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^ f MMi) f^ f M) f^ (^ P f M^ ^ f 5 f^ f^ (^ 
 
 
 THE CAUSES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ^PROSPERITY OF NEW-YORK. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM BETTS, LL. D 
 
 f^s. 
 
 0\mWWW 
 
 ©MtS:^MMMM^fe^:tMM^fe^o ^ tM3 ^MMMi^^oS o y ^ 
 
THE CAUSES OF THE PROSPERITY OE NEW-YORK. 
 
 AN 
 
 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS, 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE THE 
 
 Si Nicl)ola5 Sorictu oi 2feu3-^Drk, 
 
 DECEMBER 3d, 1850. 
 / 
 
 BY WILLIAM BETTS, LL. D. 
 
 Cui genus a proavis iugcns, clarumque paterna) 
 Noineii erat virtutis. — ^n. 12. 225. 
 
 NE W- YORK : 
 
 STANFORD AND SWORDS, 137, BROADWAY, 
 
 1851. 
 
JOHN R. M'GOWN, PRINTER, 
 57 Ann-strekt. 
 
 F\^.?) 
 
 
New- York, Dec. 7th, 1850. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have the honor to hand you lierewith a Resohition passed by the St. Nicholas 
 Society at tlieir Anniversary Meeting yesterday, and to express the hope tliat you 
 will be pleased to comply with the same. 
 
 With great respect. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 CHARLES R. SWORDS, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 On motion of Chief Justice Jones, 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are justly due, and are hereby ten- 
 dered to Wi\i. Betts, Esq., for the able and eloquent address delivered before them 
 on the 3d instant, and that ho bo requested to furnish a copy of the same for pre- 
 servatiou by the Society. 
 
ANNIYERSAM ADDEESS. 
 
 It gives me pleasure, Mr. President, on this an- 
 nual occasion, to salute you, our Head ; and you, 
 fellow-members, associated and assembled in this our 
 ancestral city ; and you, my fair country-women, the 
 mothers and sisters, wives and daughters, of the 
 descendants of those respectable men, whose names 
 we bear, and whose memories we delight to honor. 
 Placed in the midst of a vast and ever-increasing 
 population, you occupy a peculiar position. Beneath 
 your paternal roofs, and beside your paternal fire- 
 sides ; with the grave-stones of your progenitors for 
 generations, clustering all around you ; you present 
 the singular spectacle of being strangers in your 
 native home. So rapid has been the growth of this 
 crowded metropolis ; so immense the stream of emi- 
 gration perpetually poured upon it, from every quar- 
 ter, at home and abroad ; so constant and increasing 
 have been the changes ; that an absence of five and 
 twenty years, would render the recognition of the 
 place of your nativity, or your childhood, no easy 
 task. It may be that this peculiar position imposes 
 
6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 peculiar duties. It may be that the vastness of the 
 physical advantages bestowed on you, may bear in 
 their train corresponding responsibilities : and vv^hile 
 indulging in a few reflections appropriate to the occa- 
 sion, upon the foundation and causes of our great 
 and growing population, it may not be unbecoming 
 to inquire, whether this prosperity does not impose 
 proportionate duties, as well on you, the old and 
 peculiar people, as on that much larger class, who 
 enjoy a temporary residence, or have established a 
 permanent home among us : and whether those du- 
 ties have been adequately performed. In taking this 
 course, it will be observed, that I have ventured to 
 diverge from the usual roads of historical or tradi- 
 tionary incidents : but it seemed to me, that it would 
 not be uninstructive to pause and contemplate our 
 present position ; to inquire calmly how and why we 
 have attained it ; from the experience of the past to 
 gather wisdom for the future ; to see whether we 
 have done all that is required for improving and 
 preserving our advantages; and, if we have not 
 done all, to ascertain what remains undone ; and 
 apply all our diligence and energy to supply what 
 may be wanting, and to remedy what may be de- 
 fective. 
 
 When, in the month of September of the year 
 16ai), nearly two hundred and fifty years ago, the 
 weary and sea-worn bark of Hudson rounded the 
 low, sandy point that guards the narrow entrance 
 to this port, and proceeded northwards through the 
 opening waters, we may easily imagine the delight 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 7 
 
 with which he watched the rich and wooded heights 
 and ever- varying shores of Mattowaques^ upon his 
 right ; while from the rising hills of Aquahonga,t on 
 his left, was poured a flood of sweet autumnal fra- 
 grance, " a stream of rich distill'd perfumes," which 
 to his weary senses might have seemed 
 
 " Sabean odors from the spicy shores 
 Of Araby the blest." 
 
