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 . :, LECTURES 
 
 MATRR1A MKDICA. 
 
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NOTtS ON 
 
 VETERINARY 
 MATERIA 
 
 MEDICA. 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINES 
 AND THEIR I'SES. 
 
 ("HICAOU. 
 
3908 
 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 
 
 DECEMBER, 1897, BY 
 
 Ar^EXANDER EGEFi. 
 
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 ''to'S;c?}o '- 
 
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Notes on Veterinary Materia Mediea. 
 
 m 
 
 VTKRIA MKDICA — TrcalJi of »u' twcd a* 
 
 titcfliciuc*. their origin. i. - . . 
 
 tcri>tic« ami chemical 
 I II ami administration, their <ioM:. ph> Hioi<>|{ical and 
 
 t«>\;« ' notion. 
 
 '1 ^y. — Teache;* the cffcctn of drugs when adminis- 
 
 terc<l in poisonous doscsi, also their antagonists and chemical 
 antidotes. 
 
 rii\>iological Action. — Is the definite and limite<l actitm of 
 a drug ufMtn some i>art of the orKniiism. intciifU*d to antagoni/c 
 or overcome a {larticular disease (or [pathological) condition. 
 
 Thera|>eutics. — TeacheTi of the use of remetlial agents in the 
 \ 'rhitl oiiulitions of the animal cctMnmn ; they are: i. 
 
 NU...» 2. Mechanical: y Surgical; 4. Hygienic or proj^'v 
 
 lactic, as fmid, rUithing. pure air, etc.; 5. Imponderable, as ! .: 
 cold 
 
 r „ . — Or the doctrine of drugs, is a science 
 
 which treats of the drugs employed in medicine; it embraces, 
 then- fore, in its scope all of materia medica and therapeutics re- 
 lating to drugs. 
 
 Phannacy. — Relates to the art of collecting. pre|Kiring and 
 dis|x-! 'licine. 
 
 1 Officiai. I*RKI'AR.\TU>ns is applied to such reme- 
 
 dies as are authorixetl by the l'. S. I*harmaco}Mria (in this ctmn- 
 try '. and dirccte<l by it to lie kept in the shf»ps. Officin.m 
 ct>mmonly ii«^h| .^h to be found in all drug stores, but xmA oil 
 
 Phat I. — Isa ImioIc «.t>ntaining<liri"ction»for the |>i. ; 
 
 ration of h. m mv.. with the object «if uniformity of iv 
 
 ture. prc|taration and strength of such drugs as may Ik . 
 uscti 
 
 I)is|K'nsatory. — I>iffers from a pharmacopcria in ci«m •;";!,,. 
 the physical and medical history of the various sc 
 
4 NOTE.S ON 
 
 ph^'siological action and therapeutic application and doses; it 
 contains the whole of the pharmacopoeia, with additions by the 
 authors. Its authority rests simply upon the reputation of its 
 authors. In the United States we have the National and the 
 United States dispensatories. 
 
 OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 There are 994 articles which are official. 
 
 RECOGNIZED FORMS IN WHICH DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED. 
 
 The preparations may be solid, semi-solid or liquid. 
 
 Abstracta — Abstracts. — (Have been thrown out of the last 
 U. S. P. ). They are alcoholic extracts, diluted with sugar of 
 milk to bring them to a standard strength. 
 
 They are in solid, dry, powdered form, and represent twice 
 the strength of the original drug, or its fluid extract, (ten times 
 the strength of the tincture). 
 
 AcETA — Vinegars. — (2 official). Solutions of the active 
 principles of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. Strength 10 per 
 
 cent. 
 
 As Acetum opii, vinegar of opium. 
 Acetum scillje, vinegar of squill. 
 
 Alkaloid.e — Alkaloids. — Are active principles existing in 
 plants, extracted by chemical art. They are organic bases, form- 
 ing salts with acids, and as salts are very .soluble in water, and 
 are thus generally used in medicine, as morphine sulphate, etc. 
 
 Aqu.e — Waters. — (21 official). Solutions of volatile sub- 
 stances in water; these .sub.stances may be either solids, liquids 
 or gases, as water, di.st. water, aq. cinnamomi, aq. rosae, aq. 
 amnion., etc. 
 
 Cerat.v — Cerates. — (6 official). Unctuous preparations 
 .similar to ointments, but of a much firmer consistence, the}- con- 
 tain wax (cera) and do not melt below 104 F. As ceratum can- 
 tharidis, cer. camphorse, etc. 
 
 Charts — Papers. — (2 official). Strips of paper medicated 
 by impregnation, with medicinal substances, or coated with them. 
 
 There are two official papers, chartae potassii nitratis, in- 
 tended for smoking, the other for external application as a vesi- 
 cant or counter-irritant; as charta sinipis. 
 
 Collodia — Collodion. — (4 official). Uiquid preparations 
 having for their ba.se a solution of gun cotton in a mixture of 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 5 
 
 ether and alcohol, as simple col.; col. flexile, col. stypticum and 
 col. cantharidatum. 
 
 CoNFECTiONES — Confections. — (2 official). Remedies made 
 into a soft mass with sugar, to render them pleasant to the taste; 
 as a confection of rose et senna. 
 
 Decoct A — Decoctions. — (2 official). These are aqueous 
 preparations of vegetable drugs, made by boiling them for 15 
 minutes (U. S. P. 1890), and they represent 23 grains of drug 
 to the fluid oz., or 5 per cent strength; as decoctum cetrarise, 
 decoc. sarsaparillae compositum. 
 
 Infusi — Infusions. — (4 official). Are aqueous preparations 
 of veg. drugs, using cold or hot water, but without boiling, and 
 let stand for two hours; they differ from decotions only in the 
 degree of heat, 23 grains to ounce; as infusum buchu, infusum 
 catechu, infusum cinchonee and infusum digitalis. 
 
 Elixikia — Elixir. — (2 official). Aromatic, sweetened prep- 
 arations, containing active medicinal agents in small quantities; 
 as elixir aromaticum and elixir phosphori. 
 
 EiMPLASTRA— Plasters. — ( 13 official). Preparations of solid, 
 tenacious, but pliable compounds spread on linen, silk, etc., in- 
 tended to adhere to the surface of the body; as belladonna plas- 
 ter, arnica plaster, iron plaster, etc. 
 
 ExTKACTA— Extracts. — (32 official ). Preparations obtained 
 by evaporating a solution of the medicinal principle of drugs, to 
 a consistence of a soft solid or dryness. 
 
 They are termed inspissated juices, aqueous extracts, alco- 
 holic exts., hydro alcoholic, (water and alcohol) and etherial 
 extracts, according to the menstrua used; they are 2 to 4 times 
 stronger than the official agent used, 
 
 ExTRACTA Fluida— Fluid Extracts. — Are made by first ex- 
 tracting a veg. drug with alcohol, diluted alcohol or alcohol and 
 water; then concentrating the resulting solution by evaporation, 
 and when necessary adding glycerin as a preservative against 
 decomposition. They are of uniform, definite strength, and one 
 minim of the fld. ext. represents one grain of the original drug. 
 
 They are a most valuable class of drugs for use in veterinary 
 practice, on account of their concentration and keeping propen- 
 sities, and the small size of the dose. 
 
 Glucosidea — Glucosides. — They are similar to alkaloids 
 but only differ chemically; this class of drugs can be distin- 
 
6 NOTES OX 
 
 guished by their ending in the Latin suffix of inum, or English, 
 in; they are organic compounds belonging to the group of neu- 
 tral principles which exist in plants and which are resolved into 
 glucos and other principles by the action of reagents, or nati^ral 
 ferments; as santoninuni-santonin, salicinum-salicin. 
 
 Glycerita — Glycerites. — (6 official). Mixtures of medic- 
 inal substances with glycerin. There are now 6 official 
 glycerites; as glyceritum acidi tannici ( 20 per cent), glycer. ac. 
 carbol. (20 per cent), of starch, etc. 
 
 Liniment A — Liniments. — Thin alcoholic or oleaginous prep- 
 arations intended for external use, and are made b}' dissolving 
 drugs in oily or alcoholic liquids; as linimentum saponis, lini- 
 mentum chloroform i, etc. 
 
 Liquors — Solutions. — (24. official). Applied to aqueous so- 
 lutions of non volatile substances which are not otherwise spe- 
 cially designated; as syrups, infusions or decoctions; as liquor 
 potasii arsenitis, liquor plumbi subacetatis, etc. 
 
 Mass.e — Masses. — (3 official). Pill masses, a preparation 
 having proper consistence for making pills; as massa h5'drargyri 
 or blue mass; massa copaibae; and mas. ferri carbonatis. 
 
 Meelita — Honeys. — Differ from syrups in having hone}'' for 
 its base; as honey of roses (mel. rosae); mel. despumatum, 
 clarified honey. 
 
 MiSTUR.'E — Mixtures. — (4 official). Aqueous preparations 
 of insoluble substances held in suspension by a suitable vehicle; 
 as raistura creta; mistura glycyrrhiza compo.sita or brown mix- 
 ture, etc. 
 
 Mucilagines — Mucilages. — (4 official). Thick, viscid 
 liquids, prepared by dissolving gum in water or extracting with 
 water the mucilaginous principles of certain plants. 
 
 They are simple bland preparations devoid of medicinal 
 properties, other than that of a demulcent and are used only as 
 such, or as a vehicle; as mucilago acaciae (34 per cent) muc. 
 tragacanthse; m. ulmi, (elm). 
 
 Emuesiones — Emulsions. — (4 official). Are mixtures which 
 contain an oil or a resin, in a .state of minute subdivision and 
 held in suspension in the liquid, which is some viscid excipient, as 
 gum, soap, alkali, or yolk of eggs. 
 
 Natural emulsions are such as exist ready formed in nature, 
 as milk, yolk of egg, etc. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 7 
 
 Emulsions of ammoniaci, amgydalae ( milk of almonds) asa- 
 foetida and chloroformi. 
 
 ()leata — Oleates. — ( 3 official). Liq. solution of metallic 
 salts and alkaloids in oleic acids, intended for external use. 
 
 Official oleates are oleate of veratrine, oleate of mercury and 
 oleate of zinc. 
 
 Oleoresix.e — Oleoresins.— ( 6 official) are made by ex- 
 tracting with strong ether, certain drugs whose medicinal ac- 
 tivity resides jointl}' in oily and resinous constituents, after 
 which the ether is evaporated, leaving this form of liquid prepara- 
 tion the most concentrated which can be produced, as oleoresina 
 zingiberis, ol. piperis, ol. cubebse, ol. aspidii. 
 
 PiLL'L.* — Pills. — (15 official ) . Globular masses of medicinal 
 agents, intended to be swallowed whole, as pil. aloes, pil. asa- 
 foetida, compound cathartic pill, pilulae opii, etc. 
 
 PuLVERES — Powders. — (9 official).— Dry .substance in a 
 state of minute subdivision, obtained by pulverization, as pulvis 
 glycj-rrhiza compositus, pulv. jalapae, pulv. ipecacuannhse et 
 opii (Dover's powders). 
 
 RESix.^i — Resins. — (5 official). Solid preparations obtained 
 by precipitating the resinous principles of plants, from their 
 alcoholic solutions, by the addition of water; resinge copaibae, res. 
 jalapae, res. podophylii, res. scammonii and resinse colophyony, 
 volatile oil from turpentine. 
 
 Spiritus — Spirits. — (25 official). Alcoholic solutions of 
 volatile or aromatic substances. Such substances may be solids, 
 liquids or gasses; asspts. chloroform, spts. ether, .spts. camphor, 
 spts. aetheris nitrosi, spts. amnion, arom., spts. frumenti (whis- 
 key), spts. vini gallici (brandy), etc., etc. 
 
 SrpposiTORiA — Suppositories. — Solid bodies consisting of 
 medicinal substances incorporated with cocoa butter ( oleum 
 theobromse ) and intended for introduction into the rectum, vagina, 
 or urethra. They dissolve at the temperature of the body and thus 
 set free their contained medicaments. Suppos. of glycerin is 
 official. 
 
 SviU'Pi — syrups. — (32 official). Concentrated solutions of 
 sugar in water, containing flavoring and medicinal substances. 
 
 Sometimes containing acetic acid, and occasionalh^ alcohol; 
 they are termed simple, medicated or flavored. Some are used as 
 vehicles, some as flavoring agents and some are medicinal. 
 
8 NOTES ON 
 
 Tincture — Tinctures. — (72 official). Alcoholic solutions 
 of medicinal substances, all except tr. iodine being from non 
 volatile bodies, in a few cases aromatic spts. of ammonia is used 
 as a solvent, then they are known as ammoniated tinctures. 
 
 Spts. ether and spts. nit. seth. are also used as a solvent; 
 the}' are then known as aetheral tinctures. The spts. of nitrous 
 ether is not used in official tinctures. 
 
 Thus we have alcoholic, etherial and ammoniated tinctures. 
 
 Tinctures vary in strength from 0.4 (paregoric ) to 65 per 
 cent, ( tr. soap), the majority ranges in strength, from 5 to 20 
 per cent, of the active ingredient. 
 
 Spirits are all made from volatile drugs. Tinctures, from 
 non volatile drugs. 
 
 On account of the large percentage of volatile solvent, tinc- 
 tures should be kept well stoppered, and away from sun- 
 light, and should not be kept too long, as from evaporation they 
 may become concentrated to a dangerous .strength. 
 
 Tincturge-Herbarum-Recentium. — Tr. of fresh herbs. This 
 is a title of a general formula given in the U. S. P. for the prep- 
 aration of green tinctures, 50 parts of the fresh herbs are to be 
 bruised, crushed or macerated in 100 parts of alcohol for 14 days, 
 then expressed and filtered; this form of trs. is not recommended 
 on account of its variation in strength. 
 
