds of property as taxes for town and county purposes ; and all personal property -which, on account of its location or the residence of its owner, is taxable in the town, shall, if such locality or residence be in the school district, be likewise taxable for school district purposes. BORROWING MONEY. Sec. 474. Whenever, upon any unusual exigency, any school district shall, before the annual meeting, vote a special tax to be collected with the next levy, the district may, by vote, author- ize the District Board to borrow for a period not exceeding one year a sum not exceeding the amount of such tax, and by such vote set apart such tax when collected to repay such loan, and thereupon the District Board may borrow such money of any person and on such terms and exe- cute and deliver to the lender such obligation therefor, and such security for the repayment, including a mortgage or pledge of any real or personal ))roperty of the district, subject to the directions contained in the vote of the district as may be agreed upon and not jirohibitcd by law. Sec. 408. Every District Clerk who shall wdlfully neglect to make the annual rejjort for his district as required by law siiall be liable to pay the whole amount of money lost by such ■2G8 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIN. district in consequence of his neglect, which shall be recovered in an action in the name of and for the use of the district. Sec. 499. Every Town Clerk who shall neglect or refuse to make and deliver to the County Superintendent his annual report, as required in this chapter within the time limited therefor, shall be liable on his official bond to pay the town the amount which such town or any school district therein, shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon ; and every County Sujjerintendent who shall neglect or refuse to make the report required of him by this chapter to the State Superintendent shall be liable to pay to each town the amount which such town or any school district therein shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon, to be recovered in either case in an action prosecuted by the Town Treasui'er in the name of the town. Sec. 503. Every member of a district board in any school district in this State in which a list of text-books has been adopted according to law, who shall, within three years from the date of such adoption, or thereafter, without the consent of the State Superintendent, order a change of text-books in such district, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars. Sec. 513. Every woman of twenty-one years of age and upward may be elected or appointed as director, treasurer or clerk of a school district, director or secretary of a town board under the township system ; member of a board of education in cities, or county superintendent. Sec. 560. In reckoning school months, twenty days shall constitute a month and one hun- dred days five months. ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. Sec. 1035. The terms "real property," "real estate" and "land," when used in this title, shall include not only the land itself, but all buildings, fixtures, improvements, rights and privileges appertaining thereto. Sec. 10-3<3. The term " personal property," aa used in this title, shall be construed to mean and include toll-bridges, saw-logs, timber and lumber, either upon land or afloat, steamboats, ships and other vessels, whether at home or abroad ; buildings upon leased lands, if such build- ings have not been included in tiie assessment of the land on which they are erected ; ferry-boats, including the franchise for running the same ; all debts due from solvent debtors, whether on account, note, contract, bond, mortgage or other security, or whether such debts are due or to become due ; and all good^, wares, merchandise, chattels, moneys ami eff'ects of any nature or description having any real or marketable value and not included in the term " real property," as above defined. Sec. 1037. The improvements on all lands situated in this State, which shall have been entered under the provisions of the act of Congress entitled " An act to secure homesteads to act- ual settlers on the public domain," approved May twentieth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and which shall be actually occupied and improved by the person so entering the same, or his heirs, shall be subject to taxation, and such improvements shall be assessed as personal property. All taxes levied tiiereon shall bo collected out of the personal property of the occu- pant of such lands, and in no other manner. Sec. 1038. The property in this section described is exempt from taxation, to wit: 1. That owned exclusively by the United States or by this State, but no lands contracted to be sold by the State shall be exempt. 2. That owned exclusively by any county, city, village, town or school district ; but lands purchased by counties at tax sales siiall be exempt only in the cases provided in Sec- tion Eleven Hundred and Ninetj'-one. 3. Personal ])roperty owned by any religious, scientific, literary or benevolent association, used exclusively for the |>urposes of such association, and the real property, if not leased, or not otherwise used for pecuniary profit, necessary for the location and con- venience of the buildings of such association, and embracing the same not exceeding ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 269 ten acres : and the lands reserved for grounds of a chartered college or university, not exceeding forty acres ; and parsonages, whether of local churches or districts, and whether occupied by the pastor permanently or rented for his benefit. The occasional leasing of such buildings for schools, public lectures or concerts, or the leasing of such parsonages, shall not render them liable to taxation. 4. Personal property owned and used exclusively by the State or any county agricultural society, and the lands owned and used by any such society exclusively for fair grounds. 5. Fire engines and other implements used for extinguishing fires, owned or used by any organized fire company, and the buildings and necessary grounds connected therewith, owned by such company, and used exclusively for its proper purposes. 6. The property of Indians who are not citizens, except lands held by them by purchase. 7. Lands used exclusively as public burial-grounds, and tombs and monuments to the dead therein. 8. Pensions receivable from the United States. 9. Stock in any corporation in this State which is required to pay taxes upon its property in the same manner as individuals. 10. So much of the debts due or to become due to any person as shall equal the amount of bona-fide and unconditional debts by him owing. 11. Wearing apparel, family portraits and libraries, kitchen furniture and growing crops. 12. Provisions and fuel provided by the head of a family to sustain its members for six months ; but no person paying board shall be deemed a member of a family. 13. All the personal property of all insurance companies that now are or shall be organized or doing business in this State. 14. The track, right of way, depot grounds, buildings, machine-shops, rolHng-stock and other property necessarily used in operating any railroad in this State belonging to any railroad company, including pontoon, pile and pontoon railroads, and shall henceforth remain exempt from taxation for any purpose, except that the same shall be subject to special assessments for local improvements in cities and villages and all lands owned or claimed by such railroad company not adjoining the track of such company, shall be subject to all taxes. The provision of this subdivision shall not apply to any railroad that now is or shall be operated by horse-power, whether now or hereafter constructed in any village or city. 15. The property, except real estate, of all companies which are or shall be engaged in the business of telegraphing in this State. 16. The real estate of the Home of the Friendless in the city of Milwaukee, not exceeding one lot in amount, is exempted, so long as the same shall continue to be used as such home. 17. All property of any corporation or association formed under the laws of this State for the encouragement of industry by agricultural and industrial fairs and exhibitions, which shall be necessar}' for fair grounds, while used exclusively for such fairs and exhibitions, provided the quantity of land so exempt shall not exceed forty acres. 18. Such tree-belts as are or may be planted and maintained in compliance with chapter sixty -six of one of these statutes. Sec. 1191. Real property, upon which the county holds any certificates of tax sale, shall continue liable to taxation and to sale for unpaid taxes, and the county shall be the exclusive purchaser at the sale ; but wiien a tax deed shall be issued to the county, and it shall hold tax certificates of sale unredeemed on the same property for two successive years subsequent to the date of the sale on which such deed shall issue, including certificates of sale made prior to the passage of these statutes, such property shall thereafter be exempt from ta.xation until the same is sold by the county. The County Clerk shall annually, before the first day of June, furnish to the Assessors of each town a list of the lands in such town exempt under this section. Noth- ing in this section shall be so construed as to apply to lands owned by minors, married women, widowed women, idiots or insane persons. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. COLLECTION OF TAXES. Sec. 1080. The Town Treasurer of each town, on the receipt of the tax-roll for the cur- rent )'car, shall forthwith post notices in three or four public places in such towns, that the tax- roll for such town is in his hands for collection, and that the taxes charged therein are subject to payment at his office at any time prior to tiie first day of January in such year ; and after the said first day of January he siiall proceed to collect the taxes charged in such roll and r'^inaining unpaid, and for that pur])ose shall call at least once on the person taxed, or at any place of his usual residence, if within the town, and demand payment of the taxes charged to hiui on such r Jl. Sec. lOUO. On all taxes paid or tendered at the office of such Treasurer prior to said first day of January, he shall remit all of the 5-per-cent collection fees, except so much thereof as he is authorized by law to have for his fees upon taxes so paid. Sec. lOyL Town oi'ders shall be receivable for taxes in the town where issued, and shall be allowed the Town Treasurer on settlement of town taxes; and county orders and jurors' cer- tificates shall be receivable for taxes in the county where issued, and shall be allowed such Treas- urer on settlement of county taxes with the County Treasurer, but no Town Treasurer shall receive town orders in payment for taxes to a larger amount than the town taxes included in his assessment-roll exclusive of all taxes for school purposes, nor county orders and jurors' certifi- cates to a greater amount than the county tax included therein. Sec. 1097. In case any person shall refuse or neglect to pay the tax imposed upon him, the Town Treasurer shall levy the same by distress and sale of any goods and chattels belong- ing to such person, wherever the same may be found within his town; and if a sufficient amount of such property cannot be found in such town, the Town Treasurer may levy tiic same by dis- tress and sale of the goods and cliattels belonging to such person, wherever the same may be found in the county or in any adjoining counties. Sec. 10U8. The Town Treasurer shall give public notice of the time and place of such sale, at least six days previous thereto, by advertisement, containing a description of the prop- erty to be sold, to be posted up in three public ])laces in the town where the sale is to be made. The sale shall be at public auction, in the daytime, and the property sold shall be present; such property may be released by the payment of the taxes and charges for which the same is liable, to be sold ; if the purchase-money on such sale shall hot be paid at such time as the Treasurer may require, he may agnin, in his discretion, expose such property for sale, or sue, in his name of office, the purchaser for the purchase-money, and recover the same with costs and 10-per-centum damages. Sec. lO'J'J. If the property so levied upon shall be sold for more than the amount of tax and costs, the surplus shall be returned to the owner thereof; and if it cannot be sold for want of bidders, the Treasurer shall return a statement of the lact, and return the property to the person from whose possession he took the same ; and the tax, if unsatisfied, shall be collected in the same manner as if no levy had been made. HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. Sec. 1223. The Supervisors of the several towns shall have the care and supervision of -the highways and bridges therein, and it shall be their duty : 1. To give directions for repairing the highways and bridges within their respective towns, and cause to be removed all obstructions therefrom. 2. To cause such of the roads used as highways as have been laid out but not sufficiently described, and such as have been lawfully laid out and used as such up to the then present time, but not fully and sufficiently recorded, to be ascertained, described and entered of record in the Town Clerk's office. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 271 3. To cause bridges which are or may be erected over streams intersecting highways to be kept in repair. 4. To divide their respective towns into so many road districts as they shall judge conven- ient, and specify every such division in writing under their hands, to be recorded in the office of tlie Town Clerk ; but no such division shall be made within ten days next preceding the annual town meeting. 5. To assign to each of the said road districts such of the inhabitants liable to pay taxes on highways as they think proper, having regard to the nearness of residence as much as practicable. 6. To reijuire the Overseers of Highways from time to time, and as often as they shall deem necessary, to perform any of the duties reiiuired of them by law. 7. To assess the highway taxes in their respective towns in each year, as provided by law. 8. To lay out and establish upon actual surveys, as hereinafter provided, such new roads in their respective towns as they may deem necessary and proper: to discontinue such roads as shall appear to them to have become unnecessary, and to widen or alter such roads when they shall deem necessary for public convenience, and perform all other duties respecting highways and bridges directed by this chapter. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. Sec. 1548. Tiie Town Boards, Village Boards and Common Councils of the respective towns, villages and cities may grant license to such persons as they may deem proper, to keep groceries, saloons or other places, within their respective towns, villages or cities, for the sale in quantities less than one gallon of strong, spirituous, malt, ardent or intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises ; and in like manner may grant licenses for the sale in any quantity of such liquors not to be drank on the premises. The sum to be paid for such license for the sale of such liquor to be drank on tlie premises shall not be less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars ; and for tiie sale of such li(|uor$ not to be drank on the premises shall be not less tiian ten nor more tiian forty dollars. Sec. 1.549. Every ipplicant for such license shall, before delivery thereof, file with such town, village or city clerk a bond to the State in the sum of five hundred dollars, with at least two sureties, to be approved by the authorities granting the license, wlio shall each justify in double its amount over and above tlieir debts and liabilities and exemptions, and be freehold- ers and residents of the county, conditioned tliat the applicant, during the continuance of his license will keep and maintain an orderly and well-regulated house ; that he will permit no gambling with cards, dice or any device or implement for that purpose, within his premises or any out-house, yard or shed appertaining thereto; that he will not sell or give away any intoxi- cating liquor to any minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, unless upon the writ- ten order of the parents or guardian of such minor, or to persons intoxicated or bordering upon intoxication, or to habitual drunkards ; and that he will pay all damages that may be recovered by any person, and that he will observe and obey all orders of such Supervisors, Trustees or Ahlermen, or any of them, made pursuant to law. In case of the breach of the condition of any such bond, an action may be brought thereon in the name of the State of Wisconsin, and judgment shall be entered against the principals and sureties therein named f)r the full pen:ilty thereof; and execution may issue thereiqiou by order of the court therefor, to satisfy any judgment that may have been recovered against the principal named in said bond, by reason of any breach in the conditions thereof, or for any penalties of forfeitures incurred under this chap- ter. If more than one judgment shall have been recovered, the court, in its discretion, may apply the proceeds of said bond toward the satisfaction of said several judgments, in whole or in part, in such manner as it may see fit. Sec. 1550. If any person shall vend, sell, deal or traffic in oribr the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, malt, ardent or intoxicating liquors or drinks in any 272 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. quantity whatever without first having obtained license therefor, according to the provisions of this chapter, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction tiiereof shall be punished by fine of not less than ten nor more than forty dollars, besides the costs of suit, or, in lieu of such fine, by imprisonment in the county jail of the proper county not to exceed sixty days nor less than twenty days ; and, in case of punishment by fine as above provided, such per- son shall, unless the fine and costs be paid forthwith, be committed to the county jail of the proper county until such fine and costs are paid, or until discharged by due course of law ; and, in case of a second or any subsequent conviction of the same person during any one year, the punish- ment may be by both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 1551. Upon complaint made to any Justice of the Peace by any person that he knows or h;is good reason to believe that an offense against this chapter, or any violation thereof, has been committed, he shall examine the complainant on oath, and he shall reduce such com- plaint to writing ami cause the same to be subscribed by the person complaining. And if it shall appear to such Justice that there is rcaionable cause to believe that such ofiense has been committed, he shall immediately issue his warrant, reciting therein the substance of such com- plaint and requiring the officer to whom such warrant shall be directed forthwith to arrest the accused and bring him before such Justice, to be dealt with according to law ; and the same war- rant may require the officer to summon such persons as shall be therein named to appear at the trial to give evidence. Sec. 1552. The District Attorney of the proper county shall, on notice given to him by the Justice of the Peace before whom any such complaint shall be made, attend the trial before auch Justice and conduct the same on behalf of the State. Sec. 1553. Every supervisor, trustee, alderman and justice of the peace, police officer? marshal, deputy marshal and constable of any town, village or city who shall know or be credi- bly informed that any offense has been committed against the provisions of this chapter shall make complaint against the person so offending within their respective towns, villages or cities to a proper Justice of the Peace therein, and for every neglect or refusal so to do every such officer shall forfeit twenty-five dollars, and the Treasurer of such town, village or city shall pros- ecute therefor. Sec. 1557. Any kcepor of any saloon, shop or place of any name whatsoever for the sale of strong, spirituous or malt liquors to be drank on the premises in any quantity less than one gallon, who shall sell, vend or in any way deal or traffic in or for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away any spirituous, ardent or malt liquors or drinks in any quantity whatsoever to or with a minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, or to a person intoxicated or bordering on a state of intoxication, or to any other prohibited person before mentioned, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor ; nor shall any person sell or in any way deal or traffic in, or, for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, ardent, intoxicating or malt liquors or drinks in any quantity whatsoever within one mile of either of the hospitals for the insane ; and any person who shall so sell or give away any such liquors or drinks shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Sec. 1675. All notes in writing made and signed by any person or for any corporation, and all certificates of the deposit of money issued by any person or corporation, whereby he or it shall promise to pay to any person or order, or unto the bearer, any sum of money, as therein mentioned, shall be due and payable as therein expressed, and shall have the same efi"ect and shall be negotiable in like manner as inland bills of exchange, according to the custom of mer- chants. But no order drawn upon or accepted by the Treasurer of any county, town, city, village or school district, whether drawn by any officer thereof or any other person, and no obligation nor instrument made by such corporation or any officer thereof, unless expressly authorized by law ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 273 to be made negotiable, shall be, or shall be deemed to be, negotiable according to the customs of merchants, in whatever form they may be drawn or made. Sec. 1680. On all bills of exchange payable at sight, or at future day certain, within this State, and all negotiable promissory notes, orders and drafts payable at a future day cer- tain, within tiiis State, in which there is not an express stipulation to the contrary, grace should be allowed in like manner as it is allowed by the custom of merchants on foreign bills of exchange payable at the expiration of a certain period after date or sight. The provisions of this section shall not extend to any bill of exchange, note or draft payable on demand. Sec. 1G84. All notes, drafts, bills of exchange or other negotiable paper maturing on Sunday or upon any legal holiday shall be due and payable on the next preceding secular day. HOURS OF LABOR. Sec. 1728. In all manufactories, work-shops and other places used for mechanical or manufacturing purposes, the time of labor of children under eighteen years of age and of women employed therein, shall not exceed eight hours in one day ; and any employer, stockholder, director, officer, overseer, clerk or foreman who shall compel any woman or any child to labor exceeding eight hours in any one day, or who shall permit any child under fourteen years of age to labor more than ten hours in any one day in any such place, if he shall have control over sucli ciiild sufficient to prevent it, or who shall employ at manual labor any child under twelve years of age in any factory or work-shop where more than three persons are employed, or who shall employ any child of twelve and under fourteen years of age in any such factory or work- shop for more than seven months in any one year, shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars for each such offense. Sec. 1729. In all engagements to labor in any manufacturing or mechanical business, where there is no express contract to the contrary, a day's work sliall consist of eight hours, and all engagements or contracts for labor in such cases shall be so construed ; but this shall no/ apply to any contract for labor by the week, month or year. FORM OF CONVEYANCES. Sec. 2207. A deed of quitclaim and release of the form in common use or of the form hereinafter provided, shall be sufficient to pass all the estate which the grantor could lawfully convey by deed of bargain and sale. fc>EC. 2208. Conveyances of land may be in substantially the following form: W.'VRR.^NTY DEED. A B, grantor of County, Wisconsin, hereby conveys and warrants to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. (Here describe the premises.) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In the presence of] ■ [seal.] j quitclaim deed. [seal.] A B, grantor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby quitclaims to C D, grantee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County, {Here describe the premises.) Witness the hand and seal of said grantor this day of , 18 — . In presence of SEAL. SEAL. 274 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Such deeds, when executed and acknowledged as required by law, shall, when of the firet of the above forms, have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns of tlie premises therein named, together with all the appurtenances, rights and privileges thereto belonging, with a covenant from the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives, that he is lawfully seized of the premises ; has good right to convey the same ; that he guaran- tees the grantee, his heirs and assigns in the quiet possession thereof ; that the same are free from all incumbrances, and tiiat the grantor, his heirs and personal representatives will forever war- rant and defend the title and possession thereof in the grantee, his heirs and assigns against all lawful claims whatsoever. Any exceptions to such covenants may be briefly inserted in such deed, following the description of the land ; and when in the second of the above forms, shall have the effect of a conveyance in fee simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns, of all the right, title, interest and estate of the grantor, eitiier in possession or expectancy, in and to the prem- ises therein described, and all rights, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging. MORTGAGES. Sec. 2209. A mortgage may be substantially in the following form : A B, mortgagor, of County, Wisconsin, hereby mortgages to C D, mortgagee, of County, Wisconsin, for the sum of dollars, the following tract of land in County. (Ilfre ill scribe the premises ) This mortgage is given to secure the following indebtedness : 'Ilrrt stale amount or amounts and form of indebtedness, u/iel/irr on note, bond or otheruise, time or timet ulien due, rale of interest, by and to whom payable, etc.) The mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes and assessments on said premises, and the sum of dollars attorney's fees in case of foreclosure thereof. Witness the hand and seal of said mortgagor this day of , 18 — . In presence of i I [...:a...] j [SEAL.] wiien executed and acknowledgeil according to law shall have the efl'ect of a convej'ance of the land therein described, together with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging in pledge to the mortgagee, his heirs, assigns aii(l legal representatives for the jiayment of the indebtedness therein set i'orth. with covenant from the mortgagor that all taxes and assess- ments levied and assessed upon the land described during the continuance of tiie mortgage shall be paid previous to the day appointed by law for the sale of lands for taxes, as fully as the forms of mortgage now and heretofore in common use in this State, and may be foreclosed in the same manner and with the same effect, upon any default being made in any of the conditions thereof as to payment of either principal, interest or taxes. ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE. Sec. 2210. An assignment of a mortgage substantially in the following form : For value received I, \ H. ol' . Wisconsin, hereby assign to C D, of W 13- consin, the within mortgage (or a certain mortgage executed to by E F ami wife, of County, Wisconsin, the day ol . l!S — , and recorded in the office of the Register of Deedsof County, Wisconsin, in \q\. of mortgages, on page ), together with tile and indebtedness therein mentioned. Witness ray hand and seal this day of , 18 — . In presence of 1 ! J A B. [seal.], ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 275 shall be sufficient to vest in the assignee for :ill purposes all the rights of the mortgagee under the mortgage, and the amount of the indebtedness due thereon at the date of assignment. Such assignment, wiien indorsed upon the original mortgage, shall not require an acknowledg- ment m order to entitle the same to be recorded. TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY BY DESCENT. Sec. 2270. When any person shall die, seized of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, or any right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein in fee simple, or for the life of another, not having lawfully devised the same, they shall descend subject to his debts, except as provided in the next section, in the manner following: 1. In equal shares to his children, and to the lawful issue of any deceased child, by right of representation; and if there be no child of the intestate living at his death, his estate shall descend to all his other lineal descendants ; and if all the said descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the intestate, they shall share the estate equally, otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 2. If he shall leave no lawful issue, to his widow ; if he shall leave no such issue or widow, to his parents, if living; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit his said estate. If a woman shall die, leaving no issue, her estate shall descend to her husband, if she shall have one at the time of her decease, and if she shall leave, surviving her, neither issue nor husband, to her parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit her said estate. 3. If he shall leave no lawful issue, nor widow, nor father, nor mother, his estate shall descend in equal shares to his brothers and sisters, and to the children of any deceased brother or sister, by right of representation. 4. If the intestate shall leave no lawful issue, widow, father, mother, brother nor sister, his estate shall descend to his ne.xt of kin in equal degree, except that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree, but claiming through different ances- tors, those "who claim through the nearest ancestor shall be preferred to those claiming through an ancestor more remote ; provided, however, 6. If any person die leaving several children, or leaving one child, and the issue of one or more other children, and any such surviving child shall die under age, and not having been married, all the estate that came to the deceased cliild, by inheritance from such deceased parent, shall descend in equal shares to the other children of the same parent, andtotheissueofany such other children who shall have died, by right of representation. 6. If, at the death of such child, who shall die under age, and not having been married, all the other children of his said parent shall also be dead, and any of them shall liave left issue, the estate that came to said child by inheritance from his said paretit, shall descend to all the issue of the other children of the same parent ; and if all the said issue are in the same degree of kindred to said child, they shall share the said estate equally ; otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 7. If the intestate shall have no widow nor kimlred, his estate shall escheat to the State, and be added to the capital of the school fund. Sec. 2271. When the owner of any homestead shall die, not having lawfully devised the same, such homestead shall descend free of all judgments and claims against such deceased owner or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens, in the manner following : 1. If he shall have no lawful issue, to his widow. 2. If he shall leave a widow and issue, to his widow during her widowhood, and, upon her marriage or death, to his heirs, according to the next preceding section. 3. If lie shall leave issue and no widow, to such issue, according to the preceding section. 4. If he shall leave no issue or widow, such homestead shall descend under the next pre- ceding section, subject to lawful liens thereon. 276 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIX. OF WILLS. Sec. 2277. Every person of full age, and any married woman of the age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, seized in his or her own right of any lands, or of any right thereto, or entitled to any interest tiierein, descendible to his or her lieirs, may devise and dis- pose of the same by last will and testament in writing ; and all such estate not disposed of by will, shall descend as the estate of an intestate, being chargeable, in both cases, with the pay- ment of all his debts or her debts, except as provided in the ne.xt preceding chapter, and in sec- tion twentv-two hundred and eighty. Sec. 227 !S. Every devise of land in any will shall be construed to convey all the estate of the devisor therein, whicli he could lawfully devise, unless it shall clearly appear by the will that the devisor intended to convey a less estate. Sec. 2279. Any estate, right 6r interest in lands acquired by the testator, after the making of his will, shall pass thereby in like manner as if possessed at the time of making the will, if such shall manifestly appear, by the will, to have been the intention of the testator. Sec. 22 ; if any person shall willfully mark or brand any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs, of any other person with his mark or brand, he shall f6rfeit for every such offense §10 ; and, if any person shall willfully destroy or alter any mark or brand upon any of tlie horses, cattle, sheep or hogs of another, he shall forfeit §10, and pay to the party injured double damages. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. A County Surveyor is elected every two years. The surveyor may appoint and remove deputies at will, on filing a certificate thereof with the County Clerk. He shall be responsible on his bond for the faithful performance by every deputy of his duties. It shall be the duty of the County Surveyor: (1.) To execute, himself or by his deputy, any survey which may be required of him by order of court, or upon application of any individual or corporation. (2.) To make a record of the plat and field notes of each survey made by him or his deputies, in record books kept therefor, and to so arrange or index the same as to be easy of reference, and to file and preserve in his office the original field notes and calculations thereof. (3.) To safely keep all books, records, plats, files, papers and property belonging to his office ; afford opportunity to examine the same to any person desiring, and deliver the same to his successor in office. (4.) To furnish a copy of any record, plat or paper in his office, to any person on demand and payment of his legal fees therefor. (5.) To administer to every chainman and marker assisting in any survey, before com- mencing their duties as such, an oath or affirmation faithfully and impartially to discharge the duties of chainman or marker, as the case may be ; and the surveyor and his deputies are empowered to administer the same. (U.) To perform such other duties as may be required by law. The surveyor and his deputies may demand and receive the following fees, except it be other- wise agreed upon with the parties employing them, to wit : For each day's service, §3. For each mile traveled in going from his office to the place of rendering service and return- ing, 10 cents. For plat and certificate, except town plats, 50 cents. For recording a survey, 50 cents. For each chainman and marker necessarily employed, §1.50 per day, unless they be fur- nished by the person for whom the survey is made. For making a copy, 10 cents a folio, and 25 cents for his certificate. SUPPORT OF THE POOR. Every town shall relieve and support all poor and indigent persons lawfully settled therein, whenever they shall stand in need thereof, excepting as follows: The father, mother and children, being of sufficient ability, of any poor person, who is blind, old, lame, impotent or decrepit, so as to be unable to maintain himself, shall, at their own charge, relieve and maintain such poor person in such manner as shall be approved by the Super visors of the town where such person may be, and, upon the failure of any such relative so to do, the Supervisors shall apply to the County Judge for an order to compel such relief. Legal settlement may be acquired by one year's residence in a town of this State. ABSTRACT' OF LAWS. 283 MARRIED WOMEN. In Wisconsin, the marriage of a femme sole, executrix or administratrix, extinguishes her authority ; and of a female ward, terminates the guardianship as to custody of person, but not as to estate. The husband holds his deceased wife's lands for life, unless she left, by a former husband, issue to whom the estate might descend. Provisions exist by which powers may be given to married women, and regulating their execution of them. If husband and wife are impleaded, and the husband neglects to defend the rights of the wife, she applying before judg- ment, may defend without him ; and, if he lose her land, by default, she may bring an action for ejectment after his death. The real estate of females married before, and the real and per- sonal property of those after February 21, 1850, remain their separate property. And any married woman may receive, but not from her husband, and hold any property as if unmarried. She may insure the life of her husband, son, or any other person, for her own exclusive benefit. The property of the wife remains to her separate use, not liable for her husband's debts, and not subject to his disposal. She may convey her separate property. If her husband desert her, or neglect her, she may become a sole trader; and she may insure his life for her benefit. Her husband is not liable for her debts contracted before marriage ; the individual earnings of the wife are her separate property, and she may sue, and be sued alone, in regard to the same. She may make and hold deposits in savings- banks. She may, by a separate conveyance, release her dower in any lands which her husband has conveyed. If a woman has authority, she can transact all her husband's business for him ; and while they live together, the wife can buy all family things necessary for the support of the family, and for which he is liable. The husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to his wife, if he does not supply them himself ; and lie continues .so liable, if he turns her out of his house, or otherwise separates him- self from her without good cause. But he is not so liable, if she deserts him (unless on extreme provocation), or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him, because he treats her so ill, that she has good right to go from him, this is the same thing as turning her away, and she carries with her his credit for all necessaries supplied to her ; but what the misconduct must be, to give this right, is uncertain. In America the law must be, and undoubtedly is, that the wife is not obliged to stay and endure cruelty and indecency. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and represents her to be so, he is responsible, the same as if she were his wife, even if it is known that she is not his wife. ACTIONS. All distinctions have been abolished, and there is now but one form, which must be prose- cuted in the name of the real party in interest, except in case of executors, administrators and trustees, and which is begun by the service of a summons on the defendant, to be answered within twenty days. ARREST. Defendant may be arrested: 1. In an action to recover damages not on contract, wJicre the defendant is a non-rcsiilent, or is about to remove from the State, or where the action is for injury to the person or character, or for injury to, or wrong taking, detaining or converting property, or in an action to recover damages for property taken under false pretenses. 2. In an action for a fine or penalty or for money received or property embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a public officer or attorney, solicitor, or counsel or officer of a corpora- tion as such, or factor agent or broker, or for misconduct or neglect in official or professional employment. 3. In an action to recover property unjustly detained where it is so concealed that the Sheriff cannot find the same. 284 HISTOKY OP AVISCONSIN. 4. Where the defendant was guilty of fraud in contracting the debt, or in concealing or disposing of the property for the taking, detaining or disposing of which the action is brought. An affidavit must be made on the part of the plaintiff, stating the cause of action and one of the above causes. ATTACHMENT is allowed on an affidavit that the defendant is indebted to plaintiff, and stating the amount and that it is due on contract ; and, 1. That defendant has absconded, or is about to abscond, or is concealed to the injury of his creditors. 2. That defendant has assigned, disposed or concealed his property or is about to do so with intent to defraud creditors. •3. That the defendant has removed, or is about to remove, his property from the State with intent to defraud creditors. 4. That the debt was fraudulently contracted. 5. That he is a non-resident. 6. Or a foreign corporation. 7. That he has fraudulently conveyed or disposed of his property with intent to defraud creditors. The amount sued for must exceed 350. GARNISHMENT is allowed on an affidavit on behalf of the creditor, that he believes that any third person (naming him) has property effects, or credits of defendant, or is indebted to him, also in execution, on a similar affidavit. JUDGMENT is a lien on real estate in the county where rendered from the date of docketing, and in other counties from the time of filing a transcript, and the lien continues for ten years. It bears interest at 7 per cent, or as high as 10 per cent if stipulated for in the contract. STAY LAWS. In Justices' Courts, on giving bond with surety within five days after judgment was ren- dered, stay of execution is allowed, as follows : On sums not exceeding §10, exclusive of costs, one month ; between §10 and $30, two months ; between §30 and §50, three months ; over §50, four months. EXEMPTIONS. A homestead not exceeding forty acres, used for agriculture .and a residence, and not included in a town plat or a city or village : or, instead, one-quarter of an acre in a recorded town plat, city or village. Also, 1, Family Bible : 2, Family pictures and school-books ; 3, Private library: 4, Scat or pew in church: ■'>. Right of burial: 6, Wearing-apparel, beds, bed- steads and bedding, kept and used in the family, stoves and appurtenances, put up and used, cooking utensils and household furniture to the value of §200, one gun, rifle or fire-arm to the value of §50 ; 7, Two cows, ten swine, one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, or, in liea thereof, a span of horses or mules, ten sheep and the wool therefrom, necessary food for exempt stock for one year, provided or growing or both, one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag and other farm utensils, including tackle for the teams to the value of §50 ; 8, Provis- ions and fuel for the family for one year ; 9, Tools and implements or stock-in-trade of ik ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 285 mechanic or miner, used and kept, not exceeding $200 in value, library and implements of a professional man to the value of $"200 ; 10, Money arising from insurance of exempt property destroyed by fire ; 11, Inventions for debts against the inventor; 12, Sewing-machines; 13, Sword, plate, books or articles presented by Congress or Legislature of a State ; 14, Printing- material and presses to the value of $1,500; 15, Earnings of a married person necessary for family support for sixty days previous to issuing process. LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS. Real actions, twenty years ; persons under disabilities, five years after removal of the same. Judgments of Courts of Record of the State of Wisconsin and sealed instruments when the cause accrues within the State, twenty years. Judgments of other Courts of Record and sealed instruments accruing without the State, ten years. Other contracts, statute liabilities other than penalties and forfeitures, trespass on real property, trover detinue and replevin, six years. Actions against Sheriffs, Coroners and Constables, for acts done in their official capacity, except for escapes, three years. Statutory penalties and forfeitures, libel, slander, assault, battery and false imprisonment, two years. Actions against Sheriffs, etc., for escapes, one year. Persons under disabilities, except infants, may bring action after the disability ceases, provided the period is not extended more than ^I'e s/ears, and infants one year ahev coming of age. Actions by representatives of deceased persons, one year from death ; against the same, one year from granting letters testamentary or of administration. New promise must be in writing. COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ — Means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, L^nited States currency. £ — yieans pounds, English money. (re — Stands for at or to ; lb for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; '^ for per, or by the. Thus : Butter sells at 20(rt:30c ''^ lb, and Flour at $8(« 12 '^ bbl. % for per cent., and $ for numbers. May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20((t;$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of tlie person selling sfwrt to depress tlie market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts " are termed "bears." Buying long is to contrive to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices upward as much as possible. SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. The business of publishing books by subscription having so often been brought into disre- pute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in Older to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to p;iy tlie price named. The nature and cliaracter of the work is described by the prospectus ami sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the 2^6 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a com- mission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes arc stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they cannot be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but, if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all poisons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the sub- scription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular Susines.^ in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it in any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They cannot collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anvthing else but money. They cannot extend the time of payment beyond the time of deli.ery. nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscrijdion book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is ; if they cannot read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. CONDENSED. PREAMBLE. We, the People of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom ; in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquillity, and promote the genei-al welfare, do establish this Constitution. Article I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. Section 1. All men are born free and independent, and have, among other rights, those of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Governments are instituted to secure these rights. Sec. 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punish- ment of crimes. Sec. 3. Liberty of speech and of the press shall not be abridged. Sec. 4. The right of the people to peaceably assemble to consult for the common good shall never be abridged. Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. Sec. 6. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel pun- ishments inflicted. Sec. 7. In criminal prosecutions, the rights of the accused shall be protected. Sec. 8. Criminal offenses shall be prosecuted on presentment of a grand jury. No one shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense, nor be compelled to be a witness against liiniself Every one shall liave the right of giving bail except in capital offenses; and the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion. Sec. 9. Every person is entitled to a certain remedy for all injuries or wrongs. Sec. 10. Treason consists in levying war against the State, or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. Two witnesses are necessary to convict a person of the crime. Sec. 11. The people are to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. Sec. 12. Bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or laws impairing obligation of contracts, shall never be passed. Sec. 13. No property shall be taken for public use without compensation. All laws in the State are allodial. Feudal tenures are prohibited. The rights of property are the same in resident aliens and citizens. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. Wholesome exemption laws shall be passed. Liberty of conscience and rights of worship shall never be abridged. The public money shall never be applied to sectarian uses. Sec. 19. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any oflBce. 087 Sec. 14. Sec. 15. Sec. 16. Sec. 17. Sec. 18. 288 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law. Sec. 22. A free government can only be maintained by adhering to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue. Article II. BOUNDARIES. Section 1. The boundary of the State, beginning at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, runs with the boundary line of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menominie River: up that stream and the Brule River to Lake Brule; along the southern shore of that lake to the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the head of Montreal River; down the main channel of that stream to the middle of Lake Superior; thence through the center of said lake to the mouth of St. Louis River; up the channel of that stream to the first rapids ; thence due south to the main branch of the St. Croi.x ; down that river and the Mississippi to the northwest corner of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of that State to the place of beginning. Sec. 2. The propositions in the enabling act of Congress are accepted and confirmed. Article III. SUFFRAGE. Section 1. The qualified electors are all male persons twenty-one years of age or upward, who are(l.) white citizens of the United States; (2.) who are white persons of foreign birth that have declared their intentions, according to law, to become citizens ; (3) who are persons of Indian blood and citizens of the United States ; and (-1.) civilized Indians not members of any tribe. Sec. 2. Persons under guardianship, such as are non corapus mentis or insane, and those convicted of treason and felony and not pardoned, are not qualified electors. Sec. 3. All votes shall be by ballot, except for township oflficers when otherwise directed by law. Sec. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence by reason of his absence on business for the State or United States. Sec. 5. No person in the army or navy shall become a resident of the State in conse- quence of being stationed therein. Sec. 6. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny or any infamous crime, or those who bet on elections, may be excluded by law from the right of suffrage. Article IV. legislative. Section 1. The Legislative power is vested in a Senate and Assembly. Sec. 2. Members of the Assembly shall never number less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred ; of the Senate, not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the mem- bers of the Assembly. Sec. 3. Census shall be taken, every ten years, of the inhabitants of the State, beginning with 1855, when a new apportionment of members of the Senate and Assembly shall be made ; also, after each United States census. Sec. 4. Members of the Assembly shall be chosen on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of each year. Sec. 5. Members of the Senate shall be elected for two years, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Assembly. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 289 Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the Legislature, unless a resident of the State one year, and a qualified elector. Sec. 7. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications of its members. A majority shall be necessary to form a quorum. Sec. 8. Each House shall make its own rules. Sec. 9. Each House shall choose its own officers. Sec. 10. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. Sec. 11. The Legislature shall meet at the seat of government once a year. Sec. 12. No member shall be eligible to any other civil office in the State, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 13. No member shall be eligible to any ofiice of the L^nited States, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 14. Writs of election, to fill vacancies in either House, shall be issued by the Gov- ernor. Sec. 15. Except treason, felony and breach of the peace, members are privileged fi'om arrest in all cases ; nor subject to any civil process during a session. Sec. 16. Members are not liable for words spoken in debate. Sec. 17. The style of all laws shall be, " The people of the State of Wisconsin rep- resented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : " Sec. 18. Private or local bills shall not embrace more than one subject. Sec. 19. Bills may originate in either House, and a bill passed by one House may be amended by the other. Sec. 20. Yeas and nays, at the request of one-sixth of the members present, shall be entered on the journal. Sec. 21. [Each member shall receive, as an annual compensation, three hundred and fifty dollars and ten cents for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the seat of gov- ernment]. As amended in 1867. Sec. 22. Boards of Supervisors may be vested with powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, such as shall be conferred by the Legislature. Sec. 23. One system only, of town and county government, shall be established by the Legislature. Sec. 24. The Legislature shall never authorize any lottery, or grant any divorce. Sec. 25. Stationery, for State use and State printing, shall be let by contract to the low- est bidder. Sec. 26. Extra compensation to any public officer shall not be granted after service is rendered, nor shall his compensation be increased or diminished during his term of office. Sec. 27. The Legislature shall direct, by law, in what manner and in what Courts suits against the State may be brought. Sec. 28. Public officers shall all take an oath of office. Sec. 29. The Legislature shall determine what persons shall constitute the militia, and may provide for organizing the same. Sec. 30. Members of the Legislature shall vote viva voce in all elections made by them. Sec. 31. [Special legislation is prohibited (1) for changing the names of persons, or con- stituting one person the heir-at-law of another ; (2) for laying out, opening or altering high- ways, except in certain cases; (3) for authorizing persons to keep ferries; (4) for authorizing the sale of the property of minors; (5) for locating a county seat ; (6) for assessment of taxes; (7) for granting corporate powers, except to cities; (8) for apportioning any part of the school fund ; and (9) for incorporating any town or village, or to award the charter thereof]. Added by amendment, in 1871. Sec. 32. [General laws shall be passed for the transaction of any business prohibited by Section 21 of this Article.] Added by amendment, in 1S71. 290 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Article V. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold Jiis office two years. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same .'■erm. S£C. 2. Governor and Lieutenant Governor must be citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State. Sec. 3. Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected at the times and placea of choosing members of the Legislature. Sec. 4. The Governor shall be (1) commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State ; (2) he lias power to convene tiie Legislature in extra session ; (3) he shall communi- cate to the Legislature all necessary information ; (4) he shall transact all necessary business witii tlie officer.s of the State; and (5) shall e.\pedite all legislative measures, and see that th? laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 5. [The Governor's salary shall be five thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons. Sec. 7. The executive duties shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor when, from any cause, the executive office is vacated by tlie Governor. Sec. 8. "The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate. The Secretary of State shall act as Governor when both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are incapacitated from any causes to fill the executive office. Sec. 9. [The Lieutenant Governor shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 10. All legislative bills shall be presented to the Governor for his signature before they become laws. Bills returned by the Governor without his signature may become laws by agreement of two-thirds of the members present in each house. Article VL ad.ministration. Section 1. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature, who shall severally hold their offices for two years. Sec. 2. The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department. lie shall be ex officio Auditor. Sec. 3. The powers, duties and compensation of the Treasurer and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 4. Sheriffs, Coroners, Registers of Deeds and District Attorneys shall be elected every two years. Article VH. judiciary. Section 1. The Senate shall form the Court of Impeachment. Judgment shall not extend further than removal from office; but the person impeached shall be liable to indictment, trial and punishment, according to law. Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Courts of Probate, and in Justices of the Peace. Municipal courts, also, may be authorized. Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only. Trial by jury is not allowed in any case. The Court shall have a general superintending control over inferior courts, and power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other original and remedial writs. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 293 Sec. 4. [The Supreme Court shall consist of one Chief Justice, and four Associate Justices, each for the term often years.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five Judicial Circuits. Sec. 6. The Legislature may alter the limits or increase the number of the circuits. Sec. 7. There shall be a Judge chosen for each Circuit, who shall reside therein ; his term of office shall be six years. Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters civil and crim- inal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited hereafter by law, and appellate juris- diction from all inferior courts. They shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, man- damus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to carry their orderi? and judgments into effect. Sec. 'J. Vacancies in the office of Supreme or Circuit Judge shall be filled by the Gover- nor. Election for Judges shall not be at any general election, nor within thirty days before or after said election. Sec. 10. Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall receive a salary of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars, and shall hold no other office, except a judicial one, during the term for which they are respectively elected. Each Judge shall be a citizen of the United States, and have attained the age of twenty-five years. He shall also be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be chosen. Sec. 11. The Supreme Court shall hold at least one term annually. A Circuit Court shall be held at least twice in each year, in each county of this State organized for judicial pur- poses. Sec. 12. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court chosen in each county, whose term of office shall be two years. The Supreme Court shall appoint its own Clerk. Sec. 13. Any Judge of the Supreme or Circuit Court maj' be removed from office by vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to both Senate and Assembly. Sec. 14. A Judge of Probate shall be elected in each county, who shall hold his office for two years. Sec. 15. Justices of the Peace shall be elected in the several towns, villages and cities of the State, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, whose term of office shall be two years. Their civil and criminal jurisdiction shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 16. Laws shall be passed for the regulation of tribunals of conciliation. Tiiese may be established in and for any township. Sec. 17. The style of all writs and process shall be " The State of Wisconsin." Criminal jirosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by authority of the State ; and all indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the same. Sec. 18. A tax shall be imposed by the Legislature on all civil suits, which shall consti- tute a fund, to be applied toward the payment of the salary of Judges. Sec. 19. Testimony in e([uity causes simll be taken the same as in cases at law. The office of Master in Chancery is prohibited. Sec. 20. Any suitor may prosecute or defend his case in his own proper person, or by attorney or agent. Sec. 21. Statute laws and such judicial decisions as are deemed expedient, shall be pub- lishetl. No general law shall be in force until published. Sec. 22. The Legislature at its first session shall provide for the appointment of three Commissioners to revise the rules of practice in the several Courts of Record in the State. Sec. 23. The Legislature may confer judicial powers on one or more persons in each organized county of the State. Powers granted to such Commissioners shall not exceed that of a Judge of a Circuit Court at chambers. 294 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article VIII. FINANCE. Section 1. Taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the Legislature may prescribe. Sec. 2. [No money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appro- priation by law. Claims made against the State must be filed within six years after having accrued.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 3. The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association or corporation. Sec. 4. The State shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner provided in this Constitution. Sec. 5. A tax shall be levied each year sufficient to defray estimated expenses. Sec. 6. Debts not to exceed one hundred tliousand dollars may be contracted by the State, which shall be paid within five years thereafter. Sec. 7. The Legislature may borrow money to repel invasion, suppress insurrection or defend the State in time of war. Sec. 8. All fiscal laws in the Legislature shall be voted on by yeas and nays. Sec. 9. State scrip shall not be issued except for such debts as are authorized by the sixth and seventh sections of this article. Sec. 10. No debt for internal improvements shall be contracted by the State. Article IX. eminent do.main and property of the state. Section 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on all rivers and lakes border- ing on Wisconsin. Sec. 2. The title to all property which has accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin shall vest in the State of Wisconsin. Sec. 3. The ultimate property in and to all lands of the State is possessed by the people. Article X. education. Section 1. The supervision of public instruction siiall be vested in a State Superintend- ent and such other oHicers as the Legislature shall direct. The annual compensation of the State Superintendent shall not exceed twelve hundred dollars. Sec. "2. The school fund to support and maintain common schools, academies and nor- mal schools, and to jiurchase apparatus and libraries therefor, shall be created out of (1) the proceeds of lands from the United States; (2) out of forfeitures ami escheats; (3) out of moneys paid as exemptions from military duly; (4) out of fines collected for breach of penal laws; (.")) out of any grant to the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified; (6) out of the proceeds of the sale of five hundred thousand acres of land granted by Congress Sep- tember 14, 1S41 ; and (7) out of the five per centum of the net proceeds of the public lanils to which the State .entalive», to succeed to the chief Kn-oulive office id the event of u Tacancj in the uOlcea of both Preaidrnt and Vice rp-^idetit, t Tbo Prealdcnt'i salary wu fixed Fehrukrj 18, 1793, at i'ii.WO, and was incresMd March 3, 1873, to ^,000. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 301 Sec. 2. The President sliall bo the Commanrler-in-Chief of the army and navy nf the United States, and of the militia of tlie several States, when in actual service of the United States; he may require the written opinion of the principal officers of the several executive departments upon subjects relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for ofi'enses against the United States, e.xcept in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur, and shall nominate to the Senate ambassa- dors, other public ministers and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for; but Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President may fill all vacancies that may ha])pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall ex])ire at the end of their next session. He shall, from time to time, give Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend measures to their consideration ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them as to the time of adjourn- ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Sectiox 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall receive a compensa- tion which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, treaties, cases afl'ecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of difierent States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of difflsrent States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State is a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, subject to exceptions and regu- lations made by Congress. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by jury, and in the State where the crime was committed ; but Congress shall fix the place of trial for crimes not committed within any State. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Each State shall give full faith aiul credit to the public acts, records and judi- cial proceedings of every other State, and Congress may prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 302 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Fugitives from justice in any State found in another State, shall, on demand of the Execu- tive, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under tiie laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consef|uence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from sucli service or labor, but sliall be delivered up on claim of the part}' to whom such service or labor may be clue. Sec. 3. New States may be admitted to the Union, but no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. Congress shall have power to dispose of and to regulate and govern the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in tJiis Constitution shall be construed to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any particular State. Every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government, and shall be protecteil against invasion ; and on an application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis- lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on application of two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, siiall call a convention for proposing amendments, wiiich, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided tliat no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight Imndred and eireme law of the land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby ; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Senators and Representatives, members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oatii or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VIL The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between tiie States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven humlred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America tiie twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Diputy from Virginia. [Other signatures omitted.] CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 303 Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fiftli Article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or of the rigiit of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for any infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for oublic use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime siiall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronteil with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun- ishments inflicted. 304 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not he construed to deny or dis- parage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with tliemselves ; fiistinct ballots shall be made for President and Vice President, and distinct lists made of such ballots and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government, addressed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; if no person have such majority, then from those having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- diately by ballot the President. But, in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, each State having one vote; a (juorum for this purpose sliall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. If, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, the Houseof Representatives shall not choose a President before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of deatli or disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or subject to the juris- diction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. Ko State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction tiie equal protection of the law. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the States according to population, counting the whole number of persons in each State, including Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote is denied to any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall hold any ofBce under the United States or under any State, who having previously, as an officer of the United States of any State, taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, including pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be lield illegal and void. Sec. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 306 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUNTIES AND CITIES WITH GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. yote. — The Repuhlicnn or T>emocratic majority in each county is given as between Smith and Mallory. back majority is only given when the vote for AUis exceeds the others, and is taken from the highest vote. Green- COUNTIES. GOVERSOB. 1S77. PRESIDENT. 1876 Smith. Mallorj AIIU. M,j. HmyM. Tilden. M^j. 580 86 459 40 1387 1075 336 460 685 449 2048 806 3613 2333 477 21 1174 1208 3080 2620 1823 879 1401 802 1917 1045 938 247 1968 1409 27 1365 301 447 5843 1102 1059 777 437 521 1523 916 1080 2304 233 163 203 34 1740 810 24 1130 693 153 1597 1008 3903 4267 126 28 407 805 3414 1938 849 890 1175 391 2418 883 907 668 1116 1300 15| 1951 755 730 63881 1090 764 2006 1579 171 545; 303 917 1906 116 R. 347 D. 77 R. 256 R. 6 D. 353 R. 265 R. 312 U. 680 D. 18 G. 367 R 451 D. 202 1). 290 D. 1934 R. 351 D. 7 R. 767 R. 403 D. 328 R. 682 R. 974 D. 17 R 9«fi 981 109 644 86 2786 1186 285 1012 1590 1256 3532 1355 5435 3236 1095 42 2033 2260 4845 4723 2001 1739 2661 1507 2874 1714 1610 661 2044 2424 71 2700 668 697 9981 2558 1813 1859 583 836 2135' 1019, 1856, 3660; 442' R. 639 189 D 80 Barron 53 2 1015 76 257 R 387 Baj6eld 74 R. 12 3647i D. 892 Buffalo 1162 R. 24 Burnelt 28; R. 257 CAlumet 389 689 816 118 140 614 381 283 2145' D. 1133 1774 D. 178 Clark 660 ft. 595 Columbia Crawford 2493 R. 1039 1604 D 249 Dane 5720 D. 291 Dod ce 6361 D. 312a 696 R. 499 67! D 25 Dunn 412 597 1249 1037 580 215 1021 894 R. 1139 1785 R. 481 Fond du Lac Grant Green 6600 D. 816 3198 R. 1626 1735] R. 866 1514' R. 225 Iowa 2348 R. 303 Jackson Jefferson Juneau 521! K. 411, 290 D. 201, 403! R- 162 Oil R. 31 20 D. 311 624 R. 853l 269 R. 1091 169 G. 142 98 D. 686 746 D. 454 76 D. 283 1228 D. 546i 718 R. 789 4134 D. 1260 1458 R. 256 1432 R. 178 1654 D. 1093 [^•i Crosse 2481 R. 103 La Fayetie 2299 R 125 174 D. 103 Manitowoc 3908 D. 1208 Marathon 1790 D. 1128 1112; D. 415 12026 D. 2046 1019 R. fii 2030 R. 528 167 992 17 123 408 60 728 112 R. 295 1). 1228| D. 1142' R. 350! R. 978! R. 553 R. 163 R. 3981 1174 R. 639 ()u tacit til ie 3008 D. 1749 5480 D 1897 Pepin Pierce 394 985 R. 447 R. 1152 Polk Portage Racine ' 362 1794 2880 R. 650 R. 61 R. 680 307 Gubernatorial and Presidential Votes— 1877-1876— Contwiwerf. COUNTIES— a>H(iN«ed. GOVERNOR. 1877. PRESIDENT. 1870. Smith. Mallory. Allis. U^j. Hayes. Tilden. M^. 1201 3375 1558 1826 269 1698 195 2483 1678 2904 994 2484 1473 1282 2068 247 231 320 377 219 25 16 31 229 210 620 862 1.50 60 432 226 771 281 712 740 349 146 4816 260 115 84 172 270 724 69 245 155 87 1052 270 65 248 252 232 21( 76 729 1620 1489 922 605 1737 2-54 731 416 1374 2187 2388 990 257 2238 196 622 361 109 197 17 5 128 294 123 459 884 85 42 333 207 605 314 671 1057 284 311 6027 249 146 125 167 311 954 127 405 267 61 921 239 73 440 270 687 49 170 705 781 93 574 92 750 53 176 846 160 187 276 772 377 1887 601 201 6 240 36 97 33 143 250 620 195 no 181 3l' 42 351 13 17 67 1050 21 376 118 24 6 375 28 i 3 10 82 33 13 68 145 164 20 300 R. 472 R. 1755 R. 70 R. 904 D. 336 D. 139 D. 59 R. 1452 R. 1262: R. 1530| D. 1993 R. 96 R. 483 R. 10251 D. 170i G 354 D. 291 D. 41 R. 268 R. 22 R. 8 G. 81 D. 97 D. 65 R. 87 U. 161 D. 22 G. 45 G. 60 R. 99 R. 19 R. 166 l>. 33 R. 41 U. 317 R. 61 D. 165 D. 211 U. 11 G. 230 D. 41 K. 5 D. 41 D. 2.30 D. 68 D. 160 U. 112 K. 26 R. 131 R. 31 D 18 D. 192 D. 18 U. 445 K. 161 G. 130 2038 5755 1775 3395 582 3224 240 2360 2764 4212 1321 3129 2642 2080 5092 658 549 357 745 456 14 64 1591 2814 1736 2201 873 3633 246 790 1117 1970 3047 3335 1592 548 4426 745 911 465 627 312 31 93 R. 447 Rock R. 2893 St Croi X R. 39 *;5auk R. 1194 D. 291 D. 409 Taylor D. 6 R. 1570 R. 1647 R. 2242 Washington D. 1726 D. 206 R. 1050 R. 1532 R. 666 Wood D. 87 D. 36-.> Beaver Dam D. 108 R. 118 Berlin R. 144 D. 17 Centralia fhtlton D. 29 ('hippewa Falls 475 254 1205 1382 669 121 696 250 1036 514 1085 834 660 291 8218 348 511 206 222 399 1496 572 212 1013 1542 288 191 647 224 848 544 1.549 1252 512 344 9625 324 385 208 238 506 1910 D. 97 R. 42 R. 189 Fort Howard Green Bay D. 160 R. 81 D. 70 R. 49 R. 26 R. 188 D. 30 D. 464 D. 418 R. 148 D. 63 D. 1407 R. 24 R. 126 D. 2 D. 16 D. 107 Oshkosli D. 414 366 1 215 143 1672 397 87 1 575 1 423 372 280 1 210 532 377 108 1324 333 83 873 563 1295 52 595 D. 166 D. 162 R. 35 R. 348 R. 64 R. 4 D. 298 D. 140 D 923 R. 228 Wausau D. 385 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Arcii 111 States and siiuanr Tkrritoribs. Miles. StaU-s. Alabama Arkansas CaltroriiWi Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Mahip Maryland Massjuluist'lls.. . Michigan' Mliinesotri Mississippi Missouri . Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon 50. ■> :>■»; Rl. ■iT. ^l. 31. 11. hii'. n-.i. 47, li."). 7f>. 11 -J. 9. 8, 47. 5U. 39. 95. • Last Census of foplLATION 1870. 722 19S «*K1 074 l-.MI ■.itiH (lUOll, 4111 ;!, soil 1 (14-.: 1 lilH lillll :)4ii Wfi 1«4 ROO 45111 531 ISfil :).'>0 1 91-'5 090 2R0| 320 1100; 4 704 1 964 2, 244 }Ilcll MiJes R. R. 1875. 1872 :f.)0.544':), 8.349 1 1 857.039 996,992 484,471 560,247 537,454 125,015 187,748 181.109 539.891] 680,637 191.792 364,3991 321.011 726,9151 626.915 780.894' .457.351 1,651,912 I .184.0.59 l,334,03l|2 439,706, 598,429 1 827.922 ,721,295 |2 123.993 42,491 318,300 906.0HI1 1,0: .382.759 4,71 .071.361; ... :.66.-).260 .., 410.9231 ... iRnn taken In 1874 216.280 62.540 671 25 013 820 466 108 904 529 160 760 123 539 871 820 ,606 ,235 ,612 990 ,580 828 .593 790 ,265 ,470 ,190 ,7401 l39 States akd TERItlTORIKS, Sttitfs. Pennsylvania KhuUu Island South Carolina.. Tennessee Tex.is Vermont Virginia West Virginia.... Wisconsin Area in square Miles. HOPDLATION. 187a 258.239 925.145 46.0001 3,521.791 1.306! 217.353 29,385 705.606 45.600 1,2.58..520 237.504 818.579 10.212, 3.10.551 40.904 1,225.163 23.000 442.014 53,924i 1.054.870 1.2.36.729 Total Stattt 1,950,171 33.113,253 TfrrifortM. Arizona ColoriiUo Ilakot.i Dist. of Columbia. Iilaho Montana ,\ew Mexico Utali WaslihiKton Wyjnnng 113.916 104..500 147,490 60 90.932 143.T76 121.201 80.056 69.944 93.107 9,658 39.864' 14,181 1S1.700 14.999 20.505 91.874 8:i.786, 23.955; 9.118' Mllear R. R. 1872. 5,113 136 1.201 1.520 865 675 1.490 485 1,725 59,587 498 TotuI Tfrrftorlw. 965,032 442,730; 1,265 Aggregate of U.S..'2,915,203'38,555,983 1 60.85:'! * Included in tbe Railroad Mileage of Marylard. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; J'OPULATION AND AREA. CofNTRIK.S. Date of Area In Inhabitants ropulation. Census. Square riiles. to Snuare Mile. 446..500.000 1871 3.741.846 119.3 226.817.108 1871 4.677.432 486 81.»25.4'10 1871 8.003.778 10.2 3S.925.li00 1870 2,603884 7.78 36.469 8110 1866 204.091 178.7 35.904,400 1869 240.348 149.4 34,78.5.300 1871 149.399 2.32.8 31.817,100 1871 121,315 262.3 29,906.092 1871 160,207 187. 27.439.921 1871 118,847 230.9 16,642,tKI0 1887 195 775 85. 10.000.010 3,253.029 3.07 16. 163.000 672.621 24.4 9.17.3.000 869 761.526 5, 921. .500 870 292.871 20. 5,000.000 870 635.964 7.8 5.021.300 869 11,373 441.5 4,861.4110 871 29,292 165.9 3.99.5.200 868 34,494 115.8 8.688.300 1870 12,880 290.9 3.000.000 1870 857,157 8.4 2.0O0.000 1869 132.616 15.1 2.669.100 1870 15.902 166.9 2,500.000 1871 471.838 5.3 2.000.000 497,321 4. ,812,000 1869 871.848 2.1 ,818,.'.II0 1871 7,538 241.4 ,784.700 1870 14.753 120.9 .500,000 368,238 4.2 ,461,400 1871 5,912 247. .457.900 1870 19,353 75.3 .180.000 1871 40,879 28.9 1,300.000 216,928 5.9 1.000,000 1871 63,787 15.6 823.138 2,969 277. 718.000 1871 9,576 74.9 600.000 1871 7.335 81.8 572.000 10.205 56. 350.000 1871 58.171 6. 800.000 1871 66.722 6.5 3.50,000 1871 n^^ 7.4 136.000 ,7.6 165.000 1870 21.505 7.7 62.950 7.U33 80. ropulation. China British Empire Russia [Tiilled States with Alaska France Austria and Hungary Japan Great llrltatn and Ireland German Empire IWly Spain Brazil Tnrlrey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium itavaria I'ortugal Holland y ew Grenada Chill Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Kepubllc Wurlcmburg npnmark Venezuela Bndcn G reece Guatemala Kcuadttr I'Arag uay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Haytl Nicaragua Uruguay Ilomluras San Domingo ('(tsla Rica Hawaii Pekin Loudon St. Pcienjburc.. WnsliUigton Paris Vienna Veddo I^ndoii Berllu Rome Madrid llo .lauriro Cuiistantinoplc . Mexico siocklinlm Teherau ItrnsseU Munich Llshon Hague Bogota Santiago Heme , Lima ('huqubaca... ., Buenos Ayres... Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas , Carlsruhe Athens , J5.300 8:13.900 ,5'',4.9U0 ,J5 1,800 82.^400 a4i.48» 332.000 4-.iO,000 ,075.000 a 10. .300 136.900 120.000 314,100 iiiu..sao 2*.;4.063 90.100 45.0(»0 11.\400 .36.000 160.100 25.000 177.800 91.600 162.04-^ 47.000 36,600 43.400 40.000 70.000 48.(KMt 3'J.00(' 3.00* I i:>.0!M 2;j.tM'( I't.dr I 4 I 5('^ 1 v<:o;i :: ».ix»:» 2000 7.633 1 (d ETC EASED.) M INEF^AL POINT. FIISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY AND SETTLEMENT OF THE LEAD REGION, "WITH A GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND MENTION OF THE DRIFTLESS AEEA. AMONG THE ROCKS. The narration, for which we are indebted to Plato, of part of the experiences of Solon the Athenian law-giver in Egypt, was for many centuries considered fabulous in its relation of the dis- appearance of the vast Island of Atlantis beneath the ocean. We respect the noble character of the Athenian sat^e too much to suspect him of misrepresentation, but the Egyptian hierarch, with whom we arc less acquainted, might be supposed capable of disseminating travelers' stories, in regard to which, moreover, the priesthood were possibly themselves deceived. Modern think- ers arc inclined to believe that the supposed fable carries with it some elements of truth. It is not easy to follow the almost shadowy story of a lost land with such precision as to establish its identity with this continent, but the position assigned to Atlantis by the Egyptians favors the idea, to which modern investigation is inclined, that our own America must have been known to the ancients way back in remote antiquity, and that its submersion beneath the waves had been recorded in curiously preserved traditions ; but we cannot pretend to determine what era in the upbuilding of this continent may have been indicated by that semi-apocryphal story. Geology tells us of upheavals from the depths of the sea, to which we are able to trace an island now known to science as the Island of Wisconsin, which appeared at about the same time with several other islands, comprising parts of the Appallachian Ranges, and of New York, as well as probably other parts of the land now being covered with a population of millions, governed ami to be governi^d by the United States of America. The cooling and contraction of the globe is credited with having diminished its diameter by about 180 miles, and a diminution so great might easily account for the fatal depression of Atlantis ; but that shrinkage occurred at a time when human life was not possible. The popular reader will not so readily perceive how the inevitable continuance of the same process would account at a later date for the resurrection of the land which we now inhabit. The chief geologist of Wisconsin, Mr. T. C. Chamberlin, tells with a simple eloquence, which science advanced as his cannot always command, the story of the rocks upon which the greatness of this nation is securely builde'l ; and, in trying to embody the main facts of the earth's revelation in this history, we shall endeavor to follow in the footsteps of the eminent Professor, though with the modesty and diffidence of a learner, venturing to deal with presentations which have tasked the powers of masters whose dictum is accepted by the world of learning. The first cooling, whoso catastrophe may have been attended by the submergence of Atlantis, if we may imagine a race of Salamanders rejoicing in extremes of temperature, was a comparatively general reduction of warmth and bulk, in which the earth's surface was sufficiently ductile or elastic to participate without fracture ; but later, when the superficial coating of our molten globe had become more rigid, nature was constrained to work by other methods ; the granite rocks, incapable of contraction, otherwise, in such a degree as would meet the changing conditions of the body which they enfolded, and subjected to pressures, compared with which, the vastest 310 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. applications of mechanic force by human agency, sink into insignificance, bent under the ocean until the outer shell toucheil the shrunken kernel ; and then the semi-rigid envelope, heated in every particle by the compression, changed and wrinkled its mighty form, projecting its peaks above the surface of the ocean as a series of granitic islands, whose shores sloped more or less declivitously toward the deptiis of the sea. There are folds in the strata, observable today, which indicate the long-continued application of a power capable of creasing and bending adamant just as irresistibly as the luind of man may crumple paper. Could we suppose an Alexander Si'lkirk possible on our inhospitable Island of Wisconsin, he would look abroail upon a limitless but comparatively shallow sea. in which, possibly, was yet no sign of life, vegetal or animal, and his island home would necessarily present to him a bleak and desolate rock, without siirub, grass, soil or insect, if we may assume that the uplifted crystal- line mass had not commenced its process of disintegration. The phenomena of building anew the Western Hemisphere can be studied in Wisconsin as advantageously as on any part of this continent, and the writing on the wall of rock is so clear and precise that the wayfarer, even though a fool, maj' not err if he will patiently unravel the legend which the globe offers for our acceptance. Strong winds, dashing waves, evaporation and precipitation, with some chemical conditions of the atmosphere that helped to disintegrate the exposed surface of rock more rapidly than would be possible now, acting upon stone similarly compacted, gave back to the ocean a vast agendicu]ar, and from whicli the cap or connecting fold has been abraded, we have the deep and wide-spread deposits of the Iluronian period to tell us of the mountainous elevations from which that sandy detritus must have been torn away by wind-storms, rain, the beat of countless waves, and the never-ceasing disintegrating power of the chemic constituents of the atmosphere. We have, thus, our island lifting its head toward heaven, and the elements tearing down the inaccessiljln mountain peaks, to bridge the chasms and convert that island, with others widely scattered, into the broad expanse of prairie, mountain, valley, cataract, lake and river, which is to-day the world's wonder. Science may yet enable us to read this exquisite story of the eartli as the home prepared for man, with fuller appreciation. It is not easy to imagine that, on an island thus buildcd, there could have been any form of vegetable life at the outset ; but, in the sea around its base, if we may judge from the carbonaceous matter incorporated with the deposits, there must have been an abundant marine flora, and, in the limestone accretions we find evidence of higher organizations. Life was in the waters surrounding our island, and the Great Artificer of the Universe was. througli His laws, compelling the least of His animate creatures to prepare the way for their superiors in the array of being. Perhaps this statement of the case may savor of dogmatism, but we argue the presence of life in the waters from the limestone deposits left in testimony, as well as from the fact that the Laurentian rocks, which antedated this era by unnumbered centuries, are not certainly and entirely barren of fossils. The shales, sandstones and limestones of this perioil of deposition, aggregated many thousand feet in depth ; and. in due time, these also were upheaved and metamori)liosed in that process, as the Laurentian had been, into crystalline and semi-crystalline rocks, known to us by various names and innumerable uses in the civilization by which we are surrounded. The Iluronian rocks are compacted of quartzites, crystalline limestones, slates, schists, dioritcs, quartz-porphyries and other forms of metamorphic sediment. Graphite is the resultant from carbonaceous deposits, and magnetite, hematite and specular ores tell of the forms of life by which such means of wealth are brouglit within our ken ; the last-named deposits are so great as to give the name of the iron- bearing series to this upheaval. These several strata, contorted and folded by pressure and heat, added largely to the circumference of the island, from whose shores and heights they had been gathered, and the ceaseless activities of nature paused not one instant in preparing new formations. The nearest approach to a mountain in our State, is the upturned edge of the Huronian upheaval, which stretches for si.xty miles, crossing Ashland County, bearing within its rampart a belt of magnetic schist through nearly the whole length of Penokee Range. The Menominee iron-bearing series, wliich extends into the northern part of Oconto County, is another important topographical and mineralogical feature in the Huronian formation. liarron HISTORY OF THE J.EAD KKOION. 313 County owes its deposits of pipcstone to the same source, and they cover a large area. The Baraboo quartzite ranges in Sauic and Cohimbia, with detaciied outliers northeasterly througli other counties, arc conspicuous contributions from that formation, which lias its most southerly exposure near Lake Mills, in the county of Jeiferson. Before the Huronian strata were upraised, it is assumed that the crust of the earth was fissured in the Lake Superior region, and that a vast outflow of molten rock spread itself by successive eruptions at various intervals over an area more than 300 miles long by 100 miles wide, forming a series of trappean beds. Sometimes there were intervals between these molten streams, during which the ocean ransacked from the superimposed rock, the materials for beds of sand, gravel and clay, which are now present as sandstone, conglomerate and shale ; and, as though tenacious of the credit that belonged to its handiwork, the waves of the perturbed sea liave left their ripple-marks in the stone to tell us that the forces of the central fire were not idlowed to assort themselves unchallenged by the ocean. When eruptions ceased entirely in that region, the sedimentary process went on accumulating until the series achieved a thickness which is stated in miles. Tlio rocks which have been named as thrown up from within the earth's :;rust have undergone changes so great that their igneous character is almost obliterated; the mineral ingredients have been metamorphosed by chemical action, so that we find iron chlorite :ind feldspar associated with quartz, prenite, calcite, laumontite, analcite, datolite, magnetite, native copper, silver, and occasionally other minerals, the rock being known as a melaphyr. L'sually we find the upper portion of each bed composed of cells about .the size of an almond liUed with tlic minerals that have been indicated, so that the rock is amygdaloidal. After the lieds were deposited, the native copper was placed in the receptacles, where it is found to-day, by jhcmical action after changes in the rook had been initiated by similar means, and the silver found in that series is due to the same agency. Ashland, Bayfield, Burnett, Douglas and Polk Counties, in the northern section of the State, are remarkable for the presence of copper and ■silver bearing rocks, the metals being most plentiful in the amygda.loids and some conglomerates, but being found in the melaphyrs, sandstones and shales also. The Huronian rocks carried the L-opper-bearing series with them in their upheaval, and they are found with the same folds and flexures. The Keweenaw Point range extends from the part of Michigan to which its name is ilue southwesterly through Ashland, Burnett and Polk Counties, in this State, the beds dipping toward Lake Superior northwesterly; but, in a parallel range, which is found in Bayfield and Douglas Counties, the beds dip at a less angle in the opposite direction. There was a "lost interval " after the upheaval of the Arclncan rocks, the Laurentide hills of the early French explorers, the Laurentian of our time, which even now, after ages of erosion, can be traced on the north side of the St. Lawrence, from Labrador to Lake Superior, and still to the north a ilistance yet undetermined. The hills of this formation are seen 4.000 feet in height, and where the Saguenay makes its course toward the St. Lawrence there are cliffs that lift their heads fully 1,500 feet sheer from the water's edge. South of the range through which the Saguenay runs, the Adirondack Hills stand an isolatetl mass 6,000 feet in altitude, a sentinel rock of the Lau- rentian system, rivaled by the newer formation — the White Mountains. The Lower Laurentian has no exposure in our State, but it is found in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and, rarely, in Massachusetts and Maryland. Beyond the Atlantic the same rocks are identified in Norway, Sweden, the Hebrides and Bohemia, bearing with slight differences the same alleged but debatable fossils, the Eozoon Canadense, Bavaricum, etc., of a type still said to be extant. The Lougroynd groups of rocks in Shropshire and in Wales, with their equivalents in the Wick- low Mountains in Ireland, are probably Huronian rather than Laurentian. The exact equiva- lency of our Laurentian system with that of Canada and the provinces is not determined, but strong likelihoods point in that direction with increasing force. The "lost interval" indicates no idleness in nature, but a failure on the part of the geologist to follow her operations. We have elsewhere glanced at the wondrous activities that laid down the vast beds now known as I'otsdam sandstone, and then upheaved them to their present and to still greater elevations. We can trace the formation here lying on the foot of an eminence which is gradually succumbing to 314 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGIOST. "the tooth and razure of oblivion," except as its remains are preserved as particles of quartz in the new stratum. Again we see some harder projection of the old rock detached from the main island, which yet lifted its head in solemn self-assertion, and breasted the angry billows, impa- tient of their endeavor to reduce its elevations to the common level ; and yet again we meet some great bowlders, typical of the empire foretold in Scripture, compacted of brass and of clay ; there the harder components remain, dismounted from their eminences by the erosion of feet of clay in the softer material upon which they depended, and the sands of the sea shore reverently surrounded them with their legions of defenders, to retain them where they are found in our era, still distinguishable as mementoes of the age of giant rocks, which built for man a temple not made with hands. Life was an ever-present element in this formation, but the earlier sandstones are not rich in well-defined fossils, although they give us litiiographic illustrations and actual casts of the shells in which livinji beinjrs built themselves in from the elements. Limestones and shales, .... interstratifying the sandstone, mark where some sheltered spot temporarily favored the establish- ment of a cemetery, upon which the sands once more advanced, burying tiiedead out of the sight of generations that had never dreamed of the mysteries of existence. The red sandstone of Lake Superior is due to the action of the sea upon the iron and copper-bearing series of rocks of whose qualities we have spoken; away from that region we find a broad, irregular belt reach- ing almost around the Archijean island, a rude crescent of liglit-colored sandstone, won by the waves and winds and rains from porphyries, quartzites and granite, either of which would, in our more conservative age, be able to hold its own against oxygen for centuries unless frost came in to help the demolition. There was no great upheaval after the Potsdam sandstone had been deposited, hence it lies horizontally upon the abraded bed of the underlying crystalline stratum, neither crumpled nor metamorphosed by heat and pressure, only slightly arched toward the center of the State. The weight of superincumbent beds, and the cementing action of waters carrying lime and iron in solution, which have percolated through this formation, have largely increased its density ; but the ripple marks, cross-laminations, worm burrows, and other indications of action and life on a sandy beach are clearly traceable, and its thickness varies from the fine line which defined its limit on the shore of the island down into the depths where it formed an aggregate of perhaps a thousand feet. All the later formations take their place above the Potsdam sandstone, which may be reached by boring in any part of the State, beyond the bounds of the Archtean core. This is a fact of vital importance, because a water-bearing rock can be calculated upon with absolute certainty, and the layers of limestone and shale which interstratify the mass are of great value in arresting the flow of water and turning it surfaceward. The formation of lime- stone, never arrcs^ted wliilc life endures, comes now once more witiiin our region of observation, and the deposit ranges from fifty to two hundred and fifty feet in thickness. The horizontality of the sandstone was not perfect, and the irregularities of the foundation were filled by the limestone as it settled down and solidified under oceanic pressure. There were places where the substratum showed a rise and full of nearly one hundred feet within quite a limited area, but the limestone itself is remarkable for an appearance aptly described as follows: The lime- stone and the interstratified beds mentioned earlier were magnesian or dolomitic, containing carbonate of magnesia in great quantity. There were quantities of silica in the deposit which sometimes are found as nodules of chert, and in other instances as quartz crystals ; this beautiful form of matter lines cavities which never saw the light until man quarried in the rock, and yet the exquisite loveliness of each crystal is perfected according to its law, as though the handi- work therein concealed had been one of the most costly adornments of a palace. Some metals appear in the mass, but they are of little value, and evidences of life herein are very scanUr. Sea weeds, mollusks and a few other forms of being are scattered sparsely, save at intervals, where circumstances favored a more liberal contribution to our knowledge of the organisms that obtained in the earlier se.as. Erosion has removed a large proportion of this rock, so that it is now jagged and irregular in the last degree, but, originally, it must have been a broad and regular band, contributing its quota toward increasing the island to the dimensions of a continent. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGIOK. 315 We cannot tell why t!ie deposit of raagnesian limestone ceased, but the sandstone known as St. Peters comes next in order of succession, probably after an interval. This is a fine sili- cious sand, much desiderated in the manuficture of glass; but it is deposited in small quanti- ties, sometimes not enough to cover the ineciualities of the limestone. The greatest thickness of St. Peters sandstone yet discovered does not exceed two hundred and twelve feet, and the average is less than one hundred. It is not a firm stone, having been imperfectly cemented, so that it disintegrates readily. Some organic remains have recently been found in this deposit, but they are few and far between, just sufficient to attest the presence of marine life and the agency of the ocean in triturating these fine grains of quartz. This belt, probably much reduced from its original dimensions, fringes the lower magnesian bed on the south, and covers but a small area. The absence of fossils may be accounted for in two ways : First, in the cut- ting and crushing action of the sandy particles, and next in their porosity — a quality to which we are indebted for the supply of many of our finest artesian wells, and from which numberless other such living fountains may be procured, as the flow of water is practically inexhaustible. Trenton limestone deposits follow, indicating some changes in oceanic conditions, local or general, and, at the same time, a great deal of clay-like matter was being placed in position to be converted into shale, shells, corals and other organic debris, or their signs manual in the rock give positive evidence as to the origin of this limestone in the myriad lives that were capa- ble of converting the particles held in solution by the seas into the osseous environments of their own being. The limestone now deposited was very pure, not largely magnesian ; but, when the clay predominated, a bed of shale, greater or less in extent, resulted. Sometimes these beds were so highly charged with carbonaceous matter that they burn readily, and no small portion of our petroleum comes from such formations. In the lead region, this deposit has sometimes been found rich in metals, but of course that condition is the outcome of chemi- cal action and infiltration — not a characteristic found in the pure limestone stratum. The fos- sils in the Trenton limestone arc abundant, and the stone, being susceptible of a very high pol- ish, is valuable in an economic sense, as well as deeply interesting to the scientist on account of its archreological revelations, as all the animal sub-kingdoms, except the vertebrates, are therein represented. This rock borders the St. Peters sandstone, and its greatest thickness hitherto observed is about one hundred and twenty feet. The next formation is the highly magnesian Galena limestone, buff or light gray in color, attaining a maximum thickness of about two hundred and fifty feet, and having a sub-crystalline structure. In the northeastern part of the State, the presence of shaly matter changes the color to a bluish or greenish gray ; but, in the southerly deposits, the bed is not affected in that way. The presence of galena, or sulphide of lead, in this layer, in the southwestern part of the State more especially, has given its name and commercial value to this limestone. Zinc ore is abundant, as well as lead, in the region indicated, and in other districts the same metals can be traced, but not in paying quantities. In other sections of the country, the production of lead is a necessary part of the process of mining for the precious metals, and, for that rea- son, pure lead mining is comparatively at a di-scount for a time ; but, whenever the best product of lead is demanded, the mines in our State and in Illinois will not fail to be largely called upon. Our Island of Wisconsin, growing from its Archiv;an core by concentric additions, is already much larger than the area of the State within which it took its rise, and still the aggre- gation continues. Cincinnati or Hudson River shale followed the deposition of Galena limestone, a thickness of 200 feet having resulted ; but the clayey bed has not become hardened to such an extent as to resist weathering wherever an exposure has occurred, and, in consequence, that layer is, in many localities, conspicuous by its absence. Some parts of the sediment have hardened well, becoming shale or limestone, according to the preponderance of the elements deposited. Many of the vertical cliffs of Green Bay are beautifully colored shales of this foundation, their hues being almost as varied, though loss brilliant than those of the rainbow. The eastern side of the Green Bay — Rock River Valley — shows how easily and completely this formation can be 316 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. eroded, the less yielding Niagara limestone, wliich overlies the shale, being left as a kind of pent-house roof over the rapidly receding bed beneath. This phenomenon has procured for the principal feature in the cliff the name of the Ledge. The mounds in Southwestern Wisconsin owe their prominence to the rapid erosion of the shale, by which, at one time, they were sur- rounded. Corals and other fossils are numerous in this composite formation, and a little intel- ligent attention to the conditions of life under wliich they were deposited might have saved much time, labor and capital, uselessly expended in the search for coal. This formation, which marks the close of the Lower Silurian age, underlies the mounds in the lead region, forming only a narrow belt on the eastern margin of the valley above mentioned. Other conditions of life were now to write their history on the rocks. Clinton iron ore, sometimes known as "seed ore," elsewhere known as "shot ore," is found deposited on the beds of shale at detached spots, probably at points that were once pro- tected basins. It is a peculiar lenticular deposit, which might well give rise to all the variations of nomenclature which invite our attention. In this State, the prominence of this mineral aggregation at one point has led to its being denominated " Iron Kidge ore." The beds are quarried as easily as limestone, the soft ore being arranged in horizontal layers, which, at the point just indicated, have a thickness of twenty-five feet. Like deposits, in much smaller quan- tities, are found at Depere, and at Hartford and at Depere smelting works are in operation, besides which, this ore is shipped to markets more and less remote, to be sold for reduction. The greatest era of limestone formation in the history of our island followed this deposit of iron ore, and we may well devote some attention to the vast aggregate of about eight hundred feet, which Avas deposited in the beds of Niagara limestone. The old processes were repeated in all essentials, but the operation was long continued, and the conditions were favorable to marine life in t))at shallow sea, dotted with large islands, having a temperature almost, if not entirely, tropical. The Rocky Mountains and the Alleghanies protected this plateau from the intrusion of cold currents, if there were any such, which might have been fatal, prematurely, to the tiny artificers which were giving their lives and substance to build up this continent, as other and greater beings have since given their lives and substance — a more intelligent and volitional sac- rifice — to build up and maintain its inestimable liberties. Reefs, not unlike the coral forma- tions that prevail in the Pacific Ocean, appeared toward the close of this era of deposition, and there is no reason to doubt that the same agencies that are now at work in the Polynesian group, converting islands into continents, were then employed in the more than fairy transformation to which we are beholden for a home on this favored spot of earth — the haven for the afflicted peo- ples of all lands — which, ere this century comes to an end, will probably carry a Caucasian population of 300,000.000 souls. Among the animal life of the time, we find unquestionable records of corals ; mollusks, that have been called the oyster of those seas; stone lilies, or crinoids, having the appearance of a plant converted into stone, and still animal ; trilobitea, in great number and never-emling variety ; and gigantic cephalopoda, which seem to have been monarchs in that domain. The reef rocks were very irregular, and near them were extensive beds of sandstone, largely cal- careous, beyond which is found a pure, compact dolomite, formed from a deposition of fine cal- careous mud. The Niagara limestone lies in a broad belt, adjacent to Lake Michigan. It is all more or less magnesian, contains much pure dolomite, but is varied in composition, some beds being coarse and heavy, other layers being even-bedded and close-grained, while yet others are impure, cherty and irregular. There is a thin-bedded, slaty limestone on Mud Creek, near Milwaukee, which is commonly, and perhaps rightly, attributed to this formation ; but the fos- sils found therein are few and equivocal, as, indeed, are all the evidences that might be e.xpected to determine its period of deposit. A similar formation, somewhat more ricii in fossils, is found near Waubeka, in Ozaukee County, and the greater weight of evidence thus procured favors the era of the great limestone d school at Frcyberg, in Sa.xony. These two years aSbrded excellent facilities for the pursuit of his professional studies, both in the extensive mines aud the ample laboratories. Soon after his re. )rn from Germany, Mr. Strong engaged in the practice of his profession — the survey of the extensive lead mines of Crawford, Mills & Co., at Hazel Green, being his first engagc'.iicnt. Upon the completion of this, he was entrusted by the firm with a financial mission to New Yoik. It was always the intention of Mr. Strong to pursue the work which he had planned for his life in the mines of the West, but his devotion to his parents, and his attachment to the home of his infancy and youth, and its domestic associations, were so great that he was reluctant to remove to so distant a field of labor, so long as he could be profitably engaged without perma- nently dijtuibing the tics and affections which bound him with such devotion to the scenes that had given so much pleasure to his earlier years. Deeming a practical ac(iuaintance with civil engineering, especially so far as relates to the location and construction of railroads, a valuable accessory to his profession as mining engineer, be became associated for varying periods, and in different capacities, in the location of tlie Northern Pacific, the Wisconsin Central, and several preliminary lines in the lead region. On the inauguration of the geological survey, in IST^l, Gov. AVashburn, upon the recom- mendation of the late Dr. I. A. Lapham, then chief geologist, commissioned Mr. Strong as HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGIOJJ. 335 Assistant State Geologist. During the years 1873 and 1874, he was engaged chiefly in the examination of the lead region. In 1875, he extended his work, adjacent to the Mississippi, as far north as Trempealeau County. The year 1876 was chiefly devoted to the copper-bearing series in the northwestern part of the State. The history of Mr. Strong's work during the past year, and of its calamitous close, has already been given on a previous page. He fell in the midst of his work, in its active prosecu- tion. His last notes were recorded but a few moments before they were submerged with him beneath the fatal rapids. The life passed away, but its latest record remained. These last recordings are marked by blanks. The formation has been described, but spaces were left for the location, which was not then determined. These blanks may be filled, but he has left other blanks we may not fill. He fell pushing up the stream — in fact and in symbol — not floating down it. He stood at the prow, pressing onward and upward, with duty for his motive and truth for his aim. Of his investigations in connection with the survey, I need not speak. " Let his works praise him." In character, he was modest and unassuming, and commanded respect rather by the merits he could not conceal than by any that were assumed. His quiet manner never revealed the real executive strength which he possessed. He accomplished more than he seemed to be attempt- ing. His quiet self-possession gave steady and eff'ective direction to his activities, and stood as a bar alike to the aberrations of mental confusion, the efl^ervescence of merely emotional enthu- siasm, and the turbulence of illusive energy. Judiciousness in the application, rather than the absolute amount of energy displayed, characterized his efforts. His retiring disposition excluded aggressive personal ambition, and his self-assertion was limited to that called forth in the discharge of his duties. His personal advancement was due to inherent merit or the efforts of others, rather to self-zeal and assurance on his part. Candor and sincerity were eminent traits in his character, and honesty of expression marked alike his life and his language. His integrity was absolutely above (juestion. No bond but his honor was requisite for the security of whatever trust was reposed in him. In attesta- tion of his attractive personal traits, he enjoyed the warm friendship of his associates, and, in an unusual degree, the esteem of the community in which he was so well known. In harmony with his whole nature, Mr. Strong's religious convictions were of the practical rather than the emotional type. Conscientiousness in the fulfillment of every relationship of life was the fundamental stratum upon which was erected the temple of his faith. In outward recognition of his persuasions, he became a member and regular communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church. If he could have chosen the form of his departure, and could have so molded it to best portray at once the soul of his ethical and religious views, he could perhaps have chosen notbinc more fitting than that which the hand of destiny selected for him, to die from the perils that encompass duty, to die for his friend. His domestic relations were most felicitous. Love given and received made his dwelling place a genial home. A kind father, a happy wife, and two lovely children, formed the hearth circle. The household penates always seemed to smile. That they are now broken and veiled, is the saddest thought of this sad story. Obituary Notice of Knights Templar. — The following is a brief extract from the report of the Committee on Obituaries, to the Grand Commandery of Knights Teraplar of the State of Wisconsin, at the Nineteenth Annual Conclave held at Madison, October 2 and 3, 1877. After giving a statement of the events connected with liis earlier life and education, the report eonc'udes as follows : " The unusual fine advantages that he had enjoyed in youth and early manhood had been faithfully used, and he had fairly entered on a career that, had his life been spared, would have secured him honorable distinction. 336 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGlOIf. " His character was one upon which his friends can look from any point of view with pride, with satisfaction and with love. To a mind trained by years of study and filled with valuable learning, he added a character of great moral excellence and of unsullied honor. "Sir Knight Strong was initiated, passed and raised to the Sublime Degree of Master Mason in Mineral Point Lodge. No. 1 ; became a Royal Arch Mason in Iowa Chapter, No. 6, in Mineral Point, and was received and constituted a Knight Templar in Mineral Point Com- mandery. No. 12; receiving all his degrees in the place of his birth, and the home of his life- time, and at the hands of those who knew full well tliat the honors he received were most worthily bestowed. His brethren mourn his loss with grieving and heartfelt sorrow. Such men as he it is who honor Masonry in their lives, and dying leave upon it the luster of a pure life and unspotted character." THE DRIFTLESS AREA. Again resuming the narrative of geologic fact, it is observed that the most interesting fact presented for the consideration of the general geologist, is the entire absence of " drift," or dilu- vium throughout the southwestern quarter of the State, and, while extending far to the north, still including the region referred to herein. The lead district is dnftless. About twelve thou- sand sijuare miles are embraced in these boundaries. The investigations by Mr. Roland D. Irving and Mr. Moses Stronir have resulted in much interesting information. From the official reports is quoted the following : "In the driftless region, which occupies nearly one-fourth of the entire area of the State, the drift is not merely insignificant, but absolutely wanting. Except in the valleys of the largest streams, like the Wisconsin and Mississippi, not a single erratic bowlder, nor even a rounded stone, is to be seen tlirougiiout the district; whilst the exception named is not really an excep- tion, the small gravel deposits that occur on these streams having evidently been brought by the rivers themselves, during their former greatly expanded condition, from those portions of their courses that lie within the drift-bearing regions." Those readers of this work who have not easy access to the official reports, may be inter- ested to know the boundaries of the driftless region, and it is, therefore, here stated. The out- line is, for th(3 most part, sharply defined, both by a more or less sudden cessation of the drift materials, and by a ciiange in the topography, as tlie line is crossed, from one side to the otlier. This is more especially true of the eastern boundary, in which the reader is naturally most inter- ested. On this line are often seen heavy morainic heaps — tliat is, deposits of such boAvlders and gravel as scientists have decided are carried under, or attached to the sides of glaciers, or to the center of glaciers which are formed by the union of two se|)arate bodies of that nature. The effects of purely subaerial (or open air) erosion without drift, and the effects of glacial erosion with drift, are plainly distinguishable along these lines. The northern boundary of the region is mainly level country, the drift materials gradually dimini-shing to the south. Mr. Strong defines the eastern line through Green County as beginning at the southwest corner, and waving irregularly northeast, until it crosses the county line on the north, about fifteen miles from the east line of Iowa County. Thence the line curves to the west, and crosses the Wisconsin about three miles east of the northeast corner of Iowa County ; thence, due north to Baraboo, curving as it crosses the Sauk County north line to touch Range 5 : thence, with a ;'radual curve, it includes nearlv all of Adams County, and swings to the northwest, touching Grand Rapids as its northeastern point; thence, mainly west to the Mississippi River. This is now the accepted area, although ^Ir. Whitney differs somewhat from the definition as to the line through Adams and Juneau Counties. The report of 1877, by Mr. Irving, is referred to, for the benefit of those who desire a more detaded and argumentative description. Mr. Irving says: '"The nature of the topography of the driftless area, everywhere most patently the result of subaeri;d erosion exclusively, is even more striking proof that it has never been invaded by the glacial fon-es than is the ab^etK•e of drift material. Excejit in the level country <'f Adams, Junciiu, and thf eastern part of Jackson County, it is everywhere a region of narrow, ramifying valleys and narrow, steep-sided dividing ridges, whose direction are toward I HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 337 every point of the compass, and whose perfectly coinciding horizontal strata prove conclusively their erosive action. * * * * Each one of the numerous streams has its own ravine, and the ravines are all in direct proportion to the relative sizes of the streams in them." [Reference is made to the contour maps drawn by Mr. Strong, displaying, with instructive plain- ness, the topograpliic phenomena of the region.] "The altitude of the driftless area, as compared with the drift bearing regions, becomes a matter of some importance in any attempt to explain the absence of the drift phenomena. It has been stated by some writers that the driftless area is higher than the drift-bearing, and was, consequently, not subjected to glacial invasion. It is true that in general the eastern half of the State is lower than the western, but from what follows it will be seen that fartiier than this the statement is inaccurate. From the south line of the State, as far north as the head of Sugar River, in Cross Plains, the county west of the drift limit rises rapidly from 200 to 400 feet. Ju'it nortli of the head of Sujrar River the limit crosses high ground — the western extension of O DO the high limestone and prairie belt of northern Dane and soutliern Columbia Counties — and the altitudes east of the limit are as great as those to the west ; whilst in passing from the head of the Catfish River westward, a glacier must have made an abrupt ascent of fully 300 feet. North of Black Earth River the limit has the higher ground, by 200 feet, on the east. Sauk Prairie is crossed on a level, and though higher ground occurs west of the prairie, its topogra- phy and the absence of drift show tliat the glacier never reached so far. Where the quartzite range north of Sauk Prairie is crossed by the limit, it is liighcr (850 feet above Lake Michigan) than any part nf the driftless area except the Blue Mounds, whilst only a few miles east a great development of bowlders and gravel is fuund on one of the highest portions of the range (900 to 950 feet altitude). From the Baraboo north to the Sauk Countv line, there appears to be in relation between the position of the limit and the altitude of the country. From the north line of Sauk County, in curving to the eastward and northwai'd around Adams County, the limit is on the very crest of the divide. From its position near the middle of the east line of Adams County, the country, for forty miles to the west, is from 100 to 200 feet lower. From the northwest part of Adams County to the Wisconsin River the limit is in a level country; whilst from the Wisconsin westward, the country north of it is everywhere much higher than that to the south, the rise northward continuing to within thirty miles of Lake Superior." In his discussion of the glacial drift, Mr. Irving reaches certain conclusions, which are here reproduced only so far as they relate positively to the area devoid of drift. The negative arguments, or those that go to prove the absence of drift, because the region is not like the vast majority of the country, and of the Northern Hemisphere of the globe, are recited in brief: "1. The drift of Central Wisconsin is true glacier drift. [See Report 1877, p. 6-30.] '•2. The Kettle Range of Central Wisconsin is a continuous terminal ;ind lateral moraine, '["he mere fact of the existence of such a distinct and continuous belt of unstratified and mo- lainelike drift, which, in much of its course, lies along the edge of the driftless area, or, in other words, along the line on which the western foot of a glacier must long have stood, would go far toward proving the truth of the proposition [that this is true glacial drift], of which, however, a complete demonstration is at hand. In all the country just inside the Kettle Range, we find that glacial strite — channels — lines of glacial erosion, and lines of travel of erratics — bowlders, or minerals foreign to the locality where found — preserve a position at right angles to the course of the range, although that course veers in the southern part of the district from west to north. East of the Central Wisconsin district, the Kettle Range extends eastward and northeastward to the dividing ridge between the valley of Lake Michigan and the valley in which lie Green Bay, Lake Winnebago, and the head-waters of Rock River, and along this ridge northward, into Green Bay Peninsula. All along this part of its course. Prof. Chamber- lin has found the glacial strire pointing east of south, and toward the Kettle Range, whilst along the middle of the Green Bay Valley he finds the strire directions parallel to the main axis of the valley, or a little west of south. On the west side of this great valley, and along the eastern border of the Central Wisconsin district, the strise trend about southwest, whilst still 338 HisTom* or THE lead uegiok. further west, they gradually trend further to the west, becoming at last nearly due west, or al right an2;les to the western Kettle Range. "We have then a most beiiutiful proof that at one time the Green Bay Valley was occupied by a glacier, which was not merely a part of a universal ice sheet, but a distinctly separate tongue from the great northern mass. The end of this glacier was long in northern Rock County, its eastern foot on the East Wisconsin divide, and its western on the summit of the divide between the Fox and Wisconsin River systems, as far south as southern Adams County, after which it crossed into the valley of the Wisconsin, and from that into the head-waters of the Catfish branch of Rock River, in the Dane County region. Whilst the main movement of the glacier coincides in direction with tlie valley which it followed, it spread out on both sides in fan shape, creating immense lateral moraines. Peculiar circumstances caused the restriction of the eastern moraine or narrow area, whilst that on the west, having no such restriction, spread out over a considera- ble width of country, the breadth of the moraine reaching in Waushara County as far as twenty- five miles. This width of moraine must have been due to the alternate a, Range 2 west, although less notable ones occur in the Niagara limestone. "aSojY and Subsoil. — The quality of the soil of the lead region is chieHy dependent on the character of the subjacent formation. The subsoil appears to be derived directly from the decay and disintegration of the strata, of which it is the residuum. South of the principal water-shed, the subsoil is clay, almost without exception, having a thickness of from three to six feet, depending on the configuration of the underlying rock formation. This is the average thick- ness, on comparatively level land ; on side hills it is usually much thinner, the greater part hav- ing been washed down in the valley below. The clay soils and subsoils appear to consist chiefly of those portions of the overlying Galena limestone, and earthy Cincinnati shales, which being insoluble in water were not removed by the gradual process of denudation. '• The amount of lime, magnesia and alkaline earths in the subsoil and soil, together with the vegetable mold in the latter, constitute a soil, which, in its virgin state, is unsurpassed for rich • ness and fertility. The numl)er of successive wheat crops which have been raised, without regard to rotation, on some of our prairie farms, attest its native strength : as, also, the marked decline in fertility of the soil when this has been done, shows the inevitable retribution which follows the practice. Exceptions to the clay soil, usually found in the country covered by the Galena limestone, are found in the eastern part of La Fayette and frecjuently in Green County, where the soil is quite sandy, owing to the .27 l.iine. sulphate 1.30 100.41 Anghsite. — Composition — Sulphuric acid, 26.4; oxide of lead, 73.6. Traces of this min- eral are reported as occurring in some of the mining districts, but no specimens have as yet been obtained. It probably originates from the decomposition of galenite. Calcite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 44 ; lime, 56. This is a vein-mineral, common to al' the deposits of ore, whether in crevices or openings. It occurs crystallized in modified rhombo- hedrons and scalinohedrons. The variety known as Dog-tooth-spar is a very freipient form, especially in the Shullsburgand Linden districts, wiiich affords very hantlsomc cabinet specimens. The Mineral Point district affords handsome rhombohedrons, and the Linden mine affords hand- some twin crystals of calcite set in sphalerite t blende). It also occurs there, rarely, as a pseu- domorph, after marcitaite, and has then a radiate or divergent form. HISTOHY OF THE LEAD REGION. 351 Dolomite. — Bitter spar or brown spar. Coraposition — Carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia, in slightly varying, but nearly equal, proportions. It occurs occasionally in small rliombohedral crystals in cavities of the Galena limestone. The best locality for obtaining cabi- net specimens is in the railroad cut at Scales Mound. Smithaonite. — Often improperly called calimine. Composition — Carbonic acid, 35.18 ; oxide of zinc, 64.81. This mineral, commonly known as drybone, is one of the two ores of zinc found in the lead region. It is found most extensively in the central and northern parts, and usually in connection with blende. It crystallizes in rhombohedral forms ; such specimens are, however, rare. It usually occurs massive, having a structure similar to partially decayed bone, from which it derives its common name. Pseudomorphs, of Smithsonite, after calcite, are sometimes formed. They occur as rhom- bohedrons, and in tlie various irregular shapes in which calcite occurs in the lead region. Per- fect crystals, in which the transformation from calcite to Smithsonite is complete, are very rare. It IS much more common to find skeleton crystals, or those which have been formed by t^e depo- sition of a smooth, light-colored shell of Smithsonite, about a sixteenth of an inch thick, over all the exposed surface of the calcite, followed by a gradual removal of the crystal contained within the shell. The space within the shell is sometimes partially filled with Smithsonite, and fre- ((uently planes of the orijjinal crystal. Pseudomorpiis are also found in which the imperfect crystallization of sphalerite is very evident. Smithsonite is also found covering crystals of gal- enite, which are undecomposed. Cerussite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 16.5 ; oxide of lead, 83.5. Cerussite is occa- sionally found in small pieces, but never in sufficient quantities to form an object of mining. It occurs in irregular rounded pieces of a yellowish color, exhibiting no crystalline structure. It has been found near Mineral Point, and in former years quite frequently at the diggings near Blue Mounds. Cerussite is found in small irregular translucent crystals of a white or light yel- low color, in the mine of Messrs. Poad, Barrack & Tredinnick, near Linden. The specimens were large, cubic crystals of galenite, coated with pyrite, the crystals of cerussite being formed in both of these minerals. The specimens indicate that the crystals of pyrite had been formed, and many of them broken before the formation of the cerussite. Hydrozincite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 13.6; oxide of zinc, 75.3 ; water, 11.1. This is a mineral of rare occurrence in the lead region. It is found at Linden and Mineral Point sis a white, finely crystalline, fibrous incrustation on Smithsonite. Malachite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 19.9 ; protoxide of copper, 71.9 ; water, 8.2. It is occasionally found in small seams, mixed with other ores of copper in the Mineral Point cop- per mines. Crystals or good cabinet specimens do not occur. Azurite. — Composition — Carbonic acid, 25.6; protoxide of copper, 69.2; water, 5.2. It occurs similar to malachite, massive and in scams, associated with chalcopvrito. The Mineral Point mines afford very beautiful cabinet specimens of small rhombohedral crystals of dark-blue color. Visitors in the lead region will constantly hear the terms "brown rock," "glass rock," "pipe-clay opening," etc., used by the miners to designate the different strata in which they work. This would be an advantageous system were it not that the several names are applied to widely diflerent strata by persons in the several districts. Tlie term "glass rock," for instance, is indiscriminately applied to all the strata in the buff, blue and Galena limestones. The following section is given as a general guide in umlerstanding the relative position and thickness of the strata and openings, to wliich reference will occasionally be made in the subse- quent pages. The section, however, will not bo found of universal application, but merely shows the strata a-s their position is now understood by the most intelligent and systematic miners. In practice, the most reliable plan for determining the geological position of an ore bed or mine, is to find the out-crop of some well-dcfineii horizon in the vicinity, and ascertain the distance of the bed or mine above or below it, after making due allowance for the dip. 352 HISTOIiY OF THE LEAD REGION. There are numerous openings occurring in all upper and middle beds of the Galena lime- stone, none of wliich appear to be found regularly in all the districts. The section is, therefore, confined to the more persistent openings of the lower beds : OALENA LIMESTONE. Green rock 4 feet. Green rock opening 3 feet. Green ruck 12 feet. Brown rock 12 feet. Brown rock opening 5 feet. Brown rock B feet. BIFF AND BLUB LIMESTONE. Upper pipe-clay opening 5 feet. Glass rock (blue limestone) 20 feet. Glass rock opening 6 feet. Buff limestone 12 feet. Lower pijip-clay opening 3 feet. Buff limestone 10 feet. St. Peters sandstone feet. HISTORY AND CHARACTER OF THE MINES. The history of the mining interest of this region is essentially a history of the region itself. The following reliable and detailed report of mines was made by Mr. Strong in 1877. Such new mines as have since then been opened are named further on in this work : BEETOWN DISTRICT. This is the most westerly district in which any productive mines have been worked. In former years they were very productive, but have gradually become less so. There are several sub-districts, of which the principal ones are Bectown, Nip-and-Tuck, Muscalunge and Hack- ett's. The diggings in the immediate vicinity of Beetown are situated north and east of the village, chiefly in Sections 20 and 29, of Township 4, Range 4 west. There are here, on the ridge, about a dozen principal old ranges, all nearly parallel, and bearing a few degrees north of west. They vary from half a mile to a mile and a half in length, some of them extending easterly to the Grant Diggings. There are no large organized companies at work in them, the principal product being by individual parties in small lots. Lead ore is usually found in this district in two principal openings, known as the " Twelve- foot Opening" and the " Sixty-five-foot Opening." The first is named from the height of the opening, which usually averages about twelve feet. The second derives its name from sixty- five feet of unproductive rock which separates it from the first. The following parties are now, or have recently been, mining near Beetown : Brown Bros. .(■ Birch. — These diggings are situated in the Hull Hollow, about three- quarters of a mile south of the village. They were discovered in If^iiO, by Walters and Roli- erts, and were first worked in the twelve-foot opening. Tliere are three parallel east-and- west ranges, situated about nine feet apart. They produced lead ore, which is found in tiat openings, four and one-half feet high and four and one-half feet wide, lying about seventy feet above the sixty-five-foot opening. The ore has been traced by a level three hundred feet west from the discovery shaft. The depth at the working-shaft is sixty feet ; the greatest depth in the ridge will be one hundred and sixty feet. Work was commenced in the winter of 1875-76, since which time the product has been 35,000 pounds. The prospects are considered good. Wilcox Diggingg. — North half of the southeast quarter of Section 32, Township 4, Range 4 west. This ground has been recently bought by Messrs. Henrj^ Ross, Gundry and Toay, of Mineral Point, by whom it is now operated, under the name of the Beetown Mine. Work was commenced here by Mr. Wilcox in 1868. A level has been run in the ground 500 feet, under- lying a flat sheet of blende or Smithsonite, which is, in places, 36 inches thick. The sheet HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION". 353 has been found to extend eighty feet north and south, and one hundred and thirty feet east and west; its extreme limits are not yet known. On its south side, some cop- per ore has been found. The sheet lies in the upper pipe-clay opening. About twenty-two feet above the sheet of zinc ores, is one of Smithsonite and lead ore, one hundred and fifty feet wide, whose length is unknown. It lies in flat and pitching sheets, in the green-rock opening. The ground has produced lead ore to the value of $3,500 ; also, forty-five tons of Smithsonite and one hundred and seventy-five tons of blende. Josiah Orossley ^ Co. produced about eight thousand pounds of lead ore in the operations of one month. Crossly ^ Bass. — Situated south of the preceding. Work was carried on for six months, and stopped by the owner of the land. Twenty thousand pounds of lead ore were produced. Wilcox ij- Sons. — These parties have been working about a month in a new east-and-west range. The prospect is considered good. Pigeon Diggings. — They are situated in the north half of Section 20, Township 4, Range 3 west, and consist of several east-and-west ranges, in which the ore is found in flat openings in the "Brown Rock" division of the Galena limestone. The ground is owned by Messrs. Bar- ber, Dewey & Cox. There are about fifty men employed here, mining chiefly in the old work- ings at a depth of from thirty to fifty feet below the surface. The annual product of the Pigeon Diggings is about two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of lead oi'e. Mining is chiefly con- fined to the winter season. During the last year a sheet of Smithsonite was discovered on the southeast quarter of Section 19, which has produced sixty tons. Hackett's Diggings. — These mines are situated on Section 17, Township 4, Range 4 west. They have been idle for several years. Work has recently been resumed on them by the follow- ing parties: Hutchcroft & Pigg, and Whitehead & Co. They have now good paying mines in the sixty-five-foot opening. The annual product is about thirty thousand pounds. Nip-and-Tuck Diggings. — Situated on the south half of Section 25, Township 4, Range 5 west. They consist of several east-and-west ranges crossed by north-and-south ranges. Very little mining is now done here. The parties are Sillick & Co. and Roberts & Co. The annual product is about twenty thousand pounds. Muscalunge Diggings. — Situated on Section 26, Township 4, Range 5 west. There are here numerous east-and-west ranges, from a quarter to a half a mile in length, lying near Rat- tlesnake Creek. More activity is displayed here in mining operations than anywhere else in the district, about half of the ore smelted in the Beetown furnace being obtained here. In addition to the east-and-west ranges already mentioned, there are a great number of small parallel crev- ices running nearly east and west, and crossed by various quartering ores, forming a pei'fect net- work of veins and crevices. The following parties are operating in this vicinity : Graham Mining Company. — This is a Milwaukee mining company who own and work a large tract of ground comprising the west half of Section 26. The workings are all in the sixty-five-foot opening. The following section of the Dewey & Maiden shaft is given, which shows the position of strata from the top of the ridge downward : Soil and clay 15 feet. Galena limestone 38 feet. Tough light rock, hard and flinty 2 feet. Openings from five to twelve feet high 12 feet. Hard rock with layers of flint t)6 feet. Opening (workings | 13 feet. Galena limestone to top of Trenton 35 feet. ToUl thickness 180 feet. The two openings are seen here to be separated by sixty-five feet of intervening barren rock. The ground is drained by a level about three-quarters of a mile long, run on the random of the lower opening at an expense of $20,000. It empties into one of the adjacent branches of Rattlesnake Creek. It could easily be drained to the top of the blue limestone by a level in 354 HISTORY OF THE I.KAD REGION. the horizon of the pipe-clay opening. A convenience in hoisting was noticed here which might profitably be adopted in other portions of the lead region. A six-inch hole had been drilled From the surface to one of the drifts for purposes of ventilation. An artesian well-bucket was then put on, and all small stuff and wash dirt was removed tlirough the hole, thus saving a long and unnecessary transportation underground to the main shaft. The company has worked con- tinuously here for many years. The ground has been very productive ; it produced in one year 1,800,000 pounds. Its average annua! production for the last nine years is estimated at 300,000 pounds of lead ore. James Thomas if Co. — This company has been working here for the last fifteen years. The ore is found on the east-and-west range in tiie si.xty-five-foot opening. The diggings are dry, and from l.")0 to 100 feet deep. The average production is 150,000 pounds of lead ore per annum. The ground is owned by Mr. Dewey. Hutchcroft eighing sometimes several thousand pounds. Two large masses were found which weighed respectively fifty thousand and twenty- seven thousand pounds. With the ore large masses of rock were found mixed with loose dirt and a fine, dark clay. 358 HISTORY OK THK LEAD 1{EGI0N. The sides of the opening were much washed and worn by water, sluwiig a very regular stratification, witli no appearance whatever of faults or dislocations. Each of the caves in the opening iiad a chimney going down, apparently to a second opening, which has never yet been proved or worked. The upper part of the opening was sometimes filled with a large key-roek, having a crev- ice in each side of it. Sometimes, however, the key-rock was replaced by a flat cap-rock con- taining crevices. The appearance of these caverns, as we passed through them, was a sight not soon to be forgotten. Oji the floo • lav great misses of rock which h.ii fallen from above, wi",ii clay, con- tinually moistened from the dripping walls and arching roo ". and, here and there, the fieblc light revealed ricli massjs of jrlittLrinc; ore. Williirms .J- Oo. — This mining property is situated about three-ijuarters of a mile norih- east of Black's Mine, and was operated by the proprietors, Messrs. Thomas and Jeremiah Williams and Mr. O'Connor. The water in this ground is not nearly so abundant as in other mines. It is easily removed with a common lift-pump, worked with a ten-horse-power engine; tiie amount seldom exceeds 2.50 gallons per minute. Mining has been confined to the upper half of the Galena limestone. The lower clay beds of the Cincinnati group are also found here, but there is not so great a thickness of them as at Black's Mine. The pump- sliaft commences at the top of the Galena limestone, and is sunk to a depth of 106 feet, at which point the top of the second opening is found, after passing through the first opening, which is .situated at a depth of forty-seven feet from the surface, and is probably identical witli the first opening at Black's Mine, which it much resembles in its general appearance. Tlie first opening here consists of a series of large caves or enlargements of the crevice, with chim- neys going down to the second opening. The ore was found in masses, mixed with clay and large pieces of stone, which had appar- ently fallen from the roof or cap. The lead ore, from its greater specific gravity, usually occu- pies the lower part or floor of the opening. The course of the range is very nearly east and west, but bears a little north on its western end. The length of drifts in the top opening amounts to about nine hundred feet. It is about worked out at the western end, but still continues good at the east. Several masses of lead ore were found in this opening weigliing from fourteen to fifteen thousand pounds. A singular formation of ore was found in the top opening. The mine was discovered and 0]>ened in Febru- ary, 1872, and since then has probably been the most productive and remunerative mine in the district, on account of the comparatively small amount of water to contend witii and the large amount of lead ores obtained, which has been estimated at two and a half million pounds. Work was suspended on this mine in the fiill of 187.'), and has not since been resumed. FairpJaji Lerel Co. — A company consisting of Messrs. Merry, Olinger, Rewell, Pier and Natte, having formed a stock company, with a capital of §.50,000. have been engaged during the last eight years in running a level on land owned by George Siddell & Co. This level is commenced on the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 26, Township 1, Range 2 west, about three-quarters of a mile below the village of Fairplay. It has been run eastward a dis- tance of 2.200 feet, and thence south 70 feet, and has cost about §30,000. One ''shift'" of three men is the usual number employed, and it is not expected that th( level will be completed for many years. Its greatest depth below the surface is 140 feet, ami forty-eight feet below the natural water level ; one mile farther east it will drain about sixty feet below the present water level. This level will unwater the whole of Section 2;">. and will cut the following ranges in tlic third opening : The Crabtree, Thompson, Engine, Cams, Bruce, Lost range, Franklin, Sew- ard and Cave range. The openings in these ranges are vertical ; they were formerly worked and abandoned with lead ore in them going below the water. When these ranges are unwatered they will undoubtedly be very productive. riiCTom' OF THE lead kegiox. 353 In the vicinity of Fairpliiy, about fifty men find employment in mining ilurinii; the winter ; in summer the mines are idle. The greater part of the lead ore raised in this district comes from the mines south of the village, and, exclusive of the two large mines previously described, has not exceeded r)0,000 pounds per annum for the last six years. HAZEL GREEN DISTRICT. The Hazel Green District exhibits considerable activity at present in mining operations, and the reports of smelters in this vicinity show that a large amount of ore is raised here. Dur- ing the years 1872 and 1873, miners were attracted to other localities by the prospect of higher wages, which caused a temporary decrease in the production of lead ore; the mines, however, remained unimpaired. The miners have now returned, and the mines have regiiined their nor- mal productive condition. The most remunerative and continuously productive portion of the district is the property of the Hazel Green Mining Company, otherwise known as Crawford, Mills & Co. It is situ- ated on the northwest quarter of Section 30, part of the southwest quarter of Section 30, part of the northeast quarter of Section 30, part of the southeast quarter of Section 19, the south- west quarter of Section 19, the northwest quarter of Section 19, the west half of the southwest quarter of Section 18, all in Township 1, Range 1 east; also, the northeast quarter of Section -4, and the east half of the east half of Section 2.5, Township 1, Range 1 west, comprising in all l,10t> acres, on which over four hundred and fifty distinct mineral veins have been discovered and worked. During the early days of mining these grounds were worked from the surface as deep as was then possible, which was only about thirty-five feet, when they had to be abandoned. Pumping was tried on some of the larger bodies of ore, but as a general thing was found to be too expensive to be very remunerative, on account of the vast amount of water which the ground contained. In the year 1862, Crawford, Mills & Co. commenced their level from a point on the Hard-Scrabble Branch, and have been working it continuously ever since. Its total com- pleted length is now about four thousand feet. It is a feature of this ground that it is traversed by several bars or belts of ground which are very hard and impervious to water. As soon as the level is driven through one of them, it unwaters the ground in all directions to the next bar. Some time in the year 1871, one of those bars was reached which was so hard that blasting with powder made but little impression on it. As an experiment, nitro glycerine was tried and ;:ave the greatest satisraetion, so much, indeed, that a factory has been established here, and it is ^raduallv being introduced into the mines. It is at present used in Dubui]ue, Galena, New Diggings and several otiier places. It was at first regarded with some dislike and distrust by the miners, but this prejudice is fast being overcome, and nitro-glyccrine, or some of its com- pounds, will probably supplant gunpowder in the mines at no distant day. The factory at Hazel Green produced, during the first three years, about 3,000 pounds of nitroglycerine, and the demand is steadily increasing. On account of the position of the bars, it was found necessary to make three branches to the li'vel, one of which is now completed and is gradually draining the western part of the ground. The northern branch, when completed, will undoubtcilly unwater the rest of the ground. This level is an evidence of what can be done by scientific mining, when carried on per- sistently and systematically, with sufficient capital, applied with foresight and sagacity. It has cost the company twelve years of time, and about .^lUO.OdO. Its results are, that it has alrc:iily repaid the outlay of capital by the ore raised from tlie ground unwatered by it, which would otherwise have been inaccessible. When completed, it will unwater the ground 13') feet beljw ilie natural water level on the ridge. It furnishes employment to about eighty miners during the mining season. tjuite a large and clear stream of water is discharged from the mouth of the level, and is at [iresent used to operate a furnace and three wash-places. The ore in the Hazel Green mines is 360 HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. usually found in sheets ; this is its characteristic mode of occurrence. The ranges are approxi- mately east and west, or north and south, the former being the most productive. Ore is also some- times found in large bunches or pockets, containing sometimes several thousand pounds, and occasionally in openings. The pockets are often lined with large and very regular cubes, afford- ing handsome cabinet specimens. The total production since the discovery of these mines, has been carefully computed from the smelter's accounts at about 126,000,000 pounds. Their pres- ent product is about 800,000 pounds per annum. Mining in this vicinity is confined to the upper half of the Galena limestone, which is here present in its entire thicTcne-ss, the clay of the lower beds of the Cincinnati group being found near the village, on the road to Galena. A section of the strata from the top of the ridge to the level would present approximately the following features : Soil and flints 16 feet Galena limestone 90 feet. Shales or thin layers of limestone 10 feet. First clay opening 10 feet. Second clay opening 20 feet. Flint opening to floor of level 20 feet. Total thickness 165 feet. The following are the parties who are now engaged in mining on the company's land, or have been during the course of the present survey : Richard JSustice tf' Co. — These parties were working in a new locality, and had, at the time they were visited, one of the handsomest displays of ore ever seen in the grounds. The bottom of the shaft had penetrated an opening filled with soft earth. The sides of the opening were lined witli a body of ore which presented an unbroken mass of cubic crystals of various sizes, some of them being as much as si.x inches on a side, and of very perfect shape, affording very handsome cabinet specimens. There were not less than 10,000 pounds of lead ore in sight, in a place about ten feet long. This body of ore is known to continue several feet deeper to the drift below. These diggings were worked until the fall of 1875, and produced 120,000 pounds. Howe ^ Rowe. — This is a new range, and was discovered in March, 187-4. It is [an east- and-west sheet, in which the ore occurs in a crevice three or four inches wide, at a depth of about sixty feet below the surface, and about thirty-five feet above the flint opening. Work was sus- pended here in September, 1876. The total amount produced to that time was 50,000 pounds. Richard Eustices Bujgings — Are situated on the Phelps range ; shafts are ninety feet deep, down to the clay openings. Length of drifts about 150 feet. The ore here occurs in a sheet about an inch thick. The diggings were worked from June, 1872, to June, 1875, and produced about 40,000 pounds. Near these diggings, and about ten feet deeper, is an east-and-west sheet dipping tothe north, carrying bunches of blende, which affords quite handsome crystals. Man waring and Madison Rnnge. — This is an east-and-west range, and is sometimes known as the Hinch Range, from the name of a party who formerly worked it, and by whom it was abandoned in 1858. Since the level has been run, the water has fallen about fifty feet in this ground, and in December, 1873, work was resumed on it by Crawford. Mills & Co., since which time it has produced 40,000 poumls of lead ore. The shaft is down about fifty-five feet, or within six feet of the flint opening. Work was suspended on it in June, 1875. John Edwards' Diggings. — Situated a short distance further west on the same range, a flat sheet of blende is found here in the second opening, at a depth of eighty feet below the sur- face. The order of deposition here is : 1st, pyrite; 2d, galenite; 3d, blende. During the win- ter of 1875-76, the product was blende, ten tons; lead ore, 1.400 pounds. Bull Pump Range. — Tliis range w;is worked by Jackson & Co. during the years 1873- 74-75, producing 90,000 pounds. Work was su.spended here in the fall of 1875. Bininger Range. — Tiiis range has been worked at intervals since May, 1874. It is now worked by Stephens, Mankivel & Rowe; four men arc employed, working with a horse pump in the second opening. During the present year the product has been 30,000 pounds. ^^C^u<^-^ui- stead estate. It is operated by Messrs. Beebe, of Galena, and Wetherbee, of ShuUsburg. The amounts produced could not be ascertained. Oakland Mining Conijiany. — The lands of this company are situated in the southeast (piarter of Section 6, the northeast quarter of Section 5, the northwest quarter of Section 4, and the southeast quarter of Section 4, all in Township 1, Range 2 east, comprising in all about 565 acres. This ground includes the old French range, which was discovered as early as 1839, and produced not less than 1,000,000 pounds. It is connected northward by some quartering crevices and is known as the Ernest and Townsend range. The thickness of Galena limestone here is about one hundred and seventy feet. There are six shafts in the range, averaging about fifty feet each. The lead ore is abundant, but dips rapidly to the northwest beneath the water. The range has produced about four hundred thousand pounds. The ground is susceptible of drainage from the ShuUsburg branch. It is not worked at jiresent. The company a4so has a level nearlv coinpleted in the southwest quarter of Section 4, which is run on the stratum of carbonaceous shale, or the top of the blue limestone. At the working shaft, there is a thick- ness of ninety feet of Galena limestone, of which the following section is given : Clay anJ soil IS feet. Yellow, flinty limestone 16 " Galena limestone containing calcite 20 " Blue, sanily liiiieslnne cnp 6 " Ked ocliery clny. with leml ore in flat slicets :it lop ami bottom, also diffused through the mass, forming a wash dirt 12 " Unexplored beds It* " Total thickness 90 feel. Considerable mining has been done in former years in the blue sandy limestone member of tlie section, but the main opening appears to be in the redochery clay which uinK-rlics it, which, so far as explored, has been found to have a thickness of about twelve feet, and to con- HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGIOX. 373 tain a flat sheet of galenito nearly continuous, and of variable thickness, sometimes furnishing pieces of five hundred pounds' weight. The bearing of the sheet, so far as has been determined, is west of north and east of south, with a slight dip to the southwest. Its area has not been determined, but, so far as has been worked, there are no indications of the opening, contracting or closing up. BKNTON DISTRICT. In the immediate vicinity of the viHagc of Benton, there are several parties permanently en-jaired in mining, besides others who mine only in the winter. The diggings are in the lower beds of the Galena limestone, yet not so low as the brown rock. Bainbn'dge and Vipord — Southeast quarter of Secton 8, Township 1, Range 1 east. This is an eastand-west range somewhat near a mile long, which was worked about twenty-two years since and abandoned. Prior to 1854, it produced about one and a half million pounds. About seven years since, some work was done on it, and one million pounds were produced. Work was recommenced on the eastern end by the present parties in February, 1874, and has con- tinued to the present time (November, 187()). The annual product is about twenty thousand pounds. During the last year and a half, they have been worked with a horse-pump. Bainbridge, Mundy and Maighi. — This is a quartering southwest-and-northeast range, about one hundred yards north of the preceding. This range was never worked previous to March, 1874. It is now worked only in the winter seasons. It has produced in all about fifty thousand pounds. The ore in tlicse diggings and the preceding is found in openings detached from the main crevice. Metcalfe Marker and Alexander — Northwest quarter of Section 9, Township 1, Range 1 east. This ground is situated on what is known as the Swindler ridge. It derived its name from the custom which formerly existed among the miners of cutting through and breaking into each other's ground to steal the ore, which the complicated nature of the openings enabled them to do. This range was struck in 1871, and has been worked continuously ever since. The depth lo the top of the first opening is fifty feet at the shaft, and on the ridge generally, although the opening is said to dip slightly to the west. Some water is encountered on the ridge, and the ])resent parties have found it necessary to work a two-horse pump. The production to Novem- ber 1, 1876, has been 600,000 pounds. Bainbridge Diggings — Situated on the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 4, Town- ship 1, Range 1 east. Work was commenced here by Mr. Thomas Bainbridge, of Benton, in the winter of 1874. In May. 1875, an irregular deposit of lead and zinc ore was discovered about fifty feet below the surface, having a course a little west of south. Its production has been twenty-five tons of Smithsonite and twenty-five thousand pounds of lead ore. Harvey's Diggings — Situated on the same ground and about 250 yards northwest of the ]ircceding work, was begun here in the winter of 1875-76, and a large fiat sheet of Smithson- ite was discovered, which has been worked over -00 feet in diameter without reaching unpro- ductive around. It is found about fifty foet below the surface, in the random or horizon of the Hat flint openings. The ore is found in flat sheets, interstratified with the formation. One hun- dred tons have been produced. McElroy Bros. — Situated half a mile south of the village of Benton. This is a new dis- covery, made in the winter of 1875-76; an irregular flat sheet of Smithsonite was found at a depth of fifty feet below the surface, from whicii in two months fifteen tons of ore were produced. M. J. Williams ;f Co. — Situated on the southwest quarter of the soutiiwest quarter of Section 3, Township 1, Range 1, east. A large flat sheet of lead ore and blende, about one foot thick, was discovered in July, 1870, in the bed of Fever River, soon after a heavy flood which took place at that time. It lies in the upper surface of the blue limestone, and, on account of its situation in the river, but little has been done with it. It is an excellent prospect, and will doubtless be remunerative as soon as the water can be removed. McCaffery, SiuilJi .f- Co. — In tlie middle of October. 1876, t"licse parties commenced work sinking a shaft on tiie west line of the forty of M. J. Williams k Co. They found the ■>ii HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. same sheet of ore as there described ; in the space of two weeks they had developed a fine pros- pect, and had produced about one ton of ore. Level Company. — On the northwest quarter of Section 29, Township 1, Range 1 east, a level is now being run by Messrs. Stevens, Mason, Miller, Robbins, Broderick, Hoover, Thomp- son, Coltman and Farley, who own and have leased 1-35 acres in Sections 20, 21, 28 and 2".'. The level was commenced in the spring of 1870, and has now reached a length of 1,000 feet; it is being driven on a flint opening near the top of the brown rock, wliich is here about fourteen feet above the blue limestone. The object of driving the level is to unwater the Drummond range, which runs cast and west, and is supposed to be a continuation of the Crow range of Hazel Green, and the Nagle range of New Diggings. It is believed that when the level is com- pleted it will unwater the Drummond range to a depth of forty feet below the present water level. The level now gives access to two openings in working it, and had, when visited, an inch sheet of lead ore in the working forehead. It may be remarked that these openings are lower than any of the Benton openings, and seem to be identical with those of the Buncome district. The product has been, up to the present time, 60,000 pounds. MIFFLIN DISTRICT. Mining operations here are now chiefly confined to several parallel ranges, having a general nortlieasterly course, and situated about half a mile south of the village, including the Peniten- tiary, Dunbar and Owen ranges. The ore is found in flat sheets on the surface of the blue limestone, in the pipe-clay opening. Some mining is also done in Section 10, Township 4, Range 1 east, in the vicinity of the Welsh settlement. Penitcntiarii Mine. — Southwest quarter of northeast quarter of Section 34, Township 5, Range 1 east. This property is owned by Messrs. James. John and Calvert Spensley, William Bainbridge, J. J. Ross, Mrs. Mitchell and N. W. Dean. The mine was opened in 1842, and since then it has been very productive, and has been worked continuously to the present time. The mine is drained by a level containing a tramway, on which the rock and ore are carried out of the mine. Sufficient water is removed to operate a large wash place. The distance from the entrance of the mine to the forehead is about seventeen hundred feet. The average width of the range is about three humlred feet, and the thickness of the deposit from six inches to two feet. Previous to 1864, the mine was worked chiefly for lead ore. producing in some years as much as 170,000 pounds. It is estimated by Mr. Ross that it produced, from 1862 to 1875, 3,000,000 pounds of lead ore and 11,000 tons of blende. The production for 1875 was, blende, 375 tons : lead ore, 35,000 pounds. The production for 1876 was, blende. 600 tons ; lead ore, 40.000 pounds. Jenkins. .ViUer .f- Co. — These parties have been working during the last two and a half years in the Dunbar range, which is parallel to the Penitentiary, and a short distance north of it. The land is owned by Messrs. Ros"? & Dean. This range has been worked during the last thirty years, and is drained by the Penitentiary level ; the present workings are about fifty feet below the surface. The company produced during the year 1876, to October 1, blende, 80 tons ; lead ore, 8,000 pounds. Their annual average is, blende, 80 tons ; lead ore, 12,000 pounds. Rain, Young .(• Jenkins. — These parties are now working on the Blackjack range, which is adjacent to the Dunbar, and sometimes connects with it. The present works are fifty feet below the surface. The ore is found in flat sheets, sometimes seventy feet in width, in the pipe- clay opening, the height of the ojiening averaging five feet. The annual production is from one hundred and fifty to two hundred tons of blende, and from ten thousand to fifteen thousand pounds of lead ore. A short distance northeast of tlie Blackjack is the Owens range. It has not been worked during the last two years, but is considered good mining ground. IIINTOHV OF Till-: LEAD IIEUIOX. 375 CENTERVILLE DISTRICT. These diggings are like those in the vilhige of Highland, in that they are all situated quite close together, on Section 7, Township G, Range 1 east, on the hill about a (juarter of a mile east of the village. The land is all owned by Messrs. Top, Nordorf and Kroll. The miners are nearly all Germans. The dissin^s were first worked in ISotJ, and have been worked con- tinuously ever since, chiefly for lead ore, until within the last ten years, since which time they have been worked for zinc ores. The workings arc in the brown rock opening, and lie from five to fifty feet below the surface, depending on the amount of denudation. Very little trouble is experienced from water, and during the past two years the ground has been especially dry. The principal parties working here are as follows : Heller ,('• Parish. — These parties are working a southeast-and-northwest range, twelve hun- dred feet long and six hundred feet wide. Their annual product is lead ore, 100,000 pounds ; blende, .300 tons; Smithsonite, 400 tons. Joltn Carter and Richard Samuels. — On the same range as the preceding. They have worked here two years, and are producing two hundred tons of Smithsonite and five thousand pounds of lead ore per annum. Other parties and their annual products are as follows : Scfiock !»'• Flemmer. — Blonde, 200 tons per annum. Stepper .(• Mensing. — Blende, 100 tons per annum. George Wiebte. — Blende, 200 tons ; lead ore, 1.5,000 pounds. Blue River Paint Work«, situated on the southwest ([uarter of Section 7, Township 6, Range 1 east. At the time this establishment was visited, work had been suspended, and consequently it did not appear in as flattering a light as its merits would probably justify. The building and machinery were still standing, in a condition to resume work without delay. Accord- ing to the best information obtained, the paint was made from the ocher which is quite abundant in the Centerville Diggings, and which furnishes quite a number of shades of yellow in its raw state, and an additional number on being burned. The red paint, however, was derived from the upper bed of the St. Peter's sandstone, which was crushed and washed ; the red coloring matter being readily dissolved out by the water, from which it afterward settled on being allowed to stand. The colors, after being burned and ground, were ready for the market. As many as fifteen different shades of red and yellow ocher were manufactured. Several tons of paint were placed in market, anil it was claimed to be a good and durable article. It is unfortunate that the manufacture could not have continued longer, and its qualities have been more definitely ascertained and generally known. HIGHLAND DISTRICT. The diggings of the Highland District are all situated within a_ short distance of each other, and about a quarter of a mile north of the village. They are all in the brown rock, the lower openings never have been proved. Most of the diggings are in what is known as the Drybone lloUdw range. The names of the parties mining, and the present condition of their diggings are as follows : Samuel Hinderleiter ,J- Son — On the southwest quarter of Section 28, Township 7, Range 1 east, in the Drybone Hollow range. This is an east-and-west range, from one-quarter to one- half mile long, and from two to three hundred feet wide. It was discovered in 184l3, and worked entirely for lead ore. It is now divided into small lots, of which Mr. Ilinderleiter's is one. The work is chiefly confined to going through the old diggings and taking out the Smithsonite left i>v former miners, no blende being found. The shafts are about twenty-five feet deep, which brings them to the top opening, three feet in height. The ore is found in a flat sheet, about a foot thick, with ocher and clay above and below it. But little water is found here. The annual product of this lot is about thirty tons of Smithsonite. Mulliijan .("• Francis. — Tiiese parties have diggings in all respects similar to those already described, in a lot about one hundred and fifty feet northwest of the preceding. 376 HISTORY OF TIIK LEAD 1! KG ION. Maguire, Kennedy ' among them were sent out by their Father, the President of the United States (it was not con- sidered a sin to lie to the Indians even as long ago as then), and told them that they must not molest Shull in his business. Having received from the Government oflScers and from the Indians assurances of protec- tion, Shull came to Fever River late in the su:nmer of 1810, and erected a trading-house on the bottoms at the river, probably near the foot of the present Perry street. Mr. Seymour, in his ■'History of Galena," published in ISIS, fixes the location as the "site of the American House; " but, as that landmark has long since disappeared, the location is indefinite. During 1848, Mr. Seymour had a personal interview with Mr. Shull, then residing in Green County, and gathered from his lips the information given herein. Mr. Shull stated that he and Dr. Samuel C. Muir were the first white settlers on Fever River at that point. Dr. Muir began trading, witli goods furnished by Col. Davenport, at that place, the same year. Mr. Shull also said that Francois Bouthillier, a French trader known about Prairie du Cbien as early as 1812, " occupied " a rude hut at the bend, on the east side of Fever River, in 1819 ; but whether he built the same, or merely occupied a shanty already constructed by some earlier trader, is unde- termined. This leaves the subject in a vague slate ; but the inference is that Bouthillier not only lived in but also built the hut. Mr. Sliull does not appear to have been a permanent fixture at Fever River, for he soon moved to otiier places, and changed his base as tiie Indians shifted their hunting and trapping grounds. He subsequently removed to what is now La Fayette County, as is shown in the his- tory of that county proper. DR. SA.MUEL C. MLIR. Dr. Samuel C. Muir, mentioned by Mr. Shull as trading in the district in 1819, may have been the companion of that pioneer, but no evidence goes to prove the fact. Just when he first came and how long he remained is unknown. Dr. Muir was an educated physician, a graduate oi 400 HISTOUY OF THE LEAD REGION. Edinburg, and a man of strict integrity. He was Surgeon in the United States Army previ- ous to his settlement at La Pointe. He married an Indian woman of the Fox Nation. In 1819-20, Dr. Muir was stationed at Fort Edward-s, now AVarsaw. He resigned in the latter year, and built the first house on the site of Keokuk, but leased his claim to parties in St. Louis, and ai'ain came to La Pointe in 1820, to practice his profession. He was the first regular phy- sician in the district. He remained ten years. Subse([(iciit'ly. he returned to Keokuk, where he suddenly died, leaving an estate badly involved. His widow and her two surviving children (two had previously died) disappeared, some say to resume her old relations with her tribe, on the Upper Missouri. A. P. VAN MATRE. In the summer of 1819, A. P. Van Matre located on the east side of the river, at Ijh. Pointe, where he engaged in smelting. From an article on the early settlement of this di.strict published in the Galena Senthiel in 1843, the following is taken relative to this man : "In the fall of the year 181il, our old friend, Capt. D. G. Bates, started from St. Louis, with a French crew, for Fever River, Upper ^Lasissippi, lead mines. His vessel was a ' keel,' the only means of conveyance then of heavy burthens on the Upper Mississippi ; and the boat- men in those days were, some of them, 'half-horse and half-alligator.' But the merry French, after arriving off Pilot Knob, commenced hunting for Fever River. After a search of three days they found the m'outli, and, on the 13th of November, after pushing tlirough the high grass and rice lakes, they arrived safely at where Galena now stands, where they were greeted by some of the natives, ifrom the tall grass, as well as by our old acijuaintances, J. W. ShuU and A. P. Van Matre, wlio had taken to themselves wives from the daughters of the land, and were traders for their brethren. [A portion of the scrap is here gone. Others are evidently mentioned ; Dr. Muir, for one.] Capt. Bates, after disposing of or leaving his cargo in c.\chan"e for lead, etc., returned to St. Louis for another cargo." Future generations will be glad to learn what the primitive "keel-boat " was. The novel craft was built to fill the peculiar demand of the locality. It was sometiiing like a modern "scow-barge," only its hull was lower. Tiiese boats were from fifty to eighty feet long and from ten to fifteen feet beam, witii two to three feet depth of iiold. On the deck was built the " cargo- box," which generally extended to within about ten feet of the ends of the boat, with about two feet space between gunwales and box. This space was called a "walking-board." Sometimes there was no room for this runway, and it was projected over the hull. The rudder was a cigantic sweep. The boat was propelled by oars, sails, poles, or any other contrivance which ingenuity or necessity suggested. When the water was high and the boat near shore, the crew would seize the bushes and "bushwhack " along. The cliaracter of many men who engaged in this life was such as to render " bushwhacking " a terra of severest reproach even to this day. Frequently, a long rope was attached to the boat, and the crew organized into a towing-club. This style of navigation was called " cordelling." Sometimes a rope was made fast to a tree or an anchor and liauied upon, the crew walking from stern to stern until the craft was alongside of the anchorage, when anotlier "hitch " w.-is made. This laborious work was the only method of securing navigation in the Upper Mississippi at the time mentioned. Francois Bouthillier, the other and later occupant of the Fever River trading-post in 1819, was a roving trader, who followed the nomadic habits of his dusky customers. Whether he remained in his shanty, calling it home, from that time on, is unknown. The second mention of him is made in the statement of J. G. Soulard, who, wiiile on his way to Fort Snelling, in 1821, found Bouthillierat Fever River, still acting as trader. Mr. Shull, in tlie intt-rview with Mr. Seymour, already mentioned, said : "Mr. Bouthillier. after he occupied a shanty at the * Bend,' in 1819, purchased a cabin then known as the cabin of Bagwell & Co., supposed to be near the lower ferry. In 1824, and previous to Bouthillier's purchase, the house and lot had lieen sohl for §80." Here Mr. Bouthillier engaged in trade and established a ferry, which is the first permanent settlement made by him of wliich authentic account is given. Capt. Harris is authority for saying that such a ferry and trading-house were built near that point. HISTOKY OF THE LEAD REGION. 401 Tn this connection, it is well to aild that Mr. George Ferguson and Mr. Allan Tomlin, early settlers and reliable men, both express the opinion that there was a trading-post at the Portatre, three and a-half miles below La Pointe, before either of those whose names have been mentioned were at the place. However this may be, in the absence of further evidence, it must be admit- ted that there were a large number of Indians encamped or living in the region referred to at that time, whose women and old men were engaged in raising lead from the Buck lead, and the fame of their rude though, for them, extensive mining operations, must have naturally attracted the attention of traders, who probably came to traffic with them. The inference, if not the proof, sustains the statements of Messrs. Ferguson and Tomlin. The Portage was a narrow neck of land between Fever River and the Mississippi, so named because the Indians and traders were accustomed to transport their canoes and goods across to save the journey down tn the mouth, some two and a half miles, the neck 1)eing only a few rods in width. A furrow was plowed across the neck in 1834, by Lieut. Ilobart, and now there is a deep channel, called the " cut- off." This was certainly a good location for a trading-post. In November, 1821, when the charge of the lead mines was transferred from the General Land Office to the War Department, no mines were known to be worked in any of the mining districts under leases or legal authority, although many were known to be worked without authority, especially in Missouri. This statement is made in the sense of United States author- ity, for it was only by obtaining the authority and friendship of the Indians, either by marriage with squaws or by presents, that operations could be carried on with impunity by white men. THE FIRST ^yHITE WOMAN. In 1821, Thomas H. January located on "La Pointe." He brought his wife and one child — a son. This must be accepted as the first known presence of a wiiite woman in the lead region. Mrs. January died in a short time after her arrival, and her remains were taken back to Kentucky, her former home, in 1826. Mr. January was a former resident of Maysville, Ky., where he lost his fortune. He moved to the new country for the purpose of retrievintr his financial condition. He died November 29, 1828, and was buried with Masonic honors, accord- ing to the Miner's Journal, a paper he doubtless helped to establish. THE FIRST AMERICAN HISTORY. In 1822, this extreme western frontier settlement had become sufficiently well known to have a place in the literature of the day. A book called T/ie Gazetteer of lUinok and 3Iissouri was published that year. The Galena River, called frequently "Fever River," was also known as "Bean River," because the French traders had styled it "Riviere au Feve," meaning bean. The Gazetteer contained the following: "Bean River (Riviere au Feve, Fr.), a navigable stream of Pike County, emptying into the Mississippi three miles below Catfish Creek, twenty miles below Dubui|ue's mines, and about seventy above Rock River. Nine miles up this stream a small creek empties into it from the west. The banks of this creek and the hdls, which abound in alluvium, are filled with lead ore of the best quality. Three miles below this, on the banks of Bean River, is the trader's villaf^e, consisting of ten or twelve houses or cabins. At this place the ore is obtained from the Indians, is smelted, and then sent in boats either to Canada [by way of the Wisconsin to the Portage, then down the Fox River to Green Bay] or New Orleans. The mines are at present exten- sively worked by Colonel Johnson, of Kentucky, wiio, during the last session of Congress (winter of 1821-22), obtained the exclusive right of working them for three years. The lands on this river are poor, and are only valuable on account of the immense quantities of mineral which they contain." In the same work,"Chicago is simply mentioned as a "village of Pike County, containing twelve or fifteen houses, and about sixty or seventy inhabitants." It is very evident that there was a "traders' village" on or near the present site of Galena in 1822, and that it was a point of more importance, commercially, than Chicago at that time. The statement is confirmed by 402 IIISTOIIV OF TIIK LEAD REGION. a letter from Capt. M. Marston, then commander at Fort Edwards, to Araos Farrar, Fever River, dated April 12, 1822, in which appears the following: "The Johnsons, of Kentucky, have leased the Fever River lead mines, and are about sending up a large number of men. It is also said that some soldiers will be stationed there. If this is all true, the Foxes, and all the trading estiif'h'shine/its now there, must remove." An e.xplanation of the foregoing, and a confirmation of historic assertion, is found in official documents. If the lead mines attracted traders, they naturally attracted miners also. Espe- cially so since the Missouri mines were known to be fields wherein depredations could be, and were, carried on. It followed in logical sequence that the Fever River district should not be left in exemption to the rule. Possibilities soon become probabilities and actualities. Leaving the Indian's and unlawful white man's attempts out of further mention, it is found that the first regular operations of which records speak were those carried on by James Johnson, nf Kentucky, who is named in the foregoing extracts from the Gazetteer and letter. Mr. John- son is spoken of as a brother of the historic Col. R. M. Johnson, famous as the accredited .slayer of Tccuraseh — a disputed point in more recent history, however, but one foreign to this chapter. Tiie date of Johnson's arrival at La Pointe must remain forever in obscurity, unless .some records not now discovered are hereafter brought to light. Capt. Marston's letter, quoted above, is supplemented by a letter written by Dr. IL Newhall, dated "Fever River, Marcli 1, 1828," in which the Doctor speaks of the Buck lead as having been " worked out by Col. John- son while he was at these mines in 1820-21." J. G Soulard, who passed up the Mississippi in 1821, as already mentioned, also speaks of Johnson. He says the hitter's boats were seen float- ing down the river loaded with lead. He did not see Johnson, however. It is believed that Johnson fir.^t came to the district in 1819-20 as a trader. In 1820-21, it appears probable that he rained without Government autiiority, but under purchased permission from the Indians. At that time the Land Office, and not the War Department, had control of the matter, and a very vigorous exercise of authority was neither possible nor attempted. It is barely supposable that Johnson was there engaged merely in smelting, and did not mine at all until legally empowereil to do so. In August or September, 1821, Amos Farrar was managing a trading-post on Fever River, as agent for the American Fur Company, and was living there with his Fox wife. This fact is established by the existence of a letter addressed to him at the " Lead Mines, Fever River," from Major S. Burbank, commander at Fort Armstrong, dated October 14, 1821. The letter was sent " by favor of Mr. Music," and tendei-ed Mr. Farrar " ray old black horse, if it will be of any service to you." A letter dated at Fort Armstrong, November 21, 1821. signed •' J. R. Stubbs," a blacksmith, was addressed to " Amos Farrar. Fever River, and introduced the bearer of the letter, Mr. Symnies, who is accompanied by Mr. Connor and Mr. Bates." These were, probably, B. Symmes and James Connor ; but whether it was David G or Nehe- miah Bates, is uncertain. The documents preserved show that Mr. Farrar was, for at least two years before and up to July 22, 1821. in the service of Louis Devotion, as a trader on the Mississip])!, located at Fort Armstrong, and receiving his goods, via Green Bay, from Canada. About the date referred to, he left Devotion's service and located at Portage, on Fever River. In 1823, he had a trading-house on the bank of the river near the center of what is now Water street, Galena. On the first of June, lt^2.j, Mr. Farr.ir received a peruiit, signed Charles Smith, actin;; Sub-agent of the United States Lead Mines, permitting him to occupy five acres of United S'at' .s land for cultivation, and to build a cabin thereon, situated near the Portage. He was compelled to comply with all the timber regulations. Jlr. Farr.ir had three children by his Fox wife, but who are now dead. About two years before his death, he married Miss Sophia Gear, sister of Capt. H. II. Gear. lie died of consuraption July 24, 18o2, at his house within the stockade then existing. THE CHANfiE IN MAN.AOEMENT. In November. 1821, the jurisliotion of the lead mines was transferred from the General Land Office to the War Department, and January 4, 1822, leases were granted to T. D. Carniel and rilSTOKY OF TIIK LEAD REGION. 403 Benjamin Johnson, and to Messrs. Suggett & Payne, all of Kentucky, for one hundred and sixiv :icre.s of land to each of the two parties to be selected by them, in the northern part of Illinois or the southern part of the then Michigan Territory, now Wisconsin. Lieut. C. Burdine, of the United States Army, was ordered to meet them in the spring at the Great Crossings of the Kentucky, proceed with them in exploring the country, assist them in the selection of their lands, protect them with an armed force, and mal -^ surveys of the ground for the information of the Government. Subsequently, leases were granted to other parties. The absence of records in the West — though probably such reports as were made can be found in the archives of the War Department, if one is desirous of gaining positive knowledge — leaves the precise movements of Lieut. Burdine in obscurity. It is presumable that he obeyed the orders of his superiors, how- ever, and made a more or less careful survey. April 12, 1822, Capt. Marston, at Fort Edwards (Warsaw), wrote to Amos Farrar, at Fever River, that ''the Johnsons, of Kentucky, have leased the Fever Lead Mines, and are about sending up a large number of men." It is prob- able that under their lease they selected land to include the Buck lead; and a little later, in the same year, James Johnson and a Mr. Ward (probably D. L. Ward) came from Kentucky, bring- ing with them a number of negro slaves. It was thus that human slavery was introduced into the lead district. The statement is authoritatively made that the leaders were accompanied by several young white men, whose names are not now remembered. Johnson had his furnace on the site of McClosky's store, on the levee. He worked the Buck lead, and raised a large amount of ore. David G. Bates and A. P. Van Matre worked a vein of mineral on Apple River, near Elizabeth (Georgetown), but smelted their ore at Fever River. The number of miners at work at this period (1822) is not known. During 1822, Dr. Moses Meeker visited the lead region on a tour of observation. Un- questionably others visited Fever River the same year for the same purpose, as the extraordinary deposit of mineral had become knewn in the old settlements south and east. JIaj. John Anderson, of the United States Topographical Engineers, was stationed as Government Agent at Fever River in 1822, probably, although the exact date is not shown. He occupied a shanty on what was known as '• Anderson's Slough" (now Harris' Slough), about two and a half miles from Galena. William Adney and wife were also in the place, Adney had been a soldier, and arrived here that spring. Mrs. Adney was the only white woman at Fever River when the Ohio colony arrived, which caused the statement to be made that she w;is the first white woman to settle in in the district. The facts already mentioned concerning Mrs. Thomas H. January's arrival in 1821, and her death a short time later, show that Mrs. Adney must have been the second white female settler. Mrs. Adney 's remains were disinterred and taken to her former home in Ken- tucky in 1826. 'Mr. Shull removed to what is now La Fayette County, as is fully shown in the history of that county proper. These few cabins and smelting-furnaces constituted the abodes of the white population in the entire region, but the bottoms, ravines and hill-sides were thickly dotted with the wigwams of the Sacs and Foxes. They were peaceable and treated the whites kindly. The greater portion of the meats consumed by the settlers was furnished by the Indians. The squaws and old men, who were too weak to hunt, were made to raise the mineral from the mines. The Winnebngoes and Menomonees, although living in what is now Wisconsin, used to trade with the whites on Fever River. In 1823, large and important accessions were made to the population of the then remote pioneer settlements on Fever River, and the history of the raining region begins to emerge from the obscurity and uncertainty theretofore surrounding it. The testimony of reliable, living wit- nesses was obtained in 1878, by the Western Historical Company. Capt. D. S. Harris and Hiram B. Hunt, then surviving, and, indeed, the only survivors of the emigration of that year, and a few persons who came in 1824, contributed to the interest and value of the history of the region published in 1878, 404 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REOION. MOSES Meeker's colony. In 1823, there transpired an important event. Dr. Moses Meeker, who had prospected on Fever River during the previous year, organized a colony and embarked on the 20th day of April on the keel-boat " Col. Bomford." at Cincinnati, Ohio, for '■ the mines." There were thirty men, besides the women and chiMrcn, in the party, and seventy-five tons of freight, con- sisting of a complete mining outfit merchandise and provisions, sufficient to subsist the party a year after their arrival. Among the passengers, and all whose names can now be recorded, were : Dr. Moses Meeker, James Harris, his son, Daniel Smith Harris, then fifteen years old ; Benson Hunt and his wife, Elizabeth Harris Hunt ; his two daughters, Dorlesca and Dorcina, and his son, Hiram Benson — aged respectively, six, four and two years; John Doyle, wife and child; Maria Bunco and her brothers, John and Hiram; Maria Rutherford; Thomas Boyce ; Israel Garretson ; John Whittington, the steersman ; William Hewlett, and a man named House. At St. Louis, James Harris left the boat and purchased a herd of cattle, which he drove overland, arriving two or three weeks later than the main party. ne "Col. Bomford" reached Fever River June 20, after a safe passage of sixty days, whi.- was considered remarkably quick. The Mississippi was very high, and bushwhacking had to be resorted to frequently. Just below St. Louis, the steamer " Virginia," bound for Fort Snelling with supplies for the troops, passed the pioneers. This was the first steamer to make the trip of the Upper Mississippi, above the mouth of the Illinois River. The " Virginia " touched at Fever River, being the " first arrival " at that " port," landing in June, 1823. Her speed was but little superior to a well-manned keel-boat. The " Col. Bomford " reached haven on Sunday, June 20, and ran up the small creek known as Meeker's Branch, where a landing was effected on the south bank, not far from the main stream. The arrival of Dr. Meeker marked a new era in the history of the mining district, and gave an impetus to the growth of the little outpost, which was then scarcely more than an Indian vil- lage, almost unknown except to traders. It required enthusiasm, energy, bravery, perseverance and patient endurance of toil and privations, not experienced in later years, to venture into the Indian country and there make permanent settlement. Dr. Meeker possessed all those charac- teristics in a remarkable degree, as did also James Harris, his foreman, confidential counselor and friend. The two men became the head and soul, so to speak, of the new settlement, and to them, perhaps more than to any others, it owes its rapid development, until, six years after their arrival, a town was laid off by the United States authorities. Mrs. Meeker died December, 1829, aged thirty-nine years. Dr. Meeker removed to Iowa County in 1833, and his history will be found in the chapters devoted specifically to that locality. Air. Harris lived but a few years to witness the results of his labors, as he, too, died in 1829, suddenly. He sleeps beside his former companion, in the cemetery at Galena. His children and descendants are among the respected residents of Galena and the mineral district at the present time. Returning to the year 1823, it is seen that Dr. Meeker built a cabin on what was called Meeker's Branch, now on the east side of Main street. Galena. Hunt built a cabin a little north. Directly across the road from Meeker's cabin a well was sunk. This well still remains, although unused, to prove the identity of these pioneer cabins. Fifteen or twenty feet north of the well, Benson Hunt built a blacksmith-shop, and there did the first regular work of the kind done in the district. Harris and his son also put up cabins not far from Meeker's. During the early years of settlement. Fever River was really an arm of the Mississippi, and the first settlers attempted to make a harbor there, with considerable success, as is shown by the early legislative proceedings. When Dr. Meeker arrived, in June, 1823, he found less than one hundred white men in the entire region. Prominent among them were Dr. Samuel C. Muir, who was practicing medicine and was highly esteemed by all ; Thomas H. January, Amos Farrar, Jesse W. Shull, Francois Bouthillier, A. P. Vanmatre, D. G. Bates, John Conley, John Ray, James Johnson, Nehemiah HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. 405 Bates, James Connor, B. Symmes, E. Rutter, John Burrell, Joseph Hardy, Robert Burton (not the smelter), Montgomery Wilson, Stephen P. Howard, Martin Smith, Israel Mitchell (a sur- veyor), John Armstrong, Cuyler Armstrong, William Thorn and others. The War Department's Report for 1823 shows that the only persons engaged legitimately in mining and smelting in this district under Government lease were James Johnson, James Connor, B. Symmes and E. Rutter. This was in September. Dr. Meeker put up a furnace that year, but his name was not returned in the reports until 1824. During the latter year he culti- vated land, and planted the first orchard in the district. THE FIRST MARRI.\GE. In the fall of 1823, Israel Garretson and Maria Bunce were married in the Meeker cabin, by an army officer whose name is not preserved. Probably it was Maj. John Anderson, then stationed at Fever River as Government Agent. There was neither minister nor magistrate in the district at that date. Miss Rutherford and William Hines were married at the same time. These, so far as is known, were the first marriages of white people solemnized in the district. THE FIRST DEATH. About this time, a General Schimerman, whose name does not appear in other records obtainable now at tliis point, was taken sick and died at the village, whicli was the first death after the arrival of the Ohio colony. John S. Miller and family came to the mines in 1823, and opened the first public house, in a double log-cabin, on the present northwest corner of Branch and Dodge streets. Galena. In 1824, James Harris began the cultivation of land at Anderson's Slougli, wliich was the second farm — Meeker's being the first — in the district. It was believed until as late as 1830, that crops could not be successfully grown so far north. Dr. Meeker's keel-boat returned in 1824, with another load of immigrants. August 18, 1824, Lieut. Martin Thomas was appointed superintendent of the lead mines of the Upper Mississippi, and authorized to grant leases and permits to smelters and miners, and to farmers, provided they did not interfere with the mining interests. THE FIRST BIRTHS. In October, 1824, & son was born to Benson Hunt and wife. The old family Bible con- tains the following entry, which is almost illegible: "James Smith Miint, born at fifteen minutes past 1 o'clock P. M. on the 9th day of October, 1824." Soon alter this event, Mary S. Miller, daughter of John S. Miller, was born. These were the first white children born in the district. Both were born within the present city limits of Galena. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. Following the history of settlement, and reserving the narrative of the mining operations until later, it is recorded that 182.5 witnessed a large arrival of white settlers. John Foley, who became the first Sheriff of Jo Daviess County, came that year. Among the more prominent men were Capt. William Henry; Capt. James Craig, whose wife was a grand-daughter of Daniel Boone ; Col. Henry Gratiot and his brother, John P. B. Gratiot, and others. The Gratiots came in a light wagon, accompanied by three hired men, with a complete outfit. They struck mineral and made their first settlement in the valley between Hinckley's and Waddell's Mounds. Subse'(/ order of Lieut. Thomas, Superintendent of Lead Mines. On the samo date miners were notified that they had no right to go beyond said ridge for the purpose of mining, and were ordered to suspend all further operations until further orders from the Superintendent. On the 8th of October, 1827, an order was issued directing all discoveries of lead to be reported to the Lead Mining Office, Galena. On the loth of November, 1827, the following persons, having struck leads prior to the 3d of July, 1827, beyond the ridge, were licensed to dig or work them out without interruption, but no others were to be allowed to mine beyond the ridge under any circumstances whatever: Cabanal, for Ewing&Co. ; Stevens, for Kirker & Ray; Richc, for Winkle; Elijah Ferguson, Hawthorn & Deviese ; Carroll, for Dickson; Stevenson, transferred to Blanchard ; Gillespie & Hymer; Stevens & Co. ; George Ames' sur- vey, Moore & Watson, sold to Blanchard ; Foster & Hogan. July 2, 18-17, Lieut. Thomas granted a permit to M. C. White to " burn one lime of kiln [kiln of lime] above the mouth of Small-Po.x [creek]." On the same day, Mr. Comstock had permission to cut fifty large trees for building logs, near the large mound south of Mr. Gratiot's survey. Arbitrations were ordered between McKnight and Ewen Boyer & Co., on Mackey's survey, and between Jacob Ilimer and AVill Baker, to take place on the 7th. NOTICE. There will not, for the present, be any town laid off at the Old Turkey Village, commonly caTTetl Grant River Town. All persons are hereby forewarned from building cabins or houses them, except such licensed smelters who may locate in that vicinity, and such smelters will first obtain a special permission. JI. Thomas, Lieul. U. S. Army, Supt. U.'S. Lead Mines. Fever River, July 13, 1827. August 14, 1827, a permit was granted to Messrs. D. G. Bates, V. Jefferson and Hemp- sted to make a wharf, or landing, in front of their houses and lots, provided such landing is at all times free to public use; no building to be placed upon it. On the 8th of August, 1827, Michael Dee was convicted by arbitration of having stolen certain articles, the property of Thomas Williams, and all smelters and miners on Fever River forbidden to harbor said Dee or give him any employment. This is the first conviction for theft of which record remains. McKnight left no records, except a few recorded permits ; and, except the two volumes from which the above extracts have been made, there are no records of the transactions of the Lead Mines Agency accessible, unless they are preserved in the War Department at Washington, and a letter to that department, asking for information, has failed to elicit a reply. The only entries to be found of date later than 1827. are a code of regulations for miners, dated April, 1838, and signed Thomas C. Legate, Captain Second Infantry, Superintendent U. S. Mines, and another and shorter code, dated October, 1840, signed by H. King. Special Agent U. S. Lead Mines, in which miners were required to pay not to exceed 6 pei cent of the ore, or its etjuivalent in metal, to the United States. 418 HlSTOliY OF THE LKAD KEGIOX. Under Lieut. Thomas' administration, Charles Smith and Thomas McKnight were Resi- dent Sub-Agents at Galena. About 18"2S, the agency was removed to a log building there recently erected under permit, by Barney Dignan, on the southwest corner of Main and Wash- ington streets. In 1829, the office was in the first building above Mr. Barnes' boarding-house, on the upper (Bench) street, and in later time, and until discontinued, the office of the Superintendent was in Newhall's building, southwest corner of Hill and Main streets. In 1829, Lieut. Thomas was succeeded by Capt. Thomas C. Legate, Second Infantry, under whom Capt. John H. Weber was Assistant Superintendent. Maj. William Campbell, Col. A. G. S. Wight and R. H. Bell were also connected with the office. In Xovember, 1836, Capt. Weber's signature as Superintendent appears of record, and it is probable that he was appointed about that time. As previously shown, under the old system, which generally prevailed until 1836, diggers were permitted to sell their mineral only to licensed smelters, and the Government collected the rents (10 per cent until 1830, and 6^ per cent subsequently, delivered at the United States warehouse, in Galena) of the smelters. The prices paid to miners were made with that fact in view. In 1827, as clearly indicated by the letter from Lieut. Thomas to E. Ferguson, and sub- sequent orders, the diggers and some of the smelters were operating on lands not owned or con- trolled by the United States, in some instances, having the permission of the Indians and paying them for the privilege, and in more cases, probably, trespassing on their domain. It had begun to dawn upon the people that five leagues square comprised only a very small portion of the lands rich in mineral wealth, and it was not possible for the Government agents to prevent dig- ging for mineral outside the limits of the reservation, over which, only, could the United States exercise control. The Superintendent of the United States Mines had no authority to grant permits on Indian territory. He could forbid such tresspass, but it would require a military force to prevent mining beyond the limits of the reservation, provided the diggers obtained the consent of the native owners. It was plain tiiat the Government could rightfully collect rent only of those who obtained their mineral within the recognized limits of the " five league square." The agent could not fully demand any of the lead obtained beyond the limits of the reservation, and this led to difficulty. It was unjust to pay rent to the Indians and to pay it again to the United States, nor could the agent collect rent even if it had been surreptitiously obtained. Some of the smelters, and especially those operating on Indian lands, either with or without the permission of the natives, or buying mineral from diggers operating beyond the jurisdiction of the agent, began to refuse to pay rent, alleging that, as they obtained lead from Indian lands and were not protected by the Government, they were under no obligation to pay. The agent was placed in an embarrassing position. They were obtaining mineral on the public lands, but they were also obtaining it on lands over which the United States e.xercise no control, he had no means of determining the amount actually due the Government, and therefore could not enforce payment of any. This refusal became more general until the unauthorized sale of the mineral lands in Wisconsin, in 1831, and subsequently by the Register of the Land Office at Mineral Point (called ■' Shake-rag " in early mining days), who, in violation of his express instructions, permitted a large number of the diggmgs actually worked to be entered. Many miners were thus outrageously defrauded, and their rights were disregarded. From that time they declined taking leases, and the lead office gradually fell into practical disuse. Capt. Weber remained as agent until about 1840, but his iigency was purely nominal. The regulations were not enforced, smelters paid no rent, and there was a season of freedom from Governmental supervision. In 1840, however, an at- tempt was made to revive the office. H. King, special agent, was sent to the mines, probably to investigate Weber's loose manner of doing business, nr rather his neglect of business. •'With Mr. King," says Mr Houghton, "or very nearly the same time, came John Flanagan." A letter from Capt. W. B. Green, who was familiar with the events of that period, contains the following information : " The Lead Mine Agency was suspended for several years prior to 1841. After the inauguration of President Harrison, in 1841, the agency was revived and Flanagan HISTOllY OF THE LEAD REGION. 419 appointed Superintendent — revived, probably, to give Flanagan the appointment. Previous to the suspension of the agency, the royalty to the Government was paid by the miners through the smelters. After the revival of the agency under Flanagan, the attempt was made to collect the royalty directly from the miners. The attempt was only a partial success, as the miners generally refused or evaded the payment. During the suspension of the agency, through affidavits gotten up (as affidavits can be to prove anything when taken ex-parte), a bill was lobbied through Congress, giving one of the early smelters a large sum of money for royalty paid by him on mineral reported to have been taken from Indian lands outside the original purchase. This established a precedent, of which most of the other smelters availed themselves, and in a similar manner had large sums voted them — in the aggregate, it may be, amounting to more than all the royalty received by the Government from the mines. The truth is, there was but a very inconsiderable amount taken from the Indian lands prior to the purchase of the lands south of the Wisconsin River, in the winter of 1827-28. What little there was, should, of right, have been paid to the Indians, or, ignoring their right, it should have been paid to the miners who actually paid it, as the smelters took the royalty into account when they purchased the mineral and deducted it from the value thereof." Mr. King remained but a short time, Weber was removed or superseded, and Flanagan left in charge witli instructions to enforce the regidations established by Mr. King. About the same time Walter Cunningham, who, says Mr. Houghton, had been appointed to investigate the Superior copper mines, returned from a tour through that region and estab- lished himself here with Flanagan. From this time, the regulations required the miners to pay the rent ''not to e.xcced G per cent of the ore or its equivalent in metal," but in practice, it is said, the rent that was collected was generally paid through the smelters, as formerly. Flanagan, his associate, Cunningham, and a clerk named Couroddy, by their associations and habits rendered themselves exceedingly odious to the people. Flanagan commenced a large number of suits against individuals for arrears of rent, and compromised them for what he could get in cash, but, it is said, made no returns to the Government of his collections — defrauding the people and the Government at the same time. He was accustomed to say to the people that the •■ Government must be paid first," and his arrogant declaration to smelters and others that " I am the Government," sufficiently indicates his character and the disposition he made of his col- lections. If he was '" the Government," there was no necessity of making returns to anybody, and none were known to be made by him. Complaints of his highhanded proceedings reached Washington, and in 1843, Mr. Wann states, Capt. Bell, stationed at St. Louis, was ordered by the Secretary of War to Galena, to investigate Flanagan's administration. He came, but re- mained but a few days, dismissed Flanagan and placed .Vlaj. Thomas Mellville, of Galena, in charge of the office, temporarily, until reports could be made to the War Department, and a Superintendent should be appointed. The next year, 1844, according to the best information to be obtained, John G. Floyd, of Virginia, Wiis appointed to the office. Mr. Floyd made an effort to enforce the collection of rent, and in some measure succeeded, but was removed in 1845, at the instance of Hon. Joseph P. Iloge, then member of Congress for this (then Sixth) District, and James A. Mitcliel was ajipointed as iiis successor, who remained until the office was finally discontinued, about 1847, when the lands were thrown into the market. Practically, however, the office was little more than nominal after the resignation of Ca]it. Legate, in 1836. Under the pre-emption law, a large amount of mineral lands had been entered. Settlers were required to make oath that no mineral ivas being dug on the lands they desired to enter, and this re- quirement was easily evaded. The people generally considered the agency as an imposition, and it was impossible to secure the implicit obedience to the rule of the superintendent that obtained in the days of Thomas and Legate. The experiment of reviving tlie office w:is not a success. The Govern- ment found upon trial that, instead of being a source of revenue, the management of the lead mines produced constant drafts upon the Treasury, and at last, after the settlers had petitioned in vain for years, early in the session of 1840-17, Congress authorized the sale of the lands. A 420 mSTOUY OF TUE LEAD KEGIOX. receiver was appointed, and by the 5th day of April, 1847, says Seymour, "land to the amount of §127,700 had been sold at minimum prices, §1.25 per acre for farming, and §2.50 per acre for mineral lands, and the day.s of governmental supervision or ownership of the lead mines ended. The amount of lead shipped from various ports on the Mississippi, principally from Galena, for nine years prior to the discovery of gold in 1849, and the estimated value thereof, is as follows : 1841—11,696,980 pounds, valued at $3 per hundred $950,909 40 Small bars and shot valued at 31,43.3 50 Total $:i82,342 90 1842— 31,407,.530 poundsat $2 7.5(S\$3 per hundred $ 746,296 46 1813—39,461,171 pounds at $2."7il per hun^lrcd 937,202 00 1844— 43,722,070 pounds at 12.82!" per hundred l,2:i'i,14S 47 1845— .i4,4!l2,200 pounds nt fl.OO' per hundred 1,6:34,7W 00 184G— 51,2158,200 pounds at $2.90 per hnudrcd _ 1,480,778 09 1847— 54,085,'.I20 pounds at 5^3.00 per hundred I,ti22.577 60 1848— 47,737,830 pounds at $3..50 per hundred 1,670,824 95 1849—44.025,380 pounds at $3,021 per hundred 1,595,920 C2 In 1849, the gold discoveries in California disturbed " the even balance of ordinary busi- ness operations" in the lead-mining district. The tide of immigration that had been directed to this region, was diverted to the Pacific Coast, and a large number of miners and business men, dazzled by the glitter of California gold, left to seek their fortunes on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Large amounts of real estate, covered by valuable improvements, were forced into market and sold at nominal prices, to obtain the means wherewith to remove to California. Enormous rates were paid for money, and a large amount of capital was withdrawn from the usual channels of trade ; iinprovoments commenced or contemplated, were suspended or delayed, and the heavy emigration from the lead to the gold mining region was seriously felt. A large number of men usually engaged in prospecting, and by whom new and important discoveries had been constantlv made, were no longer here, and operations were principally confined for a time to old "leads.'' But in compensation for this, the price of mineral advanced to §28 per thousand (it had at some perio^ or §9, and was seldom higher than §22), and this advance caused operations to be renewed in diggings that hao instance was the mineral smelted taken from the timbered surveys ; it was t;iken from the adjoining prairie lands, which were undoubtedly the property of the Indians. So 'vell was this understood by the miners and smelters that, at a very early day, they refused to p:iy rent for tiic lead dug and smelteil from the Indian lamls. The consequence was, in the spring of 182.5, troops were ordered from Fort Armstrong (Rock Island) to force the payment of the rent. Against this military exaction the smelters strongly protested. 422 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REGION. " Up to the year 182.'), the country east of the Mississippi, lying between the Rock and Wis- consin Rivers, and extending north to Lake Winnebago, was claimed conjointly by the Ottawas, Chippewas, Winnebagoesand Pottawatomies of the Illinois. The Winnebagoes, it will be remem- bered, were not parties to the treaty of 1816, at Fort Howard, and they were the actual occupants of the land around Fever River, and who resisted the landing of Col. Johnson. Previous to his arrival, Van Matre, Shull and others, who were licensed as Indian traders, also mined and smelted in the country. They were tolerated in this because they were married to Indian women, not because they had any recognized right to do so, conferred by the Government. But, after the arrival of Johnson, all who were smelting in the country were compelled to take out licenses and pay rent to the Government. " At the treaty concluded at Prairie du Chien, on the 19th day of August, 1825, known as the ' Treaty of Limits,' the seventh and ninth articles divided the mining country on the east of the Mississippi between the Chippewas, Winnebagoes, Ottawas, and the Chippewas and Pottawatomies of the Illinois, and, by the tenth article of the treaty, the United States solemnly establishes and recognizes the boundaries. " In the summer of 1827. the Winnebago chief. Red Bird, attacked some keel-boats on the Mississippi, above Prairie du Chien, and killed some of the hands.* " Previous to that time no attempt had been made by the miners to cross the boundary line established in 182.5,* but then a military expedition was sent against the Winnebagoes to capture Red Bird. The miners who accompanied the expedition discovered numerous indications of mineral, and in the fall of 1827 a number of them prospected in the country, and a valuable discovery of mineral deposit was found near Dodgeville (in Iowa County). During the following year other mines were discovered. " The miners purchased the right to mine here from the Indians, and, therefore, when called upon by the Superintendent of the lead mines, refused to pay rent to the Government. The consequence was, troops were ordered out from Fort Crawford (Prairie du Chien), to remove the miners from the AVinnebago country. To avoid this issue, the miners finally consented to take out leases and pay rent to the Government, and did, therefore, actually pay two duties for the privilege of mining — one to the Indians to keep them quiet, and one to the Government to prevent expulsion. " The Winnebagoes never consented to the reservation with the other tribes who made the treaties of 1804 and 1816, although they were, as shown, part owners of the country; neither can any evidence be adduced showing that the reservation provided for in the treatv of 1816, was ever located, except in the matter of timber survcys'befqre mentioned. * « * " When the first leases were granted, in 1822, the Fever River mines were fully 300 miles beyond the border settlements, and the Mississippi was the only thoroughfare into the country, and keel boats the only means of transportation. The consequence was that the necessary implements for mining purposes, as well as the necessaries of life, were taken to the mines at an enormous expense. For years the prosperity of the mines was retarded because the Government discountenanced any attempts at agriculture ; the agents assuming that the fencing of farms would consume timber needed for smelting purposes. At first the ore was smelted in log furnaces, and thereby a heavy loss was sustained. For two seasons the mining and smelting operations were suspended, and great sacrifices were made by the miners in defending the country against the Indians. The miners, at a great loss in the expenditure of time and labor and money, and though suffering the worst dangers and deprivations that are to be met with on the frontier, opened this portion of the country to a permanent settlement. The expenditures of Col. Johnson alone amounted to §10,000." •S«» •* WInntbago War," In County HI9I017.— En. *Thit Uoleariy a misstatemeot, siactt eTideaoM of white occap*tloa north of th« present nUnoU bonnduj an abnodant — ^Xbw iUiSTUUY UF THE LEAD KEGION. 423 THOSE WHO MINED PRIOR, TO 1830. The list referred to, as showins; the names of miners and the amount of lead raised by them prior to January 1, 1830, is here given : Name of Slinets. G. W. Anderson. Amount of Lead Mined. 10,00] Gabriel Bailey 10,000 ■lohu Bowles 57,240 U. G. Bates 111,993 Bates & Van Matre. Nebemifth Bates Oliver Cottle Ira Cottle L.Collier Robert Collet M. C. Comstock Henry Dodge M. Uetandliaritz James B. Estes .James Frazier Abner Flack B. Firmen Thomas W. Floyd J. P. B. & H. Gratiot. Gratiot & Tury J. Gale Richard Gentry R. P. Giiyard .\llenllill Robert A. Heath A. E. Hough William Hempstead. 37,809 36,706 31,214 11,680 52,303 13,41") 262,476, 31,661 91,966 4,760 15,333 4,530 40,687 1,302 607,320 15,843 4,189 38,252 6,274 2,0(i6 27,032 38,690 35,628 .Joseph Hardy 107,492 William S. Hamilton. A. R. How Isaac Hamilton... George HacUet.... Hardy & Catron.. Thomas .Jenkins.. George W. .Jones. A. D. Johnson..., 25,001 10,032 33,786 4,163 9,543 19,897 85.981 2,525 Name of Miners. Amount of Lead Mined George E. .lackson 6,660 Richard ir. Kirkpatrick 42,809 J.J. Kirkpatrick 2,339 P. A. Lorimer 102,596 P. H. Lebranm 45,392 E. T.ockwood 133,576 John McDonald 31,852 James Murphy 101,788 William Muldrow 32,618 L. R. M. Moian 22,132 James Morrison 17,885 Moses Meeker 144,591 .1. Messersmith. Abel Moran W. .1. Madden R. H. Magoon H. Newhall John Phelps Alexis Phelps W. A. Phelps .1. Peiry J. H. Rouiitree J, B. Skinner F. D. Slayton William H. Smith. Washington Smith. William Tate .John Tompkins J. E. Tboli'.zan A. P. Van Matre... Robert Waller W. Wayman J. Yountz 2,018 64,693 13,638 57,207 14,552 22,226 24,426 95 9,121 11,270 12,941 14,491 51,539 8,038 11,002 2,821 50,'712 12,869 6,487 3,016 6,027 Total mineral taxed 2,983,107 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT. The legislative actions by which the mining district has been geographically changed, may be briefly and appropriately stated here, at the risk of repeating certain statements given in the general history which opens this volume. The ordinance of 1787 provided that not less than three, nor more than five, States were to be erected out of the territory northwest of the Ohio River. Three States were to include the whole territory, and these States were to be bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; but Congress reserved the right, if it should be found e.xpedicnt, to form two more States of that part of the territory which lies north of an east'-and-west line drawn through the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. It is not necessary to trace the various changes of territorial, jurisdiction to which Illinois, and especially its northwestern portion, was subjected, until the admission of the State into the Union in 1818. During all that time this section of the country was inhabited onlv bv Indi- ans, and this whole region was claimed by them. In 1804, the Sacs and Foxes, then a" power- ful tribe, by a treaty made at St. Louis with Gen. Harrison, then Governor of the Territory of Indiana, ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Mississippi ; but Black Hawk and other chiefs who were not present at St. Louis, refused to be bound by it. All the territory north of the line drawn west from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the 424 History ot TiLE leaU region'. Mississippi was in the undisputed possession of the native tribes, when the State of Illinois was erected, in 1818, except a tract about five leagues square on tlie Mississippi, of which Fever River was about the center, which, by treaty with various tribes in ISIO, the United States Gov- ernment had reserved, ostensibly for a military post, but really to control the lead mines. The Government had had knowledge for many years of the existence of lead mines here, but their location was not known, and it was thought that all would be included within the limits of the reservation. The Government designed to own and hold exclusive control of tliese mines. In Januar}', 181S, the Territorial Legislature of Illinois, assembled at Kaskaskia, peti- tioned Congress for the admission of the Territory as a sovereign State, with a population of 40,000. The petition was sent to Nathaniel Pope, the Territorial Delegate, by whom it was promptly presented, and it was referred to the proper committee, which instructed Mr. Pope to prepare and report a bill in accordance witii its prayer. The bill, as drawn in accoidaiice with these instructions, did not embrace tlie present area of Illinois, and, when it was reported to Congress, certain amendments proposed by Mr. Pope were reported with it. It was generally supposed that the line established by the ordinance of 1787, namely, the line drawn through the southern part of Lake Michigan, west to the Mississippi, was to be the northern boundary of the new State. But this, if adopted, would have left the port of Chicago in the Territory of Michigan, as well as all the territory now embraced within the limits of fourteen rich and populous counties in Northern Illinois. A critical examination of the ordinance, however, convinced Mr. Pope that Congress had the power, and could rightfully extend the northern boundary of the State as far beyond the line provided in 1787 as it pleased. The principal amendments proposed by Mr. Pope, therefore, were, first, that the northern boundary of the new State should be extended to the parallel of 42 deg. 30 min. north latitude — this would give a good harbor on Lake Michi- gan ; and secondly, more important than the boundary line, to apply the 3 per cent fund arising from the sale of public lands to educational purposes, instead of making roads, as had been the case in Ohio and Indiana. These amendments were adopted without serious opposition, and Illinois was declared an independent State. These important changes in the original bill, says Mr. Ford in his History of Illinois, " were proposed and carried through both houses of Congress by Mr. Pope on his own respon- sibility. The Territorial Legislature had not petitioned for them — no one had suggested them, but they met tlie general approval of the people." The change of the boundary line, however, suggested to Mr. Pope — from the fact that the boundary as defined by the ordinance of 1787. would have loft Illinois without a harbor on Lake Michigan — did not meet the unqualified approval of the people in the northwestern part of the new State. For many years the northern boundary of the State was not definitely known, and the settlers in the northern tier of counties did not know whether they were in Illinois or Michigan Territory. Under the provisions of the ordinance of 1787, Wisconsin at one time laid claim to a portion of Northern Illinois, " in- cluding," says Mr. Ford, writing in 1847, '-fourteen counties embracing the richest and most populous part of the State." October 27, 1827, nine years after the admission of the State, Dr. Horatio Xewhall, who had then recently arrived at the Fever River Settlement, wrote to his brother as follows : " It is uncertain whether I am in the boundary of Illinois or Michigan, but direct your letters to Fever River, 111., and they will come safely." In October, 1828, a petition was sent to Congress from the people of that part of Illinois lying north of the line established by the ordinance of 1787, and that part of the Territory of Micliigan west of Lake Michigan, and comprehending the mining district known as the Fever River Lead Mines, pray- ing for the formation of a new Territory. A bill had been introduced at the previous session of Congress for the establishment of a new Territory north of the State of Illinois, to be called "Huron Territory," upon which report had been made, in part, favorable to the wishes of the petitioners, but they asked for the re establishment of the line as ordained by Congress in 1787. They declared " that the people iniiabiting the territory northwest of the Ohio had a riglit t" expect that the country lying north of an east-and-wesi line passing through the southernmost histokY of the lead ueciu^. -125 end of Lake Michigan, to the Mississippi River, and between said lake, the Mississippi and the Canada line, would rk.maix together " as a Territory and State. They claimed that this was a part of the compact, unchangeably granted by the people of the original States to the people who should inhabit the "territory northwest of the Ohio." 'They declared that the change of the chartered limits, when Illinois was made a State, was open invasion of their rights in a body when they were unrepresented in either territory ; that " an unrepresented people, without their knowledge or consent, have been transferred from one sovereignty to another." They urged that the present " division of the miners by an ideal line, separating into different governments individuals intimately connected in similar pursuits, is embarrassing." They asked for "even handed justice," and the restoration of their "chartered limits." The Miners' Journal of October 25, 1828, which contains the full text of the petition, .says : '• We do not fully agree with the memorialists in petitioning Congress again to dispose of that tract of country which has once been granted to Illinois ; but we think that it would be for the .ntercst of the miners to be erected, together with the adjoining county above, into a separate Territory. And we firmly believe, too, that Congress departed from the clear and express terms of their own ordinance passed in the year 1787, when they granted to the State of Illinois nearly a degree and a half of latitude of the chartered lumits of this country. Whether Congress will annex this tract to the new Territory, we much doubt, but we believe the ultimate decision of the United States Court will be, that the northern boundary line of the State of Illi- nois shall commence at the southernmost end of Lake Michigan." The petition was unavailing, and the northern line of Illinois remains unchanged, but the agitation of the subject by the people of this region continued. In 1840, the people of the counties north of the ordinance line sent delegates to a convention held at Rockford to take action in relation to the annexation of the tract north of that line to Wisconsin Territory, and it is said the scheme then discussed embraced an eflbrt to make Galena the capital of the Territory. Resolutions were adopted requesting the Senators and Representatives in Congress for Illinois to exert their influence in favor of the project. The labors of the convention produced no results ; but, until the admission of Wiscon- sin as a State, there was a strong feeling among the people of Northwestern Illinois that they rightfully belonged to Wisconsin, and there was a strong desire to be restored to their chartered limits. Perhaps the heavy debt with which Illinois was burdened at that time may have had some influence in causing the feeling. St. Clair County, organized April 28, 1809, included the whole territory of Illinois and Wisconsin, to the line of Upper Canada, north of Randolph County, these two being the only counties in the territory. Madison County was erected from the St. Clair, September 14, 1812, and comprised all the territory north of the second township line south, to the line of Upper Canada. County seat, Edwardsville. Bond County was organized out of part of Madison, January 4, 1817, and extended in a stri[ abou- thirty miles wide on each side of the Third Principal Meridian to the northern boundary of the territory. Pike County was erected January 31, 1821, from Madison, Bond and other counties, and embraced all the territory north of the Illinois River and its South Fork, now Kanka- kee River. This was the first county erected by the State of Illinois, which embraceil the present territory of the lead region. A Gazetteer of Illinois and Wisconsin, published about 1822, says that the county " included a part of the lands appropriated by Congress for the payment of military bounties. The lands constituting that tract, are included within the peninsula of the Illinois and Mississippi, and extend on the meridian line passing through the mouth of the Illinois, 162 miles north. Pike County will no doubt be divided into several counties ; some of which will become very wealthy and important. It is probable that the section about Fort Clark (now Peoria), will be most thickly settled. On the Mississippi River, above Rock River, lead ore is found in abundance. Pike County contains between 700 and 800 inhabitants. It is attached to the first judicial circuit, sends one member to the House of 426 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REOIO^T. Representatives, and, with Greene, one to the Senate. The county seat is Colesgrove. a post town. It was laid out in 1821. and is situated in Township 11 south, in Range 2 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian. Very little improvement has yet been made in this place or the vicinity. The situation is high and healthy, and it bids fair to become a place of some impor- tance." This is all that is known of the town of Colesgrove, the county seat of all this region in 1S21. Fulton County was formed from Pike, January 28, 1823, and included all the territory north of the base line, and west of the Fourth Principal Meridian, which had been in Pike. Peoria County was created from Fulton, January 13, 182.'). and, with some exceptions, included the same territory that comprised Fulton. The county seat was Fort Clark, now Peoria, and the first election of which record exists, within the mining district, was in Fever River precinct of Peoria County, August 7, 1826. The election was held at the house of James Smith. This was the trading-post then recently located by Amos Farrar and occupied by Smith as a tavern ; a double log-cabin that stood on the west bank of the river about half way between the foot of Pcrrv and the foot of Franklin streets. Galena. Water street now passes over its site. The following is a copy of a document found among the archives of Peoria County, at Peoria. 1 licreby certify that N'elieniiah Bales. T. W. ShuU and Andrew Chmo, judges, and B. Gibson and .Joseph Hardy, clerks of tlie election, were severally sworn before me as the law directs, previous to entering upon the duties of their respective offices. Dated at Fever River, this Ttb of August, 1826. John L. Bogakdi-s, Justice of the Peace of Peona County. [Poll Book — Continued.] J^amuel V. Mure, Thomns Nicholdson, ,^mith Moore, .Inlin r.ichardsoD, Martin I'orler, .lames M. Hayle, .\il«s Moore, .latne!^ Taylor, William Bridger, Jeremiah Smith, Martin Duke, Samuel Gouch, .lolin .\rmstrong, George Evans, Uaniel Fowless, .lames Head, Thomas Drum, Kly Chnffin, llarbcl Flewisland, Harrison H. Jordon, Willinm Riley, James Williams, Andrew Arnett, I'eler White, .lohn M. Curtiss. (ieorge .\. Reynolds, Levi McCormac, IMviil Kirker, Henry Gratiot, Geiiriie Scott, Galeb Downey, Richard W. Chandler, Jacob M. Hunter, .lohn Philley, Stephen Thracher, .lohn Wood, ■lames Trimble, Thomas Gray, Sjamuel Atchison, Moses M. Twist, Thomas Thornton, W'illiam Hilt, John Welmaker, Elias Addams, T. R. Lurton, Solomon Perkins, William Nickols, Thomas Connor, Thomas Hennett, Patrick Hogan, John R. .Smith, James Beck. George E. Jackson, Warren Town, Andrew Mowcry, John S. Miller. Thomas Reynolds, Jr., Robert McGoldrick, Isaac Huslow, John R. Nickerson, Charles Shargout, Seth I'allin, Josiah Kittle, John ilosley, John Hciylc, .lohn U'Neil, Matliew Fawcett, David Sciley, Charles (lear, Thomas McKnight, Thomas J. Webb, James C. Work, Aleiis Phelps, John Knight, John 11. Dophant, John O. Hnndcock, Samuel .S. Lawrence, James Harris, John Marfield, James II. Kirkpatrick, Thaddeus Hilt, Felix Scott, John Ellis. Stephen Howard, Charles St. Vrain, Thomas Davis, Andrew Clarmo, Joseph Hardy, J. W. ShuU. Nehemiah Bates, Barney Handley, John Furlong, Patrick Gorinan4 John Handley, William Hansley, I'atrick l.awlcr, Charley Guilegan, B. Gibson. John L. Uogardus, James Foley, Thomas Filzpatrick, John Gibbin. William Barton, Isaac Martin, Lilile Walker, John McDonald, Richard Palmer, Thompson Homes, Johnathan Browder, Alexander Mitchell, Crawford Fatulle, Stephen Sweet, Hillary Paden, Samuel .\vhich he reached without adventure. No Indians were in sight, and, on prosecuting inquiry, it was rendered obvious that a foe only existed in the excited imaginations of the Orderly Ser- geant, who, mistaking a scouting party from a neighboring post for Indians, sounded a prema- ture alarm. In the morning, great relief was experienced on learning that Apple River Fort was intact, Capt. Stone having effectually scattered the enemy, who beat a precipitate retreat toward the east. An order was received from Col. Dodge, in the afternoon, directing that a messenger should be dispatched to Kellogg's Grove to inform them there that the trail of a large war party was visible two miles north of his station, and warning them to maintain a strict guard in the absence of volunteers. Capt. Funk and Jacob Duval bore the dispatch to its destination. Maj. Dement, of Kellogg's Grove, sent out scouts in the morning. They quickly returned with a cry of " Indians." General excitement prevailed ; every one in the camp was astir. All semblance of order was lost, and Maj. Dement vainly strove to organize his battalion out of this disturbed rabble. They all sallied forth regardless of order, some on horseback, and others, too eager for the fray to catch their horses, on foot. Unopposed they advanced until Black Hawk and his sterling warriors emerged from cover, uttered their war whoop, and charged on the disorderly mob. The whites retreated in overwhelming disorder, in many instances the infantry being trod under foot by their own cavalry. Maj. Dement exerted him- self to the utmost of his ability to restore a semblance of order, but his praiseworthy efforts were unavailing. The troops fell back on the houses, wherein they sought shelter from the well-directed missiles of Black Hawk's sharpshooters. M;ij. Dement, irritated at defeat, remained outside the protecting walls, and angrily strode up and down the path. Not until a well- 430 HISTORY OF TlIK J.lvAO ItlXilOX. directed bullet from the enemy passed through his hat was Maj. Dement induced to seek shelter at the importunities of his friends. The Indians continued tiring on the house until finally, tired of this amusement, they crossed the prairie to the east, and disappeared in the Yellow Creek timber. The damage inflicted by this visitation was the loss of fifty horses, shot dead or crippled. The following evening, Capt. Clark was handed a dispatch from Col. Dodge, ordering him to proceed to Fort Hamilton, and, after drawing ten days' rations, join the regiment then pre- paring to march on Black Hawk. Xo rations were visible at Fort Hamilton, and, weary and hungry, the mining regiment had to make the best of its way to headquarters, where no remedy existed for their complaints. A brace of tough plow oxen were killed for their benefit, but this " bull beef" could not be masticated by the strongest man. Capt. James A. Stephenson was elected Lieutenant Colonel, and, the plans of the campaign having been matured, the i-oute of march was taken up. Progress was extremely slow, owing to the numerous marshes which intersected their path having to be bridged to enable the passage of artillery. So tardy was the march that Black Hawk defiantly boasted that " he could go before the white beard (Gen. Atkin- son) and raise corn." Half famished, and driven to the verge of desperation by hunger, the miners petitioned Lieut. Col. Stephenson to permit them to advance to Fort Winnebago to obtain supplies. The request was complied with, under the express stipulation that the mounted com- pany should return by the same route. Alexander and Henry's brigade and Col. Dodge's regi- ment were included in this order. Arriving at the fort, Clark's company enjoyed their first meal for ten days. On proposing to return to the main body, much rebellious discussion was aroused, as the men, one and all, were opposed to the snail-like progress of the regular army, preferring to march to the head-waters of Kock River, in hopes of overtaking and chastising the Indian chief Col. Dodge, although expressing doubts of their ability to master Black Hawk, freely promised to accompany them. After reflection, Gen. Henry promised to cast his lot with the mining regiment in pursuit of Black Hawk. An incident of the campaign will serve to illustrate some of the difficulties the miners had id submit to. Prior to marching up the Rock River country, two barrels of flour were served out to each company. By design or oversight the two barrels served to Clark's corps were musty and sour. Col. Dodge refused to replace them with flour of palatable quality. On being acquainted with the refusal, Lieut. Magoon selected a file of his best men, and, marching to the staff quarters, deliberately bore off the precious goods. This peremptory course, becoming known to the officers of the staff, caused some comment, but, beyond a feeble demur, no action was taken. Having thus secured rations, the line of march was taken up. On the second day, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, it began to rain, and maintained a constant downpour until midnight. Tents were unknown luxuries to these hardy pioneers, who camped down in the grass with saddles for pillows and the weeping heavens for covering. As might have been expected, in the morning the men arose, dripping wet, and resumed their ordinary duties. In course of time, the miners arrived at the rapids near Whitewater, below Iloricon Lake, and, after crossing to the east side, a halt was called. During that halt, Lieut. Magoon became acquainted with Abraham Lincoln. The place where the troops halted was in an open grove of sugar-trees, with a thick undergrowth of red raspberry bushes. In riding along tlie border of this patch, the Lieutenant came to an opening, where he could see a dwarfish Indian slowly walking around a very tall, lean white man. As the Lieutenant halted to observe tlic ludicrous appearance of the pair, tiie wliite man noticed the actions of the Indian, and remarked to his visitor, '■ I wonder what the little Indian wants ? " Lieut. Magoon replied, '" I suppose he is taking your altitude ; see how he cocks up his eye as he goes round." Further conversation led to an oxchanKC of names, the future President of the United States giving his cognomen as " Abraham Lincoln, of Springfield. III." Referring to this informal introduction. Lieut. Magoon says: "Tiicy met frequently after the war, and often spoke of our first acquaintance, and of the little Indian cocking up one eye at him." From this grove tliey marcheil up Rock River a few miles, then recrossed and bivouacked for the nigiit. Shortly after, an express arrived in camp from Gen. Atkinson, reporting that HISTOKY OF THE LEAD KEGION. 431 Black Hawk's trail had been discovered below where we first crossed Rock River. The track was retraced, and the pursuit became exciting. On all sides in the vicinity of the trail, the Indians had dug spikenard, which vouched for their being famine stricken. Subsequent devel- opments rendered safe the conjecture that no white army could have been kept banded together under a similar train of adverse circumstances. After several days of close pursuit, the scouts reported, at about G o'clock in the evening, that the enemy's rear was in view, a short distance in front. The soldiers were in a timber thicket on the north side of Second Lake, northeast of Madison, on the raarjrin of a creek, the banks of which were thick set with brush. It was resolved to camp for the night and devote the whole of the ensuing day to routing and demoral- izing Black Hawk's forces. The camp was early astir, breakfast was gulped hurriedly, and accouterments donned so as to be prepared at a moment's notice. The morning wore away with- out any command being issued, and the impatience of the men manifested itself in murmuring at the protracted delay. At 9 o'clock, orders were issued to mount. The order of march was Ewing's battalion in the lead, the mounted miners, and then Gen. Henry's regiment. They crossed the ci'eok, and were marching over the present site of Madison, when a gunshot was heard on the banks of the lake, to the left. In a few minutes the shot was explained by the appearance of the regimental surgeon bearing in his hand a trophy in the shape of afresh Indian scalp, reeking with blood. He had surprised the Indian trying to draw a bead on some ducks, and had popped him on the spot. Seeing the Indian fall, he rushed from cover, and, gaining pos- session of his tomahawk and scalping-knife, began to rend the scalp from the head. The pain partially revived the victim, who muttered some words in his native guttural, which elicited from the surgeon the following : " If you don't like being scalped with a dull knife, why didn't you keep a better one ? " He then dispatched the Indian and returned to camp. The army continued the march on the trail which followed around the south side of the upper lake. They liad camped on the southwest side of the lake, and their cold camp-fires showed they had several hours' move of the soldiers. Hitherto the march had been conducted at a walking pace, and now it was altered to a quick trot. After passing over a distance of four miles, a solitary Indian was discovered ahead on the trail. Col. Dodge ordered ten men from Capt. Clark's detachment to advance and kill him. With cocked rifles, the detail advanced. Learning of their presence and his prospective fiite, the Indian stoically retreated to a tree, where he steadied his rifle, and, after taking deliberate aim. fired. Clark's men replied with a volley, which they followed up with a bayonet charge. The Indian seized the nearest bayonet in his naked hands and attempted to wrest it from the soldier, who, by a pow- erful eff'ort threw the Indian, face down, on the ground. With great agility he recovered his position, and again seizing the bayonet. He was forced to release his grasp, and the weapon M, .tJl1-V4l/. ..•At»^^/v>>■ t\y turned to commercial life, as, during his absence, his financial affairs had suffered. To add to his misfortunes, Robert Graham, his heaviest creditor, succumbed to the cholera, and the estate reverted to an administrator, who was inflexible in his demands. The years 1833, 1834 and 1835 were higlily profitable, and successful to such a degree that he speedily regained his inde- pendent rank in finance. In 183G, Lieut. Magoon opened a large store of dry goods and groceries in the village of White Oak Springs. One mile east of the village, he long operated an ash furnace for smelting slag as well as mineral. His store in Monticello and his furnaces there he also operated at a remunerative profit. He sold out his store in White Oak Sprin!:;s in 1837, closed his ash fur- nace, near by, in 1840, and closed his store and furnaces in Monticello in 1842. Continued to reside on his large farm in Monticello, which he adorned with extensive improvements till HISTOKY OF THE LEAD KEGION. 435 1853, when he removed to Scales' Mound Township, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he resided till his death, July 28, 1875, aged seventy-six. Lieut. Richard H. Magoon, we here state, was a man of greatest energy and integrity in busi- ness ; repeatedly, from 1829 to 1836, rode on horseback from his furnaces in Wisconsin, four hun- dred miles, to St. Louis, throilgh storm and cold, swimming rivers, the saddle at night his pil- low, and often the sky his only covering. His grave is in the cemetery at Darlington. He had his faults, but, looking back upon his forty-seven years all crowded with business in the mines, he could have made the honest boast, that, although cast amid the license of a new country, he never visited a gaming-table, never deserted a needy friend, never liked a negro, intensely despised the lazy, invincibly kept his word of honor-bright, and his contracts to others always at par with gold. stillman's defeat — Kingston's narrative. Soon after the appearance of Gov. Reynolds' order calling for troops, a force of nearly two thousand men had been assembled near the mouth of Rock River. Included in this force was a regiment of about four hundred men under Col. Stillman. Between Stillman's force and the band of Black Hawk was fought the first battle of the Sauk war, which affair resulted most disastrously to the whites. Three or four days after the battle, Stillman and his men came into Ottawa, 111., and a more sorry looking set could not have been found. From the various, and, in some instances, conflicting accounts, gathered from the men, it appears the following are about the facts with regard to the battle of the " Sycamores." About the middle of the afternoon, on the day of the battle, the regiment had halted for the purpose of encamping for the night. Nearly all the horses had been picketed out, turned loose or otherwise disposed of. The men were lazily engaged about camp, some gathering wood, pitching tents, etc., and others drinking whisky, of which they had an abundance in camp, and to save time they knocked in the heads of the barrels containing it. But, suddenly, a great commotion arose ! Three Indians had made their appearance on the open prairie a short distance in advance. The cry was now raised, " Every man draw his rations of Sauks." Then the rush commenced ; the first man to mount his horse and give chase was the best fellow ; pell-mell was the order of march. This order, or rather disorder, continued for some distance, probably two or three miles. Two of the Indians were overtaken on the prairie and killed. At length, the rear of the army reached the Sycamore, a small stream on the outskirts of a grove of timber. Here they met the van in the same disgraceful order, in full retreat, and the whole body of Indians in hot pursuit. The whole direction of things had suddenly changed ; these men, who a few moments before were so anxious to pursue an enemy, were now more anxious to escape. Amid this confusion, Capt. Adams, with a company from Peoria, succeeded in crossing the creek, and took a position between the fugitives and the Indians. This position they held for some time against the whole force of the enemy, and no doubt saved the lives of many. This, however, was not accomplished without severe loss. Capt. Adams and about one-fourth of his men were left dead on the field. There was no longer any uncertainty. The Indians separated their force into small bands, and numerous reports of sudden attacks and massacres, some true and others false, came in from various surrounding points. The evening of the day previous to the arrival of Stillman and his men at Ottawa, the Indian massacre occurred on Indian Creek, about fourteen miles distant from that place. It has been stated that all the whites present at the time of the massacre, except the two Misses Hall, taken prisoners, were killed. This statement is not correct. The first intelligence received at Ottawa of that event was brought in by a young man, a brother of the Misses Hall, who was present at the commencement of the attack, and who arrived at Ottawa about midnight ; but his mind was so much confused by the fright that he was unable to give any connected statement of the facts until the next day. From his statement, it appears that the wagons con- taining the furniture and eff'ects of the families were not yet unladen when the Indians made the attack. In the morning of the same day on which the occurrence transpired, the three 436 HISTORY OF THE LEAD REOION. families of Hall, Pettigrew and Davis, had, upon warning received from Sbabbona, a Pottawotamie chief, that " The Sauks were coming," fled to Ottawa, the nearest settlement. Davis was not at home at the time ; but when he reached there a short time after the families bad left, he followed them to Ottawa, where he arrived about the same time thev reached that place. He at once declared his determination to take his family back home; and most unfortunately, and against the unanimous admonition of all the inliabitants, prevailed upon Hall and Pettigrew to accompany him with their families; and they had only just arrived at Davis' house late in the afternoon, when the Indians came upon them. At the moment of attack, Davis and young Hall were in the blacksmith shop. Davis was fi.xing his gun, and. at the same time, had the barrel of the gun separate from the stock. When the alarm was given, he rushed out of the shop with the gun-barrel in his hands, and was immediately surroundeil by the Indians. Young Hall ran to the creek, a few yards distant, jumped down the bank, and, taking the downward course of the stream, reached Ottawa the same night. The Misses Hall afterward said that Davis killed six Indians before he was finally overcome. In the afternoon of the day following this massacre, a company of men from Ottawa, accompanied by some of Stillman's command, went to the scene of the murder, and the accounts they gave on their return of the appearance in and around the house was horrible in the extreme. Even little infants were literally cut to pieces ; and this, too, was done in the immediate presence, and, doubtless, with the sanction of Black Hawk himself HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. CHAPTER 1. Indian OctuPAXcy— Dekivatiox of the Xame— Xatural Yegetatiox— Watki;, Scenery and Soil— Coon Bluff— A Romance of the Wisgonsin— Educating Slaves— The Mtsteuious Cave— Recovery of the Lost Child. INDIAN OCCUPANCY. Iowa County is one of the brightest jewels that sparkle in the State coronet, with a luster untlimmed by the searching struggles of threescore years. Conceived in the barren bleakness of a primeval mining country, and nurtured in the associations of nomadic savages, the primitive era lacked the advantages of more accessible centers ; but ever-changing time has overridden all obstacles and wrought a revolutionary scene in the condition of " Old Iowa." Wealthy in normal mineral riches, and with developed agricultural resources, a copious channel has been created for the ingress of commerce and the reflux of produce. Through the misty vista of sixty years, the progress of civilization has advanced with such rapid and unparalleled strides that the imagination is taxed to comprehend the remarkable transition. Familiar with the horo- scope of events, the early and still vigorous pioneer views, with retrospective glance, the invasion of metropolitan usages, and soliloquizes on the alteration that has been accomplished. Seventy years ago the Indian tepee, the handiwork of crude mechanism, and the curling vapor ascending from the isolated camp-fire, were the only signs indicating the presence of a transient and roving humanity. The soil was overrun with a rank growth of vegetation, an schoolhouses, with the most commodious located in the village of Dodgeville, with a reputed capacity of 1,450 pupils; Clyde claims the smallest, with accommodations for 200 schol- ars. The value of school property is estimated at $44,580, with apparatus valued at $1,902. The average salary disbursed to male teachers monthly, is §29.8.3 ; to females, $21.36. There is a high school at Avoea, operating under a curriculum, having one male Principal, and two female teaciiers. This school was established in 1876, and, during the past, averaged an attend- ance of 39 pupils. A teachers' institute was held at Dodgeville August 28, 1880, under the conductorship of D. McGregor and Abbie White. The session was continued for nine days, during which time 125 teachers attended. The amount of school dues and State school fund received during the vear amounted to $34,546.25, apportioned as follows : Arena, $2,974.49 ; Clyde, $952.64 : Dodgeville. $7,694.16 ; Eden, $1,6.36.28: Highland, $3,056.41; Linden, $2,660.01; Mifflin, $2,616.41; Mineral Point, $2,877.69 ; Moscow, $1,671.85 ; Pulaski, $3,071.10 ; Ridgeway, §12.989.74 : Waldwick, ^1,255.96 ; Wyoming, $1,489.51. The amount received from the State school fund waa ?3,803.20. CHAPTER 111. TiiK Black Hawk War— Dodge's Letteu and the Mineral Point Messenger— First Mili- tary :Movement and Forts— Distriiu'ting Supplies— Account of Arms Distributed at Mineral Point— Occurrences at ISIound Fort— Fort Jackson Alarmed— Battle of the Pecatonica— Battle of Wisconsin Heights and Bad Axe— Grignon's Recollections. black hawk war. Dissatisfied with the embodiments of the Rock River treaty of 1831, Black Hawk, and the Indian tribes paying hira allegiance as their chief, proceeded, in the spring of 1832, to assert their misconceived right to the disputed land at the mouth of the Rock River. In April, 1882, he crossed the Mississippi with his braves, squaws, tepees, and the general litter of an aboriginal encampment, intending to ascend the Rock River and unite his forces with tlie allied strength of the VVinnebago and Pottawatomie tribes. Gen. Atkinson, with a body of United States troops, had ascended the Mississippi in steamboats, and, learning of Black Hawk's infrac- tion of the treaty, dispatched several express messengers to the renowned chief, ordering him, peremptorily, to return within the prescribed reserve. Black Hawk replied with a resolution expressing his adamantine determination to pursue his course in peace, if not molested. The infor.. mation of the Indian transmigration struck terror into the heart of the mineral regions and par- alyzed trade ; the pick and gad were forsaken for the more deadly musket and bayonet, and, throughout this widespread district, the news was conveyed with remarkable speed, by special couriers or express messengers, as they were designated. The warlike rumors reached Mineral Point in the first week of May, 1832, accompanied by the intelligence that Black Hawk had crossed the Mississippi and taken possession of his ancient village at Rock Island ; also that Gen. Atkinson was ascending the river from St. Louis with troops. It was likewise reported that Gov. Reynolds was to join him at Dixon's Ferry, on Rock River, with the Illinois militia, for the purpose of protecting the country and compelling Black Hawk to evacuate the Territory. In this predicament, fears were justly entertained by the miners, that, in the event of defeat, the scene of war would be transferred to their own vicinity. dodge's letter and the mineral point messenger. In anticipation of such an untoward circumstance. Col. Henry Dodge addressed the fol- lowing letter to Gov. Reynolds, requesting a resume of his plans of operations. Mi.NERAi. I'diNT, May 8, 1832. His Excellency, .John Reynolds : Dear Sir — The exposed situation of the settlements of the mining district, to the nttiicks of the Indian enfmy, makes it a matter of deep and vital interest to us that we should be apprised of the movements of the mounted men under your Excellency's immediate command. Black Hawk and his band, it, is stated by the latest advices we have had on this subject, was to locate himself above Dixon's Ferry, on Rock River. Should tlie mounted men under your con iiid make an attack on that parly, we would be in great danger here : for, should you defeat Black Hawk, the retreat would be on our settlements. There are now collected, wiiliin twenty miles above our settlements, about two hundred Winnebagoes, and, should the Sauks be forced into the Winnebago country, many of the wavering of that nation would unite with the hostile Sauks. I have no doubt it is part of the policy of this banditti to unite them- selves as well with the Pottawntomies and Winneb-^goes. It is absolutely important to tlie safety of this country, that the people here should be sipprised of the intended movements of your army. Could you detach a part of your coiniiiand across the Rock River, you would aifonl our settlement immediate protection, and we would promptly unite with you with such a mounted force as we could bring into the field. Judge Gentry, Col. .Moore and James P, Cox, Esq., will wait on your Excellency, and receive your answer. 1 am, sir, with respect and esteem, your obedient servant, Henry Dodge, Commanding Michigan MiHUa 480 HISTORY (JF IOWA COUXTY. Soon after, Daniel M. Parkinson was dispatched from Mineral Point as a messenger to John Dixon, of Dixon, III., who was a particular friend of the Sacs and Foxes, and to Henry Gratiot, the Winnebago Indian Agent, to ascertain the true state of affairs. Mr. Parkinson was gone three days ; the result of the mission being to confirm the above reports. This created no little alarm among the inhabitants, and caused them to at once begin to prepare for defense. FIRST MILITARY MOVEMENT AND FORTS. After the battle of Stillman's Run, Gov. Reynolds vouchsafed to dispatch an express messen- ger with a reply to Col. Dodge, informing him of the facts of Stillman's stampede, and that Iowa County was in imminent danger from attacks of the Indians. In the meantime. Col. Dodge, despairing of an immediate reply, collected together a few trusty and stout settlers and miners from the vicinities of Miiieriil Point and Dodgeville, among whom was the Colonel's second son, Augustus C. Dodge, now of Burlington, Iowa. This organized corps of volunteers departed from Mineral Point about the dtli day of May, for a reconnoitering expedition to the supposed location of Hlack Hawk's warriors. They proceeded by way of Apple River to Buffalo Grove, at whicii place an Indian trail was discovered, leading to Rock River, at a point nearly opposite the Kishwakuee, and within a few miles of the ground on which Maj. Stillman and his entire command were so disastrously routed. On receiving the Governor's communication, Col. Dodge instantly returned home, alarmed the inhabitants of the mining country, and advised them to fortify and unite for mutual protection and defense. Unanimous in aim, and animated by the vital impulse of self-preservation, the respective settle- ments organized and erected forts and stockades, whereby the insinuating redskin could be repelled with the minimum of danger to those protected by the stout oaken timbers. Fifteen block-houses were built. They were named and located at the following exposed points : Fort Jackson, at Mineral Point; Fort Union, at Dodge's private residence, south of Dodgeville; Fort Napoleon, at Diamond Grove, in tiie town of Linden ; Fort Jones, in the Blue River Dis- trict (town of Highland), and a block-house at Helena, in Iowa County; Fort Hamilton, (in town of Wiota) ; Fort Defiance, in the town of Willow Springs ; Fort Gratiot, at Gratiot's Grove ; fort at Shullsburg ; Fort de Seelhorst, in Elk Grove and White Oak Springs ; fort in La Fayette County : Parish's Fort, at Wingville ; fort at Cassville, and fort at Platteville, in Grant County; Mound Fort, near the Little Blue Mound, in Dane County. Fort Jackson was situated on the land now occupied by a livery stable, on Commerce street, in the vicinity of the Mineral Point depot, and faced in an easterly direction. The east front extended from the south corner of James James' harness shop to what was then Jerusalem street, since changed to Fountain street. From that point, the outer walls extended sufficiently far north and west to form a perfect sijuare. Since 1832, seven or eight feet of land have been excavated from the side of thi; hill, completely changing the conformation of the surface and destroying all relics of the old stockades. Work was commenced by digging a deep trench, or ditch, around the outlined area ; then the men were dispatched into the surrounding woods to cut down and prepare appropriate timber for the outer defenses. Logs were taken from contig- uous cabins, and, being sharpened on one end, were planted in the ditch ; the soil was then filled in, firmly imbedding the posts three feet deep. Inside the walls, slabs or puncheons were spiked •over spots wherever an opening or aperture presented itself. In the southeast angle, was a block- house and sentry box, projecting above the tops of the palisades, and a similar structure occupied the northwest corner. Two openings furnished means of exit and entrance ; one, a gateway in the southeast corner, was composed of massive timbers; a smaller entrance smilarly constructed was located in the northwest angle. Centrally situated, were several cabins to shelter the garrison and their families. Col. Moore was the commandant. Indolence was not an attribute of those early times, and the long summer days swiftly glided by in the manufacture of bullets to supply the volunteers then afield. The process was simple. A hearth or fire-place of stone would be built, whereon a huge cauldron would be placed, then a pig of lead would be inserted, and, when it was reduced to a fluid state by the brisk blaze, the women of the fort would collect and ladle HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 481 out the metal into bullet molds with iron spoons ; a second person, armed with a knife, would receive the bullet and render it spherical by detaching the small tongues of lead adhering from the mold. ,\bout this time were organized numerous militia companies, forming the Iowa County Regiment of Michigan Volunteers. Below are given the names of the Captains and the differ- ent terms of service: Capt. Clark's company, from j\l.iy 16 to October 11, 1832; Capt. Di.xon's, from June 17 to July 17, 1832; Capt. Gentry's, from May 11 to October 9, 1832; Capt. Parkison's, from June 17 to August 20, 1832 ; Capt. Price's, from May 20 to August 20, 1832; Capt. Roundtree's, from May 17 to June 17,1832; Capt. Berry's, May 19 to .-Vugust 20, 1832; Capt. Delong's, from May 24 to August 20, 1832; Capt. Funk's, from May 19 to August 20, 1882; Capt. Gehan's, from May 19 to August 20, 1832; Capt. W. S. Hamilton's, from May 2 to August 20, 1832; Capt. J. Hamilton's, from May 19 to August 20, 1832; Capt. Jones', from May 20 to August 20, 1832; Capt. Mone's, fi-om May 19 to August 20, 1832; Capt. O'Hara's, from July 4 to August 20, 1832; Capt. Sherman's, from May 20 to August 20,1832; Capt. Terry's, from May 18 to August 20, 1832; Capt. Thomas', from June 1 to August 20, 1832 ; Capt. R. C. Hoard's, from May 21 to August 20, 1832. DISTRIBUTING SUPPLIES. Mineral Point, or Fort Jackson, was virtually the seat of war, and actual heatlquarters, during the campaign. Here all the miners concentrated for their own safety, and hither came the commanders of the county forts to recruit their supplies. The Point was the distributing center whence all supplies were doled out under the supervision of United States Quartermaster George B. Cole. At the first intimation of war, the United States Government ordered a lib- eral supply of war munitions to be dispatched to Fort Jackson, from Prairie du Chien. They were received by Capt. Estes, and. as by him entered in the Quartermaster's book, were as follows : 19.") stand of arms, muskets, bayonets, wipers andscrew-drivers, except cartridge-boxes ; 9 small swords and belts. June 9, from G. W. & John Atchison, Galena, 111., 3 kegs gunpowder, 150 stands of arms (muskets), 2 swivel guns, 1,000 ball cartridges, 150 boxes belts, very much worn ; 150 flints, 20 lbs of cannon balls, 2 tt)3 of slow matches, 1 old saddle, 3 kegs powder, sun- dries for mounted miners. From G. W. & John Atchison, 12 blankets, 7 bridles and 2 old saddles. On the 12th inst. were received, 10 saddles of good quality, 23 good blankets and 24 grass lines. From P. A. Lorimer, Diamond Grove, 2 bridles, 3 blankets, 2 cotton saddle blankets, 6 saddles, 12 bridles, 18 surcingles and girchs were added to the stores on the 15th. The contractors for furnishing Sutlers' supplies and munitions of war, during the war, were G. W. & John Atchison, of Galena, 111., and James Morrison and P. A. De Lorimier, of Dia- mond Grove. George B. Cole was Regimental Quartermaster, and from his journal the follow- ing entries are taken as they appear in that book : ACCOUNT OF ARMS DISTRIBUTED AT MINERAL POINT. May :iO, 1832. — To .John Moore, Captain at Fort .lackson, thirty-si.t United States muskets ami acconterments. Robert C. Hoard, Captain at Fort Defiance, seventeen United States muskets and accouterments. Col. Dodge's order for his Fort at home, two boxes, forty stands and accouterments; also four hundred cartridges. Capt. Delong, at Fort Deselhorst, thirty United States muskets and accouterments. Capt. Uountree, at PlatteTille, twenty United States muskets and accouterments, got by Mc- Cormack. Jolin Lindsay, Orderly Sergeant of mounted men, six United States muskets and accouter- ments : also eighty cartridges. Richard Kirkpatrick, of the mounted men, to Col. Dodge's order, four muskets. Capt. Gentry and Lieut. Davidson's Mounted Miners, six United States muskets and accouter- ments, and forty cartridges. June 1. 18X2. — To John B. Terry, Captain at Fort Bonaparte, twelve United States muskets. June 0, 1832. — To Capt, Moore, at Fort Jackson, twenty guns. The order of the .Adjutant, six muskets to several persons, their receipts being taken. June 2, 1832. — To William Kendle, one musket for to join Col. Dodge at Fort Gratiot. 482 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. June 10, 1832. — To D. M. Parkinson, at Fort Defiance, twelve United States muskets and accouterments, for the mounted men ordered to the Blue .Mounds. No Captain elected yet for the company. The mounted men detached for the Blue Mounds, seven United States muskets and accouterments. June 11, 1832. — To Warren Lewis, Commissary, one United States musket. Henry Messersmith, one United States swivel, for the Fort at Blue Mounds. June 12, 1882. — To Capt .John Moore, at Fort Jackson, sixteen United States muskets. May 28, 1832. — To Thomas J. Parrish and C«|a. James Jones, two muskets, taken out of the wagon on the road from Prairie du Chien to Mineral Point. James Gentry, James P. Cox, P. Bequette, Capt. Delong, Thomas Hynes, George Robinson, James Jones and Thomas Parrish, each one public sword. June 13, 1832. — To (i. B. Cole, Quartermaster, one United States musket. Bought in Galena, five dozen Hints, and issued the same to the horse company. John K. Ewing and Adam Coon, one gun each. May 29, 1832. — To John Lindsay, one musket, per William Woodbridge's order. June 15, 18.32. — To Col. Dodge's order, one box containing twenty muskets, one swivel and twenty pounds of mus- ket balls. June 21, 1832. — To Fort Jones, on Blue River, five United States muskets, twelve pounds of powder and twenty pounds of musket balls, issued to Lieut. Armstrong. June 24, 1832. — To Capt. Hami ton, ShuUsburg, fifteen muskets on Colonel's order. John Porter, one United Slates musket. June 29, 1832.— To Henry Blaney, one United Slates musket. July 1, 1832. — To John Fenemore, one United Slates musket. Johnson, one United States musket. John B. Terry, twenty muskets on Colonel's order. ("apt Jones, twenty muskets on Colonel's order. Two boxes, 40 muskets, sent to Fort Union headquarters. On June 10, equestrian equipments, consisting of blankets, bridles, saddles and surcingles, were delivered to John Hood, Sarauel Patrick, John Woods, Horace Auchiens, Austin Palmer, Philip Gates, W. W. Standerford, Mason Wooton, William Sublette, William B. Dean, Lawson Hood, John Doujiherty, Willis St. John, James Beddict, William Brown, Thomas Webster, and si.x outfits to D. M. Parkinson for the rangers at Fort Defiance. On June 15, by orders of Adjt. Woodbridge, five new saddles, three bridles and blankets, were delivered to the rangers. To D. M. Parkinson, five saddles and bridles, and seventeen halters. Portions of equipments were supplied to Col. Dodge, Edward Davis, Charles Lewis, John R. Ewing, J. B. Hunter, Thomas Denson, George Willard, R. H. Kirkpatrick and A. C. Dodge. The horses attached to Fort Jackson were procured by Capt. James Jones, from Prairie du Chien, and were distributed as follows by the Quartermaster: Eleven horses were sent to Fort Defiance, and twenty mounted volunteers, under command of John F. O'Neill, were detached from the Mineral Point garrison to do duty at Blue Mounds. Subsequently, single allotments were made to Pleasant Ewing, Capt. Gentry, Bennet Hany, John R. Ewing and a man named Morrison. Late in May, Col. Dodge was seized with a secret distrust of the Winnebago Indians, fear- ing that their treacherous nature might assert itself in favor of the rebellious warriors. Nourish- ing the overt suspicion. Col. Dodge called upon Capt. Gentry's company of mounted miners to- escort him to the head of the Four Lakes, where, in the assumed capacity of a Peace Commis- sioner, he proposed to hold a powwow with the suspected tribe, and to obtain a renewal of their fealty to the American Government. The interview resulted in a reiteration of the treaty obli- gations and a peace declaration. OCCURRENCES AT MOUSD FORT. The Blue Mounds at this early date constituted one of the outposts of Western civilization, and, from their sequestered situation, offered many advantages to a prowling enemy. The prox- imity of the settlement to Indian Territory only enhanced its precariousness, and instigated the inhabitants, at the first outbreak, to resort to "defensive measures. The Mound Fort was com- menced on May 10, 183'2, and completed in two weeks from that time, the labor being chiefly of a desultory character. The buildings consisted of two block-houses, each about twenty feet square, and a log building in the center, about thirty feet by twenty feet, for a storehouse and barracks. The whole was inclosed by a picket fence, about one hundred and fifty feet on each of the four HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 483 sides. The pickets were of stout oak, about sixteen or seventeen feet high, planted about three feet in the ground. The fort was situated on a commanding site, about a mile south of the Eastern Mound. Capt. James Aubrey was the authority in command until the date of his death, June 6. Edward Bouchard was promoted from First Lieutenant. The charge, subsequently, devolved on Capt. John Sherman. The garrison was composed of fifty men, who were enrolled May 20, 1832. Their names were Ebenezer Brigham, John C. Kellogg, John Daniels, George Force, Thomas McRaney, John Messersmith, William Collins, Jacob Keith, John Sherman, Robert Collins, Jonathan Ferrill, Moses Collins, Moses Foreman, A. G. Aubrey, Esau Johnston, A. G. Houton, Jeremiah Lycan, Jason Putnam, Alpha Stevens, Hugh Bowen, John Steward, John Dolbey, Daniel Evans, James Hanlon, William H. Houghton, Ed Bouchard, James Hayes, Thomas Hillson, James Smith, Jefferson Smith, R. S. Lewis, Solomon Watson, Harvey Brock, Samuel Davis, Fernando McRaney, Milton McRaney, Allen Rand, Henry Starr, Anson Frazier, J. B. Deshon, Samuel Woodworth, Emerson Green, John Messersmith, Jr., Henry and George Messersmith, Robert Crayton, Albert Hunt, French Lake and Henry Powell. The ladies who shared in their husbands' fortunes were Mrs. Aubrey, Mrs. Johnson, Mrs. Green, Mrs. Kellogg, Mrs. Farrell, Mrs. McCraney and Mrs. Woodworth, together with several young children. On the 6th day of June, James Aubrey, a member of Col. Ebenezer Brigham's family, was killed at the spring, about a mile and a half from the Mound Fort, whither he had gone for water. This treacherous deed was the handiwork of Sac Indians, who had been piloted to the place by a Winnebago guide. On the 20th of June, a small party of Indians were perceived hovering around the Mound Fort, with the object of discovering their intentions. Lieut. Force and Private Green mounted their horses, and rode forth on the prairie toward the enemy. The officer advanced cautiously ; but, despite this guard, he was inveigled into an ambush, and instantly killed. Green, who was retracing his way, was pursued, overtaken and massacred. A heavy gold chronometer, owned by Lieut. Force, was taken by the savages, who ruthlessly mutilated the lifeless corpse. Preceding the battle of the Wisconsin Heights, in the vicinity of the Third Lake, a straggling Indian, in the rear of Black Hawk's band, was shot down, and the body permitted to lie in his tracks, as the men, fearing vermin or infection, refused to approach it. In the following spring, a prairie fire swept that territory. Subsequently, Wal- lace Rowan happened along, and, in the crumbling skeleton form, discovered a gold watch bear- ing Lieut. Force's inscription. Rowan retained the watch for some time ; but finally restored it to the fiimily of the murdered man. This attack occurred in full view of the stockade, yet the garrison were powerless to assist their comrades. Col. Dodge, who was then at Union Fort, on being informed of the attack, hastily summoned his men, and set out on the war-path at night. On the 24th inst., he passed Blue Mounds, and followed the Indian trail to Sugar River, where the footprints diverged in every direction, denoting the disbandment and separation of the Indian body. To advance further would prove futile exertion, so they returned to Dodge- ville, on the way interring the bodies of Force and Green. On his route south. Col. Dodge sent a messenger, with instructions to Fort Defiance and Mineral Point, to raise what force could be mounted, and proceed to the scene of the Aubrey murder. Just before that time, a number of French ponies had been brought down from Prairie du Chien, for the use of the inhabitants of the mining district, and which were already mounted by a company of about thirty men, of whom Daniel M. Parkinson was one. When this troop arrived at Blue Mounds, they found that the body of William Aubrey had been decently interred. After remaining there one day, and reconnoitering the country, the company, which was com- manded by Capt. John F. O'Neill, returned by way of Fretwell's Diggings to Mineral Point. FORT JACKSON ALARMED. D. M. Parkinson, in his reminiscences of pioneer life in Wisconsin, relates the following: "About this time, the people of Fort Defiance and .Mineral Point became very much alarmed, in consequence of Capt. James B. Estes coming, under whip and spur, at the best speed of his horse, announcing successively at Fort Defiance and Mineral Point, that he had seen a large 484 HISTORY OF lOAVA COUNTY. body of Indians about seven miles below Fort Defiance, making their way toward tlie Fort, adding, at Mineral Point, that he had no doubt but that Fort Defiance at that moment was in possession of the Indians. Immediately upon Capt. Estes announcing this intelligence, Capt. Hoard, who commanded at Fort Defiance, ordered me, with three others — Lieut. M. G. Fitch, John Ray and Reasin Hall — to make a reconnoissance, and ascertain the facts. We did so ; but could find no Indians, nor discover signs of any in this vicinitv." These false alarms were not uncommon in those critical times. Many men seemed to possess eyes of a powerfully ni;ignifviug character, that tortured everything seen into an Indian ; thus many a well-run race has been made when there were no Indians, probably within miles, and nothing to justify the flight more than a tree, stump, or clump of weeds. But, notwithstanding there were a few of these flighty gentlemen, the most of the men then in the country were bold and resolute in character, and could readily distinguish between trees or bushes and Indians, as their conduct upon all occa- sions well testified. During this miniature " Reign of Terror," E. Brigham, of the Mounds, faithfully recorded passing events in a daily diary. A few extracts pertaining to the locality, will not prove uninteresting. Blue Mound Fort, Juiie 2, 1832. — Extract of a letter sent to Gen. Dodge : Waknnka says there are two young prisoners with the Sauks. By the authority vested in E. Bouchard, two Indians, White 0.x and another, were sent on express to the Four Lake Indians."' (Same date.) A letter was brought by two Frenchmen. St. Paul anlrs of Ktlwartl Be nirhanl. we flnd'llio folhiwlug: "After the Iwittle.'eleven Indiana w.-rf r»iind eneatti luuihwood. under which they hadcrawleii when woundese,)uent period, wiien at R >ck Island, after the termination of the war. Beoucltard Understood from eome of the Sauks. that Black Hawk ha*! often apoken of a band of seventeen of his hraTes, of whom he had never received Hny intelligence, and he knew not what liad become of tliem. DO DGEVI LLE HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 489 Alexander and the officers of his brigade issued a peremptory refusal to chanr^e the original plans. The brigade as re-organized comprised Col. James W. Stephenson and his Galena com- pany, and Gen. Henry's brigade. They were subsequently joined by Capt. Craig and a com- pany of Galena miners. With Pauquette and a contingent of Indian guides, the expedition numbered 700 men. The line of inarch was taken up on July 15, in the direction of the enemy. On the third day, they arrived at a deserted Indian village, designated as the resting-place of the enemy. Silence reigned supreme, and an investigation showed that the former occupants had departed several days previously. An express messenger was dispatched to notify Gen. Atkinson of the discovery. Proceeding down the river for a few miles, the express struck a fresh trail leading toward the Wisconsin River, when he immediately returned and reported. With a tangible trail to pursue, the chase was resumed in the morning and continued until evening, when the troops arrived at a narrow strip of land beyond the Third Lake. The tongue or spit of land was covered with a dense growth of brush, which rendered a passage inadvisable without preliminary exploration ; accordingly the company of scouts under Capt. Joe Dixon, were instructed to advance and reconnoiter. At the conclusion of the examination, it was deemed too late to efl'ect a crossing, and the expedition bivouacked on the shores of the lake. The march was resumed on the ensuing morning. A solitary Indian, ill and infirm with disease, was overtaken near Tliird Lake, and, his condition being unknown to the pursuers, was instantly shot and killed by Capt. Fred Dickson, of Capt. Joseph Dixon's company. An- other disabled Indian was shot by Dr. Phillis. In falling, ihe dying Indian took aim and discharged his gun. wounding a member of Capt. Clark's company. The column from the time of departure from Rock River, was led by Col. W. L. D. Ewing's battalion of Henry's brigade, preceded by Dixon's scouts. Dodge's command chafed and fumed at the tardy advance, as they feared that the foe would be enabled to gain the protecting shades of the islands on the Wisconsin River, if not overtaken by forced marches. With a determina- tion to close on the enemy. Gen. Dodge was unanimously importuned to lead the van. To ac- complish this movement, the company defiled ti> the right and left of Ewing's battalions. Stimu- lated by the eagerness of the miners, the forward corps increased their pace and maintained a central position. In this order they advanced rapidly, halting on one or two occasions to form in line of battle when the enemy appeared in front, until, arriving at the Wisconsin bottom ; the horse guard was told off and the men dismounted. Scarcely had this movement been effected, before Capt. Dixon and his scouts appeared galloping over a ridge in full flight from a vastly preponderating body of Indians. The columns immediately advanced, Ewing's battalion forming the center, to the top of the ridge, where they formed into line by wheeling to the right. A single discharge demoralized the Indians, w'ho retreated precipitately to an adjacent hill or ridge. This position they occupied until the appearance of Gen. Henry with Collins', Jones' and Fry's regiments. During this delay, which was about an hour, the enemy were engaged in concen- trating their forces and sustaining a continual fire. When the line of battle was formed. Dodge's command, including Ewing's battalion, formed the right wing. Fry's regiment was ordered to 00 upy a position on the right, to prevent the Indians from performing a successiiil flank move- ment. Obviously surmising that this was a movement designed to cut off his women and papooses, the Indian chief from his elevated post of observation, issued orders to beat a retreat. The whites meanwhile advanced across on open country unmolested, and captured the deserted camp, suffering only the loss of one man woundeil. It having been ascertained that the supply of provisions was not sufficient to enable the men to continue the pursuit across the Wisconsin, and being incumbered with a number of wounded, it was thought circumspect to remove to the Blue Mounds, which could plainly be seen from an eminence near the battle-ground. On arriving there, Dodge's command, including Stephen- son's company, were ordered to their respective posts, with orders to rendezvous at Helena, on the Wisconsin River, as soon as Gen. Atkinson should arrive there with the regular forces. On re-assembling at Helena, the miners were joined by Gen. Atkinson, who ordered the inarch to be resumed. Together they followed the trail of the retreating Sacs and Foxes, which K 490 HISTOHY OF IOWA COUNTY. was discovered under the bluffs south of the Wisconsin River, until they arrived at the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Bad Axe. On the route, a number of dead bodies were found, many in a state of putrefaction ; these had doubtless died of wounds received at the battle of Wisconsin Heights, and from debility produced by sickness and starvation. The march was therefore rendered distressingly offensive, both to the senses of smelling and of sight. On the evening of the 1st of August, signs of the enemy were discovered, and some strag- glers killed. At 2 o'clock on the morning of the 2d, the line of march was taken up ; Col. Dodge's miners forming the advance, supported by the regular troops under Col. Zachary Taylor. The battle of the Bad Axe was inaugurated about sunrise by a skirmish between Capt. Dixon's spies and a band of warriors, in which one of his men was severely wounded. Later in the day, after the troops had formed in line of battle, and had advanced to the top of the bluff over- looking the Mississippi, Dixon again engaged the enemy in the river bottom. Guided by the sound of his guns, the regulars and Dodge's volunteers marched directly down the bluff to his support. When they arrived on the ground, they found Dixon seriously wounded. Gen. Henry, who had followed the Indian trail down the ravine, was on the ground, supporting the company of spies. From the point at which Dixon was wounded, the enemy were followed down the river some distance, when the entire military strength attacked them. The encounter was a brave and noble stand on the part of the Indians to withstand the combined forces; and, as the result shows, they did some effectual execution in the ranks of their pale-lace foes ere their over- whelming numbers and superior skill caused them to retreat. In the regular army, there were seventeen killed, whose names are unknown. Among the miners, who sank to a last rest in de- fense of their hearths, were Capt. Joseph Dixon, Sergt. George Willard, Privates Smith, Hood, Lowry, Skinner and Payson. In Henry's brigade, there were but five men killed and wounded. In the pursuit from the Wisconsin River, it was evident that the Indians were suffering terrible tortures from the pangs of famine and illness. Their principal means of subsistence were roots, bark of trees and horse-flesh. When the heat of the pursuit temporarily relaxed, the vanquished braves would avail themselves of the momentary respite to slaughter and dismember one of their scrawny ponies. The flesh, hide and entrails were devoured with a voracity begotten of deadly hunger, and the only relic left to mark the feast was the hair of the tail and mane. While flee- ing from the pursuers in their rear, they sought escape across the Mississippi. They were en- countered by the steamboat Warrior, having on board Lieut. Kingsbury and a detachment of United States troops, with two pieces of artillery. On the succeeding day. Gen. Atkinson, his staff, and nearly all the regular troops, embarked for transportation to Fort Crawford. Prior to the departure of the troops, Wabasha, the renowned Indian chieftain, with a number of Sioux warriors, reported himself to Gen. Atkinson. He was accorded permission to pursue the enemy into their own country. Thus, the little remnant of Black Hawk's bloodthirsty band who escaped the shot and shell of the soldiers, lived only to be extirpated with the scalping- knife and tomahawk, in the remorseless grasp of their hereditary foe. • qriqnon's recollections. " I will close my reminiscences of olden times by giving an account of Col. Samuel C. Stam- baugh's expedition against the Sacs and Foxes. Col. Stambaugh had previously been the Me- nomonee Indian Agent, but had been superseded by Col. Boyd, who had been directed to raise a party of the Menomonees to serve against the hostile Indians. Col. Boyd gave the command of the expedition to Stambaugh. The Menomonees rendezvoused at Green Bay, early in July, 1832. There were over three hundred, all Indians, except the officers, about nine in number. Osh-kosh, Souligny, lom-e-tah. Grizzly Bear, old Po-e-go-nah, Wau-nau-ko, Pe-mau-te-not, Osh-ka-he-na-nieu, La Mott, Carau, and, indeed, all the principal men of the Menomonees, were of the party. Alexander Irwin was Commissary and Quartermaster. The Indians were arranged into two companies; I commanded one, having my son, Charles A. Grignon, and my nephew, Rob- ert Grignon, for Lieutenants. George Johnson, of Green Bay, was chosen to the command of the other company, with William Powell and James Boyd for Lieutenants. With a few pack-horses, HISTOKY OF IOWA COUNTY. 491 and each man a supply of provisions, we started from Green Bay. We proceeded to the Great Butte des Morts, and there crossed over. Went to Portage, and, the next day, renewed our marcii, and the first night camped on Sugar Creek, some half-dozen miles from Blue Mounds ; the sec- ond night at Fort Dodge ; then to English Prairie ; ther.ce, with one other camping, we reached Prairie du Chien, before reaching which. Grizzly Bear, his son and three others, descending the Wisconsin in a canoe, discovered a Sauk girl on an island alone. The Grizzly Bear s ^jn went and took her, and found her half-starved. She was about ten years old, and, on the return of the party. Col. Stambaugh took her to Green Bay and placed her in the Indian- Mis- sion School ; and the next year, when Black Hawk reached Green Bay on his way hume, he took her with him. "From Col. William S. Hamilton, we learned at Prairie du Chien, that a trail of Sauks had been discovered down the river. Fully one-half of our party, with George Grignon and William Powell, remained at Prairie du Chien, while Oshkosh, lometah, Souligny, Carau and Pemautenot, with their warriors, proceeded by land, accompanied by Col. Hamilton. We stopped at Bennett's Ferry, on the Wisconsin River, and started early the next morning, and, about noon, struck the Sauk trail. We pursued it until the sun was about an hour and a half iiigh, when we discovered the smoke of the Indians, encamped in a low spot beside a small stream, on the prairie. There were only two men and a youth about twelve years old, three or four women, and as many children. We at once surrounded them and rushed upon them, with orders to take them prisoners ; but the Menomonees were fierce for a fight, and killed the two men, and took the others prisoners. They fired a volley at the two Sauks, and, when they fell, they were riddled with bullets by those coming up, who wished to share in the honor (?) of having participated in the fight. In the melee, one of the children was wounded, and died the next day. Lieut. Robert Grignon was badly wounded in the side with buckshot, which, coursing around the back, lodged. He thought he was shot by the Indian lad, but I think it quite as likely to have been by some of our own party, firing, as they were, in every direction. This little affair occurred not far back from the Mississippi, and some ten or twelve miles north of Cassville. Col. Hamilton participated in it. " We camped on the battle ground that night, and the next day went to Cassville, carrying Robert Grignon on a litter, and thence to Prairie du Chien he was conveyed in a canoe, wiiile we returned by land. We delivered the prisoners at Prairie du Chien : we had to leave Robert Grignon there, as the shot coulil not be extracted, and he was not able to return until the autumn. We commenced our return home in three days, and nothing happened on our march worthy of note. AH our surviving party have received bounty land warrants, which the Me- nomonees have generally sold ; and Robert Grignon, in consequence of his wound, receives a pension." CHAPTER IV. MiNEKAL Discoveries and Limitations— Indian Treaties and Abuses— First Miners and Early Deprivations— Life IN THE Diggings— First Land Districts— Claim Restrictions AND First Entries— Projected Railroads and Canals— Hard Money "Wealth— First Roads and IIiohways— Chronicles of the Cholera, '49 and '50— The Second A'isitation, "51— Lank Swindling Schemes. MINERAL DISCOVERIES AND LIMITATIONS. The discovery of lead mines in this county date back to the earliest settlement of the South- west. Early voyagers, who explored the Territory in the eighteenth century, found the decayed remnants of rude log furnaces, which it is surmised were constructed and operated by the Win- nebago Indians. Where the first actual mining was done is buried in oblivion, but the history of the old Irish diggings demonstrates, beyond cavil, that mineral was there raised long before the first pale-face mustered sufficient temerity to cross the dividing ridge, the rubicon that outlined the reserves of the Winnebago Indians. The dividing ridge is a prominent elevation of the prairie land, extending from east to west, and passing within a range of two and one-half miles from the village of Shullsburg. This natural line of demarkation was generally known by the miners to be the limit of territory where they could mine ; that further to the north being reserved exclusively to the Indians. An infraction of this rule was seldom at- tempted, as there was danger of its resulting in death. In 1827, the hitherto sacred soil was invaded by a host of adventurers, who concluded terms whereby the Winnebagoes, in consideration of a certain sum of money, granted them the coveted privilege of mining. These private treaties were not respected by the United States Government, which resented the intrusion of the whites and, unsolicited, interfered between the Indians to eject the settlers. This action was precipitated by information of rich lodes which were affording a magnificent yield of ore. In May, 1828, the miners were visited by Thomas McKnight, Assistant Superintendent of Lead Mines, with directions from his superior oflS- cer, Lieut. Martin Thomas, of the United States Army, stationed at St. Louis, ordering all miners to retire west of the ridge which separates the waters flowing into the Mississippi from those of the Pecatonica or Rock River. A few days thereafter, Mr. Marsh, sub-Indian Agent, arrived in the mines, from Prairie du Chien, with orders from Gen. Street, agent of the Winnebagoes. directing the miners to retire to the lands ceded to the Government. They were offered the option of paying a percentage on the mineral raised, which, if acceded to, the miners were to have their claims ratified. The injustice of this was so palpable that a great outcry was raised by the miners ; they claimed, with an assumption of equity, that the United States was not empowered to interfere with the Indians, or to e.xact any lead rent other than that to be paid to the Winnebagoes. Despite the manifest want of principle, the Government enforced the demand with a contingent of soldiers, who threatened to dispossess the miners should they not concede the rents. Indignant at this ruthless and high-handed proceeding, numbers of the settlers packed their " kits " and voluntarily abandoned their diggings, sooner than submit to any unjust enact- tions. The Indian Agents were entertained by Henry Dodge, in the best manner the country afforded. On being apprised of their mission, he informed them, in a determined tone, that, having negotiated a treaty with the Indians, by which they allowed him to remain, on condition that he paid a rent equivalent to that demanded by the Government, he would not leave the ter- ritory unless driven off by a superior physical force. He also agreed to exert his influence, which was known to be great, to preserve peace along the frontier. Mr. Marsh readily admitted HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 49a the justice of the claim, and reposing an unlimited confidence in the good faith of Gen. Dodge, who predicted the early purchase of the disputed country, they withdrew. The threat that a body of regular soldiers would be marched against the miners was never carried into execu- tion. INDIAN TREATIES AND ABUSES. By the treaty of 1829, executed at Prairie du Chien, the Indian title was extinguished to all land south and east of the Wisconsin River. By the treaty of 1837, with the Winnebagoes, ratified by Congress the following year, the Indians sold all their lands east of the Missis- sippi. This treaty was conducted at Washington by Yellow Thunder and two other junior chiefs. Satterlee Clark accompanied them as interpreter. It is asserted that these chiefs were inveigled into signing a treaty which stipulated that they should remain in possession of the ceded land for eight months, whereas the Indians were informed and led to believe that they were treating for an occupation of eight years. Even when affixing their marks to the treaty, they firmly protested against the act, and asseverated their want of authority to cede the lands of their tribe. When the terms of the treaty were subsequently expounded, the Indians were moved with righteous indignation, and refused to leave their homes and the graves of their ancestors. Yellow Thunder declared he would never go, and on a plea of insubordination was confined in Fort Winnebago. He soon after recovered his liberty, and visiting the Land Office at Mineral Point, entered forty acres of land in his own behalf on the west side of the Wiscon- sin, about eight miles above Portage. At the Land Office, he inquired if Indians were debarred from entering land. The reply was to the contrary, so Yellow Thunder, the head chief of the Winnebagoes, secured a homestead, declaring that he was going to be a white man. In 1840, troops were sent to Portage to remove the Wintiebago Indians. The detachment consisted of a s(juad of the Eighth Regiment of infantry, under the command of Gen. Worth, and a part of the Fifth Regiment of infantry, commanded by Gen. Brooke, with Gen. Atkinson as commander-in cliief. There were three interpreters employed — John T. De la Ilonde, Antoine Grignon and Pierre Meneg. The latter was sent in quest of Yellow Thunder ami Black Wolf's son, inviting them to the rendezvous to get provisions. As soon as they arrived, they were seized and incarcerated in the guard-house with ball and chain attached to their legs. This measure was adopted on a false understanding tliat the prisoners were inciting their com- panions to revolt, but as soon as Gov. Dodge came they were released. Two hundred and fifty families were thus removed. The scene of the final parting of these simple children from the sod of their forefatliers is thus pathetically described by an eye witness : " Two old women, sis- ters of Black Wolf, and another one came up, throwing themselves on their knees, crying and beseeching Capt. Sumner to kill them ; that they were old and would rather die and be burietl with their fathers, mothers and children than be taken away, and they were ready to receive their death-blows. Capt. Sumner had pity on them, and permitted them to stay where they were, and left three young Indians to hunt for them. A little further on, we came to the camp of Ke ji-(iue-we-ka and others, when they were told to break up their camp, put their things in the wagon and come along. After they had thus deposited their little property, they started south from where we were. The Captain bade me ask them where they were going. They said they were going to bid good-bye to their fathers, mothers and children. The Captain directed me to go with them and watcii them. We found them on their knees on the ground, kissing the ground where their relatives were buried and crying very loud. This touched the Captain's feelings, and he exclaimed, "Good God! what harm could these poor Indians do among the rocks !" In 1844, Capt. Sumner came again with his dragoons to hunt the woods for Dandy, a delinquent Winnebago ciiief, who had evaded the officers heretofore. He was found at the head of the Baraboo, and the Captain made him ride on horseback, and fastened his legs together with ox-chains. Resenting this latter indignity. Dandy asked to be brought before Gov. Dodge, at Mineral Point. The request was granted, and, on obtaining the interview. Dandy desired a private council, which was likewise given. Then Dandy took from his bosom 494 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. a Bible, and askeJ the Governor, through the medium of an interpreter, if that was a good book. Gov. Dodge, astonished at tl\e presence of the Bible in such hands, inquired regarding the ownership, but the old chief dogmatically reiterated his question, with the reservation that after that was answered, he would satisfy all suspicions. The Governor then told him he could not have had a better book than the one in his hand. '•Well,' said Dandy, '"look that book all through, and if you find that Dandy ought to be removed by the Government to Turkey River, then I will go right off; but if you do not find it, I will never go there to stay. The Governor was not to be entrapped by the wily Indian, whose trick was barren of result. He was then chained up and taken to Prairie du Chien. His legs and feet were all swollen, and lacerated with the action of the chains, and he could not walk or tread the ground for two or three weeks. When he had recovered sufficiently to move around, his re.noval to Turkey River was ordered. In the temporary absence of his escort. Dandy escaped into the woods, where he was allowed to roam at liberty. FIRST MINERS AND EARLY DEPRIVATIONS. After the cession of the Indian Territory, the country was rapidly settled by miners attracted thither from all parts of the world. Never before had such a fever of emigration seized the people, who flocked here in unremitting numbers. The leading pioneers were of American birth, a large majority of whom came here from Missouri, Kentucky and Indiana. Sturdy Irishmen and miners from the Great Consols, Carn Bray, Batallack, East Whealrose, Dal- creath and other Cornish mines, as soon as news of the great discoveries of lead and cop- per reached their ears, started in hordes to try their fortunes amid the wilds of the New World. Representatives from almost every rank of life could be found here, from the lofty representa- tive of European capital to the poor white trash of the distant South ; from the collegian and religious recluse to the habitues of the worst social infernales known to civilized life. Men of genius, education and lofty ambition were not few, as evinced by the character of many of the representative men of the State in after years, a majority of whom belonged tu the lead regions. They worked, suffered and fought beside the stalwart Englishman, the shrewd Yankee, the chivalrous Southern fire-eater, the impetuous Frenchman, the hardy Scotchman, the humorous Irishman and sober Teuton ; a band of determined adventurers united by their common peril, and the one pervading impulse and pursuit. The price of lead in 1828, reigned at §.5 per hundred pounds, but a year later the rate declined to a little less than half of that sum, disap- pointing and ruining the hopes and expectations of some eight or ten thousand explorers who had flocked to the mining regions. The effect of this stampede was especially detrimental to the interests of Dodgeville, as nearly all the miners in that locality shouldered their tools, and, before 1830, the once thriving settlement of twelve to fifteen cabins was reduced to one store. The huts were torn down for fuel, and the prospectors drifted away to more pros- perous centers. Consecjuent on the diminished price of lead, the population of Iowa County, then embracing what has since constituted four or five counties, dwindleil down to only a few hundred inhabitants. By a mistaken policy of the War Department, nobody was allowed to cultivate more than an acre and a half of ground. This region was only looked upon as valuable for the mineral product of lead and copper. The fallacious idea prevailed, that, if the country was plowed, and the ordi- nary crops grown upon it, no leads could thereafter be discovered ; the idea being that a certain wild growth of grass and shrubs, particularly the " masonic weed," indicated the existence of crevices of lodes and patches of mineral. This restriction upon agriculture was afterward repealed; but, before farming became general, the prices paid for all sorts of produce and bread, stuffs were exceptionally high ; $1 per bushel for oats, potatoes, corn, turnips, and beets was frequently demanded and freely paid, as the supply was exceedingly limited, if not poor in quality. Flour was scarce, and cracked corn was more generally used. When the staple of life could be procured, the cost ranged from two to ten hundred pounds of mineral. The win- ter of 1828 was exceptionally severe, and great privation and suffering were engendered by the History of iowa county. 