 And when, after penetrating through the narrow 
 passage, the hroad sheet of the expanding waters 
 burst upon his eyes, with its three streams pushing 
 onwards to the north, the westward, and the east, 
 studded with islands and bold projections, in all their 
 natural magnificence and beauty, untouched by the 
 hand of man, unmarred by the desecrations of art — 
 to comprehend his feelings, we must transport our- 
 selves back to him and his companions ; and, sitting 
 on the deck of the little yacht, Half-Moon, while its 
 prow is slowly dashing before it the sparkling waters, 
 we may sympathize with the mingled and tumul- 
 tuous emotions which must at once have roused, 
 delighted, and bewildered him. Looking upon the 
 tranquil surface of the unpeopled wave; regarding 
 the almost complete solitude of the surrounding 
 shores ; little could he have anticipated, that the 
 broadest of those streams, ennobled with his name, 
 should bear upon its ample bosom thousands and 
 thousands of swift barks, wafted by the winds, or 
 propelled by an unknown power that after ages 
 
 * Nassau, or Long Island. t Staten Island. 
 
8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 should call into existence, freighted with the univer- 
 sal products of the globe. Little could he have fore- 
 seen the forests of masts and myriads of edifices 
 which should thereafter cluster and crowd upon and 
 around that calm and solitary point, which lay, the 
 image of repose, amidst its gentle waters ; little 
 imagine the spires, towers and domes that should 
 rise above its roofs ; or the cares, crimes and remorse, 
 the agonies and never-resting struggles, beneath 
 them ; little, that on this spot, in brief, would be the 
 mighty metropolis of a mighty Empire, powerful for 
 good, or fearfully powerful for evil, as the virtues or 
 the vices of its inhabitants might control its destinies. 
 A century afterwards, could the daring adventurer 
 have revisited the scene of his discovery, he would 
 have observed no striking alteration in its condition. 
 The early progress of the city and colony was slow, 
 and gave no promise of the immense development 
 they have since exhibited. Like the solid and en- 
 during oak, so gradual was their growth, that it 
 seemed unlikely that they ever would attain sub- 
 stantial strength or magnitude. In the year 1709, 
 New Amsterdam was still a village ; its population 
 did not exceed five thousand persons, one-sixth of 
 whom were slaves.^^ Fifty years afterwards, it had 
 barely risen to thirteen thousand in the whole, in- 
 cluding a similar proportion of blacks.t At this time 
 the whole population of the ten counties of the State 
 was less than one hundred thousand persons. It had 
 
 * 1 Doc. Hist. N. Y., p. 691. 
 ■\ 1 Doc. Hist. N. Y., p. 696. 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 9 
 
 required nearly one hundred and fifty years to reach 
 this point; but so rapid from that time forward began 
 to be the increase, that twenty years more saw its, 
 numbers doubled ; and from that period, the State 
 and more especially the City, have sprung forward, 
 until the latter has attained the prodigious size, 
 strength and importance which we now see, and is 
 yet proceeding onwards with strides more vast and 
 gigantic than any which have gone before. 
 
 The causes which have produced these results, 
 exist both within and without ourselves. Those 
 without, arising from the peculiar situation and cir- 
 cumstances of foreign countries, it is not my purpose 
 to discuss. Of those within, I shall confine the few 
 and brief observations I propose to make, to the in- 
 fluence of four causes: — the Geographical Position of 
 this city; the Old Colonial races; the Manners of the 
 colonists ; and the System of Laws and Government. 
 These, if I mistake not, will be found to be the ele- 
 ments of the physical prosperity of our community. 
 
 A temperate climate, a wholesome neighborhood, 
 a fruitful soil, useful and abundant products, would 
 make themselves felt in the steady and gradual 
 growth of an agricultural people ; but the super- 
 added advantages of a capacious and secure harbor, 
 accessible at all times, and possessing extensive and 
 easy communication with the coast and the interior, 
 would not be sensibly perceived, until a large and 
 industrious population had made it a convenient 
 centre of commerce. These circumstances, although 
 essential to commercial greatness, are rather necessary 
 
10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 means, than active causes. The IsLT,nd of Malta 
 possesses similar advantages in an eminent degree ; 
 and yet upon its splendid harbor stands no imperial 
 seat of commerce. The natural superiority of Alex- 
 andria existed before the eagle eye of the Macedonian 
 conqueror espied it; and yet, no effect was produced, 
 until his sagacious mind applied the proper means 
 for its development: and in many commercial places, 
 which it would be needless to mention, trade has 
 declined, and prosperity faded away, when the geo- 
 graphical and physical circumstances, under which 
 they rose and flourished, remained in all respects 
 unaltered. The central and commanding position of 
 this city, in the midst of the advantages before 
 recited, united with its peculiar capacity for estab- 
 lishing a cluster of trading cities all around, although 
 greatly contributing to its majestic growth, could not 
 alone have produced it. Its peculiar adaptation to 
 the acquisition of wealth, no doubt, attracted many 
 to it, and operated strongly to draw hitherward the 
 stream of emigration. Other causes, of a deeper 
 nature, sustained and swelled the flood ; and those 
 were, as has been previously mentioned, the People 
 or Races who planted and settled the colony ; the 
 manners, dispositions and morals which prevailed 
 among them ; and the laws and institutions which 
 they here established. 
 