 Triturationes — Triturations. — ( I official). Finely com- 
 minuted powder composed of one part medicine to 9 parts sugar 
 of milk, as a diluent. (General formula, ) only one official; Tri- 
 turati elaterini. 
 
 Trochisci — Troches. — (15 official). Also called pastiles, 
 tablets or lozenges, these may vary in shape, they are small 
 flattened cakes of medicinal substances, incorporated with sugar, 
 mucilage of tragacanth, etc., to give bulk, consistency, and di- 
 lution. They are intended for slow .solution in the mouth for 
 direct or indirect medication to mucous membrane of mouth, 
 throat, etc. 
 
 I'NGUENTA — Ointments. — (23 official). — Soft, fatty prepara- 
 tion of medicinal agents, with a basis of lard, benzoated lard, 
 petroleum or vaseline, or fixed oils, intended for application to 
 .skin, for either local or constitutional effect. They are made so 
 as to easily melt at the temperature of the body. 
 
 Vina. — Wines. — (10 official). Medicated wines are practic- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 9 
 
 ally weak tinctures of a definite alcoholic strength, alcohol being 
 the menstruum used;- as vinum opii, V. ipecac, V. colchicum sem., 
 white wines and red wines etc. 
 
 This ends the official list of preparations and forms in which 
 medicines are dispensed. 
 
 The following are unofficial but more or less common forms. 
 
 UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Bolus — or Ball, a large pill intended to be swallowed whole, 
 a most convenient form of administering bulky powders. 
 
 Baln.E— Baths. — Medicated or plain. 
 
 BouGiA — Bougies or Pencils. — Urethral and vaginal sup- 
 positories, made long and slim for adaptation to these canals. 
 
 Cachets — Wafers. — Thin discs made of flour and water, 
 which make a convenient vehicle for administering many pow- 
 dered drugs in the human. 
 
 Capsule — Capsules. — Short tubes of gelatine, which slip 
 into one another, for oils, powders, etc. ; they dissolve in the 
 stomach. 
 
 CoLLUNARiuM. — Nasal douche or wash. 
 
 CoLLYRiUM. — Eye wash. 
 
 Cataplasm AT A — Poultices. — Well known device for ap- 
 plying heat and moisture to a part; they are frequently medicated 
 with antiseptics, disinfectants, anodynes, etc. 
 
 As to the material and use of poultices, their action will be 
 given under the proper head. 
 
 Discus — Disk. — Thin scale of gelatine medicated as required 
 for application to eye. 
 
 Dragee. — French name for sugar coated pills. 
 
 Electuaria — Electuaries. — Similar to confections, are me- 
 dicinal powders beaten up with sugar, honey or molasses, to the 
 consistence of thick paste. 
 
 Enemata — Enemas -Clysters. — Eiquid preparation for in- 
 jecting into rectum, ma}' be laxative, demulcent, nutritive, stimu- 
 lant or vermifuge in character; they should be used warm. 
 
 FoTus — Fomentation. — Is a lotion used hot, either hot water 
 alone or may be medicated. 
 
 Gargarysma — Gargle. — A mixture of solution for applica- 
 tion to mucous membrane of throat. 
 
 Granulum — Granule. — A verv small pill, also called par- 
 vule, usually composed of alkaloid or other powerful drugs. 
 
lO NOTES ON 
 
 Glycecol. — Jell_v troche, whose base is gelatine or isin- 
 glass with glycerin. 
 
 Haustus; Draught — A Drench. — A single large dose. 
 
 Inhalationes — Inhalations. — Also called vapores, vapors, 
 or steaming medicines in form of vapors, gas or an atomized 
 spray, intended for inhalation, for local action on respiratory 
 mucous membrane. 
 
 PoTUS — Drink. — Solution to be used ad. lib. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. 
 
 Medicines may be introduced into the circulation by various 
 routes; there are .seven different ways; as the gastro-intestinal 
 tract, respiratory tract, rectum, the veins and arteries; the sub- 
 cutaneous cellular tissues and the integument itself. 
 
 Gastro-intestinal Route. — Most frequently employed, because 
 most convenient, the remedies after being swallowed find their 
 way into the circulation, through the walls of the gastro-intesti- 
 nal blood vessels and the lacteals. Some drugs require to be di- 
 gested, some are changed into other and more soluble substances 
 and some are absorbed as they are taken. 
 
 When Should Medicines re Administered? The cura- 
 tive effects of remedies may be retarded, changed in form or pre- 
 vented by untimely administration. 
 
 Remedies intended to act on the mucous membrane of the 
 stomach should only be given when that organ is empty. 
 
 If distant parts are to be affected in the most prompt and 
 efficient manner and the drug is free from distinct irritating quali- 
 ties, it should be taken on an empty stomach; as when digestion 
 is going on, the contents of the stomach are acid in reaction and 
 if alkalies are administered, combinations take place and salts are 
 formed. 
 
 If alkalies are introduced before digestion begins, diffusion 
 of the acid-forming constituents of the blood no doubt takes place, 
 and in this way the acidity of the gastric juice is promoted; like- 
 wise acids given before meals increase the diffusion of the alkaline 
 constituents of the blood. 
 
 Mineral Acids. — Especially hydrochloric and phosphoric in- 
 crease the activity of pepsin, when administered during the proc- 
 ess of digestion. Alkalies given before digestion begins, have 
 the same effect to some extent, but if taken during digestion, 
 retard or suspend it. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. II 
 
 Germicides or Antiseptics. — Interfere with digestion in pro- 
 portion to their power. Such agents should be given when 
 stomach is empty or nearly so; freely diluted to prevent injury 
 to mucous membrane. 
 
 The Sulphates.— Especially the metals, nitrates, chlorates, 
 bromides and salicylates, in the order named, decidely lessen 
 the fermentive power of pepsin, and consequently retard diges- 
 tion. 
 
 None of them should be given during the time of digestion 
 but as long before and after as the circumstances will permit. 
 
 Remedial agents intended to enter the blood with the food, 
 must of necessity be given when the conversion of food is going 
 on; iron, the hypophosphites and the phosphates and certain 
 lime salts are of this character, but these remedies should be se- 
 lected with reference to their action on the digestive fluid. 
 
 According to the observations of Eccles, the hypophosphite 
 of potassium, phosphate of iron, lactophosphate of calcium and 
 citrate of iron are among those exerting comparatively little effect 
 on the process of digestion, while others heretofore supposed to 
 be free from injurious action are especially hurtful. 
 
 While the stomach contents are decidedly acid, those of the 
 smaller intestines are alkaline, and sufficiently so as to neutralize 
 the stomach acid and to maintain the alkalinity of the intestinal 
 juices. 
 
 When, therefore, it is required to have the medicament acton 
 the small intestines, the best time to secure that effect is when 
 the flow of material is in that direction, and other things being 
 equal by combination with alkalies, if the nature of the substance 
 will permit. 
 
 Medicines intended to affect the secretions of the liver and 
 pancreas require ample time, and should be so administered as to 
 begin their action when the periods of physiological activity ar- 
 rive (after meals). 
 
 Rectum. — By this route food is given to human beings in 
 disease of the stomach, during which it will not retain food, or 
 during long periods of unconsciousness. 
 
 Medicines are introduced in the form of suppositories, clys- 
 ters or enemas. The salts of the alkaloids are quickly absorbed; 
 morphine, atropine and strychnine salts are absorbed as quickly, 
 and strychnine more rapidly, by the rectum, than by the stomach. 
 
12 NOTES ON 
 
 Respiratory Tract. — By this route drugs are administered 
 by inhalation, nasal douche, insufflation and atomization, also in- 
 tratracheal injections can be considered under this head. 
 
 Inhalations. — Used to reach muc. mem. of the throat, lungs, 
 sinuses of the head, and bronchial tubes. 
 
 Medicated vapors used for this purpose are either in form of 
 gas or steam. Iodine and carbolic acid are most commonh' used 
 either alone or in combination; methods, 
 
 I. Pour medicated vinegar or water over hot brick or iron. 
 Medicate water and put hot brick or iron into it. 
 Burn tar, sulphur, etc. 
 
 4. Sprinkle chloride of lime about. 
 
 5. Turpentine vapors. 
 
 Nasal Douche. — For muc. mem. of nostrils, fluid must be 
 tepid, bland and nonirritating; It should be soothing, antiseptic 
 and tonic in character. 
 
 Drugs usually used for this purpo.se are chloride of sodium 
 (salt), bicarbonate of soda, chlorate of potash, permanganate 
 of potash, carbolic acid, iodine-; also zinc sulphate, hydrastis 
 canadensis, oil of eucalyptus, ILsterine, peroxide of hydrogen and 
 tr. chlor. of iron, etc., all in mild solution. 
 
 Insufflation. — Powdered drugs blown into the no.strils and 
 fauces. 
 
 Atomization or Pulverization. — An atomizer is used with 
 steam or air as the power; sends medicine into the nostrils in an 
 extremeh' fine spra}-. 
 
 Intratracheal. — Injected directly into the trachea, acts quicker 
 than hypodermatically. Turpentine is injected for bronchial 
 filaria of cattle and sheep. Alkaloidal drugs in solution are 
 frequently administered in this wa3^ 
 
 Veins and Arteries. — Ammonia i to 2 parts of distilled water 
 is used for parturient apoplexy. Saline injections are used for 
 pernicious anaemia; also alkaloids where very rapid effect is de- 
 sired. 
 
 Use ammonia for snake bites, prussic acid poison, opium 
 narcosis, chloroform asphyxia, etc. 
 
 Subcutaneous Cellular Tissues. — Hypodermatic injection is 
 the proper term and is the method most commonly used. 
 
 Use distilled water in hypodermic injections; keep instru- 
 ment clean, and medicine should be neutral or nearly so, so as 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 13 
 
 not to coagulate the blood. Do not keep the solution too long, 
 as alkaloidal solutions rapidly decompose. 
 
 Parenchymatous Injections. — Injections to be deep in the 
 tissues either for a muscle itself or an important nerve trunk; 
 use strychnine for paralyzed muscle, chloroform for sciatic neu- 
 ralgia, cocaine for local anaesthesia. 
 
 Integumenf or Skin. — Four methods. 
 
 1. Enepidermatic or enepidermic. 
 
 2. Epidermatic. 
 
 3. Endermic methods. 
 
 4. Inoculation. 
 
 Enepidermatic Method. — Medicine placed and kept in con- 
 tact with the skin, no friction used to hasten penetration. Solu- 
 tions of alkaloids in oleic acid and chloroform, pass by osmosis 
 in this manner with ease, but aqueous solutions act ver}' slowly, 
 and alcoholic solutions hardl)- at all. 
 
 Epidermatic Method. — Friction is used to promote the pas- 
 sage of medicaments between cells of epidermis; mercurial oint- 
 ment, the oleates, salves, etc., are used in this way for local and 
 S3'stemic effects. 
 
 Endermatic Method. — Cuticle is removed to make absorption 
 easier, by blistering, then medicament is powdered over denuded 
 surface (derma ). 
 
 Inoculation; Injected. — Is same as vaccination; introduction 
 of a specific virus into the system. 
 
 Methods of Administering Medicines: — 
 
 Drenching horses, bit, bottle, rope, sj-ringe. 
 
 Drenching cattle. 
 
 Drenching dogs. 
 
 Administer Anaesthetic Medicines in Feedbag or Proper 
 Inhaler. . 
 
 Physiological Classification of Medicines. — Actions of 
 medicinal agents are local and general. Drugs act b}' an elective 
 affinity between drugs and particular cells or tissues. 
 
 Effects on different classes of patients are modified by age, .sex, 
 breed, climate, habit; idiosyncrasy, disease and surroundings. 
 
 Poor surroundings prevent curative effects. 
 
 Pigeons can eat morphine or opium. 
 
 Rabbits can eat belladonna. 
 
 Deer can eat tobacco without an}- poisonous effects. 
 
14 NOTES ON 
 
 General Actions. — Stimulants increase organic activity of 
 any part of the organism. 
 
 1. Diffusible or general stimulants cause prompt but tran- 
 sient effects over entire system, as alcohol, amnion., ether, etc. 
 
 2. Spinal stimulants exalt the functions of the spinal cord, 
 as str^^chnine. 
 
 3. Cerebral stimulants exalt the functions of the brain, as. 
 opium. 
 
 4. Cardiac stimulants, as digitalis. 
 
 5. Vaso-motor stimulants, as ergot. 
 
 6. Renal stimulants, as buchu, copaiba, etc. 
 
 7. Stomachic stimulants or tonics, as gentian and ginger.. 
 
 8. Hepatic stimulants, as nitro-hydrochloric acid. 
 
 9. Intestinal stimulants, as phy.sostigma, peppermint, gin- 
 ger, etc. 
 
 10. Cutaneous stimulants, as spts. nitrous ether, etc. 
 
 Sedatives. — Lessen functional activity of organs, lower mo- 
 tility and diminish pain, consequently exert a soothing influence 
 on the whole system. 
 
 We have general sedatives, as gelsemium, and local seda- 
 tives which affect a given part only. 
 
 1. Pulmonary sedatives, lobelia. 
 
 2. Spinal sedatives, chloral hyd. and bromides, belladonna,, 
 etc. 
 
 3. Nervous sedatives, bromides of pot. and amnion. 
 
 4. Vascular sedatives, as aconite in .small doses. 
 
 5. Cardiac sedatives, as aconite, veratrum, etc., which will 
 be described under their proper heads. 
 
 Tonics. — Are drugs which neither excite action like stimu- 
 lants, nor depress like sedatives, but produce a permanent though 
 scarcely perceptible excitement of all the vital functions. Their 
 effect being chiefly perceived in the increased tone of vigor of the 
 entire system. (Examples). 
 
 Strych. for .spinal cord. 
 
 Iron for blood. 
 
 Digitalis for heart. 
 
 Bitters for stomach. 
 
