Book_i_ 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 
 
%* 
 
]CKET Atlas x% World 
 
-^ 
 
HISTORY 
 
 op THE 
 
 i NITED STATES 
 
 From the Discovery of Ajiekica xxtil the 
 Present Time 
 
 POCKET ATLAS 
 
 ;riIE AYOEL5J), 
 
 CONT41NING v.T'^V'*, 
 
 •MNING 
 
 Colored Maps of each State and Territory in the tJNiTED 
 
 State*, avitu Statistics showing Products and Re- 
 
 socrces of the Various States ; also, Maps 
 
 op Every Country in the World. 
 
 C IIICAGO: 
 
 Rand, McNali.y A: Co.. 148 Monroe Street, 
 
 1887. 
 
 ^.cu, accorciif't? to Art 01 ». ung-iess, in the ye r 18o7, by 
 
 TilE NP:W Y0.;K TllinUNK ASSOCIATION. 
 In the Office or' the Librarian ot Oongress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
B'lt 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 THE COLONIES. 
 
 PARE 
 
 Chapter I.— Discovery and Exploration ..*...- 3 
 
 Chapter II. — Settiement of Virginia 6 
 
 Chapter III. — Settlement of Massachusetts 9 
 
 Chapter IV.— Otber New England Colonies 13 
 
 Chapter V.— Settlemen t of New York and New Jerr^ey 14 
 
 Chapter YI. — Maryland, Pennsylvania, liirf Carolinas, and 
 
 Georgia , 15 
 
 Chapter VII. — Indian Wars in New England 18 
 
 Chapter VIII. — The Colonies and the Crown 19 
 
 Chapter IX.— The Ware with France 20 
 
 THE EE VOLUTION. 
 
 Chapter X.— The Prelude to the Revolution 25 
 
 Chapter XI. — Beginning of the War 28 
 
 Chapter XII. — The Declaration of Independence 30 
 
 Chapter XIII.— From the Declaration of Independence to the 
 Alliance with France 31 
 
 Chapter XIV.— From the Alliance with France to the End of 
 
 the War 33 
 
 THE OLD UNION. 
 
 Chapter XV.— The Constitution.— Presidency of Washitigton. . . 37 
 
 Chapter XYI.— The New Wefet.— Presidency of John Adams.— 
 Of Thomas Jefferson 39 
 
 Chapter XVII.— Presidency of Jam-es 3Iadison.— War with Eng- 
 land . 42 
 
 Chapter XYIII.— Presidency of James Monroe.— The Missouri 
 (.Jompromise.- Presidency of .t. (^. Adams 45 
 
 Chapter XIX.— Presidency oi' i^nt^ew Jackson.— The Bank.— 
 Nullification.— Presidency of • JVI. Van Buren.- Of W. H. 
 Harrison.— Of John Tyler . ! 4v 
 
 Chapter XX.— Presidency of James K. Polk.— The Mexican 
 War.— California 49 
 
 Chapter XXI.— The Fight for Free Territory. -Presidents Tay- 
 lor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan.— Rise of the Republican 
 
 Party.— Election of Abraham Lincoln 50 
 
 THE REBELLION. 
 
 Chapter XXIL— The Confederate States.— Fort Sumter. -Bull 
 Run 53 
 
 Chapter XXIII.— Capture of Forts Henry and Donelscn.— Shi- 
 loh.— New Orleans.- The Monitor and the Merrimac— 
 Campaign in Kentucky 55 
 
 Chapter XXIV.— McClellan on the Peninsula.— Second Bull 
 Ran.— Antietam.— Proclamation of Emancipation.— Fred- 
 erickeburg.— Chancellorsville.— Ciettysburg 57 
 
 Chapter XXV.— From the Fall of Yicksburg to the End of the 
 
 War 60 
 
 THE NEW UNION. 
 
 Chapter XXVI.— Assassination of President Lincoln.— Presi- 
 dency of Andrew Johnson.— Of General Grant 63 
 
 Chapter XXVII.— Presidency of R. B. Hayes.- Assassination 
 of President Garfield.— Presidency of C. A. Arthur.— Of 
 
 Grover Cleveland.— Conclusion 65 
 
 ii 
 
flE¥ YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 HISTORY OF THE UHITED STATES. 
 
 THE COLONIES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 
 
 For centuries there have been legends of prehistoric commtmi- 
 cation between America and the Eastern hemisphere, wliich 
 research has not been able to verify nor quite to overturn. It is 
 not until near the close of the tenth century that we iind a positiye 
 record of voyages to this continent. An Icelandic sea-rover of 
 that date, driven out of his course by storms, reached Greenland, 
 which must then have enjoyed a far more genial climate than it has 
 now; and his report of the country led other Norsemen to visit it, 
 and to plant settlements, whence expeditions coasted along the 
 shores of New England, giving the name of Vinland to the country 
 about Narragansett Bay, and probably reaching even the Bay of 
 New York. These voyages, however, had no practical result; and 
 after the destruction of tlie Greenland colonies, in the fourteenth 
 and fifieenth centuries, the very memory of the Norsemen's discoY- 
 eries perished. 
 
 When Christopher Columbus, therefore, formed his project of a 
 western voyage of discovery, the existence of unknown lands 
 beyond the Atlantic was unsuspected. The latter part of the 
 fifteenth century was a period of extraordinary enterprise and 
 restlessness among the chief nations of Europe. Men were fasci- 
 nated especially by maritime adventure, learning for the first time 
 something of the true shape of the earth, dispelling the fables that 
 had covered the distant seas with impenetrable darkness and en- 
 circled the tropics with a zone of fire, and searching out convenient 
 routes to the Indies, a region of romance and mystery which, in the 
 popular imagination, offered inexhaustible wealth of gold, jewels. 
 Bilks, spices, and all else that was rarest, most precious, and most 
 beautiful. Columbus, who was a Genoese sea captain, had beeu a 
 careful student of geography, correcting the scanty knowledge of 
 the time by whatever he could learn from the reports of the most 
 adventurous sailors. If any vague rumor of islands in the West 
 reached him he seems to have put no faith in it. Satisfied that the 
 earC^-v} was roimd, but greatly misconceiving its size, he believed 
 that 'he could reach the Indies by sailing due west from Europe a 
 digtiP'Uce of not more than 2,400 miles; and the fantastic dangers 
 witll which scholars and navigators argued that such a route into 
 the void must be beset he knew had no existence. His theory, 
 therefore, embraced an error of no great consequence, with a truth 
 of the first value to civilization. The discovery of America was 
 
 iii 
 
IV NEW YORK TEIBUNE'S 
 
 not an accident, but something reasoned out. As Humboldt says, 
 it was "a'conquest of reflection.'" 
 
 Columbus spent many years vainly urging his scheme at various 
 European conns. He was listened to at last by the Spanish sover- 
 eigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, the queen espousing his cause with 
 especial generosity; and on the 3d of August, 1492, he was enabled 
 to set sail with three small vessels from the port of Palos, in Anda- 
 hisia. The voyage was long, and the crews, some of whom had 
 been impressed, were in almost open mutiny, when land was made 
 out on the morning of October 12th, and the adventurers went 
 ashore upon a small green island, of which they took possession in 
 the name of Ferdinand and Isabella. This island, called by 
 Columbus San Salvador, was one of the group now known as the 
 Bahamas, perhaps either the present San Salvador or the neighbor- 
 ing Watling's Island; but the most careful investigation has 
 failed to identify it positively. Columbus spent three months 
 among the islands, visiting Cuba and Hayti, and returning to 
 Palos in triumph, persuaded that he had reached the Indies and 
 that Cuba was a part of the Asiatic continent. He made four 
 voyages to the new world, discovering the South American conti- 
 nent in 1498, and exploring part of Central America in 1502, but he 
 never became aware of his mistake. Slandered by disappointed 
 adventurers, and grossly ill-treated by Ferdinand, he died in poverty 
 and disgrace. To crown the list of his wrongs, the country which 
 he had fottnd was presently named in honor of one Amerigo 
 Vespucci, a Florentine, who sailed with later expeditions and wrote 
 a tract about the New World. 
 
 The Spaniards pushed tbe explorations with energy. They 
 overran the islands and the neighboring parts of Central and South 
 America. Balboa crossed the isthmus of Darien and waded into 
 the Pacific, the Ion'j:-sought South Sea (1513). Cortez conquered 
 the rich Indian empire of Mexico (1519-21), and Pizarro overthrew 
 the civilization of Peru (1531-6). Everywhere the Spaniards 
 ravaged the land for gold. They built towns, established vice-regal 
 governments, founded military colonies, drove the Indians to work 
 in the mines, and in less than half a century raised upon lust, 
 murder, avarice, slavery, and pillage, aJNew Spain, which poured 
 uncounted millions into the treasury of the King. They crossed 
 into the countries now forming the United States, where Ponce de 
 Leon (1512) sought the fountain of perpetual youth in Florida. 
 Panfilo de Narvaez wandered for six years (1528-34) between 
 Florida and Mexico. Hernando de Soto, setting out from Florida 
 on an errand of rapine and slaughter, discovered the Mississippi 
 (1541) and was buried in its waters. Ayllon went as far north as 
 Maryland, and expeditions from Mexico entered New Mexico and 
 California. The Spaniards made the first permanent settlement in 
 the United States at St. Augustine (1565), and the second at Santa 
 Fe (1582). For a century alter the discovery they were by far the 
 most redotibtable and most enterprising of the adventurers in the 
 New World, and if the United States had yielded the gold of which 
 they were in search it seems likely that they would have possessed 
 the whole country. Fortunately the wealth of California was not 
 revealed until the Spanish power had recoiled before a higher 
 civilization. 
 
 Other nations had not been entirely indifferent to the wonderxiul 
 things happening across the ocean, but it was long before they 
 realized their opport unity. John Cabot, a Venetian in the service 
 of Henry VII. of Englancl, discovered the North American contirjent 
 (1497) a year before the mainland of Sotith America was seeii by 
 Columbus. He coasted from Labrador (probably) to Virginia., and 
 his son, Sebastian, the next year cruised between Ne\vfouncl]an(l 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. V 
 
 and Hatterae. Upon these voyages the English subsequently 
 founded their claims to the country, but at the time no attempt was 
 made to occupy it. Equally barren was the expedition of the 
 Portuguese Cortereal (1500 or 1501)i who reached the mouth of the 
 St. Lawrence. Verrazzano. an Italian in the French service, coasting 
 from North Carolina to Maine (1523), was the first to learn that 
 America is not a part of the Indies. TheFrench were more alert than 
 the English, and more moderate in their ambition than the Spaniards, 
 They engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries in the first years of the 
 sixteenth centuiy, and as early as 1534 they attempted the coloniza- 
 tion of Newfoundland and Canada. The three expeditions which 
 they dispatched under Cartier between 1534 and 1541 were not 
 successful; but in the combination of missionary and trading enter- 
 prise these ventures exhibited tlie plan of action which the French 
 afterwards followed with great profit. Their policy was to secure 
 the traffic in furs by establishing intimate relations with the Indian 
 tribes, and they secured their ascendancy more by the influence of the 
 priests than b.y the shoAV of force. It was not until the beginning 
 of the seventeenth century, however, when Champlain came out 
 with a colony (1605), and the Jesuits established villages of Chris- 
 tian Indiana in New England and New York, that the French 
 settlements began to prosper. Quebec was founded in 1608. 
 Champlain discovered the lake which bears his name in 1609. 
 
 By this time England also had begun to compete in earnest for 
 the great prize. Henry VIII-, Edward, and Mary were too busy at 
 home to trouble themselves with American affairs; but in the reign 
 of Elizabeth the whole nation stirred with a bold and adventurous 
 life. Frobisher and Davis, searching for a passage to India, 
 discovered the straits now called by their names; and Sir Francis 
 Drake, half hero, half pirate, circumnavigated the globe (1577-80), 
 pillaging the Spanish settlements of Chili and Peru, and taking 
 formal possession of California. The first attempt by Englishmen 
 to colonize any part of North America was made in 1583 by Sir 
 Humphrey Gilbert and his half brother, the brilliant Walter Raleigh. 
 Gilbert sailed in command of a fleet, and took nominal possession 
 of Newfoundland, where many others Avere before him; but the 
 colonists, after collecting some worthless mineral supposed to be 
 silver, became disheartened and abandoned the enterprise. Gilbert 
 perished at sea on the way home. Raleigh was not discouraged. 
 He sent out two ships iinder Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow to 
 explore further. They brought back so fair a report of the country 
 about Roanoke Island, N. C, that the next year (1585) Ralph Lane 
 was dispatched with a hundred men to plant a colony there, and 
 Raleigh called the new land Virginia, in .honor of the "Virgin 
 Q,ueen.'* Reduced almost to starvation by their own folly and 
 misconduct, and involved in hostility with the Indians, the settlers 
 were glad of the chance ofl:ered ihera tlie next season 1o go home, 
 with Sir Francis Drake. A second colony biought out to Roanoke 
 by Sir Francis Grenville (1586) and a third led by John White (1587) 
 totally disappeared, and no trace of their fate has ever been discov- 
 ered. Raleigh coukl do no more. 
 
 The voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold, who discovered Cape Cod 
 in 1602, and made an unsucceshful attempt to plant a colony on 
 Cuttyhunk Island, in Buzzard's Bay, drew fresti attention to the 
 New England coast, though Gosnold himself afterwards gave his 
 Ber\ice to Virginia. Merchants of London and the west of 
 England embarked in American ventures as a joint-stock enterprise, 
 and James I. granted letters patent to two companies, with priv- 
 ileges of trade and settlement m all the territory between Cape Fear 
 and the Bay of Fnndy, or from the Spanish posts to the French. 
 To the Plymouth Company, wiioso members were chiefly men of 
 
VI NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 Plymouth, Bristol, and other ports of the West, was assigned all the 
 coast north of latitude 38°. To the London CompaDy, so named 
 because its shareholders were mostly men of London, was allotted 
 aU the coast south of latitude iV. Thus their grants overlapped, 
 the middle portion, from Long Island to the Chesapeake, bemg a 
 common ground which either might occupy. Before either could 
 avail itself of this privilege, however, a new competitor appeared, 
 dividing the domains of New England and Virgiuia by^ a barrier 
 more substantial than a royal patent. 
 
 In 1609 Captain Henry Hudson, an IXiglishman in the service of 
 the Dutch East India Company, searching for a passage to India, 
 entered the Bay of New York, discovered the river which bears his 
 name, and ascended beyond the present site of Albany. The Dutch 
 based extensive claims to the coast upon his voyage. A very small 
 part of their pretensions was ever recognized, but they promptly 
 settled down to the fur trade on the Hudson, and built a temporary 
 fort on the site of the present city of New York in 1613, and a 
 permanent one near Albany in 1614. With their coming the occu- 
 pation of the coast may be said to have become complete, and the 
 eastern part of America was divided into five regions, known then 
 or soon afterwards as New France, New England, New Netherland, 
 Virginia, and Florida. They were separated from one another by 
 undefined aad disputed limits, and on the west they had no bound- 
 ariei at all. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 SETTLEMEXT OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 It was the Loudon Company which made the first permanent 
 English settlement in America. The partners sent out three small 
 vessels commanded by Captain Christopher Newport, and carrying 
 105 emigrants. They arrived in Chesapeake Bay in April, 1607, and 
 the building of Jamestown, on James River, was begun the next 
 month. The government of the colony was lodged in a council 
 named by the King, and the councilors elected a president. The 
 choice of oflScers was not fortunate, and the settlers, though there 
 were some good men among them, were mostly of the refuse 
 material always abundant in such new ventures. There were only 
 twenty mechanics, with a mob of vagabond gentlemen, servants, 
 soldiers, and idlers. Quarrelsome, mutinous, and improvident, 
 they were kept in something like order solely by the personal 
 influence of Captain John Smith, an adventurer of the best type, 
 who had passed through some strange experiences in the wars 
 against the Turks, and who brought to this Virginia undertaking a 
 knowledgeof men. a capacity to command, the daring of an ex- 
 
 Slorer, and the plain sense of a practical colonist. From the first 
 e was the real leader of the community, so tar as they consented 
 to have any. He saved them from starvation by getting corn from 
 the savages ; he staved off hostilities with the natives; and on 
 severaloccasions, when he fell into the hands of hostile Indians, 
 he escaped death by his tact and ingenuity. 
 
 The legend of his rescue by Pocahontas, the daughter of the 
 po-werful chief Powhatan, and of the romantic attachment which 
 the youn^girl afterwards showed for him, was long a favorite 
 chapter or American history. Late research has thrown much 
 doubt upon all the dramatic incidents of this story ; but it is cer- 
 tain that Pocahontas showed great friendship for the whites, 
 serving them bravely in their greatest need, brinjiing them food, 
 and once averting a general massacre by hurrying to the settlement 
 at night and giving warning of the intended attack. After Smith 
 
HIS TOBY OF THE UXITED STATES. VII 
 
 had left the country, the ungrateful colonists took her prisoner by 
 treachery, and held her for ransom. In her captivity she embraced 
 Christianity, was baptized by the name of Rebecca, and marrying 
 one of the emigrants named John Rolf e, went \Yithhim to England, 
 where she was presented at court and gravely recognized aa a 
 princess. She died in England, as she was on the point of return- 
 ing to America. 
 
 Even Smith's energy and ingenuity could not save the colonists 
 from themselves. More than half of them perished the first year; 
 and although three parties of recruits were sent out in 1608-9, they 
 were of the same wretched quality as the original shipment. In- 
 stead of tilliug the ground, they searched for channels to the un- 
 known South bea, and loaded their ships with useless dirt which 
 they supposed to contain gold. Smith had been elected president 
 in 1608, but the next year he was Injured by an accidental explo- 
 sion of gunpowder, and went to England for surgical aid. His 
 departure, destined to be final, nearly proved the ruin of the 
 colony. He left 490 persons iu the settlement, and in six months 
 they were all dead but sixty, most of them by famine. 
 
 The survivors built small vessels in which they hoped to reach 
 the English fishermen off Newfoundland, and abandoning James- 
 town in June, 1610, they set out upon their melancholy Toyage. 
 But in the James river theymet an English fleet coming to their 
 aid. It brought a large party of settlers and abundant supplies, and 
 at the head of the expedition was Lord De la Warr, with a commis- 
 sion as governor for life. The deserted houses of Jamestown were 
 nowreoccupied; hope was restored; more profitable industries than 
 gold-hunting were encouraged; food was easily raised on the fertile 
 Virginia lands; valuable crops of tobacco were shipped to England; 
 and before long, re6pectal)le young women began to emigrate to a 
 country where the planters wanted nothing, perhaps, so much as 
 wives. The improved state of things was owing in no small meas- 
 ure to the wiser policy of the London Company, which had been 
 reorganized, and had received a new patent. The proprietors now 
 began to put away the delusion that Virginia was the gateway of the 
 gorgeous East, and to learn that it offered wealth only as the reward 
 of industry and prudent enterprise. 
 
 Lord De la Warr did not remain long in America, and hi,s wise 
 and firm administration was not always imitated by his successors. 
 The Company, moreover, was slow to understand that thrifty and 
 well-ordered communities were not likely to be created in Virginia 
 by men who were too shiftless or vicious to live in England. Yet, 
 by degrees, the better class of emigrants took control; many of the 
 lazy gentlemen learned to work; and new settlements were estab- 
 lished on the James river. The terms upon which the Company 
 granted lands favored the formation of large plantations, and the 
 English practice of selling convicts into servitude in Virginia for a 
 period of years gave the rich proprietors a supply of labor. Prison- 
 ers of this class were not always feloni, many being transported for 
 political offences during the Scottish and civil wars, and on the 
 expiration of their service they enjoyed the same rights as other 
 colonists. African slaves were first brought in by a Dutch vessel in 
 1619, and this was the beginning of negro slavery in the United 
 States, though the number of slaves for many years was very small. 
 The growth of a Virginian aristocracy, under all the conditions of 
 the colony, was almost inevitable, and from an early date the 
 division of classes was well marked, and the landed centry followed 
 as far as they could the social customs of the Old Country. 
 
 In 1619 the Company made an important innovation by instruct- 
 ing Governor Yeardley to summon a representative assembly, the 
 first legislature ever chosen in America; and two years later they 
 
VIII XBiy YORK TRIBUXES 
 
 granted to the Tir^uia colony a written constitntion, by which au- 
 thority was comiaea to a goyemor and council appointed by the 
 Company, and an As-^embly, consisting of the connciiand a bouse of 
 bnrge:^s€B. elected by the people. Bills'passed by the Assrembly, how- 
 ever, required the as?ent of the governor and the Company. This fell 
 far short of popular self-goTemmenr, but it was an advance upon the 
 ideas of colonial management current at that time, and a good 
 beginning for the development of political liberties. It is to the 
 credit of the London Company that they so soiin perceived the 
 truth wliich tbe whole later histbiy of !North American colonization 
 has demonetratcd — that there \a no stability or principle of growth 
 in commimities which are not taught to depend upon themselves. 
 The policy of the Company, neveithelese, was little to the taeie of 
 King James I., and after futile efforts to obtain from the colonists 
 a surrender of their privileges, he canceled the charier in 1624. 
 But beyond the substitution of a royal governor for one appointed 
 by the Company, there was no immt'diate change in the adminii^tra- 
 tion of the province. The dissolution of the trading corporation 
 which had thus far maintained a more or less restrictive proprietor- 
 phip over Virginia, rather helped the colonists in taking their inter- 
 ests into their own hands. Under Charles I. they practically ruled 
 themselves, and were allowed to levy their own taxes. Under the 
 Commonwealth they secured the right of electing their governor, 
 although they were conspicuous for their fidelity to the ilouse of 
 Stuart. An aristr>cratic party obtained the upper hand after the 
 Restoration, kept the Assembly in power beyond the term for which 
 it had been elected, impo.sed severe taxc:«. and restricted the suffrage 
 to landowners: but this was a reactionary movement witliin the 
 colony itself, and not the only instance in our history in which pop- 
 ular government has taken the freak of abridging popular liberties. 
 
 Three times in the first half-century after the establishment of 
 the Virginia Legislature, the prosperity of the thriving colony re- 
 ceived a severe check. Powhatan was always a friend to the whites 
 from the time of the marriage of Pocahontas. After hia death, his 
 brother and successor. Opecancanough, comprehending better what 
 the eteady encroachments of the settlers foreboded, planned a gen- 
 eral massacre, and on the 22d of JIarch, 1622, the savages sudienly 
 attacked the plantations and killed 350 persons. The colonists 
 gathered in fortified towns, and a blootly war followed. In a few 
 days the number of settlements in Virginia was reduced from 
 eighty to eight. The savages suffered severely, as well as the 
 English; yetln 1644 they rose asain, killing several hundred of the 
 colonists, and establishing a condition of more or less active hostil- 
 ity, v.hich did not cease until they had been gradually expelled from 
 the fertile cuaet region. 
 
 An Indian v.ar on the border of Maryland (1675) brought on the 
 third crisis in the history of the young colony. Intense dissatis- 
 faction had been excited among the population by the exactions 
 and usurpations of the aristocratic party in the local government 
 and the oppressive policy of the Parliiiment at home. The plan of 
 compelling the colonies to pay tribute to British tradesmen, which 
 was destined a century later to cost the crown so dear, had already 
 been established, and the navigation laws of 1680 and 1663 forbade 
 the Americans to buy or sell in any country except England, or to 
 ship their produce in any except English vessels. Tbe laws bore 
 severely upon a planting colony like Virginia, and v. ere harshly 
 enforced. So serious was the dis^affcction that when a popular 
 young planter named Bacon raised an armed force to repel the 
 Indian forays, the governor. Sir William Berkeley, distrus-ting his 
 ultimate intentions, declared him a rebel and attempted to di-'iJcrFc 
 hia fuliowcrs. V.'iiatever m<iy have been Bacon's degigns, thia Mas 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. IX 
 
 enough to inanre an insurrection. The volunteers first attacked and 
 beat the Indians and then marched ogainst Jamestown, which they 
 bnrned to the ground (Sept., 1676) ; out Bacon died of fever in the 
 midst of hie triumphs, and the rebellion was thereafter easily 
 suppressed, without having clearly shown its character. After 
 hanging twenty-two of the insurgents Berkeley returned to 
 England, where his conduct was severely condemned. " The old 
 fool," said Charles II., "has taken away more lives in that naked 
 country than I did here for the murder of my father." 
 
 The colony, often hampered but rarely controlled by the home 
 government, grew steadily, and developed from its internal forces a 
 type of civilization to which other southern colonies afterwards 
 conformed. The heads of society and leaders in politics were the 
 great landowners, whose estates sometimes reached the dimensions 
 of a principality; and the centres of life were the country man- 
 sions, where the planters maintained a lordly and somewhat barba- 
 rous state, surrounded by hundreds of elaves. They shipped their 
 tobacco and other crops directly from their wharves on the river to 
 England; they received in the same way their fine clothing, their 
 wines, their furniture, their carriages, and whatever manufactured 
 articles could not be produced by the negro mechanics on the 
 plantation. The class next below them in rank consisted largely of 
 white bondsmen who had served their time, or descendants of the 
 original adventurers cursed with hereditary unsuccesefulness. 
 Although emancipated servants were denied no civil rights, the 
 upper walkn of life were closed to them, and many of them became 
 the progenitors of those "poor whites" upon whom the South 
 learned "to look with especial contempt. The towns of Virginia 
 were tew and poor; the shops and workshops were inconsiderable; 
 there was little trade; none of the conditions favored a prosperous 
 middle class; African slavery, putting a stigma u; on manual labor, 
 fostered idleness, poverty, and ignorance in the very rank which 
 ought to constitute the chief strength of the state. There were 
 hardly any scliools ; planters' sons went to England for an educa- 
 tion, or studied at home with private tutors. The Church of 
 England was established by law and sustained from the taxes, and 
 all other denominations were prohibited. The clergy were largely 
 drawn from the failures of the profession— jovial, fox-hunting 
 parsons who sat long over the bottle and kept religion as a gentle- 
 mnnly exercise, for Sundays exclusively. 
 
 Yet, in spite of all drawbacks, the Virginia colonists became dis- 
 tinguished for noble characteristics. They were hospitable, gener- 
 ous, chivalrous, and brave. They were ardent lovers of personal 
 freedom. They were full of a manly independence, which gave 
 them a foremost place among the patriots wf the revolutionary 
 ])criod, and they had a military aptitude of which Great Britain was 
 to witness impressive proofs. 
 
 CHAPTEcl III. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHL'SETTS. 
 
 The setLlemcnt of New England under the auspices of the Ply- 
 mouth Company, althougli it was attempted even earlier than the 
 foundation of Virginia, was not accomplished until some years after 
 Jamestown had passed through its worst trials. Captain John 
 Smith made a successful trading and fishing voyage to the territory 
 of .the Plymouth Company in 1614, drew a map of the coast, and 
 gave the country the naiiic of Now England; and his published 
 reports did something towards stimnlatin;^ i-dyenture; but the first 
 
XEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 permanent English colony within the limits of the Pl5'mouLh grant 
 \vas made by accident, and without the Company's knowledge. 
 
 Th'i Puritans, separatists from the English church, who fled 
 to Holland rather than submit to what they believed to be popish 
 forms of worship, dissatielied with their hard life in a foreign coun- 
 try and among people who spoke another tongue, turned their 
 attention towards America, as a land where they could worship in 
 their own way, aud listen to th3 preaching of their own doctrines 
 with neighbors of their own race. After sundry negotiations with 
 the Dutch and other proprietors, they obtained a patent from the 
 London Company for a settlement in Virginia, and then formed a 
 joint-stock partnership with certain London merchants for trading, 
 fishing, and planting, the merchants to furnish money for the outfit, 
 the labor of every aSult emigrant to be reckoned equivalent to one 
 share of £10, and the whole property to be divided at the end of 
 seven years. Crossing from Delft Haven to England, the Pilgrims, 
 as they were afterwards called, sailed from Plymouth September 6, 
 1620. in the ship Mayflower, one hundred and two men, women, and 
 children, under the leadership of Elder William Brewster. On the 
 11th of November they cast anchor in what is now the harbor of 
 Provincetown, on Cape Cod. This v.as outside the limits of the 
 Virginia Company, and their patent was consequently of no use to 
 them; but on ship-board, in order to provide for the emergency, 
 they drew up a scheme of government, " covenanting and combin- 
 ing themselves together into a civil body politic," and chose John 
 Carver as governor. This has been regarded as an important prece- 
 dent in popular government, but to the Pilgrims it was only a 
 temporary device, and the nest ship from England brought them a 
 patent from the Council for New Engl.iud (1621)- After exploring 
 the sandy peninsula and the opposite shore of the mainland, they 
 chose a site for their settlement and called it New Plymouth. The 
 22d of December is observed as the anniversary of their landing, on 
 a rock still shown as one of the most precious of American relics. 
 In fact, however, it was on the 21st of December (new style, or 11th, 
 old style) that they selected Plymouth for their new home, and it 
 was not until the 25th (old style) that they actually debarkt d. 
 
 They were wretchedly provided for a whiter in the wilderness. 
 Scanty and irregular supplies of fish constituted almost their only 
 food ; water was their only drink ; at one time the stock of corn 
 being divided gave five kernels to each person. About half the 
 company perished during the winter, and Governor Carver died in 
 the sprmg. The little band, however, was stout-hearted. William 
 Bradford was elected governor in the place of Carver, and to Miles 
 Standish, who had been a soldier in the Low Countries, was com- 
 mitted the military defence. By tact and boldness all serious 
 trouble with the Indians was averted. A treaty of friendship was 
 made with the powerful Massasoit, chief of the Whampanoags; 
 and Canonicue, chief of the Narragansetts, w-as driven to ask for 
 peace by Bradford's defiant reply to a hostile message. Food be- 
 came abundant in the summer ; reinforcements arrived in the 
 autimm; and a year later (1622) a day of public prayer and praise 
 was appointed in gratitude for a good harvest— the first celebration 
 of the New England festival of Thanksgiving. 
 
 Having left England to get rid of the established church, the 
 Pilgrims had no idea of tolerating the introduction of that hated 
 institution into their new home. They banished a preacher named 
 Lyford for holding worship according to the forms of the Church 
 of England; with Oldham, an exile in the same cause, he settled at 
 Nantasket, now Hull. ^Thomas Morton, a rollicking free-liver at 
 Mount Wollaston (Quincy), surrounded himself with noisy advent- 
 luers, who carried their disorder so far as to set up a May-pole; 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XI 
 
 whereupon the New Plymouth people sent out an expedition, dis- 
 persed, the settlement, cut down the pole, and shipped Morton to 
 England. So much religious zeal was little to the taste of the 
 London partners, who had gone into the enterprise as a matter of 
 business. A quarrel followed, and as a result the colonists bought 
 out the other shareholders, and divided the property. They were 
 now no longer a trading company, even in name, but a self-govern- 
 ing "body politic," which, though it never became numerous, 
 maintained a virtual independence until it was absorbed in the 
 greater colony of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Two months alter the Pilgrims left England, the Plymouth 
 Company obtained from King James I. a new concession, after- 
 wards known as "The Great Patent," under which forty persons 
 were incorporated as the Council for New England, with large 
 powers of government, and privileges of trade between lat. 40° and 
 lat. 48° (16^). This is the body from which the Pilgrims obtained 
 their patent in 1621. It was eight years, however, before the Coun- 
 cil accomplished any important new enterprise. Then (1628) they 
 allotted to John Endicott and five associates the territory from 
 three miles south of the Charles to three miles north of theMerri- 
 mac (that is, from I3oston to New Hampshire), and the next year a 
 charter was obtained for the colony in the name of the Governor and 
 Company of Massachusetts Bay, in New England. Endicott went 
 out at once as governor, and settled at Salem. Chartered only as a 
 trading corporation, the chief purpose of the associates was never- 
 theless the eame as that of the Plymouth Pilgrims— to establish 
 Puritan communities secure from interference ^by the established 
 church or the crown. With this end in view they made haste to 
 remove the governing power under the charter from England to 
 America, by choosing officers from thosestockholderswhoproposed 
 to emigrate, a device which soon made a clear separation of the 
 interests of the colonists from those of the parent orgiinization. 
 Settlers now came out in great numbers, drawn almost entirely from 
 the Puritan party. Whole congregations sometimes removed, with 
 the minister at their head. As a rule they still professed fidelity to 
 the Church of England, whose abuses of ritual and government 
 they deplored; but by de^ees the divergence became as marked in 
 doctrines as in forms, and the Puritans adopted a severe Calvinism. 
 Most of the emigrants belonged to the substantial middle class; 
 many were gentlemen of education, means, and social position. 
 Never, perhaps, has the settlement of a new country been under- 
 taken by such wholesale transfer of a thrifty, energetic, iutelligent, 
 and weUfcordered population. In 1630 a party of about 1,000 came 
 out, witli John Winthrop as governor, and founded Boston, namin? 
 it after the town of Boston in Lincolnshire, to which many of them 
 belonged. In this party there were four ministers. 
 
 Toleration was not one of the virtues of that age, and the Puri- 
 tans of Massachusetts Bay were even more exclusive than the 
 Pilgrims of New Plymouth. They proceeded at once to build their 
 civil government upon the church. Congregations were organized 
 in every settlement, and only those who had been admitted to 
 church membership were allowed the privileges of citizenship. 
 Membership was not easily granted. It required a public avowal of 
 religious experience, to which not everybody would submit, and the 
 ministers rejected candidates whose conduct they disapproved or 
 whose opinions they distrusted. Not more than a fourth part of the 
 adult population ever was admitted to church membership under 
 Puritan rule, and the proportion of qualified voters to the adult 
 m'alos was usually much less than a fourth. Besides practically 
 determining who should vote, the clergy had an extensive authority 
 in all secular affairs; while the civil magistrates, on the other hand, 
 
XII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 were required to enforce religious observances and punish dissent. 
 Tiiis stern theocracy, armed with the scourge, the branding iron, 
 and the halter, and exerting the gloomiest, though not the severest, 
 despotism to which an English community ever submitted, has been 
 much denouncid as a usurpation. Technically it was such; but it 
 f^eems to have been maintained with the cordial assent of the great 
 majority of the population, who, indeed, might have put an end to it 
 at any time had tney bo pleased. When it was finally overthrown, 
 it was not by the people, but by the crown. In all the Puritan com- 
 munities the introduction of the Church of England was au object of 
 esi)ecial dread, and " prelatists " were punished, or ex( elled as unfit 
 to inhabit the colony. The ferocity of the persecution of Quakers 
 is not readily nnderstood, even if we remember that leaders uf that 
 denomination, in the ISIassachusetts of the seventeenth century, were 
 sometimes exasperating disturbers. They were imprisoned in chains, 
 ^ eared with hot irons, whipped at the carfs tail— both men and 
 women— from town to town, ruined by fines, shipped to England or 
 Barbadoes. Four were hanged, including a woman, Mary Dyer. 
 The maltreatment of the Quakers was at last made one of the reasons 
 for annulling the charter. Roger Williams was banished for deny- 
 ing the authority of civil magistrates in matters of religion. Mrs. 
 Anne Hutchinson, who instituted meetiogs of women to discuss 
 theology, and taught thnt all believers were inspired by the Holy 
 Ghost, was banished (1637), and her adherents were disarmed, lest 
 some direct revelation should instruct them to rise in rebellion. 
 
 'A belief in witchcraft was almost a natural con^equence of the 
 Puritan conception of tbe spiritual life. Execution?for witchcraft 
 took place as early as 1648. In 1688 the fear of witches became a 
 terrible popular delusion, breaking out first in Boston, where au old 
 Irish woman was hanjred, mainly on testimony that she spoke her 
 own language, and could not say the Lord's Prayer in English. The 
 panic owed its intensity and duration largely to the eerraons and 
 writings of the Rev. Cotton Mather, a mighty divine whose credulity 
 was ou a par with his violence. The disorder reached its height in 
 Salem (1692), where a special court was ordered for the trial of 
 witches, aud scores of persons were thrown into prison on the word 
 of frightened children or the tattle of ill-natured gossips. In one 
 year twenty persons were put to death; and when the inevitable 
 reaction set in, eight were under capital sentence, one hundred and 
 fifty were in jail, and many of the suspected had fled the country. 
 
 Morose, superstitious, bigoted, severe, the Puritans nevertheless 
 exhibited from the first some of the highest qualities of the founders 
 of a free state. They represent, with the Virginians, the chi#tsoarce8 
 of the national life. Nothing could be more striking or more 
 picturesque than the contrast between the two classes of pioneers. 
 But they had many things in common, especially a brave and self- 
 reliant spirit. The Puritans had le-^s seu.sc of personal freedom 
 than their Southern brethren, but a keener desire for political inde- 
 pendence. Their civil government being founded on the churches, 
 and the churches haying adopted the Congregational practice, every 
 settlement enjoyed a large measure of home rule, aud the develop- 
 ment Of the autonomy of the towns, so characteristic of the New 
 England system, was easy and rapid. The jealousy of English 
 interference, which sprang from special circumstances, ripened 
 iuto an ardent attachment to the principles of political liberty. 
 The Puritans, moreover, were industrious, enterprising, and full of 
 resources. In spite of the navigation laws, which they evaded when 
 they could, they practiced trades and built ships. They opened 
 schools. They founded Harvard College as early as 1638, and the 
 next year they set np the first printing press in the Enghsh-Ameri- 
 can colonies. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XIII 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 
 
 Maine and New Hampshire were settled under a grant from the 
 Council for New England (1622) to John IMason and Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges, the latter of whom especially was long active in American 
 adventures. The patentees named their territory Laconia. It lay 
 between the Merrimac and Kennebec rivers. Settlements were 
 attempted at once, Little Harbor (Portsmouth") and Dover being 
 occupied as early as 1623, but for several years only a few weak 
 fishing stations represented English enterprise on this part of the 
 coast. Ciorges and Mason afterwards divided their grant, Gorges 
 taking the eastern part and giving it the name of New somerset, 
 changed to Maine in 1635, and Mason the western, which became New 
 Hampshire. Both were claimed by Massachusetts as lying within 
 her jurisdiction, and after complicated disputes, her authority was 
 acknowledged by the New Hampshire towns, while she secured 
 Maine by buying out the Gorges heirs. In 1680 New Hampshire 
 was made a separate royal province ; Maine was not detached from 
 Massachusetts until 1820. 
 
 Rhode Island was the consequence of the persecution of Roger 
 Williams. Driven from Boston and from Salem, and threatened 
 with transportation to England, the young preacher fltd to the 
 wilderness in the depth of winter, and found hospitality with 
 Massasoit. He founded the town of Providence in 1636, collecting 
 there the first congregation of Baptists in America. At tl e begin- 
 ning his colony was a simple democracy, in which everything was 
 decided by the vote of the whole people; but a royal charter was 
 obtained in 1643. The rule of toleration in relijjion, adopted by 
 Roger Williams as the foundation of his community, is justly re- 
 garded as a chief glory of Rhode Island. But while the magistrates 
 were forbidden to molest any one on account of religion, toleration 
 did not necessarily imply equality of political privileges. A law of 
 Rhode Island, purporting to have been passed in 1683, provided 
 that only Protestant Christians should be admitted freemen and 
 have liberty to vote and hold office. There is dispute as to the 
 source and date of this restriction; but whatever is origin, it was 
 several times re-enacted and was long in force. Jews were refused 
 naturalization under it so late as 1762, and the exclusion of Roman 
 Catholics, common to nearly all the colonies, was not repealed until 
 1783. Nevertheless, in recognizing the right of dissent, Roger 
 -Williams was far in advance of his generation, and after the 
 principle had been admitted the full logical consequences could not 
 be long delayed. 
 
 The first settlement in Connecticut was made by the Dutch. 
 One of their captains, Adrian Block, discovered the Connecticut 
 and Housatonic rivers in 1614, and their traders soon established 
 a commerce with the Indians along the shore of Louglsland Sound, 
 in 1633 the Dutch Fort Good Hope was built on the Connecticut 
 river, near the present site of Hartford. The English, claiming all 
 this region, and never acquiescing in the Dutch occupation, tried to 
 crowd out their thrifty neighbors. They settled just above Fort 
 Good Hope, and they commanded the river by building Fort Say- 
 brook at its mouth. This latter enterprise was the result of a grant 
 to Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, John Pym, 
 and others in England, of the whole coast of Connecticut and half 
 that of Rhode Island. The settlement, named from the two princi- 
 pal proprietors, was afterwards incorporated with the colony of Con- 
 necticut. It was a Plymouth party which had established itself 
 
XIV NEW YOSK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 near the Dutcli fort, but it was not until emigrants from Massachu- 
 setts Bay poured in that "the river towns," as they aie called, 
 were firmly planted. The movement was a systematic transfer of 
 the churches of Dorchester, Watertown, and Newtown (Cambridge), 
 with their ministers at their head, the largest party coming from 
 Newtown, Tinder Hooker and Stone (1636\ and founding Hartford, 
 while the Dorchester and Plymouth people founded Windsor, and 
 those of Watertown settled at Wethersfield. Bringing with them 
 aii organization of government both ecclesiastical and civil, the 
 towns began as independent political communities, the authority 
 of a commission from Massachusetts, under which they acted for a 
 year, being little more than nominal. In 1639, they met in mass 
 convention at Hartford and adopted a constitution, the first example 
 in history of a written instrument creating a government and lim- 
 iting its powers by authority of the people themselves. The towns 
 were recognized as existing political units, with self-derived powers, 
 and the colony of Connecticut, as it was now called, was formed by 
 a union in which the towns reserved certain important rights, such 
 as the regulation of the franchise. The Hartford constitution was 
 a remarkable foreshadowing of the American democratic and fed- 
 erative principles; but like the Mayflower compact, it was, perhaps, 
 an arrangement of immediate convenience rather than the delib- 
 erate adoption of a political theory, for the colonists afterwards 
 begged the royal sanction for their government, with apologies for 
 not asking it sooner, and thaLkfuUy accepted a charter from 
 Charles II. (1662). Their system of rule, preserved under the char- 
 ter, was modeled upon that of Massachusetts, except that they did 
 not require freemen to be church members. 
 
 Theocracy was rigidly maintained, however, in the colony of 
 New Haven, founded in 1638, by the Eev. John Davenport and a 
 party of English Puritans. They had no patent or other external 
 authorization, and their only title to the land Avas derived from the 
 Indians. The government which they set up, therefore, in 1639, a 
 few months after the Hartford confederation, was purely demo- 
 cratic in its source ; but by their own votes the settlers decreed 
 almost unanimously that the franchise should be limited to mem- 
 bers of the church. They even surpassed the people of Massachu- 
 setts in the severity of their Puritanism, adopting the Scriptures as 
 the law of the land, applicable to all cases, and carrying magisterial 
 meddling with private conduct to a length never before imagined. 
 They were united with Connecticut by the charter of 1662, much 
 against their will. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF NEW VORK AND NEW JERSEY. 
 
 The Dutch trading posts on the Hudson river grew slowly, the 
 proprietors in Holland caring much more for the immediate traffic 
 in beaver skins than for the possible advantages of colonization. 
 After the incorporation of the Dutch West India Company, however 
 (1621), more attention was paid to emigration. Thirty families of 
 Walloons (Belgian and Flemish Protestants) were sent out in 1623, 
 and a relic of their settlement is found in the name of Wallabout 
 Bay on Long Island; Albany was begun; Manhattan Island was 
 bought of the Indians for a sum equivalent to $24; Fort Amster- 
 dam was built (1626), on the present site of the battery; and under 
 its protection grew up the town of New Amsterdam, which was 
 made the capital of the colony. To the colony itself was given the 
 name of New Netherland. ICxtraordinary privileges were granted 
 by the Company to those of its members who were willing to plant 
 
HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. XV 
 
 settlements at their own expense ; and under this system vast 
 estates were allotted on the Hudson to semi-feudal proprietors, 
 known as "patroons." A colon}-^ of Swedes established themselves 
 on the Delaware at the present site of Wilmington, but they were 
 compelled a few years later to submit to the Dutch. In spite of a 
 severe Indian war, precipitated by the violence of the colonists 
 under the governorship of William Kieft (1643), New Netherlaud 
 prospered, and fifty years after its foundation the colony had 10,000 
 inhabitants, while New Amsterdam counted about 1,500. Both in 
 the capital town and in the outlying settlements there were many 
 English, including sectaries of various sorts who had fled from the 
 intolerance of the. English colonies. 
 
 England had never ceased to assert her claim to the territory 
 occupied by Dutch enterprise; but there had been no threat of a 
 resort to force, when, in 1661, an English fleet entered the Bay of 
 New York and demanded the surrender of the colony. Gov. 
 Peter Stuyvesant had no means of resistance, and New Netherland 
 passed peaceably to the possession of the Duke of York (afterwards 
 James II.), to whom it had already been granted by his brother, 
 Charles II. The name was now changed, and the administration 
 was assumed 1).v the duke's appointee, Colonel Nicholls. In the course 
 of the wars which followed between England and Holland, the 
 Dutch recovered the colony as easily as they had lost it (1673), but 
 it was finally restored to the English by treaty the next year. All 
 these changes were accomplished without violence or popular dis- 
 turbance. The inhabitants, drawn from many nationalities and 
 religions, and occupied with a thriving trade, were ready to acqui- 
 esce in almost any tolerable government. ' 
 
 The grant to the Duke of York included what is now New Jer- 
 sey. This territory the duke conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
 George Carteret (1664), and it was named from the island of Jersey, 
 in the English Channel, of which Carteret had beea governor. 
 There were already some small Dutch settlements in the territory, 
 and under the new rule a number of Quakers soon came out, the 
 rights of Lord Berkeley having been purchased by members of that 
 persecuted sect. When the Jerseys were divided, in 1676, the 
 Quakers were mostly settled in West Jersey ; and although the 
 share of Carteret was afterwards purchased by a partnership, in 
 which William Penn, Robert Barclay, and other distinguished 
 Friends were interested, and the prosperity of both colonies was 
 largely owing to Quaker thrift and order, the prevailing influences 
 in East Jersey continued to be Puritan. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, THE CAROLINAS, AND 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic, obtained 
 from Charles I. a grant of territory north of the Potomac, which he 
 named Maryland, m honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. It was the 
 first proprietary province in America, and the lord proprietor pos- 
 sessed large powers; but in the charter, drawn up by Lord Balti- 
 more, it w-as stipulated that no laws should be valid without the 
 consent of the freemen of the colony, or their representatives in 
 Assembly— an admission of the right of the people to a share in 
 legislation not found in any previous instrument. The settlers 
 were also exempt from taxation by the crown, and the right of 
 originating laws was soon conceded to them. Lord Baltimore's prin- 
 cipal object was to establish an asylum for Roman Catholics. He 
 died before the charter passed the great seal, and it was issued to 
 
XVI iV^ir YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 his son Ctecilin?, second Lord Baltimore (1632"), under whose direc- 
 tion the first party of colonists sailed the next year, with Leonard 
 CaWert, brother of the proprietor, as governor. They comprised 
 about twenty "gentlemen adventurers," and over two hundred 
 laborers and servanta, most of the latter class being Protestants. 
 Two English Jesuit priests and two lay brothers accompanied them. 
 Landing on an island in Chesapeake Bay, March 25, 1634, they 
 chose a place for their settlement on a small tributary of the Poto- 
 mac, and called it St. Mary's. There was an Indian village on the 
 spot, and the settlers established the mo-t cordial relations with the 
 red men, buying not only their land but their wigwams, in which 
 they sheltered themselves until they could bulla houses. They 
 prospered from the first. 
 
 Open protection for Catholicism would have been impossible at 
 that day. Lord Baltimore's plan for securing the free exercise of 
 his own religion was to grant complete toleration and equality to all 
 denominations of Christians, and from this policy, in which he 
 anticipated Roger Williams by four years, neither he nor his suc- 
 cessors ever departed. The act of toleration passed at his instance in 
 1649 was the legal ratification of a rule which had been very strictly 
 enforced in the colony from the outset. Lord Baltimore's motives 
 in taking this wise and liberal course have been attacked ; but what- 
 ever alloy of selfishness may have been mixed with them, the fact 
 remains that Maryland became a refuge for oppressed churchmen 
 from New England and Puritans from Virginia, as well as for 
 Catholics from home. Naturally, in such a gathering of exiles, there 
 were many turbulent spirits who could not be at rest even in a 
 sanctuary. When Clayborne, a VirginRi trader on Kent Island in 
 Chesapeake Bay, refused to recognize Calvert's authority and raised 
 an insurrection, a number of Puritan refugees joined him, and 
 Calvert was driven for a time from the province (1644). After the 
 execution of Charles I., Clayborne was one of the Parliament com- 
 missioners appointed to look after the plantations within Chesa- 
 peake Bay. With the aid of the Puritan settlers, the proprietary 
 authority was overthrown (1655), and a new government excluded 
 " papists and prelatists " from the benefits of the act of toleration. 
 On the restoration, the lord proprietor was reinstated and the act of 
 toleratfon was revived; but when Maryland was made a royal 
 province under William and Mary (1691), the Catholics were again 
 disfranchised, and they remained for three-quarters of a century 
 under heavier exactions and more offensive disabilities in their 
 own colony than anywhere else in America. 
 
 Quieter fortunes befell another colony, founded like Maryland 
 and Rhode Island upon the principle of religious freedom. Wil- 
 liam Penn obtained from Charles U., in 1681, in satisfaction of a 
 debt, a grant of territory west of the Delaware, to which was given 
 the name of Pennsylvania; the present State of Delaware was 
 added to it the next year. The domain was constituted a propri- 
 etary province, Penn being the absolute owner and lord of the soil, 
 and the charter was copied in part from that of Maryland. The 
 chief object of the founder was to provide an asylum for Quakers, 
 and most of the «arly emigrants were of that denomination, includ- 
 ing some from Germany and Holland. The first party sailed in 
 1681; Penn followed in 1682, and in two years the population was 
 about 7,000. It is an impressive commentary upon the Puritan ha- 
 tred of Quakers that the so-called pernicious sect established the 
 most orderly and peaceful of all the colonic Soon after his land- 
 ing Penn concluded a treaty of friendship with a large gathering of 
 Indians, and near the site of the conference he founded the same 
 year the city of Philadelphia. Before his return to England (1684) 
 he established a frame of government, with a representative 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XVII 
 
 assembly. Freedom of conscience and worship was Btrlctly ob- 
 Berved, and no religious lest waa required ior the franchise except 
 a belief in Chrietiauity. For two years (1632-94) Pennsylvania was 
 attached to the royal province of New York; but at the end < f that 
 time the rights of the proprietor were restored, and tiiey subsisted 
 in the family until the State of Pennsylvania extinguished them by 
 purchase in 1779. Penn made a second visit to America, and 
 granted his colonists a new charter, enlarging their political priv- 
 ileges. 
 
 Between Virginia end the Spanish settlements in Florida still 
 remained a large territory which both England and Spain claimed, 
 but neither had seriously attempted to occupy. A few English 
 (Quakers and other adventurous pioneers had straggled into the 
 northern parts of this tiact, and Spanish missionaries had beea 
 busy among the Indians; but colonization practically began under 
 a grant made by Charles II. in 1663 to Lord Clarendon, General 
 Monk, Lord Ashley Cooper (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury), 
 Berkeley and Carteret (proprietors of New Jersey), Sir William 
 Berkeley (governor of Virginia), Lord Craven, and Sir John Colleton. 
 The province was called Carolina, aud embraced the present States 
 of North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, andpart of Flor- 
 ida. Attherequcbtof Shaftesbury, John Locke, the famous English 
 philosopiier, drew up for the proprietors a complicated scheme ot 
 government, providing for a feudal nobility, an established church, 
 and various Utopian institutions grotesquely nnsuited to settlers in a 
 distant wilderness , and the attempt to force the vagaries of a theorist 
 upon a somewhat indocile people kept the province in a turmoil for 
 many years. The first settlements were made on the Chowan and 
 Cape Fear rivers, and were known as the Albemarle and Clarendon 
 colonies; the latter (1664; was the beginning of the town of Wilming- 
 ton. Six years later the Carteret colony was established on the 
 Ashley river, whence it was soon removed to a better situation at 
 the junction of the Ashley and Cooper; and this became the city 
 of Charleston. Negroes were introduced from the West Indies In 
 1671i and South Carolina became almost at the outset a commu- 
 nity of planters depending upon slave labor. Both the Carolinas 
 were in frequent revolt against the proprietors ; at last, in 1729, 
 Parliament purchased the rights of those personages, and the prov- 
 ince became the two crown colonies of North aud South Carolina. 
 
 Shortly after this change, settlements began in what is now the 
 State of Georgia. General Oglethorpe, an English member of Parlia- 
 ment, formed the design of establishing a colony in America, where 
 persons who had been imprisoned for debt, and others of broken 
 fortunes, might begin a new life. At the same time he hoped to 
 interpose a barrier between the weak Carolina colonies and the 
 Spanish power in Florida. Receiving a patent (1732) for all that 
 neglected region south of the Savannah river (Georgia and Ala- 
 bama), he sailed the same year with 135 persons, and founded Savan- 
 nah in 1733. The first settlers did not all belong to the unfortunate 
 classes for whom he was especially concerned. They included 
 parties of Jews, Moravians, Scotch Highlanders, and German Prot- 
 estants, with a great many random adventurers, ill suited to a 
 l)ioneer enterprise. The colony suii"ered much both from internal 
 troubles and from Spanish hostilities before it was firmly estab- 
 lished. It became a joyal province in 1752, Alabama Wft8 HPt ^^' 
 taciied until after the Revolution. * 
 
 B 
 
XVIII NEW YORK TBIBVNE'S 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 INDIAN WARS IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 The eettlers of New England were never tender in their dealings 
 with the red men, and their first Indian war was the result of a 
 'series of raids and murdLrs in which the eavagery was not all on 
 one side. The Pequots, a warlike confederacy whose principal seat 
 was on the river now known as the Thames, in Connecticut, planned 
 a general massacre of the whites, in which they desired the Narra- 
 gangettB to join them. But this tribe was induced by the persua- 
 sions of Roger Williams to side with the colonists, and to furnish 
 more ihan half the force which, in the spring of 1637, marched 
 against the Pequot etrongholds. The Narragansetts were led by 
 their chief, Miantonomoh ; there were some Mohegane under Uncas; 
 and Connecticut and Massachusetts sent about 100 soldiery under 
 Captains Mason and Underbill. A fortified Pequot village was 
 surpri^ed at early dawn and set on fire; no quarter was given, even 
 to women or children; but the Indians who did not perish in the 
 flames were killed as they tried to break out. Two weeks later a 
 second crushing defeat was inflicted upon the Pequots; some hun- 
 dreds were made prisoners and sold into slavery, and the confederacy 
 was permanently broken up. 
 
 It was principally for the sake of better protection against the 
 Indians that a confederation of "The United Colonies of New 
 England" was formed in 1643. Delegates from Massachusetts, 
 Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven met in each colony by 
 turns, to consult for their common interests. Maine and Rhode 
 Island were excluded on account of heterodox opinions. The con- 
 federation was important as a first step towards union, but its 
 immediate results were elight, and before the next general out- 
 break of the savages it had fallen to pieces. The war with King 
 Philip, chief of the Whampanoags or Pokanokets, on the east 
 side of Narragansett Bay, and son of the early friend of the settlers, 
 Massasoit, began from trivial causes. Driven from his villages 
 and followed into the swamps in the summer of 1675, Philip broke 
 through the lines of his assailants, joined the Nipmucks in the 
 interior of Massachussetts, and roused the whole country. Every- 
 where the smaller tribes took up arms, and they were far more 
 dangerous than in former years, because now they were supplied 
 with mitskets. Towns were attacked and burned. Remote settlers 
 were massacred. Military detachments were decoyed into ambush 
 and destroyed. The Narragansetts had taken no part in the rising, 
 but the colonists distrusted them, and dispatched an expedition 
 under Josiah Winslow, governor of Plymouth, to crush them, as a 
 measure of precaution. " The Swamp Fight," in what is now the 
 town of South K^ingston, Rhode Island, repeated the horrors of 
 the Pequot afl'air, many of the Indians perishing in their burning 
 wigwams; but on this occasion the whites also suffered severely, 
 their losses amounting to about 240 men— a quarter of their whole 
 number. The war now raged with increased barbarity. Warwick 
 was burned. Providence was partly ruined. The whole of the 
 Plymouth colony was overrun. Towns were deserted. Settlers 
 were murdered.' Hostilities lasted until Philip was killed by a 
 desefterfrom his tribe (1676), and "Witamo, the female eachem of 
 Pocasset, who had lately been his chief supporter, was drowned 
 in trying to escape from an attack by Major Church. The heads 
 of Witamo and Philip were set up on poles to celebrate the triumph 
 of the eettlers. Prisoners were hanged, or sold into the West 
 Indies, or retained as slaves in New England. The tribes were 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XTX 
 
 crushed forever, and from this time fast dwindled away. The 
 colonists, on the other hand, lost six hundred men in battle besides 
 the victims of massacre in the ^settlements, and twelve or thirteen 
 of their towns were entirely destroyed. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE COLONIES AND THE CROWN. 
 
 The independent spirit of Massachusetts showed itself at a 
 very early day; for when, in answer to repeated complaints of the 
 rigorous proceedings of the colonial magistrates, a royal commis- 
 sion was appointed by Charles I. to revise ihe laws of the American 
 plantations (1634), and even the Council for New England appealed 
 to the crown again^t settlers who sought "to make themselves 
 absolute masters of the country," the General Court hastened to 
 fortify the port of Boston and take other measures for military 
 defence. A demand for the delivery of the charter was refused. 
 Charles I. was soon too busy with other affairs to pay much atten- 
 tion to New England, and the matter was allowed to drop, until the 
 restoration of Charles II. brought it again into prominence. But 
 in the intervening quarter of a century all the colonies had gained 
 the habit of self-reliance, grown accustomed to democratic princi- 
 ples, and learned to make sharp distinctions between their own 
 interests and those of the mother country. In New England— in 
 Massachusetts especially— the jealousy of English interference 
 sometimes amounted to positive enmity. At the restoration the 
 Massachusetts General Court ordered a public thanksgiving; but it 
 also took that occasion to make a declaration of rights, which left 
 hardly nny perceptible power either to Parliament or the King, and 
 yet probably did not go much beyond the uniform practice of the 
 colony since its foundation. 
 
 Oharles II. did not propose at first to revoke the charter, but he 
 required the colony to administer justice in his name, to tolerate 
 the Church of England, and to admit others than church members 
 to the franchise. To these demands the General Court returned 
 evasive answers. When royal commissioners were sent out to 
 investigate complaints and settle boundary disputes, the General 
 Court denied their authority (1664). When a royal commissioner 
 of customs appeared at Boston, empowered to enforce the oppressive 
 laws of trade, of whose violation the English merchants were com- 
 plaining, the magistrates tore down the notice of his appointment 
 posted on the exchange, and the Court created a naval ofiice of its 
 owji to supersede him (1680). But Charles, committed now to the 
 high prerogative policy, was no longer in the mood to trifle with the 
 pretensions of the colonists. Under a writ of quo warranto the 
 charter of Massachusetts was declared forfeited, and the settlements 
 became a royal province (1684). This was virtually the end of the 
 Puritan theocracy. Before any important change could be made 
 in the administration of the government the King died. t 
 
 It fell to James II. to carry out the purpose of nis brother of con- 
 solidating the colonies under royal authority, and checking the rapid 
 development of popular liberties. James was already in possession 
 of the province of New York, where the rule of his deputies, 
 although arbitrary, was not usually harsh. Under Gov. Thomas 
 Don^au (1683), an Assembly was summoned, which framed a dec- 
 laration of rights and settled the important point of the illegality of 
 taxes imposed without the consent of the representatives of the peo- 
 ple. When James became King, however, his policy changed. Sir 
 Edmund Androa was sent to America with a commission as 
 
XX NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 captain-general and governor of all New England (1686), and instruc- 
 tions to set aside the existing charters. New York and New Jer- 
 sey were presently added to his jurisdiction and included under 
 the name of New England. His appointment was resented, but 
 resistance seemed to be futile. Plymouth had no charter and was 
 easily subdued. Rhode Island yielded after a brief opposition. 
 New Hampshire was already a crown province. Maine was a part 
 of Massacbuisette. In Connecticut the popular spirit was bo men- 
 acing that Andros marchid to Hartford with troops to compel obe- 
 dience. He appeared at an evening session of the Assembly and 
 demanded the production of the charter. It was laid upon the 
 table; but suddenly the lights were extinguished and the precious 
 instrument, spirited away oy some patriotic hand, was hidden in a 
 hollow oak (1687)- Its disappearance did not prevent Andros, how- 
 ever, from declaring the charter government at an end. In Mas- 
 sachusetts, where affairs had been administered under temporary 
 devices since the forfeiting of the charter in 1684, the hostility to 
 Andros and the royal chief justice, Dudley, was especially resolute. 
 No measure of the new rule, perhaps, was more angrily resented 
 than the declaration of indulgence, which gave complete toleration 
 to Episcopalians, Quakers, and all other denominations; but the 
 colonists had much more substantial grounds of complaint in the 
 arbitrary taxation, the interference with land titles, and the tyran- 
 nical restrictions upon personal freedom. 
 
 On the news of the landing of William of Orange at Torbay, the 
 colonists of New England rose at once. Andros and Dudley were 
 imprisoned. The old governments quietly resumed their functions, 
 as far as possible with the old officers. The Council of Virginia 
 tardily proclaimed William and Mary, after threats of a popular 
 revolt. In Maryland a no-popery insurrection, under an agitator 
 named Coode, deposed Lord Baltimore. In New York a more for- 
 midable rebellion, ostensibly " for the preservation of the protest- 
 ant religion," was led by a militia captain named Jacob Leisler 
 (1689-91), who, with his son-in-law and secretary, Milbourne, wae 
 finally hanged for treason. The new King gave the colonists no cause 
 to distrust nis Protestant zeal; but his views of the roval preroga- 
 tive, so far as it concerned America, were not materially different 
 from those of James. To the colonial bills of rights and habeas- 
 corpus acts he returned decided negatives, and he continued the 
 prohibition of printing. For a while, however, the attention of the 
 Americans was diverted to foreign dangers. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE WAKS WITH FKANCE. 
 
 Since the beginning of the seventeenth century the French had 
 been steadily extending their power through the region of the St. 
 Lawrence, the great) lakes, and the Mississippi. They were in con- 
 flict with the English in Maine, where so early as 1613, one of their 
 mission stations on Mount Desert Island was violently broken up 
 by an expedition from Virginia. They disputed the English claims 
 on the East. They contended for the possession of Northern New 
 York. In their service the priest and the fur-trader penetrated the 
 Northwest. The Jesuit Marquette founded Sault Ste. Marie, and 
 was the first to reach the upper waters of the Mississippi (1675). 
 La Salle, the adventurous explorer, sent out by tlie governor-general 
 of Canada, navigated the gi-eat river to its mouth (1682), and in the 
 name of Louis XIV. took possession of the region thereafter styled 
 Louisiana. Often tortured, burned, or hacked to pieces at th© stake, 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXI 
 
 the missionaries nevertheless obtained a strong influence over the 
 eavages; and at the end of the century it might have seemed 
 doubtful whether France, with her Indian allies and her chain of 
 colonies and outposts, extending from New Brunswick through 
 Canada and the Mississippi valley, was not destined to be the ruling 
 power on th's continent. 
 
 When war broke out between France and England (1689), in con- 
 sequence of the dethroning of James II., the northern colonies 
 vvere promptly involved in it. New York and New England fighting 
 willingly as for their own existence. In King William's war, as it 
 is called, the English government paid little attention to its Ameri- 
 can subjects, but left them to defend themselves by their own 
 resources, at their own cost, and in their own way. Both sides 
 made use of the Indians— a practice not then regarded with the 
 horror which it inspired in the authors of the Declaration of 
 Independence— and the campaigns were marked by terrible brutali- 
 ties. ]\Iany of the settlements of Maine and New Hampshire were 
 ravaged, burned,or deserted, and for the disasters here Colonel Church 
 afterwards took a bloody revenge. The Canadian governor-general, 
 Frontenac, sent out war parties of French and Indians, which sur- 
 prised Schenectady, N. Y., and Salmon Falls, N. H. (1690), and 
 captured Casco, Me. New York and New England dispatched an 
 expedition of whites and Mohawks to attack Montreal, but Fronte- 
 nac beat it off. A Massachusetts fleet, in the meantime, under Sir 
 William Phips, devastated the French settlements on the coasts of 
 Acadia (Nova Scotia), and then sailed for Quebec, where Frontenac, 
 fresh from his victory at Montreal, baftled their attack. 'When the 
 treaty of Ryswick brought peace (1697), French and English colonies 
 alike had suffered severely, and neither had gained anything. 
 
 In Queen Anne's war (1702-13), springing like the previous contest 
 from quarrels with which the colonists had no direct concern, 
 France was not only much stronger in Northern New York and the 
 West than before, and more definite and earnest in her ambition of 
 American empire, but she was now in alliance with Spain. Hostil- 
 ities began in Florida, where Governor Moore, of South Carolina, 
 captured St. Augustine, only to retreat on the approach of Spanish 
 vessels of war. Later, with a thousand savages, he fell upon the 
 semi-civilized communities ot Christian Indians In Middle Florida 
 and entirely destroyed them. A combined French and Spanish 
 attack upon Charleston U706) was defeated, and a French frigate 
 captured. In the North the worst excesses of Indian warfare were 
 felt in Massachusetts, where Deerfield and Haverhill — the latter 
 hardly recovered from pillage and burning in King William's war — 
 were scenes of dreadful massacre. In 1710, however, a colonial 
 expedition captured Port Koyal, in Acadia. The following year the 
 home government tardily resolved upon an expedition "against 
 Canada, sending out a fleet of fifteen ships of war and five of 
 Marlliorough's veteran regiments, to which New York, Massachu- 
 setts, and Pennsylvania added a large number of men and liberal 
 supplies of money. But the campaign came to nothing. Losing 
 part of his fleet and a thousand men, by wreck in the St. Lawrence, 
 the English admiral abandoned the enterprise and sailed for home, 
 and the advance of the land forces- was thereupon cut short. In 
 her European campaigns, England had been more fortunate than in 
 America, and by the treaty of Utrecht she acquired Newfoundland 
 and Acadia, the latter known henceforth as Nova Scotia. 
 
 Thirty years of general prosperity followed, broken by Indian 
 troubles in the Carolinas and Maine, by controversies between the 
 colonists and the home government, and by hostilities between 
 England and Spain, in which colonial troops bore an arduous 
 part. Then came King George's war (1744-48), the most impor- 
 
XXII NEW TOB K TRIBUNE'S 
 
 tant incident of which was the captnre of the strong fortress of 
 Louisburg (1745), constructed by the French on the island of Cape 
 Breton after their expulsion from Acadia. This exploit was 
 almost wholly a colonial enterprise, the principal part of the force 
 being furnished by Massachusetts, and the commander being 
 William Pepperrell, of Maine, The exultant Americans now 
 meditated the conquest of Canada, and were eager to raise a 
 colonial army, which the British ministry, however, would not 
 permit, lest the provinces should grow too independent. The 
 colonists were only allowed to menace Montreal while a British 
 expedition should attack Quebec. But the British expedition never 
 came; the costly preparations of the provincials went for nothing; 
 a French Fleet, on the other hand, alarmed the coasts, until it was 
 disabled by fever and dispersed oy sitorras the frontiers were 
 harassed by Canadians and Indians; and finally the peace of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle (1748) restored Louisburg to France, and gave her also 
 the islands of St. Pierre and jiiquelon off the coast of New- 
 foundland. 
 
 Thus far the colonial wars with France had all sprung from the 
 contests of the European powers; the decisive struggle, known as 
 the French and Indian war, began with the clashing interests of 
 the settlers themselves. At the middle of the eighteenth century the 
 French, although their colonies increased very slowly in population, 
 were steadily strengthening their position on the route from Canada 
 through the Mississippi valley. They commanded the lakes at 
 Niagara and Detroit; they had founded New Orleans (1718) and 
 made it the capital of Louisiana; and they began to press upon the 
 English frontiers in Western Virginia and Pennsylvania, where pio- 
 neers from the tide-water settlements were now crossing the Blue 
 Ridge and the Alleghanies, and turning their attention to the rich 
 valley of the Ohio. Resolved to hold this country, the French built 
 forts at Presque Isle, Le Bceuf, and Venango (Erie, Waterford, and 
 Franklin, Penn.), roused the Indians, and seized English traders. 
 The governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania received orders from 
 England to expel the French wherever they were found within 
 the limits of tliose provinces. A mission of remonstrance and in- 
 quiiy from Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, to the 
 French at Fort Le Bceuf (1753) first brought George Waehiogton 
 into public notice. He was in his twenty-second year when he 
 undertook this dangerous winter journey, a dignified, high-minded, 
 truthful, well-bred gentleman, used to a vigorous out-of-door life, 
 knowing so much of the profession of arms as could be learned by 
 militia service, and, for his time and circumstances, a yery respect- 
 able scholar. He discharged his errand with great discretion, 
 bringing back clear evidence of the French intentions, and recom- 
 mending the immediate construction of a lort at the junction of the 
 Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, the present site of Pittsburg. 
 The work was begun by a small advance party, but the French 
 drove them out and finished it for themselves, calling it Fort Du 
 Quesne. An expedition of Virginia, New York, and South Caro- 
 lina troops, was disconcerted by this misfortune; but Washington, 
 succeeding to the command of the Virginia regiment on the death of 
 his superior officer, distinguished himself alike in action and in a 
 judicious and orderly retreat lo the Upper Potomac. 
 
 There had been no declaration of war between Fiance and 
 England, but the British ministry advised the colonists to hold a 
 convention of delegates from the several Assemblies to provide for 
 the general defence. Representatives oi New Hampshire, Massachu- 
 eetts.lihode Island, Connecticut, NewYork, Pennsylvania, and Mary- 
 laud {iccordingly met at Albany in June, 1754, and, goin^ somewhat 
 beyond the advice of the ministers, proposed on the 4th of July a 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXHI 
 
 scheme of confederation whicli may be called the germ of the pres- 
 ent Constitution. Its author was BeujAuiin Franklin, then deputy 
 postmaster-general for America. He was forty-eight years of 
 age, distinguislied for the vigor and effectiveness of his writings on 
 public affairs, the strength of his attachment to the popular cause, 
 the f-ijgacity of his political and economical teachings, and his 
 acquirements in natural science. The plan of confederation, however, 
 was rejected by the colonies because it left too much power to the 
 crown, and disapproved by the crown because it gave too much 
 authority to the people. 
 
 A more practical measure of the ministry was the dispatch to 
 America of two regiments of regular troops, to co-operate Mith 
 which the provincial Assemblies voted seven or eight thousand men. 
 The British general, Braddock, appointed commander-in-chief, 
 undertook an expedition against Fort duQuesne with the regulars 
 and a detachment of Virginians, and the provincials were to operate 
 in the North and East. British regular officers knew little of the 
 conditions of campaigning in America. Braddock was unable to 
 move until Franklin, on his own pecuniary responsibility, collected 
 horses and wagons for him from the A^rmersot Pennsylvania; and 
 when at last on the march, the general haughtily rejected the advice 
 of Washington, who accompauied him as aide-de-camp, that the 
 Virginia rangers should scour the woods in advance. The conse- 
 quence was an ambuscade, near Fort Du Quesne, July 9, 1755, in 
 which Braddock was moi tally wounded, and the British lost more 
 than half their men and all their guns and baggage. Only the 
 gallantry and skill of Washington and the firmness of the pro- 
 vincials saved the remnant. The expedition was abandoned, and 
 Washington found full occupation in defending the frontier against 
 the Indians and organizing nsj|i»levics. 
 
 The chief command, after the death of Braddock, devolved upon 
 Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts. He made an attempt upon 
 Fort Niagara, but accomplished nothing. Gen. William John- 
 son, superintendent of the Indians of New York, was a little more 
 fortunate; for being dispatched against Crown Point on Lake 
 Champlain, where ttie Canadians had established themselves over 
 twenty years before, he defeated the French general, Dieskau, in 
 the battle of Lake George, September 5, 1755, and built Fort William 
 Ileury at the head of the lake. Still he was not able to reach 
 Crown Point, or even to prevent the French from fortifying 
 Ticonderoga. • 
 
 Ttic one entire success of the campaign was the cspul-ion of the 
 French Neutrals froni Nova Scotia. These people, remnants and 
 descendants of the Acadians of the last generation, had always 
 remained French in language, religion, and sympathy. Simple, 
 industrious, and peaceable, their neutrality was mainly an affair of 
 sentiment, and the persistent efforts of Canadian agents to rouse 
 them into active hosiilities against their Engh^^h coiiqncrors seem 
 to have met with no response. The Englisli, howevrr, resolved, as 
 a measure of precaution, to remove tli^m fi'bm their homes aiul 
 scatter them among the provinces. An expedition of provincials 
 and regulars, under Gen. John Winslow, of Massachusetts, and 
 Coloi.el Monckton, easily reduced the military posts on the French 
 side of the Bay of Fundy (June, 1755), and then, assembling the 
 Acadians by stratagem in their parish churches, hurried them on 
 ship-board. About 6,000 were deported by this ruthless means; 
 families were separated; the houses, lands, cattle, and crops of the 
 exiles were confiscated; every colony received some of the destitute 
 and heart-broken victims. 
 
 War between France and England was declared in May, 1756, 
 and the British government, sending a large body of troops to 
 
XXIV NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 America, promised a vigorous campaign. The incapacity of the com- 
 mander-in-chief, Lord Loudon, and tne arrogant reluctance of the 
 regulars to co-operate with provincials, defeated almost every plan. 
 In strong contrast with Loudon's weakness was the conduct of the 
 alert and dashing French commander, -the gallant Marquis of 
 Montcalm, who spread panic among the colonists and broke up 
 their campaign by a sudden descent upon Oswego, where he made 
 Important captures, and who later, while Loudon was making a 
 feeble demonstration against Louisburg, fell upon Fort William 
 Kenry and compelled its surrender (August, 1757). 
 
 But the accession of William Pitt to the chief seat in the 
 British cabinet now put a new face upon affairs. That able states- 
 man understood the significance of the struggle in America, as none 
 of his predecessors did. He recalled Loudon; he sent out a power- 
 ful fleet under Admiral Boscaweu; he so inspirited the colonists 
 that they raised even more than the 20,000 men asked of them; and 
 at the beginning of 1758 Abercrombie, the new commander-in-chief, 
 found himself at the head of 50,000 troops. Louisburg was captured 
 in July, with 5,000 prisoners; and although an assault upon Fort 
 Ticonderoga was repelled by Montcalm, Fort Frontenac (Kingston, 
 in Canada) was captured with garrison and shipping, and Fort Du 
 Quesue fell into the hands of Washington and his Virginians, and 
 was henceforth called Fort Pitt. General Amherst took Ticou- 
 deroga the next summer. 
 
 The decisive event of the war was the capture of Quebec. For 
 the attempt upon this formidable and important fortress Pitt 
 selected Brigadier General Wolfe, a highly accomplished young 
 officer, who had shown marked ability as second in command at the 
 taking of Louisburg. With a fleet and 8,000 troops he ascended the 
 St. Lawrence and debarked near the city, where Montcalm with an 
 equal force was strongly posted awaiting him. Direct assault 
 failed; bombardment, owing to the position of the fortress on a 
 high promontory, was impossible. But Wolfe, after two months' 
 disheartening trials, discovered a ravine in the steep bank; and by 
 this path, so narrow and difhcult that it had been left vir- 
 tually unguarded, he led a part of his army at night to the 
 Heights of Abraham, in the rear of the town. At daylight on 
 September 13, 1759,the English were drawn up in order of battle. The 
 astonished Montcalm hurried from his camp and attacked with 
 spirit; but the British line was not to be broken. Wolfe was killed 
 at the moment of victory, Montcalm £ell mortally wounded while 
 vainly trying to rally his defeated troops. Five days later Quebec 
 surrendered; and although hostilities continued for some time 
 longer, and Montreal was not given up uutil September, 1760, the 
 fall of Quebec was virtually the fall of the French power in 
 America. 
 
 The war in the colonies had been over for three years when the 
 treaty of Paris, m 1763, settled the terms of the peace. France 
 divested herself of all her American possessions. Great Britain 
 obtained everything east of the Mississippi except New Orleans: 
 that town and the territory west of the Mississippi were transferred 
 to Spain; and Florida was ceded to Great Britain in exchange for 
 Havana, which had been captured from Spain during the war, 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXV 
 
 THE EEYOLUTIOISr. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THB PRELTJDB TO THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 During the last years of the struggle with France the colonies 
 had been vexed with many Indian troubles among the tribes of the 
 South as well as those on the French frontier; and the close of the 
 war, with the substitution of English for French supremacy in the 
 western country, brought on a rising, led by the Ottawa chief, Pon- 
 tiac, which assumed a most serious charact r. The conspiracy of 
 Pontiac (1763) involved an attack upon all the English border set- 
 tlements from Virginia to the lakes. More than 100 traders were 
 murdered. More than 530 families were massacred or driven from 
 their homes Detroit was besieged by Pontiac for five months, 
 and after the tribes were at last compelled to sue for peace, the 
 indomitable chief continued for some years to incite war among 
 those of the farther West. 
 
 While the surrender of Canada relieved the colonists of their 
 only rival, and gave permanent security to their frontiers, the re- 
 joicings with which they celebrated the conquest we?-e not free 
 from alloy. Seventy years of intermittent war had cost them dear. 
 They had lost 30,000 soldiers; they had seen many of their towns 
 laid in ruins; they had spent $16,000,000, of which sum the home 
 government repaid only $5,000,000. Their population at this time 
 did not exceed 2,000,t'00, of whom 350.000 were negro slaves. 
 Virginia stood first, with 300,000 inhabitants; Massachusetts second, 
 with 230,000; Pennsylvania, with nearly as many aa Massachusetts, 
 ranked third-; New York was below the Carolinas, Marj^land, and 
 Connecticut. The principal town was Boston, with 15,000 inhabit- 
 ants, but Philadelphia and New York were fast overtaking it in 
 population, while Newport, Norfolk, and Baltimore were becoming 
 its rivals in trade. The New England colonies managed to keep up 
 a profitable contraband traffic with the West Indies; but peace 
 found the Americans, upon the whole, depressed, poor, and nearly 
 exhausted with debt. 
 
 It was a conjuncture in which a wise home government would 
 have been careful to foster their industries and lighten their bur- 
 dens. Great Britain made it an occasion for enforcing oppressive 
 laws with new vigor and by hateful means. Ever since the revolu- 
 tion which dethroned James 11., the commercial classes had been 
 gaining influence in the British Parliameut, and it was their j olicy 
 to crush the trade and manufactures of the colonies and force them 
 tobuy whatever England had to sell. It was the shopkeejier rather 
 than the King against whom America had now to assert her independ- 
 ence. The navigation acts forbade the colonis-ts to ship their prod- 
 ucts in any but English vessels, or, so far as the principal articles 
 were concerned, to trade except with English countries. To please the 
 London hatters, tht y were forbidden to export hats, or to send them 
 from one colony to another. To satisfy other British interests, they 
 were forbidden to manufacture iron, even so much as a nail ; or to 
 send any manufacture of woolen out of the province in which it 
 was produced; and an act was passed to destroy the most impor- 
 tant business of New England, which was the exchange of timber 
 with the French West Indies for molasses to be distilled into rum. 
 Such laws inevitably produced an active smuggling trade, and to 
 some extent the royal offictrs seem to have connived at it. On the 
 acceesiou of the Grenville ministry, in 1763, it was determined to 
 
XXVI NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 make America pay a share of the English war debt. Grenville un- 
 dertook to enforce the obnoxious trade laws ; to establish a portion 
 of the British army as a permanent garrison in America; and to 
 raise money for the support of the troops by Parliamentary taxa- 
 tion ol the colonies. These three measures were the immediate 
 causes of the American Revolution. 
 