495 sudden "low dip" that locked the rivers in ice, and cut off the winter supplies, at the time en route, on Mississippi steamboats, to the mines. A French trader at Galena happened to have a fair supply of flour in store, and, takinrr advantage of the temporary embarrassment, he raised bis prices until flour attained tlie enormous figure of $20 to $30 a barrel. The consumers were forced to make the best of the unsatisfactory arrangement ; and as, in the depressed condition of the country, following the depreciated price of mineral, few could afford to indulge in the luxury of bolted flour. Various substitutes were employed until relief was obtained in early spring. An unfailing supply of good fresh fish was one of the bounties of a beneficent Creator, bestowed upon the hardy miners. The Pecatonica River and the larger tributaries abounderi almost with a surfeit of fish ; and, in those days, the piscatorial artist was not satisfied with complacently holding a pole in a horizontal position over the turbid waters for hours without procuring a "bite." Fine kingly trout, perch, bass, catfish, eels, buffalo, muskallonge and other excellent kinds were found in all the streams coursing through the county. Buffalo, muskallonge and cat- fish of enormous size were brought to Mineral Point daily, and peddled on the streets at purely nominal figures. Many of these fish weighed from twenty and thirty pounds upward. LIFE IN THE DIGGINGS. When, in 1832, Black Hawk invaded Illinois, spreading death and desolation in his trail, he took a position on the Rock River, some miles east from Madison. The settlers were con- vulsed in a tumult of alarm, and fire-arms were eagerly sought after. (For particulars, see in third chapter.) The inhabitants lost the entire spring and summer in defending and building the stockades and block-houses erected throughout the country. On the restoration of peace, adventurers and explorers swarmed in threefold numbers, and mining was prosecuted with an energy unknown since the years of 1827 and 1828. Freed from all care on the score of Indians, the miners scattered their claims all over the surface of the land. In every direction within scope of the eye, heaps of mineral refuse blackened and disfigured the verdant hillsides, and the clank of the windlass made merry music to the accompanying sounds of the crowbar, pick and drill. The price of mineral was more favorable to the miners. An undoubted era of prosperity had com- menced; money was plentiful, and it was dispensed with all the lavish prodigality for which miners have become famous. Groceries, gambling hells, poker dens and faro banks marked the progress of civilization. The discovery of a good lead invariably led to a sudden rush of settlers, ■who, after intermittent toil, would as speedily relinquish their claims and remove elsewhere. Riotous carousing, gambling and other bacchanalian revels marked the nights and served to dis- tinguish them from day. Sleep or rest was a superabundant luxury that few deserved, and no one indulged in until the exhausted system, robbed of strength by the assimilation of vile " forty- rod " and " fusel oil," would sink down and recuperate in the arms of "'nature's sweet restorer." Knifing affrays and shooting matches were of daily occurrence, as, with a superfluity of animal spirits, the air was impregnated with the germ? of strife. The wild, reckless dare-devils courted danger for danger's sake, and woe be to the man who intentionally or otherwise proffered an insult to an associate miner. In all probability, he would die '• with his boots on " in a brief space of time, unless, perhaps, he was an adept in handling a rifle or revolver. In this cheerful state of affairs, graveyards and cemeteries would suggest themselves to the Yankee speculator as aftbrding a good investment. On the contrary, public cemeteries were sparingly patronized, as private graveyards were located all over the country. Usually, the unfortunate duelist was buried in his tracks, without even an apology for a coflin to screen the lifeless remains from con- tact with the cold earth. Yet, withal, the miner was a whole-souled, expansive-hearted individ- ual, inclined to be generous to a fault. He would share his last crust with a stranger, and the ■circumscribed interior of his cabin was always hospitably placed at the disposal of a new arrival. He gave of his last without a murmur, and expected the same token in return. In such a com- munity, the free and ea.sy relations of life would have shocked the innate delicacy of one of the cloth, but, as preachers did not prove indigenous to this uncongenial soil, the passions of the 49(j HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. mining community flamed unrestrainedly for many years. In the giddy maelstrom of existence, each man rushed blindly forward in search of mythical wealth. Delusive dreams of abundant mineral was the ignis fatuu» that spurred them on and supported the artificial life of super-excite- ment. " A computation of the number of adventurers who achieved success and wealth would form only an infinitesimal proportion of the glaring aggregate whom riches eluded. In 1833 and 1834, the irregular mode of living furnished numerous victims to the inroads of cholera, nearly every case of which proved fatal. The bloody flux, in an epidemic form, swept the mining region and scored a host of conquests. The diminution in the population by these contagions was more than counterbalanced by the heavy influx of settlers. The rich agricult- ural lands were oftering remunerative returns for the labor and capital invested. The false theory that a rugged mining country was incompatible with the growth of luxuriant crops, had, by this time, been exploded, and many persons were induced to forsake the precarious livelihood of a miner for the contented and fruitful labors of a pastoral life. Agriculture and mining together received an impetus from the incoming tide, and the eff"ect was mutually profitable. About this time, the Territory was districted into three land districts. FIRST LAND DISTRICTS. By an act of Congress, approved June 26, 1834, two new Land Districts were established in Northern Illinois, called the Northwest and the Northeast Districts, and two in Wisconsin, called respectively the Wisconsin and the Green Bay Districts. The Northwest District embraced all the territory in Illinois north of the dividing line, be- tween Townships 12 and 13, north of the base line, and west of the dividing line between Ranges 3 and 4, east of the Third Principal Meridian. Tlie Wisconsin Land District embraced all the territory in the then Territory of Michigan south of the Wisconsin River, and west of the north-and-soutii line " along the range of line next west of Fort Winnebago." (This was the line between Ranges 8 and 9 east.) The fourth section of this act reads as follows: " The President shall be authorized, as soon as the survey shall have been completed, to cause to be offered for sale, in the manner pre- scribed by law, all the lands lying in the said land districts, at the land offices in the respective districts, in which the land so offered is embraced, reserving only Section Sixteen in each town- ship; the tract reserved for the village of Galena; such other tracts as have been granted to in- dividuals and the State of Illinois; and such reservations as the President may deem necessary to retain for military posts, any law of Congress heretofore existing to the contrary notwith- standing." The Land Office for the Wisconsin Land District was established at Mineral Point, by the same act, and John P. Sheldon was appointed Register, and Joseph Eneix, Receiver. The survey having been completed, the President, on the 7th of July, 1834, issued his proclamation for the public sale, on the second Monday of November, 1834, of all the lands west of the Fourth Principal Meridian (which now constitute Grant County). Appended to the proclamation was a notice, in the following words: "The lands reserved by law for schools or other purposes, are to be excluded from sale. All tracts of land on which lead mines or dig- gings are indicated to exist by the official plats of survey, together with such other tracts as, from satisfactory evidence, to be adduced to the Register of the land office, prior to the date of sale, shall be shown to contain lead mines, shall be excluded from sale." A few months later, another proclamation was issued by the President, for the public sale of all the lands in the district, east of the Fourth Principal Meridian, at the land office in Mineral Point, in the year 1835. A notice similar to the foregoing was appended to this proclamation. The "official plats of survey" only indicated the existence of such "lead mines or dig- gings " as were observable from the surveyed section lines at the time of the survey — two years or more before the public sale — consequently, the mineral discoveries made after the surveys, and many of those in the interior portions of the sections, made previous to the surveys, were not " indicated to exist by the official plats of survey." HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 497 Very few "other tracts" were "shown to contain lead mines" by "satisfactory evidence, adduced to the Register of the Land OfBce prior to the date of sale." The result was that all the lands in the district were offered at public sale ; but the land officers refused to receive bids upon the few tracts upon which lead mines or diggings were indi- cated to exist by the official plats, or by " satisfactory evidence." Immediately after the public sale, a regulation was adopted by the land office, and acted upon by them, that private entries might be made of what were denominated the " reserved lands," whenever the application was accompanied by the affidavits of two persons, stating that there were no discoveries of lead ore on the tract applied for, and that the same was not occupied by any smelter of lead ore. The practical effect of the course adopted in reference to the sale of the public lands in the Wisconsin Land District — by the Government officers, as well those at Washington as the local officers at Mineral Point, and, as well, at the public sale, as by the mode adopted of per- mitting private entries — was, that so large a proportion of the lands containing lead mines passed into private hands, that the occupants under leases from the Government, of the remaining tract8» upon which mines existed, refused longer to comply with the conditions of their leases. CLAIM RESTRICTIONS AND FIR.ST ENTRIES. Doubts existed of the right of the Government to enforce the terms of the leases ; and, as there was, at least, no disposition manifested to do so, by common consent, the payment of rents, either by miners or smelters, went into immediate disuse, and no rents were paid after the first public land sales. The whole amount of land reserved by the Government from sale was estimated at one million acres. Owing to the difficulty of collecting this rent, it was for several years aban- doned. Efforts were ultimately made by the Government to collect lead rents, which resulted, according to the message of President Polk, as follows : Amount expended in collection, $26,- OOLll ; value of lead collected, $6,354.74 ; loss to the Government in four years, $19,756.37. Many veins or mines of lead having been discovered after the sales, on lands of private indi- viduals, the value of public or reserved lands was depreciated, and the miners thereon subjected to the imposition of an unjust tax. To remedy this evil, it was suggested to Congress to dispose of these reserved lands on the same principle that other lands were disposed of. The Register of the Land Office at Mineral Point, in a letter to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, dated March 23, 1838, says that among the regulations for the govern- ment of the mining country, there was one whicii required that a mining lot should be two hundred and twenty yards square (ten acres), and bounded by lines running due east, west, north and south. The usual course adopted by persons wishing to try their fortunes in the business of mining, was to seek out an unoccupied spot where they supposed they would find lead, and commence digging. If they found ore in sufficient quantities to warrant a continuance of labor, they would measure off their ground and fix corner stakes, and thus continue their work until they traced their discovery to a valuable vein or sheet, or found it to be delusive. " In a large majority of cases, the labor expended in these attempts to discover lead entirely lost ; and there are instances where men have expended years of labor and large sums of money, and have never had the good fortune to discover a valuable vein or sheet of ore ; consequently, the property of a miner in a valuable vein or discovery of lead ore, is held inviolable by most of the residents of the county. Its sacredness is recognized by the courts and juries of the county; and he clings to it with a tenacity that will admit of no relaxation. The lots claimed would probably embrace about five thousand acres, and are the sole dependence of numer- ous families. Their value has been discovered by the labor and perseverance of the miners ; and, were they dispossessed of them by Government, their families would be reduced to want. It is thought the miners have a just and equitable claim on the Government for aid and protection. They accepted its invitation to labor upon its territory and to develop its wealth ; they have staked off and labored for years upon some five or six hundred ten-acre lots, and have paid 498 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. the Government about $230,000 for the privilege." The odious enactment was subsequently repealed. The first entry of land was made in the county by Peter Alphonse Lorimier and Paschal Bequette, who entered eighty acres on the west half of the southeast quarter of Section 22, Township 5. During this month, thirty entries of land were recorded. In 1836, there were nearly three times as many entries made. In 1837 and 1833, the entries were diminished fully fifty per cent, and, in 1839, they fell off rapidly, owing to the stringency that affected the money market. The number of entries in 1840, was reduced to sixteen by the general depres- sion in all circles of trade. In 1841 and 1842. nine and two entries, respectively, were recorded, thus reaching the lowest stage. After this an improvement was manifest, and the entries increased to five in 1843, about fifty in 1844, until the maximum was attained in 1847. The office was moved to Muscoda in 1841. Eventually, when the lands of Northern Wisconsin came into the market, another office for that district was opened in Mineral Point. The first land entries, in their order of precedence, were made by the fallowing : P. A. Lorimier, Paschal Bequette, Benjamin Seguin, Francis C. Kirkpatrick, James Kirkpatrick, Joseph Hawkes, George Sparkes, William Bennett, William Prideaux, Mark Terrill, James Fiddick, Edward James, James Prideaux, Andrew Hughes, Jesse W. Kirkpatrick, Richard H. Kirkpatrick, Stephen B. Thrasher and Thomas McKnight, At the first session of the Territorial Legislature, commenced at Belmont, October 25, 183tj, the capital seat was located at the city of Madison, then platted in the Four Lake region by an act of the Council and House of Representatives. As soon as Gov. Dodge had affixed his signature to the bill, there was a tremendous rush made for the Land Oflice at Mineral Point, to enter eligible corner lots, and invest loose capital in land in the newly located capital. The town plat of Madison was divided into twenty shares, one of which was offered for §200 in cash. In February, 1837, Judge Doty, of Green Bay, came to Mineral Point, and engaged a surveying party to proceed to Madison and survey the adjoining territory, with a view of platting the western addition to Madison. The pirty consisted of Moses M. Strong, Civil Engineer, with John Catlin and George Messersmith as assistants. They started out with a sleigh and team of horses, furnished by Messersmith, and arrived at Madison the second day after leaving Mineral Point. PROJECTED RAILROADS AND CANALS. The spirit of enterprise was rampant in 1835 and ensuing years, when many bold engineer- ing schemes were projected. Some of these were Utopian in their conception and utterly inade- quate to the wants of a rising country, and were so burdened with estimated costs that the people, for an instant, never, soberly considered them, while others certainly merited and received con- sideration. But, in a few instances only, was anything done of a tangible or permanent char- acter, as those who usually originated the schemes desired to realize rather than to invest capi- tal. Gov. Dodge, in his message of 1836, makes mention of constructing a canal through from Madison to Arena by way of Middleton and Black Earth Creek. There might have been a memorial presented to Congress in furtherance of the scheme; at any rate, several speculators, including Moses M. Strong, purchased considerable tracts of land at the supposed outlet on the Wisconsin. The Belmont & Dubuque Railroad Company was chartered in the same year to construct a line of railroad from Belmont to the nearest and most eligible point on the Mississippi, with power to extend it to Mineral Point and Dodgeville. After enjoying a series of vicissitudes, vy- ing in perplexity with the career of the Mineral Point Railroad, this line was built to the present station of Calamine, in 1868, where it unites with the latter railroad, under the management of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company. The Pecatonica & Mississippi Railroad Company wa^^ chartered in 1839 to build a railroad from Mineral Point to the nearest and most accessible point on the Mississippi. The line never appeared, save in the heated imagination of the projectors. HISTOKY OF TOWA COUNTY. 499 The costliness and magnitude of an enterprise necessary to the survey and construction of a competent line of railroad discouraged all further attempts in that direction, and turned the attention of the engineering fraternity to the improvement of the principal water-courses. It ■was calculated, that, at a nominal outlay, the Pecatonica River, by several cuts and a system of locks, could be transformed into a profitable channel for slack water navigation. A company, called the Pecatonica Navigation Company, was incorporated in 1839 by the Territorial Legis- lature to improve the navigation of the Pecatonica from Mineral Point to the Illinois State lipe. After the charter was procured, a survey was made, which demonstrated the unfeasibility of the project, and the scheme was abandoned, as were many others insufficient in importance to deserve mention. HARD-MONEY WEALTH. The currency in circulation in Iowa County has always been above reproach, barring the stigma of the Mineral Point Bank failure, which resulted disastrously to a number of those who had intrusted their savings to the care of that institution. One reason generally assigned for the unusual stability of Iowa County, in currency questions is, that gold and silver was the chief circulating medium in early times. Wildcat, or paper money, subject to repudiation, was scorned by the people, who held aloof and refused to countenance the innovation upon their ancient usages. Sovereigns and five-franc pieces were the principal medium of exchange, and the people, gifted with deeply rooted ideas of the value of bullion, clung tenaciously to the gold pieces. These coins were introduced into the county through real estate proprietors, who secured British gold by depositing land certificates in pledge. Receipts from the sale of mineral shipped abroad were also instrumental in sustaining a solid gold currency. The inflation system of banking was instituted in 1836, and the country was flooded with an illimitable amount of promissory notes which, supported by no valid securi- ties, possessed no greater value than that represented in avoirdupois at the paper-makers. This hemorrhage of paper notes suffused the entire country, with the solitary exception of the min- eral district where the miners, true to the conservative instincts of their British lineage, refused point blank to accept it. The exceptional freedom enjoyed in this respect elicited the following notice from the Territorial Gazette, in 1837 : '• We have before reraarkeil substantially, and we now repeat, that there is no other portion of the United States that has suffered so litde from the pressure of the times as Wisconsin Ter- ritory ; we mean Western Wisconsin particularly; of the eastern part, we cannot speak with cer- tainty, but of the west side we can, from close observation and personal knowledge. The truth is, that we have scarcely felt the pressure. We have, it is true, heard much of it; it has been run:^ in our ears from abroad ; but our sufferings (if they deserve the name) have been most in apprehension, or sympathetic in their character. The wild spirit of speculation which reigned here a year or more ago, has, it is true, been checked (and so much the better for that), but the ordinary and regular routine of business has been conducted pretty much as usual. There have been no mercantile failures which could properly be attributed to the times ; no stoppages of payment ; no curtailment of business; no relaxation of industry; no pretermitting of enter- prise, and, in a word, very little of anything real to interrupt, in a degree worthy of notice, our steady onward march to prosperity and greatness. We have not, too, as many have, been cursed with that bastard trash, the pretended representative of money commonly denominated ' shinplasters.' Bank notes, for the most part of good and solvent banks, have not been want- ing for the ordinary transactions of business, while silver change — dollars and half-dollars — have been abundant enough for all purposes. A Benton mint-drop, too, has been occasionally circulated among us. Thus, while the old, rich and populous States have been organizing, under the pressure of the times, we have been so far from it as to forbid a murmur of complaint. While a silver dollar cannot be seen at the East in the interval of a month, and then only exhibited as ' a cure for sore eyes,' as the saying has it, here its jingle may constantly be heard upon the count- ers of our merchants and in the purses and pockets of our citizens. Our crops, which were abundant and of the best quality, awarded fair cash prices, and, indeed, so far as we are 600 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. concerned ourselves, were it not for the murmurings of complaints from abroad, which will always meet with a sympathetic response from generous bosoms, we should hardly know there was any distress existing in the land." In 1841, a contraction in the currency led to a financial panic throughout the West. In 1843, recovery was speedy, and, with an unwonted elasticity, affairs resumed tlieir wonted chan- nel. The final crisis, in 1857, was borne with the same ease that distinguished the county in previous financial convulsions, and the citizens emerged from the panic with unshaken confiilence in home monetary institutions. FIRST ROADS AND HIGHWAYS. The advancement of the mineral interests of the lead region, were the almost insu" perable obstacles encountered in the transportation of ore to shipping-points, and receiv ing. in return, merchandise. The highways were merely blazed tracks through the wilder- ness, which were at times rendered impassable by storms of rain and snow. The shortest exist- ing route from Milwaukee to Helena and Mineral Point, was by way of Green Bay, and thence up the Fox River and down the Wisconsin River. No attempt, be it ever so feeble, was made to ameliorate the passage by reducing grades or macadamizing the boggy sections of the road. Old corduroy roads were constructed in the more densely settled regions, but, in the trunk roads run- ning to Galena and Milwaukee, the freighter was obliged to feel his way with every precaution in his power. The streams were unbridged, necessitating circuitous voyages to reach fording places. In the springtime, when the streams and water-courses were swollen with the dissolved snows of a winter's accumulation, and filled with running ice-cakes, the teamster's life was in imminent peril. The clumsy ox-team and cumbersome wagon of antique mold, were the only means of carriage, and for weeks these vehicles, with their patient tractive power, toiled and labored through a desolate region, untenanted by man, and through an impenetrable depth of " forest primeval." A story, aptly illustrating the difficulties that environed early traveling, is related by Hon. Henry Merrell, who started from Mineral Point on March 21, 1837, for a trip to Chicago, where he arrived on the 26th inst. " One season," he says, " I arrived at Mineral Point on my way to New York, and found Messrs. M. M. Strong and John Catlin were going to Chicago, and they proposed we should all go together and strike a straight line for that place. We started and went to the East Branch of the Pecatonica, and found it full of running ice. So we con- cluded to encamp there, as we always went prepared with our blankets, etc., for it ; and, the next morning, we could build a raft and float our baggage over. In the morning, we cut down a small pine-tree and made two stringers of it, and picked up some dry limbs, putting them across ; but we found it would not hold up our saddles. ' Well,' said Mr. Strong, ' we can swim our horses across twice, and so get our baggage across,' and he prep'iired himself, putting his papers in his hat, and swam his horse across. Leaving his hat on the opposite shore, he returned. By this time he shook like an aspen leaf We rolled him up in blankets, and he lay down by the fire, trying to get us to try it, but we declined. I told him I could swim ray horse across once, but I would not try it twice, and the only way for us was to go by the West Branch and around by Rockford. After urging us until he found it no use, and getting warmed up, he mounted his horse and went over and got his hat and papers. Returning, we mounted and rode over to the West Branch. There we got a canoe, and, putting our baggage in, swam our horses over by passing several times ; thence we went to Rockford. One night we came to what we supposed was a ravine full of water running from the prairie. Strong was on the lead. I, watching his horse closely, thought he stepped as though there was a causeway he was going over. Catlin said to me, ' Here is a narrow place, I believe I will try it.' I answered, • I see Strong has got over very well, I will follow him,' which I did, and Catlin followed me. But a little further on we came to a house we were to stay at overnight. When we rode up, a man asked us which way we came, and how we got over the bridge ; we told him we had not crossed any : when he said if we had gone ten feet either side, we would have plunged into thirty feet of water. Strong tells the story that our horses crossed the stringers, the bridge being carried HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 501 off. We had a great deal of sport on the way, and I don't think either of us will ever forget the journey." As early as 1840, I. A. Lapham, State Surveyor, alluding to the inconveniences attendant on the transportation of mineral from the mining districts, writes: " The great object which it is most desirable to attain, by works of internal improvement in Wisconsin, is the transportation of the 5.5.000,000 pounds of lead, copper and shot produced in the mines in the western part of the Territory, and adjacent portions of Iowa and Illinois, to the shores of Lake Michigan, and the supply of that ' mineral district ' with merchandise by way of the great lakes. This, and the transportation of the surplus agricultural products of the intermediate country to market, and the supply of goods to the interior population, it is believed, can be best accomplished by means of a railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi River, a work entirely practicable. For want of this improvement, the products of the mineral country have been transported to the Mississippi River, and, thence by way of New Orleans and New York, back to Mil- waukee, 150 miles from where it was produced. It is calculated that, in this way, the citizens of the mineral country have actually lost in useless transportation of their products, a sum which would be sufficient to construct this road. The cost of transporting lead by wagons from Mineral Point to Milwaukee in the summer, when the drivers can sleep in their wagons, and their cattle can find an abundance of feed on the open prairie, is about 50 cents per 100 pounds. At other seasons, it varies from 50 cents to $1 per 100 pounds. At this lowest rate, the fifty-five millions of pounds, if carried on a rail- road, would yield an income of $275,000 per annum, which would be sufficient to pay the whole cost of the railroad in a few years. But, if we take into account the increase of business conse- quent upon this improvement, the merchandise that would be carried in return, the agricultural and other products that would be transported on tlie road, and the toll derived from passengers, we cannot resist the belief that this prospect is one that must soon attract the attention of capi- talists, even if the people of Wisconsin should not exert themselves mucli to accomplish so desir- able an improvement." The above and subsequent treatises on the normal wealth of this country, induced capitalists to visit the much-lauded Golconda of riches. Their visits bore fruit in after years, when various lines of railroad were projected and carried through to completion. The principal lines are those of the Chicago & Tomah Railroad, the Chicago & Galena Narrow- Gauge line, the Belmont & Dubuque Railroad, and the main arteries that enter the mineral dis- trict — the Mineral Point Railroad, and the Milwaukee >& Madison line which traverses this county from northeast to southwest. Now the swiftly gliding locomotive has revolutionized the commerce of the land, and the once solemn and impressive forests reverberate with the whistle and whirl of the express train as it rapidly speeds on toward the metropolitan cities, bearing its burdens of life and death, hopes, joys and multifarious passions. The slowly throbbing freight train has displaced the patient oxen, and now bears to the markets of the world the val- uable ores fresh from their clayey or rocky beds. CHRONICLES OF THE CHOLERA, '49 AND '50. The Asiatic cholera fiirst visited the Southwest in 1849 and 1850, and ravaged the country with a violence unequaled in medical history. All the horrors of the celebrated London plague, were reproduced with manifold sufferings. The populace was panic-stricken, and people fled in every direction, with but a single thought — escape — controlling their fugitive footsteps. Parents forsook their offspring, and children abandoned their suffering parents. All order was set at defiance, and an inchoate justice dictating self-preservation, governed the actions and feelings of the survivors. Every man for himself, and Dieu pour tous was the egotistical voice of selfish utterances. Hamlets ami the smaller burgs were depopulated in the panic. The smiling fields off'ered an inviting asylum to the refugees, who swarmed into the more healthful sections, and camped on the open prairie, free from the deadly miasma, the inevitable forerunner of the disease. In the cities and villages, the air was odorous of a thousand disinfectants, and a pall of gloom 502 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. and mourning enshrouded the inhabitants in a reserve that bespoke sore bereavement. The fetid atmosphere of tlie hoHows and ravines breathed the mephitic organism of the charnel house, and permeated the system with a penetration that sank into the vitals. Synonymous almost with the gold fever, the dual effect was palpable in the attenuated ranks that flocked the busy marts of trade. Between the two fires, all bu.siness was at a standstill, and the disheartened people, rela.xing courage, offered unrestricted freedom for the inroads of insidious disease. The Asiatic cholera first appeared in New York City in the spring of 1849, having been communicated by some emigrants, whose condition escaped the glance of the quarantine officers. From the metropolitan city, the disease overran the Southern States, and, following the course of the Mississippi, was imparted to that fertile and hygienic region called the valley of the Missis- sippi. There, the fell destroyer insinuated itself through the low-lying districts in ravines and hollows, to the lead region. Man's influence, combined with the most powerful agencies of science, were thwarted in every opposing move. Unchecked, the plague swept forward, to the dismay and consternation of physicians. From Galena, the germs of contagion were spread to White Oak Springs, thence to Highland. In the latter place, the havoc was terrible, and the citizens were mowed down by the unsparing scythe of death, with a rapidity that opened many a gaping swath in the community. In less than three weeks, sixty-nine deaths were recorded, when the malady disappeared, in the same unaccountable manner as it appeared. In Mineral Point, the advent of the dread messenger was heralded by the sudden sickness and appalling demise of Mrs. Phillip Bennet, who lived on Hoard street, and John Prideau.x, Sr. These deaths occurred June 29, 1849. Both cases were superinduced by imprudence in over- heating the system, and sudden strictures occasioned by imbibing ice-cold drinks. Mrs. Bennet manifested symptoms of cholera at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Medical assistance was summoned, and the usual antidotes administered. They were powerless to avert death, which carried off its first victim within twelve hours. Mrs. Bennet left five children in destitution. The second case, that of Prideaux, Sr., developed under the following circumstances : Prideaux had been mining, working in a close sultry atmosphere all day, until every muscle and fiber in the body was debili- tated. In this super-heated condition, he returned home, and retired to a cool underground spring house, where he drank a glass of ice-cold buttermilk, and almost instantly comi)Iained of intense pain in the abdomen. This attack was followed by acute diarrhcea, and before four hours had elapsed a second victim was enumerated among the fatal cases of cholera. To attempt to trace the con- tagion, would be futile. A commensurate understanding of the dreadful epidemic can only bo entertaineil by those who manfully withstood the storm, and waited in chastened patience for the silver lining to the cloud of their discontent. The first case that disturbed the halcyon repose of the rc-^^idents of Dodgeville, occurred in Norway Hollow, three miles east of the village. Mrs. Eaton first succumbed, and her fate was only the first of a powerful host, who followed her to an untimely grave. The majority of incipient cases were relieved when medical precautions were wisely fol- lowed ; but, when the physical powers had collapsed, and the case was attended with corru- gated surface, the patient's fate was sealed. He or she was doomed to die. The first premoni- tory symptom was acute diarrhoea, which, in those days of plague, was considered an infallible indication of the germs of contagion in the system. The favorite specific administered was a compound of laudanum, tincture of camphor, and pepper, or a very little opiate. Brandy was sparingly doled out by the physicians, but copiously assimilated by the majority of citizens, who considered this liquor the best antiseptic. It is a noteworthy fact that the greatest tippler in Mineral Point — a certain peripatetic whiksy-barrel, facetiously termed the " Coinrao lore " — escaped unscathed. His filthy habits were, notoriously, town gossip ; yet, notwithstanding his constant exposure, day and night, to the fury of the elements, his fondness for an oozy couch in the gutter, and general disregard for sanitary rules, he emerged from the plague unshorn of his physical powers. In contradistinc- tion are numerous cases where men of strong temperance proclivities, refusing to stimulate their sluggish blood with the proffered cordial, sank to the grave. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 503 THE SECOND VISITATION, '51. In 1851, the cholera returned with redoubled vigor, and decimated households and communi- ties. Those who, on the first visitation, had braved an attack, now fled, terror-stricken ; but the country homes and farmers' residences offered no protection, as the doors were resolutely closed to all intruders. Wingville, in Grant County, was first assailed. Cholera appeared there in a rambling rookery, originally intended for a miners' boarding-house. When the mines were exhausted, the miners removed, and the building was converted into a tenement-house. Under the house was a large excavation, or cellar, used by the tenants in common to bestow the refuse and gar- bage of the various households. One day, after a furious summer shower, the cellar was inun- dated, and the decomposed vegetable matter floated around on the surface. Under the indirect heat of the sun's rays, the fetid mass emitted an overpowering odor, that assailed olfactory or- gans at a considerable distance. The miasma was perceived on Saturday afternoon, and, on that night, several of the inmates were attacked with cholera. A special messenger was dispatched for medical help, to Dodgeville. Dr. Sibley responded, in hot haste, to the urgent call, but, before he arrived, six patients had paid the debt of nature. Dr. Sibley, irrelevant of his personal safety, remained in the tenement, eating and sleeping there, and constantly breathing the vitiated air. His compassionate soul was stirred with the heart-rending scene, and he exerted himself strenuously to mitigate the suffering and alleviate the dying pangs. Under this incessant mental and bodily strain, his constitution weak- ened, and afforded a foothold for the insidious disease, and lie finally resolved to return home with a lady companion, Mrs. Storms. In passing through Montfort, Wis., he was accosted from Beemer's tavern, and, on solicitation, parted with his last quantity of medicine — a very efficacious remedy, of which he alone possessed the secret. On nearing Dodgeville, when within three miles of the village, Dr. Sibley began to feel faint. Mrs. Storms called to some men em- ployed shingling an adjacent house, to succor the Doctor. They lifted him tenderly out of his buggy and carried him into the house, where he expired in a few minutes, a martyr to his pro- fession. The date of his death was August 23, 1851. The malady extended from Grant County to Highland, where it did terrible execution, killing sixty-nine persons within a month, and driving nearly all of the citizens and both doctors out of the place. A sanitary committee was organized, under the management of Amasa Cobb. Bonfires were kept burning, cannons fired off regularly, and disinfectants used in profusion ; but to no avail ; nothing could stay the ravages of the fearful messenger of death. The first case at Mineral Point, in the second year, was that of a man and his wife from Dodgeville, who had come to pay a friendly visit to some relatives living on the high hill near the mill. They arrived on Saturday night, and were buried on the next day. Among those who labored earnestly in their profession and maintained a vigilant watch while their professional brethren were fleeing the doomed country, were Drs. Van Dusen and J. H. Vivian, of Mineral Point, and Dr. Burrell, of Dodgeville. On May 8, 1851, Eber Polk, Samuel Thomas and P. W. Thomas, J. P., organized under Chapter 26, of the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin, as a Board of Health of Mineral Point. The effect of this organization was soon apparent in the purified alleys and cleansed sewers, and the removal of nuisances which no longer saluted the eye with an offensive display, or greeted the nostrils with a redundant rancidity. Following is a diary kept during the cholera, which, although not professing to mention one-fourth of the fatalities, covers the progress of the contagion in Mineral Point and locality : June 2y, 1849 — Two fatal cases of cholera. Mrs. Phillip Bennet, on Hoard street, was taken with cholera at 3 A. M., Wednesday, which terminated fatally in twelve hours. John Prideaux, Sr., aged thirty, attacked at 1 P. M., Wednesday — fatal in eleven hours. Medical assistance not obtained until the evening. June 4 — Richard Burnett died at Diamond Grove, after returning from St. Louis. 604 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. August 10 — Twelve have died of cholera ; 20th — Death of Mrs. Laurancy, wife of Gardner Lamps, and of Arran J. Minor, a brother-in-law of Mrs. Lamps; 27th — death of Joseph James ; 28th — Mrs. Joseph James. Mrs. Catherine Wasley; 30tli — Richard Crocker, Sr., Mrs. Eliza Mcllhon, Johnson Smith, Mrs. William Lancaster, James Richardson, Mrs. Mary Gunderson, Luke Swayne and wife, Nicholas Curry and three chihlren. June 25, 1859 — Josiah Marks, from Dodgeville ; 30th — A woman and child from Dodgeville, name not given. August 5 — Mrs. Elizabeth Meadows, Dr. David Ross, John Thomas. Amelia Nebeldine ; 6th — Mrs. Thompson, Mr. Hamilton; 17th — An unknown child; 10th — Mr. Allen; 13th — Rachel Meadows; 14th — Elizabeth Smith; loth — J. Ramsay, J. Oleson ; 16th-^A child of Phillip Eaton; 19th— A child of Mr. Troy, a Galena teamster ; 20th — Mrs. Dr. Ross, Mrs. Hoskins ; 21st — An unknown Charley, confectioner ; 22d — Frank Healey, Luke Avery, Josejih, a colored man; 23d — Thomas Stuzaker, a child of Mr. Oats; 24th — Two children of Mr. Tomp- kins; 25th — An unknown German; 27th — William Thomas; 28th — James L. Vance, Mi's. Hornbrook, Mr. Jacka ; 29th — An unknown German, J. Garreta Pulford; 30th — Mr. Schen- oneh, Elizabeth Tompkins and two children ; 31st — Mrs. Murrish, an unknown miner. September 1 — Mrs. E. Harris; 2d — Thomas Terrill,Sr.; 3d — A son of William Thomas; 5th — Mr. E. Phillips, Mr. Harris; 8th — Cromwell Lloyd: lOth — A child of Joseph Lampshire, a child of Ed Prideaux ; 11th — Mrs. John Champion; lOth — Richard Gundry; 17th — A son of R. Gundry, Thomas Riddell; 21st — Mrs. Ann Pryor; 27th — Three children of Abraham Golds- worthy; 28th — A child of Edward Cornish, Charles Nauveldon. William Edwards, a child of Thomas Vincent, Thomas Hambley. L.4ND SWINDLING SCHEMES. During the Territorial days, and even for many years after, land speculation and swindling of all kinds ran rampant. Various devices for entrapping the unwary into purchasing valueless lands, were the most common as well as profitable methods of fleecing the uninitiated. The lands were graded according to their relative value for farming or mining purposes, at prices ranging from 50 cents up to $1.25 per acre. Some rogue would come along and enter the very cheap- est that he could get, which was always at the best very poor, then, with his patent in his pocket, he would repair to some Eastern city professing to be a business man, desirous of making a pur- chase of goods for the Western trade or to take into the mineral regions, where he owned large quantities of very valuable land, which, as a matter of course, he desired to exchange or to use as security in part, at least, for his purchases. This ruse was very often successful ; but the worst feature of these affairs was that those who ordinarily made such e.xchanges, were people who wanted to obtain lands "out West" to live upon, and who were thus, in some instances, stripped of everything they had, for. in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, the lands were utterly untillable, or, if they were tillable, they would not even raise beans. Another trick very often attempted and sometimes successful, was in this wise : A stranger ■would come into the country and announce his intention to purchase land. No sooner did it become known what his object was, than he received numerous attentions both from rogues and honest men, who were anxious to show him around and assist him to make a desirable selection. If he was so unfortunate as to fall into the hands of a "professional," his fiite was very likely sealed. He would be "dined and wined " and marched around to his heart's content, and would be shown the very best land in the country, nearly all of which was sure to belong to his guide, or to have been placed in his hands for sale. But, as said guide was very desirous of having the country settled up by men of enterprise and intelligence, he would sacrifice personal interest and let the land go at the nominal price of §1.25 per acre, or what Uncle Sam charged. Ac- cordingly, where a sale was effected, a deed would be drawn or contract entered into, for certain lands which were, of coarse, numbered to suit the man of intrigue, and represented 50-cent land. Then our artful swindler would have a few preliminaries to settle before the business w.is •concluded, which would cause some delay, but the purchaser could, if he desired to do so, find a ^ as&i?s^;,_ ''tfs-^ k MINEF^AL POINT, HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 507 safe place of deposit for his money until the business was concluded, so that a perfect title to the land could be given. The titles were usually all right, but alas for the lands, when the buyer " looked where they was they was not there." Of land speculators there were very many, who, beginning with a little money, realized be- fore the harvest was over handsome fortunes. Their business was done on an eminently safe plan ; but, in the majority of cases, it was no less a swindle than any other robbery. A poor man would come into the country and look around until he found a desirable location. Then he would make a pre-emption claim, and " trust to luck " to pull through and pay for it. Often this would commence the struggle for bread and for a home, which generally found him at the end of his year just where he began. The next thing to be done was to obtain aid. Having made some improvements, this was an easy matter ; all that he had to do was to go to the capi- talist, let him enter the land, he giving a bond for a deed when the purchase money and a liberal interest was paid, according to the conditions of the contract. The programme being settled, the next thing to be done by the capitalist was to make the entry, which, in nearly every case, was done with soldiers' land-warrants purchased at one-fourth or less than that of their value. In doing this, the speculator ran no risk, nor indeed did he feel it at all necessary to go and look at the land, for in no case would a person be willing to improve and run in debt for worth- less land. In the event, if the land was redeemed, well and good, the land merchant would make at the least 400 or 500 per cent on his investment. Otherwise, equally well and good, for he would have the land which was certain to be as good as any to be obtained. Many other schemes for making money out of the ignorant or unsuspicious were in vogue at that time, but those spoken of were the most notorious and generally successful. So it is that villainy fattens on the labors of honorable industry. CHAPTER V. Official Rkcouds— La Fayette and Montgomery Counties— State Government and Sub. SEQUENT Reforms— Past ant) Present County Buildings— Judicial Districts and First Cases— The County Seat War — County Poor House and Farm. official records. Iowa County, one of the original sections of Wisconsin Territory, was organized by an act of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan, approved October 29, 1829, to go into operation on the ensuing January. The area embraced all of the present State of Wiscon- sin south of the Wisconsin River and west of a line drawn due north from the northern bound- ary of Illinois through the middle of the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. Samuel W. Beale and Louis Grignon. of Brown County, and Joseph M. Street, of Crawford County, were nominated, in the same act, Commissioners to select the county seat of the new county. They were required to perform the duty on or before January 1, 1830, and file their written decision with the County Clerk, and the place designated by them was to become the county seat. A stipulation in the act provided that, in the event of the Commissioners not making any return, then the county seat was to be temporarily established at Mineral Point. The county was divided into five precincts, for voting purposes, which were known as Pecatonica, Blue Mound, Fever River, Platte and Wisconsin. The report of the Commissioners is not on file; consequently, it is not generally known that the town of their choice was old Helena, a settlement, which, at one time, gave promise of speedy development. The first session of the County Court was held here, but, owing to the paucity of the population, it was impossible to procure a full panel of jurors. The Judge was James Duane Doty ; Warner Lewis acted as Clerk. The court was convened by J. P. Cox, as Sheriff, and, in the absence of jurors, was immediately adjourned. The case recorded for trial was a breach of martial law. The county seat was then transferred to Min- eral Point, the center of the mining district, which teemed with life and industry. The first meeting of the Board of Supervisors was held in May, 1830. Owing to the absence of the official records, the nature of the business transacted by them becomes a mere matter of con- jecture. They evidently appointed, as Clerk, John L. Chasten, whose name figures subsequently in a discharge for dereliction of duty, in not attending the sessions of the board. M. G. Fitch was appointed in his stead. The sum of $11 was voted James Scantlin for the use of his house during the October terra of the Circuit Court. At the October session, a log cabin was pur- chased of G. B. Cole, of Mineral Point, wherein to incarcerate all malevolent individuals whose conduct rendered them amenable to the Territorial laws. The munificent sum of ^/iO was paid for this, the first county jail. The calaboose, which was nothing but a rude hut, was in an advanced stage of dilapidation, requiring immediate repairs, which were executed at a cost of ^50 — equal to the purchase money. Jonas Meirs was awarded the contract, and W. W. Wood- bridge was allowed $1 for a plan of the repairs. Thomas McCraney presented his bill for §50, for services in transporting the laws of the Territory from Green Bay to Mineral Point. Payment was refused, and a resolution was adopted characterizing the charge as excessive and exorbitant. Among the very earliest appointments was a Sheriff, James P. Cox having first discharged the obligations of that office in consideration for certain perquisites. At the session of the board that occurred in April, 1831, the representatives in attendance were Robert C. Hoard, of Pecatonica Township, Isaac Martin, of Wisconsin, and James Mur- phey, of Fever River. Blue Mounds District did not elect a Supervisor. A majority being HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. -",09 present, they resolved themselves into a court and proceeded to business. This was the first session of the board that made any pretensions to regularity in the method of procedure, and we are to presume the county affairs were conducted with a gravity and deliberative ceremony com- mensurate with the onerous duties devolving on the three. The County Treasurer's report was received, audited and adopted, but, as to what was the source of revenue, how much or how little, no clew is afforded. It was resolved that licenses be issued to applicants to enable them to law- fully retail spirituous liquors, or to retail merchandise. The license was to be signed by the Supervisors and attested by the Clerk, wiio was instructed to make out forty copies forthwith. Rigid economy must have prevailed in those early times, which is rendered all the more glar- ing when contrasted with the lawless extravagance of our degenerate days. All bills were pro- tested in a manner that must have sorely tested the amiability of the creditors. A Sheriff'"s bill for Jailer's expenses at §15 dollars a month, was denounced as exorbitant. Samuel W. Beale, who was appointed by the Legislature as one of the Commissioners to locate the county seat, presented a bill for $100 compensation for forty days' services. The amount was reduced to $G5, and paid. For transcribing the original county records from loose sheets of paper and fur- nishing a book for the same, M. G. Fitch was rewarded with $4. With a modesty worthy of imitation, the Supervisors only allow^ed themselves remuneration at 75 cents a day. In 1831, they awarded the contract for constructing a new jail to John Brown, for the sum of §5.38, George B. Cole going security. The jail was to be located on the north side of a lot of land occupied by James Scantlin, in Mineral Point. In August of the same year, the precinct of Grant was attached to Platte for electoral purposes. The first legal services were rendered to the board by John Turney, who received $10 for representing the county in a disputed tax case in the Circuit Court. The administration of the civil laws was attended with measures that would now be stigma- tized as barbarous, but which, in the early era of a new country, were essential to the safety of life and limb. Among the artful devices for suppressing rebellious instincts in unruly prisoners were the stocks, an inseparable adjunct of every well-regulated jail. On inspecting the new house of detention, the Supervisors noted the absence of iron stocks, and therefore refused to accept the building from the contractor. The want was supplied in two weeks, when the work was approved. The assessment roll for 1831 aggregated $58,777, and it was ordered that a tax of 1 per cent be levied in addition to a poll tax of .f 1 per head, to which 480 persons were liable. A penurious feeling governed all the actions of the board, which permeated all branches of tlie administration, and secured to the tax-payers at least a reduction of assessments. Costly jus- tice, with its many channels for extravagance, was mastered and rendered subservient to the pre- vailing rule, as shown by a resolution allowiig Robert Dougherty 93J cents for trying and com- mitting William Dolby and Michael Bushey. During the excitement attendant on the Black Hawk war, the jail at Mineral Point was razed to supply timber for constructing Fort Jackson. For this act of its officers, the Federal Government compensated the county by paying $18.80. By an act of the Sixth Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan, approved Sep- tember G, 1834, the eastern bnundary of Iowa County was changed to the principal meridian dividing the Green Bay and Wisconsin Districts. This gave Iowa County a strip of territory three miles wide and on its eastern side, and constituted what is now the range line between Ranges 9 and 10, the boundary line on the cast. The first census was taken in 1835, when the following officers canvassed the accompany- ing districts : Levi Sterling, Pi'catonica; Stephen Goff" and Henry Messersmith, Wisconsin; Josc])li R. Vineyard, Platte; M. G. Fitch, I due Mounds, and Orris Mc(_"artney for Grant. The illicifsale of wiiisky (at twenty cents a gallon) proving a fruitful source of annoyance to all law-abidinj; citizens, the Supervisors at their April session undertook to repress its sale, or, at least, to confine it to licensed vendors. As they could not abolish the sale of liquors, they 510 HISTORY OF iOWA COUNTY. made a virtue out of a necessity, and proscribed grocers, or merchants other than saloon-keep- ers, from vending the ardent. The proscription was completely ignored, if the following pre- amble and resolution, adopted December 29, 1835, is to be credited : Whereas, The resolution of the Boanl of Supervisors H'lopted April, 1835, has failed to produce the iDlended effect of suppressing the sale of ardent spirits by persons other than licensed tavern-keepers, be it therefore Resolved, That from and after the 1st day of .January, 1836, licenses be granted for the keepers of groceries for one year at the rate of $32 in addition to a trader's license, when goods or merchandise other than spirits are sold, anything in the resolution referred to, to the contrary notwithstanding. The generous and benevolent spirit in which the evil was accepted as one of the necessities of life must have won for the promoters of the resolution the heartfelt respect of the community, as ever after, the .spirit, if not the letter of the law was observed. The first Coroner's allowance appears in favor of J. II. Gentry, who was rewarded with the sum of §15 for holding inquisi- tions on the bodies of Edward J. Chaney and a Menomonee Indian, whose complex cognomen must have defied the efforts of early scribes to engross, as the name does not appear in the vouchers. This year, the township of Grant, now Fever River, made default in not organizing by the election of officers, and consequently they were annexed respectively to the townships of Wisconsin and Pecatonica. The act establishing the Territorial Government of Wisconsin, approved by Congress April 20, 1836, divided the Territory into three counties — Brown, Iowa and Crawford. These were the original counties embraced within its borders. Brown County included all the country east of a line drawn due north and south through the portage, between the Wisconsin and Neenah Rivers. Iowa embraced all west of that line, and south of the Wisconsin River. Crawford occupied all the remainder, or all west of that line, and north of the Wisconsin River. These boundaries are given to allow the reader to more correctly realize the radical changes that have re-organized the original Territory, and established over a score of counties. Under the Territorial law, the County Treasurer was obliged to give bonds of §4,000, as security for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office. At the first election for county officers under the new law, the following precincts were represented. Mineral Point, Diamond Grove, Dodge- ville, Helena, Willow Springs, Wiota, Madison, Blue Mounds, Belmont, Blue River, Fever River, Buncomb, White Oak Springs, Gratiot's Grove, Elk Grove and Skinners. By an act of the first Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved Dec. 8. 1836, Iowa County, was divided and re-organized. That portion lying west of the Fourth Principal Meridian was set off" as Grant County. All that part lying east of the range line between Ranges 5 and 6 east, was attached to Green and Dane Counties. The balance of the old county of Iowa was ■constituted a new county, still retaining the same name. By the same act, the county seat was located at Mineral Point. After the organization of Wisconsin Territory and the rehabilitation of Iowa County, the first meeting of tiie Board of Commissioners was held at Mineral Point April 2, 1838. William A. Deering, Robert C. Hoard and Francis C. Kirkpatrick were present and were administered the oath of office. Oliver P. Williams was elected clerk. At this meeting, Abner Nichols was appointed to examine the court house and determine what repairs were necessary to render the building suitable for habitation. The repairs were of a very comprehensive nature, and their demand reflected but little credit on the builder. They were described in a report as given herewith : " Lath and plaster all around and overheud. Be- low to be weather-boarded with one-inch furrow lines, put on with strong spikes. Buttoned shutters to be hung on the upper windows. Ceiled overhead ; ceiling to be matched. Walls to be lathed and plastereil, and lined with chair boards. The lower room to be supplied with a neat bar anil jury benches and boxes." The County Clerk and District Court Clerk were ordered to secure suitaTile apartments at Mineral Point. An application to lease the court house for school purposes was made. On Septeu:ber 10, 1838, the first recorded election was held. The number of votes cast was 832. I HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 511 William Sublette was elected Treasurer, John Bracken, Collector, and J. D. G.Fenelon, Clerk of the board. The Court of Record was the Territorial District Court, and Charles Dunn was the Presiding Judge. The old Territorial road was the first, and, for a long time, remained the only highway through the county until in 1838 roads were surveyed and laid out between Mineral Point and Willow Springs; from Mineral Point to the Territorial road, connecting Blue Mounds and White Oak Springs, intersecting it later at Bedford. From 1838, the country was invaded by an army of settlers and miners, for whose wants roads were ramified through every section of the county. The first toll bridge was built by Jamieson Hamilton over the Pecatonica, in the vicinity of his house, where the Blue Mounds Territorial road crossed the stream in Section 3, Town 2, Range 3 east. He was accorded the privilege, on paying to the County Board the cost of the bridge, plus 10 per cent. Mr. Hamilton controlled the traffic at this point until 1846, when he disposed of all his rights and transferred the bridge to the county for $150. By an enactment of the Territorial Legislature, approved February 18, 1842, Richland County was erected and temporarily attached to the county of Iowa, for all county and judicial purposes. The same act authorized the Commissioners of Iowa County, to assess all the real and personal property of its protege which had been assessed in Crawford County, and collect the same as provided by law. Abner Nichols, James Murphy and John Ray were appointed Commissioners to locate the county .seat. The second section of the act authorizing the Assessors of Iowa County to assess personal property, was repealed in 1845. In 1843, three additional polling-places were set off, namely. Porter's Grove, Gratiot and Richland. The precinct of Fretwell's Diggings was set off in 1844. In accordance with the statutes of Wisconsin, the county was divided into three assessing districts, as follows : District 1, Ranges 1 and 2, Moses Whiteside, Assessor ; District 2 to comprise Range 3 and the west half of Range 5 and west half of Range 4, assigned to Samuel Davis ; District 3 to comprise the east half of Ranges 4 and 5, assigned to Joel C. Landrum to assess. This year, the first map of Iowa County was drafted by Leander Judson, County Surveyor. He disposed of it to the County Board for $50. By an act of the Fourth Territorial Legislature, the fall term of the District Court was fi.xed for the fourth Monday in October, and the spring term for the first Monday in March. LA FAYETTE AND MONTGOMERY COUNTIES. By an act of the Legislature, entitled "An Act to Divide the County of Iowa and Estab- lish the Counties of La Fayette and Montgomery," approved January 31, 1846, the county was divided. The enactment reads as follows : SECTroN 1. That Towns 1. 2 ami 3, of Ranges 1. 2, .3, 4 and 5, east of the Fourth Principal Meridian, and .Sections I'.l. 20, 21, 22, 2:?, 24, 25, 20, 27, 28, 29, M), SI, ?,2, :V,. .34, 35 and 3i;, in Town 4, of Ranges 1, 2, 8, 4 and 5 east, shall conslilule and lorni a county to be called La Fayette. That all that tract of country lying south of the Wisconsin River, in Towns .5, 6, 7, 8 and 0, in Ranges 1. 2 3, 4 and .5 east, of the Fourtli Principal Meriilian. ami in Sections 1, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 13, 14, lo. IG, 17 and 18, in Town 4, of Ranges 1, 2, 3, 4 and "j cast, shall constitute and form a county to he called Montgomery. Sec 3. The County ("ominissioners of the county of lowii are hereby uilhorired and empowered to burrow at a rate of interest not exceeding 10 per cent per annum, the sum of $2(tD. and with the money so borrowed the said County Commissioners shall, by the Isi day of May next, select and enter or purchase one quarter-section of Ian I in Section 9 or Section 10, or in the south half of .Sections 3 or 4, or in the north half of Section !•"), in Town 2 of Range 3 east, and the quarter-section thus selected a d entered or purchased shall be the county seat of La Fayette, and. if this act shall be adopted by the people, as hereinafter provided, then the said quarter-section shall be and remain the properly of said county of La Fayette, and, in consideration thereof, the said county of La Fayette shall be and become liable to p^y said loan according to the tenor, terms and considerations on which the same shall be made, and, if this act shall not be adopted by the people in the manner hereinafter provided, then said quarter-section shall be and remain tlie property of the present county of Iowa, and the said county of Iowa shall be and become liable to pay said loan according to the tenor, terms and conditions on which the same shall be maile. Sec. 4. The County Commissioners of the county of Iowa are hereby authorized to borrow, at a rate of interest not exceeding 10 percentum per annum, an additional sum of >;200. with which they shall, by the first day of May next, select ami enter, or purchase, a quarter-section of land in .Sections 21, 22 or 15, in Town of Range 3 east, and the quarter-section thus selected and entered, or purchased, shall be the county seal of Montgomery County, and, if this act shall be adopte<^ by the people in the manner hereinafter provided, the said quarter-section in Town 6, of Range 512 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 3 east, shall be ami remain the jiroperly of said county of Monlgnmery, ami in considei^tion thereof Ihe said county of M'lntgoinery sliall be and become liable to pay last aforesai"! loan, according to the tenor, terms and conditions on which the same shall lie mmle, ami if this act shall not be adopied by the people in the manner hereinafter provided, then said quarter-section .shall be an— Election Retitrxs— Ciiaxoe of Contractors— More Funds Raised and Road Completed —The First Train Company Re-oroamzed. COMPANY CHARTER, PROJECTED ROUTES. The Mineral Point Railroad Company was incorporated April 17, 18o2. under the general laws of the State of Wisconsin, Chapter 415 The incorporators were Francis Vivian. Parley Eaton, Francis J. Dunn, Cyrus Woodman, John Bracken. A. W. Comfort Henry Koop and John Milton, of Iowa County. Samuel Cole, Charles H. Lamar, John W. Blackstone, H. P. Ladd. Edward H. Gratiot, Charles Dunn, James H. Knowlton and Joseph W. Brewster, of La Fayette County. The charter authorized the issue of capital stock to the amount of 3aOO,000, divided into 5,000 shares of 3100 each. The route of the projected railroad was optional, subject to a decis- ion of the shareholders, but was specifically to run from Mineral Point in either of the Towns No. 1 north, of the base line and east of the Fourth Principal Meridian in La Fayette or Green Counties. On June 5, 1852, a meeting was held in Mineral Point to decide on the most feasible route for the railroad. Parley Eaton was nominated Chairman, and G. D. Wilber, Secretary. A committee, consisting of the following names, was appointed to consider the question : John Bracken, L S. Allen, James Noble, Cyrus Woodman, George W. Bliss, Theodore Rodolf, Patrick O'Dowd, Francis Vivian, Samuel Jenkins, Jr., H. Van Dusen, Thomas S. Ansley. Peter Toay, James Hutchinson, John H. Vivian, Edward Coade, Levi Sterling, H. M. Billings, Amasa Cobb and George Goldthorp. The meeting then adjourned without taking any further action. The railroad was projected under a ravishing prospectus, which, in figures of indubitable accuracy, outlined a brilliant futuie for the road. As a means of inter-communication with Interior Wisconsin and the mining regions, the line would, in all probability at no very distant day, assume the dignity and profits of a trunk line, which, after a period of incubation, was to extend from Wisconsin's metropolis — Milwaukee — to the turbid waters of the Mississippi. With a positive El Dorado of wealth opening before them, few citizens of Iowa County heeded the be- hests of sober consideration, but plunged wildly into the scheme ; not in a rash, speculative frenzy, but in a spirit of honest investment. In two weeks, §40,000 in stock were subscribed, and, in conformity with the charter, the first officers were elected. They were John B. Terry, President; David Morrison and John Loof borrow. Vice Presidents; Josiah B. Chaney, Secre- tary; and John H. Vivian, Assistant Secretary. In a letter to this temporary board, Moses M. Strong, a strong adherent of the project, as- sumed the privilege of advancing a few suggestions affecting the future well-being of the enter- prise. He submitted estimates illustrating the feasibility of building and equipping the roa' MINEF^AL POirJT. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY . 525 excavation could not be found in the State, and it was considered probable that by a judicious survey, many bridges and culverts could be avoided. Allowing for a heavy trail of fifty-eight pounds to the yard, it was estimated that the cost of construction would not exceed $12,000 per mile ; $8,000 was allowed for equipment, comput- ing the distance from Mineral Point to the State line at thirty-two miles; the cost on the original estimate would equal $480,000, exclusive of the cost of a preliminary survey, calculated at $1,000. In payment for construction, it was proposed to grant the contractor $4,000 per mile in cash, $8,000 first-lien bonds, and $3,000 in stock. The receipts from freight, passengers, etc., were estimated at $58,67;"), based on the theory that the net cost of transporting freight was one cent a ton per mile, and passengers at three- fourths of a cent for the same distance. Takiug 22,000 tons of freight annually, al a net profit of $6.60 per ton $.35,200 Fifty passengers per day, for thirty-one days, @ "5 cents each 23,47-5 .\nnual net income $-58,675 Deduct interest of bonds for |12-50,000 20,480 Total $38,195 This would leave an income of 16.6 per cent, based on a paid-up stock of $128,000, and $96,000 in the hands of contractors. The payment of a 7 per cent dividend would leave $22,- 095 as a sinking fund, and this sum applied to the bonds annually, would liquidate the entire amount in eight years. After expunging the bonded indebtedness, the whole income of $58,675 would be available for a dividend of 26^ per cent. As a proof of the sincerity of his convic- tions, the subscriber to the foregoing flattering prospectus, authorized the temporary Board of Directors to enter his name for forty shares of the railroad company. Such was the plausible statement presented to the inhabitants of the county, who, untu- tored in elements essential to a successful railroad, were influenced into accepting unquestioned, the face of the circular. They likewise supposed that the road would be inevitably extended from its northern terminus to Arena, where it would intersect the Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad, thus placing the isolated Mineral Point line in direct communication with Milwaukee, and securing for it the transit of all business between Galena ami Milwaukee. On July 1, 1852, 760 shares of $100 each had been subscribed by the inhabitants of Mineral Point, who, at that time, htirdly exceeded twenty-five hundred strong. The first install- ment, as required by law. was paid up, and on August 28, 1852, the following ofiBcers were elected : President, Cyrus Woodman ; Francis ^^ivian. Treasurer, and Thomas S. Allen, Sec- retary. Owing to the subsequent resignation of Cyrus Woodman, another election was held October 22, 1852, to fill the vacant office. Moses M. Strong was elected President, and Col. R. B. Mason, of the Illinois Central Railroad, was appointed Chief Engineer. At this election, 1,048 shares were represented by a truly representative body of citizens, whose average appor- tionment Avas five shares. A census of the vote disclosed the fact that there were present twenty-eight persons of one share each; sixty-one of five shares; one of six shares; one of seven shares; twenty-four of ten shares; one of twelve shares; fifty of two shares ; twenty of three shares ; five of four shares ; tiiree of fifteen sliarcs ; five of twenty shares ; two of twenty- five shares; one of thirty-five shares, and one of forty shares. FIRST CONTRACT AXD COMMENCEMENT OF THE ROAD. After the preliminary survey, the Engineer's estimate was produced for $189,000, and pro- po.sals for the construction of the road were invited tlnough the public press. The tenders for the work were opened on February 15, 1853, when twenty seven bids, including some from New York, and one from Connecticut, were openeil- After comparing the difl'erent bids, and their respective stipulations, the Board of Directors awarded the contract to Messrs. Chamber- Jain & Cook, who had just completed the Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad to Janesville. M 526 HISTORY Of^ IOWA TOUNTY. Three months subsequently, the first sod on the line of the Mineral Point Railroad was disturbed by the invading hand of enterprise. The day, May 30, 1853, was a gala day and a festive occasion for the residents of the dominating country, who flocked to Mineral Point to participate in the honor and glory inseparable from such an historic event. It is estimated that there were 800 strangers from the rural districts in the city. Early in the day, the male population of Mineral Point and the country contingents convened at the court house, where a procession was formed under the direction of Charles N. Mumford as Marshall, assisted by T. J. Otis and P. W. Thomas. Headed by the Mineral Point Brass Band, the populace proceeded to Section 2, one mile south of the village, where the tirae-honored ceremony of breaking ground was observed. Col. Abner Nichols, one of the oldest settlers in Iowa County, who assisted in raising some of the first log cabins in Mineral Point, turned the first soil. While accomplishing this feat, the assembled multitude rent the air with cheers and felicitations. Congratulatory speeches were made by N. B. Bayden, G. L. Frost, J. B. Gray, J. G. Messmore and Cyrus Wood- man. The oratorical efforts were " interspersed with soul-stirring music by the band." The ranks were re-formed, and the processionists returned to town, inflated with the importance of the new venture. In the absence of additional shareholders to absorb the balance of the stock, the company became pressed for money to carry out their plans. In this perplexity, a bill was drafted, suit- able to the desires of the Board of Directors, who submitted it to the Legislature for approval. The bill was entitled. " An Act to authorize the counties and towns through which the Mineral Point Railroad passes to aid in its construction." Through the exertions of H. li. Gray, of Darlington, a clause was inserted exempting the county of La Fayette from any application of the act. The bill was submitted to the Legislature by Levi Sterling, P. W. Thomas and W. H. Madden, and was eventually approved. On the strength of this enactment, the railroad company proposed to exchange bonds with the county to the amount of $150,000, the principal and interest of which the company guaran- teed to pay, and as security issued to the county their bonds, convertible into stock secured by a mortgage on the road and all its equipments. This scheme was distasteful to the popular palate, and the cool reception accorded the proposition foreshadowed the defeat of the appropriation measure, if exertions were not directed to assuage the public feeling. The press was employed in disseminating friendly views ; eloquent orators and fluent speakers were engaged to address mass meetings of the voters. It was only at this critical juncture that the terms of the contract were divulged by a newspaper communication from the President of the railroad. The con- tractors were to receive §698,000 to put the road in first-class running condition. The pay- ments were apportioned as follows : Stock of Company $ 83 000 Railroad bonds secured bj mortgage 310 000 Cash fl60 000 Iowa County bonds 150 000 Total $693 000 Payments were to be made in ten equal installments on proportionate amounts of each security. By this contract, the Directors had, without the faintest vestige of authority, a.ssumed the prerogative of bartering the county's credit, and relying on the support of the people to abide by their contract. At this election, every nerve was strained to carry the appropriation ; the tax-payers were conjured in the name of public spirit and enterprise to aid the railroad by voting for the subsidy. The question was submitted to the voters as one of vital interest, and it was even asserted that as the election went so would the continuance of the railroad be decided. The momentous day eventually arrived, and the railroad was nobly supported by the com- munity, which, by a majority of 157, granted the concession demanded by the company. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 527 OFFICIAL RETURNS OF THE ELECTION. FOR. AGAINST. Mineral Point 1,007 Linden lo6 .5.3 Waldwiek G2 4 Dodgeville 6 640 Highland 45 148 Arena 20 20 Ridgeway 5 102 Clyde 1 50 Mifflin .37 68 Pulaski fi 34 Wyoming 60 Total 1,345 1,188 Majority in favor of the railroad, 157. By many the legality of the election was doubted, nevertheless, in consonance with the proceeding, 150 bonds of $1,000 each were issued by the county, dated July 26, 1853. Soon after the contracts for construction were entered into, the President went to New York for the purpose of making sale of the county bonds. Failing to dispose of them at a satisfactory price, he obtained temporary loans from the banks at Hartford, Conn., pledging the bonds as collateral security, by means of which payment was made for work under these contracts during the year 1853. About the 10th of October, 1853, the President succeeded in making a contract with the Illinois Central Railroad Company and Galena & Chicago Union Railroad Company (now a part of the Chicago & North-Western Company), by which those two companies jointly agreed with the Mineral Point Railroad Company, that if the latter company would complete its road from Mineral point to Warren, and connect at that point with the Illinois Central, and would give its business, so far as was within its power, to the two Illinois companies, they would pay to the Mineral Point company annually, for twenty years after its completion, such sum (if any) as should be requisite to secure to it a net annual income of $56,000 over and above all expenses for operating and maintaining its road. This was a valuable contract to both parties. The inducement to the Illinois companies was by aiding incidentally the credit of the Wisconsin company, to secure the construction of an im- portant feeder to their roads, and thereby to greatly increase their business. To effect this object, they could well afford, if the exigencies of the contract should require it, to rebate a portion of their net earnings and pay it to the Mineral Point Railroad Company, on business for which they were indebted to that company. To the Mineral Point Company the contract was of inestimable value, as it was equivalent to a guarantee for twenty years of an income of 7 per cent net on §800,000, which was more than the estimated cost of the road and equipments, and placed the company in such a financial position, that its securities were entitled to command as high a price as any others of the same class. The validity of town and county bonds issued in aid of railroads, although since frequently sustained by the Supreme Court of the United States, was then an open question, in consequence of which it was found impossible to make sale of the Iowa County bonds at a satisfactory price, and the railroad company consequently retained them, except so far as they were hypothecated as security for loans. CHANGE OF CONTRACTORS. In June, 1853, Chamberlain & Cook surrendered their contract, and arrangements were en- tered into with other parties at what was announced to be a reduced figure in cash, by which t!ie company effected a saving of $40,000. The new contractors were A. Gates & Co. for the southern half of the road, and John M. Keep for the northern division. The former contract- ors had just completed some extensive improvements on the Illinois Central Road, and, being 628 HISTOKY OF IOWA COUNT i'. experienced engineers, they won the confidence and reliance of the county. Mr. Keep could not advance any salient claims for distinction, save the possession of wealth and influence, he be- ing ostensibly a man of considerable capital. At the annual meeting, the accompanying Board of Directors was elected : Moses M. Strong, Parley Eaton, Francis Chalvin, John M. Keep, Anthony Nancolas, John Bracken, John Milton, Robert C. Dyer and Jolin Ross. On December 16, 1853, the dual contract was abrogated, and a new agreement was filed with R. & G. L. Schuyler, of New York. This firm agreed to assume all the liabilities of the company, carry out all existing contracts, and complete and equip the road by January 1,1855, in consideration of the sum of §1,000,000. One-half of the amount was to be paid in first mort- gage bonds, and one-half in the stock of the company, with this modification that all persons who had subscribed for stock, might be at liberty to pay the same at $60 per share of §100. All payments so made should be received in lieu of so many shares in stock. It was also stipulated that the company should loan to the Messrs. Schuyler §150,000 of Iowa County Bonds, which they were at liberty to hypothecate, but not to sell. These bonds were to be returned at the expiration of the contract. The method provided by the contract for raising money to carry on the work, was by drafts drawn by the President of the company, at four months, on R. & G. L. Schuyler, accepted by them, and subsequently discounted at New England or East- ern banks, the proceeds being applied to the construction of the railroad. The work was enfer- getically advanced under the terms of this the fourth contract, and the citizens generally were prepossessed with the idea of a completed line, and lent their voluntary aid to further the efforts of the contractors. On January 19, 1854, I. S. Allen resigned the office of Secretary, and was replaced by R. S. Schuyler, son of one of the contractors. When the expectations of the peo- ple were at the zenith, their hopes were doomed to a disheartening relapse occasioned by the financial failure of R. & G. L. Schuyler, Messrs. Schuyler having made an assignment of all their effects for the benefit of their creditors. The company, by negotiating with the assignee, secured an abrogation of this contract. The whole amount of drafts accepted, and upon which the company realized, was §137,000, of which there had been paid by Messrs. Schuyler §ti7,000, and §10,000 secured by an attachment of their property to be paid by them. Deducting the cash and collateral securities, the company was trammeled with an unpaid debt of §60,000. The company surrendered to the assignee §S0,000 of bonds, which the contractors had already appropriated to their own use, namely §30,000 in Iowa County Bonds, and §50,000 in first- mortgage bonds. The amount of expenditures by the company to this time aggregated §175,000. including engineering, right of way, bridging, grading, masonry, ties and timber, salaries and incidental expenses. Funds to meet these expenditures were provided as follows : Stock subscriptions, about $ '23 000 Schuyler's acceptance 137 000 Unliquidated floating debt 15 OOt) Total $175 000 The indebtedness of the company at that time was estimated at §75,000, consisting of Schuyler's unpaid acceptances of §60,000, and the balance of domestic debts. MORE FUNDS RAISED .AND ROAD COMPLETED. As it was contemplated that §80,000 would finish the road ready for the superstructure, the Directors adopted the plan of offering 2,000 shares of preferred stock at §60 per share, giving the existing shareholders the privilege of absorbing them at the designated value, thus realizing a fund of §120,000. Up to this date, there had been subscribed 1,101 shares, for which payments, varying from §5 to §60 per share, had been paid, forming a capital of only §23,275. The issue of preferred stock was an advisable measure, and, as a stroke of financial genius, was commendable. To assist in placing this stock, mass meetings were held in the HISTORY or IOWA COUNTY. 529 various towns, and, in recognition of a popular demand, a committee, consisting of Cyrus Wood- man. N. B. Boyden and I. S. Allen, were appointed to examine the books and vouchers of the Railroad Company, and report at a subsequent meeting. In pursuance to a call issued by several citizens of Mineral Point, a meeting was held at the railroad office, on Thursday, Decem- ber 14, 1854, for the purpose of taking some preliminary steps to place the company on such a basis as \vould restore its credit and secure the completion of the road. Hon. M. M. Cothren was appointed Chairman, and N. B. Boyden was deputed to act as Secretary. The following resolutions, adopted at a meeting of the Railroad Directors, were presented : Rpsoh'fd, That for the purpose of increasing the slock subscriptions of the Mineral Point Railroad Conipiiny to fifteen hundred shares, of full-paid stock, the individual members of the IJoard of Directors pledge themselves to subscribe and pay for in the aggregate two hundred and fifty shares, inclusive of the amounts already subscribed and paid for by them ; such subscriptions not to be binding, unless the amount of one thousand shares shall be subscribed and paid in. Resolved. That all moneys paid on subscriptions to stock in the Mineral Point Railroad Company shall be deposited with the Wisconsin Bank, drawing interest at the rate of six per cent per annum, to the credit of the Treasurer, until ten dollars per share on one thousand shares shall so be deposited, including such shares as said sum has heretofore been paiii in ; and that no money so deposited shall be drawn out until the aforesaid amount sliall be paid and deposited as aforesaid, by the first day of February next, the sum so paid, with the accrued interest thereon, shall be paid over to the several persons who shall have paid the same. Resolved, That as soon as one thousand shares of slock in the Mineral Point iiailroad Company shall be sub- scribed for, and ten per cent on each share paid in, that a meeting of the stockholders shall be called to agree upon a Board of Directors, and the present board individually pledge themselves that they, or so many of them as shall not be selected at such meeting, will resign one by one and fill the vacancies thus created, with such persons as sliall be agreed upon at such meeting of stockholders. A form of subscription list was prescribed and adopted, and, on motion of C. Woodman, a committee, consisting of M. M. Cothren, John Bracken, Cyrus Woodman, Thomas Davey, John H. Vivian, Henry Koop, Moses M. Strong and Whitney Smith, was appointed to appeal to the residents of the county for financial support. The requisite 1,000 shares, inclusive of former subscriptions, were subscribed February 7, 1855, and a notipe was issued by the Trea-s- urer, calling in the first installment of 10 per cent, payable on the loth inst., preparatory to the election of a new Board of Directors. In issuing the call, the President stated in a circular that "'responsible parties are willing to enter into contracts to finish and equip the road in all respects, and have it in operation in one year, taking their pay exclusively in stocks and bonds of the company, provided the company will furnish the cash means to pay the outstanding liabili- ties and finish the grading of the road The 10 per cent call, although readily responded to, failed to meet the anticipations of the financiers, who, instead of realizing §150,000, only secured $78,850. The void remained as glaring as ever, and again the peojjle were appealed to subscribe for 760 shares of railroadstock, in hope thereby of eventually acquiring sufficient capital to proceed with the enterprise. At the election of 1855, a renewed mark of confidence was placed in the Directors, by their almost unanimous re-election. The new board was coraposeil of Moses M. Strong, Parley Eaton, John M. Keep, James Noble, R. S. Schuyler, Francis Vivian, C. C. Washburn, Henry Knup and M. M. Cothren. On April 25, 1855, a contract was satisfactorily concluded with the Illi- nois Central and Chicago & Galena Railroads, whereby an extension of time was gained for one year, so that a guarantee of 8 per cent income would not be forfeited. Bewildered and per- plexed how to raise money, the Directors' ability was sorely strained to concoct schemes, or to mature plans for the purpose, and only when every other resource had failed, they applied to the towns atljoining their line for substantial encouragement in the form of town bonds. In reply to repeated solicitations, several towns acquiesced in the proposal, and pledged their local- ities respectively as follows: Town of Mineral Point, $60,000; Waldwick, §10,000, and city of Mineral Point, §'.'0,000. In August, 1855, a contract was made tending to the completion of the road, with Messrs. Keep, Fisher and Talcott. This was afterward transferred to Alvin Wilkins, of New York, who used all his influence and persuasive powers to procure the county's and company's bonds, intending to float them on Wall street. He represented himself as an aflluent capitalist, but, despite constant pressing, he adroitly managed to evade the terms of his 630 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. contract, requiring him to begin work immediately. A deadlock ensued, which was only dis- solved by Wilkins investing his brotherin-law, Luther Beecher, with the contract. The change Was gladly accepted, as Beecher was a recognized railroad constructor of Detroit, and had gained many encomiums from improvements in Michigan. The specifications of the contract guaran- teed Beecher §1,000,000 in cash, bonds and stock of the company, including all the town and county bonds in possession of the company. Under the direction of Luther Beecher, the deserted road-bed soon teemed witb myriads of laborers, and the country again re-echoed the welcome bustle of industry. The grading, fencing and track-laying were accomplished with all expedition compatible with an embarrassing want of the golden lever of creation — money. With fluctuating success, the line was ultimately completed from Warren to Mineral Point, and both sections of the country were thus united by the iron band that follows the advance of commerce in its progress over the civilized sphere. THE FIRST TRAIN COMPANY RE-ORGANIZED. The first train arrived in Mineral Point June 17, 1857. At the depot, an enthusiastic throng had congregated to signalize the event in the manner usual on such occasions. The depot at Mineral Point, a substantial stone building, with some pretensions to architectural beauty, was erected by Messrs. Toay & Allan, who did the mason-work, and Mr. Full, who executed the carpentry and joiner's work. The building measures 30.x50 feet, and now, after the lapse of a quarter-century, stands as firm as ever, a monument to the builder's skill. Con- veniently situated is a stone locomotive-house, 33x55 feet, and 22 feet in height. This struct- ure is supplemented by a machine-shop, likewise of stone, one story high, and covering an area of 2,400 square feet. The troublesome litigation attendant on the bonding of the road, as delineated in another chapter, arrived at a focal point in 1861, when, by a decree of the United States Court, in the Martin and Coman suit, the railroad equipment and plant were advertised and sold at Marshal's sale, on November 6, 1861, to James C. Carter, of New York, for the sum of $75,000. George W. Cobb was appointed receiver. The railroad was afterward re-organized as a corporation under the name of the Mineral Point Railroad (omitting the company). The Directors were Asahel Finch, Luther Beecher, Samuel P. Holmes, James C. Carter and George W. Cobb. The first meeting of the newly organized company was held July 7, 1862, when a report was presented covering the business of the road from November 13, 1861, to date. A cash balance of ^5,818.17 wa.s exhibited, without deducting anything for interest. The following Board of Directors was elected: Henry Koop and George \V. Cobb, Mineral Point; Luther Beecher, Detroit ; S. P. Holmes and H. W. Peck, New York. President, Luther Beecher ; Secretary and Superintendent, George W. Cobb A preamble and resolution adopted on that occasion, stated that as the local traffic was insufficient to meet the expenses of the road, and as it waa required to be ballasted and refitted with cars and locomotives, that it was necessary to hypothe- cate, or sell all bonds, claims, contracts or property of the company, to raise money for operating expenses, repairs and improvements. The Directors were authorized to extend the road to the north line of Iowa County, a*- some point on the Milwaukee & Prairie Du Chien Railroad. In accordance with the "articles of association of the re-organized company," the capital stock was increased to §1, 200, 000 in shares of $100 each, of which §500,000 was to be issued as preferred stock, first entitled to receive a dividend of 12 per cent, per antmm out of the net earnings of the road, payable in August and February of each year, the balance to apply on the other $700,000. Each holder of original stock could, on surrendering his certificate, and by paying $50 per share, be enti- tled to a preferred share. After October 1, 1862, the President and Directors were empowered to dispose of or hypothecate unsold stock in payment of expenses. HISTOKY OF IOWA COUNTY. 