 They are drugs which so influence nutrition as to increase 
 the vital power. The following groups are merely subdivisions 
 or local applications of the three foregoing grand divisions. 
 
VETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 5 
 
 Drugs acting on protoplasm, blood and low organism or dis- 
 ease germs and parasites are called antiseptics, disinfectants, deo- 
 dorizers, parasiticides and antiperiodics. 
 
 Antizymotics. — Agents which arrest all fermentative proc- 
 esses. 
 
 Putrefaction — To Make Rotten. — Is the decomposition of 
 nitrogenous organic matter under the influence of micro-organisms, 
 and accompanied b}' the development of disagreeable odors, due 
 to the evolution of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. 
 
 Antiseptics. — Arrest putrefaction on or in the body, or arrest 
 septic decomposition by killing the bacilli which produces it or by 
 arresting their developement, examples corros. sub. and carb. 
 acid. 
 
 Disinfectants. — Destroy disease germs and the noxious prop- 
 erties of fermentation and putrefaction (outside of the bod}^), by 
 killing or arresting the development of those germs which pro- 
 duce disease, as lime, sulphur gas, etc. 
 
 Deodorizers or Deodorants.— Destroy smell, either by absorp- 
 tion, as dry earth, charcoal, etc., or by acting upon them chemic- 
 ally, as chlorine and sulphurous acid, gases, iron sulphate, etc. 
 
 Parasiticides. — Kill the various animal and vegetable or- 
 ganism or parasites, as sulphur, iodine, mercurial ointment, etc. 
 
 Germicides. — A general term meaning to destroy germs of 
 any kind whether bacilli, spirrili or micrococci. 
 
 Antiperiodics. — Check the progress of certain periodically re- 
 curring diseases, lessening the severity of their attacks and pre- 
 venting their return; probably b}' a toxic action upon the microbes, 
 whose development in the blood by successive crops is supposed 
 to cause the disease. The great antiperiodic is quinine, next in 
 efficiency is arsenic, others are salicin and the alkaloids of cin- 
 chona, also iodine and eucalyptus. 
 
 Remedies Acting on the Surface of the Body, are termed 
 rubefacients, vesicants, suppurants, caustics, setons, actual cau- 
 tery, astringents, demulcents, emollients, and diluents. 
 
 Irritants. —In general when applied to the skin stimulate or 
 inflame it by attracting an increased flow of blood to the part, 
 and by reflex action produce certain remote effects, then they are 
 called counter-irritants; they relieve or remove congestion, in- 
 flammation and pain and by stimulating functional activity pro- 
 mote repair. 
 
1 6 NOTES ON 
 
 Rubefacients. — Produce slight redness of the skin, due to 
 congestion of the capillaries, such are mild ammoniacal solutions, 
 mustard, iodine, mild canth. etc. 
 
 Vesicants or Blisters. — Are more acftive and deep-seated, 
 they inflame the skin and raise vesicles or blisters, ( blisters con- 
 tain a serous fluid composed of about 78 parts water, 18 of albu- 
 men, 4 of salts and a little fibrin). 
 
 Cantharides and strong amnion, are mostly used. 
 
 Suppurants. — Actively inflame the deep-seated cutaneous 
 tissues, especially the orifices of sweat glands and cause pustules 
 and a purulent discharge. 
 
 Red iodide of mercury is most commonly used; others, as 
 croton-oil, euphoribum; the vesicants also will act as suppurants 
 when repeated on same spot. 
 
 Cauterants or Caustics.— Combine with the water and albu- 
 men of the tissues and cause separation of a slough. 
 
 Those which produce extensive sloughing and leave an eschar 
 are called escharotics. 
 
 Actual Cautery. — Heat, hot iron. 
 
 Potential Cautery. — Chemical agents, such as strong min- 
 eral acids, glacial acetic acid, carbolic and chromic acids, strong 
 alkalies, chloride of antimony, arsenic, and soluble salts of the 
 heavy metals, as nit. of silver; chlor. of zinc and corros. sub.; 
 when used to arrest haemorrhage, are called styptics. 
 
 Caustics and Escharotics. — Act either b}' extracting the 
 water of a part, as sulphuric acid, or by corrosive oxidation, as 
 bromine. 
 
 Caustics are used to stimulate indolent ulcers, remove warts, 
 growths, and stimulate adhesion of walls of sinuses. 
 
 Seatons. — Used instead of blisters or firing; they are fre- 
 quently used instead of firing on account of being less apt to 
 blemish. 
 
 Their irritant action can be kept up for an indefinite length of 
 time. 
 
 If severe effects are desired, blistering ointment is smeared 
 on them. They are serviceable in: 
 
 Chronic inflammation of joints. 
 
 Muscular atrophy. 
 
 Deep-seated lameness. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 17 
 
 Also used for spavins and atrophy of laryngeal muscles which 
 cause roaring. 
 
 In frog for navicular disease, etc. 
 
 Rowel. — Is similar to seatons. 
 
 Acupuncture. — Needles 3 to 6 inches in length introduced 
 in fleshy parts by rotary movements. 
 
 Aquapuncture. — Water introduced by hypodermic syringe. 
 
 Actual Cautery. — Hot iron, amends by reflex action, deep- 
 seated faulty nutrition. 
 
 Use of Counter-irritants. — In chest diseases, influenza, 
 and other depressing diseases, for reflex action and to arouse 
 heart's action. 
 
 Also for chronic or subacute inflammation of joints; and in 
 laryngitis. Don't use irritants during a local acute inflamma- 
 tory stage; they increase the inflammation and may produce 
 sloughing. Fomentations and poultices are more suitable; but 
 when inflammation has subsided counter-irritants promote ab- 
 sorption of the exudate by local stimulation and tonic action. 
 
 Use only iodine on dogs for counter-irritants. 
 
 Choice OF Irritants. — i. To combat chills, rouse nervous 
 depression or overcome functional disturbances, mustard and 
 other rubefacients are indicated . 
 
 2. For more permanent action, in which nutrition is more 
 seriously impaired, as in chronic pleuris}- or phlebitis, the vesi- 
 cants as cantharides are the appropiate remedies. 
 
 3. Where bone, cartilage or tendon is chronically affected, 
 red iodide of mercury, hot iron or escharotics are indicated. 
 
 Astringents. — Contract living tissues, either by coagulating 
 or precipitating albumen or by contracting muscular fibers, the 
 chief are alum, lime, chalk, salts of heavy metals, acids, and 
 alcohol, tannic acid and substances containing tannin, as oak 
 bark, catechu, etc. 
 
 All caustics in diluted form are astringents. These act by 
 coagulating albumen, but ergot, digitalis, turpentine and other 
 volatile oils contract by acting on the walls of the nutrient ar- 
 terioles. Astringents are used to diminish and modify excessive 
 and faulty secretion, to combat congestion of cutaneous and mu- 
 cous surfaces and arrest limited superficial inflammation. 
 
 Styptics. — Are astringents, used especially to arrest effusion 
 of blood from injured surfaces or vessels. 
 
1 8 NOTES ON 
 
 Some like matico, tow or lint, mechanically check blood 
 flow from superficial vessels, others like most astringents and 
 caustics, coagulate albumen, thereby plugging the leaking vessels, 
 others like ergot, digitalis, ice, and ether-sprays, contract the 
 vessels and allow of natural coagulation, while lead acetate acts 
 both ways. 
 
 Demulcents. — Used for inflamed parts which they come in 
 contact with, they sooth, soften and ensheath, and act chiefly 
 mechanicall}' and resemble emollients. 
 
 They are mostly bland mucilaginous or oily substances, as 
 gums tragacanth, acacia and mucilage, linseed, starch, treacle, 
 molasses or hone}-, gelatine, albumen (white of eggs) fats, oils, 
 glycerin and milk. 
 
 They lubricate and defend abraded or irritable parts from in- 
 jury or acrid secretions. 
 
 Emollients. — Soften, sooth and relax the parts to which the}- 
 are applied, they resemble demulcents and include many of the 
 articles specified in that class, as well as those substances which 
 absorb and retain heat and moisture. They are represented by 
 fomentations, poultices and by folds of lint, flannel and hot, wet, 
 woolen cloths, etc. 
 
 Fats, oils, land , vaseline, parafine, with soap and other 
 liniments are also eniollients. 
 
 Fatty emollients lubbed into the skin soften and supple it, 
 thus relax the tissues, reduce tension and relieve pain. 
 
 Diluents. — Are applied to demulcents and emollients, they" 
 are liquid or solid substances, used with more active agents to 
 diminish their activit}^ water is generally their basis and the}^ in- 
 clude most demulcent drugs. 
 
 Diluents in General. — Are agents which dilute the fluids of 
 the body; generally water. 
 
 Diluents beneficiall}- dilute and hasten the excretion of 
 pathogenic materials and favor the action of diuretics, diapho- 
 retics, and purgatives. 
 
 MEDICINES ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 That is on the brain, spinal cord, motor and sensory nerves. 
 
 Actions of Medicines on the Brain. — Medicines act on the 
 brain, directh- on the nerve cells or through the general circula- 
 tion; some act both ways. 
 
 Cerebral Stimulants or Cerebral Excitants. — Stimulate the 
 
VKTERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I9 
 
 functions of the brain, such as alcohol, ether, turpentine, etc. 
 
 Alcohol in excessive doses acts as a cerebral depressant, as 
 also the bromides of potash and ammonia. 
 
 Hypnotics or Soporifics. — Are agents which produce sleep, 
 without at first causing previous excitement, as bromides, anti- 
 pyrine and other cold tar preparations. 
 
 Narcotics. — Produce sleep, but at first cause cerebral excite- 
 ment, as alcohol, ether, chloroform and belladonna. 
 
 Both hypnotics and narcotics relieve pain. 
 
 Anodynes or Analgesics.— Relieve pain by diminishing the 
 excitability of nerves or nerve centers. 
 
 They act directly on the cerebral centers or impair the con- 
 ductivit}- of the sensory nerve trunks, as chloral hydrate can- 
 nabis indica, bromides, opium, etc. 
 
 Local Anodynes. — Are those that control pain bj- acting lo- 
 cally, or in other words, by impairing the conductivity of the 
 sen.sory nerves and are used locally, as cocaine, opium, bella- 
 donna, heat, cold, etc. 
 
 Antispasmodics.— Prevent or remove spasmodic contractions 
 of voluntary or involuntary muscles, as the bromides, chloral, 
 belladonna, sulphuric ether, etc. 
 
 Anaesthetics. — Are agents which diminish and abolish sensa- 
 tion. (Local and general). 
 
 General Anse.sthetics. — Produce a state of temporary insen- 
 sibility. 
 
 Local Anaesthetics. — Produce temporary loss of local or cir- 
 cumscribed sensation by paralyzing sensory nerves. 
 
 The condition they bring about are termed anaesthesia. 
 
 Anaesthetics are allied to anodynes but act more promptly 
 and fully. 
 
 The most important, are the general anaesthetics which are 
 inhaled and carried in the blood to the brain and spinal cord, 
 where they paralyze the centers, produce muscular relaxation, 
 and finally cau.se entire suspen.sion of sensation and power of 
 motion, together with loss of consciousness, and manifestation of 
 life, except respiration and circulation. 
 
 The)' comprise ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide gases, and 
 others. 
 
 With animals ether and chloroform are almost entirelv used 
 
20 NOTES ON 
 
 for general and cocaine for local anaesthesia, ether for dogs, 
 chloroform for horses. 
 
 The A. C. E. — Mixture is composed of alcohol i part, chloro- 
 fonn 2 parts, and ether 3 parts. 
 
 The E. C. mixture, equal parts of chloroform and ether is 
 used in Germany and France. 
 
 The Austrian government uses chloroform i part and ether 6 
 parts in cold weather, and chloroform i part and ether 8 parts in 
 warm weatiier. 
 
 Chloral hydrate used by the mouth, and morphine hypo- 
 dermically help the effects of anaesthetics. 
 
 Four times as much ether as chloroform is required to pro- 
 duce anaesthesia. Young animals are more susceptible to anaes- 
 thetics than old. Dogs are very susceptible, and cannot stand 
 chloroform. 
 
 When anaesthesia has been pushed too far, stop the drug, 
 allow plenty of fresh air, remove bindings, induce artificial res- 
 piration, slap the body. 
 
 Give inhalation of ammonia to stimulate the heart, hj'po- 
 dermic injections of ether, nitro-glycerin, strychnine, brandy or 
 other stimulants. Dilation of the rectum is recommended in hu- 
 man practice. 
 
 Agents Acting on the Spinal Cord. — Are termed spinal 
 depressants or depresso-motors, and spinal .stimulants or excito- 
 motors. 
 
 Depres.so- Motors, or Motor- Depressants. — Are agents which 
 depress the motor functions of the spinal cord and sj-mpathetic 
 system; such drugs are used in tetanus, chorea, etc., to lessen ex- 
 citability of cord; aconite, gelsemium, physostigma, etc. 
 
 Spinal depressants act differently. Some paralyze directly, 
 some impede the circulation and thus produce their effect. 
 
 Some act by first exciting, then depressing, some by de- 
 pression without previous excitement, some by diminishing the 
 conductivity of the gray matter of the cord, and thus impede 
 the transmission of painful impressions. 
 
 Spinal Stimulants or Excito- Motors. — Increase the functional 
 activity of the spinal cord and sympathetic system, str3'chnine, 
 brucine, strophanthus, cimicifuga, etc., are used in general de- 
 bility, paralysis, sluggish action, as of the bowels, etc. 
 
 Agents Acting on Nerves. — Sensory nerves are depressed by 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 21 
 
 all anodynes or anaesthetics, as antifebrin, antipyrine, exalgine, 
 etc., internall)^ and other anodynes locally, as cocaine, aconite and 
 opium; stimulated by electricity, etc. Motor nerves are 
 paralyzed by curare and similar drugs. 
 