 Grenville might have been warned by the opposition to the "writs 
 of a^^sistance" tv\o years before. When the government granted 
 these general search warrants, authorizing officers of the customs 
 to break into any store or private house suspected of containing 
 smuggled goods, the Americans made such vigorous resistance to 
 what they declared to be an unconstitutional abridgment of their 
 liberties that, although the legality of the writs was finally sus- 
 tained by the courts, the officers did not venture to execute them. 
 The attempt to tax the people without their consent was certain to 
 be still more violently resented, for it was the invasion of a princi- 
 ple which had been maintained in the leading colonies almost from 
 the beginning. Nevertheless, after the passing of a declaratory act 
 in 1761, Grenville brought forward his scheme of a stamp act. It 
 was a tax imposed upon every legal paper and every document used 
 in trade. Agents were appointed for the sale of the stamps. Vio- 
 lations of the act could be tried in any royal or admiralty court, 
 however distant, and without a jury. Troops were to be sent to 
 America to overawe remonstrants, and the colonists were required 
 to find them " quarters, rum, fuel, and other necessaries." The 
 introduction of Grenvilk's measure produced a general outcry. 
 The colonists insisted that they could not constitutionally be taxed 
 by a Parliament in which they were not reprc seuted. James Otis, 
 who had distinguished himself during the oppositon to the writs of 
 assistance in Boston, resigning the office of advocate-general in 
 order to defend the cause of the people; Samuel Adams, soon to be 
 known as the most astute of the popular leaders in Massachusetts; 
 Patrick Henry, the brilliant orator of Virginia, were conspicuous 
 in the agitation. Franklin for Pennsylvania, Jackson for Massa- 
 chusetts, IngersoU for Connecticut, were commissioned to argue 
 against the scheme in England. The provincial assemblies drew up 
 protests. Colonel Barre, who had served in America ; spoke against 
 the bill in Pailiament. Nevertheless, the stamp act passed in 
 March, 1765- 
 
 The news was received in America with a burst of indignation. 
 Virginia passed a declaration that the General Assembly had ex- 
 clusive right to iax the inhabitants, and in debating the resolution 
 Patrick lienry uttered his most famous saying: "Ciesar," he cried, 
 "had his Brutus, Charles his Cromv\ ell, aud'Georgc the Third" — 
 "Treason, treason!" exclaimed some of the members— " George the 
 Third may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the 
 most of it." Massachusetts instructed the courts to conduct their 
 business without stamps. The distributing agents were forced to 
 resign their offices. "Sons of Liberty " were organized to resist 
 the act. The houses of officials and friends of the crown were 
 mobbed and gutied. On the day appointed for the act to be put in 
 force, flags were hung at half mast, IxMls were to, led, business was 
 suspended, not a stamp was to be seen. In the meantime, at the 
 request of Massachusettn, delegcites from nine colonies met in 
 Congress at New York (October, 1765), and drew up a petition to 
 the King, a memorial to Parliament, and a declaration of rights. 
 They insisted that the colonies coukl not be taxed except by their 
 own Legislatures; and the several Assemblies at their next sessions 
 cordially approved their proceedings. A committee of corres- 
 pondence, formed by a popular movement in New York, success- 
 fully urged an agreement among the colonies to import no more 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXVII 
 
 goods from Great Britain until the stamp act was repealed. The 
 "'Daughters ol Liberty " fostered the patriotic determination by 
 spinning yarn for the domestic looms. 
 
 Against the resolution of the colonists, the dissatisfaction of 
 embarrassed British merchants, and the eloquent denunciation of 
 Pitt, \vho declared that the Americans would have been slaves if 
 they had not resisted, the stamp act could not be maintained. It 
 was repealed by the Rockingham ministry March 18, 1766. Bu> 
 scarcely had the rejoicings over this event died away when a new 
 scheme of taxation was pat forth by Charles Townshend, chancello 
 of the exchequer, imposing duties on tea, paper, glass, etc. (June 
 1767) . The effect was to unite the colonics more firmly than ever in tlie 
 principle that "taxation without representation is tyranny," The 
 Geueral Court of Massichurictts issued a circular letter inviting the 
 Assemblies to consult for the defense of their rights. The non-im- 
 portation agreement was renewed. An attempt to seize a sloop 
 belonging to John Hancock, a rich and popular merchant of Boston, 
 for violation of the revenue laws, led to a riot. The Assembly of 
 New York, having refused to furnish quarters for royal troops, was 
 dissolved. A still more popular Assembly, elected in its place, also 
 refused, and was dissolved. The General Court of Massachusetts 
 was commanded to rescind the circular leitcr; it refused, and was 
 dissolved. The burgesses of Virginia were dissolved for protesting 
 against the treatment of New York. The Assemblies of Maryland 
 and Georgia were dissolved for approvimr the course of Massachu- 
 setts and Virginia. Parliament approved the action of the royal 
 governors, and recommended them to send all treasonable per- 
 sons to England to be tried there for their ot^'ences. 
 
 Two regiments were sent to Boston. The town flatly refused 
 to give them quarters, and their commander. General Gage, was 
 compelled to provide for them from his own resources. Their pres- 
 ence was a constant source of irritation. A serious collision atlast 
 occurred between a picket guard and a mob. in which five citizens 
 were killed and several wounded (March 5, 1770). In the excited 
 state of the public temper, "the Boston massacre " was greatly 
 magnified. A committee of the people, headed by Samuel Adams, 
 waited upon Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson and forced him to 
 order the removal of all the troops from the town. Captain Preston 
 and the soldiers of the guard were tried for murdei". Defended by 
 John Adams and Josiah Q,uincy, two of the most ardent of the 
 popular leaders, they were all acquitted except two privates, who 
 were found guilty of manslaughter, and branded in the hand. 
 
 Townshend's scheme of taxation had failed as completely as 
 Greuville's stamp act. Its repeal, proposed by the ministry of 
 Lord North, was an obvious political and economical neces- 
 sity. But to satisfy King George IIL, who insisted that" there 
 should always be one tax at least, to keep up the right of tax- 
 ing,'" the duty on tea was retained. The new measure, presented 
 to Parliament on the day of the Boston massacre, only increased , 
 the popular agitation in America. The people pledged themselvea 
 to use no tea while the tax remained, and to let none be landed. 
 When news came that three tea ships were on the way to Boston, a 
 mass meeting in that town resolved, on motion of Samuel Adams, 
 that the ships should be sent back. The governor insisted that the 
 cargo should belauded. On the night of December 18, 1773, a band 
 of lif ty or sixty men dii«guised as Indians boarded the ships and threw 
 the tea into the harl)or. Other ships, bound for New York and 
 Philadelphia, were turned back without discharging. The resent- 
 ment of the ministry at these proceedings fell upon Boston, which 
 was, not unjustly, regarded as the hotbed of insurrection. By the 
 Boston port bill the shipping business of that commercial city was 
 
XXVIII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 entirely interdicted. The capital was removed to Salem. The act 
 for quartering soldiers on the inhabitants was renewed, yeveu 
 regiments were stationed in the colony, and General Gage, besides 
 holding the military command, was appointed governor. A new 
 form of government was devised, containing scarcely a vestige of 
 popular authority. 
 
 If English statesmen had paid proper attention to American 
 affairs they must have learned, from the indignation with which 
 these measures were received throughout the colonies, and the 
 language of the public protests, that the controversy had already 
 passed beyond the character of a quarrel about taxes, and was fast 
 becoming a demand for popular rights all along the line. Commit- 
 tees of correspondence, formed at the suggestion of Patrick Henry, 
 Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, and others, enabled the 
 colonies to concert measures of common interest, and in the spring 
 of 1774 proposals were made by several of the Assemblies for a 
 general Congress. On the 5th of September of that year the first, 
 or "Old " Continental Congress met in Philadelphia under the pres- 
 idency of Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, with representatives from 
 all the colonies except Georgia. It was a dignified, sagacious, and 
 patriotic body, including among its members Washington, Patrick 
 Henry, and R. H. Lee, of Virginia, Samuel and John Adams, of 
 Massachusetts, John Jay, Philip Livingston, and James Duane, of 
 New York, Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, Edward and John Rut- 
 ledge and Christopher Gadsden, of South Carolina, William 
 Livmgston, of New Jersey, Galloway, of Pennsylvania, Chase, of 
 Maryland. A far-reaching declaration of rights, a protest against 
 eleven specific acts of Parliament passed since the accession of 
 George III., a petition to the King, and addresses to the people of 
 Great Britain, Canada, and the colonies, were framed, and an 
 "American Association '' was established, whose members pledged 
 themselves not to trade with Great Britain, Ireland, the British West 
 Indies, or any American province which should refuse to come into 
 the Association, and not to use any British goods. 
 
 In Massachusetts events moved fast towards revolution. Gen- 
 eral Gage called a House of Representatives, under the new scheme 
 of government, to meet at Salem, but, alarmed at the public temper, 
 he countermanded the summons. Disregarding this second procla- 
 mation, the members came together, resolved themselves into a 
 Provincial Congrtss, removed to Concord, and organized by 
 choosing John Hancock as president. No Legislature ever met 
 again in Massachusetts under royal authority. Almost unnoticed, 
 the sovereignty had passed to the people. Having assumed full 
 legislative power, the Massachusetts Congress provided for execu- 
 tive functions, also, by creating a committee of safety, with John 
 Hancock at its head, and authorizing it to call out the militia. 
 •'Minute men" were enrolled, pledged to turn out at call; arms 
 and ammunition were collected— the royal stores being sometimes 
 fcized— and public speakers began to defend the right of rebellin<j 
 against oppression. General G.ige fortified himself in Boston, ana 
 called for 20,000 more troops. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 BEGINNING OF THE AVAR. 
 
 On the 19th of April, 1775. General Gage sent 800 soldiers to destroy 
 some arms and amninnition which the patriots had stored at 
 Concord, sixteen miles from Boston. The expedition was to move 
 secretly by a night march, but timely warning was given of its 
 
HISTORY OF THE UmTED STATES. XXIX 
 
 departure, the minute men were roused, and when the troops / 
 reached Lexington, at dawn of the 19th, they found sixty or seventy 
 Americans drawn up in arms. The little force was easily dis- 
 persed, after eii^ht of the company had been killed and several 
 wounded; but, insignificant as it seemed, the "battle of Lexing- 
 ton" had mighty consequences. The British continued their 
 march to Concord, where they found little to destroy, and were 
 met, moreover, so resolutely by a hastily collected body of 400 
 minute men that they quickly began a retreat. The whole country 
 was now in arms. The Americans hung upon the libe of march, 
 firing from behind trees and fences, and doing such execution that 
 the retreat became a rout, and when the troops were at last rescued 
 by the arrival of reinforcements, they had lost 273 men. 
 
 The effect of the battles of Lexington and Concord was electric. 
 For the first time a c nsiderable party in the colonies began to talk 
 of u 6ei)aration from Great Britain; the people of Mecklenburg 
 county, North Carolina, even adopted a formal declaration of inde- 
 l)endeDce (May 31, 1775), but this too hasty movement was not 
 generally sustained. Almost everywhere authority passed from the 
 royal governors to popular assemblies, congresses, or committees 
 of safety. Troops were raised by the several colonies, Massachusetts 
 alone voting 13,000, and before the end of April the Americans 
 had 20,000 men in camp before Boston. The second Continental 
 Congress, meeting at Philadelphia in May, disclaimed the desire for 
 independence, but made provision for war, issued bills of credit, 
 and practically assumed all the functions of government. On the 
 10th of May, a party of Vermont volunteers, known as Green 
 Mountain Boye, surprised and captured Fort Ticonderoga. To the 
 inquiry of the astonished British commander, in whose name they 
 demanded his surrender, their leader, Ethan Allen, replied, "In the 
 name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." Seth 
 Warner, with another Vermont party, captured Crown Point; and 
 by these two exploits the patriots secured over 200 cannon and a 
 large supply of powder. 
 
 There was neither discipline nor organization in the camp before 
 Bopton. Gen. Artemas Ward, of Massachusetts, held the precedence 
 among several more or less independent commanders, but he had 
 little real authority. It was under orders from the Massachusetts 
 committee of safety that Colonel Prescott marched secretly from 
 Cambridge after dark on J une 16, to fortify Charlestown Heights over- 
 looking the city and harbor of Boston. He was instructed to 
 throw up intrenchments on Bunker Hill; he decided, after reaching 
 the ground, that the safer course would be to construct his defences 
 on Breed's Hill, an eminence a little nearer Boston. The Ameri- 
 cans worked all night without discovery, and continued their labors 
 until nearly noon of the 17th, while the British were preparing an 
 assault. By that time they had completed a redoubt and a breast- 
 work. Prescott was in command. Dr. Joseph Warren, president 
 of the Massachusetts Congress, recently appointed a major-general, 
 served with him as a volunteer. Israel Putnam, of Connecticut, a 
 veteran of the French and Indian war, was likewise on the field. 
 The British attacking party, 3,000 strong, crossed the Charles river 
 and advanced up the hill under a covering fire from their ships and 
 batteries. Twice the picked regulars recoiled and fled before the 
 American militia, who reserved their steady and well-aimed fire 
 until the enemy were close to the works. Reinforced for a third 
 atterppt, and gallantly led by Generals Howe, Pigot, and Clinton, 
 the Biiiish carried the intrenchments at last only when the powder 
 of the Americans was entirely exhausted. Prescott conducted au 
 orderly retreat across Charlestown Neck, with the loss of the brave 
 and ardent Warren. The number of killed, wounded, and prisoners 
 
XXX NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 on the American side was 449; the total number engaged at any 
 one time was about 1 ,500, but more than that were in action at some 
 part of the day. The British force was probably between three and 
 four thousand, and they lost 1,054. The battle of Bunker Hill, as it 
 has alM'ays been culled, was a British victory; but it was so little sat- 
 isfactory to the ministry that Gage was lecalled ami replaced by 
 Ho.\ve, while the provincials derived from it increased confidence in 
 their ability to meet regular troops. 
 
 The Congress at Philudelphia in the meanwhile had adopted 
 the motley but brave array before Boston as a Continental army, 
 and appointed George Washington commander-in-chief. When the 
 general reached Cambridge, two weeks after the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, he found about 14,000 men in the ranks, and even this small 
 force was largely composed of short-time volunteers, who had 
 turned out for an emergency, with no idea of regular service. It was 
 necessary during the next few months not only to create the organ- 
 ization of an army, but in a great measure to renew its material. 
 But while the commander-in-chief was performing this delicate 
 work in the face of the enemy, operations elsewhere were not neg- 
 lected. Gen. Richard Montgomery, invading Canada by way of 
 Lake Champlain, captured Montreal November 12, 1775, and marched 
 upon Quebec, where Benedict Arnold joined him with a small force 
 which he had led through the Maine wilderness. The assault, de- 
 livered in a blinding snowstorm on the 31st of December, was a fail- 
 ure. Montgomery was killed, Arnold was badly wouuded, and the 
 Americans lost nearly a third of their expedition. In Virginia, the 
 royal governor, Dunmore, driven out of the capital, collected ships, 
 burned Norfolk (January, 1776), and ravaged the coasts. British 
 vessels of war attacked various seaport towns, but the colonists 
 likewise fitted out cruisers, and captured supply ships, with powder 
 and other stores of which they were in great need. A combined 
 land and naval attack upon Charleston, S. C. by General Clinton and 
 Admiral Sir Peter Parker, was beaten off with heavy loss by a small 
 body of men under Colonel Moultrie (June 28th, 1776). 
 
 Washington had no sooner brought his army into tolerable condi- 
 tion than he put in execution a bold plan which would force Howe 
 either to evacuate Boston or give battle; and for the latter alterna- 
 tive he was amply prepared. On the night of March 4-5, 1776, the 
 Americans fortified Dorchester Heights as silently as the year be- 
 fore they had fortified Breed's Hill, and in the morning Boston was 
 at ttieir mercy. Howe decided to risk an assault; but a storm de- 
 layed him; his ofhcers lost heart; and on the 17th he embarked his 
 whole army for Halifax, leaving valuable stores to the victors. 
 Washington well knew that the intention of the British was to seize 
 New York; and while the whole country was rejoicing over the 
 recovery of Boston, he hurried his troops to the Hudson, and 
 pushed on the fortifications begun some time before in anticipation 
 of this movement. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The conflict of arms was not long in commending to the people 
 the idea of independence. Instructions which virtually implied 
 separation were given to their delegates in Congress, by Massachu- 
 setts in January, 1776, by South Carolina in March, by Georgia in 
 April, and on the 12th of April North Carolina explicitly 
 directed her representatives to vote for independence. In May, 
 Congress resolved that all authority under the crown ought to be 
 suppressed, and all the powers of government exerted under 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXI 
 
 authority of the people. Massachusetts, at an election May 30th, 
 voted unanimously to instruct her delegates for independence. 
 
 On the 7ih of June, Richard Henry Lee, in obedience to instruc- 
 tions from the convention of Virginia, moved in Congress "that 
 the United Colonies are, and ought to be, free aud independent 
 States." The resolution was debated in secret, John Adams warmly 
 supporting it, and v/as then postponed to give time lor consulta- 
 tion with the people. In the meanwhile, however, Thonias Jeffer- 
 son, John Adams, Benjamin Frauklin, Ko'^er Sherman, and Eobert 
 R. Livingston were appointed a committee to prepare a fonual dec- 
 laration. The deferred resolution Avas called up on the 1st of July and 
 discussed in committee of the whole, John Adams again making 
 an Impassioned speech for it. It passed the committee by a vole or 
 nine colonies to lour, South Carolina being against it, Delawareand 
 Pennsylvania divided, and New York awaiting the action of a 
 popular convention which had been called but had not yet assem- 
 bled. When the final vote was taken in the House July 2, all 
 opposition had disappeared. Twelve colonies resolved " that these 
 United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 crown, and that all political connection between them and the 
 etate of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." The 
 unanimous assent of the New York convention was given in due 
 course. The discussions of the Congress were held in private. 
 Crowds waited anxiously in the streets until the result of the 
 deliberations was announced by the joyful pealing of the State- 
 house bell, which, by a strange coincidence, bore the following text 
 inscribed upon the metal : " Proclaim liberty throughout the land 
 unto all the inhabitants thereof." 
 
 The Declaration of Indei)endence, written by Jefferson, was 
 agreed to on the evening of the 4th of July, and th^s date has con- 
 sequently been taken as the American anniversary. John Hancock, 
 president of the Congress, was the only member who signed tlie 
 document on the 4th, the others waiting until it had been engrossed. 
 But the declaration was immediately published, and everywhere 
 dissension seemed to be smothered in popular rejoicings. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE ALLIANCE 
 WITU FRANCE. 
 
 The military situation at the time of the declaration was dis- 
 couraging. The force with which Washington occupied New York 
 did uot exceed 8,000 men; and on the day of the passing of the 
 resolution of iudependence the first part of a large armament des- 
 tined by the ministry for the subjugation of America landed on 
 Staten Island. To supplement the regular English troops, 17,000 
 mercenaries had been hired in the petty states of Germany, most 
 of them from the Prince of Hesse Cassel. General Sir WMlliam 
 Howe was appointed to the chief command of the armies, and there 
 was a large fleet under his brother, Admiral Lord Howe. The 
 Howes were empowered to promise a redress of grievances and a 
 pardon to all who would return to their allegiance; but the people 
 were in no mood to listen to any proposals short of independence. 
 
 Tlie British plan of campaign was to seize the line of the Hudson 
 river, by an advance simultaneously from New York and from 
 Lake Champlain. Without ships and with a vastly inferior army, 
 Washington was unable to prevent their landing at Gravesend Bay, 
 on Long Island ; nor did the battle of Long Island, August 37,1776 , m 
 
XXXII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 which the Americans fought well and suffered severly, greatly retard 
 their advance. Brooklyn and New York were now at Howe's 
 mercy; bnt the American commander, cro.<sint; the Eaet river under 
 cover of night and fog, drew off his men and stores, falling back 
 successively to the heights of Harlem and of Fordham, baffling 
 attempts to get in his rear, fighting an indecinive battle at White 
 Plains, October 28, where he deceived his enemy with imitation re- 
 d'oubts of corn-stalks, and finally taking possession of the passes of 
 the Highlands, where the Hudson flows through the gate of the 
 mountains. The British occupation of New Yoi-k, which lasted till 
 the end of the war, gave a rallying place for the loyalists, always 
 strong in that town, and fostered the discontent and distrust among 
 the half-hearted. The American troops also rapidly fell away by 
 desertion and discharge. Washington, however, had shown consum- 
 mate ability as a strategist, and the highest kind of force, steadfast- 
 ness and courage, as a leader. Howe's scheme for isolating New 
 England by the seizure of the Hudson was defeated. Not only did 
 Washington bar the way at the Highlands, but the expedition dis- 
 patched from Canada under Carleton failed on Lake Champlain. 
 In a naval engagement on the lake Benedict Arnold, indeed, was 
 beaten and half his flotilla destroyed (Oct. 11); but the Americans 
 maintaiued themselves at Fort Ticonderoga, where Carleton did not 
 venture to attack them. 
 
 Alter capturing Fort W^ashington, at the upper end of Manhattan 
 Island, Howe sent a strong corps under Lord Cornwallis across the 
 Hudson into New Jersey. Falling back before this threatening 
 movement, and adroitly maneuvering the remnant of his army so as 
 to cover Philadelphia, Washington traversed the State in hot haste, 
 and at Trenton crossed the Delaware into Pennsylvania. The two 
 armies went into winter quarters on opposite sides of the river. On 
 the 2tjth of December, having suddenly recrossed in the midst of a 
 snowstorm, Washington surprised a Hesriau detachment at Tren- 
 ton, capturing a thousand prisoners. W hen the main body of the 
 enemy under Cornwallis came upon him, he marched around them 
 in the night, and routed their reserves at Princeton (January 3, 1777); 
 and alfliough obliged afterwards to fall back towards Morristown, 
 he was able by harassing operations, in the course of the winter, to 
 expel the British from nearly all their posts in the Jerseys, and to 
 revive the depressed spirits of the people. Congress, which had 
 fled to Baltimore, returned to Philadelphia, and the most active 
 measures were taken to raise the strength and improve the organ- 
 ization of the American army. 
 
 The next campaign, however, in the Middle States was a series 
 of disasters. Howe gained possession of Philadelphia after defeat- 
 ing the Americans at Brandy wine creek (September 11, 1777), Con- 
 gress removing to York, Penn. ; he repulsed an attack at German- 
 town, October 4; and later he reduced Forts Mercer and Mifflin, on 
 the Delaware, thus securing free communication with the sea. 
 Washington went into quarters at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill, 
 about twenty miles above Philadelphia, where he was well placed 
 for observation; but during "the dark winter," as it was after- 
 wards called, his men sutiered terribly for the want of food and 
 clothing, and the patriotism of the country sometimes appeared to 
 be nearly exhausted. It was the most critical period of the war. 
 
 Neverthi-less, there were substantial causes of encouragement. 
 Franklin, isilas Deane, and Arthur Lee, sent to ask assistance from 
 Louis XVI., were kindly though unofficially received at the French 
 court, and through indirect channels obtained large supplies from 
 the royal arsenals, and what was of vital importance, considerable 
 sums of money. They were permitted, also, to fit out privateers and 
 vessels of war in French ports, with which enterprising American 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXni 
 
 Fearaen inflicted great damage upon British commerce. Commis- 
 sions were issued to foreign officers willing to enter the American 
 army ; and among those who gave their abilities to the cause were 
 several of distinguished merit -the generous and high-minded La 
 Fayette, who became one of Washington's warmest friends and dis- 
 ciples; the Polish patriots Pulaski and Kosciuszko; De Kalb, an 
 Alsatian in the French service, and the Prussian Baron Steuben, 
 whose work in drilling and organizing troops proved of the highest 
 value. 
 
 Nor was the military outlook so black as it seemed on the cap- 
 ture of Philadelphia. The British government had made extraor- 
 dinary preparations for a fresh attempt upon the line of the Hudson 
 river. While Sir Henry Clinton marched Irom New York to force the 
 passage of the Highlands, a thoroughly equipped army of 8,000 men 
 under General Burgoyne was to move from Canada by Lake Cham- 
 plain. The Americans had but few troops in Northern New York, and 
 the invaders met with little resistance until they reached Fort Ed- 
 ward, on the Upper Hudson. There General Schuyler had collected 
 about 4,500 men, with whom he obstructed and delayed the advance, 
 gathering reiulorcements as he slowly fell back to Stillwater, and 
 
 f jiving time for the militia to gather along the lengthening British 
 ine. Two flank expeditions, unwisely ordered by Burgoyne, ended 
 in disaster. Colonel St. Leger, who was to have swept the valley of 
 the Mohawk and joined Burgoyne at Albany, was defeated at Fort 
 Schuyler (Koine), and returned in disorder to Canada. An English 
 and Hessian force, detached for an attack upon Bennington, Ver- 
 mont, was signally beaten by the New Hampshire militia under 
 Stark (Aug. lb). Crippled by his losses, unable either to go for- 
 ward or to retreat, Burgoyne halted at Saratoga, and fortified a 
 camp. He attacked the Americans under Gates (who had superseded 
 Schuyler) at Bemis Heights, September V.), without decisive result. 
 He was attacked in turn by Gates at Saratoga, October 7, when the 
 Americans gained a decided advantaire of position. Burgoyne's 
 only hope now was in Clinton. That general did, indeed, capture 
 Forts Clinton and Montgomery in the Highlands, October 6, but his 
 help came too late. On the 17th of October, Burgoyne surrendered 
 with 5,800 men and 27 pieces of artillery. Clinton retunied in haste 
 to New York, 
 
 The capture of an entire British army of picked troops by a mis- 
 cellaneous force of half-destitute provincials and militia was well 
 calculated to dismay the ministry and reanimate the patriots; but 
 its most important efiiect was in determining France to acknowledge 
 the independence of the United States and make open cause with 
 them. Treaties of alliance and of commerce and friendship were 
 signed with the American commissioners in Paris, February 6, 1778. 
 England at once declared war against France, and a French fleet 
 under Count d'Estaing sailed promptly for America. 
 
 CHAPTEK XIV. 
 
 PROM THE ALLIANCE WITH PRANCE TO THE END OP THE WAR. 
 
 In anticipation of the arrival of the French ships, the British 
 hastened to evacuate Philadelphia and transfer themselves to New 
 York. Washington pursued, and coming up with them at Mon- 
 mouth Court House, N. J., June 28, 1778, fought a severe battle, in 
 which the disasters of the early part of the day were repaired by 
 his personal exertions. Under cover of the night, Clinton (who had 
 superseded General Howe) stole away to the protection of the ships, 
 losing nearly 2,000 men on the field and in the retreat. The French 
 c 
 
XXXII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 which the Americans fought well and suffered severlj^, greatly retard 
 their advance. Brooklyn and l^ew York were now at Howe's 
 mercy; but the American commander, cros^sing the East river under 
 cover of night and fog, drew off his men and stores, falling back 
 successively to the heights of Harlem and of Fordbam, baffling 
 attempts to get in his rear, fighting an indecisive battle at White 
 Plains, October 28, where he deceived his enemy with imitation re- 
 doubts of corn-etalks, and finally taking possession of the passes of 
 the Highlands, where the Hudson flows through the gate of the 
 mountains. The British occupation of New York, which lasted till 
 the end of the war, gave a rallying place for the loj-alists, always 
 strong in that town, and fostered the discontent and distrust amoog 
 the half-hearted. The American troops also rapidly fell away by 
 desertion and discharge. Washington, however, had shown consum- 
 mate ability as a strategist, and tbe highest kind of force, steadfast- 
 ness and courage, as a leader. Howe's scheme for isolating New 
 England by the seizure of the Hudson was defeated. Not only did 
 Washington bar the way at the Highlands, but the expedition dis- 
 patched from Canada under Carleton failed on Lake Champlain. 
 In a naval engagement on the lake Benedict Arnold, indeed, was 
 beaten and half his flotilla destroyed (Oct. 11); but the Americans 
 maintained themselves at Fort Ticonderoga, where Carleton did not 
 venture to attack them. 
 
 Alter capturing Fort Washington, at the upper end of Manhattan 
 Island, Howe sent a strong corps under Lord Cornwallis across the 
 Hudson into New Jersey. Falling back before this threatening 
 movement, and adroitly maneuvering the remnant of his army so as 
 to cover Philadelphia, 'Washington traversed the State in hot haste, 
 and at Trenton cross(.d the DSaware into Pennsylvania. The two 
 armies went into winter quarters on opposite sides of the river. On 
 the 2bth of December, having suddenly recrossed in the midst of a 
 snowstorm, Washington surprised a Bes^ian detachment at Tren- 
 ton, capturing a thousand prisoners. "When the main body of the 
 enemy under Cornwallis came upon him, he marched around them 
 in the night, and routed their reserves at Princeton (January 3, 1777); 
 and alfliongh obliged afterwards to fall back towards Morristown, 
 he was able by harassing operations, in the course of the winter, to 
 expel the British from nearly all their posts in the Jerseys, and to 
 revive the depressed spirits of tbe people. Congress, which had 
 fli'd to Baltimore, returned to Philadelphia, and the mo&t active 
 measures were taken to raise the strength and improve the organ- 
 ization of the American army. 
 
 The next campaign, however, in the Middle States was a series 
 of disasters. Howe gained possession of Philadelphia after defeat- 
 ing the Americans at Brandy wine creek (September 11, 1777), Con- 
 gress removing to York, Penn. ; he repulsed an attack at German- 
 town, October 4; and later he reduced Forts Mercer and Mifllin, on 
 the Delaware, thus securing free communication with the sea. 
 Washington went into quarters at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill, 
 about twenty miles above Philadelphia, where he was well placed 
 for observation; but during "the dark winter," as it was after- 
 wards called, his men sullered terribly for the want of food and 
 ck)thing, and the patriotism of the country sometimes appeared to 
 be nearly exhausted. It was the most critical period of the war. 
 
 Neverthuless, there were substantia] causes of encouragement, 
 Franklin, fcilas Deane, and Arthur Lee, sent to ask assistance from 
 Louis XVI., were kindly though unofficially received at the French 
 court, and through indirect channels obtained large supplies from 
 the royal arsenals, and what was of vital importance, considerable 
 sums of money. They were permitted, also, to fit out privateers and 
 vessels of war iu French ports, with which enterprising Ainerican 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXHI 
 
 peamen inflicted great damage upon Britieh commerce. Commis- 
 sions were issued to foreign officers willing to enter the American 
 army ; and among those who gave their abilities to the cause were 
 several of dieiinguifihed merit -the generous and high-minded La 
 Fayette, who became one of Washington's warmest f liends and dis- 
 ciples; the Polish patriots Pulaski and Kosciuszko; De Kalb, an 
 Alsatian in the French service, and the Prussian Baron Steuben, 
 whose work in drilling and organizing troops proved of the highest 
 value. 
 
 Nor was the military outlook so black as it seemed on the cap- 
 ture of Philadelphia. The British government had made extraor- 
 dinary preparations for a fresh attempt upon the line of the Hudson 
 river. While Sir Henry Clinton marched irom New York to force the 
 passage of the Highlands, a thoroughly equipped army of 8,000 men 
 under General Burgoyne was to move from Canada by Lake Cham- 
 plain. The Americans had but few troops in Northern New York, and 
 the invaders met with little resistauce until they reached Fort Ed- 
 ward, on the Upper Hudson. There General Schuyler had collected 
 about 4,500 men, with whom he obstructed and delayed the advance, 
 gathering reinforcements as he slowly fell back to Stillwater, and 
 
 fjiving time for the militia to gather along the lengthening British 
 ine. Two flank expeditions, unwisely ordered by Burgoyne, ended 
 in disaster. Colonel St. Leger, who was to have swept the valley of 
 the Mohawk and joined Burgoyne at Albany, was defeated at Fort 
 Schuyler (Koine), and returned in disorder to Canada. Au English 
 and Hessian force, detached for an attack upon Bennington, Ver- 
 mont, was signally beaten by the New Hampshire militia under 
 Stark (Aug. 16). Crippled by his losses, unable either to go for- 
 ward or to retreat, BurgDyne halted at Saratoga, and fortified a 
 camp. He attacked the Americans under Gates (who had superseded 
 Schuyler) at Bemis Heigbts, Septeuiber 19, without decisive result. 
 He was attacked in turn by Gates at Saratoga, October 7, when the 
 Americans gained a decided advantatre of position. Burgoyne's 
 only hope now was in Clinton. That general did, indeed, capture 
 I'orts Clinton and Montgomery in the Highlands, October 6, but his 
 help came too late. On the 17th of October, Burgoyne surrendered 
 with 5,800 men and 27 pieces of artillery. Clinton returned in haste 
 to New York. 
 
 The capture of an entire British army of picked troops by a mis- 
 cellaneous force of half-destitute provincials and militia was well 
 calculated to dismay the ministry and reanimate the patriots; but 
 its most important effect was in determining France to acknowledge 
 the independence of the United Si ates and make open cause with 
 them. Treaties of alliance and of commerce and friendship were 
 signed with the American commissioners in Paris, February 6, 1778. 
 England at once declared war against France, and a French fleet 
 under Count d'Estaing sailed promptly for America. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PROM THE ALLIANCK WITH FRANCE TO THE END OF THE WAR. 
 
 In anticipation of the arrival of the French ships, the British 
 hastened to evacuate Philadelphia and transfer themselves to New 
 York. Washington pursued, and coming up with them at Mon- 
 mouth Court House, N. J., June 28, 1778, fought a severe battle, in 
 which the disasters of the early part of the day were repaired by 
 his personal exertions. Under cover of the night, Clinton (who had 
 Buperseded General Howe) stole away to the protection of the ships, 
 losing nearly 2,000 men on the field and in the retreat. The French 
 c 
 
XXXIV NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 auxiliaries, howeyer, did mucli lees than was expected of thciu. An 
 attack upon New York proved impracticable, and a combined land 
 and naval expedition against Newport was defeated by a storm; 
 after which D'Eataing sailed for the West Indies. The policy of 
 arming the savages against the insurgent patriots, steadily urged by 
 the King, had its natural result in the terrible massacre of Wyo- 
 ming (near Wilkesbarre, Penn.), where a settlement of Connecticut 
 'emigrants was captured (July 3, 1778) by a force of Tories and In- 
 dians under Col. John Butler, and 4u0 persons were murdered by 
 the red men after the surrender. In Northern New York, where 
 the Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant, held his tomahawk always at the 
 British service; in various parts of the South; and in the West, 
 where Indian raids were insiigated by the British commanders of 
 frontier posts, the settlers were kept in constant alarm; and some- 
 times they were moved to severe retaliation. Sullivan conducted 
 an energetic campaign against the bix Nations and Tories of New 
 York (1779), and the daring pioneer, Maj. George Rogers Clark, 
 surprised the British at Kaskaiskia, Detroit, and other places in the 
 We»t. But the alliance between the King and the savage did its 
 bloody work till the end of the war. 
 
 Ravaging expeditious of the British against exposed towns on 
 the coast were more than countervailed by such imposing exploits 
 as the surprise and capture of Stony Point, below the Highlands, 
 by General Wayne (called Mad Anthony) July 16, 1779, or Maj. 
 Henry Lee's descent upon Paulus Hook (Jersiy City); and espe- 
 cially by the successes of the American armed ships, public and 
 private, in foreign waters, over five hundred British merchantmen 
 having been made prizes. The most famous of the American 
 commanders was John Paul Jones, who sailed from France with a 
 small squadron, fitted out by the help of Dr. Franklin, and off 
 Flamborough Head, on the coast of Yorkshire, fought a battle (Sep- 
 tember 23, 1779) which has a conspicuous place in ail naval histories. 
 With his flagship, the Bon Homme Richard, so named in compli- 
 ment to ttie "Poor Richard" of FrankUn's almanac, he engaged a 
 much finer and heavier ship, the Serapis, at close quarters, for 
 three hours, and received her smTcnder when his own vessel was 
 on the point of sinking. 
 
 The discovery of the treason of Gen. Benedict Arnold came 
 upon the country at a time when the military fortunes of the 
 Northern department were so low that Washington doubted his 
 power to hold his suffering and mutinous troops together for 
 another campaign. Arnold had bargained with Sir Henry Clinton 
 to betray West Point into the hands of the British. The post was 
 the key to the Highlands, and its loss might have been a fatal dis- 
 aster. To complete the details of the plot. Major Andre, an accom- 
 plished young otncer of Clinton's staff", landed from the man-of-war 
 Vulture, and held an interview with Arnold at Haverstraw, on 
 the Hudson, between the English and American lines. Unable to 
 return to the ship, Andrd crossed the river, spent the night within 
 the American lines, and the next day attempted to reach New York 
 by land in disguise, a course which, by the laws of war, placed him 
 in the position of a spy. He was captured near Tarrytown, with 
 papers on his person which revealed the whole plot, and was 
 hanged, by sentence of a court martial, October 2. Arnold escaped 
 to the Vulture, and was rewarded for his perfidy with £6,300 and 
 a commission as brigadier-general. 
 
 W^ashington, who^^e headquarters were at Morristown, had been 
 unable, siuce the summer of 1778, to do much more than maintain 
 a watchful defensive. Clinton, on the other hand, disheartened by 
 repeated failures at the North, resolved to strike at Georgia and the 
 Carolinae, and for this purpose withdrevr his garrisons from 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXV 
 
 Newport and the forts on the Hudson. Savannah web easily captured, 
 December 2l», 1778. The whole State of Georgia submitted, and the 
 Tories took arms. Grcneral Lincoln, who commanded the American 
 forces in the South, saved Charleston from an attack by General 
 Prevost; but he was defeated in an attempt to recapture Savannah 
 (October, 1779), where the gallant Pulaski was mortally wounded. 
 Count d'Estaing, who had returned to the American coast, took a 
 spirited part in the siege and assault; but, more cautious than his 
 allies, he sailed away while Lincoln was still belligerent and hope- 
 ful, and thus, as at Newport, he put an end to the enterprise. In 
 February, Clinton himself sailed for the South with a strong force. 
 He took Charleston May 12, plundering the city and shippmg the 
 ■laves to the West Indies. When he returned to the North he left 
 Cornwallis In command, and upon this officer must rest the 
 chief responsibility for the barbarous and unusual methods by 
 which the conflict in the Carolinas was conducted. Men were 
 forcibly enrolled under the British flag ; even prisoners were 
 driven into the ranks; private property was confiscated; murders 
 on one side provoked executions on the other. The worst, but not 
 the only, excesseSj were committed by the Tory irregulars. To 
 meet them the patriots organized partisan bands, and the exploits 
 of Snmter, Marion, Pickens, and others soon rang through the 
 country. 
 
 Against th« advice of Washington, Congress committed the 
 Southern departrafut to Gates, and this mediocre and inflated 
 general, who had filched the laurels of Schuyler at Saratoga and in- 
 trigued for the plactj of W^ashington, put an end to his own career 
 by a disgraceful defeat at the hands of Cornwallis, near Camden, 
 S. C. (Aug. 16, 1780), the brave De Kalb falling mortally wounded in 
 trying to stay the rout. Washington was now allowed his choice, and 
 he sent to the South Nathanael Greene, the ablest and most trusted 
 of his generals. In every campaign of the war Greene had dis- 
 played signal qualities aa a commander— courage, firmness, judg- 
 ment, ingenuity, and a true militaiy instinct; and latterly he had 
 served with the greatest zeal and success as quartermaster-general 
 of the army. He had some good subordidates at the South, espe- 
 cially Morgan and "Light Horse Harry" Lee, and he was joined 
 after a while by W^ayne; but his men were only the phantom of an 
 army, nearly naked, untrained, and, in large part, of poor spirit. 
 For several months the campaign in the Carolinas was a series of 
 baffling marches, adroit retreats, skirmishes, and eurpriees, in which 
 Greene showed himself a much better strategist than Cornwallis, 
 and much more fertile in resources. Morgan gained a brilliant 
 victory over Tarleton's light division at the Cowpens, in South 
 Carolina, January 17, 1781; and Greene, having been reinforced, ven- 
 tured ^o give battle to Cornwallis at Guilford Court House, N. C, 
 March 15, when the pluck of the Continentals held the field after 
 the flight of the North Carolina and Virginia militia. The advan- 
 tage of the day was with the Americans, but they were too 
 weak to follow it up; while Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington, 
 persuaded that Clinton's plan of overrunning America from the 
 Carolinas was a failure. 
 
 It was impossible for Washington to give Greene much help. A 
 dangerous revolt of the unpaid and dissatisfied soldiers of the 
 Pennsylvania line had just been put down, but it resulted in the 
 discharge of nearly all the Pennsylvania troops and the encourage- 
 ment of a mutinous spirit in the rest of the army. Arnold, with a 
 marauding expedition from New York, was committing havoc along 
 the James river from the sea to Richmond. To this quarter Corn- 
 wallis decided to transfer himself. With characteristic boldnesa, 
 Greene l«ft Cornwallis to be cared for by others, and .hurried south- 
 
XXXVI NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 ward where the British held a chain of posts extending through 
 Central South Carolina and down the Une of the Savannah river. 
 Fort after fort fell into his hands, generally after hard fighting ; and 
 at Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781, there waa a severe battle in 
 which the losses and the honors were about equal, but the practical 
 advantages were with Greene. By the end ot the year the British 
 retained only Charleston and Savannah; and thus, in a single cam- 
 paign, fought with a small and disaffected force in the midst ot a 
 Tory population, Greene restored two States to the Union, and 
 virtually put an end to the war in the South. 
 
 But the blunder of Cornwallis in turning his back upon Greene 
 had still larger consequences. >fter some unimportant demonstra- 
 tions against La Fayette, who commanded in Virginia, the British 
 general, by Clinton's orders, posted himeelf on the Yorktown 
 peninsula between the James and York rivers, where it was believed 
 that he would be favorably situated for further operations. But he 
 was safe only while British ships could command Chesapeake Bay. 
 A French fleet under Admiral de Grasse waa on the way from the 
 West Indies to co-operate with Washington in an attack upon New 
 York. Washington instantly saw his opportunity. DeGrassewas 
 diverted to the Chesapeake, where he defeated a British squadron 
 which arrived a few days later. La Fayette disposed his troops 
 across the head of the peninsu'a; and Washington, joined by a 
 strong French contingent under Count Rochambeau, which had 
 been waiting idly at Newport since the previous summer, marched 
 with all haste towards Yorktown. Clinton did not discover his 
 destination until he had reached the Delaware and was beyond 
 molestation ; and an attempt to arrest the movement by sending 
 Arnold to Connecticut had no eflect. By the end of September the 
 trap was closed. Cornwallis was completely invested at Yorktown. 
 After two of his redoubts had been taken by assault, and he had 
 failed in a desperate effort to cross the York river and break through 
 the lines, he surrendered to Washington October 19, 1781, with 7,000 
 men and 100 cannon, while the British ships in the river hauled 
 down their flags to Admiral de Grasse. The allied armies at the 
 ■lege consisted of 5,500 Continentals, 8,500 militia, and 7,000 French. 
 TThe war was over. All America rang with rejoicings ; and 
 although George III. still obstinately refused to acknowledge the 
 independence of the States, a resolution in favor of peace passed 
 the House of Commons February 27, 1782; Lord North resigned; 
 and under a new ministry, headed by the Marquis of Rockingham, 
 a commissioner was appointed to negotiate a treaty in Paris. 
 Rockingham died shortly afterwards, and it fell to his successor, 
 Lord Shelburne, to complete the work. The American agents were 
 Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, most of 
 the business being in the hands of Franklin, who crowned with this 
 illustrious service his long and patriotic career at the French capital. 
 A preliminary treaty, signed November 30, 1782, was ratified by 
 Congress in March, and published in Washington's camp April 19, 
 1783, the eiphth anniversary of the battle of Lexington. The defini- 
 tive treaty was signed at Paris September 3, 1783; and on the 83d 
 of December, Washington formally resigned his commission and 
 retired to hlB home at Mount Yernon. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXVH 
 
 THE OLD UliriOE". 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION.— THE PRESIDENCT OP WABHINGTON, 1789-1797. 
 
 Troubles crowded thick upon the new States, even before the final 
 treaty was concluded, and not the least ol' them came from the dis- 
 satistied soldiers. Unpaid, and often suffering, the men in Washing- 
 ton's camp near NewOurg became rebellious under their wrongs. A 
 proposal that the commander-in-chief should declare himself king ia 
 remembered on account of Washington's indignant reply to it. A 
 more dangerous project, set forth in an anonymous circular, for an 
 organized demonstration against Congress, waa defeated by Wash- 
 ington's tact and patriotism. The soldiers had ample cause of 
 complaint; but in truth Congress had no money. Nearly $170,000,000 
 had been spent during the war; the debt ot the United States was 
 $42,000,000; that of the separate States was $20,000,000 more; 
 and the Continental paper currency had become entirely worth- 
 less. Trade and manufactures were crushed. Poverty was almost 
 universal. Nor was it easy to find a remedy for the gen- 
 eral distress. A common danger, to say nothing of nobler 
 motives, kept a semblance of union among the States during the 
 war; even so faint a form of govemnieut as the Articles of Confed- 
 eration, reported to Congress July 12, 1776, was not adopted until 
 1781, !>nd in the meantime the States administered affairs more or 
 less effectively by an irregular general consent. But with the advent 
 of peace the disorders became intolerable. Congress lost all consid- 
 eration, and could hardly command a quorum. The States entered 
 into ruinous commercial rivalry with one another. Abroad, the 
 country was regarded with couterapt. At home there was no exec- 
 utive authority to enforce the laws. A rebellion against the collec- 
 tion of taxes, led by one Daniel Shays, in Massachusetts (1786), 
 strengthened the growing popular conviction that it was necessarj 
 to substitute for the Confederation a real government. 
 
 A convention, authorized by Congress to revit?e the Articles of 
 Confederation, met at Philadelphia in May, 1787, with Waehiugton 
 as chairman. Its work, however, was not a revision of the existing 
 league, but the construction of a new Constitution. At the very 
 beginning two parties declared themselvesj with differences which 
 have ever since influenced American politics. The so-culled Vir- 
 ginia plan, introduced by Edmund Randolph and favored by the 
 large States— Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia— as well as 
 by the Carolinas and Georgia, represented in substance the national 
 principle which was finally adopted, with a central Federal Govern- 
 ment complete in all its departments. The New Jersey plan, pre- 
 sented by William Paterson, and supported by the small States — 
 Connecticut, New Jersey, and Delaware— with a majority of the 
 delegates from New York, adhered jealously to the sorereign 
 powers of the separate States, ana retained some of the most 
 unfortunate characteristics of the existing Confederation. The 
 Instrument at last agreed upon was a compromise, in which the three 
 great concessions, yielded by one party or the other, were the 
 equal representation of States in the Senate, the reckoning of three- 
 fifths of the slaves in the apportionment of representation in the 
 House, and the prohibition of Federal interference with the elave 
 trade before 1808. 
 
 The new Constitution required the assent of nine States, or two- 
 Uurds; and it was carried only after a hard contest. Delaware was the 
 
XXXVIII NEW YOBK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 first to ratify; PennsylvaniaandNew Jersey quickly followed; the as- 
 sent of Massachusetts and Virginia was given after a close contest; the 
 vote of New Hampshire, Juiie 21, 1788, completed the two-thirds ; 
 New York, Rhode Island, and North Carolina held back until the 
 Constitution had been adopted without them. Under a law of the 
 Continental Congress, the Presidential electors were chosen on the 
 first Wednesday of January, 1789; they cast their ballots on the 
 first Wednesday of February; and the new government Avas to go 
 into operation on the first Wednesday (the 4th) of March. New 
 York was designated as the temporary capital. As to the Presi- 
 dency, there was practically no difference of opinion in the country, 
 and George Washington received all the electoral votes. John 
 Adams was chosen Vice-President. The journey of Washington 
 from Mount Vernon to New York was turned by spontaneous pop- 
 ular demonstrations into a triumphal procession. The formal inaug- 
 uration did not take place until the 80th of April, when the oath 
 of office was administwed to the first American President on the 
 balcony of the old Federal Hall, at the comer of Wall and Broad 
 streets. This building, on the site of the present custom house, had 
 been set apart for the use of Congress; but the next year the seat of 
 government was again at Philadelphiao 
 
 The first Cabinet consisted of only three oificers— Thomas 
 Jefferson, Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of 
 the Treasury; and Gen. Henry Knox, Secretary of War. In the 
 organization of the government during the trying experimental 
 years of Washington s administration, no man's services, after 
 those of the sagacious and high-minded President, equaled Alex- 
 ander Hamilton's. This brilliant young statesman, the chief 
 inspiration of the rising Federalist party, whose principles he had 
 signally defended in a series of papers on the Constitution, pub- 
 lished while its ratification was in debate, was eminent alike as a 
 political thinker, a party leader, and a practical administrator. He 
 brought the chaotic finances of the country into order, instantly 
 reviving the prostrate national credit; and "by causing the Federal 
 Government to assume the Revolutionary war debts of the States, 
 he strengthened th« sentiment of union and the respect for Federal 
 authority. This important measure was not carried without bitter 
 opposition, and its adoption was at last secured by a pledge to 
 V irginia that the permanent capital, after 1800, should be on the 
 Potomac. The funding of the debt led necessarily to the passing 
 of a Federal excise law; and Hamilton's schemes were completed 
 by the establishment of a national bank, which he justified on the 
 theory, then new, of implied powers in the Constitution. He was 
 thus not merely promoting a strong government, but he was foster- 
 ing the idea of nationality at a time when that sentiment wan still 
 weak, and the success or speedy failure of the Constitution de- 
 pended largely upon its interpretation. The leader of the Anti- 
 Federalists, or Republicans, as they soon began to be calhd, was 
 Thomas Jefferson, a strict constructionist, who honestly dreaded 
 Hamilton's designs, and detested him personally. 
 
 Washington was unanimously re-elected for a second term, begin- 
 ning March 4, 1793, and John Adams again became Vice-President. 
 France at this moment was on the eve of the Reign of Terror. The 
 King had been sent to the scaffold. The Queen, who had been the 
 special friend of America during the war of independence, was to 
 follow him a few months later. But Jefl'erson anti the Anti-Federal- 
 ists sympathized with the French revolutionists too strongly to be 
 much alJected by their excesses, and the strict neutrality which 
 Washington insisted upon preserving when France and England 
 declared war was resented with indecent violence. The grotesque 
 demonstrations of the French faction reached their height when 
 
HISTORY OF THE U2iITED STATES. XXXIX 
 
 Citizen Qenest arrived in America in April, 1793 as minister from 
 the revolutionary government. Ttiis extravagant person wae guilty 
 of diplomatic outrages from the moment of his landing; and when his 
 attempts to embroil the United States in an offensive alliance with 
 France failed, he made a gross attack upon Washington, and other- 
 wise so misbehaved that the President demanded his recall. Tbe ran- 
 cor of faction, inflamed by this affair, was aggravated by the insolence 
 of the British, whose men-of-war, cruising against the French, com- 
 mitted great injuries upon American commerce, seizing our grain 
 ships bound for French ports, taking all French property from un- 
 der the protection of our flag, searching our vessels lor sailorw sup- 
 posed to be British subjects, and carrying off naturalized and even 
 native Americans to serve in the British navy. Moreover, ten years 
 after the peace of Paris, England still retained her hold upon some 
 of the forts in the Northwest. A treaty negotiated in London by 
 John Jay (1794) procured a partial redress of grievances, and averted 
 the danger of war; but it left the claim of the right of search to be 
 a cause of future trouble, and the treaty was not ratified without an 
 angry contention. 
 
 Kef using a third nomination, Washington retired to Mount 
 Vernon in 1797, after publiphing a memorable farewell address 
 which has been cherished as a political legacy. Still more impress- 
 ive than the wise counsels of this document, was the example of a 
 noble life, directed by the purest impulses, the calmest judgment, 
 the finest and most unselfish seutimeut of justice. For eight years, 
 at the head of his ragged Continentals, he withstood the armies of a 
 great empire; and he conquered the independence of America, not 
 merely by the exercise of a rare military talent, perhaps amounting 
 to genius, but by teaching bis uneasy and spiritless countrymen to 
 what heroic heights one may carry the virtues of patience, equa- 
 nimity, perseverance, and unselfishness. In his civil administration, 
 although he had to deal with many novel and difficult complications, 
 he added fresh lustre to an already glorious name, and strengthened 
 the popular respect and affection with which, in spite of occasional 
 outbreaks of political scurrility, he had long been regarded. Fortu- 
 nate, indeed, was it for America that during the critical formative 
 period of the new government the guidance of affairs was committed 
 to so sound a statesman and so pure a patriot. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE NEW AVEST.— PRESIDENCV OF JOHN ADAMS, 1797-J801. — OF 
 TUOMAS JBJTFEBSON, 1801-1809. 
 
 By the treaty of 1783 the Mississippi river was recognized as 
 the western boundary of the United States, but most of the region 
 beyond the Alleghany Mountains was still an untrodden wilder- 
 ness. One of the last acts of the Congress under the Confederation 
 was the adoption of an Ordinance for the Government of the North- 
 west Territory, that district comprising the present States of 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a part of Minne- 
 sota; and it was provided that slavery should never be tolerated in 
 the Territory or any of the States to be formed out of it. There 
 were a few small towns in Illinois; Cahokia and Kaskaskia had 
 been founded by the French under La Salle nearly a century 
 before., Vincennes, in Indiana, was a French settlement dating 
 from about 1702. Detroit was begun by the French in 1701. The 
 first permanent settlement m Ohio was Marietta, planted in 1788. 
 Daniel Boone, the famous hunter and Indian fighter, penetrated 
 into Kentucky as early as 1769, and founded Boonesborough in 
 
XL MEW YORK TBIBUNE'S 
 
 1775. Nominally a part of Virginia, this remote country practically 
 ruled iteelf, and at one time under Spanish influence it meditated 
 the formation of an independent sovereignty. It was joined with 
 Tennessee in 1790 to constitute the Territory South of the Ohio, 
 and was admitted to the Union as a State in 179J. Tennessee, 
 originally a part of North Carolina, set up the State of Franklaad 
 in 1785, but that vapory commonwealth disappeared about 1788, 
 and Tennessee was admitted to the Union in 1796. Alabama and 
 lyiississippi, separated frum Georgia in 1798, became the Territory 
 of Mississippi. Vermont, long in dispute between New York and 
 New Hampshire, was admitted as a State in 1791. 
 
 Upon the organization of the Northwest Territory, the move- 
 ment of emigration across the mountains was greatly hastened. 
 But the Indians in the valley of the Ohio became very trouble- 
 some, and tbeir hostility was carefully kept alive by the British at 
 the frontier posts. General Harmer, who was sent against the tribes 
 in 1790, was defeated near the presen: site of Fort Wayne, Ind., 
 and a more formidable expedition under General St. Clair the next 
 year met with a more complete disaster. Wayne at last conquered 
 a peace. He devastated the Indian country, and alter a great 
 victory on the Maumee river (1794) he compelled the tribes to sue 
 for terms. 
 
 The third Presidential election resulted, after an angry contest, in 
 the choice of the Federalist candidate, John Adams,while, under the 
 constitution as it then stood, the Vice-Presidency went to his next 
 rival, Thomas Jefferson. President Adams began his term March 
 4 1797, retaining Washington's Cabinet, which then consisted of 
 Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State, Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of 
 the Treasury, and James McHenry, Secretary of War. He found 
 our relations with France in a critical condition. The Directory, 
 resenting our treaty with England and our refusal to make com- 
 mon cause with the democratic propaganda, had laid intolerable 
 exactions upon our commerce, and grossly affronted our gov- 
 ernment. Gouverneur Morris, the American minister, had been 
 recalled at the request of the French republic because he was too 
 conservative. His successor, Monroe, had been recalled by Wash- 
 ington because he was too extravagantly radical. C. C. Pinckney, 
 sent to replace Monroe, was not received; and when President 
 Adams appointed a commission (1797), consisting of Pinckney, 
 Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall, to negotiate for a better under- 
 standing, Talleyrand demanded of them as a preliminary a loan for 
 the government and a bribe for the Directory, threatening war in 
 case of refusal. The publication of these infamous proposals 
 created a profound sensation. Every preparation was made to set 
 an army in the field. Washington accepted the chief command, and 
 without any declaration of war the ships of the new navy then in 
 com'se of organization were hurried to sea to check the depreda- 
 tions ol the French cruisers. It was under thete circumstances 
 that the historic frigates c;onstitution. Constellation, and United 
 States began their famous careers, with Samuel Nicholson, Trux- 
 ton, and Barry in command. All the squadrons made many 
 'prizes. 
 
 The Directory before long made snch offers of accommodation 
 that Mr. Adams appointed a new commission; but when it reached 
 France the Consulate had been established, and it was with Bona- 
 parte as First Consul that the treaty was concluded in 1800. 
 
 Distracted during the French troubles by faction quarrels be- 
 tween the followers of Adams and Hamilton, the Federal party 
 was, moreover, discredited in the country by the passing of the 
 alien and sedition acts, the first of which empowered the Presi- 
 dent, in his discretion, to banish any alien judged dangerous to the 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLI 
 
 peace and safety of the United States; while the second imposed 
 restrictions upon freedom of speech and the press which, if the law 
 had ever been strictly enforced, would have armed the government 
 with despotic power over its political opponents. At the elections 
 of 1800 the Federalists were overthrown, not eo signally, however, 
 but that Adams had 65 electoral votes against 73 cast for each of 
 the Republican candidates, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, 
 The choice going to the House of Representatives, Jeflerson be- 
 came Preeident from the 4th of March, 1801, with Burr for Vice- 
 President. 
 
 Jefferson's greatest service as President was performed in bold 
 disregard ot his own theory of a strict construction of the consti- 
 tution. That instrument certainly gave no express authority to 
 the Federal government to purchase territory. France, however, 
 by a secret treaty with Sp'iin (1800), had recovered Louisiana, and 
 Jefferson proposed, by way of removing vexatious disputes 
 respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, to buy New Orleans. 
 Bonaparte declined this offer, but agreed to eell the whole province 
 of Louisiana, and the American commissioners took the responsi- 
 bility of exceeding their instructions by a prompt acceptance. 
 Thus, for the sum of $15,000,000, one quarter of which was to be 
 paid to American citizens in satisfaction of claims against France, 
 the United States acquired the vast region between the Gulf of 
 Mexico and British America, the Mississippi river and the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 Jefferson was triumphantly re-elected in 1804, receiving 162 
 electoral votes against only 14 for C. C. Pinckney, but Burr was 
 dropped and tbe "Vice-Presidency went to Gen. George Clinton. 
 
 Brilliant, vicious, and unstable. Burr was almost everywhere 
 distrusted. Of all his political adversaries the one whose oppo- 
 sition he most rancorously resented was Alexander Hamilton. He 
 killed Hamilton in a duel at Weehawken, on the Hudson, opposite 
 New York, July 11, 1804, and, followed by general execration, he 
 fled to the South, where we hear of him a year later embarking his 
 desperate fortunes in a conspiracy whose exact purpose hag never 
 been made clear. He seems to have planned the seizure of Mexico 
 by an armed expedition from New Orleans, perhaps, also, the 
 forcible detachment of some of the Western States from the Union. 
 Arrested and put on trial for treason, he was acquitted on technical 
 rulings, and after thirty wandering and unhappy years he died in 
 disgrace. 
 
 The Corsair states on the Barbary coast had long levied tribute 
 upon the commercial powers trading in the Mediterranean, most 
 nations choosing the ignoble course of buying immunity from their 
 piratical attacks instead of fighting them. In 1801, however, the 
 United States sent a squadron lo teach them moderation. Com- 
 modore Preble, with the Constitution, imposed terms upon the 
 Emperor of Morocco, and then bombarded Tripoli, where Lieut. 
 Stephen Decatur, with a small schooner, had previously boarded 
 the frigate Philadelphia, captured after she had run aground, and, 
 driving off the Tripolitan crew, completely destroyed her. These 
 and other exploits secured a few years of peace. 
 
 With both France and England, in the meantime, the relations 
 of the United States had become extremely unfriendly. Each of 
 those powers, in making war upon the other, struck at the com- 
 merce which America had acquired by neutrality. British orders 
 in council declared an arbitrary blockade in the English Channel, 
 and forbade neutral vessels to enter a French port without first 
 
 Saying a tax in an English port. Napoleon retaliated by a paper 
 lockade of all British ports, and by his "Milan decree," which 
 confiscated every ship submitting to the English tax or the English 
 
XLII NA'W YORK TEIBUXE'S 
 
 " right of search." Congress attempted to meet these high-handed 
 measures by an embargo, which prohibited all vessels, American 
 or foreign, from leaving the ports of the United States; but the 
 law was unpopular and ineffective, and it gave place after a short 
 trial (1809) to a non-intercourse act, forbidding trade with France 
 and England. The old claim of the rightof search was enforced by 
 the British with more violence than ever; the Department of 
 State had the names of more than 6,000 seamen, alleged to be 
 American citizens, who had been forcibly taken from American 
 vessels; and the outrages culminated wheu a British man-of- 
 war fired into the U. S. frigate Chesapeake, and took off four of 
 her men. Peace could no longer be kept with honor; but the final 
 responsibility was left for another administration. Jcffcrfon re- 
 fused to be a candidate for a third term. His party, now beginning 
 to be known as the Democratic, nominated the Secretary of State, 
 James Madison (1868), and he was elected over C. C. Pinckney by 
 122 out of the 176 electoral votes. Clinton was again chosen Vice- 
 President. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF JAMES MADISON, 1809-1817.— WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 When Madison entered office, March 4, 1809, he had to confront 
 not only an imminent foreign war, but a dangerous confederacy of 
 the Indians, who, under the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh. and his 
 brother, "* The Prophet," were known to be organizing hostilities. 
 Gen. William Henry Harrison, governor of the Territory of In- 
 diana, gained a signal victory over them at their principal town on 
 the Tippecanoe river, Indiana (Nov. 7, 1811); but they were soon 
 in arms again as open allies of the British, and their rising, merged 
 in the war oetween England and the UnitPd States, was not quelled 
 until Andrew Jackson inflicted a series of cnishing defeats upon 
 the Creeks, ending with a buttle at the Horseshoe bend of the 
 Tallapoosa, Alabama (March 27, 1814). 
 
 The President published a declaration of war against Great 
 Britain June 19, 1812. On land, as events soon proved, the 
 country was little prepared for such an emergency. Gen. William 
 Hull, being ordered to invade Canada by way of Detroit, sur- 
 rendered to General Brock and Tecumseh not only Detroit, but th6 
 whole Territory of Michigan (Aug. 16). He was afterwards sen- 
 tenced to death for cowardice, but was pardoned on account of his 
 services in the Revolution. An expeditiou against Queenstown 
 Heights, near Niagara, was defeated by the bad conduct of the 
 American militia. General Winchester surrendered to Proctor at 
 Frenchtown (Mich.), and the sick and wounded prisoners were 
 massacred by Proctor's Indians. Harrison successfully withstood a 
 siege by Proctor and Tecumseh at Fort Meigs, in Ohio, and in various 
 fights on the border the Americans showed gallantry. But the 
 military operations upon the whole accomplished little. Dearborn, 
 the commander-in-chief, was superseded by Wilkinson, a change 
 which failed to restore the lost American prestige. 
 
 It was the little half-starved American navy which saved the 
 national honor. The Anti-Federalipt or Democratic party had 
 always treated that branch of the service in a niggard, obstinate, 
 and unfriendly spirit. The Southern Democratic members were 
 generally opposed to a naval establishment; and Jefferson insisted 
 upon substituting for ships of war a swarm of harbor gunboats 
 which proved costly failures. Recent events had at last compelled 
 Congress to refit the few avaihible frigates and order the construc- 
 tion of new vessels. At once it seemed as if every disaster on land 
 
HISTOHY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLIU 
 
 was to be counterbalanced by a \ictory on the ocean. The Essex, 
 Captain Porter, captured the Alert. The Constitution. Capt. Isaac 
 Hull, destroyed the frigate Guerriere off the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 (Aug. 19); later, under Commodore Bainbridge, took the frigate 
 Java on the coast of Brazil; aud under Stewart captured the sloops 
 of war Cyane aud Levant in a night engagement off the coast of 
 Portugal. The United States, Commodore Decatur, captured the 
 Macedonian (Oct. 25). The Hornet, Capt. James Lawrence, took 
 the Peacock (Feb. 1813). The Enterprise, Lieutenant Burrows, took 
 the Boxer (Sept. 5). The Essex under Porter sweptthe Pacific, mak- 
 ing numerous prizes before, by a glaring invasion of neutralitj', she 
 was destroyedby two British ships in the harbor of Valparaiso. Of 
 the rare British victories which disturbed this brilliant record, the 
 most important was the engagement between the Chesapeake and 
 Shannon otr Boston (June 1, 1813), when the American frigate was 
 captured by boarding, and her commauder, the gallant Lawrence, 
 was mortally wounded, exclaiming as he was carried below, 
 " Don't give up the ship." 
 
 Nor was it only on the open sea that the navy maintained 
 the honor ol the flag. Oliver Hazard Perry, a young master- 
 commandant, by extraordinary exertions built aud launched 
 a few vessels on Lake Erie. Naming his llag-ship the Law- 
 rence, and displaying on his flag the famous iujuuction of the 
 dying commander of the Chesapeake, he gave battle to a British 
 flotilla of about equal strength, September JO, 1813, and in fifteen 
 minutes forced it to surrender. This victory gave the Americans con- 
 trol of the lake. Brock and Tecnmseh evacuated Detroit, and 
 being followed by Harrison into Canada were defeated at Moravian 
 Town, October 5. Tecumseh was killed. Michigan was now restored 
 to the United States. An invasion of Canada under General Brown 
 in the summer of 1814 was marked by an American victory at 
 Chippewa (July 5) aud an indecisive battle at Lundy's Lane (July 
 25), both near Niagara Falls; the movement hud no important 
 consequences. 
 
 Reinforced by veteran regiments from Wellington's army, the 
 British General Prevost undertook the invasion of New York by 
 the line of Lake Champlain with an army of 14,000 men, while a 
 squadron under Captain Downie co operated with him. The Ameri- 
 cans offered battle at Plattsburg— less than 6,000 troops under Gen- 
 eral Macomb posted behind the Saranac river, and a squadron under 
 Commodore Macdonough, far inferior to the British, drawn up at 
 the entrance to Plattsburg Bay. The engagement, lasting two 
 hours, ended in a complete American victory on land and water 
 (Sept. 11, 1814), the invaders retreating in disorder to Canada. 
 
 During all these operations on the froutier and on the sea, 
 Washington had been left undefended. In August, 5,000 British 
 soldiers and marines under General Ross and Admiral Cockburn 
 were landed on the Patuxent river, about 40 miles from the capital. 
 Easily dispersing a militia force at Bladensburg on the 24th, they 
 entered the Federal city the same evening, the President and 
 other oflicers of the government seeking safety in flight. They 
 burned the capitol, with the library of Congress, the Presidett's 
 house the Treasury, aid nearly all other public buildings except 
 the Patent Office; aud after this vandal exploit they returned hastily 
 to their ships, and proceeded to an attack upon Baltimore. Here, 
 however, they were stoutly met. Ross was killed in an unsuccess- 
 ful land engagement at North Point, and Admiral Cochrane failed 
 in a bombardment of Fort McHenry, after which the enterprise was 
 abandoned (Sept. 12-13). The operations against Baltimore and 
 Washington and the ravaging excursions of Cockburn on the 
 coasts were Bubordinate to a far more serious undertaking of the 
 
XLIV IfEW TOME TRIBUNE'S 
 
 British, namely, the reduction of New Orleans and the eeizure of th« 
 Mississippi. General Jackson, who commanded in the Southwest, 
 hurried to New Orleans to meet this danger: but he was wretch- 
 edly provided with men, arms, and money, and when the attacking 
 force— 12.000 veteran soldiers under Sir Edward Pakenham, and a 
 fleet numbering 4,000 sailors and marines— arrived in the Gulf, the 
 American general could muster only 5,000 men, mostly militia. 
 Capturing the American gunboats on Lake Borgne, an arm of the 
 • Gulf which lies east of New Orleans, the British marched towards 
 the city over a strip of land having the Mississippi on one side and 
 a morass on the other. Jackson attacked their advance December 
 23, 1814. enforcing a delay which both sides employed in constructing 
 breastworks, the British using hogsheads of sugar, the Americans 
 bales of cotton. The attack in force was made January 8, 1815. The 
 assailants moved forward in excellent order; but nothing could 
 withstand the American riflemen. Before these western sharp- 
 shooters, the red lines melted away. Pakenham was killed; and 
 after a loss of about 2,000 troops the British retreated, and the in- 
 vasion was at an end. It was a useless battle, for two weeks before 
 it was fought peace had been signed at Ghent. 
 
 From the first the war had been unpopular in New England, 
 which suffered severely in the destruction of commerce and the 
 depredations of the British fleets; and complaints of the failures 
 and misconduct of the government ripened into discontent with 
 the supposed inequalities of the constitution, and projects for its 
 immediate amendment. A convention of twenty-six delegates 
 from the New England States met at Hartford, December 15, 1814, 
 with closed doors. The most extravagant rumors of treasonable 
 designs, of schemes for secession, nullification, and a separate 
 peace with England, alarmed the administration and excited the 
 public press. The convention, however, contented itself with a 
 temperate report on grievances, the recommendation of certain 
 constitutional amendments, and provision for another assembly 
 six months later should the causes of dissatisfaction continue. 
 Peace putanend to the whole affair; but the ultimatt purposes of the 
 Hartford convention have always remained a subject of discussion. 
 
 The principal cause of the war was the impressment of seamen. 
 •• If this encroachment is not provided against," wrote officially the 
 Secretary of State, "the United States have appealed to arms in 
 vain." The obnoxious orders in council were revoked almost at 
 the beginning of hostilities. Yet the American negotiators, John 
 Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, 
 and Albert Gallatin, were instructed by the President to abandon 
 our essential claim if they could not otherwise obtain peace. In 
 the treaty signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814, the object for which 
 we had been fighting was not even referred to. But pence now 
 prevailed in Europe; England was not in need of sailors; the right 
 of search was allowed to drop ; and it is not likely to be reviTed. 
 
 The scandal of the Barbary tribute was finally abolished during 
 Mr. Madison's administration. Peace was no sooner concluded 
 with England than Commodore Decatur sailed with a fine squadron 
 for Algiers, where the crew of an American vessel had been 
 reduced to slavery. Capturing some Algerine men-of-war, he com- 
 pelled the dey to sign a treaty on board his flac'-ship, renouncing 
 tribute from America for all time, and agreeing'to pay an indem- 
 nity, release all his prisoners, and treat no more prisoners of war as 
 slaves. Indemnities were also exacted from Tunis and Tripoli. 
 
 Mr. Madison had been re-elected in 1812, with Elbridge G«rry as 
 Vice-President. In 1816 the Democrats, favored by the popular 
 rejoicings over the peace, were again successful and by an increased 
 electoral majority, and James Monroe, Madison's Secretary of 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLV 
 
 State, became President March 4, 1817, with Daniel D. Tompkins 
 aa Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 PRESIDENCY or JAMES MONROE, 1817-1825.— THE MISSOURI COM- 
 PROHIHB PRESIDENCY OP JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825-1829. 
 
 The administraiion of Monroe, marked by a decline of party 
 rivalries and a great advance in material prosperity, was called the 
 " era of good feeling." The financial depression of the war period 
 was quickly relieved by a tarifi passed in the spring of 1816, vi'hich 
 recognized the principle of protection to home industries, recom- 
 mended by Hamilton in a famous report on manufactures, and 
 called by him " The American System," a title which has ever since 
 clung to it. The Cotton States, which afterwards resented the pro- 
 tective tariff as a wrong to the South, ardently supported it in 1816 
 because it would create a domestic market for their staple product. 
 The bill was reported by Lowndes, of South Carolina, and Calhoun 
 was one of its leading advocates. Mr. Monroe found on entering 
 office a full treasury and a definite and successful financial policy. 
 
 The relations of the country with Spain were disturbed by the 
 open sympathy of the United States with the revolting South Amer- 
 ican republics, for whose recognition Henry Clay made an eloquent 
 plea in Congress, and by complaints from the Florida border, 
 wheris neither party seems to have dealt very scrupulously with the 
 other. By the treaty of 1763 Spain ceded Florida to England. By 
 the treaty of 1783 she recovered it, with disputed boundaries on the 
 west, to which the United States gave a practical definition in 1810 
 by occupying all that portion beyond the Perdido river, the present 
 limit of the State. Spanish Florida became a safe refuge for the 
 hostile Indians, and for large numbers of fugitive slaves. When 
 Gen. Andrew Jackson was charged with a campaign against the 
 Seminoles (1818), he seems to have had reason for understanding 
 that the government would tacitly approve of his seizing Florida in 
 the course of his military operations. He invaded the province, 
 hanged two British traders for conspiring with the Indians, cap- 
 tured St. Mark's and Pensacola, and shipped the garrison and civil 
 authorities of the latter town to Havana. Diplomatic protests at 
 Washington were answered with the plea of necessity; and Spain 
 was practically forced to accept a long standing proposal of the 
 United States for the cession vt Florida (1819). The nominal con- 
 sideration was a price of |5,000,000; but all this was to be paid 
 American citizens in satisfaction of claims against Spain. On the 
 other hand, by a treaty to define the disputed boundary between the 
 Spanish possessions beyond the Mississippi and the Louisiana 
 purchase, the United States, which had claimed all the country as 
 far as the Eio Grande, accepted the line of the Sabine, thus conced- 
 ing to Spain what is now the State of Texas. 
 
 The independence of the Spanish American states was formally 
 recognized in 1822, and this action led to the announcement in the 
 President's annual message the next year of the political "doc- 
 trine" with which his name is inseparably associated. England 
 had privately proposed a convention on the subject of the South 
 American republics, and joint action against the absolutist de- 
 signs of the Holy Alliance. Mr. Monroe declined to entangle 
 the country in foreign complications; but in his message he made 
 a remarkable declaration, with respect to the supposed designs 
 of the European states, "that we should consider any attempt 
 on their part to extend their system to any portion of this 
 hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety;" and, as 
 
XLVI NEW YOIiK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 a more general statement of policy, " that the American con- 
 tinenls, by the frie and independent condition which they have 
 assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as 
 Bubjects for future colonization by any European power." 
 
 It was in the administration of Mr. Monroe that the Blavery 
 question began to be the supreme issue in American politics, and 
 the defence of the jeculiar institution of the South to take the 
 form of a fierce and intolerant propaganda. Natural cauees 
 brought about the extinction of slavery in the Northern States, but 
 the expectation of our early statesmen that it would gradually dis- 
 appear at the South had been disappointed. The astonishing 
 impetus given to the cotton industry by Eli Whitney's iuvention 
 of the cotton gm created a new demand for slave labor, founded 
 the business of breeding slaves for Bale, and stimulated domestic 
 slave traders to fresh or utali ties. Since the beginning of the cen- 
 tury, the admission of free and slave States alternately had given 
 the slave party a fictitious etren^'th. Ohio (1802) was balanced by 
 Louisiana (1812), Indiana (1816) by Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818) 
 by Alabama (1819). In all these instances the North accepted 
 slavery where it was already well rooted. But when Missouri 
 applied for admission as a State (1818), the question was squarely 
 presented whether the United States should deliberately establish 
 human bondage where it had no legal existence — a question affect- 
 ing not only the condition of Missouri but the whole of the still 
 unorganized Louisiana purchase, and whatever other territory 
 might in future be acquired. The attempt to prohibit or restrict 
 slavery in the new State was hotly resisted by the Southern party 
 in Congress ; threats of disunion were heard in the Senate ; the de- 
 bate lasied until March 1820, when the famous compromihC was 
 adopted admitting Missouri as a slave State, and prohibiting sla- 
 very forever in all the rest of " that territory ceded by France to 
 the United States under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of 
 36* 2fy N. lat."— that being the southern boundary of Missouri. 
 To force the assent of Northern members, the friends of slavery 
 coupled the admission of Maine with that of Missouri. The com- 
 promise was supported by sincere patriots like Henry Clay, who 
 believed that concessions were necessary for the )»eace if not for 
 the safety of the Union; but it was a great victory for the slavery 
 propagandists, whose claims from this time became more and 
 more arrogant and exclusive. 
 
 Monroe and Tompkins were re-elected in 1820, the President 
 receiving all the electoral votes but one. The weakness of the 
 opposition was only a symptom of the disintegration of parties, 
 which by 1824 had gone so far thatthere were four candidates in 
 the field— Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. 
 Crawford, and Henry Clay. The choice went to the House of Rep- 
 resentatives, and Adams was selected; John C. Calhoun, of South 
 Carolina, had been elected Vice-President. Mr. Adams, the son of 
 the second President, was Monroe's Secretary of State. Politically 
 his administration was a period of transition, marked not less by 
 the final disappearance of the old Federalist party than by a trans- 
 formation of the philosophical Democracy of Jefferson — a transfor- 
 mation of which the next administration was to give a signal ex- 
 ample. The campaign of 1828 was exceedingly bitter, and Mr. 
 Adams, who was g candidate for re-electiojj, was signally defeated 
 by Gen, Andrew Jackson, Mr, Calhoun again becoming Vice- 
 President. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLVII 
 
 CHAPTER XTX. 
 
 PRBSIDENCT OP ANDBEW JACKSON, 1629-1837.— THE BANK.— NULLI- 
 FICATION.— PRESIDKNCY OF MARTIN VAN BUREN, 1837-1841.— OF 
 W. H. HARBISON, 1841.— OP JOHN TYLER, 1841-1845. 
 
 Jackson was imperious, daring, energetic, contentions, and igno- 
 rant; and although his patriotism and sincerity are beyond question, 
 his administration was distinguished above that of any of his prede- 
 cessors for selfish intrigues and mean personal strifes. He introfliiced 
 into national politics the spoils system, which became so fruitful a 
 source of corruption; and from his time dates the spectacle of a 
 mob of place-hunters thronging the capital at every change in the 
 chief magistracy, to beg pay in appointments for their services to 
 the successful candidate. The tone of official life was instantly 
 lowered after his inauguration. A chivalric but ill-judged attempt 
 to force Mrs. Eaton, tne wife of his Secretary of ^'ar, into Wash- 
 ington society, was converted by hia violence from a tea-table 
 squabble into an issue of state. Never had an American President 
 so passionately asserted the claims of self as this special champion 
 of the democratic masses. 
 