 The precise point of time at which the people of 
 this City and its vicinity attained that maturity, 
 and assumed those characteristics, which distinguish 
 them from all the other people of the New World, 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 11 
 
 and which, in connection with their physical posi- 
 tion and their political and moral organization, have 
 drawn to them an immense population and a com- 
 manding commerce, cannot be fixed with any minute 
 exactness ; but the beginning of the Eighteenth cen- 
 tury, (or a period stretching from the year 1700 to 
 the year 1750,) may be safely taken as finding them 
 possessing an accurate and defined national character. 
 About this time the City and province may be con- 
 sidered as having assumed a historical attitude. The 
 Dutch government, which essentially terminated in 
 1664, had been, in a degree, ambiguous and indefi- 
 nite ; the mode in which it was subordinate to the 
 home sovereignty, and the extent of that sovereignty 
 having been little understood. Emerging from that 
 condition to the Proprietary government of the Duke 
 of York, the principles on which it should be con- 
 ducted were equally obscure : but at the period, 
 which I have named, the Ducal had been converted 
 into a Royal government; and the pretensions of the 
 Royal governors, who acted solely and simply under 
 commissions from the crown, although extravagant 
 and inadmissible, had at least the merit of being 
 perfectly intelligible. At that period, legislation had 
 assumed substantially the same form which it bears 
 at the present time ; and the j udicial system was 
 conducted upon the same great principles which still 
 continue to control it. The People may therefore 
 be said then to have attained a decided character ; 
 one, which was to stamp its impress on the place, 
 and on posterity ; one, by which it was to stand, or 
 
12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 fall ; one, which should attract, or repel, emigration ; 
 and one, the excellence or defects of which might 
 fairly be measured by its results. 
 
 The Races, whose combination formed this char- 
 acter, were, as is well known, mainly derived from 
 Holland and from England; the admixture of French 
 which Avas, at a then recent period, infused, having 
 happily contributed to it a greater universality. It 
 is curious to observe how closely the Dutch and the 
 English were connected, in the discovery, settlement, 
 and peopling of this colony. The English claimed 
 sovereignty over it, from the general discoveries of 
 Cabot ; the Dutch, from the specific voyage of Hud- 
 son. The expedition of 1609 was of Dutch origin, 
 conducted under Dutch authority, at Dutch risk, and 
 for Dutch benefit: the Commander of that expedition 
 was an Englishman. The crew of the Half-Moon, 
 probably the first European vessel which ever entered 
 these waters, and the first of the entry of which there 
 is unquestionable evidence,^ was composed of both 
 Dutch and English ; and in an old narrative, the 
 settlement on this island is described as being, in the 
 year 1G48, "a pretty town of trade, having more 
 English than Dutch."t 
 
 As the Colony increased in numbers, the numeri- 
 tal proportion of the people of both races continued 
 oc be not dissimilar. The eastern part of Long 
 Island was wholly English ; the western, Dutch ; in 
 
 * Note I, post. 
 
 t Description of New Albion, 1648. See 1 N. Y. Hist.CoU., New 
 Series, p. 335. 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 13 
 
 the middle portion they were intermingled, the Eng- 
 lish preponderating in the north, and the Dutch in 
 the south ; and as names of places may be considered 
 as historical indexes of their inhabitants, especially in 
 colonies, it may be remarked that the Eastern names 
 were adopted from. England ; the western from Hol- 
 land ; while in the middle, where the races inter- 
 mingled, the names fluctuated ; and we find, among 
 others, the old Dutch appellation of Middleborough 
 yielding to the modern name of New Town, and 
 Rusdorpe absorbed in the euphonious Indian Yameco, 
 most barbarously and unmeaningly anglicized into 
 Jamaica:^ and we may add, that in the ducal 
 assembly convened at Hempstead in 1665, which 
 enacted or compiled a Book of Lawst long after- 
 wards used as the code of the provinces, the deputies 
 or delegates of the several towns were of both Dutch 
 and English origin ; some of them progenitors of 
 families who yet remain prominent among us.J 
 
 In this City, the population was both Dutch and 
 English ; while near the head of the navigable 
 waters of the Hudson, the settlements were purely 
 of the former people. The Dutch and English races, 
 therefore, with an infusion of the French, were the 
 stock whose mingled mass composed, at the period 
 which I have indicated, the first half of the eight- 
 eenth century, the population of this City and its 
 vicinity. It may not be uninstructive to glance at 
 
 * Thompson's Long Island. 
 
 t Gov. Andros' Rep., 1G78. 1 Doc. Hist. N. Y., 88, 89. 
 
 t Wood's Long Island. 
 