 MEDICINES ACTING ON THE EYES 
 
 Mydriatics. — Agents which dilate or enlarge the pupil, 
 whether used internally or externally, belladonna, atropia, hyos- 
 cyamus, stramonium, etc. 
 
 They act b}' paralyzing the ciliary muscle, and are used to 
 allay irritation, inflammation and pain, also to prevent adhesions 
 between the iris and lens, and to facilitate examination of the 
 eye, especially for cataract. 
 
 Myotics. — Contract the pupil by stimulating the ciliary mus- 
 cle, as calabar bean, and its alkaloid physostigmine, also opium, 
 muscarine, etc. They are used alternately with mydriatics to dis- 
 cover the presence of adhesions of the iris and break them down 
 when of recent occurrence. 
 
 DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATION 
 
 Are termed errhines and expectorants, besides pulmonary 
 tonics and sedatives, which will come under proper heads. 
 
 The respiratory nerve center of the group of ganglionic 
 cells controlling respiration, is situated in the medulla, posterior 
 to the vomiting center. 
 
 Errhines or Sternutatories. — When applied to the nostrils 
 cause irritation, sneezing and increased secretion; now not used, 
 but formerly used 'to expel by sneezing, foreign substances 
 lodged in the nostrils, sinuses or respiratory passages, as pow- 
 dered tobacco, veratrum, album., ipecac, etc. 
 
 Expectorants. — Are agents which modif}- the secretion of the 
 mucous membrane of the air passages, and promote its expulsion. 
 
 They are used in catarrhal affections of the air passages; 
 most of them when given in large doses cause vomiting, in those 
 animals that can vomit, and a notable depres.sion of the general 
 circulation. 
 
 They are divided into nauseating and stimulating expector- 
 ants. 
 
 Eobelia, Ipecac, andjaborandi are Nauseating, Expectorants. 
 In small doses they increase osmosis from the inflamed mucous 
 membrane. In large doses they cause vomiting (when possible) 
 
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VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA, 23 
 
 and the mechanical expulsion of mucous. They also increase secre- 
 tion, generalh', and lower blood pressure. 
 
 Stimulant Expectorants. — Are eliminated from the system 
 largely by the bronchial mucous membrane which they at the 
 same time stimulate, thus altering its secretion and facilitating 
 expectoration. They diminish secretion, generally, and increase 
 the blood pressure; they include the ammonia salts, benzoin, am- 
 moniac, squills, etc. 
 
 Respiratory Stimulants.— Exalt the function of the respira- 
 tory centers in the medulla, quickening and deepening the breath- 
 ing, as .str3xhnine, atropine, digitalis, ammonia, thebaine, etc. 
 
 Respiratory Depressants. — Lower the action of the respira- 
 tory center, rendering the respirations low and shallow. 
 
 They are chiefly' opium, in full do.ses, gel.semium, aconite, 
 veratrum, conium., chloral, ether, etc. 
 
 Pulmonary Sedatives. — Relieve cough and dy.spnoea by less- 
 ening the irritability, either of the respiratory center or of the 
 nerves of respiration. 
 
 Some act by direct depression of the respiratory center, as 
 the depressants above named, others by lessening local congestion, 
 as the expectorants, and others by lowering the excitability of 
 the vagus and organs in the lungs, and other nerve filaments 
 throughout the respiratory tract. 
 
 Such are opiiuii, hydrocyanic acid, belladonna, cannabis in- 
 dica, etc. 
 
 AGENTS ACTING OX THE CIRCULATION. 
 
 Cardiac Stimulants. — Rapidly increase the force and fre- 
 quency of the pulse in depressed conditions of the heart; alcohol 
 and ether .stimulate motor ganglia, phy.so.stigmine and camphor, 
 acting chiefly on the heart niu.scle. 
 
 Aq. ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, spts. ammonia arorn- 
 aticicus, chiefl}' .stimulate the vaso-motor centers. 
 
 Other stimulants are atropine, belladonna, morphine in small 
 doses, chloroform, turpentine, aromatic oils, counter-irritation, 
 nitro-glycerin, strophanthus and electricity. 
 
 Cardiac Tonics. — Act .slower than .stimulants, increa.se the 
 vigor of the heart muscle, slowing and lengthening the contrac- 
 tions, making the heart beat .slower, but more regular and stronger. 
 In large doses they cause irregular action of the heart and death 
 
24 NOTES ON 
 
 by syncope; digitalis and alkaloids, strophanthus, nux vomica, 
 strychnine, cimicifiiga, et. 
 
 Cardiac Sedatives. — Lessen the force and frequency of the 
 heart' s action, they act directly on cardiac plexus of nerves; aconite, 
 veratrum, antimony, acidum hydrocyanicum potassium salts, and 
 chloroform by inhalation. 
 
 Vascular Stimulants. — Dilate the peripheral vessels and in- 
 crea.se peripheral circulation, thus equalizing blood pressure and 
 preventing or relieving internal congestions. Arnica is the best; 
 next, ether and alcohol, which also stimulate action of the heart; 
 nitrous ether (nitrites), nitro-glycerin, liquor ammonia acetatis, 
 opium, ipecac, and heat applied locally. 
 
 Vascular Tonics. — Cause increa.sed contraction of capillaries 
 and arterioles; they stimulate the vaso-motor nerves, thus raise 
 blood pressure and promote out-flow and ab.sorption of lymph, as 
 ergot, digitalis, iron, hamamelis, cold, etc. 
 
 Vascular Sedatives. — Contract blood ves.sels, lessen the flow^ 
 of blood through them and thus limit local inflammation and 
 arrest hemorrhage; ergot, lead acetate, opium, cold, etc. 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON DIGESTIVE TRACT; ON SALIVARY GLANDS. 
 
 Sialagogues. — Promote secretion and flow of saliva and buccal 
 mucous. Some act by reflex stimulation, as the acids alkalies, 
 mustard, ginger, and other pungent substances, nauseants also 
 act reflexh' from the stomach, these are termed topical sialagogues. 
 
 General Sialagogues. — Influence the glands through their 
 nerves, as pilocarpus, pot. iod., mercury, etc. 
 
 Antisialagogues. — Diminish salivarj' secretion. Atropine acts 
 by paralyzing the terminal filaments of the secretory nerves, borax 
 and potassium chlorate lessen it by relieving irritation, opium and 
 morphine, by diminishing irritability of nerve centers. 
 
 Refrigerants. — Give a sensation of coolness and thereby allay 
 thirst; as vegetable and mineral acids well diluted, cold water, 
 etc. 
 
 On the Stomach. — Ant-acids or alkalies are u.sed to correct 
 acidity of stomach, urine or blood. 
 
 Stomachics. — Or gastric tonics, aid gastric digestion and in- 
 crease the appetite; they act in different ways. 
 
 I. Some stimulate the production of juice, as the alkalies 
 before meals. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 25 
 
 2. Some stimulate local circulation, as the aromatic bitters, 
 and oils, alcohol, etc. 
 
 3. Several act by exciting the activity of the nervo-mus- 
 cular apparatus of the stomach; as nux-vomica, arsenic, hydras- 
 tis, dilute acids, etc. 
 
 The various digestive ferments, as pepsin, papoid, ingluvin, 
 pancreatin, etc., are adjuvants to digestion, and are u.seful to 
 supplement the gastric juice when deficient in quantity and 
 quality. 
 
 Emetics.— Agents which cause vomiting; are local, mechani- 
 cal, or irritant. Emetics are those which act by irritating the end 
 organs of the gastric, oesophageal or pharyngeal nerves, and cause 
 vomiting by reflex irritation of the vomiting center, as alum, mus- 
 tard, solution of salt, sulphate of zinc, tepid water, bitter in- 
 fusions, etc. 
 
 Systemic or General Emetics.— Act by direct irritation-- of the 
 vomiting center in the medulla, through the medium of the cir- 
 culation, the best of which is apo-morphia, also ipecac, emetine, 
 tartar emetic, senega, squills, etc. 
 
 Anti-Emetics or Gastric Sedatives. — Are agents which lessen 
 nausea and vomiting, some by a local sedative action upon the 
 end organs of the gastric nerves, called local gastric sedatives, 
 others b^- reducing the irritability of the vomiting center in the 
 medulla, called general sedatives, the principle of which is hydro- 
 cyanic acid, morphine bromides, amyl-nitrite, etc. 
 
 Local Gastric Sedatives. — -Opium, cocaine, alum, calomel, bis- 
 muth sub-nitrate, and carbolic acid well diluted. 
 
 AGEXTS ACTING ON THE INTESTINE.S. 
 
 Purgatives, carminatives, intevStinal astringents, etc. 
 Purgatives or Cathartics. — Increase intestinal evacuations 
 in one or more of three ways. 
 
 1. By accelerating peristaltic motion of the bowels. 
 
 2. By increased secretion from intestinal mucous membrane. 
 
 3. By limiting absorption of the intestinal fluids. 
 Purgatives are divided into Laxatives or Aperients, which 
 
 have the most moderate action, only .slightly increasing and soft- 
 ening evacuations, without causing irritation, as small do.ses of 
 oil, sulphur, green food, sulphates of soda and magnesia in small 
 doses. 
 
 Simple Purgatives. — Are more active than laxatives, and are 
 
26 NOTES ON 
 
 accompanied by some irritation; they cause more copious and 
 softened evacuations than laxatives; (in small d,oses they act as 
 laxatives). Large doses of oil, aloes, rhamnus, calomel, rhu- 
 barb, etc., act by stimulating peristalsis and secretion. 
 
 Drastic Purgatives. — Act far more severely than simple pur- 
 gatives; they greatly increase peristalsis and secretion, violently 
 stimulate intestinal contractions and cause griping; they promptly 
 produce copious, frequent fluid discharges, and in large doses 
 may cause serious intestinal irritation and inflammation; exam- 
 ples, croton oil, colocynth, elaterium, gamboge and podophyllin; 
 also aloes in large doses. 
 
 Saline Purgatives. — Excite increased secretion and prevent 
 re -absorption, thereb}- mechanically exciting peristaltic action. 
 
 They promote osmosis and cause free watery evacuations 
 in full do.ses, such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium, sul- 
 phate, citrate of magnesia, potassium, tartrate and bitartrate, 
 etc. ; secretion goes on until the fluid in the intestines becomes a 
 5 or 6 percent solution. 
 
 Hydragogue Purgatives. — Include the most active of the 
 drastic and saline purgatives. They remove a large amount of 
 water from the system; example, jalop, elaterium, .scammonv, 
 etc. 
 
 Cholagogue Purgatives. — Stimulate the flow of bile, causing 
 green colored or bilious stools, such as mercurial preparations, 
 podophyllin, aloes, etc. 
 
 U.se of Purgatives. — Are many and varied. 
 
 First, to remove undigested food; second, faeces; third, bile; 
 fourth, to remove poisons; fifth, worms; sixth, foreign bodies; 
 also, to reduce plethora and obesity , to allay skin irritation and 
 remove reflex paralysis, and throw off effete material. To 
 relieve and attract blood from other parts, as in congestion of 
 the brain and liver, to lower blood pressure, and relieve congested 
 vessels in general. 
 
 Saline purgatives are used to relieve dropsical conditions, 
 as ascites, hydro-thorax and general oedema. 
 
 Regarding purgatives in general for different animals; for 
 horses use the following prescription: 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 27 
 
 Rx Pulv. aloes 5 ^'- ^^ '^'"J* 
 
 Pulv. nuc. vomicEe 5 ^• 
 
 Pulv Gentian rad. 5 "• 
 
 Pul. Zingiber 3 ii. 
 M. Sig. Bolus. 
 
 For cattle, use sulphate of magnesia or soda and croton oil. 
 For pigs use epsoiii salts, 3 to 4 ozs. For dogs use buckthorn, 
 castor-oil, etc. 
 
 Carminatives. — Aid in the expulsion of gas from the intestines 
 and stomach, by increasing peristalsis, stimulating circulation 
 etc. The leading carminatives are capsicum, ginger, oils of 
 peppermint and cinnamon, aromatic spirits of ammonia, etc. 
 
 Intestinal Astringents. — Contract the vessels, diminish the 
 exudation therefrom, thereby lessening the fluidity of the 
 faecal discharges. They are used to overcome diarrhoea and act 
 in different ways. 
 
 1. Some, like opiinii, lessen excessive peri.stalsis. 
 
 2. Some, like ant-acids neutralize the acids which provoke 
 excessive peristalsis and .secretion. 
 
 3. Some, like salol, creosote, naphthalin or other antiseptics 
 and anti-ferments check fermentation and putrefaction and thus 
 arrest the form.ation of irritants. 
 
 4. Others, like tannin, or substances containing tannin, 
 coagulate albumen, and consequently dry up both discharge of 
 mucous and blood. 
 
 5. Others, like sulphate of iron and copper, conjoin anti- 
 septic and astringent actions. 
 
 6. Mineral acids, metallic salts, etc., act as tonics and are 
 indicated when bowels are in a relaxed and flabby condition. 
 
 AGENTS ACTING ON THE LIVER 
 
 Are hepatic stimulants and hepatic depressants. 
 
 Hepatic Stimulants. — Increa.se functional activity of the liver 
 cells, and the amount of bile .secreted, while the cholagogues re- 
 move the bile from the duodenum and prevent its re-ab.sorption 
 by the portal vessels. 
 
 The hepatic stimulants are, dilute nitro-muriatic acid, podo- 
 phyllin, phosphate of soda, calomel, aloes, colchicin, saline-pur- 
 gatives, etc. 
 
 Hepatic Depressants. — Lower functional activity of the liver, 
 by acting upon its functions, viz. : 
 
 Bile Production. — lycssened by opium, morphine, alcohol, 
 
28 NOTES ON 
 
 acetate of lead, gamboge and magnesium sulphate, and purgatives 
 lessen the production by lowering blood pressure in the liver. 
 
 The other functions are diminished by the same drugs. Pan- 
 creatic secretion is stimulated by ether. 
 