531 In ratio the stock was offered to the following corporations and persons : Mineral Point, 600 shares $ 60,000 Waldwick, 100 Bharea 10,000 Iowa County, 1,600 shares 150,000 Old atockholders, 300 shares 80,000 Total $250,000 Such was another visionary scheme to involve the public credit in the quagmire of financial distress. This proposition to a people burdened with an onerous taxation, the direct outcome of subsidizing this railroad, could not be contemplated otherwise than with the most pungent sarcasm. The disingenuous proposal was not even entertained by the respective towns or the county, so that the increase of capital stock was only evident in the accumulation of unsalable bonds in the possession of the railroad corporation. The new directorate conducted the road with varying success, to July 1, 1880, when the line was transferred or leased on private terms, to the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Company, which now controls and operates the road. They are now engaged in building the Monroe branch to Gratiot, La Fayette County. Early in 1881, it is believed, through trains will be running to Milwaukee by this route. The gross earnings of the Mineral Point Railroad, for 1880, were $106,167.77, with operating expenses aggregating $72,530.65. The average rate per passenger per mile was 4 cents ; the average freight rate per ton per mile was equivalent to $3.50 per hundred pounds. CHAPTER VII. IOWA COUNTY BOXDS. Building Contracts— Coukty Repcdiation of Bond Indkbtednfss— First SriT— The Enemy Storms Mineral Point— The Legislature to the Rescue— A Compromise At- tempted and Opposed— Settlement, Proceedings and Final Report. The history of the Iowa County Bonds is so intimately allied with the inception of the Mineral Point Railroad, the financial ramifications of which are illustrated in another division, that it is with difficulty it can be narrated in a single chapter. Realizing that the subject has been fecund of acrimonious discussion and bitter feeling, the historian has carefully culled his information from a variety of sources, the result being given herewith, from an unbiased stand- point, and with the aim of ingenuously recording the truth. Before launching forth on the question, it is necessary to a faithful understanding that the specific deeds should be premised by a pithy review of the railroad, from the time it was pro- jected. The Mineral Point Railroad was incorporated by an act of Legislature, approved April 17, 18.52. Stock subscription books were opened in Mineral Point in June, 18.52, and after many weeks of strenuous exertion, the amount of stock essential to organizing was subscribed and the first installment of 10 per cent was paid. A Board of Directors was then elected by the shareholders, and the initiative steps toward constructing the road were inaugurated. During the year 1852, the preliminary surveys and estimates were completed, and additional stock amounting to $130,000 subscribed. By order of the Directors, an act authorizing the county to issue bonds in aid of the railroad was submitted to the Legislature by Levi Sterling, P. \V. Thomas and H. Madder, and eventually approved. The title of the act was " To authorize the counties and towns through which the Mineral Point Railroad passes to aid in its construction." Through the agency of H. H. Gray, of Darlington, a proviso was inserted exempting La Fayette County and the towns and villages therein, from participating in any proposed subsidy. On the passage of this law. a resolution was adopted directing the President to submit a proposition to the County Board of Supervisors for the exchange by the county of §150,000 of county bonds for a corresponding amount of convertible railroad bonds in conformity with the provision of the act. The proposition of the railroad company specified that in return for bonds of the county aggregating .§150,000, the principal and interest would be guaranteed, and as security for such payment, the company offered to issue an equitable amount of railroad bonds, convertible into stock, and secured by a mortgage on the road and all its equipments. The County Clerk, on receiving the proposition, as required bylaw, convened a meeting of the Board of Supervisors, to take into consideration the offer. The meeting occurred May 25, 1853. John Messersmith was elected Chairman, and the board adjourned to the following day, when every member was present. As anticipated, the expediency of holding an election was fruitful of warm debate. After an excited and earnest discussion, the voice of the meeting was registered in the affirmative by a vote of ayes 8, nays 3. An analysis of the vote shows the following as having cast their vote in the affirmative : G. M. .\shmore. Arena ; John Messersmith, Dodgeville ; John Covin, Linden; R. D. Pulford, Mineral Point; Francis C. Kirkpatrick, Mifflin; John B. Skinner, Ridgeway ; Samuel Zollinger, Waldwick, and E.. L. Geddings, Wyoming — 8. Nays— Nathaniel Butterfield, Clyde; David McFarland, Highland, and F. E. A. Hal- stead, Pulaski — 3. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 533 The date of election was fixed for June 20, 1853, and a printed notice of the election and implicated interests was distributed broadcast in every section of the county. Appended is a true copy of the election notice: ELECTION' NOTICE. WnERE\s, The Mineral I'oint Railroad Company has, in pursuance of an act of the Legislature, approved the 23d day of March, A. D., 1858, submitted to the Board of Supervisors of the county of Iowa, a proposition in writing for the exchange of $1.50,000 of second mortgage bonds, of said railroad company, bearing 8 per cent interest, paya- ble semi-annually in the city of New Vork, for f)ne Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars of Iowa County Bonds, bearing 8 per cent interest, payable semi-annually in the city of New York, both of said issues of bonds redeemable in the year A. D. lSt5S, the said railroad company binding themselves to meet the interest upon the said county bonds, as the same shall fall due and payable from time to time. In pursuance of said law, the Board of Supervisors for the county of Iowa, hereby give notice to the voters of said county, tlial an election will he held at the sever.al places of holding elections on .Monday, the 20th of .June next, when the voters are required to deposit a ballot upon which shall be written or printed the words " For the railroad proposition," or " Against the railroad proposition," which said election shall be held in the same manner and form and under the same laws which govern State and general elections. By order of the board, John Messersmith, Chairman. .\tlesl : Jamks B. Gray, CUrk. Mineral Point, May 26, 1853, The appearance of this election notice created much animosity in the northern districts, which at that time, animated by the county seat removal, were allied against all legislation tend- ing to improve Mineral Point. The election was held, and the following returned as the official statement of the canvass : TOWNS. FOR. AOAINST. Arena 20 29 Clyde 1 50 Dodgeville 6 640 Highland 45 148 Linilen 156 52 .Mifflin .37 68 Mineral I'oint 1,007 Pulaski 6 34 Kidgeway 5 102 Waldwick 62 4 Wyoming 60 Total 1,346 1,187 Majority for railroad proposition, 158. Captious critics impugned the legality of the election on the ground that the vote had been obtained by fraudulent practices, and by the exercise of deception. However this may be, the county bonds were issued. One hundred and fifty bonds for $1,000 each, dated July 26, 1853, payable to Francis Vivian, Treasurer of the railroad company, on July, 1868, with 8 per cent interest, payable the 1st day of January and July of each year, at the bank of the Manhattan Company, in the city of New York, with coupons for the interest attached. In exchange for these bonds, the county received from the railroad company, 150 bonds of the railroad, for $1,000 each, bearing the same date and interest as those issued by the county, due at the .same time, and payable to Edward H. Janssen, State Treasurer, but without interest coupons being attaclied. To secure the county for the payment of its bonds, the railroad company gave a mortgage, dated July 27, 1853, to Edward H. Janssen, then Treasurer of the State, as Trustee, on all its railroad and property ; the same mortgage being intended to also secure $170,000 of other bonds to be afterward issued as the company might need them. This Janssen mortgage was in point of time the first mortgage ever given by the railroad company, but it was specially agreed and provided that it was to be tleemed as a second mortgage, subsidiary to another mortgage after- ward to be executed, and to be called a first mortgage. The bonds were floated in New York. Following the appearance on Wall street of the county bonds, two advertisements, purporting I 634 HISTORY OF lOAVA COUNTY. to emanate from the Board of Supervisors of Iowa County, appeared, respectively advocating and denouncing the issue of the county bonds. BUILDING CONTRACTS. On December 16, 1853, the railroad contracted with Robert & G. L. Schuyler, of New York City, in which the Messrs. Scliuyler agreed to build, equip and put the railroad in running order for ^1,000,000, all payable in the bonds and stock of the company. The contract pro- vided that $150,000 of Iowa County bonds should be loaned to the Messrs. Schuyler as collat- erals to borrow money on. After the completion of the road, they were to be returned and given up to Iowa County to be canceled. The contemplated first mortgage was executed January 2, 1854. This mortgage was on al' the railroad and property of the company, and was given to G. L. Schuyler to secure the pay- ment of 1,000 of the bonds of the company for §.500 each, due January 1, 1874, with interest at 7 per cent, payable on the 1st days of January and July of each year, and having interest . coupons attached. In the spring of 1854, Messrs. Schuyler proceeded vigorously to fulfill their contract. About March 1. 1854, $500,000 of the Schuyler railroad bonds, and $150,000 of county bonds were deposited in New York, the money used being obtained by the officers of the company drawing on Messrs. Schuyler, in New York, payable four months after date. These drafts would be accepted, and the company discounted them, and procured the money from various banks. As stated elsewhere, Messrs. Schuyler faileb, J. C. Carter, Henry llaTemeyer, William F. Haveiiieyer. .lames Bruce, William F. Ilavemeyer. James Lee and Joshua F. Lamson, against the town and city of Mineral I'oint. ami in compliance with the notice of Malt H. Carpenter, solicitor and counselor for said parties, there be and is hereby levied upon all the taxable property of Mineral I'oinl, the sum of thirty-three thousand one hundred and one dollars and thirty-six cents, as a tax for the year A. D. 187*2, to pay and satisfy the share of the said city of Mineral Point, of the said judgments, costs and interests thereon, as is lixed and adjudged by the said court. Resiilfd, That the City Clerk be, and he is hereby requested and directed to put the taxes so levied in the tax roll for the year A. D. 1872, with the other taxes acconling to law. and the City Treasurer is also hereby requested and directed to proceed and collect said tax, with the other regular taxes according to law, and when so collected, pay the same over to said parties or their solicitors, to satisfy said respective amounts due them as aforesaid. Resolrrd, That with all respect for said Circuit Court and the Judges thereof, the Common Council of said city deem it right to say that said judgments are not by said decrees properly equitably, justly or correctly apportioned or divided between said defendants — the town and city of Mineral I'oint, and the said Common Council levies said tax to comply with the order and decree of said court, but in no way acknowledging said amounts to be correct, and reserving the right to adjust and settle such sum or debt with the town of Mineral Point, upon the share and terms heretofore settled and agreed upon between them. On motion. Mayor Cooper, with Aldermen Argall and Sprattler, were appointed a com- mittee to confer with the town authorities and the attorney for the town and the city, on the offer of T. A. Keep, on town bonds and on the fines and costs in the late cases of contempt before the United States Circuit Court at Milwaukee. When the city was organized out of the territory of the town, they had a settlement by which they divided all assets, and agreed to pay all liabilities on the basis of 59y^ for the city, and 40^'^ for the town, and said fine and costs were settled on that basis as have been all settlements of railroad bond debts. THE LEGISLATURE TO THE RESCOE. At the Legislative session in January, 1873, William T. Henry visited Madison, and by interesting the members of the Legislature, procured the passage and approval of various bills, embodying every conceivable clause capable of protecting the city from paying assessments for the payment of railroad bonds. Following are the bills that were introduced into the Legisla- ture : By Senator Little : No. 109 — A bill to authorize the town of Mineral Point to settle and compromise its railroad indebtedness. By Senator Little: No. 110 — A bill to amend an act to incorporate the city of Mineral Point, approved March 16. 1861. and also all acts amendatory thereof. By Senator Little: No. 131 — A bill to repeal Chapter 143. general laws of 1871, entitled " An Act to Provide for the Collection of Taxes." By Senator Little: No. 132 — A bill to provide for investing a portion of the State school funds in bonds of the county of Iowa, and city and town of Mineral Point, which may be issued to settle and compromise their railroad indebtedness. Judge ^^ AL Cothren appeared before the Judiciary Committee of the House, representing the Mineral Point Railroad. He was opposed by William T. Henry for the consolidated county claim. The four bills were all passed and approved at that session, together with a law authoriz- ing the Governor to appoint a commission to investigate and examine the affairs and manage- ment of the Mineral Point Railroad from the time of its inception, with a view of repealing the charter if certain charges of misconduct and abuse of the people through their charter privileges were sustained. This act was approved March 10, 1873, and was published on April 1 of the same year. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 541 This attack on the franchise of a railroad was the first recorded, and, in the boldness of its design, was startling. When introduced into the Legislature, its provisions were laughed at, and the bill was at once characterized as Utopian in conception, never destined for practical application. Subsequent events dispelled the fallacy of this idea, and, when approved, Iowa County possessed an instrument that enforced a recognition of her rights. The commission was never appointed, but the bill precipitated a settlement by the bond-holders. Negotiations for an amicable understanding were re-opened with Luther Beecher and others, and on June 12, 1873, and a short time after, an agreement was concluded whereby the bond-holders, representing all the county, city and town bond debts, except that in the control of one Mariner, an attorney in Milwaukee, who, like old Shylock, insisted on every drop of blood, bound themselves to deliver up the bonds and coupons in their possession, in consideration of 65 cents on the dollar, payable in six annual payments, with 8 per cent annual interest thereon, payable at the Detroit Savings Bank, the first payment to be made on April 15, 1874. The proposition was submitted at the July meeting of the Board of Supervisors, in a communication from William T. Henry and J. M. Smith, attorneys for the county. A COMPROMISE ATTKMPTED AND OPPOSED. Accompanying is an extract from the preamble and resolutions adopted on that occasion : Whkreas. It is believed that llie above proposals, and others substantially similar promised soon to be made> cover .ind include more than three-quarters of said indebtedness, and that it is to the advantage and benefit of said county to accept and approve said proposals, therefore, be it R'xnlved. That said proposals so made and to be made as above stated be, and hereby are, approved, in accord- ance with said compromise la«s, and the faith of Iowa County is irrevocably pledged for the faithful and prompt fulfillment of the terms thereof, etc. The ayes and noes on the resolutions were as follows : Ayes — Bainbridge, Barnard, Coates, Dimock, Humbert, James, Knight, Robinson, Spens- ley. Van Dusen and Zimmer — 11. Noes — Bennet, Davies, Jones, Meigs and Paull — 5. On motion, G. C. Meiggs, of .Vrena, was appointed a Commissioner to supervise the issue of compromise bonds. " To see that said compromise bonds are properly made, signed, issued in proper amounts, recorded and delivered only upon settlement, on the terms aforesaid, of at least three-fourths of said debt ; and that the proper lawful stipulations are filed in the courts where said judgments are in each case, so that on payment of the compromise bonds the judg- ments will be surely released and satisfied, and to report fully their acts and doings in regard thereto to the board at its next meeting. " The publication of these resolutions aroused a feeling of resentment from center to circum- ference of the county, and an acrimonious newspaper discussion was instituted by men who fancied their interests endangered, and consequently felt themselves aggrieved. More litigation was engendered by this puerile opposition. The same proposition was made to the Common Council of Mineral Point, and unani- mously approved at a meeting of the Railroad Bond Committee held July 14, 1873. In the early part of August, 1873, Joseph Blake, President of the Ridgeway Farmers' Grange, obtained an order from Judge Wilson restraining the Board of Supervisors from con- summating the compromise. In the demand for an injunction, it was alleged that the County Board was about to issue §300,000 of new bonds which were to be delivered to Messrs. Luther Beecher, Dodge, Carpenter and others. It was also asseverated that, by the terms of the con- tract, in the event of a single non-payment, the county would be rendered liable for the full amount of the assigned judgments and the new redemption bonds. Tiie plaintiff was repre- sented by NL J. Briggs as legal counsel, with whom were associated in this case Messrs. Strong k Weber, Reese & Carter and the Hon. Alexander Wilson. In support of the injunction, a public meeting was held at Dodgeville August 12, 1873. Joseph Blake was chosen Chairman, and E. T. Wrigglesworth was elected Secretary. A series 042 IIISTOUY OF IOWA COUN'TY. of resolutions were adopted, and a comtnitteo of three was appointed to present them to the County Board for their consideration. The committee consisted of James Stephens, of Ridge- way ; Samuel Hoskins, of Dodgeville, and Alex Wilson, of Mineral Point. At the meeting of the County Board, the following resolutions of the meeting were read : R'totved, That we are in favor of a selllement of our comity iaJebtedaess at fifty per cent on the dollar, on the nmouni due. Resolved, That as fast as said fifty per cent upon one dollar of said indebtedness is paid, the owner or owners of said indebtedness shall release and discharge one dollar of said debt, and so on until the whole amount of said imlebtedness is liquidated and discharged. Resolved, That we are opposed to the issue of new bonds, unless double the amount of the old debt is sur- rendered therefor; that we are opposed to the recent settlement of a large amount of said indebtedness by the Boird of Supervisors of this county for the following reasons: That we thereby incur new obligations without canceling or discharging any of the old 'V the issuing of new unuegotiable bonds, and delivering the same to the judgment creditors. That in case of the failure of the county to pay any and all of its installments, at the time and manner agreed upon, the payments made are only to be credited dollar for dollar on the judgments, and no provisions for the return of the new bonds. That in case of failure, the old judgments are to be held good and binding with no deductions or offsets except payments actually paid. This session of the board, in character, was one of the most turbulent and noisy that ever occurred in the precincts of Iowa County. The board met at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, and adjourned at 10 P. M., only to meet ne.xt day. Messrs. Wilson, Weber and Strong all deliv- ered cogent arguments against the ratification of the compromise. They were followed by Messrs. Henry and Smith in justification of the agreement sanctioned by the board at its previ- ous meeting. During the second day's session, a variety of resolutions and declarations were presented for adoption. The introduction of these measures served only to prolong the argu- ments pro and con, and intensify the e.xcitement, which soon ascended to fever heat. Finally, a committee, composed of G C. Meiggs. Joseph Bennett, II. Van Dusen and W. T. Henry, was appointed to visit Detroit and New York, and confer with the bond-holders for a modifica- tion of their terms, and §;)00 was appropriated to defray the expenses of such negotiation. A report was presented at a special meeting of the Board of Supervisors, convened September 16, 1873. In their report, the committee set forth that they had, in pursuing their instructions, visited Detroit and New York, where they had interviewed the principal bond-holders on the question of settlement. The New York claimants had referred them to Luther Beecher, and, on application to that gentleman, he nnd his attorneys refused to make any concessions. A? to the second modification, they insisted that they must have new negotiable bonds, but entirely repudiated any idea or intention of having them so issued that the county would, in any event, be liable to pay anything twice ; expressed great astonishment that any one should hold such an idea, and said that the proposal and agreement fully provided for the entire safety of the county in that respect. Mr. Henry, one of the attorneys, then and there drew up a form for the stipulation provided for in the proposed agreement, and the .same was ratified and agreed to by both Mr. Beecher and his attorney, Mr. Miller. As to paying all in one payment next April, Mr. Beecher, having evidently formed the idea that the county would prefer to and was likely to do 80 any way, would only agree to discount the difference between 8 and 10 per cent inter- est for any payments made before due. The foregoing stipulations, consisting of four closely written pages, were submitted to the meeting, and, on motion of Mr. Robinson, were adopted. On application of Mr. Meiggs, the resolution passed at the July session, appointing him to act in conjunction with W. T. Henry, was amended by the insertion of the name of Joseph Bennett instead of that of the applicant. On a motion todissolve the Blake injunction. Judge Mills rendered judgment adverse to the county, and re-affirmed tlie powers of the writ which enjoined the Supervisors from issuing any so-called compromise bonds. SETTLEMENT, PROCEEDINiiS .\XD KIN.'^L REPORT. Be Board Jeing restrained from canceling the railroad bonds by the issue of redemption bonds, the of Supervisors, at a meeting held November "21, 1873, resolved to levy a tax of $150,000 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 543 on all the taxable property as shown by the assessment rolls for that year, it was levied, and nearly all of it promptly paid by the people, paid over to the Fund Commissioners of the county, by the County Treasurer, as the funds came into his hands from time to time, and used in making the first payments on the bond debts previously contracted to be settled. The payments were based on the settlement of 65 cents on the dollar, in six payments, with 8 per cent interest, each payment to cancel one-sixth part of the interest and debt. According to the provisions of Chapter "207 of the Private and Local Laws of Wisconsin for 1809, entitled "An Act to provide for a Board of Fund Commissioners," Joseph Gundry, Samuel Iloskins and David McFarland were appointed Fund Commissioners, to hold office for the respective terms of three, ttvo and one years, according to the above order of mention. Joseph Gundry returned his commission and respectfully declined to act. John J. Ross was then appointed to fill the vacancy. The Committee on Bond Settlement reported, March 19, 1872, that to meet the bonds held by Charles H. Tweed, of New York, the sum of $21,000 was borrowed for sixty days at 10 per cent interest. The proceeds were paid to C. H. Tweed, in New York, to meet nineteen bonds of $1,000 each, with accumulated interest from 1857, at the rate of 8 per cent. The total of these bonds, including interest, was $41,166.66, for which the sum of $20,583.33 was paid. County notes, bearing 10 percent interest, and redeemable in one year, were issued at William T. Henry's banking office, for $8,865. The County Clerk issued similar paper cover- ing $2,135. In November, 1876, the Fund Commissioners submitted a report, showing the extent of their operations since the date of their appointment. It was shown that a loan of $50,000 had been received from the State Treasurer, which, together with a balance of $11,441.05, had been invested in United States bonds, leaving a net cash balance of $2,678.25. On June 12, 1878, the Bond Fund Commissioners submitted their final report to the Board of Supervisors. The report was duly audited, and, the accuracy of the statements having been verified the Commissioners were relieved from further labor. As the report contains a succinct review of the bond redemption, it is deemed worthy of publication in full : DoiJQEviLLE, June 12, 1878. To THE Board of Sdpervisors of Iowa Cov.nty : Grntl'inen^The Fuuil Commissioners beg leave lo report that since the dale of their last report, they have settled the Curtiss and Bradley judgments, and have paid in part the only other outstanding Judgment, anil have made arrangements for its entire extinguishment, as will lie seen V)y the stipulation submitted herewith for your approval. They were the following judgments docketed September I'.i, 187S I'.'l, in the U. S. t'ourt for the Western District of Wisconsin, as will be seen by the copy of the release hereby submitted, viz., Daniel Ogden Bradley and Charles Curtiss vs. the Board of .Supervisors of Iowa County ; judgment and costs, $17,168.14. Charles Curliss vs. The Board of .Supervisors of Iowa (.'ouniy ; judgment and costs, $1 '.•.:!•')*'. 8:i. On computing the original judgments, of which this was a result, the Commissioners discovered an error of !?1.7''>0, by whicli sum this judgment was reduced. These judgments, with interest computed from date of judgment to daleof payment, April U), 187'>, amounted to $38,622.83. This was jiaid at '.lb cents on the ilollar. amounting to $'M') bill. 69. The only other judgment is the H. E. Bowen judgment, commonly known as " The .Mariner Claim," and which has been so fruitful of inandanmses and arrests for contempt. This judgment was recovered April 20, 1870, for $')0,284.36. To this is to he added eight years' interest, at 7 per cent, and $973. :i7 costs on mandamures, etc., in all amounts toS70,400. On this judgment, the Commissioners paiilall extraneous amounts with interest, and issued new bonds dated May 1, 1878, for the balance of $'6 10. These bonds were to bear interest at 7 per cent, and to become due : $1(1,000 in 1886, $20,000 in 1887. $20,000 in 188s, and .$!.".. (lOO in 188'.t, thus deterring the payment of any part of the principal until the moneys borrowed from the State simll have been paid. It will be seen by the stipula- tion with .Mr. Mariner that lo remove any doubts as lo the legality of the new bonds, rlie county is required to pro- cure the passage of a special act, legalizing the issue of the new bonds before the judgment can be fully satisfied. Cniler ordinary circumstances, this would have delayed the final settlement until after the session of the next Legislature. Being anxious lo finally release themselves and the county from any further trouble in the nia'ter, the Commissioners thought it best to endeavor and get such law passed at tlie lale special sessinii of the Legislature For this purpose. Mr. Mariner was requested to draw up such an act as would best satisfy himself, and Com- missioners Vivian and Bennett visiteil Madison to secure, if possible, its passage at the special session, in this they were successful, aliliough both Houses had resolved lo do no business except the special business for which lliey were convened. A certified copy of said law is herewith submitted, with copiesof the Slate pa|ier in which it is puMished. The thanks of the Commissioners are due to Senator .Archiba'd Campbell for its passage through the Senate, and to Hon. William Carter, who championed it in the .Assembly. From the best information ihpy can get, there are out- standing yet in unkn pwn hands one bond and some coupons. If presented before the regular session, t'le t."oniniis- 541 HISTORY' OF IOWA COl'XTV. eioners will have enough funds to settle them. Mr. Mariner also claims that some errors hare crept into his compu- lation, which will alter, possibly, the figures of the final seitleiiient. For these reasons the Commissioners propose to delay their financial statement until your regular session, when, having finished the business intrusted to them, they will be prepared to submit their accounts and pay over any balance. The settlement will leave the county indebted to the State $150 OOll, to -Mariner JtJo.OX), in all $215,000, a frac- tion over 3 per cent on the county assessment as equalized by the County Board. By this settlement, the county will have to levy $20,000 of the principal, and the interest on the whole debt eachyear until 1889, when there will remain only $15,000 to be paid. The annual tax for this purpose will be little more than it has been for the last two years, as the interest is larger, but the interest charge will decrease each year as the principal is reduced. The payments for the coming year will be in rouml numbers $35,000. which is a fraction over the half of 1 per cent on the county assessment, as equalized by the board. This will be the largest payment, as the interest will be steadily reduced eachyear. Respectfully submitteil. John II. Vivian, Joseph Binnett, L. W. JulNEH. The last recorded event in the bond history is found in an entry on the records under date of November 13, 1878, which satisfactorily disposes of the nefarious business. Reiolved, That a hearty vote of thanks be and the same is hereby tendered to said Kund Commissioners, for the able and satisfactory manner in which the most vexed matter that ever luwa County has been engaged in, has been finally and forever tettUd. CHAPTER VIII. WAR llECOED. b Introductory— First Volitxteer Compaxy in the State— The Farmers' Guards— General Events— Riotous Veterans- The Draft— Bounty Difficulties- The Camp and Field- Roster OF Volunteers. INTRODUCTORY. When the wild wave of secession overrun the country, disrupting all social and political ties with the upas influence of its baneful presence, the enlightened people of the North sprang to arms and clamored loudly to be led against the presumptuous foe. The spontaneity of the rally in the South, the perfected details attendant on a seemingly hurried organization, were all too palpable to be accepted as other than indications of a long-brew- ing conspiracy, subtile in the magnitude of its ramifications. The boasted anticipation of the rebels to decimate the Union and erect on its smoldering ruins the foundation of a Confederacy based on perpetual slavery, was speedily dissolved into a truly Utopian scheme of illusive com- prehension. Striking the first blow on an unsuspecting fraternity, the enemy was soon placed in command of the vantage points of the South. The coast defenses and naval stations invit- ingly awaited their approach, with dismantled battlements and impoverished equipments. Fol- lowing up their initial successes, the elated adherents of the confederacy of Jeff Davis boldly advanced on the capital with the preconceived intention of seizing the seat of Government and subverting it to their own aims ; but in this they happily failed. Quickly recovering from the shock of assault, the North rallied to arms, and volunteers for three months' service eagerly poured in from all sections of the Union. The disastrous battle of Bull Run, fought on July 21, 1861, developed the true nature of the struggle. A patriotic Congress, roused by the zeal of its loyal President Lincoln, and the shadow of impending destruction, appropriated ^500,- 000 for war purposes, and a call was issued for half a million volunteers by the President. With bated breath, all Europe watched the internecine combat then culminating, atid con- jectured the probable results. England, ever jealous of her scion's advancement, could not repress a native instinct of revenge, and insidiously sought to undermine the Federal Govern- ment by treacherously aiding the enemy. The prestige of the Union was darkly clouded, and a positive vindication of its majesty was essential to a maintenance of its power among nations. Public enthusiasm was most intense and spontaneous in its generation. With Revolutionary blood coursing in their veins, the men imitating the example of their grandsires, actually aban- doned the implements of their calling, and flocked to Mineral Point for enrollment. These in- cidents have not had their origin in the active brain of some story teller of the people, as they are fully vouched for by substantial testimony. This feature was more particularly illustrated in Linden, where many men abandoned their plows in the field and volunteered for military duty. The adopted citizens of America's free soil were also numbered among the first to stem the tide of rebellion. THE FIRST VOLUNTEER COMPANY IN THE ST.^TE. At the outset, when the first news from Fort Sumter had been received and canvassed, "old Iowa" with her war-worn Indian laurels, proffereil the services of the first body of men from Wisconsin. The Miners' Guard, an organized militia corps, volunteered for " the front." Their services were accepted without demur, and, having perfected preparations, they were en- rolled under the national flag as Company I, of the Second Wisconsin Regiment. At the close of their three months' service, Company I re-enlisted as a veteran corps, and served throughout 546 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. the rebellion with credit to their country and distinction to themselves. On the day announc- ing the capitulation of Fort Sumter, intelligence of the event was received in Mineral Point and disseminated over the county with electric rapidity; recruits flocked in from the adjacent regions, and speculation was rife regarding the outlook. The Miner's Guard mustered in the morning, and, without any concerted action, the depleted ranks were filled within an hour to overflowing, being swelled from a petty force of sixty men to a strong corps of 130 soldiers. As the State militia laws limited the strength of a single company to seventy-eight men, a new difiiculty presented itself to the officer in command. His ranks were filled to repletion, and how to reduce the strength baffled his ingenuity. Not a single volunteer off'ered to relinquish his post, until eventually the problem was solved by the appointment of a committee of three, deputized to select sixty men for home duty. The committee men were Amasa Cobb, now Judge in Nebraska, John Bracken and Joseph Smith. They were faithful in the execution of their delicate duty, selecting so far as possible men of families, whom they peremptorily ex- empted from service in the Miner's Guard. Although peace was restored by this harmonious arrangement, yet the city still continued in a ferment of excitement, owing to the receipt of a rumor that the rebels were advancing on Cincinnati. Patriotism was fully aroused, and pro- visions were hastily packed into improvised haversacks, that Capt. Allen with the company might depart on the noon train, should the information be confirmed. Before noonday the rumor was exploded, and local matters were restored to a comparative quiet. A brief history of the new Miner's Guard will not seem here inappropriate. This com- pany was organized in May, 1860, under the laws governing the State militia, by Maj. Clowney. The first officers were Captain. Ed Devlin ; First Lieutenant, Ed M. Bliss ; Second Lieuten- ant, Thomas W. Bishop ; Sergeants, Eugene Early, William W. La Fleiche, Joseph J. Davey and William H. Wren ; Corporals, Cornelius James, George Harris, John Lanyon and Edwin Andrews. In the first year of its existence, the Miner's Guard was occupied in organizing and mastering the details of infantry drill. The members soon exhibited such remarkable profi- ciency on the occasions of public parades, that they rapidly acquired the title of a crack corps, not excelled by any similar body of men in Wisconsin. They were first equipped with worth- less muskets of the flint-lock pattern, which did very well for drill purposes, but which were en- tirely inadequate to a hostile intent. These muskets were returned to Madison at the declara- tion of war, and modern rifles supplied in their stead. The Miner's Guard received orders to report at Camp Randall in May, 1861. Pending the time of their departure, the ladies of Mineral Point industriously employed themselves in various ways, and, on the day of parting, each man received a liberal supply of provisions to carry him on his journey. Company I. as we will now call them, rendezvoused at the court house, where, falling into line, they marched to the public square where wagons were in attendance waiting to convey them to Madison by way of Arena. They arrived at the capital in May, 1861, and were assigned to quarters in Camp Randall. The following list of the officers and privates of the Miners' Guard (Company I) of the Second Regiment, is taken from the Madison Journal: Captain, T. S. Allen ; First Lieutenant, William W. LaFleiche Second Lieutenant, Thomas W. Bishop; First Sergeant, Ed. Devlin; Second Sergeant, Alonzo Bell ; Third Ser- feant. James Gregory; Fourth Sergeant, Oliver W. Sanford ; Fifth Sergeant, William Noble; 'irst Corporal, J. Jacobs; Second Corporal, F. Frank Wheeler; Third Corporal, Thomas Maloney ; Fourth Corporal, George B. Otis; Fifth Corporal, Richard L. Gidley ; Sixth Corporal, William Muesser; Seventh Corporal, George H. Legate; Eighth Corporal, Samuel W. Smith; Drum- mer, Charles H. Holden ; Fifer, Frederick Peuschel. Privates. — Luke Avery, John Anderson, A. T. Budlong, Delos P. Beach, Henry Burg- hardt, Seth H. Bohall, Henry Balke, W. F. Benny, Daniel Bice, Fre •a •0 a a -a a '•5 a S i is 2 '4 09 a. 5 bb a a 2 ■3 'a •a en First Infantry 2 3 4 2 Second Infantry .. 1 11 10 2 1 1 1 9 4n 1 2 1 " 1 7 84 Third Infantry 1 19 1 Fifth Infantry . ...„. 1 1 14 2 3 Seventh Infantry ...„. 2 18 4 1 1 Tenth Infantry 3 13 6 3 Eleventh Infantry 34 3 1 "'e' 12 7 28 1 4 ...„. 10 18 5 1 18 1 1 105 27 83 10 Fifteenth Infantry 4 11 16 Sixteenth Infantry 2 2 2 2 Eiffliteenth Infantry 3 3 Nineteenth Infantry 1 1 4 11 6 12 1 12 17 1 18 Twenty-fifth Infantry 3 3 Twenty-seventh Infantry 71 2 1 4 4 "ii" 16 1 12 76 Thirtieth Infantry 45 1 29 99 Thirty-first Infantry 3 9 96 117 Thirty-third Infantry 5 26 12 56 Thirty-seventh Infantry 1 1 2 2 6 2 1 11 4 1 1 4 3 "3" 11 3 1 7 2 1 1 4 1 1 22 Third Cavalry 5 Sixth Battery 3 4 ...„. 3 25 Unknown regiment 3 1 1 1 32 TotaU 78 15 152 104 80 89 94 32 73 63 23 28 841 Miners' Guards, Company I, Second Infantry. — The old Second, in which Company I figured conspicuously, was one of the regiments enrolled under the President's call for 75,000 three-months men, at Camp Randall, Madison, in the spring of 1861, under the management of Col. Park Coon, of Milwaukee. Without having seen active service, the men were called upon to re-enlist, on the 16th of May of that year, for three years or during the war, to which call they made an enthusiastic response by re-cnlisting almost to a man, with the exception of one company, which was disbanded, its place being supplied by the Wisconsin Rifles. On the 11th of June following, the regiment was mustered into service, being the first of the Wisconsin regiments so mustered. Without entering into the details of their equipment and movements by way of Chicago and Pittsburgh to Washington, where they appeared as the first regiment of three-years men, and thence, by the Georgetown aqueduct, to camp, on the Fairfax road near Fort Corcoran, we come to the 16th of July, 1861, when with three other regiments, under the command of Col. W. T. Sherman (now Lieutenant General), as a part of Gen. Tyler's division, they moved on to Man- assas. About noon of the 18th inst., the regiment participated in the attack on the enemy at Blackburn's Ford, on Bull Run. Here they made a double quick of three miles, under heavy L 556 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. artillery fire, in the second line of battle. In the evening, after the engagement was over, they bivouacked near Centerville. Aj^ain, on the '2lst, their division moved on the enemy, who retreated, they pursuing across Bull Run toward Manassas. Near Warrentown Pike, a very advantageous stand was made by the rebels, on a ridge, where their batteries and soldiery were protected by timber. Here the Second was ordered to assault one of the batteries, and moved forward boldly under a terrific enfihiding fire of shell and canister. Forming in line at the foot of the ridge, they charged up, driving the enemy's infantry before them. Just at this critical moment, they were thrown into confusion by the absence of tw(t field officers, and the two wings became separated. Yet, the men continued to fight in scjuads and companies for an hour under cross fire, until the enemy, becoming recruited by tlie arrival of fresh troops, attacked them on the right flank and drove them from the field, with a loss of thirty killed, one hundred and five wounded and si.xty-five missing, many of whom were taken prisoners. Here the regiment won its first laurels, but not the last, for soon after it was consolidated with the Fifth and Si.\th Wis- consin and Nineteenth Indiana, under Gen. Rufus King, and afterward became celebrated in the annals of the rebellion as a part of the "Iron Brigade," one of the most notable and effective military organizations ever made. In the above engagement, Company I suffered scarcely at all, and not until the battle of Gainesville, on August 28, 1862, were there any killed; then Corp. H. P. Curry and private Isaac Kay were slain. To enter into the general details of the various engagements in which the regiment with Company I participated, would be to prepare a separate volume; suffice it to say, they were engaged in the following work and actions (particularly described in the Adjutant General's report of 1865). Tlie erection of Fort Marcy in August and September, 1861. An attempt to cut off Gen. Jackson's retreat 2d May, 1862, making a march of 104 miles. A picket skir- mish at Chancellorsville July 26 ; destruction of warehouse, railroad, etc., at Frederick Hall ; and engagement with Stuart's Cavalry at Thorbury, on August 5 and 6 ; seventeen men of the Second taken prisoners. A skirmish at Waverly Ford, on the Rappahannock, August H'. A skirmish on the 26th. while on the road to White Sulphur Springs. The Second sustained a heavy engagement on the 28th, from Stonewall Jackson's division, for twenty minutes, while waiting for the balance of the brigade to come up ; also other engagements in the vicinity, all known as the battle of Gainesville, under Gen. G. B. McClellan. The storming of Turner's Pass at South Mountain September 14 ; enemy defeated and pursued on the 15th. At the bat- tle of Antietam ; two days distinguished bravery of the brigade and Second. At the battle of Fredericksburg on the 13th of December, the Second occupied a very e-xposed position ; the 14th and 15th they were constantly under arms. On a foraging expedition to Heathville, Va.. February 12 ; large confiscations made. A successful for;iging expedition in Westmoreland County, Va., March 28, 1863. At Fitz Hughes' Crossing, Riippahannock, crossing on pontons under a galling fire ; storming enemys pits and capturing large number of prisoners, routing them, April 28. At Brandy Station, on the Orange & Alexander Railroad, Companies A and I of the Sec- ond participating in the cavalry battle which occurred June 7. In the vicinity of Gettysburg on the 1st of July, a terrible engagement, the Second received the brunt of the fight and charged ; lost 30 per cent of the rank and file, the enemy completely routed. At the battle of the Wilderness on May 7, 1864. By the 11th of this month, the Second was reduced to 100 men fit for service, and, having lost their field ofiicers, were detailed for guard duty and embarked for home. They arrived at Madison on the 18th of June, only a handful of the noble men who had gone out three years before. The last were mustered out on the 2d of July, 1864. Those who were left who chose to re-enlist were re- organized into two companies, known as the independent battalion of the Second, and afterward participated in the battles of Petersburg, Hatcher's Itun and other minor engagements. The battalion subsequently became Companies G and H of the Sixth Infantry. It is not pretended that the above is a complete record of every engagement in which the Second or Company I was engaged. It is but a synopsis of the chief events, as are all of the descriptions. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 557 Farmers Guards, Company E, Eleventh Infantry. — The Eleventh Regiment was assem- bleil at Camp Randall in the fall of 1861, and, by the 18th of October, the men were mustered into service. Of the 105 men, representing nine towns, who went from this section, nearly three-fourths belonged to Company E, which was composed entirely of Iowa County men. The remainder of the 105 men were known as a part of the Constitutional Guards of Arena. The regiment first went to St. Louis, and into camp near Iron Mountain. There, guard duty was performed until the spring of 1862. Then, in March, the regiment was assembled, and began a southward march. Skipping the various stages of their journey, we first find them actively engaged on the 30th of June, defending a wagon train near White River, Mo. From that time until the 3d of July, they were more or less actively engaged in skirmishing while en route for Augusta, Mo. On the 7th of July, a severe engagement at the junction of Bayou Cache and Des Arc roads, where a large force of the enemy was completely routed by a comparatively small number of the Eleventh. Here they met with their first loss — 4 killed and 20 wounded. At this point, their rations fell short, and they were compelled to make a march of 100 miles over burning sands and through morasses to Helena, Ark., before they could get anything. From there they marched to Oldtown, Ark., during the last of the month, and engaged in for- aging expeditions in the vicinity, capturing large quantities of cotton, with but little loss. During the fall and winter of 1862, they were engaged principally in foraging expeditions in Missouri, and in guarding trains. In the spring of 1863, the regiment moved south, stopping at various points, until they reached Bruinsburg, Miss., on the 3d of April. From this point, they began a night march for Port Gibson. On the road, they were attacked by the rebels, and made a stand. After lying on their arms during the latter part of the night, in the morning, what is known as the battle of Anderson's Hill, was fought, the Eleventh leading. The enemy was routed. Soon after this, they were engaged at the battles of Champion Hills and Black River. At the latter place, the Eleventh stormed the enemy's works, putting him to flight and capturing 1,000 men and a regimental stand of colors. On the 19th of May, they took stand at Vicksburg, and were largely serviceable in that siege, and suffered very severely. After Vicksburg surrendered, they went to Jackson, where they were actively engaged, from the 10th to the 21st of July, in fighting and tearing up railroad tracks. Eventually, they participated in a raid into the interior of Louisiana, known as the Teche campaign, and participated in the various scrimmages which occurred, and marched over two hundred miles of terrible roads dur- ing the month of October. On the 17th of November, they moved to Berwick City, and thence proceeded, via the Gulf of Mexico, for Texas. On the route, the regiment was divided, four companies, of which E was one, being left at Point Isabel. They were afterward re-united at Fort Esperanza, December 7, a portion of them having made a very fatiguing march. From this time until January of 1864, they were employed in guard and picket duty at various places. During the winter, nearly three-fourths of the regiment re-enlisted. On the 13th of February, 1864, they were re-mustered, and, on the following day, embarked at Indianola for home on a furlough. The veteran Eleventh arrived at Madison on the 21st of the month, and were accorded a formal reception by the State authorities, and received a stand of colors. On the 23d of April following, they rendezvoused at Camp Washburn, and, on the 27th, embarked for Tennessee, and thence went to Louisiana, where they were employed in scouting, foraging, building fortifications and doing guard duty, until February of 1875. They were during that time often engaged in expeditions of great importance. From Louisiana, the regiment went to Blakely, Ala., where they were engaged from the 3d until the 9th of April, and signally dis- tinguished themselves. This was the last service performed by the regiment, where there was any fighting of consequence. On the 4th of September, 1865, the men were mustered out at Mobile, and the next day left for home, and on the 28th of September received their final dis- charge and pay at Madison, having served four years and two days. Dodgeville Guards, Company C, Tivflfth Infantry . — All but a very few men who went out in the Twelfth Regiment belonged to Company C, recruited in seven towns of the county. The companies first assembled at Camp Randall, in October, 1861, where the regiment was organized 658 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. under the supervision of Col. G. E. Bryant. There they remained drilling until the 11th of Jan- uary, 1862, when they embarked for Missouri. At Quincy, 111., they were unable to cross the river, and in order to get over, had to march down opposite to Hannibal, Mo., a distance of twenty- two miles, which they accomplished in heavy marching order, at the rate of four miles per hour. There they remained overnight with the thermometer at 20° below zero. The ne.xt morning they crossed, and continued the journey ; but had to leave along the route over forty men who were disabled by their exposure. They were obliged to go without food during the most of the time until the 15th, thus early being initiated into the vicissitudes of a soldier's life. At the last-mentioned date, they went into camp at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., where they remained until March ; then they went to Fort Scott, marching 160 miles in six days. From there the regiment went to Junction City, at the Smoky Hill and Republican Forks of the Arkan- sas, to join an expedition for New Mexico. Journeying via Lawrence, Camp Halleck, St. Mary's Mission, Manhattan and Fort Riley, they arrived on the 25th of February. The expe- dition being abandoned, they were soon after called upon to retrace their steps, and went on from Leavenworth, via St. Louis, to Columbus, Ky., where they arrived June 2. They were actively engaged in repairing bridges, railroads, and making raids on guerrillas here and in the vicinity of Corinth, until the 1st of October, when they were removed to Bolivar, Tenn. From this time until the 10th of December, they were engaged in reconnoitering in the vicinity of Hatchie, Pocahontas, Bolivar, La Grange, Holly Springs, Cold Water and Lumpkins Mills, near Waterford, where they were in camp a few days. On the 12th of December, they arrived in Mississippi, where they remained but a short time, going back to Lumpkins Mills. On the 8th of June, 1863, the regiment marched via Cold Water, Moscow, La Fayette, CoUiersville, to Camp Butler, going through great fatigue. There they served as guards until the 14th of March, when they moved to Memphis, Tenn. On the 18th of April, they joined an expedition for the purpose of giving battle to the rebels under Gen. Chalmers. They overtook the enemy at Hernando, and engaged in some pretty sharp skirmishing, and captured a number of prison- ers. At this point, the first man was killed in action. In this expedition, Company C figured conspicuously as one of the advance companies. On the 24th, they returned to Memphis, and, on the 11th of May, they embarked and proceeded to Louisiana, where they were employed in fatigue duty, and guarding the immense stores at Grand Gulf until the'9th of June, when they removed to Vicksburg and participated in the fight. From this point, after the surrender, they went to Jackson, and were engaged in the action of the 12th of July. The enemy abscond- ing, they were removed, via Vicksburg, to Natchez, Miss., where they went into camp on the 15th of August. They remained in camp until the 22d of November, when they were again employed at different points in the vicinity of Vicksburg and Natchez as guards, and in pursuit of guerrillas, until the 25th of July, 1864. Large numbers re-enlisted during January, as veterans, at Hebron, Tenn. On the 3d of February, they started on the celebrated Meridian expedition under Sherman, and marched 416 miles in thirty-one days, being engaged in fighting and destroying property most of the time. The veterans left Hebron on the 13th of March for home, and arrived at Madison on the 21st, where they received a public reception from the Legislature; and, on the 31st, were paid off and discharged. Subsequently, the veteran Twelfth were in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain, with Sherman, from the 2d to the 15th of July, and at Atlanta with the army of the Cumber- land, engagements justly celebrated as among the greatest of the war, and where the Twelfth did as gallant and constant service as any regiment engaged, having several times sustained the brunt of the heaviest fighting. During the spring of 1865, they served at different points in both North and South Carolina, being the greater part of the time in active service. On the 1st of May, the march home was commenced, where they finally arrived on the 21st of July, having been mustered out at Louisville. They were finally paid off and disbanded on the 9th of August, 1865. While the regiment was at Humboldt in 1862, some of the men, being disciples of Faust, captured a printing ofl5ce, and issued a few numbers of a spicy sheet known as the Soldier's '^tj-y^-caM£ C^^^-^ DODGE VI LLE HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 561 Budget. This was a part of the camp diversion, and served happily to beguile many a weary hour. Highland Guards, Company Cr, Twenty-seventh Infantry. — The Twenty-seventh Regiment was ordered to rendezvous at Camp Sigel, Milwaukee, where the men were mustered into service on the 17th of September, 1862, under Col. Conrad Krez, Company G being made up of men from the town of Highland. The regiment left the State on the 16th of March, and proceeded to Colum- bus, Ky., from which point, in May, they moved to Snyder's Bluff, Miss., where they were during the siege of Vicksbu'.'g. From this place, they moved via Helena, Ark., and Duval's Bluff, to Little Rock, where they were stationed until the 23d of March, 1864. Then they were ordered to join the Red River expedition, under Gen. Banks. After a seven days' march, they reached .\rkadelphia; thence moved to Spoonville and Okolona, a distance of thirty-seven miles, where, on tiie 3d of April, they had their first engagement, sustaining the loss of a few men. Having repulsed the enemy, they marched to Eikins' Ferry, crossed the Little Missouri, and, resuming the march with the army corps, participated in the action at Prairie de Arc. From this point they started for Little Rock, marching via Moscow and Camden, to Jenkins' Ferry, where they were again engaged, sustaining considerable loss. Having effected the crossing, they continued the march, reaching their destination without further interruption on the 1st of May. On the •Sd of October following, they broke camp, and, embarking, left Little Rock for Pine Bluff, Ark., where they joined Clayton's command. On the 22d of the month they returned to Little Rock, having done some heavy marching, but without an engagement. Soon after, four of the compa- nies were assigned to guard duty in the vicinity. On the 7th of February, 187.5, the regiment started for New Orleans, to join Canby's command, and finally, after a good deal of heavv marching, they pulled up before Spanish Fort on the 27th of March, where they were stationed (luring the continuance of the siege, and lost a few men. The enemy evacuated the fort on the 8th of April, and were pursued by the Twenty-seventh, which witnessed the capture of the forces by Gen. Steele. They then moved to Stark's Landing, thence to Blakely, on through Mobile to Whistler Station, thence by Nannahubbah Bluff to Macintosh Bluff, where they arrived on the 2.5th of April, and where tiiey were employed in erecting fortifications until after the surrender of Gen. Taylor. From there they went to Mobile, and, soon after, to Brazos, Tex., where they arrived the 6th of June. On the 13th, they marched to Clarksville, where they were engaged in picket duty until the 2d of August, when they moved to Brownsdale, where, on the 29th of the month, they were mustered out. They then embarked for home, arriving in Madison on the 17th of September, 1865, and were soon after paid off and disbanded. Stanton and Burton Guards. Companifs B and C, Thirtieth Infantry. — The recruits for the Thirtieth Regiment rendezvoused at Camp Randall, in October, 1862, where they were mustered in on the 21st of the month, under Col. D. J. Dill, the Iowa County men being the nucleus of Compan- ies B and C. Regimental head({uarters were at Madison for some time after. Eventually, the regiment was divided into four companies, going up the Missouri River to Fort Sully ; neither of these, however, were Companies B or C. On the 2r)th of May, Company C was sent to Bay- field, in this State, remaining but a short time, then returned and the regiment went to Mil- waukee. In October, 1864, Companies B and C, with two other companies, were sent to Fort Wads- worth, in Dakota Territory, under Maj. Clowney. Leaving Fort Wadsworth on the 29th of September, 1865, they removed to Fort Snelling, Minn., where they arrived on the 12th of October, after a 300-niile march. On the 20th of October they embarked on the Mississippi and went to Benton Barracks, Missouri, and thence to Paducah, Kv.. where they were engaged in guard duty until the 6th of December, when tliey were removed to Louisville, Ky., and all but one of the companies were called in. Thence the regiment moved to Bowling Green, Ky., where it remained but a short time, going thence to Louisville, where it arrived on the 12th of January, 1865, and was assigned to guard the military prison. On the 8th of Feb- ruary, Companies B, C and G, under Maj. Clowny. moved to Frankfort, Ky., where they 662 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. were stationed as city garrison. Company B soon after moved to Georgetown, where it acted as garrison under Lieut. Gill. This company rejoined the command on the 27th of May, and with it returned to Louisville. On the iOth of September, the regiment was mustered out, and on the 25th arrived at Madison, and was disbanded and paid off. * Dvdgeville Ranyers, Company C, TInrty-first Infantry. — The Thirty-first Regiment was principally recruited in the summer of 1862. The first rendezvous was held in September at Prairie du Chien, where, on the 9th of October, the recruits were mustered in under Col. L E. Messmore. One of the si.x companies mustered, C, or Dodgeville Rangers, was recruited in the town of Dodgeville. After lying in camp until the 14th of November, the regiment was divided, three companies going to Madison to take charge of the camps for drafted men. From there they were moved to Camp Jlitcliell, where the other companies had gone, and where, on the 13th of January, the remaining four companies were mustered in. On the 1st of March, 1863, the regiment was moved via Cairo, 111., to Columbus, Ky., where it was assigned to the Sixteenth Army Corps at Camp Halleck. While here, they were engaged in raiding, recon- noitering and guarding at different adjacent points. From Columbus, they proceeded via Caira and Louisville to Nashville, Tenn., in September, and remained there until October, when they moved to La Vergne, and thence to Murfreesboro. Soon after. Company B was detached and stationed at Stone River Crossing, where it remained until April, 1864, doing guard duty ; then joined the regiment at Murfreesboro. Soon after, the regiment was assigned to the Second Army Corps, and was divided into detachments, and placed on guard duty along the line of the railroad from Tullahoma to Murfreesboro. A mounted detachment under Lieut. Beattie did excellent service in Middle Tennessee from March to June. In June, the entire regiment was transferred to Nashville, Tenn., and placed on provost duty. On the 16th of July, 1864, they were ordered to Atlanta, where they arrived on the 21st of July, and took a position in the trenches, and where they were constantly under fire and engaged in fatigue duty until the evac- uation by the enemy. Subsequently, thej' were engaged in foraging and garrison duty, until the 15th of November, when, with the Second Corps, they started and went through to the sea with Sherman. When within nine miles of Savannah, the regiment had to struggle through a terrible swamp, under heavy fire. However, it, in company with an Ohio regiment, captured the rebel camp and equipments, for which exploit they received the encomiums of the entire command. Eventually, the Thirty-first participated in the engagements at Chesterfield, S. C, March 1, 1865. At Averysboro, S. C, on the 16th of March. At Bentonville March 19, wiiere the regiment did distinguished service, helping to sustain five heavy charges, and losing sixty men. Thence they marched to Goldsboro and Raleigh, where they encamped. On the 3d of April, they started for home, stopping at Alexandria, Va., to engage in a grand review. May 20. Arriving at Louisville, Companies B and C were mustered out, June 20 ; reached Madison the 23d, and, on the 8th of July, were paid off and disbanded. The Sixth Battery. — The Sixth Battery, Buena Vista Artillery, Capt. Henry Dillon, hav- ing twenty-five men from Iowa County, was organized at Camp L^tley, Racine, on the 2d of October, 1861. They were first placed in charge of a siege battery at New Madrid, Island No. 10, where they remained until May 17, 1863, when they removed to Corinth, and were, on the 3d and 4th of June, engaged in the battle at that point, sustaining a loss of four killed and twenty-one wounded. Having been to Boonville, Rienzi, Grand Junction, Moscow, Lumpkin's Mills, Memphis, Holly Springs and La Fayette. Tenn., they were finally moved to Helena, Ark., thence to Milliken's Bend, La., and on to the siege of Vicksburg, after the battle of Thompson Hill. WHien the enemy retreated, the battery was in the pursuit, and, overtaking him, engaged at Jones' Cross Roads. They were at the battle of Raymond on the 1 2th of May ; thence went to Jackson, where they were engaged ; then on to Vicksburg, where they took posi- tion on the 19th, remaining during the siege. Eventually, on the 27th of September, the entire battery moved to Memphis, Tenn., having been divided a short time before. From this point, with the First Brigade. Third Division. Fifteenth Army Corps, the battery moved via Glendale, Miss., Dickson, Ala., Tuscumbia, Chickasaw, Florence, Rogerville, Fayetteville, through Win- HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 563 Chester and over the Cumberland Mountains to Chattanooga, where they arrived on the 2d of November. They soon after participated in the celebrated movement against Mission Ridge on the 24th. Their guns were soon after condemned, and they went into camp until fresh equip- ments could be supplied. They were at Bridgeport, Larkinsville, and finally at Huntsville, Ala., on the 0th of Aui^ust, 1864, where the new ti-appings and recruits were forwarded soon after. A number of the men re-enlisted at this time as veterans. During March and April,, one section of the bf.ttery was stationed on the Tennessee River, twelve miles from Huntsville. Here they had occasional engagements with the enemy, who were stationed on the opposite side. On the 12th of May, they started in pursuit of a rebel force which had captured and burned Madison Station, twelve miles distant. The pursuit was abandoned at the Tennessee River, and they returned to camp. June 22, they left Huntsville, and proceeded via Stevenson; thence by rail to Kingston, Ga., where they arrived on the 30th, and remained in camp until July 12. They then moved forward thirteen miles to Fort Etowah, commanding the bridge across Etowah- River, near Cartersville, Ga. Lieut. Simpson then took command of the battery, which com- prised two ofEcers and ninety-six enlisted men, forty of whom were veterans. The Sixth Bat- tery exchanged guns on the Oth of November, receiving Rodman rifles instead of NapoleoK guns. They broke camp at Fort Etowah on the 10th of November, and moved via Cartersville and Chattanooga, to Nashville, Tenn.. and joined the reserve artillery on the 17th, at Camp Barry, where Capt. Hood resumed command of the battery. On the 29th, anticipating ai> attack, Camp Barry was broken. The same day, the artillery was assigned to the defenses of Nashville, the Sixth Battery occupying Fort Gillem. December 29, they returned to Camp Barry, and, on the 7th of January, 1865, were transferred to the Reserve Garrison Artillery of the department of the Cumberland. In accordance with orders, the men, on the 16th of Janu- ary, were armed with muskets, and subse(iuently furnished details for duty as provost guard itt the city. They left Nashville by rail on the 17th of February, arriving next day at Chatta- nooga. They remained at Chattanooga until ordered to proceed to AVisconsin for discharge from service. They arrived on the 3d of July, 1865, at Madison, Wis. The battery was mus- tered out on the 18th, to take eiFect from the date of their arrival in the State. ROSTER OF VOLUI^JTEERS. AS TAKEN KKOM THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORT OF WISCONSIN. TOWN OF .\IiENA. Sfcond Infantrt/ — Co. K — Jolin Mootnian. Eleventh Infantri/ — Co. A — Kobert I.loyd, Hdrvey Wool- worlli, .Jttnips Boardnian, .John .\iistin. Eilwnrd Lamp- man, I'MwarJ Harwell. Co. G — W.irren Ilailiaway. Koh- erl .McGann, .lacob Uoilge. Manlv Doilge, .Jeremiah .Shay, Michael Miirkhey, I.eamler Parks. Fre'lerick Mouback, Thoma.s Terneing. .John Welsh, William Masterman. Sam- uel I'orllow, Daviil Wingail, Charles Hywater. .John By- water, Patrick Nary, .John Mikewait, George .-Vppleby, Jerome Calkins, Stephen t^alkins, Anson Calkins, Evan Oilbertson, EJwanl M.ibbill. Thoiiia,s Bistinp, Daniel Hol- comb, .lames I.aw,.\nclrew Wynn. George M. Di.ilge. Twelfth In/iintnj — Company unknown — Frank Wilson, James Wilson, William Rine. Seventeenth Inf^intnj — Company unknown — Patrick Ter- nen, John C. Ilog^n. Twenty-third I nfiintr II — Co. E— I Irville Tyler. Robert Ad- dison, Samuel Colwell. Thomas .Melville, . John F. Calkins, William T. Howry, Romanzo A. Coals, Michael Leahey, William Q. Raynor, William Hutchinson. Worcester llol- comb, E. k. Freeman, .lohn K. iVppleby, John G. Tyler, William .May, Francis Wilson, Joseph liarwell. Thirtii-first iKl'iinlrji — Company unknown — Fi ank Ville- monl, Joiin T. Mubbotl. William Porter. ThiHii-third Infantry — Co. A — John Winppid, Bannister Davis. Job Wilkin.son, William Mabbott, Edward Lahei>, Paul Velmont, John Freeman, .lolin Hill, John M.Wilson- Sccond Cavairtj — Willian) L. Dawson. Third Cavalry — Henry Sanderson. Reifiment unknown — Patrick Farrell, George .Ashmore, Benjamin Parkins. Sizlh Battery — Kobert L. Lloyd, Marcus Reemers, Jolin McCann, James Woolen. TOWN OF CI.VIIK. Nineteenth Infantry — Co I — William Hoben. Sixtli Battery — .'Vugustus Tronkill, Louis Tronkill, Fer- dinand Daggii. Ileyimenl unknown — William I. Likely, William H. Holmes. John Post, Benjamin Searles, Warren I Collins, John Leece, Henry Kazy, James Carroll, William Nolen, Edward Nolen. Antoine Tassell. TOWS or DOIKJEVir.I.E. Second Infantry — Co. I — George Williams, Peter Peter- son, William Owens, Joseph Williams, John Furze, George Gilbert, John Granville, Cornelius Wlieeler, Will- iam .S. Renney, .lames Perrine, Parry. 564 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. Third Infantry — William MaflBe, Samuel Blodgett, Henry Watts. William Thomas, John Owens, John Jones, Thomas | Persons, Richard Chappell, John li. Jones. Eleventh Infantry — Company unknown -Charles Reeves. Twelfth Irijantry — Co. (J — Alfred Blodgett, Daniel Kice. James Granville, Cornelius Jiimes, John Rowe, Henry Jones, John Pitts, Peter Peterson Tally, William H. Lane, Thomas Roberts. Thomas Bailey, Chariest!. Leober, Will- iam Williamson David E. Jones, John Crook, Thomas Dunstan, Thomas R. Eddy, Samuel Hocking, Henry Jones. Evan Matiison, Ole Ohlsen, Silas Robbinson, Oliver Stephens, James Slater .lames Trelvar, David Williams, Howell Williams. Fifteenth Infantry — \'.o. G — Henry Thompson, Hans Larsen. Eric Larsen. Co. I — Oliver Ohove. Thirtu-first Infantry— Co. C — Joseph La Bonte, John Leece, Philip Perkins, William Hunter, (^ieorge W. Rand, Casper Breman, Christopher Peterson. Louis La Barre, I. Ellis Owens, Orville Strong, John A. Williams, John A. Thomas, William Dale, Alfred Dale. Dennis A. Cowan. Paul .levadoe, Walter .1. Wrigglesworlli, .lohn L. Stewart, James Granville, William X. Lanyon, William B. Nelson, James Magrane, John Weeist, Lyman Miner, Robert Jones, Thomas Stephens. .Samuel Williams, Joshua Elani. Elisha Tyra, John W. Jones. .Morgan Enoch. Ephraim I). Evans, David Wickum, David Woodard, John D. Gritfith, Thomas B. Davis, Hugh Richards, William Stopford, Ole Anderson, William Collingwood, Simon .Magrane, Peter Crook, Evan D. Jones, William H.Grittitli, Edward Davis, David Edwanls. Robert Tyrer. John Kyiill, Henry Car- ter, Joel M. Dewilt, John lloldsworth. Thomas M. Jones. Frank Villemont. James Leville, .Mathew West, William Porter, .John L. Mabbott. .lohn R. Mabbott, Thornton U. Sheppnrd, Michael Teal, Henry Collins, William C. Dean. John Perkins, William Green, John Crouse, William Loudan, Benjamin S. Prideaux. James Rowe. William H. Penbuthy, Oliver H. Stewart, Samuel B. William-,. Beujamin Thomas, Benjamin Lewis, Archurd Prideaux. William (ieorge, Samuel Dunstan, David Frost, Thomas S. Perkins. David D. .lones, Henry Parry, David H. Feathers, James Mc.Mahon, David Edwards, John Leece, Edward Davis, Philip Perkins, William Hunter. Robert R. Jones, George W. Hand, James I. Jones, Will- iam F. James, Robert \V. Ikiberts, Thomas Stewart, Dan- iel Wickum. Kasper Brammer, Christopher Peterson. Second Cavalry — William Bartle, Edward Jenkins, Thomas Stephens. Third Cavalry — Napoleon Sterling. TOWN OF IIIGHt.AN'n. Second Infantry — Co. I — Henry Coats, Frank Knowl- ton. Third Infantry — Co. F — Samuel Bartholomew. Fourth Infantry — Co. D — Sylvester Lamont. Fifth Infantry— Co. H — William Lamb (Minn) Xmlh Infantry — Co. A — Homer Michael. Eleventh Infantry — Co. E — Ezekiel Chany. Fourteenth Infantry — Co. K — Henry Folze, John Petlit, Edmond Pettit.Irvin Underwood, Christian Bach, Thomas Benvy. Sintteenth Infantry — Co G — Michael Radsky. Tirentit-Third Infantry — t^o. A — Francis Lamott. Ticrnty-seventh infantry — Co. G — lohn Bonzel, Thomas Brennan. John Cosgrove, Texas Duscham, Henry Egan, Eilward Frederick. Lewis Guyon, John Guyon. Ernest Gottsehall, John Hinti. John Holman, Charles Kasabum, Christian Lcschaska. Stilluian Moulton. Joseph Mero. George II. Potis. John Schevilbin, .\lfred Sumner, Schmisky Stantilaiis. .\manzer Strong, John Whalin, Charles Wiela, .\nderson Wooil. William Adams, Richard Ade, Andrew Andrewson, William Anding, Charles .\ve- noies. .loseph Batzmer. John Broker, W. M. t^lark, Thomas Crofl, John Conkley. FMward O. Donald, Charles W. Dennis, John Downey, John Edwards, James Gunn, Frederick llelmig, Henry Helguson, John Krauser, Henry Kurtz. William Krauser, Frederick Kelso, Patrick Knox, .\dam Kurtz, Gustavus F. Kloor, Richard Ken- nedy, John Martin, Alexander McDougal, Patrick Mc- Govern. .Michael McCormick, Thomas McGuin, William Morgan, Martin Phelan, Paul Paulson. Ignatz Richter, Frank llutlier. Frank .'^abich, Ernest Schmiti. Henry C. Spicer. .lohn W. Spicer, Thomas .Spicer. Henry Steel, Slams Swisky, .\utou Tasel, Nicholas Udlehofen, John Ward, William Wigham, Thomas Wallace, George Williams. Thirtieth Infantry — Co B — John llulmnu, Wm. Dowling. Thirtyfirtt Infantry — Co. C — Chester Randolph. Thiriy-third Infantry — Co. A — Richard Meeks, Irvin Bullis, William Bean, .Marion Bean. First Cavalry — Co. K — Stephen Cosgrove, .\ndrew Cos- grove. Second Cavalry — Thomas Weeds. John Dickinson. Sixth Battery — Ole Larson, Michael Larson, Michael Murphy. Regiment unknown — James Harden, August Kaum, Peter Norris. James Wall. TOWN OF l.lNt)EN. Second Infantry — Co. I — John Goldthorpe, Robert Ja- cobs, Isaac Riggs, William N^ble, Jacob Gundrum, Will- iam Pollard, Luke Avery, Benjamin F. Satterlee, Chris- tian Schlosser. Seventh Infantry — Company II — Joseph Heathcock, Mark Smith. Jr. Eleventh Infantry — Co. E — John Stoner, Parley P. Stoner, John Scott, Robert Scott, Matthew Curry, Thomas Curry, James Bottoms, John Thrasher, Alexander Shan- non, Rees Davis. John Perry. Thomas 1. Jones. Twelfth Infantry— vo. C — Charles Baxter, Gilbert Ba- ker, John Pitts. Thomas Goldworthy, William Lane. Twelfth Infantry — Co. K — Joseph R. Hoar, Joseph R. Heart. Thirtieth Infantry — Co. E — Oscar H. Comfort, Nathan I. Jacobs, Joseph Vickerman, John Vickerman, Edward V'ickerman, Samuel Bucket, John Dolphin, Thomas Gard- ner, Jr., John E. Davis, Evan Davis. Co. B — Peter Ryan, John Hoar, William H. Gill. William .Sands. John Treloar, William Treloar. William J. Wallace. John Suf- ficool. John Webster. Joseph Thomas, Thomas Manuel. Henry Sampson (Michaelson), Thomas Gardner, Peter Hansen, William H. Baker, John Bennett, Jr., Francis Carver, Joseph Temby, Richard Temby, Richard Barratt. John Harris, Philip Baxter. James T. Smith Joseph Pol- lard, Thomas Penrose, Thomas Kent, John Arthur Jr., Charles ItoUlthorpe, Joseph Chynoweth, William Kinney, Luke Dixon, William Brewer, Thomas Thrasher, John Hoar. Henry Dewey. Thirtyjirrt Infantry— Co. C — loel M. De Witt. Regiment unknown — Peter Ryan, William Webb, Sam- uel Hocking. Robert Griffen. TOWK or HIFPLIN. Second Infantry— Co. E— Isaac Kay. Co. I— George Wilkison. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 565 Third Infantry— Co. F— Leroy Ellis. Fifth Infantry — Co. I — Joseph Harker. Seventh Infantry — Co. C — Henry Iniiman, Wallace En- lor, Harvey Edwards, John Slout, David Stout John Cav- enough, John Enlor. AKner Stout, Henry Brewer, Will- iam Hodges. Co. I — Stephen Wilkius, Columbus Day. .\bram Adkins, Thomas Adkins. Eighth Infantry — Co. K — Albert M'Clerd, Michael Man- sion. Tenth Infantry— Co. I— William Liddall, G. W. Han- cock, Seth Steel. Co. E — Alexander Ludlam. John Ste- phens, Frank Enlor, William I'helps. Oliver Phelps, John Brazzle, Daniel B. Moore, Kickapoo, Jeremiah Phillips, Thomas Davis, Reese Davis, John Parry. Co. I — John H. Hughes. Twelfth Infantry — Co. K — .\lbert Sampson, Gustavus A. Stephens, Adelbert .Stephens, Joshua Stephens, Jo- seph Hoar, Henry Randall. Nineteenth Infantry — Co. E — Joseph Parish. .Albert Mil- lard. Co. I — James Smith, John A. Jones. Twentieth Infantry — Co. C — G. W. Isreal. Charles Les- lie, G.W. Smith, Andrew Shelburn, Ransom Smith, Albert Stockton, John Culbertson, Silas Lightner, James Light- ner. Christian Bonese, Luther David. Twenty-fifth Infantry — Co. unknown^John Kinney, Capt. Scott, Solomon Eastman. Thirtieth Infantry — Co. B — John Bows. Anson M. Dur- and, John Babcock. David Stephens, John Bainbridge, Joseph David, C. C. David, John D. Hoare, Philo Ste- phens, Ira Stephens. Co. E — Harrison Cushman, Har- vey Cushman. William Blondell, David Williams, Horace Streeter, Henry Deitzman, C. M. Reynolds, Thomas I. Morrell, Sylvester K. Ga"igher, Isaac Day, John M. Sparks, George Nicholson, Edward E. Williams, Peter Jones, John T. Jones, John Owen, Reese Davis, Joseph Day, David Deitzman. Thirly seventh Infantry — Co. E — Lycurgus Packard (111.) Second Cavalry — Edward Bebee. Second Artillery — .\ugustus Bnckwalt. Regiment unknown — .Nathaniel Galligher (III.), Luke McCabe. TOW.\ (IF MI.NKKAL I'OI.VT. Second Infantry — Co. I — .Fames Gregory, William Loof- borrow, William Noble, Thomas H. Rowland. Thomas S. Allen, Oliver W. Sanford. Thomas Maloney, ,\lpheus Budlong. Henry Burghareit. Samuel Coker, William Grant, .Moritza lless, Frederick Hollz. Christian Klein. Gottleib .Moucher, William Mcnser, .Mark W. Terrill, Da- vid W. Maffit, Christopher Sehlosher, Georjje Viench, Richard Gimdry, Philip Laumnce. George K. Lathrop, Charles F. Lathrop, Delns Beach, (ieorge Harris, Thomas Bishop, Frank Wheeler, .\lonzo Bell, Richard Gidley, George II. Otis, George H. Legale, Samuel .' 00 Jefiferson County -^Jjib 00 Total loss Sl:i0,980 00 The largest individual losses are accredited to Mr. Gillman and John Spensley, respectively, ?20,000 and 311,000, both of Mineral Point City. The number of fatalities, divided among the respective counties were, in Iowa County, thirteen ; Dane County, six ; .Jefferson County, one. To these are to be added the deaths from injuries and wounds received during the storm. The number is incalculable, as in many instances the sufferers survived in agony for months subsequent to the date of infliction. The broad and liberal maxims of benevolence, which teach men to bury local enmities and assist each other in the moment of common danger, were observed in the darkest hours of the disaster. The news of the terrible misfortune had hardly been promulgated, when, with mag- netic influence and unsparing speed, the citizens set about repairing their shattered fortunes. A central collection committee was organized in Mineral Point on May 24, 1878, under the name of the Tornado Fund Committee. The following gentlemen compose the committee: Mayor Calvert Spensley, William T. Henry, Treasurer ; Joseph Gundry, R. D. Pulford, J. M. Had- field, Cyrus Lanyon and John Hoard. Those who lost all and were represented to be in a state of positive need, were as follows, the amount accompanying each name representing the extent of their possessions at that time : John Coleman, $800 ; George Leonard, §800 ; George Addington, S-3.50 ; John Menger, $200 ; Ben C. Bennett, §900 ; Patrick Bohan, §800 ; William Cocking, §.500 ; Martin O'Dowd, §800; Clark, §1.'')0; Mrs. Thomas Cox, §50; William Donnev, §1.000; Mrs. Adams, §800 ; William Jacka, §.500; John Mever, §400; Thomas Keelev, §800 ; Margaret Waters, §100; Mary Coleman. §100 ; Howe. §3.50 ; Joseph Nichols, §75 ; J. M. Larsh. §275 : Ed Jeffrey, §300; Thomas Keelev, §1,3< 10; William Salmon, §2.000 ; total, §12,850. Amounts subscribed to the relief fund : Mineral Point, city, §1,353.50; Mineral Point, town, §1,400; Platteville,§l 51.50; Dodgeville, §247.25 ; Darlington, §162.25 ; Chicago, §722.10 ; New York, §20 ; concert pro- ceeds, §22.65. Aggregate receipts, §2,693.25. On April 12. 1879, the Tornado Fund Committee submitted a final report of moneys received and disbursed from funds under their control. The receipts were §2,921.25, and vouchers for that amount were presented and duly audited. The committee was then discharged. COUNTY OFFICERS. 1850 — Parley Eaton, Judge ; R. S. Vivian, Sheriff; Araasa Cobb, District Attorney ; Jonas Hutchinson, Clerk of Court; Henry Lenahan, Treasurer; William Henry, Register; Cyrus Cornell, County Clerk; A.. W. Comfort, Surveyor; R. D. Pulford, Coroner. 1851 — M. M. Cothren, Judge: John McNair, Treasurer; N. B. Boyden, County Clerk. 1852 — C. N. Mumford, Sheriff; Araasa Cobb, District Attorney: James Hutchinson, Clerk of Court; J. I. Uren, Treasurer; N. B. Boyden, Register; J. B. Gray, County Clerk; A. W. Comfort, Surveyor ; Richard Pratt, Coroner. 1853 — P. W. Thomas, Judge. This year, at the general election, out of 810 votes cast, 517 were for prohibition. 18.54 — Levi Sterliui;, Sheriff; L. H. D. Crane. District .\ttorney ; James Hutchinson, Clerk of Court ; J. L Uren, Treasurer ; Joseph Lean, Register ; Arthur Brittan, County Clerk ; J. B. Whitelaw, Surveyor ; G. W. Henry, Coroner. 1855 — L. M. Strong, .Jud!»e. Owing to irregularity, either in elections or through the neglect of the County Clerk, there is no further record of officers until HISTORY OF 10 u A COUNTY. 573 1858 — T. McFarland, Sheriff; J. H. Clary, District Attorney ; John Cummins, Clerk of Court; Francis Vivian, Treasurer; Joseph Lean, Register; W. H. Curry, County Clerk; Rob- ert Wilson, Surveyor; Matthew Goldswortliy, Coroner. 1859— L. M. Strong, Judge. 1860 — George Messersmith, Sheriff; J. W. Clary, District Attorney ; Joel Whitman, Clerk of Court ; Francis Vivian, Treasurer ; Isaac Ocheltree, Register ; Henry Dunston, County Clerk ; B. W. VVerrick, Surveyor ; Burke Fairchild, Coroner. 1861 — Stephen B. Ansley, Judge. 1862— G. C. Meiggs, Sheriff; J. H. Clary, District Attorney; Joel Whitman, Clerk of Court : Francis Vivian, Treasurer ; James Ryan, Register ; John Heron, County Clerk ; Robert Wilson, Surveyor ; David Morrison, Coroner ; Alvin J. Sly, School Superintendent ; W. S. Rich- ardson, Henry Plowman and George Sims, County Supervisors (first record of School Super- intendent and War Supervisors). 1863 — John Bonner, Judge; John James, Geo. Sims and W. S. Richardson, Supervisors. 1864 — Thomas Thomas, Sheriff; Alexander Wilson, District Attorney; Joel Whitman, Clerk of Court; Francis Vivian, Treasurer; James Jones, Register; George H. Otis, County Clerk ; James D. Adams, Surveyor ; Mathew Goldsworthy, Coroner. 1865 — L. M. Strong, Judge ; Samuel Parks, School Superintendent ; James Troy, Joseph Roberts and Oscar F. Levake, Supervisors. 1866 — William Wigham, Sheriff; Alexander Wilson, District Attorney; 0. P.Ashley, Clerk of Court; Francis Vivian, Treasurer; Kearton Coates, Register; G. H. Otis, County Clerk ; J. D. Adams, Surveyor ; Thomas Thomas, Coroner ; J. W. Rewey and L. W. Joiner, Supervisors of First and Third Districts. 1867 — Samuel Parks, School Superintendent ; John Bonner and 0. F. Levake, Super- visors of the Second and Third Districts. 1868 — William Sands, Sheriff; 0. P. Ashley, Register of Deeds; Francis Vivian, County Treasurer ; S. W. Reese, District Attorney ; Orville Strong, Clerk of Board ; Chris. Kessler, Clerk Circuit Court ; W. J. Wrigglesworth, Surveyor. 1869 — Robert W^ilson, Judge ; Samuel Parks, School Superintendent ; Archie Campbell. Supervisor Second District. 1870 — James Ryan, Sheriff; J. M. Smith, District Attorney; Christian Kersler, Clerk of Court; Francis Vivian, Treasurer; Richard Dunston, Register of Deeds ; Orville Strong, County Clerk ; Henry Moddin, Surveyor ; Charles Hope, Coroner. 1871 — Thomas Patifield. Superintendent of Schools. 1872 — W. Sands, Sheriff; R. L. Reail, District Attorney; Christian Kessler, Clerk of Court; Charles Gillmann, Treasurer ; Ben Evans, Register ; Orville Strong, County Clerk ; A. W. Comfort, Surveyor ; Matt Bishop, Coroner. 1873 — Robert WMlson, Judge; W. H. Peck, School Superintendent. 1874 — James Ryan, Sheriff; M. J. Briggs, District Attorney; W^illiam Sands, Clerk of Court; Christian Kessler, Treasurer; Richard Dunston, Register; John Hoare, County Clerk ; Thomas Brown, Surveyor ; Charles Hope, Coroner. 1875 — Albert W^alkins, Superintendent of Schools. 1876 — Thomas Kennedy, Sheriff; J. W. Reese, District Attorney; William Sands, Clerk of Court; Christian Kessler, Treasurer; James Clemenson, Register; J. T. Pryor, County Clerk ; A. W. Comfort, Surveyor ; Charles Hope, Coroner. 1877 — John T. Jones, County Judge; William A. Jones, School Superintendent. 1878— Thomas Blackney, Sheriff; T. S. Ansley, District Attorney ; J. M. Dale, Clerk of Court; Charles Gillmann. Treasurer ; D. G. Jones, Register; J. T. Pryor, Jr., County Clerk ; P. T. Stevens, Surveyor; Charles Hope, Coroner. 1879 — W'illiam A. Jones, Superintendent of Schools. 1880— Thomas Kennedy, Sheriff; J. W. Taylor, District Attorney; J. M. Dale, Clerk of Court ; James Clemenson, Treasurer ; D. G. .Jones, Register ; Thomas M. Goldsworthy, County Clerk; R. L.Jones. Surveyor; William P. Kugsles, Coroner. .')74 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. The first Legislative Assembly convened at Belmont, Iowa County (now Lafayette), Octo- ber 25, 1836 , adjourned December 9, 1836. Council — Edward McSherry. Secretary; William Henry. Sergeant at Arms; Ebenezer Brigham, John B. Terry, James R. A'^ineyard, Councilmen ; William Boyles, George F. Smith, Daniel M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Schanley, James P. Cox, Representatives. Second session convened at Burlington, Iowa, November 6, 1837; adjourned January 20, 1838. Levi Sterling, Sergeant at Arms; other rejiresentatives remained the same. Special session convened at Burlington, Iowa, June 11, 1838 ; adjourned June 25, following. First session of the second Legislative Assembly convened at Madison, November 26, 1838, and adjourned December 22, 1838. All subsequent sessions convened at this point. James Collins and Levi Sterling, Councilmen: Russell Baldwin, John W. Blackstone. Henry M. Billings and Thomas Jenkins, Representatives. 1839 — Second session. James Collins, President; Councilmen the same as above ; Charles Bracken, additional Representative. Third session, 1839-40. Councilmen and Representatives the same as above. 1840 — Fourth session the same. Third Legislative Assembly — Levi Sterling, James Collins. Councilmen ; Francis J. Dunn, Ephraim T. Ogden, Daniel M. Parkinson and David Newland, Representatives ; David Newland, Speaker. Second session, 1841-42 — James Collins, President; Moses M. Strong, Councilman; Representatives same as above. Fourth Legislative Assembly, 1842-43 — Moses M. Strong, President and Councilman; Robert M. Long, Moses Meeker and William S. Hamilton, Representatives. Second session. 1843-44 — Moses M. Strong, Councilman; George Messersmith, Moses Meeker and Robert Long, Representatives. Third session, 1845 — Moses M. Strong, President and Councilman ; James Collins, Robert C. Hoard and Solomon Oliver, Representatives. Fourth session, 1846 — Moses M. Strong, Councilman ; Henry M. Billings, R. C. Hoard, Charles Pole, Representatives. Fifth Legislative Assembly, 1847 — John Bevins. Sergeant at Arms ; William Singer, Councilman ; Timothy Burns, J. D. Jenkins and Thomas Chilton. Representatives. Special session, 1847 — Ninian E. Whitesides, Councilman; Timothy Burns, M. M. Cothern and Charles Pole, Representatives. Second session, 1848 — Councilman and Representatives the same as above. Timothy Burns, Speaker. The first Constitutional Convention assembled at Madison on the 5th day of October, 1846, and adjourned on the 16th dav of December, 1846, liaviiitr framed a constitution which was submitted to the people, and rejected on the first Tuesday in April, 1847. Representatives from Iowa County, William R. Smith, Sloses M. Strong. Daniel M. Park- inson, Thomas Jenkins, William .1. Madden, Ninian E. Whitesides, Joshua L. White, Thomas, James, Andrew Burnside, Moses Meeker iind Elihu B. Goodsell. Second convention assembled at Madison on the 15th day of December, 1847, and adjourned on the 1st day of February, 1848, having frameil a constitution which was submit- ted to a vote of the people and adopted on the seconil Monday in March, f'lliowing. Representatives from Iowa County, Stephen P. HoUenbeck. Clias. Bishop and Joseph Ward. First session of the State Legislature conveneil at Madison June 5, 1848, adjourned Aug- ust 1, 1848. H. M. Billings, of Highland. Senator; Thomas Jenkins and Abner Nichols, Assemblymen; John Mullanpiiy, Speaker. Secon<37, and, without reserve, gives bis impressions anil observations regarding the country and inhabitants as they appeared at that time. Some of the remarks are doubtless ;vs mucii the result of prejudice as they are of the actual condition of things; yet there is but little doubt that the mining country and the miners then presented a picture which those of to-day can scarcely comprehend. In speaking of the country which he p;issed through while en route for Mineral Point, he says : " Regions of this character, whilst possesseil by the Indians, have much interest attached to them, tiie traveler's movements are not without a touch of interest, and at nigiit when his camp is properly fixed, there is cleanliness and comfort to be obtained. But the advancing tide of white population, amongst which we had now got, had destroyed every chance of these ; the miserable low taverns were kept by greedy, vulgar adventurers who had come into the country to torment it with what they call diggings, a name they give to the rude shallow shafts, a few feet deep, which they sink in search of metal. Nothing could exceed the ignorance and filthy habits of the working miners, the greater number of whom being witliout skill, and becoming finally disappointed in their expectations, had f illen into the lowest state of poverty." Of the driver and the stage at that time he says : '• The driver of our vehicle was a droll Cockney Englishman, about five feet high and near sixty years old, born in London, who, * Otterboarae, so bounteously supplied with nil the ewetitials of a villitge site, nrTer enjoyed an animate oilntence. — Ed. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 593 by his own account had never had either father or mother that he knew, and who had picked up his living in the streets there from his fifth year." After knocking about here and tliere he had " at length reached what may be called the pathos of all human desires for an Englishman, the situation of driver of this most wretched stage, as he called it, which was dragged by two lame, miserable horses through a country without the vestige of anything like comfort. " At tiie top of his strange physiognomy was stuck the filthy remnant of what had once been a fur cap ; about his neck was a disgusting handkerchief that had never been washed ; an old, ragged, red blanket coat, thrice too large for him, covered his person, and beneath its ample .skirts appeared two odd boots that had been patched and repaired so often that, as he said, they had been made nowhere. One of them, he remarked, was so plaguy large that he had cut a hole in the foot to let the water out, and the other was such a blessed sight to small, that he had cut a hole in that to let his toes out. Everybody we met seemed to know him except one per- son who said, ' Gineral, I guess its a toss up whether your horses or your stage break down first.' " Mr. F. was enabled to attend at a trial for murder while he was at Mineral Point, and gives his impressions of the proceedings, describing the appearance and condition of the ''court " and attendants without reserve or apology. Being an Englishman almost fresh from his native land, and used to the austerity and pomp of its court of justice, he could, in all prob- ability, only regard the one he describes with feelings of repugnance, and which doubtless gave tone and color to all he says ; yet, beyond a question of doubt, as is now illustrated by the courts in the Western mining camps, the entire proceedings were anything but what they now are, or even what we can fully recognize them to have been. But virtue and the supremacy of the law in accordance with the mandates of reason and the needs of humanity, is a natural result which time, through the changes from barbarism to civilization, compels and fosters ; and though in an early day the methods of administering justice in this locality may have been crude in effect, and inadequate at times to the magnitude of the offenses committed, yet at present the country stands redeemed from those errors as much through the efforts of the very men who committed them, in some instances, as by any other means. And then as now the people's opinions and the local customs were always, to a great extent, the laws which influenced the pioneers, who were standing almost outside of the pale of civilization. Says Mr. F.: "I had heard much of a trial for murder that was to take place in the even- ing, and, as amusement and characteristic manners are usually to be found on such occasions, especially in the Western country, I went to the court house which was a log building made of squared timber, it was but a sorry exhibition of a court of justice, dark, and filled with filthy- looking men spitting about in every direction. The prisoner was an impudent ill-looking fellow of the name of McComber, and, it appeared on the trial, that in a revengeful spirit, for some sup- posed injury, he had stealthily followed up one Willard A. W., nephew of Gen. Dodge, the Gov- ernor of the Territory, and, seizing his opportunity, had shot him. The court was my old friend with his breeches on; but sorry I am to say he was ill-dressed, excessively dirty, unshaven, and had his jaws tied up in an old silk handkerchief, having, as he told the jury, "got the mumps.' "The Prosecuting Attorney who summed up exceeded all the pleaders I ever listened to for absurdity of language and bad grammar, and had evidently come from the very lowest class, the following was one of his grave passages intended to be very impressive : " 'Yes, gentlemen of the jury, he is proved to have been maliciously and aforethought con- triving this here business. He was seen walking up and down, backwards and forwards with solemnity, and, to make the act more solemn, he did the solemnest thing a man can do when he is coming to a solemn thought, and determines on it by the smoking of his pipe. Yes, he con- cluded by the smoking of the pipe, and, if that beent as you may say, putting the cap atop, why then I don't know what is.' "The twang, the appearance, ami gestures of the orator are wanting to do justice to this elo- quent passage. At the conclusion of this speech the court adjourned. 