14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 the circumstances — and a "bare glance is all that can 
 be allowed — which contributed to produce from these 
 materials a new and peculiar people. 
 
 The Dutch are a people not unknown in the 
 classic annals of antiquity. Their fame and their 
 achievements are embalmed in the page of the his- 
 torian Tacitus, who celebrates their virtue and their 
 valor. '' The Batavians, a Cattian tribe/'^ says this 
 observant and acute writer, "are distinguished among 
 the neighboring nations for their valor. Incorporated 
 into the Roman Empire, they still preserve their in- 
 tegrity and civilization ;" and so great was the repu- 
 tation which they acquired for skill and bravery in 
 the Germanic wars, that Batavian cohorts, or Dutch 
 regiments, were employed by the Romans in their 
 fearful conflicts with the Britons. Nor did they fail, 
 in those fierce and dreadful wars, to sustain and 
 increase the reputation which they had formerly ac- 
 quired. In the Seventeenth century, the countrymen 
 of Tromp and De liuyter had not degenerated from 
 the warlike qualities of their Batavian ancestors ; 
 and in the gentler incidents of peace, industry, per- 
 severance, energy, honesty, and enterprize, the people 
 of the States-General were surpassed by no European 
 community. Their then thriving and extensive col- 
 onies exhibited their skill, commercial genius, and 
 activity in the business of life ; the finish, the exact- 
 ness and perfection of their pictorial works, displayed 
 the delicacy of their taste, and their progress in the 
 refined arts; and their intellectual elevation was 
 
 * Tac. Germania, c. 29. 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 15 
 
 attested- by the productions of such minds as those 
 of AVicquefort, Bynkershoek, and Grotius : the two 
 latter of whom particularly, different as they were 
 in the tone and temper of their minds, and character 
 of their reasoning; yet, by their combined power, 
 restored to order and system th-e chaos of public law 
 on which Europe had been wildly tost, and kindled 
 into a broad and bright blaze those flickerings and 
 glimmerings of national rights and duties which had 
 been feebly burning in Italy and England.* Of 
 Hugh De Groot, who, in accordance with the fashion 
 of the times, assumed the name of Grotius, it may 
 be deemed presumptuous that so humble an individ- 
 ual should speak at all. But the descendants of his 
 countrymen may not be displeased at a passing 
 tribute to the merit and the memory of one who 
 added to the qualities of an accomplished scholar, a 
 profound philosopher, and an enlightened publicist, 
 the attainments of a learned theologian, and the 
 devotion of a sincere and humble Christian. To 
 estimate the merit of Hugo Grotius, we should, if 
 possible, identify ourselves with his position ; and 
 thus only will we be enabled to perceive the great 
 abilities, indomitable energy, unfaltering courage, 
 and thorough conviction of right, which enabled him 
 to produce, promulgate and establish a system by 
 which power should be controlled by right ; the ex- 
 cesses of anger and violence restrained ; the maxirn 
 reversed, that laws are silent amid arms ; war itself 
 subjected to salutary rules ; and nations, however 
 
 * Note 2. 
 
16 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 potent or ambitious, taught that their interest as well 
 as their duty compelled them to bow to the require- 
 ments of justice and of mercy. The great work of 
 this eminent jurist has established him as the father 
 of modern Public Law; and, as might have been 
 expected, his conspicuous position has exposed him 
 to no small measure both of censure and of praise. 
 Gentle as was his nature, he sometimes allowed a 
 degree of severity that more modern axioms would 
 discountenance, and more modern usage has disal- 
 lowed ; but in those cases, he seems rather to have 
 yielded to authority than conviction ; and the be- 
 nevolent principle which pervades his system har- 
 monizes with the more humane practices of modern 
 times. The exuberance of his intellectual treasures, 
 and the profusion with which he pours them forth, 
 invoking all ancient and modern literature, philoso- 
 phy, and history sacred and profane, to sustain and 
 illustrate his theories and reasonings, while they 
 instruct and delight, almost bewilder the student; 
 and we are left at a loss whether most to wonder at 
 the industry which could acquire such an affluence 
 of knowledge, at the memory which could retain and 
 reproduce it, or at the order and judgment which 
 could direct so masterly an adaptation to the object 
 had in view. Such men exhibit the genius of the 
 nation ; and the character of the Dutch was thus in 
 fact distinguished for advancement in the useful 
 arts, for refinement, and for intellectual superiority, 
 more particularly in those branches which tend to 
 reform, regulate and elevate the intercourse of na- 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 17 
 
 tions ; and such may be supposed to have been the 
 general character of the colonists at a corresponding 
 period. 
 