 Medicines which kill or expel worms are termed anthel- 
 mintics, VERMICIDES and VERMIFUGES. 
 
 Anthelmintics. — Kill or expel intestinal worms; they include 
 vermicides, which kill the worms, and vermifuges such as purga- 
 tives which, without necessarily killing, expel them. 
 
 The vermicides are: 
 
 I. For bots, a combination of aloes, asafoetida, turpentine 
 and ether (F. D. ). 
 
 2. For taenia or tape worms, areca nut, filix mas, kamala, 
 kous.so, pepo, pomegranate root bark, turpentine, chloroform, 
 and brayera, (called taenifuges). 
 
 3. For ascarides-lumbricoides or round worms, the above 
 tsenicides with santonin bitters, arsenic and strontium salts, spi- 
 gelia, calomel, etc. 
 
 4. For strongyli or thread worms (oxyuris vermicularis), 
 turpentine and essential oils, tannin and substances containing it, 
 with enemas of common salt, tr. chloride of iron, lime water, alum 
 or quassia. 
 
 5. For fluke worms (fa.sciola hepatica) infesting the liver 
 and gall-ducts of sheep and occasionally of cattle and other 
 animals, causing rot, give good food, plenty of common salt and 
 the soluble iron salts, general tonics and occasional physics, which 
 hasten the removal of flukes which have migrated into the in- 
 testines. 
 
 Keep the animal on good dry pasture. Always diet an animal 
 before treatment for worms. For worms in dogs, areca nut is 
 the best; male fern is the best for tape worm in man and dogs. 
 Santonin and turpentine for worms in horses, as: 
 R Santonin .sjrs. xx- 
 
 01 Terebinth '5 iij. 
 Aloes Barb. 3 '^'J- 
 
 01 Lini. Oj. 
 
 ni. 
 Sig. — Give at one dose. 
 
 MEDICINES ACTING ON THE SKIN 
 
 Are diaphoretics, sudorifics, and anhydrotics. 
 Diaphoretics and Sudorifics. — Increa.se the secretion of sweat,, 
 from the skin. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 29 
 
 The term sudorifics is applied to the more powerful diapho- 
 retics; they are divided into: 
 
 1. Simple Diaphoretics. — Those which enter the circula- 
 tion and stimulate the sudoriferous glands during their elimina- 
 tion, as jaborandi, liquor ammonia acetatis, spirits nitrous ether, 
 alcohol, salic}lates, etc. 
 
 2. Nauseating Diaphoretics. — Act by producing relaxation 
 and dilatation of the capillaries, as tartar emetic, ipecac, lobelia, 
 and hot water. 
 
 3. Refrigerant Diaphoretics. — Act by "reducing the force of 
 the circulation as, potassium and ammonium salts, aconite, ve- 
 ratrum, etc., by acting directly on the nerve centers in the spinal 
 cord, which excite sweating, as pilocarpine and nicotine. 
 
 Function of Skin. — Besides being protective, is to excrete 
 effete material from the system and secrete sweat and sebaceous 
 matter. 
 
 Sweat, as a whole contains 1.3 par cent solids, one-fourth of 
 which is chloride of sodium, inorganic matter, and three- fourths 
 organic matter, consisting chiefly of fats, fatty acids, and about 
 one-tenth of urea; these are held in solution in the liquid. 
 
 The functions of the skin besides protecting, then , is first to 
 eliminate from the system effete material; second, and most im- 
 portant, to regulate the temperature of the body b}- the secre- 
 tion of sweat, and in some pathological ca.ses it is used to relieve 
 diseased kidneys. 
 
 Use of Diaphoretics. — First to restore checked cutaneous se- 
 cretion; second, to increase it and hence equalize irregularities of 
 the circulation; third, to counteract congestions of internal or- 
 gans by attracting blood to the surface; fourth, to lower exalted 
 temperature by evaporation of sweat and eliminatign of efifete 
 material; fifth, to remove injurious wtiste products which accum- 
 ulate excessively in febrile, inflammatory and rheumatic dis- 
 orders; this means being especially valuable when the eleminat- 
 ing functions of the kidne^-s, bowels or pulmonary membranes 
 are impaired. In such cases, the skin performs a vicarious duty 
 in excreting wa.ste matter, usually eliminated by the other chan- 
 nels. Diaphoretics are very useful in cutting short chills, colds 
 and simple febrile attacks, or aborting diseases that might follow 
 chills. When skin excretion is increased, that of the kidneys is 
 lessened, and vice versa. 
 
30 NOTES ON 
 
 Anhj^drotics. — Agents which check or lessen the secretion of 
 the skin, first, by acting on the sweat glands themselves, by 
 lessening excitability of the secreting cells or of the secreting 
 nerves; second, on sweat centers by lessening their excitability or 
 removing the excitation; third, on circulation by stimulating the 
 respiration center and relieving venous congestion which excites 
 sweating in weakness and disease; belladonna and atropine act 
 in this way; they also paralyze the ends of the secretory organs, 
 and act most effectively; agaracin is good, salt of zinc also. 
 
 MEDICINES ACTING ON THE URINARY ORGANS AND THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 Diuretics. — Are agents which increase the function of the 
 kidneys. The functions of the kidneys are, first, to remove ex- 
 cess of water; second, to excrete waste products; third, they re- 
 tain and re-absorb water. One function maybe stimulated with- 
 out the other; certain diuretics stimulate the excretion of water, 
 while others stimulate the excretion of the solid constituents. 
 
 Diuretics. — Are divided into direct and indirect. A direct 
 diuretic stimulates the renal cells, and an indirect diuretic acts 
 by augmenting blood pressure. 
 
 1. Refrigerant Diuretics. — Tlio.se which act by reducing 
 the force of the circulation; as, water in large quantities, potas. 
 salts, especially acetate, bitartrate, chlorate, citrate and nitrate. 
 These also operate on the cells and increase the amount of solids 
 excreted. 
 
 2. Hydragogue Diuretics. — Largely increase the watery 
 constituents of the urine, and in general act by raising arterial 
 pressure, either general throughout the body or locally in the 
 kidneys. 
 
 This is accomplished in two ways — directly and indirectly; 
 indirectly, by increasing heart's action; directly, by contracting 
 efferent vessels so as to raise the pressure in the glomerulia and 
 dilate the afferent vessels. This is done by colchicum, digitalis, 
 nitrous ether, strophanthus and alcohol. 
 
 3. Stimulant Diuretics. — Are largely eliminated by the kid^ 
 neys and act upon the entire genito-urinary mucous membrane by 
 local irritation, and in excessive doses may excite inflammation 
 and symptoms of a violent character, as strangury, bloody 
 urine, etc. (all this group should be used with caution) canthar- 
 ides, turpentine, juniper, uvaursi, buchu, savin, copaiba and hy- 
 drangea; these act on the secreting cells of the tubules. 
 
\^ETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 31 
 
 Diuretics are Used. — First, to increase the proportion of 
 water in the urine, thus preventing" deposits of soHds in the kid- 
 neys or bladder and mechanically washing them out when formed 
 or in other words to dilute the urine; second, to expel waste prod- 
 ucts and poisonous material from the system, as in febrile or 
 rheumatic disorders, or where kidneys are acting tardil}-; third, to 
 remove excess of fluid from the tissues or serous cavities, as in 
 dropsy of the chest and abdomen, oedema of legs, etc., this ex- 
 cess of fluid (.serum) may be due todi.sea.se of the heart, kidneN"s, 
 liver, and as a result of inflammation of a part; fourth to over- 
 come an acid condition of urine, in which give saline diuretics. 
 In herbivorous animals the urine is alkaline, in carnivorous it is 
 acid in reaction. 
 
 Renal Depressants. — Lessen secretion of urine; the best one 
 used to overcome diabetes, is a combination of iodine, iron, mor- 
 phine, etc. 
 
 Diuretics and diaphoretics should be used in all fever mix- 
 tures. 
 
 MEDICINES ACTING ON THE BLADDER. 
 
 lyithontriptics, antilithics, urinary sedatives, tonics and as- 
 tringents. The nerve center controlling the bladder is situated 
 in the lumbar region of the spinal cord, with a presiding center 
 in the brain, which may be .set in action either voluntarily or re- 
 flexly. 
 
 Lithontriptics. — Dissolve when formed; and antilithics pre- 
 vent the deposit of solids in the urinary organs. Lithia and 
 potassium salts dis.solve uric acid, and oxalate of lime calculi, 
 found in acid urine, and phosphatic calculi are best di.s.solved with 
 benzoic acid and the salicylates in alkaline urine. 
 
 Vesical and Urinary Sedatives. — Uessen irritability of the 
 bladder and urinary pa.ssages and thus remove pain and straining. 
 
 Diluents, such as lin.seed tea or other mucilaginous drinks 
 are often serviceable; also hot water, hot cloths and cannabis 
 indica. Irritability of nerve centers may be controlled b}- opium, 
 belladonna and hyo.scyamus. 
 
 Chronic inflammation is relieved by such astringents as uva 
 ursi, buchu, etc. 
 
 Vesical and Urinarv Tonics. — Increase the contractility of 
 the involuntarv muscular walls of the bladder and ducts. 
 
32 NOTES ON 
 
 1. Those like potassium bromide, strengthen the detrusor 
 (ejecting) muscles and prevent retention. 
 
 2. Those like strychnine and cantharides, strengthen the 
 sphincter vesicae and thus prevent involuntary escape of the 
 urine. 
 
 Belladonna acts upon the regulating nerve centers and les- 
 sens their sensibility. 
 
 MEDICINES ACTING ON ORGANS OF GENERATION AND THE 
 MAMMARY GLANDS. 
 
 On Generative Organs. — Aphrodisiacs, anaphrodisiacs, ec- 
 bolics and emmenagogues, uterine depressants, uterine tonics 
 and alteratives. 
 
 Aphrodisiacs. — Stimulate the sexual appetite and function, 
 by direct or reflex action on the genital centers in the brain and 
 cord, as nux vomica, strychnine, cannabis indica, cantharides, 
 phosphorus, alcohol, ergot, and general tonics. 
 
 Anaphrodisiacs. — Diminish sexual desire and lower the func- 
 tional power of the sexual organs either by depressing the spe- 
 cial nervous apparatus, or by decreasing the local circulation; ex- 
 amples, tobacco, cocaine, belladonna, gelsem., camphor, mono- 
 bromate of camphor, bromides, iodides, local cold, cocaine lo- 
 cally, drop 4 per cent solution on glands. 
 
 Emmenagogues. — Restore the menstrual functions and are 
 divided into: 
 
 1. Direct, which stimulates the uterine muscular fibres and 
 are ecbolic in large doses, as ergot, rue, savine, potas.sium-per- 
 mangate, etc. 
 
 2. Indirect or tonic, which improves and tones up the blood 
 and nervous S3'stem. This is done by iron, manganese, strj-ch- 
 nine, cinnamon and other tonics. 
 
 Ecbolics or Ox3'tocics. — Agents which produce abortions by 
 stimulating the pregnant uterus to contract upon its contents; 
 supposed to be by direct irritation upon the center in the cord; this 
 is produced by ergot, ustilago, savine, oil of rue, pilocarpine, 
 violent or irritant purgatives, tansy, pennyroyal, etc. 
 
 Uterine Depressants. — Lower the activit}^ of the nervo-mu.scu- 
 lar apparatus b}^ controlling uterine contraction, the chief of which 
 are, opium, morphine, cannabis indica, bromides and chloroform 
 (but not ether). Viburnum prunifolium is a good tonic in regular 
 aborting animals. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 33 
 
 Uterine Tonics and Alteratives. — Improve the vigor and re- 
 move morbid conditions of the uterus, viburnum prunifohum, 
 helonias diocia, savine, in small doses, local astringents, cimici- 
 fuga, electricity, etc. 
 
 On Mammary Glands. — Galactagogues increase lacteal se- 
 cretion. Jaborandi is the best, castor-oil locally, potassium chlor- 
 ate, milk, beer, tonics, massage, etc., act beneficially. 
 
 Galactophyga arrest secretion of milk. The best is bella- 
 donna or atropia applied externally, spirits camphor, potassium 
 iodide, tannin, etc., but do not use balladonna both internally and 
 externalh' at the same time on a dog, as a dog's skin absorbs too 
 fast. 
 
 REMEDIES ACTING ON TISSUE CHANGES. 
 
 Include restoratives, tonics, haematinics, alteratives, antip}-- 
 retics, antiphlogistics, deobstruents and resolvents. 
 
 Restoratives — Promote constructive metamorphosis and in- 
 clude food, water, stimulants and the different classes of 
 tonics; they also prevent rapid waste. 
 
 Haematinics or Blood Tonics. — Increase the quantity of 
 hsematin or coloring matter in the bleed, enrich its red cor- 
 puscles and thus restore the cjuality of the blood; the iron and 
 manganese compounds are chiefly used for this purpose. 
 
 Alteratives. — Are medicines which alter the process of nu- 
 trition and excretion, restoring the normal functions of an organ, 
 or of the sy.stem; mercury, iodine and arsenic are the principal 
 alteratives. 
 
 Deobstruents. — A medicine that removes functional obstruc- 
 tion from the body, as the purgatives. 
 
 Resolvents or Discutients. — Are agents which cause the solu- 
 tion, absorption and elimination of morbid products by stimulat- 
 ing the lymphatic S3'stem; the.se are properly a subdivision of 
 alteratives. 
 
 Antipyretics. — Are agents which reduce high temperature of 
 the blood, either by controlling oxidation or increasing the loss of 
 heat. 
 
 Bleeding. — If 5'ou bleed at all, bleed until the pulse runs 
 down. 
 
 Antiphlogistics. — Include all measures and medicines which 
 educe inflammation either local or general. 
 
34 NOTES ON 
 
 POISONS AND ANTIDOTES. 
 