594 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. " The next day or evening, when the court convened, a sealed verdict was sent in, finding the prisoner guilty, but," as Mr. F. states, "the Judge was in such a state of into.xication as to be unable either to address the jury or to deliver sentence; therefore, at the suggestion of Prosecuting Attorney, the court was dismissed. The most of those present were greatly dissat- isfied, and even the prisoner appeared to feel oppressed by the turn of affairs." The next day, after breakfast, he says : " I returned to the court house to witness the con- clusion of this disgraceful affair. The Judge arrived and took his seat, with that wretched and haggered appearance that individuals bear who are far advanced in mania a potu, and after a few absurd phrases, sentenced the murderer to pay a fine of $300, and to be imprisoned until the fine was paid. The disgusting farce being over, the convict was conducted to the log hut which was appointed to be the jail, and as soon as they opened the door to let him in, I saw him make a couple of grand somersets, the last of which carried him into his lodgings. These consisted of a solitary log house, with one room on the ground, and a window with some bars ; no sooner had they locked him in than he began to crow with all his might. His numerous friends now went to talk to him at the window, and during the day, brought him food and whisky. In the course of the night he evaporated, and so ended the affair ; for as to apprehending him a second time, few persons would be found willing to attempt that, it being universally known that when frontier bloods of his caliber once imbrue their hands in blood, they entertain no scruples about taking the lives of those who come with hostile intentions against them." BY W. p. RUGGLES. I am what the "Pukes," "Suckers," " Hoosiers " and "Wolverines" used to call in early •days a d — d yankee. My infancy, childhood and early manhood were passed in the town of Barre, county of Worcester. State of Massachusetts, near the historic town of Rutland, where the captured soldiers of Burgoyne were imprisoned, together with the Hessian hirelings, during the later days of the Revolution. I have often seen the old barracks where they were kept. Within ten miles of my home towered up famous old Wauchesett, which is to that country what the Blue Mounds are to this, and which has been celebrated in the annals of old Massachusetts from days immemorial. From this elevation, the bonfires of Bunker Hill could be seen during the days from ITTo to 1781, when a few daring aspirants for liberty were fighting the mighty struggle which made the nation and secured us of to-day the privileges of a free and united people. I will be pardoned, in view of the present grandeur and extent of the United States, for entertain- ing a feeling of pride at the thought that my grandfathers were both engaged in the Revolution, one on land and one on sea. I now have in my possession the powder-horn which Daniel Rug- gles carried at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and at other places. The other, Zenas Phinney, an old sea captain, served with distinction during the struggle. While I was yet a small boy, the the war of 181ii broke out, and during that time my father was one of the minute men. I remember on one occasion, how a neighbor and my father were talking about war matters in front of the house, when the roar of artillery came to our ears very distinctly from the direction of Boston Harbor, 110 miles away. It was a beautiful and clear day in September, but we could not believe that it was the sound of cannonading until the arrival of the weekly mail in the neighborhood informed us that a British man-of-war had at that time been in pursuit of an American privateer. I lived on my father's farm until I was twenty-one, going to school winters (when it stormed), so I did not enjoy the advantages of Yale or Harvard, but nevertheless, I managed to pick up enough information to enable me to hold my own against the world in after years. My father was of the Puritanical stock, and, as a matter of course, was very largely imbued with strong notions as to the value of time, etc., and consequently I was required to work early and late, from year's end to end, during week days, and go to church on Sundays. Thus were passed my boyhood years, tilling the rocky and sterile lands of the old Bay State ; and we had to work, or the alternative, in any case, would not have been agreeable ; yet I was not unhappy. If we worked hard, we also played hard when we had the chance (which was not often), flow DODGE Vt LLE HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 597 ■Well I remember the happy evenings the young folks often had when gathered around the huge old-fashioned fire-place, telling stories and cracking jokes while we cracked hickory nuts, wal- nuts and butternuts and roasted chestnuts and drank cider. Sometimes we would send to the nearest town and get a fiddler and have a dance. Nearly every house had a big dining room, so we had ample room to cut a pigeon-wing and what-not. Such a thing as your waltzes, polkas, schottische and the like were utterly unknown in those days. I can well imagine the look of horror that would overspread the countenances of our grandmothers if they were to see their descendants go whirling around the room, frisking and gliding with scarcely a beginning or end. When I reached my majority, I, like a large part of the youth of New England, hired out by the month to make my fortune (board and clothes, washing thrown in). I first worked for a Presbyterian Deacon, where I very soon learned the orthodox facts of that faith as well as the caliber of the man. I remember once of cracking some butternuts on Sunday, and receiving a lecture for the same. One day I was out plowing corn, when the old gentleman came into the field, and, after looking about awhile, he came up to me complaining because there was one row of corn less in the field that year than there Was the year before. When I was a young chap, the great occasions of the year were training days, when all hands, both great and small, turned out to do duty for Uncle Sam. Many a sham fight have I participated in, but never had an opportunity to smell powder in a genuine engagement. At that time, I was a popular aspirant for fame, and enjoyed the distinction of being Captain of a company, and with the other officers had to set up for the boys, which cost me all told each year about $50, nearly half of what I earned. So much for glory. At last, when I was about twenty-eight, I was elected Major of my regiment, but I had by that time become inflamed with a different ambition. The heyday of youth is soon over, and I determined before mine was done to strike out for a new country, where there was not so many competitive Yankees to strive against. A younger brother, Daniel Ruggles, an officer in the United States Army, and who afterward, greatly to his discredit, became a Major General in the Confederate service, was then stationed at Fort Winnebago, now Portage City. While on a visit home, he gave me a most glowing description of that country, which decided me as to the course 1 should take. After bidding farewell to many of whom I never again saw, in the spring of 1886, I embarked on the stage which passed my grandfather's door, and started, as I told them, to see the Mississippi River. The old gentleman rather dis- couraged my ardent e.xpectations by shaking his head and telling me that in all probability I would not live long enough to make the trip, so very far did it then seem to be to the distant West. At Albany, I left the stage and took the cars, on the first track laid in the State of New York, which were to transport me to Schenectady. Here we had to descend a hill, being bal- lasted by a car-load of stones on a side track, like a stone in the end of a bag of meal, which equalized the weight while we were descending, and which afterward drew our car back to the top of the hill. That was one of the old-fashioned contrivances which are now almost forgotten in the history of railroading. From Schenectady, I went to Buffalo on a canal-boat, then took the old steamer Monroe, whicii went thrashing and groaning along with a walking-beam, and came through to Detroit. The vessel was loaded with Eastern people, who, like myself, were going out West. This trip of 1,000 miles was a very prosperous one, as nothing of moment occurred to mar the course of the journey, unless it was the sea-sickness which kept two-thirds of the passengers stretched out from morning until night " casting up their accounts." At Detroit, I shipped aboard the brig Indiana for Cliicago, where I arrived in the month of June. I thought when I got tiiere that I was about at the end of the world for me, and would not have given a dollar for the whole town, but then was when I missed a fortune. There were six or eight lonesome looking log cabins, some Government buildings, and a little old tavern, which was standing the last I knew five years ago, and nearly the entire country for ten miles around was covered witli water from three inches to two feet deep. In fact, it was a regular marsh. At this time, a stage wiis running through to Galena, which had only made thus far three or four trips, 30 that you could hardly discern the wagon tracks in the long prairie grass. On the stage a 698 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. with me were several passengers, among whom was George W. Jones, Territorial Representative at that time. We had to stop overnight twice on the way, and here we first began to experi- ence the real vicissitudes of a frontier life. The meals were generally bread, bacon and coffee, our couch a sack of hay, and similar pillow if we had any, with a blanket for a covering. At Galena, all was then bustle, the place being full of miners. I stopped there a day or so with Aaron Adams, the only tavern-keeper; then started with G. W. Jones for Dubuque and to see the Mississippi. The last-named place was then only a small village, with a mining and trading population. At this time, the strangeness of my situation struck me very forcibly. The people and their ways of doing and speaking were very different from what I had been accustomed to. The idea of calling a shilling a long bit, and a ten-cent piece a short bit, and a five-cent piece a picayune, was to me odd enough. I remained in the vicinity of Dubuque and Galena for the next two years, working for Mr. Jones, and, during that time, did not see more than two or three Yankees. Nearly every body and thing was Southern. Although I got along with the Southern- ers, yet we couldn't mix, especially at that time, when sectional politics ran very high ; but. as I was mightily in the minority, I usually managed not to obtrude my opinions to too great an extent. In March of 1838, I first set foot in Iowa County, and came into the town of Ridgeway, bringing with me $100, a horse and an old stub-and-twist shot-gun. These articles constituted my all of worldly wealth. However, as for the future, so long as I had my health I did not care, for I was sure of pulling through all right in the end. I then went to work for Mr. Mor- rison, who was one of the very first comers into the county or town, at $20 per month, but that was not so much for a young man as was 810 per month in old Massachusetts, for everything that we bought here then was very expensive. I worked for Morrison that summer, and, dur- ing the same time, met with my first serious mi^^fortune. One day, while we were working in the hay-field, a party of Indians came along and stole my horse and one belonging to Mr. Mor- rison. While we were returning from the field, we met the rascals riding them off; but, as soon as they saw us, they put whip to them and away they went. As quick as we could, we gath- ered a party of miners together and started in pursuit, and traced them as far as Madison, but did not find them. Eventually, I proved up on my nag, and, through the help of Mr. Jones. Gov. Dodge and others, I received from the Government the amount paid for the animal, which was deducted from the annuity of the tribe to whom the thieves were known to belong. In the winter of 1838, 1 worked for my board at another of the old pioneer's, George W. Ilickcox (a New York State man), who has been under the sod for many years. He was one of the best men we had in the county at that time or that have since come forward. In the spring of 1839, I went to work on the old Ilickcox saw-mill. As soon as that was done, lumber was sawed, and, in 1840, the old grist-mill, well remembered by nearly every pio- neer within fifty miles or more, was built. During tlie greater part of the time I was with him, I had to drive team, and such a team I never saw. Mr. Hickcox had previously hired five differ- ent Southerners to drive his cattle, but, after a day or two, the fire-eater, on tiring of useless oaths, would be exhausted to no effect, and then they would abandon the post of driving "them ar cussed steers" to some other poor fellow. So, finally, I came in for a share, and managed, from having been used to driving cattle when a boy, to get along with them, but, as the millwright said, they never would stand nor were safe unless chained at both ends. I stayed with Mr. Hickcox until the fall of 1841, then quit. But, when I came to figuring-up my worldly goods, I found that, after having worked hard in the lead regions for five years, I had but a precious little more in hand than when I started to come here. After looking the situation over, I must say I felt blue — no home and but little money. For the first time, I became rather despondent and had a mind to strike out for the flesh-pots of old Egypt. But better thoughts finally prevailed. I decided that the thing for me to do was to strike out and get a wife and start in on a new plan for myself. Accordingly, I donned my sweetmeats, a pair of skin-tight blue broadcloth pants and swallow- tailed coat'of the same style and color, with huge velvet collar and brass buttons, tied up a change of garments in a handkerchief, clapped on my old bell-crowned stove-pipe hat, and my HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 699 preparations for the journey were completed. From Mr. Hickcox's I went to Madison on the stage and thence took foot and walker's express to Milwaukee, which took several days. On the route, an inquisitive traveler, noticing my apparel, asked me where I was going, to which I re- plied, " I am in search of an old maid that I have never seen." In fact, I was going after a wife whom I had never seen, but, through the introduction of mutual friends, had corresponded with a young lady and had decided to have her, provided she would have me. I took the steamer Bunker Hill and reached my destination, Huron, Ohio, on the 2Gth of October. That very evening I called on the lady, being introduced by a friend, paid my devo- tions, proposed on the spot, and, to make a long story short, was accepted. The following Sun- day, October 31, we were married by Father Gurly, the celebrated Methodist pioneer circuit rider. This was the last marriage ceremony performed by the old veteran. A few friends of the bride were present, but there were no cards nor wedding gifts. The whole affair was done on tiie Western plan of promptitude, without much love-making and less time to break the engage- ment ; but, one thing is certain, neither of us regret the step then taken, for we have lived as happy a life together as often falls to the lot of men and women. Within a week or two after the marriage, we returned by steamer and team to our future home. The following winter I worked out, and, in the spring of 1842. 1 went to Illinois and bought four yoke of cattle, the first I ever had the pleasure of owning. Within a few months after, a wagon came on from Ohio for me, and I was ready to go to work for myself. For the next four or five years I broke land, hauled lead to market, and did whatever I could to get on, which, considering the times, was very fair. In June, 1843, the first forty acres of my present farm was entered, and, the same year. I built the first frame house in the town and the one that I now occupy, and where I expect to end my days. In the days that I teamed it, I went through enough, it seemed to me, to kill any one. Day and night I was going, rain or shine, heat or cold — nothing stopped me ; but that was the way every one had to do if they made more than a living at that time. Many are the nights that I have laid out, and sometimes been lost in a storm when I never expected to get out alive. When I first located on my farm, my neighbors in the country round would laugh at me, and ask if I ever expected to see a road running through this part of the country. I was then wont to tell them to wait, for we might yet live to see the travel going this way through to Madison. And sure enough, when the railroad came through to ^lazomanie, the stages were taken off the old route, and were put on a new route which passed my door, and for several years my place was one of the principal stations on the way. The rush of travel at that time was tremendous; four-horse post coaches came through each day, some of the time loaded down with men, women and children going on to the new country. When the lands in the northern part of the State came into market, in 18')2, purchasers had to go to Mineral Point to make their entries, and many a night at that time every available spot in my house was occupied, as many as forty having stoppeil overnight. I might go on and tell volumes of interesting anecdotes and episodes, but it would be a twice-told tale. At last, after more than forty-three years of toil in the home and land of my choice, 1 find myself an old man. Nearly all of those who were then about me in the heat of the strife, have either moved away, or have paid the debt of nature, which I, erelong, will be called upon to pay. I have been an interested witness of the grand improvement made in Iowa County not only, but have lived to see a wonderful change eflected throughout tlie entire country. In my youth, the idea that nearly all of this grand country would be tiireaded by railroads some time, was thought to be absurd, and such a thing as the telegraph had not been heard of I remember, as an illustration, the first pair of shoes made wiili pegs which I saw ; how people laughed at the notion of sticking leather together with wood, but that was nothing compared with hundreds of changes and improvements that have been wrought within the last sixty or seventy years. I sometimes find myself wondering if the ucxt half-century or more will he productive of so many new and useful inventions as have come into use during my life. I think not. It does not seem probable, yet it may be possible. But, whatever may transpire, I have learned to think that it will be as it should be, and with that, all ought to be contented. 600 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. BY T. M. FULLERTOX. My first siglit of Iowa County was March 19, 1841. It then included all the territory now in La Fayette County. I shall confine this paper chiefly to matters pertaining to the Methodist Episcopal Church. At that time. Mineral Point charge or circuit embraced Dodgeville and Peddler's Creek, now Linden ; but for want of preachers, Hamilton's Grove Circuit was added that year, all under the care of Rev. James G. Whitford, whom I came to assist on the added part. Mr. Whitford lived in a small house, rented for tlie purpose, next north of the old brew- ery in Mineral Point. My preiiching places were chiefly in that part of the county now called La Fayette. They were Parkinson's Settlement (Fayette), Hamilton's Grove (Wiota), Father King's, Wolf Creek (Gratiot), James' Woods, Kentucky Grove (one and one-half miles northeast of where Darlington now stands). Willow Springs, and Garrison's (four miles east of Dodgeville). On this circuit Mr. Whitford preached occasionally, and I, sometimes, at his appointments. On my first visit to Dodgeville, I was directed to call at the bachelor's cabin of John and Sam Hoskins. with whom lived Thomas Webster and another young man. There was no chapel. They conducted me over the ridge to the west, to the house of Squire James, where our meet- ings were held that year. The Hoskinses lived in the " Hollow," as the north part of Dodgeville was called for years. After meeting, a friend conducted me by a bridle path across the brushy prairie to Peddler's Creek Chapel, nearly half a mile east of the present village of Linden. It was a log house, with no ceiling, the roof inside serving for that purpose. There was an Engliih pulpit, reached by a step-ladder, and when in it, the speaker had his feet on a level with the heads of a standing audience, and had barely room to stand in his box, for it was about three feet wide and as many deep. His words were the " droppings of the sanctuary " if they reached the people. But there were praying hearts beneath him. and he seldom found an easier place to preach. \t Mineral Point, the old log-church still served for a place of worship, but soon gave place to a stone chapel, which was half of the present work-shop near the new church. It then, when first built, faced the town. Afterward it was enlarged to its present size, and the roof turned north and south. In 1843-14, I was the Pastor at Mineral Point, including Dodgeville and Peddlers' Creek. There was no parsonage. Rooms were hired for the preacher of N. Coad. The first part of the chapel above described was then finished, and was considered a very fine thing. In it, on my first Sunday, I heard for the first time instrumental music in a church, and it converted me from doubts of its propriety. It was within the altar railing, and consisted of a bass viol, by George Priestly, a clarionet and two flutes. For several years succeeding this, my home was in Dodgeville. By this time the chapel, now used as a parsonage, liad been built in the Hollow. The schoolhouse in Dodgeville, north of the old burying-ground. a small frame was used by Presbyterians and others, and sometimes bv us for occasional religious services. At this time, also, 1845, Mineral Point had ass>umed the importance of a station, and Dodge- ville and Linden constituted the Dodgeville Circuit. The Bennett Chapel was built about this time, and we had also occasional meetings at the Baker settlement, north of Linden, and at Garrison's. Mining interests increased during these years, and many emigrants came from Cornwall, England, from Wales and Norway, and the material welfare of the country advanced rapidly. A serious drawback occurred in 1849, in the California fever, which carried away many good citizens and members of the church. And one bad feature of this excitement was the great sacrifices many made. Property was sold for almost nothing to raise means to get away with, and many died on the plains. But the worst blow Dodgeville ever received was the cholera of 1850. Early in the season, it broke out at Wingville, and our Dr. David Sibley, a good physician and a local preacher in the Methodist Church, was sent for to attend the first attacked, a Mr. Storms, formerly of Dodge- HISTOKY OF IOWA COUNTY. 601 ville. When he arrived there on Friday, he found a panic, and many other cases. By Mon- day morning his medicines were exhausted, and he was taken himself. His fleet horse brought him home by 10 o'clock, but in collapse. lie died by 3 o'clock P. M. The citizens came in the rain at lO o'clock and put that body, which had been coffined, in the grave, in the absence of and against the remonstrances of his wife. A few weeks after, a man in the Hollow went into the mine at 8 A. M., was brought home about 10, put in a rough box and buried at 4 P. M. The panic began. They died with cholera and fright so fast that there were sometimes five bodies at the burying-ground at once. "Jack " Knight and a few other fearless souls remained all day long at the old cemetery, interring them as they were carted hither, few of them in coffins, and most just rolled up as they died and hurried away warm with animal heat. About five hundred fled to the high prairie northeast of Linden, but a terrible storm of wind and rain in the night blew away their tents and coverings, and they were saturated with water. Some fled to Highland and died there ; others returned to die at home. A well man or woman could be found nowhere. In six weeks, 136 out of about nine hundred of population were buried, most of them in very shallow graves. This closed the old graveyard, and came very near closing Dodge- ville. During nearly all that fearful time, I was abed, for I was among the first victims. Within a year after, and ever since, I have been fully convinced that panic killed more than the cholera, and that hasty burials killed many. My own experience was that to overhear the word pro- nounced by one at a little distance partially paralyzed me. And such was the general fear that it brought on the bowel symptoms, and the paralysis following brought the cramps and collapse. A BRIDAL TRIP. The following sketch is from the pen of Mrs. Daniel Ruggles, who dates her frontier expe- riences in Wisconsin from the fall of 1841. Mrs. Ruggles then came to the town of Ridgeway a young bride, where she has since lived, having been one of the very first women in the town, and, up to date, one of the last, with the prospect before her of many more years of usefulness in the enjoyment of the fruits of the past years of labor and deprivation : '' My coming to Wis- consin," she says, " was in itself quite an episode in my life, as I not only left the home of my youth and severed the warmest ties of friendship, but I also was going on my bridal tour, after the marriage experiences which my husband speaks of in his reminiscence. I remember, as it it were but yesterday, our embarkation on the Great Western on the 7th of November, 1841. Every nook and cranny of the huge vessel was seemingly crowded with emigrants, who were, with the exception of one young lady, all men. The weather was so intensely cold that the decks had to be covered with salt to keep off the ice ; and, what with the cold weather and a pork-and-potato diet, my voyage, although a ' bridal tour,' of necessity, was not very agreeable. Having visited Fort Detroit, and taken a look at Mackinaw on our way, we finally, on the Ist of December, landed at a sloughy place with a few shanties and one hotel stuck up, known as Milwaukie. Here ray husband found a man with a team, who was going to Hazel Green, in Green County, whom he hired for $10 to take us out to Ridgeway. The next morning, we embarked on a new but not more agreeable conveyance, and started for our future home. '' The details of that journey, if fully given, would almost fill a small volume, so I will men- tion only a few incidents. Every old settler knows full well how agreeable the journey must have been forty years ago to one utterly unused to roughing it. On the way, we stopped at the little hamlet of Prairieville, which has since become a famous watering-place, known as Waukesha ; also at old Fort Atkinson and Troy, where we found an Eastern family, and, as much or more to our liking, a comfortable bed. " We stopped over one night near Madison, sleeping in one corner of a room thirty feet long, that had twelve beds set up in it, with the heads all to the north ; it is to be presumed for con- venience sake, rather than to have them toward the North Star. I did not sleep much that night; the variety of snores was too much for my nerves, and effectually banished Morpheus from behind the curtain that separated my bed from the others. At Madison, we were enter- tained by James Morrison, a genial landlord, who, it is said, was one of the very first settlers in 602 HISTORY OF lOAV'A COUNTY. this country. Tliat same evening, we stopped at the ' Campbell House,' in the town of Cross Pliiins, Dane County, where seventeen others also stopped the same night. They were mem- bers of the Legislature, and iimong them was Maj. Rouiidtree, of Platteville. I presume, if any of them should see this, that they will remember the occasion, and how the landlady had to walk out on a plank to the fire in order to keep out of the water in the kitchen. At Blue Mounds, or Brigham's Place, we were kindly cared for by Mr. and Mrs. Parks, who have since lived in Iowa County, and have been reckoned among the best of my friends. " During the winter of 1842, well remembered among the old settlers on account of the early fall of snow wiiich did not leave until the last of the following .Vpril, I lived with the family of George W. Ilickcox, well known as one of the noblest men of the early days. That year, the Governor of the Territory issued a proclamation for Thanksgiving. Mr. and Mrs. Hickcox being Eastern people, were only too glad to continue the favorite customs of their native New England, anil at once invited in a few friends, atid thus was celebrated the first Thanksgiving in this seetion of the country. Among those present were John Messersmith and wife, and Mr. and Mrs. Parks. On Christmas Day, we all went to Mr. Messersmiths', where were assembled a goodly representation of the pioneers of the surrounding country. Those who were there that arc now living will well remember the affair as one of the pleasantest of ' Lang Syne.' " In the spring of 1843, ray husband bought four yokes of cattle, at $50 per yoke, and began work for himself, teaming, breaking, etc. On one of his trips to Milwaukee, he purchased articles for housekeeping; then we moved into a cabin formerly owned by James Morrison and began living under our own vine and fig-tree, so to speak. During this season, the house where we now live was built by Judge Wilson, and on Christmas Day we moved in, and have lived here happily ever since. At that time, our nearest neighbors were five miles distant, and all of our friends commiserated us that we were so foolish as to settle in such an out-of-the-way place. '• In January, 1844, Judge Wilson was married to Amanda Wigginton, and boarded with us the next summer. I remember at one time during that season how we got out of candies. The prospect of sitting in the dark to look at each other not being pleasant, I thought I would see what I could do to provide a light; so taking a trumpet- weed, I drew in a tape, then poured in tallow, and thus succeeded in getting as good a light as we were wont to have before such a thing as kerosene oil was known. '■ The first years that we lived in this valley, deer were very plenty, and hunters from Min- eral Point, Madison and Jancsville used to come out here and stay weeks at a time. Among those who came quite often, who were very successful, were the Messrs. Lathrop, O'Neill, Sublitt, Toay, Fields, the Kelleys and Van Meters. They generally came to have a big time ; telling yarns and playing seven- up were the amusements of the evenings. At one time, there were seventeen dressed deer hanging in the trees near the house, the victims of those fun-loving Nimrods. The first women besides myself in the valley, which might then have been termed the vale of lonesomeness, were Mrs. Bassett, Mrs. Dodge and Mrs. Martell. "The cholera of 1850 was the most terrible affliction that has ever visited the county since I have resided here. It raged in Mineral Point, Dodgeville and Highland, creating fearful havoc among the people. At that time, our house became a sort of rendezvous for a good many families. I have always thought it a judgment of God visited upon the people for their wicked- ness and unclcanliness. However, the good suffered alike with the bad, as is always the case. ■'In 1860, I took a trip East, and. for the first time, rode on the cars, at that time a .some what novel experience. Who could have predicted forty or even thirty years ago that this country, then almost perfectly wild, would be at this time so completely settled and cultivated, and supplied with almost every necessity of the highest civilization. ' I never think of it that I do not wonder what our successors of fort v years will witness." CHAPTER XL SOME OF LA FAYETTE COUNTY'S ILLUSTRIOUS DEAD. Henry Dodge— Gen. William R. Smith— Hon. Moses Meeker— Hon. Cii.^rles Dunn— Hon. Stephen P. Hollenbeck- Col. Thomas Stephens— Hon. Henry M. Billings— Hon. Elihtt B. OooDSELL— Gen. Charles Bracken— Gen. John B. Terry— John Falls O'Neill— Col. D. M. Parkinson— Hon. Thomas Jenkins— Hon. Levi Sterling- Capt. William Henry- John Messersmitii— Rohert S. Black— Judge L. M. Strong— Judge John Bonner— George A[uLKS— Hon. George L. Frost— Schuyler Pulford, M. D.— Maj. Charles F. Lagate— Edward D. Beouchard— George W. Burrall. henry dodge. BY PETER PARKINSO.N, JR. Henry Dodge, the subject of the present sketch, was born at Vincennes, Ind., October 12, 1781. At the time of his birth his parents were emigrating to that portion of the Spanish Province of Louisiana which now constitutes tlie State of Missouri, his father, Israel Dodge, being attracted thither by the large grants of land offered by the Spanish Government to all persons who would settle west of the Mississippi River. In this State, in Ste. Genevieve County, he grew to manhood amid the turmoils and strifes of Indian border warfare and the strifes and difficulties incident to the discovery and working of lead mines. Upon the change of Government from France to that of the United States, he was (when barely of age) appointed Sheriff of Ste. Genevieve County, a place which he filled until Mis- souri became a State, some twelve or fifteen years. At the commencement of the war between the United States and Great .Britain, he raised a company of mounted volunteers to protect the frontiers from the merciless Indian hatchet and scalping-knife, in which arduous and dangerous duty he was peculiarly successful, so much so that during that war he rapidly rose from the rank of Captain (filling ail the intermeiliate positions) to the rank of Brigadier General, to which he was appointed by President Madison. In these various positions, he laid the foundation for that remarkable reputation as an Indian fighter, which became almost ''world wide." He was also appointed by Mr. Madison Marshal of the State of Missouri, and continued in the same otiice until he left the State, of whose militia he was elected the first Major General. He was also chosen a member of the State Convention of 1820 from Ste. Genevieve County, and aided in forming a constitution and State Government for that State. In this State he was extensively engaged in mining and smelting, and in the manufacture of salt. In 1827, he emigrated to Wisconsin, then Michigan Territory, and arrived in the mines a few days prior to the commencement of what is known as the Winnebago war of 1827. He found the people of the lead mines few in numbers, and almost destitute of arms, congregated at and about Galena, between which place and Peoria (then called Fort Clark), on the Illinois River, there were no inhabitants. Although he was not a resident of the State of Illinois, he was at once chosen commander-in-chief of the lead-mine forces (so called at the time). He immeiliately put the country in a state of defense as best he could by causing block-houses to be built on the heights surrounding Galena, also at Gratiot's Grove, New Diggings, etc. But choosing rather to be on the aggressive than the defensive, with thirty mounted men he crossed the "ridge," the "Rubicon," and going in the direction of the present village of Mineral Point, and when between the two Pecatonicas he encountered Winneshiek and his band moving from the Wisconsin River into the mining region. The Indians fled at the first onset and made their escape through brush. Gen. Dodge, however, captured the son of the chief (young Win- neshiek who afterward became at the death of his father the head chief of the Winnebago 604 HISTORY OF lOAVA COUNTY. nation), after a hot pursuit of many miles. Gen. Dodge a few days afterward conducted another expedition from Gratiot's Grove, using his young Indian prisoner as a guide to conduct him and his volunteers to his father's village, which occupied then the present site of Freeport, 111., but the Indians eluded pursuit. He afterward led another expedition, consisting of nearly four hundred men from Gratiot's Grove, the then point of rendezvous to co-operate with Gen. Atkin- son between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. On this expedition. Gen. Dodge and his men swam the Wisconsin River four times. They captured Decorrie's village, and were present at the treaty of peace concluded by Gen. Atkinson with the chiefs and braves of the Winnebago nation. They surrendered the six men who had murdered the French family at Prairie du Chien, and led the attack on the keel-boat at La Crosse in July, 1827. With this treaty the war closed, and we were permitted to resume the business of exploring the country in pursuit of lead ore. In October, 1827, Gen. Dodge located at what is now Dodgeville (named for him), Ezra Lamb and — Putnam having first discovered the Indian lodes worked by the savages and their friends (the French or English) perhaps for ages before. Gen. Dodge built the first rude log furnace east of the Ridge, so called, upon the waters of the Rock River, without law, and in the exercise of squatter sovereignty, until he was elected Superintendent of the lead mines. During this time, he had concluded several treaties of peace with the different bands of the Winnebagoes, making them extensive presents, and conciliating their good will in every way that he could. At the same time, however, he was making preparations to fight them in case of emergency or necessity, and for this purpose had procured 150 Yangee guns from Galena. Had also built a palisade fort just below the present town of Dodgeville. Here he was visited by Thomas McKnight, the lawful Assistant Superintendent of the lead mines, and by Mr. Marsh, Indian Agent from Prairie du Chien, and formally ordered him to leave the country, or the dig- gings, as was the common parlance of the country at that time, alleging that the country belonged to the Winnebagoes; all of which he respectfully declined to do," affirming on his side that while the Indians and the people both were in favor of his remaining and occupying the country, he should do so, and the officers had no right to interfere. It was then threatened by the officers tliat the regular troops would be marched to remove him. upon which he remarked (perhaps with some severity) ''Let them march sir; with my miners I can whip all the sore-shinned regulars stationed at Prairie du Chien." The regulars, however, were not marched against him, and he continued in peaceable possession until in March, 1828, when on foot, and in a canoe he went to St. Louis to visit ex-Governor William Clark (of Lewis and Clark's expedition). General Superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded in con- vincing Gov. Clark (who was his early and faithful friend), that it was expedient to allow the people to remain in the Indians' country until it was purchased, an event which all knew must soon occur. In after years, the writer of this sketch has heard the old General relate these circumstances, and notwithstanding the better equanimity of his mind, that age, and the contemplation of grown subjects, had produced, when he came to the driving-off part of it, by the regular soldiers, his eyes could not avoid emitting some of the fire that was no doubt kindled in his mind at the time the threat was made. In 1829, at an election held at Mineral Point, Gen. Dodge was at one and the same time elected by ballot Colonel of Militia and Chief Justice of the County Court. This was the first movement toward the civil organization of Iowa County. All the other officers of the county were then chosen, and John C. Chastine was appointed an agent to visit Detroit to induce the Legis- lature to pass a bill confirming what the people at this mass-meeting had done, and the Legisla- ture accordingly did so, with the approval of the Governor (Lewis Cass.) In the years of 1830 and 1831, Gen. Dodge with his associates, John H. Rountree (now of Platteville, Grant County), and James P. Cox (now dead), held courts at Mineral Point and Helena, on the Wisconsin River. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. fi05 In 1831. Gen. Dodge was elected to the Legislature of Michigan, this then being a part of tha^ Territory; but, owing to the threatening difficulties connected with the Black Hawk war, he was prevented from attending. In the month of May, 18-32, this war broke out, when Gen. Dodge was, in virtue of his Colonel's commission of militia — still more in virtue of his great fitness for the position — placed at the head of all forces and movements for the defense of the country, and, in this capacity, he conducted all the movements of troops and families in the country. The families were secured in forts at the prominent points, and all the men that could be armed and mounted were put into the field, as ranger.^ and reconnoiterers. With this force, which did not at any time e-xceed one hundred men. Gen. Dodge was constantly in the field, scouring the country from the Four Lakes to the Rock River on the south, and from the Mississippi to Rock River on the east. He made one ex- pedition to Dixon, on Rock River, and one to Ottawa, on the Illinois River. Both of these expe- ditions were made for the purpose of securing some assistance from the Illinois forces to protect the vast frontier of the mining region, but without availing anything; no assistance could be had, and this entire country was dependent on Gen. Dodge and his- handful of miners for protection, not only from the Sacs and Foxes, but also from the treachery of the Winnebagoes, of whom we stood in much more dread than we did of the Sacs and Foxes. But such were the active, prompt and judicious movements of Gen. Dodge that no serious ilamagewas done to the frontiers until the massacre on the Spafford farm, near Wiota. But, for their temerity in this matter, they paid doubly dear. In two days afterward, the same party, as was supposed, were overtaken by Gen Dodge and twenty-one of his volunteers, in the memorable battle of the Pecatonica, on the IGth of June, and every one of them killed — seventeen in num- ber. This battle was memorable for its fierceness and destructiveness. No war party of equal size was ever before so completely annihilated in so short a time, and with so small a loss on the part of the whites — three only of their number being slain. This battle was also memorable as being the turning-point of the war, being the first re- pulse that the Indians had received, they having been victorious in all the engagements previous to this battle. Previous to this, they had been upon the aggressive ; but, from this time forward, they were upon the defensive. Soon after this battle, re-enforcements were received in this country, and Gen. Dodge was permitted to dictate the movements of the army, and, from this time to the close of the war, the Indians were hotly and vigorously pursued, and overtaken at the Wisconsin Heights on the 21st of July, where they were badly beaten, sixty-eight of their number being killed on the ground, and many wounded so that they died of their wounds on the march. On the 3d day of August, they were again overtaken at the Bad Ax, on the Mississippi River, and almost entirely de- stroyed. This battle terminated the war with Black Hawk, and its happy termination in so short a time and witli so small a loss to the whites is most certainly attributable mainly to the prompt and judicious movements of Gen. Dodge, after he acquired control of the army. It is said that old Black Hawk should have said, after the war was over, that, if it had not been for Gen. Dodge and his '• Badgers," that he could have whipped Gen. Atkinson and his " Pork- eaters." and raised corn to boot. During the war with Black Hawk, Gen. Dodge did many things in this country for which he never received public credit. On his own personal responsibility, he secured all the arms and munitions of war that were had for the defense of the country, both in the forts and in the field. He also procured, on the same responsibility, all the provisions that were used for the men and their families, in the forts as well as in the field. Mr. John Atchison (merchant), of Galena, who furnished these provis- ions, said: " Gen. Dodge, I am afraid to trust the General Government, but if you will give me your word that I shall have my pay, you shall have the provisions." The General gave his word, and the provisions were provided accordingly. Gen. Dodge wivs not a wealthy man by any means, but his word was good for almost any amount. He also had the men in the forts mustered into service, and drew pay for the same 606 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. through his influence in Congress. Had it not been for this policy of his, the country would most undoubtedly have been abandoned, for the inhabitants could not otherwise have remained here, having no means of subsistence. Immediately after the close of the war, Gen. Dodge was appointed by President Jackson to the command of the two regiments of dragoons, for the purpose of exploring the Rocky Moun- tain country, visiting and holding treaties of peace and conciliation with the various tribes of In- dians inhabiting that country — a very delicate and important trust, as well as hazardous; but so well did he discharge this important trust, that, at its close, the Congress of the United States voted liim a unanimous resolution of thanks, for the faithful. Judicious and prompt manner in which he had discharged the important trust confided to him. He was three years in this service, and at its close he was appointed, by the same Presi- dent, Governor of the Territory of Wisconsin, which took on its Territorial form July 4, 183(i. He continued its Executive (except two years he was Delegate to Congress), during its Territo- rial existence. Upon its becoming a State, he was elected one of its first Senators, Isaac P. Walker, of Milwaukee, being his colleague. He remained in the Senate twelve years, and during that time he was regarded aa one of its most useful and influential members. As Governor of Wisconsin, his administrations were the most satisfactory to all parties, perhaps, of any of the Executives that the Territory or State has ever had. As a man, in all the various relations of life that he has occupied, perhaps no better idea of him could be given than what was said of him by Hon. Peter Parkinson, Jr., of Fayette, at the Old Settlers' Meeting held in Darlington in 1876, in response to a toast offered upon that occasion, and we here insert it. It was as follows : Toast — "Gen. Henry Dodge, the Citizen, Hero and Statesman." Mr. Parkinson re- sponded as follows : My Friknds and Kei.i.ow-Citizens: Noihing would afford me more pleasure than to respond to the toast juat read in your hearing, complimentarj to Gen. Dodge, were I competent to do so in a proper and be&t(ing manner^ but I am not. It would require a tongue more gifted and a voice more eloquent than mine to do him justice. Gen. Dodge was no ordinary man; he was justly and fully entilled lo all that is embraced in the seniimeni — "The Citizen, the Hero and the .'. Executive Obuek No. 4. It is with deep regret tint I have to announce to the people <3f this State the death, at Burling'on. Iowa, on the 19th inst., of Hon. Henry Dodge, one of Wisconsin's most honored public men. From an early day. Gen. Dodge was actively and intimately connected with the affairs of Wisconsin, in the several capacitie.i of Governor, Delegate in Congress and United Slates .Senator. At tlie close of his .Senatorial career, he retired from public life, and to the enjoyment of a dignified and happy seclusion, which he had so well earned, by long and faithful services as a brave ami accomplished soldier, an enlightened and incomparable statesman. Gen. Dodge was for many years recognized as one of the most distingii-ihed leaders in the nation. Too brave to be other Ihan he seemed, too honest to be a demagogue, his course was characterized by a manly independence in doing the right, which won for him the confidence of the whole people. After a long life of rare usefulness, he has gone from our midsl ; and truly may it be said of him, that to few, indeed, has it been given to leave a fame at once so widespread and so spotless. As a testimony of respect, the usual badge of mourning will be displayed at the several State Departments for the period of thirty days. Lucirs F.viBcim.D, Governor of Wucomin. In commemoration of his public services, the Legislature of Wisconsin has directed that a marble bust of the late Gov. Henry Dodge be placed within the State capitol. The subjoined is a copy of the law : As Act to Perpetuate thk Memory of the late Gov. IIkkrv Douok : Whereas, It has ever been an honored custom of all civilized and enlightened governments lo perpetuate the memory of their eminent statesmen, generals and philanthropists, by means of paintings and statuary, as well a through the annals of history ; and Whereas. The State of Wisconsin has reason to be proud of the ability, the sterling integrity and the eminent services of the late Gov. Henry Dodge, and is called upon to recognize these qualities and services in some perma- nent and enduring way, that shall be alike creditable and honorable to the State ; and Whereas, We believe Mr. E. I'. Knowles to possess genius and talent as a sculptor of the highest order, and that he is capable of executing a statue that shall reSect credit, both upon himself as an artist, and upon the :State of which he is a citizen ; therefore, The people of the ."^tate of Wisconsin, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows, etc. The act then goes on to authorize Mr. Knowles to execute the bust, of the finest m»rble, at a cost of 82,000 ; and when done to be placed in some conspicuous place in the capitol, under the direction of the Governor, the Secretary and Chief Justice of the State. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. . 609 Thus it will be seen that the highest honors of the State, as well as of the people, have been conferred upon him ; and perhaps no man ever more justly deserved such honors. GEN. WILLIAM R. SMITH. William Rudolph Smith, the eldest son of William Moore Smith, was born at LaTrappe, in Montgomery County, Penn., on the 31st day of August, A. D. 1787. The family removing to Philadelphia in 1792, he was placed at school under the tuition of Mr. James Little and his ushers, this being at that time the largest and best preparatory school in the city. In 1799, he was placed in the Latin school of the Rev. James McCrea, but soon afterward the whole care of his education was assumed by his grandfather, the Rev. William Smith, D. D., who received him into the old family residence at the Falls of Schuykill, where he remained under a rigid course of instruction until April, 1803. when, as private secretary, he accompanied his father to En- gland, the latter being one of the Commissioners under the sixth article of the Jay treaty, to adjust and settle the demands of the British claimants. During their protracted residence in England, the father and son traveled much together at various times, journeying along the south coast from Dover to Falmouth, visiting all points of interest in the interior of the South and West, and making frequent and extended journeys into other parts of the Kingdom. In Lon- don tiieir time was happily spent at the houses of many friends, and particularly at the house of Charles Dilly, Queens Square, so often mentioned by Boswell in his " Life of Johnson." Mr. Dilly took a great satisfaction in showing to his guests the arm-chair in.which Dr. Johnson sat at his table, and where he enjoyed himself perhaps more than at any other house in London. It was at this hospitable table that Dr. Johnson met with and learned to tolerate the great radical leader John Wilkes. In Mr. Dilly 's house the young Secretary had the gratification to meet with the venerable Pascal Paoli, with Richard Cumberland, with a brother of James Boswell and with many of the literary celebrities and other notorieties of the day. Benjamin West, the Presi- dent of the Royal Society, in his friendly attentions to the father and son, did much to repay the obligations which in early life he owed to his friend and patron Dr. William Smith. In the house of Mr. West, in Great Newman street and in the picture gallery, young Will- iam R. Smith met and formed friendships with many of the great painters and artists of En- gland as well as of the continent, for, in those stirring times, London was the" City of Refuge " of all classes of " Emigres " and refugees seeking safety from the whirlwind of strife, then sweep- ing over every country in Europe. George Cadondal, the great Vendean Chief, and Gen. Piche- grou, both afterward concerned in the attempt to assassinate Napoleon, were among the acquaint- ances thus formed. These London days, teeming with recollections of Sarah Siddons, John and Stephen Kem- ble, of George III, the crazy old King, to whom he had been presented at court, of the Prince of Wales and Beau Brummel, and of the soldiers and statesmen who were then shaping the des- tiny of the civilized world, formed the solace of many an hour in after years, and incidents of this period remembered and related in his inimitable manner were the delight of three successive generations of listening friends. His father intending him for the bar, young William R. Smith, during his residence in England, commenced a preparatory course of study under the direction of Thomas Kearsley, Esq., of the middle temple, and from this period until the autumn of 1808, he was a diligent student of the law, for the first two years after his return to America, under the direction of his father and afterward in the office of James Milnor, in Philadelphia In after years, Mr. Milnor removed to New York, and, having taken orders, became a distinguished minister of the Episcopal Church. In 1808, Mr. Smith was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, his examiners being Richard Rush, Thomas Ross and Peter A. Browne; the Judge was Jacob Rush. The following year he removed to Huntingdon, Penn., a town laid out by his grandfather and named in honor of his friend Selina, Countess of Huntingdon. Having entered into the practice of his profession and feeling therefore settled in life, Mr. Smith was, on the 17th of March, 1809, married to Eliza Anthony, of Philadelphia, who was 610 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. descended on the father's side from the Rhode Island family of that name, and on the mother's side from Michael Hillegas, the Treasurer of the United States during the Revolution. For the ensuing eleven years, Mr. Smith led a busy life, assuming at once a leadership in his profession, and becoming extensively known as one of the profoundest lawyers in the State. In 1811, he was appointed under Walter Franklin, Deputy Attorney General for Cambria County; was re- appointed to the same office by Richard Rush, and, in 1812, was again re-appointed by Jared Ingersol, the Attorney General. A boy's preference for a military career iiad impelled Mr. Smith in early life to connect himself with the Third Troop of Philadelphia Light Horse, and, whilst a member of that troop, had the satisfaction of riding the same horse which had carried his father, when a member of this same company, in the expedition to suppress the celebrated whisky in- surrection. This taste for military affiiirs strengthened with advancing years, and caused Mr. Smith to make a careful study of the national defenses, and the organization of the State militia forces. He devoted a large portion of his time to the study of field tactics, and was energetic and active in the organization and drilling of the Pennsylvania Militia, in which he served in various grades up to the rank of Major General. In the war of 1812-15 with England, he was Colonel of the Sixty-second Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserves, and commanded that regiment when it was ordered to Erie to support Gen. Scott in the movement on Canada, which resulted in the victory at Lundy's Lane. Gen. Smith was in Baltimore during the siege of that city ; he witnessed the disaster at Bladensburg, and the burning of Washington by the British. In civil life. Gen. Smith filled with distinguished ability the various offices to which he was at intervals either elected or ap- pointed. He served in both branches of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, held many offices of civil trust and honor, and, in January, 1836, was admitted Counselor of the Supreme Court of the United States at Washington. In January, 1820, Gen. Smith lost his wife, hei* death occurring suddenly, after a brief illness of a few hours only. Three years afterward he married again, his second wife being Mary Hamilton Van Dyke, whose family, originally from Delaware, had removed to and settled in the State of Tennessee. In 1828, Gen. Smith removed from Huntingdon to Bedford County, where he resided until the year 1837, when he was appointed Commissioner of the United States in conjunction with Gov. Henry Dodge, to treat with the Chippewa Indians for the purchase of their pineries on the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The journey into the Northwest, in the fulfillment of this trust, forms an important epoch in the life of Gen. Smith. The wonder- ful resources of the country in everything that serves to make a nation happy, rich and great, impressed him profoundly. He saw, with the prophetic vision of a statesman, that the scepter of empire must surely pass from the East to be seized upon with firmness and permanently held by the mighty West. Instantly, almost, he resolved to be one of that earnest band of pioneers, who, turning heroically from the ease and comforts of their E:istern homes, willingly encoun- tered all the hardships of a frontier life in order to contribute the treasures of their learning and experience to the great work of formulating the legislation and shaping the destiny of these new States of such glorious promise. His letters to his brother, Richard Penn Smith, afterward published in Philadelphia under the title of " Observations on Wisconsin Territory," are filled with glowing descriptions of this paradise for farmers. That the magic beauty of the scenery deeply touched his poetic nature, may be witnessed by the following lines, dashed off in a mo- ment of tender recollection : '• .\U hail Wisconsin I prairie Innd, In summer decked with flowers, A' scaClered by some fairy hand Mid sylvan shades and bowers. "Thy soil abundant harvesis yields. Thy rocks give mineral wealth ; And every breeie that sweeps thy fields Comes redolent of health. hi«toi;y of IOWA county. 611 " Perennial springs ami inland seas Give other beauiie-< zest ; Long may thy dwellers live in ease, Gem of the fertile West!" Returning to Pennsylvania. Gen. Smith, in 1838, removed his family to Wisconsin and set- tled in Iowa County, at Mineral Point. In 1839, he was appointed Adjutant General of the Territory of Wisconsin, by Gov. Dodge, which office he held under successive administrations for about twelve years. He also received from Gov. Dodge the civil appointment of District Attorney of Iowa County, retaining this office also for many years. In 1840, he presided over the first Democratic Convention that as.sembled at the seat of government of Wisconsin Terri- tory, and he drafted the address sent forth by that body to the people. He was elected Sec- retary to the Legislative Council of Wisconsin, and, in 1846, was elected delegate to the con- vention to form a constitution for the State of Wisconsin. The journals of that convention show that Gen. Smith either originated or gave most earnest support to many of the legislative reforms that have since become law in Wisconsin, and have been widely adopted in other States of the Union, notably the " Homestead Exemption Law " andthe " Rights of Married Women." In 184'J, Gen. Smith was elected Chief Clerk of the Senate, and again in 1850, receiving the compliment of a unanimous vote. In 1849, Gen. Smith, together with a few other citizens in- terested, like himself, in collecting and preserving all matters of historical interest, formed the " State Historical Society of Wisconsin." The immediate success of the society in collecting valuable material induced the Legislature to place the institution under State patronage. A room in the capitol was assigned for the use of the society, and thereafter annual appropriations were regularly made to carry out and enlarge the work and usefulness of the institution. By a special act of the Legislature, in 18f)2, Gen. Smith was authorized to compile a " Documentary History of Wisconsin, from its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time." To this work he de- voted several years of his life, and two volumes of the history were published by the State in 1854. In 1856, Gen. Smith was elected Attorney General of the State of Wisconsin, and for two years he filled that office with marked ability ; then, having reached the ripe age of seventy- one years, he deemed it best to retire from active professional and political life, and, for the re- mainder of his days, to enjoy the well-earned quiet of his home, his library, and the society of his family and intimate friends. Here, for eleven years more, he was the delight of all who approached him ; his ripe scholarship and varied information, his sparkling wit and kindly dis- position, gave a charm to his conversation that will never be obliterated from the memories of those who knew him. His reminiscences of Washington and the statesmen of his day, with many incidents and anecdotes of historical interest, were related with dramatic effect. The hands of Washington had rested upon his head ; he had listened to the reading of the farewell address. He was present in the German Lutheran Church in Philadelphia, when Maj. Gen. Lee, by the appointment of Congress, pronounced the funeral oration of Washington : he was in the theater on the night when the (now) national anthem of " Hail Columbia " was first sung, and was wit- ness to the enthusiasm with which the song was greeted ; he had seen every President of the United States, from Washington to Lincoln, and was thus in himself, almost, a history of the Republic. These, and similar recollections, endearei him to a generation that regarded many of the events in which he had been an actor as almost belonging to antiquity. In 1868, Gen. Smith, still active and in good health, made the tour of Wisconsin, visiting many of his old friends in the Northern and Eastern parts of the State. Then he proceeded to Quincy, in the State of Illinois, to visit iiis youngest daughter, Mrs. Robert II. Deaderick, residing in that city, and there, in the fullness of years, this long and brilliant life came to a quiet and peaceful close. Gen. Smith, during all his life, was an active and preeminent Freemason, passing through all the degrees of that Order from the Blue Lodge to the Royal Arch Chapter. He had been Grand Master of the State of Pennsylvania, and was several times made Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin. He had a singular love and veneration for the Order whilst he lived, and he was buried with Masonic honors in Mineral Point. Wis., on the 26th day of August. A. D. 1868. A stately Masonic monument now marks his resting-place. 612 HISTORY OF IOWA COUXTY. HON. MOSES MEEKER. Mosea Meeker was born in New Jersey in 1790. His education was received in his native State, and in 1817 he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in the manufacture of white lead. While on a visit to St. Louis in 1822, he was informed of an expedition to the lead- mioing region, the Fever River. Imbibing of the spirit of adventure, he disposed of his busi- ness in Cincinnati and joined fortunes with Col. Cole. At that time the journey from Cincin- nati to the present site of Galena was dangerous, from the natural contour of the country and the presence of the insatiable Indian who not having ceded the raining territory, guarded it most jealously from encroachment. The journey led through a tangled wilderness, without roads or bridifes, and only after a perilous voyage did the adventurers ultimately reach their destination on the 12th of November, 1822. An exploration of the region satisfied him of the mineral wealth, and Mr. Meeker determined to embark in mining operations. He then returned to Cin- cinnati on horseback, and entered into a correspondence with -John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, soliciting information regarding the method of mining. This correspondence having been submitted to President Monroe, resulted in the issuance of an order, permitting Mr. Meeker to build furnaces, operate the mines and make other improvements. On receiving this order in Cincinnati, Mr. Meeker purchased a substantial keel-boat, enlisted several families, numbering forty-three persons in all, and on the 5th day of April. 1823, started for the lead regions byway of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and arrived at Galena in June of the same year. He at once commenced the building of furnaces, and in August of that year a census was taken, show- ing the population of Galena to be seventy-four whites and 500 Indians. The furnaces were completed in the spring of 1824, and during the first year 425 pounds of smelted ore was pro- duced. The disruption of business, occasioned by the Black Hawk war, caused a temporary suspen- sion of work. During the interregnum, Mr. Meeker took a prominent part in the war, acting under a Captain's commission. After the Indian troubles had been effectually (juelled, he removed to Iowa County and commenced the erection of a blastfurnace on the Blue River. The accumulation of business absorbed his entire attention until 1842, he was elected to the Terri- torial Legislature, and at the expiration of his term of office was re-eleeted in 1843. In 1846, he represented Iowa County in the First Constitutional Convention, and served in the responsible capacity of Chairman of the Committee on Internal Improvements. To his innate sense and sound wisdom, the country is indebted for the embodiments of the article gov- erning public improvements, which alone has often prevented the Legislature from plunging the State into irretrievable debt. He resided in Iowa County until 1854, when he removed from Mineral Point to his farm at Meeker's Grove, in La Fayette County, and withdrew from active life. In 1865, he removed to Shullsburg, where he died very suddenly of paralysis, on the 7th day of July. Dr. Meeker was a man of high moral and religious character ; he was patriotic, courageous, honest, ho.«pitable, and his house was ever the welcome asylum of the stranger and homeless. Dr. Meeker was twice married, first in 1818 to Miss Mary R. Henry, who died in 1829, and again in 1837 in Cincinnati, to Miss Eliza P. Shackleton, who still survives. He had a large family of children, who occupy prominent social stations in the walks of life. HON. CII.\RLES DUNN. Among Wisconsin's distinguished men, both at a very early day and during the subsequent career of the State, for many years Judge Dunn, as he was generally known, occupied a prom- inent and leading position. He was born December 28, 1779, in Bullitt County, Ky., his father being a native of Dublin, Ireland, and his mother. Amy Burks, being an American, and a daughter of " Old Virginny." In his youth. Judge Dunn received only an ordinary education — his way to distinction being unheralded, either by the honors of Yale or some less pretentious college. After passing his majority, he began the study of law in the office of Worden Pope, Ml NEF^AL POI NT. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 615 of Louisville, in his native State, with whom he remained for a brief time, then continued with John Pope, of Frankfort, the capital of Kentucky. In 1819, he removed to Illinois, then the " Land of Lead " for large numbers of the ambitious youth of the South. Here he finished his legal studies under the tutelage of Nathaniel Pope, then one of the leading advocates of the Northwest, and United States District Judge of Illinois. Judge Dunn was admitted to the bar in 1820, and immediately commenced the practice of his profession in Jonesboro, 111. Very soon after, he was appointed Clerk of the House of Rep- resentatives of that State, a position which he retained five years. From this time forward, al- most to the end of his life, he filled a variety of eminent public stations in a worthy and service- able manner. In 1829, Mr. Dunn received the appointment of Acting Commissioner of the Illinois and Michigan Canal enterprise, from Gov. Edwards, and, during this year, he, in connection with several others — official associates and interested parties — laid out and surveyed the first plat of Chicago. The Commissioners commenced the sale of lots immediately after, and, during the ensuing two years, the sales were continued. The entire amount received for lots during that time would not pay for one business lot today in the Garden City. When the Black Hawk war broke out, in May, 1832, Mr. Dunn entered the militia service, and, being commissioned as Captain, raised a company in Pope County, 111., which he com- manded during the campaign, through which he passed honorably, but not fortunately. His misfortune consisted in being shot and severely wounded by a timid sentinel, in what is now known as the town of Dunn, Pope County. While Capt. Dunn, who was officer of the day, was approaching, in company with the Sergeant and relief guard, the sentinel on post, becoming alarmed, instead of giving the usual challenge, drew up and fired at the party, striking Capt. Dunn in the groin and inflicting a wound which confined him at Fort Dixon until the close of the war. In 1835, Mr. Dunn was elected a member of the Illinois House of Bepresentatives, and, during the session, served acceptably as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. When the Territory of Wisconsin was organized, in 1836, Mr. Dunn received the appoint- ment of Chief Justice of the Territory, a position which he filled with credit until May, 18-48, when Wisconsin was admitted into the Union of States, and the bench was changed. His asso- ciates during that time were Judge Miller and Judge Irvin, both of whom were appointed with Mr. Dunn. Judge Dunn was elected a member of the Convention that formed the State Constitution, and served as President pro tern, at the organization of the Convention. He also acted in the capacity of Chairman of the Judiciary Committee during the proceedings, and wielded an influ- ence at once potent and salutary in shaping many of the organic provisions of the State law. He spoke frequently, readily, and with good judgment during the action of the Convention ; but his speeches were never long ; they were rather, brief, and to the point, and were always listened to with respect. After the organization and admission of the State, Judge Dunn turned his attention to the practice of his profession as a lawyer, taking up his residence at Belmont, in La Fayette County, the first seat of government. Subsequently, in 1853-54, 1855-56, he represented La Fayette County in the Stite Senate, and again occupied the responsible position of Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1856, he ran for Congress against C. C. Washburn, and, in 1870, he was a candidate for the State Senatorship against H. S. Magoon ; but was in both instances defeated. On the 7th day of April, 1872, at the advanced age of seventy-two years and nearly four months, and after a life of great prominence and usefulness, Judge Dunn died at the residence of his sister, Mrs. David W. Jones, in the city of Mineral Point. The bar of the Supreme Court held a meeting, and paid that respect which was due to his great worth and eminent position. The proceedings were placed on record, and may be found in the thirtieth volume of the Wisconsin Supreme Court Reports. 616 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. In politics. Judge Dunn was an ardent and outspoken Democrat ; and, being a Kentuckian, he clung instinctively to the Southern sentiment regarding slavery and State rights. When the organization of the Republican party was effected, he opposed the measures with all the ardor of his strong nature and political faith. It is said, though he was so enthusiastic in his convictions, that he was not unfair or rancorous toward his opponents ; and, as a member of the bar, was generally acceptable to the people. During the time he was on the bench, his duties were quite onerous, as the district over which he presided was the most populous and important in the Territory, and also produced the greatest amount of litigation at that time. Socially, Judge Dunn was highly respected and well liked. He was courteous and dignified in his manners, and possessed of qualities that made him very popular with his acquaintances, and agreeable as well as instructive in conversation. At the time of his death, he was the ohlest member of the legal profession in the State, and one of the most esteemed. The following extracts, from the report of the Supreme Court proceedings, from the resolu- tions adopted by the bar of the State, and from an address to the bench of the Supreme Court, by Moses M. Strong and others, will fully illustrate the character of this illustrious pioneer, and the high appreciation in which he was held by his compeers. From the Supreme Court Reports : Retolved, That in the death of our brother, Hon. Charles Duan. the bar has lost one of its most distinguished members, the profession one of its truest friends, the public one of its ablest defenders, the State one of its most esteemed citizens, and society one of its brightest ornaments. Renolvrd. That Charles Dunn will be remembered as a learned jurist, an able advocate, a sound exponent of constitutional principles, and a true American citizen. Remlvfd. That in remembering his amenity of manners, his kindly forbearance and uniform courtesy, both on the bench and at the bar, we will endeavor to emulate his virtues and strive to cultivate the friendly relations and courleonsness ot professional character, both before the courts and toward each other, of which he gave such good example, and that is always praiseworthy in every member of the profession. From the resolutions of the State bar, presented by E, G, Ryan, Chief Justice, since deceased : " It was Judge Dunn's lot in life to fill many stations, professionally and lay, executive, legislative and judicial. So far as I know or have been able to learn, these rather sought him than he them. There was a modesty in the man that was rare in his generation. I think his own estimate of his own powers was below, not above the estimate of all who knew him well, and he was a thoroughly earnest man. He filled all his offices with singular fidelity' and zeal, as if each in its turn were the chief end of his life. To say that he filled them with ability would be faint praise. He did not achieve success in them by just escaping failure. He was a faithful officer; his officers were never below him, but he was always .above them. None of them gave opportunity of showing all that he was, of calling out the strength that was in him. They were all respectable, some of them were high; but his intellect, his culture, his general capacity, towered far above every station he ever occupied. We mourn for the untried powers that die out of the world with the young. Let us mourn for the world when it suffers great powers to die, unused in its service, with the old. * * * jjg y.^^ truly a great man in a private station ; while his intellect was calm, it was solid ; while it was not brilliunt, it was comprehensive and far-reaching. It was deliberate, discriminating, clear, wise, just. I doubt if he has left among us his intellectual equal. His character was solid, strong and reso- lute, but not stern or harsh. His stronger qualities were softened by great sense of humor and great kindness of heart. * * * jjg ^.^g generous and trustful to a fault. * * * It is little to say that he was the soul of honor. He could not be false or mean. He did not know what treason was ; that which he believed, that which he loved, that to which he gave his faith, were part of himself. He could not desert faith, or friend, or duty, without betraying his own life. Dishonor in him would have been moral suicide." From the remarks of Moses M. Strong : " While Judge Dunn, always as an essential part of his nature, displayed up6n the bench the suavite in modo, it was invariably accompanied with the fortiter in re. Numerous illustrations might be given, but one most remarkable, and bordering on the tragic, must suffice : I HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 617 " In 1838, an atrocious murder had been perpetrated in Grant County, and a person charged with the crime was committed ro jail to await the action of the grand jury. He was brought before the Juilge upon a writ of habeas corpus, who, after a full investigation, admitted the prisoner to bail, which he obtained and was set at liberty. The inhabitants in the vicinity of the murder. were very much incensed, and assembled in large numbers, with the avowed inten- tion of lynching the accused, who only saved his life by flight. His sureties were also com- pelled to leave the Territory, at the hazard of their lives. The mob, in which were some very- respectable citizens, also passed a resolution, of which they notified the Judge that if he at- tempted to hold another court in that county it would be at the risk of his life. " On the day appointed by law for holding court, the Judge appeared, as usual, without guard or escort, as calm and undisturbed as though he was entirely ignorant of the menaces of the mob, many of whom, as he knew, were in attendance. Without having spoken to any mem- ber of the court or to tlie Sheriff of the danger with which he was threatened, he took his seat upon the bench, with his accustomed quiet dignity, and ordered the Sheriff to open court. It was observed that he took with him, to liis seat, his saddle-bags, and placed them immediately by his side. This was his arsenal The firm, determined and resolute purpose of the Judge to hold that court at that time and at that place, in despite of all threats of personal violence, was 80 unmistakably developed in every lineament of his unblanched features, that all appearance of mob violence was effectually subdued. The Sheriff opened court, and its business was pro- ceeded with in its usual orderly manner. * * * But it was neither on the bench, at the bar, in office, or in political contests, that those traits of character were developed which endeared Judge Duan most to those who knew him best. In social life, and in every-day intercourse with his friends and neighbors who knew him so well and who prized him so highly, he lived and moved, the object of the highest esteem and warmest friendship all of with whom he came in contact." George B. Smith, since deceased, and Justice Cole, also spoke in extended and eulogistic terms similar to the above. HON. STEPHEN P. HOLLENBECK. One of the early settlers in Iowa County was S. P. Ilollenbeck, who came to Mineral Point in 1S34, and was, from that time until 1868, considered one of the representative men of this portion of the State. The subject of this sketch was a native of Vermont, his parents, Abram and Abigail, having been residents of Richmond, Chittenden County, of that State. He was born on the 28th day of March, 1801, and after reaching manhood, having received a comraon- school education, he embraced the honorable vocation of millwright. After arriving in AViscon gin, he remained single until 1841, when he married Harriet lilair. One peculiar and somewhat remarkable pioneer experience, m which he was engaged as the most prominent actor, is especially worthy of note, as it illustrates very fairly some of the traits for which he was most remarkable. It appears that, in 1840, the Winnebago Indians, who were then on the north side of tiio Wisconsin River, became somewhat restive, as ever becomes the Indian nature, and, contrary to treaty, made with them previous to 1840, by which their lands on this side of the river were ceded to the Government, they returned to their old tramping grounds, thus violating the conditions of the treaty; and if they did not make any very hostile demonstrations, greatly alarmed the settlers. Orders were immediately despatched by Gov. Dodge to Mr. Ilollenbeck, instructing him to take men and go into Richland County and arrest the Indians. AVithout delay or ceremony, Mr. Ilollenbeck at once started, taking but three men to assist iiim in the arduous uiulertaking. Pushing boldly forward, they arrived at the Inilian camp, in the wilds of Richland County, about 10 o'clock at night, and then and there Mr. H. proceeded to arrest the whole band of one hun- dred. They (|uietly submitted to be taken, and were soon after turned over to the tender mer- cies of a United States Army Captain. This officer pronounceil this act of these three or four men rash and foolhardy in the extreme, and one that migiit iiave resulted vei'y disastrously. 618 HISTORY OF IOWA COrNTY. However, the courage and nerve displayed on this occasion by the men speaks volumes in their favor. When the State Constitutional Convention convened in 1847, Mr. HoUenbeck was se- lected as one of the representatives from this section of the State. Although he took no very prominent part in the proceediags, yet the record of his votes on the various propositions sub- mitted for consideration displayed a keenness of apprehension, accuracy of information, and depth of judgment, as well as honesty of purpose, at once creditable to himself and useful to the interests of his constituents. Subsequent to the time of the State organization, he took no prominently active part in politics, until 1855. when he was chosen a member of the Assembly. Aside from this, he held numerous import.int local offices, until 1863, when he removed to Green County. Eventually. Mr. HoUenbeck removed to Minnesota and out of the political and public arena of Wisconsin, but not beyond the reach of the remembrance of appreciative and admiring friends — friends to whom he is endeared by many useful and worthy acts, and that no time or distance can alienate. COL. THOMAS STEPHENS. Col. Thomas Stephens, by birth and lineage an Euglishman, but American by adoption, was born in Tavistock, Devonshire, May 3, 1815. He was, at an early age, inured to the hard- ships inseparable from a miner's life, but as his magnificent frame [slowly developed by time, his fine figure attracted the notice of certain court officials, who interested themselves in his behalf, and procured for him a commission in the Royal Life Guards. At Windsor Castle, his preparatory studies included the arts of fencing, broad-sword exercise, and the mv>ly art of self-defense. He evinced a remarkable aptitude in handling the sword, and, on graduating in May, 1837, he vanquished his instructor, and was thence accorded first rank in the class. Dur- ing his three years' service with the Guards, he won many emoluments and encomiums, and, at the expiration of that period, his pre-eminent ability as a swordsman was acknowledged through- out the United Kingdom. Aspiring to greater deeds, he removed to the United States in 1840, and settled in the iron regions surrounding Pottsville, Penn. Here his wondrous skill was turned to profitable account, by imparting instructions to tyros, and his exhibitions elicited the warm approbation of Gen. Winfield Scott and other military authorities. Removing to Phila- delphia, he taught swordmanship for two years, during which time he gained the mastery of such professionals as Prof. Newton, of Norwich University ; Prof. H. V. Morris, of the Penn- sylvania Military Institute ; and N. H. Davis, Sword Master and Military Instructor of Vir- ginia. French, German and Polish experts were alike disarmed by him. His " New Method," as taught in his Sword Manual, was the subject of approbatory testimony from hundreds of military heads, and professional and amateur fencers. Among the number. Gen. Scott and Prof. Wayne, of West Point, recommended it for the use of the United States Army. Col. Stephens was a man of noble stature, six feet two inches in height, of muscular and well knit frame, and could wield his weapons with equal facility either with the right or left hand, clianging from right to left and vice verm with a movement that defied detection. He taught fencing at West Point and New York, although his first classes were organized at Williamsport, Penn., where he also met his future wife. Miss Jane W., daughter of Isaiah Hagerraan. In 1845, Col. Stephens was attracted to the lead fields around Galena, 111., whence he visited the Lake Supe- rior iron mines. On his return East, his marriage with Miss Hagerman was consummated, on August 5, 1847, and two days subsequently they departed on a bridal tour, extending toward their new home in Dodgeville. Soon after his arrival here. Col. Stephens built the Western Hotel, which was burned and re-built.^ In 1851, he visited California, and returned to Dodge- ville for permanent settlement. In 1857, he was appointed Inspector General of the Wisconsin State Militia, and afterwanl he embarked in the real estate and loan business. At the announce- ment of the secession, he volunteered his services in defense of his adopted country, and went forth to the field of carnage in 1861, as Lieutenant Colonel of the Second Wisconsin Cavalry. After a brief experience of the glory of war, he returned home on sick leave. On conval- HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 619 e?cing. he resumed command of his regiment, and, by distinguished bravery, augmented his hitherto renowned achievements, receiving, as marks of personal esteem, autographic acknowl- edgments from the leaders of the campaign. At the close of the war. Col. Stephens was pre- sented by the Second Wisconsin Cavalry with a handsomely chased and richly mounted sword, a brace of costly revolvers, a belt, sash, spui's and other equipments, together with an oil painting of himself. His first commission as Colonel, signed by Gov. Porter, of Pennsylvania, in 1841, was granted as testimony of services rendered in suppressing riots. Together with a brother, the subject of this sketch visited Great Britain in 1869. and while there was received with universal honors at Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament. The seeds of disease sown while battling for the honor and unity of his adopted home were surely germinating. In spite of the sea voyage, the delightful sojourn in his boyhood's home, and the most skillful medical care, he gradually failed, and went to his long rest July 22, 1871. Few men enjoyed a more extended acquaintance than Col. Stephens, and his friendship once acquired bloomed with the never-fading vigor of a perennial plant. As a gentleman of liberality, wealth and honor, he was the self-constituted protector of the poor and friendless, and an orphan's appeal to him was never made in vain. As an instance of his generosity to a fallen foe, the following incident of his relations with an adversary is a powerful illustration: While in New York City, he was challenged to mortal combat by a French preceptor. The challenge was accepted, the spot was designated, and swords selected as the weapons. At the third round, the Frenchman's sword was wrenched from his grasp, and, after describing a para- bola in the air, fell to the ground at some distance. The vivacious Gaul, crestfallen, with the last trace of mirth departed from his countenance, threw himself back on his horse and appealed loudly for mercy. Afterward, to testify his appreciation of his foeman's magnanimity, he gave a dinner, at which Col. Stephens presided, and carved the fowls with his host's sword, then fashioned into a carving-knife. HON. HENRY JI. BILLINGS. Henry M. Billings was born at Chaghticoke, N. Y., on the 18th day of May, 1806, and passed the earlier years of his life amid home influences and home surroundings. Notwith- standing the difficulties attend ng the procuration of an ordinary education in those days, he succeeded in securing a partial collegiate and military experience. The fever of Western emi- gration, as is well known, became almost epidemic half a century ago, and Mr. Billings, joining in the tide that flowed hitherward in 1828, came to Galena and established liis home in that flourishing settlement. He remained here but two years, however, when he went to Centerville. Wis., where he remained nearly twenty years, actively engaged in the discharge of his duties as a man and a citizen, and receiving numerous evidences of the appreciation in which he was held by his neighbors and friends. In 1838, he was elected a member of the Territorial Legis- lature of Wisconsin, which convened that year at Madison, and the discharge of his trust so commended him to his constituency that he was re-elected to the same position in 1839, 1840 and 1846. In the latter year, he was commissioned Colonel of Militia by Governor Dodge, and on March .5, of the same annual, he was united in marriage to Ann Broy. In 1848, he was elected State Senator from the Fifth Senatorial District, and, during the year following, became a resident of the town of Highland (now Eden) in Iowa County. In 1858, he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, in 1861, received the nomination of Lieutenant Governor on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Edward Salomon. He was the first President of the State Agricultural Society, a prominent member of the Masonic order, and identified with reforms and the correction of abuses without regard to the source whence the same originated. He was killed by a runaway team February 6, 1862. HON. ELIHU B. QOODSKLL. Mr. Goodsell isof Iri.sh descent and was born in Sheldon, Franklin Co.,Vt. His grandfather, who was a soMier in the war of the Revolution, fell at the battle of Bennington. The maiden name 620 IIISTOin' OF IOWA corxTY. of his mother was Ann Atherton, and though born at Greenfield, Mass., removed to Vermont at an early day. The subject of this sketch was born May 11, 1806; received an academic education and removed to Quincy, 111., in April, 1832, subsequently visiting Dubuque, accom- panying La Claire, tite French interpreter, thither, also a Government agent, for the purpose of efficting a removal of tlie Indians from that locality. When the party arrived, there was neither a habitation nor a wiiite person on the site of the present city. From there he journeyed to Mineral Point and attended the first court which ever sat in that vicinity, finally removing to the town of Highland, and settling among the Winnebago Indians, whom he always found hos- pftable, kind and well-disposed. On May 4, 1846, he was married to Miss Isabella Oakes, and the same year was elected a member of the convention from the county of Iowa, serving in that body as a member on eminent domain and property of the State, taking a thoughtful, conserva- tive and sagacious part in the deliberations of that body. Subsequent to this period, he filled the position of Postmaster and numerous town offices, and, in 1805, was elected a member of the Legislature. In 1845, he laid out the village of Ilighland for the convenience of lead miners, since when it has become the thriving center of a flourishing farming country. (ii:.\. CHARLES BRACKEN. One of the distinguished dead of this portion of the State was the subject of this sketch- Gen. Charles Bracken, who was born at Pittsburgh, Penn., April 6, 1797. and died at Walnut (irove. La Fayette Co., on the 16th of April, 1861, after a long and painful illness. Exposed from his earliest infancy to the toils and privations of a frontier life, the General was the embodi- ment of tho stern and unflinching virtues born of such an age and experience. A surveyor by profession, he removed to Cynthiana, Ky., in 1816, when he became engaged in teaching, and also upon the survey of the boundary lines between the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Arkansas. In 1814, he volunteered as a member of the Pittsburgh Blues, of which he was elected Orderly Sergeant, and marched to Baltimore, expecting to participate in the defense of that city, arriving, however, after the engagement. In March, 1820, he was united in marriage to Miss Ann Jones, a resident of Harrison Count)', Ky., and eight years later removed to Galena, where he entered the service of Clopton & Van Matre. He established what has since been known as the "Van Matre survey." In September, 1830, he was joined by iiis family, consisting of a wife and three children, and settled in Wisconsin near the county line, between La Fayette and Iowa, where he resided up to the day of his death. During the Black Hawk war, he was an ofiicer stationed at Fort Defiance and participated in the leading battles of that memorable contest, resuming mining and smelting in Rock Branch, in Willow Springs Town- ship, La Fayette County, at its close, which he continued until 1835, when he became a specu- lator. In 1840, he began the manufacture of copper on Otter Creek, Willow Springs Township, and carried on extensive operations, hauling his product to Milwaukee by teams. In 1838, he became a member of the Legislature, serving in his capacity of Representative with distinguished success, and was re elected in 1856 or 1857. In 1848, his wife died at the family homestead, located on a farm about half a mile south of the place first occupied by the family after their .settlement in Wisconsin. During the latter portion of his life. Gen. Bracken was engaged ift farming, and so remained up to the time of his death. He was a prominent member of the community in which he resided, and a leading spirit in all works of public improvement, and in his several capacities of pioneer, soldier, surveyor and legislator he was brave, self-sacrificing and capable, esteemed as a friend and citizen not more than for his many noble qualities as a man GEN. JOHN B. TERRY, one of the most highly esteemed citizens of Iowa County and a man universally respected for his unswerving integrity, died at his residence in the city of Mineral Point on Sunday morning. January 11, 1874. ' He was born at Cox'iackie, N. Y.. January 18, 1796, and was consequent- ly within one week of his 78th birthday. In his youth he was apprenticed to the hardware bus- iness, at Troy, N. Y., in which he subsequently engaged at St. Charles, Mo., whence he moved HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 621 to Sangamon, 111., and thence to the lead mines in 1829, where he became a merchant and smelter. He early identified himself with Territorial interests, and was a member of the first Legislature which convened at Belmont. During the war with Black Hawk, he revived his rec- ollections of active service experienced in the war of 1812, receiving a Captain's commission for meritorious services in former contest, and later appointed Brigadier General of the State Militia by Gov. Dodge. His subsequent career was amid the bustle of trade and business, and in every department of life with which he was identified he honored and sustained. His home, from its first establishment in the wilderness, was a haven of rest for the foot-sore and weary ; no one ever left his door needy, and no good work lacked for his sympathy and assistance. As an up- right, generous-hearted man, he was was known the State over, and in his death Wisconsin, of which he may be justly regarded as prominent among the early defenders and law-givers, sus- tained a loss not easily repaired. JOHN FALLS O'NEILL. Capt. O'Neill was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, coming to America when only sixteen years of age. He located at Baltimore, Md., for a short time, where he had some relatives ; but possessed of an adventurous spirit, the chances in the Far West induced him to try his fortune there, and he moved to St. Louis, Mo., where he entered one of the merchandising establishments as a clerk. He went from St. Louis to Santa Fe with one of the first overland trains that crossed the plains, probably in the year 1826, and on coming back moved to Galena, 111., where he en- gaged largely in lead mining and smelting. He was married at that place on the 16th of Sep- tember, 1827, to Miss Mary A. Sublette, and the result of the union was thirteen children, seven of whom are dead. Mr. O'Neill was in many of the Indian wars of the time of the first settle- ment of Illinois and Wisconsin, took an active part in the Black Hawk war, in 1832, and there gained his title of Captain, by which he has since been known. He had a host of interesting recollections of the life among the pioneers. He was among the first who located the land on which the beautiful capital city of Wisconsin, Madison, now stands, and at one time had valuable interests there. His name will be found frequently mentioned among those who organized the territorial government of Wisconsin, ami during those stirring times he occupied many promi- nent positions and acquired considerable wealth. In 1849, when the gold fever broke out in Cali- fornia, he joined the tide across the plains, his eldest son accompanying him. He tried his fortunes in the southern mines, and for awhile resided at Stockton. Returning to the East in 1851) he started across the plains in the spring of 1852, with his family, arriving in American Valley, Cali- fornia, in the fall, where he engaged quite extensively in merchandising and packing, at one time owning a pack-train of 100 mules. He removed his family to Marysville in 1856, but returned to American Valley in 185!'