^^/'^ -♦ '^"^^ qV ^ o -- .. . o C • o % Of- o. .0^ v^^ *o °o oV^ o • ^ ^^ x^r. "\% ^^^-T^ .0 0^ ^^ ;^ - / -^^ '.^^^:'- / % 'V ^% ^>,%^ V\ \^. /^^ vr^v;- _/ A' c^ 4 O ^ .rj ^o o > •n.-o'* >« ^D V ^O :^^ ;^^ ::'--'V ^:>: '-'v/- -.^;^-> "^:^>:^^ ^O "^f^-^^ ,0^ ^. ^ 4o50R PRICE 23 CENTS Red Cover" Series of Athletic Handbooks Court Tamis c^,„Ma"tl Tennis ^a^eaBv OW[lktM \ Frederick R. Toombs American Sports Publishing CoJ^^e^ i>m'„i«"'1I|. 21 Warren Street, NewYorK T'^i>J^>«m}^^-'''^ A. G. Spalding & Bros. w ; ;„ MAINTAIN THEIR OWN HOUSES " , '■; FOR DISTRIBUTINQ THE ^, Spalding COMPLETE LINE OF Athletic Goods ,. "^ IN THE FOLLOWING CITIES - .' NEW YORK PITTSBURGH. PA. 608 Wood Street BUFFALO. N. Y. 611 Main Street SYRACUSE, N. Y. 357 So. Warren Street ROCHESTER, N. Y. 40 Clinton Ave.. Nortli BALTIMORE, MD. 110 E. Baltimore St. WASHINGTON, D. C. 613 I4lh Street, N.W. ATLANTA. «A. 74 N. Broad Street LONDON, ENGLAND 1317-318, HlghHall>om,W.C. ITlTrT. ' 78, Cheapslde, E. C Wm End Brmnck 2 9. 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SPAUINC 1 110$., tl u> al tk( •b«vc tUnati, hUI nuht ^rtmrl iIIciUm Ii4 THE SFftUMNG i RADE - MAR] UALITY ANI SELLING POLIC I^GoNSTiTUTE THE Solid Foundation of the Spalding Businks SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY a Giving tlie Titles of all Spalding Athletic Library Books now J in print, grouped for ready reference c -^ J ^„ SPALDING OFFICIAL ANNUALS 1 Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide lA Spalding's Official Base Ball Record IC Spalding's Official College Base Ball Annual 2 Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 2A Spalding's Official Soccer Foot Ball Guide 4 Spalding's Official Lawn Tennis Annual 6 Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide 7 Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide 7 A Spalding's Official Women's Basket Ball Guide 9 Spalding's Official Indoor Base Ball Guide S2A Spalding's Official Athletic Rules Group I. Base Ball No. 1 Spaldhig's Official Base Ball Guide No. lA. Official Base Ball Record No. Ic College Base Ball Annual No. 202 How to Play Base Ball No. 223 How to Bat No. 232 How to Run Bases No. 230 How to Pitch No. 229 How to Catch No. 225 How to Play First Base No 226 How to Play Second Base No. 227 How to Play Third Base No. 228 How to Play Shortstop No. 224 How to Play the Outfield fHow to Organize a Base Ball League How to Organize a Base Ball Club ivj„ How to Manage a Base Ball ^2^1 *! Club I How toTraina Base Ball Team I How to Captain a Base Ball Team I How to Umpire a Game L Technical Base Ball Terms No. 219 Ready Reckoner of Base Ball Percentages No. 350 How to Score BASE BALL AUXILIARIES No. 355 Minor League Base Ball Quid ■ No. 356 Official Book National League of Prof. Base Ball Clubs No. 340 Official Handbook National Playground Ball Ass'n Group li. No. 2 Foot Ball Spalding's Official Foot Bali Guide No. 2a Spalding's Official Soccer Foot Ball Guide No. 335 How to Play Rugby. FOOT BALL AUXILIARIES No. 351 Official Rugby Foot Ball Guide No. 358 Official College Soccer Foot Ball Guide Group IV. No. 4 Spalding' No. 157 Group VI. No. 6 Spalding Guide No. 180 Ring Hockey (Continued on the next page.) Lawn Tennis Official Laivn Ten- nis Anmial How to Play Lawn Tennis Hockey Official Ice Hockey ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS For additional books on athletic subjects see list of Spalding's "Red Cove^" Series on second page following. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY Polo Group VII. Basket Ball No. 7 Spalding's Official Basket Ball Gu ide No. 7a Spalding's Official Woiricn's Bai>ket Ball Guide No. 193 How to Play Basket Ball BASKET BALL AUXILIARY No. 353 Official Collegiate Basket Ball Handbook Group VIII. Lacrosse No. 201 How to Play Lacrosse Group IX. Indoor Base Ball No. 9 Spalding's Official Indoor Base Ball Guide Group X. No. 129 Water Polo No. 199 Equestrian Polo Group XI. Miscellaneous Games No. 248 Archery No. 138 Croquet No. 271 Roque XT iQ^ j Racquets. Squash-Racquets JNo. iy4 \court Tennis No. 13 Hand Ball No. 167 Quoits No. 14 Curling No. 170 Push Ball No. 207 Lawn Bowls Group XII. Athletics No. 12a Spalding's Official Athletic Rules College Athletics All Around Athletics Athletes' Guide Athletic Primer How to Become a Weight Thrower How to Run 100 Yards Official Sporting Rules Athletic Training for School- boys Marathon Running Schoolyard Athletics How to Sprint Walking for Health and Com- petition No. 27 No. 182 No. 156 No. 87 No. 259 No. 255 No. 55 No. 246 No. 317 No. 331 No 2S2 No 342 ATHLETIC AUXILIARIES No. 302 Y. M. C. A. Official Handbook No. 313 Public Schools Athletic League Official Handbook No. 314 Girls' Athletics Group XIII. Athletic Accomplishments No. 23 Canoeing No. 128 How to Row No. 209 How to Become a Skater No. 178 How to Train for Bicycling No. 282 Roller Skating Guide Manly Sports Group XIV. No. 165 No. 102 No. 143 No. 262 No. 29 No. 191 No. 2S9 Group No. 254 No. 214 No. 124 No. 287 No. 327 No. 329 Fencing (By Senac) Ground Tumbling Indian Clubs and Dumb Bells Medicine Ball Exercises Pulley Weight Exercises How to Punch the Bag Tumbling for Amateurs XV. Gymnastics Barnjum Bar Bell Drill Graded Calisthenics and Dumb Bell Drills. How to Become a Gymnast Fancy Dumb Bell and March- ing Drills Pyramid Building Without Apparatus Pyramid Building with Wands, Chairs and Ladders GYMNASTIC AUXILIARY No. 345 Official Handbook I. C. A. A. Gymnasts of America Group XVI. Physical Culture No. 161 Ten Minutes' Exercise for Busy Men. No. 149 Care of the Body No. 285 Health by Muscular Gym- nastics No. 208 Physical Education and Hy- giene No. 185 Hints on Health No. 234 School Tactics and Maze Run- ning. No. 238 Muscle Building No. 288 Indigestion Treated by Gym- nastics No. 213 285 Health Answers No. 325 Twenty-Minute Exercises ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS For additional books on athletic subjects see list of Spalding's "Red Cover" Series on next page. JUL 25 1914 SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY "Red Cover" Series No. IR. Spalding's Omoial Athletic Almanac* Price 25c. No. 2R. Strokes and Science of Lawn Tennis Price 25c. Spalding's Official Golf Guide.* Price 25c! How to Play Golf Price 25c. Spalding's Official Cricket Guide.* Price 25c! Cricket and How to Play It Price 25c. Physical Training Simplitied Price 25c. The Art of Skating Price 25c. How to Live 100 Years Price 25c. Single Stick Drill Price 25c. Fencing Foil Work Illustrated Price 25c. Exercises on the Side Horse Price 25c. Horizontal Bar E.xercises Price 25c. Trapeze, Long Horse and Rope Exercises Price 25c. Exercises on the Flying Rings Price 25c. Team Wand Drill Price 25c. Olympic Games, Stockholm. 1912 Price 25c. Wrestling Price 25c. Professional Wrestling Price 25c. How to Play Ice Hockey Price 25c. Jiu Jitsu Price 25c. How to Swing Indian Ciul s Price 25c Get Well : Keep Well Price 25c. Dumb Bell Exercises Price 25c. Boxing Price 25c. Official HandbtKik National Squash Tennis Association* Price 25c. CalisthenicDrillsandFancyMarchingfortheClassRoom Price 25c. Winter Sports Price 25c. Children's Games Price 25c. Fencing. (By Breck.) Price 25c. Spalding's International Polo Guide.* Price 25c. Physical Training for the School and Class Room. . . Price 25c. Tensing Exercises Price 25c. Grading of Gymnastic Exercises Price 25c. Exercises on the Parallel Bars Price 25c. Speed Swimming Price 25c. How to Swim Price 25c. Field Hockey , Price 25c. How to Play Soccer Price 25c. Indoor and Outdoor Gymnastic Games Price 25c. Newcomb Price 25c, Lawn Tennis in Australia Price 25c. Lawn Hockey. Parlor Hockey, Lawn Games Price 25c. How to Wrestle Price 25c. Intercollegiate Official Handbook. . . Price 25c. Spalding's Official Lacrosse Guide.* Price 25c. How to Play Foot Ball Price 25c. Distance and Cross Country Running Price 25c. How to Bowl Price 25c. * Published annually. HOW TO PLAY TENNIS-For Beginners By P. A. Valle. No. IP. Price lO cents. Just published. Illustrated. Mention "Green Cover " Series when ordering:. No 3R. No 4R. No 5R. No 6R. No 7K. No 8R. No 9R. No 10 R. No IIR. No 12R. No 13 R. No 14R. No 15R. No ItJR. No 17R. No ISR. No 19R. No 20R. No. 21R. No. 22R. No. 28R. No. 24R. No. 25R. No. 2t5R. No. 27R. No. 28R. No. 2im. No. 30R. No. 31 R. No. 32R. No. 33R. No. 34 R. No. 85R. No. 3fiR. No. 37R. No. 38R. No. 39R. No. 40R. No. 41R. No. 42R. No. 43R, No, 44R No 45R. No 46R. No. 47R. No. 4SR. No. 49R. Spalding "Red Cover" Series of Athletic Handbooks No. 50R COURT GAMES RACQUETS COURT TENNIS HAND TENNIS SQUASH EDITED BY FREDERICK R. TOOMBS PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING fl Ur rn COMPANY 1^ ' — ' '— ' ' — 5 21 Warren Street. New York c — ° n ' ^ n n3 Copyright, 1914 BY American Sports Publishing Company New York JUL 25 1914 f NDEX PAGE The Relation of Tennis to Racquets and Squash 7 The Strokes and Their Execution 45 Racquet Rules 51 Squash 59 The Rules of Squash 72 Squash Rules of E. H. Miles 74 Hints on Building Racquet and Squash Courts 79 Court Tennis 81 The Rules of Court Tennis 92 Hand Tennis 101 The Rules of Hand Tennis 105 [As the positions of players in Racquets and Squash are largely the same, the poses relating to these games in this book are interchangeable. They will answer for either game, no matter which style of bat is used.— The Editor.] No. 1-A FOREHAND STROKE-THE HALF VOLLEY (WITH A SQUASH RACQUET). Spalding' s Athletic Library. THE RELATION OF TENNIS TO RACKETS AND SQUASH The origin of the various court games now finding pubUc favor has been the subject of vokiminous writings and of wide discussion among people identified with them. Court Tennis is probably the oldest of them all. Chroniclers of the events of ages long past frequently mention games in which racquets and balls, naturally of a comparatively crude sort were used, and we have many accounts of contests plaj-ed by old-time rulers and nobles of England, France and Spain. Kings Henry V., VI., and VIII., of England, and members of their courts found great enjoyment in a form of tennis, as also did Louis XI. and XII., Charles IX., Louis XIII, and Louis XIV., of France, and Phillip III., of Spain. The antiquity of games in which balls were batted to and fro by either hands or other implements may be imagined when it is known that the Ancient Greeks and Romans were players of and indulged in pastimes of this general nature. The Lydians played ball games, about which Herodotus has told, and Homer does not neglect to mention Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, King of Pha?acia, and her- merry maidens who were also devotees of sports of this nature. Prof. Flinders Petrie, the eminent arch- aeologist, brought to light in excavations near Cairo, crude balls of leather and wood which were used by the Egyptian four thousand years ago or more, and in one of the inscriptions in Pompeii there are references to Pilcrepi, or ball players, and Pliny's friend, Purrina, was a devoted patron of games of this sort in an effort to preserve his health. In the Middle Ages a form of handball was in vogue in France and Italy, and the Spaniards also played one or two games very similar. These games were played out of doors. The exis- tence of the racquet is noted in the fourteenth century, and won comparatively frequent reference after the year 600. Tennis, as it more closely resembles its present form, was un- No. 2-THE BACKHAND STROKE (WITH A SQUASii RACQUET). Spalding" s Athletic Library. 9 doubtedly taken into England from France. The Frenchmen called the game Jeu de Paume ; Paume originating from Palma, the hand. The enthusiasm with which the game was received by the aristocracy of those days demonstrated clearly that they were in need of some such exercise to vary the military sports, such as jousting, etc. Shakespeare recognizes the game when, in "Henry V.," he tells of the French Ambassadors and their presentation to the youthful monarch, of a ''tun of treasure" from the Dauphin. Henry questioned : "What treasure, uncle ? £'xe 5 Service Box (Servo Rig-lit) Service Box (Serve Left) Cross Court Line, 39 feet from 1^'ront Wall "3 BACK WALL* ' Galler y is above Backwall. DIAGRAM No. 1-FLOOR PLAN OF A RACQUET COURT Spalding s Athletic Library. n A notable game of racquets that has come down in tradition took place in England in the early 6o's. The contest was be- tween Sir William Hart-Dyke and Francis Erwood. Sir William was then amateur champion of England. Erwood was the pro- fessional champion. Much to the surprise of the majority of the followers of racquets, Sir William defeated the professional. His victory is said to have resulted from superior condition. Sir William v/as the only man in the history of racquets that ever held both amateur and open championship titles of Eng- land. The amateurs of to-day have but little chance against the professionals, the latter having practically exhausted the possi- bilities of the game, so far as the mastering of its difficulties is concerned. The first properly constructed racquet court was constructed in London in 1853, Princes Court. The amateur championship of England was established considerably later, when the Queen's Club was completed in West Kensington. In America many of the professionals are Englishmen, although some very able men have been developed over here. The ama- teurs of the United States also play remarkably strong games, and a large number of them have attained prominence. The early game of racquets, then played out of doors, was not strikingly different from the sport of the present day, except in minor particulars. The latter-day players, however, have brought it to what has been said by authorities to be the limit of its advancement, in point of expertness of play. Another game in the same family with racquets, laying claim to a greater age, and which has been introduced into the United States, is Pelota or Jai-a-li. This pastime is a prime favorite with Span- iards and Cubans, and is played with a peculiar scoop-like, nar- row wicker racquet, or basket, into which the ball is caught and projected against a curved wall. The ball can be sent with ter- rific force, just as in racquets, and men have been known to receive painful injuries by being struck with it. In the entertaining Badminton volume, printed in England, a writer speaks of the early days of racquets in a manner that lends an atmosphere of romance to the pastime and its tradi- 12 Spalding's Athletic Library. St feet, 6 inches across FRONT WALL Service Line. 8 or 10 feet from Floor. Play Line. 2 feet. 6 inches, from Floor- rhe "Board" FLOOR DIAGRAM No. 2-FRONT WALL OF A RACQUET COURT SpaldUig' s Athletic Library. 