 Antidotes. — Are agents which counteract the effects of a 
 poison and render it inert. — They are divided into: 
 
 1. Chemical, which change the composition of the drug. 
 
 2. Mechanical, which surround the drug, preventing its ab- 
 sorption, or protecting the tissues from its action. 
 
 3. Physiological, drugs administered with a directly opposite 
 action to that of the poi.son, to antagonize its action, viz. : 
 
 1. For iodine we would give .starch, which would form 
 the iodide of starch, this is insoluble and inert. Give acids for 
 alkalies and vice versa; examples of chemical antidote. 
 
 2. For corro.sive drugs such as corrosive sublimate and other 
 metallic and corrosive drugs, give white of eggs or any demulcent, 
 wash out .stomach, etc.; examples of mechanical antidote. 
 
 3. Examples of physiological antidotes, for strychnine, give 
 chloral hydrate, for aconite give digitalis and other heart stimu- 
 lants, for digitalis give aconite, tannin, etc. 
 
 Tannin is the great antidote for vegetable poi.sons, it pre- 
 cipitates their active principles and forms the tannate of the re- 
 spective alkaloids, rendering it insoluble and thus more or less in- 
 ocuous, this should be followed by lin.seed oil to remove it, for 
 the atiimal that can vomit, give an emetic and follow with the 
 physiological antidote to combat the poi.son which ma}^ have been 
 absorbed. 
 
 For Poi.sonous Gas. — Fresh air, inhalations of .steam, artificial 
 respiration, together with .stimulants and intravenous injections 
 of ammonia. 
 
 ANTAGONISTS AND INCOMPATIBLES. 
 
 Antagoni.sts. — Are agents which counteract each other. 
 
 Incompatibles. — That relation between medicines which 
 renders their admixture unsuitable, this ma}' be either chemical, 
 phy.siological or pharmaceutical. 
 
 Chemical. — Reaction between drugs, resulting in new com- 
 pounds. 
 
 Ph3'.siological. — When a drug opposes the action of another. 
 
 Pharmaceutical. — When an unsightly mixture results. 
 
 1. vStimulants antagonized by sedatives, alkalies and acids. 
 
 2. Never combine free acids with carbonates or hydrates. 
 
 3. Strong acids displace weaker ones, and .should always be 
 used alone. Two or more soluble salts should in general not be 
 
VETERINARY IMATERIA MEDICA. 35 
 
 combined, they may form new compounds with different ]>rop- 
 erties. 
 
 4. Alkalies neutralize free acids, they displace weak or vola- 
 tile bases of salts in solution. 
 
 5. Oxides of alkalies decompose the metallic salts, also alka- 
 line salts. 
 
 6. Alkaloids in solution are precipitated by alkalies, bv 
 alkaline salts, by salts that produce insoluble compounds, by tan- 
 nic acid, by gallic acid and vegetable substances containing them. 
 
 Remember that because a mixture is clear, it does not 
 follow that no incompatibility or reaction has taken place; as 
 siibstances in .solution may be displaced without precipitation, the 
 new product may be .soluble in the solution. 
 
 7. Corrosive sublimate and potassium iodide should be pre- 
 scribed alone; acetate of lead, subacetate of lead and nitrate of 
 silver also, except the latter may be combined with opium. 
 
 It is best to prescribe the following alone except when the 
 result of the combination is definitely known; svilphuric acid, 
 hydrochloric acid, liN-drocyanic acid, tannic acid, lime-water, tr. 
 ferri. chloride, syr., iod. of iron, citrate of iron and quinine, tr. 
 guaiac, salts of morphine, except with the alkaloids, Fowler's solu- 
 tion, and acetate of zinc. 
 
 8. Never order a drug in combination with any of its tests 
 or antidotes. 
 
 9. Never mix mineral acids with alcohol, they form ethers 
 .similar to chloroform. 
 
 10. Alcohol or water added to a tincture or fluid extract will 
 throw it out of .solution, but not necessarily prevent the physi- 
 ological action. 
 
 11. Never mix glucosides as santonin, colocythin, etc., with 
 free acids, or with a substance containing emulsin, as these agents 
 will decompose it. 
 
 12. Corrosive sublimate is incompatible with alnio.st every- 
 thing, even compound syrup of sarsaparilla is said to decompose it. 
 
 13. Iodide of potash decomposes mo.st of the metallic .salts; 
 it is best administered alone. 
 
 14. Nitrate of silver, acetate and the subacetate of 
 lead are incompatible with almo.st everything, but may be com- 
 bined with opium, which though chemically incompatible, is 
 therapeutically active as an astringent and anodN^ne. 
 
36 NOTES OX 
 
 15. Tannic acid and gallic acid and substances containing 
 them, as the astringent bitters, precipitate albumen, alkaloids 
 and most soluble metallic salts. 
 
 16. Iodine and the soluble iodides are incompatible with 
 the alkaloids and substances containing them, also with most me- 
 tallic salts. 
 
 17. Poisonous compounds may be formed by mixing iodide 
 of potash or syrup of iodide of iron with chlorate of potash. 
 
 Potassium cyanide or dilute hydrocyanic acid, with calomel, 
 bismuth salts, metallic hydrates, carbonates, subnitrates or sub- 
 chlorides, form the poisonous cyanides. Never combine hydro- 
 chloric acid and calomel as corrosive sublimate will be formed. 
 
 18. Explosive compounds result from mixing powerful oxi- 
 dizing agents with others which are readily oxidized. 
 
 Chief are as follows: 
 
 Oxidizers. — Nitric and chromic acids, hj-drochloric acid, 
 nitro-hydrochloric acid, potassium chlorate, potassium per- 
 manganate, iodates, nitrates, bichromates, and chlorates. 
 
 Oxidizable or Combustible. — Glycerin, sugar, alcohols, oils, 
 charcoal, ethers, sulphur, and sulphites, dr}- organic substances, 
 phosphorus, iodine and turpentine. Nitrate of silver and creosote 
 when mixed explode, also potassium chlorate and tannic or gallic 
 acids, bromine and alcohol, alcohol and muriate of ammonia. 
 
 Re.sinous Tinctures or Fluid Extracts. — Are pharmaceut- 
 ically incompatible with aqueous solutions, they are thrown out of 
 solution. 
 
 Alcoholic Tinctures. — Are made with diluted alcohol or 
 watery solutions. 
 
 Infusions are generally made with metallic salts. Chloral and 
 alkalies form chloroform. 
 
 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
 
 A Simple Prescription. — Is one that contains one drug only. 
 A Complex Prescription. — Consists of several drugs: 
 
 1. The basis or principal active ingredient (curer). 
 
 2. The adjuvant or that which assists in action (helper). 
 
 3. Corrigens or that which corrects its operation ( correcter). 
 
 4. Constituents. —Vehicle of excipient, to give it an agreea- 
 ble form (former). 
 
 Thus the object of every prescription is to cure quickly, 
 safely and pleasantly. 
 
VETERIXARY AIATERIA MEDICA. 37 
 
 Superscription. — Name of party, date and the sign ^. 
 
 Inscription. — Consists of the above subdivisions. 
 
 Subscriptions. — Directions to the compounder, directions for 
 administration of medicine, followed by the name of the pre- 
 scriber. Signature. 
 
 Write ingredients in Latin, and usually in the genitive case. 
 When large dose is prescribed, underline or put after quantity. 
 Don't write a prescription from memory; know the individual 
 <io.se and action of ever}' drug. 
 
 Abbreviations, words and phrases used in prescription writ- 
 ing: 
 
 ^ means take thou. Fiat, make. Bol. Bolus, large pill. 
 M. Misce, mix. V. O. S., Vitello ovisolutus, dissolved 
 
 Et. means and. in the yolk of an egg. 
 
 Sig. Signa, liable, or write thus. Div., divide. 
 
 Numerus, number. Ft., fiat, make. 
 
 O. Octarius, a pint. Gtt. Guttae, drops. 
 
 C. or Cong., Congius, gallon. Inj.. injectio, an injection. 
 
 Ten, thrice. M. ft., mistura fiat; let a mixture be 
 
 Dies., diem, day. made. 
 
 •Q. S., Quantum sufficiat. Sufficient Pil., Pilula; pill. 
 
 quantity. Destil, Destilla; distill. 
 
 Ad., add, to make. Elect, Electuarum; an electuary. 
 
 Bene, well. F. pil.. Fiat pilula-, make pills, 
 
 q. s. ad. quantity sufficient to make In. d.. In. die.; daily. 
 
 certain amount. Liq., liquor, a solution. 
 
 Q. h., quaqua-hora, every hour. Pulv., Pulvis; powder, 
 
 aa. ana. Of each. FL, fluidus, fluid, 
 
 ad. lib., ad. libitum. To take at M., Minim, S. Semis, means half. 
 
 liberty and as much as desired. S.S.Semi or Semissis means one-half. 
 B. I. D., Bis in die. Twice daily. Cum, with. 
 T. I. D., or T. D., 3 times daily, Ter Stat., statim, immediately. 
 
 in die. Cola, strain. 
 
 Q. D., quater in die; 4 times daily. Filtra, filter. 
 P. Be., Partes tequales, equal parts. 
 
 5 Drachm, dram. [3 Scruple. 5 Uncia, ounce. 
 
 Remember, don't give too large a dose. 
 
 1 . Prescribe as few remedies as possible. 
 
 2. Prescribe no drug without knowing fully its action and 
 how it acts. 
 
 3. Be careful that your prescription is correct and written 
 plainly. 
 
 4. Be careful of abbreviations. 
 
 5. A maximum dose is the largest dose that it is safe to 
 give. A minimum dose is the smallest dose which will produce 
 the physiological action. If you are not sure of the dose, put 
 
38 NOTES ON 
 
 down a small quantity instead of a large one; and always tliink 
 of antagonists and inconipatibles. 
 
 Abbreviations that may be mistaken: 
 
 Amnion, may mean ammonia or ammoniacum. 
 
 Ac. hydroc. may mean ac. hydrochloricum, or h^'drocyani- 
 cum. 
 
 Chlof. may mean chloral, chlorum, or chloroformnm. 
 
 Hyd-chlor. may mean hydrate of chloral, or hydrargyri 
 chloridum. 
 
 Snip, may mean sulphur, sulphas, sulphidum, or sulphitum. 
 Zinc-phos. ma}' mean zinci phosphas, or zinc pho.sphidum. 
 These words .should always be spelled out in full to avoid 
 mistakes. 
 
 In prescribing always take into con.sideration the size, age, 
 species, race, habit, temperament, idiosyncrasy, disea.se and cli- 
 mate in apportioning the dose of agents. 
 
 The dose of most fid. exts. for a horse is about i dr. That 
 excepts the powerful poisons, such as aconite. 
 
 The dose of most powdered drugs is about i drachm, except 
 the alkaloids. 
 
 The dose of trs., except the poisons, about i oz. 
 
 The hypodermic dose is about one- half the amount that i.s 
 given by the mouth. 
 
 The dose per rectum is about twice as much as by the mouth. 
 
 Doses. — One-half as much again for cattle as for horses; 
 one-half as much again for sheep andgoats as pigs; one half as 
 much for cats as dogs. Honses, i; cattle, 1^2; sheep and 
 goats, I; pigs, ^; dogs, iV, ; cats, h. 
 
 Dogs take about the same dose as the human, but, consider 
 the size of the dog. 
 
 Pigs twice as much as the human. 
 
 Sheep and goats three times as much. 
 
 Horses 16 times as much. 
 
 A teaspoonful represents about 3^- A dessert spoon, 
 7) "• A table spoon, about 5 ^s. A wine glass full, S "• Coffee 
 cup, .S V. 
 
VETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. 39 
 
 Tables for regulating the dose for young animals: 
 
 HORSES. SHEEP. 
 
 3 years old and upward, i part. 2 years old and upward, i part. 
 
 From i^^ yrs. old to 3 yrs., li part. From i to 2 years old, \ part. 
 
 From 9 to iS months old, !^ part. From 5 to i year, \ part. 
 
 From 4 V2 to 9 months old, 's part. From 3 to 6 months, "s part. 
 
 From I to 4i months old, iV; part. From i to 3 mouths, ,',; part, 
 
 CATTLE- PIGS. 
 
 2 years old and upward, i part. I5 years and upward, i part. 
 
 From T to 2 years old, \ part. From 9 to 18 months old, I part. 
 
 From i to I year, % part. From 47'; to 9 months, \ part. 
 
 From 3 to 6 months, 's part. From 2\ to 4^ months, \ part. 
 
 From I to 3 months, ,\; part. From i to 2 months, i^ part. 
 
 DOGS. 
 
 From i to I year old, i part From 20 to 45 days, 's part. 
 
 From 3 to 6 months, \ part. From 10 to 20 days, ^^ part. 
 From li^ to 3 months, \ part. 
 
 ACTIONS AND USES OF REMEDIAL AGENTS — RE.STORATIVES. 
 
 Regarding Food for Sick Animals. — When a sick horse re- 
 fuses food, he will often drink milk and eggs. U.se about one 
 gallon of milk and one dozen of eggs beaten together, but with- 
 hold water from him so he will drink it, as the milk will act as 
 water and food both. If he will not drink it, drench it down 
 him. Oat meal gruel and whisky, scalded oats salted; green 
 food when in season may be given. 
 
 For sick dogs give bismuth to settle the stomach; eggs and 
 beef tea peptonized for nourishment. 
 
 Food for Xtxy Young Puppies. — Give equal parts of cow's 
 milk and aqua calcis, sweetened a little. Never give clear milk 
 alone to very young puppies, as their digestive organs get dis- 
 ordered, possibh- causing their death; let them nurse from a 
 bottle. As they get older lessen the quantity of lime-water. 
 
 Always water a horse from 15 to 20 minutes before feeding; 
 likewise feed hay before grain, for if fed grain first the water mav 
 sweep the grain from the stomach before it is digested and cause 
 acute indigestion. 
 