. and made his permanent home there until the date of his death, which occurred on May 9, 1880. Capt. O'Neill was one of the school of old-time gentlemen, now rapidly passing away. His cordial greeting, the polite military salute which was invariably tendered to his friends on meet- ing them, will long be remembered. His life proved to be a striving, active one, and but few men have had more thrilling and varied experiences. COL. DANIEL M. PARKINSON. This distinguished Western pioneer was the sixth son of Peter Parkinson, an enterprising Scotchman who emigrated to America at a date unknown to his family, and settled in East Tennessee. His mother was Mary Morgan, the sister of Gen. Daniel Morgan, of Revolutionary fame. Col. Parkinson was born in Carter County, East Tennessee. October 20, 1790, and his father dying when the subject of this sketch was but two years old, he grew to manhood in a wilderness inhabited by roving bands of hostile and friendly Indians. In 1822, he settled in Sangamon County, 111., having previously resided a brief period in Madison County the same State, and White County. Tenn., where he engaged in farming, and was in all respects a pru- dent husbandman. In October, 1827, he removed to New Diggings. La Fayette Co., Wis., where he remained two years, when he again removed to Mineral Point, where he built the 622 HISTOHY OF IOWA COUNTY. third house erected in that place and conducted a tavern and billiard-room. Previous to his settlement in the Territory, he won and married Miss Elizabeth Ilyder, a native of Tennessee, and one of the most accomplished la property of Mr. Coade. My father then erected a comfortable log house, where James James' harness-shop now stands. This dwelling, to the best of ray recollection, was the third building there, and the first public house, either at the 'Point' or in the county." The first dwelling spoken of stood in the sequestered vale of Jerusalem, near the spring of the same name, wliicli bursts forth here, and which for many years was the village watering-place, or fountain. The spring received its name through the devotional lays of Elder Roberts; wlio used to make the hills and valleys resound witli the song of "Jerusalem, my happy home." One of the first streets, or, rather, patiis, in the village, .which have since become streets, trav- ersed the valley of Jerusalem. The old spring, that perhaps witnessed the meeting of many a modern Jacob and Rebecca, has fallen a victim to Time's inevitable changes, and has been super- seded by a pump, that common contrivance of to-day. Thus is invailed "the grace of a day that is dead," the type of the past. In a memorandum made by Francis Henry, now in the possession of William T. Henry, he says: "Squire Hoard came to Mineral Point on the 12th day of June, 1828, and built the first cabin on the ground where Abner Nichols' tavern stood," which is now occupied by a livery stable. " The ne.xt house," Mr. Henry continues. " was built by a man by the name of Tucker, and stood where Lanyon's tin-shop now stands." "These and other notes were obtained," William T. Henry observes, "several years ago, for the purpose of preparing an historical lecture or discourse," and. being derived from good authorities, at a time when a large number of the old settlers were living, are undoubtedly entitled to due consideration. "In July, 1828," says Edward Bouchard, who still lives here, "I camped at Mineral Point one night while on my way to Sugar River, where I afterward took up my abode. At that time, I saw no one at the Point, except three men, who were erecting a log cabin. I remember only the names of twd of them, Messrs. Blackstone and McMurrish. I am quite cer- tain that there were no other persons living at the Point then, for, so far as I am aware, min- eral had not then been discovered here, and consequently nearly all of the miners, like myself, were inclined to go where they were well assured lead had been found, rather than to spend their time in prospecting. But, after all, the most of the people were coming and going from place to place constantly, trying to find better diggings or locations, so you could hardly tell how long your next-door neighbors were going to stop, and, in fact, it might be said that sometimes you hardly knew who the}' were." An opinion, which, at the present time prevails largely among the old residents of Min- eral Point, perhaps more generally than any other, is that John Hood and wife were the first permanent settlers here. Mrs. Hood lived until 1879, and always maintained that they were the first permanent residents. They came here in the spring or summer of 1828, according to the best accounts, from Missouri. Their first shelter was a hut made of poles and covered with bark, in which they lived until a sod house could be erected that would afford them better pro- tection. This cabin was l()xl2 feet on the ground, and afforded them a dwelling-place for some time, .\lthough others may have been here and erected cabins previous to this, as stated, never- theless it does not appear, from the evidence given, that there was what might be termed a per- manent home made here before they came, simply because the " better-half " of a home had not made her appearance in the wilderness up to that date. However, Mrs. Hood was not long the only woman in the town, for Elder Roberts' family and others not known came during the HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 657 season, some of whom remained permanently. One evidence particularly in favor of Mrs. Hood as the first woman here that deserves mention, is that she was acknowledged to have been entitled to the grant of land from the Government for the first woman in this portion of the country. Whether she ever received this or not, is not known. Mr. Hood labored at mining for others for a time, together with prospecting for himself, until finally he struck a rich lead, which he worked until his death, in 1844. During the Black Hawk war, he was a Lieutenant under Gen. Dodge. At that time, Mrs. Hood is said to have been as valuable as a man in connection with the garrison at this place, as she was a dead shot with a rifle, and did not hesitate to expose herself outside of the fort whenever it was necessary. After the war, she established a board- ing-house — the first of the kind ever presided over by a woman in this section. THE FIRST NOTABLE EVENTS. Early in the summer of 1828, Nat Morris came to the Point, and, soon after, he and two other brother adventurers, Messrs. Tucker and Warfield, it is said, discovered the first lead on Mineral Point hill, directly east of the city. The news spread like wild-fire, and, consequently, during the following season, the influx of miners and settlers was quite numerous, and several cabins were erected on either side of what is now Commerce street, and around Jerusalem Spring. Of those who came some time in August of that year, R. C. Hoard and John Long, who was also one of the first arrivals, erected a furnace about two miles east of the Point. This was the first furnace erected by white men in this vicinity, altliough within the season one or two others were built. In this connection, perhaps it will not come amiss to make special mention of Mr. Hoard, better known as Col. Hoard, as he was one of the best-known and most influential of the first comers. He is described as having; been a man of strong mind and ster- ling qualities, true to his friends, and brave to defend the interests of the Commonwealth, as well as his own. He participated in the Black Hawk war, as did nearly every one of the pioneers, and served with distinction. In the summer and fall of 1828, the first stock of merchandise was brought into the place by Erastus Wright, and a man by the name of Guiard, whether as assistant or part owner, is not known. The store building was a common log house. This was no ordinary enterprise for those early days, taking a lot of goods out into a comparatively unknown country, for the accom- modation of miners. After the opening of a store. Mineral Point began to assume a local dig- nity and importance as a sort of commercial center for the surrounding country. By some, it is thought that during this year (1828), the first Fourth of July was celebrated here, but this is an error, as at that time there certainly were but few persons located here, and those were doubtless composed as largely of foreigners as of Americans, or those who would care to celebrate. The first and real patriotic demonstration occurred in 1829, when there were quite a large number of people here to enter into such a fete with national spirit and zest. In 1828. a physician located here in the person of Dr. Mannegan, and the following year Dr. Justine came. Although these were undoubtedly the first physicians to locate, they were not the first to come here, a Dr. Loofborrow, from Gratiot's Grove, being the first. What may have been the practice especially followed by those sons of Esculapius is not known ; in all probability, it was either " corn or calomel" — in other words, botanic corn-sweats and allopathic calomel drencliings ; but in those days the man who depended solely on his saddle-bags for bread and butter was apt to go lightly fed, no matter how good iiis practice or how great his skill. In 182U, John D. Ansley, one of the noted first-comers, located at the Point and opened a, supply store, the second in the place, and, during the same year, the Dragoon Captain, John F. O'Neil, began business here. He afterward became famous upon all occasions where local mili- tary demonstrations were indulged in. J. B. Terry, one of the exceptionally noted men of early days, was another of the very first persons at the Point. During that year, several events occurred, always notable in the annals of any community. On November 29, 1829, John Ti eophilus Lawson Hood, son of John Hood and wife, was born in the sod cabin already mentioned, he being the first white child born at Mineral Point. t 658 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. Some time during this year, Elder Roberts, who was a religious enthusiast, resolved to pro- mote the moral interests of the place by erecting a building for the purpose of holding religious services, and in which a school might be kept. It stood at the head of Jerusalem Valley, probably near the present residence of M. M. Strong, and is described as having been quite commodious for those times. The seats were puncheon benches after the usual fashion of stools, holes being bored in each end of the stick, and pegs driven in for legs. As for the upper sur- face of these seats, freedom from splinters would very likely have met with a frown, and a cushion or other covering would have been deemed a frightful innovation. From that time on, for several years, this rude structure was the general meeting-house and schoolhouse of the little settlement, and doubtless served as useful a purpose at that time as would a more pretentious edifice. The first religious service was probably lield before this time, by Elder Roberts, in iiis cabin or in the open air, where full liberty could be enjoyed. During this year, as elsewhere stated, the first school was taught by Mrs. Marker. In 1829, the first important social event was consummated at the "Point," in the marriage of Miss Lovey Roberts, a daughter of Elder Roberts, to a stalwart young pioneer by the name of Joshua Brown. Whether they received and delighted their guests by passing around nutritious corn-bread and such other delicacies as the time, country and season afforded, or whether they were interrupted in the enjoyment of liymeneal bliss by the music of the festive pan and horn, remains a mystery; suffice it to say, they were the first joined in wedlock. While speaking of the general and marked events, the advent of the first lawyer must not be forgotten. When a country gets to such a stage of development that a full-fledged and pro- fessional son of law and order is required to officiate between the good and the bad in business life, then there is prosperity abounding in the land beyond peradventure. The first of the legal fraternity to open an office here was Mr. Burnett, who came in 1829. During the above year the first Justice of the Peace was appointed, Robert Dougherty receiving the honor. Thus we find the means for justice established in conjunction with the coming of the first expounder of the law. The first mechanics here were two blacksmiths named Duncan & Parker, who had a black- smith-shop, certainly as early as 18-30, and very likely as early as 1829. Previous to the com- ing of these blacksmiths, the miners were either obliged to trudge ofi" or send away to get their tools sharpened, or they had to manage for themselves as best they could. James James, who still lives here, bought out the above firm in 1832, and was for many years the leading mechanic. The first good carpenter or house-builder, was a man by the name of Anderson, who came here in 1834. Says D. N. Parkinson, in a memoir of 1829 : " Mineral Point was then the great center of attraction to all miners. Some of the largest leads were then struck and extensively worked, and quite a number of mining and smelting establishments were erected there and in that vicin- ity. * * * Business was of the most animated character; the town grew up with great rapidity, and every thing wore the most pleasing and encouraging aspect." However, this prosperity, it appears from general accounts, was of but short duration, for, in the fall and winter of that year the inhabiUints experienced, in common with the entire lead- raining region, very rigorous times. So hard were they that at one time the prospect was fair for a general migration to lands where more and better food could be obtained. Provisions were so high, and lead so low (see general history) that all, without distinction, were compelled to sub- sist upon the most meager fare. The growth of the place during the two ensuing years, owing to the depression in the lead market, was very slow, there being no real stimulant to immigration. Of those who certainly came in previous to 1832, who have not been named, and who sub- sequently remained, we are enabled to mention J. H. Gentry, R. H. Kirkpatrick, Abner Nichols, the noted boniface; William Sublitt, R. S. Black, Levi Sterling, A. W. Comfort, John McNair, Dr. Ed McSherry, Ben Salter. John Milton, M. G. Fitch, II. R. Hunter, Edward James, Lord Blaney (the poet), William S. Hamilton, Thomas McKnight, R. W. Gray, ^. B. Thrasher, Mark and Stephen Terrill. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 659 As is generally known, the seat of justice of Iowa County was established first at Mineral Point, by a convention held here in 1829. In 1830, the first steps were taken by the public author- ities to subserve the ends of justice, by providing what was eventually known as the magisterial "coop," a small building, which was purchased from a man by the name of J. B. Cole, for $50. The name was probably given on account of a humorous episode in connection with the official duties of Robert Daugherty, which at that time were extremely onerous, and were doubtless some- what irregularly performed. Papers were issued for the arrest of some one for stealing, or a similar misdemeanor. These were deposited in a barrel in the coop or jail, and left to be used the next day; but lol in the morning, when the jail was unlocked, the needed deposit was gone, some one having run an arm through a crack between the logs and taken it out of its receptacle. As a matter of course, there was a stay in the proceedings, enabling the criminal to escape, as the prosecuting party was not promptly on hand. Such incidents in early times were not rare, as nearly all legal business was conducted mm souci. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. In 1832, the little settlement was startled from its equanimity, and forced to turn attention to providing means for defense, by the Indian war of 1832, familiarly known as the Black Hawk war. During the three months of hostilities, nothing occurred here especially worthy of note, aside from what is mentioned in the general history of the events of that period, in which Iowa County figured extensively, this section of the State being the seat of the difficulty. The ground occupied by the old fort and stockade, on the corner of Fountain and Commerce streets, near where the principal part of the cabins then stood, has since been leveled down to a considerable extent, and utilized for various building purposes. The old block-house, or one of the blockhouses, stood for many years, a reminder of the perils of a frontier life, but at this time scarcely a stick or stone remains to suggest a thought of the past and its rough and bitter experiences. So rapidly does the current of passing events carry us on and away from the old to the new and ever-present occurrences, that yesterday soon becomes obsolete. Immediately after the close of the war. the miners again resumed the pick and gad, and went on with their work as though nothing of great moment had occurred to disturb their serenity or abate their cheerfulness ; and scarcely had the sound of the rifle and war-whoop ceased before fresh arrivals of miners came pouring in from England and the South and East in unprecedented numbers; and, before the season was over, in almost every direction on the hills might be seen heaps of earth, marking the spots where sturdy adventurers were despoiling mother earth of her mineral resources or sinking their own. At this time, High street was cov- ered with brush and miner's pits, there being scarcely a cabin in sight. The principal business houses at this time were those already mentioned, besides two addi- tional establislinients operated by Ben Salter and John Milton. There was also one good tavern kept by Abner Nichols and one or two other small affairs of similar pretensions, together with groceries and " tiger dens," those very necessary adjuncts to the perfection an Miners" Gvarii Newspaper ExTUAt-Ts— Ho for California 1— Jail Breaking- Miners' Honor— Incenuiakies .\nd Cholera — The Order of 1001— Ladif-s' Cold Water I'nion — Business in 1856— Old Bank.s— Education— Newspaper Comments— Early Telegraphic Communication. charter and government. The gradual improvements made in the tone of society, as well as in the size and needs of the village, up to 1844, necessitated a change in the local management of affairs. It became apparent by this time to every sensible resident, that the "slipshod" habit of gliding along must be abandoned or the general interests of the community would be damaged very materially. The old borough had done its duty in its day. but at this epoch something foreign either to borough or town government was needed. Witiiout entering into unnecessary details of the preliminary proceedings, it may here be stated that the village was formally incorporated by an act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved Feb. 11, 1844, entitled "An Act to Incorporate the Trustees of the Village of Mineral Point," which included all of the country in Section 81, the west half of Section 82. in Town ."> north, of Ranse 3 east, and the north half of Section 6, in Town 4 north, of Range 3 eiist, in Iowa County. The same was to be known and distinguished as the village of Mineral Point, and the inhabitants were to be incorporated under the name of the "President and Trustees of the Village of Mineral Point." The legal voters were required to meet at the court house, to decide by ballot whether they would accept the charter or not. The election was held on the 4th of March, 1844. and Will- iam Henry, William Prideaux and Samuel Rich were chosen Judges. There were 157 votes polled, 80 of which were in favor of the charter, and 77 votes against it. The first regular election was authorized to be held on the third Monday of March, when one President, e.x officio Trustee, and four Trustees, one Clerk, one Treasurer, one Assessor and three Constables were to be chosen by ballot. Any other officers needed by the corporation were to be appointed by the Trustees. No one was eligible to office unless a voter of the village, and could not be elected except by a plurality of votes. The polls were only to be opened from 10 o'clock A. M. until 4 o'clock P. M. Vacancies in the offices of President and Trustees were to be filled by special election, while those occurring in the other offices could be filled by appointment. The duties of the various officers were similar to those performed by the officers of any village corporation, and the Treasurer, in addition to the usual duties, had control of all the money accruing from the sale of town lots. The Constables were to receive the same amount of pay in the village as those in the county precincts. Numerous provisions of a valuable and necessary character were embodied in the charter, appertaining to the fiscal, prudential and municipal management, as vested in the President and Trustees, besides the provision allowing the making of special ordinances. On January ■22 of the same session (1844), an amendment was made to the charter con- cerning the duties of the Collector. Notwithstanding the incorporation of the village, it was yet connected with the Mineral Point Precinct, except in the matters indicated by the charter, which did not materially alter the general relations sustained ; but, as nearly all of the precinct voters lived in the village at that time, it to all intents and purposes constituted the precinct and town, and thereby the rela- tions maintained were not very unhappy for several years. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 681 KABLY ORDINANCES. • Some of the ordinances of 1844 and a few years later are rather peculiar when compared with those of to-day. We note one permitting persons to kill and appropriate anything of the swine order that might injure or annoy them; also one preventing the erection of awnings to extend into the street. One of the first things done by the Village Board of 1844 was to order, for the use of the citizens of the place in case of a fire, two ladders eighteen feet long, two six- teen feet long, two twelve feet long, with spikes at the bottom, and two ten feet long, with hooks at the ends. Leather buckets were also supplied at a later date. As chimneys were the excep- tion and stove-pipes the rule for many years, one of the oflScers appointed by the Village Trustees in September, 1844, was a " Stove-pipe Supervisor,'' whose duty it was to perambulate the streets and see that the pipes stuck out of the buildings far enough, and that they were properly prevented from coming in contact with the wood. Another of the chief causes of trouble was powder. The people, being afraid that an explosion would occur, sent in petitions until an ordinance was passed restricting its use, and the manner of keeping it. On one occasion, a report was brought to the Village Board that a horse was lying sick with the glanders. A meet- ing of the fathers was immediately convened and resolutions passed, and, to make sure that the horse was removed, all of those who were present adjourned in a body to attend to the matter, as it was thought the presence of an animal sick with that disease might cause an epidemic in the place. Petitions of all sorts and kinds were being sent in constantly, and, taking the con- dition of affairs throughout into consideration, the holding of office at that time, even, was cer- tainly no sinecure. BUSINESS CONDITION IN 1845. In 1845, there were a large number of business firms, the most notable of which were Cur- tis Beech and W. Tilley ; John Milton, T. Foster and Charles Stevenson ; 0. J. Minor and Francis Vivian, and I. T. Lathrop. The three principal hotels were the Mansion House, the Franklin House and the Central. There were a large number of smelters also operating in the vicinity, and hundreds of miners were laboring among the surrounding hills, extracting the precious ores from their clay- lined or rocky beds. High street by this time had become the principal street, and during a great part of the day was the scene of remarkable business activity. A throng of hardy miners were coming and going constantly. The prices for labor were good, and the cost of goods correspondingly high, and money was plenty, and that in the main, of a thoroughly substantial character. Each day witnessed the arrival of stage loads of tourists, capitalists and miners, who had come either to make, break, or to see the sights in the raining El Dorado of Wisconsin. Speculation of all kinds was rife, and, in a word. Mineral Point was at the height of its raining prosperity, a prosperity which was the real foundation for the present substantial wealth of the city. For, strange as it raay seem, the greater part of the raoney derived frora the mining resources was spent here among the merchants and business raen, theirs being the real or permanent gain which accrued frora the general labor. A TEMPERANCE MOVE — OLD MINERS' GUARD. From about this time comes the rumor of a temperance agitation that had taken possession of nearly all circles of society. Meetings were held, and as much of a crusade as the nature of the times and people would admit of, was inaugurated. This eventually resulted in the organi- zation of a lodge of that justly popular and useful order, the Sons of Temperance, the member- ship of which, at one time, embraced a large number of the prominent citizens of the place. About this time also, a petition was sent into the town authorities, denouncing the groceries as a nuisance, and requesting tlie suspension of a number of them. However, the "groceries " still continued to operate with little restraint, except such as was imposed by ordinances, which were seldom fully carried out, and by the licenses, which were put as high as $75 for groceries, §50 for taverns, and .?40 for merchants. 682 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. About 1844 or 1845, the old Mineral Point Miners' Guard was organized, with Theodore Rodolf, as Captain ; A. W. Paris, as First Lieutenant ; and William T. Henry, as Second Lieu- tenant. At first there were about one hundred men, but, eventually, owing to the expensive uniform which was adopted, the number of braves dwindled down to less than fifty. The com- pany was supplied with full sets of accouterments and arms by the Governor of the State, and was, during its time, the crack institution of the place. No public gathering was perfect with- out the Guards, and if any young man of that day could afi"ord it, he must needs be a member, and wear a cocked hat and brass buttons, and carry an old long-John Enfield, and enjoy all the glorv of military splendor. About the time of the California gold-mines rage, the company was disbanded, the muskets stored away, and until the irruption of the rebellion nothing more was done in a military way. Then the " Miners' Guard " was re-organized with si.xty men, the nucleus of whom were the ofd company. The " Miners' Guards " made their first appearance, armed and equipped, on the 9th day of June, 1860, and were the first to ofier their services to the country, and eventually did distinguished service (see war history). In 1846, while the Mexi- can war was rag ng, for some inexplicable reason the price of lead ran discouragingly low. and many of the miners, for the sake of change and adventure, went off and joined the array. Dur- ing the summer of that year, Lieut. Francis Henry came to the village from the seat of war. His reception on the occasion was a perfect ovation : a banquet was served, and toasts and speeches in honor of the heroes of the campaign were the order of the day. None then conjec- tured how much more terrible an ordeal than that, almost over, the country would be called upon to pass in a few years; yet, when the time came, those here who had formerly celebrated the national achievements, were found ready with heart and hand to perpetuate the institutions sealed to them by their forefathers. Durin" 1845, in honor of the election of James K. Polk, one of the grandest celebrations ever witnessed here was indulged in by the people to which nearly all parties contributed regardless of political difi'erences. G. W. Jones was the leading spirit of the enterprise, and being ably seconded by thirteen of the handsomest girls in town, on horse back, together with the never-to-be-forgotten Dragoons and Miners' Guards, and in a word, every one that could get out or make a noise. No elaborate description will be necessary to convince any one that the affair was one never to be forgotten by those who participated. NEWSPAPER EXTRACTS. The Tribune of 1847, in one of the issues, gives a glowing account of the thrift, enterprise and growth of the place. The "Point" stirred with the hum of busy industry of such magni- tude as to push to the front in advance of all the surrounding inland towns. The streets were thronged with a busy multitude. The stores and shops were filled to repletion with fresh sup- plies, and the miners, smelters and merchants were doing a prosperous business. Fifty new buildings were erected, the most of them of the most substantial materials, as brick and stone, and the greater part of these were scarcely completed before they were occupied ; in truth, the supply was, if anything, less than the demand. There were several commodious mechanic shops in operation, but the amount of work to be done was so far in advance of that of ordinary years that more were needed. Says the Tribune: '-The arrivals and departures of prairie schooners are as numerous as that of vessels and steamers at the largest sea-port town. There are now in the vicinity of Mineral Point five lead furnaces in successful operation, each produc- ing about 120 pigs of lead per d:iy, which, averaged at 7-3 poun33,101, the city's portion, was to be included in the assessment of taxes, this share of the debt being collected in ten annual installments. THE SECOND CHARTER. In the fall and spring of 1860-61. a move was made for an improvement on the old char- ter and its amendments, which finally resulted in the remodeling and revising of the preceding acts, by a draft for a new charter, compiled by G. L. Frost. This bill was submitted to the Legislature in due form, in the spring of 1861, and, with- out opposition, by act of March 2, became a law. The boundaries of the town were left as be- fore. The city officials remained nearly the same, only there were a few slight changes made in the time and manner of electing the officers, also in the time of holding elections. A municipal Court was created, the Mayor being styled Municipal Judge. Some minor changes were made in the granting of ordinances, allowing the people to vote on the acceptance of some of them. With a few other exceptions, the text of the new charter corresponded with the previous enact- ments. The last charter had not been published a year before the restless genius of the place sug- gested a change, if not an improvement, which was effected by an act approved March 22, 1862, and again, by an act approved April 16, of the ensuing year, an amendment was made, particu- larly affecting the school system. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 695 In accordance with the demand for bounty money which arose about 1863, an act was passed February 18, 1864, authorizing the assessment of a tax on the public property, the amount to be indicated by a special election, but not to exceed $200 for each volunteer, or for the family of such person. An amendment appertaining to the foregoing was made in February of the ensuing year. THIRD CHARTER. After securing the last amendment to the second charter, for eight years no changes or additions were made ; the affairs of the city being managed without dissension ; yet it must not be supposed that the people were entirely satisfied. A gradually increasing demand had been made for something different, which culminated, in the spring of 1873, in the present city charter. This chapter is a re-draft of the original schemes of government, enlarged and improved to suit the exigencies of the times, by W. T. Henry, in response to the request of the city author- ities. The general provisions are very elaborate in detail, and cover nearly every desirable point to be embodied in a city charter. The errors existing in the preceding forms were corrected, as nearly as possible, and several valuable additions were made, the most notable being a clause exempting the lands of tax-payers from assessment for any bonded indebtedness. By the institution of this wily proviso, the out- standing railroad bond judgments were effectually held in abeyance. For further information, the reader will consult the act approved March 22, 1873, Chap- ter 237. The chapter was amended by an act approved February 5, 1873, pertaining to the collec- tion of taxes, relating to Sections .5, 6 and 14. An act approved March 2, 1876 (Chapter 128), authorizes the Commissioners of School and University lands, and trust funds, to loan a sum, not exceeding $50,000, to the City of Mineral Point, at 7 per cent interest, the same to be paid annually, with 10 percent of the prin- cipal, by a regular assessment and collection of taxes, the same as other taxes are collected. It is said that change is the handmaid of improvement and prosperity in local matters as well as in national development. Such being the case, it may be safely said that Mineral Point is constantly expanding, as indicated by the numerous alterations wrought during the last forty- three years in the system of government. In all probability, no place of equal pretensions or importance in the Northwest has so thoroughly run the gamut of perpetual change in charters and amendments, and, doubtless, ere the lapse of many years, at the present rate of growth, another charter will be instituted. STATISTICS AND NOTES OF I860. The increase in general business, if not in population, must have been very rapid after the advent of the railroad for several years, as shown by the statistics of 1860. There were, at that time, one bank, eight hotels, seventeen dry goods and grocery stores, nine boot and shoe stores, three harness and leather stores, three hardware stores, three drug stores, two jewelry stores, one book store, two furniture stores, seven blacksmith-shops and plow factories, five wagon-shops, two brass and iron foundries, two breweries, one grist-mill and three warehouses. In the imme- diate vicinity of the city were five lead smelting furnaces, one zinc furnace and a copper-mining company in active operation. The amount of money involved in the various transactions embraced by the above firms and establishments was, in round numbers, above $1,000,000 — a sura not largely excelled by that involved at the present day. The population of the place was about 8,.")00, all told. There were then five churches and good schools. Thus it will be seen that the place at that time was, in most respects, equal to Mineral Point of to-day, and, with regard to the work of mining, largely in advance of the present condition. On June 23 of that year, the Good Templars started a lodge here with twelve members, probably the first one ever established in the city, but as to how long it existed or how great the influence or benefit arising therefrom, we have no knowledge. 696 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. In November, 1860, a hook and ladder company was organized and recognized by the City Council in accordance with the charter provisions. The officers were L. S. Burnett, Engineer; M. B. McSherry and John Heron, Assistants. This company proved to be but a spasmodic effort in the right direction, for, after the organization was effected, nothing further was heard of it. The only means of defense from fire now in the possession of the town, aside from the fire limits, are the hooks, ladders and buckets provided by the city fathers in 1866, at an expense of $235, and the four Babcock extinguishers which were purchased in 1870, at a cost of $200. The hooks and ladders lie stored in a shed back of the city hall, while the extinguishers have been extinguished or are scattered about town for convenience. Perhaps at some future time a fire of sufficient magnitude may come upon the town to arouse the inhabitants to the necessity of having suitable protection. Already enough valuable property has been consumed to have pur- chased several engines. Of the numerous fires that have occurred here, we particularly mention but two, one of which occurred in November, 1860, and one on the 12th of March, 1862, both of them having been terrible conflagrations, and having destroyed a large amount of property. The fire of 1860 consumed some eight buildings before it could be extinguished, involving a loss of $8,400 above insurance. The fire of 1862 was nearly as bad, causing a loss of about $7,000. Thus, at either of those fires, an actual loss was sustained of nearly enough to have purchased a first- class fire engine, and to have built an engine house and tanks, with other necessary expenses. The fire that destroyed the old Franklin House, which occurred on Sunday, November 26, 1854, was also a very destructive conflagration and did a considerable damage, and therefore may be properly mentioned in this connection. Not until 1860 had such a thing as a fully grown Christmas tree been seen here. But that year Mr. Prideaux determined, when the great fete day of Christendom came, he would attempt an innovation upon the ordinary customs of the place. Accordingly, a large-sized tree was prepared, and, when Christmas Eve arrived, it was illuminated as gorgeously as possible, and decorated in a very attractive manner, with such trinkets and bric-a-brac as could be obtained. Then the windows of the room on High street, where it was placed, were thrown open, to wit- ness the effect on the passers-by. The result was what might have been anticipated. Within fifteen minutes, a lai'ge crowd had gathered to see the show, and, for the next hour or so, the street was thronged with sight-seers. WAR OCCURRENCES. The year 1860, in the annals of this locality, stands peculiarly noted on account of the political excitement and stirring times which preceded the war. Four clubs were organized, known, respectively, as the Wide Awakes, the Douglas Club, the Breckinridge and Lane Club, and the Young Hickories. The contest was a strong one, but in the event at the Presidential election, the Republicans won not only, but for the first time in the history of the place, that party had obtained, at the annual election, a controlling voice in the City Council, a position which has since been maintained in nearly all political relations. In February, 1860, the first shipment was made to the South — eighteen carloads of oats sent to New Orleans, while the war was raging at its highest. The trains on the Mineral Point Railroad were so generally employed by the Federal Government that the produce of the coun- try which came to this market could not all be shipped, and, as the crops were plentiful and prices high, farmers brought in their grain and sold, until nearly every available building was stored full. In fact, almost before the dealers were aware of it, the place was literally full to overflowing, a condition that maintained for a long time, and yet at that time we hear that the people were crying "Hard times!" It is one of the natural inconsistencies of human nature to be forever finding fault with their pecuniary condition (if they have anything). But no greater fact stands out in connection with the years of the war in this section than this, that the city enjoyed a period of unusual pros- perity, a prosperity which largely benefited the greater part of the merchants, manufacturers, HISTOJIY OF IOWA COUNTY. 697 mechanics and laborers, and such as will not be experienced soon again, here or elsewhere. Yet, as it was bought at such a terrible price, it is no matter for congratulation, or to be desired again. To Arms.' 1861. — In 1861, the ominous cry of "To arms! to arms! " was wafted over the land, and came, with its forbidding clangor, to arouse the energies and activities of the citi- zens of Mineral Point. Although there were many here, as elsewhere, who shrank with dread from the or leal of war, and, discouraged, by word and deed, the efforts of brave and true men, and spared no opportunity to heap derision upon the cause of the North and the patriotic dem- onstrations of their associates — yet a majority of the people were up and doing betimes, and to the honor of Mineral Point it can be said that one of the first companies to offer its services was enrolled here. For the next five years, the episodes and occurrences of greatest interest were connected with the great struggle; and how could it be otherwise V At the front were the flower of the land, bearing with them the hopes and aspirations of a nation, as well as the love and de- votion of home and friends. Many would never return, and no one knew whose turn it would be next to lose a father, brother, husband, son or lover. Oh, the bitterness of those days ! but, thanks to the all-wise Arbiter of the destinies of nations, although the sacrifices made on every hand were great beyond all computation, yet the cause of justice and freedom triumphed. The country was cleansed from the degradation of slavery, and a brighter, happier day was ushered in, for four million souls, than they had ever known, or could ever hope to know, while they were enthralled. The names of the men and women of Mineral Point, during those dark and trying times, who, by word and deed, were ever ready to sustain the exigencies of each campaign, either at home or in the field, can only grow brighter, each year, in the galaxy of noble souls who fought, died, and unselfishly sacrificed, to preserve and to perpetuate the Union. Woman's Aid. — During the war times, it must not be supposed that the women of the "Point" were idle; not so. In all times of public peril, as has been demonstrated thousands of times, women have ever proved noble helpers, and. by their smiles, prayers and tears, as well as more substantial efforts, have made men fairly invincible. Early in the struggle, a ladies' aid society was formed here that embraced and cemented to- gether in the ties of love and devotion a majority of the women of all classes; and such an amount of useful work was done in providing home comforts for the soldiers as cannot be fully estimated. Only those who were benefited thereby can fairly appreciate and praise their noble efforts. One of the notable events connected with the aid society was a grand picnic given on the 2d of September, 1862. The people poured in from the country in all directions to present their offerings of edibles and clothing, and a general good time prevailed. William R. Smith addressed the meeting, after which two companies of soldiers were dined in a most sumptuous manner. Many other occurrences of a similar nature transpired, but this will sufficiently illus- trate the character and usefulness of the aid society, as well as the enthusiasm which actuated the women of this locality. OLD settlers' re-union CELEBRATION. On July 4, 1861, one of the most noteworthy and long-to-be-remembered celebrations ever given in the State was gotten up here in honor of the veterans of 1832. Arrangements were made on a magnificent scale by the managers of t\ie fete, to provide agreeable entertainment for any or all of the pioneers of the lead mines region of Southwestern Wisconsin that might choose to come. A preliminary meeting was held on the 8th of June of that year at the court house, and a committee of thirteen, with M. M. Strong, as Chairman, was selected to decide upon a plan of operations ; then the meeting adjourned until a report could be made by the committee. The meeting re-assembled at 7i o'clock. Hon. M. M. Strong, from the committee of thirteen, submitted the following report, which was accepted, and the committee discharged : That Hon. John H. Rountree be ajipointed President of the Day. That thirty-four Vice Presidents be appointed as follows, viz.: Charles Dunn, John W. Blackstone, L. M. Strong, Henry M. Billings, John Lindsey, Joseph White, John B. Terry, John Z. Saxton, F. C. Kirkpatrick. Allen Worden, Nelson Dewey, L. W. Joiner, George Schellinger, Dennis 698 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. Murphy, Ebenezer Brigliam. James Noble, .John Vanmetcr, .1. H. Earnest, P. B. Simpson, F. McKenna, B. F. Thomas, Merideth Evans, Stephen O. Paine, .1. Allen Barber. William R. Smith, James Chenoweth, F. Z. Micks. G. M. Ashmore, \V. E. Rowe, Patrick O'Doud, William March. Jefferson Crawford, John Clayton, Elliott C. Hugins. That John Bracken be appointed Chief Marshal, with power to appoint such assistants as he may think necessary. That the following-named commitlees be appointed, of three persons on each committee, the chairman of each of which acting together shall constitute a committee of arrangements, with full power to conduct all the details of the celebration : to which each of the committees shall report, viz.: 1. Committee on ground and arrangement thereof — John Clowney. John Milton and Edward Prideaux. 2. Invitation and printing — William T. Henry, George Messersmith and George W. Bliss. 3. (Jrator, Reader and Chaplain — M. .M. Cothren, John Herron and Samuel lloskins. 4. Music and Artillery — L. 8. Burton, Samuel Jenkins and G. D. Wilber. •T. Dinner — John H. Vivian, Henry P. George and C. II. Co.x. 6. Toasts — J. H. Clary, James A. Slye and A. R. Bushnell. 7. Finance — L. H. Whittlesey, Henry Koop and Joseph Lean. -And that the chairman of each committee be authorized to act in the absence of his colleagues. That the committee on invitation, etc.. extend a special invitation to all the officers and soldiers of the .Sauk war. to unite in a body in the celebration of the day, and to join in the proces.«ion on horseback, and that all proper facilities be provided for a re-union of the remnant of those frontier defenders of our State. That .\I. .M. Strong, .\l. M. Cothren. Joel C. Squires and Nathan Olmstead be appointed a committee to visit the citizens of Platteville, and request them to relinquish their contemplated celebration and to unite with us in a general celebration by the citizens of the lead mines, of the approaching national anniversary, and that the same committee be authorized to request the citizens of any other locality in the mining district, which may contemplate a similar celebration, to unite with us in one common patriotic and joyous exhibition of devotion to the flag and cause of our country. That the committee on dinner be instructed to make arrangements for the entertainment of 4,000 people. John H. Vivian having declined to act as chairman of the committee on dinner, his place was supplied by the appointment of Richard L. Read. On motion, two names were added to the committee on dinner as follows: Joseph I'rideaux and Christopher Wagner. M. .M. Strong offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted : Kfolvrd, That the committee of arrangements have full power to perform all duties which are not specifically delegated to other persons. On motion ef Luilicr II. Whittlesey, the report of the committee was adopted. On motion, the meeting adjourned sine die. John Brackk.v, Chairman. Georoe W. Bliss, 1 „ , . J(.HN Heubon, )S'crHar,ts. The following is the more important portion of the note of invitation sent to hundreds of the pioneers and representative men throughout the State in accordance with the foregoing res- olutions : The undersigned now have the pleasure of inviting you to unite with the other pioneers of Wisconsin, who are expected to be present on the occasion referred to. Although nothing could he more appropriate to such an oc- casion, than a meeting of the survivors of those who defended the Wisconsin frontier against Indian invasion and hostile savage warfure, to unite with those who are enjoying the blessings of the liberty and peace acquired by those pioneers; yet this feature of our celebration is designed more expressly to furnish a fitting and convenient occasion for those early settlers who still survive, to gratify a wish, wliicii many of them have often expressed, of meeting each other once more, and interchanging congratulations, sentiments and reminiscences, as well as to give them aa opportunity if they think proper ol' forming an efficient orginlziiion, by which a re union of their members may hereafter be held at such times and places as they shall think proper. For these purposes you are expressly invited to be present. William T. Henbv, ] Georoe W. Bliss, \ Committte. George Messersmith, I The celebration proved to be a most memorable affair. But large numbers of those who particip.ated in the festivities of the occasion, are now no more, and, within a few years, the old veterans now remaining who were there, to whom these lines will revive the occurrences and scenes of the day, will soon join their comrades. VARIOUS ITEMS. During the early part of the war times, owing to some inexplicable reason, the people were every little while disturbed by the advent of mad dogs, but fortunately nD one was ever bitten. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 699 The newspapers of that time frequently speak of the bad condition of the streets, and one party says : " If any poor person wants to get a small capital to commence business, he can do so by taking a walk daily on High street, for he will be in danger of breaking his limbs con- stantly by loose boards or slipping down, and can make the place pay him damages therefor." In subsequent years, this prediction was realized by the city having, in the case of Mrs. Pri- •deaux, to pay large damages for a fractured limb. S^iinplaster Currency. — One of the prominent features of the times during the early part of the war, was the local scrip, or pasteboard shinplaster currency, which was for a time about the only small circulating medium to be had. Every business man drew upon himself to his own order, and issued ad libitum, until finally the shinplaster material became too thick to thrive, or, in other words, a perfect nuisance, and accordingly the District Attorney was obliged to issue a notice that, after the loth of January, 1863, he would indict any one found using them, except to collect from those who issued the stuff. Thus perished the shinplasters. When the locating of the Hospital for the Insane was before the public, in 1870, the City Council authorized Dr. George Wilson to go to Madison and offer one hundred and sixty acres of land to the Commissioners as a location for the asylum, the same to be situated conveniently near to Mineral Point. Thus it will be seen that the inhabitants are not wanting in public spirit or benevolence. Although the asylum was not located here, principally because this was an isolated point, yet the generosity of the donation was none the less creditable to the people. The tide of events since 1865 has been very uniform in flow, being neither sensational in charac- ter or apathetic and tending to decline. The financial condition of affairs has been good, while the various improvements in all directions have been substantial rather than showy and super- ficial. From general estimates, it appears that the best building period was during the ten years from 1865 to 1875, during which time the finest, most elegant and costly business blocks and residences were erected. Many of these, in style and character, will compare well with those of more favored localities. OLD SETTLERS STILL LIVING. There are still living here a large number of those whose faces have been familiar on the streets of Mineral Point for forty years or more, and some who have been here for nearly a half- century. The most of them have been active participants in the every-day scenes of the past, and to them the city is to day largely indebted for its solid wealth and prosperity. They have lived to see the *' Point " realize nearly all that they could have anticipated for it in general growth. Everything has changed since they were young men ; the ancient insignia, which once fluttered bravely to the tune of " bread and beans " has lost its prestige, only to give place to the emblems of a higher civilization and the ameliorating influences of modern labor and enter- prise. In brief, they have lived to see Mineral Point, developed and redeemed from its early and wanton condition, stand forth the peer of any place of equal size in the State, and where they can live happily and contenteilly during the remainder of their lives, realiz- ing the fullest compensation which time can afford to well-directed and conscientious effort. Of those who came here and located in 1832, but one remain — James James. Of those who were here in 1834, there are William T. Henry. Joseph Jones and William Rablin. In 1836 and 1837 : Thomas Prish, James Smith, Mrs. Thomas, Mr. Charles F. Legate and Moses M. Strong. From 1838 to 1840 : M. M. Smith, John Clowney, J. Trevillion, Joseph Reed, Thomas Davey, George Priestly, John J. Ross, Dr. R. D. Pulford, John Tramell, James Hutch- inson, Robert Whitney, P. O'Dowd and William A. Pierce. From 1840 to 1842: William Lanyon, James Toay, James James, George Wilkinson, Chris Strike, Millen, Phillip Allen, James and Henry Martin. By 1846 there were Ed and Joseph Prideaux, G. W. Cobb, John Hales, J. Gundry, J. Gray, John Hoard, Dr. J. H. Vivien and T. S. and A. C. Ansley. WILLIA.M T. henry's GEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. A sketch of Mineral Point, in connection with the history of the county, could hardly be considered as fair and impartial, in taking into consideration what has been done here, if men- 700 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. tion was not made of the geological collection of W. T. Henry. This collection, the work of years of labor, skill and study, is beyond a doubt, one of the most remarkable, as well as inter- esting, to be found either in this State or in the Union. To give a detailed account of the work done, or a description of the thousands of rare and beautiful specimens garnered here, would be impossible to any one but the owner. There are treasures of the earth, obtained from all quarters of the globe, as well as a wonderful variety of specimens of rocks and ores indigenous to this locality, arranged either in charming contrast or in classes, according to the taste of the owner. Rare bits of metal and rock from Europe. Great Britain, South America, Asia and Africa, may be seen lying side by side in beautiful natural rivalry with the most valuable and curious productions of this continent. One can scarcely form a sufBciently generous estimate of the time, means and patience re- quired to accomplish such magnificent results. Only a very superior degree of intelligence, coupled with ample means and an all absorbing love of Nature's works, could enable an}- one to achieve so much in a few short years, as Mr. Henry can show for his labors ; and. withal, this work has been done by a business man, at odd times, during the pursuit of his regular vocation as a lawyer and banker. In conclusion, we can only suggest to any one who has the time and opportunity, to go and visit his treasure-room ; to see is to appreciate ; no words that we can use will do justice to the subject, or sufBciently praise the merit of this truly superb collection, and the unpretentious ability of the man who has the pleasure of owning it. as well as knowing that he is indebted to himself alone for obtaining it. ZINC AVORKS. A scheme for utilizing the immense quantities of dry-bone and black-jack to be found here was first conceived by Robert George, of Mineral Point, before 1860. He, in com- pany with T. J. Campbell, erected a small dry-bone furnace in 1860, rather as an experiment than with any certainty of ultimate success. Contrary to the predictions and expectations of many, the attempt demonstrated to perfection that zinc ore could be handled here to advantage, but as the parties were not large capitalists, nothing of marked importance toward the promotion of this industry was done until 186-3 or 1861, when the firm of Phelps, Dodge & Co. purchased the interest of Messrs. George & Campbell, retaining the former as Superintendent. Thi.s com- pany, being possessed of ample quantities of the needful, at once proceeded to erect furnaces and the various requisite apparatus for manufacturing zine upon a very extensive scale. A large number of buildings were constructed, including the Superintendent's house, and, within a year, the works were operating under full headway, and doing an immense business. These works not only did smelting, but they eventually embraced the making of oxide, which proved very profit- able. The company operated here for about five years, and employed, during the greater part of the time, loO hands per diem, doing a mammoth business. They constructed a sidetrack from the works, which were about one-half mile south of the city, to the main track, and, in various ways, made large improvements; but finally, after the expenditure of the enormous sum of $300,000, they were compelled to abandon the business, owing to the cost of transporting coal from Illinois, and in consequence of various difficulties with the Mineral Point Railroad Company, from whom they were unable to obtain the necessary accommodations. The cessation of this industry proved a sad blow to the interests of this locality, as it not only furnished em- ployment to large numbers of people, but the mineral resources, in black-jack and dry-bone, are so comparatively inexhaustible that the work could have gone on with profit, both to em- ployers and the employed, for an unlimited period. Even at the time the works were closed they were making $100 per day above expenses, but a spirit of resentment took possession of the company, which induced them to sacrifice personal interests rather than to submit to what by them was deemed injustice on the part of the railroad. Since the departure of Messrs. Phelps. Dodge & Co., there has been no zinc smelting done here. The machinery of value was disposed of for a very trifling sum, compared to the cost. To illustrate, the lots, buildings and some of the machinery were sold to William Lanyon for HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. TOl $2,300. Nothing is now left of this extensive establishment but the Superintendent's dwelling. Previous to the starting of the furnaces, dry-bone was used to pave the streets with, being con- sidered of no particular value ; and, for some time after, that and black-jack could be obtained for hauling it away from the lead and copper smelting furnaces. But eventually, while the zinc furnaces were running, it came up to .$5 a ton. While that price was ruling for the raw ma- terial, the manufactured article sold for $270 per ton. Now the raw material sells at $20 per ton, and the manufactured at $80 per ton, showing how enormous the first proBts were, and how unfavorable muse have been the conditions which caused the cessation of zinc-smelting at this point. While the Phelps, Dodge & Co. works were in operation, one F. E. Matheson was work- ing in this locality as a common miner, but after they stopped, he, knowing that there was a great deal of money in the business, if properly conducted, determined to make a strike. Soon after he, in company with a Mr. Hageler, succeeded in interesting the Baring Brothers, English bankers, who furnished the necessary funds to establish the business on a safe footing. The place selected for operations was La Salle, 111., it being far less expensive to transport the zinc to the coal than the coal to the zinc. This company now has a monopoly of the entire bus- iness of the country, and is the most extensive manufacturing concern of the kind in the world, and the largest part of the material used, it is estimated, is obtained from the mines in Iowa County. POST OFFICE. The first mails were brought here and distributed by difi"erent parties, but, doubtless, during the first years of the settlement, the arrival of letters were few and far between. The nearest office was at Galena until about 1834, when an ofiice was established here, and John D. Ans- ley was appointed Postmaster. It is said, that previous to his appointment, his store was a sort of a mail carrier's headquarters, so it naturally followed that he would be the first appointed in the place. The office was then kept at the foot of Fountain street, on Com- merce street. On the 9th of August, 1836, Mr. Ansley was deposed, and William Henry was appointed in his place, by Postmaster General Amos Kendall. During the time that Mr. Henry held the office, it was kept in a log house which stood on Lot 43 of Vliet's Survey, near Jerusalem Spring. After the inauguration of William Henry Harrison as President, in 1840, Mr. Henry was removed in favor of J. T. Lathrop, the landlord of the old Franklin House, which stood just west of the United States Hotel, and where the post office was then kept. Mr. Lathrop was succeeded, in 1845, after the inauguration of James K. Polk, by Henry Plowman, now of Chicago, then editor of the Miners' Free Press. The post office was then kept in a wing of his private dwelling, on the corner of Chestnut street and the Jail alley. With the election of President Taylor, another change was effected, Joseph Smith being appointed. The office was kept in Mr. Smith's book and confectionery store, in a building since burned, which stood on Lot 49 of Vliet's Survey. Again, upon the election and installation of Franklin Pierce, the post office was transferred to another party, Stephen Thomas, now of La Crosse, Wis., being the happy recipient of the Presi- dential favor. Mr. Thomas held the office until the Republican administration was ushered in in 1861. During his time, the office was kept in the Miller building, on High street. Lot 47, Vliet's Survey. The next Postmaster was John Hollingshead, who kept the office in the east half of the old "Root House," formerly used for county offices, now occupied by the law and banking firm of Henry & Smith, and which stands on the public square. He was succeeded by Phillip Law- rence, who continued the office in the bank building until he removed to the present post office quarters. Lawrence held office for five years, then, in 1873, Phillip Allen, who still holds the office, was appointed. 702 HISTORY OF lOAVA COUNTY. In 1849, through the voluntary action of the Postmaster for a short time, the first daily mails were received at the "Point," but the Government not sustaining the action, they were dis- continued, to be resumed later. MANUFACTURING. BANKS, ETC. The manufacturing pursued in the place has been, during the passage of the years since 1850, quite varied, but many of the establishments that once flourished finely have ceased to operate. About the first manufacturing business of any considerable magnitude was a foundry and machine shop, started by William Lanyon in 1849. This establishment was operated until 1867. In 1853, Thomas Jenkins and William Lanyon began the old water mill, which is located south of the railroad buildings, on the Mineral Point Branch. Before it was finished. William Langon sold out to John Roberts, who, with Mr. Jenkins, completed it. This mill is still doing a fair business. There is but one run of stone, yet the water-power is so poor that it has been necessary to introduce an engine of moderate power. In 1856, the plow works of Lanyon & Win were started, but after operating two years, the business was discontinued. In 1859, a tannery was established here by the firm of Smith & Dumford, near the depot. This business was not continued very long. In 1860, William Lanyon, Sr., & Co. erected the large three-story building now used by William Lanyon, Jr., for a warehouse. This was put up expressly for a mill, and was fitted up in a very elaborate manner. A forty-horse-power engine was set up. and other macliinery to match, so that 100 barrels of flour could be manufactured per diem. The mill was kept in operation for about two years ; then, owing to the influence which the war exerted upon the business, it was closed and the machinery sold. A sash, door and blind factory was opened here in 1866, by Cobb & Pierce as owners. This establishment was kept in operation until about 1872, since which time work has been suspended. Prominent among the manufacturing interests of Mineral Point, is the foundry and machine shop of J. Lanyon & Brother. This business was established in 1849, by J. Lanyon, Sr., and first located on Commerce street, near the present depot. In this location, Mr. Lanyon, Sr., continued the foundry business until 1867, when he erected the present shop on the corner of Fountain and Vine streets. During the latter year, he was succeeded in business by his two sons, John and Josiah, under the firm name of J. Lanyon & Brother. This firm has been engaged principally in the manufacture and repairing of mining and milling machinery. But in 1877, Messrs. Lanyon Brothers invented their valuable ore-crushers and stone-breakers, receiving patents therefor November 27, 1877, and since then their shops have been devoted to the manufacture of these machines exclusively. Soon after the issue of the patents, the merits of the ore-crushers and stone-breakers became known, and now numbers of these machines are in use in difiierent parts of Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Dakota and other States and Territories. The large stone-breaker is used for breaking stone for railroad ballast; will receive a stone 16x22 inches, and reduce it to two inches in one operation. This machine will run at full capacity of eight-horse-power, and crush 200 tons per day ; weight, 14,000 pounds. The smaller size stone-breaker weighs 4,000 pounds, and will crush 100 tons in ten hours. The large-size ore crusher will receive a stone 7x14 inches, and reduce it to the fineness of sand in one oper- ation. This can be run with four-horse-power, and has a capacity for crusiiing 70 tons in ten hours; weight, 11,0011 pounds. The ore crusher number two weighs 8,000 pounds, and is suit- able for all kinds of mining and smelting works where fine crushing is required. It will crush 70 tons to the fineness of sand and fine gravel, and, by returning, it can be reduced to an even fineness. All parts of these machines that come in contact with the ore are made of chilled iron and steel ; and the machines are pronounced by competent judges, who have subjected them to severe tests, to be for the purposes intended, " the best in the world." Messrs. Lanyon & /^./>^^-t^yyty MINE KA L POINT. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 705 Brotlier have added new and improved machinery to their foundry and machine shop, for the purpose of carrying on more extensively the manufacture of their crushers and stone breakers, tiie demand for which is increasing constantly, and gives promise of developing into one of the leading industries of Wisconsin. The foundry and machine-shop of John Wearne & Sons, located on the Dodgeville road, a short distance from the business portion of the city, was established in 1868. Messrs. Wearne & Sons, since the establishment of their shop, have been engaged in the manufacture and repair- ing of sugar mills and different kinds of farming and mining machinery. When in full force, four men are constantly employed. Tornado Brewery. — This institution is located on the Dodgeville road, one mile from the business portion of the city, and is one of the important industries of the place. In 1850, the first building was erected by William Tyrrell, at a cost of $4,000. This was a stone structure, 'J4xl00 feet, and two stories high. Mr. Tyrrell continued in the brewing business but a short time, and was succeeded by Jacob Roggy. In 18.54, Charles and Frederick Gillmann pur- chased the property, and, in 1855, Jacob Spielmann was admitted as a partner. The business •was then carried on under the firm name of Gillmann Bros. & Co., until 1857, when Charles ■(jillmann sold his interest to his partners, who continued together until 1808. This firm marie Valuable improvements, erected substantial and commodious buildings, and increased the capacity of the establishment. In 1868, Mr. Spielmann disposed of his interest to Charles Gillmann, who, with his brother, did a successful business together until 1872. Charles was then elected County Treasurer, and rented his share to William Muser. In 1874, Charles Gillmann pur- chased the entire property, and has since been sole proprietor. The memorable tornado of May 28, 1878, entirely destroyed the brewery with five other buildings in the immediate vicinity, entailing a loss to Mr. Gillmann of $20,000. During the summer and fall of the same year, the present rock building was erected and fitted with all the modern inventions in machinery, etc., ut a total cost of $12,000. Prior to 1878, the beer was manufactured by hand, and the fullest capacity was 2,500 barrels per annum. The Tornado Brewery now has a capacity of 6,000 barrels per annum, and is regarded as one of the leading brewing establishments in Southwestern Wisconsin. Its sales are confined principally to Iowa, La Fayette and Grant Counties. Six men are employed, and its rapidly increasing business require? the constant operation of the brewery. Garden City Brewery. — This brewery was established by James Argall, the present pro- prietor, in 18-54. At that time, the large stone building, 62x80 feet, now in use, was erected. It is divided into malt and brewing apartments, and has a capacity of seventy-five barrels a week. For a number of years, Mr. Argall paid considerable attention to bottling beer ; but of late years, lias abandoned this branch of the business. The sale of beer manufactured at this establishment, is confined to Mineral Point and vicinity. Henry's Bank. — A private banking institution established in the fall of 1861, by William T. Henry, who has since acted as President. The first cashier was George Henry, who resigned April 1, 1878, and was succeeded by Thomas T. Parraele. This bank does a general banking business, foreign and domestic exchange ; also agency for the (Juion-Morris Express and Rotter- dam Steamship Companies, located in city buihlmg on High street. Citji Bank — Was established as a private banking institution December 22, 1874, by Alex- ander Wilson and Edward Harris, who have since carried on a general banking business with foreign and domestic exchange ; agency for the National and White Star steamship lines. Alexander Wilson, President ; William Harris, Cashier ; located in Toay's Block. Soiithirentern Wisconsin Industrial Association. — A preliminary meeting of the citizens of Mineral Point and vicinity was held at the city hall in the afternoon of May 8, 1871, to discuss the propriety of organizing a society for the encouragement of agriculture and mechanical pursuits. The meeting was called to order by Dr. George D. Wilber, and, upon motion of John J. Ross, James Toay was appointed Chairman, and William H. Peck, Secretary. After an •exchange of views, a committee, consisting of Dr. G. D. Wilber. James H. Spensley and John w 706 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. J. Ross, was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws, which was reported and adopted at the next meeting of the society May 22, 1871. The organization being effected, the society then procured a lease of seventeen acres of land from John J. Ross, which they fitted up for, and held the first fair early in September of 1871. The excellent management of the oiBcers and executive committee rendered this first effort'a flattering success. A half-mile track for horse-racing was made, and succeeding fairs were held in 1872-73. Early in 1874, the members of this society, desiring to conform to the State laws, and thereby receive State aid, adopted March 5, articles of association, signed by John H. Vivian, Thomas Priestley, R. D. Pulford, John Clowney, John J. Ross, H. M. Oliver, T. S. Ansley and John Hoare. The first section of those articles declared, " This society shall be known and designated as ' The Southwestern Wisconsin Industrial Association,' and shall be located at the city of Mineral Point, Iowa County, Wis., where all its meetings, fairs and exhi- bitions shall be held. The purposes of this association are hereby declared to be the encourage- ment of the agricultural and mineral resources of Southwestern Wisconsin." The membership of this society is limited to the territory embracing Iowa, La Fayette and Grant Counties. Successful fairs have been held annually, the society never yet failing to pay premiums and legitimate expenses in full. The association have just completed negotiations for the purchase of new ground, consisting of thirty acres, west of and adjoining Graceland Cemetery. This excellent location, when fitted with race course, floral hall, stalls, etc., will cost the society $3,-500. The present floral hall was erected in 1875, at a cost of $1,200. The following is a complete list of the officers of the society from its organization : 1871 — President, James Toay ; Vice Presidents, William Bainbridge, Isaac Comfort, Charles Dunn, John .J. Van Metre ; Secretary, S. D. Gaylord ; Treasurer, George Henry. 1872 — President, James Toay ; Vice Presidents, William Buckingham, J. B. Johnson, I. C. Comfort, S. Harker; Secretary, T. S. Ansley; Treasurer, Thomas Priestley. 1873 — President, James Toay ; Vice Presidents, I. C. Comfort. J. B. Johnson, N. K. Van Metre, Cornelius De Long, J. McWilliams ; Secretary, T. S. Ansley ; Treasurer, Thoma% Priestley. 1874 — President, John H. Vivian ; Vice Presidents, I. C. Comfort, John Clowney, C. De Long, N. K. Van Metre, William Buckingham; Secretary, T. S. Ansley; Treasurer, Thomaa Priestley. 1875— President, R. D. Pulford ; Vice Presidents, I. C. Comfort, J. C. Kirkpatrick, John Clowney, J. H. Earnest, J. J. Davis ; Secretary, T. S. Ansley ; Treasurer. Thomas Priestley. 1876 — President, J. H. A^ivian ; Vice Presidents, William Lanyon, G. C. Weathersby, J. J. Davis, I. C. Comfort, J. C. Kirkpatrick ; Secretary, T. S. Ansley ; Treasurer, Thomaa Priestley. 1877 — President, J. H. Vivian ; Vice Presidents, I. C. Comfort, W. Lanyon, Jr., J. C. Kirkpatrick, W. Buckingham ; Secretary, T. S. Ansley ; Treasurer, Thomas Priestley. 1878 — President. William T. Henry ; Vice Presidents, I. C. Comfort ; Owen Wright, J. Elwood, N. K. Van Metre, R. D. Pulford ; Secretary, T. S. Ansley ; Treasurer, Thomaa Priestley. 1879 — President, J. H. Vivian ; Vice Presidents, J. W. Rewey, N. K. Van Metre, Francis Little, Edwin Johnson, R. D. Pulford ; Secretary, Delos P. Beech ; Treasurer, Thomas Priestley. 1880— President, R. D. Pulford : Vice Presidents, J. W. Rewey, N. K. Van Metre, J. Tregoning, G. G. Cox, James Toay; Secretary. Delos P. Beech; Treasurer, Thomas Priestley. 1881 — President, R. D. Pulford ; Vice Presidents, J. W. Rewey, N. K. Van Metre, George G. Cox, J. Tregoning, J. H. Vivian. The total receipts of the society for 1880 was $3,317.64 ; disbursements, $-3,185.53, leaving a balance in the treasury of $132.11. The uniform success and general satisfaction attending the fairs of this association reflect great credit on the managing oflScers, and furnish ample evidence that it has accomplished the ends for which it was established. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 707 SECULAR SOCIETIES. Freemasons. — The history of Freemasonry in Wisconsin is so intimately associated with the early history of Iowa County, that we may say they are blended and interwoven together in such a manner that the mention of either one subject conjures up a host of sister thoughts. The oldest lodge now extant in the State is located at Mineral Point, where the second lodge was erected through the exertions of Most Worshipful Grand Master W. R. Smith, in 1840. The Menomonee Lodge, of Green Bay, antedates this by nearly twenty years. As this was a transient lodge, without local prestige, it can hardly be counted amongst the State institutions. In the year A. D. 1824, the Grand Lodge, of New York, granted a dispensation for the formation if a Military Lodge, under the name of " Menomonee Lodge," which worked for many years at Green Bay, in this State. This, it is believed, was the first Masonic organization within the Territory of Wisconsin. The next in order of precedence, was Mineral Point Lodge No. 1, of Free and Accepted Masons. It commenced work under a dispensation issued by the Grand Lodge of Missouri, bearing date of October 8, 1840. The dispensation was granted to W. R. Smith. W. M., Moses Meeker, S. W., Charles Dunn, J. W., and their associates, to open and work Mineral Point Lodge, and the lodge was first duly established at Mineral Point, Wis., July 26, 1841. A permanent organization was effected under a charter dated October 11, 1842, under the name and number of Mineral Point Lodge No. 49. The officers mentioned therein were William R. Wraith, W. M.; Charles Dunn, S. W., and Moses Meeker, J. W. The charter members were Thomas P. Bennett, Ebenezer Brigham, Daniel Moore, John D. Ansley, Ormond H. Paddock and Stephen Taylor, all of whom have passed away except 0. H. Paddock, who resides at Dar- lington Wis. The lodge was properly constituted by Charles Gear (commonly known as Father Gear), assisted by Ephraim F. Ogden, H. H. Gear and others. The first initiate was Thomas I. Parish, following whom were A. W. Parris, David W. Jones and George W. Cobb. In June, 184-3, the Grand Lodge of Missouri granted a dispensation for the formation of Melody Lodge, now No. 2, at Platteville, Wis., and issued a charter for its permanent organiza- tion October 12, 1842. During June of the same year, the Grand Lodge of Illinois granted a dispensation to open a lodge at Milwaukee; and issued a charter October 3, 1843, to Milwaukee Lodge, now Kil- bourn Lodge, No. 3, for its permanent organization. The legal representatives of these three Lodges met at Madison, Wis.. December 18, 1843, organized and constituted the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, framed and adopted a constitution, and elected Bro. Benjamin T. Kavanaugh, of Melody Lodge, the first Grand Master. January 17, 1844, a called communication of the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin was holden at Madison, " for the purpose of granting charters to the subordinate lodges within the Territory desiring to come under the jurisdiction of said Grand Lodge, and for other purposes ; " at which time, the charter under which Mineral Point Lodge, No. 1, is now acting, was granted. Following is a list of past incumbents of the three principal offices of the lodge since its organization, arranged in order of their rank by seniority, namely : Past Masters — William R. Smith, Thomas P. Burnett, A. W. Parris, Whitney Smith, Elihu Springer, M. M. Cothren, R. Delos Pulford, C. F. Legate, I. E. Messmore. E. Healey, J. P. Tratnel, Araasa Cobb, J. C. Squires, George H. Pierce, George D. Wilber, W. I. Cox, Calvert Spensley, S. E. Shepard and I. A. Spratler. Past Senior Wardens — Moses Meeker. Charles Dunn, G. W. Jones, 0. II. Paddock, G. W. Cobb, E. Williams, 0. J. Minor, G. W. Bliss, W. Humbert, Joseph Deller, W. Hopper, D. N. Gates, W. J. Cox, J. N. Bradley, C. Spensley, S. E. Shepard and I. A. Spratler. Past Junior Wardens— D. W. Jones, H. M. Billings, J. B. H. Perkel, E. B. Carson, T. Rodolf, Samuel Crawford, Joseph Smich, T. S. Allen, James Spensley, Ed U. Bliss, W. W. Likens, James Griffith, D. M. Piatt, Calvert Spensley, S. E. Shepard, I. A. Spratler, James A. Brown and Richard Wearn. 708 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. At different intervals, the following lodges sprang into existence, being recruited principally from Mineral Point No. 1 : Highland. No. 16 ; Dodgeville, Mifflin and Linden Lodges. The old lodge has maintained its organization without any breaks. It has numbered in its ranks some of the most distinguislied men of tiie State. William R. Smith, the first Grand Master, .is so generally known that any eulogy of his memory would be superfluous. Thomas Pendleton Burnett, the second Master, was one of the most promising lawyers in the Territory. Hon. Charles Dunn, who was Chief Justice of the Territory, manifested unbounded interest in the working of the lodge. His brother, F. J. Dunn, also took an active part in the early organiza- tion ; also Gen. George W. .Jones, who subsequently represented Iowa in the United States Senate. Schuyler Pulford, a prominent physician of his day, and a resident of Mineral Point, was equally famous. In the regular succession of Masters, we find enrolled Hon. Montgomery M. Cothren, Judge of the Circuit Court of Iowa County ; Hon. Amasa Cobb, Judge of the Supi-eme Court of Nebraska, and others. "Old No. 1 " has been honored with three Grand Masters, namely : William R. Smith, Henry M. Billings, and R. D. Pulford. Numerous deputies and minor officials have been selected from the present lodge. Brother Pulford from the first was a very enthusiastic member and a great workman in the cause, and has stood at the head of the fraternity in Southwest Wisconsin for years, and has received all the honors at their disposal. He has preformed a highly active and prominent part during all his connection with the Grand Lodge and Grand Chapter of Wisconsin, and to him much is due for the present status of the lodge in this section of the State. Of its old members, but few remain, the majority having been called to the eternal home of the Great Architect. Those still living are George W. Cobb, who affiliated in 1844 ; M. M. Cothren and R. D. Pulford, of 1846 ; John P. Tramel and .John Clowney, of 1847. The remainder have all passed into rest. The oldest Mason in the lodge is Dr. H. Van Dusen, who was made a Mason prior to the " Morgan excitement " in 1826. Brothers Tramel and Pulford are the only active survivors of the original roster. The present officers are Samuel Wright, W. M. ; Thomas Priestly, S. W. ; William A. Jones, J. W. Iowa Chapter, No. 6, was in.stituted February 22, 18.51 ; George W. Cobb, High Priest ; A. W. Parris, King, and L. M. Strong, Scribe. Present officers: James T. Pryor, Jr., High Priest ; Albert Spratter, King, and Benjamin T. Prideaux, Scribe. Mineral Point Commatulery of Knights Templars was instituted May 5, 1874 ; R. D. Pulford, E. C. ; J. H. Evans, Generalissimo, and Calvert Spensley, Captain General. Present officers : James T. Pryor, Sr., E. C. ; George S. Anthony, Generalissimo, and Thomas Priestly Captain General. Odd Fellows. — The history of Odd Fellowship in Iowa County dates from the earlier set- tlement of the county and of the Territory of Wisconsin. The first Lodge of Odd Fellows founded in the State of Wisconsin, and, in fact, the first lodge in the Northwest, was Iowa Lodge, No. 1, of Mineral Point, Iowa County, which was chartered while what is now the State of Wisconsin was a part of the then Territory of Michi- gan. In 1835, some miners who had formerly resided in Pottsville, Penn., and had been mem- bers of the order there, conceived the idea that it would be possible to establish a lodge among the miners congregated around what was then known as " Shake-Rag. " The following persons petitioned the Grand Lodge of the United States for a charter, which petition they transmitted to Stephen Taylor, of Pottsville, Penn., viz. : Edward Coad, William Ball, Andrew Renfrew, William Polkenhorne, John Cole, Richard Johns, Joseph R. James, John Cock, George Mitch- ell, John Casserly, John Rich and Edmund Paul. Their petition was granted, and a commis- sion was issued to Stephen Taylor, constituting him a Special Deputy Grand Sire, and author- izing him to institute a lodge in Mineral Point, Iowa County, to be hailed as Iowa Lodge, No. 1, I. 0. 0. F. In these days of rapid railroad traveling, it is difficult to appreciate the difficulties attend- ing the journey of this Deputy Grand Sire from Pottsville beyond the AUeghanies, traveling HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 709 across the mountains as best he could, then down the Ohio to Cairo, and up the Mississippi to Galena, and so out to Mineral Point, and all to institute a lodge of Odd Fellows. It is true that the new lodge paid him $400 to compensate him for his trouble, and in that day it seemed a huge sum of money, yet few men in these days would take such trouble and encounter so many unpleasant experiences for such a purpose. This lodge so organized flourished but too well at first. It would seem from its history that a furor to join it was started among the mining population, until nearly every man in and around its location had joined or had sought to join it. Atone time, its membership was consider- ably over two hundred, and its coffers were plethoric with money. The large sum paid the instituting officer is one evidence ; another is the fact that, in 1836, it paid the Grand Lodge of the United States the sum of $112.40 as the per centage on dues, besides giving |25 toward a service of plate for Grand Sire Thomas Wildey. In 1838, the lodge was visited by P. G. Sire Thomas Wildey, the founder of the order in the United States. From his report, we copy tlie following relating to Iowa County : " From Galena, I embarked for Mineral Point, in Iowa. In this Territory, I found Odd Fellowship progressing with equal pace with all the institutions of a new and flourishing coun- try. The brethren appeared generally well informed in the work, and, although somewhat neglectful in their fiscal affairs, were in a much better condition than I expected to find them. Your agent here opened an encampment and an additional subordinate lodge upon proper appli- cation, and I have no doubt that the order will steadily advance in Iowa. I had the pleasure, during my sojournment among them, to participate in the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of a spacious hall, which they are now erecting, and I feel great delight in reporting to the Grand Lodge of the United States the fact that the occasion was celebrated in a manner which would have done credit to the most experienced lodge in the States. An oration, distinguished alike for its eloquence and chasteness, was pronounced by one of the brethren, and one common generous glow seemed to pervade the whole family, auguring the brightest prospects for Odd Fellowship in that region. In view of the zeal manifested in the work, and the certainty of a very rapid increase in th« order in this section of the West, I deemed it proper to commit the superintendence of the interests of the order here to competent hands, and accordingly appointed P. G. M. Potts as District Deputy Grand Master for this interesting district of Odd Fellow- ship." It will be seen by the foregoing extract that the brethren were somewhat neglectful in their fiscal affairs. This was the downfall of the lodge eventually. Its treasury was overflowing with money, and it was loaned to " Tom, Dick and Harry," without adequate security, and. as a conse- quence, when it sought to pay the obligations incurred in the building of the hall spoken of by Father Wildey, its officers found that moneys so loaned were not collectible. Many of the bor- rowers had left the county, and others were impecunious. In this emergency, the lodge ap- plied to the Grand Lodge of the United States for relief which was refused. Meantime the membership had, partly from dissatisfaction at the fiscal management, and more from the uncertain and floating character of a mining population in its earlier days, dwindled from over two hundred in 1836, down to twenty-seven in 1843, at which latter date the membership became tired of the burden they were trying to bear, relinquished their building to the lien-holders, and surrendered the charter to the Grand Lodge of the United States. From this time, the lodge was almost forgotten, until some members of the order thinking that so old a landmark of the order ought not to be lost, took steps under the newer laws of the Grand Lodge of the United States to revive the old lodge. In this they were successful, and in April, 1873, under the auspices of Grand Master H. E. Willis, the lodge was revived, and, at this writing, it is in a flourishing condition, owning the largest and handsomest lodge-room in the West, erected at a cost of $3,500. The charter members of the renewed lodge were Edward Coad, Samuel Thomas, John II. Vivian, James James, Thomas Prisk. The lodge now numbers seventy-eight members with the following officers : H. Hu.xtable, N. G.; William Treloar, V. G.; John Nancolas, R. S.; Josiah Jacka, P. S.; S. Francis, Treas.; S. C. Thomas, R. S. N. 710 HISTORY OF IOWA COUXTY. G.; William Smith, L. S. N. G.; William Short, Warden; Isaac Penrose, Cond.; George Ivlasten, 0. G.; John Roberts, I. G.; Samuel Toay and James Dabb, R. and L. S. S. La Fayette Lodge, No. ;', was instituted by Grand Sire Wildey, in 1838. When he visited Iowa Lodge, No. 1, at that date, he found its membership so large that he advised its division into two lodges, and accordingly instituted La Fayette Lodge, No. 2. This lodge had but a short existence, for as the membership of Iowa Lodge fell off, its members urged the impolicy of trying to sustain two feeble lodges, and so induced the members of La Fayette Lodge to surrender their charter and rejoin the parent lodge. In January, 1845, some of the former members of Iowa Lodge, No. 1, petitioned the Grand Lodge of the United States for a charter for a new lodge, and the result of the petition was the organization of Miner's Lodge, No. 4, I. 0. 0. F., at Mineral Point in that year. In 1847, the lodge built a lodge-room on the site now occupied by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The lodge had a large membership, composed very largely of miners, who are notoriously un- certain in their habitats. The exodus to the gold mines of California during 1848 to 1851, drew from the lodge nearly its entire membership, until in 1853, the membership was so reduced that the remaining: members became disheartened and surrendered their charter. Tliis lodge remained among the defunct lodges until 1858, when John H. Vivian, John James, Thomas Prisk, James James, Sr., Samuel Thomas, Edward Goad and John Milton ap- plied to the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin for a restoration of the charter. The old charter having been lost, a new one was granted with the names above as charter members. The lodge was revived in August of that year, and prospered well until April, 1873, when it was removed to Adamsville to make room for Iowa Lodge, No. 1, then revived, at which place, Adamsville, it still remains in existence. The sudden rise and decay of these earlier lodges may be largely attributed to the fact that they seem to have been organized and conducted as benefit societies, simply ignoring the higher moral plane on which modern Odd Fellowship seeks to place itself. Wildey Enoampment, No. L — In his report of his visit to Mineral Point, Father Wildey says: '' Your agent here opened an Encampment. The fact of the former existence of this Encampment seems to have been forgotten by the officers of Grand Lodge of the United States, as evidenced by the fact that they alloweti the number to be transferred to one Milwaukee Encampment, and allowed its name to be adopted by another Encampment at Shullsburg, in La Fayette County." This Encampment is thus spoken of by Past Grand I. Langworthy, in his history of Odd Fellowship in Wisconsin : '• Hearing that an Encampment at an early day was established at Mineral Point, which fact was positively denied by several of the oldest Odd Fellows in the State, I applied to P. G. John H. Vivian, for such information as he could collect, and am indebted to him for the following interesting statistics, the yellow paper and faded ink bearing testimony to their genuineness, besides the testimony of the Scribe. " It will be observed that mention is made of an Encampment in the report made by P. G. S. AVildey, which was established by him at the same time. Like La Fayette, No. 2, it had a short life, and herewith is appended what purports to be a record of all the meetings held by " Wildey Encampment, No. 1." They were obtained from the Scribe, and I am indebted to P. G. John H. Vivian, for the interest he has taken and assistance in hunting up the old work. It was duly established out of doors, in a grove, as stated, guards being thrown out for protection : Belmont, January 0. 1871. Fribnu Vivia.n : I have just received a few lines from vou in relation to the minutes of Wildey Encampment. Enclosed you will find all the proceedings of said lodge. Yours truly, M. V. BURBIS. KNCAMTMENT OF WILDEY ENCAMPMENT NO. 1, OF WISCONSIN. Mineral Point, August 4, 18.38. Pursuant to previous arrangement, the petitioners for an Encampment of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, to bo called Wildey Encampment, No. 1, of Wisconsin, met at the Odd Fellows Hall on this evening. Present, HISTOKY OF IOWA COUNTY. 711 P. G. Sire Wildey, and petitioners Jaraes S. Bawden, Levi Sterling, Martin V. burris, Francis Vivian, William Pol- kinhorn, John Rich, Charles Harris, Edward Code and J. T. Lathrop. After an explanation bad been given of the principles of an Encampment by P. G. S. Wildey, the petitioners received the several degrees belonging to this branch of the order. The follovping Brothers were next elected to serve in the several offices belonging to the order: James S. Bawden, Chief Patriarch ; Levi Sterling, High Priest ; Mar- tin V. Burris, Scribe: Francis Vivian. Treasurer; William Polkenhorn, Senior Warden ; John Rich, Junior Warden, and Charles Harris, Guardian. The wliole of the officers elected were regularly installed, the warrant delivered, and the Encampment regularly opened and established by P. G. S. Wildey. On motion, Unsolved, That the Encampment adjourn to Sunday morning next, at 10 A. M. Sunday Morning, 10 o'clock, A. M. The Encampment met according to previous arrangement at the hall, the following applicants being in waiting for an election, which resulted in their election : Robert W. Gray, Andrew Leonard and Joseph Bailey. The Encampment then moved to Brother Sterling's grove and regularly initiated the applicants to the degrees of the Encampment. The dues collected were as follows: Brothers Sterling, Barris, Rich, Harris, Polkinhorn, Code and Vivian, each .5-3, making $35. Nothing more being before the Encampment, it was closed in usual form. Attest: M. V. Burris, Scribe. Agreeable to previous arrangement, the Encampment met and was opened in usual form, with C. P. Bawden in the chair. James M. Kane, being an applicant for the Encampment, was duly elected, and being in waiting, was reg- ularly initiated into the degrees of the Encampment. Dues collected — T. T. Lathrop, R. W. Gray, J. Bawden, J. S. Bailev, .\. Leonard and J. .\I. Kane, each $.5, making iu all S30. AiT.fsT 10. 