13 tions. After speaking of tennis, the author continues by saying: "Her younger sister (racquets), on the other hand, has had no such advantages. Nobody up to date has ever in writing been so bold as to claim high rank for her. If she existed previous to this century, she has been passed by on the other side as a queen, who, hid either in a gaol or in the pothouse, was un- worthy of notice by a respectable person. Where kings, in fact, played one game (tennis), the lowest persons in fiction played the otlier. The author of 'Pickwick' introduces a racquet player, whose dingy appearance is only equaled by the gloom of his surroundings. But though Henry VHI. and Charles H. play one game in a palace or 'Smangle' plays the other within the walls of the Fleet (the famous Fleet Prison in London, where a racquet court at one time existed), those facts render the man- ner in which racquets has come to the front all the more remark- able." The foregoing quotation touches on a phase of the history of racquets that has remained unknown to the general public, and that is the fact that in the days long gone by the game was patronized only by the working people of England and France. But finally the attention of the higher classes was attracted by the fascinating nature of the exercise involved, and soon racquets became one of the well-known pastimes. It is a matter of historical record that the time came in both England and France when by special edicts from the thrones the playing of "idle games," by W'hich was meant tennis, handball, etc., by the common people was prohibited. The reason given was that the practice of these "vain sports" would retard the progress of military training. It is keenly regretted by the devotees of racquets that the history of the game has not been preserved. The definite records of its past are complete only as they refer to its more recent development. Only scattering references to it. as it existed in its early form, are available and these by reason of their unauthoritative narration, give rise to differences of opinion among the writers of to-day, who naturally are wont to place independent construction on the meaning of these references No. 3-A GRIP FREQUENTLY USED IN BOTH RACQUETS AND SQUASH. Spalding's Athletic Library. IS as they find them. The ancient days of tennis and its patronage by royaky have often been described, even in detail, and the popularity of the older game undoubtedly cast a shadow over racquets, its close relative, and from which it was difficuH to fiTierffe. A DESCRIPTION OF RACQUETS. The Increasing vogue of Indoor games is one of the significant developments of modern pastimes, and the most popular branches of this class of athletic diversion, court tennis, racquets and squash-racquets, demonstrate their powers of attraction and fas- cination by the firm hold which they obtain on their patrons. And, Indeed, there Is no cause for wonder that these Inspirit- ing, health-giving recreations have firmly Intrenched themselves In the hearts of exercise-loving people of different nations. They com-blne all the elements that go to make up the kind of sports reveled In by temperaments fond of action, of the more strenu- ous forms of amusement, and which best thrive on such athletic pabulum as serves to bring Into play practically all the muscles of the body. In the considering of racquets, squash, and court tennis, we will In this book give the preference In treatment to racquets. While tennis Is the older of the three games, and more advanced in some respects. Its excessive cost places It out of the range of the many. It has attained Its greatest range of popularity In England, where a large number of courts are established and do not lack patrons. Squash also, with its sterling and en- joyable qualities wellUeservIng of the praise of Its votaries, is clearly the most popular game of the three games In America, but as It: Is a development of racquets, It is given treatment as secondary to the older pastime. Racquets, like squash, Is played In a court Inclosed by four walls, and known as front, side and back walls. The regula- tion court (see diagram i) Is 63 feet long and 31^ feet wide, although these figures vary In different places, according to the amount of space that can be conveniently devoted to the pur- pose. Tlie front wall, against which the ball is served, is crossed by a service, or cut line, which must be more than eight Uo. 4 A G.ai' Si >\ii;i i.\ii;s used for backhand strokes. P''ofessionals never chauije the grip, using the same for all strokes. They do not encourage placing the thumb along the handle as in this photo. Spalding 5 Athletic Library, 17 feet, usually ten, from the floor. The ball must strike above this line during the serve. The "play" line, marking the limit for low balls after the serve has been delivered, is 2 feet 2>2 inches from the floor. The space from the play line to the floor is called the board. (For the front wall see diagram No. 2.) Across the floor of the court, about 40 feet from the front wall, is drawn another line, setting off a space Into which the server must send the ball on the ground, or else be penalized on its repetition. This section is In turn cut In half by a fault line, or half-court line, extending from the middle of the cross line to the middle of the back wall. The ball must be served into either of these courts or sections, according to the server's position. The server alternates between two little boxes marked off on either side of the court at the points where the side walls and cross court line meet. The service boxes extend forward from the line recrossing the court. When the server sends the ball from the left service box, the ball must strike the front wall over the service line before mentioned and rebound into the court on the right side, marked off by the cross court and half court lines. This maneuver is called "serving right." To "serve left" the server stands in the right-hand service box and causes the ball to rebound Into the section to the left of the half-court line. For back wall see photo No. 14. The uninitiated reader will undoubtedly be aided in under- Standing these fundamental principles of the game by studying the diagram of a racquet court (diagram i) accompanying this chapter. When actual play Is about to begin, the server is determined by the spinning of a racquet In a manner similar to the practice among tennis players. The person naming whichever side of the racquet turning uppermost — the rough or smooth side of the gut —has the privilege of taking the serve. He invariably does this, for the server has an advantage of his opponent. This advan- tage is modified, however, by the system of scoring. It gives the server's opponent the option of "setting" the game at cer- tain stages. This feature of play will be explained later. The server takes his position in the service box and puts the ball In play. The outside player stands in the larger court on No. 5-ANUTliER MODE OF GRIPPING THE RACQUET HANDLE. The fingers should not be crowded. Notice the position of the little finger. Spalding's Athletic Library, l^ the side opposite to that chosen by the server, and into which the ball must rebound in order to be put in play. As the ball comes into the out player's territory he is allowed to return it to any part of the front wall above the play line or board. The playing now continues, with both contestants exerting their full endeavor to return the ball to the front wall in turn. The server is called the "hand-in," and his opponent the "hand-out." As is also the rule in handball, the scoring is done by the server. When the hand-out makes a misplay, allowing the server to win a stroke, the server wins a point, termed in racquets an ace. The hand-in retains the serve until by misplay he loses a stroke. Then the hand-in becomes the hand-out. The server scores in three ways : Whenever his opponent fails to return the ball to the front wall and above the play line before it has bounded twice (un- less conditions make it a "let"). Whenever the hand-out returns the ball out of court. Whenever the hand-out interferes with the ball in any way, permitting it to strike any part of his body or clothing. The hand-in relinquishes the serve to his opponent and be- comes hand-out : Whenever he serves the ball in such a manner that it touches him before it goes into the proper court. If the ball served, strikes the board, or out of court. If, while serving, he sends the ball against any part of the court before it strikes the front wall. When two successive "faults" are scored against him. When his return fails to strike the front wall above the play line or board. When the ball is returned out of court by him, and when the ball comes in contact with his body or clothing. For the benefit of beginners in racquets, will explain "faults" and their bearing on the game. A fault may be any one of four offences, which, on two consecutive repetitions, bring down a penalty on the server. The server makes a fault when he puts the ball in play without having at least one of his feet in tlic service box, and, as specified in the rules, no part of this iiiiiI8biv"1 Racquet is held too high upon handle, and the fingers are crowded together. Spalding's Athletic Library. 21 foot must touch the lines that form the box; when the ball is struck by him two or more times during the same play ; if the ball strikes below the service Hne, and also when the ball docs not rebound into the proper court. A game of racquets ends at "fifteen up," meaning that the player first scoring fifteen aces, wins. The custom of "setting," which, as before stated, aids in overcoming the server's ''balance of power" over his opponent, prolongs the contest somewhat when the hand-out takes advantage of it. When the score is thirteen all the hand-out can claim the right to "set" the game to 5 or to 3, provided that he so announces his intention be- fore the next ball is served. The foregoing means that the player first winning 5 or 3 aces, whichever way the game is "set," is the victor. Should the score be fourteen all, the hand-out may "set" the game to 3. Therefore, the contestant first tallying 3 aces is the winner. The official governor of the play is the marker, who passes judg- ment on the different phases of play and on disputed questions. However, in match contests, the marker is supplemented by an umpire and a referee, but these officials do not restrict in any way the marker's jurisdiction over all cases where the service is concerned. The marker Is the sole authority — the final court on disputes of this description. But he may voluntarily seek the advice of the umpire and referee, if he so chooses. A "let" in racquets disqualifies either the serve or an inter- change of returns, generally known as a "rally," and in Eng- land formerly known as a "bully." Should the ball come in contact with the striker's opponent, on or above his knee — ac- cording to the marker's opinion — in such a manner as to pre- vent it from continuing to the front wall over the play line, or should the marker consider that the player unintentionally hin- dered his opponent in any way, in returning the ball, the play is a "let," and does not count for either contestant. The server again delivers the spheroid, and from the box used in the orig- inal service. Two, three, or four persons can participate in the same game No. 7-A FOREHAND STROKE (WITH A RACQUET BAT) AT THt^ POINT OF CONTACT WITH BALK Spalding's Athletic Library, 22 of racquets, but the singles are by far the superior branch of the sport. In fact, there are some players who say that taking part in doubles interferes with the development of their indi- vidual style of play. Of course, the social element which enters Into a four-handed game undoubtedly has attractions for many wielders of the racquet, and which they do not care to relinquish. Therefore the Four will always find supporters, and will flourish as long as the game lasts. The player in a four-handed game, or doubles, has constantly to remember that his partner has rights equal to his own, and should always seek to give him a fair chance in the playing. To monopolize the "centre of the stage" during doubles, rob- bing your helpmate of opportunities to get into action, in order that you may better display whatever ability you may possess, is not a mode of procedure that will in any way work materially to your advantage. It certainly will not improve your standing among your associates. Team work of a striking order can be developed by assiduous practice with the same partner, and in doubles contests, where experts are engaged, rare sport is en- joyed both by participants and spectators. The feeling that one is pressed for space is always more or less of a handicap to doubles players that have spent most of their time in singles, but with continued practice the impression will wear off. The average game of racquets lasts about a quarter of an hour. Five games usually constitute a singles match, and in doubles, seven. The marker and spectators occupy a gallery built in at the top of the back wall. This gallery affords an excellent coign of vantage for those wishing to follow the progress of a game, and to study the individual characteristics and modes of play of the contestants. A TALK TO BEGINNERS. Every person who Welshes to become an effective player of racquets must immediately disabuse himself of all thoughts that he can take life easy, and withal make a good showing. This is imperative. The racquet player is a man of action, of accom- plishment, a man of speedy movement, and who at the same No. 8-THE FOI>LOW-THROUGH OF A FOREHAND STROKE. Spalding' s Athletic Library. 25 time does not necessarily sacrifice accuracy. The lightning xhmk- ers and rapid movers are the ones who become notably pro- ficient in the manipulation of the racquets, and who does not desire proficienc)'', even if not expertness, in any pastime to which he devotes his time, energy and money? Therefore, if you start to learn the science of racquets (for the game is every Bit of a science, as well as a healthful and instructive diver- sion), make up your mind to become a good player. In so doing you will receive double, yes triple, benefit, and will derive from the game a mead of enjoyment unobtainable otherwise. Of course, there are a few famous players who win honors even though they do not appear to exert themselves as much as do some others. To the uninitiated they show ability to return the ball safely and tellingly without any considerable amount of sudden transition of base. Yet this peculiarity of play, which might tend to encourage a belief in the minds of certain tyros that, after all, racquets is not very hard exercise, is the result of years of study and playing. These pla3'ers in question, and who are exceptions to the general rule, have finally succeeded in forming a style of play which might possibly indicate that they are taking liberties with their opponents. In reality they are doing no such thing. On the contrary, they have cultivated their individual powers to such a degree that by using a long reach, a long step, or an unusually agile twist of the arm, or flick of the wrist, they can overcome conditions that would cause others to do more or less jumping about. Also by the develop- ment of the habit of critically analyzing the style of play of their opponents, these players can oftentimes foretell instinctively the particular part of the court to which the ball will be returned. Thus, they are enabled to regulate their movements accordingly. The most important lesson for the beginner to learn is that of practicing faithfully. The golfers, lawn tennis players, cricket- ers, boxers, fencers, and, in fact, the followers of every branch of sport calling for ability, accuracy and finesse, consider prac- tice as necessary to success as breath is to life. The racquet plaj^ers should profit by their example. When it is considered what the beginner has to do in order to fit himself for racquets, No. 9- CARRY THE HEAD OF THE RACQUET UK Spalding' s Athletic Library. 27 the value of constant drill will appeal to him all the more forcibly. To begin with, he has a shoulder, an arm, a wrist, a back, and legs that are not flexible enough to carry him creditably through a contest. Only practice will overcome this shortcoming. His eyes are necessarily slow at first to follow the little white sphere. The muscles used In putting force into strokes are not possessed of the development, they should have. More important still, the prospective player has no knowledge whatever, unless it be purely theoretical, of the technique of the game and Its many ramifications, which only the conscientious following of trust- worthy Instruction will give him. The handling of the racquet, his position in the court during different stages of play, his exe- cution of strokes, his service, his power of adaptation to emer- gencies, all these features and others, remain to be mastered. There Is but one path to follov/ to gain success. Advancement along It can only be had by persistent practice, and a determina- tion to Improve. The way has been blazed by hundreds of am- bitious athletes. Those who tread this path have hours and days ahead of them which must be spent in conscientious endeavor before they can emerge into the bright sunlight of opportunity and the pleasures It reveals to them. For, rest assured, the reward Is more than worthy of the trouble, and It may be well said that there Is no accomplished player of racquets to-day in this country or any other that regrets the labor spent In pre- paring himself for activity in the higher planes of competition. He has placed within his power a means of spending pleasant hours with his friends; has given himself the ability to show his rivals for athletic honors that he is a foeman worthy of their strongest efforts, and has found a healthful, exhilarating exercise that lends life-added zest and that gives him the best possible preparation for meeting professional and domestic cares. Concerning the modes of practice, there Is much that should be said, and the writer will go into details relating to them later on, when the reader will have been brought into a better under- derstanding of the game. Rapid progress should not be the sole thought of any tyro especially during the first stages of his induction Into the mys- No. 10-A WAITING POSITION. WAITING FOR A REBOUND OFF THE BACK WALU Spalding' s Athletic Library. 