 Grain is digested in the stomach and hay in the intestines. 
 
 AouA Destillata — Distilled Water. — Water freed from its 
 organic and inorganic impurities. This alone is official. 
 
 Aq. Fluvialis, river water. 
 
 Aq. Fontana, well or spring water. 
 
 Aq. Bueliens, boiling water. 
 
 Aq. Communis, common water. 
 
 Aq. Fervens, hot water. 
 
 Aq. Marina, sea water. 
 
 Aq. Pluvialis, rain water. 
 
40 NOTES ON 
 
 Diseases are frequently conveyed by water. Typhoid fever, 
 epizootic disease, larval stages of worms, diphtheria, etc. 
 
 Water will be considered only when used as a remedial 
 agent. 
 
 Internally. — I. Water is a necessary constituent of all 
 tissues. 
 
 2. A certain amount is necessary to the digestive process. 
 
 3. Excessive quantity impairs digestion by weakening the 
 gastric juices, therefore water one-half hour before feeding. 
 
 4. Water too cold impairs digestion and brings on conges- 
 tion. 
 
 5. Water is a natural diuretic, flushing the kidne3"s as it 
 were, and should be allowed freel}' to a feverish patient. 
 
 6. It also dilutes the fseces and other fluids of the body, 
 increases perspiration, and acts as a stimulant. 
 
 Physiological Effects of Water — External. — In applying 
 water externally the temperature must be considered. 
 
 Effects of Cold Water. — Cold water abstracts heat from the 
 surface of the body and affects the condition of the internal or- 
 gans through the nervous system. 
 
 Cold water finst contracts then dilates the blood vessels. 
 
 Effects of Warm Water, Externally.— Dilates blood vessels 
 and diminishes the tension, soothes irritable nerves by a direct 
 action, also by removing the blood pressure. 
 
 Summary. — Water internally, is: 
 
 I. Stimulant; 2, restorative; 3, diuretic; 4, diaphoretic; 5, 
 diluent; 6, antipyretic; 7, laxative; 8, In vomiting animals, water 
 is an emetic. 
 
 External. — Cold is: 
 
 I. Astringent; 2, Stimulant; 3, antiphlogistic. 
 
 Externall5^ — Hot water is anodyne, verj'hot is a styptic, re- 
 moves congestion and pain by increased flow of blood, which it 
 does by dilating capillaries and other blood vessels. 
 
 Methods of Applj'ing Water. - For horses use sponging, 
 fomentations, wet pack, soaking tub, sweat bandage, etc., and 
 hip or sitz bath for dogs. 
 
 Therapy.— I, For sprains use hot water; 2, bruises, hot; 3, 
 cleansing wounds, hot; 4, azoturia, hot; 5, congestion of kidneys, 
 hot; 6, brain trouble, hot and cold alternately; 7, metritis, hot; 8, 
 haemorrhage or strangulated hernia, ice water; 9, for rectal ene- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A 4 1 
 
 mas or injections, alwaj'S use warm water; lo, laminitis, use hot 
 and cold water alternately to stimulate the circulation, as the 
 cold water contracts and the hot water dilates, consequently will 
 relieve the foot of the congested blood, and follow' with hot poul- 
 tices of flax seed meal; ii, nail wounds in the foot should always 
 be soaked in hot antiseptic water, as hot as the animal can bear, 
 and then follow with an antiseptic poultice; 12, hot wet blankets 
 for bowel and chest troubles; 13, for uterine haemorrhage, ice water 
 in the uterus and over the loins; for thermic fever, cold water 
 over head and neck and occasionally over entire body. 
 DIGESTIVE FERMENTS. 
 
 Pepsina — Pepsin. — A digestive ferment obtained from the 
 pig's stomach. 
 
 Properties — A fine white or yellowish white amorphous 
 (formless) powder, pale yellowish or yellowish transparent scales 
 or grains free from offensive odor, having a mildl}' acidulous or 
 slightly saline taste, followed by a slight bitter taste. 
 
 Soluble in about 100 parts water, but more soluble in water 
 acidulated with hydrochloric acid, which adds to its digestive 
 power. If heated in solution to 212 degrees F. it lo.ses its diges- 
 tive power. 
 
 Preparations. — There are a number of pharmaceutical prepa- 
 rations, but the pure pepsin is the only one of value, and the 
 liquor pepsini is useful in dog practice. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and the mineral 
 salts precipitate pepsin from solution; tannic and gallic acids, 
 creosote, etc., are incompatibles. Alcohol and all alcoholic liquors 
 destroy the activity of pepsin. 
 
 Synergists, lactic, hydrochloric, acetic, citric and malic acids 
 promote the digestive activity of pepsin. 
 
 Physiological Effects. — Pepsin dissolves proteids and con- 
 verts them into peptones, but does not affect fats or starch. One 
 grain of pepsin will dissolve about 2000 grains of albumen. 
 
 Its value then is limited to young herbivorous animals while 
 living on milk, as dogs. It should be given along with or after 
 meals. Hydrochloric acid does more good than pepsin in our 
 adult patients. 
 
 Therapy. - For young herbivorous animals or dogs suffering 
 from indigestion in any of its forms, (pot-bellied, diarrhoea, long, 
 shaggy coat, or constipation, etc.), pepsin is indicated. 
 
42 NOTES ON 
 
 Dose. — For foals and calves, lo grains to one dram. For 
 dogs, I to lo grains of the golden scale pepsin. Liquor pepsin 
 for dogs, I to 2 drachms. 
 
 For indigestion in. .suckling calves or colts: 
 
 I^ Pepsi ni puri. ^ ss 
 
 Acidi hydrochlorici diluti. 5 jss 
 Aq. qs. ad. ^ xij 
 
 in. 
 Sig. — One oz. in 2 pint water after meals. 
 
 Allied Drugs — Pancreatin. — From the pancreas of ani- 
 mals; digests albuminoids, converts starch and glucose into sugar, 
 hence is better for our animals; acts only in presence of alkalies, 
 it converts albumen into peptones, emulsifies and saponifies fats. 
 Best administered about three hours after feeding, as the acid of 
 the stomach destroys its action. Dogs take from 4 to 10 grs. 
 
 Ingluvin. — Is prepared from the gizzard of the domestic 
 fowl, and owes its digestive action to its bitter principle; it is 
 u.sed in vomiting of pregnancy. For women 10 to 30 grains, 
 and in proportionate doses for dogs. 
 
 Papain-Papayotin. — This is obtained from the papaw or 
 carica papaya tree of the tropics. As it is taken from .the tree it 
 is too powerful a digestive to be given internally, but a prepara- 
 tion of it is called Papoid or Papain. It is .soluble in water, 
 and is given in i to 5 gr. doses for the human. Foals and calves 
 would take 5 to 30 grs., and dogs i to 5 grains. It can also be 
 given to horses. It acts equally well whether in presence of an 
 acid or alkali, and its action is continued into the intestines. It 
 digests all kinds of food, and is undoubtedl}- the best of the arti- 
 ficial digestive ferments for our animals.' 
 
 A 5 to 10 per cent solution, or }4 to i dr. to the i oz. of 
 water is used to dissolve diphtheritic false membranes. It is 
 also introduced into tumors and cancers for the purpo.se of di- 
 gesting them. Sometimes it is used in fistulous withers in the 
 above strength. It is known as vegetable pepsin. It converts 
 albuminoids into peptones, starch into maltose; and emulsifies 
 fats. 
 
 AciDUM lyACTicuM, Lactic Acid — Properties. — A syrup 
 liquid containing 75 per cent of absolute lactic acid, pale wine 
 color, and mixes in all proportions in water, alcohol and ether. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and mineral salts. 
 
 Synergist. — Pepsin, vegetable acids, hydrochloric acid, etc. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 43 
 
 The dose for colts is 15 to 60 Ms.; calves, 3^^ to 5Jss; for clogs, 
 5 to 20 Ms. 
 
 Physiological Action. — Aids digestion, promotes appetite. 
 Large doses cause pain and flatulence; when lactic acid is in ex- 
 cess in the blood it is supposed to cause rheumatism; if admin- 
 istered during diabetes will cause rheumatism. 
 
 Therapy. — Used in all forms of dyspepsia, is a solvent of 
 false membranes, is frequently prescribed with pepsin and used in 
 most forms of indigestion. Also used in diabetes. 
 
 MINERAL ACIDS. 
 
 AcidumSulphuricum, Sulphuric Acid. — Oil of vitriol, con- 
 tains 92. 5. per cent of absolute sulphuric acid. Colorless, oily liquid, 
 odorless, has a great affinity for water and albumen. Mixing 
 with water it evolves great heat. It is one of the strongest min- 
 eral acids, decomposes and chars all organic substances, stains 
 the tissues black, (carbonizes); therefore you can always tell 
 when a horse has been poisoned with sulphuric acid. 
 
 ACIDUM SUDPHURICUM DiLUTUM, DILUTE SULPHURIC AciD. 
 
 — Contains 10 per cent of official acid. (Always order the chem- 
 ically pure acids. ) 
 
 Doses. — Horses, 2 drs. to i oz., according to purpose. Av- 
 erage dose, 3^^- Cattle -I to 4 ozs. Pigs — }i> to 2 drs. Sheep 
 — I dr. to i_. oz. Dogs — 3 to 30 M. 
 
 AciDUM SuLPHURicuM Aromaticum. — Aromatic sulphuric 
 acid or elixir of vitriol, composed of sulphuric acid 100 parts, 
 tincture of ginger 50 parts, oil of cinnamon i part, alcohol to 
 make 1000 parts. 
 
 Doses. — Horses, y^ to 2 ozs. ; foals, 2 to 6 drs. ; pigs, i dr. to 
 yo oz.; calves, 2 drs. to i oz. ; cattle, i to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 drs. to 
 ^4 oz. ; dogs, 5 m. to ]-z dr. 
 
 Alvvay give these acids diluted with 40 to 50 times their bulk 
 ■of water. This is the best form in which to use sulphuric acid. 
 
 Physiological Action. — It is a powerful caustic and eschar- 
 otic, carbonizes, turns tissues black. It is also when diluted an 
 astringent and antiseptic tonic, and in small doses an antidote 
 for alkaline poisons. It is eliminated by the kidneys, and lessens 
 the alkalinity of the urine. In the blood it is turned into sul- 
 phates and as such is eliminated; when diluted is astringent, both 
 locally and internall}-, and checks secretions. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibiles. — Alkalies and their car- 
 
44 NOTES ON 
 
 bonates, salts of lime and lead; antagonize all mineral acids, for 
 their action is the same. 
 
 Toxicology. — All mineral acids when swallowed in concen- 
 trated form, immediateh^ produce retching with vomiting, 
 in those that can vomit, the material vomited is acid, often dark, 
 viscid and bloody and contains shreds of mucous membrane, the 
 lips, mouth, and fauces are red, inflamed and swollen, stained 
 black if from sulphuric acid, yellow or tan if from nitric, and 
 whitish or pale yellow if from hydrochloric acid. From irritation 
 and swelling of the throat, breathing is difficult and death may 
 ensue from suffocation, great abdominal pain, rapidly increasing 
 prostration, and death in from i to 24 hours. Po.st-mortem ex- 
 amination will show the characteristic stains of the different acids, 
 erosions of mucous membrane which will also be soft, swollen and 
 inflamed, and possibly perforations of the stomach. 
 
 Death may be due to overcoming the alkalinity of the blood. 
 
 Antidotes. — Alkaline bicarbonates, chalk or carbonate of 
 magnesia, given in milk, in small quantities, at short intervals. 
 Demulcents are subsequently administered, such as oil, slippery- 
 elm tea, cream, etc. Trachaeotomy maj- have to be performed 
 where there is danger of death due to swelling of air passages. 
 
 For sulphuric acid poisoning, no icater should be given, but 
 white of eggs or oil with above alkalies in them. 
 
 Medicinal Uses. — Sulphuric acid is prescribed internalh^ as a 
 tonic and astringent, in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery, it is 
 usually given with tincture of opium, in flour or starch gruel, and 
 is given in purpura haemorrhagica with other tonics, such as cin- 
 chona, nux vomica, etc. 
 
 In ulcerated sore throat give about S^s to 5^ of the dilute acid 
 to a pint of water; it arrests excessive perspiration, corrects gastric 
 derangement and diarrhoea in milk feed animals and whey feed 
 pigs. Also use for haemorrhoids, and antidote for poisoning by 
 lead, carbolic acid, and alkalies. 
 
 For diarrhcea and dysentery: 
 R. Ac. Sulphuric Atom. 
 
 Tr. Opii. 
 
 Spts. Camph. aa. 5 vj. 
 m. Sig. — \\ ounce every :2 hours in \ pint flour gruel. 
 
 Local Uses. —To touch up ulcers, gangrene, remove warts^ 
 haemorrhoids, fungus growths, mild wash in itching skin disease, 
 'l- ounce, to water i pint. Sulphuric acid penetrates deeper into 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 45 
 
 the tissues than nitric acid; when used externally always grease 
 the surrounding space to prevent scalding the healthy parts and 
 removing the hair w^here it runs down. 
 
 ACIDUM HVDROCHLORICUM, HYDROCHLORIC AciD MURI- 
 ATIC Acid is the common name. — Properties; a liquid composed 
 of 31.9 per cent absolute hydrochloric acid, 68. i per cent water. 
 It is a fuming colorless liquid of a pungent suffocating odor, 
 an intensely acid taste and reaction. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum 10 
 per cent strength; acidum nitro-hydrochloricum or aqua regia, 
 full strength is composed of nitric acid 180 parts, and hydro- 
 chloric acid 820 parts. 
 
 Acid nitro-hydrochloricum dilutum or dilute nitro- 
 MURiATic acid has 40 parts of nitric acid, 180 parts hydrochloric 
 acid and 780 parts of distilled water. 
 