 There was prejudice and obstinacy, but also sincere conviction, 
 in the fight against the United States Bank which convulsed Jack- 
 son's terms in office. The charter of the bank being about to ex- 
 pire, he opposed its renewal on the p round that the measure was of 
 doubtful constitutionality, and he complained, moreover, that the 
 directors were using their financial power to influence the votes of 
 Congress. The controverpy became a chief issue in Congress and 
 the country. An act renewing the charter passed by large majori- 
 ties (1832), and Jackson vetoed it. In the elections of that year, 
 Clay, the leader of the bank party, the representative of many 
 formidable interests, personally one of the most attractive men 
 ever known in American politics, was Jackson's competitor, and 
 Jackson was re-elected by an impressive vote. At the next session 
 the attack upon the bank, whose charter had still four years to run, 
 was renewed with fresh heat. The President questioned its sol- 
 vency; and when Congress refused to authorize the removal of the 
 fovernment deposits J he ordered the removal on his own responsi- 
 ility, dismissing his Secretary of the Treasurjr, Duane, who de- 
 clined to execute the ci^mmand, and appointing m his place Roger 
 B. Taney, soon afterwards made Chief Justice. The Bank of the 
 United States was destroyed; but the evils which Jackson discov- 
 ered or imagined in its management were intensified by the opera- 
 tions of the favored State banks selected as depositaries of the 
 public money, and a great deal of commercial embarrassment 
 followed. 
 
 Nevertheless, the country was generally prosperous under the 
 impulse of great public improvements and enlarging industries. 
 The Erie canal, opened in 1825, brought to market the products of a 
 rich region and created thriving towns. Steam navigation was 
 developed on the rivers; ocean steamships began to make voyages 
 between England and America; railroads, introduced in 1829, were 
 rapidly multiplying; settlers took up public lands in the West; 
 immigration was increasingj manufactures and farming were alike 
 
 Erofitable, under the protective tariff. But the cotton-planters, who 
 ad warmly favored the American system at the beginning, looked 
 upon it with different eyes when it was found that free labor 
 reaped the chief advantage under it. 
 
 When the tariff was revised in 1828, the South was clamorous 
 and threatening for a reduction of duties. When a more distinct- 
 
XlVin NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 'vely protective measure was passed, in 1832, a State convention iu 
 South Carolina resolved that the tariff acts were null and void, and 
 that any attempt by the Federal goTernment to collect the duties 
 in that State would absolve South Carolioa from all connection 
 with the Union. The governor called upon the Legislature to 
 "provide for all possible contingencies," and preparations were 
 nL>ade for war. In meeting this revolt General Jackson exhibited 
 hjs strongest and best qualities. He published a proclamation 
 denying the right of either nullifiration or secession; he warned 
 South Carolina ihat resistance would be promptly quelled; he sent 
 General Scott to Charleston with troops and a ship of war; he 
 asked Congress for special and enlarged powers. Two years before 
 (1830), the constitutional question of Stale rights had been the sub- 
 ject of a memorable debate in the Senate between Mr. Hayne, of 
 South Carolina, and Duniel Webster. Now the nullifiers in Con- 
 gress were led by John C. Calhoun, who had quarreled with 
 Jackson, resigned the Vice-Presidency, and entered the Senate as 
 the champion of that doctrine which was finally to drive tt e South 
 into a ruinous rebellion , General Jackson would, perhaps, have 
 been glad to try conclusions with the secessionists at once. But 
 the difficulty was settled— or rather postponed— by a compromise 
 in which Henry Clay again appeared as the pacificator. He intro- 
 duced a new tariff bill, making a gradual reduction nntil 1842, when 
 the duties were to be fixed at 20 per cent. South Carolina yielded ; 
 and the " force bill,'" introduced at General Jackson's request, was 
 allowed to linger until it was no longer needed, when it was 
 passed. 
 
 Jackson retired from office with a reputation for vigor, honesty, 
 and courage which has increased in the lapse of time; and his 
 popularity counted for much in the next campaign, when Vice- 
 President Martin Van Buren was elevated to the Presidency (1836), 
 against a divided opposition known by that time as the Whigs. 
 Mr. Van Buren's administration was mainly a struggle with 
 financial disasters, the country duriug his first year in office (1837) 
 passing through a monetary crisis of extraordinary severity. As 
 usual in such cases, the government was charged with blame 
 which did not belong to it. The canvass of 1840 was one of un- 
 precedented excitement. Van Buren, again the candidate of the 
 Democrats, was signally defeated, and the Whigs came into power 
 with Gen. William Henry Harrison as President and John Tyler as 
 Vice-President. 
 
 General Harrison died on the 4th of April, 1841, just one month 
 after his inauguration. Tyler soon broke with the party which had 
 elected him. He was accused of bad faith in vetoing bills for the 
 creation of a new national bank, to whicli he was supposed to have 
 signified his assent in advance. He cast his lot finally with the 
 Democrats when he took up their scheme for the annexation of 
 Texas. That country had conquered its independence from Mexico 
 largely by the arms of American adventurers. A treaty of annex- 
 ation (1844), negotiated by Mr. Calhoun, who had become Tyler's 
 Secretary of State, was rejected by the Senate. The question was 
 taken into the Presidential canvass. With the South and its 
 Northern Democratic allies, the paramount consideration was gain- 
 ing an area for slavery. The Whigs opposed the project, partly 
 from hostility to slavery and partly from reluctance to go to war 
 with Mexico. The Democrats nominated James K. Polk, the 
 Whigs Henry Clay. Polk was elected by 170 votes against 105. A 
 joint resolution annexing Tejcas was passed March 1, 1845, and Mr. 
 Tyler signed it, as one of the last acts of his administration. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLIX 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PRESIDENCY OP JAMES K. POLK, 1845-1849. — THE MEXICAN WAR. — 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Mr. Polk lost no time in negotiations with Mexico, but orciered 
 Gen. Zachary Taylor to the frontier, with instructions to occupy a 
 district between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers, to which 
 Mexico had never admitted that Texas had any claim. Here the 
 first battles took place, Tjiylor, with 2,000 men, defeating Arista's 
 6,000 at Palo Alto May 8, 1846, and beating the same enemy again, 
 with heavy loss, at Resaca de la Palma the next day. The Americans 
 then crossed the Rio Grande, and with a force raised by volunteers 
 to 6,000 pushed into the interior of Mexico, capturing Monterey 
 (Sept. 24) after a three days' battle, while the port of Tampico was 
 taken by a squadron under Commodore Conner, and the province 
 of California was conquered by a handful of explorers and sur- 
 veyors under Capt. John C. Frdmont, and a few ships under 
 Commodore Stockton. The Mexican war, which lasted only a 
 year, was a series of uninterrupted victories for our arms, always 
 gained against heavy odds, and seldom without hard fighiing. The 
 Mexicans were brave, but they had few soldierly qualities except 
 courage, and were miserably officered. The Americans, on the 
 contrary, had excellent and well-trained officers of all grades, and a 
 fine body of men in the ranks, the volunteers, according to General 
 Grant, being better than the regulars. 
 
 Weakened by the detachment of some of his best troops to 
 serve under Gen. Wiufield Scolt in a movement against the Mexican 
 capital, Taylor was attacked at Buena Vista (Fob, 23, 1847) by the 
 Mexican President, Santa Anna. Although outnumbered four to 
 one the Americans put their assailants to rout after a terrible 
 battle of ten hours' duration. Scott and Commodore Conner 
 arrived off Veri Cruz in March, That strong place, after a bom- 
 bardment of four days, surrendered with 5,000 prisoners and 500 
 guns (March 26), and Scott at once began his march to Mexico, 
 He defeated Santa Anna at the mountain ])ass of Cerro Gordo 
 (April 18), rested three months among the hills, to let his men 
 recover from the effects of the climate, and in August appeared 
 before the capital. He had only 10,000 men; the garrison of the 
 city was about 30,000; and there were several Ftrong positions to 
 be won before reaching the walls. On the 20th of August Scott 
 carried the fortified camp of Contreras, the castle of San Antonio, 
 and the heights of Cburubusco. On theSlh of September he won 
 possession of the fortified Moliuo del Rey. On the 13th he 
 stormed the heights of Chapultepec aud secured two of the gates 
 of the city ; and the nest morning he entered the capital. This was 
 practically the end of the war. By the treaty of peace signed at 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo March 2, 1848, the United States was not only 
 confirmed in the possession of Texas, with the Rio Grande as the 
 boundary, but Mexico sold for $18,750,000 the provinces of Upper 
 California and New Mexico, including Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and 
 parts of Colorado and Wyoming. A further strip of territory south 
 of the Gila river, now embraced in New Mexico and Arizona, was 
 purchased five years later. 
 
 The treaty of peace was not yet signed when the discovery of 
 gold in the Sacramento valley (Feb. 1848), turned the attention of 
 the world upon California. The deposits of the precious metal 
 proved to be rich and widely distributed. The new acquisition of 
 the United States became thronged with adventurers and gold hunt- 
 ers. They made the long voyage around Cape Horn, the difficult 
 
 D 
 
IfEW YORK TRIB UNITS 
 
 transit of the Central American isthmus, or the long and dangerous 
 wagon journey across the continent. In the year 1849, nearly 
 100,000 emigrants entered the Territory. The new community, thus 
 suddenly created, was naturally a paradise of gamblers and crimi- 
 nals, and order was not securely established until a vigilance com- 
 mittee in San Francisco ( 1851-55) had assumed the administration 
 of justice, hanged four ruffians, and banished others. 
 ■ Utah laegan to receive settlers a little earlier than California, 
 The Mormons, founded in Western New York in 1830 by an im- 
 postor named Joseph Smith, who pretended to a revelation from 
 Heaven, had been driven away from Nauvoo, Illinois, and their 
 prophet had been murdered by a mob (1844). Under Smith's suc- 
 cessor, Brigham Young, they removed into what was believed to be 
 the desert 0847), built Salt Lalce City, on the great lake of Utah, 
 and established an independent theocratic state which ihey called 
 Deseret. Here the doctrine of polygamy, attributed to Smith's revela- 
 tions, but first taught openly by Brigham Young, was put in gen- 
 eral practice, and an autocracy, which has ever since been in virtual 
 rebellion agninst the United States, was founded upon fanaticism 
 and sustained by crime. In 1857 the Mormons massacred, at a place 
 called the Mountain Meadow, a whole company of 120 persons who 
 were on their way to California. Refusing to recognize the laws of 
 the United States or the Territorial officers appointed by the Presi- 
 dent, they were reduced to ouasi-submission by a display of mili- 
 tary force (1858), but they have always defied or evaded the statutes 
 against polygamy. 
 
 Mr. Webster, while Secretary of State under President Tyler, 
 negotiated an important treaty with Great Britain for the settlement 
 of the northwestern boundary. The limits of the two countries on 
 the northwest, where a large disputed territory had long been in 
 their joint occupation, were more difficult to adjust. The L'nited 
 States claimed as far north on the Pacific coast as latitude 54° 40', 
 or the southern ex remity of what was then Russian America. 
 Great Britian claimed as far south as latitude 42°^ the northern 
 boundary of California. Both rested their pretensions upon dis- 
 covery and exploration. A section of the Democratic party in the 
 United States raised the cry of "Fifty-four forty, or fight," but the 
 treaty of 1816, establishing the compromise line of 49° and securing 
 to us Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, met with general acquies- 
 cence. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE FIGHT FOR FREB TERRITOBT.— rKESIDENCY OF TATLOR, 1849- 
 
 1850. — OP FILLMORE, 1850-1853.— cF pierce, 1853-1357.— op 
 
 BUCHANAN, 1857-1861. — RISE OP THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. — ELBC- 
 TION OP ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 The renewal of the anti-slavery agitation by the annexation of 
 Texas and the v>ar with Mexico, showed that during the quarter of 
 a century since the supposed settlement by the Missouri compro- 
 mise, the antagonism between freedom and bondiige had been 
 gathering dangerous force. The demandb of the South had grown 
 larger and more arrogant. It was now insisted thjit the i)re8erva- 
 tion and extension of slavery should be the key to the entire 
 national policy.oCongrei»8 passed a pa^ law to prevent the recep- 
 tion of ami-slavery petitions. The mails were rifled to intercept 
 anti-slavery newspapers and documents. On the other hand, the 
 radical Abolitionists, led by Garrison, Lundy, the Lovejoys, Bir- 
 ney, Tappan, and other enthusiastic reformers, though few m num- 
 bers, socially discredited, mobbed, and outraged, were spreading 
 
BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. LI 
 
 ideas which in time roused the spirit and conscience of the long 
 tolerant North. That Texas shinild be a slave tjtate was a fore- 
 
 fone conclusion. When it was proposed to place money at Mr. 
 'oik's command for the purchase of further territory from Mex^ 
 ico, David Wilmot, a Democratic member from Pennsylvania, 
 moved in the House of Represeutativea (August 8, 18 i6), a resolu- 
 tion since known as the Wilmot Proviso, that in any territory 
 acquired from Mexico slavery should be forever prohibited. The 
 resolution was not passed; but it presently marked a broad line of 
 division in politics, splitting both parties and pointing the way for 
 the union of uM shades of anti-slavery sentiment, on the principle 
 of freedom lor the Territories. In the Presidential elections of 1848 
 the Whigs nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was acceptable to 
 such moderate anti slavery leaders as Webster, William H. Seward, 
 and Horace Greeley. The regular Democratic nominee was Lewis 
 Cass, representing the anti-proviso majority of his party, while a 
 bolting faction organized with Abolitionists and other?, under the 
 name of Free Soilers, and nominated Martin Van Buren. General 
 Taylor was elected. During the session of Congress between his 
 election and inauguration, an address reported by Mr. Calhoun and 
 signed by forty-eight Southern Senators and Representatives, 
 declared that Congress had no power to exclude slavery from any 
 new territory, nor had the territorial leaislatures or people any such 
 power. The whole of the public domain must be given up to bond- 
 age. Here at last the irrepressible conflict was clearly defined. 
 
 The manifesto had much practical significance, because Califor- 
 nia had already framed a free State constitution and was asking 
 admission. Slavery had no existence there, or in any other part of 
 the Mexican purchase, but the South fought strenuously against 
 admission, sought to extend the Missouri compromise line to the 
 Pacific (which would have cut California in two), and again threat- 
 ened disunion. Another compromise — the last of this series of 
 delusions— was brought forward by Mr. (:lay. It admitted Califor- 
 nia as a free State, organized the Territories of New Mexico and 
 Utah without either prohibition or permission of slavery, settled 
 the boundary of Texas and gave that State $10,000,000, abolished 
 the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and made stringent 
 
 grovisions for the rendition of fugitive slaves. Defeated as a single 
 ill, it was adopted in the form of separate acts and became law 
 September 9, 1850. 
 
 President Taylor died July 9, 1850, and was succeeded by the 
 Vice-President, Alillard Fillmore, whose administration is now 
 chiefly remembered for the enforcement of the odious fugitive 
 slave act. In 1852 the Democrats elected Franklin Pierce, the 
 candidate of the extreme pro-siavery and State rights party, the 
 Whigs voting for Gen. Winfield Scott and the Free Soilers for John 
 P. Hale. The convention which nominated General Pierce passed 
 a resolution condemning all attempts, in Congress or out of it, to 
 revive the slavery controversy or disturb the settlement of 1850. 
 Yet, in less than two years, Stephen A. Douglas, Democratic Sena- 
 tor from Illinois, introduced his bill to repeal the Missouri compro- 
 mise' and organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, both 
 within the limits which had been solemnly and forever dedicated to 
 freedom, leaving them to establish slavery or not, as the inhabitants 
 pleased. The astonishment and anger of the North were indescrib- 
 able. But, after many exciting scenes, the iniquitous measure 
 became a law, May 30, 1854, and the South began at once to show 
 how new slave States could be created by "squatter sovereignty." 
 The pro-slavery men poured into Kansas across the Missouri bor- 
 der, often in armed companies, and with no thought of remaining 
 in the Territory longer than might be necessary to vote.. < The Norta 
 
LII NE W YORK TTJB UNE'S 
 
 met the crisis by the organization of emigiant aid societies to send 
 out bona-Me eettlers. The free State party were a large majority 
 of the population, but elections were carried with the most flagrant 
 fraud and violence by Miesouriana imported for the purpose, legis- 
 laturea assembled with hardly a show of legality, governora who 
 attempted to do their duty were removed, outrage was followed by 
 retaliation; for nearly five years Kansas was virtually in a state of 
 civil war, and the whole country was convulsed by the straggle. 
 The free settlers, however, sustained themselves against both bor- 
 der marauders and a hostile Federal administration. Getting a 
 chance to express themselves at the polls at last, they voted down a 
 pro-slavery constitution by a large majority, and Kansas was ulti- 
 mately admitted as a free State (1861). 
 
 The excitement over these transactions was increased by various 
 demonstrrttions of the Southern temper and purposes. Charles 
 Sumner, for a speech in the debates on Kansas, was brutally and 
 dangerously beaten in the Senate chamber by Preston S. Brooks, a 
 Representative Irom South Carolina, whose constituents enthusias- 
 tically re-elected him when he resigned after a vote of censure. The 
 filibustering attempts of Walker in Central America, which seemed 
 to promise the acquisition of more slave territory, were promoted 
 by the South and hardly opposed by the administration. In 185i> 
 Mr. Pierce suggested a conference of the American ministers to 
 England, France, and Spain on the subject of getting Cuba, and 
 the result was the truculent report known as the Ostend Manifesto, 
 in which Messrs. James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule 
 recommended that if Spain refused to sell the island (she had 
 already refused with emphasis) the United States should take it by 
 force. 
 
 The repeal of the Missouri compromise resulted in the sudden 
 and complete breaking up of the old Whig party. For a brief 
 period an organization styling itself the American party, based 
 principally upon the proscription of foreigners and Roman Catho- 
 lics, and operating through secret lodges, collected many of the 
 Whig fragments ; out the "Know Kothing" movement, as it was 
 popularly called, was only an episode of transition, and the anti- 
 slavery men soon began to coalesce under better auspices. The 
 new Republican party held its first national convention at Phila- 
 delphia June 17, 1856, and nominated for the Presidency Col. John 
 C. Fremont, famous for his adventurous scientific explorations in 
 the unknown far West. The Democrats named James Buchanan, 
 whose principles were entirely satisfactory to the pro-slavery 
 extremists, and Ex-President Fillmore was the candidate of the 
 expiring American party, which had no real business in the con- 
 troversy now fairly joined. Mr. Buchanan was elected, with John 
 C. Breckinridge for Vice-President; but the Republicans polled an 
 unexpectedly heavy vote. * 
 
 Early in Mr. Buchanan's term the Supreme Court of the United 
 States decided in the case of a slave named Dred Scott that a ne;.^ro 
 could not be a citizen of the United States, and therefore could not 
 sue for his freedom in that tribunal. The opinion of the majority 
 of the judges, delivered by Chief Justice Taney, went still further: 
 it pronounced the Missouri compromise unconstitutional, and 
 declared that Congress had no power to exclude slavery from any 
 United States territory (March, 1857). A forcible dissenting 
 opinion was delivered by Justice Curtis. Instead of settling tTie 
 controversy, this judicial approval of the Southern claims only 
 added to the excitement. The South began to advocate the reopen- 
 ing of the slave trade ; the North began to feel that, as Abraham 
 Lincoln said, "the Union could not exist half slave, half free." 
 In October, 1859, John Brown, a stern and fanatical Abolitionist 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lAH 
 
 who had fought for freedom in Kansas, startled the country by a 
 crazy plot to bring about an insurrection of the slaves in Virginia. 
 With a handful of followers be seized the United States arsenal at 
 Harper's Ferry; but the slaves did not riee, the in aders were easily 
 overpowered, and Brown, exhibiting at the last some heroic traits, 
 was hanged December 2. His enterprise was almost universally 
 condemned at the North ; and yet his death powerfully stimulated 
 anti-slavery feeling. 
 
 When the Democratic national convention met, in I860, the 
 Southern delegates were bent upon carrying matters with a high 
 hand. They insisted upon an explicit assertion of the duty of the 
 Federal government to maintain slavery "in the Territories and 
 wherever else its constitutional authority extends." The Douglas 
 faction protested in vain that they could not carry the North with 
 such a platform. The result was the disruption of the party. 
 The Southern Democrats, many of whose leaders already counted 
 upon secession, nominated Vice-President Breckinridge. The 
 Northern wing nominated Douglas, with an evasive promise to 
 " abide by the decisions of the Supremo Court of the United States 
 upon questions of constitutional law." A so-called Constitutional 
 Imion party placed In nomination John Bell and Edward Everett. 
 The Republican convention at Chicago was the most memorable 
 assemblage of the epoch*. Seward, Chase, Cameron, Bates, and 
 other men who had been conspicuous for many years in the fight 
 for freedom were set aside, and the nomination was given to Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, of Illinois, whose celebrity, earned by a series of public 
 debates with Douglas in a canvass for the Illinois Senatorshi,), was 
 only of yesterday. The choice was not a fortunate accident; 
 it was a wise and deliberate selection. None of the older leaders 
 represented so well as Mr. Lincoln the spirit of the new party, or 
 saw BO clearly the condition of the conflict at hand. After a stir- 
 ring campaign, Lincoln was elected, with Hannibal Hamlin as Vice- 
 President. He received all the electoral votes of the free States, 
 except three in New Jersey, and he had none from the South. 
 
 THE REBELLION. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THB CONrEDBRATB STATES.— FORT 8UMTBB.— BXJLIj BUN. 
 
 Few persons at the North had believed that the slave States 
 would carry out their threat of secession; but the election of Mr. 
 Lincoln was no sooner assured than the South Carolina Legisla- 
 ture (November 10, 1860) ordered the assembling of a convention, 
 which, on December 20, declared the union between South Carolina 
 and the other States dissolved for the reason, among others, that a 
 President had been chosen " whose opinions and purposes were 
 hostile to slavery." Mississippi seceded January 9, 1861; Florida, 
 January 10: Alabama, January 11 ; Georgia, January 19: Louisiana, 
 January 26; Texas, February 1. Severalof these States entered 
 upon the rebellion reluctantly, and their action -was the result 
 rather of a conspiracy at Washington than of their own impulse; 
 but once committed to the cause their people showed no lack of 
 enthusiasm for it. Mr. Buchanan made no effort to maintain the 
 national authority. On the contrary, his annual message in 
 December virtually admitted the right of secession and encouraged 
 .tbe disttiwoaists; and tfere© »§BibeM pf bie Cabinet, Howell Cobb 
 
LIV NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 of Geore;ia (Treasury), John B. Floyd of Virginia (War), and 
 Jacob Thompson of Mi ssii^sippi (Interior), were among the most 
 active of the conspirators against the Union, even while they still 
 held their offices under it. When Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, 
 March 4, 1861, a provisional government for the "Confederate 
 States of America" had been established at Montgomery, Ala. 
 (Febrnary, 1861), with Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens 
 for President and Vice-President; forts, arsenals, arms and mil- 
 itary supplies had been seized; and throughout the seceding States 
 the national flag remained only on the forts of Charleston harbor, 
 Pensacola, and Key West. On March 11a permanent constitution 
 was adopted at Montgomery, and under it Messrs. Davis and 
 Stephens were afterwards elected Pxesident and Vice-President for 
 six years. 
 
 In an admirable inaugural address Mi*^ Lincoln declared that he 
 had neither the right nor the desire to interfere with slavery in i he 
 States. He denied the right of secession, and he expressed his 
 determination to enforce the laws throughout the national jurisdic- 
 tion. For the principal posts in his Cabinet he chose his principal 
 rivals at the Chicago convention. Mr. Seward became Secretary of 
 State, Mr. Chase Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Cameron Secre- 
 tary of War, Mr. Bates Attorney-Gene? al. The other places were 
 filled by Gideon Welles (Navy), Caleb B. Smith (Interior), and 
 Montgomery Blair ( Postmaster-General ). 
 
 The war began April 12, 1861. Apprised of the intention of 
 Mr. Lincoln to reinforce Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, the 
 Confederates opened fire upon that work, and after sustaining a 
 bombardment of thirty-four hours, Major Anderson and the garri- 
 son of 80 men were forced to surrender ( April 14 ). The next day 
 the President issued a call for 75,000 volunteers. Never had the 
 country behold such a patriotic uprising as now took place. The 
 troops hurried forward; the quotas of the loyal States were filled 
 at once, and a further call for 42,000 volunteers and 40,000 men for 
 the regular army and navy was answered with as much enthusiasm 
 as the first. On the other hand. North Carolina, Tennessee, and 
 Virginia cast in their fortunes with the Rebellion, thus giving the 
 Confederacy eleven of the fifteen slave States- all it ever obtained. 
 The Confederate capital was removed to Richmond in July. 
 
 The first operations were encouraging to the Confederates. 
 They gained possession of the navy-yard at Norfolk and the 
 arsenal at Harper's Ferry. A secessionist mob made a murderous 
 attack upon Massachusetts troops passing through Baltimore 
 (April 19), and for a short time severed direct communication 
 between Washington and the North. In an unimportant engage- 
 ment at Big Bethel, near Fortress Monroe, the Union troops under 
 General Butler were worsted. To compensate for these Federal 
 misfortunes, Generals McClellan and Rosecrans gained a series of 
 victories in W^estern Virginia. In the meantime both combatants 
 were mustering their main force in front of Washington. On the 
 21st of July a Union army of about 18 000 under General McDowell 
 attacked the Confederates under Beauregard at the crossings of Bull 
 Run, near Manassas Junction, Va. The battle was in McDowell's 
 favor until late in the afternoon, when the Confederate general, 
 Joseph E. Johnston, eluding Patterson, an estimable militia general 
 who had been ordered to keep him in check at Winchester, arrived 
 on the field with fresh troops. The undisciplined Federal volun- 
 teers were seized with sudden panic and driven into the defences 
 of Washineton, having lost about 3,000 men against a loss of 2,000 
 on the other side. This disaster only strengthened the courage 
 and determination of the North. Congress authorized the enlist- 
 -ment of 500,000 volunteers and voted an appropriation of $500,000,000, 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LV 
 
 General McClellan was called from Western Virginia to 
 reorganize and command the Army of the Potomac, and, on the 
 retirement in November of the aged General Scott, was made gen- 
 eraf-in-chief. Missouri and Kentucky had proposed to remain 
 neutral during the struggle; but the Confederates treated this ab- 
 surd policy with scant ceremony. In Missouri a strong secespion 
 party, with which Gov. Claiborne F. Jackson was implicated, 
 sought to carry the State out of the Union by force. Until the end 
 of the year the tide of battle swept back and forth with varying 
 success, McCulloch and Sterling Price leidiug Confederate inva- 
 sions from Arkansas, and Lyon, Sigel, Fremont, Hnnter, and Hal- 
 leck commanding the forces by which Missouri was finally saved 
 for the Union. 
 
 Immediately after the attack upon Fort Sumter, President Lin- 
 coln proclaimed a blockade of all the Southern ports, and to enforce 
 this measure extraordinary efforts were made to increase the nav^y. 
 By the purchase and armament of merchant vessels efficient fleets 
 were soon collected, and in the course of 1861-62 a number of naval 
 and military expeditions were dispatched to close important South- 
 ern harbors. Port Royal, Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, Newbern, 
 Femandina. Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Darien, Brunswick, and 
 Savannah were thus sealed, or made dangerous for blockade run- 
 ners; and England and France were deprived of the excuse for 
 which they were watching to declare the blockade Invalid. On the 
 first news of the first shot of the war, the British government, w.th 
 headlong speed, issued a proclamation of neurality conceding to 
 Mie Confederates all the rights of a belligerent power; and British 
 eubjects entered actively into the business of running arms and 
 other supplies through the blockade and bringing out cotton. The 
 governing classes in England were in hearty sympathy with the 
 South. The Emperor of the French was urging England to join 
 him in recognizing the independence of the Confederacy. Onr for- 
 eign relatious were in this critical condition when the indiscretion 
 of a gallant naval officer gave Great Britain grave cause of com- 
 plaint. Capt. Charles Wilkes, of the United States frigate San 
 Jacinto, stopped the British passenger steamer Trent on the high 
 seas, and took off Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Confederate commis- 
 sioners to London and Paris ( Nov. 8, 1861 ). The act was indefensi- 
 ble, and was promptly disavowed by the President, but it was 
 loudly applauded throughout the country, and in yielding to the 
 demand of the British government for the release of the prisoners, 
 all Mr. Seward's astuteness was called for to make the surrender 
 palatable to the American people. He took the do'-btfnl ground 
 that Captain Wilkes was justified in searching the Trent and 
 seizing the envoys as contraband, but that he ought to have sent 
 the vessel into port for adjudication. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 CArrtTRE OF FORTS HENUY AND D0NEL90N. — SHILon.— NEW 
 
 orleans.— tub monitor and the mjsukinac— campaign in 
 Kentucky. 
 
 In January, 1862, Mr. Cameron became minister to Russia, and 
 was succeeded as Secretary of War by Edwin M. Stanton. Harsh, 
 often unjust, at times tyrannical, Mr. Stanton was a man of 
 renarkable force and of high patriotism, and Ins energetic admin- 
 isi ration of military affairs was felt in every brunch of the service 
 through the rest of the war. 
 
 At the beginning of the year the number of men under arms. 
 
LVI NEW YORK TEIBUNE'S 
 
 Federal and Confederate, was not far from a million, and the two 
 sides were well matched, botb in the character and spirit of the 
 eoldiers and the capacity of the oilicers. The Confederates held 
 the Mississippi from ita mouth to the sonthem bonndary of Ken- 
 tucky, with a line of strong positions extending through Kentut ky 
 and Tennessee to Virginia, and a large force between the Putomao 
 and the Rappahannock, covering Richmond and threatening 
 Washington. The Federals confronted them with two western 
 armfes, one under Halleck. with headquarters at St. Louis, the 
 other under huell, at Louisville, while fleets of gunboats and 
 rams were prepared for service on the Mississippi. In fr^ ut 
 of Washington, McClellan had formed the Army of the Poto- 
 mac into a fine organization of nearly 200,000 men. The earli- 
 est important engagement of the year was at Mill Sjring, in 
 Kentucky, where Gen. George H. Thomas, with a part of Biiell's 
 army, gained a signal victory in which the (. onfederate General 
 Zollicofcer was killed. A little later a movement was undertaken 
 by Brigadier-General Grant, then just rising into notice as an 
 enterpriring commander under Halleck, and Flag Oflicer Foote 
 with a flotilla of gunboats, for the reduction of Forte Henry and 
 Donelson, which barred the entrance into Western and Middle 
 Tennessee by the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. Fort Henry 
 was reduced by the fleet February (j; Fort Donelson, a stronger 
 work, surrendered to a land attack, with over 10,000 prisoners, 
 February 16. It was here, in answer to General Buckner's request 
 for terms, that Grant used the phrase, soon in every one's mouth, 
 "No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be 
 accepted." These victories obliged the Confederates to abandon 
 Nashville, and the strong fortifications of Columbus, on the Missis- 
 sippi. Grant and Bueil followed the retreating enemy southward. At 
 Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee river, Grant was 
 attacked, April 6, by a superior force under Albert Sidney Johnston, 
 and in a terrible battle, lasting all day, was severely handled. 
 During the night Buell arrived with fresh troops, and on the 7th 
 the combined Union armies won a complete victory. Johnston, one 
 of the ablest of the Confederate generals, was killed on the first 
 day, and Beauregard replaced him. Halleck took command of the 
 forces of Grant and Buell, and cautiously advanced as far as Cor- 
 inth, Miss., where an important strategic position was abandoned 
 at his approach. \* 
 
 The river flet ts nobly sustained the fame of the American navy. 
 Flag Officer Foote co-operated with General Pope in the capture of 
 a formidable stronghold at Island No. 10, in the Mississippi, on the 
 day of the victory of Shiloh, April 7; and Capt, C. H. Davis, 
 destroying a Confederate flotilla, forced the evacuation of Fort 
 Pillow, June 4. and the surrender of Memphis, June 7. For the 
 reduction of New Orleans, a fleet of forty-five ships, gunboats, and 
 mortar-boats under Flag Officer David G. Farragut was ordered to 
 the Lower Mississippi. Forts Jackson and t>t. Philip, situated 
 on opposite banks of the river, seventy-five miles below New Or- 
 leans, were the principal defences of the city. After a bombard- 
 ment of six days from the mortar-boats under Capt. David A. 
 Porter, Farragut, with the rest of the fleet, himself leading the 
 way in the flag-thip Hartford, boldly passed the forts under a furi- 
 ous cannonade (April 24, 1862), cutting a barrier of chains and 
 spars, and engaging a flotilla of sixteen vessels, nearly all of 
 which were captured or destroyed. New Orleans, evacuated by 
 its garrison, surrendered to him on the 25th and was occupied by 
 an army under General Butler, and the forts surrendered to Captaiu 
 Porter. ' > » 
 
 Aaiong the prizes obtained by tho Confederates, when Nol-folk 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LVII 
 
 fell into their hands, was the steam-frigate Merrimac. They 
 converted her into a powerful ram with a slant roof of railroad Iron 
 covering h»r deck and sides, against which the heaviest guns had 
 no effect. On the 8th of March, 1863, she attacked the Federal fleet 
 in Hampton Roads, sinking the Cumberland, burning the Congress, 
 and retiring W-th impunity on the approach of night. When she 
 came out the next morning to renew her work ehe was met by a 
 nondescript 11. tie craft which the sailors called " a cheese-box on 
 a raft." This was Capt. John Ericsson's turret iron-clad monitor, 
 just arrived on her first voyage, nnder command of Lieutenant 
 Worden. She fought the ram for five hours, receiving no damage, 
 and at last driving the MerHmac back to Norfolk, whence she never 
 reappeared. 
 
 In the summer the Confederates made extraordinary efforts to 
 repair their disasters in the West. An invasion of Kentucky was 
 undertaken simultaneously by Kirby Smith, who occupied Lex- 
 ington and Frankfort and for a while threatened Cincinnati, and 
 by Braxton Bragg, who, after a victory at Munfordsville ( Sept. 17), 
 advanced towards Louisville. Buell, by forced marches from Nash- 
 ville, reached Louisville one day before his adversai-y, xnd, after 
 collecting reinforcements, slowly pushed the Confederates back. 
 Bragg and Kirby Smith united at Frankfort, and on October 8th, 
 B«ie' If ought them at Perryville. His campaign had been skilfully 
 conducted, and the battle of Perryvii*e put an end to the invasion; 
 but Bragg carried off an immense quantity of supplies, and Buell, a 
 victim to the government's unreasonable expectations, was super- 
 seded by Rosecrans. This officer, already distinguished bv victo- 
 ries over Price and Van Dorn at luka and Corinth, gained fresh 
 laurels by the defeat of Bragg in the two battles of Stoue River, 
 near Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 M'CLEI.LAN on the peninsula.— second BTTLt, RUN.— ANTrETAM. — 
 PROCLAMATION OP EMANCIPATION.— PREDBRICKSBURG. — CHAN- 
 CELLORS VILLE.— GETTYSBURG. 
 
 Relieved of the command of all the armies except his own, 
 McClellan began his advance against Richmond in March, 1862, 
 choosing the route by the Yorktown peninsula, between the York 
 and James rivers, and landing over 100,000 men from transports at 
 Fortress Monroe. The march was slow, his forces being detained 
 in front of Yorktown a full month, and the Confederates under 
 Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had ample tim^ to strengthen their 
 defences. McClellan gained the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 
 and advanced within seven miles of Richmond. General Wool took 
 popstseion of Norfolk, where the enemy blew up the ram Merrimac 
 bel'ore retiring. The Federal gunboat« entered James river. 
 There was panic in Richmond, and the Confederate Congress hastily 
 adjourned. But the golden opportunity was not perceived. Before 
 quitting the Potomac, McClellan had been instructed to leave a 
 strong force for the protection of the capital. Deciding that the 
 scattered and somewhat inefficient commands designated for that 
 purpose were not enough, the President detached McDowell's corps 
 from the Army of the Potomac, and held It in front of Washington. 
 McDowell might still have co-operated with McClellan by a move- 
 ment against Richmond from the north; but the Confederate 
 General T. J Jackson, popularly known as "Stonewall," suddenly 
 burst into the Shenandoah valley, and swept down towards the 
 
 Potpmac, drivipg Ocucifti iJauke ncroeg the river, cbe^iimg Qeaerai 
 
LYIII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 T^^mont at Cross Keys, June 8, defeating Shields at Port Republic, 
 and filling the North with alarm for the safety of Washington, 
 McDowell was turned aside and sent after Jackson ; and Johnston 
 seized his chance to fall upon McClellan's left, which had been 
 pushed across the Chickahominy. On the 31st of May, when the 
 river and its swampy borders were so filled by a heavy rain that 
 communication between the two wings of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac was difticult and uncertain, the Confederates made a 
 determined attack at Fair Oaks (or Seven Pines), and were beaten 
 only after a hard battle, in which the Union loss was greater than 
 theirs. General Johnston was badly wounded, and the chief com- 
 mand was soon afterwards conferred upon Robert E. Lee, son of 
 " Light Horse Harry " of the Revolution, and the one character of 
 the Rebt'liion whose personal and professional meiits have been 
 unanimously admired by both Fides. Reinforced by Jackson, who 
 had now left McDowell's corps where it could do no harm, Lee- 
 attackt'd the Union riyht at Gaines' Mill, June 27, drove it across 
 the Chickahominy with heavy loss, and severed McClellan's com- 
 munications with his base of supplies at White House, on the 
 Pamunkey. while Stuart's Confederate cavalry rode entirely around 
 the Federal lines. 
 
 McClellan's position, astride a swamp and a treacherous river, 
 was untenable. He resolved upon the delicate maneuver of a 
 change of base, from the York river to the James, by a flank march 
 to the left. The movement, lasting from June 28 to July 1, was 
 carried out with skill, the troops marching all night and lighting 
 gallantly all day. Lee attacked them at Golding's Farm, Savage's 
 Station, White Oak Swamp, etc, and the series of engagements 
 known as the Seven Days' Battles closed at Malvern Hill, near the 
 James, where the Confederates were signally repulsed. McClellan 
 then fortified himself at Harrison's Landing, with the gunboats in 
 his rear. He had lost 15,000 men during the change of base, and 
 Lee nearly as many. 
 
 Halleck, in the meantime, had been called to Washington, with the 
 rank of general-in-chief, and the corps of McDowell, Banks, and 
 Fremont had been united under the command of Pope. But Pope 
 and McClellan were so placed that neither could help the other. 
 McClellan was ordered to abandon the peninsula and transfer bis 
 whole army by water to the Potomac, As eoon as the movement 
 was developed, Lee hurled his army against Pope, pressing him 
 back from the liue of the Rapidan, while Pope stubbornly con- 
 tested the ground. From the 26th of August to the Ist of Septem- 
 ber there was an almost continual battle, a part of it taking place 
 on the old field of Bull Run, McClellan't, troops were pushed 
 forward, as they tardily arrived, and the contest at many points was 
 gallantly maintained; but Pope was outgeneraled and outnumbered; 
 Stonewall Jackson, passing through an undefended gap in the mount- 
 ains, menaced bis rear, and he fell back in disorder to the defences 
 of Washington, where the army passed again under the command 
 of McClellan. 
 
 Lee now invaded Maryland, crossing the Potomac at Leesburg, 
 while Jackson captured Harper's Ferry. McClellan attacked and 
 defeated Lee at {»outh Mountain, September 14, 1862, and on the 17th 
 encountered the whole Confederate force on Antietam creek, near 
 Sharpsburg, A severe battle lasted all day and left both combat- 
 ants exhausted. Practically it was a Union victory, for it put an 
 end to the invasion; but Lee retired unmolested, and McClellan 
 declined to move further until his army had been thoroughly refitted. 
 * The position of President Lincoln with respect to slavery had 
 become a cause of dissension in the Republican party, by the 
 advanced section of which his cautious and coueervativ« nolicy was 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LIX 
 
 viewed with increasing impatience. That policy was tersely 
 expressed in his answer to a publiclclter from Horace Greeley: "My 
 paramount object is to save ihe Union, and not either to save or 
 destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slaTe, 
 I would do it — if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would 
 do it— and if I could save«it byVreeing some and leaving others 
 alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the col- 
 ored race, I do because I believe it helps to save this Uuion, and 
 what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to 
 save the Union." But when he wrote this, the President had 
 already resolved to proclaim emancipation as a war measure on ihe 
 morrow of the next Union victory; and the battle of Antietam gave 
 hira the opportunity. The proclamation, issued September 22, 
 1862, announced that on the 1st of the next January all slaves in 
 States or designated parts of States in rebellion should be "then, 
 thence forward, and forever tree." and should be bo treated by tho 
 civil, military and naval authorities of the United States. The final 
 proclamation, in accordance with this preliminary announce- 
 ment, was duly issued at the appointed time. 
 
 General McClellan, who had written an extraordinary letter to 
 the President from Harrison's Landing, after the failure of the 
 Chickahominy campaign, warning him that *'a declaration of 
 radical views, especially upon elavery," would disintegrate the 
 army, consulted his friends after the appearance of the proclama- 
 tion of freedom, to decide whether he should not throw down his 
 Bword and refuse to serve an Abolitionist government.\ »He bad 
 begun to move against Lee, however, when, m November, he was 
 relieved from duty, and the Array of the Potomac was intrusted to 
 General Burnside. This gallant officer, who had shown high quali- 
 ties on emaller fields, was unequal to the command of 100,000 
 men, and his short campaign was a complete disaster. Attacking 
 Lee at Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock, December 13, 1862, he 
 repeatedly stormed the heights behind the town, only to be beaten 
 back with cruel loss, and on the night of the 15th-16th he withdrew 
 across the river after a vain sacrifice of 12,000 men. In January 
 he was replaced by General Hooker, who was able in the spring to 
 resume the advance upon Richmond with 120,000 men. He crossed 
 the Rappahannock above and below Fredericksburg, and met Lee 
 at Chancel lorsville, about five miles ft-om the scene of Burnside's 
 failure. The battle was fought through the 2d and 3d of May, 1863. 
 A sudden onslaught by Stonewall Jackson's corps surprised and 
 routed the Union 'ight, hurling the fragments in confusion npon 
 the centre, and Lee then fell with his main force upon the left 
 grand division of Sedgwick, separating it from the rest of the army, 
 and pressing it bark to the river. Again the Army of the Potomac 
 recrossed th^ Rappahannock under cover of the night, the losses by 
 fills failure amounting to about 17,000. 
 
 Lee at once marched for the North, crossing into Pennsylvania, 
 advancing as far as Chambersburg, and menacing Washington, 
 Baltimore, and Philadelphia. The Army of the Potomac followed 
 him, covering the capital. On the 28th of June Hooker was super- 
 seded by Gen. George G. Meade ; and under this commander the 
 Federal forces met the invaders at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863. The 
 battle, lasting three days, was by far the most severe in which 
 Americans had ever engaged. The opposing troops were about 
 equal in numbers— 100,000 on each side— equal in spirit, and equally 
 well handled. When the Confederates made their last desperate 
 charge, on the evening of the 3d, against Meade's firm lines, and were 
 beatenback, the Confederacy received its death wound, for it never 
 recovered from the exhaustion of this campaign. On the 4th Lee re- 
 treated to the Potomac. He had lost 30,000 men and Meade 23,000.' 
 
LX NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 FROM THE FALL OF VICKSBURO TO THK END OF THE WAR. 
 
 On the very day of Lee's retreat from Gettysburg, the Confed- 
 erates suffered an equal disaster in the West by the surrender of 
 Vicksburg. Situated on high ground on the east bank of the Miss- 
 issippi, and difficult of approach on the north owing to the nature 
 of the country, that stronghold had resisted several Federal 
 attacks, when General Grant conceived a bold plan for approaching 
 it from below. He marched his army down the west bank of the 
 Mississippi to Brumsburg, where the fleet under Commodore Por- 
 ter, having run the formidable batteries of Vicksburg, ferried him 
 across the river. Then cutting loose from his base, living on the 
 country, and fighting as he moved, he hastened to intercept an 
 army under Joseph E. Johnston, which was coming from the east 
 to relieve Vicksburg. This force was thoroughly beaten at Jack- 
 son, Miss., May 14, 1863, by the corps of McPherson and Sherman; 
 and the Union army then turned upon Pemberton, who with the 
 garrison of Vicksburg was advancing from the opposite direction 
 to meet Johnston. Two defeats drove him back to his defences; 
 but Grant twice failed to carry the city by assault, and it was only 
 after a seige of forty-five days that Pemberton and his 27,000 men 
 surrendered, July 4. The capture of Port Hudson by General 
 Banks four days later gave the Federal fleets and armies permanent 
 control of the whole Mississippi, and cut the Confederacy in two. 
 Rosecrans began an advance from Murfreesboro about the end of 
 June, driving Bragg out of Middle Tennessee and back beyond Chat- 
 tanooga. Reinforced from Johnston and Lee, Bragg ofi"ered battle 
 at Cbickamauga, and a severe engagement was fought September 
 19th and 20th, ending in a rout of the Union right wing, which only 
 the stubborn resistance of Thomas on the left prevented from 
 becoming general. But Bragg did not venture to press his victory, 
 and Rosecrans fell back to the strong position of Chattanooga. 
 There he was superseded by Thomas in command of the Army of 
 the Cumberland in October, while the general charge of operations 
 in the West was committed to Grant. Joined by Sherman with 
 the Army of the Tennessee, and by Hooker with two corps from 
 the Potomac, Grant assailed Bragg' s position in front of Chatta- 
 mooga. Hooker carrying Lookout Mountain by storm, November 24, 
 ^ and the main army sweeping over Missionary Ridge the next day. 
 Knoxville, where Burnside had been withstanding a trying seige, 
 was now relieved. Bragg was deprived of his command. 
 
 Against these Union triumphs the Confederacy had little to 
 show during the year except riotouB opposition to the draft in 
 New York, plots of disloyal organizations at the West, and above 
 all else the operations of the Alabama and other cruisers, the best 
 of them built in England and largely manned by English sailors, 
 which nearly ruined the foreign shipping trade of the United 
 States. The Alabama, under Capt. Raphael Semmes, after 
 destroying more than 60 merchant vessels, was sunk off the harbor 
 of Cherbourg, June 19, 1864, by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow. 
 The ships were eqnally matched, and the result was due to the 
 better gunnery of the Kearsarge. 
 
 By the spring of 1864 the administration, having learned the 
 cost of divided councils and found a general whom it trusted, was 
 prepared to reorganize the military forces under a single head. 
 Grant was made general of all the armies March 2, 1864, with the 
 rank of lieutenan^general. He took personal charge of the opera- 
 
 tionniA Vu'guii&f leaviBg Me^de m immediate ^ommAsd ,^| t^o 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LXI 
 
 Army of the Potomac, while the three western armies— of the Ohio 
 (Schofleld), Tennessee (McPherson), and Cumberland (Thomas)— 
 were united under General Sherman. 
 
 Both great organizations, eaetem and western, were ordered to 
 advance about the Ist of May. The Army of the Potomac, crossing 
 the Rapidan, May 4, near Chamcellorsville, found itself on a dif- 
 ficult, thickly wooded tableland called the Wilderness, through 
 which it was necessary to fight a way at great disadvantage. Lee 
 attacked on the 5th, and the Dattle lasted, with little intermission, 
 until Grant was out of the woods on the 9th, and concentrated at 
 Spottsylvania Court House. He had lost 20,000 men in the Wilder- 
 ness ; in ten days' engagements near Spottsylvania he lost 10,000 
 more. On the 11th he telegraphed to Wabhington, "I propose to 
 fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." At the end of May 
 he had reached McClellan's old battle ground on the Chickahom- 
 iny. There he was repulsed in two terrible assaults upon Lee's lines 
 at Cold Harbor, in the second of which (June 3) he lost 10,000meu in 
 twenty minutes. But Lee also had suffered terribly, and, unlike 
 Grant, he had nothing in reserve, lor the Confederacy had drafted 
 its last man. 
 
 Throwing his army across the James, to approach Richmond 
 from the south, Grant was obliged first to reduce the strongly forti- 
 fied town of Petersburg. Attempts to take it bv assault repeatedly 
 failed (June and July), and at last the Federal commander settled 
 down to a regular siege. Lee sought to shake his hold by making 
 a diversion m the Shenandoah valley. Early swept through that 
 harassed region, entered Maryland, made a futile demonstration 
 against Washington (July), and burned Chambersburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania ; but General Sheridan in a rapid campaign praciically 
 broke up Early'^s command, and so stripped the valley that the 
 Confederates could never again draw supplies from it. 
 
 Sherman moved from Chattauooga on the 7th of May with 
 100.000 men. His first object was the capture of Atlanta. Opposed 
 to him were 60,000 Confederates under Johu^ ton, who, not venturin<< 
 noon a general ensagement, skilfully obstructed and delayed the 
 aavance. Impatient at this defensive policv. President Davis 
 replaced him by Hood, who gave battle and failed, July 20 and 
 26, and by a masterly movement of Sherman's was driven out <.f 
 Atlanta, which the Union army entered September 2. Then, burning 
 the town, destroying the railroads and telegraph in his rear, cutting 
 loose from all his connections, and detaching Thomas to take care of 
 Hooo, Sherman with 65,000 men began, November 14, his famous 
 march to the sea. He was uncertain at starting where he should 
 come out, and for nearly a mouth nothing was heard from him at the 
 North. Extended over a breadth of forty miles, and gathering 
 vast quantities of supplies and cotton, his army traversed Georgia 
 with Mttle fighting, and appeared before Savannah, where Port 
 McAllister was taken by assault December 13, the city being evacu- 
 ated on the 20th. On the 1st of February, 1865, he started northward 
 to co-operate with Grant. He seized Columbia, forced the evacua- 
 . tion of Charleston, fought Johnston at Fayette ville, and was joined 
 "at Goldsboro by Schofield and Terry. There he halted. 
 ,. In the meantime Hood had invaded Tennessee, where Thomas 
 awaited him at Nashville. Disregarding the urgency of the Presi- 
 dent and the general-in-chief, Thomas would not strike until he 
 was thoroughly prepared. Then he fell upon Hood, December 15, 
 and crushed him in a two days' battle. 
 
 'The harbor of Charleston had been closed to the Confederates 
 since the summer of 1863, when the batteries of General Gillraore 
 and the squadron of Commodore Dahlgren reduced Fort Wagner, 
 demolished Sumter, and enabled the blockading ships to enter the 
 
LXn NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 port. Mobile was closed August 5, 1864, when Farragut forced his 
 way past Forts Gaines and Morgan, and demolished the Confederate 
 flotilla in the bay, leading the fight, lashed to the rigging of the 
 Hartford. Wilmington, the only important port remaming to the 
 Confederacy east of Texas, was defended by Fort Fisher, which 
 fell before a combined laud and naval attack by Terry and Porter 
 January 16, 1866. 
 
 The situation of Lee was now desperate. In the hope of break- 
 ing through Grant's lines and uniting with Johnston, he made a 
 fierce assault upon Fort Steedman March 25, but was repulsed 
 with heavy loss. Grant pressed his advantage, extending and 
 strengthening his left, where, on the Ist of April, Sheridan gamed a 
 great victory at Five Forks. This was the decisive action. Lee 
 evacuated Petersburg and Richmond the next day, and retreated 
 towards Lynchburg, closely followed and flanked by Grant. The 
 Confederates are supposed to have had 50,000 or 60,000 men when 
 they abandoned their capital. In six days these were reduced one 
 half by capture and other caeualiies of the hasty retreat, and 
 many of the remainder had lost or thrown away their arms. On 
 the yth of April, 1865, the Army of Virginia surrendered at Appo- 
 mattox Court House, twenty-eight thousand men giving their parole, 
 and then dispersing quietly to their homes. Johnston surrendered 
 37,000 men to Sherman April 26, and one by one the other Confed- 
 erate commands laid down their arms or broke up and disap- 
 E eared. Jefferson Davis was captured by the Federal cavalry at 
 •winsvIUe, Georgia, and long confined at Fortress Monroe on an 
 indictment for treason; but at last he was released on bail fur- 
 nished by Horace Greeley and others, and the prosecution was 
 dropped. The great Rebellion, which cost 600,000 lives, was over. 
 
 THE NEW UNION. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 ASSASSINATION OF PKESIDENT LIKCOLN.— PRESIDENCY OP ANDREW 
 JOHNSON, 1865-1«69.— OF GENBKAL GRANT, 1869-1877. 
 
 -jie tremendous burdens of the war were borne by the North 
 with an ease which has no parallel in the history of such conflicts. 
 Expenses were met by an increase in the taritf, by internal taxes, 
 popular loans, and the issue of Treasury noies; and although the 
 evils of inconvertible paper money were not escaped, industries 
 were stimulated by the tariff, the creation of a national banking 
 system gave a safe and stable currency, and peace was followed by 
 a rapid extingaishmeut of debt, a reduction of taxes, and an appre- 
 ciation of the legal-tender notes. In the South, on the contrary, 
 which under the slave system could not manufacture what it 
 needed, and by the blockade was cut off from foreign trade, the 
 distress was extreme. All the obligations of the goverrmient be- 
 came worthless, and nearly the whole population was reduced to 
 poverty. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln had been re-elected in 1864 by an enormous major- 
 ity over the Democratic candidate, General McClellan; and in his 
 second inaugural address, March 4, 1865, there was a memorable 
 passage which disclosed at once the depth and nobility of his char- 
 acter, and his feeling towards the sufl'eving people of the shattered 
 Confederacy: "With malice towards none, with charity for all, 
 with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us 
 
niSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. LXHI 
 
 strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, 
 to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow 
 and orphans; to do all which may achieve and cherish a jastand 
 a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." But on the 
 14th of April, five days after Lee's surrender, the President was 
 assassinated in the theatre atWashington by an actor named John 
 Wilkes Booth, who, shouting '■'Sic semper tyratinit / The South 
 is avenged! " escaped for a time in the confusion. On the same 
 night one of his accomplices named Payne made a desperate 
 attempt upon the life of Secretary Seward. Booth was afterwards 
 killed in resisting arrest. Payne and three others were hanged. 
 
 The death of the President stirred the nation with profound 
 emotion. Ko one since Washington had taken so firm a hold upon 
 the popular trust and attachment; no ruler in our history has risen 
 BO steadily in the estimation of mankind. When his great heart 
 was stilled the South lost its best friend. 
 
 The Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, succeeded 
 to office with a rancorous feeling against traitors. But he soon 
 changed his tone, quarreled violently with the Republican majority 
 in Congress, vetoed bills for the protection of the colored people, 
 and adopted a scheme of reconstruction which would have restored 
 the rtbol States to the Union with the disloyal eleoicut in full 
 control and the freedmen helpless and unrepresented. There was 
 little disposition among the vanquished secessionists at that date 
 to accept the political consequences of the war, and they lost no 
 time in showing, by brutal vagrancy laws and other devices, that 
 their purpose was to reduce the ex-slaves to a servitude as harsh in 
 Bome respects as the former bondage. Congress had already pro- 
 posed to the States a thirteenth amendment, ratifying the procla- 
 mation of emancipation by a constitutional prohibition of 
 of slavery, and in December, 1865, it was declared adopted by the 
 necessary three-fourths. A fourteenth amendment was now pro- 
 posed, to secure the freedmen in the right of citizenship, to provide 
 that those who are denied the sufl'rage shall not be counted in the 
 basis of representation, to disqualify certain classes of Confeder- 
 ates from holding office without the consent of Congress, to atflrm 
 the validity of the United States debt, and to prohibit the payment 
 of the rebel debt or claims lor the emancipation of slaves. When- 
 ever this amendment should be adopted, Congress oflFered to 
 readmit to representation the rebel States accepting it. Tennessee 
 ratified the amendment at once, and, having already a loyal govern- 
 ment, was restored to the Union without waiting for action else- 
 where. The other ten States of the Confederacy rejected the amend- 
 ment with something like contempt and defiance. Congress there- 
 upon placed them under military rule, to await reconstruction under 
 more stringent conditions. 
 
 The animosity of the President towards the two houses of Con- 
 gress, sometimes strangely emphasized by Mr. Johnson's personal 
 foibles, had now become a deplorable scandal. A tenure of ofiice 
 act was passed (March, 1867) to limit hio power of making re- 
 movals. He flouted it by removing Mr. Stanton from the ottice of 
 Secretary of War. For this and other offenses he was impeached 
 by the House of Representatives March 5, 1868, and tried by the 
 Senate under the presidency of Mr. Chase, who bad been appointed 
 Chief Justice in 1864. The exciting trial ended in May with a Tote 
 of one less than the two-thirds necessary to convict. 
 
 The purchase of Russian America (Alaska) for $7,200,000 in 
 1867, is the event by which Mr. Johnson's administration is most 
 favorably remembered. 
 
 * The Republicans in 1868 nominated General Grant for the Presi- 
 dency, with Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President, and he was easily 
 
LXIV ^EW YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 elected over Horatio Seymour, whom the Democrats, after an effort 
 to take up Chief Justice Chase, presented on a platform which de- 
 clared the reconstruction acts unconstitutional, revolutionary, and 
 Toid, and demanded the payment of the national debt in depre- 
 ciated paper. The fourteenih amendment became a part of the 
 conatitutionin July of this year, and eight of the rebel States, hav- 
 ing accepted it, were restored to representation in Congress and took 
 part in the election. Even thus early, however, in the history of 
 reconstruction it became evident that the rights of the freedmen, 
 guaranteed by the amendments, could not be maintained without the 
 active intervention of the Federal authority. The new voters, mal- 
 treated by their natural leaders, and left to their own ignorance or 
 the arts of adventurers, administered State affairs extravagantly and 
 corruptly; and the whites met them with murder, terrorism, and an 
 abuse or the forms of election almost too brutally frank to be called 
 fraud. General Grant's administration was much occupied with 
 these difficulties, and it cannot be said that they were solved. Vir- 
 ginia, Mississippi, and Texas, the last of the unreconstructed States, 
 were readmitted in January, February, and March, 1870. The fif- 
 teenth constitutional amendment, declariug that "the right of citi- 
 zens of the United Stales to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 
 the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or pre- 
 vious condition of servitude," was proclaimed as adopted March 
 30, 1870. 
 
 The signal achievement of General Grant's administration was 
 the settlement of the long-standing controversy with Great Britain 
 over the aid furnished by that power to the Confederacy. By the 
 treaty of Washington (1871), the so-called Alabama claims were 
 referred to a tribunal of arbitration at Geneva, which found Great 
 Britain responsible for the depredations of the Alabama and sev- 
 eral other cruisers, and awarded $15,500,000 to the United States 
 as damages (bept. 14, 1872). A dispute respecting the north- 
 west boundary was referred to the Emperor of Germany, and 
 decided in favor of the United States. The question of the compen- 
 sation to be made by this country for fishery privileges on the 
 British North American coast was notso satisfactorily adjusted. A 
 coramisfion of arbitrators, meeting at Halifax, awarded Great 
 Britain (1877) the extravagant sum of $5,500,000 for twelve years* 
 use of the inshore fisheries by American vessels ; besides which 
 Canadian fish and fish-oil were, by the treaty, to be admitted to 
 the United States free of duty. Since the expiration of this 
 arrangement, the fishery difiiculties with Canada have been renewed 
 with many circumstances of exasperation. 
 
 General Grant was ill- served by many of his friends and office- 
 holders, and his somewhat drastic methods in dealing with the 
 South were disapproved by a considerable party among North- 
 ern Republicans. The Liberal movement in 1872 was a protest at 
 once against *' bayonet rule " and administrative abuses. The 
 President's renomination by the regular convention being certain, 
 the Liberal Republicans met at Cinciiinati in May, and named for 
 the presidency Horace Greeley, the founder and editor of the New 
 York Tribune. In July the Democratic national convention at 
 Baltimore also nominated Mr. Greeley, and the strange spectacle 
 was presented of the party of slavery and secession supporting one 
 of the ablest and most ardent of their life-long enemies. - Mr. 
 Greeley had strong qualities as a candidate; his pure transparent 
 character, his honesty, and his unselfishness had caused his name 
 to be affectionately cherished in thousands of homes; and at one 
 time his election seemed highly probable; but distrubt of the 
 Democracy could not be overcome, and General Grant's triumph 
 was signal. Crushed by private sorrows heaped upon his public 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES LXV 
 
 disappointments, and cruelly hurt by the scurrilities of an excep- 
 tionally angry campaign, Mr. Greeley died a few weeks after the 
 election. Over his grave all parties united in tributes to his noble 
 nature, and in appreciation of the great and permanent ueefulness 
 of his busy life. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 PBESIDENCT OP E. B. HATES, 1877-1881.— ASSASSIKATION OP PBBSI- 
 DENT GAKFIELD.— PRESIDENCY OF C. A. ARTHUB, 1881-1885.— OP 
 GBOVEB CLEVELAND. —CONCLUSION. 
 
 The Democratic party soon recovered from the defeat of 1872, 
 and three years later, with the aid of the " solid South," it held a 
 majority of the House of Kepreeentatives for the first time since 
 the beginning of the Rebellion. For the Presidential campaign of 
 1876 it nominated the most astute and respectable of its Northern 
 leaders, Mr. Samuel J. Tilden. The Republicans, after an animated 
 demonstration by the friends of Ex-Speaker Blaine, named Ruth- 
 erford B. Hayes. The election was claimed for Hayes by a majority 
 of one electoral vote; but the result depended upon contested re- 
 turns from the States of Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina, and 
 Oregon. Unable to agree upon a joint rule for counting these votes, 
 the two houses of Congress referred the case to an Electoral Com- 
 mission, composed of five Senators, five Representatives, and five 
 judges of the Supreme Court; and by this body the election was 
 awarded to Mr. Hayes. Whatever cloud may have rested upon his 
 title was much lightened by the stariling discovery, through the 
 cipher dispatches of Democratic managers, translated and published 
 by the New York Tribune, that while Mr. Tilden and his friends 
 were making loud accusations of fraud, that gentleman's nephew 
 and confidential ajreuts were negotiating for the purchase of the 
 canvassing boards in two States and of an elector in a third. The 
 administration of Mr. Hayes is memorable for the removal of the 
 military force which had thus far sustained republican governmontfl 
 in the reconstructed States, the practical extinction of the Republi- 
 can party throughout the territory of the Confederacy, and the com- 
 plete elimination of the freedman as an element in Southern poli- 
 tics. Financial matters occupied much of the attention of Con- 
 gress; and on the 1st of January, 1879, the Treasury and the banks 
 resumed specie payments, suspiended since the early part of the 
 war. The act under which this important result was accomplished 
 had been framed by Senator Sherman, and it was his fortune now 
 to carry it into effect as Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 In the Republican convention of 1880 a resolute effort of the 
 friends of General Grant to nominate him for a third term was de- 
 feated by the equal ardor and good management of an opposition 
 which attached itself principally to Mr. Blaine. The prize, how- 
 ever, went to Gen, James A. Garfield, and he was elected by a ma- 
 jority of 59 electoral votes over his Democratic competitor, General 
 Hancoqk. A man of force, of broad mind, of political experience, 
 and of high impulses. General Garfield promised to make a success- 
 ful President; but four months alter his inauguration he was shot 
 at Washington by a disappointed ofiice seeker named Guiteau (July 
 2, 1881), and he died after great suffering, September 19. Guiteau 
 was hanged June 30, 1882. 
 
 The Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, succeeding to the vacant 
 chair, administered affairs with credit, and was a prominent candi- 
 date for the nomination in 1884; but Mr. Blaine's popularity with 
 the Republican masses was no longer to be overlooked, and he was 
 named by the convention, with John A. Logan for Vice-President. 
 
LXVI NBW YORK TRIBVNE'$ 
 
 After an exciting campaign, determined at the last moment by a 
 sudden change or votes in New York, the Democratic candidates, 
 Qrover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, were elected by a 
 small majority. Pledged in advance to apply himself to a radical 
 reform of the civil service. President Cleveland was embarrassed on 
 entering office by the claims of a party which never desired that 
 reform, and which returned to power after an exclusion of twenty- 
 five years with an eager appetite for the fruits of victory. It was. 
 perhaps, natural thatln his management of the patronage he should 
 disappoint all sides. In his annual message. December, 1885, Presi- 
 dent Cleveland recommended the appointment of a joirt commis- 
 sion with Great Britain for the settlement of the question of fish- 
 ing rights. The Senate disapproved this proposal, but after the 
 adjournment of that body the President named commissioners on 
 his own responsibility, and in November, 1887, commissioners 
 from England and Canada met with them iu Washington. 
 
 Among the duties which at the close of the year 1887 still press 
 upon the nation are the devising of a just, equal, and definitive sys- 
 tem of pensions, the building up of the neglected navy, the defence 
 of our exposed coasts, the adjustment of the fishery question, the 
 upholding of our rights in Behrirg Sea, the restoration of civil 
 equality and impartial suffrage at the South, the promotion of har- 
 monious relations between capital and labor, the reform of abuses 
 in the civil service, and the maintenance of the policy of protec- 
 tion to American industry, from which the manufacturer, the artisan, 
 and the farmer have alike derived prosperity. Attacked by the 
 Democratic party in Congress, but sustained by decisive popular 
 votes, and at last, under free labor, building up varied and thriving 
 industries at the South, protection has vindicated the name applied 
 to it by Alexander Hamilton and Henry Clay of tlie American 
 System. 
 
TFT; new YORK TRIBUNE'S 
 
 POCKET ATLAS 
 
 OP THE 
 
 WORLD. 
 
 CONTAINING COLORED MAPS OF EACH STATE AND 
 
 TERRITORY IN THE UNITED STATES ; ALSO, 
 
 MAPS OP EVERY COUNTRY IN 
 
 THE WORLD. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN 
 
 One Hundred Colored Diagrams, 
 
 TABLES, ETC. 
 
 RAND, McNALLY & CO. 
 
 148 TO 154 MoNKOE Street, Chicago. 
 
 323 Broadtv^ay, New York. 
 
 1888. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congrress, in the year 1885, by 
 
 RAND, McNALLY & CO., 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, P. C. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by 
 
 RAND, McNALLY & CO., 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
IISTDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 Maps and Descriptive Matter. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abyssinia 51 
 
 Afghanistan 45 
 
 Africa 47 
 
 Alabama 115 
 
 Alaska 75 
 
 Algeria 49 
 
 Anam 39, 40 
 
 Andorra 23, 24 
 
 Arabia 37,41 
 
 Argentine Republic 180, 191 
 
 Arizona 157 
 
 Arkansas 123 
 
 Asia 37 
 
 Australasia 63 
 
 Australia 63 
 
 Austro-Hungary 31 
 
 Belgium 17, 19 
 
 Beluchistan 45 
 
 Bolivia 187 
 
 Brazil 187 
 
 British Columbia 73 
 
 British Isles 13 
 
 Bulgaria 25, 27 
 
 Burmah 39, 40 
 
 California 168 
 
 Cape Colony 55 
 
 Central America 175 
 
 Ceylon 43 
 
 Chili 191 
 
 China 39 
 
 Chinese Empire 38 
 
 Colombia, U. S. of 183,184 
 
 Colorado 153 
 
 Congo Free State 57 
 
 Connecticut 91 
 
 Corea 39, 41 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Costa Rica 175, 176 
 
 Cuba 179, 180 
 
 Dakota 145 
 
 Delaware 99 
 
 Denmark 33, 34 
 
 Ecuador 187, 188 
 
 Egypt 51 
 
 England 14 
 
 Europe 9 
 
 Europe, Northern 10 
 
 Europe, Southern 11 
 
 Florida 113 
 
 France 23 
 
 Georgia Ill 
 
 Germany 19 
 
 Great Britain 12 
 
 Greece. 27 
 
 Guatemala 175, 177 
 
 Guiana, British 185 
 
 Guiana, Dutch 185 
 
 Guiana, French 185 
 
 Hawaii 61 
 
 Hayti 175, 178 
 
 Honduras 175, 177 
 
 Honduras, British 175, 177 
 
 Hong Kong 39, 41 
 
 Idah© 165 
 
 Illinois 135 
 
 India 43 
 
 Indiana 133 
 
 ludian Territory 151 
 
 Iowa 141 
 
 Ireland 15 
 
 Italy 29 
 
 Jamaica 175, 178 
 
 Japan 39 
 
 (33 
 
1 INDEX TO MAPS AND DESCBIPTlYE MATTEB. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Kansas 149 
 
 Kentucky 129 
 
 Liberia 56, 58 
 
 Louisiana 119 
 
 Madagascar 53 
 
 Maine 81 
 
 Malay 39, 40 
 
 Manitoba 73 
 
 Marocco 49 
 
 Maryland 101 
 
 Massachusetts 87 
 
 Mexico 77 
 
 Michigan 137 
 
 Minnesota 143 
 
 Mississippi 117 
 
 Missouri 125 
 
 Montana 163 
 
 Montenegro 27, 30 
 
 Mozambique 53 
 
 Natal 55 
 
 Nebraska 147 
 
 Netherlands 17, 19 
 
 Netherlands Indies ... 61 
 
 Nevada 167 
 
 New Brunswick 71 
 
 New Hampshire 83 
 
 New Jersey 95 
 
 New Mexico 155 
 
 New South Wales.... 63 
 
 New York 93 
 
 New Zealand 63 
 
 Nicaragua 175, 176 
 
 North America 65 
 
 North Carolina 107 
 
 Northwest Territories 73 
 
 Norway 33 
 
 Nova Scotia 71 
 
 Nubia 51 
 
 Oceania 59, 60 
 
 Ohio 131 
 
 Ontario 67 
 
 OrangeRiverFree State 55 
 
 Oregon 171 
 
 Paraguay 191 
 
 Pennsylvania 97 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Persia 45 
 
 Peru 187,188 
 
 Porto Rico 175, 179 
 
 Portugal 21 
 
 Prince Edward Island 71 
 
 Quebec 69 
 
 Queensland 63 
 
 Rhode Island 89 
 
 Rumania 25, 27 
 
 Russia 35 
 
 San Domingo 175, 178 
 
 Sandwich Islands .... 61 
 
 San Salvador 175, 176 
 
 Scotland 16 
 
 Servia 25, 27 
 
 Siam 39, 40 
 
 South America 181, 182 
 
 South Australia 63 
 
 South Carolina 109 
 
 Spain 21 
 
 Sweden 33 
 
 Switzerland 23, 24 
 
 Tasmania 63 
 
 Tennessee 127 
 
 Texas 121 
 
 Transvaal 56 
 
 Tripoli 47 
 
 Tunis 49 
 
 Turkey 27 
 
 United States 79 
 
 Uruguay 189,191 
 
 Utah 159 
 
 Venezuela 183,184 
 
 Vermont 85 
 
 Victoria 63 
 
 Virginia 103 
 
 Wales 14 
 
 Washington 173 
 
 Western Australia 62 
 
 West Indies 175 
 
 West Virginia 105 
 
 Wisconsin 139 
 
 World 7 
 
 Wyoming . . , 161 
 
 Zanzibar 53 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 Diagrams and Tables. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Agriculture, Persons Engaged in 114 
 
 Agricultural Products of Mexico 76 
 
 Angora Hair Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 
 
 Area and Population of African Countries. 86 
 
 Area and Population of Asiatic Countries 86 
 
 Area and Population of Central America 174 
 
 Area and Population of European Countries 8 
 
 Area and Population of German States 18 
 
 Area and Population of Mexico 76 
 
 Area and Population of Oceania 59 
 
 Area and Population of South American Countries 181 
 
 Area and Population of West Indies 174 
 
 Barley, Average Annual Product of 82 
 
 Boots and Shoes Manufactured, Value of. 86 
 
 Butter Product, 1880, Value of. 172 
 
 Cattle in Territories, Value of. 160 
 
 Cheese Product. 1880, Value of 93 
 
 Cheese Product in Territories, 1880, Value of 158 
 
 Cloth Manufactured in the Southern States 116 
 
 Cocoa Exported by Venezuela, Value of. 181 
 
 CoflEee Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 
 
 Coffee Exported by Venezuela, Value of . . 181 
 
 Coffee Imported by Europe 8 
 
 Copper Ingots, Amount of, Produced in Southern States 106 
 
 Copper Ingots, Annual Product of 158 
 
 Com Crop, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 104 
 
 Com, Increase in Acreage of 146 
 
 Cotton Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 
 
 Cotton Manufactures per 1.000 Population, Capital Invested in 88 
 
 Crop Productions of Australasia 69 
 
 Diamonds Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 
 
 Diamonds Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 
 
 Exports of Africa 46 
 
 Exports of Belize 174 
 
 Exports of Cuba 174 
 
 Exports of Hawaiian Islands B9 
 
 Exports of Hayti 174 
 
 Exports of Jamaica 174 
 
 Exports of Mexico 76 
 
 Exports of Philippine Islands 69 
 
 Exports of Porto Rico : 174 
 
 (5) 
 
6 INDEX TO DIAGRAMS AND TABLES. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Exports of Society Islands 69 
 
 Exports of South America 181 
 
 Farm Animals in AuBtralasia, Number of 62 
 
 Farm CropB, Comparative Value of 122 
 
 Farm Crops, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 164 
 
 Farms of Five Hundred Acres or Over Occupied by Owners 110 
 
 Farm Products, Comparative Yearly 112 
 
 Farm Products, 18a2, Comparison of. 166 
 
 Fishery Products, 1S80, Value of 170 
 
 Flouring and Grist Mills, Capital Invested in 142 
 
 Glassw^are, 1880. Capital Invested in Manufacture of 96 
 
 Gold and Silver Deposited at Mints and Assay Offices, 1793 to 1883 168 
 
 Gold Produced from Placer Fields in 1880 162 
 
 Granite Quarries, Capital Invested in 80 
 
 Hardware, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 90 
 
 Hides Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 
 
 Hogs on Farms, Number of 140 
 
 Hops Produced in West in 1880, Pounds of 138 
 
 Imports of Belize 174 
 
 Imports of Society Islands 59 
 
 Indigo Exported by Colombia, Value of 181 
 
 Lace, Production of, Europe 8 
 
 Lakes of South America, Area of 181 
 
 Land, Total Cultivated, Uncultivated and Timber 120 
 
 Lead Ore Mined, Annual Value of 124 
 
 Limestone and Marble Quarries, 1880, Capital Invested in 84 
 
 Linen Production of Europe 8 
 
 Lumber Products, 1880, Value of 136 
 
 Mineral Productions of Europe 8 
 
 Molasses Produced in 1880, Gallons of 118 
 
 Mules, Value of 126 
 
 Orchard Products per 1,000 Population, Value of 98 
 
 Ostrich Feathers Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 
 
 Oyster Fisheries, 1880, Value of 100 
 
 Peanuts, Annual Amount of Crop 108 
 
 Plate Glass Manufacture, 1830 132 
 
 Population. 1870 to 1880, Increase of 148 
 
 Rice Produced in 1880, Pounds of 108 
 
 Rivers of Africa, Length of 46 
 
 Rivers of Asia, Length of 36 
 
 Rivers of Europe, Length of 8 
 
 Rivers of South America, Length of 181 
 
 Rubber Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 
 
 Seal Fisheries, Annual Products of. 74 
 
 Seas and Lakes of Asia, Areas of 36 
 
 Seas and Lakes of Europe, Areas of 8 
 
 Sheep in Territories, Comparative Number of 154 
 
 Silk Goods Manufactured, Value of 94 
 
 Silk Production of France 8 
 
 Silk Production of Italy 8 
 
 Silver Product of 1882 152 
 
 Slaughtering and Meat Packing Products, 1880 184 
 
 Sugar Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 
 
 Tea Imported bv Gr-'at Britain 8 
 
 Tobacco Crop, 1882, Value of 128 
 
 Tobacco Exported by Brazil, Value of. 181 
 
 Wheat and Corn, Amount Raised Yearly by Different Nations. 150 
 
 Wheat Production 1870 to 1880, Increase in 144 
 
 Wool Product, in Pounds, 1880 130 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 MAP OF THE WORLD. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Northwestern portion of Old World, and smallest of its grand 
 divisions. Extreme length northeast and southwest, 3,500 miles: 
 extreme breadth, over 2,400 miles ; coast Hue not less than 20,000 
 miles. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Andorra 
 
 Austro -Hungary — 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 Denmark 
 
 England and Wales. 
 
 France 
 
 Germany 
 
 Greece 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Montenegro 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Norway 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Rumania 
 
 Russia 
 
 San Marino 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Servia 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Area, 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 i?5~ 
 
 240,942 
 
 11,373 
 
 24,3G0 
 
 13,784 
 
 58,186 
 
 204,177 
 
 212,028 
 
 25,111 
 
 32,531 
 
 114,410 
 
 3,550 
 
 12,648 
 
 122,809 
 
 36,510 
 
 48,307 
 
 2,041,402 
 
 32 
 
 29,820 
 
 18,800 
 
 191,100 
 
 170,979 
 
 15,992 
 
 63,850 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 5,800 
 
 37,883,226 
 
 5,655,197 
 
 2,007,919 
 
 1,969,039 
 
 25,974,439 
 
 37,672,048 
 
 45,234,061 
 
 1.979,453 
 
 5,174,836 
 
 28,459,628 
 
 250,000 
 
 4,225,065 
 
 1,806,900 
 
 4.306,554 
 
 6,376,000 
 
 86,486,959 
 
 7.816 
 
 3,735,573 
 
 1,865,683 
 
 16,061,8r.9 
 
 4,603,595 
 
 2,846,102 
 
 4,490,000 
 
 Andorra 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Brussels 
 
 Sophia 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 London 
 
 Paris 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Athens 
 
 Dublin 
 
 Rome 
 
 Cetigne 
 
 The Hague 
 
 Christiania 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Bukharest 
 
 St. Petersburg.. 
 
 San Marino 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 Belgrade 
 
 Madrid 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 Bern 
 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 1,000 
 
 .103,857 
 
 389,782 
 
 30,601 
 
 273,323 
 
 ,7(56,661 
 
 ,269,023 
 
 ,122,360 
 
 84,903 
 
 418,910 
 
 273,268^ 
 
 2,000 
 
 127,931 
 
 124,155 
 
 246,343 
 
 221,805 
 
 929,100 
 
 6,000 
 
 236,002 
 
 37.500 
 
 397,818 
 
 194,469 
 
 44,087 
 
 600,000 
 
 liENQTHS OF RIVERS. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Danube 1,725 
 
 Don 1,300 
 
 Dneiper 1,230 
 
 Dwina 700 
 
 Elbe 737 
 
 Kama 1,400 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Loire 600 
 
 Oder 550 
 
 Petchora 900 
 
 Rhine 600 
 
 Vistula 690 
 
 Volga 2,400 
 
 AREAS SEAS AND LAKES. 
 
 Square Miles. 
 
 Azov 14,000 
 
 Baltic 154,570 
 
 Black 185,000 
 
 Constance 200 
 
 Enara 685 
 
 Square Mllen. 
 
 Geneva S3« 
 
 Ladoga 6,190 
 
 Onega 3,400 
 
 Wener 2,120 
 
 White 4,600 
 
 PRODUCTION OF RAW SIIiK. 
 6,600,000 lbs. I France 19,149,000 lbs. 
 
 Consumed. 
 90,000 tons 
 136,000 " 
 70,000 " 
 35,000 " 
 65,000 " 
 
 Italy.. 
 