1838. The Encampment met pursuant to previous arrangement. Peter Hartman and John Casserly being applicants for the Encampiiient, were duly elected to ihe several degrees belonging thereto. John Casserly being in waiting, was regularly initiated into all the degrees belonging to the Encampment, l^n motion, Resolved, That the Encampment meet on the first and third Monday of every month. On motion, Reso ved. That $10 be the price of initiation into this Encampment, and $5 for every subsequent degree. On motion the Encampment closed, to meet on the first stated meeting, which was the 'JOth of August. Attest : M. V. Burris, Scrihc. Mineral Point, July 12, 1839. First stated meeting of Wildey Encampment, No. 1, met at their hall. The Encampment was opened in the visual form, with C. P. Bawden in the first chair ; H. P. Sterling in the second chair. William Campbell being an applicant for the Encampment, was balloted for, and duly elected a member of the Encampment, and received the Encampment, P.atriarchal, Golden Rule and Royal Purple Degrees, by dispensation of the Deputy, G. Sire Potts. On motion adjourned, to meet on the first Monday in .\ugust, 1839. Attest : M. V. Burris. Scribe. " Comments: Why (iid they adjourn to Sunday? There seems to have been a meeting ' agreeable to arrangement,' between Sunday and August 10. In a resolution offered on August 10, it would seem there was an initiation beside the degrees. Meeting 12th July, 1839, corroborates by mentioning four degrees. " ' Why the hiatus from August 10, 1838, to July, 1839 ? ' ' In reply to Brother Langworthy's query, ' Why did they adjourn to Sunday ? ' We would reply that in that early day the Sabbath had not extended as far as Mineral Point. And to the other question, ' Why the hiatus from August 10, 1838, to July, 1839 ? ' We would say that the records furnished him were fragments only. The probabilities are that other meetings were held between those dates." Hudson Encampment, I. 0. 0. F., No. 33 — Was chartered January 19, 1870, with the fol- lowing charter members : J. H. Vivian, George Kislingbury, John Knight, .John Dawe, Ed Goad. Jr., H. S. Clauer, Uriah James. The encampment has now twenty members in good standing, with the following officers : George H. Maston, C. P. ; J. H. Vivian, II. P. ; W. M. Cox, S. W. ; M. Treweck, J. W. ; S. C. Thomas, Scribe ; Josiah Jacka, Treasurer. Daughters suffice it to say, the ground covered was broad enough to provide for nearly every exigency that might arise. Two amendments were made to this chapter of a similar character — one by act approved March 10, 1866 (Cliapter 102), and one by act approved March 26, 1867 (Chapter 194). The village aifairs continued to be conducted under the above charter until the spring of 1878, when the Village Board submitted a proposition to the people to amend the old charter, or re-incorporate under the general law of 1872 (Chapter 188). The subject came before the people on the 19th day of May, 1878, when it was voted to amend the old charter by including all of the articles of Chapter 188, after Section 18, consecutively, with amendments that might be made to the same at subsequent sessions of the Legislature. Soon after the amendment had been effected, a large number of the people expressed dis- satisfaction at some of the conditions or provisions imposed by the change, of which they were not thoroughly cognizant at the time of voting, especially regarding the paying of the poll and road tax in money ; whereas, previously, they had paid the same in money, labor or materials. In accordance with this state of feeling, a petition was circulated to annul the charter, for the purpose of re-incorporating under a private charter ; but when it came to a vote of the people, the movement was defeated by a large majority, thus leaving the charter as it now stands. Since the depot has been located, just outside of the village limits, the dissolution of the corporation has been contemplated, for the purpose of including within the corporate limits the land extending about a mile north of the present limits, which would take in the depot and grounds, and a considerable territory beyond. However, nothing has as yet been done in that direction. Amendments to Chapter 188 are respectively : Chapter 123, general laws of 1873 ; Chapter 309, laws of 1874 ; Chapter 240, laws of 1876 ; Chapter 135, laws of 1877, and Chapter 341, laws of 1876. 1858 — L. H. D. Crane, President ; George Sims, Matthew Bishop, John Ellwood, Nicholas Arthur, John Williams and B. F. Thomas were elected Trustees ; Jacob Miller, Marshal ; Richard Arundel, Treasurer; J. R. Roberts, Assessor. Mr. Ellwood, residing outside of the corporation, was ineligible, and, at a special meeting called for the purpose, Charles Madden was elected in his place. At a special election, held October 19, 1858, Thomas Stephens was elected President of the village, in place of L. H. D. Crane, resigned. The village officers, from 1859 to 1880, inclusive, have been : 1859 — L. M. Strong, President; George Sims, Treasurer; Matthew Bishop, Assessor; William Wheeler, Marshal. I860 — L. M. Strong, President ; Richard Arundell, Treasurer ; Matthew Bishop, Assessor ; Thomas Stephens, Marshal. 1861 — L. M. Strong, President; Benjamin Thomas, Treasurer ; Henry Madden, Assessor ; J. M. Miller, Marshal. 733 HISTORY OF lOAVA COUNTY. 1862 — The original records were lost iluring this year, and, though found again, the records of this year are not to be found. 186-1 — Samuel W. Reese, President ; James Rowe, Treasurer (refused to qualify, B. Thomas, Sr., appointed) ; Assessor, Thomas Lewis, Marshal (by appointment). 1865 — This year, the President, William Hendy, and six Trustees, were elected ; they appointing the following ofiBcers : W. J. Wrigglesworth, Clerk ; salary, $50 ; B. Thomas, Sr., Treasurer ; Thomas Lewis, Marshal and Street Commissioner. 1866 — Joseph Lean, President and Police Justice ; W. J. Wrigglesworth, Clerk ; Henry Sims, Treasurer ; Thomas W. Lewis, Marshal. 1867 — Joel Whitman, President ; W. J. Wrigglesworth, Clerk ; W. H. Hocking, Treas- urer; Josiah Paull, Marshal and Street Commissioner. ■ 1868— S. W. Reese, President ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; David R. Davis, Marshal and Street Commissioner ex officio. The salaries of the Clerk and Marshal were fixed at $100 per annum. 1869 — S. W. Reese, President ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; John E. Bartle, Treasurer ; David R. Davies, Marshal and Constable. 1870 — S. W. Reese, President, Police Justice and a member of the County Board of Supervisors ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; D. R. Davies, Marshal and Street Commissioner ex-officio. From 1870 to the present time, the President of the village has been a member of the County Board. 1871— S. W. Reese, President; Orville Strong, Clerk; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer; D. R. Davies, Marshal and Street Commissioner. 1872 — S. W. Reese, President ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; Henry Prideaux, Marshal and Street Commissioner. 1873 — Joseph Bennett, President ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; Henry Prideaux, Marshal and Street Commissioner. 1874 — Joseph Bennett, President ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; Henry Prideaux, Street Commissioner ; J. W. Van Duyne, Constable and ex-officio Marshal. 1875 — Joseph Bennett, President; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; Henry Prideaux, Street Commissioner. 1876 — Joseph Bennett, President ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; Henry Prideaux, Street Commissioner ; H. H. Walters, Marshal. 1877 — John Ellwood, President ; Orville Strong, Clerk ; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer ; Henry Prideaux, Street Commissioner ; H. H. Walters, Marshal. 1878— John Ellwood, President; Orville Strong, Clerk; J. E. Bartle, Treasurer; Henry Prideaux, Street Commissioner. 1879 — Joseph Bennett, President ; W. H. Thomas, Clerk ; Nicholas Sherman, Treasurer ; H. Prideaux, Street Commissioner-; Thomas Bailey, Marshal (resigned), and Mark Wheeler, appointed. 1880 — Charles Bishop, President ; W. II. Thomas, Clerk; N. Sherman, Treasurer; H. Prideaux, Street Commissioner ; Mark Wheeler, Marshal. EARLY SETTLEMENT. According to the most authentic evidence, both of memoirs and the corroborative testimony of men now living, the very first settlement made in what is now the county of Iowa, was at this point, in the summer or fall of 1827. The first immigrants came in at the time of the raid on the Red Bird faction of the tribe of Winnebago Indians, and, in all probability, by prospect- ing, or, through information derived from a band of Indians, who had diggings on the Jenkins Branch, since known as Cox Hollow, were led to the discovery of the rich "patches" of ore abounding here. We speak of their being " patches," because nearly all of the early miners were shallow diggers, and because the surface diggings have always been known by that name. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 737 The first parties that we have any record of were Ezra Lamb and two others — one by the name of Putnam, and the other named Morehead, a tinker. They were here certainly before October of 1827. There were some others here at that time also, but rather as stragglers than permanent workers, and whose names are not known either to history or to fame. The first notable arrivals on the scene were Henry Dodge and his associates, servants, and probably a portion of the command who had been with him in pursuit of the Indians. They put in an appearance on the 3d day of October, 1827, and thenceforth, for three years, the incipient town was the theater of unceasing activity. The principal characters, aside from Gen. Dodge and those mentioned, who came here in 1827, were Jesse W. Shull, Daniel Moore, John Ray, James Tagles, Geo. Medary, Jef and Louis Van Metre, brothers, who made the Van Metre survey, James L. Strode, James McRaney, Charles Galloway, John Turney, Charles Whistler, Milton B. Parsons, George Medary, James Wooley, Jacob Hunter, Charles Gaines and Martin Van Sickle. In the immediate vicinity of the place, during this year and the following, many settled, some of whom were residents for many years in the county. Nearly all of the above parties were acquaintances and friends of Gen. Dodge, and were men of the greatest resolution, and in many instances, of unusual ability ; in fact, men of such qualities of character as would naturally make them agreeable associates for the " Old Roman," as Gen. Dodge has been fiimiliarly called, on account of his inflexible will and invincible bravery. James M. Strode was distinguished as an able Indian fighter and enterprising man. He was a Colonel in the militia forces of Illinois, his home being at Galena. Col. Daniel Moore is almost too well known, by nearly all of the residents of Iowa County, to need special mention ; suffice it to say that he was one of the leading men in the very start, and for many years after, having been associated as a representative man with the principal men and events of importance connected with the early settlement of the county. John Ray is best known as one of the first settlers in Willow Springs, La Fayette County, where he located in 1828, and opened one of the first farms in that section. His wife is remem- bered as the live Methodist Exhorter, who did more, perhaps, to advance the cause of Chris- tianity, in that locality than any one or a dozen persons besides. The name of Jesse W. Shull is especially commemorated by the village which he founded in La Fayette County, which was named for him. He was also one of the leading spirits of the early days throughout this section, and figures extensively in the early history of the lead region. The others mentioned are remembered principally as having been the leading men in this section of the country up to 1830. There were many other miners, but none who wielded so wide an influence. One of the settlers mentioned, Milton B. Parsons, is still living on the Van Matre survey, the last man of the first hardy adventurers, who came here — then a boy, now a hale old man, the oldest settler in the county. Having resided here permanently for more than fifty-three years, he has witnessed the gradual growth and expansion of the country from a wilderness to its present high state of development ; and, being gifted with a remarkably accurate memory, he speaks of "ye olden time " and describes the men and occurrences with a realistic vividness at once highly entertaining and instructive. THE FIRST FORT AND DODGE'S INDIAN RECEPTION. Almost immediately after the advent of Gen. Dodge and the others of his party, the work of erecting a somewhat comfortable abode was begun, the work being shared in common by all, from the servants of the General — four negro slaves — to the best in the camp. The dwelling erected is described as having been part dug-out and part log, an affiiir built in the most prim- itive manner — next to the Indian tepee. It stood on what is now known as Lot — , and, in con- nection with a block-house constructed soon after, was surrounded by a stockade, which inclosed a plat of ground seventy-five or eighty feet square. This may properly be denominated a fort, and was undoubtedly the first one erected in this part of Wisconsin. There is nothing left now 738 HISTOK"i- OF IOWA COUJJTY. on the spot where this first fortification stood, to even suggest the fact of its former existence, and, withal, there are not now a dozen men living who have a personal remembrance of the aflFair or its situation, for, by 1832, it had been destroyed. It is narrated that soon after the arrival of Gen. Dodge, the band of Indians alluded to, learning who he was, assembled with their fire-arms, and, at his first approach, fired a salute. The General proceeded to lay down the law, in a very deliberate and firm manner, informing the reds that, if they conducted themselves properly, they would receive kind treatment at his hands and from the remainder of the whites, otherwise they should have all the trouble and fight that they might invite. By pursuing this discreet and humane policy, tempered by the determination not to suffer any abuse, very satisfactory results were secured, as, subsequent to that time, the whites and Indians in this vicinity lived on very amicable terms, with but few unimportant exceptions. It is said of the General that, although an ardent Indian fighter and hater, he nevertheless would always share his last morsel with them when they were on friendly terms, thus securing their admiration, and very many times submission to what the Indians were wont to deem an infraction of their rights. FIRST CLAIMS AND OTHER NOTABLE EVENTS. The first claim was made by Ezra Lamb and Mr. Plum, near the spring in the north part of the village. This mining claim, or, more properly, according to the mining term, " dig- gings," proved highly productive at the first, being sheet lead, and, indeed, this field has not been exhausted yet, as illustrated by the fiict that mining has been pursued here profitably by various parties, at difi'erent intervals, almost up to date. The first log cabins, or rather huts, in the place, were erected in close proximity to those " diggings " by the first claimants. As soon as Gen. Dodge came, he made as extensive a claim as the mining rules would allow, directly on the site of the business portion of the village. The right of the claim was disputed by the man Morehead, already mentioned, who professed to have discovered mineral here before the General came, and, therefore, claimed priority of rights. However just Morehead's claim may have been, the General was not the man to relinquish what he considered was his by right, and therefore the upshot of the matter will be readily surmised that, in spite of all protestations upon the part of the tinker, he was summarily ejected. During the fall of 1827, several other mining claims were made in this section. The more prominent were one made by Daniel Moore, James McRaney, James Sayles, Charles Gal- loway and Jacob Hunter, in company ; one by George Medary, John Turney and Charles Whistler, in company, and one by Charles Gaines and James Wooley, in company. It is not pretended that there were not others here at that time, but those mentioned were especially noticeable. The Medary, Turney and Whistler mine lay a short distance to the northwest of the court house, within what are now the village limits. The location is now occupied by building and residence lots. The mine owned by Gaines & Wooley was located about one-fourth of a mile north of the present court house site, in a region which has since reveled in the non-euphonious title of Dirty Hollow, as distinguished from localities making greater pretensions to natural charms, and, probably, cleanliness. But, as cannot be denied (the name to the contrary notwithstanding), the regions of Dirty Hollow have from time almost immemorial been peopled with an industrious, intelligent and thriving class of citizens. Two furnaces were built during the fall of 1827, one by Gen. Dodge, which stood a little northeast of the old fort, across the ravine, and one by the enterprising firm of Lamb & Plum, directly east of that again. Trusting to the veracity of cotemporary parties, a large amount of smelting was done during that season, thus indicating that the mining operations being carried on there must have been quite extensive. Two Notable Eoents. — Two events of considerable prominence occurred during 1827. ■which deserve special mention. We revert to the advent of the first white woman probably in ¥\K w £ r HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 741 the county, and the first death which occurred here. Tradition speaks of this woman as having been the only one here up to 1828; her name was Eliza Van Sickle, sister to the Martin Van Sickle mentioned, who was an Indian trader, and the first one known to have brought any mer- chandise to the place. Whether Miss Eliza was particularly distinguished, as having been the cvnosure of all the male eyes, and the arbiter of the chivalric emotions of the sturdy miners, as manifested by personal encounters for the ascendency in her esteem and good graces, does not appear ; suffice it to say she was the first woman, and must have enjoyed a degree of distinction, in harmony with what is generally known of miners and their tendencies, as expressed in their devotion to the acquisition of money to be squandered in extravagant indulgence. The first death was that of one of the General's colored servants, who thus at last secured his liberty beyond the perad venture of human restraint. Mention is made of his obtaining his liberty, in this connection, because the black men were slaves who had followed the fortunes of their master into the wilderness, under the promise of being granted their liberty at an early date, and besides, from their attachment to the General, whom, it is said, they served with an absolute and almost unvarying pleasure. ITEMS OF 1828 AND 1829. In 1828, the influx of settlers was very large, and what had, during 1827, been but a col- lection of miserable log huts, commonly denominated a mining camp, rapidly assumed the pro- portions of a village. In its character as a growing hamlet, the place had been, by general acclamation, dubbed Dodgeville, in honor of the General who was the prime mover in all local enterprises. The location had already been laid off" into convenient lots by Gen. Dodge and his coajutors, and was the scene of general activity in the way of building, mining and trade. If, in subsequent years, the development of the place had been as rapid as it then was, propor- tionally, we should now have to record the growth of a place much larger than any inland city •of the United States. It was then the principal business center for the entire surrounding coun- try, within an area of forty or fifty miles, and bade fair to maintain this advance above all other competitors. However, as seen, fortune soon ceased to shower her favors, and to the ut- ter discomfiture of the thriving little burg. The First Stores. — In the spring of 1828, among the many others who came here, was the firm known as Quail & Armstrong, who opened the first store in the county, an establish- ment stocked with the various articles necessary to the existence and well being of a mining camp. The prices of merchandise, including red-eye, was exorbitant in the extreme. Flour, groceries, and in fact everything, cost almost fabulous prices, owing to the distance that had to be traversed with teams before the goods could be obtained. Soon after the arrival, or, rather, opening, of the above firm, three other stores were estab- lished here, in adjoining shanties. One by William Henry (he who did business in this place and Mineral Point during the remainder of his life), and others by William Phelps and James Coates & Co. These were rival institutions, and, undoubtedly, were as earnest in their opposi- tion and struggle for patronage as our most ambitious modern institutions ; but we do not hear that they failed through advertising, or in the effort to excel in attractive business style, which now often occurs throughout the country. Two of the above firms kept stimulating beverages, and, very likely, did a profitable business in that direction, for the fatigues of the day were usually supplemented in the evening by the revelry, and indulgence, incident to all mining camps, and, of course, the principal ingredient necessary to a "royally good time " was the "enthusing ardent." First Taverns and Mechanics. — In 1828, two taverns, or boarding-houses, were opened here as a matter of public necessity as much as for private gain. The proprietors were, re- spectively, Mr. Wentworth aud Mr. Chapman, both of whom had families; the former a wife and three grown-up girls, and the latter a wife and one girl. These, including Mrs. McRaney, Were a majority of the female population of 1828. 742 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. During this year, a blacksmith shop was started here, this being the first one in the county. The shop was owned by a man by the name of Chatsey, who was assisted by one Manlove, who, it is said, would bruise a piece of iron or the best man in camp with almost equal readiness and celerity. Dr. Justine, the first dispenser of pills and powders, blisters and hot bricks, came here in 1828, not, however, to apply the principles of Esculapius and Galen, but rather to try his luck where the inviting herb called Masonic weed, led to something beside medical research. Two Noted Characters. — In early times, the two characters most sought after and admired for their special qualities and attainments, were a quack doctor and frontier fiddler, named Pre- vat, and a stray concert singer denominated Ben Higby. The names of these worthies, devotees at the shrine of Apollo, have survived the oblivion which time provides for all ordinary mortals, and they are still remembered in virtue of the pleasure afforded by them to the hard-worked miners, who knew but little of, and perhaps cared less about, aesthetic enjoyments. First Mail Carrier. — The first mail was brought here in 1828 or 1829, by the Government mail carrier, Joseph Cleary, a half-breed, who occasionally passed through the place on his way from Green Bay to Prairie du Cliien ; but at that time there was no post office, nor, indeed, for several years after. In 1830, the snow fell to an unusual depth, and Cleary, in order tu make his regular trip, was obliged to resort to snow-shoes;, on which, during the dead of winter, he marched over the snow-clad wastes and through the trackless forests, thus performing his duty with the utmost faithfulness, at the imminent risk of losing his life. TROUBLES OF 1828-29. The year 1828 is reverted to by many of the old miners as being the time when every one seemed to be making money, and as the year when the Government sent in its officials demand- ing lead rents from the miners. This demand was repudiated by Gov. Dodge, who refused to pay, on account of the authorities having no legal right to make such exactions, the right to mine having been purchased by the Indians. Many of the miners submitted to the imposition, while others packed up their tools and left for parts unknown, determined not to be coerced into submitting to such an unjust proceeding. From that time on, the population began to decrease, and, where one went away grumbling, two more were almost sure to follow. During the summer of 1828, the bloody flux prevailed among the miners almost to the extent of an epidemic. The cause was the poor quality of food generally used and the excessive heat. This may have contributed largely to driving the miners away, for there was no special abatement of the disorder until the cold weather set in, after which, in a comparatively brief time, the camp was restored to its wonted health and accustomed cheerfulness. The winter of 1828 was severe, and, at the last, a terrible scarcity of provisions prevailed. Flour sold readily at from $14 to §20 per barrel, and all other articles of consumption at similar rates. During the season of 1829, the emigration continued, and, as fast as the miners left, their cabins were torn down, so that by 1830, there were only two or three families left in the place, and scarcely any houses save tiiose occupied by them. Gen. Dodge moved south three or four miles to a point since known as Dodge's place or grove, and where Fort Union was built in 1832. The rest of the inhabitants scattered, going here and there, thus dissolving the place even more rapidly than it had been formed. The families living here at this time, were a man by the name of McBride, who had succeeded one of the first merchant.=, and who also kept a sort of stopping-place for travelers. A man by the name of Jenkins who kept "grocery," and a family by the name of Nichols. At the time of the Black Hawk war the last persons left, and thus ended the first era or mushroom age of Dodgeville. AFTER TJIE BLACK HAWK WAK. For many years after the Indian war of 1832, Dodgeville failed to recover her former activity, and then gave little promise of its present flattering condition. The attractions of its HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 743 productive mines and its healthful and beautiful location were not sufficient inducements to turn the tide of iraraiirration from other promising portions of the county. The towns of Linden, Mifflin, Mineral Point and Highland were then the objective points, and in those districts the popu- lation increased rapidly for several years. Dodgeville, however, was not destined to remain in this comatose condition long, for soon its mines were again opened up, and its valuable agricult- ural surroundings were being developed by the hardy pioneers, witii their wealth of bone and sinew, who had directed their footsteps to the village of destiny, and the future which so short a time before seemed to be wrapped in utter darkness again revived under the sun of pros- perity. In the months of July and August of 1833, the population did not exceed fifty persons, and the rude log cabins, the gauge of pioneer civilization, numbered not more than a half a dozen. There were then in this locality not more than four women to e.xert their refining influence over the uncouth and uncultivated stalwarts of the frontier. Two of these ladies were the wives of Thomas Jenkins and James Campbell, subsequently prominently known in this Territory as men of ability, strict integrity and high moral qualities. Improvements were naturally in a state of incipiency, as the embellishments of the home surroutidings were lost sight of in the pursuit of the hidden treasures of tlie earth. The poorly constructed log cabins wiiich were but a grade higher than the primitive sod hut and " dug out," each formed the abode of six, seven and sometimes ten of the miners, who cared for little but a shelter and a place where they might prepare a bed of straw and indulge in dreams of " strikes," " leads " and " rich diggings " of the morrow. Mechanics in those days were almost unknown, and the cabins were built regardless of symmetry or even comfort ; they were, in the language of an early settler, " thrown together." In relation to the cabins of early times, a pioneer of 1833 says : " I have often lain awake nights, and through the roof counted the stars above, and it was no unusual occurrence after a snow-storm to get up in the morning and find two inches of the ' beautiful ' upon the floor of the cabin." These cabins possessed the old-fiisiiioned fire-place with huge chimney, and the modern cord-wood and buck-saw were frowned upon with contempt. Huge logs of oaks, with which the country then abounded, of proper length, were placed on the fire-place and left to burn at will. But notwithstanding the many inconveniences with which the inliabitants had to contend, they were happy, C(jntented and neighborly, and their generous hospitality would put to blush the hypocrasy of modern times. In 1838, the settlement of Dodgeville was located in the immediate vicinity of Strattman's shop on Iowa street, though at that time, streets were unknown. Settlers would locate a claim and build a cabin wherever it best suited them, but generally near some flowing spring of cold water. The population then consisted jirincipally of English and Americans, the Welsh not having made their appearance in this locality until some years later. TRADE RESUMED. It was during 1833 that the real foundation was laid for the present large and prosperous mercantile business of Dodgeville. Early in the spring, a man by the name of Geon opened a small store in the log building erected for this purpose on the site now occupied by Strattman's old shop, a short distance from the main thoroughfare now known as Iowa street. Here he kept a small stock of goods — sugar, calico, whisky, etc. For several months he continued a success- ful business, and then retired to other fields early in 1834. The stock of a merchant in pioneer days was not, of course, more than large enough to supply the immediate deramds of his p;itrons; consequently, the greater portion of the miners' supplies were brought from Gralena, then the principal trading-point in the lead region. A rep- resentative of each of two or three families in the neighborhood would procure ox teams in the fall of the year, atid proceed to Galena for the winter's supplies; and again, in the spring, the trips would be repeated. These trips usually required a week, and what, with flour often at $20 per barrel, and other supplies as high in proportion, the necessary expenses, going and return- ing, rendereil a handsome sum of money desirable and even necessary. 744 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. The Indians, though quiet and peaceable, were numerous in the vicinity, and the whites benefited by their presence, receiving from them venison, game and fish in exchange for flour and provisions. In this manner, the old feud e.xisting between the Indians and white settlers gradually disappeared, until mutual courtesies were the order of the day. The year 1833 brought but few to the future village, among the number being William Bartle and son, J. E. Bartle — the latter being still alive. Early in 1834, William James and family arrived in Dodgeville. Mr. James, subsequently familiarly known as "Squire," engaged in mining. Capt. Henry came here in the spring of this year and started a store in the build- iniT then lately vacated by Mr. Geon. The first post office in Dodgeville was then established, and Capt. Henry appointed first Postmaster, the mails being received and distributed at his store. Shortly after, Capt. Henry retired from merchandising here, and was succeeded by Henry Dodge, son of the Governor. Eventually, Mr. Dodge, imbued with the ambitious spirit of the age, erected a hewed-log building, then considered the height of civilized improvement, on the site of Stratt- man's shop, a little nearer to the street than the buildings erected a few years previous. From this time on, the population and business interests increased steadily, but not rapidly ; during the years 1885, 1836 and 1837, a number of emigrants found their way to the future •village, and staked their claims, either in the present limits, or in the immediate vicinity. Among those who came during that and the two following years, we are enabled to mention Ed- ward Thomas, Benjamin Thomas, Samuel Hoskins, John Hoskins, William Jewell, Mr. Crocker, Crawford Young, "Bully" Carnes, John Casserly, Robert Black, John Eddy, Edward Jewell, William Fine, John Roberts, William Treloar, James Smitheran, Charles Bilkey, Richard Ham- mel, John Rogers, Mrs. Bishop, Mrs. Peters and James Bilkey. It is not claimed that this list is complete ; far from it ; there were others who braved the hardships of a frontier life in Dodgeville during the period mentioned, but many soon after left for other and, seemingly, more promising parts, and are now almost forgotten by their associates of over forty years ago, while others have become lost in the rush of matter, the wreck of worlds and the crowds of hu- manity that have passed a brief existence on the stage of life, and long since caossed the mystic river. THE '• suckers' " AND THEIR SUCCESSORS. For many years after the early settlement, Dodgeville was frequented by those transitory beings familiarly known as "Suckers." They were miners from Illinois and Missouri who operated here during the summer and returned to their homes in the winter, thus acquiring the title. Their diggings were called "sucker holes." Subsequent to 1835, these "suckers," to a great extent, abandoned mining, and began teaming, hauling lead from the diggings to market in Galena, and returning with provisions and miners' supplies. It was not until the first rays of light kissed the the eastern horizon, ushering in the year 1840, that settlers came here in other than small parties. During the succeeding five years, emigrants, principally from Cornwall, England, poured in in large numbers ; a new impetus was then given the small village, and it began to assume flattering proportions. The locality was platted into alleys, streets and avenues, and the log huts of the early miners began to give place to commodious and substantial frame buildings. Merchants, mechanics and professional men took up their abode in Dodgeville, thus making substantial additions to the place and pav- ing the way for the generation that is now reaping the reward of their predecessors of nearly forty years ago. The first frame building in the village was erected in 1836, on the site now occupied by B. Thomas & Co. The next one was built by Hoskins, Thomas & Co., in 1842 ; this was located in " Dirty Hollow," near the present Dodgeville Hotel, and has been lately occupied as a cooper's shop. During the succeeding years, numerous frame buildings and stores were erected in diff"erent parts of the town. In 1845, the population of the village was estimated at three hundred; and up to 1850 it had more than doubled. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. T4& Among the first mechanics in the village were " Squire" and John Wilson, carpenters, who made their appearance here as early as 1834, and for many years did all the work in their line in the village. About this time, the old tavern was established in the neighborhood of Strattman's shop. Among the numerous proprietors of this frontier hotel were John Rablin, B. Ogburn and John Treloar. In 18-35, a Dr. Frost strayed to Dodgeville, but, as appears from the records of that early day, the people were too perverse to get sick for the purpose of affording employment to a doctor, however great his skill. With hope deferred, he waited till his heart grew sick, then left for more unhealthy parts. The care of the weak then devolved principally upon the medi- cal fraternity of Mineral Point, until the year 1848 brought the veteran and skillful physician, Dr. Burrall, who continued to practice here until his death, on the 9th of March, 1881. In 1840, Oliver Wise and brother started a blacksmith shop in " Dirty Hollow," on the site now occupied by Peter Spang's shop. They were succeeded by William Cornish, who, sold to Jonathan Dickerson. Other blacksmith-shops were started by Jewell & Harris, in the lower part of the town ; Virgin & Jerdeau, near the site of the court house ; Mr. Oleson, near Or- ville Strong & Co.'s bank. John Lee and a man named Weeks, in company, started a shoe- shop very early, and for several years were without competition. They were followed by William Row, who opened a shop near Hocking's Hotel, and James Jones, who started a small shop near the present post office. In 1842, Hoskins, Thomas & Co., opened a stock of general merchandise in a small frame structure, erected for the purpose, in the lower part of the village, then known as Minersville. They were followed shortly afterward by Fullerton & Rynerson, with a general stock. They were located in a store near Strattman's shop. Jenkins Brothers started a store near the present post office; and William Todd had a good-sized stock of goods in the building which still bears his name, on the corner opposite Strattman's shop. Opposite Mr. Todd, in the brick building, was located Frank Thomas, engaged in general merchandising ; and Richard Arndale had a hardware store on the site of the present Masonic Hall. William Marr, the pioneer cabinet-maker of Dodgeville, established himself in business in 1844, near Hocking's Hotel. Here he did a successful business until 1860, when he suc- cumbed to the cholera epidemic of that year. Since then the business has been carried on successfully by his son, James Marr. Jonathan Carpenter & Son had a wheelright establishment near Rogers' Hotel. Samuel Rohr also had a wheelright establishment in the vicinity of Strattman's shop, very early. BUSINESS FROM 1850 TO 1870. Among the business men who established themselves here between 1850 and 1855, were Britton & Son, who located where James Hocking's store now is ; Staples Brothers, opposite the present post office; John Bonner, near B. Thomas & Co.'s brick building; James Hocking and Henry Dunston, on the site of Penberthy's dry goods store ; Henry Prideaux, opposite Rogers' Hotel ; and William Wheeler, near the post office, on the same side of the street. A Mr. Perry opened a store nearly opposite the post office ; Mr. McCrackin also bad a general store on towa street. Between 1850 and 1860, the saloons in the village numbered fourteen. During this period, Dodgeville is represented as being one of the liveliest villages in Southwest- ern Wisconsin, with plenty of money in circulation, principally English gold and French silver. Miners then received $1.25 per day; mechanics $150 to $2. Provisions were low ; fl^ur sold for $1.50 per hundred, and beef 3 cents and pork 2 cents per pound. The gold fever of 1849 had its due effect upon the miners of Dodgeville as elsewhere, and in 1850 a party of twenty took their departure for the city of the Golden Gate. They tried mining in the new El Dorado, but. within a year after their departure, had all returned to Dodgeville, satisfied that "all that glitters is not gold." The panic of 1857 retarded the growth of the village somewhat; however, it was not so sensibly affected as other portions of the country ; but not until the business boom growing out 746 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. of the war reached the town, increasing business, raising the value of mineral to $50, $75 and, in some instances, even to $100 per 1,000 pounds, and creating an enlarged demand for various commodities, did Dodgeville overcome the apathy consequent to the panic, and renew its pristine vigor to any appreciable extent. During the war, the village exceeded the most sanguine expectations in responding to the call to arms for the preservation of the Union. While others were slow in preparing their quotas, Dodgeville came bravely to the front with men, money and supplies, all of whicii were furnished most liberally. Since the close of the rebellion, the village has increased steadily in population, and, as a business point, it is generally conceded to be one of the leading mercantile municipalities in Southwestern Wisconsin. From its earliest days, Dodgeville has been, in common parlance, termed a "very busy place." Miners and merchants made money rapidly, but the accumulation of wealth was reserved to the more thrifty and to those whose inclinations did not tend in the direction of sub rosa enjoyments, such as were to be found in the village in the early day in a condition of injurious perfection. Gambling and horse-racing were then amusements largely indulged in, but the " groceries " and houses of resort, remembered by the pioneers of fifty years ago, wherein games of chance were represented, and "soldiers of fortune " most did congregate, were factors in the civilization of the place that have long since been eliminated, and the places in the village which knew them once know them now no more. So thoroughly stringent, indeed, are the present rules, that card-playing for amusement is an offense, and prohibited by a suitable ordi- nance. Thus do communities and nations grow from the rough, crude states, into the pursuit of and enjoyment of the highest attributes of civilization. This restriction upon the part of the Dodgeville people, speaks volumes for the real moral attributes of the people, and must necessa- rily be as beneficial as it is creditable. The following is a complete list of the business interests of Dodgeville January 1, 1869 : Dry Goods and Groceries. — Hendy, Thomas k Co., Wheeler & Co., James R. Jones, N. Whitman, J. & H. Rowe, James C Hocking, Narveson & Nelson, Prideaux & Hooper, Joseph Hocking, John H. Penberthy. Dry Goods and Millinery. — Nicholas Arthur. Groceries. — Joseph V. Rogers, Mrs. S. Phillips, Lars Moe, Miss Emily Sims, John 0. Jones, Mrs. H. Williams, A. B. Robinson, Mrs. Thomas. Boots and Shoes. — Thrall & Son, Alex Anderson, Roberts & Selzer, Thomas Lee. Hardware. — Thomas Perkins, W. S. Bowne, R. Arundell. Drugs a7id Medicines. — Smith & Roberts, W. A. Bishop. Wagons, Sleighs, Etc. — Spang & Strattman, Roberts & Ralph, Sampson Bice, Bennetts & Harris, Samuel Rohr, Letcher G. Clark. Carpenter Shops. — Davis & Prideaux, Andrew Anderson, James Peters, N. Sherman. Cabinet Shops. — James Marr (two shops), Joseph C. Davey, Ben Midboe. Blacksmith Shops. — James Cane. Spang & Strattman, Morris & Co., Stephen Pillow, Will- iam Harris, Johns & Bro., S. Rohr. Millinery. — Mrs. N. Arthur, Mrs. E. Northey. Harness Shops. — E. H. Schofield, Henry E. Jones, Thomas Bosanko, F. J. Prideaux. Tailor Shops. — Hendy, Thomas & Co., N. Whitman, Frank Walters. Hotels. — Commercial House. James Jones; United States Hotel, Richard Jones; Western Hotel, John R. Roberts ; City Hotel, Peter Opie ; Dodgeville Hotel, Richard Rogers ; Wis- consin House, Joseph Hocking. Saloons. — Adam Eulberg, John Ruderdorf, David Rogers, Charles Harris, Stephen Ben- nett. Physicians. — Burrall & Cutler, A. E. Smith. Veterinary Surgeon. — Ed M. Davies. Law Firms. — Reese & Mulks. Jewelry. — Sam Henderson, Smith & Roberts. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 'i'47 Butchers. — Mylroie & Tregilgus, John Williams, Bilkey & Bartle, John Treloar. Agricultural Implements. — Clayton & Triplett, P. J. Morris. Livery Stables. — A. B. Robinson, W. N. Bishop. Lead Furnaces. — Bennett, George & Co., Cholvin & Co. Barber Shop. — John Buckingham. Secret Societies. — There are lodges of Masons, Odd Fellows, Good Templars, and a Cold Water Temple. Churches — Methodist Episcopal, Rev. William Sturges ; Primitive Methodist, Rev. J. Alderson ; Congregational, no Resident Pastor; Welsh Congregational, Rev. J. D. Davis; Welsh Methodist, Rev. David J. Lewis. Real Estate Agents.— E. T. & W. J. Wrigglesworth, Orville Strong, S. W. Reese, Francis Vivian. Insurance Agents. — Samuel W. Reese, E. T. Wrigglesworth, Orville Strong, 0. P. Ashley. Among the pioneers who came to Dodgeville before 1840, and still living here, are J. E. Bartle, William Treloar, Charles Bilkey, John Bilkey, Samuel Hoskins, Ben Thomas, John Rogers and James Smitheran. Of the old settlers who located here later are Joseph Ranyer, W. Watkins, John Hughes, Dr. G. W. Burrall, William Harris, James Roberts, Joseph George, R. N. Williams, Matthew Rogers, Joseph Pierce, Charles, W. N. and N. A. Bishop, William Cooper, Francis Prideaux, Thomas Clayton, Ben Hoskins, William Wilcox, T. T. James. J. R. Davis, Joseph Davis, Samuel Cornelious, Thomas Sencock, Samuel Rohr, John Penberthy, Joseph Bennett, James Perkins, James Marr and Nicholas Arthur. The names of many of the oldest settlers will appear in the history of the town of Dodgeville. HEALTH OF THE VILLAGE. Generally speaking, Dodgeville occupies a leading position in the annals pertaining to the health of the State. The beauty of its location, situated as it is on the slope of the dividing ridge and separated from the sluggish streams in the vicinity of which the germs of disease are generated, together with the thorough cleanliness of its streets and alleys, purity of its water, and commodious and well-ventilated residences, all factors in its make-up, render it almost im- pervious to infectious epidemics. Dodgeville, however, under other than its present condition, has been visited by that terrible scourge Asiatic cholera, and by those dire enemies to the health of children, diphtheria and scarlet fever, each of which, with unerring malignity, has selected many victims who have answered the call with their lives. In 1850, the Asiatic cholera ran wild through some portions of the county, and scores in the apparent enjoyment of buoyant health suddenly took on the pale seal of the Master of Im- mortality and were laid to rest in the village churchyard. To attempt to trace the ravages of the epidemic would be futile indeed. Mineral Point and Dodgeville then presented flattering induce- ments to the invasion of the dreadful malady. It was located here principally in " Dirty Hol- low," where the marshy bottoms and stagnant waters, under the direct heat of the summer sun, produced the deadly miasma, the warp and woof of which was woven into the mystery of death. Here the contagion made its appearance in the middle of July, and lasted until the latter part of August. During this period, one hundred victims paid the debt of nature. Stalwart miners, the ideal of health and physical manhood, started to their toil in the morning, in the full posses- sion of their physical powers, and, before night, they would, perhaps, be carried home ghastly corpses. The citizens were at once alarmed, disinfectants were strewn about with a lavish hand, the streets being covered with lime ; but the efforts of the people, combined with the most powerful preventives of medical science that could be operated against the fell destroyer, were of no avail. Panic stricken, large numbers of the population deserted the unfortunate village and took refuge in the surrounding country, sometimes camping in the open fields. The mortality was so great that it sorely tried the energies of the survivors to bury the victims, five deaths being enumer- ated in a single day. 748 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. Among the physicians who remained and braved the epidemic were Dr. Sibley and Dr. Burrall. A man named Tyre, a farmer in the vicinity, was very successful in treating the dis- ease ; he had a method of steaming which proved very efficacious. The first symptoms of the disease was an acute diarrhoea, followed by cramps and vomiting, the patient dying with great sufiering in a few hours after the first attack. As mentioned, the plague left the latter part of August, and the terrified inhabitants reluctantly returned to their desolated homes. The village was wrapt in mourning for households were diminished by the loss of some loved one, and in many instances whole families were swept away, leaving none to mourn the loss of kindred. Bearing their trials and sufferings patiently, the citizens set out with the endeavor to regain their normal condition, confidently hoping they had experienced that which would never occur again, but in this they were doomed to disappointment, for, in the following summer of 1851, their hearts were almost stilled by the announcement that the much admired and skillful physician, Dr. Sibley, had succumbed to the cholera in their very midst. He had been called to the aid of cholera victims in Wingville, Grant County. Braving the danger, and regardless of his own welfare, the heroic physician remained with his patients until he contracted the germs of the contagion, and became a martyr to his profession, having died August 23, 1851. Though the death rate here was not so great as during the year previous, yet those who were here at that time and wit- nessed its visitations say it was bad enough. Its eflFects were visible for years, and those who survive the calamity recur to it to-day with feelings of terror. Subsequently other diseases invaded the little village and played sad havoc among the chil- dren. During the month of August, 185-4, twelve children succumbed to the summer com- plaint. In 1857 and 1858, diphtheria made its appearance and carried away seventy-five chil- dren under fifteen years of age. During the years 1860, 1861 and 1862, scarlet fever raged among the little ones, and, despite the precautions of the citizens and noble efforts of the physi- cians, thirty children were enumerated among the fatal cases in the village alone. During the past fifteen years the average number of deaths has not exceeded a dozen annually. It is a noteworthy fact that from September, 1878, until July of 1879, not a single death occurred among the children of the village. Occasion is here availed of to commend as an example to future Esculapians, the faithfulness, temperance and unremitting perseverance of Dr. G. W. Burrall, which has won for him the respect and encomiums of an entire community, WAR ITEMS. During the rebellion, the people of Dodgeville took a very active interest in the great struggle* and did as much if not more to promote the cause of the North than any other town in the county. The first war meeting was held here in the month of May, 1861, at the court house which, was then a new building This meeting, which was only a precursor of the many that followed, was a grand and en- thusiastic rally, for, with regard to war matters as in other things, there was no half-way work done here ; it was but according to the bent of the people to go it strong. The most prominent person in connection with the speeches and resolutions made was John Bracken, of Mineral Point. Very soon after this, recruiting was commenced here by Charles Luver, and in a short time a company called the Dodgeville Rangers was organized, which eventually mustered into service- as Company C, of the Twelfth Infantry, of whom general mention is made in the war history. They went out under Wilson as Captain, Luver having resigned on account of being unpopular among the men. A good deal of recruiting was done here at different times, but the only other company which was entirely enlisted at this place was the Dodgeville Guard, or Company C, of the Thirty-first. This was the largest company that every left the county, nearly if not quite all of whom belonged to the town of Dodgeville. (See general history.) A union league was organized in 1862, for the purpose of drilling and perfecting methods of rendering assistance, and about the same time a ladies' aid society was also formed. Mrs* HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 749 Caroline Wheeler, now dead, was the leading spirit in connection with the aid society. The feel- ing which actuated these organizations will be best understood by the following : In the spring of 1863, report came that Company C, of the Thirty-first, then stationed at Columbus, Ky., was suffering with the scurvy. Immediately upon the reception of the news a public meet- ing was held, and it was resolved to send them a quantity of vegetables. The basement of the Methodist Episcopal Church was thrown open for the purpose, and contributions of potatoes, cabbage, and. in fact, almost everything edible, came in with a rush and in large quantities. Within a few days enough stuif was shipped to the boys to make them think of home for a month at every meal, but unfortunately for the generous intentions of the people and for the company, the articles were appropriated in toto before they ever reached the front, and were never heard from only in connection with the sanitary pirates who were determined to have vegetables for the hospitals if they were to be obtained in any way. Probably they were justified in doing as they did. At any rate company C came out all right in the end while others were benefited, so the labor was not lost. It must not be supposed by the casual reader that all of the people here were patriotic, or that everything ran smoothly, for such was not the case. There were both outspoken and secret sympathizers, who rejoiced when disaster came upon our forces, and who, it is said, held secret meetings. During the last of the rebellion, a number of the veterans of Company C, of the Twelfth, came home on furlough, and, learning how matters stood, they determined to teach the Copperheads a lesson. Having determined upon who were the most to blame and deserving of punishment, they went in force to their places of business, and marshaling out the foes to the national credit and honor, made them hurrah lustily for the Union under the penalty of being disported on a rail or in some equally ingenious manner. It is said that after that the politics of the Southern sympathizers either took a turn, or were kept to themselves. In the light of modern developments, doubtless, a real change has been effected in their sentiments with regard to Southern sympathizers. When the veteran Company C came home, they received a public reception and dinner at the court house. In fact, whenever any of the soldiers came home, they were treated to the best the land afforded, and really more than ihey needed. A brief description of the public demonstration made here at the fall of Vicksburg will not come amiss. The news was brought at midnight by parties from Mineral Point, who came into the village driving their horses with a rush and yelling at the tops of their voices. Mr. Reese was one of the first who heard the cry, and springing up and donning his clothes as quickly as possi- ble, he ran down to " Dirty Hollow " and roused Ben Thomas and Samuel Hoskins. Very soon after, they got out the whole town was up, men, women and children, and then began the most tremendous jollification ever witnessed here. Bonfires were built at different points on the street, and were kept burning regardless of cost, by the use of fences and outhouses, even the women carrying rails and wood to keep them going. The band turned out with their instruments, and everybody fell into line and away they went perambulating the streets after the music and singing and shouting like all possessed. John Sagers threw open his saloon, and spiritual refresh- ments were dispensed regardless. Probably the old bummers will remember that occasion as be- ing the time when they could have more than enough for the mere taking. At 4 o'clock in the morning the stage arrived here, and then occurred one of the most ludicrous incidents of the night. A soldier by the name of Wm. George was on board, having come home on a sick furlough. Seeing the stage surrounded by a crowd of his acquaintances, George could not account fur such a demonstration, except upon the ground that they had turned out to receive him. So, after looking in utter astonishment at the enthusing crowd for a few moments, he finally ejaculated, "My God, how did you know that I was a-coming." The cor- responding astonishment of his listeners, at this, can be better imagined than described. Next morning, every available rig in town was taken, as might be said, from every dog-cart to every ancient and venerable carryall, and away the people went to Mineral Point, where were- re-enacted the scenes of the preceding night. 750 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. Early in the rebellion, an appropriation of $5 was made by the town to be paid each week to the family of every married man, and besides, large bounties were paid to those who enlisted. So, it may be fairly recorded that in all particulars the people of this section did their duty to their country to the best of their ability. RAILROAD INTERESTS. For the last twenty-five years, that which has been most devoutl}' desired by the citizens of Dodgeville has been a railroad. We often hear the cry, " My kingdom for a horse ! " but here the monotony of that abjurgation has been relieved by the expression, " My substance for a rail- road ! " And no wonder, for that has always been wanting to place the village and her aspiring citizens in a fair and thoroughly advanced business position. Since the time a railroad reached Mineral Point, in 1857, there has been a more or less constant agitation of the topic, how to get a railroad through to this point, no matter from what direction. At first the village was not strong enough to offer very large inducements ; for, it must be remembered, Dodgeville has been a place of slow growth ; therefore, nothing could be or was done, of any significance, until 1868, when the town and village, combined, offered the Mineral Point Railroad Company $(J0,000 if they would extend their road to this place. This was made as a standing offer ; but, for some reason, nothing was done by the company. Whether it was because they wanted more money, or on account of some ulterior cause, wherein a local finger may have been concerned, does not appear ; suflice it to say : the managers of said road have since ofiPered to build an extension for much less than $60,000. Passing over various unimportant events connected with the efforts made at different times, we come to the organization of a railroad company in Dodgeville. One day in the spring of 1876, a civil engineer, E. Baldwin, who had been connected with the Illinois Central Railroad, and who was, withal, an ambitious and enerjjetic fellow, bethought him that it would be an ex- cellent investment of time to work up a railroad scheme, for the purpose of connecting Lone Rock, Dodgeville and Freeport, 111., with minor places along the route, by a narrow-gauge rail- road. Therefore, as soon as the weather would permit in the spring, he started out and trav- eled over the country from Freeport to Dodgeville, and thence to Lone Rock. Having examined the ground carefully and satisfied himself that the scheme could be made to work, as the coun- try was good, the route not very hard to work and a railroad very necessary to all parties, he came to Dodgeville and broaclied the subject to come of the leading men. It is not expressing it strongly to say that he was a welcome embassador, and that he was met more than half-way by the best business men in the place. A railroad was what the}' wanted, and they were willing to do anything reasonable to obtain one ; yes, more than that — they were willing to make lib- eral sacrifices, both of money and time. During April of that year, several meetings were held among the business men, and the subject thoroughly canvassed, and, finally, a number of them clubbed together and subscribed for enough stock to secure a Government patent. This was granted under the general law, April 20, 1876, to the following gentlemen, who were incorpo- rated as Directors of the Lone Rock, Dodgeville & Freeport Railroad Company : Orville Strong. J. W. Reese, M. J. Briggs, P. J. Morris, C. C. Watkins, II. C. Cutler, James Roberts, J. R. Davis, Charles Pishop, A. S. Ilearn, Joel Whitmen, Joseph Bennett, of Dodgeville, and George Krauskop, a banker of Richland Center. On the 25th of April following, a meeting of the Directors was held at the office of M. J. Briggs, the leading spirit of the enterprise, and the company was effectually organized, and the following officers elected: Joseph Bennett, President; Joel Whitman, Vice President: J. W. Reese, Treasurer, and Orville Strong, Secretary. A committee, consisting of M. J. Briggs, Joel Whitman and C. C. Watkins, was appointed to solicit funds to defray the expense of pre- liminary investigations, surveys, etc. ; and a committee, consisting of Messrs. Cutler, Reese, Briggs and Hern, was appointed to draft by-laws. During the month of May, a company was formed in Illinois to co-operate with the Dodgeville organization, called the Freeport, Pecatonica & State Line Company. Also various meetings were held in this place, and a preliminary sur- IIISTOltV OF IOWA COUNTY. 751 vey was made by M. J. Briggs and E. Baldwin over the entire route contemplated, the villages and towns being agitated as to giving aid to the enterprise. Having decided the project was entirely feasible, and that liberal aid would be extended, the committee returned and reported favorably. On the 30th of May, a meeting of the board was held, and the subject of starting the work discussed ; a division of opinion arose lespecting whether the work should be commenced on the north or south end of the line, wliich resulted in favor of beginning at Freeport. According to the evidence of succeeding events, that decision appears to have been injudicious, as in all proba- bility, the short part of the line, that is, from Dodgeville to Lone Rock, would have been com- pleted and opened. At the above meeting, it was decided that a committee of competent per- sons should immediately set to work and canvass the towns and villages thoroughly and solicit aid. On the 7th of June, 1876, a meeting of the Directors was held at the Secretary's office, and the subscription books were opened. The subscription list began by those who were present, eight in number taking five shares of stock each, at ^100 per share. M. J. Briggs and Mr. Baldwin were employed to canvass the country and obtain aid, and were authorized to negotiate for town and village bonds, to be given in exchange for railroad mortgages, to be paid or can- celed in fifty years, without interest, thus beating the law, which provides that no municipality shall vote aid without a consideration. From that time on until the spring of 1877, the committee, better than whom it would have been hard to find, prosecuted their work with vigor ; and, in the event, secured from the different towns along the route appropriations amounting to $133,000. In September, 1876, at a legally appointed meeting, the village and town of Dodgeville voted the handsome sum of $57,500 aid, $14,000 of which was to come from the town. This voting 5 per cent of the taxable property of the town for a railroad was highly disagreeable to a great many, and an attempt was made by the town to become separated from the village, but not successfully. The condition on which the bonds were given was that the money was not to be paid over until the work was completed, or near enough done to insure a completion. In the fall of 1877, the interest manifested and encouragement given along the route being so great, it was deemed judicious by the directors to contract for the building of the road, and to start the work as soon as possible. A proposition was submitted by E. Baldwin and W. H. Whitman, of Illinois, at that time to build the road, which taken up by the company and dis- cussed at various meetings, and finallv, on the 15th day of December, 1877, the contract was let to them authorizing the building of the road within three years from January 1, 1878. The salient points of the contract, a very voluminous document, were that after the road was com- pleted, the contractors were to have the aid and own the "lion's share" of the road; in other words, the road would virtually have belonged to them. The work was begun, ami about eight miles of grading done near Freeport, and nearly the same amount at Blanchardville. Much of tliis was done in j)ayment of individual subscriptions, which were quite large in some cases, and very general. In fact, the whole country was tiior- oughly alive and interested in promoting the work by every means, but the work of grading did not continue long, the contractors not having " long purses," and failing to get aid, were obliged to stop. In this connection, it may not come amiss to say that nothing has been done since in the way of actual work. The contract was so drawn that the contractors could hold the company and trustees with whom the town and village bonds were consigned until the expiration of the contract, or until they chose to release them ; consequently, when they stopped work, everything stoppeil. Eventually, another company was formed, of which we will speak later, to take the contract off the hands of the contractors, but this not being done as anticipated, on the 8th of September, 1880, Whitman & Baldwin proposed to release the company and the town and village bonds on condition that an extension of the contract be granted under the patent to continue until De- cember 31. 1881, and which should be considered as fulfilled by building the road no further than Blanchardville. This proposition was gladly assented to by the directors, and soon after 752 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. a public meeting was held by the directors and a number of citizens, and the subscriptions were canceled. Then a bonfire was built on Iowa street, near the post office, and a funeral march taken to the spot where the bonds were solemnly cremated, and the people once more made happy. Previous to the canceling of the railroad contract and subscriptions and burning of bonds, in the spring of 1879, Mr. Baldwin, as mentioned in connection with Mr. Briggs, to whom Whitman had made a contingent transfer of his rights, informed the citizens that for the want of funds, they could not go on with the work; and that as the preliminaries were all attended to, and the work fairly begun, all that was now needed was capital to carry to a successful issue what had been started under such favorable auspices. In accordance with that state of affairs, they submitted a proposition that, for a certain amount of paid-up stock in the completed road, they would transfer their contract to any party or parties who would bind themselves to com- plete the road. The matter was at once taken up by a number of the capitalists of the place, who were anxious that the work should not be dropped at such a " stage in the game." Several meetings were held which finally resulted in the organization of a construction company, to be known as the Freeport & Dodgeville Railroad Company. A patent was secured, by consent of the old company, on the 14th day of May, 1879, with capital stock limited to $50,000. The incorporators and directors were S. W. Reese, Joseph Bennett, James Roberts, G. W. Burrall and Joel Whitman. The first meeting of the company was held on the 24th of May following, when S. W. Reese was elected President : Joseph Bennett, Vice President ; Joel Whitman, Treasurer, and James Roberts, Secretary. By-laws were also adopted at this meeting. By order of the board, stock subscription books were opened at the Secretary's office on Monday, the 26th day of May, which were not to be closed until 250 shares of stock, at §100 per share, had been subscribed for. At a subsequent meeting, the shares were increased to 300 in number, 271 of which were eventually taken, under the condition that nothing should be paid in until the road contract had been assigned to the company. Thirty shares were taken by W. 0. Wright, of Freeport, conditionally upon his being a member of the board. Very soon after this, on the 8th of July, 1879, the Directors deputized Mr. Wright to go to New York to negotiate for money on the company's bonds, and for the purpose of contracting for building material, as rails, spikes, etc. While Mr. Wright was gone, the company decided to discontinue operations, owing to certain conditions not being complied with by the contract- holders and Mr. Wright. Thus ended the operations of the second railroad company formed in Dodgeville. In the spring of 1880, Mr. Cobb, the Superintendent of the Mineral Point road, came here, and a meeting of the citizens was convened to take into consideration the voting of aid to assist in constructing an extension from Mineral Point to Dodgeville. At this time nothing decisive was done, although it was stipulated that $30,000 would be voted by the town and village. Sub- sequently, three Commissioners from the town and two from the village were authorized by the public to confer with Mr. Cobb, and to make terms, if possible, to get the road through. At this meeting, the Commissioners agreed to furnish $35,000 toward the enterprise, and, accord- ingly, an understanding was entered into that the road would be built. But from week to week the matter lingered along, and at last nothing came of the movement. At this juncture the Chicago & North-Western road came forward and stipulated that if the Dodgeville people would furnish $25,000, they would construct a broad-guage from Madison to unite at this point with the narrow-guage road running through Grant County. They also stip- ulated to build a depot on the fair-grounds and to make that the place of transfer. Again the Dodgeville people came to the front; and almost within twenty-four hours the required aid was pledged to be forthcoming, in case the funds voted in support of the Dodgeville & Freeport line were not demanded. About that time the Milwaukee ik St. Paul Railroad Company purchased the Mineral Point road. This naturally had the effect to change the tactics of the Chicago & North-Western Company, who then decided to construct a broad-guage road over their entire HISTORY OF IOWA COI^NTY. 753 line, and to build the depot one mile north of the town, preferring to do that and sacrifice the town and village aid rather than build the road according to their first proposition. During that season (1880), S. S. Merrill, Superintendent of the Millwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, came here and looked over the ground and country ; then offered to extend the road from Mineral Point for $10,000, evidently considering that it would be a profitable thing to do, now that there was a competing line coming here. This offer, however, was not taken up, the people prudently thinking that, after having run the gamut of railroad fiasco experience, it was just as well to let well enough alone, and to take such favors as fortune had at last brought to their doors, without money or price. EDUCATION. The first school in this section of the country was taught as early as 1833 or 1834, by Robert Boyer, who figures extensively in the early history of this part of the State as one of the first teachers in several localities. His school, and the schools for several years after his time, were taught outside of the village, and therefore are especially mentioned in connection with the town history. The first school in the village proper was taught by Mrs. Mary J. Ran- ger, who is still living here. Thirty-five years ago there stood where Peter Spang's residence now stands a small one-story frame building in which she (then Miss Carrier) taught her first quarter's school. This, like many others, was supported by the parents, who paid pro rata. Miss Carrier making her own terms. This old building is now in use as a dwelling-house. After her marriage, Mrs. R. taught in a room built by John Jenkins as a store, on Union street, which is now the Soden & Jones tailor-shop. Like other " school-rooms " in Dodgeville, it was rented, as the district did not build or own a schoolhouse uncil 1853. Mrs. Ranger also at one time trained the youthful idea in what is now the residence of E. H. McElhose. Her school-room was warmed by an old cook stove, and, as the winter was a bitterly cold one, much discomfort was the inevitable result. " I used to warm my feet one at a time by pushing them through the circle of shivering scholars," she says. This lady taught in the village almost constantly until 1878, and is now succeeded in that capacity by a daughter. In 1846, the people raised money by subscription and built the old town hall, which afterward became the Wesleyan Chapel and then the Primitive Methodist Church. This building did service up to 1850 or later as a school- house. H. E. Foster, Emma A. Comfort and others taught here. In the spring of 1849, the town of Dodgeville having been organized. Rev. A. S. Allen, the first Town Superintendent of Schools, organized District No. 1, which then extended to the Mineral Point line, three miles north, and being in width one and a half miles. This was after- ward extended west so as to include the whole or a part of the Van Metre survey. The first officers were Thomas Stephens, Director ; D. C. Evans, Treasurer, and J. D. Jenkins, Clerk. Various meetings were held during 1849 and 1850, on the question of building a schoolhouse, and at one time a tax of $1,700 was voted. This was afterward rescinded, and the district con- tinued to hire various buildings for school purposes up to 1833. That year. District No. 10 was set apart and organized with Chapel street as its south line, and the " Grove " and " Rock " Schoolhouses were both built, the one taking its name from the small timber surrounding it and the other from the material of which it was built. In 1850, the number of persons in the dis- trict, from four to twenty years of age, was 226. Text books — Goodrich's Readers, Colburn's and Adams' Arithmetics, Bullion's Grammar, Smith's Geography, Webster's Spelling-book, Fulton and Eastman's Penmanship. The two districts existed independently of each other up to the fall of 1864, when J. Thomas Pryor, Jr., then Principal of the Grove School, succeeded in influencing the leading men of both districts to consent to a union. This was accomplished by action of the Town Board, which appointed a board made up of members of the former boards. The town hall was then hired and Merrill Fellows installed as Principal, while the two schoolhouses were used as primary and intermediate departments. This plan is still pursued, but with the high school department con- ducted under a curriculum of a very advanced and comprehensive character, and entirely su- perior to what at first existed. Since 1865, the Principals have been J. Thomas Pryor, Jr., 754 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 1866 ; M. T. Curry, 1867 ; Philip Eden, 1868 ; J. Thomas Pryor, Jr., 1869-74 ; Frawley, 1875 ; J. H. Pike. 1876-77. In the fall of 1878, J. W. Livingston, a graduate of the Platte- ville State Normal School, was employed, and has since been retained as Principal. In the fall of 1879, he formulated the present course of studies, which course was approved and accepted by the district board. There are now seventy-three pupils in the high-school department and one assistant teacher, Miss Josephine Ranger. The grammar department is in charge of Miss Lizzie Sin- cox, who has fifty-four pupils. Frank M. Dyer and Miss Millie Robinson have charge of re- spectively, the intermediate and primary departments of the Grove School. The " Rock ' School is in charge of Charles Marks, in intermediate, and Miss Lela Mitchell, primary. There are now 560 children in the district that are old enough to attend school. The standing of the scholars in the different departments is considered very good, and the characters and attainments of the several teachers are recognized as being exceptionally excellent. When the new school- house shall have been completed, the general standard will doubtless be greatly improved by the improved facilities for good work that will then be afforded both to teachers and scholars. POST OFFICE. A post office was first established at Dodgeville by Postmaster General William Barry August 27, 1834, William Henry being appointed its first Postmaster. Mr. Henry kept the office in what was known as the " Dodgeville Store," from the fact that Henry L. Dodge occupied it at a later date and for several years. In October of 1834, Mr. Henry resigned, and was succeeded by Thomas Jenkins, who kept the office in his dwelling house, which stood a few yards to the west of Mr. Jones' bakery. Mr. Jenkins was followed by Henry L. Dodge as Postmaster ; while he held the office, it was again kept in the old store. Mr. Dodge resigned eventually, and T. M. Fullerton, a clerk in the firm of Beach & Rynerson, was appointed to the place, and kept the office in the store of his employers about 1844. After Mr. Fullerton, John Adams kept the " post offis " in the store of Hoskins, Thomas & Company. According to statements, Mr. Adams' ideas of civil service and conducting a post office were exceedingly crude, it being his custom to throw the mail into a heap in the middle of the floor, and let the people paw the matter over to their satisfaction in search of their mail. This method of business was finally stopped by a postal detective coming to the place, who, seeing how matters were going, asked the worthy Postmaster if that was the way he delivered the mail. In reply, Hos- kins informed him that it was none of his d — d business. As a result, there was a vacancy in the office soon after, which was filled by the appointment of Silas Wiles. Mr. Wiles did not hold the office a great while; but, owing to the inaccuracy of his accounts, was replaced by Bryce Henry, who kept the office in the William M. Todd store. During the summer of 1850, the office was kept by Doran Jenkins in his book store, one door north of the present office. Whether Mr. Jenkins acted as appointee or deputy, is not known. At the time of the inaugural of Franklin Pierce in 1853, Louis T. Wheeler was appointed Postmaster, having the office in the building now occupied b\' Mr. Hocking. The office eventually passed into the hands of Dr. Bunall, who officiated as Postmaster until 1861. When S. W. Reese was appointed according to the political change of the times. Mr. Reese held the office until 1877, employing Thomas Hughes, G. W. Louis and Thomas Rogers as deputies, who kept the office in various places. After him, Joel Whitman became the Postmaster, holding the office until 1878, when Thomas Rogers, the incumbent, was appointed. BANDS. Dodgeville has ever been more attentive to mining than music. The first band was organized in 1855 ; the town board had charge of the instruments, which were bought by subscription. Josiah Paull was the leader of this band, which held together until about 1859. In 1860, during the excitement of the Lincoln-Douglas campaign, Thomas Bosanko formed a band, composed as follows : Thomas Bosanko, leader, E flat ; James Rowe, B flat ; James Letcher, B flat alto ; F. Nankibell, post horn ; William H. Letcher, E flat bass ; Henry Nanki- HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 755 bell, E flat alto, and Glenfill, drummer. Within eighteen months a second band, led by William Clark, was formed ; and, during the most memorable years of the civil war, Dodge- ville was alive with martial music. " The boys " of both bands went to the Lake Superior mines in the fall of 1863, taking their instruments with them. Several returned at the close of the war, however, and Mr. Clark was again made leader of a re-organized banil. He was suc- ceeded in 1874 by James Letcher, who has since led the few who cling to the sounding cymbals. The present Dodgeville band needs recruits, and it is hoped that the recent formation of the hook and ladder company may create a new interest, and supply the needed help. MINERAL POINT AND DODGEVILLE TELEGRAPH. In January, 1879, the first steps were taken toward establishing telegraphic connection between this place and Mineral Point and the East, at the suggestion of A. S. Hearn, editor of the Chronicle, and Fred Phillips, manager of the justly popular United States Hotel, of Min- eral Point. These gentlemen circulated a subscription paper, and received such encouragement in the way of liberal subscriptions and a generally-manifested interest upon the part of many of the leading business men of both places, that what was first an unperfected scheme soon took shape to eventually result in the present line. The first subscribers to stock were F. W. Phillips, eleven shares; W. A. Jones, two; William T. Henry, one; J. M. Smith, one; Lanyon & Spensly, one; G. W. Cobb, one; W. H. Bennett, one; Wilson & Mcllhon, one; P. Allen. Jr., one; A. S. Hearn, one; M. J. Briggs, one; S. W. Reese, three; Bennett, George & Co., three, and Thomas Blackney, one. Articles of incorporation were drawn and filed on the 28th day of January, 1879, by Messrs. Phillips, Hearn and Briggs. According to these articles, prepared under the pro- visions of Chapter 8H of the Revised Statutes, the name shall be "Mineral Point and Dodge- ville Telegraph Company," with a capital stock fixed at $500. The officers to be a President, Treasurer, Secretary and Board of three Directors, to be elected annually by the stockholders, who shall perform the labors usually required of such officers. Each subscriber to stock becomes a member of the company, and retains his interest as long as he holds the same. The first meeting for the election of officers and transacting general business was held on the 11th day of March, 1879, but there not being a sufficient number of shares of stock repre- sented, the meeting was adjourned until the 17th of the month, when Thomas Blackney took the chair, and business was opened by the election of the following officers: Fred Phillips, President; M. J. Briggs, Treasurer; J. M. Smith, Secretary, and Joseph Bennett, G. W. Cobb and S. W. Reese, Directors. Messrs Phillips, Briggs and Hearn were appointed a committee to draft by-laws, and the President was authorized to purchase the necessary mate- rials to construct and fit up the line, and to employ laborers and proceed at once to the con- struction of the same. Fifty per cent of the shares were required to be paid by the 1st of April following the meeting, and the remainder on or before the 15th of the same month. The work of erecting the line was begun soon after, and continued without interruption until May 22, when it was completed ready for operating. The total cost of materials and con- struction and operators' instruments was $119. The first message was transmitted to the grocers of Dodgeville by W. H. Boyd, of Milwaukee, on the 30th of April, 1879. There are three local o95ces connected with the line — one at the depot and one at the United States Hotel, in Mineral Point, and one at Dodgeville. The President of the company is Fred Phil- lips, operator at Mineral Point, W. H. Thomas being the operator at the Dodgeville end of the line. Rates are fixed at 25 cents per ten words, with 2 cents each for extras. The number of messages transmitted the first year aggregated nine hundred and thirty two, amounting to $250.64. No dividends have ever been declared to the stockholders, as barely enough is real- ized to pay the salaries of the operators. However, the business men would probably employ operators and pay them more than the income received, were it not possible to keep the line in operation otherwise, as it has proved of great utility in various business matters. 756 HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. FIRES AND FIRE COMPANY. Dodgeville has suffered but little in the course of its development from fires. That most terrible of enemies and warmest of friends has, with but few exceptions, through the judicious management of the Village Board and commendable prudence of the people, been restricted to the point of utility, and made to subserve the wants of the people rather than to create needs by its remorseless energy and fury. There has been but one what might be termed conflagration. That occurred on the 5th of March, 1856, and proved very destructive. At noon, a fire broke out in the garret of a frame buildincr used for a saloon by the firm of Hope & Lidicoat, on the west side of Iowa street, north of Division. There being no fire apparatus, the flames progressed very rapidly despite the efforts of the citizens, and within a few minutes this building was not only doomed to per- ish, but a large brick store standing next to it on the north, which was heavily stocked with ceneral merchandise, was also ignited and shared the same fate. Adjoining this was a frame building owned by McCracken and Dr. Goodlad. and occupied as a drug store and dwelling. This also caught on fire, and was destroyed with the others. In order to stop the destruction, a house on the north of these, owned by John Parris, was torn down, while on the south, fortu- nately, there was a vacant lot covered with water, which stayed its progress in that direction, so that no further damage was done. The loss was almost total, as there was no insurance on the buildings and but little of the merchandise was saved. Mr. McCracken was a very heavy loser to the extent of $10,000, according to general estimates. The burning of the Primitive Methodist Church, described in the church sketch, was another quite serious fire, and one that made a clean sweep, thus paving the way for the present handsome edifice. The Dodgeville Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 is certainly one of the creditable insti- tutions of the village, and in its organization at a time when there was no apparent danger presents a fiiir index to the character of the business men who prefer " an ounce of preven- tion to a pound of cure," and propose to be prepared for emergencies and to be just a step in advance of any of their neighbors. The following is a sketch of the organization taken from their "By-Laws," and briefly describes just what has been done: " Soon after the destructive fire at Highland, and pursuant to a published call for a mass- meetinc at the court house, on Wednesday evening, December 1, 1880, a large number of bus- iness men and representative citizens met to devise some means for the better protection of our village in case a fire should happen to break out. " The meeting was called to order by Mr. R. G. Owens. S. W. Reese, Esq., was then elected Chairman, who, in a few brief remarks, stated the object of the meeting. '* J. J. Hoskins was chosen Secretary. " After some talk as to the best means of accomplishing the desired end, Mr. A. S. Hearn offered the following resolution, which prevailed: Resolved, That we proceed to enroll and organize a hook and ladder company, and thai the Village Board be requested to purchase the necessary apparatus for its equipment. " Messrs. J. T. Pryor, Jr., R. G. Owens and A. S. Hearn were appointed a committee to present the proceedings of the meeting to the Village Board. •' A meeting of the Village Board was held on the evening of December 2, when the request for aid to equip the said company was assented to, and the necessary steps immediately taken to purchase the equipments. " Pursuant to the call of the temporary Chairman, those who had signified their willing- ness to become members of the company held a meeting at the court house December 9, and adopted a code of laws for the government of the company, whereupon the meeting adjourned to December 15, 1880, which was fixed as the date of the first annual meeting of the company. At that meeting, the company was duly organized under the name of the Dodgeville Hook and Ladder Company No. 1, and elected ofiicers for the ensuing year. HISTORY OF IOWA COUNTY. 767 " The truck was built in January, 1881, by E. B. Preston, 160 State street, Chicago, 111., and cost, everything included, $400. It has all the modern improvements, and combines beauty, strength and lightness, so that it can be easily and rapidly handled. The wagon, including the tongue, is about 27 feet long. The width between the wheels from center to center is about 4 feet 4 inches ; the diameter of front wheels 3 feet 6 inches, that of the hind wheels 4 feet 6 inches ; the width of frame is 2 feet 10 inches, depth 3 feet 4 inches, and has ■one windlass attached, one large head-lamp and two side lamps, leathern buckets, hooks, lad- ders, axes, chains and ropes, necessary for any emergency." Officers — Foreman, Benson J. Davey ; First A.ssistant Foreman, Edwin A. Elliott ; Sec- ond Assistant Foreman, R. W. Evans ; Secretary, J. J. Hoskins ; Treasurer, A. L. Robbins ; Trustees, Thomas Kennedy, Thomas H. Arthur. Members — W. J. Arthur, Charles Bilkey, Jr., George Bartle, Richard Clark, William Dunstan, Charles Davies, John W. Davey, Christ. Ellingen, A. S. Hearn, Frank Hocking, William Jones, William C. Jones, Evan Jones, George Jeflfrey, Joshua T. Elliott, Fred C. Elli- ott, Owen Williams, John Kelley, Lemuel Morris, John W. Pengelly, Henry Pengelly, Eddie Reese, Christ. Rohr, James Rickard, William Rickard, C. S. Ralph, Frank Ralph, Lewis Swartz, Paul Swartz, Henry Skewis, Eddie Strattman, John H. Sampson, Charles J. Thomas. HOTELS. The first public stopping-place (mentioned elsewhere) was a boarding-house opened during 1828, by one Wentworth. It was a double log cabin, with a narrow passage, or hall-way, be- tween the two structures, each of which was 16x16. The next year, one McBryde kept boarders here. Col. Blythe, a noted character in primitive Dodgeville, was the first to open what may properly be called a hotel, in what was the old H. L. Dodge store. To the original log struct- ure, one Ward, who had succeeded Dodge in business, had built a frame addition. Here the Colonel, who was a reckless gambler, kept a very good hotel for several years. He was suc- ceeded, in order, by William Rablin, Watkin Watkins and Frank Beckett. From 1838 to 1840, H. L. Dodge also kept a sort of stopping-place in some long, low log buildings near his store. Maj. Thomas Jenkins also kept boarders as early as 1834 and 1835. In 1845, James D. Jenkins built the large frame house now occupied as a bakery and con- fectionery store, in which he kept hotel for a year or more, then rented it to Aaron Adams. Marks' Hotel. — This is the most popular hotel in the village, among traveling men, and Reuben Marks, the present owner and " mine host " has made it so. In 1849, a German, best known as " Dutch " Walter, erected the building, and soon after sold it to Herman Tick, also a German, but neither kept hotel here or elsewhere. The house was first opened as a hotel in 1852, by the brothers Thomas and Moses M. Howell. The latter gentleman named it the Dodgeville House, and kept it three or four years ; then Berry Ogburn rented it of the Howells and kept it six months. It was then purchased by Richard Jones, who changed the name to the United States Hotel, which name it bore until a recent date. Jones kept it a num- ber of years, then rented it for several years to Watkin Watkins. James Van Dyne and Thomas Thomas have also managed the house at different times. Mr. Marks bought it October 25, 1875, and has since thoroughly rebuilt the original structure and erected an addition, which makes it more than double its former size. It is the only temperance hotel in Dodgeville that is doing a large business, and has borne its present name since November, 1880. The Wisconsin House — Was built as the Rough and Ready House in 1847, by Benjamin Thomas, Sr., and was so named to perpetuate the admiration of the builder for the hero of Buena Vista. The name, the house and the owner were immensely popular, and, in many of the old-time stories told by the founders and pioneers of the village, this old hostelry figures most conspicuously. "Uncle Ben" sold the property to John E. Bartle in 1852 or 1853. He, in turn, sold it to the present proprietor, Joseph Hocking, November 6, 1854. The transfer hav- ing been made on election day, Mr. Hocking opened a free house, and for a number of days the jollification was kept up. " Why should we not enjoy ourselves in those days'" says Mr. 758 HISTORY OF OF lOAVA COUNTY. Hocking. " ' Mineral ' was easy to get, money plenty, flour worth $3 per barrel, beef 3 cents per pound, pork 2^ cents, potatoes 2 bits per bushel, and whisky proportionately cheap." The earnings of months were often spent in a day by the reckless miners, yet dishonesty, theft or meanness were not as fashionable as now. Houses were left unlocked while the owners were absent for days at a time, and all felt safe and confident. In 1860, Mr. Hocking built his store, and, in 1869, connected the old stone Rough and Ready House with it, this giving him a roomy hotel, which is deservedly well patronized, and has been called by its present name since his pur- chase. Mr. Hocking is doubtless the veteran hotel-keeper of Iowa County. The Western Hotel. — The name of this house recalls those of at least three of the early settlers and prominent men of Dodgeville who have passed over the dark river. Joseph Vincent had laid the foundations and partially completed a hotel, when, in 1817, Col. Thomas Stephens bought him out. Col. Stephens completed the building, opened it as the Western Hotel, and managed it mo.st successfully until it burned down, in November, 1848. He then built the present Western Hotel, which is located a few rods to the south of where the old one stood. From 18.50 to 1852, he rented it to William Rowe, Esq., now of Arena, and, on his return from California, again took charge of the house, managing it until 1854, when John R. Roberts bought it. Mr. Roberts caused the house to be raised from its foundations, and under it built the cellar, bar-room, etc. In early times, this was the leading hotel in Dodgeville, but the removal of the business houses to other streets caused a fatal depression in its prosperity. Since the death of Mr. Roberts, in August, 1879, the house has been managed on the temperance plan by his widow. Tlie Oommeraial House. — Benjamin Midbow laid the foundations and partially built the original structure in 1864. He then made an exchange, by which Samuel Henderson came into possession of the property. He completed the building, and for a time occupied it with his family, opening up a stock of jewelry in the second story. Capt. Nelson Whitman was for a time in business here. In 1867, Henderson sold it to James Roberts, who first rented it to James Jones. Mr. Jones, finally becoming the owner, made extensive additions to and improve- ments upon the building, which made it what it is to-day, giving it its present name and open- ing it as a hotel. Mr. Jones died in 1877, his widow keeping the house until September 1, 1878. when Adam Eulberg rented it. The central location of the house, combined with the popularity of the host, have given the Commercial a large and well-deserved run of business. The' Dodgeville Hotel — Was originally built as a private house by one Wise, a blacksmith. In 1867, the present owner, Richard Rogers, bought the lot and building, then erecting the main part of the hotel, which, with the Wise residence and the old " Red House," well remembered by "the boys" of early times, affords him a large and commodious hotel, and no one knows better than does "Uncle Dick" how to manage such a house in a country town. His house does its full share of business, and the patrons stick by it. MANUFACTURES. Strattman ^ Co.' a Factory. — The first wagons made in Dodgeville were by Ranger & Detch- mendy, two Frenchmen from St. Genevieve, Mo. They came in 1840, and their shop was what is now Mr. Ranger's residence, he having raised and enlarged it. Mr. R. was the wagon-maker, and Detchmendy the blacksmith ; the latter was also something of a gun and locksmith. " Dock " Wise was probably the ne.xt blacksmith, and .Matthew Kelly the next; he founded the present Stratman shops in 1845 or 1846, building a small one-story shop of stone or "rock." After Kelly, one Olson A. Norse, blacksmith, rented the shop and worked here. In 1853, Peter Spang bought the shop of Col. Thomas Stephens, enlarged it, making it two stories high, and really established the present large concern. F. W. Strattman became a partner in 1860, and the owner in 1872. In May, 1872, he associated Richard Lane as a partner, constituting the present firm. A thriving business is done, five goodly buildings being occupied. Thirty hands are kept in con- stant employ, turning out wagons, sleighs and plows. Carriages, cutters, harrows, rollers, cul- tivators, etc., are also manufactured here. The firm now propose to add a large engine and blast HISTOKY OF IOWA COUNTY. 759 furnace. It is worthy of note that a wagon made by this firm was awarded the first prize over 120 competitors at the Wisconsin State Fair of 1880. Peter Spang carries on the same business on a lesser scale, employing six or eight men. lie also has the only power cider-mill in the place, with which he does a large business each year for the farmers of the surrounding country. William Harris is the veteran wagon-maker of Dodgeville, and the manufacturer of the premium wagon in Iowa County, according to the Judges of the Agricultural Society, 1880. He began in 1816 near his present large shop, and has kept at it ever since. The Breivery. — In June. 1867, J. G. Trentzsch and J. F. Bichel came from Mineral Point and laid the foundation for a brewery. It was completed and in active operation for about thir- teen years. It was burned with its entire contents in the spring of 1880. Mr. Trentzsch was then the owner, he having bought out the partners, who at different times associated with him, viz., John Rudersdorf and H. Zirfass. Additions had been made to the building, it being at the time of its destruction 21x86 feet; the basement was of stone, and was surmounted by two stories of wood. The average annual production was about 400 barrels, the beer being stored in an arched cellar, dug under the hill to the south of the brewery. The loss by the fire is fixed by Mr. T. at $8,000, exclusive of the $2,000 insurance. SECULAR SOCIETIES. Dodgeville Lodge, No. 119, A., F.