29 teries of the game. Great care should be taken to understand fully what you observe and are taught. Know what to do, and why you do it. Every move has some significance, every stroke its peculiarities, every play its variations. Even the position of the fingers as they grasp the handle of the racquet, the carriage of the head during play, the movements of the feet, the balance of the body as you go from one spot to another, should be gov- erned according to the advice of your instructor and corrected as occasion warrants. Finally, you will develop form that yo;i will always maintain as a sort of second nature, absolutely with- out the cognizance of your mind. But do not become automaton- like in your movements. Machinery is not at all desirable in the racquet court. Let your joints be loose, the bones playing easily in their sockets, still remembering, however, that there is not a great deal remaining to be discovered in racquets, and that when you diverge strikingly from the methods of the lead- ers of the day you will be considered faulty and freakish, rather than as intelligently original. Actual competition is admittedly, or it should be, the goal of every beginner. His ambition is a laudable one, but he should be content to bide his time until he has control of the game to such an extent that he is perfectly at home under all cir- cumstances. To plunge into competition at too early a stage in your development Vv^ill bring you in contact with discouraging rebuffs, from the more advanced players, who are not particularly anxious to take the edge from their game by lowering their standard of play to fit yours, and then you will be very apt to form faulty habits of execution. These habits, like those we are prone to contract in daily life, are harder to break than they are to avoid entirely in the first place. So, don't take any chances on forming them. Wait until you yourself and your instructor are sure that you have mastered more than the mere rudiments before you go into the fray against your superiors. Although this method of polishing up your weak points in practice may be somewhat tedious compared to starting to play as soon as you have formed only a vague idea of the game, yet you will later appreciate the soundness of the advice and will be ready to sug- yo n-AN INCORRECT WAITING POSITION (HEAD OF RACQUET * ' NOT HELD UP)c Spalding's Athletic Library. 31 gest it to others. Rome was not built in a day, and a racquet player is not made in a week. CHOOSING A RACQUET— THE BALLS— CLOTHING. Beginners in racquets should take particular pains to equip themselves with implements entirely suited to their individual peculiarities and requirements. Some players are wont to in- dulge in fads in the selection of rackets, and the sooner the beginner puts all such ideas out of his mind the more satisfac- tory will be his progress in the game. Be careful about the weight of your racquet. Do not use one that is either too heavy or too light. If 3-ou are possessed of large muscular develop- ment, a racquet of comparatively light weight will be better suited to you. You will be able to handle it quickly and more easily. At the same time your strength will make possible your putting all the necessary force into your strokes. If a weak man. a heavier implement will probably be the best adapted to your purpose. The weight will give the ball impetus impossible to derive from a light racket in the same hands. Should ycu de- sire to increase the weight of a racquet which you particularly like, you can easily do it by wrapping the handle with strips of thin leather. It is generally preferable to have the weight in the handle. You will then have better control of the racquet. Be sure that your racquet is strong, as regards both frame and strmgs. Too pronounced economy in preparing yourself for the game will prove very unsatisfactory in the end. You will derive more benefit and pleasure from one first-class racquet than from three inferior ones. As you progress in the game you will probably form your own ideas as to your likes and dislikes in the matter of racquet handles. Some players prefer grips thicker than others, and vice versa. The gut should be stretched moderately tight for or- dinary purposes, and as tight as possible for match contests. When not in use your racquet should be kept in a press. Other- wise, it will become misshapen and lose its accuracy and tone. A press will prolong the life of a racquet threefold. Discrimination in the choice of balls will always repay. In practice games balls o. 12-THE POSITION OF THE FEET IN "SIDE RUNNING. Spalding's Athletic Library. -t^T, that are a bit soft will answer the purpose. In match games harder bails arc used. Your suit should, of course, be flannel. Flannels are to the racquet player what party gowns are to the debutants. They are indispensable. Both the upper garment and the trousers should be cut so as to give absolute freedom of motion. Tightness about the shoulders is particularly to be avoided. Your undervest may be of cotton, hghtly woven wool, or any other uncumbersome material. Wear a belt. Do not fall a victim to braces, which, while they may possibly prove a better support to the flannels, certainly hinder the easy play of the shoulder muscles. Concerning the shoes, the chief requirements should be a strong, serviceable sole and upper. The sole should not be one so unpliable that it will deaden the foot, and yet it should be heavy enough to prevent you from becoming footsore through running about on the hard flooring. They should grip the floor, to some extent, to obviate all chances of slipping. High shoes should be worn by those wdiose ankles are not overly strong. A white sweater is part of the v/ardrobe of most players. HOW TO HOLD THE RACQUET. Every player ought to learn to hold his racquet properly, that is, in a manner making its manipulation most effective with a minimum of efi'ort and tune. Your primary object is to present the full face of the racquet to the ball. There are two sides to which the ball can go. the forehand and the backhand. The former is your right-hand side, the backhand is your left. The ball can best be handled on the forehand side. In executing the average forehand stroke (see Fig. i) you sweep the racquet down and forward with your right arm more or less straight. In the backhand stroke (see Fig. 2) your right arm must neces- sarily be thrust across your body, and in most cases bent at the elbow. In order to obtain the best results you should hold the racquet so that either class of strokes is possible without the changing of your grasp on the handle. Ojie of the best methods is to close the fingers around the handle, wath the thumb crosswise and touching- the side of the forefinger (see No. 13-HOLDING THE RACQUET TO PROTECT THE FACE. Spalding s Athletic Library, 35 Fig. 3), with the handle slanting slightly from across the mid- dle of the palm to the first joint, or in some cases over the middle section of the forefinger. This grasp can be used in both the forehand and backhand strokes, but certain players prefer to ex- tend the thumb along the back of the handle (see Fig. 4) in back- hand strokes, thereby deriving added power. You must use your own judgment to a great extent as to what part of the handle you will enclose in your grip. Some players take the extreme end of the handle in the middle of their palm, bending the little finger beneath it (see Fig. 5). Others grasp the handle a short distance from the end, and still others are occasionally met with who take their grip in almost the middle of the handle. Practically all of them, however, change their grip to meet varying conditions in the court. Cer- tain it is that the closer to the end you grasp the handle, the longer is the sweep of your arm and a consequent severity is given to your strokes. Hold the racquet firmly, but do not neces- sarily try to squeeze the handle into a shapeless mass of fiber. Vary the intensity of your grip as occasion permits. You will find that the relaxation is restful to the muscles of your hand and arm. Experts often hold the racquet somewhat loosely, but the tyro should grasp it firmly until he has made considerable progress, and has developed good form. An incorrect grip is shown in Fig. 6. The racquet handle should slant across the palm of the hand, and for ordinary purposes it is held too far from the end. POSITION AND STYLE. The cultivation of good form, accuracy, strong hitting and swiftness of movement is the principal duty of the racquet and squash-racquet player. The first rule to bear in mind is to face the side zvall in returning a hall, and not the front zcall. To the uninitiated this statement will probably sound peculiar, but before a person has taken part in a game for even a minute the force of this rule will appeal to him strikingly. The correct position of the player in returning a ball is very similar to that of a golfer in readiness for a stroke. By means of this position Spaldifii^'s Athletic Library. 37 the player is enabled to execute the long, free sweep of the arm \\\ a line with that of the approaching spheroid, to meet it at the proper point, and to follow through (see Figs. 7 and 8) and upward into position for another stroke. You should always carry the head of the racquet up (see Fig. 9) so that you may better put the force of a swing into a stroke without delay. The golfer raises his stick preparatory to a downward sweep at the ball, and so should you, as the same principle applies to racquets. The racquet stroke is one continuous movement made up of dif- ferent parts, all of which merge into the one. Learn to com- bine them— the movements of the trunk, the shoulders, the arm and the wrist— so that the stroke is smoothly executed, disguising its component elements. The force you put into your strokes is also an ensemble of individual, contributory causes. It comes from the wrist, arm, shoulder and back. By combining the power of the muscles of each of these parts of the body and releasing it through the racquet in an effective manner, as it strikes the ball, you achieve the object of your instruction and practice. Only good form will enable you to execute a stroke properly, and therefore clearly determine that you will make your style as perfect as your time and opportunities will permit. Good style depends largely on the poise of the body and the position of the feet and arms during action. Your position in striking on the forehand side should be about as follows : Facing the right-hand side wall, with the feet pointing either straight or diagonally toward it according to the direction and speed of the ball as it rebounds from the front wall; the feet about fifteen or twenty inches apart; the knees straight or slightly bent, as you find best for your purpose ; body resting on the balls of the feet to make possible a quick range of base; the racquet upraised and the eyes directed toward the ball, should it have left your opponent's racquet. In striking in the backhand position, the forehand position should be reversed, with the left shoulder thrust back, away from the front wall, the right arm, holding the racquet slantwise, and up across the body. Leading up to the foregoing two poses is what is known as 'No. 16-A ]1ALF V(.)LL1-;V-BACKHAND. Spaldinir' s Athletic Library. 39 the waiting position (see Fig. 10). 'J'his attitude is held while your opponent is negotiating your stroke and you make use of it after you serve or return a rebound from the front wall. The waiting position should be such as to enable you to move quickly into either the forehand or backhand position, and in instant readiness to handle a return. For all ordinary purposes the waiting pose should be taken in about the middle of the court and not too close to the front wall. A study of your opponent's plan of attack should determine for 5'ou where best to stand. In waiting, face the front wall with the head of the racquet up and the feet 15 or 20 inches apart. Lean forward slightly, the toes turned outward, and rest on the balls of your feet. By careful and well-directed prac- tice you can readily decide for yourself the simplest modes of working from the waiting position into the playing positions. Should you be within a reasonable distance of the ball, as it strikes the floor on its rebound from the front wall, you can easily pivot about on either, as conditions render most ad- visable, and, shifting the non-pivotal one, get into position for either forehand or backhand strokes. An incorrect waiting pose is shown in Fig. 11. The racquet is not held with the head up. When the ball approaches from the front wall, say on the forehand side, locate as closely as possilile the spot where it will strike on its second rebound. Then quick as a tlash get into position to return it from that point. Do not return the ball from the spot where it strikes on its first bounce until you are further advanced in the game. This phase of play will be treated under the head of half volleying. One of the funda- mentals of rac{|uets is to return the ball on its downward course. It is rising just after it first bounces; is falling, of course, as it approaches its second bounce. Do not advance too close to the ball. Stand clear of it to such an extent that ycni will not be hindered from delivering a full clean-cut swing. You will cramp yourself seriously by drawing too close. It is a vital requirement for all players of racquets and squash- racquets to be able to assume the correct playing attitude in- stantly and at all times. There should be no hesitation, and its iMo io-Ox:.xNiui\G A BALL TO THE SIDE WALI^, Spalding' s Athletic Library. 4t different features should be blended so expertly that their ex- istence is not apparent to the onlooker. After assiduous practice the different parts of the body concerned will take the correct pose without your cognizance. Be sure that you set yourself in the proper manner before you execute a stroke. Do not return a ball while on the run unless you find such action im possible to avoid. Do not handle a return while running back- ward or while pivoting into position. Learn to he in position and in the proper place at the proper time. This is essential to accuracy as well as to good form. SIDE RUNNING. A valuable aid to the development and maintenance of good form is to practice side running (see Fig. 12). You will find that side running will be one of the prominent features of most games. Many players have developed the art to a degree of perfection that is interesting to see. By this maneuver you will find yourself capable of advancing or retreating directly along the line of a ball or otherwise in such a manner that you can stop instantly and be in position for any kind of a stroke. In side running your shoulders are in a line with the direction you are traveling. Were you to run in the ordinary fashion with your breast to the front you would have to stop and turn yourself into position before making a stroke, thus losing time and greatly reducing your chances of returning the spheroid accurately and forcefully. It might be added that you should always place your racquet in front of your face (as in Fig. 13) when your opponent is in a position making likely his propulsion of the ball in your direction, especially when he is back of you and playing off the back wall. Interpose your racquet becween your face and the ball. Should it hit yoii in the face or eyes serious injury would probably result. There are instances on record where men have lost the use of an eye through carelessness. Throw most of your weight on the rear leg in play. Do not allow your joints to stiffen, particularly those of the striking arm. Your wrist, elbow and shoulder should be supple and at No. 17-A VOLLEYING POSITION (REAR VIEW), Spalding s Athletic Lihr'ary. 43 the same time capable of being made, at a moment's notice, as rigid as an iron bar. It is in backhand maneuvers that the flexible arm is an absolute requirement for good work to re- sult. Do not jerk your hand or arm too sharply during strokes unless applying a cut, for in this way you will often "foozle" miserably a ball, the speed of which has proved deceptive. Do not devote your attention exclusively to watching the ball. Keep a close watch over your opponent, especially when he is making a stroke. Teach yourself to follow both the ball and your fellow player. Observe him carefully when you are serving in order to take advantage of any faults to his position: Pay your closest attention to the spheroid as it rebounds from the front wall and as it strikes the floor. You should endeavor to ferret out the particular weaknesses of your opponent and his style and do not fail to play to them whenever occasion offers. , Try to secure a lead as early in a game as possible ; for many men are poor uphill players. Always serve to your opponent in his weakest court at your very first opportunity. No. 18-IN POSITION TO CUT A HALF VOLLEY (BACKHAND). Spalding s Athletic Library THE FOREHAND STROKE. (See Figs, i, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 20, 22.) The strokes used in racquets and squash-racquets are practic- ally the same and are, the forehand, backhand, the volley, the half volley, boasted and drop strokes. Having already gone into de- tails concerning the first two named, a repetition is unnecessary, it may be well to say, however, that you must accustom yourself to playing a ball close to the floor. You will not be apt. under ordinary circumstances, to get many of the high tennis strokes. In regard to the technique of the forehand stroke it is not necessary to invariably follow through. When you have be- come expert enough you can develop the faculty of stopping the racquet just after it meets the ball and not allow it to continue the swing. However, this change in tactics need not interfere with your carrying the racquet into position— with the top up- for another stroke. The question as to what kind of steps you will use m play is one which every man must decide for himself. Some players move from place to place with long strides; others there are that use quick, short steps. Whichever mode seems to best per- mit you to get into position for your strokes is the one for you to adopt. ^^^ BACKHAND STROKE. (See Figs. 2, 4, 15, 18, 19. 