 ^■^^■^^^N- Produced. 
 
 Russia 250,000 tons 
 
 Great Britain 26,000 " 
 
 France 60,000 " 
 
 Germany 15,000 " 
 
 Netherlands 80,000 " 
 
 LACE. 
 
 Nottingham Persons employed, 10,500. Value products, $29,782,980 
 
 The Continent... Persons employed, 535,000. Value products, 28,128,370 
 
 ANNTJAIi MINERAL PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 Lead, Cornwall 70,000 tons i Tin, Great Britain 16,000 tona 
 
 Lead, Cordova 30,000 " I Quicksilver, Spain 1,000 " 
 
 Coffee imported, Europe 270,000 tons 
 
 Tea " Great Britain 140,000,000 lbs. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOE LP. 
 
 MAP OF EUROPE. 
 
10 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MAP OF NORTHERN EUROPE. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 11 
 
 MAP OF SOUTHERN EUROPE. 
 
13 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. ~ 
 
 The largest Island of Europe, and forming, with Ireland and the 
 adjacent islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 The union of England and Ireland was effected January 1, 1800. 
 
 Area of the kingdom, 120,838 square miles. Pop., 35,241,489. 
 The divisions are: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Capital, 
 * London; pop., 4,766,6bl. Thirty-five cities have over 75,000 popu- 
 lation. Climate is variable but healthful. Average temperature, 
 60°. Rainfall, London, 25 inches; Glasgov^', 21 ; and Dublin, 29. 
 
 Middle-class education is entirely unorganized : no complete, 
 trustworthy statistics are to be had. There were, in 1884, 69 univer- 
 Bities and colleges, with 88,823 students. In 1881, there were 1,868 
 schools of science, with 66,000 students. Number of public libraries, 
 202. The library of the British Museum has 32 miles of shelyee, 
 filled with books. Number of daily papers, 169. 
 
 Productive area in England is 80 per cent.; in Ireland, 74 percent.; 
 Scotland, 28.8 per cent. ; Wales, 60 per cent. Leading crops In 
 Great Britain, wheat, barley and oats. Acreage, 1884: wheat, 
 2,676,477; barley, 8,159,485; oats, 2,892,576. In Ireland, oats and 
 potatoes are most important; acreage of former, 1,347.895; of latter, 
 708,942. Number of acres of flax, 89,197. Orchards of Great 
 Britain cover 180,000 acres, and produce 85,000 tons of apples. 
 
 The most Important minerals are coal and iron. In 1883, coal 
 product was 163,737,327 tons ; valua, $230,270,715. Iron ore, 17,383,046 
 tons; value, $25,611,905. In 1883, 1,724,251 tons of pig iron were 
 need in the manufacture of Bessemer steel, 1,097,174 tons of It 
 being made into steel rails. Over 800 tone of steel are annually 
 consumed in the manufacture of pens, Birmingham alone using 500 
 tons; the average yearly production is 800,000,000. 
 
 The annual value of the fisheries is $50,000,000. Herring fishery 
 alone, $10,000,000; salmon, $4,000,000; oysters and shell-fish. 
 $10,000,000. Value of the Scotch fisheiies alone in lt84 was 
 $16,431,210, the herring fishery alone being $10,267,755. Total 
 value of imports, 1884, $1,948,872,745; exports of home produce, 
 $1,164,637,875; foreign and colonial produce, $312,218,575. Value 
 of corn and flour imported 1883, $338,111,835. Value of cotton 
 manufactures exported was $382,228,785. 
 
 There are 2,674 cotton factories, employing 482,903 persons. Tota\ 
 number of all factories, 7,105; number of persons employed, 975,546, 
 of whom 110,585 are children under 13 years of age. Men employed, 
 38 per cent. ; women, 62 per cent. Amount of cotton imported, 
 1883, 1,734,333,552 lbs. ; wool, 495,946,779 lbs. 
 
 Standiug army in time of peace unlawful without the consent of 
 Parliament ; annual appropriation of Commons for support of 
 troops, based on " estimates " made by the Cabinet. For 1884 and 
 1885, home and colonial eftectives and reserves, 644,753, 
 
 Previous to 18l5 there was but little emigration from the United 
 Kingdom; in that year the number was 2,081; in 1830-34. 381,956; 
 1875, 173,809; 1882, 413,288; and in 1884, 304,074, of whom 203,689 
 came to the United States. 
 
 First railway opened in 1825. In 1883, there were 18,681 miles of 
 railway; 13,215 belonging to England and Wales, 2,964 to Scotland, 
 and 2,502 to Ireland. Number of postoflices, 1884, 15,951; and. In 
 addition, 15,749 road and pillar boxes. There are 87,604 miles of 
 telegraph lines, and 140,498 miles of wire. 
 
 The colonies and dependencies of Great Britain have an esti- 
 mated area of 8,000,000 square miles. Of this vast extent of terri- 
 tory, over 3,500,000 square miles are in America, over 850,000 in Af- 
 rica, over 1,000,000 In Asia, and 3,000,000 in Australasia. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 13 
 
 MAP OF BRITISH ISLES. 
 
14 
 
 ATLAS OF TEH WOULD. 
 
 MAP OF ENGLAND. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOELD 
 
IS 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 M AP OF SCOTLAN D;^ 
 
 ji., jg jj^.yj Co. ,7^ 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 17 
 
 BELGIUM. Be. 
 
 je-um. 
 
 A kingdom of West Central Europe. Formerly united with Hol- 
 land to form the Netherlands. Independence achieved in 1830. 
 Executive power is vested in a King; legislative, in King, Senate 
 and House of Representatives. 
 
 The most densely populated of the European countries, Belgium 
 ranks eighteenth in area, but ninth in population. Area, 11,373 
 square miles. One-sixtieth of the territory artificially gained by 
 means of dykes. Length of canal and river system, 995 miles. 
 Capital, Brussels. Population, 389,782. 
 
 Agriculture chief industry. Only about one-eishth of territory 
 uncultivated. In 1882, population, 5,655,197; average density, 497 
 per square mile; 1,160,149 freeholders held 88 per cent, of land. 
 
 This country is very rich in minerals. Over 17,500,000 tons of 
 coal are produced annually. Belgium is noted for its flax. The 
 chief products are wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, hemp, tobacco. In 
 1880 there were 46,210 horses, 411,551 oxen, and 90,100 sheep. 
 
 Imports, 1882, $570,320,000; exports, $512,780,000. Manufactures 
 are important. About 190,f)00 persons employed in flax, hemp, 
 woolen and cotton manufactories. Tlie lace of Brussels and the 
 fire-arms of Liege are among the finest in the world. The value of 
 pig and wrought iron alone, in 1882, was $34,473,260. Product of 
 iron foundries about $3,000,000 per annum; of quarries, $8,459,400. 
 
 Roman Catholicism professed by nearly the entire population. 
 Education is zealously promoted by the government; total sum 
 epent, 1891, $6,503,670. Four universities in the kingdom. 
 
 Total peace strength of the army, 1835, 47,872 men, with 9,000 horses 
 and 204 guns; war footing, 227,900 men, 13,800 horses, and 240 guns. 
 
 Of the 2,682 miles of railroad operated in 1883, 1,902 miles were 
 owned and managed by the government. Number miles telegraph 
 in 1884, 3,713 ; postofflces, 869. 
 
 NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND). 
 
 A kingdom of Europe, established by Congress of Vienna, in 1815. 
 Area, 12,648 square miles. Population, 4,225,065. Country protected 
 by dykes from the overflow of rivers and the inundations of the sea. 
 
 Constitution dated 1848. Law-making power resides in the States- 
 General, a parliament of two housis. Commercial centre, Amster- 
 dam; pop., 350,201. Capital, The Ha^ie; pop., 127,931. 
 
 The soil is highly productive; fruit is grown extensively. In 1882 
 there were 5,046,210 acres of cultivated garden and pasture land. 
 Number of acres in cereals, 1,267,399; yield of grain, 130,470,000 bu. 
 Horses. 270,900; cattle, 1,427,000; and sheep, 745,1(0. 
 
 Total exports, 188 1, $313,-330,000 ; imports, $414,330,000. Value of 
 butter exported to Great Britain alone, was $21,020,605. Holland's 
 merchant marine, 1884, consisted of 701 sailing vessels, of 251,500 
 tons, and 96 steamers, of 123,400 tons. 
 
 In 1884, miles of railway, 1,320. Miles of state telegraph, 2,660; 
 miles of wire, 9,760. Number of postoffices, 1,281. 
 
 In 1884, regular army etatioued in Holland numbered 65,007 officers 
 and men; navy composed of 157 vessels, with 9,462 officers and men. 
 
 Constitution secures religious freedom. Number of Protestants, 
 2,469.814 ; Roman Catholics, 1,439,137; Jews, 81,693. 
 
 Returnsfor 1882 gave 2,822 elementary public schools; 11,250 teach- 
 ers; l,143private schools; total number of pupils, 557,932. Thereare 
 4 universities, 1 polytechnic school, 5 Roman Catholic, and 3 Prot- 
 estant seminaries. Total expense of schools, $5,921,515. 
 2 
 
18 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 The third country in size in Europe. A confederate empire, 
 composed of 25 States, and the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine. 
 Capital, Berlin. 
 
 Climate uniform. Mean temperature of whole country, 48° ; of 
 •the valley of the Rhine, 52°. Rainfall at Berlin, 24 inches. 
 
 About 63 per cent, of population is Protestant, and 36 per cent. 
 Roman Catholic. Number of churches, 37,720. Education is gen- 
 eral and compulsory. Number of elementary schools, 57,000: 
 normal, 332; high. 1,100; technical high schools, 9; industrial 
 and trade, 994. Universities, 21, with 25,964 students, of whom 89 
 per cent, are German, and 1 per cent. American. Number of 
 public libraries, 594; number of daily papers, 560. The book fair 
 at Leipzig annually disposes of 8,000 tons of books, valued at 
 $8,000,000. 
 
 Every German is liable to service in the army, and no substitu- 
 tion is allowed. All Germans capable of bearing arras have to be 
 In the standing army seven years, — three years in active service, and 
 four in army of reserve; after which they form part of the Land- 
 wehr another five years. Army on peace footing numbers 427,274 
 soldiers, and 18,118 officers. Total war strength of trained soldiers 
 would be 2,650,000; available force of all classes, 5,670,000. 
 
 Of the area, 94 per cent, is classed as productive. Leading prod- 
 ucts, 1882: corn, 16,435,620 tons ; potatoes, 17,769,300 tons; beets, 
 874,(i54 tons; hay, 17,486,000 tons; 11,500 tons of hops, and over 
 85,000.000 gallons of wine. Value of farm animals, Sli4S6,000,000. 
 The mineral products of 1883 were valued at over $116,000,000. 
 Value of imports, 1883, ^822,724,000; exports, $833,750. There are 
 23,940 breweries, producing annually 880,000,100 gallons of beer. 
 The annual butter product is 160,000 tons. 
 
 Number of miles of railway, 1884, 22,617, of which 19,230 miles 
 belong to the government. Length of telegraph lines, 47,637 miles; 
 wires, 170,960 miles. Number of telegraph stations, 11,216. Number 
 of postoffices, 13,637. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Baden 
 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
 
 Hesse 
 
 Oldenburg 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Saxe-Weimar 
 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz . . 
 
 Saxe Meiningen 
 
 Anbalt 
 
 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 
 
 Saxe-Altenburg 
 
 Waldeck 
 
 Lippe 
 
 Scnwarzburg-Kudolstadt 
 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen . . 
 
 Reuss-Schleiz 
 
 Bchaumburg-Lippe 
 
 Reuss-Greiz 
 
 Hamburg ( State and Free City) 
 Lubeek i State and Free City) . . 
 Bremen (State and Free City).. 
 Alsace-Lorraine 
 
 Area, 
 Sq.Ml. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 137,066 
 
 27.279,111 
 
 29,293 
 
 5.284,778 
 
 7.67.5 
 
 1,971,118 
 
 6,777 
 
 2,972,805 
 
 5,8.51 
 
 1,.')70,2.54 
 
 4,834 
 
 577.055 
 
 2,866 
 
 936.340 
 
 2,417 
 
 337,478 
 
 1,526 
 
 349,367 
 
 1,421 
 
 309.577 
 
 997 
 
 100,269 
 
 933 
 
 207,075 
 
 869 
 
 232,592 
 
 816 
 
 194,716 
 
 609 
 
 155.036 
 
 466 
 
 56,522 
 
 445 
 
 120,246 
 
 340 
 
 80,296 
 
 318 
 
 71,107 
 
 297 
 
 101,330 
 
 212 
 
 35,374 
 
 148 
 
 50,782 
 
 148 
 
 453,869 
 
 >127 
 
 63,571 
 
 ~ 98 
 
 156,723 
 
 6,580 
 
 1,566,670 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Berlin 
 
 1,122,3«0 
 
 
 230,023 
 
 Stuttgart 
 
 117,303 
 
 Dresden 
 
 808,518 
 
 Carlsruhe 
 
 49,993 
 
 Schwerin 
 
 80,146 
 
 Darmstadt 
 
 48,163 
 
 Oldenburg 
 
 20,576 
 
 Brunswick .... 
 
 76,038 
 
 Weimar 
 
 19,094 
 
 New Strelitz... 
 
 9,407 
 
 Meiningen 
 
 11,227 
 
 Dessau 
 
 23 '«6 
 
 ( Coburg 
 
 15, A 
 
 1 Gotha 
 
 26,526 
 
 Altenburg 
 
 86,241 
 
 Arolsen., 
 
 8,477 
 
 Detm-old 
 
 8,053 
 
 Rudolstadt .... 
 
 8,747 
 
 Sondershausen 
 
 6,110 
 
 Gera 
 
 27,118 
 
 Buckeburg 
 
 6,088 
 
 Greiz 
 
 15,001 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Strasburg 
 
 104.471 
 
 Pop. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 19 
 
 MAPOFCERIViANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS 
 
20 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 A kingdom of Southweetern Europe, forming, with Portugal, the 
 Iberian peninsula. Capital, Madrid; pop., 397,816. Thirty-one 
 towns have over 50,000 pop. 
 
 Continental Spain has an area of 191,100 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 16,061,859. Number of Provinces, 49. Length of coast line, 
 ]:,370 miles. Object of greatest interest, ruins of the Alhambra, at 
 Granada. This is the only state in Europe permitting slavery in its 
 colonies. 
 
 Climate varies greatly. Average temperature at Madrid, 58". 
 Rainfall in the Sierras averages from 25 to 35 inches; on the table 
 lands of Castile, 10 inches. 
 
 About 80 per cent. •;f the soil is classed as productive, though 
 only 34 per cent, is under cultivation. The vine is the most impor- 
 tant culture, and large quantities of oranges, raisins, nuts and olives, 
 are grown and exported. Leading cereals: wheat, rye, barley and 
 com. The wine product averages yearly 320,000,000 gallons; value, 
 $95,000,000. Average number of oranges exported, 9tiU,000,003. 
 
 The mineral productions are of vast importance. The Cordova 
 lead mines are the richest in the world, and the mercury mines of 
 Almaden are second only to those of California. Average yearly lead 
 product, 92,300 tons ; value, $8,000,000. Mercury, 1 .090 tons ; value, 
 $1,199,000. Copper, 21,300 tons. Tin, iron and (Salt are abundant. 
 
 The national religion is the Roman Catholic. The school system is 
 inefficient, though measures tending toward improvement are being 
 introduced. At the last census (1877) 60 per cent, of the adult popu- 
 lation could not read. Number public schools, 1880, 5i9, 828; num- 
 ber of pupils, 1,769,456. Number of universities, 10; students, 15,732. 
 
 Number miles railway, 1884, 5,157, with 1,747 miles under con- 
 struction. Length of telegraph lines, 10 733 miles; number miles of 
 wh-e, 26,160. Number of postoffices, 2,099. 
 
 The colonial possessions of Spain have an area of 163,876 square 
 miles, and a population of 7,991,894. The most important are Cuba 
 and the Philippine Islands. Area of Cuba, 43,220 square miles; pop., 
 1,521,084. Capital, Havana; pop., 25,000. Sugar, tobacco and cigars 
 are principal products ; average yearly sugar production, 520,000 tone. 
 
 Available home and colonial troops, 400,000. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Name derived from Portus Cale, the ancient name of Oporto. A 
 kingdom of Europe, occupying the western part of the Iberian 
 pemnsula. 
 
 Area, 86,510 square miles. Population, 4,306,554. Number of 
 Provinces, 6. Length of coast line, 500 miles. Capital, Lisbon ; 
 pop., 246,313. Oporto, centre of port wine trade; pop., 105,838. 
 
 Climate healthful. Mean temperature at Lisbon, 61°. RainlJall 
 averages 27 inches at Lisbon, and 118 at Coimbra. 
 
 About 51 per cent, of soil is productive, and less than 23 per cent, 
 nnder tillage. Not sufficient grain raised for home consumption. 
 Wine product for 1882, 125,000,000 gallons; value, $28,500,000. 
 
 State religion, Roman Catholic. The average amount spent on 
 public education from 1875 to 18"; 9 was $10,000; in 1884 the amount 
 had risen to $966,000. There is one university, established at Coim- 
 bra in 1290. 
 
 Number of miles of railway, 1881, 950; with 300 miles under con- 
 struction. Number ol miles of telegrapli lines, 2,920; number of 
 miles of wire, 7,084; number of telegraph offices, 226. Number of 
 poBtofflcee, 931. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 21 
 
 MAP OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
58 J8 . ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 A country of Europe, the fourth in size. Named from a Germanic 
 tribe, the Franks, which invaded Gaul, A. D. 486, Area, including 
 Corsica and adjacent islands, 204,177 square miles. Climate one of 
 the finest in Europe. Average temperature ranges from 50° at Dun- 
 kirk to 62° at Toulon: that of Paris is 51°. Rainfall: at Paris, 22 
 inches ; at Bordeaux, SO inches. 
 
 France has a coast line of 320 miles ; the continental boundary 
 line is 963 miles. Largest river, the Loire. The Alps on the east, 
 and the Pyrenees on the south, connect France with the most mag- 
 nificent mountain systems of Europe. The French portion of the 
 Alps has a length of 280 miles. 
 
 The republic is divided into 87 Departments. Salary of Presi- 
 dent, $120,000; length of term, 7 years. Paris, the capital and 
 eecond city in Europe ; pop., 2,239,928. Lyons, the second city in 
 eize, and centre of silk industry; pop., 376,613. Twenty-nine towns 
 have a population of over 50.000; and 91, over 20,000. 
 
 Agricultural pop., census 1881, 18,249,209. Number of acres cul- 
 tivated, 67,000,000. In 1883, 37,039,040 acres were in cereals, of which 
 five-sevenths were wheat and oats; total production, 742,176.807 bu. 
 Number of acres in orchards, 560,000 ; yearly production of cider, 
 220.000,000 gallons. Vineyards, 5,2'*0.340 acres; annual average or 
 wine product, 720.000.000 gals.; value, $225,000,000. Champagne 
 vintage averages 20.000,000 bottles, 17,0u0,000 of which are ex- 
 ported; 1,204,145 acres under beet-root cultivation in 18;3, yielding 
 82,230,312,000 lbs. of sugar. 
 
 Commercially the country ranks with Great Britain. Entrances 
 to and clearances from her ports include annually over 60,000 ves- 
 sels; total capacity, 12,000,000 tons. Value of yearly imports, ex- 
 clusive of com and bullion, $870,000,000; exports, $960,000,000; 
 food imported, $308,000,000 annually. Value of exports, 1883, $912,- 
 340,000; imports, $1,277,340,000. Value of silk exports was $93,- 
 402,000. There were 151,404 persons engaged in silk culture. 
 Number of pounds of raw silk produced, 19.149,587. France makes 
 yearly 25,000,000 pairs of gloves, of which 18,000,000 are exported. 
 There are 890 umbrella makers, who annually produce $5,900,000 
 worth. Value of fishery products, $21,445,4J^. Average production 
 of sardines, 980,000,000; oysters, 380,000,000. There are 83,572 men 
 engaged in the fisheries, with 22,345 vessels; total tonnage, 155,670. 
 
 About 79 per cent, of population Roman Catholic; less than 2 per 
 cent. Proteetant. Number of elementary schools, 1884, 85,388; pu- 
 pils, 6,111,236. Number of normal schools, 163. Public libraries, 
 505. The Imperial Library at Paris has 18 miles of shelving filled 
 with books. Daily papers published, 128. 
 
 The reorganization of the French army has been going on since 
 1872, and is nearly completed. Every Frenchman not declared unfit 
 for military service may be called upon from the age of twenty to that 
 of forty years to enter the active army or the reserves. Substitu- 
 tion or enlistment for money prohibited. In 1884 the army con- 
 sisted of 524,797 officers and men, and 130,771 horses. 
 
 Railway system dates from 1840; number of miles, 1884,17,000. 
 Number of miles telegraph lines, 46,932 ; offices, 7,523. Number of 
 postoffices, 1884, 6,486. 
 
 The colonial possessions of France cover an area of 429,260 
 square miles, with a total population of 9,300,000. Of the colonies, 
 Algeria is the largest and most important, having an area of 
 161,476 square miles, and a population of 3,310,412. Algiers is the 
 capital ; population, 70,747. The colonies next in importance com- 
 mercially are Tunis and Cochin China. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 23 
 
 MAP OF FRANCE AND SWITZERUAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 a V'^ii^ Iw^telS 2\<^<^-^ 3 § % 
 
 ^?t.^ A^ L_2S,/ ^/l\#'^ -525*-^^ " 
 
J84 ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 The most mountainous country of Europe. Formerly a league of 
 Bemi-independent States, but since 1848 a federal republic. Num- 
 ber of Cantons, 22. President elected for a term of 1 year, and 
 not eligible for two consecutive terms; salary, $3,000. 
 
 Area, 15,992 square miles. Pop., 2,846,102. The Alps extend 
 nearly through the length of the country ; from many peaks 300 
 snow-capped summits are visible. Rigi presents the finest view ; 
 Monte Rosa, the Matterhoni (steepest in the world), Finsteraarhorn 
 and Jungfrau range from 13,700 to 15,200 ft. high. The Mer de 
 Glace is the largest glacier in the world. 
 
 The general climate is milder than that of other mountain coun- 
 tries in the same latitude. Average temperature at Geneva, 52°. 
 Average rainfall at Geneva, 32 inches; at Zurich, 34 inches. 
 
 Bern is the capital; pop., 44,087. Geneva, seat of watch and 
 jewelry industry; pop., 08,320. Basel, centre of silk industry; 
 pop., 61,399. 
 
 About 59 per cent, of the population is Protestant, and 41 percent. 
 Roman Catholic. Education ia compulsory. Number of public 
 BChools, 1882, 5,314; pupils, 516,425; school pop., 573,713. There are 
 four universities,— the one at Basel, founded in 1460; and those of 
 Bern, Zurich and Geneva, since 1832. The government maintains 
 a polytechnic school at Zurich, and a military academy at Thun. 
 Number of publiclibraries, 1,654. 
 
 The laws of the republic forbid the maintenance of a standing 
 army within its limits; but every Swiss is liable to serve in the de- 
 fense of his country. 
 
 Of the total area 17 per cent, is forest, 30 per cent, mountains, 
 lakes, glaciers and rivers; 51 per cent, under crops and grass. Of 
 th« cultivable area only 16.5 per cent, is devoted to agriculture. 
 Less than 1 per cent, is in vineyards. Rye, oats and potatoes are 
 most important crops. The dairy products are of most com- 
 mercial importance. 
 
 Number engaged in agriculture and dairy farming, census 1880, 
 1,138,678. The average yearly production of cheese is 40.000 tons. 
 
 The manufacturing industry is one of importance. Latest reports 
 give yearly value of watch manufactures $16,000,000; St. Gallen 
 embroideries, $15,000,000; silk ribbon produced at Basel, $7,200,090; 
 and the eilk industry at Zurich, $15,200,090. There are 399 cotton 
 factories, employing 38,500 people; 224 siMc factories, with 23,500 
 people; 838 embroidery factories, with 17,200 people; 45 woolen 
 factories, with J,500 workers. 
 
 Number of miles»of railway,, January, 1883, 1,810. Telegraph 
 nyetem very complete; with the exception of wires for railway serv- 
 ice, it is wholly under the control of the government. January, 
 1884, there were 4.270 miles of lines, and 10,346 of wire; number 
 of offices, 1,271. Number of postofficcs, 807; boxes, 2,081. 
 
 ANDORRA. 
 
 One of the smallest republics in the world, lying between France 
 and Spain. Its independence dates from Charlemagne, in 790. 
 France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel have jointly a nominal 
 Interest in its government. A permanent delegate has charge of 
 the interests of France in the republic. 
 
 Area, 175 square miles. Population, 5,800. Climate healthful, 
 but too cold to produce grain. It possesses rich iron mines, and one 
 Of lead. Inhabitants principally shepherds. 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 25 
 
 BULGARIA. B5Qlga're-a. 
 
 A principality under the suzerainty of Turkey. Governed by a 
 Prince elected by the National Assembly, with popular legislature 
 and constitution. Area, 24,360 square miles. Population, 1881, 
 2,007,919. Capital of principality, Sophia; pop., 20,501. Three towns 
 of over 20,000 inhabitants; 20 of over 2,000. 
 
 Most of the territory belongs to the basin of the Danube; traversed 
 by many streams. Soil in general very productive; agriculture ia 
 the chief pursuit of the inhabitants. Principal exports : grain, wool, 
 ekina and timber. About 1,500,000 tona of corn are exported per 
 year. Total imports in 1882 valued at $8,312,700 ; exports, $6,844,395. 
 
 One line of railway, 140 miles in length, extends from Rustchuk to 
 Varna. In 1883 there were in Bulgaria 1.325 miles? of state telegraph 
 lines. Military service is obligatory. Peace strength of the army, 
 17,670 men ; war strength, 52,000. 
 
 SERVIA. 
 
 Ser've-a. 
 
 The independence of this country from Turkey was established in 
 1878. By the constitution adopted 1869, the executive power is 
 vested in the King and a Council of 8 ministers; the legislative, in 
 the King and a National Assembly. Area, 18,800 square miles. 
 Population, 1,865,683. Capital, Belgrade; population, 37,500. 
 
 The surface of the country is generally mountainous. Vegetation 
 is vigorous in all districts. The climate is mild in the lower and 
 level portions, but extremely rigorous in the mountainous districts. 
 Of the total area, one-third is under cultivation, corn and wheat 
 being the chief products. There are 1,750,000 persons engaged in 
 agriculture. Latest reports of live stock give: swine, 1,067,940; 
 horses, 122,500; cattle, 826,5.50; sheep, 3.620.750 ; goats, 725,700. 
 
 The imports are estimated at about $10,000,000, and the exports a 
 little below that amount. In 1884 there were 200 miles of railway. 
 Number miles of telegraph, 1,410, The state religion is the Ortho- 
 dox Greek. There is a university of 1.58 students. Other schools 
 number about 650, with about 45,000 pupils. 
 
 RUMANIA. Eo„-mi,'.o.a. 
 
 A kingdom of Europe, formerly a part of Turkey. Though under 
 the protection of Russia since 1830, it was nominally subject to 
 Turkey until 1878. In 1881 it was raised to a kingdom. Constitu- 
 tion adopted 1866, modified 1879 and 1884. Government vested in 
 the King, an Executive Council, Senate and Chamber of Deputies. 
 Area, 48,307 square miles. Estimated population, 5,376,000. Capital, 
 Bukharest ; population, 221,805. 
 
 The soil is fertile, and of the total population, 70 per cent, is de- 
 voted to agriculture. Number of freehold proprietors, 054,000. Of 
 the area, 68 per cent, is productive; 29 per cent, under cultivation. 
 Grain, oil-seed and wine are the leading products. Average pro- 
 duction of cereals, 150,000 tons. Cattle "and sheep are extensively 
 reared. Total value of exports, 1883, $44,130,055 ; imports, $71,981,- 
 435. Value of leading exports: cereals, $34,511,400; animals, 
 $2,328,490. Imports : textiles, $23,530,315 ; metals, $14,632,880 ; 
 skins and leather, $8,748,370. 
 
 Education is free and compulsorj\ Number of primary ^hools, 
 2,743; high schools, 54; normal, 8; universities, 2. The majority of 
 the people belong to the Orthodox Greek Church. In 188-4 Rumania 
 had 850 miles of state railway ; non-state lines numbered about 150 
 miles. There were about 3,000 miles of telegraph. 
 
»6 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 TURKEY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE). 
 
 The Ottoman Empire comprehends all countries over which Tnr- 
 key has supremacy. The area and population are known only 
 through estimates, the latest of which give the area as 2,406,492 
 square miles, and the population as 42,209,359. The most important 
 
 {)art, that in Europe, was in 1878 greatly reduced in area and popa- 
 ation. The latest estimates give the immediate possessions in 
 Europe an area of 63,850 square miles, and a population of 4,490,000. 
 The laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran; the 
 government is in the hands of the Sultan, whose will ie absolute, un- 
 less opposed to the teachings of the Mohammedan religion. Capital, 
 Constantinople; population, 600,000. 
 
 While military service is compulsory on all Mohammedans over 
 eighteen years of age, there are some exemptions, and substitution 
 is allowed. Non-Mohammedans are not liable, but must pay an ex- 
 emption tax. Number of men under arms, 150,000 ; actual military 
 strength, about 430,000. 
 
 The total value of exports, 1882, was $50,828,895; imports, $87,687,- 
 400. Principal exports: fruit, fresh and di"ied, $7,886,375 ; wool and 
 mohair, $4,330,020. In 18S3, the mercantile navy consisted of 10 
 steamers, of 8,866 tons; and 391 sailing vessels, of 63,896 
 tons. 
 
 As the Koran encourages public education, public schools have 
 long been in existence in most Turkish towns. The Mohammedans 
 are estimated to number 16,000,000. 
 
 The first railroad was constructed in 1865, 45 miles being opened 
 for traffic that year. In 1882 the railroads numbered 1,076 miles, of 
 which 904 were in Europe and 172 in Asia. In 1884 there were 14,- 
 617 miles of telegraph and 26,060 miles of wire. 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Gres. 
 
 A kingdom of Southeastern Europe. Area, including Thessaly, 
 but excluding the Albanian territory detached from Thessaly ana 
 Epirus, which was added to Greece in 1881, 25,111 square miles. 
 Total population, 1,979,453. Almost wholly mountainous, — an im- 
 portant element in the political history of Greece. 
 
 Executive power vested in the King, and the responsible heads 
 of 7 departments; legislative, in the Chamber of Kepresentatives. 
 
 Athene, capital and largest city; pop., 84,903. Over 82 per cent, 
 of inhabitants belong to the Greek Orthodox charch. Greece has 
 one university and 2,698 other schools, with 140,776 pupils. 
 
 Main pursuit of inhabitants is agriculture. Manufactures few. 
 Of total area, 41 per cent, is productive, and 6 per cent, is under 
 cultivation. Land largely owned by a few proprietors. New 
 Provinces of Thessaly unusually fertile; annual yield of wheat, 
 21,700,000 bushels; oats, 11,528,000. Old Provinces produce 34,000,- 
 000 bushels of wheat and 21,700,000 bushels of corn per year. Currant 
 crop covers vast districts. Latest reports give 97,176 horses, 279,445 
 horned cattle, 45,440 mules, and 97,395 asses. Number of sheep in 
 all the Provinces, 4,421,977; goats, 2,836,663; oxen, 200,000. For 
 1883, total imports, $27,267,400; exports, mostly raisins, currants, 
 and olive oil. $18 571,400. Chief resource, maritime commerce. 
 
 Number of miles of railway now open for traffic, 107; projected 
 railways, 435 miles. Land and submarine telegraphs, 3,720 miles. 
 Postoffices, 213. Army: peace footing, 30,292 men; war footing, 
 250,500. Commercial marine, at the end of 1884, numbered 74 
 steamers, of 33,318 tons; and 3,164 sailing vessels, of 239,361 tons. 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 
 
 27 
 
 MAP OF TURKEY, GREECE, SERVIA, MONTENEGRO, BULGARIA AND RUMANIA. 
 
 Xontrilude Xast ' from Greenwich. 
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 "^Temesvar .-yv-X/ 
 
 ZBukTiarest ^§vJ/^ 
 
 JUisJcolez 
 
 IJIV^ 
 
 HfunTcacs ( 
 
 6^ 
 
38 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 It'a-le. 
 
 A kingdom in the South of Europe. Consists of a peninsula, the 
 islands of Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and about 66 smaller ones. Area, 
 114,410 square miles. Population, 28,459,628. Mean annual tem- 
 perature: at Milan, 55°; at Rome, 59°; at Naples, 61°. Climate most 
 .unhealthy in Europe; due to miasma generated in lagoons and 
 marshes. Has many famous and picturesque lakes. 
 
 Government is a constitutional monarchy. Executive power 
 vested in King and responsible ministers : legislative rests conjointly 
 with the King and a Parliament, composed of a Senate, appointed 
 for life; and a Chamber of 508 Deputies, elected by the people for 
 five years. Suffrage universal ; freedom of the press unrestricted. 
 Famous rivers are the Po, Arno and Tiber. 
 
 Italy abounds in historic and populous cities. Rome, the capital, 
 has pop. of 273,268; Naples, the largest, 463,172; Milan, 295,543; 
 Palermo, 205,71-2; Genoa, 138.081; Florence, 134,992; Venice, 129,- 
 445; 31 cities of over 30,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Agriculture chief industry, though in a primitive condition ; 87 
 per cent, of total area ])roductive; 12 per cent, under forest, 36 per 
 cent, cultivated ; 28,000,000 acres in crops. Acreage of wheat, 12,000,- 
 000 ; annual j ield, 140,000,000 bushels. Vineyards occupy about 
 5,000,000 acres; olive groves, 2,200,000. About 1,2.?5.000 acres are 
 devoted to chestnut culture. Italy ranks next to France in wine 
 production; average yield per annum, 605.000,000 gallons; average 
 annual value of all agricultural products for last 5 years, $640,000,000. 
 
 Number of cattle in 1881, 4.783,232; sheep, 8,596,108; goats, 2,016,- 
 307. In 1883, exported 127,003 cattle; sheep, 273,939; swine, 38,668. 
 Wool product insufficient ifor home consumption ; import, in 1883, 
 20,987,500 lbs. 
 
 :Slining is an important interest in Italy. Value of iron and steel 
 mined annually, $4,250,000. Sulphur is the chief mineral product; 
 value, in 1882, $9,328,505. Quarries employ 20,000 men. In 1883, 
 total weight of cocoon harvest, 92,886,200 lbs.; value, $26,491,665. 
 
 Leading imports, 1883: raw cotton, $18,173,400; coal, $13,166,200; 
 tobacco, $2,3-n.800; sugar, $10,633,200. Exports for same year: 
 raw silk, $49,712,400; olive oil, $20,150,600; wine in casks, $15,668,- 
 200; fruit, $8,685,800. Total imports, 1883, $257,241,023; exports, 
 $236,321,513. In same year, 111,296 vessels, of 18,465,381 tons, en- 
 tered Italian ports; cleared the same, 110,554 vessels, of 18,367,948 
 tons. 
 
 Length of railway, in 1883, 5,651 miles; about 1,410 miles the 
 property of the state. In 1879, Italian Parliament passed bills for 
 construction of 3,739 miles, to complete the railway system; cost, 
 $200,000,000. Number of postoffices in 1883, 3,497. Miles of tele- 
 graph, 17,258; about two-thirds owned by the government; tele- 
 graph offices, not including railway and private, 1,747 ; number 
 of telegrams, 6,454,942. 
 
 There is a universal liability to military service. Total war force, 
 2,119,250: permanent army, 750,765 strong; mobile militia, 341,250; 
 territorial militia, 1,021,934 ; reserve, 5 281 . Navy, 1881, consisted of 
 89 steamers, manned with 15,055 officers and men. 
 
 Roman Catholicism is the prevailing creed; not more than 124,000 
 Protestants and Jews in the kingdom. The present Roman Pontiff, 
 or Pope Leo XIII., is regarded as about the 263d Pope from 
 St. Peter. 
 
 Recent improvements in education have been made. There are 
 17 state universities, 4 free universities, 11 superior colleges, and 219 
 special schools. Number of primary public schools, 41,423; sum 
 allowed for expenses, $6,485,505. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 39 
 
 MAP OF ITALY. 
 
 |85J ^J^ZMcN'.i Co. ,; 
 
 9ic 33a 
 
 opi|Wa3hin gtotf 
 
30 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 AUSTRO-HUNGARY. 
 
 Aws'trO Hung'ga-re. 
 
 A monarchy of Europe. Ranks next to Russia iu size. Much of 
 the territory irt mountainous, the Carpathians extending over about 
 800 milcB. Four-fifths of the area of Austria is 600 feet above sea- 
 level. 
 
 Mean annual temperature ranges from about 48° in the north to 
 59° in the south. Average temperature at Vienna, 50° ; highest, 94° ; 
 lowest, 2°. Rainfall: on Hungarian plains, 23 inches; in Alpine re- 
 gions, 60 inches. 
 
 Austria, a German monarchy, and Hungary, a Magyar kingdom, 
 together form a bipartite state. Each uas its own Parliament, 
 ministers and government; they are connected by a common ruler. 
 Congress, army and navy. The legislative power of Congress Is 
 limited to war and foreign affairi. 
 
 Area of Austro-Hungary, 240,942 square miles; area of Turkish 
 Provinces controlled by the monarchy, 24,247 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, including military, 37,883,2-26; in Austria, 10,819,737 males 
 and 11,324,507 females; in Hungary, 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 
 females. In Austria, 6,000,000 people engaged in agriculture, 2,117,- 
 098 in manufacturing, and 177,870 in mining. Farm population of 
 Hungary, 2,848,868 ; miners, 25,905 ; manufacturers, 766,416 ; traders, 
 177,295. 
 
 Vienna, the capital, has a population of 1,103,857. Budapest, 360,- 
 551. Ninety-lour per cent, of whole area is productive. X"imberof 
 acres under crops, fallow and grass, 67,608,070. Total production 
 of cereals, 586,029,352 bushels; potatoes, 365,574,706 bushels; wines, 
 178,425,280 gallons. Total number of horses, 3,282,790; cattle, 13,181,- 
 620; sheep, 13,093,463. 
 
 Value of exports, 1883, $374,960,255. Chief exports: grain and 
 flour, $60,389,350 ; textiles, $55,516,850 ; animals, $48,519,015 ; fuel, 
 $38,979,570 ; sugar, $35,086,975. 
 
 Railway mileage, 1884, 12,820. In 1883 there were 32.684 miles of 
 telegraph line in operation. Commercial marine, 1884, consisted 
 of 9,174 vessels, with a combined capacity of 321,402 tons. 
 
 Army, in war, 1,072,300 strong; during peace, 291,078. Military 
 service compulsory on all males over 20 years of age. 
 
 The Roman Catholic is the state religion; 67.6 per cent, of inhab- 
 itants are Catholics; other creeds are tolerated. 
 
 MONTENEGRO. Monn. 
 
 -na'gro. 
 
 A small state of Europe; independence recently admitted by 
 Turkey. Area, 3,550 square mile^. Population, 1879, 250,000. The 
 land surface is composed of a series of elevated ridges, with high 
 mountain peaks. Agriculture chief occupation. Main products, 
 maize, potatoes, sumac, sardines, smoked mutton, hides, skins 
 and furs. Total yearly imports amount to $100,000; exports, 
 31,000,000. 
 
 Constitution dates from 1852; government is a limited monarchy; 
 executive power rests with the reigning Prince ; legislative, with a 
 State Council. Suflrage is extended to male citizens who are bear- 
 ing or who have borne arms. There is no standing army ; but all 
 male inhabitants are trained for the service. The state could raise 
 an armed force of 21,850 men. 
 
 Public schools are supported by the government; education is 
 compulsory. Capital, Cetigne; pop., 2,(W0. Podgoritza has 4,000 
 inhabitants; and Uulcigno, 3,000. 
 
 Miles of telegraph, 2»); number of offices, 16. 
 
ATLAS OB THE WORLD. 
 
 31 
 
 MAP OF AUSTRO-HUNCARY. 
 
32 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 Swe'den. 
 
 This kingdom, united with Norway, forms the Scandinavian 
 peninsula. The government is vested in a King, a Council of State 
 and a Parliament. Area, 170,979 square miles. Population, 4,603,595. 
 Capital, Stockholm ; population, 194,469. The armed forces number 
 •172,260 officers and men. The Royal navy consists of 66 vessels, 
 with 4,008 men. 
 
 The country has numerous lakes and rivers. In the north it is cold 
 and sterile; but the climate, on the whole, is milder than that of 
 other countries in the same latitude, and south of latitude 59° the 
 country is generally fertile. About 7 per cent, of the land area is 
 cultivated, and 5 per cent, is natural meadows. Agricultural popula- 
 tion, 2,309,790. Emigrants in 1883 numbered 29,490, of whom four- 
 fifths came to the United States. 
 
 Value of imijorts, 1882, $63,840,000; exports, S"0.5iM,000. Chief 
 exports: timber, §32,482,290; metals, $11,861,580. Mining is one of 
 the chief industries. In 188.3 there were exported 34.319 tons of iron 
 ore, 52,126 tons of bar iron, 3,C02 pounds of silver, 945 tons of cop- 
 per and 54,423 tons of zinc ore. Mining population numbered 
 410,371. 
 
 The state religion is Lutheran Protestant. The census of 1880 
 returned 4,544,434 persons of that faith, with 2,^10:^ churches. There 
 are 2 universities, with 2,540 students. Education is free and com- 
 l)ulsory. The total number of schools is about 9,800 ; pupils, 
 660,000 ; expenditures, $2,718,390. 
 
 The commercial navy numbers 3,356 sailing vessels, of 439,932 
 tons, and 7if5 steamers, of 87,524 tons. Number of miles of railway, 
 1883, 4,000, of which 1,437 miles belong to the state ; telegraph, 5,347 
 miles. 
 
 NORWAY. Nor'w.. 
 
 Tn 1814 united with Sweden Into a joint kingdom. Area, 
 122,869 square miles. Population, 1,806,900. Government an heredi- 
 tary constitutional monarchy; executive power in the hands of the 
 King and Council of State; legislative rests with Storthing, or 
 Great Court. Capital, Christiania; pop., 1884, 124,155. 
 
 Norway is an agricultural and pastoral country; but, owing to the 
 light character of the soil, the products are insufficient for home 
 consumption, and one-fourth of the total imports is grain. 
 
 Principal imports are metals, minerals, textile manufactures and 
 corn ; total value in 18S3, $44,810,000. Chief exports are timber and 
 fish; value of all exports, 1883, $32,261,000. Fisheries employ 120,000 
 people and 25,000 boats, three-fourths employed in the cod lish- 
 eries ; total product, 1883, $6,757,E00. Merchant marine, 7,913 
 vessels ; tonnage, 1,530,004 ; largest in the world, considering 
 population. 
 
 Army raised by conscription and enlistment; war footing, 68,800 
 officers and men. Armed force to exceed 18,000 unlawful without 
 the consent of Storthing. Navy, 31 sailing vessels and 40 steamers, 
 with V)2 guns, manned by a force of 915. 
 
 Miles of railway, 1884, 971; 929 miles controlled by the state. 
 Miles of telegraph, 5,629; length of wire, 10,075, Number of post- 
 offices, 1,032. 
 
 Protestants are in the majority; unlimited religious liberty, 
 Jesuitism excepted; none but Lutherans eligible to high offices. 
 
 Compulsory education prevails; primary schools, 6,617; 17 public 
 high schools, 1 university; total number of students, 284,035. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 33 
 
 MAP OF NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
34 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 DENMARK. Denmark. 
 
 A conBtitutional kingdom in Europe. Area, 13,784 Bquare miles. 
 Population, 1,969,039. Almost entirely insular. Temperature at 
 Copenhagen, 4.°. Country low and level. 
 
 Constitution, dating back to 1849, and modified in 1855, '63, '66, 
 .vests executive authority in the King and his reepoubible ministers; 
 legislative, in the Senate and House of Commons. King must be- 
 long to Evangelical Lutheran church. The franchise is extended 
 to all males over 30, who are not recipients of charity. 
 
 Pop. of Copenhagen, the capital, 1880, 273.323; Aarhuus, 24,831; 
 Adense, 20,804. In 1882, 11,614 emigrants left Denmark; vast ma- 
 jority of th^m lor the United States. Relatively, Denmark ranks 
 among the first states of Europe in point of agriculture. In 1880, 
 75 per cent, of area productive; area under cereals, 1882, 2,681.691 
 acres; product, 86,706,937 bushels. Cattle rearing increasing in im- 
 portance. In 1881, value of cattle, $7,350,395; number of horses, 
 847,561; sheep, 1,548,613; swine, 527,417. 
 
 There were exported 84,586 cattle, 72,487 sheep, 2,230,000 lbs. of 
 wool, and 253,294 hogs. Total value of exports in 1882, S52,225,300. 
 Total imports, %! ',297,280, Army is recruited by conscription; it 
 embraces 36,469 men, with a reserve of 14,000. In 1884, navy con- 
 sisted of 40 steamers. Miles of railway, 1,106; 932 miles operated 
 by the etute. Miles of government telegraph, 2,283. 
 
 Education compulsory; number of schools supported by the 
 Btate, 2,940. 
 
 RUSSIA. Rush'f 
 
 The Russian Empire comprises one-seventh of the total land area 
 of the globe. The area and population are kuo\vn only through esti- 
 mates, the latest of which give the total area as 8,520,637 square 
 miles, and the population as 102,682,124. Area of European Russia, 
 2,041,402 square miles; population, 86,486.959. Asiatic Russia: area, 
 6,479,235 square miles ; population, 16,195,165. The government of 
 Ruse'^ is an absolute hereditary monarchy ; the whole legislative, 
 erxutive and judicial power being vested in the Emperor. Capital, 
 ,3t. Petersburg ; population, 929,100. 
 
 The established religion of the empire is theQreco-Russian, which 
 numbers 63,835,000 memberSj 636 cathedrals and 41,807 churches. 
 The mass of the population is uneducated. European Russia has 
 about 375 high schools, 61 normal and 22,770 primary schools ; pupils 
 number more than 1,220,000. The empire has 8 universities, witii 
 10,700 students. 
 
 Of European Russia. 63 per cent, of the area is productive; 21 per 
 cent, is cultivated. Chief products, cereals ; the crop of 1883, ex- 
 clusive of Finland, was 1,671,012 tons ; potatoes, 447,875 tons ; to- 
 bacco, 119,200,000 lbs. Large areas are covered with forests ; value 
 of timber exported 1881, $49,200,000. Value of total exports of 
 Russian Empire, $308,898,000; imports, $283,396,000. Minerals are 
 abundant; the mining population numbers 392,304. 
 
 The total streui^'th of the Russian army on a peace footing is 729.- 
 770 men and 27,468 officers; war footing, 1,876,358 men and 41,551 
 officers. The navy numbers 358 vessels, of 349,730 tons. 
 
 In 1883, European Russia had 15,274 miles of railway, of which 
 13,670 miles belonged to the state. Number of miles or telegraph. 
 65,726. Postofflces", 4,586. The commercial navy, in 1883, consisted 
 of 187 steamers, of 138,291 tons, and 2,155 Bailing vessels, of 477,072 
 loue. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 35 
 
 MAP OF RUSSIA. 
 
36 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Largest continental divieion of the globe, and oldest known in 
 history. Area, 17,-241,533 square miles. Extends from Arctic 
 Ocean to equator, and through 165 degrees longitude; coast line 
 nearly 40,000 miles. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Afghanistan . . 
 
 Arabia 
 
 Beloochistan. . 
 British India . . 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 China 
 
 ChineseEmpire 
 
 Corea 
 
 India, Native. . . 
 
 Japan 
 
 Mancbooria .... 
 
 Mongolia 
 
 Nepaul 
 
 Persia 
 
 Russia 
 
 Siam 
 
 Syria 
 
 Thibet 
 
 278,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 140,000 
 
 674,2^0 
 
 25,364 
 
 1,537.590 
 
 4,419;i50 
 
 82.000 
 
 509,28 i 
 
 148,456 
 
 362,310 
 
 288,000 
 
 53,000 
 
 610,000 
 
 6,479,235 
 
 280,564 
 
 146,070 
 
 651,500 
 
 Turkey 729.350 
 
 Area, 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Population, 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 198,755,993 
 
 2,822,009 
 
 350,000,000 
 
 371,180,000 
 
 16,227,885 
 
 55.150,456 
 
 36,700,118 
 
 12,000,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 3,000.000 
 
 7,653,600 
 
 16,195,165 
 
 5,750,000 
 
 2,750,000 
 
 6,000,000 
 
 16,172.981 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Kabul . . . 
 Mecca . . . 
 
 Kelat 
 
 Calcutta. . 
 Colombo. 
 Pckin.... 
 
 Seoul 
 
 Governed by Chiefs 
 
 Tokio 
 
 Saghalinoola 
 
 Governed by Chiefs 
 
 Khatmandu 
 
 Teheran 
 
 St. Petersburg 
 
 Bangkok 
 
 Damascus 
 
 ( Lassa and Ti- 1 
 1 shoo-Loomboo j 
 Constantinople 
 
 Pop. 
 
 60,000 
 40,000 
 10,000 
 871,504 
 111,942 
 500,000 
 500,000 
 199,127 
 
 823,557 
 
 50,000 
 100,000 
 927,467 
 600,000 
 150,000 
 
 600,000 
 
 LENGTHS OF mVERS. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Amoo-Daria 900 
 
 Amoor 2,600 
 
 Brahmapootra 2,300 
 
 Cambodia 2,000 
 
 Euphrates 1,750 
 
 Ganges 1,600 
 
 Hoang-ho 2,800 
 
 Indus 1 ,850 
 
 Irrawaddy 1,200 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Hong-kiang 800 
 
 Irtysh 1,700 
 
 Lena 2,700 
 
 Saghalien 514 
 
 Tigris 800 
 
 Ural 1,000 
 
 Yang-tse-kiang 3,320 
 
 Yenisei 3,400 
 
 AREAS SEAS AND liAKES. 
 
 Square Miles. 
 
 Alakton-kul 1,300 
 
 Aral 24,500 
 
 Baikal 12,500 
 
 Balkash 8,600 
 
 Caspian 180,000 
 
 DeadSea 400 
 
 Gennesaret 90 
 
 Koko-nor 2,040 
 
 Square Miles. 
 
 Palter 1,600 
 
 Po-yang 2,800 
 
 Tingri-noor 2,800 
 
 Tong-Lung 3,000 
 
 Van 2,000 
 
 Zaisang 1.300 
 
 Zurrah 4,000 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 37 
 
 MAP OF ASIA. 
 
38 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 J Ar Arl , •♦ sunrise Kingdom." 
 
 An empire composed of islands lying east of Asia. Supposed to 
 have been founded 660 B. C. Area, 148,456 square miles. Pop., 
 36,700,118. The population is divided into classes, as follows: Im- 
 perial family, 39 ; kwazokli, or nobles, 3,204 ; shizoku. or knights, 
 1,931,824; common people. 34,765,051. Tokio, formerly known as 
 Jeddo, or Yedo, is the capital ; pop., 823,557. 
 
 The government is an absolute monarchy. The title of the sov- 
 ereign 18 Supreme Lord, or Emperor (Mikado). 
 
 Agriculture is followed to a great extent. The chief annual agri- 
 cultural products are: rice, 155,629,409 bu. ; wheat, 62,049,940 bu.; 
 beans, 10,795^717 bu. The annual value of silk production is 
 $20,500,000. The principal manufactures are silk and cotton goods, 
 japanned ware, porcelain and bronze. The value of the exports, 
 1883, was $35,609,000; of imports, $28,548,000. 
 
 A law went into effect in 1874, by which the government gives 
 nine bushels of rice annually to each person over seventy or 
 under fifteen years of age unable to work, and to foundlings until 
 they reach the age of thirteen. Latest reports place the number 
 of paupers at 10,050, and expenditures at $88,975. 
 
 School attendance is compulsory. There are 30,275 schools in the 
 empire, of which 71 are normal, 98 are technical, and 2 are uni- 
 versities; also, a military college and military school, with 1,200 
 students. Latest reports give 82,213 teachers and 2.703,343 pupils. 
 School age is from 6 to 14. Total number of school age, 5,750,946. 
 Public libraries, 21. Shintoism is the ancient religious faith; but 
 Buddhism is the religion of nearly all the common people. 
 
 The first railroad in the empire was opened June, 1875; it ex- 
 tended from Hiogo to Osaka, twenty-five miles. At the end of 
 June, 1884, there were 236 miles of railway in the empire. There 
 are 4,880 miles of telegraph, with 13,144 miles of wire. Postoffices 
 were first established m 1871, and now number about 5,200. 
 
 CHINESE EMPIRE. 
 
 An immense empire of Eastern Asia; in territorial extent, the 
 second in the world; in population, the largest. Area, 4,419,160 
 square miles. Pop., 371,180,000. 
 
 Longest rivers: Yang-tse-kiang, 3,320 miles; with basin, 950,000 
 sq. miles. Hoang-ho, 2,800 miles; with basin, 715,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Capital, Pekin; pop., 500,000. Twenty-three cities have more 
 than 100,000 population; and 66, more than 50,000. 
 
 The state religion has no outward ceremonial, except a few sym- 
 bolical rites observed at New Year. It consists in the study of the 
 teachings of Confucius and Lao-tse. The majority of the people 
 are Buddhists. Education is almost universal, there being ftew 
 adults unable to read and write. The Chinese have had news- 
 papers at least ten centuries. 
 
 Value of imports, 1883, $103,071,415; exports, $98,349,895. Th© 
 chief imports were: opium, valued at $35,510,260; and cotton 
 goods, valued at $30,88S,465. Chief exports : tea,— value, $45,077,135; 
 and Bilk, chiefly raw, $33,537,990. The coal fields of China are among 
 the first in the world; about 3,000,000 tons are mined each year. The 
 mines at Kai-p'ing, in 1883, produced 600 tons per day. 
 
 In June, 1876, a railway of twenty miles, between Shanghai and 
 Woosung, was opened for traffic; but the following year it was pur- 
 chased by the Chinese authorities, and closed. There are 20,000 
 Imperial roads in the empire. In 1884 there were 3,089 miles of tele- 
 graph line, with 5,489 miles of wire. 
 
ATLAS Oi TEE WORLD. 
 
 39 
 
 MAP OF CHINA* JAPAN* ETC. 
 
40 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ANAM. 
 
 An ^ nam'. 
 
 An empire of Indo-China under t'.e protectorate of France. Area, 
 
 198,043 square miles. Population, 12,000,000. Drained by manj 
 
 rivers. In January, temperature 41° throughout the north ; in 
 
 .■outhern part of Cochin China, mean annual temperature is 83°. 
 
 The elephant, panther and tiger found in the forests of Anam. 
 
 Inhabitants essentially agricultural. Country rich in metalt. 
 Government is an absolute monarchy. Social equality exists 
 among citizens. Buddhism and doctrines of Confucius are domi- 
 nant. Hue is the capital; pop., 100,000. 
 
 BURMA. 
 
 Bur'mah. 
 
 As a result of the late war veith Great Britain, Burma was on Jan. 
 1, 1886, declared a part of the British Empire. The government is 
 now administered by the Governor General of India, though the 
 country is not yet incorporated with the Indian Empire. The late 
 government was a despotism, dependent on the will of the King. 
 The area is 190,500 square miles. Population estimated to be about 
 8,000,000. Capital, Jlandalay; population, 70.000. Bhamo. on the 
 Chinese frontier, is an imporianttown. Education is in the hands of 
 the priests, but is very general. Buddhism is the prevailing religion. 
 
 The country is not so fertile as British Burma; but wheat, corn, 
 rice, pulse, indigo, cotton, tobacco, and a large variety of fruits are 
 grown. The forests produce valuable timber trees in great variety. 
 Minerals abound, but are not generally worked. Petroleum, how- 
 ever, is quite largely produced . Burma possessing no seacoast, the 
 foreign trade is inconsiderable. 
 
 SIAM. 
 
 Sl-am'. 
 
 A Itingdom of Southeastern Asia, divided into 41 Provinces. The 
 
 fovernment is an absolute monarchy. Area and population are 
 ut imperfectly known ; foreign estimates place the former at 280,- 
 564 square miles, and the population at about 5,750,000. Prevailing 
 religion. Buddhism. Siam has no public debt. Capital, Bangkok; 
 population, 600,000. There is a smftU standing army, and a general 
 armament of the people in form of a militia. 
 
 Though much of the land is fertile, it is badly cultivated. Chief 
 products, rice, gums, teak, sandalwood, rosewood, spices and 
 fruits. Foreign commerce centres at Bangkok. Total value of ex- 
 ports from there in 1883, $8,525,655; imports, $4,783,570. Commer- 
 cial marine numbers 44 sailing vessels and 1 steam vessel In 1883, 
 384 vessels, of 185,612 tons, cleared the port of Bangkok. 
 
 MALAY. Ma.a'. 
 
 A peninsula of Asia; the southernmost point of the continent. 
 
 Area about 70,000 square miles. Estimated population, 650,000. 
 LesB known of the interior than of any other point in Asia. Surface 
 very uneven. Climate is moist and hot: temperature on the Mak- 
 ran coast and in Persian Gulf, 110°; and at times, 125°. Out of 365 
 days, 190 are rainy; rainfall from 100 to l;W Inches. 
 
 Politically, Malay consii^ts of the Straits Settlements of Great 
 Britain, 6 Provinces of Siam, and a number of email Malay States, 
 either tributary to or in treaty with the above powers. The Straits 
 Settlements comprise the Islands of Singapore and Penang and the 
 territories of Malacca and Province of Wellesley. Area, 1,445 square 
 miles; pop., 423,o84. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 41 
 
 COREA. 
 
 Ko-ree'a. 
 
 A kingdom of Eastern Asia. Area estimated at 82,000 square 
 miles. Population, 16,227,885. Climate variable, on account of the 
 unevenness of the country; the thermometer at times registers 15" 
 below zero. 
 
 The history of Corea dates back to 1120, when the Chinese gained 
 possession of it. Seems first to have been subjugated by the Tar- 
 tars. Japanese ruled it between 1692 and 1C98, when it reverted to 
 China. The country pays an annual tribute of 8C0 ounces of silver 
 to the Chinese Emperor. The King of Corea is an absolute despot. 
 Capital, Seoul; pop., 199,127. 
 
 Minerals are saidtoabound in the peninsula; but the low state of 
 civilization in the country will not admit of their development. 
 The country is mountainous, and the cultivable portion small; prin- 
 cipal crops are rice, millet, beans and jute. 
 
 Value of imports, 1881, $1,944,733; exports, $1,882,650. Principal 
 exports, ginseng, hides, rice and silk. Wheeled vehicles are un- 
 known, and there are no bridges over the many streams. Doctrine 
 of Confucius the established creed. 
 
 HONG KONG. 
 
 A colony of Great Britain, formerly a part of China. It consists 
 of the Island of Hong Kong, ceded to Great Britain in 1841, and the 
 opposite peninsula or Kow-loon, ceded to Great Britain, 1861. The 
 government is administered by a Governor, aided by an Executive 
 Council. There is also a Legislative Council. The chief city is 
 Victoria. In 1883 the government sustained 87 schools, with 5,597 
 pupils. The total population of Hong Kong is 160,420, of whom but 
 7,990 are white persons. 
 
 Hong Kong form^^ the centre of trade for many different kinds of 
 goods. Its commerce is virtually a part of that of China, and is 
 chiefly carried on with Great Britain, the United States and Ger- 
 many. Of the exports and imports only mercantile estimates are 
 known; these place the former at about $10,000,000, and the latter at 
 $20,000,000. The tea and silk trade of China is largely in the hands 
 of Hong Kong firms. In 1882, 28,663 vessels, of 4,976,233 tons, en- 
 tered the ports of Hong Kong. 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 A-ra'be-a. 
 
 A peninsula of Asia. Area, 1,000,000 square miles; length, 1,200 
 miles; breadth, 900 miles. Sandy desert comprises moKt of the 
 country; fertile regions are shores of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. 
 Seacoast, 1,200 miles in length. Heat intense: raiufall light. 
 
 Population variously estimated from 8,500,000 to 15,000,000. 
 Claims descent from Ishmael; nomadic habits; Mohammedans in 
 belief. 
 
 The pearl fisheries, which are of great commercial importance, 
 begin at the Bahrein Islands, and extend southeast alone the Persian 
 Gulf, a distance of nearly 200 miles. The yearly produce is esti- 
 mated to be worth over $1,250,000. 
 
 CofEee, probably indigenous, chief article of export. Wheat, bar- 
 ley, beans, millet, dates and lentils form food of the natives. Rivers 
 unimportant. 
 
 Arabia was never subject to one sovereign. Inhabitants broken 
 up into petty tribes, each ruled by its own chief. 
 
42 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 INDIA, in'de-.. 
 
 An empire of Asia, divided into Britisli territory and feudatory 
 states, acknowledging sovereignty of Great Britain. Ricnest and 
 most populous dependency of the Englieli Crown. Area, 1,383,504 
 equare miles. Population, '^53,906,449. 
 
 Government is entrusted to Secretary of State for India; he is 
 aided by a Council of 15 members. Executive authority vested in 
 Governor General, appointed by the British Crown, and a Council 
 of 7 members. Salary of Governor General, $125,000 per year. 
 
 Population dense. The density varius from 441 per square mile 
 to 43; the average for all India being 184. Agriculture backward. 
 Means of transportation poor but improving. Eight famines have 
 visited India, and decimated the population of varioun Provinces. 
 Soil is productive; rice, corn, millet, barley and wheat are grown; 
 cotton, indigo, opium and sugar cane are largely exported. 
 
 Large quantities of bullion are imported for the manufacture of 
 ornaments. In 1884, imports of gold, $27,347,280; silver, $37,042,580. 
 Leading imports, 1883-84: cotton manufactures, $125,584,246; 
 metals, S25,909,250; machinery, $8,955,740. Chief exports: raw 
 cotton, $71,806,605; opium, $56,472,300; seeds, $50,450,990; wheat, 
 $44,399,155; rice, $41,816,400. Total imports, 1884, $318,007,480; 
 exports, $445,006,975. 
 
 Capital, Calcutta; population, 871,504; 60 towns of over 50,000 
 inhaoitants. Over 19 dialects and languages spoken in the empire. 
 
 Number vessels entered Indian ports, 1884, 5,812; cleared, 5,850; 
 number steamships entered by Suez Canal, 1,091; number vessels 
 engaeed in interportal trade, 103,503. Miles of railway, 1854, 21; 
 in 1885 there were 10,832; unfinished, 1,823. Miles of telegrdph, 
 Jl,740; messages, 1,799,179. 
 
 Education progressing. Schools, 109,212; scholars, 2,790,783; 
 universities, 3 ; governmental schools, 15,845 ; commission of iuves- 
 tigation appointed in 1883. 
 
 European and native army, 190,476 men. Native states have an 
 army of 349,835 men; 4,237 guns. 
 
 CEYLON. 
 
 See-Ion' 
 
 An island situated in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. 
 Area, 25,364 square miles; length, 260 miles; average breadth, 100 
 miles. Climate much pleasanter than that of Southern India. 
 Ceylon was first settled in 1505; formed into a separate colony 
 in 1798; fell under Britigh rule in 1815. 
 
 By the constitution of 1831 and 1833, goverument is administered 
 by a Governor, with an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. 
 Minerals abound; precious stones are often found; pearl fisheries 
 of western coast are famous. Bread-fruit, cinnamon, pepper, rice, 
 cotton and tobacco are among the chief products of the soil. 
 
 Principal exports in 1883: coffee (the least since 1853), valued at 
 
 §6,338,155; tea, $430,000; cinchona bark, $2,105,000; cocoanut oil, 
 2.030,000. Total exports in 1883, $16,654,500; imports, $22,643,885. 
 There were 164 miles of railway open for traiiic in 1884; 16 miles 
 in course of construction. Miles of telegraph were 989. 
 
 Estimated population, 1884,2,822,009; 1.698,070 Buddhists, 493,630 
 Hindoos, 197,775 Mohammedans, and 147,977 Christians. The Euro- 
 peans numbered about 5,000, of whom 4,000 were English. There 
 were 1,703 schools, with nominal attendance of 10-^,109 pupils. 
 Colombo is the capital; pop., 111.942. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 43 
 
 MAP OF INDIA AND CEYLON. 
 
 o DefircC'^ii^iiff^i-^n^.A:, 
 
 
 Jfa3iral..-ia >. .Ca«'npore>^f''^^?\?"^ J)urhunga 
 
 l\^^L^ife^^l Hutlam,^ ^,..,.,a)«,naJ /j'alamow^ XrVhl^aB 
 
 calcutt; 
 
 _ Patri ■'N^Ujjaiu 
 
 .22°l\m^W8dwan/^\,3aronao V*^. — ' 
 
 o^ L77>irai««iu oKampta JBalaaur 
 
 SQrat y^ o tlNagpur _„ 
 
 ^^»lpa,,.^^— <;,,,,, -^;'- j);^ 
 
 oAurangalad _, -t .-Kafai y/yf/'//^''^ 
 ^— , ^ . o Ctianda r> ■ /Ir^ ' /r*^ 
 
 AoAapMr 
 
44 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 PERSIA. Per- 
 
 she-a. 
 
 A kingdom of Western Asia. Area, 610,000 square miles. Popti- 
 lation, 7,653,600. Temperature ranges from 10° to 110°; winters 
 severe in central territory; summers hot and dry. 
 
 The government is an unlimited despotism. The Koran Is law, 
 "the Shah heing loolced upon as the vicegerent of the prophet. Persia 
 has no national debt. Persian army numbers 105,500 men on war 
 basis; peace footing. 30,000. 
 
 Soil, in some of the extensive valleys, very fertile. Wheat and 
 other cereals, cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco and opium yield well: 
 eilk is an important product of the country. Fruit trees and 
 vegetables flourish. Mineral resources undeveloped. Diamonds 
 have been taken from mines in Khorasan for centuries. Pearl 
 fisheries of the Persian Gulf the most extensive in the world. 
 
 Commerce centres at Tabriz. Bushire and Lingah principal 
 ports. Imports, by Lingah ar.d Bushire, in 1883, $5,724,665. Ex- 
 ports, by same ports, $3,071,705; opium, $1,403,415; grain and pulse, 
 $342,250. System of telegraph in the hands of Europeans; miles 
 of line, 3,647; of wire, 5,947; offices, 78. Mail service from Julfa to 
 Tabriz and Teheran, thence to Resht, established in 1877. 
 
 Capital, Teheran; pop., 100,000. Of total population, 1,963,800 live 
 in cities, 1,909,800 are nomadic tribes, 3.780,000 inhabit country dis- 
 tricts and villages. Education among the upper classes advanced; 
 many colleges are sustained by government. 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. A,.gao>l=-tan.. 
 
 Name given to plateau on northwest frontier of India. Esti- 
 mated area, 278,000 square miles. Temperature at Ghazni, 10° to 
 15° below zero; at Kandahar, heat in summer reaches 120°. No 
 other country of equal area has such diversities of climate. Dis- 
 tinguished for the mountain passes, through which India has been 
 frequently invaded. 
 
 Government is a despotism. Capital, Kabul. Population, 2,r00,000, 
 consisting of numerous warlike clans. The Amir is a military 
 dictator, with a yearly revenue of $2,000,000, and a subsidy of 
 $600,000 from India. Two-thirds of inhabitants Mohammedans. 
 
 Agricultural and pastoral pursuits the chief industries of the 
 people; wheat the most important crop ; rice, barley and millet 
 grown. On terraces, 6,000 and 7,000 feet high, all the vegetables and 
 Fruits of Europe grow; in the south, sugar cane and date palm. 
 
 BELUCHISTAN. Be. 
 
 oo^chis-tan'. 
 
 A country of Asia lying east of Persia. Area, 140,000 square miles. 
 Population, 1,000,000. Climate diverse; in higher parts, extremely 
 cold; in valleys, heat is oppressive. Deficiency of water through- 
 out the whole country. Surface rugged and barren. 
 
 The soU is unproductive, but has been cultivated until it supplies 
 the natives with necessaries. Fruits and vegetables flourish near 
 the towns. 
 
 The only exports are horses, grain and dates. Imports: Indian eilk, 
 cotton goods, rice, sugar, spices, and dye stuffs in small quantities. 
 
 The government is a despotism. Khan has unlimited power 
 over life, person and property; resides at Kelat, the capital, a city 
 with a population of 10,000. Inhabitants divided into many tribes, 
 ruled by chiefs. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 45 
 
 MAP OF PERSIA, AFGHANISTAN AND BELUCHISTAN. 
 
46 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 A large insular continent lying south of Europe, from which it 
 is separated by the Mediterranean. Area, 11,512,460 square miles; 
 extreme length, 4,330 miles; extreme breadth, 4,000 miles; coast 
 line, only about 16,000 miles, there being few indentations, and a 
 lack of good harbors. 
 
 PRINCIPAIi COUNTRIES. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 Congo Free State . 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Liberia 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 Morocco 
 
 Mozambique 
 
 Natal 
 
 Nubia 
 
 OrangeRiverFreeStatc 
 
 Transvaal 
 
 Tunis .. 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 Area, 
 
 Popula- 
 
 Sq.Mls. 
 
 tion. 
 
 200,000 
 
 3.000,000 
 
 161,476 
 
 3,310,412 
 
 229,815 
 
 1,027,168 
 
 1,056.200 
 
 27.000,000 
 
 394,240 
 
 6,806,381 
 
 14,300 
 
 1,068,000 
 
 228,500 
 
 3,500,000 
 
 219,000 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 38,000 
 
 ? 300,000 
 
 21,150 
 
 416,219 
 
 ? 35,000 
 
 ? 400,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 133,518 
 
 114,360 
 
 750,000 
 
 42,000 
 
 2,100,000 
 
 625 
 
 300,000 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Gondar 
 
 Algiers . 
 
 Cape Town 
 
 Cairo 
 
 7,000 
 70,747 
 33,239 
 
 368,108 
 
 Monrovia 
 
 Tananarivo 
 
 Marocco 
 
 Mozambique... 
 Pietennaritzburg 
 Dongola 
 
 3,000 
 i 100,000 
 
 50,000 
 ? 35,000 
 
 14,231 
 
 Bloemfonteiu . 
 
 Pretoria 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Zanzibar .. 
 
 2,567 
 
 4440 
 
 ?120',000 
 
 90,000 
 
 Pop. 
 
 LENGTHS OF RIVERS. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Congo 2,400 
 
 Niger 2,900 
 
 Nile= 5,100 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Orange 1,600 
 
 Senegal 1,000 
 
 Zambesi 1,800 
 
 LATEST REPORTED EXPORTS. 
 
 Cape Colony : 
 Ostrich Feathers . . $ 4,656,900 
 
 Angora Hair 1,359,020 
 
 Diamonds 13,712,350 
 
 Copper 2,270,565 
 
 Marocco : 
 
 Almonds $ 394,000 
 
 Cattle 393,880 
 
 Dates 27,480 
 
 Eggs 156,210 
 
 Gums 244,885 
 
 Shoes 527,420 
 
 Liberia: 
 
 Ivory 1,116 lbs. 
 
 CofEee 250,136 " 
 
 Rubber 133,119 " 
 
 Palm Oil 1,100,222 gals. 
 
 Madeira: 
 
 Wine ....$525,740 
 
 Sugar 165.800 
 
 Bananas 9,680 
 
 Pineapples 2,110 
 
 Sierra Leone : 
 
 Cola Nuts 819,175 lbs. 
 
 Gum Copal 452,196 " 
 
 Palm Oil 250,730 gals. 
 
 Palm Kernels. . .21,624,681 lbs. 
 
 Ginger 1,277,635 '* 
 
 Rubber.... .. 1,084,219 •' 
 
 Egypt: 
 
 Cotton $37,328,905 
 
 Rice 606,785 
 
 Sugar 1,971,590 
 
 Cottonseed 8,482,670 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 47 
 
 MAP OF AFRICA. 
 
 
48 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MAROCCO. Ma. 
 
 rok'ko. 
 
 An empire of Africa, formerly the largest of the Barbary States. 
 Area, 219,000 square miles. Population, 5,000,000. Atlas Mountains 
 cross the country; rivers lew and small. Atlantic coast line, 750 
 mUeslong; Mediterranean, 250 miles. 
 
 The Sultan's authority is supreme in spiritual and temporal mat- 
 ters. Estimated yearly revenue of Sultan, $2,500,000. Marocco has 
 three capitals: Fez (pop., 80,000) is the chief; Marocco, the old 
 metropolis (pop., 50,000); and Mequinez (pop., 56,0(K)). 
 
 Both climate and eoil are well suited to the production of wheat, 
 barley, corn and other grains; agriculture is neglected for pastoral 
 pursuits. Marocco supposed to be rich in minerals. 
 
 Foreigners control the maritime trade; Tangier is the main port; 
 6even others open to foreign commerce. Import of cotton, 1882, 
 valued at $3,401,130; sugar, $1,390,240; rice, flour, etc., $1,462,090. 
 Exports, 1882: wool, $1,116,850; shoes, $527,420; almonds, $394,000; 
 cattle, $393,880. In 1882, 1,050 vessels, of 314,794 tons, entered, 
 and 1,047, of 315,559 tons, cleared, the ports of Marocco. 
 
 ALGERIA. 
 
 Al-jee're-a. 
 
 Situated in North Africa; the most important French colonial 
 possession. Area, about 161,476 square miles. Coast line, 550 
 miles. Climate variable; mean annual temperature at Algiers, 
 66.5°. 
 
 Government of settled districts administered by a Governor Gen- 
 eral; others under military rule. Civil government divided into 
 three departments, each of which sends 2 Deputies and 1 Senator 
 to the French Chambers. Algiers the capital ; pop., 1881, 70,747. 
 Total popnlation of Algeria, 18^1, 3,310,412; French, «33,937. 
 
 Agriculture the principal industry; in 1881, 2,328,636 thus en- 
 gaged. In 1882, 40,000,000 acres in farms; 5,460,000 under cereals; 
 wheat product, 559,500 tons; barley, 790,000; number of acres de- 
 voted to vine culture, 99,000. Olive oil manufactured in 1880, 5T4,0()0 
 Uals. Yield of tobacco, from 20,000 acres, 9,490,G00 lbs. In 1882 
 there were 1,027,913 cattle, 5,142,321 sheep, 3,0.56,660 goats. 
 
 Imports 1883, $47,630,790; exports, $33,788,880. In 1883, 4,803 
 vessels, ot 1,954,423 tons, entered Algerian ports. Number miles 
 railway, 993. Miles of line of telegraph in 1882, 3,645. In 1881 there 
 were 619 students in the higher schools; number of secondary 
 schools, 16; pupils, 3,561; 916 infant and primary schools, with 
 79,201 pupils. 
 
 TUWlb. Tu'niss. 
 
 A kingdom or regency of Africa, formerly one of the Barbary 
 States; since 1881 under the protectorate of France. The govern- 
 ment is practically adminiBtered by a Minister Resident and two 
 Secretaries. The area of the country is about 42,000 square miles, 
 and the population is estimated to number 2,100,000. Capital, Tunis; 
 population variously fstimated from 100,000 to 120,000. 
 
 There are twelve ports open to foreign trade. The imports average 
 $5,500,000 per annum, and the exports $6,500,000. The principal 
 articles of export are wheat, barley, esparto grass (used in makmg 
 paper), olive oil, dates, wool and skins. Principal imports, mana- 
 lactnred goods, liquors, sugar and flour. 
 
 In 1883, 3.768 vessels, of 1,524,429 tons, entered Tunisian ports; of 
 these 1,222, of 1,018.538 tons, were French. Tunis h.as about 200 miles 
 of railway, and 2,500 miles of telegraph. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 49 
 
 MAP OF MAROCCO, ALGERIA AND TUNIS. 
 
60 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 E'jipt, 
 
 A dependency of Turkey, situated in North Africa. Estimated 
 area, 394,240 square miles. Population, 6,806,381. Territory covered 
 by sandy deserts, except where tiie annual inundations of the Nile 
 render it fertile. Rain falls once in three or four years. The agri- 
 Cultural population forms 61 per cent, of the total. 
 
 Egypt is a Province of the Ottoman Empire ; yet it is independent 
 at the same time, audits sovereignty is dependent on the will of 
 stronger powers, England being dominant. Absolute executive 
 
 f)ower is in the hands of the Khedive, under the supervision of Eng- 
 and. Provincial Councils and a Legislative Council advise with 
 the Khedive on matters purely local. Cairo, capital; pop., 368,108, 
 
 Under the Pharaohs, Egypt was an agricultural country. It is 
 distinguished for the prominent part it played in ancient history, its 
 ruins, and situation with reference to the Suez Canal. 
 
 Commerce extensive, consists largely of goods in transit; carries 
 on a large trade with Central Africa. In 1883, imports, ^42.984,880; 
 exports, $61,549,425. Principal export, cotton; value, 1883,S37.328,905. 
 
 The railway system, 1884, consisted of a single line, 1,276 miles 
 long. Miles of government telegraph, 1884, 2,767. Eastern telegraph 
 company have a line to Cairo, 455 miles in length. 
 
 Population of chief towns, 1882: Alexandria, 208,755; Damietta, 
 34,046; Tantah, 33,725; Mansourah, 26,784; Zagazig, 19,046; Rosetta, 
 16,671; Port Said, 16,560; Suez, 10,913, 
 
 The Nile is the only river iu Egypt. The Suez Canal connects the 
 Mediterranean with the Red Sea; opened for navigation, November, 
 1869; length, 100 miles; number of vessels passed through in 1883, 
 3,.S07, of 8,106,001 tons; gro.-s receipts, $13,227,530; net profits, 
 $7,172,700. In 1883, postoffice carried 9,587,000 letters. 
 
 NUBIA. Nu'be-a. 
 
 A country of Eastern Africa. From 1821 to 1884 Nubia was under 
 the dominion of Egypt, Since the southern boundary of Egypt 
 can not yet be regarded as fixed, it is impossible to give trustworthy 
 statistics of the area and population of Nubia, The fertile part of 
 the country lies chiefly in the valley of the Nile. The climate is hot 
 and dry, but generally healthful. Chief products are barley, cotton, 
 indigo, dnrrah, dates, tobacco, senna and coflfee. An extensive 
 transit trade is carried on with Egypt and interior Africa, in gold 
 dust, ostrich feathers and senna. The entire valley contains the 
 remains of ancient buildings, the most numerous lying below Don- 
 gola. 
 
 ABYSSINIA, (^""r ^■'> HABESH. 
 
 An isolated country of Eastern Africa, consisting of three divisions, 
 Amhara, Tigre and Shoa. Tigre and Amhara constitute one king- 
 dom, and Shoa another; they are all divided into a great number of 
 smaller provinces, Gondar, in Amhara, is the capital of all Ethiopia, 
 Capital of Shoa, Ankobar; of Tigre, Adowa. Area about 200,000 
 square miles. Population about 3,000,000, Drained by numerou»» 
 rivers emptying into the Nile. 
 