 Nor were the circumstances of the English colo- 
 nists less peculiar. The distracted state of England, 
 from the reign of the first James to the accession of 
 Anne, is well known. The changes in the religion 
 of the country had distarbed the lethargy of ages, 
 and had provoked inquiry, and produced restlessness 
 just in proportion to the indifference which had for- 
 merly prevailed. Diversities of opinion existed in 
 regard to the extent of the reforms ; and these diver- 
 sities, as is too usual, were pressed with little temper 
 or moderation, and grew wider and wider, until at 
 length they became incapable of being reconciled. 
 Questions of civil polity soon sprung from these 
 religious dissentions : the sacred rights of conscience, 
 (rights often vague, mysterious and unintelligible,) 
 were invoked to justify the intemperate conduct of 
 both parties ; and the contest naturally led to those 
 appalling scenes which deluged the kingdom in 
 blood during the reign of the first Charles, and 
 which began to subside, only when, in the persons 
 of William and of Mary, England and Holland sat 
 side by side upon the ancient throne of Alfred. 
 Whatever difference of opinion may exist among the 
 men of the present day — and certain it is, that few, 
 even now, contemplate the proceedings of those stir- 
 ring times without a partisan bias — whatever diver- 
 sities of judgment may now exist as to the actors 
 and the actions of that exciting period, none can 
 
18 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 doubt, that it was a time of most extraordinary 
 intellectual activity and energy. The edifice of po- 
 litical society was overthrown ; the foundation which 
 supported it, upheaved ; and every part of the ground 
 on which it stood, minutely scrutinized. Antiquity 
 ceased to be respectable simply because it was an- 
 cient ; and men began to inquire, whether old things 
 were right, with a violence and passion unbecoming 
 alike to the persons and the subject. The men of 
 that age were, of necessity, forced to be thinking 
 men. In the agitations which then convulsed soci- 
 ety, no man was allowed to remain neutral. He 
 was compelled to join one or the other faction, under 
 the penalty of becoming odious and contemptible to 
 both. Under those circumstances, the country teemed 
 with men of action and of thought : and just those 
 'men came over to our shores, to co-operate with the 
 Netherlanders in the settlement of this colony. Let 
 it not be supposed that they came here with revolu- 
 tionary ideas, or lawless desires. The very violence 
 of the parties abroad had resulted from a thorough 
 conviction that each was right; and they brought 
 hither with them, united with a bold independence 
 of thought, a thorough conviction of the requirements 
 of duty. The deplorable scenes which they and their 
 fathers had witnessed had sickened them of dissen- 
 sions, and made them long for quiet ; and although 
 they well understood their own rights as men, and 
 were prepared, when injured, to sustain and vindi- 
 cate them, they likewise knew and respected the 
 rights of others ; and from the calamities of war they 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 10 
 
 had learned to value the blessings of repose. vSuch 
 was the character of the second race, whose cotem- 
 poraneous emigration peopled these shores. Bold, 
 intelligent, inquiring, just, and pacific ; emerging 
 from a long struggle, with a thorough appreciation 
 of their rights, as men, citizens and subjects, they 
 were well adapted to amalgamate with a people, 
 from whom had sprung a system which thoroughly 
 comprehended and strongly enforced the 7'ights and 
 duties of onen, as 7nenibers of a family of nations. 
 
 There was still a third element wanting to pro- 
 duce the peculiar combination of character which 
 we suppose here to exist; and that element we 
 imagine can be found in the persecuted emigrants 
 from France. The religious agitations and excesses 
 of that country had driven from it large numbers of 
 its most excellent and estimable people ; many of 
 whom took refuge in Holland and in England ; and 
 some reached our distant shores. The character of 
 those people is shown by their history. Intelligent 
 and discriminating, they had been able to distinguish 
 between ancient errors and ancient faith ; and in 
 choosing the latter, they had the courage to endure 
 imprisonment, torture, and death, rather than aban- 
 don vital truths : and when driven at length, by 
 bloody and faithless persecution, into exile, they 
 brought with them the clear heads, pure minds, and 
 bold hearts, which had produced their expatriation, 
 and which qualified them to endure it. 
 