21.) In the backhand stroke, as in the forehand, place the weight on your rear foot until you swing forward toward the front wall when the weight is transposed to the foot placed m front. In this stroke you thrust the right shoulder around toward the left so that both shoulders will be in a line parallel with the side wall, the right shoulder pointing toward the front wall The 7^;;^— ^^-^^^i^at similarity between racket and squash strokes-they are pracSy the same-the illustrations referred to under the head of racquets serve to display the technique of squash as well. No. 19-READY TO CUT A VOLLEY (BACKHANDS Spalding's Athletic Library. 4/ left shoulder is thrust well back. The swing with the arm bent in the backhand style is somewhat more difficult to acquire than the forehand swing. It is not so easy at first to preserve your balance in the delivery of a strong stroke, but with practice the difficulty will be overcome. In both backhand and forehand strokes the extreme of speed and force is exerted at the moment just before the racquet hits the ball. THE HALF VOLLEY. The half volley consists in striking the ball just as it rises from the floor in the first bounce (see Figs, i and 15). Accuracy in returning in this manner is difficult. It is a pretty stroke from the gallery viewpoint, and often takes your opponent by surprise. You need not put your whole effort into the stroke. The ball is traveling very swiftly and the added speed gives it a rebound from the racquet that is full of vigor. Do not smash wildly in a half volley. You may strike the floor and demolish your racquet. THE VOLLEY. To volley the player returns the ball before it bounces (see Fig. 17). It comes off the front wall with telling velocity and as in the half volley need not be met with considerable force. You must be quick to gauge the direction of the ball and to ascertain its speed and elevation. Swing the racquet along the line of its course. Follow through if you so desire. There are times in volleying that you get a chance at strokes somew^hat higher than those ordinarily met with . BOASTED STROKES. A boasted stroke (Fig. 16) occurs when the ball goes to the side wall before it hits the front wall, thus altering its course, al- though at the same time robbing it of some of its speed. The boasted stroke is frequently used in cases of emergency, when you cannot well return the ball in any other way; when a player desires to draw his opponent into some particular spot, or away from some particular part of the court. It adds a variety to play and is deceptive. The boasted stroke presents No. 20-REAR VIEW OF FOREHAND SERVING POSITION. Spalding's A thief if Library. 49 a need for the study of angles and caroms, which to the unin- itiated are puzzHng. The wall invariably imparts a spin to the ball that alters what would ordinarily be its true course, or natural angle, and some- times a cut is applied by your opponent which will make your calculations miscarry. Do not rely on boasted strokes. They are not overly pretty in most cases, and if unduly persisted in will ruin your style. The best strokes are those straight down to the front wall, and which cling closely to the side wall. Do not neglect these for the boasted brand. DROP STROKES. Drop strokes are those in which the ball is made to little more than reach the front wall. The spheroid consequently drops to the floor with almost no impetus left in it. Your aim is to dis- guise the drop stroke by putting into it less force than you seem to do. The art to make an apparently strong swing at the ball and yet hit it but gently is one that is cultivated only by practice. It is best learned by using the muscles of but one or two parts of the body that are used in striking. For in- stance, strike with a stiff arm in which the wrist imparts the force, or withdraw the power of the shoulder and of the swing of the body. RELATIVE TO CUTTING. Cuts may be the accompaniments of practically every stroke in the player's category, or they may be given enough individual- ity to rank as strokes in themselves (see Figs. 18, 19, 22). You can accelerate or retard the progress of a ball in its rebound from the front wall or side walls, or cause it to break sharply to either side of its point of impact. Also, the spin imparted to the spheroid renders difficult its accurate handling. In serving the cuts may be used to considerable advantage. In cutting you slant the face of the racquet as it strikes the ball, or give it a sudden twist or flick. The sharper and snappier the move- ment the more accentuated will be the cut. Oftentimes, the ball is hit by the wooden rim of the racquet, giving it a wicked twist on the rebound. No. 20A-FRONT VIEW OF FOREHAND SERVING POSITION. Spalding's Athletic Library. 5! RACQUET RULES THE SINGLE GAME. 1. The right to scrv^ ^rst shall be determined by the spin of a racquet or coin. Tne player who wins the spin has the right to serve first. 2. The server, while serving, must stand with at least one foot within the service box while serving, and not touching any of the lines which bound it. 3. The server may begin serving from the right or from the left service box, as he pleases ; but, after serving from the right, he must next serve from the left, or vice versa; and so on, alternately, as long as he remains hand-in, 4. T]\e ball served must first strike the front wall, and must strike it above the cut-line, and must drop within the cross court line and the half court line which bound the court on the side opposite to the box from which the ball was served, and must not touch either of such lines. 5. Hand-out may declare that he was not ready for the serv- ice ; and, if the marker decide in favor of his claim the service shall count for nothing, and the server shall serve again from the same box; but. if he decide otherwise, the server shall score an ace. H hand-out make any attempt to take the service, he cannot claim that he was not ready. 6. Hand-out may take a fault ; but, if he does so, the rally must be played as if the service had been good. 7. Aces are scored by hand-in only. 8. Hand-In zvins the scores on ace. (a) \i hand-in fail to return the ball served or in play to the front wall, above the board, before the ball has touched the floor twice, except in case of a let (see Law 10) ; or (b) if hand-out return the ball served or in play so that it goes out of court ; or Mo. 21-BACKHAND SERVING POSITION Spalding's Athletic Library, 53 (c) 'if the ball in play touch hand-out, or anything that he wears or carries, except his racquet in the act of striking. 9. Hand-'Ji becomes hand-out, (a) if he serve the ball so that it touches him before drop- ping in the proper court, as provided in Law 4; or (b) if he serve the ball on the board or out (if court ; or (c) if the ball served touch any part of the court before striking the front v/all ; or (d) if he serve two consecutive faults ; or (e) if he fail to return the ball in play to the front wall, above the board, except in case of a let (f^ee Law 10) ; or (f) if he return the ball in play so that it goes out of court; or (g) if the ball in play touch him, or anything that he wears or carries, except his racquet in the act of striking. Then, in any of these cases, hand-out becomes hand-in. and serves in his turn. 10 It shall be a let, and the service or rally shall count for nothing, and the server shall serve again from the same box. (a) if the ball in play touch the striker's opponent on or above the knee, and if (in the marker's opinion) it be thereby prevented from reaching the front wall, above the board ; or (b) if cither player (in the marker's opinion) undesignedly prevent his opponent from returning the ball served or in play. 11. The ball served or in play may be returned by the striker's opponent at the volley, or after it has touched the floor once, but not after it has touched the floor a second time. 12. Each player must get out of his opponent's zvay as much as possible. If either player claim that his opponent prevented him from returning the ball served or in play, the marker shall decide whether it shall be a let or not (subject to provisions of Law 14). No. 22-READY FOR A CUT SERVE (FOREHAND). The racquet is slanted for cutting purposes. Spaldhig's Atfifetjc Ltbrary. 55 13. The game is 15 up; that is, the player who first scores 15 aces wins the game, provided that, (a) at the score of 13-all, hand-out may "set" the game to 5, or to 3 ; and (b) at the score of 14-all, hand-out may "set" the game to 3; that is, in the first case. (i) the player who first scores 5 (or 3) aces, accord- ing as the game was "set," wins the game ; and, in the second case, (2) the player who first scores 3 aces wins the game. 'Note. — In either case, the claim to "set" the game must be made by hand-out before the next service shall have been de- Hvered. 14. In all cases the marker's decision shall be tidal; but, if he doubt which way to decide, he shall direct that the ace be played over again. In matches, when there are umpires and a referee appointed, the marker's decision shall be final on all questions relating to the service; but (when in doubt) he shall refer all other questions to them from any decision of the marker, except as to any service; and they shall decide each case by a majority of votes. All appeals must be made before another service shall have been delivered. THE DOUBLE OR FOUR-HANDED GAME. 1. The laws of the single game' apply to the double, or four- handed game, except as set forth in the following rules: 2. Only one of the side which has won the spin shall serve at the first time of being hand-in, in any game ; at all subsequent times, the players on each side shall serve in the same order in which they began serving. 3. One player on the hand-out side may stand where he pleases, to receive the service ; but his partner and the server's partner must stand behind the server until the service has been de- livered. 4. If the ball served touch the server's partner before touch- ing the floor twice, whether it was, or would have been, a fault No. 2;3-P^RONT VIEW OF A BACKHAND CUT SERVE. The racquet's face is slanted for cutting purposes. Spaldiii^s;^' s Athletic Library. 57 or not, the server shall lose his right of service, and the next hand-in shall serve. 5. The players on the hand-out side may choose the order in v^hich they shall receive the service, and they shall adhere to that order, and shall only change it once in any game, or at the end of any game, of a rubher. 6. If the ball in play touch the striker's partner, it shall count against them; that is, if the striker was hand-out, the other side shall score an ace ; if he was hand-in, his side shall lose one hand in : Except in case the ball touch the striker's partner after it has been hit at and missed by one of their opponents, when it shall count against such opponents ; that is, if :hey were hand-out, the other side shall score an ace; if they were hand-in, they shall lose one hand-in. A'o. L'l A J;;vi KllAX]) ci;-!' SERVE (REAR V1EW)„ The racquet's face is slanted for cutting purposes. Spalding s Athletic Library, 59 Squash is a recent product of the fertile brains of Enghsh court game votaries, and while veteran racquet players consider it vastly inferior to racquets, the similarity of the two games is such that an accomplished player of squash can acquit himself fairly creditablv in racquets, and vice versa. Of course the implements used in 'these games show marked differences, and while the execution of practically all the strokes is largely the same, the variations in the racquets and balls and the smaller court used in squash, contribute to the chief points of divergence m the rival pastimes. As George Standing, the well-known professional, once remarked to the writer: "Racquets is much more severe a , Tlic i^oiiii; ill lirst, wIk'IIum" tuUls ho given nr not, to he tk'cidod hy spin, i)nl cuic liaiul only is then to he taken. .^ The hall to he ser\eil alternately ri.ulit ami left. het;inning whiehever siile the ser\ er pleases. 4. In sei\ ins;-, the server must ha\e one ioo\ in the sikicc marked olT for thai pnrpr not. I). Two eonseentixe faults put a hand-t>ut. 10. It is a fault- • (a) If the server is luU in his proper plaeo. (h) If the hall is not served over the serviee hue. (e) If it iloes not fall in the proper eonrt. The .nit id.iyer may take a fault if he pleases, hut if he fails in putting the hall up. it eouni^ against liiin. II. In donhles, an out player m.iy not take a hall serxed to his partner. Sip aiding' s Athletic Library. 7^ 12. The oui i)Iay(.'rs in;iy cliangv llicir courts once; only in each game. 13. If a player designedly stops a ball l)efore the second bound, il counts against him. 14. If a ball hit the striker's adversary above or on the knee, it is a let ; if below the knee, or if it hits the striker's partner in doubles, or himself, it counts against the striker. 15. Till a ball has been touched, or has bounded twice, the player or his partner may strike at it as often as they please. 16. Every player should get out of the way as much as pos- sible. If he cannot, the marker is to decide if it is a let or not. 17. After the service, a ball going out of the court, or hitting the roof or the gallery, in returning from the front wall, or if it hit the roof lieforc reaching the front wall, counts against the striker. 18. The marker's decision is final; but if he has any doubts he should ask advice, and if he cannot decide positively, the ace is to be played over again. 74 Sf>aldf7io's Athletic Library SQUASH RULES OF E. H. MILES NoTK. — Different styles of play and players can be suited by some one of the varieties of the game described in the following rules of the game of squash. They have been abbreviated from the laws given in Mr. Eustace H. Miles' *'The Game of Squash," published by IMessrs. Appleton & Co., New York. RULES FOR THE SINGLE GAME OF SQUASH IN A FOUR-WALLED OR THREE-WALLED COURT. There are several sets of rules of squash. The following rules are common to all the sets: 1. The game is played with a ball, usually of india-rubber, and a racquet, usually strung with gut. lland-tives may be played with a hand-ball, and the naked or gloved hands. 