 Lowland soil grows wheat, cotton, maize, rice, sugar cane i 46. 
 flax. No foreign trade except exportation of small quantities of 
 ivory, musk, coffee and gold dust: manufactures limited. Inhabit- 
 ants a mixture of many races, warlike and uncivilized. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 51 
 
 MAP OF EGYPT NUBIA AND ABYSSINIA. 
 
63 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MADAGASCAR. 
 
 Mad'^a-gas'kar. 
 
 The largest African island; the third largrest in the world. Area, 
 228,500 square miles. Population, 3,500,000. Near the centre or 
 island, within an arc of 90 miles, there are 100 extinct volcanoes. 
 Mean yearly temperature about 77°. 
 
 Government is an absolute monarchy, limited by powerful cus- 
 toms. The island has been swayed by the dynasty of the Hovaa 
 since 1810. Since the treaty of Tamatave, March 17, 1886, the coun- 
 try has been under the protectorate of France. Commercial and 
 diplomatic relations established between the island and United 
 States, Great Britain and France, in this century, previous to 1868. 
 Capital, Tananarive; population estimated at 100,000. 
 
 Soil generally fertile; forests of valuable timber abound. Chief 
 products are rice, sugar, silk, cotton, bananas, potatoes, India rub- 
 ber. Stock raising and agriculture are the main industries. Chief 
 exports are cattle, hides, coffee, lard, sugar, vanilla, wax, gum, rice 
 and seeds; principal imports are metal goods, rum and cotton goods. 
 Silver five-franc piece the only legal coin; franc is cut into pieces 
 for smaller coins. Tamatave principal port; pop., 6,000; numberof 
 ships entering her harbor during last six months of 1882, 116. In 
 the same time the value of imports at Tamatave from the United 
 States was $207,410; value of exports to United States, $257,485. 
 
 Standing army, 20,000. Three-fourths of people Pagans, Christi- 
 anity the state religion. Education is compulsory; 1,167 schools, 
 with 150,906 pupils, in Imerina, the chief Province. 
 
 MOZAMBIQUE 
 
 Mo-zam-beek' 
 
 A colonial possession of Portugal on the east coast of Africa. 
 Area, 38,000 square miles. A few settlements and military posts 
 exercise feeble authority over the inhabitants. The climate is genial, 
 and the soil capable of producing wheat, maize, tobacco, cotton and 
 sugar cane. The chief towns are: St. Sebastian (pop., 1,510), Ibo 
 (pop. about 2,000), Sofala (pop.. 2,000), and St. Thiajo Major. The 
 forests abound in valuable timber trees; pearl fisheries are impor- 
 tant, and the mineral deposits are of exceptional value. The gold 
 mines of Manica are supposed to be the richest in East Africa. Ivory 
 is obtained in large quantities for the Indian market; annual value 
 about $350,000. Other exports are India rubber, gums, oil, bees- 
 wax and corn. Shipping trade is carried on by about 400 vessels. 
 The capital is Mozambique. 
 
 ZANZIBAR. 
 
 Zan^ze-bar' 
 
 An empire of Eastern Africa, consisting of the Island of Zanzibar, 
 and settlements along the coast from Cape Delgado as far as 3* 
 north latitude. The limits of the Sultan's dominions inland are not 
 known; but, beyond a few travel routes, his authority extends but 
 a little way from the coast. The island has an area of 625 square 
 miles, and a population variously estimated from 150.000 to 300,000. 
 Population of the town of Zanzibar, 90,000; of Bagam'oyo, on the 
 opposite mainland, 10,000. 
 
 The religion of the country is Mohammedanism. Christian mis- 
 sions are established on the island and far into the mainland. 
 Value of imports, 1882, $4,000,000 ; exports, $5,000,000. The exports 
 are ivory, cloves , India rubber and gum. In 1882, 85 vessels, of 89,773 
 tons, entered the ports. The imports are chiefly cotton cloths, rice, 
 cereals, kerosene oil and guns. 
 
ATLAS OS THE WORLD. 
 
 53 
 
 MAP OF MADAGASCAR AND SOUTHEAST AFRICA. 
 
54 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 CAPE COLONY. ' 
 
 A colony in South Africa, originally founded by the Dutch, in 
 1652. Since 1806 controlled by Great Britain. Climate generally 
 dry and salubrious. At Cape of Good Hope, mean annual tem- 
 perature is placed at about 62°. Average rainfall per year, 24 
 inches. Total area of Cape Colony, 229,815 square miles. Esti- 
 mated population, 1,027,168. Capital, Cape Town; pop., 33,239. 
 
 The government is administered by a Governor, an Executive and 
 a Legislative Council and House of Assembly. Colonists are em- 
 ployed in agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Ostrich breeding is 
 successfully carried on. Sheep farms often comprise from 3,000 to 
 15,000 acri'8 and upward. Total cultivated area in 1875, 580,000 
 acres. Vines occupied 18,000 acres, yielding 4,484,665 gallons of 
 wine. The colony had, in 1875, 1,111,713 head of cattle, 10,976,663 
 sheep, and 3,065,202 goats. The principal exports from the colony 
 in 1883 were: wool, valued at $8,015,700; ostrich feathers, $4,656,900; 
 
 frease wool, $1,948,025; hides and skins, $2,180,250; copper ore, 
 2,270,565; Angora hair, $1,359,020; diamonds, $13,712,350. Total 
 exports in 1883 valued at $22,044,490 ; total importSj^ $32,351,955. 
 
 Vast majority of the population members of Dutch Reformed 
 church, the Episcopalian ranking next in number. Cape Colony 
 has 1 university and 5 colleges; education not compulsory; 71 per 
 cent, of children who have attained school age are in school. 
 
 Army in 1883 consisted of 1,614 othcers and men. By a law of 
 1878, every able-bodied colonist between 18 and 50 years is liable to 
 military service beyond, as well as within, colonial limits. In 1884 
 the total length of government railway was 1,213 miles; telegraph, 
 4,031 miles. 
 
 ORANGE RIVER FREE STATE. 
 
 An independent republic of South Africa. Founded by Boers 
 from Cape Colony, in 1836; constitution proclaimed 1854. Area, 
 70,000 square miles. Population, 133,518: colored or native, 72,496; 
 whites, 61,022. Annual amount devoted to education, $1,000,000. 
 Capital, Bloemfontein ; pop., 2,567. 
 
 Law-making power vested in a popular Assembly of 55 members; 
 executive, in President, elected" for 5 years. CHimate salubrious. 
 Agricultural and pastoral pursuits the chief industries. In 1881 
 lher«were 6,000 farms; totalnumber of acres, 23,592.400; cultivated, 
 114,916; number of horses, 131,.594; 5,056.301 merino sheep, 673,9,24 
 goats; ostriches, 2,253. There are many rich coal mines. Diamonds 
 and other precious stones are found. Miles of telegraph in opera- 
 tion, 559. 
 
 NATAL. Na-tar. 
 
 Previous to 1856, Natal formed part of Cape Colony; in that year 
 it was erected into a separate colony under Great Britain. The 
 government is administered by a Governor, an Executive Council, 
 and a Legislative Council. Estimated area, 21.150 square miles. 
 Pop., 1881, 416.219; white, 28,463; native. 329.253; coolies, 20,196. 
 Principal town, Durban; pop., 16,630. Capital, Pietermaritzburg; 
 pop., 14,231. 
 
 •Value of imports, 1883, $8,755,535; exports, $4,158,735. Principal 
 exports: hides, $265,060: ostrich feathers, $72,630; unrefined sugar, 
 $610,420 ; wool, $8,595,805. Principal imports are manufactured 
 goods and flour. In 1883, 328 vessels, of 232,097 tons, entered, and 
 326, of 231,892 tons, cleared, the ports. There are 105 miles of rail- 
 way built, and 120 under construction. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 65 
 
 MAP OF CAPE COLONY, NATAL, ETC. 
 
66 ATLAS OH THE WORLD. 
 
 TRANSVAAL. Tra.s.val'. 
 
 A South African republic founded by Boers who left Cape Colony 
 in 1835 for Natal, quitted the latter country on its annexation to 
 Great Britain, and settled in the territory north of the Vaal river. 
 Recognized as an independent state in 1852. Executive authority 
 is4n the hands of a President, assisted by a Council of 4 members; 
 legislative vested in a Volksraad of 44 members. Area of republic, 
 114,360 square miles. Population estimated, 1884, at 50,000 whites, 
 of whom 40,000 are Dutcb, and about 700,000 natives. Chief city, 
 Pretoria; population, 4,440. 
 
 The country is favorable for agriculture and stock raising. Chiet 
 crop, wheat; sugar, coffee and cotton are grown. Cattle, sheep and 
 ostriches are reared. There is a great deal of mineral wealth, which 
 has been but little developed. The yearly exports are valued at 
 $3,000,000, and are principally gram, cattle, hides, wool, ostrich 
 feathers, butter, ivory, gold and other minerals.- 
 
 LIBERIA. 
 
 Li-bee're-a. 
 
 A republic of South Africa, founded in 1820 as a colony by the 
 American Colonization Society in behalf of liberated slaves from 
 the United States. Liberia was declared an independent state in 
 1847. The government is modeled after that of the United States. 
 The republic has 600 miles of coast line, and extends inland about 
 100 miles; area, 14,300 square miles. The population is wholly 
 African, and numbers 18,000 Americo-Liberians and 1,050,000 
 aborigines. Capital, Monrovia; population, 3,000. The Liberians 
 have established churches and schools, and possess a number of 
 printing presses. The climate, which is still fatal to Europeans, 
 has been much improved by systematic drainage. 
 
 The country is well watered, and the natural resources are very 
 great. Cotton and coffee are both indigenous, the former yielding 
 two crops per year. The oil palm is abundant, palm oil, ivory, 
 India rubber and nuts being the chief exports. 
 
 CONGO FREE STATE. 
 
 The Act defining and constituting the Congo Free State was signed 
 by the International Congo Conference at Berlin, February 26, 1885. 
 The area of the State is estimated at 1,056,200 square miles, with a 
 population of 27.000,000. While the Congo state is under the sov- 
 ereignty of the King of Belgium, the latter country or government 
 has no power or responsibility in relation to it. The state is di- 
 vided into four Provinces, — the Lower Congo, the Upper Congo, 
 Livingstone Falls and the Pool, and the district between the Pool 
 and Equator. The government is in the hands of an Administrator 
 General, under whom are a number of white subordinates, chiefs of 
 Provinces and other officials. 
 
 Free commerce, in its widest sense, has been established in the 
 basin of the Congo, and for a distance of 360 miles along the Atlan- 
 tic. In this territory no import duties can be levied for twenty 
 years, and the Powers reserve the right to decide if freedom of entry 
 shall be maintained beyond that period. The principal articles for 
 export are said to be palm oil, ivory, rubber, gum copal, ground 
 nuts, orchllla weed and cam-wood ; principal imports are textiles, 
 spirits, tobacco, guns and powder. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 57 
 
 MAP OF CONGO FREE STATE AND WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 
 
 from 25° Qran'ykii. y^ 
 
 J)em Soliman 
 
 2^.1 AM :NIAM\t£\ 
 ''^ IJrcloruma^ 
 
 loQgitii3e 15 ' JEast 
 
 JFar/ar ^'i 
 
 Ig^Hickory <l. ^, 
 
 P^Grea^Batonga ,<o " 
 
 2( Ja Xa. 
 
 I \i, 
 
 JHembe p . 
 
 Ydnthiit/a^ 
 
 IBolubo / 
 
 
 o 
 
 «TaTls Statlori ,0' 
 
 
 
 jF R E E \ <,\S T -^ E'^yR^ 
 
 1/ej/ Pool \ ^ >> \ 3 aV 
 
 XeopSolilvllle ' 9-C/ y,„w, ««\ 
 
 ^ NAVI5AII0N "■ '' ' " 
 
 ■I& San i 
 
 si t* 
 
 ,^. ^, m 
 
 
 ^^?.S 
 
 
 LA 
 Venguea 
 
 Shiutfc\ 
 
 31 ^A 
 
 .rf«r; 
 
 10X0 
 
 y 
 
 \^ C5>^ 
 
 \} 
 
 h 
 
 iSdWriei 
 
 'itaricla' 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 .''i' 
 
 SCAXB OF Mri 
 
 3 50 100 200 
 
 > 7e.,iVe.Y. J Co 
 Longitude 
 
 , \\"J JimuKdno I ^^> 
 
 11 )2^ 'WaAlngtJp. 
 
58 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 MAP OF NORTHWEST COAST OF AFRICA. 
 
 Ii ~i 3 Y •■ JL ^r} s -p. \ *^* 
 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 59 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 A fifth division of the globe, comprising island groups and the 
 large islands of the Pacific. The divisions are Australasia, Malay- 
 sia and Polynesia. 
 
 Australasia extends from equator to 47° south latitude, and from 
 112° to about 170° east longitude. It includes Australia, Papua, 
 New Zealand and Tasmania. 
 
 Malaysia comprises the islands and groups lying just off the coast 
 of Southeastern Asia, and contains the large iblauds of Luzon, Min- 
 danao, Celebes, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 Polynesia includes islands and island groups between Philip- 
 pines and 100° west longitude. Among the most important groups 
 are Caroline, Feejee, Friendly, Gilbert, Hawaiian, Marshall and 
 Society Islands. 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 New Zealand , 
 
 Queensland 
 
 South Australia 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 Victoria 
 
 West Australia 
 
 Total Australasia 
 
 Hawaiian Islands 
 
 Borneo 
 
 Celebes 
 
 Java 
 
 Mindanao 
 
 Luzon 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 Area Sq. 
 Miles. 
 
 316,320 
 105.312 
 668,224 
 903,690 
 26,375 
 87,884 
 975,920 
 
 8,083,755 
 
 6,667 
 
 12,745 
 
 71,791 
 50,848 
 36,000 
 ^',605 
 
 177,000 
 
 Pop. 
 
 840.614 
 532,000 
 
 36,695 
 293,509 
 122.479 
 915,948 
 
 29,708 
 
 2,770,953 
 
 57,985" 
 
 2,183,974 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 20,259,450 
 
 732,802 
 
 4,450,191 
 
 3,0v^0,000 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Sydney 
 
 Wellington. 
 
 Brisbane 
 
 Adelaide — 
 
 Hobart 
 
 Melbourne.. 
 Perth 
 
 Honolulu 
 
 ( Brunai 
 
 '( Banjarmasln.. 
 
 Macassar 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Selangan 
 
 Manila 
 
 ( Acheen 
 
 I Padangr. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 220,427 
 20,663 
 36,109 
 38,479 
 21,118 
 
 291,464 
 6,044 
 
 7,000 
 20,000 
 30,000 
 20.000 
 99,109 
 10,000 
 160,000 
 45.000 
 10,000 
 
 ATJSTRAIiASIA.-Crop Production. 1882. 
 
 Other cereals.... 889,733 bn. 
 
 Potatoes 340,634 tons. 
 
 Hay 862,60S 
 
 Wine 1,496,175 
 
 Wheat 31,763,093 bu. 
 
 Oats 16,430,205 " 
 
 Barley 1,928,595 " 
 
 Maize 5,611,903 " 
 
 Gold produced 1881 $ 30,510,709 
 
 Coin and bullion exported 1882 38,480,960 
 
 Aggregate imports, 1882 310,698,573 
 
 Aggregate exports, 1882 246,407,125 
 
 PHIIilPPINE ISLANDS.-Exports, 1881. 
 
 Coffee $ 9.59,346 
 
 Cordage 137,031 
 
 Hemp 8,889.372 
 
 Indigo 138,958 
 
 Liquid Indigo $ 8,256 
 
 Rice 7,791 
 
 Sugar 12,403,993 
 
 Sapan-wood 58,230 
 
 SOCIETY ISIiAJSTDS, 1882. 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 General Merchandise . . . $702,475 
 Cotton,copra, mother-of- 
 pearl shell and other 
 
 produce 367,975 
 
 Total $1,070,450 
 
 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 
 
 Sugar 114,107.155 lbs. 
 
 Molasses 193,997 gal s. 
 
 Paddy 1,368,705 lbs. 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Gen. Mdse.Cre-cxp'rt'd) $358,604 
 Cotton, copra, mother- 
 of-pearl shell, etc 516,583 
 
 Fire wood & cocoanuts. 1,041 
 
 Total f;876,2t8 
 
 1883.— Domestic Exports. 
 
 Pice 11,619,000 lbs. 
 
 Coffee 16,0.57 lbs. 
 
 Bananas . . .. 44,902 bunches. 
 
60 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 61 
 
 NETHERLANDS INDIES. 
 
 The Netherlands Indies are by far the most important colonial 
 poeeessions of the Netherlands. They cover all the Dutch posses- 
 eions in the East Indies, and include Java, Madura, Banca, Suma- 
 tra, Bingtang, Billiton, Celebep, the Moluccas, Lombok Bali, and 
 many smaller islands and parts of New Guinea, Borneo and 
 Tmior. Area of the colonies Cbtimated at 636,329 square miles; 
 population, 27,784,959. The superior administration is in the hands 
 of a Governor General, assisted by a Council of 5 members. 
 
 The most important colony is Java, which politically includes the 
 neighboring island of Madura. Total area, 50,848 square miles ; 
 population, 20,259,450. Java is governed under what is termed the 
 culture system, which was established in 1832. 
 
 The strength of the total army in 1883 was 30.421 men, of whom 
 15,032 were Europeans, and 15.389 natives. There is a military 
 academy near Batavia, and attached to every battalion is a school 
 for soldiers. The navy, royal and colonial, consisted of 79 vessels 
 and 5,029 men. 
 
 By far the larger part of the commerce of Butcb India is with the 
 Netherlands. The average value of the total imports for three years 
 was $02,500,000; exports, $75,000,000. About two-thirds of the im- 
 ports were from the Netherlands, and three-fourths of the exports 
 were sent to that country. The principal exports are sugar, coffee, 
 rice, indigo and tobacco. Latest reports give value of coffee ex- 
 ported, $13,086,790; sugar, $19,625,470; indigo, $1,245,170; spices, 
 $lj)2t,720; tobacco, $6,457,680. 
 
 The Netherlands Indies had, in 1882, 3,682 miles of telegraph,with 
 84 offices. Number of postoffices, 221. Java has now about 750 
 miles of railway. 
 
 HAWAII (SANDWICH ISLANDS). 
 
 Ha-wi'ee. 
 
 A kingdom of Oceania, consisting of a group of 15 islands, of 
 which 8 are inhabited. The government is a limited monarchy. 
 Hawaii is the largest island; but Honolulu, the capital, is situated 
 on the island of Oahu. Population of Honolulu, 7.000. Area of 
 the islands, 6,667 square miles. At the last census, the population 
 numbered 57,985: male, 34,103; female, 23,«82; native, 44,088; 
 Chinese, 5,916 ; white, 4,561, of whom 1,276 were Americans, 883 
 English, 436 Portuguese, 272 Germans, 81 French; half-caste, 3,420. 
 
 To a great extent the islands are mountainous, and there are 
 numerous volcanoes, several of which are active. The volcano of 
 Mauna Loa, on the Island of Hawaii, is one of the highest active 
 volcanoes in the world. The soil is exceedingly fertile and pro- 
 ductive. Chief products, sugar and rice; but coffee, hides, bone, 
 whale oil and wool are exported in considerable quantities. Value 
 of exports, 1883, $8,121,200; imports, $5,624,240. 
 
 In 1883, 267 vessels, of 183,316 tons, entered, and 263 vessels, of 
 189,494 tons, cleared the ports. Of the former, 195 vessels were 
 American. The islands own 64 vessels, of 15,588 tons. The islands 
 of Hawaii and Maui are provided with telegraphs, and have about 
 32 miles of railway. Almost every house in Honolulu has its tele- 
 phone. 
 
 There are numerous schools in the islands; the annual sum de- 
 Toted to public insiruction is $95,850. The King is a member of the 
 Church of England; but all forms of religion are permitted and 
 protected. 
 
63 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 Aws-tral-a'slie-a. 
 
 Under this head are grouped all the Australian colonies belonging 
 to Great Britain. They are seven in number, and geographically 
 are comprised in the continent of Australia and the islands of Tas- 
 mania and New Zealand and part of New Guinea. Total area, 
 '3,075,135 square miles. Population, 1883, 3,091,897. 
 
 Each colony has a Governor, appointed by the Crown, in whom is 
 vested the executive power. The legislative power of each is vested 
 in a Parliament of two houses. 
 
 Minerals abound in all the colonies. The most extensive coal 
 mines are those of New South Wales, the product of which in 1884 
 was 2,521,457 tons; value, $6,009,705. Gold product of the colony, 
 1883, 12^,256 ounces; value, $1,705,620. Coal product of New Zea- 
 land, 1883, 421,764 tons. Gold discovered 1857. Value of total ex- 
 ports to March, 1884, $203 535,370. In Queensland, tin, copper, lead 
 and coal are mined. Value of tin raised, 1883, $2,940,060. Gold 
 discovered 1858. Product, 1882, 230,090 oz.; value, $4,148,275. The 
 chief mineral of South Australia is copper, but valuable iron ores 
 also exist. Valne of copper and copper ore, 1883, $1,876,625. Tas- 
 mania is rich in iron, tin and coal. Value of tin exported, 1883, 
 $1,882,230. Amount of gold produced, 46,577 oz.; value, $882,210. 
 In 1851 gold was discovered in Victoria. Total product to 1883, 
 52,214,150 oz. ; value, $1,044,283,000. Principal minerals of Western 
 Australia are copper, lead and coal. 
 
 Principal agricultural products of the colonies : Wheat product of 
 New South Wales, 1884, 4,345.437 bushels ; corn, 4,5:i8,604 bushels ; 
 sugar, 35,220,640 lbs. ; wine, 589,604 gallons. New Zealand— W^heat, 
 9,827,136 bushels; oats, 9,231,339 bushels. Leading grain crop of 
 Queensland, corn. Yield of sugar, 1883, 73,534,000 lbs.; cotton, 70,- 
 020 lbs. South Australia— Wheat, 14,649.230 bushels; wine, 430,520 
 gallons. Principal products of Tasmania, grain, hops and fruit; 
 value of green and preserved fruits exported 1883, $881,120. Wheat 
 product of Victoria, 1884, 15,570,245 bushels; oats, 4,717,624 bushels; 
 barley, 1,069,803 bushels; potatoes, 161,088 tons; hay, 433,143 tons. 
 
 The following table shows the number of farm animals in the col- 
 onies in 1884 : 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 34,000,000 
 14,056,266 
 9,308,911 
 6,677,067 
 1,831,069 
 10,739,021 
 1.547,061 
 
 1,646,753 
 698,637 
 
 4,266,172 
 319,620 
 130,525 
 
 1,297,546 
 71,102 
 
 326,964 
 161,736 
 253,116 
 164,360 
 
 26,840 
 286 779 
 
 37,111 
 
 189,050 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 200,083 
 
 Queensland 
 
 51,796 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 55,774 
 
 Victoria 
 
 233,525 
 
 Western Auitralia 
 
 
 Value of total exports and imports of the colonies, 1883: New 
 South Wales— Exports, $99,430,090; imports, $104,800,785. New 
 Zealand— Exports, $35,479,995; imports, $39,870,190. Queensland- 
 Exports, $26,383,040; imports, $31,166,755. South Australia— Ex- 
 ports. $24,417,305; Imports, $31,550,275. Tasmania— Exports, $8,657,- 
 995; Imports, $9,163,185. Victoria— Exports, $81,994,315; imports, 
 $88,719,230. Western Australia — Exports, $2,235,050; imports, 
 $2,584,230. 
 
 In 1883, New South Wales had 1,320 miles of railway, and 597 under 
 construction; New Zealand, 1,486 miles; Queensland, 1,038 miles, 
 aryl 454 under construction; South Australia, 990.75 miles, and 226 
 under construction; Tasmania, 167 miles, and 207 under construc- 
 tion; Victoria, 1,562 miles, and 130 under construction; Western 
 Australia, 55 miles, aod 68 under construction. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 63 
 
 MAP OF AUSTRALASIA. 
 
64 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Northern and largest division of Western Continent, separated 
 from South America by Gulf of Mexico, and connected with it by 
 Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Area, 8,918,346 square miles • extends from Arctic Ocean to about 
 8° north latitude ; extreme width, over 3,000 miles. Eastern coast 
 line to southern extremity of Mexico, about 13,000 miles; western, 
 about 11,000 miles. Has remarkable lake and river systems: the 
 latter includes the Mississippi and its tributaries, whose combined 
 navigable length is about 40,000 miles, and it is estimated that the 
 great lakes contain a third of all fresh waters on the globe. The 
 political divisions are C4reenland, Iceland, Dominion of Canada, 
 Newfoundland, United States, Central America and Mexico. 
 
 Extent in latitude results in great variety of climate, while the 
 Gulf of Mexico and surrounding oceans furnish to most localities 
 abundant moisture. 
 
 Ottawa, capital of Dominion of Canada, and great lumber depot: 
 pop., 27,412; St. Johns, capital of Newfoundland, and easternmost 
 seaport of North America; pop., 22,583. Number lighthouses in 
 United States, Canada and Spanish America, 1,127. 
 
 Record of great fires: New York, 1835; loss $29,199,000. San 
 Francisco, 1851; loss, 2,500 blocks. Chicago, 1871; loss, $160,594,- 
 500. Boston, 1872; loss, $72,997,500. 
 
 Rich soil and excellent tillage combine to produce abundant food 
 supply for home consumption and foreign export. Tobacco, cotton, 
 woods, dye-stuffs, grain, flour, meat, eggs and butter are among 
 the supplies exported. Value of grain crops. United States and 
 Canada, $1,114,428,500. Annual import of fruit in United States 
 since 1871, 6 lbs. per inhabitant. 
 
 Canada has 900,000,000 acres forest; income, $58,398,000. United 
 Statee, 560,000,000 acres ; income, $374,720,500. Mexico and Central 
 America are rich in mahogany and dye-stuffs. Number acres forest 
 felled daily by United States wood-cutters, 10,000 •annual consump- 
 tion of firewood. United States and Canada, 1,550,000,000 cubic feet; 
 number saw-mills, 1882, 15,740. 
 
 Nearly every variety of mirprals abundant ; iron widely diffused. 
 Copper especially plentiful in region of great lakes ; gold and silver 
 in mountain regions of both sides of continent; lead abundant in 
 central United States ; quicksilver, in California and Mexico, coal 
 fields numerous, and supply almost inexhaustible ; salt also widely 
 distributed. Annual consumpiion of coal in United States and 
 Canada, 72,000,000 tons ; gold production, 1830-1880, United States 
 and Spanish America, 4,262 tons. 
 
 Lakes and rivers well stocked with fish; coast fisheries productive 
 and profitable, especially on banks of Newfoundland, and along 
 coasts of Washington and Oregon. Newfoundland has a world- 
 wide reputation for cod fisheries, and seal fisheries rank next in 
 importance. Average annual catch of cod, about 1 ,500,000 quintals ; 
 number seals taken yearly, about 600,000; of herring, about 175,000 
 bbls. Value fisheries of United States and Canada, $16,546,100,000. 
 
 Population, over 60,000,000, Mexico numbering 10,046,872, and 
 Canada, 4,324,810. 
 
 Greenland and Iceland are Danish colonies. Canada and New- 
 foundland belong to Great Britain. Executive power of Canada 
 vested in the Governor General, a representative of the Qaeen; 
 legislative power exercised by a Senate and House of Commons, 
 each Province having its'own Lieutenant Governor and legislature. 
 Public affairs of Newfoundland managed by governor, executive 
 council, and legislative assembly. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 65 
 
 MAP OF NORTH AME RICA, 
 
 1 TXoagitude West from Greeuwich.o / 
 
 Jjoo ,c,0 
 
 
 ^isi 
 
 
 
 »^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jiL'J •^~~--*—— Austin o 
 
 
66 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 On-ta're-o. 
 
 The most populous Province of the Dominion of Canada; estab- 
 lished in 1867. Previous to 1791 formed part of the Province of 
 Quebec ; from 1791 to 1840 known as Upper Canada ; in 1840 re- 
 •united with Quebec, under the name of Canada. 
 
 Area, census of 1881, 101,733 square miles. Total land occupied, 
 19.259,909 acres; improved, 11,294,109 acres, of which 8,370,266 acres 
 were under crops ; 2,619,038 acres in pasture, and 304,805 acres in 
 gardens and orchards. 
 
 Temperature at Toronto: winter, 4.8° to 62.5°; summer, 38.7'* to 
 92.7° ; mean temperature, 44.16°. Rainfall at Toronto, 28.43 inches. 
 
 The surface of the country is diversified by numerous lakes and 
 rivers. The agricultural resources are very great, and the mineral 
 wealth varied and rich. 
 
 Public afi'airs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted 
 by an Executive Council of 6, aud a House of Assembly of 89 mem- 
 bers. Capital, Toronto; pop., 86,415. Ottawa, the capital of the 
 Dominion; pop., 27,412. Ontario sends 24 members to the Dominion 
 Senate, 
 
 Agricultural products, 1881: wheat, 27,406,091 bushels; barley, 
 14,279,841 bushels; oats, 40,209,929 bushels; rye, 1,598,871 bushels; 
 peas and beans, 9,434,872 bushels; buckwheat, 841,649 bushels; 
 corn, 8,096.782 bushels; potatoes, 18,994,559 bushels; turnips, 33,- 
 a56.721 bushels; other root crops, 6,479,222 bushels; hay, 2,038,659 
 tons; grass and clover seed, 173,219 bnshels; flaxseed, 38,208 bush- 
 els ; tobacco, 160,251 pounds ; hops, 615,967 pounds. 
 
 Latest reported orchard products: apples, 11,400,517 bushels; 
 grapes, 3,697.555 pounds; other fruits, 644,707 bushels. 
 
 Amount of butter produced on farms, 54,862,365 pounds; cheese, 
 1,701,721 pounds; wool, 6,013.216 pounds; cloth, flannel and linen, 
 1,440,199 yards. Maple sugar produced 1881, 4.169,706 pounds; 
 honey, 1,197,628 pounds; flax and hemp, 1,073,197 pounds. Value of 
 fur product, S129,578. 
 
 Nimiber of farm animals in the Province, 1881 : horses, 590,298 ; 
 oxen, 23,263 ; milch cows and other cattle, 1,678,904 ; sheep, 1,359,- 
 178; swine, 700,922. 
 
 Latest reported timber product : white pine, 12,262,570 cu. ft. ; 
 red pine, 1,848,927 cu. ft.; oak, 5,448,263 cu. ft.; tamarack 1,515,360 
 cu. ft.; walnut, 741,431 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 618,760 cu. ft.; 
 elm, 2.925,382 cu. ft.; all other timber, 26,577,869 cu. ft,; number of 
 pine logs, 14,945.670; other logs, 7,621,610. 
 
 The Province has 259 steam vessels, with a tonnage of 44,550 ; and 
 289 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 55,058. There are 5 vessels 
 with 14 men, and 1,129 boats with 2,101 men and 928,008 fathoms of 
 nets engaged in the 681 fisheries. Product for 1881 : herring, 15,605 
 barrels; whitefish, 38,301 barrels; trout, 55,497 barrels; other fish, 
 18,817 barrels; fish oil, 1,629 gallons. 
 
 Population of the Province, 1881, 1,923,228; male, 976,461 ; female, 
 946,767. 
 
 Number of churches, 5,075: of which 2,375 are Methodist, 852 
 Presbyterian, 680 Church of England, 389 Baptist, and 367 Roman 
 Catholic. There are 21 hospitals, and 22 orphanages. Number of 
 colleges and universities, 17 ; boarding schoolS; 44. 
 
 There is an excellent system ol free schools under the control of a 
 Minister of Education and a Chief Superintendent, School pop., 
 405,857. Number of high schools, public and private, 410; public 
 elementary schools, 5,313. Number miles of railway in the Prov- 
 ince, 5.228. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 67 
 
 MAP OF ONTARIO. 
 
68 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 Kwe-bek' . 
 
 One of the most important of the Canadian Provinces. Earliest 
 Bettlement made by Europeans, iu 1541; first permanent settlement 
 made by the French on the present site of the city of Quebec, 1608. 
 Country occupied by the French until 1759, when, through the victory 
 of Gen. Wolfe, it fell into the hands of the English. 
 
 Area, census of 1881, 188,t)88 square miles. Total amount of land 
 occupied, 12,625,877 acres; improved, 6,4l0,264acree, of which 4,147,- 
 984 were under crop, 2,"207',422 in pasture, and 54,858 in gardens and 
 orchards. Population, 1,359,027: male, 678,175; female, 680,852. 
 
 While the climate is similar to that of Ontario, it is colder In 
 winter, and warmer in summer. At Montreal the winters are very 
 severe, the temperature often ranging from zero to 10° and even 30* 
 below it, and iu summer it is frequently 90° in the shade. 
 
 Public affairs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted 
 by an Executive Council, a Legislative Council of r24 members, and 
 a Legislative Assembly of 65 members. The Province sends 24 
 members to the Dominion Senate. Quebec is the capital ; popula- 
 tion, 62,446. Montreal the commercial metropolis of the Provmce, 
 and also of the Dominion ; population, 140,747. 
 
 The surface of the country is varied, consisting of extensive for- 
 ests, large rivers, lakes and prairies, and bold, rocky heights. The 
 Province abounds in numerous minerals. 
 
 Agricultural products for 1881 : wheat, 2,019,004 bushels ; barley, 
 1,751,539 bushels ; oats, 19,990,205 bushels; rye, 430,243 bushels; 
 peas and beans, 4,170,4.56 bushels; buckwheat, 2,041,670 bushels; 
 corn, 88-*,169 bushels; potatoes, 14,873,287 bushels; turnips, 1.572-. 
 476 bushels; hay, 1,612,104 tons; grass and clover seed, 119,306 
 bushels; tobacco, 2,356,581 pounds ; hops, 218,542 pounds. 
 
 This Province produces three times as much maple sugar as all the 
 others combined; total amount produced 1881, 15,687.835 pounds; 
 amount of honey produced, 559,024 pounds ; apples, 777,557 bushels; 
 grapes, 158,031 pounds. Value of fur product, $lh3,310. Butter 
 produced on farms, 1381, 30,630,397 pounds; cheese, 559,278 pounds; 
 wool, 2,731.544 pounds; cloth and flannel, 2,958,180 yards; flax and 
 hemp, &155,310 pounds; linen, l,li0,301 yards. 
 
 Farm animals in the Province, 1881 : horses, 273,852; oxen, 49,237; 
 milch cows and other cattle, 900,096; sheep, 8b9,833; swine, 329,199. 
 
 Public instruction is under a Superintendent of Education. School 
 pop., 209,6:23. Number of elementary public schools, 4,404 ; pupils, 
 170,858; colleges, 44; academies, 246 ; special schools, 18 ; normal, 3; 
 model, 333. 
 
 The forests are extensive, and the lumbering and shipbuilding 
 Interests are large. Timber product, 1881: pine, 5,495,183 cu. ft.; 
 oak, 59,587 cu. ft.; tamarack, 2,707,745 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 
 2,784,395 cu. ft. ; all other timber, 14,612,669 cu. ft. Number of logs 
 produced, 13,582,407; masts and spars, lu4,248. 
 
 There are in the Province 293 eteam vessels; tonnage, 132,097: 757 
 Bailing vessels; tonnage, 110,356. The fisheries furnish employment 
 to 14,744 men; there are 146 vessels and 6,761 boats engaged in this 
 industry. Products of the fisheries, 1881: cod, 462,388 quintals; 
 herring, 130,354 barrels; mackerel, 10,725 barrels; sardines, 4,360 
 barrels; canned lobsters, 617,734 pounds; all other fish, 1U1,861 bar- 
 rels; fish oil, 263,374 barrels. 
 
 The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. The number adhering 
 to that faith is 1,170,718, or about seven-eighths of the entire popu- 
 lation. Number of churches in the Province, 1,280, of which 712 
 are Roman Catholic. Number of hospitals, 39; orphanages, 11. 
 There are 1,911 miles of railway. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 MAP OF QUEBEC. 
 
 69 
 
70 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. No'vaSko'8he-a. 
 
 A Province of the Dominion of Canada, created in 1784; be- 
 came part of the Dominion, 1867. Area, 20,907 square miles. Pop- 
 nlation, 1881, 440,572. Executive authority vested In Lieutenant 
 Gpvernor and Executive Council; h gislative, in Legislative Council 
 and House of Assembly. 
 
 Capital, Halifax; pop., 86,100. Capital of Cape Breton Island, 
 Sydney. Soil generally fertile. Principal products are wheat, rye, 
 oats, barley, potatoes and Indian corn. Grain product, 1880, 5,570,- 
 444Du6hel8; potatoes, 6,961,016 busheli?; hay, 414 046 tons. Timber 
 product, 1881, 3,144,323 cubic feet. Fisheries employ 755 vessels, 
 13,214 boats and 26,900 men; latest reports give 715,781 quintals or 
 cod, haddock and hake; other fish, 301,756 barrels; lobsters, 8,841,- 
 467 lbs. ; fish oil, 275,352 gallons. 
 
 There is a good system of common schools, organized in 1864. 
 Annual expenditure for educational purposes, about $700,000. 
 Miles of railway, 500; many short canals. 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Settled by French, 1639, and formed with Nova Scotia part of 
 Arcadia. First British settlers came from Scotland, 1764. Province 
 created 1784; became part of the Dominion, 1867. 
 
 Government vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive, a 
 Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. Area, 27,174 square 
 miles. Population, 321,233. Capital, Fredericton; pop., 6,218. 
 
 Climate subject to extremes; temperature in winter, 80°; in sum- 
 mer, 95°. Soil exceedingly fertile. In 1881, acres in crops, 849,678; 
 in pasture, 392,169. Products: grain, 5,490,896 bnehele ; potatoes, 
 6,961,016; hay, 414,046 tons. In 1881, \v^ jl product, 760,631 pounds. 
 The number of horses in 1881 was 52,975; oxen, 8,812; horned cat- 
 tle, 203,748; sheep, 221,163; swine, 53,087. 
 
 There is a good system of non-sectarian free schools in the 
 Province. Telegraphic and railway communication throughout 
 the Province. Number miles of railway, 1,148. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 A Province of the Dominion of Canada, in the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence. First settled by the French, who ceded it to Great Britain 
 In 1758. Province created 1768; admitted into the Dominion, 1873. 
 Area, 27,174 square miles. Total land occupied, 1,126,653 acres ; 
 Improved, 596,731 acres ; under crops, 467,211 acres. 
 
 Climate milder than that of the adjoining continent. All ordi- 
 nary cereals may be cultivated. Grain product, 1881: 4,301,110 
 bu.; potatoes, 6,042,191 bu. ; turnips, 1,198,407 bu.; butter, 1,688,690 
 pounds ; cheese, 196,273 pounds. Farm animals, 328,734. 
 
 Population, 108,891: male, 54,729 ; female, 54,162. Capital, Char- 
 lottetown; population, 11,485. 
 
 The government is vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Execu- 
 tive and a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. 
 
 The fisheries are very valuable. Products, 1881 : cod, 18,736 quin- 
 tals ; herring, 21,501 bbls; mackerel, 91,792 bbls; canned lobsters, 
 3,275,316 lbs; oysters, 175,408 bbls; fish oil, 8,139 gals. 
 
 The Province owns 11 steam vessels, and 224 sailing vessels, 
 with a tonnage of 45,237. Timber product, 1881, 910,200 cu. ft. 
 
 Number of churches, 231. Free school system introduced 1853. 
 School population, 22,711. Number of district schools, 355; gram- 
 mar, 15; high, 46; colleges, 8. Number of miles of railway, 300. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 71 
 
 MAP OF NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
72 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MANITOBA. Man.,.to..a. 
 
 A Province of the Dominion of Canada, formerly known as the 
 Red River Settlement, and also Assiniboia; admitted into the Con- 
 federation in 18TO. Area, 123,200 square miles. Population, 65.954. 
 The climate is healthful and cold; average summer temperature, 
 65° ; winter, 3° below zero. 
 
 Government is in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor, appointed 
 hy the Governor General of the Dominion, with an Kxecutive Coun- 
 cil of 6 members and a Legislative Assembly. Manitoba sends 3 
 Senators to the Dominion Senate. Capital, Winnipeg; pop., 7,985. 
 
 Surface level. Laud occupied, 2,384.337 acres; improved, S50.416 
 acres; under crops, 230,2H4 acres. Principal crop, wheat; latest 
 reported product, 1,033,673 bu.; oats, 1,270,268 bu.; barley, 253,604 
 bu. Farm animals, 1881: horses, 16,739; oxen, 12,269; milch cows 
 and other cattle, 48,012. Butter made on farms, 957,152 lbs ; cheese, 
 19,613 lbs. Timber produced, 895,445 cu. ft. 
 
 The Canadian Pacific Railway has 670 miles in the Province. 
 There are 4 colleges and 5 boarding schools. No. of churches, 88. 
 
 NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. 
 
 This large possession was purchased by the Dominion from the 
 Hudson's Ba/ Company in 1870. In 1882 a portion of it was sub- 
 divided into four districts : Assiniboia, 95,000 square miles ; Sas- 
 katchewan, 114,000 square miles; Alberta, 100,000 square miles; 
 Athabasca, 122,000 square miles. 
 
 Area of the Territories, 2,665,2.'2 square miles. Total land occu- 
 pied, 314,107 acres, of which 28.833 acres are improved. Furs from 
 this country are found in every market of the world ; value of the 
 product for 1881, $428,177. Timber product, 109,873 cu. ft. 
 
 The country is well watered by numerous large lakes and rivers. 
 There are at least 600,000 square miles fitted for agriculture. One of 
 the most fertile belts is the Saskatchewan, through a portion of 
 •which the Canadian Pacific Railway passes. 
 
 Public affairs in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor and Council. 
 Capital, Regina. Number of churches, 44. School population, 578. 
 
 Population, census of 1881, 56,446: male, 28,113; female, 28,333. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Ko-lum'be-a'. 
 
 Colony established 1858; adq;iitted into the Dominion, 1871. Area, 
 including Vancouver's Island, 341,305 square miles. Population, 
 49,459. Climate milder than that of same latitude on the Atlantic 
 coast. Country traversed by Rocky and Cascade Mountains. Lofti- 
 est peak. Mount Browne, 16,000 feet hi^h. Government consists of 
 a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative 
 Assembly, elected by the people . Capital, Victoria; pop., 5,926. 
 
 Amount of land occupied, 441,255 acres; improved, 18 1,885 acres. 
 Grain product, 1881, 559,220 bu.; potatoes, 556,193 bu.; hops, 24,899 
 lbs. Farm animals, 151,202. Butter made on farms, 343,387 lbs. ; 
 cheese, 33,252 Value of fur product, $153,442. Timber product, 
 2,427,8:52 cu. ft. There are 400 fisheries. Salmon product, 50,106 
 bbls. ; other fish, 12,767 bbls. Fish oil, 237,492 gals. 
 
 The mineral wealth of the Province is very great, the chief source 
 being coal. On the mainland and Vancouver's Island large deposits 
 of bituminous coal are found, and on Queen Charlotte's Island a 
 fine grade of anthracite. Gold is found in various localities. In 
 ten years the yield in the Province exceeded $22,000,000. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 73 
 
 MAP OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, N.W. TERRITORIES, MANITOBA. 
 
74 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 ALASKA. Alas-ka. 
 
 At the time of it8 discovery by the Russians, it was called by the 
 natives Alayeska, which has changed through Alaksa and Alashka 
 to its present form. Largest possession of United States; dis- 
 coTered by Vitus Behring, 1741; purchased from Russia, 1867. 
 
 Area, 581,409 square miles: ^Nrctic division, 125,245; Yukon, 
 176,515; Kuskokvim, 114.975; Aleutian, 14,610; Kadiak, 70,884: 
 Southeastern, 28,980. Extreme length, north and south, 1,100 
 miles; extreme breadth, 800 miles. Yukon, the great highway 
 through the country, navigable in summer about 700 miles; coast 
 line, exclusive of smaller indentations, over 4,000 miles. 
 
 Climate of Pacific coast much modified by the Pacific gulf 
 stream and the long days of summer; mean annual temperature 
 of Yukon country, about 25° ; at Sitka, about 44° ; winter tem- 
 perature at latter place about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall 
 copious, and foggy weather common on coasts and islands; Sitka 
 one of rainiest places in the world outside the tropics, the annual 
 precipitation being 65 to 90 inches, and number rainy days 200 to 285. 
 
 Sitka is seat of Bishop of Greek church, and headquarters of the 
 Governor, who assumed official control, December, 1884. Pop., 995: 
 white, 163; creole, 219; Thlinket, 613. Other settlements next in im- 
 portance are Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet and Fort St. Michael, 
 Norton's Sound. Harbors at Port Clarence, Michaelooski and 
 
 Captain's Harbor. 
 Salaries Territor'l 
 Officers. 
 
 .83,000 
 . 3,000 
 
 Governor 
 
 District Judge. 
 Clerk of Dist. } 
 
 Court & ex- 
 
 oflaclo Sec. 
 
 & Treas.... 
 Dist. Attorney, 
 Marshal and 
 
 Surveyor 
 
 General 
 
 Col. of Cus- » 2,500 
 
 toms f & fees 
 
 3 Deputy Colls. l.-^iOO 
 
 1 Deputy Col... 1,200 
 
 2 Inspectors, ) „ 
 per day )' * 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,500 
 2,500 
 
 ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF 6EAL 
 FI6HCRIF8. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 OREGOK,. A $15,750 
 
 ORtUON, A «15,750 
 
 ^ A v 
 
 14,300 / V____ 
 
 ALASKA, 
 
 $2,096,500 
 
 aWASH. 
 Vl(5l,4!2 
 
 $111,851 
 
 Number persona 
 employed in fisher- 
 ies, 6,130; capital 
 invested, $447,000; 
 value of products, 
 f" 661,640; value of 
 ,_^dl fisheries, $2,- 
 096,500; value gen- 
 eral fisheries, $564,- 
 640. 
 
 Total pop.,33,428; 
 white, 430; Creole, 
 1,756 ;Innuit,17,617; 
 Aleut, 2,145; Tin- 
 neh, 3,927; Thlink- 
 et, 6,763 ; Hyda, 788. 
 Aleutian and Sitka districts are the agricultural regions. Most 
 fertile land near Cook's Inlet; good oats, barley and root crops are 
 raised here without much difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley 
 of Yukon, but extreme dampness and want of summer heat pre- 
 vent the ripening of ^rain. Timber abundant on mainland; yel- 
 low cedar the best, being of great value for boat-building. Edible 
 berries are plentiful. 
 
 A fine quality of white marble is found on Lynn Channel; coal, 
 amber and lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook'a 
 Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found ; sulphur 
 is abundant in volcanic districts. 
 
 Noted for its fur-bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, 
 ermine, fox, marten, otter, squirrel and wolf. The main source 
 of revenue is the fur seal, the taking of which is regulated by 
 law. The United States receives a revenue from the company to 
 which the monopoly of the trade is granted. The walrus is of 
 value in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and 
 halibut abound, and various species of salmon are found. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 76 
 
 MAP OF ALASKA. 
 
76 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 States, 27 ; Federal District, 1 ; Territories, 2. 
 POLITICAIi DIVISIONS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Area, 
 Sq.Mls. 
 
 Popula- 
 tiou. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Aguascalientee 
 
 Campeche 
 
 2,895 
 25,832 
 16,048 
 83,746 
 50,890 
 
 3,743 
 42,510 
 11,411 
 34,550 
 
 8,163 
 39,168 
 
 7,838 
 25.689 
 
 1,776 
 23,635 
 83,591 
 12.021 
 
 8.207 
 27,.500 
 36,108 
 79,021 
 11,851 
 80.225 
 
 1,620 
 26.232 
 29,567 
 22.998 
 
 139,300 
 90.413 
 200,000 
 245,657 
 144,594 
 65,827 
 200,000 
 898,072 
 325,000 
 500,000 
 934,850 
 710.579 
 -; 84,108 
 160.300 
 210,000 
 754,468 
 784,466 
 203,290 
 650,000 
 201,918 
 141,000 
 104,759 
 141,000 
 138,988 
 595,780 
 450,000 
 470,000 
 
 Aguaecalientes 
 
 Campeche 
 
 39,000 
 12,600 
 16,000 
 20.000 
 24,000 
 81,774 
 88,000 
 73,500 
 3,300 
 »,000 
 03,871 
 13,500 
 85,000 
 16,000 
 50,000 
 26,7#8 
 78,000 
 36,000 
 66,800 
 9,000 
 5,000 
 18,000 
 
 Chiapas 
 
 •San Cristobal 
 
 Chihuahua 
 
 Saltillo 
 
 Chihuahua 
 
 Ooahuila 
 
 Colima 
 
 Colima , 
 
 Durango 
 
 Guanajuato 
 
 Chilpancingo 
 
 Pachuca 
 
 Dnrango 
 
 Guanajuato 
 
 Guerrero 
 
 Hidalgo 
 
 Jalisco 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Michoacan 
 
 Guadalajara 
 
 Toluca 
 
 Morelia 
 
 Morelos 
 
 Cuernavaca 
 
 NuevoLeon 
 
 Oaxaca 
 
 iMonterey 
 
 Oaxaca 
 
 Puebla 
 
 Puebla 
 
 Queretaro 
 
 Quer^taro 
 
 Ban Luis Potosi — 
 Sinaloa 
 
 San Luis Potosi 
 
 Culiacan 
 
 Sonora 
 
 Ures 
 
 Tahasco 
 
 San Juan Bautista. 
 Victoria 
 
 Tamaulipas 
 
 Tlaxcala 
 
 8,000 
 
 Tlaxcala 
 
 18,000 
 12,000 
 
 Vera Cruz 
 
 Jalapa 
 
 Merida.. 
 
 Zacatecas 
 
 Yucatan 
 
 61,000 
 
 Zacatecas 
 
 16,500 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Federal District. . 
 Lower California 
 Tepic 
 
 Mexico 
 La Paz 
 Tepic. . . 
 
 350,000 
 4,000 
 9,000 
 
 liATEST REPORTED EXPORTS. 
 
 Coffee S 1.193 
 
 Eagle Dollars 176,123 
 
 Gold Bullion 79,640 
 
 Fruit 60,681 
 
 Brazil Wood 
 
 Silver Coin ancj Bullion . 
 
 Silver Ore 
 
 Cattle Hides 
 
 5 54,450 
 69,541 
 55,446 
 
 127,847 
 
 Number cattle ranches. 20,574 ; value, $501,249,500. Number cattle 
 in Northern Mexico,— area, 3O0,C00 square miles,— 1,500,000; goats, 
 2,500,000; horses, 1,000,000; sheep, 1,000,000. 
 
 AQRICTJLTTJRAIi PRODXTCTS. 
 
 Cotton $6,429,454 
 
 Pulque 8,759,700 
 
 Sugar 8,527,290 
 
 Wheat $ 16,970,789 
 
 Corn 109,169,429 
 
 Total Ag. Prod. . .$172,721,803 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 77 
 
 MAP OF MEXICO. 
 
US ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ' UNITED STATES. ~ 
 
 A republic occupying the central portion of North America, to- 
 gether with Alaska, in extreme northwest. 
 
 Area land surface, 3,547,000 square miles ; greatest length, east 
 
 and west, about 2,800 miles; average breadth, about 1,200 miles ; 
 
 .British American boundary, 8,540 miles ; Mexican, 1,550 miles ; 
 
 coast line, exclusiTe of land indentations, 5,715 miles ; lake shore 
 
 line, 3,450 miles. Number States, 38 ; Territories, 10. 
 
 New York ranks first in population ; Pennsylvania, second ; 
 Ohio, third ; Illinois, fourth. New York City, metropolis of repub- 
 lic; Philadelphia ranks second ; Brooklyn, third; Chicago, fourth. 
 Washington, capital ; population, 147,293. 
 
 Railway mileage, 1830, 23, having increased to 126,718, January, 
 1886. Increase, 1885. 3,214 
 
 Salt Industry. Breweries 
 
 Capital 18,225,740 
 
 Bushels 29.800,298 
 
 Value $4,817,636 
 
 Imported Merchandise. 
 
 Gums $ 4,400,166 
 
 Tea 13,636,053 
 
 BreadBtuffs 6,704,543 
 
 Laces, etc 10,012,394 
 
 Manuf. of Silk 36,673.646 
 
 Wmes 5,660,833 
 
 Number 2,741 
 
 Quantity Brewed. 513,192,120 gala. 
 Consumption per head. 10J4 gals. 
 
 Immigrants. 
 Professional occupations. . .2.284 
 
 Skilled 55,061 
 
 Miscellaneous 184,195 
 
 Ofcupations not stated.. ..31,665 
 Without occupations 245,387 
 
 Total 518,592 
 
 STATISTICS FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1884. 
 
 Whale Fisheries $1,517,353 
 
 Other Fisheries 4,731,043 
 
 Total $6,248,396 
 
 Breadstuffs exported $162,544,715 
 Cotton and manuf .of, 
 
 exported 208,900,415 
 
 Coal, exported 5,031,959 
 
 Total value of dutiable merchandise imported $457,813,509 
 
 Total value merchandise imported free from duty 209,884,184 
 
 UrPORTS. EXPORTS. 
 
 liierchandiBe $667,697,693 $740,513,609 
 
 Coin and Bullion ' 37,426,262 67,133,883 
 
 DOMBSTIC EXPORTS. TOBEIGN EXPORTS. 
 
 Merchandise $724,964,852 $15,648,757 
 
 Coin and Bullion 50,225,635 16,907,748 
 
 Commerce of Pacific Coast. 
 
 IMPORTS. EXPORTS. 
 
 Europe $ 5,156,311 $31,225,433 
 
 Asia, Australasia and Oceanica 18,766,855 4,166,516 
 
 Hawaiian Islands 7,925,925 3,109,697 
 
 Mexico, Central and South America. . . 2,738,444 3,381,938 
 
 British Columbia 1,283,931 2,503,954 
 
 Another 1,308,064 2,059,746 
 
 Totals $37,179,530 $46,386,284 
 
 Total value of products of industry $10,000,000,000 
 
 Average annu.il coal production 77,908,874 tons. 
 
 Average annual value exports domestic merchandise. . .$794,060,103 
 Average annual value imports domestic merchandise. . . 635,227,511 
 
 Average annual value exports of cotton 12,822,428 
 
 Average annual value imports cotton manufactures — 3t,285,e60 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 79 
 
 MAP OF UNITED STATES. 
 
80 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Man. 
 
 "Pine Tree State." 
 
 Settled by the English at Bristol, 1624; admitted 1820. 
 
 Area, 33,040 square miles ; extreme length, 300 miles ; extreme 
 breadth, 210 miles; shore line over 2,400 miles, including islands; 
 the Penobscot, Androscoggin, Saco, iSt. Croix, Aroostook and St. 
 John are the most important streams. Number counties, 16. 
 
 Temperature of Portland: winter, 23° to 38° ; summer, 63° to 69°. 
 Rainfall at Brunswick, 45 inches. 
 
 Portland, the metropolis and principal seaport; pop , 31,413. 
 Augusta, the capital; pop., 8,665. Bangor, a port, of entry and lum- 
 ber centre; pop., 16,856. Biddeford, an important manufacturing 
 town; pop , 12,651. Lewiston, principal seat cotton manufactures; 
 pop., 19,083. 
 
 Number farms, 64,309; average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $12.87; woodland, $12.66. Hay the most yaluable crop, yielding 
 1,214.033 tons in 1883; corn crop, 1884, 1 062,000 bu. • wheat, 629,400 
 bu. ; oats, 2,428,000 bu. : latest reported dairy products, 3,720 783 
 gallons milk, 14,109,966 lbs. butter and 1,945,095 lbs. cheese. 
 
 Lumbering one of chief industries, forests covering over 10,000,000 
 acres: number saw-mills, 848; total products, $7,933,868. 
 
 Fisheries give employment to 11,071 persons, and produce an 
 Income of $3,614,178, including oyster fisheries, valued at $37,500. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $2,000 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 1,200 
 
 Treasurer 1,600 
 
 Attorney Gen . 1,000 
 Adjutant Gen. . 900 
 Sup. Com.Schls 1.000 
 Sec. Bd. of Agr. 600 
 State Librarian 600 
 Chief Justice . 3,000 
 7 Asso. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, ) $150; 
 Represen V mileage, 
 tatives. ) 20 cents. 
 District Judge. 3,500 
 Col. Int. Rev... 2,.500 
 Col. Customs... 6,000 
 Surveyor Cus.. 4,500 
 Pension Agt. . . 4,000 
 
 CAPITAL-INVESTED IN GRANITE 
 QUARRIES. 
 
 CAL 
 MD. 
 N.H 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Auburn $2,200 
 
 Augusta 3,100 
 
 Bangor 2,700 
 
 Bath 2,200 
 
 Belfast 1,800 
 
 Biddeford 2,200 
 
 Bi-uns-wick 1,700 
 
 Caiais 1,600 
 
 Eastport 1,600 
 
 Ellsworth 1,500 
 
 Gardiner 1,800 
 
 Hallowell 1,600 
 
 Lewiston 2,500 
 
 Portland 3,300 
 
 Rockland 2,100 
 
 Saco 1,700 
 
 Skowhegan — 1,700 
 
 Waterville 2,000 
 
 19P.0... 1,500 to 1,000 
 
 Valuable elate quarries from the Kennebec to the Penobscot; 
 granite is obtained in blocks of immense size; latest reported prod- 
 uct, 2,203,670 cubic feet; value, $1,175,286. Banks fifth in buck- 
 wheat and copper; eighth in hops and potatoes. 
 
 The State has 379 shipbuilding establishments; number new 
 ▼essels built, 88; boats, 970; total value, $2,909,846. 
 
 Pop., 648.936 : male, 324,058 ; female, 824,878 ; native, 590,053; for- 
 eign, 58,883; white, 646,852; colored, 1.451; Chinese, 8; Indians, 625. 
 
 State elections, second Monday in September; congressional 
 and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- 
 ber Senators, 31; Representatives, 151; sessions biennial, in odd- 
 numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of 
 session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 6: number voters, 187,323; paupers and 
 Indians not taxed excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 3; system of common, high and normal schools 
 excellent; of 519,669 persons 10 years old and upward, 3.5 per cent. 
 are unable to read; school age, 4-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 81 
 
 MAP OF MAINE. 
 
S2 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. J5°e?s;" 
 
 'ehir. 
 State." 
 
 One of the thirteen original States; eettled by English Puritans 
 at Dover and Portemouth, 1623. 
 
 Area^ 9,305 square miles; length, 180 miles; average breadth, 45 
 .miles; eeacoast, 18 miles; best harbor at Portsmouth. Number 
 counties, 10. 
 
 Average temperature at Concord, 46°; Hanover. 43° ; Manchester, 
 49°; Portsmouth, 46°. Rainfall at Hanover, 40 inches. 
 
 Manchester, chief city and manufacturing town, pop., 32,630. 
 Pop. Nashua, 13,397; Concord. 13,B43; Dover, 11,687; Portsmouth, 
 9,690. 
 
 Number farms, 32,181 ; average value per acre, cleared land, $15; 
 woodland, $32, Hay the most valuable crop, yielding nearly 600,000 
 tons by last report; corn crop, 1884, 1,286,000 bu., 33 bu. to the acre; 
 wheat, 170,700 bu., 14.6 bu, to the acre; oats, 993,000 bu., 32.4 bu. 
 to the acre. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 OflEicers. 
 
 Governor $1 ,000 
 
 Sec. State. $800 & fees 
 
 Treasurer 1,800 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 2,200 
 Supt. Pub. Ins.. 2,000 
 3 R. R. Com- I 2,000 
 
 mission'rs ) to 2,500 
 Adjutant Gen.. 1,000 
 Sec. Bd. Agr. ... 1,000 
 
 Librarian 800 
 
 Chief Justice... 2,900 
 6 Asso. Justices 2,700 
 Senators, ) $3 a day 
 Represen- V and 
 
 tatives.. i mileage. 
 District Judge. 3,500 
 Pension Agent. 4.000 
 Col. Int. Rev..., 3,125 
 
 AVERAGE ANNUAL PRODUCT OF 
 BARLEY, \N BUSHELS. 
 
 N. J, M 3.725 DEL. M 1,733 
 R. l.fVl C0NN.[Vli4»3'9 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 ■X. 
 
 (» 
 
 
 •x. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 V 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Claroniont $1 
 
 Concord 2 
 
 Dover 2 
 
 Exeter 1 
 
 Franklin Falls. 1 
 Great Falls .... 1 
 
 Hanover 1 
 
 Keene 2 
 
 Laconia 1 
 
 Lancaster 1 
 
 Lebanon 1 
 
 Littleton 1 
 
 Manchester 2 
 
 Milford 1 
 
 Nashua 2 
 
 Plymouth 1 
 
 Portsmouth 2 
 
 Rochester 1 
 
 UP. O.. $1,300 to 1 
 
 800 
 700 
 ,300 
 ,600 
 iOO 
 ,700 
 ,500 
 ,300 
 ,700 
 500 
 ,700 
 ,600 
 800 
 ,400 
 ,500 
 ,500 
 ,400 
 .600 
 000 
 
 Ranks third in manufacture of cotton goods, value, $18,226,573; 
 value woolen goods, $8,113,839; worsted goods, $2,694,232; sawed 
 lumber, $3,842,012; leather, $4,477,350; paper, $1,731,170; boots and 
 shoes, $7,230,804; flouring: and grist mill products, $2,542,784; 
 hosiery and knit goods, $2,362,779. 
 
 Mica is quarried at Grafton, and is very valuable ; soapstone is 
 found at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown; granite of fine quality 
 is quarried at Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere. 
 
 Population, 346,991: male, 170.526; female, 176,465; native, 
 300.697; foreign, 46,294; white, 346,229; colored, 685; Chinese, 14; 
 Indians, 63. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 
 821; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
 meeting first Wednesday in June; limit of session, none; terms 
 of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 4 ; number voters, 105,138. Paupers are 
 excluded from voting. 
 
 Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769; compulsory edu- 
 cation law; common schools excellent; school ag--*, 5-15. 
 
 Mount Washington, highest point east of the Mississippi except- 
 ing two or three peaks in North Carolina; a three-mile railroad 
 extends to the summit. 
 
 No asylum for deaf, dumb or blind. 
 
 Legal interest, 6; usury forfeits thrice the excess. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 83 
 
 MAP OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 tong. "West 
 
 .E C 
 
 IPittsTjur: 
 IRock I f 
 
 Island IClarlcesvll 
 
 lichforcl 
 
 INewQiort ] 
 
 riul^K 
 
 Coos 
 
 GrovetoaToX' 
 
 lEaucasterp 
 
 Umbagog Lake 
 
 Milan 
 /^ ^\Muan' 
 
 >0^' 
 
 ^ipEcreR 
 
 3erlin Falls 
 
 •\a^ -r T, ;3r- JScottsAMills? .,, ^, 
 
 mt«fiel;l/~\Hiz,civs;Mi|l3^j' 
 
 A 
 
 3arre "WeDsDRivit 
 
 '"A 
 
 V'/Qk Profile -Hpuie^ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 [Haverhill^ Q>^.W»d'dstock' 
 
 yWarrenl) ^ ■ — -^ 
 
 >ariimitL. , Couwayj 
 
 < arren c„ i", Jlaaison / 
 
 ..rentworthVS Vj >._ 
 
 *s 'V V JSCampton ^ W. yy m 
 
 Woodstock/ 
 
 Bellows), 
 
 MFallC 
 
 W .AnHover 
 3^\avemontJfJ[c. Jraulcliu 
 , „ IPenacook 
 
 IBra^'fora^ti**'^ •?> 
 ^^Cbaflestown Contoocook^ 
 Talpdle ^eumker 
 / Hillsborou; 
 {."WaU/ole JJriage 
 
 pa 
 iILaeorif.a 
 iifltonlBay 
 o Jielmonl 
 
 IFarmiajton 
 
 Tittsfieia, 
 
 IRocheste 
 ON0/ORD 
 
 JDo/ver 
 
 iTTibrouzh 
 9J0. IS 
 
 .^.ij^-lfre-a.-- 
 
 
 . 3Tancoc"k ;jti^ .^BeTlfsVa Sta> 
 
84 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Yer-mont'. 
 
 ** Green Mountain State." 
 
 First settled by Massachusetts emigrants near Brattleboro, 1734; 
 admitted 1791,— the first State to join the original thirteen. 
 
 Area, 9,565 square miles, a little larger than New Hampshire; 
 length, 150 miles; breadth, 35 to 50 miles. Lake Champlain front- 
 age, over 100 miles; Burlington the chief harbor. Number 
 counties, 14. 
 
 Temperature at Burlington: winter. 18° to 33°; summer, 65° to 
 71° ; rainfall, 34 inches. Death rate, only 1.07 per cent, per annum. 
 
 Burlington, seat of Vermont lumber trade; pop., 11,S65. Mont- 
 pelier, capital. Kutland, famous for its marble works; pop., 12,149. 
 Pop. of Bennington, 6,333; of Saint Albans, 7,193. 
 
 First railroad, 1849. from Bellows Falls to Burlington by way of 
 Rutland; present mileage, 937. 
 
 Number farms, 35,5*-i2. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $15.28; woodland, $17.73. Corn crop, 1884, 1,998,700 bushels; 
 wheat, 364,500 bushels; oats, 3,625,000 iDushels. Latest report for 
 hay, 1,148,100 tons; potatoes, 4,708,550 bushels; cheese, 6,121,130 
 lb?. ; butter, 25,245,826 lbs. 
 
 Salaries State 
 
 Ofllcers. 
 
 Governor $1,000 
 
 Lieut. Gov. $6 a day 
 Sec'yof State . 1,700 
 
 Treasurer 1,700 
 
 Auditor 2,000 
 
 Insp. Finances. 500 
 
 R.R. Com'r 500 
 
 Ad j utant Gen . . 750 
 Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1,400 
 Chief Justice... 2,500 
 6 Asso. Justices 2,500 
 
 i a day 
 
 Senators, ) 
 Represen- \ 
 
 tatives.. ) 
 
 Dlst. Judge 3,500 
 
 Col. Int. Rev... 2,050 
 Col. of Cus- 1 1,000 
 
 toms 1 (fefees 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Barre $1,400 
 
 Bellows Falls... 1,800 
 
 Bennington 1,700 
 
 Bradford 1,600 
 
 Brandon 1,500 
 
 Brattleboro 2,400 
 
 Burlington 2,600 
 
 Fair Haven 1,400 
 
 Middlebury 1,700 
 
 Montpelier 2,300 
 
 Poultney 1,400 
 
 Rutland 2,500 
 
 St. Albans 2,100 
 
 St. Johnsbury.. 2,200 
 Sjoringfleld.... 1,500 
 
 Vergennes 1,600 
 
 West Randolph 1,500 
 
 Woodstock 1,500 
 
 11 P. O. $1,400 to 1,000 
 
 Mineral wealth of great value; manganese, copper pyrites, iron 
 ore, and gold deposits have been found. Black, white, red and 
 variegated marbles are abundant; annual value marble, over 
 $3,000,000, and of slate, about $1,000,000. 
 
 Number different industries, 2,874, giving employment to 17,540 
 persons. Number butter and cheese establishments, 85; flour and 
 grist, 227; furniture, 56; leather tanning, 53; luiflber sawing, 688; 
 marble and stone work, 69; wares of tin, sheet-iron and copper, 95. 
 
 Ranks fourth in copper, and seventh in hpp? and buckwheat. 
 
 Population: 332,286; male, 166,887; lemale, 165,399; native, 
 291,327; foreign, 40,959; white, 331.218; colored, 1,057; Indians, 11. 
 
 State elections biencial, first Tuesday in September; congres- 
 sional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; 
 number Senators, 30; Representatives, 240; sepsions of legislature 
 biennial, in even-numbeired years, meeting first Wednesday in 
 October; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Repre- 
 Bentatives, 2 years each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 95,621. Bribers 
 excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 2; school population, 99,463; school age, 5-20. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6 ; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 85 
 
 MAP OF VERMONT. 
 
 ZMills 
 
 ^St.Allbans • /Ik^^J Vjtsw -r-:. LSJslVi'a^'o 
 
 'vv 
 
 L 
 
 ^Mbrris-r. •'W.-Bur-ke^^ GitildfiaTl, 
 
 ictoty 
 
 
 a-^Sx>- 
 
 Hardwict 
 S<otce# 
 
 IBM toff 
 
 ■Wolcott j/jLjiiaon 
 
 Mte^-Ov Garnet 
 
 fP^ 
 
 
 ti-tv^' 
 
 
 mglRo^J 
 
 Ferris 
 
 j^ofgeanes 
 Brist 
 
 nfield*-> 
 Ba'rre Grotoni^ 
 WellslliverF 
 INe\^ury J 
 
 Roxburj 
 ' SV «N-, Chelsea ^raaforTl' 
 
 i^V.SalisTju^l " v^^^- Braintree 
 
 -Profile < 
 '^- JHouse 
 ^^TVoddville 
 
 ^ 
 
 lRodh%lter(|^J^W.-Ran-aolp-b '^'^//^ 
 _ Xeic'estefTc. S/VX^jeth^^-'''''**^'"'* f ff .** 
 
 Sutherland) 
 
 
 7 f^UE,, ^ ";^,uCian-a,o„^^^^ '^^ic^^-Xe^='"55. 
 
 VQuechee 
 
 /^^^S^Sj^NJlutlaml,';^ oodstock f J; ^ -^'rer J 
 
 
 ^^'fe 
 
 (Bristol 
 
 M 
 
 _ Sou til 
 
 ,;GutllngtV. ,„, . 
 
 .ont 
 
 lis-' 'vP?°''7 
 
 low- 
 
 o iy^'Ws'MK. 
 
 [Gassetts 
 I Station 
 
 COf, 
 
 I'ewport 
 
 Contooc{7o"ki 
 
 V0T4C0^ 
 
 rancock *^' 
 
 , ■ yi'^S-I/ondonclerry \PepotJ/ <~t 
 
 Salem '^/Wjiihall'Uo „ M?N.WaIpole 
 
 l?# y ^#" i/ Bellows Lr 
 
 t%Y #^-- C^ Falls j\lj 
 
 hrj] l?#/ ^■'^ TownsendV' fJ/ h 
 
 I^uf ^§/CM^ „Vo«Fayette vA (vL\ ^ 
 
 ■^^ /> Glastenbury Pf^^neyy^^ ^\y\ ,^; 
 
 - ,^_^iIliamsV.!^ jr^^ %<\:^ 
 
 :^^nlngt^BrattleborVl^' -A^eene 
 
 i-y^^^^-y SyVerno^y ^"^ 
 
 / \M ,4° /xong M. East A^^ from S Wasli. Sf ie-Sj^g.^V^ ^ <^"-.g^i. 
 
 scale; of "Mixes. 
 
86 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 MSs-sa-cliQ'sets. 
 ••Old Bay State.** 
 
 One of the thirteen original States; first pennanent settlement 
 made by English Puritans, at Plymouth, 1»)20. 
 
 Area, 8,315 square miles; length, northeast and southwest, 160 
 miles; breadth, 47 to 100 miles. Number counties, 14. 
 ■ Temperature at Boston : winter, 27° to 38° ; summer, 66° to 71° : 
 rainfall, 45 inches. 
 
 Boston, capital and metropolis; pop., 390,406. Lowell, Lawrence 
 and Fall River tamous for cotton manufactures; pops., 64,051, 38,845 
 and 56.868. Worcester, great railroad and manufacturing centre; 
 pop., 68,383. Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, the oldest in 
 America, pop., 59,660. Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and 
 shoes; pop., 45,861. New Bedford, greatest whaling port in the 
 world; pop., 33,393. Springfield contains greatest arsenal in the 
 United States ; pop., 37,577. 
 
 Number of farms, 38,406; average value per acre, cleared land, 
 
 fi85; woodland, $43.25. Hay, the most valuable crop; wheat, 1884, 
 9,000 bushels; oats, 717,000; com. 1,941,300 bu. Ranks first in 
 cotton, woolen and worsted goods, and in cod and mackerel fisher- 
 ies, owning over half of the fishing vessels of the United States; 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 Lt. Governor.. 2,000 
 Sec'y of State. 3,000 
 
 Treasurer 4,000 
 
 Auditor 2,500 
 
 Attorney Gen. 4,000 
 Chief Justice.. 6,500 
 CAsso. Justices 6.000 
 District Judge. 4,000 
 Senators, ^§650 per 
 Represen-V year. 
 
 tatives, ) '' 
 Pension Ag't.. 4,000 
 3 Collectors » .^,000 
 
 Int. Rev., (to 4,500 
 Coll. of Cus- 
 
 \NNUAL VALUE OF MANUFACTUREC 
 BOOTS AND SHOES. 
 
 toms,Bost'n ! 
 
 ;,ooo 
 
 Boston S6,000 
 
 Brockton 2,500 
 
 Fall River 2.800 
 
 Fitchburg 2,600 
 
 Gloucester 2,500 
 
 Haverhill 2,600 
 
 Holyoke 2.700 
 
 Lawrence 2.700 
 
 Lowell 3,200 
 
 Lynn 3,100 
 
 New Bedford... 3,000 
 Northampton.. 2,500 
 
 Pittsfleld 2,700 
 
 Salem 2,700 
 
 Springfleld 3,200 
 
 Taimton 2,600 
 
 Woi-cester 3,300 
 
 2,400 
 000 
 
 101 Offices... I to 2. 
 
 Naval Officer. . 5,000 
 
 second in wealth and commerce; third in manufactures and in 
 printing and publishing; fourth in silk goods; fifth in soap; sixth 
 m iron and steel; ninth in agricultural implements. 
 
 Population 1.941,465; male, 932,429; female, 1,009,036; native, 
 1,459,982; foreign, 481,483; white, 1,920,498; colored, 20,361; Chinese, 
 229; Japanese, 8; Indians, 369. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
 Monday in November. Number Senators, 40; Representatives, 
 240; sessions annual, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit 
 of session, none ; terms of Senators and Representatives, one year 
 each. Number electoral voles, 14; number voters, 544,192; native 
 white, 853,347; foreign while, 184,439; colored, 6,406; Paupers. 
 persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men unable to read 
 and write excluded from voting. 
 
 Number quarries, 113; ports of entry, 9; customs districts, 11. 
 First American newspaper, Boston, 1G90; lirst freight railroad in 
 United States, Quincy ; first American library at Harvard College. 
 
 Number colleges, 7 ; education compulsory ; schools excellent ; 
 ■chool age, 5-15. 
 
 Legal mterest rate, 6 ; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 87 
 
 MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
88 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Rod riand. 
 
 " Little Khody." 
 
 One of the thirteen original States and smallest in the Union; 
 supposed temporary settlement by Icelanders as early as 1000 ; 
 eettled by ltoo;er Williams at Providence, 1636* last of the thirteen 
 colonies to ratify the Constitution, which it did in 1790. 
 . Area, 1,250 square miles; extreme length, north and south, 47 
 miles; extreme width, 40 miles. Good harbors at Providence, 
 Bristol, Warren and Newport, the latter one of the finest in the 
 world. Number counties, 5. 
 
 Temperature at Newport: Winter, 29° to 43° ; summer, 64° to 71°: 
 rainfall, 43 inches. 
 
 United States customs districts at Newport, Providence, Bristol 
 and Warren; two capitals. Providence and Newport ; populations, 
 117.628 and 19,552. Population of Lincoln, 17,2H9; of Pawtucket, 
 22,894; of Warwick, 13,284; of Woonsocket, 16,145. 
 
 Nuniber farms, 6,2161 Hay the most valuable crop ; yield of 1883, 
 81,708 tons; potato crop, 845,185 bushels; corn crop, 1884, 890,000 
 bushels; oats. 1R1,000 Imshels. Latest reported dairy products: 
 milk, 3,831,706 gallons; butter, 1,007,103 lbs.; cheese, 67,171 lbs. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 OflEicers. 
 
 Governor $1,000 
 
 Lieut. Gov 500 
 
 8«c'y of State.. 2,500 
 Gen. Treasurer 2,500 
 State Auditor ) „ rAA 
 Ins. Com'r . . f '^'•^"" 
 Railroad Com'r 500 
 Attorney Gen . 2,500 
 Adjutant Gen . 600 
 Com.Pub.Schls 2.500 
 Chief Justice .. 4,500 
 4 Asso. Justices 4.000 
 Senators, i $lpr.day 
 Represen V mileage 
 tatives. ) 8 cents. 
 District Judge . S3,500 
 Apr. of Cust'ms 3,000 
 
 Clerk.. 1,200 
 
 3 Collectors Fees. 
 
 CAPITAL Invested in Cotton 
 
 Manufactures per 1,000 
 
 population. 
 
 4 Den foll<5 i ^^'^OO 
 
 4i^ep. cons, j to 2,000 
 Col. Int. Rev. .. 2,760 
 
 SDep.Colls.Jtofjoo 
 
 1,800 
 
 Supt. Life 
 Saving Ser. 
 
 Asst. Supt 1,000 
 
 36 Keepers 700 
 
 Presidential P.O. 
 
 Bristol $1,700 
 
 Central Falls... 1,700 
 E. Greenwich . . 1,600 
 
 Lonsdale 1,300 
 
 Newport 2,700 
 
 Olneyville 1,700 
 
 Pawtucket. ... 2,600 
 
 Providence 3,500 
 
 Warren 1,300 
 
 Westerly 2.100 
 
 Woonsocket.... 2,300 
 
 Outranks, in proportion to its size, all other States in value of 
 manufactures. Number looms, 30,274; spindles, 1,649,295, using 
 161,094 bales of cotton, and giving employment to 22,228 persons. 
 Ranks second in cotton, flax and linen poods. 
 
 Value of cotton goods manufactured, $24,609,461 ; woolen goods, 
 $15,410,450; worsted goods. $6,177,754; boots and shoes, rubber, 
 $1,4.55,420; dyeing and finishing textiles. $6,874,254; foundry and 
 machine-shop products, $6,281,707; jewelry, $5,650,133. 
 
 Population, 303,816; male, 146,135; female, 157,681; native, 
 222,697; foreign, 81,119; white, 296,585; colored, 7,127; Chinese, 27; 
 Indians, 77. 
 
 State elections, first Wednesday in April; congrese-ional and 
 presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number 
 Senators, 36; Representatives, 72; sessions annual; meeting last 
 Tuesday in May, at Newport, and an adjourned session annually 
 at Providence; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives, 1 year each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 4; number voter*, 84,460; persons with- 
 out property lo the value of $134 excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 1 ; Brown's University, at Providence, founded 
 1764; common school system excellent; school age, 5-15. 
 
 liCgal interest rate, 6 ; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 89 
 
 MAP OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 7lJ50'Long.W.from7r-'40'^^enwich. 
 
 M/ A S S% A y -«^ 
 
 Webster ^-^L^ -^/^e?" v""^'^''"/^"^-^^. 
 
 , M H O % ((my. . 
 