 Here then we find the three sources of the pecu- 
 liar character of our people ; a character which, from 
 
20 ANNINERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 the variety and combination of its elements, very 
 early ceased to be provincial ; and assumed a metro- 
 politan appearance quite out of proportion to the 
 actual dimensions of the place. It becomes the De- 
 scendants of the men of those days to look back upon 
 them with reverence. Derived from races respect- 
 ively distinguished as the champions of National free- 
 dom, of Civil freedom, and of Religious freedom, the 
 people in whom their principles were associated and 
 combined, could not but experience a most favorable 
 effect upon their manners, from the expansion of 
 their minds, and their ideas : and the enforced habit 
 of yielding the little peculiarities and prejudices 
 which might be offensive, or even unpleasant to 
 others, created an enlargement of benevolence, and 
 liberality of conduct, which excluding exclusiveness, 
 fitted them for the reception of strangers ; and thus 
 their numbers were rapidly augmented by an influx 
 from all countries, of those who were enabled to 
 avail themselves of the natural advantages of the 
 place, while they were received with more cordiality, 
 mingled with more freedom, and were more thor- 
 oughly incorporated with the citizens, than would 
 have been possible in any unmixed population. 
 
 These liberal and cordial manners, in connection 
 with the peculiar position and character of the three 
 races, at that time producing a high tone of feeling 
 and morals, may be accounted the tlurd cause of the 
 rapid, and at the same time, solid development of 
 this vicinity. The fourth may be found in their 
 public polity and laws. 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS oj 
 
 The public 'polity was essentially based upon the 
 English Constitution, influenced, modified, and I may- 
 add, liberalized by the Dutch and French associa- 
 tions. The imitation of the English Constitution 
 was, however, by no means servile. A colony or 
 province they admitted themselves to be ; but they 
 distinguished colonies from dependencies, and prov- 
 inces from servitudes. The European Colonial 
 System, as it is denominated by publicists, which 
 has attained so gigantic a stature, was then in its 
 infancy. The principle upon which the Greek colo- 
 nies, and the Roman provinces and colonies were 
 established, was little understood, and less regarded. 
 Spain, Portugal, France, Holland, and England, were 
 grasping at an immense control over the newly- 
 discovered portions of the world, which, under the 
 fair-sounding name of colonial depend ance, should 
 establish actual political servitude over vast regions 
 of this globe. The real object was, by means of 
 commercial advantages, to aggrandize the mother 
 country, without much reference to the rights or 
 interests of the colonists. The lucid and upright 
 mind of the Dutch Grotius had reflected on this 
 subject, and seen it in its proper light. In his great 
 work, he devotes but few sentences to colonial rela- 
 tions ; but those sentences are convincing and de- 
 cisive. He adopts distinctly the sentiments found 
 in the old writers, Thucidides, and Dionysius of 
 Halicarnassus, " that colonists should be treated as 
 equals, and not as tributaries or dependants;" and 
 that the maxim, "that colonists by a species of 
 
•22 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 natural necessity must be subject to the mother 
 country," has no foundation either in justice or in 
 reason.^ This was a great truth ; a knowledge of 
 which would have saved modern nations, masses of 
 treasure, and rivers of blood. This Colonial System, 
 so arrogant in its inception, and mischievous in its 
 effects, was not received with favor here. The peo- 
 ple of New- York, so far as I. know, were the first 
 among these Cis-Atlantic provinces, jniblicly and 
 clearly to assert their independence of cdl foreign 
 legislation, and utterly to repudiate the prevailing 
 doctrine of colonial servitude. Virginia, Massachu- 
 setts, and Connecticut, had intimated the justice of 
 the rule in various ways ; but New- York was, '1 
 think, the first to announce it by legislative enact- 
 ment. The very first act of the Assembly of 1691, 
 was the promulgation of this principle ; and it did 
 so in the most unequivocal language, when saving 
 their allegiance to the reigning sovereigns, they 
 declared that under no pretence whatever should 
 external power be exercised within this province.! 
 
 The general tone of their legislation was in 
 harmony with the independence exhibited on this 
 occasion; and displayed wisdom, moderation, and 
 liberality. The laws provided ample security for 
 persons and property; protected morals; promoted 
 those physical conveniences which encourage indus- 
 try, and augment wealth ; made a prudent provision 
 for the energetic and efficient administration of 
 