2. The spin of the racquet, or of a coin, gives the winner the choice of serving or not serving. 3. The serving player (A) must hit the ball direct onto the front wall, above the service line. If he fails to do so, /. c, if he hits the ball onto the side wall first, or below the service line, one fault is scored. Two faults in succession count as if A had lost the rally. N. B. — (i) Some rules count one single fault in this way. (ii) Some rules allow B to return the first serve if he takes. If he tries to do so, then no fault is scored. 4. The second player (B) must return the ball onto the front wall, above the tell-tale, before the ball has bounced twice. 5. The players then continue to return the ball alternately. Whichever player first fails to hit the ball above the tell-tale be- fore the ball has bounced twice, or whichever player hits the ball onto himself before it has bounced twice, loses the rally. 6. A rally shall also be lost by the player who hits the ball out of court, /. c, above the upper bounxlary line of the front wall or of either side wall or of the back wall. Spalding's Athletic Library. 75 B._(a) If there is a low back wall, a ball that hits above it after bouncing once is scored as a "let" (see below), according to some rules. If there is no back wall, then a ball which goes be- yond the back line is "out of court," as in lawn tennis. (b) A ball hit onto a line counts as "not up," or as "out," i. c, it counts against the striker. LETS. 7. If one player (A or B) hits onto the other player (B or A) a ball which would otherwise have gone "up," /. c, above the tell-tale and not out of court, then the rally shall be played over again. 8. If one player (say A) obstructs the other player, then this other player (B) may claim a "let," i. e., may claim to play the rally over again, provided that he (B) has not tried to take the ball'. If he has tried it, then, except in very extreme cases, B may not claim a "let." N. B.— Much is left to the honor of the players ; they are not expected to obstruct on purpose, or to claim "lets" too freely. We now come to the variations in the rules. They depend partly on the serving and partly on the way of counting the win- ning of a rally. I. FIRST OR RACQUETS SCORING. The game is won by whoever first scores 15 aces. Setting.— At 13-all, the loser of the previous point may choose whether he will play the game straight on {c. g., 14-13), or whether he will "set 3" or "set 5-" The two latter mean that a new little game will be started to decide the large game, the new little game being for 3 aces or for 5 aces. After fourteen-all, the loser of the previous point may choose whether he will play the game straight on, or whether he will "set 3." He is not allowed to "set 5." The match is generally for the best 3 out of 5 games, unless arranged otherwise. 76 Spafdivo' s Athletic Library. Ilaiidicnps usually coiisisl of aces, given to the weaker player, who has a start, c. g., oi 7 aces, beginning the game at "7-0," or "7-love," instead of "0-0," or "love-all." Service — A begins serving from whichever side of the court he prefers. Each player may choose his side for his first service. A must have at least one foot behind the cross-court line; the other foot may be on the line or behind the line. A serves direct onto the front wall and above the service line, and hence into the opposite side of the court {0 or c). His next service, if he serves again before he is "put out," will be from a c into h or d. (i) In racquets the service must pitch (first bounce) into c or d, the back sections. (ii) Tn squash the service may often pitch (first bounce) into a or b, the front sections. Players must arrange beforehand as to which method they will adopt, as the difference between (i) and (ii) is considerable. After A has scored, B tries to return the ball, before it has bounced twice, above the tell-tale, but not onto or above the boundary-lines; then A tries to return it and so on, till either A or B loses the rally (see above). If A, the server, wins the rally, then he scores one ace ("i-o," or "i-love"). If B, the non-server, wins the rally, then he goes in to serve; and if B, the server, wins the next rally, then he scores one ace; and so on, till one player reaches 15 aces. TT. SECOND SCORING, OR RACQUETS' SCORING REVERSED. The rules here are exactly the same, up to where A has served, and the first rally is won and lost. If A wins it, then A, tJic scrrcr, docs not score an ace — a server can never score an ace — 1)ut B now serves. If A wins again, then A scores an ace ("i-o," or "i-love"). B goes on serving until he wins a rally; when A serves, and B has a chance of scoring an ace. Spalding's Athletic Library. 77 III. THIRD SCORING, OR THE EQUAL SERVICES GAME. This scoring was invented by Mr. Eustace H. Miles. In this way of scoring, every rally which is won counts as an ace to the winner. A serves two services, one from each side of the court, accord- ing to either set of rules (see I [il or [ii]). Then B serves two services, similarly ; and so on, the players serving alternately until one of them has scored 15 aces. N. B. — The first server, if Rule I (i) is chosen, /. c, if the serv- ice is to pitch (first bounce) into one of the back sections of the court, should only be allowed one service. IV. FOURTH OR LAWN TENNIS SCORING. A serves for one game, scoring as in lawn tennis, except that it is better to have "vantage-all" and then a single point to decide the game, than to have "deuce," "vantage," "deuce," "vantage," indefinitely. B serves for the next game ; and so on, until either A or B has scored the set of 6 games. If "5 games all" is reached, it may be better to play "deuce and vantage games, but to have "vantage-all" if the players score 6 games all, and then to let a single game decide the set. Spalding' s Athletic Library. 79 HINTS ON BUILDING RACQUET AND SQUASH COURTS American courts, as a rule, are less expensive than those in England. The squash court, l)y reason of its smaller size, is the less costly. A court tennis court is the most expensive of all. The best courts are made of stone slabs closely joined, or concrete. The latter are very serviceable and are most numerous. Wood has been used in some instances and found satisfactory where a slow court \\\\\ meet the demands of the players and its cost is much less than that of a cement or stone court. Courts should be built willi i)Iain walls, and should have a surface that is neither fx. .^mooth or too rough. On the roughness or smoothness of the v.alls di-pcnds the degree of break that a ball will have when a cut is applied. It is preferable to put a roof over the court as the weather will deteriorate the material. How- ever, a movable roof might l)e constructed, if thought desirable. Particular care should be taken in the laying of the foundations. The floor should be uniformly level and cracks in walls and floor should be carefully filled. The diagrams of both racquet and squash courts elsewhere in this book give the proper dimen- sions for the courts, and from these, any contractor can give estimates when the specifications are given him. Of course space should be allowed for baths, dressing rooms and galleries. To those desiring to erect a court at a reasonable cost, it might l)e well to suggest that they build one with sidewalls and floor of wood and the front and back walls of cement. Such a court would fill several requirements. The concrete court, however, is the most practicable for ordinary purposes, and its cost will not be found to be prohibitive. Wood is better adapted to squash than to racquet courts. As the racquet ball is harder than that used in squash, the surface it strikes should be more compact than in the latter game. 1'he more pronounced severity of rac- quets also calls for the hardest walls obtainable. A g(jod squash court could be built for little more than $2,000. A racquet court would cost not less than $3,000. So Spaldini^'s .Ithletic Library. BACK WALT. AND NICK \ \ Grille (a) 1 8 £ in (b) Last or Win- ning Gallery Hazard Side No chases here Ball must pitch here on the serve Second Gallery First Gallery c O 1 2 Hazard Chases Tam- bour (Butt- i-ess) \ C Mar- ker's Box c Service Side Chases 0) First Gallery 3 Door E 1 > u 4> Second Gallery 1 Last Gallery Last Gallery 6 5 k 1 3 2 / Dedans (c) / / IVnt House over De< lans BACK WALL AND NICK a (CiriUe). b tWinninK Gallery), and c (Detlans) are the Winning Openings. DIAGRAM N0.7-TENNIS COURT. SHOWING GALLERIES. CHASES, ETC Spahfini^'s Athletic Liln-ary. COURT TENNIS After a man has solved the interesting mysteries of S(juash and racquets, he is then qualified to take up the study of the greatest of all indoor court games — court tennis. In the opening chapter of this book the ancient origin and royal sway of court tennis was described, and therefore what remains to be said in connection with the game, has to do with the manner in which it is played, the terms peculiar to it, the mode of scoring, rules, implements, etc. In its infancy as an outdoor game, court tennis gradually be- came an indoor recreation, and as such has gradually attained its highest development. Its intricacies and technicalities are such that explanations of all its details cannot be given in the limited space in this book, so the writer confines himself to mak- ing the game's features as clear as possible in comparatively few words. The court is enclosed by four walls. Midway be- tween the two end walls a net is stretched across, each end of the net being raised higher than the middle. The section on one side of the net is termed the service side, the other the hazard side. The ball is always served from the service side. The writer will now assume that the reader is a spectator at a game of court tennis, and give further explanations accordingly. Specta- tors have places reserved at their disposal, from which an un- broken view of most of the play may be had. One of these is the dedans, pronounced "deadon" — a French word meaning "with- in," The dedans is an opening in the wall at the service end, covered with netting. Glancing into the court you will see on your right, the main wall. The main wall is a plain surface with the exception of a buttress, projecting from the hazard side — the side of the net furthest from you — while the remaining three walls are broken by what are known as penthouses, and from the roofs of which the ball rebounds at varying angles during certain phases of play. The roofs slant downward from points ^t 1 3 00 o • - V »-.*^ O cS fSS M 1 •- K r^ be c; ;=! c > CS £ Pi H 72 -^ c w c(J J t< 1 1 H o 4). >! 0) (^ § iJ 1) ;iH M S !z; 1 n w '« m H W ^ Of H &; C ^ 1:3 c4 »j ^ SK u 1 Q r/: •-CV3 5^ 15 :z; ^ >> w TS OJ C 1:2 H W ^n p:; ^^ o < o a> • - rri P.- o i-rt — . Pi sS w is z uT^ 3 o O T-H J= .. J, ^ c :7i ;ills and Racquets. — The balls iiiiist not be less than 2^4 inches and not more than 2-)^ inches, in diameter ; shall not be less than 2Y2. oz., and not more than 2)4 oz.. in weight. 2. Selecting Sides. — (a) The choice of sides at the beginning oi the first set is determined by spin of a racket or a coin. (b) In subsequent sets of a series, the players begin each set on the sides on which they finished the set. 3. Delivery. — The ball served must be struck with the racquet, and may be delivered from any part of the service-side. 4. Service. — The ball served must touch the service penthouse before touching any other part of the court except the rest of the side penthouse and the service wall; and it must drop in the service court, or on one of the lines which bound it. 5. Service. When Good. — The service is good, (a) if the ball served touch (in its descent) any part of the service penthouse, so as to rise again from it ; or (b) if the ball served strike the service wall, and afterward touch (in its descent) any part of the serivice penthouse, even though it do not rise again from it ; or (c) if the ball served drop in the winning gallery. 6. Faults Not Returnable. — 9 fault may not be returned. 7. Passes Not Returnable. — A pass may not be returned ; but a ball served, which has not gone across the pass line on the penthouse, may be volleyed, although, if untouched, it might have dropped in the pass court. If a pass tmich the striker-out. or if a service (before it has dropped) touch him, when stantling with both feet in the pass court and \\(A having attempted to strike the ball, it is still counted as a pass. 8. Faults Annulled. — .\ pass amuds a previous fault. g. Servic«i and Faults Amudled. — If the striker-out declare Inmself not ready for a service, and have made no attempt to return it, tnat .service is counted for notln'ng, though it be a fault. Spaldinj^" s Athletic Library. 93 II annuls a previous fault. JIic slrikcr-dut. having been asked if he be ready, and having declared himself ready, may not refuse a second service. 10. Continuation of Service. — The server continues to serve until two chases be made, or one chase when the score of either player is at forty or advantage (see Law 25) ; the players then change sides, the server becomes striker out, and the striker-out becomes server. RETURN. 11. Return, When Good. — The return is good if the ball in play be struck with the racquet so tliat it pass the net without touch- ing a gallery post or anything affixed or lying in an opening on the side from which it is. struck, and without going out of court. 12. Return, When Not Good. — The return is not good, (a) if not in accordance with the terms of law 11 ; or (b) if the ball be struck more than once, or be not definitely .struck; or (c) if the ball in play, having passed the net, come back and drop on the side from which it was struck, unless it should have touched a gallery post or anything affixed or lying in an opening on that side of the court which is opposed to the striker. 13. Ball, When Not Returnable. — A ])all which is no longer in play may not be returned. SCORING. 14. The Server, When He Wins a Stroke. — The server wins a stroke (except as provided by law 9), (a) if a good service enter the winning gallery or the grille; or (b) if the striker-out fail to return a good service (except when it makes a chase; see laws 7-19) ; or (c) if the striker out fail to return the ball in play (except when it makes a chase; see laws 17-19) ; or 94 Spaldifti^' s Athletic Library. ((I) if he liiinself return the hall in play so that it enter the winning gallery or grille, or fall on or beyond the service line; or (e) if he serve or return the ball in play so that it drop or fall upon a ball, or other object, which is on or beyond the service line ; or (f) if he win a chase (see law 20) ; or (g) if the striker-out lost a stroke (see law 16). 15. The Striker-out, When He Wins a Stroke.— The striker- out wins a stroke (except as provided by law 9) (a) if the server serve two consecutive faults (except as provided in law 31 (b) ; or (b) if the server fail to return the ball in play (except when it makes a chase (see laws 17-19) or (c) if he himself return the ball in play so that it enter the dedans ; or (d) if he win a chase; or (c) if the server lost a stroke (see law 16). 16. Either Player, When He Loses a Stroke. — Either player loses a stroke, (a) if he lost a chase (see law 21) ; or (1)) if the ball in play (except as provided in law 7) touch him or anything which he wears or carries (except his racquet in the act of returning the ball) ; or (c) if he touch or strike the ball in play with his racquet more than once, or do not definitely strike it. 17. Chases, How Marked. — When a ball in play (on either side of the net, not being that on which the striker is standing) (a) falls on any part of the floor, except on or beyond the service line ; or (b) enters any gallery except the winning gallery; or (c) touches a gallery post ; it is marked as a chase, (a) at that line on the floor on which it fell ; or (b) better or worse than that line on the floor which is nearest the point at which it fell ; or Spalding's Athletic Library. 