 *' • '^'^J^ ' W.ProvideuctiA. Vl^\ * "O-fJ 
 
 
 
 JNC 
 
 
 '■v,tp 
 
 '^O 
 
 Vyominjf 
 '. Vallet 
 
 
 k^ollIRiv 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^3^' 
 
 ^ 
 
 I'ler 
 
 '^'^^l 
 
 ■^i-h 
 
 'Z A N T I G '''' 
 C E A N 
 
 Bj 
 
 lA^ll 
 
 'II 
 
 Scale ofUVTiles. 
 
 012S4S6789 10 
 
 w w -i 
 
 o , ■, r, . x\vo^>- --.-^^^yM/ r^-'>^^^^-i Co., Sngr't, Chicago. 
 
 6, 12 I^ng. E. from5;2.2'Xashipgton<::^5-/32 5''42' 6°02' 
 
90 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 Kon-net'e-kut. 
 
 »* Nutmeg State.*' 
 
 Name of Indian origin, signifying Long River. 
 
 One of tlie thirteen original States; first permanent settlement 
 made by English at Hartford, 1635. 
 
 Area 4,990 square miles ; average length, 86 miles ; average 
 breadth 55 miles; eeacoast, over 100 miles. Principal river 
 valleys : Thames, Connecticut and Housatonic. Most important 
 harbors': Bridgeport, New Haven, New London, Saybrook and 
 Stonington. Number counties, 8. _ 
 
 Temperature at New Haven: winter, 2<°to40''; summer, 68° to 
 74° : rainfall, 44 inch s. , , , , . ^ . -u , 
 
 Hartford the capital, and noted for banking and insurance busi- 
 ness • population, 42.015. New Haven, " City of Elms," the metrop- 
 olis and noted for educational Institutions ; population, 62,882. 
 Bridgeport noted foip manufacture of fire-arms and sewing ma- 
 chines ; population, 27,^3. Waterbury, an important manufactur- 
 ing city ; population, 17.806. Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, 
 New London and Stonington are ports of entry. 
 
 Number farms, 30,598. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
 f29- woodland, $24.50. Corn crop of 1884, 1,767,790 bu. ; wheat, 
 36 200 bu. ; oats, 1,112,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 
 12/289,893 gals.; butter, 8,292,360 lbs. ; cheese, 1,028.015 lbs. 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $4,000 
 
 Lieut. Gov 500 
 
 Sec'yof State.. 1,500 
 
 Treasurer 1,500 
 
 Comptroller.... 1.500 
 Sec.StateBd.Ed. 3,000 
 Adjutant Gen.. 1,200 
 
 Ins. Com'r 3, .500 
 
 SR.R.Com'rs.. 3,000 
 Chief Justice.. 4,.500 
 4 Asso. Justices 4,000 
 Senators, i 
 Repre-sen- v $300 and 
 
 tatives. ) mileage . 
 District Judgre. 3,.500 
 2Colls. In. Rev. 3,000 
 13 Deputy ) 800 
 
 Collectors (to 1,775 
 Stmpd.En.Agt. 2,500 
 
 Ansonia $2,100 
 
 Birmingham... 2,200 
 
 Bridgeport 3,100 
 
 Bristol 1,900 
 
 Danbury 2,400 
 
 Hartford 3,400 
 
 Meriden 2,700 
 
 Middletown.... 2,600 
 New Britain..,. 2,500 
 
 New Haven 3,400 
 
 New London,... 2,600 
 
 Norwalk 2,000 
 
 Norwich 2,700 
 
 South Norwalk 2,000 
 
 Stamford 2.400 
 
 Waterbury . . , . 2,700 
 Willimantlc. . , . 2,100 
 I 1.800 
 
 i to 1,000 
 
 38 Offices 
 
 Number different industries, 4,488. Capital invepted in manu- 
 facture: rubber goods, $1,681,600; carpets, other than rag, f3,085- 
 000 ; clocks, $1,816.400 ; cotton goods, $21,104,200 ; woolen goodi, 
 $7,907,452 ; f ewing machines and attachments, $6,490,650. 
 
 Ranksfirst in clocks, third in silk goods, fourth m cotton goodB, 
 eighth in tobacco. „.„ ,^^o 4.- 
 
 l>opnlation, 622,700: male, 305,782; female, 316,918 ; native, 
 492,708; foreign, 129.992 ; white, 610,769; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 
 123 ; Japanese, 6 ; Indians, 255. . 
 
 State elections, annual, at same date as congressional and prea- 
 idential ; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 249; meeting 
 of legislature, Wednesday after first Monday m January ; limit, 
 none ; term of Senators, 2 years ; of Representatives, 1 year. 
 
 Number electoral voles, 6 ; number voters, 177,291. Convicts 
 and those unable to read are excluded from voting. . 
 
 Number colleges, 3, having about 160,000 volumes In libraries ; 
 Yale College, at New Haven, founded, 1701 . School age, 4-16. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6 ; no penalty for usury, but more than per 
 cent, can not be collected by law. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 91 
 
 MAP OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
92 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 NEW Y UKK^. " Empire or Excelsior State." 
 
 One of the thirteen original States; naraed in honor of the Duk© 
 of York, to whom the patent was granted; first settled by Dutch, 
 on Manhattan Island, 1614. 
 
 Area, 49,170 square miles; extreme length, east and west, 412 
 miles; extreme breadth, 311 miles; two-thirds of boundaries formed 
 by navigable rivers; total water frontage, 880 miles. Number 
 counties, (50. Temperature at Albany : winter, 22° to 36° ; summer, 
 67° to 73°. Rainfall at Buffalo, 34 inches, and at Penn Yan, 28 inches. 
 
 New York City, chief commercial point of United States, rank- 
 ing Ist in exports and imports; pop., 1,206.299,— greater by nearly 
 three-fifths than that of the Territories. Brooklyn is 2d in size; 
 pop., 566,663. Buff'alo, " Queen City of the Lakes," is, next to Chi- 
 cago, most important fphippiug point for grain on the lakes; pop., 
 155,1 34. Rochester, noted for manufactures and extensive nurseries ; 
 pop., 89,366. Syracuse has extensive salt works; pop., 51,792. 
 Albany, the capital; pop., 90,758; customs districts, ID. 
 
 First railroad, from Albany to Schenectady, 1831 ; present raDroad 
 mileage, 7,349 ; artificial waterways, 907 miles. 
 
 Number farms, 241,058; average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $58.48; woodland, $40.88. 
 
 Salaries of State 1 I Presidential P.O. 
 
 OfB.cers. cheese product of isso. 
 
 Gov'rSlO.OOO&house _^ il!]f,!^^ HiZ 
 
 Lieut.Gov. ...5,000 MICHIGAN Q. Lbs. 292,971 Ri^Ai^Wton''" sooo 
 
 Sec'y of State... 5,000 ILLINOIS J^ ^62,178 §"f,fhamton... |,000 
 
 Treasurer 5,000 PA., f^3^ o^^Ms? luft-Tlo^ S 
 
 Comptroller... 6,000 IOWA C3, ^'"^'^^^E fra 3 000 
 
 Attoi:n_ey Gen.. 5,000 VERMONT J^^^-. 6,121,130 Lockport."".'.'.'.' IjOO 
 
 Newburpii ..... 2',700 
 
 Representa-l-mTge — 1^ J"—' ' Ko'l^.V.:::: S? 
 
 Pousnkeepsie . 2,900 
 
 Rochester 3,600 
 
 Saratoga Spr... 2,700 
 
 Syracuse 3,400 
 
 Troy 3,300 
 
 Utlca 3,200 
 
 ^ , ^ . , >^ / Watertown 2,700 
 
 New Yo?k!^ I ^^'"*'° ^^ — ^ ?PiPost { 2,600 
 
 Supt. Assay O.. 4,500 
 
 Chief Justice.. 7,500 
 Senators & ) l.-'iOO 
 _ I- V 
 
 tives ) lOcts. 
 
 3 Dist. Judges.. 4,000 
 Pension Agt. . . 4,000 
 Pos,StanipAgt. 2,.500 
 D.Supt.R'ySer. 2,500 
 12 Colls.Irit. I 2,7.50 
 
 Revenue.. I to 4,500 
 
 9,0SS,405 
 19^-tS,438 
 
 Offices ) to 1,000 
 
 Corn crop. 18!^4, S2,674,300 bu ; wheat, 12.729,000 bu. LateBt 
 reported dairy products: milk, 331,965,533 gallons; butter, 116,119,- 
 647 lbs. ; cheese, 117,085,442 lbs. Ranks first in value of manufactures, 
 soap, printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and 
 milch cows; second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, 
 miles railway and barley; third in agricultural implements, iron 
 ore, iron and steel, oats and rye. 
 
 Population, 5,082,871: male, 2,505,322; female, 2,577,549; native, 
 8,871,492; foreign, 1.211,379; white, 5,016,022; colored, 65,104: 
 Chinese, 909; Indians, 819. Governor and State officers elected 
 quadrennially, and legislature every two years; State, congres- 
 sional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in 
 November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 128; sessions 
 of legislature annual, meeting first Tuesday In January; limit of 
 session, none; term of Senators, 2 years ; of Representatives, 1 year. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 36; number voters, 1,408,751; native 
 white, 852,094; foreign white, 536,598. Election betters or bribers, 
 and convicts, excluded from voting. 
 
 Number of colleges, 28; school pop., 1,681,101; school age, 5-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits principal and interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 93 
 
 MAP OF NEW YORK. 
 
94 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Jer'zee. 
 
 '* Jersey Blue. 
 
 Named in honor of a grantee, Sir George Carteret, at one timo 
 Governor of the Island of Jersey. One of the thirteen original 
 States. Settled by Dutch, atBergon, 1620. Area, 7,815 square miles; 
 extreme length, 157 rals.; breadth, 37 to 70 mis.; frontage on Atlantic 
 and Delaware Bay, about 120 miles each. Number counties, 21. 
 
 Temperature at Atlantic City: winter, 32° to 42°; summer, 66° to 
 73°. Rainfall at Newark, 45 inches. 
 
 Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton 
 and Lumberton are ports of entry. Newark, metropolis; popula- 
 tion, 152,988. Jersey City, a suburb of New York; population, 
 153,513. Trenton, capital; pop.. 34,386. Paterso'n, manufacturing 
 city; pop., 63,273. Extensive zinc works at Newark and Jersey 
 City. Pop. Elizabeth, 32,119; Hoboken, 37,721; Camden, 52,884. 
 
 Number farms, 34,307. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
 182.52; woodland, $56.82. Number engaged in agriculture, 59,214. 
 
 Hay the most valuable crop; potato yield, 1883, 4,275,857 bu.; 
 wheat, 1884, 2,022,000 bu. ; corn, 10,992,032 bu.; cranberry growing a 
 epecialfv, Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties being especially 
 adapted'to this industry. Central region a vast market garden. 
 
 3 Collectors ) $2,376 
 Int. Re v.... ) to 4,500 
 
 9alue of manufactured Silk 
 
 GOODS. 
 
 Presidetitial P. O. 
 AsburyPark. . $2,300 
 Atlantic City.. 2,400 
 
 Bridgeton 2,100 
 
 Camden 2,800 
 
 Elizabeth 2.700 
 
 Hoboken 2,400 
 
 Jersey City 3,200 
 
 Morristown 2,400 
 
 Newark 3,400 
 
 New Brunswick 2,500 
 
 Orange 2,300 
 
 Paterson 2,800 
 
 Plainfield 2,500 
 
 Rahway 2,200 
 
 Trenton 3,100 
 
 Washington... 3,100 
 46 P.O., 2,000 to 1,100 
 
 Salaries of State 
 OflBcers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 Sec'yof State.. 6,000 
 
 Treasurer 4,000 
 
 Comptroller... 4,000 
 Attorney Gen.. 7,000 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000 
 Adjutant Gen.. 1,200 
 
 Librarian 1,500 
 
 Chief Justice... 7,500 
 8 Asso. Justic's. 7,000 
 Chancellor.... 10,000 
 Senators, ) 
 Represen- > 500 
 
 tatives, ) a year 
 District Judge.. 3,500 
 Supt.Life Sav- ) , onn 
 
 ing Service. ) ^'*"" 
 39 Keepers 700 
 
 Latest reports give, for cotton used, 20,569 bales; 108 factories for 
 silk and silk goods, and number hands employed, 12,549; 2,234 
 hands employed in jewelry factories; number of flour and grist 
 mills, 481 ; brick and tile factories, 107. 
 
 Latest figures received for iron ore, 757.372 ; value sea fisheries, 
 $1,115,154; oysters sold, $2,080,625; marl dug in 1882, 1,080,000 tons. 
 
 Ranks first in fertilizing marl, zinc and silk goods; fourth in 
 iron ore; fifth in iron and steel; sixth in buckwheat and soap; 
 seventh in rye. 
 
 Population, 1,131.116: male, 559.922; female, 571.194; native, 
 909,416; foreign, 221,700: white, 1,092,017; colored, 88,853; Chinese, 
 172; Indians, 74. 
 
 State elections annual ; same date as congressional and presiden- 
 tial; number of Senators 21, of Representatives, 60; meeting of 
 legislature, 2d Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of 
 Senators, 3 years; of Representatives, 1 year. Number electoral 
 votes, 9; number voters, 300,635. Paupers, idiots, insane and con- 
 7icts excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 4; number enrolled in public schools, 209,526; 
 school age, 5-18. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits entire interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 95 
 
 MAP OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 
 LoBgituda W. from Greenwich. 75^ 
 
 Grey court/ 
 */t>«v 2V / Y . < 
 
 5reen"wood> 
 
 ''-i;;-. 
 
 41^ 
 
 (Creseo 
 
 N*"™ 
 
 
 «.t-\°" 
 
 parta.Jc. 
 '- ^i^ate ».'y^jl^oj)'iffi<)'n^;4MountamVieivV = 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ir 
 
 Klemingto' 
 FMmingto 
 
 al./^ Chester V. ^°^ovi 
 HsrC'file 3rorri3 T.\cp •^/^ , 
 '<>"; Bernards "V:;'^^^;];i;2i2^3^wiirk 
 ^-h liridje ".L. frEli/.a 
 
 iwajri 
 
 1'^ 
 
 OrfelanS 
 
 Doylestown 
 
 LLausdale i 
 
 Pelasterville/ 
 
 Soinervin7>££^ 
 
 ^ rtl 
 
 ambertjpr^ A*y / 51/utawan' 
 
 ^SRocJkj Hill^;JAloniyJuth Jc.'*/'-' 
 
 ■ Prin/fccton ^ /^-^^amesburlsh 
 
 Princeyon J 
 |<^tcotoyjc. ^^y^ HS^tontfown Jc 
 
 lightstown 
 
 :nton 
 
 Ik 
 
 5or"tTen|town 
 fKinliora/i BricksburgK 
 SltrHvony 3y(5 Ridgewa7rt'<4' -T)r.fav(v,"4.o' 
 
 ^''"isV^\-r1>J^aMir,i ;y^Iancheal 
 
 ^ 
 t^> 
 
 Foodb 
 
 . ,- ....dford % ■''o, 
 ."uaonfieia WoodmansU 
 
 '■^:f?K 
 
 Oakland J JER , "/„. Ai". 
 — fVinelai^ 
 
 ■^^fLLding 
 
 _ .numusku) 
 
 BoTlS") 
 
 t"NorriS 
 ay Sidj _ 
 
96 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Pen-sil-va'ne-ali. 
 "Keystone State." 
 
 Named in honor of William Penn, the grantee. One of the 
 thirteen original States. First permanent settlement made by 
 Swedes at Chester, 1638. 
 
 Area, 45,215 square miles; extreme length, 303 miles; greatest 
 .breadth, 176 miles. Largest rivers, Delaware, Susquehanna, Al- 
 leghany, Monougahela, Ohio. Number counties, 67. Temp, at 
 Philadelphia: winter, 31° to 42°; summer, 70° to 75°: rainfall, 44 in. 
 
 Philadelphia founded 1682 ; chief city of State, and second in 
 U. S.; contains U. S. mint and navy yard; pop., 840,984. Pitts- 
 burg, extensive manufacturing city; pop., 156,389. Harrisburg la 
 capital; pop., 30,162. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports 
 of entry. 
 
 Number farms, 156,357, averaging about 100 acres each. Average 
 value per acre, cleared land, $43.75; woodland, $29.75. Com crop, 
 1884, 43,466,000 bushels; wheat, 20,820,000 bushels; annual value 
 butter, milk and cheese, over $35,000,000. 
 
 Manufacture of pig iron the great industry ; total production in U. 
 8., 1880, 4,295,414 tons, of which Penn. produced 2,083,121 tons. 
 Number manufacturing establishments, 10,381; flour and grist, 2,873; 
 iron and steel, 321 ; sawed lumber, 2,8C6 ; paper, 78; woolen goods, 324. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Capital invested in manufacture | 
 
 OF Glassware, 
 
 1880. 
 
 W. VA. 
 
 OHIO 
 
 C) 
 
 
 
 $ 5,50,522,^ ^ 
 
 \| 579,750 
 
 ^^ /penn SYLVAN Ia\ "^ 
 $ 310,OOoV * 3,978,406 J^ 250^000 
 
 N. Y.V 
 
 /MASS. 
 
 0, 
 
 $775,600 
 
 
 
 1 603,000 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Alleghany 82,900 
 
 Allentowu 2,600 
 
 Altooiia 2,500 
 
 Bradford 2,700 
 
 Easton 2,600 
 
 Erie 3,000 
 
 Harrisburg .^,100 
 
 Lancaster 2,900 
 
 Meadville 2,500 
 
 Philadelphia... 6,000 
 
 Pittsburg 3,800 
 
 Reading 3,000 
 
 Scranton 2,900 
 
 Titusville 2.500 
 
 Wilkesbarre... 2,700 
 
 Williamsporfc.. 2,800 
 
 York 2,700 
 
 U9 Offices i 2'*®'* 
 14» umces. ^ jQ iQQQ 
 
 Governor $10,000 
 
 Lieut.Gov 3,000 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 4.000 
 
 Treasurer 5,000 
 
 Auditor Gen... 3,000 
 Attorney Gen.. 3,500 
 Chief Justice... 8,500 
 6 Asso. Justices 8,000 
 1 $1,000 for 
 Senators, 100 days. 
 Repre^en )■ $10 per d. 
 tatives. Mileage 
 
 I 5 CGHtS. 
 
 2 Dist. Judges... i.OOO 
 
 2 Pension Agts. 4,000 
 
 10 Colls. Int. ( 4,500 
 
 Revenue. . ) to 2,375 
 
 Col. Customs, I o nnn 
 
 Philadelp'ia f **'""" 
 
 Anthracite coal field in central division; bituminous in west and 
 southwest. Produces all the anthracite and more than half the 
 bituminous coal of the United States. 
 
 Ranks first in rye, iron and steel, petroleum and coax; second 
 in buckwheat, potatoes and printing and publishing; third in 
 milch cows, hay, soap and miles railway ; fourth in oats and tobacco; 
 fifth in silk goods, malt and distilled liquors; sixth in salt, copper, 
 and agricultural implements ; eighth in horses and sheep. 
 
 Population, 4,282.891: male, 2,136,655; female, 2,146,236; native, 
 3,695,062; foreign, 587,829; white, 4,197,016; colored, 85,535; Chinese, 
 148; Japanese. 8; Indinns, 184. 
 
 State elections annual, same date as congressional and presiden- 
 tial; number Senators, 50; of Representatives, 201 ; sessions bien- 
 nial, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 150 days; 
 term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number 
 electoral votes, 30; number voters, 1,094,284. Non-taxpayers and 
 political bribers excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 26; enrolled in public schools, 945,345; school 
 age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6 ; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 97 
 
 MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
98 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 DELAWARE. "The^Siamond State." 
 
 One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Lord 
 Delaware, Governor of Virginia, who entered the hay, 1610. First 
 permanent settlement made by Swedes, near present city of Wil- 
 mington, 1638. First to ratify Federal constitution, 1787. 
 
 Area, 2,050 square miles; extreme length, 96 miles; breadth, 
 about 36 miles on south, and 10 miles on north. Number counties, 
 8. Temperature at Delaware breakwater: winter, 30° to 38° ; sum- 
 mer, 69° to 74° : rainfall, about 50 inches. 
 
 Wilmington, metropolis, and has important coasting trade ; pop- 
 ulation, 42,478. Dover is capital. Breakwater protecting Delaware 
 Bay at Cape Henlopen greatest work of its kind in America, cost 
 the United States $3,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of 
 construction. 
 
 Number farms, 6,658, of which 5,041 are occupied by owners. 
 Average value per acre, cleared land, $19 ; woodland, $15. 
 
 Corn crop of 1884, 3,975,000 bushels ; wheat, 1,007,000 bushels; 
 peaches, berries and garden products find ready market. Value 
 peach crop, over $1 ,500,000 annually. The growing of sweet potatoes 
 a valuable industry. 
 
 VALUE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS PER 
 1,000 POPULATION. 
 
 
 MASS. $ 5C4 
 
 ^ 
 
 CONN. $ '33 
 
 N. J. $ 760 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 N. HAMP. 
 
 % 2,802 
 
 DELAWABE 
 $ 5,775 
 
 6 Deputy ) $ 900 
 Collectors j to 1,600 
 
 Clerk 1,000 
 
 Collector of j 500 
 Customs, j&feea. 
 
 2 Deputy ) 600 
 Collectors ) to 1,600 
 
 5 Boatmen 300 
 
 Presidential F< O. 
 
 Dover $1,700 
 
 Mlddletown.... 1,300 
 
 Milford 1,400 
 
 Newark 1,200 
 
 Newcastle 1,100 
 
 Smyrna 1,400 
 
 W^ilmington . . . 8,100 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $2,000 
 
 Bec'y of State.. 1,000 
 
 Treasurer 1,4.')0 
 
 Auditor 700 
 
 Adjutant Gen.. 200 
 Attorney Gen.. 2,000 
 Supt. Pub. Ins.. 1,500 
 State Librarian 450 
 Chief Justice... 2,500 
 
 Chancellor 2,500 
 
 3 Asso. Justices 2,200 
 Senators, ) $3 pr. day 
 Eeprescn >• and 
 
 tatives. ) mileage. 
 District Judge.. 3,500 
 Dist. Att.. $200 & fees 
 Col. Inter. Rev. 2,875 
 
 Number different industries, 746^ flour and grist mills, 81 ; can- 
 ning and preserving, 33; shipbuildmg, 18; lumber sawing, 86. 
 
 Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables an important indus- 
 try; capital invested, $396,379 ; value of products, $634,940. 
 
 Capital invested in fisheries, $268,231 ; persons employed, 1,979. 
 Value products general fisheries. $309,021) ; menhaden, $941 ; oysters, 
 $687,725: total, $097,695. 
 
 Value manufactured cotton goods, $1,057,257; iron and steel, 
 f-3,347.177; iron pipe, wrought, $2,000,000; leather, dressed skins, 
 $1,886,597; shipbuilding, $2,168,503. Productsof all manufacturing 
 and mechanical industries, $20,514,438. 
 
 Pop., 146,608: male. 74,108; female, 72,5C0; native, 137,140; for- 
 eign, 9,468 ; white, 120,166; colored, 26,442; slaves, 1860, 1,798. 
 
 State, congressicgial and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
 Monday in November; number Senators, 9; Representatives, 21; 
 sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
 first Tuesday in January ; limit of session, 21 days ; term of 
 Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral 
 votes, 3; number voters, 38,298. Idiots, insane, paupers and crim- 
 inals excluded from voting. 
 
 Colleges at Newark and Wilmington ; school age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest rste, 6: usury forfeits the principal, 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 99 
 
 MAP OF DELAWARE. 
 
100 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOELD. 
 
 MARYLAND. Mareland. 
 
 One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Maria, 
 wife of Charles II., King of England; first permanent settlement 
 made by English Eoman Catholics at St. Mary's, 1C34. 
 
 Area, 12,210 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 196 
 miles; seacoa^t, 83 miles, or, including the tidewater region of 
 Chesapeake Bay, 411 miles, and, with shores of i -lands, 509 miles. 
 Number counties, 23. Temperature at Baltimore: winter, 33° to 
 41°; summer, 73° to 79°; rainfall, 41 inches. 
 
 Baltimore, the metropolis; laid out 1730; port of entry and com- 
 mercial centre; has regular lines European steamers; pop., 332,313. 
 Annapolis, capital ; contains United States Naval Academy; pop., 
 5,744. Cumberland, depot of western mining region; pop., 10,693. 
 
 Number farms, 1860, 23,494; 1880, 40,517. Average value per acre, 
 cleared land, $24.65; woodlaud, $35.50. 
 
 Value principal orchard products,— peaches, pears, plums and ap- 
 ples, — nearly $2,000,000; canned and preserved friiits and vegetables, 
 over $2,000,000; oyster fisheries, nearly $5,000,000. 
 
 Wheat crop, 1884, 8,200.000 bu. ; corn, 15,237,000 bu.; oats, 1,980,000 
 bu.; buckwheat, 1883, 117>600 bu.; tobacco, 31,!:70,7a-nbs. 
 
 Salaries of State f z — Z I Presidential P. O. 
 
 Oflacers. 
 
 VALUE OF OYSTER FISHERIES, | 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 
 
 (f'' 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 z^ 
 
 y 
 
 % 
 
 /f\ 
 
 > 
 
 t 
 
 - 
 
 < 
 
 
 -p 
 
 
 tO' 
 
 
 ■■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 \y<^ 
 
 -3 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 < 
 
 
 in 
 
 00 
 
 z 
 
 ^y^ 
 
 xV 
 
 
 z 
 c 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 Q 
 
 to 
 
 Li^- 
 
 ^A 
 
 >- 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 h 
 
 V" 
 
 
 
 
 *"- 
 
 < 
 
 s: 
 
 < 
 
 6I> 
 
 
 UJ 
 
 
 'n 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 k 
 
 l> 
 
 a 
 
 l>- 
 
 
 
 Annapolis $2,400 
 
 Baltimore 6,000 
 
 Bel Air 1,200 
 
 Cambridge 1,400 
 
 Centroville 1,300 
 
 Chet,tertown... 1,300 
 Cumberland. .. 2,300 
 
 Kaston 1,700 
 
 Elkton 1,500 
 
 EllicottClty... ,200 
 Emniittsburgh. l.SOO 
 
 Frederick 2,200 
 
 Frostburgh.... 1,300 
 Hag-erstown... 2,300 
 Havre do Grace 1,300 
 Port Deposit... 1,100 
 
 Salisbury 1,400 
 
 TowRon 1,100 
 
 Westminster... 1,500 
 
 Governor $4,500 
 
 Bec'y of State.. 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 2,500 
 
 Comptroller. .. 2,500 
 Attorney Gen. . . 3, 000 
 Chief Justice.. 3,500 
 7 Arso. Justices 3,500 
 District J udcro. 4,000 
 Senators. ) gSpr.day 
 Repres'u- > and 
 
 tative.'^. ) mileapre. 
 2 Colls. Int. ) 2,625 
 Revenue... (to 4,500 
 Col. of Customs 7,000 
 
 « Colls.. {J'^O-d 
 
 Auditor 2,500 
 
 Naval Officer.. 5,000 
 Surveyor 4,500 
 
 Number manufacturing establishments, 6,787; capital invested, 
 $58,742,384; hands employed, 74,945; bales cotton used, 46,947; pig 
 iron produced, 61,437 tons; flour and grist mills, 546; tons coal 
 mined, 2,227,844. 
 
 Eanks fourth in coal, seventh In tobacco, eighth in copper, 
 ninth in iron ore. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll coun- 
 ties; iron ore, in Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Fred- 
 erick and Prince George's counties. 
 
 Population, 934,943: male, 462,187; female, 472.756 ; native, 
 85,2.137; foreign, 82,806- white, 724,693; colored, 210,230; Chinese, 
 5; Indians, 15. Slaves, 1860, 87,189. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 2(); Representatives, 
 91; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years; meeting of legisla- 
 ture, first Wednesday in January; limit of session, CO days; term 
 of Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 232,106; native white, 
 144 586; loreign white, 38,936 ; colored, 48,584. Insane, convicts 
 and bribers excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 11; school population, 319,201; school age, 5-80, 
 
 Legal intereit rate, 6; usury forfe|;ts excess of interest, 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 
 
 101 
 
 MAP OF MARYLAND. 
 
103 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Ver-jin'e-ali, 
 
 " Old Dominion." 
 
 Named in honor of Elizabeth, i he Virgin Queen. One of the 
 thirteen original States. Settled by English at Jamestown, 1607. 
 Slavery introduced 1619. Seceded Alay, 1861 ; re-admitted Jan., 1870. 
 
 Area, 42,450 square miles ; greatest length, east and west, 440 
 miles; greatest breadth, 190 miles. Coast line, about 120 miles, or 
 tidal frontage, 1,500 miles. Number counties, 100. Temperature 
 at Norfolk: winter, 40° to 48°; summer, 75° to 80°. Rainfall at 
 White Sulphur Spring, SB inches. 
 
 Richmond, capital and metropolis; pop., 63,600. Pop. of Norfolk, 
 81,966; of Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads is one of the best 
 harbors on Atlantic coast. Seven ports of entry. 
 
 Number farms, 118,517; 51 per cent, of laborers are engaged in 
 agriculture. Average value per acre, cleared lands, $9.42; wood- 
 land, f 7.48. 
 
 Marble quarried on Potomac. Number sandstone quarries, 10; 
 ehipbuildiug establishments, fj5 ; saw-mills, 907 ; sawed lumber. 
 ^3,434,163: flour and grist mills, 1,385; value products, $12,210, 
 872 ; foundry aud machine-shop, J=l,361,231; iron and steel, $2,585, 
 899 ; cotton goods, $1,040,962; leather tanned, $1,011,830; slaughter 
 ing and meat packiuj?, $1,054,500. Total number industries, 5,710 
 capital invested, $26,968,990 ; vklue products, $51,780,992. 
 
 Presidential P.O. 
 
 Abingdon $1,600 
 
 Alexandria 2,400 
 
 Charlottesville 1,900 
 
 Danville 2,400 
 
 Freder'cksb'gh 1,800 
 
 Hampton 1,600 
 
 Harrisonbu'gh 1,600 
 
 Lexington 1,600 
 
 Liberty 1,600 
 
 Lynchburgh... 2,800 
 
 Norfolk 8,100 
 
 Petersburgh... 2,600 
 Portsmoutn.... 1,900 
 
 Richmond 3,400 
 
 Roanoke 2,100 
 
 Staunton 2,400 
 
 Winchester 1,900 
 
 5 Post Offices . . 1,500 
 10 P.O., $1,400 to 1,000 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 Lieut. Gov 900 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 2,000 
 
 Auditor 3,000 
 
 Sec. Auditor... 2,000 
 Attorney Gen.. 2,500 
 Supt. Pub. Ins.. 2,500 
 Adjutant. Gen. 600 
 Com'rof Agr.. 1,50!) 
 Supt.ofLandO. 1,300 
 Fres. Sup. Ct... 3,250 
 4J'dg's8up. Ct. 3,000 
 2 Dlst. Judges. 3,500 
 
 PEANUTS ANNUAL AMOUNT OF 
 
 CROP. 
 
 Senators, ) ar^n r,a>- 
 Represen- [^^^ P«^ 
 
 tatives . ) y®*^- 
 6 Colls. Int. ) 3,000 
 
 Revenue. ) to 4,500 
 
 Gold produced, 1882, $15,000; latest reported iron ore product, 
 183,826 tons; zinc, 10,448 tons ; lead, 11,200 tons. 
 
 Ranks first in peanuts, second in tobacco, eighth in salt and 
 iron ore. 
 
 Population, 1,512,565; male, 745,589; female, 766,976; natire, 
 1,497,869; foreign, 14,696; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Chinese, 
 6; Indians, 85; slaves, 1860, 490,865. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November ; number Senators, 40 ; Kepresentatives, 
 100; sessions of legislature biennial, In odd-numbered years, 
 meeting first "Wednesday in December; limit of session, 90 days; 
 term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 12 ; number voters, 334,505 ; colored, 
 128,257 ; native white, 198,277 : foreign white, 7,971. Lunatics, 
 Idiots, convicts, duelists. United States army, and non-taxpayera 
 of capitation tax excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 7; school population, 555,807 ; school age, B-11. 
 
 Legal interest, 6 ; by contract, 8 ; usury forfeits excess over 6 per c. 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 
 
 103 
 
 MAP OF VIRGINIA. 
 
104 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 Ver-jin'e-ah. 
 
 ** Pan-Handle State." 
 
 Composed of northern and "western counties of the original 
 State of Virginia; denounced passage of secession ordinance, 
 April 22d, 1861 ; became a State, 1863. 
 
 Area, 24,780 square miles; greatest length north and south, about 
 240 miles ; greatest breadth, 160 miles. Big Sandy, Great and Little 
 Kanawha, Guyaudotte and MonongaheU are navigable rivern. 
 Number counties, 64. Temperature at Morgantown : winter, 34° to 
 42°; summer, 70° to 75°. Rainfall at Romuey, 45 inches, 
 
 Charleston, capital ; pop. 4,192. "Wheeling metropolis, principal 
 seat of manufactures, and port of delivery ; pop. 30,737. Parkers- 
 burg, port of delivery ; pop. 6,-582. Pop. of Martinsburg, 6,335. 
 
 Number farms, 1870, 39,778 ; 1 880, 62,674. Average value per acre, 
 cleared land, $21.05; woodland, $9.39. A rich agricultural tract; 
 61 per cent, of laborers engaged in agriculture; staples are tobacco, 
 wheat aud com, the last being the most valuable crop; number bu. 
 grown 1884, being 11,900,000; wheat, 3,318,000; oats, 2,212,000; 
 tobacco, 1883^1,952,872 lbs. 
 
 On farms, Jan., 1884: Sheep, 671,226; swine, 424,626; annual wool 
 clip, 2.000,000 lbs. The yield of butter, 1880, was 9,315,896 lbs; 
 of fruit, "over $1 ,000,000. Wine made 1880, 71,026 gallons ; total value 
 lumber products, ^2,431,857. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $2,700 
 
 Secretary I I.OOO 
 
 of State I and fees. 
 
 Treasurer 1,400 
 
 Auditor.. },,,«,000 
 
 Biipt. of Free ( 
 
 Schools f 
 
 Attorney Gen. 
 Presiding i 
 
 Jdg. Supm. V 
 
 Court ) 
 
 Asso. Judges. . 2,250 
 Benatoi'S, ) $4perd. 
 Represen- v mileage 
 
 tatives.. ) 10 cents. 
 District Judge. 8,500 
 2 Colls. Int. K. 2,876 
 
 1,500 
 1,000 
 
 2,250 
 
 IN CORN CROP,1870TO 
 
 1880r 
 
 
 ^^' 
 
 CHUSETTS 
 
 A^N^«t 
 
 72,430 '< 
 310,057 >< 
 '314,359 f 
 ^39,961 « 
 ®S3,874' u 
 
 30 Deputy 
 Colls 
 
 $ 700 
 
 to 1,600 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Cliarleston $2,100 
 
 Charlestown . . 1,500 
 
 Clarksburg 1,(100 
 
 Fairmont 1,200 
 
 Grafton 1,400 
 
 Huntington... 1,700 
 
 Lewisburgh 1,000 
 
 Martinsburgli. 1,800 
 Morgantown . . 1,000 
 Moundsville . . , 1,800 
 Parkersburg. . . 2,300 
 
 Piedmont 1,300 
 
 Pt. Pleasant .. . 1,000 
 Wellsburgh.... 1,300 
 
 Weston 1,200 
 
 Wlieeling 3,000 
 
 Iron ore yields 60 to 80 percent, pure metal, latest amount report- 
 ed, 61,216 tou.s ; coal, 1,792,570 tons; salt, 2,679,433 bu. ; petroleum is 
 extensively produced in Ritchie, PleasantSjWood and Wirt counties. 
 Ranks fifth in salt and coal; eighth iu buckwheat, iron and steel. 
 
 Population, 618,457; male, 314,495 ; female, 303,902 ; native, 600,- 
 192; foreign, 18,265: white, 592,537; colored. 25,886: Indians, 29; 
 40 per cent, increase m pop, 1870 to 1880; number slaves, 1860, 18,371. 
 Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
 every two years; State elections, second Tuesday in October; con- 
 gressional and presidential, Tuesday after the first Monday in No- 
 vember; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 65; sessione bien- 
 nial, iu odd-numbered yeare; limit of session, 45 days; term of 
 Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral 
 votes, 6; number voter's, 1.39.161; native vehite, P?3,569; foreign 
 ■white, 9,208; colored, 6,384, Insane, paupers and convicts excluded 
 from voting. 
 
 Flourishing free school system; school population, 216,605; 
 school age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest, 6; by contract, 6; usury forfeits excess of intereat. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 105 
 
 MAP OF WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
106 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 " Old North State,' 
 *«Tar State." 
 
 One of the thirteen original States ; discovered by Lord Raleigh, 
 1584; settled by English at Albemarle, 1650; seceded May, 1861; 
 re-admittsd June, 1868. 
 
 . Area, 52,250 square miles; length, 450 miles; breadth, 185 miles; 
 coast line, over 400 miles; area dismal swamp, 150,000 acres; num- 
 ber counties, 98. 
 
 Temperature at "Wilmington: winter, 46° to 51°; summer, 76° to 
 80° . Frost seldom occurs before November. Rainfall at Gaston, 43 
 inches. Deaths by consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 of population. 
 
 Wilmington, principal seaport and chief city; pop., 13,446. 
 Raleigh, capital, and contains the State institutions; pop., 7,790. 
 Charlotte contains assay office; pop., 4.473; j)op. New Berne, 5,849. 
 
 Farms in 1860, 75,203. increased to 157,609 in 1880; average value 
 per acre, cleared land, $9.77; woodland, $5.53. 
 
 Agriculture the leading industry; corn the most valuable crop; 
 tobacco the leading product; value orchard products over S900,000. 
 Latest reports give 4,576,148 bn. sweet potatoes; 5,609,191 lbs. rice; 
 value tar and turpentine products, $1,758,488; tobacco crop, 1883, 
 29,048,213 lbs.; wheat crop, 1884, 4,650,000 bu.; oats, 4,632,000 bu; 
 • com, 31,499,000 bu. 
 
 2 DIst. Judges.. $3,500 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $3,000 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 3,000 
 
 Auditor 1,500 
 
 Attorney Gen. . 2,000 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500 
 Adjutant Gen.. 600 
 Oom'r of Agr. . . 1,200 
 State Librarian 750 
 Chief Justice... 2.500 
 2 Asso. Justices 2,500 
 Senators, ) $4 a day, 
 Represen- > mileage 
 
 tatives.. ) lOo. 
 
 4 Collectors I 2.500 
 
 Int. Rev... > to 3,750 
 64 Deputy ) 300 
 
 Collectors j to 1,700 
 
 (kMOUNT OF COPPER INGOTS PRO- 
 DUCED IN SOUTHERN STATES, 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Asheville §1,900 
 
 Charlotte 2,400 
 
 Durham 1,600 
 
 Elizabeth City.. 1,200 
 Fayetteville... 1,600 
 Goldsborough.. l.SOO 
 Greensboroiigh 1,800 
 
 New Berne 1,900 
 
 Oxford. 1,200 
 
 Raleigh.. 2,600 
 
 Reidsviire 1,200 
 
 Salisbury 1,500 
 
 Statesville 1,400 
 
 Tarborough.... 1,500 
 Wilmington.... 2,600 
 
 Wilson 1,400 
 
 Winston 1,800 
 
 10 P. O.. 1,200 to 1,000 
 
 Ranks first in tar and turpentine, secor.d in copper, third in pea- 
 nuts and tobacco, fourth in rice, ninth in cotton. 
 
 Number of different industries, 3,802 ; flour and grist mills, 1,313; 
 saw mills, 776 ; latest reported value oyster fisheries, $60,000; 
 number boats engaged in general fisheries, about 3,000; copper 
 mined, 1,640,000 lbs. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
 Monday in November; number Senators, 50; Representatires, 120; 
 sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after 
 first Monday in January ; limit of session, 60 days ; terms of Senators 
 and Representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 11 ; 
 number voters, 294.750; native white, 187,637; foreign white, 2,095; 
 colored, 105,018. Convicts are excluded from voting. 
 
 Pomilation, 1,399,750 : male, 687,908; female, 711,842; native, 
 1,3G6!0C8; foreign, 3,742; white, 867,242; colored, 531,278; Indians, 
 l,i30. Slaves, i860, 331,059. 
 
 Public school system adopted 1840; at present over 2,000 pubVp 
 schools in operation; school age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 S^AP OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 107 
 
 
 
108 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. ?■' 
 
 South Kar-o-ll'ua. 
 Palmetto State." 
 
 Named in honor of Charles II. of England, by whom the province 
 was created in 1663. One of the thirteen original States. First 
 permanent settlement made by English at Port Royal, 1670, 
 Famous nullification troubles occurred 1832-33; led by J. C. Cal- 
 houn, and oppoeed vigorously by Pres. Jackson, during which his 
 famous expression "by the Eternal" was first used. Seceded 
 November, 18()0; re-admitted June, 1868. 
 
 Area, 30,170 square miles; extreme length, 275 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 210 miles ; coast liue, 200 miles. Largest rivers, Savannah, 
 Great Pee Dee, Santee and Edisto. Number counties, 84. 
 
 Temperature at Charleston: summer, 79° to 83°; winter, 50°to 54°: 
 rainfall, 43 inches ; frosts scldcm occur. Aiken, noted winter resort 
 for consumptives. Deaths, consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 population. 
 
 Charleston, largest city; laid out 1C80; population, 49,984; port of 
 entry; seat of a Catholic bishop. United States customs districta 
 at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. 
 
 First railroad to use American locomotives, the South Carolina, 
 built 1830-33; number miles railroad January 1, 1886, 1,693. 
 
 Number farms, 1860, 33.171; 1870, 51,889; 1880, 93,864. Averag* 
 value per acre, cleared land, $6.24 ; woodland, $8.64. 
 
 Pounds of rice Produced in 
 1880. 
 
 N. CAROLINA A~^ 5,609,191 lbs 
 GEORGIA \ /LOUISIANA' 
 
 1,201,07711)8. 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Aiken $1,600 
 
 Anderson C.H. 1,400 
 
 Beaufort 1,400 
 
 Camden 1,300 
 
 Charleston .... 3,200 
 Chester C.H... 1,400 
 
 Columbia 2,500 
 
 Floi-ence 1,200 
 
 Georgetown . . . 1,100 
 Greenville C.H. 2,000 
 
 Marion 1,100 
 
 Newberry C. H. 1,600 
 Orangreb'h C.H. 1,300 
 
 Rock Hill 1,000 
 
 Spart'nb'h C.H. 1,800 
 Sumter C.H.... 1,600 
 
 Union 1,000 
 
 Winnsborough 1,200 
 Yorkville 1,000 
 
 Salaries of State 
 OflBicers. 
 
 Governor $3,500 
 
 Lieut. Gov 1,000 
 
 Bec'yof State.. 2,100 
 
 Treasurer , . 2,100 
 
 Compt'ller Gen 2,100 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 2,100 
 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2.100 
 
 Com'rAgricult. 2,100 
 
 Adj.&Insp.Gen. 1,500 
 
 Chief Justice.. 4.000 
 
 Asso. Justices. 3,500 
 
 Clerk of Su- 
 preme Court. 1,000 
 
 Senators, | $5pr. day 
 
 Represen V mileage 
 tatives. ) 10 cents. 
 
 District Judge. 3,500 
 
 Ool. Int. Rev... 3,250 
 
 Number of flour and grist mills, 720; value of lumber products, 
 $2,031,507; tar and turpentine, $1,893,206; oyster fishery, S^O.OOO; 
 sea, river and lake fisheries, $193,482. Ranks first in phosphates ; 
 production, 332,077 tons; value, $1,993,462. 
 
 Gold mines in Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties; first 
 mint deposits, $3,500 in 1827; aggregate to June 30, 1883, $1,468,854. 
 White and variegated marbles found in Spartanburgh and Laurens 
 counties. 
 
 Population, 995,577: male, 490,408; female, 505,169; native, 987,891; 
 foreign, 7,686; white, 391,105; colored, 604,332; Chinese, 9; Indians, 
 131. Number persons per square mile, 33. Slaves, 1860, 403,406. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
 Monday in November; State Senators, 35; Representatives, 124; ses- 
 sions annual, meeting fourth Tuesday in November; limit of ses- 
 sion, none; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 205,789; colored, 
 118,889; native white, 82,910; foreign white, 3,990. Insane. 
 Inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons, U. S. army and 
 duelists excluded from voting. 
 
 Namber colleges, 9; school population, 282,279 ; school age, 6-H. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 7 ; by ccstract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOE LB. 
 
 109 
 
 MAP OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
110 
 
 JTLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 JQr'je-a. 
 
 " Empire State of the South." 
 
 Farthest south and latest settled of the thirteen original States; 
 named in honor of George 11., King of England; settled by En- 
 glish at Savannah, 17^3; seceded Jan., 1861; re-admitted Dec, 1870. 
 
 Ai'ea, 59,475 square miles; extreme length, 820 miles; extreme 
 breadth, 254 miles; coast line, 480 miles; number harburs, 3. Sa- 
 vannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, Satilla, St. Mary's, Flint, Chattahoo- 
 chee and U pper Coosa are navigable rivers. Number counties, 137. 
 
 Temperature at Augusta: wmter, 46° to 52°; summer, 79° to 83'. 
 Rainfall at Savannah, 48 iuches. 
 
 Savannah, Brunswick end St. Mary's are ports of entry. Savan- 
 nah, chief seaport; pop., 21,891. Columbus contains largest cotton 
 mill in the South; pop., 10,123. Atlanta is capital; pop., 37,409. 
 Andersonville, seat of largest rebel prison during the Kebellion. 
 
 Number farms. 1860, 62,003 ; 1880, 138,626 . Average value per 
 acre, cleared land, $6.98; woodland, $5.45. 73 per cent, of labor- 
 ers engaged in agriculture; rural income, $155 per individual. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Ofiicers. 
 
 Governor $3,000 
 
 Seo'y of State.. 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 2,000 
 
 Compt'UerGen 2,000 
 Attorney Gen.. 2,000 
 Com'rAgricult. 2,500 
 Chief Justice.. 2,500 
 Asso. Justices.. 2.500 
 Senators, ) $ipr.day 
 Represen > and 
 
 tatives. ) mileage. 
 8 Dist. Judges.. 8,500 
 D.Supt.R'y Ser. 2,500 
 Collectors I 2,500 
 
 Inter. Rev. f to 3,125 
 24 Deputy \ 300 
 
 Collectors ) to 1,700 
 Customs ) 1,000 
 
 Surveyor )& fees. 
 
 
 FARMS OF FIV 
 OVER Dec 
 FLORIDA 
 ARKANSAS 
 W. VIRGINIA r 
 LOUISIANA r 
 
 E HUNDRED ACRES AND 
 UPIED BY OWNERS. 
 
 PI 96T 
 1 ' ' 1 9,132 
 
 
 
 1 'i,719 
 
 
 
 1 3,026 
 
 
 
 MISSOURI Y~ 
 
 1 3,735 
 
 
 
 TENNESSEE! 
 
 1 4,109 
 
 
 
 KENTUCKYJ 
 
 1 4^626 
 
 
 
 3>CAR0Lir^A 
 
 1 4,812 
 
 
 
 mississif(pi 
 
 1 5,276 
 
 
 
 VIRQINl4 
 
 1 6.658 
 
 
 
 AUBAMitl 
 
 1 5,91S 
 
 
 
 N.bAR0l.lNA 
 
 1 6,055 
 
 
 
 T^XAS 
 
 9,0^1 
 
 
 
 |3E0RGIA 
 
 9,640] 
 
 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Albany 81,600 
 
 Americus 1,600 
 
 Athens .,. 1,900 
 
 Atlanta..., 3,300 
 
 Augusta 2,800 
 
 Brunswick 1,700 
 
 Columbus 2,500 
 
 Cuthbert 1,500 
 
 Dalton 1,400 
 
 Gainesville.. . 1,500 
 
 Griffin 1,600 
 
 Macon. 2,700 
 
 Madison 1,500 
 
 Marietta 1,500 
 
 Rome 2,300 
 
 Savannah 3,200 
 
 Thomasville. - . 1,600 
 
 13 0mces...}t^;;gJ 
 
 Sheep on farms, Jan., 1884, 543,415. Corn crop, 1884, 30,925,000 
 bu.; wheat, 3,130,000; oats, 6,270,000 bu.; cotton, 760,000 bales. 
 Latest reported rice crop, 25,369,687 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 4,397,778 
 bu. ; tobacco, 228,590 Iba.; wool, 1,289,560 pounds. Ranks second 
 in rice and sweet potatoes, third in cotton and molasses, fourth in 
 sugar, seventh in mules, tenth in hogs. 
 
 Gold production, 1793-1888, $8,043,250. Latest mining reports 
 give 100,000 tons coal and 91,416 tons iron ore. 
 
 Population, 1,542,180: male, 763,981; female, 779,199; native, 
 1,531,616; foreign, 10,564; white, 816,906; colored, 725,133; Chinese, 
 17; Indians, 124. State elections, first Wednesday in October; 
 congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in 
 November; number Senators, 44; Representatives. 175; se^-sions 
 biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in 
 November; limit of session, 40 days, unless extended by special 
 votn; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 12 ; number voters, 821,438 ; colored, 
 143,471; native white, 172,044; foreign white, 5,923. Idiots, insane, 
 criminals and non-taxpayers excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 7; State University at Athens, organized 1801; 
 public schools excellent; school age, 6-18. 
 
 N o State license law governing commercial travelers; but Atlanta, 
 Athenp, Augusta and Savannah exact a tax. 
 
 i^egal interest, 7; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 
 
 Ill 
 
 MAP OF GEORGIA. 
 
 lougitude 850 VfustI ttom gi^o Greenwich 
 JkTorris' 
 
 
 
 
 AshevilleXincolnton 
 Waynes V^PuttetfofBtoa 
 WebiWr -At N^ 
 
 _ Chafllnlt" 
 
 Gpartanbur th 
 iCheslerV 
 
 VcVdaToi'^'Xs'i^"^ /Slorganto-^f^e'jnjJEThana'^' bv,^ Green Y 
 
 frolltoD 
 " •• !y./GreeneVT iVp K?^*^'""\(>f^P"^^- %A *^55<?S. Barnwell 
 
 -^■ 
 
 rs'-'JA 
 
 
 *<5o^ StatesbO^'Ugl 
 ^aXa^ -«''-^"'^ S^'^an.: 
 
 ^V. iiSt.BainhiidEe^ 
 3^ V°" IT ^<N>^ ^Montiee'fl o 
 
 j?wis..., . _ , ^ 
 
 Ui-Ouso 
 
 j(03ta OKEFEJldKE 
 
 Green Co\ye Spr.j 
 
 -40^-^' 
 
 itan3.,MoNaUy ^ Co., Chicago, 
 
 %J^^' OcaiaU? 
 ^8]t^gfr^ni Wash. 
 
113 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 rLUrvlDA. " Peninsula state." 
 
 DiBCOverer landed on Easter Sunday, or " Flowery Easter;" hence 
 the name. 
 
 Settled by Spaniards at St, Augustine, 1565 ; organized as a Terri- 
 tory, 1822; admitted as a State, 1845; seceded 1861; re-admitted, 
 1868. 
 
 • Area, 58,680 square miles; coastline, 1,146 miles, 472 being on 
 Atlantic ; length, north and eouih, 350 miles ; length, east and 
 west, 340 miles; mean width of peninsula, 100 miles; greatest 
 elevation, 250 feet. Number counties, 39. 
 
 Temperature at Jacksonville: winter, 55° to 61°; summer, 80° to 
 83°, Rainfall at Fort Myers, 57 inches. 
 
 Key West, the metropolis, and has good harbor and naval station ; 
 pop., 9,890, Jacksonville, an important commercial point; pop,, 
 7.650. St. Augustine, oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, 
 the capital. Pop. Pensacola, 6,845. 
 
 Number farms, 23,438; owned by State, 15,000,000 acres; value 
 per acre, cleared land, $9.48; woodland, $3.03 ; swamp, $1; school 
 lands, $1.25. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $3,.')00 
 
 Lieut. Gov 600 
 
 Sec'yof State.. 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 2.000 
 
 Comptroller 2,000 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 2,000 
 Supt. Pub. Ins.. 2,000 
 Adjutant Gen... 2,000 
 
 Land Com' r 1,200 
 
 Chief Justice . . 3,500 
 2ASSO. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, ) .^6 a day 
 Represen- >• and 10c. 
 
 tatives. . ) a mile. 
 2 Dist. Judges.. 3,.500 
 Col. Int. Rev. . . 3,000 
 Surveyor Gen. . 1,800 
 Chief Clerk..., 1,600 
 
 COMPARATIVE YEARLY FARM 
 PRODUCTS. 
 
 CORN 
 
 3,70S,<i00 
 bush- 
 
 RrE 
 3,424'buih 
 
 POTATOES 
 10.848'bu. 
 
 Draftsman $1,200 
 
 38 Lighthouse) 370 
 ■•.) 
 
 Keepers, 
 
 to 820 
 
 Presidential P, O. 
 
 Cedar Keys. . . .$1,300 
 
 DeLand 1,300 
 
 Eustis 1,000 
 
 Fernandina — 1,C00 
 
 Gainesville.. .. 1,600 
 
 Jacksonville . . . 2,800 
 
 Ke-^West 1,600 
 
 Ocala 1,500 
 
 Orlando 1,500 
 
 Palatka 1,800 
 
 Pensacola 2,200 
 
 St. Augustine... 1,700 
 
 Sanford 1,600 
 
 Tallahassee .... 1,700 
 
 Tampa 1,400 
 
 Corn most vaUiable crop, returns of 1884, 3,837,200 bushels; oats 
 494,000 bu.; cotton, 60,000 bales; latcpt reported tobacco, 24,239 
 pounds; rice, 1,294,677 pounds; peaches, 89,028 bushels; sugar, 
 1,278 hogsheads; honey, 210,357 pounds; molasses, 1,029,568 gallons. 
 Over 3,000,000 orange trees planted since 1870, and millions of 
 oranges exported yearly. 
 
 Latest reported fisheries, $78,408; limiber products, $3,060,291; 
 oysters, 20,000 bushels. 
 
 Ranks third in sugar and molasses, sixth in rice, tenth in cotton. 
 
 Population, 209,493: male, 136,444; female. 133.049; native, 259 584; 
 foreign, 9,909; white, 142,005; colored, 120,690; Indians, 180; slaves, 
 1860, 61,745. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
 Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 76; 
 sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meuiing 
 Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days 
 term of Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 61.099; colored, 27,489 
 native white, 30,351; foreign white, 3,859. Idiots, insane, crimi 
 nals, betters on elections and duelists excluded from voting. 
 
 School population, 88,677; enrolled in public schools, 39,315 
 echool age, 4-21.— Legal interest rate, 8; by contract, any rate, 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 113 
 
 MAP OF FLORIDA. 
 
114 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 ALABAMA. Alabah'mah. 
 
 Name derived from an Indian word signifying, " Here we r«8t." 
 
 Settled near Mobile Bay by Frenchi, 1702; admitted as a State, 
 1819; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1868. 
 
 Area, 52,250 square miles, same as North Carolina; length, 830 
 miles; average breadth, 154 miles; seacoast, about 60 miles. Inland 
 steam navigation about 1,500 miles; Mobile the only seaport. 
 Number counties, 66. 
 
 Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46° to 52°; summer, 79° to 83". 
 Eainfall at Huntsville, 55 inches. July the hottest month. Fruit 
 trees blossom February 1st to March let. 
 
 Montgomery, capital; pop., 16,713. Huntsville, the northern 
 trade centre: pop., 4,977. Selma, an important railroad centre; 
 pop., 7,529. Mobile, metropolis; pop., 29,132. 
 
 Number farms, 135,864. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $6.53; woodland, $4.08. Sugar product, 94 hogsheads; molasses, 
 795,199 gallons; tobacco crop, 1882,475,456 lbs.; hay, 10,882 acres, 
 or 12,513 tons; oats, 1884, 405,830 acres, or 5,015,000 bu.; com, 
 30,197,000 bu. ; cotton, 661,000 bales. 
 
 Number industries, 2,070; flour and grist mills, 807; saw mills, 354. 
 Total capital invested, $9,668,008; value products, $13,565,504. 
 
 PERSONS ENGAC lO IN /lORICUL- 
 TURE. 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Anniston , 
 
 Birmingham.. 
 
 Eufaula 
 
 Florence 
 
 Gadsden 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Huntsville 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Montgomery.. 
 
 OpeliKa 
 
 Selma 
 
 Talladega 
 
 Troy 
 
 Tuscaloosa 
 
 Union Springs 
 
 Uniontown 
 
 6 Postoflfices... 
 
 $1,400 
 . 2,600 
 . 1,800 
 . 1,200 
 . 1,300 
 . 1,100 
 . 1,800 
 . 1,500 
 . 8,100 
 . 2,700 
 
 1,500 
 . 2,500 
 
 1,500 
 . 1,800 
 
 1,700 
 . 1,100 
 . 1,100 
 . 1,000 
 
 Salaries of State 
 
 Oflacers, 
 
 Governor. .-. .$3,000 
 
 Seo'yof State.. 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 2,150 
 
 Auditor 1,800 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 1,500 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,250 
 
 Librarian 1,500 
 
 8 R. R. Com- ) 2,000 
 
 ralssloners ) to 3,500 
 Chief Justice.. 3,000 
 2 Asso. Justices 8,000 
 Senators, ) $i pr. day 
 Represen >- and 20c 
 
 tatives i mileage. 
 
 S Dist. Judges.. 3,500 
 
 2 Colls.Int. Rev. 2,500 
 
 16 Colls. Int. ) 1,000 
 
 Revenue.. ) to l.iOO 
 
 Mineral region in northeast corner, extending southwest, about 
 160 miles, with average width of about 80 miles; contains three 
 distinct coalfields, area over 5,000 square miles, and beds, 1 to 8 feet 
 thick; limestone, sandstone, and iron ore near the coal. 
 
 Eanks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, sixth in 
 sugar, seventh in rice and iron ore. 
 
 Population, 1,362,505: male, 622,629; female, 639,876; native, 
 1,2.52,771; foreign, 9,734; white, 662,185; colored, 600, 107; Indians, 
 213; slaves, 1860, 435,080. 
 
 State elections biennial, first Monday in August; congressional 
 and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- 
 ber Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature bien- 
 nial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after second Mon- 
 day in November ; limit of session, 50 days ; term of Senators, 4 
 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number of electoral votes, 10; number of voters, 262,737; colored, 
 118,423; native white, 136,058; foreign white, 8,256. Indians, idiots 
 and persons convicted of crime excluded from votmg. 
 
 Number colleges, 4; school population, 401,002; school age, 7-21. 
 
 Legal Interest rate, 8; usury forfeits entire interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 116 
 
 MAP OP ALABAMA. 
 
 Pulaski S 
 
 l86<3 
 
 IDecher3i 
 
 S S lE'-JS 
 
 Ci, 
 
 atfa 
 
 
 Waterloo ^ / mitmoat J -^*"' 2fa'*e« 3riage^orj|*-^ 
 :o^* Florence \ >»v -jJoy«»'"^ '-kV/ 'J 
 
 t 
 
 Tuscurnbia ^""^T;?"*** 
 JBeeson o ^ri>%r "7, xxJChi^^-K 
 
 Hunta"Tj 
 
 (vtle^ 
 
 e|Aon35a^ton.j 
 
 t2b<yA O 
 
 •■*e 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ChdT^J}'uf Cifllma'nV " f. CrM*«i7?cy(?a^7e^ ^ 
 
 , Clear CrTFaTls o ^'"""X'^7^^*^"''>2ve!^en * "'^ 
 Detroit -»>,..« I C^J^f %•• o /Cro(ss Plam^„^v>- 
 
 S40. ^ —v., ^.. :Blount Spr. 
 
 \rokenMjTo 
 
 7} 
 
 onistoo/ 
 
 o Sta^orS 
 i CarrnUion 
 
 'Ozmoor, 
 
 5<;^ "~~Oxfora 
 
 VAlirbainalFi] 
 
 ■ILamar°\ 
 
 IH\» 
 
 J i_..^nc^ Martin'^ 
 
 bnesbor»ij { ' tE»Y*^ 
 
 Juscaccr^/^::^ \ C-^^^^feheT^-y g PGood Wajer \ , 
 
 ■3IontevaUQr pronTWorks r-l Al»xan4'er „ iS, ,, 
 
 ^Jffa^Mrj^Acroa^au-aolpTi\ W^^on V^J)a-aenr.| 
 
 iV\E^c<tco y Opelik>yL-?aNm. 
 
 **^"^ -3 _ / rhfthftw 
 
 •■^T^X^ Girara 
 
 Ada ^^^Nxrrr 
 
 'aio ^4(^^^-SternngJJ {^amdelUnow Um7 CUna Gr° */^^!l|atc3/ hH 
 ^(TSR'ettleboroTt ^/ /Greenville r-T^Clajton o^ 
 
 I A V I 'If " fJ ° Andalusia C °JS'fiWton 
 
 'A L J, ^Hummock I / -..^j^ Conecuh Biver 
 
 iCitroftKlle-,, gO ynw-vZ,^ < 
 
 oij r -riomatonAad>l7*|°'* Geneval 
 
 i^^^aruey j f -^ ' -j- 
 
 j-.M,/TS ^7 ^1/ ^w^ 
 
 ilufaul^ 
 
 P/ickosbura h 
 Gordon ' 
 
116 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Mis'sis-sip'pl. 
 
 «• The Bayou State/' 
 
 Name of Indian origin, signifying "Father of 'Waters." 
 
 First permanent settlement at Natchez, 1716; admitted 1817; se- 
 ceded 1861 ; re-admitted 1870. 
 
 Area, 40,810 square miles; extreme length, 3-32 miles; extreme 
 breadth, 189 miles; mean breadth, 142 miles; gulf frontage, includ- 
 ing irreguia'iti''S and islands, 287 miles; harbors at Pascagoula, 
 Biloxi, Mississippi City and iShieldsborough. Number counties, 74. 
 
 Temperature at Vicksburg: winter, 47° to 56° ; summer, 80° to 83°. 
 Rainfall, Natchez, 54 inches. 
 
 Jackson, the capital; pop., 5,204. Natchez, an important ship- 
 ping point; pop., 7,058. Vicksburg, an extensive cotton market; 
 pop., 11,814. 
 
 Railroad mileage, 1844, 26; Jan. 1, 1886, 1,947. 
 
 Number farms, 101,772. Average value per acre: cleared land, 
 $7.88; woodland, $3.78. 
 
 Latest reports give 3,501 acres in rice; sugarcane, 4,555 acres; 
 tobacco, 1,595 acres; corn, 1,889,600 acres; cotton, 847,000 bales; 
 Bweet potatoes, 3,610,6(iObu.; wine, 209,845 gals.; molasses, 536,625 
 gals.; bales cotton used, 6,411; looms, 704; spindles, 26,172. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 OflQ-cers. 
 
 Governor $4,000 
 
 Lieut.Gov 800 
 
 Sec'yof State.. 2,o00 
 
 Treasurer 2,-500 
 
 Auditor 2,500 
 
 Atty. (General.. 2,.'50O 
 Supt. Pub. Edu. 2,000 
 Com'r Agricult. 1,000 
 Land Com'r.... 1,000 
 Adjutant Gen.. 500 
 
 Librarian 800 
 
 Chief Justice. . . 3,500 
 % Asso. Justices 3,500 
 
 RemSt- i ^*00 «- 
 
 ^i?ivll^.*: j y^'^^ 
 
 t Dist. Judges.. 3,500 
 Col. Int. Rev... 2,750 
 
 NO. OF YDS. OF CLOTH MANUFAC- 
 rUftED IN THE eOUTHERN STATES 
 
 ARKANSAS ^J 
 
 TENNESSEE fgrg 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Aberdeen $1,500 
 
 Brookhaven 1,300 
 
 Canton 1,500 
 
 Columbus 1,800 
 
 Corinth 1,500 
 
 Greenville 1,600 
 
 Grenada 1,400 
 
 Holly Springs.. 1,500 
 
 Jackson 2,300 
 
 Kosciusko 1,200 
 
 Meridian 2,100 
 
 Natchez 2,100 
 
 Okolona 1,300 
 
 Oxford 1,600 
 
 Vicksburgh 2,500 
 
 West Point 1,300 
 
 Winona 1,200 
 
 Yazoo City 1,400 
 
 6P.O. $1,100 and 1,000 
 
 Forest area very large; pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and magnolia 
 trees grow on uplands and bluffs, and long-leafed pine on inlands 
 and in sandy regions of the south; cotton lands mostly in Yazoo 
 and Mississippi bottoms. 
 
 Ranks second in cotton, fifth in rice, sixth in mules and molasses, 
 Beventh in sugar. 
 
 Population, 1,131,597: male, 567,177; female, 564,420; native, 
 1,122,388; foreign, 9,209 ; white, 479,398; colored, 650,291; Chinese, 
 61; Indians, 1,857; slaves, 1860, 436,631. 
 
 Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
 •very two years ; State, congressional and presidential elections, 
 Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. ; sessions of legislature bien- 
 nial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday 
 in January ; limit of session, none; number Senators, 37; Represent- 
 atives, 120; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, S years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, fl; number voters, 238,532; colored, 
 130,178; native white, 102,580; foreign white, 5,674. Idiots, insane 
 and criminals excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 3 ; school population, 444,131 ; school age, 5-21. 
 
 Legal interest, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits exg«88 of int. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 Ill 
 
 MAP OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 XoDgY 
 
 Brii 
 
 \Ttofa' 9 1 '^IreenwislTj) 
 
 >rrest 
 
 .*N • 
 
 . ySp 
 
 _loldwater 
 '^op^^>- o f,S Senatobia 
 
 AsKlanarRjen^j/luk^ 
 Ripley fe ^ ^ I Jacinto 
 
 I .\«-<.riJ%fcc^./ Oxford N.Albanv? I 
 
 ^. 
 
 °Vin(pn 
 
 RoseaWl> K&mn LakeU/^^^^S'''^^ A Aberdeen 
 
 ■Areola jMarcella V/eit/Mlh ^,y^j\ . .„ I \n3v 
 
 iWahalak^ ' 
 ■N^y^y Scoobai • 
 
 ® Dc-Kalbs, ^1 f . 
 ,f hiladelphia Kl *^ 
 
 ^-.^ I,-, x ,1 -i^nonn ^ 'J^«'-« ^- LauderdaW ■,.. 
 ^uioud^.v7jV->:BrandonJo rr.«;o« i/ Is 
 
 StotJ^. V 
 Ar 
 
 /Flora\ 
 
 
 Gd.Gff 
 
 Wesson 13 ^l . ? ffl » ^*1J^ 
 
 ^ !• J /O^Wlamsbaigh^Y ) XWaynes 
 
 aaninacon erlrooiAyhavcn ^\lSlisvi?ll^S S 
 
 M^.lvWU / ® Y^IonticelloS t /^TX? BucatunnJ'^ 
 
 tejj3itii7?e jSogiie CfiVtco ^-\S7 C V 
 
 rWoSdv..lle\% .X>fc.;ty)/i£f;oU^^%^ #u«us\3^at^s| 
 
 iGtlM 
 
 ^ . !«eates5) J A . 
 ■^"3 iiOsyta ^Vj;riKj[o(7„«a„/Talowa"h' ^ o W X,| J,\^ 
 
 inton5 
 
 ScitLE OF Miles. 
 
 . ^ , Poplarvills yC'^ossi 
 
 A 
 
 ^(^/ Stonewall .£^^ j,j-„ 
 .Gaines V. c^t -Pt] 
 
118 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Loo-ee-ze-ah'na. 
 "Creole State." 
 
 Named in honor of Louis XTV., King of France, when Louisiana 
 was first colonized; first permanent settlement made by French 
 at New Orleans, 1718: admitted 1812; seceded January, 1861; re- 
 admitted June, 1868. 
 
 Area, 48,7,'0 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 800 
 miles; breadth, ^40 miles; coast line, 1,256 miles; internal water 
 communication, 2,500 miles; number counties, 58. 
 
 Temperature at New Orleans: winter, 53° to 61°; summer, 81* 
 to 83°: rainfall, 51 inches. 
 
 New Orleans, metropolis, port of entry and largest cotton mar- 
 ket in the world; pop., 216,090; capital until 1847, and again from 
 1868 to 1881. Baton Rouge, capital ; pop., 7, 197. Pop. Shreveport, 
 8j009. Morgan City, port of entry. State institution for insane at 
 Jackson; for deaf mutes and blind, Baton Rouge. 
 
 Number farms, 1860, 17,328; 18T0, 28,481; 1880, 48,293. Average 
 value per acre, cleared land, $14.33; woodland, S3.53; 57 percent. 
 of laborers are engaged in agriculture; rural income, per cap- 
 ita, $209. Latest statistics give 312,000 bu. salt ; 1,318,110 bu. sweet 
 potatoes; 175,000 acres sugarcane; 122,989 hhds. sugar; 11,696,248 
 gals, molasses; 23,188,311 lbs. rice; corn crop, 1884, 11,007,000 bu.; 
 acreage of oats, 85,119, producing 404,000 bu. ; cotton, 995,000 bales. 
 
 Col. Inter. ReTS3,875 
 Surveyor Gen.. 1,800 
 Chf. Draftsman 1,500 
 Siipt. of Mint... 3,500 
 Chief Clerk.... 2,000 
 Cashier 2,000 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 GALLONS OF MOLASSES PRODUCED 
 IN 1880. 
 
 LOUISIANA k J 
 
 C ^ 133,944 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $4,000 
 
 Lieut. 6ov.i|8pr day- 
 Treasurer 2,000 
 
 Sec'y of State . 1,800 
 
 Auditor 2,500 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 8,000 
 Adjutant Gen. 2,000 
 
 Supt. Pub. Inst 2,000 "^X^ ^ ' y^ — -^ Alexandria ^1,800 
 
 Com'rofAgr. ( n nAA CklkTi kJ^M Baton Rouge.... 1,700 
 
 and Immig. | "'""" ^~-_>1 — Donaldsonville 1,400 
 
 Chief Justice... 5,000 Franklin 1,100 
 
 4 Asso. Justices 5,000 I. .) ^ ' Lake Charles.. 1,300 
 
 Senators, ) Jiprday 795199 \^^J 810,605 Monroe 1,400 
 
 Represen- V and ^ . niT^Toia r- — -^ New Iberia 1,500 
 
 tatives.... ) mileage (GA.Jl xi,«>yb,.!is (TFU.) New Orleans... 8,700 
 2 District ) 3,500 — — Opelousas 1,100 
 
 Judges ) 4,500 ] 5(55,7»i l,029,8tfe Plaquemlne 1,200 
 
 CoL of Cus-I 7nnn L J C J^ Shreveport 2,200 
 
 toms, N. O. S ''""" 1 / — I Thibodeaux. ■ . . 1,300 
 
 Ranks first in sugar and molasses, third in rice, seventh in 
 cotton, ninth in salt. Total number industries, 1,553; capital in- 
 vested, $11,462,468; value prodticts, $24,205,183. 
 
 Population, 939,946: male, 468,754; female, 471.192; native, 885,- 
 800; foreign, 54,146; white, 454,954; colored, 483,655; Chinese, 489; 
 Indians, 848; slaves, 1860,831,726. Legislature and State officers 
 elected quadrennially: members Congress, biennially. State elec- 
 tions, Tuesday after third Monday in April; ntmiber Senators, S6; 
 Representatives, 98; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, 
 meeting second Monday in May; limit of session, 60 days; terms 
 of Senators and Representatives, 4 years each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 216,787; colored, 107,- 
 977 ; native white, 81,777 ; foreign white, 27,033. Idiots, insane and 
 criminals excluded from voting. 
 
 bugar cane first cultivated in the United States, near New Or- 
 leans, 1751, and first sugar mill u-sed 1758. 
 
 Exports, 1882, $90,238,503; imports, $10,611,353; duties collected, 
 $3,048,804; railroad mileage, Jan. 1, 1886, 1,397. 
 
 Lepfal interest, 5; by contract, 8; usury forfeitB entire interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 119 
 
 MAP OF LOUISIANA. 
 
ISO 
 
 ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 
 
 TEXAS, 
 
 **IiOne Star State.*' 
 
 Origin of name not definitely known ; euppoeed by 8om« to 
 hare been name of Indian tribe. 
 
 First settlement by French on the Lavaca, 1685 ; admitted 1845 ; 
 seceded February, 1861 ; re-admitted 1868. 
 
 Area, 265,780 pqxiare miles ; extreme length, 825 miles ; extreme 
 treadth, 740 miles; coastline, 400 miles; number counties, 230. 
 Temperature at tiaWeston : winter, 83° to 63°; summer, 82° to 
 84°. Eainfall at Fort Brown, 33 inches. 
 
 Brownsville, El Paso, Indianola and Galveston are ports of entry. 
 Houston, important railroad centre ; pop., 16,513. Galveston, 
 metropolis, has best harbor, and is chief shipping point ; pop., 
 82,248. Austin, the capital ; pop., 11,013. San Antonio, oldeet 
 town ; pop 20,550. Pop. Dallas, 10,358. 
 
 Number farms, 174,184 ; average value per acre, cleared land, 
 88.98; woodland, $4. 
 
 Cotton most valuable crop; acreage, 1883, 3,034,982; crop, 1,118,000 
 bales. Latest reported products, 4,951 hhds. sugar, 13,000 bbls. 
 molasses, 1,460,079 bu. sweet potatoes, 5.560,600 bu. wheat, 
 60,290,000 bu. corn, 35,528 gals, wine, 13,899,320 lbs. batter, 
 50,600 bu. salt, 8,600 tons iron ore; coal area, 6,000 square miles. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Of&cers. 
 
 Governor $4,000 
 
 Lieut. Gov. $5 a day 
 Sec'y of Statd . 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 2,500 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
 A.djutantGfcn.. 2,000 
 
 Land Com 2,500 
 
 Railroad Com.. 3,000 
 Chief Justice.. 8,500 
 B Asso. Justices 3,600 
 Senators, ) $5 a day 
 Represen- > and 
 
 tatives . ) mileag'e. 
 8 Dist. Judges.. 8,500 
 Colls. Inter. ) 2,600 
 
 Revenue. . ) to 2,750 
 17 Deputy 1 300 
 
 Collectors J to 1,850 
 
 TOTAL CULTIVATED, UNCULTI- 
 VATED AND TIMBER LAND. 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Austin $3,000 
 
 Brenham 1,900 
 
 Corsicana 1,900 
 
 Dallas 3,000 
 
 Denison City . . 8,200 
 
 ElPaso 2.100 
 
 Fort Worth.... 2,700 
 
 Gainesville 1,900 
 
 Galveston 3,200 
 
 Houston 3,000 
 
 Laredo 8,000 
 
 Marshall 2,000 
 
 Palestine 2,400 
 
 San Antonio... 2,800 
 
 Sherman 2,800 
 
 Waco 8,500 
 
 5* Offices..! t„};g5 
 
 7 Offices 1,000 
 
 Cotton picking, July to December ; corn planting, middle of Feb- 
 ruary ; grain harvest. May ; corn harvest, July. 
 
 Ranks first in cattle and cotton; second in sugar, sheep, mnles 
 and horses; sixth in miles railway; seventh in milch cows ; eightll 
 in rice and hogs. 
 
 Value flouring and grist mill products, $7,617,177; sawed lumber, 
 f3,673,449; total number industries, 2,996; capital invested, $9,245,- 
 561 ; value products, $20,719,928. 
 
 Pop., 1,591.749: male, 837.840 ; female, 768,909 ; native, 1,477,133; 
 foreign, 114,616 ; white, 1,197,237 ; colored, 393,384 ; Chinese, 138; 
 Indians, C9i. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 31 ; Representativei, 
 106 ; sessions of legislature biennial, In odd-numbered years, 
 meeting second Tuesday in January ; limit of session, 60 daya; 
 term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 13 : number voters, 880,376. U. S. army, 
 lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded from roting. 
 
 Number colleges, 10 ; school pop., 285,344; school age, 8-11, 
 
 Legal interest, 8; by contract, 12; usury forfeits entire interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 131 
 
 MAP OF TEXAS. 
 
id^ 
 
 ATLAS OF TBB WORLD. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Ar'kan-gaw. 
 "Bear State." 
 
 Name of Indian origin, signifying "Smolcy Water," with prefix 
 from French meaning " Bow." 
 
 Settled at Arkansas Post by French, 1685 ; became a Territory, 
 1819 ; admitted as a State, 1836 ; seceded March 4, 1861 ; re- 
 admitted 1868. 
 
 Area, 53,850 square miles ; length, north and south, 240 miles ; 
 breadth, from 170 to 250 miles; Mississippi river frontage, about 
 400 miles. Number counties, 75. 
 
 Temperature at Little Rock: winter, 42° to 51° ; summer, 79° to 
 82°. Rainfall, at Fort Smith, 40 in. : and at Washington, 55 In. 
 
 Hot Springs, in Garland county, famous for valuable medicinal 
 springs ; temperature of water, over 140°, Little Rock, the capital 
 and metropolis ; population, 13,138. 
 
 Number farms, 94,433. Average value per acre, clearfed land, 
 $11.78; woodland, $3.48. 
 
 Com crop, 1884, 32,465,000 bushels; wheat, 1,885,000 bushels; 
 cotton, 513,000 bales. Latest reported tobacco crop, 1,952,878 
 pounds; oats, 3,542,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 881,260 bushels. 
 Ranks sixth in cotton, and ninth in mules. 
 
 I Presidential P. O. 
 
 Arkadelphia. . .$1,200 
 
 Batesville 2,200 
 
 Camden 1,200 
 
 Dardanelle 1,000 
 
 Eureka Springs 1,700 
 Fayetteville.... 1,500 
 
 Forest City 1,000 
 
 Fort Smith 2,000 
 
 Helena 1,800 
 
 Hope 1,400 
 
 Hot Springs.... 2,400 
 Jonesborough.. 1,100 
 
 Little Rock 2,800 
 
 Newport 1,400 
 
 Pine Bluff 1,800 
 
 Prescott L,100 
 
 Texarkana 2,000 
 
 VanBuren 1,300 
 
 COMPARATIVE VALUE OF t-ARM "' 
 CROPS. 
 
 WMIS WMEA 
 
 L^y CORN L^y 
 
 $1,597,065 
 
 A «15.863,514 A 
 
 $521,974 
 
 $376,844 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $3,500 
 
 Sec'y of State., 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 2,250 
 
 Auditor.. 2,250 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 1,500 
 Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1,600 
 
 Land Com'r 1,800 
 
 Chief Justice... 3,000 
 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, ) 
 Represen- !- $6 a day. 
 
 tatives. ) 
 2Dist. Judges.. 3,500 
 Dist. Atty. S200& fees 
 2Asst. Dist. ( $1,200 
 
 Attys ) 1,000 
 
 Col. Int. Rev.. 2,750 
 10 Deputy l 1,200 
 Collectors )to 1,500' 
 
 Number different industries, 2,070; for tar and turpentine, 26; 
 sawing lumber, 354; flour and grist, 807. 
 
 Coalalong Arkansas river; iron ores in Oeark Mountains; salt 
 springs near Ouachita; oilstone near Hot Springs; kaolin in Pulaski 
 county. 
 