 * Grot, de Jure, B. & P., L. 2, c. 9, k 10. 
 t Laws, 1691, chap. 1. See Note 3, post. 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 23 
 
 justice ; and allowed a free exercise of religious 
 worship, with the single exception of the distrusted 
 and detested heresy of Rome. Nor should we won- 
 der at this exception : for the dreadful scenes Avhich 
 had been enacted both in England and on the Con- 
 tinent, and the frightful disasters from which the 
 people had escaped, warned them to beware, how 
 they admitted into the State persons professing 
 tenets, which appeared to be incompatible with 
 order, secure government, or morals. The laws thus 
 assured to individuals coming hither, advantages, 
 political, social, domestic, and religious, which could 
 with difficulty, perhaps could not at all, elsewhere 
 be found within the limits of the American settle- 
 ments ; and in this way, the Four Causes of Geo- 
 graphical Position, Races, Manners, and Polity, laid 
 the foundation of a growth and prosperity, which have 
 certainly been developed in a very remarkable degree. 
 How far these causes still subsist, may be a 
 matter of serious reflection. Our physical advan- 
 tages still exist in an eminent degree : our readiness 
 to receive strangers, and to advance them, even to 
 the exclusion of the sons of the soil, has become 
 proverbial : but whether the tone of morals be as 
 pure, whether legislation be as prudent and judicious^ 
 may well be doubted : and although the prospect of 
 wealth, and a hospitable reception, will for a long 
 time draw numbers to us, and we may still appear 
 to be prosperous; such prosperity cannot endure 
 where morals are low, or legislation is unsound. 
 "Trade," said a learned prelate of the English 
 
24 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 
 
 Church a hundred years ago, commenting on the 
 splendor and the fall of Tyre,^ " trade is a fluctua- 
 ting thing. It passed from Tyre to Alexandria, from 
 Alexandria to Venice, from Venice to Antwerp, from 
 Antwerp to Amsterdam and London." He described 
 it as a sensitive and tender plant; and particularly 
 cautioned those engaged in it against licentiousness, 
 which leads to anarchy, riot, tumults, debauchery, 
 extravagance, and meanness; and brings ruin upon 
 credit, commerce, and liberty itself " Neither king- 
 doms," he added, " nor commonwealths, neither pub- 
 lic companies, nor private persons, can long carry on 
 a beneficial, flourishing trade without virtue, and 
 what virtue teacheth, sobriety, industry, frugality, 
 modesty, honesty, punctuality, humanity, charity, 
 the love of our country, and the fear of God. The 
 Prophets will inform us how the Tyrians lost it ; and 
 the like causes will always produce the like effects." 
 The lesson which this wise man has taught us, 
 should not, my fellow-members, and fellow-citizens, 
 fall upon deaf or undiscerning ears. When we are 
 called upon to display the glories of this " great 
 Babylon which we have built," our hearts swell 
 with vanity and exultation. We point to the mul- 
 titude and the magnificence of our marine, encircling 
 like a forest, our extended shores ; to the tributary 
 cities and villages scattered around, whose clustering 
 roofs and tall and tapering spires are reflected in the 
 smooth waters of the rivers and the bay; lines of 
 warehouses, groaning with the productions of the 
 
 * Newton on the Prophecies. 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 25 
 
 whole globe ; palatial marts, controlling the com- 
 merce of the conntry, and influencing the movements 
 of the world ; leagues of expensive edifices, furnished 
 and adorned with every luxury that ostentation can 
 devise, or art produce ; shops, the architectural deco- 
 rations and internal equipments of which are designed 
 and adapted to dazzle and delight ; a stupendous 
 aqueduct, rivaling the grandeur of imperial Rome ; 
 to the display of every convenience that ingenuity 
 can devise, and every luxury that affluence can 
 desire ; to our immense wealth, increasing magni- 
 tude, and boundless prospects ; to our progress in 
 arts and elegance, our advance, as we suppose, in 
 civilization : and for these we demand the respect, 
 the admiration, and the homage of the world. But 
 we forget that in proportion to the magnitude of our 
 gifts, is the magnitude of our duties. We forget 
 that all these things are absolutely idle, and will 
 surely come to nought, if there be not a correspond- 
 ing development of what alone is valuable, the good 
 qualities of the mind and of the heart. If those 
 qualities be not nurtured and matured, our physical 
 acquisitions will be a silent and perpetual reproof; 
 and their nurture and maturing should be felt to be 
 the duty, not only of the community, as such, but of 
 each individual, and especially of those on whom 
 Providence has bestowed abundant means. To us, 
 whose fathers here found their homes and their 
 graves, and who look here to find the homes and the 
 graves of ourselves and our children, these reflections 
 cannot be without effect. To those who, coming 
 