95 (c) at that gallery the post of which It touched ; except as provided in laws 18 and 19. Note (a). — A ball in play which touches the net post and drops on the side opposed to the striker is marked a chase at the line on the side on which it drops. Note (b). — A ball in play which enters a gallery is marked a chase at that gallery which it enters, notwithstanding that it may have touched an adjacent gallery post without touching the floor of the interim. Note (c). — The gallery lines on the floor correspond and are equivalent to the galleries of which they bear the names. 18. A Ball Dropping or Falling in Net, or Bounding Over Net After Dropping, How Marked. — When a ball in play (a) drops or falls in the net on the side opposed to the striker ; or (b) drops on the floor on the side opposed to the striker, and, bounding over the net, falls on that side of it from which it was struck, whether it touch the net In its bounds or not, it is marked a chase at the line on the side opposed to the striker. 19. A Ball Dropping or Falling Upon Another Ball, How Marked. — When a ball in play drops or falls upon a ball, or other object, which is on the floor (except when It is on or beyond the service line; see law 14 (e), it Is marked a chase at the point at which that ball, or other object, was when the ball in play dropped or fell upon it. 20. Chases, How Won. — Either player wins a chase (a) if he serve or return the ball so that It enter a winning opening ; or (b) if he serve or return the ball so that It fall better than the chase for which he played, or enter a gallery, or touch a gallery-post, better than the gallery or the gallery-line, at which the chase was for which he played ; or (c) if he serve or return the ball so that it drop or fall upon a ball, or other object, which Is at a point on the floor better than that at which, or at the gallery corresponding to which, the chase was for which he played ; or 96 Spa/d/j.'o's Athletic Literary. (d) if liis antagonist fail to return the ball in play, except when it falls worse than the chase in question. 2T. Chases, llow Lost. — Either player loses a chase (a) if he fail to return the hall in play, except when it falls worse than the chase in question ; or (b) if he return the hall in play so that it fall worse than the chase, or enter a gallery, or touch a gallery-post worse than the gallery, or the gallery-line, at which the chase was for w^liich he played ; or (c) if he return the ball in play so that it drop or fall upon a ball, or other object, which is at a point on the floor worse than that at which the chase was U^x which he played. 22. Chase-otY. — When a ball in i)lay (a) falls at a p(Mnt on the iloor neither better nor worse than that at which, or at the gallery corresponding to which, the chase was for which the striker played; or (b) enters that gallery, or the gallery corresponding to that gallery line, or touches the post of that gallery, or falls on the gallery line corresponding to that gallery at which the chase was for which the striker j^layed ; or (c) drops or falls upon a ball, or other obiect. which is at a ])oint on the floor neither better or w(M-se than that at which, or at the gallery corresponding to which, the chase was for which the striker played; it is marked off, it is not scored as a stroke won by either player, the chase is ainiulled. and the striker has n(~)t to play fo'" it again. 23. Chases When Played For. — As soon as two chases are marked, or one chase, when the score of either player is at forty or advantage (see law 25), the ])layers change sides; the player who made the first chase now defends it, wdiile the other plays to win it, and so with the second chase, except when only one has been marked. 24. Chases \\'hen Marked in lu'ror Annulled. — If by an error three chases ha\e been marked, or two chases when the score of either player is at fr.rty or advantage (see law 25), the last chase in each case is annulled. Spalding' s Athletic Library, 97 25. Strokes, How Scored. — On either player winning his first stroke the score is called fifteen for that player ; on either player winning his second stroke, the score is called thirty for that player ; or either player winning his third stroke, the score is called forty for that player ; and the fourth stroke won by either player is scored game for that player, except as below. If both players have won three strokes, the score is called deuce, and the next stroke won by either player is scored ad- vantage for that player ; if the same player win the following stroke he wins the game ; if he lose the following stroke the score is again called deuce, and so on until either player win the two strokes immediately following the score of deuce, when the game is scored for that player. 26. Games, How Scored. — The player who first wins six games wins a set, except as below : If both players win five games, the score is called games all, and the next game won by either player is scored advantage game for that player. H the same player win the following game, he wins the set; if he lose the following game, the score is again called games all ; and so on until either player win the two games immediately following the scores of games all, when he wins the set. Note. — Players often agree not to play advantage sets, but to decide the set by one game after arriving at the score of games all. 27. Doubtful and Disputed Cases, How Decided. — Every chase is marked and every stroke scored by the marker, who is entitled to consult the dedans (meaning the spectators in the dedans) when he is in doubt. A player who is dissatisfied with the markers decision is entitled to appeal to the dedans. A majority of the dedans confirms or reverses the marker's decision. An ap- peal n:ust be made before a recommencement of play. Note. — The dedans should not give a decision unasked on a Question of marking a chase or stroke; but may, and should correct inaccin-atc scoring of chases, strokes, games, or sets. gS Spalding's Athletic Library. THREE-HANDED OR FOUR-HANDED GAMES. (Sometimes Called Double Games.) 28. Order of Play, — The partners serve and strike out in alter- nate games, unless it shall have been previousely agreed to the contrary. Note. — It is usually, but not always, agreed that the striker-out may leave to his partner such services as pass him. The former laws apply to these as well as to single games, the advantages and disadvantages attaching to a single player under the former laws attaching to a pair of players. ODDS. 29. Bisques and Half-Bisques, When Taken Generally. — (a) A bisque or a half-bisque may not be taken after the service has been delivered. (b) The server may n^t take a bisque after a fault, but the striker-out may do so. 30. Bisques and Half-Bisques, when Taken in Changing Sides. — A player who wishes to take a bisque or a half-bisque, there being a chase or two chases marked, may take it either before or after changing sides, but he may not after changing sides go back to take it. 31. Round Services. — (a) When the odds of round services are given, the ball served by the giver of odds must touch the grille penthouse after touching the service penthouse, and before drop- ping in the service court or on one of the lines which bound it. (b) Neither faults nor failure in complying with the above conditions are counted against the giver of odds ; but the recipient (if odds may decline to return such services as do not touch both penthouses ; if, however, he attempt and fail to return any such service it is counted against him. 22. Half-Court. — The players having agreed into which half- court, on each side of the net, the giver of the odds shall play, the latter loses a stroke if (he ball, returned by him, drop in either rif the other half courts; but a l)all returned by the giver of odds which Spalding^ s Athletic Library, 99 (a) drops an the half-court Hne ; or (b) drops in his half-court, or touches the dedans post before falling; or (c) drops in his half-court and falls in the dedans, even though on the other side of the dedans post ; or (d) touches the dedans post before dropping; is counted for the giver of odds; and a return, boasted against any wall by the giver of odds, which (e) drops in his half-court; or (f) drops on the half-court line; or (g) touches the dedans post before dropping; or (h) touches any penthouse, battery, or wall, before dropping in his half-court, dropping on the half-court line or touch- ing the dedans post ; is also counted for the giver of odds. Note. — It is of course evident that the giver of these odds may make a chase, or win a chase or a stroke, with a ball which drops in his half-court or on the half-court line, but falls in the other half-court. ZZ. Nicks, When All the Walls or Side- Walls are Given.— When the odds of touch-no-walls or touch-no-side-walls are given, a ball returned by the giver of odds, which makes a nick is counted for the striker. No. 25 -ITAND TENNTS. T?IF UNDERHAND SERV£„ Spalding's Athletic Library. toi HAND TENNIS An Attractive Court Game Originated by E. J. Gianinni, Physical Director of the New York Athletic Club. A game embodying the principles of court tennis, lawn tennis and other court pastimes is hand tennis, a sport which has at- tained popularity in various parts of the country, and which will become more widely played when it has been given addi- tional publicity. Hand tennis, as its name signifies, requires no racket, the hand being used in propelling the ball. The ball — a regulation tennis ball — is sent back and forth over a net. and into a court marked off in a manner somewhat similar to that in lawn tennis. As may readily be recognized, the game possesses qualities that provide a beneficial as well as an en- joyable form of exercise, and it Is a splendid means of improving the wind and making the body lithe and uniformly developed. The sport was invented by E. J. Gianinni, athletic instructor at the New York Athletic Club. He was exercising in a g>^mna- sium one day with a friend when the idea entered his mind. Gianinni placed two chairs opposite each other, say twenty-five or thirty feet apart, and tied a rope from the back of one to the back of the other, and about three and a half feet from the floor. This represented the net. Placing his friend on one side, a fair distance back from the improvised net, Gianinni went to the other side and both men hit the ball back and forth over the rope, into imaginary courts. The game proved so interesting to both players that Gianinni determined to develop it. He straightway designed a net, originated measurements for a court, and formulated rules and a system of scoring. He printed pamphlets describing the game and distributed them gratuitously among people seeking information concerning it. The New York Athletic, and other clubs, took it up and in the gymnasium of the aforementioned Mercury Foot organization, two courts w^ere No. 26-HAND TENNIS. A SIDE-ARM SERVE. Spalding^ s Athletic Library. 103 marked and almost any day members can be seen euthusiastically engaged in either singles or doubles. Hand tennis is not unlike hand ball in some respects. Either hand may be used in striking the ball and unceasing activity is required. There are four modes of serving (see Figs. 25, 26, 27), says Mr. Gianinni — the underhand, the side, the overhand, and the cut serve. The underhand serve is the primary move in learning. The position for striking the ball and the manner of the execution of the strike is shown in Fig. 25. Preserve your balance, keep on the balls of your feet, and throwing the ball before you, strike it with a strong full swing of the hand. While in play you may return a ball while facing the net, or as in racquets and squash, turn sideways to the net — in racquets and squash the front wall — and facing in a line at right angles to the line of the ball's approach, swing your hand forward, meet- ing the ball squarely and forcibly. Always keep your eye on the ball, when it is coming toward and when 3^ou are striking it. After mastering the underhand serve, the player may then take up the side serve, continuing to the overhand serve, and lastly the cuts. These serves can be executed with either hand, and practically the same movements are used in returning the various forms of attack. Placing is a feature that should be developed. It adds greatly to a player's strength. Your principal efforts should be spent on improving accuracy, speed and style. The side stroke is probably the most forcible in the hand tennis play- er's repertoire. It should be borne in mind that the ball should be hk both snappily and accurately with the opened palm of the hand. In cutting, of course, a side twist or flick is given the ball according to the direction in which you desire the ball to "break" on its rebound from the floor. A good idea of the game may be had from Fig. 28, which shows a player returning a diffi- cult serve with a side stroke. No. 5>7-HAND TENNIS. AN OVERHAND SERVE. Spaldivi^'s AthlHic Library. 105 THE RULES OF HAND TENNIS 1. The server must stand back of the base line within the limits of the width of the court— either right or left— from which he is serving. 2. The ball must be bounced to the floor outside of the base line before striking it on the serve. 3. The ball may be returned after the serve either on the first bounce or on the fly; on the serve the ball must be returned on the first bounce. 4. The ball may be struck with either hand, but not with both together. 5. In serving two tries are allowed if necessary to place the ball in the proper court. If two faults result, it is "hand out." 6. A ''let" is the same as in lawn tennis. 7. In serving, if the ball goes into the net it is "hand out." 8. Stepping over the foul line at the net, striking the net with the hand or reaching over the net is foul. 9. A ball which rebounds by striking any part of the person other than the hand is foul. 10. A ball striking on the boundary or court lines is good. 11. Any fouls committed by the server or sefving side is "hand out." 12. "Hand out" is the loss of the ball to the opposing side. " HAND TENNIS COURT. Court is 40 feet long and 16 feet wide ; net is 2 feet high, and hung 2 feet 6 inches from the floor. Foul lines are 3 feet on either side from the net. All lines are usually painted on the floor in white. For the benefit of those desiring to learn to play hand tennis, the inventor of the game describes it as follows, a sample con^ test: Spalding s Athletic Library. 107 The first player, "A," serves the ball to the opposing player as provided in the rules, and who stands diagonal h- opposite in one of the two courts on the other side of the net. The second player, whom we will call "B," attempts to return the ball over the net and within bounds, and failing, '"A" scores one point. If "B" returns the ball fairly and "A" fails to return it to '"B," a hand-out occurs and no point is scored. "B" then serves and play continues as above described. The player first scoring twenty-five points wins the gam.e. A player can score only when he is the server or hand-in. In both singles and doubles the server alternates from the right to the left court, until losing the ball and becoming hand-out. National Squash Tennis Association OFFICERS 19»3-19I4 JCSIAH O. LOW. PRESIDENT GEORGE A. LYON. Jr.. VtCE-PRCSIDENT ARTHUR L. MARVIN. TREASURER WILLIAM H. Y. HACKETT. SECRETARY 27 WEST 44th Street EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE F. S. KEELER A. W. RILEY J. V. ONATIVIA. Jr. S. STODDARD G. WHITNEY New York, October 28th, 1913, Messrs. A. G. Spalding & Bros., 126 Nassau Street, New York City. Gentlemen: At a meeting of the National Squash Tennis Association, held on October 21st, 1913, the Spalding Ball was officially adopted for use by the Association during the season 1913-1914. Yours very truly. Secretary KZ THE SPALDING isi TRADEMARK GUARANTEES QUALITY SPALDING "Championship" Squash Tennis Ball THE OFFICIALLY ADOPTED BALL OF THE NATIONAL SQUASH TENNIS ASSOCIATION Are finest quality- material and workmanship throughout. It will pay you to try them if you eire not already famihar with their good points. The idea of the {overspun) cover, knitted on the ball and v,nth no seams to rip, is original with us and is a valuable improvement. These balls are carefully made of best materials, but they ctre not guaranteed. No. 0. Spalding "Championship" CK-erspun Squash Tennis Balls (Patented). \^ hite or Green covering. ....... Dozen, $6.00 Spalding Athletic Library; Group XI. No. 194. Squeish, Court Tennis. Hand Tenmis. Price 10 Cents. Edited by Frederick R. Toombs. Extract from above book : " In the days of long-gone-by the ga^ne was patronized oiily by the working people of England and Frajice. But finally the attention of the higher classes wa^ attracted by the fascinating nature of the exercbes involved, and soon Racquets became one of the vell-knov>Ti pastimes." ill' ::uu.