 Population, 802,525; male, 416,879; female, 886,246; native, 
 792,175; foreign, 10,350; white, 591,531; colored, 210,666; Chinese. 
 133; Indians, 195; slaves, 1860, 111,115. 
 
 State elections biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first 
 Monday in September; congressional and presidential elections, 
 Tuesday after first Monday'in November; number Senators, 31; 
 Representatives, 94; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-num- 
 bered years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, 
 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Numberelectoral votes, 7; number voters, 182,977; native white, 
 129,675; foreign white, 6,475; colored. 40,827. Idiots, Indians, 
 and persons convicted of crime excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 5; school population, 289,617; school age, 6-31. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits principal 
 and interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 123 
 
 MAP OF ARKANSAS. 
 
1«4 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 MiB-soo'ree. 
 
 •« The Pennsylvania of the West/* 
 
 Name signifies "Mud River/' and was taken from that of the 
 river of same name. First settled at Ste. Genevieve by the French, 
 1755 ; organized as a Territory, 1812; admitted 1881. 
 
 Area, 69,415 square miles, nearly that of combined area of New 
 England States; length, north and south, 275 miles; average 
 breadth, 245 miles : Mississippi river frontage, nearly 500 miles; 
 number counties, 115. 
 
 Temperature at St. Louis: winter, 30° to 43°; summer, 75° to 80°; 
 rainfall, 42 inches. 
 
 St. Louis, largest city west of the Mipsissippi, port of entry and 
 great commercial and manufacturing point ; pop., 350.518. Capital, 
 Jefferson City; pop., 5,271. Pop. St. Joseph, 32,431; of Kansas 
 City,— Chicago of the West,— 55,787. 
 
 Number farms, 215,575; average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $14.52; woodland, $8.25. 
 
 Com crop, 1884, 197,850,000 bu.; wheat, 27,500,000 bu.; oats, 80,- 
 774,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 6,535,570 bu. ; tobacco, 10,540,000 lbs. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 Sec'yof State.. 3,000 
 
 Treasurer 3,000 
 
 Auditor 3,000 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 3.000 
 Adjutant Gen.. 2,000 
 Bupt.Pub.Sch'la 3,000 
 Register Lands 3,000 
 3Railr'dCom'rs 3,000 
 Supt. Ins. Dep't 4,000 
 Chief Justice... 4,500 
 Senators, ) S5aday& 
 Represen- v mileage 
 
 tatives. ) and $30 
 2 Dist. Judges.. 3,500 
 6 Collectors \ 2,250 
 
 Int. Rev.. ) to 4,500 
 Surveyor of 
 
 Cust., St. L. 
 
 5,000 
 
 ANNUAL VALOE OF LEAD ORE 
 
 MINED. 
 
 IOWA, ILLINOIS, 
 
 a D 
 
 $]9,n2- 430,200 
 
 VIROINIA, 
 $33,000 
 
 a 
 
 KANSAS. 
 $480,980 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 $78,525 
 
 D 
 
 MISSOURI, 
 $1,478,571 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Carthage $2,300 
 
 Chillicothe 1,800 
 
 Clinton 1,800 
 
 Columbia 1,900 
 
 Hannibal 2,500 
 
 Jefferson City.. 2,100 
 
 Joplin 1,800 
 
 Kansas City — 3,600 
 
 Louisiana 1,800 
 
 Maryville 1,800 
 
 Mexico 1,900 
 
 Moberly 1,900 
 
 Nevada 1,800 
 
 Saint Joseph... 3,200 
 
 Saint Louis 6,000 
 
 Sedalia 2,600 
 
 Springfield 2,400 
 
 Warrensburgh 1,800 
 60 P. O...l,700 to 1,000 
 
 Latest reports give 543,990 tons coal; iron ore, 886,197 tons, valued 
 at $1,674,875; marble and limestone, 4,419,800 cubic feet. Lead Is 
 found in southwest, centre and southeast, having area of over 
 5,000 square miles. 
 
 Latest reported stock on farms: horses, 701,702; milch cows, 
 674,565; cattle other than cows and oxen, 1,410,507; sheep, 1,4S9,880; 
 swine, 4,087,566. Hogs packed winter 1881-82, 804,239. 
 
 Ranks first in mules; third in oxen, hogs, corn and coppe/; 
 sixth in iron ore, milch cows and horses: seventh in oats; eighth in 
 wheat and tobacco ; ninth in railroad mileage, sheep and potatoes. 
 
 Population, 2,168,880; male, 1,127,187; female, 1,041,193; native, 
 1,956,802; foreign, 211,578; white, 2,022,826; colored, 145,350; Chinese, 
 91; Indians, 113. 
 
 Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
 every two years. State, congressional and presidential elections, 
 Tuesday after Ist Monday in November; number Senators, 84; 
 Representatives, 141 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-num- 
 bered years, meeting Wednesday after January 1st ; limit of session, 
 70 days; term of Senators, 4 years ; Representatives, 2 years. Num- 
 ber electoral votes, 16; number voters, 541,207. U. S. army and 
 Inmates of asylums, poorhouses and prisons, excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 17; school population, 741,632: school age, 6-30. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 135 
 
 MAP OF MISSOURI. 
 
1S6 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 1 lI/rliNjiOOrjij. "Big Bend State.»» 
 
 Name derived from "Tannassee," Indian name for Little Ten- 
 nessee river. First permanent settlement, 1756, on Tennessee river, 
 about 80 miles from present site of Knoxville; first Anglo-American 
 Bettlement west of tlie AUeglianiea and eouili of Pennsylvania; ad- 
 mitted 1845; seceded February, 1861 ; re-admitted 1868. 
 ' Area, 42,050 square miles, nearly that of Virginia ; greatest length, 
 east and west, 432 miles; greatest breadth, 109 miles. Number 
 counties, 96. 
 
 Temperature at Nashville: winter, 37° to 48° ; summer, 75° to 81°. 
 Rainiall at Memphis, 45 inches. 
 
 Nashville, capital and metropolis, also most wealthy and prosper- 
 ous city ; population, 43,350. Memphis, principal grain and cotton 
 market between St. Louis and New Orleans ; pop., 33,592. Popula- 
 tion Chattanooga, 12,892; of Jaclisou, 8,377; of Knoxville, 9,693. 
 
 First railroad, a portion of the Nashville & Chattanooga, between 
 Nashville and Bridgeport, 1853; mileage, Jan. 1, 1886,2,178. 
 
 Number farms, 165,650. Value per acre, cleared land, ftl3 ; wood- 
 land, $7.28. Corn crop of 1884, 65.723,000 bu. : wheat, 9,320,000 bu. ; 
 cotton, 314,000 bales; potatoes, 1883, 2,404,847 bu. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $4,000 
 
 Secretary ) 1.800 
 
 of State ) &fees. 
 
 Treasurer 2 750 
 
 Comptroller... 2,750 
 Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
 Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1,800 
 Adjutant Gen. 1,200 
 
 Com'rAgr 3,000 
 
 3 RR. Comm'rs 2,000 
 
 Librarian 1,000 
 
 Chief Justice... 4,000 
 Senators ) $4 a day 
 Represen- V & 16c. 
 
 tatives j a mile. 
 
 3 DIst. Judges.. 3.500 
 
 Pension Agent. 4,000 
 
 3 Colls. Int. ) 4,375 
 
 Kev j to 2,250 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Bristol $1,700 
 
 Brownsville 1,300 
 
 Chattanooga . . 2,800 
 
 Clarksville 2,000 
 
 Columbia 1,800 
 
 Dyersburgh — 1,000 
 
 Gallatin 1,400 
 
 Jackson 1,900 
 
 Jonesborough.. 1,000 
 
 Knoxville 2,900 
 
 Lebanon 1,500 
 
 Memphis 3,300 
 
 Murfr'sborough 1,600 
 
 Nashville 8,300 
 
 Pulaski 1,500 
 
 Shelby ville 1,400 
 
 Union City 1,500 
 
 6 Post Offices... 1,200 
 4 Post Offices... 1,100 
 
 Most valuable minerals are iron, copper and coal; area coal fields, 
 over 5,000 square miles; product of pig iron, 70,873 tons; copper 
 region in southwest, producing, from 1870 to 1880, nearly 13,000,000 
 lbs. ingot copper; excellent marbles and limestones, $131,700 
 being invested m quarries. 
 
 Ranlis second in peanuts, average yield being 40 bu. per acre; 
 third in miiles; sixth in tobacco, yield being 707 lbs. per acre; 
 seventh in copper; seventh in hogs; ninth in corn and cotton. 
 Hemp, broom com and flax are also valuable products. 
 
 Population, 1,542,359: male, 769,277; female, 773,082; native, 
 1,625.657; foreign, 16,702; white, 1,138,831; colored, 403,151; Chinese, 
 25; Indians, 352. Slaves, 1860, 275,719. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 
 99; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Mon- 
 day in Jimuary; limit of session, 75 days; terms of Senators and 
 Representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 12 ; number 
 voters, 571,^44 ; native white, 240,939 ; foreign white, 250,055; colored, 
 80,250. Non-payers of poll-tax excluded from voting. 
 
 Legal interest rate. 6; by contract, any rate; usury forfeitB excess 
 of interest and $100 fine. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 
 
 127 
 
 MAP OF TENNESSEE. 
 
138 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 " Corn Cracker State.*' 
 
 Name eignifles "Dark and Bloody Ground," the country being 
 the ancient hunting grounds of the Indianf*. 
 
 Earliest explorations made by John Finley and others, 1767; 
 
 Daniel Boone establiehed himself there, 1769; admitted as a 
 
 State, 179-^. Area, 40,400 square miles ; greatest length, 350 miles ; 
 
 ' greatest breadth, KB mike; river fiontage, 812 miles; navigable 
 
 waters, about 4,000 miles. Number counties, 118. 
 
 Temperature at Louisville: winter, S4° to 44'^; summer, 75° to 
 80°. Rainfall at Springdale, 49 inches, 
 
 LouisTille, the commercial euiporium of the State, has large 
 tobacco warehouses and pork-packing establishments ; population, 
 123,758, Frankfort, the capital; population, 6,958. Population of 
 Covington, 29,720. Lexington, former capital, founded 1776; popu- 
 lation, 16,656, Newport connected with Covington by suspension 
 bridge; population, 20,433, Louisville and Paducah, ports of entry. 
 
 Number farms, 166,453. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $18.86; woodland, $12,82. 
 
 Ranks high as an agricultural State. Corn crop, 1884, 71,880,000 
 bu. ; wheat, 13,425,000 bu. ; oats, 7,865,000 bu. ; tobacco, 1882, 198,905,- 
 094 lbs. 
 Salaries of State I ~~~~ I Presidential P. O. 
 
 Officers. VALUE of tobacco crop, 1882. 
 
 Governor *"i onn Bowling Green$l,800 
 governor. ..... f .■),ooo Covington 2,600 
 
 Auditor......... 2,500 C:::^ /T_\ /C^ S^eorgetownV.:: S 
 
 J VIR. \ (TENN 
 6,518,705 
 $3,726,343 \^_^^ $3,873,095 
 
 fpENN.J y^ ""\ fN.CAR.j 
 
 81.270.396 
 
 Henderson 1,800 
 
 Hopkinsville... 1,800 
 
 Lexington 2,700 
 
 Louisville 8,700 
 
 Maysville 2.000 
 
 Mt. Sterling.... 1,700 
 
 Newport 2,100 
 
 Owensborough 2,000 
 
 Paducah 2.300 
 
 Paris 1,800 
 
 Richmond 1,600 
 
 Shelbyville 1,600 
 
 22 Offices...) J J;5JS 
 
 Atty. Gen.$500&fees 
 Reg. Ld. Office. 2.400 
 Com'rof Agr.. 2,000 
 
 Ins. Com'r 4,000 
 
 SR. R. Com'rs.. 2,000 
 Chief Justice . 6,000 
 S Asso. Justices 5,000 
 Senators, ) $5 pr. day 
 Represen >• mileage 
 tatives. ) 15 cents. 
 District Judge. 3,500 
 Pension Agent. 4.000 
 «Cols. Int. Rev. 4,500 
 60 Deputy ) 300 
 
 Collectors.. ) to 2,000 
 
 Has a world-wide reputation for thoroughbred horses and cattle. 
 Latest reports give for stock on farms, horses, 370,028; milch cowa, 
 304.720; cattle other than cows and oxen, 505,746; sheep, 980,166; 
 swine, 1,954,919. Ranks first in tobacco; fourth in malt and dis- 
 tilled liquors; sixth in hogs; seventh in corn; eighth in rye, coal 
 and mules. 
 
 Population, 1,648,690; male, 832,590; female, 816,100; native, 
 1,589,173; foreign, 59,517; white, 1,377,179; colored, 271,451; 
 Chinese, 10; Indians, 50; slaves, 186^ 225,483. 
 
 State elections biennial, first Monday in August, in odd-numbered 
 years; congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
 Monday in November; number Senators, 38; Representatives, 100; 
 sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
 last day of December; limit of session, 60 days, unless extended 
 by vote ; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 376,221. Bribers, 
 robbers and forgers excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 15; public school system framed, 1838; school 
 age, 6-20. 
 
 Legal int. , 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits exCQSS over 10 per cent. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 139 
 
 MAP OF KENTUCKY. 
 
130 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 0-hl'o. 
 
 <• Buckeye State." 
 
 Name of Indian origin, signifying; "Beautiful RiTer." 
 
 First permanent settlement at Marietta, 1788; admitted ai a 
 State, 1802. 
 
 Area, 41,060 square miles; greatest length east and west, 225 
 miles; extreme breadth, 200 miles; Ohio river frontage, 430 miles ; 
 lake irontage, 230 miles ; number counties, 88. 
 
 Temperature at Cleveland: winter, 27° to 38°; summer, 68° to 73°. 
 At Cincinnati: y^inter, 34° to 45°; summer, 74° to 79°. Rainfall 
 at Cleveland, 38 inches. 
 
 Cincinnati, "Queen City of the West,'" founded 1789, the metrop- 
 olis; pop., 255,139. Cleveland has one of the best harbors on the 
 lake ; pop., 160,146. Columbus, capital and great railroad centre; 
 pop., 51.647. Chillicothe, capital, 1800 to 1810 ; Zanesville, 1810 to 
 1812 ; Chillicothe, 1812 to 1816 ; Columbus, 1816. Toledo, Sandusky, 
 Cleveland and Cincinnati ports of entry. 
 
 Number farms, 247,189, of which 199,562 are occupied by owners; 
 average value per acre, cleared laud, $47.53; woodland, $41.37; 
 wheat crop, 1834, 41,186,000 bu.; corn, 85,393,000 bu.; oats, 23,419,000 
 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 16,452,315 bu. ; tobacco, 29,947,536 lbs. Average 
 value corn, 1884, 41 cents; wheat, 75 cents ; oats, 29 cents. 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 Akron $2,800 
 
 WOOL PHOOUCT, IN POUNDS, 
 1880. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 OfBcers. 
 
 Governor $4,000 . '°°"' Canton 2,700 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 3,000 i -^. ^ i-q ^ '^ n / A Chillicothe 2,400 
 
 Treasurer 3,000 MO. WIS. TEX. Cincinnati 6,000 
 
 Auditor 3,000 :,313,924 7,016,4)1 6 928 01'^ Cleveland 3,700 
 
 Attorney Gen... 2,000 I 1^ I U \' ' U Columbus 3,400 
 
 School Comm'r 2,000 Dayton 3,200 
 
 Supt. Ins. Dep't 1,800 > -?i . ^ Delaware .....2,400 
 
 Railroad Com'r 2,000 r 1 n 1 (^ f Hamilton 2,400 
 
 Sec'y Board As. 1,800 MICH. N. Y. PA. Lima 2,400 
 
 Com.Lab.Stati. 2,000 ii.858,48T 8 827 ifis « 470 qT^ Mansfield 2,700 
 
 ChiefJustice. .3,500 ' 'U "' ' D 8,"0,'-^^ Newark 2.400 
 
 Senators, ) $600 a y'r — ~__^ Portsmouth.... 2,400 
 
 Represen- Vand 12c. y^ y ^ Sandusky 2,.')00 
 
 tativcs. .) mileage. | ^ •^ Springfield 3,100 
 
 2 District ) 3,500 OHIO Steuben ville... 2,400 
 
 Judges ] 4,000 C A L. Toledo 3,400 
 
 Pension Agt..,. 4,000 25,003,756 16,798,056 Youngstown. .. 2,600 
 8 Collectors ) 2,.500 J ^ Zanesville 2,700 
 
 Int. Rev. . f to 4,500 I '" ■ _ ' ^ — i 118 P.O. .2,300 to 1,000 
 
 Latest reported dairy products give: milk, 48,801,537 gallons; 
 t)utter, 67,869,604 lbs.; cheese. 19,978,436 lbs. Pork packing exten- 
 sively carried on ; hogs packf d winter 1881-82, 618,348, 
 
 Ranks first in agricultural implements and wool ; second In petro- 
 leum, iron and steel; third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled 
 liquors; fourth in printing and publishing, salt, miles railway and 
 eoap; fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hav, tobacco and iron ore. 
 
 Population, 3,198.062; male, 1,613,931; female, 1,584,126; native, 
 2,803,119; foreign, 394,943 ; white, 3,117,920; colored, 79,900; Chinese, 
 109 ; Indians, 130. 
 
 State and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in 
 November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 105; sessions 
 biennial, but "adjourned sessions" practically amount to annual 
 meetings; time, first Monday in January; limit of session, none: 
 terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 23; number voters, 826,577; insane and 
 idiots excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 35 ; school population, 1,081,321 ; school age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess above 
 6 per cent. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 131 
 
 MAP OF OHIO. 
 
133 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 In-de-ah'Bah. 
 
 " Hoosier State." 
 
 First settled by Canadian voyagers at Vincennes, 1702; organized 
 as a Territory, 1800; admitted 1816. 
 
 Area, 36,350 pquare miles; extreme length, 276 miles; average 
 <)readth, 140 miles; shore line on Lake Michigan, 40 miles. Michi- 
 gan C?ty the lake port. Number counties, 92. 
 
 Temperature at Indianapolis: winter, 29° to 41°; summer, 73° to 
 78°. Rainfall at Eichmond, 43 inches. 
 
 Indianapolis is the capital and most flourishing city, and contains 
 deaf and dumb, blind, end insane asj^lums; pop., 75,056. Terre 
 Haute, extensive iron, whisky and pork market; pop., 26,04i. 
 Evansville, commercial centre of the southwest ; pop., 89,280. 
 Fort Wayne, emporium of the northeast; pop., 26,880. 
 
 Number farms, 194,018; average value, per acre, cleared land, 
 $30.46; woodland, $26.90. Corn the most valuable crop; yield of 
 1884, 104,757,000 bu. ; wheat, 31,270,000 bu. ; oats, 78,650,000 bu. Dairy 
 interest large and increasing; also the business of pork packing. 
 Latest reports give 37,659,029 lbs. butter, and 1,521,275 lbs. cheese. 
 Number ho^s packed, winter 1881-82, 349,261. 
 
 Coal fields, about 6,500 square miles, extending from Warren 
 county south to the Ohio; varieties are coking coal, Indiana block 
 and cannel. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 Lieut. Gov.. 88 a day 
 Sec'yof State.. 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 3,000 
 
 Auditor 1,500 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 2,500 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,500 
 Sec. Bd. of Agr 1,2U0 
 
 Librarian 1,200 
 
 6 Judges 4,000 
 
 Senators, ) $6 a day 
 Represen- >• and 20c. 
 tatives.. ) per mile. 
 District Judge.. 3,500 
 Pension Agent. 4,000 
 6 Colls. Int. I 2,375 
 Rev. (to 4,500 
 Surveyor Cus- 
 toms. , 81,000 & fees 
 
 Plate Glass manufacture, 1880. 
 
 STATES MATERIALS.. 
 
 VIASS 
 
 MO. 
 
 IND. 
 
 $24^049 
 
 1112,925 
 
 45,843 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Crawfordsville$2,100 
 
 Elkhart 2,400 
 
 Evansville 2,900 
 
 Fort Wayne. . , . 2,900 
 
 Goshen 2,200 
 
 Indianapolis.... S.oOO 
 
 La Fayette 2,700 
 
 La Porte 2,200 
 
 logansport 2,400 
 
 Madison 2,00« 
 
 New Albany.... 2,300 
 
 Peru 2,000 
 
 Richmond 2,700 
 
 South Bend 2,600 
 
 Terre Haute.... 2.800 
 
 Valparaiso 2,200 
 
 Vincennes 2,200 
 
 36 Offices 1,900 to 1,500 
 40 Offices 1,400 to 1,000 
 
 Ranks second in wheat; fourth in com, hogs and agricultural 
 Implements; sixth in coal; seventh in horses, oxen and other 
 cattle, malt and distilled liquors, and miles of railway; ninth in 
 hay and milch cows. 
 
 Pop., 1,978,301: male, 1,010,361; female, 967,940; native, 1,834,123: 
 foreign, 144,178; white, 1,938,798; colored, 89,228; Chinese, 29; In- 
 dians, 246. 
 
 State, concessional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 
 100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
 meeting Thursday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 
 60 days; term of Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Numberelectoral votes, 15; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent 
 voters and bribers excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 15; State University at Bloomington; medical 
 school at Indianapolis; university at Notre Dame; flourishing com- 
 mon-scbool system; school population, 708,596; school age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits ezceu of 
 tnterest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 
 
 133 
 
 MAP OF INDIANA. 
 
 ^^ar^ ~i^^ ^•».i-trrr7x"Ss. _ ?J Leesburgh AviUa\?>Jfflubaan 
 ion n ■» - rt^. A .•T^^^i 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 !>^M 
 
 Haute "os^oAv^NJ^,.^.\A. f/FlatV [<? k «^^ 
 
 Hill »^ jLfX '•' \ / 'iPT^/-'" ^~~>^ates v.\ 
 
 ll*\J A^ ^=T""^^^A£&;'^ City / ■ ^y Sfcipi?^ 
 
 y— ernon . 
 
 /-? Rising Sun I 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 •>v. /V'/i-'^'V'V^'-^fC-' y o/'ao/i -r-y 
 
 i%-<S:/ i'i / ^^) Leavenworth''- 
 
 ?"« 
 
 >*y« 
 
 ^' .^^^^ 
 
 |i i° t I 1 10° Lon g.W. from Wash, /'i 
 
 Bloomfleld 
 ^jBardstown 
 
 'Jr., McN. i Co., Engr'i, Chi. 
 
134 
 
 ATLAS OF 7HE WORLD. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 fl-lin-oi. 
 
 "Prairie or Sucker State," 
 
 From a tribe of Indians, eigoifying " a superior class of men." 
 
 First permanent settlement by French at Kabkaskia, 1682; 
 organized aa a Territory, 1809; admitted as a Slate, 1818. 
 
 Area, 56,650 square miles; greatest length, 385 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, 218 miles ; highest land, 1,150 leet. IS! umber of counties, 
 102. Has 4,000 miles navigable streams. Temperature at Chicago: 
 winter, 25° to 37° ; summer, 68° to 73°. At Cairo : winter, 35° to 54°; 
 summer, 76° to 80°. Eainfall at Peoria, 35 inches. 
 
 Kaskaskia, first capital, which was removed to Vandalia, 1818, 
 and to Springfield, 1836. Chicago, "Garden City of the West;" 
 pop., 503,185. Peoria ranks second; pop., 29,259. Quiucy, third; 
 pop., 27,268. Springfield, capital; pop., 19,','43. 
 
 Number of farms, 255,741, of which 175,497 are occupied by 
 owners. Value per acre, cleared land, $33.03; woodland, $23.68; 
 8,151,463 acres in corn, 1884. producing 244,544,000 bu.; wheat, 2,790,- 
 900 acres, producing 3:2,374,000 bu. ; oats ,2,990,983 acres, producing 
 98,153,000 bu. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor S6,000 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 3,.500 
 
 Treasurer 3,500 
 
 Auditor 3,500 
 
 Attorney Gen. . 3,500 
 Chief Justice.. 5,000 
 Senator.'!, j .^Spr.day 
 Represen V mileage 
 tatives. ) 10 c. & $50 
 2Dist.Judges| |'000 
 
 Pension Agent. 4!oOO 
 
 SColls. Int. I 2.125 
 
 Revenue, t to 4,.500 
 
 Col. of Customs 7,000 
 
 Auditor 2,200 
 
 Appraiser. 3,000 
 
 Examiner 2,000 
 
 Slaughtering and meat packing 
 products, 1880. 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Aurora $2,500 
 
 Bloomington... 2,900 
 
 Cairo 2,400 
 
 Chicago 6,000 
 
 Decatur 2,700 
 
 Elgin 3,200 
 
 Freeport 2,600 
 
 Galesburgh .... 2,600 
 Jacksonville.... 2,500 
 
 Joliet 2,600 
 
 Moline... 2,500 
 
 Ottawa 2,400 
 
 Peoria 3,200 
 
 Quincy 3,000 
 
 Rockford 3,000 
 
 Rock Island.... 2,500 
 
 Springfield 2,800 
 
 2,400 
 ,000 
 
 173 0fiaces..jt^2, 
 
 First recorded coal mine in America located near Ottawa, 1669. 
 Coal area, over three-fourths of entire State; estimated to contain 
 one-seventh of all known coal in North America; product, 1882, 
 9,000,000 tons. 
 
 Superior quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers ; lead, 
 most important mineral; Galena in centre of richest diggings of the 
 Northwest. Rich salt wells in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 
 gallons brine making 50 pounds salt. 
 
 Ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, 
 malt and distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, 
 agricultural implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, 
 iron and steel, mules, milch cows and other cattle. 
 
 Population, 3,077,871 : male, 1.586,523; female, 1,491,348; native, 
 2,494.295; foreign, 583,576; white, 3,031,151; colored, 46,368; 
 Chinese, 209; Japanese, 8; Indians, 140. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 51; Representatives, 
 153 ; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first 
 Monday in January ; limit of session, none ; term of Senators, 4 
 years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 22; num- 
 ber voters, 796,847; convicts are excluded from voting. 
 
 School system excellent; number colleges. 28; school age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest, 6 ; by contract, 8 ; usury forfeits entire interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 136 
 
 MAP OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 Greenwich.' 
 
 ito^^°^ 
 
 <pw' 
 
 IR.I- 
 
 auKef^aii 
 
 ■sJy 
 
 "Galenax/^^ 
 
 T;^»^£S*3™Tr:>V* ';? Geneva 
 /rock. 
 
 rorreston- 
 
 
 (prion Uudi 
 CaJble ^»™3>rt''s^ z _y»yrealu" 
 
 Al edj>"^ ^ fk\Y^^"\><a.T^. /S il\^%en^nepiS^''^G?^ae^ 
 
 urora> 
 ontjon 
 
 , , jheridan Jc _ . ^ 
 
 /Viln/i^ol 
 aidw/ood 
 
 OJadsttne 
 V,IowaJ,<= 
 
 
 lacomajTLe 
 jCaryfiage 
 
 LVarmont 
 
 
 n\0^ 
 
 "'Palton^ifoap; 
 «i^ilan to uT \-tiln^ 
 
 Ci" 
 
 >' 
 
 \\ CT"^ 
 
 elt 
 
 erlrdsTN 
 ■^irjirfiu 
 
 --''No — t ,'^/sr: 
 
 dV»7 
 
 
 
 SRaa 
 
 .* Herv>!T/i;j 
 
 illivan' 
 
 ventralia 
 
 . Fai rfielill il 
 
 
 sft.Frani; 
 
 
 <j/-^i^ii: Vernon 
 
 /•v^ 
 
 
 Long. W, u°from W aBhing ton. ,19° 
 
 Gallati 
 ii^sburgb 
 
 rIour^:City\N - *V 
 
 JonesborouSh 
 
 crKjwlesville 1 
 ew Burns^ A 
 
 dbethUnvn^ 
 O 
 
 J/cJV. ^^fi.,JBngr;' 
 
 fc 
 
136 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Mish'e-gan. 
 '•Wolverine or I^ake State.** 
 
 Name of Indian origin, Bignifj'ing Lake country. 
 
 First white settlement within limits of State, Sault Ste. Marie, 
 1668; organized as Territory. 1805; admitted 1837. 
 
 Area, 58,!)15 square miles ; length of lower peniueula, from north 
 to south, 277 miles ; greatest breadth, 859 miles. Length of upper 
 . peninsula, east to wett, 318 miles; width, 30 to 161 miles. Length 
 lake shore line, 1,620 miles. Number counties, 82. 
 
 Temperature at Detroit, winter, 24° to 36°; summer, 67° to 72°: 
 rainfall, 30 inches. 
 
 Detroit the metropolis; pop., 133,269. Grand Kapids, manu 
 facturing city; pop., 41,934. Lansing', the capital; pop., 9,776. 
 Pop. Bay City, 29,413; East Saginaw, 29,100; Jackson, 19,136: 
 Muskegon, 17,845; Saginaw, 13,767. Detroit, Marquette, Port 
 Huron and Grand Haven are ports of entry. 
 
 Number farms, 154,008. Value per acre, cleared land, 3!;34,39; 
 woodland, 920.27. Corn crop, 1884, 26,022,000 bu. ; wl^eat, 29,772,000 
 bu.; oats, 19,990,000 bu. Fruit raising an important industry. 
 
 Copper mines in Houghton. Ontonagon, and Keweenaw counties; 
 valuable Iron ores in Marquette and Delta counties; coal in 
 Shiawassee, Eaton, Ingham and Jackson counties. Salt manu- 
 factured in year ending iN'ovembcr 30, 1884, 3,252,175 bar. els. 
 
 Salaries State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $1,000 
 
 Lieut. Gov. .$3 a day 
 Bec'yof State.. 800 
 
 Treasurer 1 000 
 
 Auditor Gen.. 2,000 
 Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1000 
 Adjutant Gen.. 1,000 
 BecyBd. Agr... 1,500 
 Insur. Com'r... 2,000 
 R. R. Com'r ... 2..500 
 Immig. Com'r.. 2.000 
 Chief Justice .. 4,000 
 Benators, 1 $3 a day 
 Represen- 5- and 10c 
 
 tatives. I per.mile 
 8 Dlst. Judges.. 3,500 
 Pension A.gt.... 4,000 
 i Colls. Int. ) 3,875 
 
 Revenue. ) to 2,826 
 
 >«ALUE OF LUMBER PRODUCTS, 
 '1880, 
 
 |7_,933,868 
 
 MICH. 
 ^ a52.449,d2S I 
 
 \y ST,366,i 
 
 m% 
 
 [$14,3^10 
 
 ^6, 185,6 28 
 
 lA. 
 
 INO 
 
 $1/ j'mMd 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Adrian . .$2,400 
 
 Ann Arbor 2,600 
 
 Battle Creek.... 2,600 
 
 Bay City 2,700 
 
 Big Rapids 2, .'500 
 
 Detroit 3,700 
 
 East Saginaw.. 2,700 
 
 Flint 2,400 
 
 Grand Rapids.. 3,200 
 
 J.ickson 2,700 
 
 Kalamazoo 2.700 
 
 Lansing 2 700 
 
 Marshall 2,300 
 
 Muskegon ... 2.500 
 
 Port Huron 2,400 
 
 Saginaw 2,300 
 
 ,52P.O. $2,200 to 1,500 
 38 P.O. 1,400 to 1,100 
 OP. 1,000 
 
 Ranks first in copper, lumber and salt; second in iron ore; 
 third in buckwheat; fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes; sixth in 
 wheat and barley ; seventh in agricultural implements ; eighth in 
 miles railway; ninth in oats. 
 
 Grand Haven, Au Sable and Detroit are centres of valuable 
 fishing interests ; principal catch is trout and whitefish. 
 
 PoDulation, 1,843,369: male, 958,551; female, 884,818: native, 
 l,4i9;395 ; foreign, 423,974 : white, 1,817,562 ; colored, 17,548 ; 
 
 "^^Stat^e^' congressional and presidential elections. Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 32 ; Representatives, 
 100- sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
 meeting first Wednesday in Jamiary; limit of session, none; 
 terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 467,687. Duelists 
 ire excluded from voting. v i -«, c on 
 
 Number colleges, 9 ; efficient public schools ; school age, 5-80. 
 
 Legal interest, 7 ; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
 
ATLAS OF TUB WORLD. 
 
 137 
 
 MAP OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 \Frdnkfort\ - W'Walton ^VC, <i.—\ '\^m^w\t<'^^ 
 
 1 jt^T.'^ '"''tV M* f "l Lake City /7N_^>p\,.<,eO>ft« SprST ^iW^?'^,', '-^rA 
 
 ! Frankfort' 
 
 Montague 
 
 
 ^\\\ui<'iy \ -...,„-, , yKv/i//ifliii .,\ V . vC Tort' Au-!tin V". ■■ 
 
 Ludington Bildwiini ■ r^aaTZTrt^^-^o-^^o Pincoanmsyj v'- rVf-ii^l "ilBad Axe \V 
 '///^■,>.:4Pei.tvfater/ Paris P*^"^'^.,^^^olcraaa (($'^^-''75^/^ J "V fca«i^\ 
 
 •^V/ V* Hart sf '•^TPf^^v /Mt>c^'"' *N&g5i£J78eb\ewRiDgV ?„ J- \l 
 
 \ ' ^M^.^A^y^li^^ S?«Sward[^«,loti\ St.Loui3 /^ 
 
 r-wvx'^Xflafa.vjL. *i x/ >\v^r ,9.xi-'\r/'«asii^ v:zy«er^^ 
 
 ? ~ ♦'"•^.•o.t>*^"^uralnd \ 
 ~ jot^><o^N~£hiford; 
 
 LANSiNG^L-ci^Wiauisjow^ 
 
 "iM III „,iin II I I I j(p TlTf I ro r^ 111^^^ . ^ V '■'tf« i^ 
 
 larboiyV--pa.« "^ 
 
 th*lcrafy<^^^«^\/^w^fiila^ 
 
 
 
 '^ConkW.eatsCfroii^Walh; 
 
138 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 WISCONSIN. ^B-JS^^^State." 
 
 From river of same name ; an Indian word signifying " Wild- 
 rushing River." First settled by French, at Green Bay, 1669; 
 organized as a Territory, 1836 ; first Territorial legislature at Bel- 
 mont, Sept. 1, 1836 ; admitted as a State, 1847. 
 
 Area, 66,040 square miles; greatest length, 300 miles; greatest 
 breadth, 260 miles ; Mississippi river navigable throughout south- 
 west boundary ; excellent harbors in Lake Superior on north, and 
 Lake Michigan on east. Port Wa8>iington, one of the finest natural 
 harbors in the world. Number counties, 67. Temperature at Mil- 
 waukee: winter, 19°to 31° ; summer, 63°to 70" : rainfall, 30 inches, 
 
 Milwaukee, port of entry, gseat pork packing and beer brewing 
 centre; also grain and wheat market; pop.. 158,509. Madison, capi- 
 tal : pop., 1'2,054. Population Eau Claire, 21,668; Ponddu Lac, 12,726. 
 
 Nunlber farms, 102,904; average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $26.87; woodland, $19.55. Wheat most valuable crop ; cultivation 
 of flax increasing ; many acres devoted to culture of cranberries; 
 buckwheat crop, 1883, 177,792 bu.; hay, 2,354,835 tons ; corn, 1884, 
 28,200,000 bu.; oats, 45,940,000 bu.; wheat, 80,083.000 bu. Latest 
 reported dairy products: milk, 25,156,977 gals.; butter, 33,739,055 
 lbs.; cheese, 19,088,405 lbs. 
 
 Salaries of State t 1 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 Bec'y of State.. 5,000 
 
 Treasurer 5,000 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
 Railr'd Com'r. 8,000 
 Chief Justice.. 5,000 
 4 Asso. .Tustices 5,000 
 2 Dist. Judj^es. 3,500 
 Senators, ) $500 per 
 Represen- /-y'r, mile- 
 
 tatives.. ) age 10c. 
 Pension Agent. 4,000 
 Indian Agent. . 1,500 
 4 Colls. Int. I 4.500 
 
 Revenue. ) to 2.750 
 23 Deputy ) 1,800 
 
 Collect'rs ) to 300 
 Collect'r of ( 1.000 
 
 Customs. ) & fees. 
 
 POUNDS OF HOPS PRODUCED IN THE 
 WEST IN 1880. 
 
 51,236 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 1,444,077 
 
 WISCONSIN 
 
 1,966,827 
 
 Appleton (2,400 
 
 Beloit 2,300 
 
 Chippewa Falls 2,100 
 
 Eau Claire 2,600 
 
 Fond du Lac . . . 2,600 
 
 Green Bay 2,200 
 
 Janesyllle 2,500 
 
 La Crosse 2,600 
 
 Madison 2,700 
 
 Milwaukee .8,600 
 
 Oshkosh 2,600 
 
 Racine 2,700 
 
 Sheboygan 2,100 
 
 Watertown 2,000 
 
 Waukesha 2,000 
 
 Wausau 2,000 
 
 Whitewater.... 1,90# 
 
 66 Offices.. {tJ;8g 
 
 Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties; 
 native copper in the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Mil- 
 waukee clay famous for making cream-colored brick. Iron ores in 
 Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties. 
 
 Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth In rye 
 and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements, seventh 
 in iron and steel, eighth in hay and milch cows, and ninth in copper. 
 
 Population, 1.563,423: male, 811051; female, 752,372: native, 
 1,069,433; foreign, 493,990: white, 1,555,152; colored, 5,576; Indians, 
 2,695. ' 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Eepresenta- 
 tives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
 second Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; term of 
 Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral 
 votes, 11; number voters, 340,482; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, 
 betters and duelists excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 7; number public schools, 6,588; school popu- 
 lation, 495,233; scaool age, 4-20. 
 
 Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 139 
 
 MAP OF Wisconsin. 
 
 Stanibaiigli A *\ 
 
 
 umberlanO, 
 
 Barro 
 
 
 
 
 \So> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'reeporrj 
 
 ^^aIonga,_y(^xT^toni?£PI^7>^5s^•77SS?7V^> 
 
 Ij 
 
 6qi; .W. , 1 5^ Muac/fi.tin cr ^,'^^^;V^a3li, 3 
 
 
 ■°n. 
 
 
140 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 I'o-wah. 
 •'Hawkeye State." 
 
 Name is of Indian origin, and means " The Beautiful Land." 
 
 Part of the Louisiana purchase; merged into Missouri Territory, 
 1812; into Michigan, 1834; into Wisconsin, 1836, First white set- 
 tlement at Duhuque, 1788. Admitted as a State, 1846. 
 
 Area, 56,025 t-quare miles, about that of Illinois; extent north 
 . and south, 208 miles ; east and west, about 300 miles. Principal 
 rivers within the State: Des Moines, Iowa and Little Sioux. Num- 
 ber counties, 99. Temperature at Davenport: winter, 21° to 87°; 
 Bummer, 70° to 76°. Eainfall at Muscatine. 43 inches. 
 
 Des Moines, metropolis and capital; pop., 32,469. Pop. of Du- 
 buque. 26 330; of Davenport, 23,830; of Burlington, 23,459 ; of 
 Council Bluffs, 21,557. Keokak, Burlington and Dubuque are 
 United States ports of delivery. 
 
 Number farmn, 185,351; average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $27.36; woodland, $39.38. Corn crop, 1884, 252.600 000 bu.; wheat, 
 31,270,000 bu.; oats, 78,650,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 13,216,868 bu.; 
 barley, 4.6.38,348 bu.; sorghum syrup, 2,640,000 gals. 
 
 Dairy interest growing in importance, creamery and factory prod- 
 ucts bringing high prices. There were 60,940,553 Iba. of butter and 
 3.378,924 lbs. cheese made in 1880. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $3,000 
 
 Lieut. Go\^. .. . 1,100 
 Sec'y of State.. 2,200 
 
 Treasurer 2,200 
 
 Auditor 2,200 
 
 Attorney ) $1,500 and 
 
 Gen f $5 a diy. 
 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,200 
 S R. R. Comm'rs 3,000 
 
 Librarian 1,500 
 
 Chief Justice . . 4,000 
 4 Asso. Justices 4,000 
 
 &S. 1^550 per 
 
 tatives.. ) 5^®^^- 
 2 Dist. Judges... 3,500 
 Pension Agent. 4,000 
 4 Colls. Int. » 2,500 
 
 Rev f to 4,500 
 
 Number of hogs on farms. 
 
 1,954,948 
 
 ^ 2,158,169 
 
 6,034, 3H, 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Burlington . . . .$3,000 
 Cedar Rapids.. 2,900 
 
 Clinton 2,400 
 
 Council Bluffs. 2,800 
 
 Oreston 2,300 
 
 Davenport 2,900 
 
 Des Moines 3,300 
 
 Dubuque 3,000 
 
 Iowa City 2,400 
 
 Keokuk 2,600 
 
 LeMars 2,100 
 
 Marshalltown.. 2,500 
 
 Muscatine 2,400 
 
 Oskaloosa 2,400 
 
 Ottumwa 2,500 
 
 Sioux City 2,700 
 
 Waterloo 2,400 
 
 63 Offlces,2,000 to 1,500 
 52Ottices,l,400tol,000 
 
 Manufacturing establishments are numerous, including canning 
 factories, stove and other foundries, engine-building, paper and 
 woolen mills, lumber and saw mills, etc. 
 
 Ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows, oxen and other cattle, 
 corn, hay and oats; third in horses; fifth in barley and miles or 
 railway; sixth in potatoes and rye; seventh in wheat and coal. 
 
 Pop., 1,753,980: male, 911,759; female, 842,231: native, 1,448,576; 
 foreign, 310,404: white, 1,753,980; colored, 9,310; Chinese, 33; In- 
 dians, 466. 
 
 State elections annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October. 
 excepting years of presidential elections, when State, congressional 
 and presidential elections occur together; number Senators, 50; 
 Representatives, 100 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in even- 
 numbered years, meeting second Monday in January ; limit of 
 session, none ; term of Senators, 4 yrs. ; of Representatives, 2 yrs. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 13 ; number voters, 416,658. Idiots, 
 insane and criminals excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 19; school pop., 604,739; school age, 5-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 6 ; by contract, 10; usury forfeits 10 per cent, 
 per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 141 
 
 MAP OF iOWA. 
 
14» 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 ' whit- 
 
 Min'^ne-sO'ta. 
 "Gopher State." 
 
 Named from the river; term of Indian origin, signifying 
 ieh or Bky-colored waler.''' 
 
 Explored by Hennepin and La Salle, 1680; Fort Snelling built 
 1819; organized as a Territory, 1849; admitted 1858. 
 
 Area, 83,365 square miles, extreme length, 380 miles; breadth 
 near north line, 337 miles; near middle, 183 miles; and on the south 
 line, 263 miles. Number counties, 80. 
 
 Temperature nt St. Paul: winter, 11° to 30°; summer, 67° to 74. 
 Rainfall at Fort Snelling, 85 inches. 
 
 P-^mbina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul, port of delivery 
 and capital; population, 148,074. Minneapolis, metropolis and great 
 commercial centre for lumber, wheat and flour; population, 147,810. 
 Land offices at Taylor's Falls, Fergus Falls, Worthington, Red' 
 wood Falls, Beijson and Duluth. 
 
 Number larms, 140,000; value per acre, cleared land, $20; wood- 
 land, $15. Total acreage of the State, 53,35.3,600; in farms, 16,000,- 
 000; in forests, 1,800,000. 
 Salaries of State 
 OflEicers. 
 
 CAPITAL INVESItD.IN FLOUaiNG 
 AND GRIST' MILLS. 
 
 NEB. ARK.' 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Brainerd $2,000 
 
 Crookston 1,800 
 
 Duluth 2,500 
 
 Faribault 2.100 
 
 Fergus Falls... 2,000 
 
 Mankato 2,200 
 
 Minneapolis. .. 8,500 
 
 Moreliead 1,800 
 
 Northfield 1,800 
 
 Red Wing.. .... 2,300 
 
 Rochester 2,200 
 
 Saint Cloud.... 1,900 
 
 Saint Paul 3,500 
 
 Stillwater 2,400 
 
 Winona 2,500 
 
 9 P.O.... 1,700 to 1,500 
 
 14 ■■ ' ■-' ' 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 Governor .. .$3,800 
 
 Lieut.Gov 600 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 3,500 
 
 Auditor 3,000 
 
 Attorney Gen . 2,500 
 Supt. Pub. Ins. . 2,500 
 AdjutantGen.. 1,500 
 Pub. Examiner 3,000 
 Ins. Comm'r... 2,000 
 Com. Statistics 2.000 
 R.R.Commis'nr 3,000 
 State Librarian 2,000 
 Chief Justice... 4,.500 
 Senators, ) $5 a day , . . ^. . . 
 
 •RoT.T-«can. ', onH IRf. \ 1 V~ 1 \. J 14. " . 1,400 tO 1,200 
 
 1,100 
 
 Dist. Judge 3,500 I" ' — '< ^=:^ "" — " — 14 " 1,000 
 
 Wheat the staple, and milling the great industry, giving employ- 
 ment to nearly 4,000 people. Capital invested in flour and grist 
 mills, $21,000,000 ; value of products, $45,000,000. Corn crop, 1884, 
 28,630,000 bii., valued -at $7,797,900; wheat, 50,117,481 bu., valued at 
 $25,000,000; oats, 86,100,000 bu., valued at ,$7,220,000. Average value 
 of corn, 1884, 33 cents; of wheat, 50 cents; of oats, 20 cents. 
 
 Ranks fourth in wheat and barley, sixth in hay, eighth in oats. 
 
 Dairy interest increasing in value; production of butter and 
 cheese becoming one of great industries; latest reports give 19,223,- 
 835 lbs. butter; cheese, 975,329 Iba. 
 
 Population, 1,118,486: male, 605,551 ; female, 512,935: native, 733,- 
 320; foreign. 381,340: white, 1,115,358; colored, 1,814; Chinese, 99: 
 Indians, 1,215. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
 Monday in November; number Senators, 47; Representatives, 103; 
 sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
 Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; 
 term of Senators, 4 yeai's; of Representatives, 3 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 7; number voters, 306,435; idiots, in- 
 Bane and convicts excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 5; school population, 400,000; school age, 5-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess over 
 10 per cent. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 143 
 
 MAP OF MINNESOTA. 
 
 FargA 
 
 ^eavet: 
 
 
 u iivAua . -rr 7 7 '^ , .. , . . ,■ — „ 
 
 "-[ oiii'in y 0.1 ley \ "vilJi/!;^^ L V C^^-'VBaV/^ 
 
 I -y-eai Sourtci^o/ ^miSSX<Il:e ^GrancLUqpiHs y^A kMa 
 
 
 /J Little Falls 
 
 '^ty 
 
 
 
 Paylor's . 
 Tans5^=' 
 
 . ntevldlS _ MINN 
 
 ST. B J.3ign gerort^a^ — 
 
 i^r 
 
 MafslaiJY Falls X^ 
 
 
 
 •^'U 1 f^'^'ji^V Falls >rlsafOoaJ^l/p,rf'-'^vE^hfieia"S^^ ^ 
 
 ^- / of o\ V \ V 
 
 5j)" (I f. t yi-'— >^ 1.6" ^^C~~^ ii7S\lo>i.i?./tre8(.i6X -V''^"^\ 't^ "'osA 
 
 
144 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 DAKOTA. Dako'ta. 
 
 So called from a tribe of Indians of the same name. 
 
 First permanent white settlements made by Lord Selkirk at 
 Pembina, 1818; organized as a Territory, 1861; first legislature at 
 Yankton, March, 1862, 
 
 . Area, 149,100 square miles; average length, 450 miles ; breadth, 
 350 miles; ranks in size next to Texas and California. General 
 elevation, 1,000 to 2,500 feet; Red river frontage, about 250 miles; the 
 Missouri navigable throughout the Territory. Number counties, 136. 
 
 Temperature at Bismarck: winter, 4° to 27°; summer, 63° to 71°. 
 Climate dry, and cold not so penetrating as in moister regions 
 further east. Rainfall at Fort Randall, 17 inches; 73 per cent, of 
 year's rain falls in spring and summer. 
 
 Fargo, the metropolis of Northern Dakota, an enterprising city, 
 does a large business; has gas, electric lights, and street railways, 
 Bismarck, capital, rapidly developing into an important business 
 centre. Yankton, chief town of the south. Land offices at Fargo, 
 Bismarck, Huron, Deadwood, Yankton, Mitchell, Aberdeen, Water- 
 town and Grand Forks. Railway mileage, 1870, 65 ; 1884, 3,494. 
 The Northern Pacific has a mileage of 375, crossing th« northern 
 central portion from Fargo through Bismarck in an almost direct 
 westerly line through the Territory. 
 Salaries of State 
 
 Officers 
 
 Governor $2,600 
 
 Sec'y of Terri'y 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 2,000 
 
 Auditor 1,000 
 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500 
 Chief Justice .. 3,000 
 6 Asso. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, 1 $4 a day, 
 Represen- y mileage, 
 
 tatives. ) 20c. 
 
 10 Indian ) 1,000 
 
 Agents.... f to 2,200 
 Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 
 
 Chief Clerk 1,800 
 
 Chf. Draftsman 1,500 
 Assistant " 1 200 
 Col. Int. Rev.... 2.750 
 4 Dep. Colls 1,000 
 
 INCREASEIN WHEAT PRODUCTION, 
 " 1S70 TO -880. 
 
 ARIZONA, / \ 
 
 109,375 bu. 
 
 N.MEXICO, j 
 
 I 35a,819 " 
 
 IDAHO,, / 
 
 1 464,939 " 
 \ 610,726 " 
 
 UTAH', / 
 
 WASH'/ 
 
 l,7b4.279 " 
 
 O^TA., 
 
 ■2,659,62\" 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Aberdeen $1,900 
 
 Bismarck 2,200 
 
 Deadwood 1,800 
 
 Fargo 2,700 
 
 Grafton 1,600 
 
 Grand Forks... 2,300 
 
 Huron 2,300 
 
 Jamestown 2,000 
 
 Mitchell 1,700 
 
 Pierre 1,8C0 
 
 Sioxix Falls 2,200 
 
 Wahpeton 1,600 
 
 Watertown 1,700 
 
 Yankton 1,900 
 
 5 Post Offices... 1,500 
 5 " " .... 1,400 
 3 " " .... 1,300 
 .. i 1,200 
 I to 1,000 
 
 16 
 
 Finest wheat-growing country on the continent ; corn crop, 1884, 
 13,950,000 bu. ; oats, 11,812,000; wheat, 22,330,000 bu. ; !8,800,000 bu. rc- 
 
 ?orted. as freighted over Northern Pacific in four months of 1883, 
 6 per cent, being of best grade. Oats yield 50 to 75 bu, per acre ; 
 potatoes yield well and are of great size. Nutritious grasses at all 
 seasons and abundant water offer remarkable advantages for stock 
 raising; wool growing an important industry; climate especially 
 favorable for sheep. Ranks fourth in gold, and ninth in silver; latest 
 reported gold product, $4,133,081; mineral wealth centred in Black 
 Hills; coal found in workable quantities west of the Missouri. 
 
 Population, 135.177 in 1880, with sufficient increase since then to 
 entitle her to admission as a State : male, 82.296 ; female, 53,881 ; 
 native, 83,3^2; foreign, 51,795; white, 133,147; colored, 401; Chinese, 
 238; Indians, 1,391. 
 
 Territorial, congressional and presidential elections, Tueiday 
 after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representa- 
 tives, 24; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 2d 
 Tuesday in January; limit session, 60 days; terms of Senators and 
 Representatives, 3 years each. Number voters, census 1880, 61,603. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 145 
 
 MAP OF DAKOTA. 
 
 I.OU5. W. from Greenwich. 
 
 .2^" 
 
 :.f i}'RT'i" 'E 
 
 
 Carman ' 
 
 '^■^ Grafton ] 
 
14G 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 NEBRASKA. Nebras'ka. 
 
 Name first applied to the river, and is of Indian origin, signifying 
 "Shallow Water." Organized as a Territory, 1854; admitted i867. 
 
 Area, 76,855 square miles ; width, north and south, about 210 
 miles ; greatest length in centre, about 420 miles. Platte, the prin- 
 cipal river, extending through the State east and west. Number 
 counties, 80. 
 
 Temperature at Omaha : winter, 20° to 34° ; summer, 72° to 78". 
 Rainfall, Fort Kearney, 25 inches. 
 
 Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, principal city and commercial 
 centre ; population, 61,635. Lincoln, a thriving city, containing 
 State University; population, 1870, 2.441, and 1885, 20,004. Popu- 
 lation Plattsmouth, 5,796; of Nebraska ( ity, 5,597. 
 
 Number farms, 63,387. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $8.93; woodland, $25.85, 
 
 Corn crop, 1884, 122,100,000 bushels; wheat, 28,325,000 bushels; 
 oats. 21,630,000 bushels. Rye, buckwheat, barley, flax and hemp 
 yield abundant crops. Apples, pears, plums, grapes and berries are 
 plentiful. Ranks eighth in corn and barley, and ninth in rye. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Officers. 
 
 Governor $2,500 
 
 Lieut. Gov. . . S6 a day 
 Sec'y of State . . 2,000 
 
 Treasurer 2,500 
 
 Aud'rPub.Ac'ts 2,500 
 Attorney Gen... 2,000 
 Supt. Pub. Ins . 2,000 
 Sec'y Bd.Agr. . 1,000 
 Com'rPub.L'ds 2,000 
 Chief Justice... 2,500 
 Senators, ) $3 a day; 
 Represen- > mileage, 
 tatives.. ) 10 cents. 
 District Judge . 3,500 
 Col. Int. Rev.... 4,500 
 Surveyor Gen.. 2,000 
 3 Indian ( 1,200 
 f to 1,600 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Beatrice $2,100 
 
 Columbus 1,700 
 
 Crete 1,700 
 
 Falls City 1,600 
 
 Fremont 2,200 
 
 Grand Island... 1,900 
 
 Hastings 2,100 
 
 Kearney 2,000 
 
 Lincoln 2,900 
 
 Nebraska City. 2,100 
 
 Norfolt 1,300 
 
 Omaha 3,300 
 
 Plattsmouth. .. 1 800 
 
 Seward 1,700 
 
 Tecumseh 1,600 
 
 Wahoo 1,600 
 
 York 1,700 
 
 lOP. O..Sl,500&1.400 
 24 P.O.. 1,200 to 1,000 
 
 Agents 
 
 Herd law excellent, and grazing land good. Cattle raising the 
 great industry of the State, next to agriculture. 
 
 Manufacturing establishments show a wonderful increase of from 
 670 in 1870 to 1,403 in 1880, Capital invested, $4,881,150; number 
 hands employed, 4,773. 
 
 Homesteads obtained under timber claims or by pre-emptions; 
 cash expense of first, $18 to $26; of second, $14. U. S. laud offices 
 at Dakota City, Norfolk, Grand Island, Lincoln, Beatrice, Bloom- 
 ington and North Platte. 
 
 Population, 4.52,402 : male, 249,241 ; female, 203,161 ; native, 
 354,988; foreign, 97,414; white, 449,764 ; colored, 2,385; Chinese, 18; 
 Indians, 235. 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday tfter 
 first Monday in November; number Senator.*, 33; Representatives, 
 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tues- 
 day in January; limit of session, 40 days; terms of Senators and 
 Representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 5; number 
 voters, 129,042. U. S. army, idiots and convicts excluded from 
 voting. ( 
 
 Number colleges, 9; school population, 135,511; school age, 5-21. 
 
 Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits interest and coat. 
 
 Kailroad mileage, 1865, 122; 1885, 2,891. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 147 
 
 MAP OF NEBRASKA 
 
14^ 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Kan'zas. 
 
 "Garden of tlie West." 
 
 From Kaneas river. Indian name, pignifyini; "Smoky Water." 
 Vieited by Spaniards, 1541, and by French, 1719. Part of Louisiana 
 purchase, and afterward of Indian Territory. Organized as a Ter- 
 ritory, 1854. Admitted as a State, January, 1861. 
 ■ Area, 82,080 square miles. Lenf,'th, 400 rnile^ ; breadth, 200 miles. 
 Geographical centre of United States, exclusive of Alaska. Mis- 
 souri river frontage, 150 miles ; largest rivers, Solomon, Neosho, 
 Saline, Arkansas, Eepublican and Kansas. Number counties, 100. 
 
 Temperature at Leavenworth : summer, 74° to 79°; winter, 25° 
 to 35°: rainfall, 31 inches. 
 
 Metropolis, Leavenworth ; population, 29,968. Capital, Topeka; 
 
 f)opulation, 23,499. State University at Lawrence; State asylums for 
 nsane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Osawatomie; institution 
 for education of the blind, Wyandotte; for deaf-mutes, Olathe. 
 
 First railroad built, 1865; length, 40 miles. Railroad mileage, 1875, 
 2,150; Jan. 1, 1886, 4,888. 
 
 Number farms, 1860, 10,400; 1880, 138,561. Average value per 
 acre, cultivated land, $11 .82; woodland, $19.12. Peculiarly adapted 
 for stoclc raising. Gain, per cent., in horses, for ten years, 138; 
 C0W8, 149; mules, 1,040; other cattle, 203; sheep, 210; hogs, 132. 
 
 Salaries of State I 1 9 Deputy Col- ) $1,650 
 
 r»fflf>o-ra Increase of population, lectors ) to 400 
 
 umcers. 1870T0 1380. Indian Agent.. 1,000 
 
 Governor $3,000 . TJrPcirlPTitinI P O 
 
 Sec'yof State.. 2,000 ^FVADA A 19,175 -Presiaential i-. O. 
 
 Treasurer 2,500 NEVAUA l\ is,' Atchison $2,700 
 
 Auditor 2,000 „ „„.. /\ a-i eA^i Emporia 2,500 
 
 Attorney Gen.. 1,500 OREGON / \ »'5j8« Fort Scott 2,400 
 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 , / \ • Lawrence 2,600 
 
 Sec. Bd. of Agr, 2,000 nni ORAnn / \ •154,463 Leavenworth.. 2,800 
 
 InsuranceCoin. 2.500 ^ULUttftuu/ \ Newton 2,000 
 
 3R.R. Corns.... 3,000 pii / \ 'inssii Ottawa 2,100 
 
 StateLibrarian 1,.500 ^'^^' / x-w,-**' parsons 2.100 
 
 Chief Justice . . 3,000 „ ^„ / \ „„„ ,.„ Salina 2,000 
 
 2 Asso. Justices 3,000 NEB. / \329,409 Topeka 3,100 
 
 Senator, j $3 pr.day / \ Wellington .... 2,000 
 
 Represen >• mileage IOWA/ 430 595 Wichita 2,400 
 
 tatives. ) 15 cents. / _\ Winfield 2,100 
 
 District Judge. 3,500 / ^„, ..A Wyandotte 2,400 
 
 Pension Agent, 4,000 /KANSAS 631,697 \ „„„^ ( 1,900 
 
 Col. Int. Rev... 2,750 1 ' ^ 1 ''*'-*"^^®^--- Uol.OOO 
 
 Latest reported crop: castor beans, 766,143 bu.; cotton. 33,589 
 lbs.: flax, 623.256 bu. ; hemp, 527,879 bu.; corn, 1884, 168,500,000 
 bu. ; wheat 34,990,000 bu. ; oats, 27.419,000 bu. 
 
 Number hands employed in manufactories, 1860, 1,735; in 1870, 
 6,844; in 1880, 12,064. Net value of manufactured products increased 
 67 per cent, in first period, 95 p«r cent, in second. 
 
 Ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye; seventh in hay, and ninth 
 in hogs, horses, wheat and coal. Coal area, 17,500 square miles. 
 
 Population, 996,096: male, 5:35,667; female, 459,429; native, 
 886,010; foreign, 110,086; white, 952,155; colored. 43,107; Chinese, 
 19; Indians, 815. State, congressional and presidential elections, 
 Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; Senators, 40; Representatives, 
 125; sessions biennial, meetins^ second Tuesday in January in odd- 
 numbered years ; limit of session, 50 days ; term of Senators, 
 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 265,714. Idiots, 
 Insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 8; number schoolhouses, over 5,000; school 
 attendance, 69 per cent, of school population ; school age, 5-21. 
 
 Legal Interest, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess of interest. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 149 
 
 MAP OF KANSAS. 
 
160 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Portion of great Louisiana purchase set apart for home of peace- 
 able Indian tribes ; organized 1834. 
 
 Cut down to form States and Territories, leaving but 64,690 
 square miles, or 41,401,600 acres; nearly 26,000,000 acres being 
 Indian reservations. 
 
 • Length east and west on the north, 470 miles; breadth west of 
 100th meridian, .35 miles, and east of that line, about 210 miles. 
 Reservations of Cherokees, 5,000.000 acres in north and northeast; 
 Seminoles, 200,000 in east central; Creeks, 3,215,495 in east; Chick- 
 asawB, 4,377,600 in south; the Oklahoma country near centre. 
 Principal rivers, Arkansas and Red. Number nations, agencies 
 »nd reservations, 22. 
 
 Temperature at Fort Gibson : winter, 85° to 48° ; summer, 77° to 
 82°. Rainfall in extreme northwest, 20 inches, and at Fort Gibson, 
 80 inches. 
 
 Most important town, and capital of Cherokees, Tahlequah. Rail- 
 road mileaee, 372. Capital of Chickasaws, Tishorainfro; of Choc- 
 taws, Tushkahoma; of Creeks, Muscogee; of Osages^ Pawhueka; 
 of Semiuolcs, Seminole Agency; of Pawnees. Pawnee Agency; of 
 Kiowas and Comanches, Kiowa and Comanche Agency. 
 Indian Agencies, 
 
 ARAPAHOE. 
 
 Agent $900 
 
 OHEYBXNE. 
 
 Agent $2,200 
 
 Physician 1,200 
 
 KAW. 
 
 Buperintend't.. $1,600 
 Physician 1,200 
 
 KIOWA AND COMAN- 
 OHK. 
 
 Agent $1,000 
 
 Physician 1,000 
 
 OAKLAND. 
 
 Biiperintend't. $1,000 
 8 Teachers 600 
 
 Corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton and 
 
 OSAQB. 
 
 Agent $1,600 
 
 Physician 1,200 
 
 OTOB. 
 
 Agent $1,600 
 
 Physician 1,000 
 
 PAWNBE. 
 
 Clerk $1,200 
 
 Physician 1,000 
 
 PONOA. 
 
 Superintend't. $1,200 
 Clerk 720 
 
 QTTAPAW. 
 
 Agent $1,500 
 
 Physician 1,200 
 
 SAC AND FOX. 
 
 Agent $1,200 
 
 2 Physicians. .. . 1,000 
 
 potatoes yield luxuriantly. 
 
 Number horses, January, 1883, 125 per cent, of prenous year; 
 mules, 110 per cent ; hogs, 80 per cent.; milch cows, 85 percent.; 
 number sheep, 55,000, at average value of $2; oxen and other cattle, 
 January, 1884, 520,000, valued at $8,840,000. 
 
 Stringent laws to protect from encroachments by whites. They 
 can hold land only by marrying into one of the tribes. Recent 
 ofllcial reports give Indian population about 80,000: Cherokees, 
 20.000; Choctaws, 16,500; Creeks, 14,500; Chickasaws, 7,000; Semi- 
 noles, 2,500; Osages, 2,390; Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; 
 Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438: Comanches, 1,475. 
 
 No Territorial government has as yet been organized, owing to 
 differences in the views of Congress and the tribes. For each 
 agency, a deputy is appointed by the President to represent the 
 united States, but each tribe manages its own internal affairs. 
 Mostof tlie tribes governed by chiefs. 
 
 Of first five tribes, 83,6.50 can read, and have 16,200 houses, 196 
 Bchools, and 8,250 pupils. Expended from tribal funds for educa- 
 tional purposes, $156,856; from government appropriation for 
 freedmen, $8,500. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 151 
 
 MAP OF INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
16» 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Kol-o-rah'do. 
 
 •♦ Centennial State." 
 
 Part of Louisiana purchase of 1803. First explored by Vaequta 
 Coronado under the Spanish, 1540. First expedition sent out by 
 United States Government, under Major Pike, 1806; a second under 
 command of Col. S. H. Long, 18-20, and in 1842-44, Gen. John C. 
 Fremont made his celebrated trip across the Rocky Mountains. 
 'First settlements made by miners, 1858-9; formed from parts of 
 Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico ; organized as a Ter- 
 ritory, February, 1861 ; admitted August 1, 1876. 
 
 Area, 103,925 square miles ; lengm, 380 miles ; breadth, 280 
 miles ; principal rivers. North and South Platte, Arkansas, Snake, 
 White and Green. Number counties, 40. Temperature at Denver: 
 winter, 25° to 37° ; summer. 72° to 74°. Rainfall of the Stale from 
 15 to 20 inches, falling mostly between May and Julv. 
 
 Five United States laud districts, with offices at "Oenver, Pueblo, 
 Falrplay, Lake City and Central City. Denver, capital and metrop- 
 olis, and contains assay office; pop., 54,308; LeadvOle, 10,925; Silver 
 Cliffs, 900; Colorado Springs, 4,568. State University at Boulder; 
 Agricultural Collegia at Fort Collins; School of Mines at Golden City. 
 
 Richest State in the Union in mineral productions, ranking flrit 
 In silver, anjj fourth in gold. 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 Lieut.Gov 1,000 
 
 Bec'y of State.. 3,000 
 
 Treasurer 3,000 
 
 Auditor 2,.500 
 
 Attorney Gen. . 2,000 
 Chief Justice... 5,000 
 2 Asso. Justices 5,000 
 Senators, ) Hpr. day 
 Represen V mileage 
 tatives. ) 15 cents. 
 DistrictJudge, 3,500 
 Col. Int. Rev... 2,875 
 Surve.vor Gen.. 2,.500 
 Ute Indian Agt. 1,400 
 
 DENVER MINT. 
 Assay 'r In Chg. $2,500 
 
 SILVER Product of 1882. 
 
 ARIZ. 
 
 UTAH 
 
 Boulder |1,900 
 
 Canon City 1,600 
 
 Central City.... 1,700 
 Colorado Spgs. 2,400 
 
 Denver 3,400 
 
 Duraiigo 1,700 
 
 Fort Collins.... 1,700 
 Georgetown . . . 1,700 
 
 Golden 1,600 
 
 Greeley 1,800 
 
 Gunnison 1,900 
 
 Leadville 2,800 
 
 Pueblo 2,400 
 
 Salida 1,600 
 
 Silverton 1,800 
 
 South Pueblo.. 2,200 
 
 Trinidad 1,800 
 
 17 Officpq i 1.600 
 
 . P.2^J}J^S'^\'^^^^' 710,000 bushels ; wheat, 2,348,000 bushels; oats. 
 1 ol6 000 bushels ; 1,209,000 bushels produced 1883, the yield being 
 29 3 bushels per acre; hay, 114,505 tons, valued at $1,545,818. Cattle 
 raising a safe and profitable business : sheep husbandry still more 
 profitable : latest reported estimate gives 815,674 cattle. 1.248.360 
 sheep and 18,342 ewine. » j • 
 
 Population, 243,910: male, 144,781; female, 99.129: native, 192,. 
 Ind\an°'"^20?' ' ^^^'^^' ^^^'^^^' colored, 3,262; Chinese, 861; 
 
 State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
 nrst Monday in November ; number Senators, 26: Representatives, 
 49 ; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Mon- 
 day in January ; limit of session, 40 days ; term of Senators. 4 
 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number electoral votes, 3 ; number voters, 93,608 ; native white, 
 05,215 ; foreign white, 26,873 ; colored, 1,520. Persons in prison 
 excluded from voting. 
 
 Not a mile of railroad in use in 1870; mileage, Jannary,l,1886, 2,857. 
 Number colleges, 3; school population, 40,208; school age. 6-11, 
 
 Legal Interest rate, 10 ; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 153 
 
 MAP OF COLORADO. 
 
154 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ■ NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Named hi honor of one of the gods of the Aztecs, the ancient in- 
 habitants of Mexico. 
 
 Colonized by Spaniards, 1582; Santa Fe being oldest town in 
 United States, next to St. Augustine; organized 1850. 
 • Area, 122,580 square milef; length eastern boundary, 345 miles; 
 western, 390 miles; average breadth north of 32°, 335 miles; altitude, 
 8,000 to 4,000 feet. Number counties, 13. 
 
 Temperature at Santa Fe, winter, 27° to 37°; summer, 66° to 70°. 
 Rainfall, Fort Marcy, 17 inches. 
 
 Santa Fe is capital and principal city; pop., 6,635. Las Vegas, 
 Silver City and Albuquerque are growing in importance. 
 
 But 8 miles railroad in operation in 1878, having increased to 
 1,140, January 1,1884. 
 
 Crops abundant wherever water can be obtained, and corn will 
 ripen almost anywhere; 6,060 square miles irrigable land; number 
 farms, 5.053; corn crop, 1884, 950,000 bu.; wheat. 930,000 bn.; oats, 
 252,000 bu. Total acreage of the Territory, 78,451.200; in farms, 
 631,131; in forests, 219.224; unoccupied, 77,820,069; proportion 
 woodland area in the farm lands, 35 per cent. Average value corn, 
 1884, 68 cents; wheat, 90 cents; oats, 40 cents. 
 Salaries Territor'i 
 
 COMPAKATIVE NUMBER OF SHEEP 
 IN TERRITORIES. 
 
 2 Spec'l Drafts- 
 men $1,500 
 
 Clerk 1,500 
 
 Messenger 500 
 
 Indian Agents. 
 
 Jicarilla $1,200 
 
 Mescalero 1,500 
 
 Navajo 1,500 
 
 Pueblo 2,000 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Albuquerque... $2,300 
 
 Deming 1,500 
 
 Las Vegas 2,100 
 
 Raton 1,200 
 
 Santa Fe 2,000 
 
 Silver City 1,800 
 
 Socorro 1,600 
 
 Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $2,600 
 
 Secretary 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 1,000 
 
 Auditor 1,000 
 
 Com'r Immig'n 900 
 Librarian .... 600 
 Chief Justice. . 3,000 
 2 Asso. Justices 3.000 
 Senators, ) $4 a day 
 Represen- v & 20c. 
 
 tatives.. I mileage. 
 Col. Int. Rev.... 2,500 
 2Dep Colls. ) 1,200 
 
 Int. Rev., (to 1.700 
 Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 
 Translator and 
 
 Chief Clerk... 2,000 
 
 Grazing interest extensive and valuable. Recent reports give, 
 mules. 10,18?; sheep, 4,435,200, valued at $7,539,840; hogs, 23,353, 
 valued at S1S7,758. 
 
 Mineral wealth is rapidly developing. Gold is found in Grant, 
 Lincoln, Colfax and Bernalillo coimties; rich copper mines on the 
 San Pedro Grant, in Bernalillo county, and in the Finos Altos re- 
 gion. Zinc, quicksilver, lead, manganese, and large deposits of 
 coal have been found. Gold production, 1882, was $150,000; silver, 
 $1,800,000. 
 
 Population, 119,565: male, 64,496; female, 55,069; native, 111,514; 
 foreign, 8,051; white, 108,721; colored, 1,015; Chinese, 57; Indians, 
 9,772. 
 
 Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
 day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; ses- 
 sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
 first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators 
 and Representatives, 2 years each, voting population, 34,078; 
 native white, 26,423; foreign white, 4,558; colored, 3,095. 
 
 School population, 20,265; school age, 7-18. 
 
 Legal intereet rate, 6; by contract, 12. 
 
ATLAS OF TUB WOBLD. 
 
 155 
 
 MAP OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 ?Z 
 
 N 
 
 i }^^¥lift^'^c'''/yoTroiiburdh ilj 
 
 res i*iedr! 
 J^nrgn ' ^.^^ , ^S»\V \,S iChnhvron- 
 
 i«f^ J '^y i vl?*"^^^ vacate ^ 
 
 ^'•'^>'°^*'^X<$^^ I^ernH il lo/^*"^o Golden 
 
 % tW«''"*^ V*p3eleii 
 
 wW ^abinal "% \j:t.Sumner 
 
 
 ^'J'""'''^ Georg§.g„- gx^\J /Effgle o ^ou^A Fork •-> 7 --^- 
 
 33°T ? LaiyPalomaA "^M^L JulalJosa H^ ^ X 
 
 J\'e«'«oj!^( yZa/.eT'({LdLRiffCOn jNv>.ini„, „, ,, 
 
 iasb ElitSsT^. &irf^?ys4 o San 'AjigMiW ™i**>#^ v ^y/„, 
 ,.IiS>--'c^^I^5SS<!£es«MEas CruceS SevenxRifer" c "*'"'" 
 
 «^';':^. 
 
 !«.'<- 1 "^ :^anarl<W\>^ntlion y 'iK'^ "' ■■■■- =" 
 
 
 ,0 ^ 
 
 Paso'iiel Jiortcd 
 
 -^3^^ 
 
 I, 
 
 
 Scale of Milks. 
 
 Gallego 
 ! Laguna 
 
 [Buonaveutura 
 / 
 
 TEXAS g .^ i' 
 
 %-,''^^'°CSierra Blanca 
 , Valeutiae 
 
 -"i^ 
 
 8t|° 'Long. ai/Weat fro m 30 ^^ Waah?' 
 
 •., Mc ACga,'^ ro., Chi.27f 
 
156 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 Ar-i-z5'na. 
 
 First visited by Spanish explorers as early as 1526; set off from 
 New Mexico and became a Territory, 1863. 
 
 Area, 113,020 square miles; greatest length, 375 miles • greatest 
 breadth, 340 miles. Country drained by Colorado and Gila, with 
 their tributaries; number counties, 11. 
 
 Temperature at Prescott : winter, 34° to 42° ; summer, 71° to 73°. 
 Kaiufiill at Yo\% Defiance, 14 inches. 
 
 Tucson, the largesttown : ijopulation, 7,007. Prescott, the capital. 
 Railroad mileage, 865; Sout lern Pacific crosses from east to west 
 near southern boundary, and Atlantic & Pacific north of the 
 central portion, making ready communication with East and West. 
 
 Crop reports, 1883: wheat, 222,200 bu.; barley, 330,775 bu.; pota- 
 toes, 52,936 bu.; hay, 10,710 tons; corn acreage, 1884, 2,850, 
 producing 60,300 bu. Soil fertile in river bottoms and among valleys 
 of Middle and Eastern Arizona, corn plauting following wheat or 
 barley harvest, giving two crops yearly : oranges and other fruits 
 and potatoes produce well wherever tliere is water; principal por- 
 tion of irrigable land lies in valley of Gila and its northern 
 branches; rich and abundant grasses, together with mild climate, 
 make much of the Territory well adapted to stock raising; valuable 
 timber on the mountains and along the streams. 
 
 Salaries Territo- 
 rial Ofiacers. 
 
 Governor $2,600 
 
 Secretary 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 1.000 
 
 Auditor 1,000 
 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 
 
 Librarian 600 
 
 Chief Justice... 3,000 
 
 2 Asso. Justices 3.000 
 Senators, 1 $4 a day 
 Represen- Vand 20c. 
 
 tatives.. ) mileage. 
 
 3 Dist. Judges . 3,000 
 Col. Int. Rev... 2,250 
 2 Deputy ) 1,600 
 
 Collectors ) to 1,700 
 Clerk 1,100 
 
 COPPER IN INGOTS ANNDAl. 
 
 ■PRODUCT. 
 
 Surveyor Gen.. $2,500 
 Chief Clerk. ... 2,400 
 Land Clerk.. .. 1,600 
 Land Copvist.. 1,200 
 Spanish Trans'r 2,500 
 
 Indian Agents. 
 
 Colorado River$l,500 
 Pima & Mari- 1 ^ an^ 
 
 copa ) ^•^"" 
 
 San Carlos 2,000 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Clifton $1,000 
 
 Globe 1,100 
 
 Phfenix 1,600 
 
 Prescott 1,800 
 
 Tombstone 1,900 
 
 Tucson 2,300 
 
 Abundant mineral wealth, which can now be developed with 
 profit, owin^ to completion of railways; nearly all mountain 
 ranges contain gold, silver, copper and lead ; gold production, 1882, 
 $1,065,000; silver, $7,500,000. 
 
 Ranks second in silver, and ninth in gold. 
 
 Superior quality of lime found near Prescott and Tucson; beds 
 of gypsum in San Pedro valley; remarkable deposits of pure, 
 transparent salt near Callville. 
 
 Population, 40,440: male, 28,202; female, 12,238; native, 24,391; 
 foreign, 16,049; white, 35,160; colored, 155; Chinese, 1,630; Indians, 
 3,493. 
 
 Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
 day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; ses- 
 sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
 first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators 
 and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 20,398; 
 native white, 9,790; foreign white, 8,256; colored, 2,352. 
 
 School population, 10,283 ; school age, 6-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate; no penalty for usury. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 157 
 
 MAP OF ARIZONA. 
 
 ~!Tu° -tong, -Ijc 
 
 TnclianTort 
 7m an 
 
 * JFt'fcVfianc'i- 
 TFilloui Spring 
 
 \C<irrizo^ f 1^ 
 
 sJ3Af:hur^^'^oilJ^comaltee ^ci^-^^^ 
 munlaxn Spr^if ° Spring :jia!,iJ'arik'-^'^^> 
 
 f-oT jfTucca. 
 
 from 1 ("^ 
 
 T 
 
 Tanguitch 
 
 
 JTanab 
 
 Wolf Sjjring 
 
 
 1109 = 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Pi'SoWaterp. 
 
 i«« Oigentes 
 
 .o6ket„Efft^ };.CA*.J """JOE K 
 
 "ti« LA '*'•«"'<( INDIAN 1^ ' 
 
 ¥-^ 
 
 I 36° 
 
 llingsj 
 IIoTbrook 
 
 St^o 
 
 airviei 
 
 ^^ T^ -p;„,S MONGOUA' 
 
 • (l„ . !„l^-. _ ..-Seymour (^*;^jj^„^;f^>^«^^^t.^aae ;trj 
 
 ; Indian ties, 
 
 Casa Grande^ t V^Vga-jf c 
 
 (GRANITE 
 
 WASll%^i''' '^'^^ Tt."McDoweTl o<; -^laj. 
 
 ^JEhrenberg ■§5 
 
 "■ " MTS. '■' 
 
 Tanks 
 
 }Nof(ohs o 
 
 ^^"^ 
 
 JPinal 
 
 Clilfton 
 
 _^^ 
 
 ^j^|^^;^^;i^Taintg^(l; Roclc.''''^^ 
 
 soMi*- 
 
 <^^ = 
 
 %m 
 
 1h;Saucita % 
 
 icacho ij-- > 
 
 Jhrrai <S?1^.„ 
 
 Cojeta 
 
 .mil, 
 
 ^, Cdbdb% 
 Fremont t%- 
 
 sp:_ 
 
 Critteriaen^ 
 
 Tiibae , 
 
 vp IDiincan' 
 
 ^^^.| "Dos Cabezo, |C5 
 
 "Dragoon 
 ZBenson 
 
 j3ummit 
 
 d'^ 
 
 'Kiiilis'.on. J 
 ^^ ..-, -^^. °!®'S>mbst,one| 
 
 S.a 
 
 3 
 
 SA\ ESPUELASl'^aiS. 
 