20 A N N I V P: R S A R Y A D D R ESS. 
 
 I'roiii without, have here found a welcome, affluence, 
 and friends, I must not allow myself to doubt, that 
 the suggestion alone has been wanting to induce 
 them to devote to those purposes a portion of their 
 ample means ; that with this view they will here 
 promote religious instruction, and foster profound 
 and sound learning ; and that they will hasten to 
 discharge a debt, the payment of which is demanded 
 alike by gratitude and duty. Could we be taught 
 that the mind and the heart alone are worthy of our 
 care ; that the objects of this life are valueless save 
 as they are the prelude of a life to come ; and that 
 acquisitions and possessions are nothing worth, ex- 
 cept as instruments of kindness, and as means of 
 good ; we then would see that religion and learning 
 are the only sure foundations of our welfare. Then, 
 without neglecting or undervaluing the charms of 
 elegant accomplishments, the pleasures of refined 
 society, the indulgence in innocent luxuries, and 
 the appreciation of beauty and grace in sight, in 
 sound, or in whatever form presented, (a proper 
 enjoyment of which Providence wisely designs to 
 elevate the sentiments and humanize the heart,) 
 then would we look elsewhere than to our physical 
 greatness, for subjects of gratulation, and of pride. 
 We would exhibit our churches sufficient in number, 
 and ample in space, with open doors ever ready 
 gratuitously to receive the poor, and desks prepared 
 to instruct the ignorant and reform the vicious. We 
 would point to their pastors, provided with means, 
 not barely enough to eke out a miserable subsistence, 
 
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS. 27 
 
 but liberally furnished, as almoners of our abundance, 
 to relieve the destitute, whose wants can seldom 
 reach the knowledge of their rich and busy brothers. 
 We would show our overflowing libraries ; our semi- 
 naries and establishments of learning and science, 
 well endowed and well supported, commensurate in 
 number and importance with the greatness of our 
 abilities, with ample faculties adapted to acquire and 
 to impart that liberal learning, without which all 
 learning would soon cease to exist. We would seek 
 to multiply our private charities in such a way that 
 they might become instruments of real good. We 
 would honor intelligence, integrity, and truth, and 
 discountenance presumption, dishonesty, and false- 
 hood, no matter how eminent or how powerful might 
 be the individual in whom they appeared. We 
 would, in a word, be constantly impressed with the 
 conviction, that we have no right to expect a con- 
 tinuance of the great prosperity that has hitherto 
 been granted to us, unless we employ it justly, 
 beneficently, and for legitimate and proper purposes. 
 Should we so employ it, we may hope that the 
 greatness which we have attained, may still farther 
 be augmented. Should we not so employ it, this 
 very greatness will be a censure and a shame. We 
 cannot expect the experience of history to be reversed 
 in our favor. If we do well, we may look for good ; 
 but if we will follow the pernicious examples of 
 Nineveh, and Babylon, and Tyre, we should neither 
 be surprised nor murmur, if, when perhaps least 
 looked for, we meet their fearful fate. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 Note 1. — Page 12. 
 
 Some doubt has been thrown upon the fact of the first discovery of this River 
 by the Dutch. John Verazzano is supposed, in his voyage in 1524, to have entered 
 the harbor, now of New-York. There is some obscurity in his relation ; and 
 although we cannot admit his description as clearly applicable to this harbor, neither 
 can we wholly reject it. Be that as it may, upon the supposition that he did enter 
 it, a mere visit, wholly unproductive and without consequences of any description, 
 barely deserves to be mentioned. See Verazzano' s Voyage in 1524, in New-York 
 Historical Collections, 2d Series, Vol. I. 
 
 Note 2.— Page 1 5. 
 
 In writing the foregoing sentence, I had particularly in my mind the work of 
 Succaria, an Italian writer who condemned the slaughter of the unhappy Conradin ; 
 and of Albericus Gentilis, who filled the chair of Law in the University of Oxford. 
 I did not intend either to underrate or omit the claims which Spain might possess 
 to distinction from the labors of Francisco de Victoria, or of Dominic Soto, both of 
 the University of Salamanca ; or of Francisco Suarez, upon whom Sir James 
 Mackintosh pronounced a marked eulogium. 
 
 Note 3. — Page 22. 
 
 I think that I have given the fair interpretation to this Act. No reader of the 
 annals of Colonial British America can be insensible to the high tone which per- 
 vaded the sentiments and distinguished the actions of the other colonies, and par- 
 ticularly Virginia, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, in the earlier times. Their 
 words and actions display a noble chapter in History ; and one which remains 
 yet to be distinctly apprehended, and truly appreciated. That New- York partici- 
 pated in these sentiments cannot be doubted ; nor that she intended to announce 
 them, and was the first so to do, as stated in the text. In so doing she used guarded 
 and loyal language ; but it is manifest that the authority of the British Parliament 
 was distinctly repudiated ; and it is still more manifest, when taken in connection 
 with the very next act, re-affirming many of the provisions of Magna Charta, and 
 enunciating a Bill of Rights. 
 

 
 
 
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