* :*' :*' A. G. SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES :s HOK FNKT emp ;*x>u«J7 &. \9\A. Sttk>«et M ehM«* vuh««i THESI^LDING(OrrRSE-M SPALDING SQUASH TENNIS RACKETS Frames of the finest selected white ash. Made in the most careful manner and of best materials, but not guaranteed. No. 19. Strung with special Oriental gut, patent non- slipping handle. Frame bound at shoulders with vellum. . . Each, $3.50 fiOMrr AmnTiOK giyektoI ANT COMMUNICATIONS I IDDiESSEDTOBS A. G.SPALDING &, BROS STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 9ri*^ ia Mtt JMiMirr S^ 1814. Svbj •ct to chanc* without aatic» For CamuUvi pricot ••• tpmoMl Canadua CaUloff«« THE$PALDIN6(!iJ))TRADEMARK^ GUARANTEES QUALITY SPALDING SQUASH TENNIS RACKETS Frames of the finest selected white ash Made in the most careful manner and of best materials, hut not guaranteed. No. 20. Strung with best white lambs' gut, calfskin grip. Frame bound at shoulders and also at upper bends with gut. . Each, $5.00 I P80MPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANT COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A.G.SPAtDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS Boot St!{t°eTHE$PALDIN6(I tfJTRADE-MARK^Sf ^ /a "r ■ TO^ (t +- u :|^ ---- dl b -J- --- pi -4-- Ma -1--- : : -hvj ssss ■-7£r No 7 ^ Spalding Squash Racquets Spalding Squash Racquet Bats and Balls are made in the most careful manner and of best materials, but they are not guaranteed. No. 1 7. Bats made of finest se- lected ash; strung with best quality gut ; grip wound with white kid; best grade through- out. . . Each, $4.00 No. S. Imported best quality I 11-16 inch rubber ball ; black. Each, 25c. PROMPT ATTENTION 6IVEJI TO I ^ANTCOHMONIGATiONS ^ ADDKSSEOTOBS A. G SPALDING^ BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES I FOI COMPUTE UST Of STORES I SEE INSIDE FHWTCOVEP ' Of Tun MOt PncM is «c« witb««t ootk«. r«r CmmJ-h cm«-. -• |t^L^^[r^UHE SPALDING felTRADE-MARK ZZ No. BG Spalding Superior Squash Shoe No. BG. Low cut, imported English f^r~ white buck uppers, ' * * \ and best flat rubber soles; hand sewed and superior quality throughout. Best and most satisfactory Squash Shoes; also very dressy for tennis and yachting. This shoe will be sup- plied, on special order, with toe cap Pair, $8.00 Spalding Squash Tennis Shoe No. AG. Low cut, drab calf uppers, reinforced with tan leather, and with suction rubber soles. Absolutely high grade throughout. Pair, $5.50 IFUMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS i AODIIESSEDTOUS »! A. G. SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE UST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEO OFTHISBOOt in effect Januarr S. 1914. S- •o ch&nie without notice. For Cwnadiiin i subSe THE SPALDING SPALDING SQUASH WEAR Spalding Squash Shirts No. 150. White Oxford, light weight, full length or half length sleeves Each, $1.50 No. 300. White Oxford, heavy weight, full length or half length sleeves Each, $3.00 No. 450. White, gray and fancy striped Viyella flannel, unshrinkable Each, $4.50 Spalding Squash Trousers No. 2. White flannel, light weight. . Pair, $5.00 No. 22. Gray flannel " 6.00 No. 9. Best White English flannel. . " 7.00 Spalding Squash Socks No. SS. Heavy woolen, light gray. . Pair, 50c. Imported Scotch w^ool, w^hite, gray and mixtures. Pair, $1.00, $1.50, $2.50 PIOMPT ATTENTION GIVEN ] Ml CflMMUNIClTIONS MPgEKED TO PS A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOfi COMPLETE UST Of STORES SSmSIOEFIONT COVER ^>fTH8IOOI J Price* is eHect January 5. 1914. Subject to chance without notice. For Canadian price* *e« apcdal Cimkdiaq C«t«lo(u» sS^ GUARANTEES QUALITY aBiapioii®fMp Lawn Tennis Balls For 1914 we are making these balls with two different weights of covers. The regular No. 00 ball is designed for turf court use, w^hile the new No. OOH ball is for use on hard or clay- courts. On the record made by theSpaldingChampion- ship Tennis Ball so far w^e are w^illing to base our claims for superior- ity, and wherever these balls are used, either in a tournament or regular play, we are certain our judgment will be con- firmed. Absolutely best in every particular of manufacture and made by people who have been in our employ, many of them, for twen- ty years and over, w^e place the Spalding Championship Tennis Balls before the most critical clientele in the athletic w^orld with per- fect confidence that they will give absolute satisfaction. No. 00. Spalding "Championship" Lawn Tennis Balls. For turf courts. Dozen, $4.00 Three balls only, $1.00 One or two balls. Each, 35c. No. OOH. Spalding "Championship" Lawn Tennis Balls. For hard courts. Dozen, $4.00 Three balls only, $1.00 One or two balls. Each, 35c. No. 0. In the manufacture of the Spalding Championship Ball only those which are absolutely perfect in every particular are allowed to pass, and the "culls" or "throw-outs" are stamped simply Tournament and do not bear the Spalding Trade- Mark. These balls will answer for practice or for children's use, but should not be used for match play. Dozen, $3.00 Each, 25c, I nomtmimoNsivENTo (NT eOMMQNlCATiOr MotmteTa us ' A.G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOB COMPLETE UST Of STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEP » OF THIS BOOK IPHbw ii» «ff*ct JkiMwry 5, )914. Subject to dutngo without notice. For OituHian price* tee (pedal C«itwliMi'C«tale(»» sSbsK THE SPALDING (t!iTRADE ■MARKTuTrf LAWN TEMNHS RACBiET: No. GMB Jan. 3, 1905 June 12, 1906 SPALDING GOLD MEDAL RACKET No. GMB. The racket is sold upon its own reputation and the Spalding Guarantee is your assur- ance of satisfaction. Handles 5, 5 '4^ and 5-^8 inches in circum- ference. Stringing of clearest and absolutely best quality lambs' gut. Tag attached to each racket, giv- ing particulars of special inspec- tion. We use a dogwood insertion in shoulders, after proving to our satisfaction, by experience, that it is far superior to cane or other material for the purpose. With- out case Each, $7.50 SPALDING "ALL COMERS'" RACKET No. GMF. This racket is built for hard, con- stant play. New model, large frame. Walnut throat piece. Shoulders wrapped with vellum and gut for special reinforcement. Stringing is double in the central portion in the popular expert style. Handles 5, 5*4 and 5;^s inches in circumference. Stringing is of clearest and absolutely best quality lambs* gut. Each racket is enclosed in a special quality mackintosh cover Each, $8.00 No. GMF Patonti'd March 6, 1900 Jan. 3. 1905 June 12, 1906 We urRC that at the conclusion of play Racket be rubbed dry, and when not in use be covered with a Waterproof Cover, placed in a Racket Press, and the gut occasionally gone over with Spalding Tennis Gut Preservative. KEEP YOUR RACKET IN A DRY PLACE, otherwise the Guarantee is void. Q^^p^y^pSJ'P^P^ We guarantee Lawn Tennis Rackets for a period of 30 days from date of purchase by the user. The Guarantee Tag attached to each Spalding Lawn Tennis Racket reads as follows: If this Racket proves defective in workmanship or material w^ithin 30 days from date of purchase, please return, transportation charges prepaid, to any Spalding Store, and the defect will be rectified. Imperfectly strung rackets will be restrung, and in the event of a broken frame due to workmanship or defective material, the racket will be replaced. NOTICE — This Guarantee does not apply to Rackets weighing less than 13 ounces. CROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDHESSED TO US A.G.SPALDING &, BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPIETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER ' OF THIS BOOK Pric** ut effect Jwau»iy 6, 1914. Subject to change without notice For Ceiudian price* tee tpecial Cena Caulogue. paMiimg Temnniis Mete 3-D. Double Center Net. (Hand Made). Showing aUo No. A Post* and No. 3-0 Center Strap No. 3-A. Machine Made Net. Showing al»o No. C Post* Spalding "Championship" Tarred Nets— Hand Made For tournament play. Furnished with extra heavy galvan- ized wire cable. Extra heavy duck binding at top. No. 9-0. 42 ft. 6 in. X 3 '4' ft.. 36 thread. Each. $12.00 No. 8-0. 33 ft. X 3,'+ ft.. 36 thread. " 10.00 Spidding Tarred Nets — Hand Made Bound with 10 oz. duck at top. With galvanized wire c^ble. No. 7-0. 42 ft. 6 in. x 3'+ ft.. 21 thread. . E-ich. $10.00 No. 6-0. 33 ft. X 3 H' ft. 21 thread. " 9.00 Spalding Double Center Nets — Hand Made Double twine knitted together from 20 to 26 feet. While. 21 Thread. Double Court 42 ft. X 3 ft., double center ^6 feet. 36 ft. X 3 ft., double center 20 feet White, 15 Thread, Double Court 42 ft. X 3 ft., double center 26 feet. 36 ft. X 3 ft., d»uble center 20 feet. No. 3D No. 2D No. 3C. No. 2C. Each, $6.50 6.00 Each, $5.50 5.00 Spalding Black Twine Club Nets — Hand Made Dyed with fast coloring matter which adds to their durability. Bound at top with a doubled band of 8 oz. white duck, 2 in. wide. Heavy tarred manila ropes top and bottom. Each No. 5-0. 42 ft. X 3 ■.;: ft.. 30 thread, single center. . , $8.00 No. 4-0. 36 ft. X 3 !+' ft., 30 thread, single center. . . 7.50 No. 3-0. 42 ft. X 3 '4 ft., 2 1 thread, double center 26 ft. 8.00 No. 2-0. 36 f t X 3X ft-, 2 1 thread, double center 20 ft. 7.50 Galvanized Steel Cable for Top Cords Full length X-i"ch galvanized steel cable, five strands of seven wires each, twisted tightly. With metal loop at each end and manila rope ends to fasten to post. E^ch,. $2.00 Spalding Machine Made Nets Top bound with heavy 2-inch canvas (trip. (White) No. 4A. Double Court, 42 ft, 21 thread. . Each. $3.50 No. 3 A. Double Court, 42 ft.. 15 thread. . " 2.00 No. 2A. Double Court, 36 ft.. 15 thread. . " 1.75 Top and bottom bound with heavy cotton rope. (White) No. 3. Double Court. 42 ft., 15 thread. . , Each. $1.50 No. 2. Double Court, 36 ft., 15 thread. . . " 1.25 No.,1. Single Court, 27 ft, 12 thread. . . " 1.00 Spalding Canvas Bound Nets -Hand Made NOT Double Centar. Top bound with heavy 2-inch canvas strip No. 38. DoubleCourt.42ft.x3ft..21thread.white. Ea.,$5.00 >lo.2B. DoubleCourt.36ft.x3ft..2lthroad.white. - 4.50 Spalding Twine Nets for Backstops — Machine Made No. 4. White. 50 feet long, 7 feet high. 9 thread. Each. $2.50 No. 5. White, 50 feet long, 6 feet high. 1 2 thread. " 3.50 No. SX. Tarred, 50 feet len<, 6 feet hi»»i A'j,H,nmilili l Figure Eight Foils Spalding fencing Foils, Bell Guard Foils No. 7. Iron mountings, "figure 8" guard, corded handle. . . • Per pair, $1.50 No. 1 1 . Blued mountings,"figure 8" gucu-d, corded handle, blued pommel, 34-inch blade. Pcur,$2.50 No. 18. Mountings, "figure 8" guaurd, pommel of brass, corded heindle, 34-inch blade. Pair, $3.00 No. 17. Special "Club" Foil, nickel-plated and polished, improved "figure 8 ' guard and pommel, specicJ corded handle, 34-in. blade. Pedr, $4.00 No. 14L- Ladies' Foil, nickel-plated and pol- ished, "figure 8" guard, plush covered handle, mountings polished and plated, engraved 32-in. blade Per pair, $4.00 No. 15. Nickel-plated bell guard, corded handle, mountings nickel-plated, 34-in. blade. Pair,$2.75 No. 19. Nickel-plated and buffed bell guard, corded handle, mountings nickel-plated and pol- ished, selected 34-inch blade. Per pair, $3.50 No. 23. Reinforced bell guard, all mountings nickel-plated emd highly polished, corded han- dle, fine 34-inch engraved blade. Pair, $5.00 No. 24L. Ladies" Foil, small bell guard and all trimmings nickel-plated and polished, plush cov- ered handle, fine 34-in. engraved blade. Pr.,$4.00 Spalding Special Italian Pattern Foil Showing simple method of detaching blade. No. 2X. Army and Navy Style. Approved pat- tern as used at West Point and Annapolis. Special detachable blade may be taken out in a moment, yet when screws in guard has been tightened the blade is absolutely tight and rigid. Pair. $5.75 No.D. Detachable blade for No. 2X foil. Ea.. .70 Fencing Swords No. 10. Haute Rapur, finest steeL Pair, $10.00 We carrj- in stock two of the most popular models of Italian style foils. Product of two of the best makers in Europe. Perfect in every detail. No. 9. Gennari Model, regular finish. Pr.,$ 1 0.50 No. 16. Special Model, finely finished nickel fit- tings Per pain $11.50 Extra blades for Italian pattern foil, flat style, best quality . Each, $1.25 Italian Style Rapiers No. 1 5. Combat Sword, regulation style. No. 20. Broadswords, regulation style. No. 30. Broadswords, wood Sword Blades No. 1. For Rapier No JO. . . . Each, $1.50 No. Vi. For Sword No. 15. . . " 1-75 No. 2." For Sword No. 20. . . " 2.50 Spalding Special Duelling Sword No.160. RadaelliModel.nick- eled mountings. Pair, $11.50 ^^_^ No. 170. . Masiello Model, ja- No. " '"^ panned mountings. Pair,$8.25 180. MasielloModel.nickeledmountings." 10.50 220. BarbasettiModekjapanned mountings. 9.25 230. BarbasettiModel.nickeledmountings. 10.50 Blades for any of above models. . Each, 2.50 Chiave, wrench for mounting and dismounting blades. . Each, 50c. Fencing Sticks No. 4X. Nickel-^V plated and polished fit- No. 40. Sticks, complete. Pair,80c. tings, fine quality ^'B^ three-cornered blades. No. 41. Willow Basket Handles, 40c. handleleathercoveredandwoundwithsilvercord. No. 42. Hickory Sticks only. Pr..40c. reinforced 5-inch bell guard, heavy pommel, oma- ^^ No. Foil Blades mented. Well made, superior quality. Pair,$l 1.50 %^ A. Fine Solingen Steel Blades, 34-in.Ea.,70c. Extra blades for duelling swords, three-cornered, ^ B. Fine Brunon Steel Blades, 34-in. " 70c. best quality. . , . * . . ... Elach. $3.00 No.c C Rubber Foil Buttons. . Per pair, lOc P80HPTATTENTI(IN61VENT0| ANY COMMUNICATIONS * AMaKSEOTODS A. G. SPALDING & BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER^ OF THIS BOOK ® PrioM-b vHact Junamry 5. 1914. Subject to chaii«e without ootice. for Canadian prices tee (pecial Caoadiar. Catalogue ££ lUARANTEtS QUALITY bpalding h'oil Masks Extra fine quality. Close mesh and strongly made. Trimmed with black patent leather, padded head spring and chin-piece. No. 1. Face guard only Per pair, $2.75 No. 2. Face and ear guards" ... " 3.50 No. 3. Face, ear and forehead guards. " 4.00 Spalding Foil and Broadsword Masks No. 42. Close mesh and heavy v/ire. Per pair, $8.00 No. 41. Heavy reinforced tviristed wire. " 14.00 No. 57. Instructor's Fencing Mask. . " 17.50 No. 52. Extra heavy twisted wire. . " 17.50 No. 59. Suitable for either regular foil fencing or heavy broadsword work. Removable padding. Pair, $18.75 No. 50. For heavy or light sabre fencing. " 23.00 Spalding Broadsword Helmet "No. 4. Heavy wire, reinforced. Well padded. Pair, $10.00 Spalding Fencing Plastrons Good quality leather; heavily padded and quilted. No. 2. Chest and right side Each, $2.50 No. 3. Chest and right and left side. . " 3.00 No. 3L. Women's. Same as No. 3, but shaped for waist Each, $3.00 Spalding Fencing Jackets No. C. Special quality brown canvas, with collar. Each, $3.50 No. M. Same at No. C, but of good quality moleskin. Each, $4.50 Spalding Chamois Pad For Broadsword Fencing No. 87. Covered with chamois, padded and quilted. Each. $5.00 Spalding Elbow Protector No. 74. Sole leather, leather strap and buckle. Each, 50c. Spalding Foil Gloves Made in Rights or Lefts No. 1. Short soft leather cuff, nicely padded. Each. $1.25 No. 2. Gauntletof soft leather, nicely padded. " 1.50 i No. 3. Patent leather, stiff elbow gauntlet, nicely padded. Each. $2.00 No. 6. Ladies' White buck Gauntlet Glove. " 1.25 No. 61. White buck, with Gauntlet. ..." 1.50 No.63. White buck leather, soft gauntlet. . " 2.00 Spalding French Duelling Gloves (Mousquetaire Pattern) No.D. Soft leather, extra long soft gauntlet. Each. $2.50 No. 60. Unpadded, flexible white buck leather. " 123 Spalding Broadsword Glove No. 5. Full padded, stiff elbow gauntlet. Each, $3.50 No, 7. Same as above, but shorter cuff. " 3.00 Spalding Fencing Shoes No.L. Drab Clove Leather, red trimmings. Made to cyder only. Not carried in stock. Specif>- if to be made with or without toe extension sole, and on which shoe. Pair, $5.00 So. LW. Ladies', Otherwise same as No. L. •' 5.00 Aj Ih^fM ^ itb rtQ No 1 No ^ fffh I' \ I No 5^*S5^ ^^^ PI8MPT ATTENTION GHfENTI .AHYCSHMONKIATIONS t^ ABflBESStB TO US A.G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOUCOMPim LIST 6f STORES L SEE INSIDE FRONT CeVEI. Price* in effect J&otuiry 5, 19J*- Sobiect to chance wHbout potic* For CatMiiUe once, too (pecUl Cwuiiu CataUfa*.