 ! Imuris 
 
 gaa'ta Aug, > 
 
 West ^Sh" froml|8't°' "Wash. (33° 
 
 
 
 
158 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Yoo'tah. 
 
 VALUE OF CHEESE 
 
 PRODUCT, 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 DAKOTA <:''^^ 
 
 >j % 140 
 
 MONT. 
 
 1 
 
 
 4,660 
 
 ARIZ.. 
 WASH. 
 
 
 J 
 
 6,195 
 \ 
 
 
 7,000 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 £ 
 
 12,535 
 
 UTAH 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 
 18,974 
 
 Surveyor Gen.. $2,500 
 Chief Clerk.... 1,800 
 Chief Drafts- 1 ^ rem 
 
 man t *>"^"'' 
 
 Settled by Mormons under the leadership of Brigham Young, Salt 
 Lake, 1847. Territorial government formed 1850. 
 
 Area, 84,900 square miles, Tcry nearly same as Idaho; average 
 length, 350 miles; breadth, 260 miles. Largest rivers. Grand and 
 Green, together with the Colorado, which they unite to form. Num- 
 ber counties, 24. 
 
 Temperature at Salt Lake City: winter, 29° to 40°; summer, 69° 
 to 77°: rainfall, 24 inches. 
 
 Salt Lake City, capital and metropolis; pop., 20,768. Ogden, at 
 junction of Union and Central Pacific, pop., " 069. Railroad mile- 
 age, 1,134; Union and Central Pacific through me north. 
 
 Number farms, 9,452; land under cultivation, over 400,000 acres; 
 value farm products, $10,000,000. Valleys of the Cache, Salt Lake, 
 Jordan, Sevier and Eio Virgin, are irrigable, and produce fine crops 
 of cereals and vegetables. Wheat crop of 1884, 1,67",000 bushels. 
 
 Annual income from stock raising, about $2,000,000, though graz- 
 ing interest perhaps not so important as in neighboring States and 
 Territories. 
 Salaries of Terri- 
 torial Officers. 
 
 Governor $2,600 
 
 Secretary 1,800 
 
 Treasurer COO 
 
 Auditor 1.500 
 
 Supt. Pub. Ins.. 1,.500 
 
 Librarian 250 
 
 Chief Justice . . 8,000 
 2ASS0. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, ) $4 a day, 
 Kepresen- > mileage. 
 
 tatlves.. I 20 cents. 
 Dist. Attor-I 250 
 
 ney . . . . ) & fees. 
 11 U. S. Com- ( y 
 
 missioners.. I 
 Col. Int. Rev.... 2.500 
 2 Dep'y Col- \ 1,600 
 
 lectors .... ) to 1,800 
 
 Gold, copper and silver found in Wahsatch Mountains, the metal 
 ;bund being mostly silver. Gold production, 1882, $190,000; silver, 
 $6,800,000. 
 
 Production coal, 1882, 250,000 tons; principal source of supply in 
 valley of Weber river. 
 
 Ranks t jird in silver, and seventh in salt, an inexhaustible supply 
 of the latter being furnished by the lake. 
 
 Population, 143,963: male, 74.509; female, 69,454; native, 99,969; 
 foreign, 43,994 ; white, 142,423 ; colored, 232; Chinese, 501; Indians, 
 807. 
 
 Territorial elections annual, first Monday in August; congres- 
 Bional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number 
 Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of lemBlature, bien- 
 nial. In odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January; 
 limit of session, 60 days ; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 
 years each. 
 
 Voting population, 32,773: native white, 13,795; foreign white, 
 18,283; colored, 695. 
 
 School population, 43,303; school age, 6-18; number colleges,!. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. 
 
 Indian Ag-ents. 
 
 Ouray $1,500 
 
 Clerk 1,000 
 
 Uintah Valley.. 1,500 
 Clerk.. 1,006 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Logan $1,200 
 
 Ogden City.... 2,400 
 
 Park City 1,500 
 
 ProvoCity . ... 1.100 
 Salt Lake City.. 2,900 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 159 
 
 MAP OF UTAH. 
 
 Long. '113" We^^fromll2J Grecuwich. 'ljl 
 
 /Pocate 
 
 aicCammo 
 ^©ATbion 
 
 HMalacl City ® 
 
 ♦ 20- #• 
 
 G^oicse ^'i .Snow -^ ZPortaae° 
 
 f «--C-<^- ISi^;^ Vf^ACflf^ Fort 
 
 *r o.x^^'-;^^CoaiV^ /S^ 
 
 Mir; i''i5\ SALT?E^E),CIT>Ji .uOiWauahip ^ 
 
 Jn'|Il;|^':'':;'':\ Stockton/> 
 
 '"''' «-X>»*^ ?Pr^/rJpi}|&lea3antiGr. / «/ 
 
 ^ GJshen!^ ' 
 
 ^°'4wte5|i.^ 
 
 &'yito, 
 Jt/enTZoiJQi'y 
 
 JBlack Eock ^kOT" "'^^7 " ^^^'^^ood 
 
 . .jutners I'.Jj^j^ctio^S) LClovfV Flat 
 'Y ^aragdnd^ Kingston, ptter \ ' 
 
 ; Parowan® jTebl^sdaUx -< 
 
 I J7|l^ S ) > -n -^. , ° Q^nriimilTe. 
 
 3.( '•' 
 
 
160 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 WYOMING, w:-.'^,. 
 
 First Bettlements, trading poets of Forts Laramie and Bridget; 
 organized 1869. 
 
 Area, 97,890 square miles; very nearly a rectangle, and about tho 
 same area as Oregon ; length, 350 miles; breadth, 275 miles. J argest 
 rivers, Green, Snake, Big Horn, Powder, Big Cheyenne and North 
 Platte. Number countiee, 9. Temperature at Cheyenne : winter, 
 23° to 33"; summer, 63° to 69°. Kainfall at Fort Laramie, 15 inches. 
 
 Cheyenne is the capital and principal distributing point. Rail- 
 road mileage, 625 ; Union Pacific runs through extreme south from 
 east to west, and connects Cheyenne with Denver. 
 
 Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, but frosts too frequent for 
 corn. Big Horn country, in northwest, has area 15,000 square miles; 
 fine agricultural country; water plentiful; game and fur-bearing ani- 
 mals numerous, rendering it one of most desirable hunting grounds 
 of America. Grazing interest important, and iucreaeinii: rapidly, 
 more than half the area being rich grazing. land. Mountains cov- 
 ered with forests of coniferae, which will prove very useful for 
 lumber. 
 
 VALUE OF Cattle i 
 1882 
 
 H TERRITORIES, 
 
 UTAH 
 
 
 
 $ 2,371,060 
 
 WASH.. 
 
 () 
 
 2,814,027 
 
 IDAHO r 
 DAKOTA (~ 
 N. MEX. f 
 
 
 '^ 4,875,000 
 "N 5,827,800 
 "^ 7,222,500 
 
 
 MONTANA 
 
 
 14,809,0))0 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 
 18,298,8U0) 
 
 SAsst. Drafts- 
 men $1,100 
 
 6 Asst. Drafis- 
 
 - men 1,200 
 
 2 Transcribing 
 Clerks 1,400 
 
 6 Transcribing 
 Clerks 1,200 
 
 Messenger 600 
 
 Supt. Yellow- \ 2 n^n 
 stone Nat.Pk.) ^'""° 
 10 Assistants... »00 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Cheyenne City.$2,400 
 
 Evanston 1,.500 
 
 Laramie City.. 1,800 
 Rawlins 1,400 
 
 Salaries of Terri- 
 torial Officers. 
 
 Governor $2,600 
 
 Secretary 1,800 
 
 Treas., $800 and com. 
 
 Auditor 1,000 
 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 400 
 
 Librarian 400 
 
 Chief Justice... 3,000 
 
 2ASSO. Justices 3,000 
 
 Senators, 1 §4 a day 
 
 Represen- S- and 20c. 
 tatives.. ) mileage. 
 
 Col. Int. Rev.... 2,000 
 
 2Dept.Colls. I l.iOO 
 Inter.Rev. I to 1,500 
 
 Surveyor Gen . . 2,500 
 
 Chief Clerk.... 2,000 
 
 Chief Drafts- 
 man 1,800 
 
 Mineral resources extensive ; iron ore abundant ; copper, lead, 
 plumbago and petroleum found ; gold, in the Sweetwater country 
 and near Laramie City; valuable deposits of soda in valley of the 
 Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality at Evanston, 
 Carbon, Rock Springs and other points; these deposits extensively 
 worked, and furnish nearly all the coal used by the railroads ana 
 by settlements hundreds of miles eait and west. 
 
 But little attention has as yet been given to mechanical and man- 
 ufacturing iudu.stries. Capital, as last reported, $804,673, of which 
 $212,603 is invested in manufacture of iron and steel. Value of 
 products of the latter is $491,345 ; total value of products, $898,494. 
 Number hands employed, syi. 
 
 Population, 20.789: male, 14,152; female, 6,637; native, 14,939; 
 foreign, 5,850; white, 19,437; colored, 298; Chinese, 914; Indians, 140. 
 
 Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
 day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 84; ses- 
 sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
 second Tuesday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms or 
 Senators and Representatives. 8 years each. Voting population, 
 10,180; native white, 6,042; foreign white, 8,199; colored, 939. 
 
 Good school systeia started; school pop., 4,112; school age, 7-fl, 
 
 Legal Interest rate, 12 ; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 161 
 
 MAP OF WYOMING. 
 
162 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 
 
 MONTANA. M8n.U>'Bah. 
 
 Formerly a part of Idaho; became a Territory, 1864; received 
 abont 2,000 Bquare miles from Dakota, 1873. 
 
 Area, 146,080 square miles ; length, east and west, 460 to 540 
 miles; average breadth, 275 miles. Drained by the Missouri and 
 iti tributaries and the tributaries of the Colorado. Number coun- 
 ties, 14. 
 
 Temperature at Virginia City, winter, 17° to 30°; summer, 55° to 
 65°: rainfall seldom exceeds 12 inches per annum. 
 
 Three U. S. districts; court held twice a year at Helena, twice at 
 Virginia City, and three times at Deer Lodge. Helena, the capital 
 and most important town. Railroad mileage, 1,032; Northern Pa- 
 cific extends through the Territory from east to west. 
 
 Immense art as cultivable land; cereal productions, 1882, were 
 1,857,540 bu., of which 1,100,000 were oats; potatoes yielded 300,000 
 bu., and hay 93,000 tons. Wheat crop in 1884, 1,372,000 bu.; oatp, 
 1,740,000 bu. Some varieties of corn grown In portions of Terri- 
 tory, but generally too cold. 
 
 Grazing interest of value; estimated area valuable grazing land, 
 100,000 square miles ; great extent of plains and mountain valleys 
 yet untouched by herdsmen. Latest returns give 686,839 cattle, 
 465,750 sheep, and 17,544 swine. 
 
 GOLD PRODUCED FROM PLACER 
 FIELDS IN 1880. 
 
 WASHINQTON 
 DAKOTA / \ $119,000 
 
 !50,S59 /IDAHO' 
 A 1% 879,644) 
 
 UTAH / \ ARIZONA 
 
 $20,000 yWONTANAX $29,999 
 X /$1,,162,906\ A 
 
 Indian Agents. 
 
 Blackfeet $1,800 
 
 Crow 2,000 
 
 Flathead 1,600 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Billings $1,500 
 
 Bozeman 1,900 
 
 Butte City 2,500 
 
 DeerLodge City 1,500 
 
 Dillon 1,400 
 
 Fort Benton 1,600 
 
 Glendive 1,100 
 
 Helena 2,500 
 
 Livingston 1,600 
 
 Miles City 1,600 
 
 Missoula 1,700 
 
 Virginia City.. 1,000 
 
 Salaries Territo- 
 rial Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $2.C00 
 
 Secretary 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 1,500 
 
 Auditor 1,500 
 
 Supt. Public In- 
 
 Btruction 1,200 
 
 Chief Justice... 3,000 
 
 5 Asso. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, ) $4 pr. day 
 Repres'n- > and 20 c. 
 
 tatives. ) mileage. 
 Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 
 
 Chief Clerk 1,800 
 
 Chf. Drafts^man 1,600 
 Col. Int. Rev. .. 2,500 
 
 6 Deputy Colls. 
 Internal Rev. 1,600 
 
 Aasayer 2..500 
 
 Melter 2,250 
 
 One of richest mining coimtr es in the world; mineral wealth al- 
 most inexhaustible. Product for 1879 was S3,639,000, of which % 
 was gold and y^ f-ilver: product, 1880, was $3,822,379, of which % 
 was silver and X gold; production, 1882, $6,920,000, of which % 
 was silver and % gold. 
 
 Manufacturing^ inteiests mainly smelting works, and flour and 
 lumber mills. Ranks fifth in silver and in gold. 
 
 Popalation, 89,139; male, 28,177; female, 10,982; native, 27,638; 
 foreign, 11,521; white, 35,385; colored, 346 ; Chinese, 1,765; In- 
 dians, 1,663. 
 
 Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
 day in November: number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; ses- 
 sions of legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meetii^ sec- 
 ond Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of bena- 
 tors and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 21,544; 
 native white, 18,162; foreign white, 7,474 ; colored, 1,908. 
 
 School population, 10,482; school age, 4-21; graded schools in 
 Deer Lodge City, Virginia City and Helena. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 163 
 
 MAP OF MONTANA. 
 
1<I4 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 I'dah-ho. 
 
 White population previous to 1850, mainly trappers, prospectors 
 and missionaries ; permanent settlement began with diBCOvery of 
 gold, 1860 ; organized as Territory, 1863. 
 
 Area, 84.800 square miles ; length in west, 485 miles, and on 
 Wyoming boundary, 140 miles ; width, 45 miles in north, and nearly 
 800 miles in south. Drainage mainly by Salmon and Snake rivers 
 and their tributaries. Number counties, 15. 
 
 Temperature at Boise City: winter, 30° to 40° ; summer, 68° to 75°. 
 
 Boise City, the capital, and contains national bank and peniten- 
 tiary. Florence and Silver Ciiy are flourishing mining towns. Rail- 
 road mileage, 777; Northern Pacific crosses northern part. 
 
 Extreme north well timbered and much fertile land ; extreme 
 southeast populated almost entirely by Mormons, chiefly farmers; 
 4,480,000 acres suitable for agriculture, and 5,000,000 for grazing, 
 most of the ranges being as yet unoccupied. Latest reports give, 
 cattle, 220,612 ; sheep, 187,500; swine, 24,780. 
 
 Cash value per acre of corn in 1883, $18* wheat, $13. 77; rye, 
 $11.79; oats", $21.31; barley, $21.30; potatoes, $73.44; hay, $10.40. 
 
 Clerk 81,000 
 
 Asst. Melter 1,200 
 
 Surveyor Gen'l. 2,500 
 
 Chief Clerk 1,800 
 
 Draftsman 1,500 
 
 Messenger 600 
 
 INCKEASE \% FARM CROPS, 1870 
 TO. 1880. 
 
 C6RNJ^5flO,g58 bu.:RYE-,-£r 2,586 
 bu. 
 
 
 N. WHEAT iv^' 
 
 4)4,939 TJuT 
 
 Indian Agents. 
 
 Fort Hall $1,500 
 
 Lemhi 1,100 
 
 NezPerces 1,600 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Bellevue $1,200 
 
 Boise City 1.800 
 
 Hailev 1,200 
 
 Ketchum 1,000 
 
 Lewiston 1,200 
 
 Salaries Territo- 
 rial OflB.cers. 
 
 Governor $2,600 
 
 Secretary 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 1,000 
 
 Auditor 1,800 
 
 Librarian 250 
 
 Chief Justice... 3,000 
 SAsso. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, ) ?4 a day 
 Represen- vand 29c. 
 
 tatives. ) mileage. 
 8Dist.Attor-) 250 
 
 neys ) & fees. 
 
 Col. Int. Rev.... 2,250 
 S Dep. C0I-) 1,400 
 
 lectors ) to 1,600 
 
 Assayer 2,000 
 
 Asst. Assayer.. 1,440 
 
 Most of the gold is found in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties ; 
 silver, in Owyhee county; some of the mines being very rich. Gold 
 production, 1883, $1,500,000; silver, $2,000,000. Wood River Di(«- 
 trict on southern slope of Salmon River Mountains, at headwaters 
 of Wood or Malade river, gives promise of valuable mining opera- 
 tions. Coal in vicinil y of Boise City. Ranks sixth in gold and silver. 
 
 Manufactures, chiefly production of flour and lumber, and 
 smelting of ores. 
 
 Population, 32,610: malep, 21,818; female, 10,793; native, 23,(536; 
 foreign, 9,974; white, 29,013; colored, 53 ; Chinese, 3,379; Indians, 
 165. 
 
 Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
 day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24 ; ses- 
 sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
 second Monday in Deceiiiber; limit of session, 60 days ; terms of 
 Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 
 
 Voting population, 14,795; native white, 7,331; foreign white, 
 4,838; colored, 3,126. 
 
 School population, 9,650; school age, 521. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 10 ; by contract, 18 ; usury forfeits three 
 'iiae«' excess of interest. 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 
 
 166 
 
 MAP OF IDAHO. 
 
 1.1 2 'o 
 
 tub 
 
 117'° „.,,Xong..i IS^^West fromi 1 5 = GiTeen . 7^7° 
 
 ' B\1^I If J%H{iP OSSESSIONS 
 1 
 
 arf4.-fiK/^„/^GoId^Hill/#°%daQ Creek 
 iMf/Wo^''''Wi < WGale'Hf oRicharHson 
 
 '^Qstner'^Br, 
 
 Camas 1 
 
 o^reo 
 
 Kennedy 
 
 rket Lake 
 
 !o 
 
 i3°i i^aiVrieM^ 
 
 hPicabo 
 APagorl 
 'Shuman 
 
 Eaj^le Roclj 
 Basal ti! 
 
 Idaho Cit^ / ®Rock5MBM'^'^^etchnm o Stage Station 
 
 gol ' f 
 
 "n" e' V A 
 
 Scale of Miles. 
 
 10 50 30' .40 60 SO 70 
 
 r:Basino ^Iba IV 
 
 Oakleys 3rala-a Cy-O.^J ! 
 
 ^ IT T aP% 
 
 rip 
 
 .♦0^^^ Xong. 89»'^eat ft-oa3ar°'Waat. 87!? -3t..Ttfg^36?# Co., Cfti^, 
 
 ^ 
 
166 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 WhiV ADA. *'Sage Hen State/' 
 
 Name of Spanish derivation, Bignifying " Snow-covered." 
 
 First vs^hite settlements in Washoe and Carson valleys, 1848; or- 
 ganized as a Territory from Utah, 1861; admitted, 1864. 
 
 Area, 110,700 square miles; extreme length, 485 miles; length 
 western boundary, 210 miles ; extreme breadth, 810 miles. HJum- 
 boldtthe longest river; its valley, extending east and west, deter- 
 mined course of Central Pacific. Number counties, 15. 
 
 Temperature at Winnemucca: winter, 30° to 38°; summer, 66° 
 to 73°. 
 
 Virginia City, metropolis and chief commercial centre; popula- 
 tion, 10,917. Carson CUty, capital, and contains a branch mint ; 
 population, 4,229. Railroad mileage, 948; Central Pacific extends 
 through the State, east and west. Waters of rivers usually fresh, 
 and abound in fish. 
 
 Number farms, 1,404; many valleys easily cultivated, and crop 
 yield good. Corn, 1884, &30 acres; wheat, 5,515 acres; oats^, 7,858 
 acres. Area grazing land, 7,508,060 acres. Reported January 1, 
 1884, 40,732 horses and mules; 385,350 sheep, valued at $793,821; 
 13,200 hogs, valued at $110,880. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Ofiacers. 
 
 Governor $5,000 
 
 LIeut.Gov 8,000 
 
 Bec'y of State.. 3,000 
 
 Treasurer 3,000 
 
 Compti-oUer.... 3,000 
 Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,400 
 Chief Justice.. 6,000 
 8 Asso. Justices 0,000 
 Senators, ) $3 a day 
 Kepresen >■ and 40 c. 
 tatives. ) a mile. 
 DiBtrict Judge. 3,500 
 Surveyor Gen.. 3,000 
 
 Chief Clerk 2,000 
 
 Draftsman 1,500 
 
 Col. Int. Rev.... 2,375 
 
 C0MPARI80N OF FARIV PRODUCTS, 
 
 188?. 
 CORN, 18,000 bush. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 
 95.000 " 
 
 
 OATS, 
 
 
 221,000 " 
 
 
 POTATOES, 
 
 
 390,000 " 
 
 
 BARLEY, 
 
 
 468,000 " 
 
 
 4 Deputy \ $1,860 
 
 Collectors I to 1,950 
 
 Supt. of Mint... 8,000 
 
 Jlelt. & Refiner 8,600 
 
 Coiner 2,600 
 
 Assayer 2,600 
 
 Cashier 2,000 
 
 Weigh. Clerk.. 8,000 
 Reg. Deposits.. 1,800 
 2 Indian Agts.. 1,800 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Austin $1,400 
 
 Carson City.... 1,800 
 
 Elko 1,200 
 
 Eureka 1,700 
 
 Gold Hill 1,000 
 
 Reno 1.800 
 
 Tuscarora 1,200 
 
 Virginia City.. 2,000 
 Winnemucca.. 1,200 
 
 Mineral resources of enormous value; Comstock lode supposed 
 to be richest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the most 
 productive. Amount of gold produced, 1882, $2,000,000; silrer, 
 $6,750,000, Rich lead and copper ores; alfo zinc, platinum, tin 
 and nickel have been found. Extensive deposits of borax in 
 Churchill and Esmeralda counties. 
 
 Ranks second in gold, and fourth in silver. 
 
 Population, 62,266; male, 42,019; female, 20,247; native, 36,613; 
 foreign, 25,653; white, 53,556; colored, 4^; Chinese, 5,416; In- 
 dians, 2,803. 
 
 Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
 every 2 years; State, presidential and congressional elections Tues- 
 day after first Monday in November; number Senators, 20; Repre- 
 sentatives, 40; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered 
 years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 
 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 Voting population, 31,255; native white, 11,442; foreign white, 
 14,191 ; colored, 5,622. Idiots, insane and convicts excluded from 
 voting. 
 
 Number colleges, 1 ; school population, 10,483 ; school age, 6-18. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 
 
 167 
 
 MAP OF NEVADA. 
 
 "3ongTf9» "Wo9tn8° ^Sa&7iV Green. 
 
 O H JS G O K\ 
 
 Jlwnboldt House 
 1 4 SheepT^ad 
 
 'Tfitt(^o Creek o!m 
 
 IPar^iseTaUe^ 
 i I 'Willow JPoini of |# 
 
 Tv.scarora 
 "Deefh 
 -.u^ „,, —, .^ "Halleck.o^--'' WpH a 
 
 lolcomla 1 
 
 Joaaa 
 
 Jyra 
 
 'T/hionviUe 
 
 °£MionA 
 
 H'Laie ctti^i^— ^ ., I 
 
 m-a3^^><Pl^3Ca«.n Canton 
 
 BlaokbuiTrt<i ° }o0mRubyX: 
 Alpha4 Huntingtiffa ^ 
 
 Cedars . /o C'oia tV. o^ _ 
 
 „-.„.■ ,,- Diamondli, 
 StiUwater J^cobsyi ijujj, HiJJ^Eureka 
 
 _.^J?S^ '^ /misworfn ^ mgrhardto 
 lenbrooK >^uon KaTZej/^ J Danville o I a. o Vram 
 
 c^ljS^^ ?«!^ c Downci/i'iiJe j ^ "Dackwater 
 
 ^'"'V""\ ffllTFaZAer X. ° Granlville f^-nrx^^, jf'i 
 
 , VVV-fVHawthorne £i^,,f C^^^-%# 
 '"' *^Luning Sun^ntonio 
 
 'ranklm I, 
 
 ffastu/« 
 
 (Osceola 
 
 
 ,-Tybo 
 
 MonoXake 
 
 "Bodie ®^» ® Aurora iBelle^lJe 
 
 /^\ yS Canaelaria Jteveille Q 
 X. / 'CSluinbua n 
 
 \ Silve^J'k. -TM- . ife 
 
 \. :§.<? ^Jnontezumam 
 
 , \ ^" 
 
 /Owens Lake ^V 
 
 /^^ PiocSL 
 
 "Syiioaviife I o 
 mk^o J^anaca 
 
 CWer Valley °Ji\ 
 
168 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Kal-e-for'ne-ah. 
 
 '• Tlie Golden State." 
 
 Name of Spanish origin, signifying "Hot Furnace." 
 
 First settlement by Spaniards at San Diego, 1768; admitted 1850. 
 
 Area, 158,360 square miles, the second largest State; extremt 
 length, 770 miles; extreme breadth, S30 miles; least breadth, 160 
 miles; coastline, over 700 miles ; San Francisco Bay, best harbor 
 on western coast. Number counties, 52. 
 
 Temperature at San Francisco : winter, 50° to 55° ; summer, 58' 
 to 69°. Rainfall, Sacramento, 20 inches. 
 
 San Francisco, metropolis and only port of entry. Regular line 
 of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan ; pop., 
 233,959. Sacramento, capital; pop., 81,420. Population Oakland, 
 84,655; San Jos6, 12,567; Stockton, 10,282; Los Angeles, 11,183; 
 U. S. navy yard at San Pablo Bay. 
 
 Number farms, 35,934. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
 $27.16; woodland, $8.55. 
 
 One of the richest agricultural tracts in the Union ; rich soil and 
 
 favorable climate, often insuring two crops per year on same field; 
 
 wheat the most valuable crop; crop of 1884, 44,320,000 bu.; corn, 
 
 8,800,000 bu.; oats, 2,149,000 bu. 
 
 Salaries of State 
 
 Ofllcers. 
 
 Governor $6,000 
 
 Sec'y of State.. 3,000 
 
 Treasurer 3,000 
 
 Comptroller.... 3,000 
 Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000 
 Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
 Surveyor Gen.. 3,000 
 State Librarian 3,000 
 District Judge. 5,000 
 Senators, ) $8 a day, 
 Represen- >- mileage 
 
 tatives.. ) 10c.& $25 
 2 Colls. Int. ) 3,125 
 
 Revenue.. ) to 4,500 
 Col. Customs I r, nnrt 
 BanFrancisco ) ''""" 
 Pension Agent. 4,000 
 
 Supt. Mint 4,500 
 
 Assay er 3,000 
 
 GOLD AND Silver Deposited at 
 
 Mints and assay Offices, 
 
 1793 TO 1883. 
 
 DAKOTA OREQON UTAH 
 
 A ♦ A .A 
 
 it; 443, 688.75 17, ■438,940.41 16,274,160 J7 
 MONTANA IDAHO 
 
 M'lt'r & Reflnr.83,000 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Chico $1,800 
 
 Fresno City .... 1,900 
 
 Los Angeles 3,000 
 
 Marysville 1,900 
 
 Napa City 8,000 
 
 Oakland 8,100 
 
 Petaluma 1,900 
 
 Red Blutf 1,800 
 
 Sacramento 3,000 
 
 San Bernardino 1,800 
 
 San Diego 1,800 
 
 San Francisco.. 5,000 
 
 San Jose 2,700 
 
 Santa Barbara. 1,900 
 
 Santa Cruz 1,900 
 
 Santa Rosa 1,900 
 
 Stockton 2,500 
 
 40 P.O... 1,700 to 1,000 
 
 Ranks very high as a fruit-growing State; fruits of temperate 
 
 climates, about 4,000,000 trees; sub-tropical fruits and nuts, 260,000 
 
 trees; grape region north to 41°, with an average breadth of 100 
 
 miles, aud contains over 21,000,000 vines. 
 
 Fine sheep-raising country. Cashmere goats have been intro- 
 duced and are doing well. 
 
 Ranks first in barlej^, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver; 
 third in hops; fifth in wheat and salt; seventh in silk goods; 
 •ighthinsoap and silver. 
 
 Population, 864,694: male, 518,176; female, 346,518; native, 571,- 
 820; foreign, 292,874; white, 767,181; colored, 6,018; Chinese, 75,- 
 132; Japanese, 86; Indians, 16,277. 
 
 Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legisla- 
 ture every two years; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 80; 
 sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
 first Monday after January Ist; limit of session, 60 days; term or 
 Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years . 
 
 Number electoral votes, 8 ; number white voters, 262,683. Idiott, 
 Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from votin? 
 School population, 216,330; school age, 5-17. 
 Legal interest rate, 7 ; by contract, any rate. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 169 
 
 MAP OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
ito 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Or'e-gon. 
 
 Name derived from Spanish word eignifying " Wild Thyme," bo 
 called on account of the abundance of the herb found by early ex- 
 
 Slorers, Credit of discovery generally given to Captain Gray, of 
 loston, 1792 ; Fur Company's trading post at Astoria, 1811 ; organ- 
 ized as a Territory, 1848 ; admitted 1859. 
 
 Area, 96,030 square miles ; average length, 360 miles ; breadth, 260 
 miles ; coast line, 300 miles ; Columbia river frontage, 300 miles. 
 Number counties, 27. Temperature at Portland : winter, 38° to 46° ; 
 summer, 62° to 68'': rainfall ut Dalles, 22 inches, and at Fort Hoskins, 
 67 inches. 
 
 Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay are ports of entry; Oregon City, 
 Roseburgh and La Grande are land offices. Portland, the metropo- 
 lis; population, 33,400. Salem is capital. 
 
 Number farms, 16,217; about 25,000,000 acres arable land, and same 
 of grazing land; forest, 30,000,000 acres. Average value per acre, 
 clefired land, $-31 71 ; woodland, $4.50. 
 
 Wheat the staple ; noted for superiority of its flour and for weight, 
 often reaching 65 pounds per bu. Wheat crop, 188i, 15,462,000 bu. ; 
 oats, 5,470,000 bu. 
 
 Chief Clerk ...$1,800 
 
 Draftsman 1,500 
 
 ( 1,000 
 5 Ind. Agents. < to 
 
 [ 1.200 
 
 Salaries of State 
 Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $1,500 
 
 Bee. of State, I , -n^ 
 Aud. & Comp. f ^'°"" 
 
 Treasurer 800 
 
 Supt. of Pub. In. 1,500 
 State Librarian. 500 
 Chief Justice... 2,000 
 2 Asso. Justices 2.000 
 Senators, ) 83 a day 
 Represen- > and 15c. 
 
 tatives.. ) per mile. 
 
 District Judge.. 3,500 
 
 District ) 200 & 
 
 Attorney.. ) fees. 
 Col. Int. Rev... 2,500 
 Col. Customs, ( o AAA 
 
 Astoria ) '*'""" 
 
 Appraiser 3,000 
 
 Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 
 
 Value of fishery Products, 
 1880. 
 
 WASH. CAL, TEXAS 
 
 $181,372 / / \\ $128,300 
 
 OREGON, f 1,860,714 .ALASKA 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Albany $1,600 
 
 Ashland 1,000 
 
 Astoria 1,»00 
 
 Baker City 1,400 
 
 Corvallis 1,300 
 
 East Portland ..1,600 
 Eugene City.... 1,400 
 Jacksonville... 1,200 
 Oregon City . . . .1,200 
 
 Pendleton 1,600 
 
 Portland 3,200 
 
 Roseburgh 1,100 
 
 Salem z.lOO 
 
 The Dalles 1,700 
 
 Cattle raising ranks 2d only to asricultnre; wool is of fine quality. 
 
 Extremely rich in minerals; gold found in Jackson, JoaepWne, 
 Baker and Grant counties; copper, in Josephine, Douglas and Jack- 
 eon counties; iron ore, throughout the State; coal, along Coast 
 Ranee. 
 
 Principal exports are wheat, flour, lumber and canned salmon. 
 Over 10,000,000 feet lumber cut annually, and over 600,000 cases 
 salmon packed. 
 
 Population, 174,768: male, 103,381; female, 71,387; native, 144,285; 
 foreign, 80,503; white, 163,075; colored, 487; Chinese, 9,510; Indians, 
 1,694. 
 
 Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legisla- 
 ture every two years; number of Senators, 30; Representatives, 60; 
 sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
 first Monday in January; limit of session, 40 days; term of Senators, 
 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
 
 Number of electoral votes, 3 ; voting population, 59,629. U. S. 
 army, idiots, insane, convicts, and Chinese excluded from voting. 
 
 Number of colleges, 7; school population, 65,216; school age, 4-«). 
 
 Legal interest rate, 8 ; by contract, 10 ; usury forfeits principal 
 and interest. 
 
ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 
 
 171 
 
 MAP OF OREGON. 
 
 ^ O ^ A N' ^ 
 
173 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 WASHINGTON. w»s..ing..o.. 
 
 First settlement of white Americans at Tumwater, 1845, though 
 trading posts had before been established by fur traders; organ- 
 ized 1853. ^ 
 
 Area, 69,180 square miles, nearly same as Missouri; greatest 
 length, 840 miles ; greatest breadth, 240 miles ; Pacific coast line, 
 about 180 miles. Number counties, 83. 
 
 Temperature at Olympia: winter, 37° to 44°; summer, 59° to 62°. 
 Rainfall, Ft. Colville, 10 inches ; at Ft. Vancouver, 89 Inches, and 
 at Neah Bay, 123 inches. 
 
 Olympiais the capital, and Walla Walla and Seattle the largest 
 towns. Harbors of Puget Sound numerous and excellent. Rail- 
 road mileage, 716; Northern Pacific from Wallula Junction to Idaho 
 line, and from Kalama to New Tacoma, which is connected by 
 railway with Seattle. 
 
 About 25 per cent, of area well fitted for agriculture ; cereals all 
 thrive, but generally too cold for corn; wheat crop, 1884, 4,118,000 
 bushels; oats, 2,623,000. Fruits of temperate zone, excepting 
 peaches, attain perfection. Considerable attention paid to hop 
 culture, latest reports giving 703,277 pounds; also 1,003,530 bushew 
 potatoes. 
 
 Salaries Territo- 
 rial Oflacers. 
 
 Governor $2,600 
 
 Secretary 1,800 
 
 Treasurer 1,200 
 
 Auditor 1,200 
 
 Supt.Pub.Ins'n. 1,000 
 
 Librarian 400 
 
 Chief Justice... 3,000 
 3 Asso. Justices 3,000 
 Senators, | $4 a day 
 Represen- >• and 20c 
 
 tatives, ) mileage 
 Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 
 Chief Clerk... 1,800 
 Chief Drftsm'n 1,700 
 Col. of Cus- ) $1,000 
 
 toms... .... i&fees 
 
 Col. Int. Kev... 2,250 
 3Dep. Colls. I 1.200 
 
 Int. Rev... I to 1,600 
 
 VALUE OF BUTTER PRODUCT, 
 
 f^ZIZ^ 
 
 1880. 
 
 JDAHoT 
 
 ^^—^3 
 
 ^II^ 
 
 \ Montana/ 
 
 Idakota 
 
 \ $3,240 J 
 
 1 1 2,120 
 
 r~-^^=^^^^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 3 \ WASHINGTON / 
 
 i UTAH 
 
 tezzzriw 
 
 r— ^ 
 
 $2,954 
 
 \ $11,820* 1 
 
 Indian. Ag'ents. 
 
 Colville $1,500 
 
 Neah Bay 1,000 
 
 Nisqually 1,200 
 
 Quiniaielt 1,000 
 
 Skokomish 1,200 
 
 Tulalip 1,000 
 
 Yakama 2,000 
 
 Presidential P. O. 
 
 Cheney $1,100 
 
 Colfax 1,500 
 
 Dayton 1,500 
 
 Olympia 1,600 
 
 Port Towniend. 1,200 
 
 Seattle 8,500 
 
 Spokane Falls.. 1,700 
 
 Sprague 1,200 
 
 Tacoma 1,600 
 
 Vancouver 1,200 
 
 Walla Walla.... 2,300 
 
 Grazing interest valuable and rapidly increasing; grazing resion 
 east of Cascade Range, the bunch grass furnishing an inexhaustible 
 food supply. 
 
 Coal mined at Bellingham Bay and Seattle; area coal-bearing 
 strata^ 20,000 square miles. Gold-bearing quartz and silver lodes 
 exist m Cascade and Coast ranges ; copper, cinnabar, lead and other 
 minerals are found. 
 
 Lumber resources almost inexhaustible; amount lumber cut 
 annually, 250,000,000 to 800,000.000 feet, 150,000,000 being exported. 
 
 Population, 75,116: male, 45,973; female, 29,143; native, 59,813; 
 foreign, 15,803; white, 67,199; colored, 325; Chinese, 3,186; 
 Indians, 4,405. 
 
 Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
 day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; 
 sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
 first Mondny in October; terms of Senators and Representative!, 2 
 years each; limit of session, 60 days. Voting population, 27,670; 
 native white, 15,858; foreign white, 8,393; colored, 8,419. 
 
 Number colleges, 2; school population, 23,890; school age, 4-21. 
 
 Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rat*. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 173 
 
 MAP OF WASHINGTON. 
 
174 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. 
 
 Central America ia an irregular mass of land in sonthem part of 
 North America, and lies about midway between the two great con- 
 tinental masses of the "New World. It includes the republics of 
 Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, 
 together with British Honduras. 
 
 The West Indies, an extensive system of islands lying southeast 
 of North America, contain the large islands of Cuba, Hayti, 
 Jamaica and Porto Rico, and are arranged mostly in three groupt; 
 viz., Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas. 
 
 
 Area, 
 Sq. Sliles 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 British Honduras 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 7,562 
 26,040 
 41,830 
 39,600 
 49,500 
 
 7.225 
 43,220 
 10 204 
 18,045 
 
 4,362 
 
 3,550 
 
 27,452 
 190,000 
 
 1,278,311 
 458,000 
 400,000 
 554,786 
 
 1,521,684 
 672,000 
 400,000 
 585.536 
 754,313 
 
 Belize 
 
 5,787 
 20,000 
 65,728 
 12,000 
 
 la.ooo 
 
 18,600 
 26,000 
 35,000 
 10.000 
 38,568 
 87,000 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 New Guatemala 
 
 Tegucigalpa 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 San Salvador 
 
 San Salvador 
 
 Cuba 
 
 IT ti (Haytl 
 
 Port-au Prince. ..... 
 
 San Domingo 
 
 Kingston ...,..,.. .. 
 San Juan 
 
 "ayti { San Domingo... 
 
 Jamaica ^ . . . 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 Statement of Exports and Imports at Belize for the 
 year ending Dec 31, 1882. 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Bananas $ 10,980 
 
 Cocoanuts 25,132 
 
 Sarsaparilla 14,278 
 
 Logwood 306,072 
 
 Mahogany 215.807 
 
 Rubber 18,064 
 
 Raw Sugar 218,913 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 Boots and Shoes $ 13,918 
 
 Butter 14,783 
 
 Cotton Goods 190,436 
 
 Beef and Pork ... 59,405 
 
 Hardware and Cutlery. . 88,234 
 
 Flour 71,200 
 
 Fancy Goods 24,844 
 
 Exports'of Cuba, 1882-83. 
 Baracoa— 1883. 
 
 Cocoanuts, hundreds 9,083,806 
 
 Bananas, bunches, hundred 628,918 
 
 Value % 671,925 
 
 Cocoanut Oil 98,930 
 
 Santa Cruz— 1882. Sagua and Cardenas— 1882. 
 Mah'any and cedar logs. $166,577 Sugar S1T»484,884 
 
 Palm Leaf 8,4.53 
 
 Mahogany Crutches 1,490 
 
 Molasses 3,941,522 
 
 Melada 262,283 
 
 Exports of Porto Rico, 1882-83 
 
 Mataoubz— 1883. 
 
 Sugar $1,141,784 
 
 Colee 1,566,327 
 
 Molasses 326,690 
 
 Aquadilla and Arkcibo— 1883. 
 
 Sugar $1,409,978 
 
 Coffee 567,073 
 
 Tobacco 104,173 
 
 Exports of Hayti, 1883. 
 
 Coffee $ 67,341,162 
 
 Logwood 264,135,490 
 
 Cocoa 2,7.35,i:55 
 
 Cotton 1,619,891 
 
 Orange Peels $ 459,917 
 
 Crude Sugar 561,47J» 
 
 Mahogany 245,999 
 
 Lignum-vitte 1,063,000 
 
 Exports of Jamaica, 1881-82. 
 
 Sugar .38,392 hhds. 
 
 Rum 22,742 puncheons 
 
 Bananas $481,838 
 
 Oranges $163,923 
 
 Coffee 649,848 
 
 Dye-woode 601,415 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 175 
 
 MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. 
 
176 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 COSTA RICA. 
 
 Kos'ta Kee'ka. 
 
 The most southern republic of Central America. Area, 26,040 
 equare miles. Population, 190,000. There are many volcanic peaks: 
 Turrlalba, 12,500 feet high; Chiriqui, 11,265 feet high; Los Votos, 
 9,840 feet high. 
 
 .The chief executive, the President, elected for a term of 4 years, 
 is assisted by 5 ministers. Legislative power is vested in a Congress 
 of Deputies, chosen for 4 years. Capital, San Jose; pop., 20,000. 
 
 The principal products of the soil are coffee, sugar, maize, cocoa, 
 Barsaparilla and fruits. The principal export is coffee. Value of 
 exports, 1883, $2,431,625; of which coffee amounted to $2,000,590. 
 Imports chiefly manufactures from England, $2,081,805. Revenue for 
 fiscal year of 1885, $2,867,170, mainly derived from customs duties 
 and the monopoly on spirits; expenditure, $2,961,110. In 1884, 
 $341,440 were expended for public works. There are about 104 
 miles of railway, telegraph, 451 miles. 
 
 The state religion is the Roman Catholic; constitution guarantees 
 religious liberty. There are 341 national schools and 584 private 
 Bchools; total number of pupils, 13,924. 
 
 NICARAGUA. 
 
 Nik-ar-a'gwa. 
 
 Largest of the Central American states. Area, 49,500 square 
 miles. Population, 400,000. Fifty-five per cent, of inhabitants are 
 Indians. Climate is healthy ; mean annual temperature about 80°; 
 rainfall about 100 inches. Constitution adopted 1858. Prcbid- ntial 
 term, 4 years. Legislative power rests with a Senate and a House 
 of Representatives. Capital, Managua; population, 12,000. 
 
 Through want of peace and industry the great natural resources 
 are undeveloped. Lead, iron, zinc, antimony, tin, quicksilver 
 and gold are found. The vegetable products are cotton, coffee, 
 Indigo, rice, tobacco and corn. There are about 400,000 cattle in 
 the country. Leading exports in 1882: coffee, $659,550; India rubber, 
 $638,010; gold, $150,000. Imports for the same year, $1,477,340; 
 exports, $1,895,760. 
 
 Army, 703 regixlars and 9,600 militiamen. Number of schools, 178; 
 pupils, 8,330. Vessels entered, 1882, 213; tonnage, 256,000. Tele- 
 graph, 1882, 800 miles ; railway, 83 miles. 
 
 SAN SALVADOR. 
 
 Sai-va-dOr'. 
 
 In area the smallest, in population the second, of the Central 
 American republics. It extends along the Pacific coast 170 miles. 
 Average breadth, 43 miles; area, 7,225 square miles. Population, 
 554,785. . 
 
 Constitution adopted 1864 ; amended 1883. Government adminis- 
 tered by a President, elected for 4 years, and a ministry of 4 mem- 
 bers. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of 
 Representatives. Capital, San Salvador; population, 18,500. 
 
 The temperature varies greatly; but the climate is generally con- 
 sidered healthful. This is the' most advanced and best cultivated 
 of the republics. Principal agricultural products, indigo, coffee, 
 sugar and balsam. Minerals are not abundant, though there are 
 some rich veins of silver. Value of silver ores, 1882, $700,000. 
 
 Latest reports give ralue of imports as $2,327,765; exports, 
 $5,638,080. Value of coffee exported, $3,416,100; indigo, $1,812,590; 
 sugar, $93,2.30. In the same year 265 vessels entered the ports. 
 
 The army consists of 1,200 men and 2,500 militia. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 177 
 
 i^ 
 
 GUATEMALA. 
 
 Gaw-te-mah'la. 
 
 The most populous of the five Central American republics. Area, 
 41,830 square miles. Population, 1884,1,278.311. Climate health- 
 ful; enow never falls; frequent violent earthquakes occur. Watered 
 by numerous rivers. 
 
 Constitution adopted 1859; amended 1879. President is chief 
 executive; legislative power in the hands of National Assembly; 
 President and members of Assembly elected for 6 years ; suffrage 
 universal. Capital, New Guatemala; pop., 55,728. 
 
 The soil is fertile; cotton, sugar cane, coffee and tobacco are 
 grown. Koads are poor. Coftee crop, 1884, over 42,000.(X)0 lbs. Sugar, 
 wool and fruit trade recently developed. In 1882, number of 
 land-owners 5,334. 
 
 Imports, 1884, valued at $2,630,100; exports, $3,716,240. Miles of 
 railway, 105. Miles of telegraph, 2,880; 1,100 miles controlled by 
 the state. 
 
 Army consists of 2,180 men, rank and file; 33,000 mUitiamen. 
 There is no navy. 
 
 In 1882, sum spent on education, $434,753; state contributed $323,- 
 360; in 1883 there were 844 primary government schools; number 
 night schools, 48; pupils attending all schools, 42,021. 
 
 HONDURAS. 
 
 Hon-doo'ras. 
 
 Republic established November 5, 1838. Area, 39,600 square miles. 
 Population, 458,000. Capital, Tegucigalpa; pop., 12,000. Numerous 
 mountains; between them fertile valleys. Coast line on the Pa- 
 cific, 40 miles ; Atlantic, 400 miles. Many excellent harbors; many 
 rivers, some of them navi,^able. 
 
 Government consists of President, 6 ministers, and an Assem- 
 bly of 37 Representatives. Finances badly disordered ; foreign debt, 
 $26,125,106; interest unpaid, $24,308,846. Standing army, 830 men ; 
 militia, 31,500. Navy, 2 steam corvettes, with 8 guns. 
 
 The products are mahogany, fruit, cotton, cattle, coffee, tobacco, 
 indigo, India rubber and rosewood. Exports from Truxillo, 1883, 
 $804,550; 26,000 head of cattle; mahogany valued at $88,000; hides 
 and deer skins, $40,000, Total exports, 1883, $2,193,149; imports, 
 $1,749,146. 
 
 Railway, 29 miles. Telegraph, 1,800 miles; oflaces, 23; messages, 
 107,730. Universities, 2; several colleges ; 573 schools, with attend- 
 ance oi 20,518. 
 
 BRITISH HONDURAS. Hon..oo.a. 
 
 A British colony in Central America. Area, 7,563 square miles. 
 Population, 27,452. Coast low aud swampy; land gradually rises; 
 on the inland boundary are hills of from 800 to 1,000 feet high; 
 mountains 4,000 feet hi»h. Sixteen rivers descend from elevated 
 lands. Climate hot and damp; temperature, 1878-79, 75°; rain- 
 fall, 105.49 inches, unusually heavy. 
 
 Government in the hands of Lieutenant Governor, an executive 
 and a Legislative Council. Capital, Belize; pop., 5,767. Soil fertile. 
 Sugar cane is grown; fruits flourish; the staple products, however, 
 are the natural woods of the colony. Annual export of mahogany, 
 3,000,000 feet; logwood, 15,000 tons; estimated value of fruit ex- 
 ports, $100,000. Total imports, 1883, $1,344,865; exports, $1,514,345. 
 Large trade with neighboring republics. 
 
178 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
 
 JAMAICA. 
 
 Ja-mS'ka. 
 
 An island of the West Indies; formally ceded to Great Britain, in 
 1670, by the treaty of Madrid; most valuable possession of the 
 British Crown in the West Indies. Area, including the Turks and 
 CaicoB Islands, annexed in 1873, 4,862 square miles. Population, 
 585,536. Surface mountainous. There is a great variety of climate. 
 Temperature in lowlands, 95° at night, 85° in the day; in highlands, 
 40° to 50°. Produces most of the tropical staples; the rosewood, 
 mahogany and ebony of the island are well known. 
 ' Latest reports give 121,457 acres under crops; 120,264 in puinea 
 grass, and 318,549 in pasture. Principal exports: coffee, 9,572,714 
 lbs.; ginger, 908,603 lbs.; pimento, 6,195,109 lbs.; 89,000 hhds. of 
 Bugar; 18,115 puncheons of rum, and 35,157 tons of logwood. Value 
 of fruit exported in same year, $197,265. Total value of imports, 
 1882, $6,609,810; exports, $7,745,290. 
 
 Governor is assisted by r Privy Council and Legislative Council. 
 Kingston, the chief city and port, is the capital; pop., 38,566. 
 
 Miles of railway, 25 ; 50 miles in process of construction. Tele- 
 graph stations and postoffices in every town and village. 
 
 SAN DOMINGO. SanDomeeiggo. 
 
 A republic occupying the eastern and larger portion of the island 
 of Hayti. Area, 18,045 square miles. Country first settled by Span- 
 iards under Columbus in 1492. Republic founded 1844. President 
 elected for a term of 4 years; legislative power in the hands of a 
 National Congress. Capital, San Domingo, founded 1494; popula- 
 tion, 10,000. 
 
 The country is very fertile. Principal products, sugar, molasses, 
 tobacco, cotton, coffee, cacao, fruits, mahogany and live stock. 
 The production of sugar and molasses is largely on the increase. 
 Latest reports give $5,000,000 capital invested in sugar factories ; 
 amount of product, 10,000 tons. 
 
 Value of imports, 1883, $3,142,100; exports, $2,129,265. At the 
 two most important ports, San Domingo and Puerto Plata, there 
 entered, in 1883, 297 vessels, of 192,042 tons. 
 
 HAYTI. 
 
 Ha'tee. 
 
 A republic, occupying the west part of the Island of Hayti. Area, 
 10,204 square miles. Population, 572,000. Capital, Port au Prince; 
 pop., 35,000. Nine-tenths of total population are negroes. Essentially 
 mountainous. In plains, temperature rises to 95° and 100° ; on high 
 lands, ranges between 60° and 76°. Constitution was adopted 1867. 
 President is elected for 4 years ; National Assembly consists of Sen- 
 ate and House of Commons. Mountains cultivable almost to their 
 summits ; covered with valuable timber. Agriculture is backward, 
 though the soil is probably the most fertile in the West Indies. 
 Business of the country transacted by foreigners. 
 
 Finances badly deranged; foreign debt, $6,409,970; no interest 
 paid on debt for years. Revenue, ?4,500,000;expenditureE, $7,000,000, 
 Three-fourths of revenue derived from duties on imports and ex- 
 ports. Imports, 1881, $7,283,620; exports, $6,240,460. In same year, 
 792 vessels entered, and 768 vessels cleared, the ports of Hayti. 
 
 By a law of 1878, army consists of 6,828 men*; the Guard of the 
 Government, 650 men. 
 
 Language of the country, French; religion, Roman Catholic. 
 
ATLAS OF TBE WORLD. 179 
 
 CUBA. Ku'ba, 
 
 A Spanish colony in the West Indies. Area, 43,220 square miles. 
 Population, 1,521,684 ; 50 per cent, of the inhabitants are blacks and 
 enfranchised slaves. The greatest length of the island is 760 miles; 
 width varies from 20 to 135 miles ; coast line about 2,000 miles. Sur- 
 face is broken by a mountain chain running through its centre from 
 east to west ; average altitude of summit is between 5,000 and 6,000 
 feet. Pico de Turquino, 7,670 feet, is the highest peak. There are 
 over 260 rivers, all valueless for navigation purposes, except tha 
 Cauto. Mineral springs abound. 
 
 But little attention has been paid to the development of the min- 
 eral wealth. Gold was obtained by the early colonists, but for two 
 centuries comparatively none has been found. There are extensive 
 copper mines, and coal is abundant. Copperas and alum have also 
 been obtained. 
 
 Rainfall at Havana: in the wet season, 27.8 inches; dry season, 
 12.7 inches. Average temperature: at Havana, 77° ; at Santiago de 
 Cuba, 80°. Yellow fever and earthquakes are frequent. 
 
 Thirteen million acres of Cuban territory are uncleared forests; 
 7,000,000 wild and uncultivated. Principal woods grown and ex- 
 ported are mahogany, rosewood, Cuban ebony, and cedar. 
 
 Tobacco and sugar raising principal occupation of the people. 
 Many sugar plantations comprise 10,000 acres each. 
 
 Two crops of Indian com grown per year; rice, cotton, cacao and 
 indigo also produced; most tropical fruits are abundant. Sugar 
 product averagos 520,000 tons per year; molasses, 79,365 liocsheaas. 
 Total value of agricultural products over $90,000,000. United Statei 
 receives 80 per cent, of Cuban sugar. No manufactures deserving 
 mention. 
 
 Latest reports give exports of cigars 225,000.000 per annum; leaf 
 tobacco, 13.500,000 pounds. There are about 900 miles of railway. 
 Marine cable connects Cuba with Florida. 
 
 Roman Catholicism is the only religion tolerated. Education 
 compulsory; school attendance, 34,813. 
 
 Havana is the capital; pop., 25,000. Government administered by 
 a Captain General, appointed by the Spanish Crown. The island is 
 now represented in the Spanish Cortes, Madrid. 
 
 PORTO RICO. 
 
 POr'to Ree'ko. 
 
 The smallest of the Greater Antilles. Area, including dependen- 
 cies, 3,550 square miles. Population, 754,313. Rectangular in shape; 
 length, 100 miles; breadth, 40 miles. A range of mountains ex- 
 tends across the island from east to west; highest peak, 3,678 feet. 
 
 The island is very fertile ; its principal products are sugar cane, 
 coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice and Indian corn. In proportion to its 
 area, it produces more sugar than any other West India island. 
 
 Government is administered under a constitution granted by the 
 Spanish Cortes, 1869. Slavery was abolished in 1873. Capital, San 
 Juan; pop. about 27,000. Climate warm; more healthful than that 
 of the other Antilles. Destructive hurricanes are frequent. The 
 natural productions are very numerous; medicinal plants and many 
 valuable woods, as mahogany, ebony, logwood, and cedar, abound 
 in the forests. Business in the hands of foreigners. Imports, 1871, 
 $17,500,000; exports, $15,500,000. Export of sugar, 111,084 tons; 
 molasses, 7,590,915 gallons. 
 
 Telegraphic cable connects Porto Rico with other West Indies; 
 telegraph lines connect the principal towns; there are no railroads. 
 
180 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 
 
 MAP OF CUBA. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 181 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 A vast, compact,. triangular peninsula, forming southern portion 
 of Westerr Continent. Area, 6,827,230 square miles ; extreme 
 length, 4,550 miles ; extreme hreadth, about 3,300 miles. Kumber 
 political divisions, 11. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Chili 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Guiana, British 
 
 Guiana, French 
 
 Guiana, Dutch 
 
 Parcguay 
 
 Peru 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 S^^ll^g^ Population. 
 
 1,125,086 
 
 842,729 
 
 3.288,963 
 
 256,399 
 
 504,773 
 
 248,370 
 
 76,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 46,060 
 
 91,970 
 
 503,718 
 
 73,538 
 
 632,695 
 
 3,026,000 
 2,300,000 
 9,883,622 
 2,271,949 
 4,000,000 
 
 946,0.33 
 
 248,110 
 36,760 
 68,255 
 
 346,048 
 2,699,945 
 
 438,245 
 2.121.988 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Buenos Ayres . 
 
 La Paz 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 
 Santiago 
 
 Bogota 
 
 Quito 
 
 Georgetown . 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 Paramaribo . . . 
 
 Asuncion 
 
 Lima 
 
 Montevideo.. . 
 Caracas 
 
 Pop. 
 
 295,000 
 
 76,373 
 
 274,972 
 
 200,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 36,562 
 
 10,000 
 
 27,416 
 
 16,000 
 
 101,488 
 
 115,500 
 
 55,638 
 
 PRINCIPAIi liAKES. 
 Maracaybo, area 4,900 sq. miles. | Titicaca, area. 
 
 .4,000 sq. miles. 
 
 LENGTHS 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Amazon 3,750 
 
 Caroni 400 
 
 Cauca 600 
 
 Guaviare 450 
 
 Madeira 2,000 
 
 Magdalena 900 
 
 Meta 500 
 
 OF RIVERS. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Parana 2,000 
 
 Pilcomayo 1,000 
 
 Purus 2,000 
 
 San Francisco 1,550 
 
 Tocantins 1,000 
 
 Uruguay 800 
 
 Xingu 1,300 
 
 LATEST REPORTED VALUE EXPORTS. 
 
 Cotton : 
 
 Brazil * $4,063,650 
 
 Colombia 32,560 
 
 Venezuela 36,449 
 
 Sugar : 
 
 Brazil 16,250,000 
 
 Peru 2,354,095 
 
 Coffee : 
 
 Brazil 52,720.000 
 
 Colombia 2,.396,337 
 
 Venezuela 9,930 430 
 
 British Guiana 3,019 
 
 Cocoa : 
 
 Colombia 15,576 
 
 Venezuela 1,602,443 
 
 Ecuador 3,768,670 
 
 Diamonds: 
 Brazil 
 
 Tobacco: 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Paraguay 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Rubber: 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Hides: 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Venezuela . .. 
 British Guiana 
 
 Indigo : 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 .$ 370,316 
 
 5,344,500 
 
 658,650 
 
 58,778 
 
 5,965,000 
 428,800 
 
 4,040,750 
 
 1,000,608 
 
 395.915 
 
 11,703 
 
 8,860 
 23,390 
 
183 
 
 ATLAS OF TilE WORLD. 
 
 MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 183 
 
 UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. 
 
 A federal republic in the northwestern part of South America, 
 composed of 9 States. Area, 5U4,773 square miles. The country is 
 traversed by three ranges of the Andes Mountains. There are numer- 
 ous large, navigable rivers, tributaries of the Orinoco and Amazon. 
 
 The constitution was adopted in 18G3. Government in the hands 
 of a President, elected for 2 years, a ministry of 7 members, and 
 a Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, 
 Capitalj Bogota ; population, 100,000. Strength of the Federal Army 
 determined by Congress. Peace footing for 1882-83, 4,000 men. 
 
 The climate varies according to the elevation: the coast lands are 
 usually hot and sickly; but the high table lands, as a rule, possess a 
 genial climate; that of Bogota is unusually fine. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Colombia is very great; one-sixth of the 
 exports consist of precious metals. Agriculture and stock raising 
 are the leading pursuits. Value of imports, 1883, $11,504,028 ; ex- 
 ports, $14,857,170. Two-thirds of the exports consist of cinchona 
 and coffee. The transit trade through the ports of Panama and 
 Aspinwall is of far greater importance than the direct commerce ; 
 its value is estimated as not less than $85,000,000 per annum. 
 
 There are many native products, among which are fine woods, 
 cacao, India rubber, ipecac, calisaya bark, cochineal, earsaparilla 
 and logwood. These, and tobacco, cinchona, cofl'ee, sugar, indigo, 
 rice, cotton, hides, ores and Panama hats, form the chief exports. 
 
 In 1883, 1,513 vessels, of 709,175 tons, entered the ports of Colombia. 
 Number of miles of railway in the republic, 140. It is expected 
 that the ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama will be opened in 
 1888. The company have a subscribed capital of $125,000,000. 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 Ven^ez-wee'la. 
 
 A republic of South America, formed in 1830. The republic was, 
 in 1881, subdivided into 8 States, 1 Federal District, 8 Territories 
 and 2 national settlements. Area, according to an official statement 
 of 1884, 632,695 square miles ; population, 2,121,988. The Andes 
 Mountains cross the northern part from west to east; the Orinoco 
 and other important rivers pass through the southern part. 
 
 Executive power is in the hands of a President, who exercises his 
 authority through a ministry of 6 and a Federal Council of 16 mem- 
 bers ; legislative, in a Congress of two Houses, the Senate and House 
 of Representatives. Vice-President chosen by the Council. Capi- 
 tal, Caracas; population, 55,638. Chief towns, Valencia (population, 
 36,145) and Barquisimeto (population, 28.918). Army: peace foot- 
 ing, 2,545 officers and men ; war footing, 350,000. 
 
 Mineral resources very great. Venezuela gold fields among the 
 richest in the world; iron and copper abundant. Value of mmeral 
 products, 1884, $4,452,050 ; gold, $3,243,380. Latest reports give value 
 of imports as $17,253,130; exports, $19,720,225. 
 
 Agriculture the most important industry. Number engaged in it, 
 1884, 375,820; number of acres cultivated, 852,500. Coftee the most 
 important product ; total value of product, 1884, $11,255,000; value, 
 of sugar product, $7,686,000 ; corn, $6,000,000 ; cocoa, $2,998,000. 
 Latest reports give number of cattle as 2,926,733; goats and sheep, 
 3,490,563; horses, 291,603; mules, 906,467; swine, 976,500. 
 
 State religion, Roman Catholic; all others tolerated. In 1883 the 
 government spent $500,000 in public instruction. Number univer- 
 sities, 2; colleges, 33; normal schools, 5; other schools, 1,794. Num- 
 ber of miles of railway, 1884, 102 ; telegraphs, 1,145 miles. 
 
184 
 
 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 MAP OF U. S. OF COLOMBIA, VENEZUELA AND GUIANA 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 185 
 
 BRITISH GUIANA. 
 
 Ghe-a'na. 
 
 A territory in northeast part of South America. First settled by 
 the Dutch, 1580. Acquired by the British in 1803; formally ceded in 
 1814. Estimated area, 76,000 square miles. Population, 248,110. 
 Crossed by two great mountain systems. Contains many rivers ; 
 largest, Essequibo, 600 miles long, noted for magnificent cataracts. 
 Thermometer rises to 90" in warm weather; falls to 75° In winter 
 Beason; mean annual average at Georgetown, 81°. Kainfall per year, 
 about 72 inches. 
 
 Vegetation is luxuriant. Large sections are covered with valuable 
 forests, which furnish exhauetless supplies of timber, largely used 
 for Bhipbuilding. Number sugar plantations, 120; cofi"ee estates, 
 12. Sugar forms 92 per cent, of exports ; latest reports give 111,156 
 hhds. Rum exported, 32,531 puncheons; rum issued for home con- 
 Bumption, 330,392 gals. Export of molasses, 17,084 casks; timber 
 export, 464,436 cubic feet. Total imports, 1882, $10,498,160 ; exports, 
 $16,043,155. 
 
 Government administered by a Governor appointed by British 
 Crown, and a Court of Policy. 
 
 Georgetown the capital; pop., 36,562. Number of schools sanc- 
 tioned by Board of Education, 177; Church or England, 81. 
 
 DUTCH GUIANA. 
 
 Ghe-a'na. 
 
 Lies east of British Guiana, often called Stirinam from the river 
 of that name. Coast line, 220 miles. Dutch first visited the coun- 
 try about 1580 ; but the first settlement in Surinam was made by an 
 Englishman, in 1630. Area, 46,060 square miles. Population, 
 68,255; 54,t;02 negroes. 
 
 Local government consists of a Governor and Colonial Assembly. 
 Capital, Paramaribo; population, 27,416. 
 
 Mean annual temperature, 80.4°; coldest month mercury falls 
 to 78°; warmest, mercury rises to 99°. Raiulall, 99 inches; at 
 Paramaribo the average of eight years was 101 inches. 
 
 Large tracts of territory covered with primeval forests. Great 
 staple of Guiana is sugar; average yearly export, about 10,645 tons. 
 First cocoa sent to Amsterdam, 1733; the average yearly production 
 is now more than 13,000 tons. Cotton and cofEee rank next. Gold- 
 mining is a growing industry. Latest reported value of exports, 
 $1,151,070; imports, $1,316,355. 
 
 FRENCH GUIANA. 
 
 Ghe-a'na. 
 
 East of Dutch Guiana. Area, 48,000 square miles. Population, 
 36,760. Coast line low and swampy. Large portion of the territory 
 is covered with dense forests. Rainy season from November to 
 June. Rainfall at Cayenne, 10 feet per year; heavier in the interior. 
 Temperature: in summer, 86°; winter, mean, 79°, and seldom sinks 
 BO low as 70°. In this century there have been three earthquakes. 
 
 Administration in the hands of Governor and Military Com- 
 mandant. 
 
 Capital, Cayenne; pop., 10,000. 
 
 Coffee, introduced in 1716, is extensively grown. Guiana cocoa, 
 bread-fruit, arrow-root, bananas, yams, oil, and date palm are among 
 the products ; but the principal source of food is manioc. Contains 
 valuable gold deposits. French criminal penitentiaries located in 
 this country. 
 
186 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 BRAZIL 
 
 Brazil'. 
 
 This is the largest of the South American countries, and the only 
 empire in the New World. Contains many rivers. Amazon, the 
 longest, drains 800,000 square miles of Brazilian territory. Temper- 
 ature in the valley of the Amazon ranges from 68° to 95°, while at 
 Rio' Janeiro the average is 75°. Area, 3,288,963. Population, 9,883,622. 
 Capital, Rio do Janeiro; pop., 274,972. 
 
 Executive power is vested in the Emperor, ministers and Sec- 
 retaries of State; legislative authority rests with the Senate and 
 Chamber of Deputies. The empire is divided into 20 Provinces. 
 
 Country rich in minerals and precious stones. Total value of 
 diamond washings for the first 100 years was about $20,000,000. 
 Diamond mines are now owned by private individuals. Manufac- 
 tures in late years improved by the introduction of American ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 During the last 16 years the increase in exports has been 20 per 
 cent. ; in imports, 22 per cent. The value of coffee exported in 
 1882-83 was $52,720,000; sugar, $16,250,000; raw cotton, $4,063,650; 
 tobacco, $5,344,500; India rubber, $5,965,000. Total imports, 1882-83, 
 $111,434,300; exports. $134,945,100. In 1883, 2,989 vessels, of 
 2,367,296 tons, entered; and 2,522, of 2,095,237 tons, cleared, Brazil- 
 ian ports. 
 
 Number miles railway, January, 1884, 3,500; 1,500 in process of 
 construction. Telegraph system under the control of the govern- 
 ment; miles of wire in 1883, 4,900. Army, on peace footing, 13,500 
 strong; in time of war, 32,00(J. Naval force consists of 35 steam 
 vessels, with 123 guns and 5,704 seamen. 
 
 Established religion, Roman Catholic. Clergy are supported by 
 the state. Compulsory education exists in several Provinces ; 84 
 per cent, of population is illiterate. Total number of schools, 6,685. 
 
 BOLIVIA. B0..ive.a. 
 
 A republic of South America, named in honor of Simon Bolivar; 
 formed, in 1825, from provinces of Upper Peru; ceded all coast ter- 
 ritory to Chili in 1880. Area, 842,729 square miles. Population, 
 2,300,000. Surface broken by tv/o mountain ranges. Highest peak, 
 Sahama, 22,350 feet; many volcanoes. Lake Titicaca is the largest 
 inland body of water in South America; area, 4,000 square miles. 
 Madeira river, with tributaries, navigable for 3,000 miles in Bolivia. 
 La Paz chief city ; pop., 76,372. Capital, Sucre or Chuquieaca. 
 
 President elected for 4 years. Legislative power rests with a 
 Congress of 2 chambers, — Senate and House of Representatives. 
 Universal suffrage prevails; Vice-President is appointed by the 
 President. 
 
 The climate embraces all degrees of heat and cold. The products 
 of two zones are found iu Bolivia. Ebony, rosewood, mahogany, 
 cinchona, and other valuable trees abound. Manufactures limited to 
 coarse cotton cloth, hate, cordage^ leather and alpaca. Tin, copper, 
 gold, and vast quantities of India rubber of the finest quality abound. 
 Silver mines almost inexhaustible; annual yield of the Cerro de Po- 
 tosi mines, $3,250,000. Two-thirds of exports are silver. Imports 
 faverage $6,150,000; exports, $9,000,000. 
 
 Standing army, 2,421 men; generals and other ofiicers, 1,021 ; two- 
 thirds of revenue goes to support the army. 
 
 Roman Catholic the prevailing religion;" other creeds tolerated; 4 
 universities. In 1884 but 12,000 pupils and students at schools and 
 colleges. Three railroads open for trafiic. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOELD. 
 
 187 
 
 MAP OF BRAZIL, BOLIVIA, PERU AND ECUADOR 
 
188 ATLAS OF TUE WORLD. 
 
 ECUADOR. 
 
 Ek-wa-dOr' 
 
 A republic of South America, constituted 1830 ; situated on the 
 equator, from vvhicb it takes its name. Extremely mountainous ; 
 traversed from north to south by three ranges of the Andes. Most 
 lofty peaks: Cotopaxi, 13,880 feet; Chimborazo, 21,424; Cayambe, 
 19,831. Climate, on the coast, hot; on the high table lands, cold 
 and bleak; valleys are free from extremes of temperature. Area, 
 248,370 square miles. Population, 946,033. Quito, the capital, has 
 80,000 inhabitants; Guayaquil, the principal seaport, 26,000. Quito 
 is the highest inhabited city, being 9,500 feet above sea-level. 
 
 Ecuador w^as formed from the American Free State, founded by 
 Simon Bolivar. Executive power rests with a President, elected 
 for 4 years; legislative, with a Congress of two houses. President 
 and Vice-Prenident are nominated by 900 chosen electors. Vice- 
 President is President of the Council of State. Hereditary rights 
 or privileges prohibited by law. Belief in the Roman Catholic 
 church, qualification for suifrage. 
 
 The soil of Ecuador will grow the products of every zone. There 
 is a copious growth of the cinchona tree, sarsaparilla, vanilla, 
 copaiba, balsam of Tolu, etc. Many fibrous plants, suitable for the 
 manufacture of paper and cordage, are found in profusion. The im- 
 mense mineral wealth is untouched; agriculture is neglected; manu- 
 factures are insignificant. The roads afEord no facilities for com- 
 merce, being mostly mule tracks. Miles of railway number 
 but 75. 
 
 Export of cocoa, 1883, valued at $3,372,200; India rubber, $428,800. 
 Total value of exports, $4,923,300; imports, about $6,000,000. In 
 1883, 151 vessels, of 155,283 tons, entered, and 160 vessels, of 158,970 
 tons, cleared the port of Guayaquil. 
 
 Only 7.5 per cent, of population can read or write. In 1884, stand- 
 ing army fixed at 1,600 men. 
 
 PERU. 
 
 Pe-roo' 
 
 A republic of South America. Area, previous to the war with 
 Chili, 503,718 square miles. Population, 2.699,945. Since the war 
 about 70,000 square miles of Peruvian territory are occupied by 
 Chili. Traversed by two systems of the Andes Mountains; highest 
 point is the volcano of Misti, 20,300 feet above sea-level. Tem- 
 perature at Callao about 60° ; Lima about 70°. 
 
 Independence declared in 1821. The government is administered 
 by the President, Senate and House of Reprcsentalives. The Peru- 
 vian constitution is planned after that of the United States. Lima, 
 the capital, has a population of about 100,000. 
 
 The chief occupations are sheep raising, agriculture and mining; 
 manufactures unimportant. Mountain valleys are very fertile; 
 mountains are rich in minerals. Between 1853 and 1872, 8,000,000 
 tons of guano were taken from the Chincha Islands. Latest reliable 
 reports give: imports, $24,000,000; exports (exclusive of guano and 
 nitre), $31,000,000. Principal exports are guano, nitrate of soda, 
 wool, sugar, silver and cinchona. 
 
 State finances deranged by the late war with Chili; foreign debt, 
 $164,765,000: arrears in interest, $65,964,970. Railway system pro- 
 jected in 1852; miles of lice, 1878, 2.030. Telegraph lines, 1878, 
 1,382 miles. I'he merchant marine, 1877, consisted of 147 vessels, 
 with a combined capacity of 49,660 tons. Army and navy were 
 almost annihilated in the war with Chili ; army now consists of 
 13,200 men ; navy, of 18 steam vessels, with 66 guns. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 189 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 Ar'jen-tine. 
 
 A republic of South America. Total area, 1,125.086 square miles. 
 Total population, 1882, 3,020,000. Foreigners: Italians, 123,641 ; 
 French, 55,432; Spaniards, 69,032; Germans, 8,616; English, 17,950. 
 Population of Buenos Ayres, the capital, was, la 1883, 295,000; 
 Rosario has a population of 32,304; Cordova, 39,651 ; ten towns have 
 over 10,000 inhabitants. Population rapidly increasing from immi- 
 gration, la. 1877 immigrants numbered 28,708; 1880, 41,615; 1882, 
 69,843; during first nine months of 1883, 73,310. The country is 
 divided into 14 Provinces. Executive power is vested in a President, 
 elected for a term of 6 years; legislative power is vested in a Con- 
 gress, composed of a Senate and House of Deputies, President and 
 Vice-President must be Koman Catholics. Constitution almost 
 identical with that of the United States. 
 
 Public revenue derived from heavy customs duties. Income for 
 1884, $32,460,000; import dues, $21,115,000; export dues, $3,010,000; 
 total expenditure, $32,460,000. Annual exports: wool, $28,250,000; 
 hides, $14,000,0C0; eheep skins, $4,2.50,000; tallow, $6,000,000; live 
 animals, $1,750,000; maize, $2,100,000, 
 
 The area devoted to agriculture is yearly increasing. In 1882 the 
 confederation possessed 14,306,499 horned cattle, 72,683,045 sheep, 
 4,856,808 horses. Total value of live stock, $210,000,000. In 1882 
 the wheat product of the province of Santa Fe was 2,250,000 
 bushels. 
 
 Miles of railway, 2,500, and 651 miles are being constructed. In 
 1884 there were 9,800 miles of telegraph line, 8,060 miles owned by 
 the state. 
 
 Many navigable rivers afford excellent facilities for transportation. 
 The Uruguay river is navigable for 200 miles; the Kio Negro, for 
 500; and the Colorado, for 150. 
 
 There are universities at Buenos Ayres and Cordova; professors, 
 66; students, 923: there are also 28 middle class and normal schools, 
 and 1,935 primary. 
 
 The army in 1884 consisted of 7,312 officers and men; militia and 
 National Guard, 350,000. Service in National Guard compulsory; 
 regular army supplied by recruitment. 
 
 URUGUAY. 
 
 Oo-roo-gwi' 
 
 This South American republic formed a Brazilian Province until 
 1825. Independence recognized by treaty of Montevideo, 1828; con- 
 stitution proclamed 1831. Area estimated at 73,538 square miles. 
 Population, 438,245. Government in the hands of a President, 
 elected for four years, assisted by 5 ministers, and a Parliament com- 
 posed of two houses. Capital, Montevideo; population, 115,500. 
 
 The country forms a vast rolling plain, abounding in natural pas- 
 tures. The chief industry is the rearing of cattle and sheep. It is 
 estimated that 35,000,000 acres are used for pastoral purposes, on 
 which are 6,711,778 cattle and 20,000,000 sheep. Chief agricultural 
 products, wheat and Indian com. Climate is generally humid, but 
 temperate and healthful. 
 
 Revenue derived from customs duties. Commerce active. Value 
 of imports, 1883, $21,634,475 ; exports, $26,831,555. Principal arti- 
 cles of export, cattle, hides, tallow, and dried and preserved meats. 
 
 Permanent army numbers 3,494 men, besides an armed police 
 force of 3,200, and a national guard of 20,000 men. State religion, 
 Roman Catholic. Number of children in all schools, 40,000, Hilea 
 of railway, 1884, 271 ; of telegraph, 1,405. 
 
190 ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 
 
 CHILI. 
 
 Chil'lee. 
 
 A republic of South America. Area, 256,399 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 2,271,949. This country is long and narrow, embracing ex- 
 tremes of temperature. Mean annual temperature at Santiago, 55° ; 
 at Valparaiso, 58°. Spring begins in September; winter, in June. 
 Lakes and rivers are few; both are fed by the snow melting in the 
 Andes; they are worthless for navigation, but valuable for irrigation 
 purposes. Surface ia mountainous ; mean elevation of Andes, 
 11,830 feet; Aconcagua, the highest peak, 22,420 feet. 
 
 Chili is divided into 18 Provinces and 4 Territories. The consti- 
 tution of 1833 vests the legislative power in a Senate and a Cham- 
 ber of Deputies. Executive power rests with a President, a Council 
 of State, and a Cabinet of 5 ministers. Capital, Santiago; pop., 
 200,000. The potato is indigenous. Olive trees, mulberries and 
 vines flourish. Cedar is the most important tree in Chili. Fruit 
 is plentiful. This republic is rich in gold and silver, and especially 
 in copper. Wheat the most important cereal product ; value of 
 ■wheat exported in 1882, $6,649,345. Value of chief exports in 1883: 
 iodine, $2,987,490 ; bar copper, $14,339,400 ; silver, $4,624,110. Rev- 
 enue for 1884, $49,900,000, one-half of which was derived from 
 customs duties and monopolies; expenditure, $46,536,550. Total 
 exports in 1883 were valued at $79,732,550; imports, $54,447,060. 
 
 The Chilian commercial marine consisted, 1883, of 131 vessels, 
 of 53,071 tons. In 1882, 1,482, of 1,367,849 tons, entered, and 1,428, 
 of 1,431,028 tons, cleared, the various ports of Chili. 
 
 One of the first states in South America to construct railways; 
 length of line in 188:3, 1,378 miles, of which 600 miles belonged to 
 the state; cost of state lines, $42,141,686, In 1883 there were 6,840 
 miles of telegraph line, property of the state. By a law of 1884 
 the strength of the army can not exceed 12,410; at the same date 
 the National Guard numbered 51,826, of whom 17,408 were on duty. 
 Navy consists of over 20 war vessels. 
 
 State religion is the Roman Catholic; all creeds are protected; 
 clergy is subsidized by the state; civil marriage is acknowledged by 
 law. Besides the National Institute at Santiago, there are many 
 colleges of different kinds ; many agricultural and other special 
 echools. There were, in 1883, 5,043 students attending universities 
 and colleges. The attendance at the 724 public primary schools was 
 60.541. 
 
 PARAGUAY. Pa-ra-gwr. 
 
 A republic of South America, entirely inland. Area, 91,970 square 
 miles. Population, 346,048. Became independent in 1811; was 
 ruled by Dr. Francia for 25 years. The government is entrusted to 
 a President and Congress. Capital, Asuncion; pop., 16,000. 
 
 Soil and forests are very great sources of wealth. Manufactures 
 are few and crude. The country ia well watered by numerous 
 streams and lakes. Three crops of tobacco per year are grown; 
 home consumption, 15,000,000 lbs.; export, about 7.500,000 lbs. 
 Sugar cane yields well; in 1882 there were 37.500,000 pounds of 
 sugar produced. Maize returns one hundred and forty fold ; rice, 
 two hundred and fifty fold. Mate, or Paraguayan tea, the most im- 
 portant product. Imports, 1881, $1,278,000; exports, $1,928,500. 
 The state owes Brazil and allies $236,000,000; Foreign debt, 
 $17,315,000. 
 
 Army numbers 607 men, lately reduced in order to diminish ex- 
 penses. Railway, 45 miles; telegraph, 45 miles. 
 
ATLAS OF THE WOELD. 
 
 191 
 
 MAP OF CHILI, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY. 
 
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