* [Brl^MHaiilKIMIIlU^M^ No. IS rrft.i5s. Spalding Gymnasium Shoes Gymnasium Shoes must be comfortable and easy, yet fit snugly and give the wearer a sure footing— they must also be durable. Spalding Gymnasium Shoes possess all of these good qualities and, in addition, are reasonable in price. No. 15. High cut, kanga- roo uppers, genuine elk- skin soles. Will not slip on floor; extra light. Cor- rect shoes for boxing. Per pair, $5.00 No. 15,5. High cut, elk- iskin soles, and will not slip on floor; soft and flex- ible; women's and men's sizes. . Per pair, $4.50 No. 166. Low cut, select- ed leather, extra light and electric soles; w^omea's and men's sizes. ^ Per pair, 3.00 No.90L. Women's. Low cut, black leather, elec- tric soles and corrugated rubber heels. Pair, $2.50 No. 21. High cut, black leather, electric soles. Sewed and turned, which makes shoes extremely light and flexible. Per pair, $2.50 No, 85L. Women's. Low cut, black leather, with roughened electric soles Per pair, $2.00 No, 20. Low cut. Otherwise as No. 21. Sewed and turned shoes. * Per pair, $2.00 No. 20L. Women's. Otherwise as No. 20. Sewed and turned shoes Per pair, $2.00 Spalding Special Bowling Shoes No. 148. For bowling and general athletic use. Light drab chrome tanned leather uppers with elec- tric soles. Lace extremely low down. . Pair, $3.50 mOMPT ATTENTION GIV»TB ^ANY COMMUNICATieNS^ ^ ADDIIESSEO TO BS » A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES Foil COMPUTE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIOE FRONT COVER - OF THIS BflOI '^ Price< in effect January 5, 1914. Subject to chuis« without aotic«. For Oni»iili>n price* tee (p«cUI CjLn«aiui C«tftl»fu» £Mi ^-rm^m^ SFAILDUNG JJACMET SWEATERS Stock Sizes : 28 to 46 inches chest measurement. We allow. four inches for stretch in all our stealers, and sizes are marked accordingly. . ^(/'^^''-^^^f^f' -J^^^^^?:' that for very heavy men a size about two inches larger than coat measurement be ordered to tnstire a comfortable fit. Spalding Jacket Sweaters Heavy Weight WITH POCKETS No. VGP. Best quality wor- sted, heavy weight, pearl buttons. Pocket on each side; particularly conve- nient and popular style for golf players, also for use in combination with CT Col- laiette during cold or in- clement weather. Each, $6.50 * $70.20 Doz. WITHOUT POCKETS No. VG. Same as No. VGP. but without pockets. Each, $6.00 • $64.80 Doz. STOCK COLORS— All Sweaters (except No. 3J) listed on this page carried in stock in Gray, White, Navy, Maroon, Cardinal, Purple, and Old Gold. SPECIAL ORDERS— In addition to stock colors mentioned, we also supply any of the sweaters listed on this page in any other color on special orders without extra charge. SPECIAL NOTICE— We will furnish any of the solid color sweaters listed on this page (except No. 3J), with one color body and any other color (not striped) collar and cuffs, on special orders, at no extra charge. Spalding Collarette Made especially for use with Spalding Jacket and Vest Collar Sweaters, coming up high around neck, with button front and reversible collar, and providing the necessary warmth and protection required in cold or inclement weather or while engaging in outdoor sports dunng hard weather. No. CT. Spalding Collarette, Carried in stock in same colors as sweaters listed on this page, and furnished on special orders in any other color without extra charge Each, $2.00 See next pag« for special Angora wool button front sweaters, particularly for women's use, also special Angora mufflers, toques and knitted caps. The prices printed in italics opposite Uems marked -withirunll be quoted only o" orders for one-half dosenormore^ Quantity prices NOT allowed on items NOT marked with* "".'■-- Spalding Jacket Sweaters Standard Weight The standard or lighter weight jacket sweaters are especially suitable for wear under regular coat when walk- ing or taking ordinary exercise. No.DJ. Fine worsted, stand- ard weight, pearl buttons, fine knit edging. Each, $5.00 •^5^.00 Doz. No. 3J. Standard weight, similar style to No. DJ, but Shaker knit instead of fine worsted, without fine knit edging. Pearl buttons. Car- ried in stock in Gray, Navy, Black, Maroon, No special orders. Each, $4.00 •^45.00 Dor. Two pockets in either No. DJ or No. 3J sweaters, put in at time made, not after. Extra, 50c. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANCE WITHOUT NOTICE PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO I ANT COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. FOR COMPUTE LIST Of STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS Boot WHmt U affed JAatury V. 191^ Subjtd to ch«a«t withn For Cutftdian pric«i »•« spcdftl C«n*ditD CttilofU*. MADE BY LONDON'S BEST SPORTING TAIL0R3 THE BEST SPORTS WEAR FOR MEN OR WOMEN Catalogue of Coverley Clothes'* sent 2ipon request. Golf Suits, Overcoats, Motor Capes, Flannel Trousers Knitted Jackets, Tennis Socks Golf Stockings, Golf and Tennis Shirts, Tennis Shoes m^mmmjsmmm'H j^^Eimm BETWEEN FORTY-THIRD AND FORTY-FOURTH STREETS, NEW YORK SUBSTITUTE THE SPALDING(U>)TRADEMARK QUALITY Spalding New Athletic Goods Catalogue The following selection of items from Spalding's latest Catalogue will give an idea of the great variety of ATHLETIC GOODS manufactured by A. G. SPALDING & BROS. .•/ /.' SEND FOR A FREE COPY. SEE LIST OF SPALDING STORE ADDRESSES ON INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK Archery Discs— ^ _^ Knee Protectors Ash Bars Athletic Library Attachm'ta, Che»t Weighl Discs- Marking, Golf Discus, Olympic Discs, Striking Bas Dumb BeUs ftddy BaJget JBP» Base BaU University „ Water Polo Center Forks, Iron Center Straps. CanvU Chest Weights ^ Circle, Seven-Foot Clock Golf Corks, Runnintr Covers. Racket Cricket Goods Croquet Good* CroM Bars . Bat Bathing Suit Caddy Cricket Striking Tennis Uniform Balls- Base Basket Cricket Hand Indoor Medicine Playgrouna Squash Tennis Volley Water Polo Ball Cleaner, Golf Bandages, Elastic Bar Bells Bars, Horizontal Bases- Base Ball Indoor Bathing Suit* Bats- Base Ball Cricket Indoor Batting Cage, Belts— ^Leather and Worsted Bladders- Basket Ball Base BaD Emblems Embroidery Elquestrian Polo Striking Bag Blades. Fencing Felt Letters Fencing Sticks Field Hockey Finger Protection Flags- College Marking Golf Foils, Fencing G asses. Base Ball Sun Gloves— Base Ball Boxing Cricket Fencing Golf Hand Ball Clove Softener Goals- Basket Ball Golf Clubs Golf Counters Golfette Grips- Athletic Golf Cut Preservative, Tenni; Guy Ropes and Pegs Gym'm Suits. Women's Hammers, Athletic. Handle Cover, Rubber Hangers for Indian Club* Hals, University Health Pull Hob Na.ls Hole Cutter, Golf Hole Rim, Golf Hurdles, Safety Hurley Goods Indian Clubs Inflaters— Striking Ba| Jackets. Fencing Jerseys Lanes for Sprints Lawn Bowls Leg Guards- Base Ball Cricket Field Hockey Leotards ^Letters— Embroidered Felt Liniment Posts- Backstop. Tennis Lawn Tennis Protectors — Abdomen Base Ball Body Indoor Base Ball Thumb Pulleys and Axle, Tennis Push Ball Pushers, Chamois Puttees, Golf Quoits Mallets- Cricket Croquet Equestriem Polo Roque Markers. Tennis Masks- Base BaU Fencing Mattresses Megaphones Mitts- Base Ball Hand Ba!l Striking Beig Monograms Mufflers. Knitted .Nets- Cricket Golf Driving Tennis Volley Ball Numbers, Competitors Racket Covers Racket Presses Rackets. Lawn Tennis Rackets Restrung Racks Golf Ball Rapiers Reels for Tennis Posts Referees' Whisde Rings- Exercising Swinging Roque Rowing Machines Pads- Chamois. Fencing Sliding, Base Ball Wrestling Pamt. Golf Pants- Base Ball Bathing, Knee Boys' Knee Running Pennants, College Pistol, Starters' Plastrons. Fencing Plates- Base Ball Shoe Home Marking, Tennis Pitchers Box Pitchers Toe Teeing. Golf Platforms, Striking Bag Poles. Vaultmg Polo, Equestrian Polo. Roll«. Goods Sacks, for Sack Racing Sandow Dumb Bells Score Books- Base Ball Basket Ball Cricket Golf Tennis Score Tablets, Base Ball Shirts- Athletic Base Ball Shoes — Base BaU Basket Ball Bowling Shoes- Clog Cricket Cross Country Fencing Golf Gymnasium Jumping Outing Running Squash Tennis Walking Shot- Athletio Indoor Skate Rollers Skates, Roller Slippers, Bathing Squash Goods Standards- Vaulting Volley Ball Straps- Base BaU For Three-Legged R*a Spikes, Cricket Steel Cable. Tennis Nfll Sticks, Polo Stockings . Stop Boards Striking Bags Stumps ana Bail* Suits— _ , Gymna'm, WotnCR • Swimming Supporters — Ankle Wrist Suspensories Sweat Band Sweaters Swivels, Striking 0%$ Duelling Fencing Take-Off Board Tape- . Adhesive Cricket, Measurinf Marking, Tennis Measuring Steel Tees, Golf Tether Tennis Tights- Athletic Full Full. Wresdint Knee Toe Boards Trapeze Trousers. Y.M.C^ Trunks — Bathing Velvet Worsted Umpire Indicator Uniforms, Base BaQ Wands. CalisthenJQ Watches. Stop Water Wings Weights, 56.!b. Whistles, Referees Wrestling Equipmeol Wrist Machines fPIOyPTiTTEJmOIISIVEIITO A.G.SPALDING & BROS STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOICOMPlfTEUSTOf SE INSIDE FNNT STOfSTOSQll WTCOyER I .f ricM in e{f«ct JiMMor ^ 1914> i Sabjvct to clMng« witlMvt aoti««. For C*D*di»p pric«s s«« «»«q«| ^ttii'iin fliiHniif standard Policy A Standard Qyality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a Manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Qyality. To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well as for the retail dealer. To meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list price on his goods to the consumer. To enable the glib salesman, when booking his orders, to figure out attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer, these high list prices are absolutely essential ; but their real purpose v^rill have been served v/hen the manufacturer has secured his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who does not, and, in reality, is not ever expected to pay these fancy list prices. When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring high list prices, the retailer begins to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation as best he can, by offering "special discounts," which vary with local trade conditions. Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the jobber are assured ; but as there is no stability maintained in the prices to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leads to a demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The manufacturer, in his turn, meets this demandfor the lowering of prices by the only way open to him, viz.: the cheap- ening and degrading of the quality of his product. The foregoing conditions became so intolerable that 15 years ago, in 1899, A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify this demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as " The Spalding Policy."^ The " Spalding Policy " eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer secures the supply of Spalding Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer is assured a fair, legitimate and certain profit on all Spalding Athletic Goods, and the consumer is assured a Standard Qyality and is protected from imposition. The "Spalding Policy" is decidedly for the interest and protection of the users of Athletic Goods, and acts in two ways : First. —The user is assured of genuine Official Standard Athletic Goods. Second.— A.S manufacturers, we can proceed with confidence in purchasing at the proper time, the very best raw materials required in the manufacture of our various goods, well ahead of their respective seasons, and this enables us to provide the necessary quantity and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard of Qyality. All retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested to supply consumers at our regular printed catalogue prices— neither more nor less— the same prices that similar goods are sold for in our New York, Chicago and other stores. All Spalding dealers, asw^ell as users of Spalding Athletic Goods, are treated exactly alike, and no special rebates or discriminations are allowed to anyone. This briefly, is the "Spalding Policy." which has already been in successful operation for the past 1 5 years, and will be indefinitely continued. In other words, "The Spalding Policy" is a "square deal" for everybody. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. *^ f Pf J|lv ^ PRESIDENT. C^ standard Quality An article that is universally given the appellation "Standard" is thereby conceded to be the criterion, to which are compEired all other things of a similar nature. For instance, the Gold DoUar of the United States is the Standard unit of currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold, and the fact of its being Genuine is guaranteed by the Government Stamp thereon. As a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service Bureau of Experts. Under the law, citizen manufacturers must depend to a great extent upon Trade-Marks and similar devices to protect themselves against counterfeit products — without the aid of "Government Detectives" or "Public Opinion" to assist them. Consequently the "Consumer's Protection" against misrepresentation and " inferior quality " rests entirely upon the integrity and responsibility of the " Manufacturer." A. G. SpaJding & Bros, have, by their rigorous attention to "Quality," for thirty-eight years, caused their Trade-Mark to become known throughout the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable in their field as the U. S. Currency is in its field. The necessity of upholding the Guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Mark and maintaining the Standard Quality of their Athletic Goods, is, therefore, as obvi- ous as is the necessity of the Government in maintaining a Standard Currency. Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a Reliable Manufacturer in upholding his Trade- Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic Goods to assist us in maintaining the Spalding Standard of Elxcellence, by insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly stemiped on all athletic goods which they buy, because without this precaution our best efforts towards maintaining Standard Quality and preventing fraudulent substitution v^U be ineffectual. Manufacturers of Standard Articles invariably suffer the reputation of being high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered £md emphasized by makers of " inferior goods," wth w^hom low prices are the main consideration. A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold and a guarantee to protect must necessarily have higher prices than a mzuiufac- turer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Quality depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. We know from experience hat there is no quicksand more unstable than poverty in quality — and we avoid Jiis quicksand by Standard Quality. ^iy^ /^s^^^zp^ ATHLETIC I/IBRARY A separate book covers every Athletic Sport and is Off icial and Standard Price 10 cents each GRAND PRIX ^«@ai PARIS. 1900 ST. LOU IS. 1904 ^ It JnL XJ U 1^ Ur PARIS. 1900 ATHLETIC GOODS ARE THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD A. G. Spalding ® Bros. MAINTAIN WHOLESALE and RETAIL STORES in the FOLLOWING CITIES NEW YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY PHILADELPHIA DETROIT SAN FRANCISCO NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES ALBANY CLEVELAND SEATTLE BUFFALO COLUMBUS SALT LAKE CITY SYRACUSE INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND ROCHESTER PITTSBURGH MINNEAPOLIS BALTIMORE WASHINGTON ATLANTA ST. PAUL LONDON. ENGLAND LIVERPOOL. ENGLAND BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND MANCHESTER, ENGLAND EDINBURGH. SCOTLAND GLASGOW. SCOTLAND LOUISVILLE DENVER NEW ORLEANS DALLAS MONTREAL. CANADA TORONTO, CANADA PARIS. FRANCE SYDNEY. AUSTRALIA Factories o^vned and operated I>y A.C.Spaldirtf & Bros, and w^ereel/ofJpa/din^} fe-Marked Athletic Goods are mode are located in the following CHICAGO FRANCISCO CHICOiPEE. BROOKIiYN BOSTON PHILADELPHIA LONDON. o V -^-0^' ^-s o ;. "^ --PS o " o nC^ .V '^^,/- 0' •-^. v^ o 0" ';i' <^-' ,^' <:>'<^. •^\ <^' %^^ •S^"-. .^•■^' .0 ^. y^o^ .J _.-tV -^^ -^' t. o<- -\' 4 c> 4 ^^ - ^?~ .0- '^^. <^ -i- 0' •T-C..' %. ^-.^^ '1-: §^," ■-> ''' '^'''^ 0^ t tz. ©■^ » .^•^ ■=* *-. [" C- ^^ r • ; R 73 N. MANCHESTER. INDIANA