 Nitro-muriatic acid dilute, is a colorless or faintly yel- 
 low liquid, odorless or having a faint odor of chlorine, very acid 
 and reaction. Dose of the full strength is J2 to 2 drs. but is not 
 taste usually given in full strength. 
 
 Do.se of acidum hydrochloricum dilutum. — Horse, 2 drs, to i 
 oz. average ^3 oz; cattle, 3 drs. to 1^2 ozs; pigs, 10 to 30 Ms; 
 dogs, 3 to 20 Ms. 
 
 Dose of dilute nitro-hydrochloric acid. — Horse, 2 to 4 drs; 
 cattle, 3 to 6 drs; pigs, 10 to 20 Ms; dogs, 3 to 10 Ms. 
 
 These acids should be diluted with 40 to 50 times their bulk 
 with water. 
 
 Physiological Actions. - Corrosive and irritant in concentrated 
 doses, in medicinal do.ses are astringent, antiseptic, tonic, and 
 antidote for poisoning by alkalies. They stimulate the appetite 
 and digestion. They are excreted with the urine, diminish its 
 alkalinity. Topically, the.se acids are caustic. 
 
 The effect of hydrochloric acid on the secretions differs from 
 that of sulphuric and nitric acid. Sulphuric acid checks the .se- 
 cretions, while nitric acid increases it, but hydrochloric acid does 
 neither. Their tonic effects and antidotes are the same. 
 
 Therapy. — Hydrochloric acid is used in sore throat. It 
 quenches thirst by reflexly e\-oking .secretion of saliva, thus 
 moistening the mouth. lyike other acids it stimulates the mucous, 
 intestinal and other alkaline secretions. It is the special acid of 
 the gastric juice. It aids digestion and is principally u.sed for 
 
46 NOTES ON 
 
 this purpose. It overcomes acidity of stomach when administered 
 before meals, as evinced by animals licking walls, especialh- 
 white-washed walls, eating dirt, etc. It is useful to give young 
 calves or foals which are digesting their food in an indifferent 
 manner and scouring. Where there is an over secretion of acid 
 it should be given before meals. For other forms of indigestion 
 it is best given after feeding. It sometimes acts as a vermifuge, 
 especially with iron. It acts on the liver and is used in low 
 fevers. 
 
 Externally. —It is used on w^arts, as an antiseptic for wounds, 
 foot-rot in sheep, and. occasionally as a styptic. The dilute hy- 
 drochloric acid is very useful for dissolving diseased bones as in 
 cracked jaws; keep applying the acid until the loose fragment of 
 bones become loose enough to be removed either by the hand or 
 forceps. 
 
 Nitro-muriatic acid is especialh' useful for torpidity of the 
 liver and intestines. It being tonic and stimulant to the skin, 
 liver and intestinal glands. It is used in chronic hepatitis and 
 certain cases of pneumonia; where the conjunctiva is yellowish, 
 showing that the liver is torpid, also used in chronic diarrhoea 
 and scouring, when due to dyspepsia (intestinal), and is often ad- 
 ministered in any of the forms of indigestion. It is the acid most 
 used for internal administration, besides the aromatic sulphuric 
 acid. It should always bs made up fresh, and the dilute nitro- 
 muriatic acid used. 
 
 P'or hepatic or enteric influenza: 
 
 ^ Quill sulph 5 i. 
 
 Tr. Ext Niicis Vomica, 5 i. 
 Tr. Capsici 5 ^'J* 
 
 Ac. Hydrochloric dil. 5 iv. ss. 
 
 m. Sig. — 1 5 tablespoonful in water every three hours. 
 
 AciDUM NiTRicuM — NiTRic AciD. — Commou name aqua- 
 fortis. Properties, a colorless fuming very caustic and corrosive 
 liquid of a peculiar somewhat suffocating odor, and a strong acid 
 taste ancl reaction, contains 68 per cent absolute acid. The full 
 strength acid is seldom given. 
 
 Acidum Nitricum Dilutum — Dilute Nitric Acid. — It is 10 per 
 cent strength. 
 
 Doses. — Horses, 2 drs. to i oz.; cattle, 4 drs. to 2 ozs. ; sheep 
 and pigs, 15 to 30 m.; dogs, 3 to 20 m. 
 
VETERINARY ^MATERIA MEDICA. 47 
 
 Antagonists and Inconipatibles. — Toxicology and antidotes, 
 the same as all other mineral acids. 
 
 Physiological Action. — Irritant and corrosive, especially de- 
 structive when used in concentrated solution. It leaves a tan 
 yellow or brown .stain on the skin. It is an oxidizing agent, and 
 is especially u.sed as a hepatic stimulant and tonic. 
 
 Therapy. — U.seful in horses convalescing from influenza and 
 other debilitating disease; also in torpor of liver. 
 
 Externally it is used on warts, chancres, ulcers, fungus and 
 malignant growths to remove hardened and thickened skin, as in 
 mallenders and sallenders, as a caustic in poisoned wounds, foot- 
 rot, caries, etc. When used for this purpose, protect the sur- 
 rounding tissues by greasing. Freely dilute with water; it abates 
 itching of nettle-rash (i in 200). 
 
 AciDUM Phosphoricum — Phosphoric Acid. — Full .strength 
 is 85 percent acid, colorless, sour syrupy liquid. Dilute acid 10 
 per cent. It is not .so corrosive as other mineral acids and is 
 thought not to be so apt to derange digestion as the others when 
 long continued. It is a nerve tonic, anti-phosphatic, aphrodisiac 
 and anti- febrile. Very useful to stop thir.st of diabetics. It is 
 given in febrile di.sease as a tonic and refrigerant, in nervous dis- 
 eases, jaundice, dyspepsia, etc. 
 
 Dose - For hor.se, 2 dr. to i oz. ; dogs, 2 to 30 m. 
 It is often prescribed as a tonic combined with nux vomica, 
 Tr. chloride of iron, gentian, or any of the stomachics. 
 
 ^ Acidi phosphoric dil. 5 i^'* ss. 
 
 Fl. ext. nucis vomica, g j. ss. 
 
 Tr. ferri chloridi ^ vj. 
 
 Fl. ext. geutiau rad. q. s. ad. g xxiv. 
 111. Sig. — 2 oz. 3 times dail}' in 5 to i pint water. 
 
 Recapitulation of Mineral Acids. — They are: i, sulphuric; 
 2, hydrochloric; 3, nitric, and 4, phosphoric, with their combi- 
 nations of aromatic sulphuric acid and nitro-muriatic acid. They 
 are all escharotics, abstracting the water from the tissues, com- 
 bining with the bases, destroying the protoplasm, and are very 
 diffusible. 
 
 Sulphuric carbonizes, stains tissues black. 
 
 Nitric stains tan or 3'ellow. 
 
 Hydrochloric, leaves a whiti.sh film. 
 
 Nitric promotes secretion. 
 
 Sulphuric les.sens .secretion. 
 
48 NOTES ON 
 
 Hydrochloric does neither. 
 
 Nitro-hydrochloric acid acts especially well in treating dys- 
 pepsia, as it combines the action of both acids, aids stomach di- 
 gestion by virtue of its hydrochloric acid mainly. 
 
 Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. — Is especially good in indigestion, 
 accompanied by diarrhoea on account of its astringent action and 
 the aromatics which it contains. 
 
 To the mouth of ducts having an acid secretion, they 
 check the flow, to those of alkaline secretion they promote it. 
 
 Fermentation is stopped by the mineral acids. Bowels are 
 constipated by sulphuric, and relaxed by nitric acid. As they are 
 synergistic to pepsin they at first aid digestion, but if continued 
 long they lessen the production of ga.stric juice and so impair di- 
 gestion. Given before meals in small doses they relieve exces- 
 sive acidity of the stomach, by checking production of the acid 
 gastric juice. 
 
 Poisoning by them is treated by alkalies as carbonate or bi- 
 carbonate of soda, magnesia, chalk, and soap, to neutralize the 
 acid. Empty the stomach first (when possible) then give demul- 
 cents as oil, albumen, milk, etc. to protect the mucous surfaces. 
 If prostrated give stimulants, ad aq. amnion, intravenously, etc. 
 Do not use water in antidotal agents for sulphuric acid. 
 
 Therapy in General. — They are used in: 
 
 1. Atonic dyspepsia, best treated with hydrochloric acid 
 after meals; also combined with pepsin. 
 
 2. Acidity of the stomach, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids 
 before meals. 
 
 3. IvOW fevers, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids. 
 
 4. Oxalui:ia, nitric, or nitro-muriatic acids. 
 
 5. Chronic liver disorder, nitro-hydrochloric acid. 
 Diarrhoea and dysentery, when with profuse secretions, use 
 
 the sulphuric or aromatic sulphuric acid with opium. 
 
 7. Lead poisoning, give sulphuric acid to form sulphate of 
 lead which is insoluble. 
 
 8. Haemorrhoids or piles, use sulphuric acid. 
 
 9. Haemorrhage of uterus, sulphuric acid dilute. 
 
 10. Haemorrhage of purpura haemorrhagica, sulphuric acid 
 dilute. 
 
 11. Thirst of diabetes, phosphoric acid. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 49 
 
 Local Use. — Ulcers and growths, nitric acid full strength; 
 applied with glass rod. 
 
 Diseased bone, dilute hydrochloric acid. 
 
 The average dose of all the mineral acids. — Horse, 2 to 4 drs. ; 
 cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep and pigs 10 to 30 M.; dogs, 3 to 10 M. 
 
 These are for the dilute acids which are prepared for internal 
 use. 
 
 OILS AND FATS. 
 
 1. Adeps Lard. — Used as base for ointments. A lubricant, 
 emollient and demulcent, and an antidote for poison, of an}- 
 caustic substance, also for horses and dogs, in chest and throat 
 diseases; applied hot. 
 
 When you want a substance to penetrate, use lard as it is 
 easily absorbed by the tissues. 
 
 2. Adeps Benzoinatus, Benzoin ated Lard. — Use as base 
 for ointments, lard 1000 parts, benzoin 2c parts. 
 
 3. Adeps Lan.-e Hydrosis, Lanolin.— Purified fat of the 
 wool of sheep, mixed with not more than 30 per cent of water. 
 It will absorb its own weight of water, is very penetrative and 
 does not get rancid. 
 
 Good lanolin should be white or nearly so, most of the lano- 
 lin in this country is a dirty yellow, owing to its impurity. It is 
 used as a ba.se for ointments when the medicine is to be absorbed. 
 
 It also allays the itching of skin diseases, especially when 
 combined with sub-nitrate of bismuth. 
 
 4. Sevum, Suet. — Abdominal fat of sheep. It is used as 
 a bass for ointmants when the}^ are wanted to bs stiff. 
 
 5. Oleum Amygdala Expre.ssum — Almond Oil. —A 
 fixed oil obtained from the sweet almond. It is combined with 
 other drugs in itching skin disease. 
 
 6. Oleum Theobromatis. —Common name, cacao butter. 
 It is the oil from the kernels of the fruit of the theobroma cacao, 
 used as a base for suppositories. 
 
 7. Oleum OLiv.^i — Olive or Sweet Oil. — Used as a demul- 
 cent, emollient and laxative. It is a solvent for iodoform. 
 
 8. Oleum Gossypii Seminis —Cotton Seed Oil. — A fixed 
 oil expressed from the seeds of cotton and subsequently purified. 
 
50 NOTKS ON 
 
 It is used as aiuitrient and tonic; also used instead of olive oil. 
 I^ Olei Sinapis, 5 i. 
 
 Aq. Amnion. Fort, ,^ i. 
 01. Gossypii- vSem. 5 iv- 
 ui. Sig. — Apply externally for chest and throat disease. 
 
 It is the best counter-irritant to tise in pneumonia, as it does 
 not remove the hair; the oil can be used the same as cod-liver 
 oil, as a laxative, nutrient and tonic. 
 
 The seeds in the south are used to fatten cattle. 
 
 9. Petrolatum (Vaseline or Cosmoline). — A semi-solid 
 substance, yellowish, fat-like mass, obtained from petroleum, rock- 
 oil or coal-oil. It is used as an emollient, and as a base for oint- 
 ments. It has .some antiseptic properties, and is used as a pro- 
 tective as well as a healing agent. 
 
 10. Oleum Morrhu.-E - Cod Liver Oil. — A fixed oil obtained 
 from the fresh livers of codfish; has a pale yellow color, is official 
 and said to be the best for nutritive purposes. Cod-liver oil is 
 often adulterated with the oil of other fish. 
 
 Action and Uses. - Nutrient, tonic and alterative; on account 
 of its biliary constituents is easily emulsified and digested. It 
 is indicated in all ca.ses of malnutrition and where digestive or- 
 gans are weak; also in animals recovering from debilitating dis- 
 eases, strangles and influenza. It is good in catarrh and bron- 
 chitis, as it appears to furnish suitable material for repair of the 
 inflamed mucous membranes. 
 
 Like other oils it relieves broken wind, and is given to the 
 human in consumption. It is particularly used for the smaller 
 animals. It is given to dogs and cats during distemper, also in 
 eczema, epilepsy, chorea, rickets and chronic rheumatism. Av- 
 erage dose for animals: 
 
 Horses, 2 ozs. ; sheep, i oz. ; dogs, i to 4 drs. ; cattle, 2 to 4 
 ozs. ; pigs, y-z to I oz. ; cats, r dr. 
 
 Give two to three times daily. 
 
 LiNUM, Flax OR Linseed. — i. Lini Farina, flax-.seed or 
 linseed meal. 
 
 2. Oleum lini, expressed oil of linseed. 
 
 3. Linseed CAKE, oil cake, used as food. From the stem of 
 the plant we get lint and tow. The seeds crushed, ground and 
 under hydraulic pressure 3-ields linseed oil. The residue is called 
 linseed or oil cake and is a valuable article of food for horses and 
 cattle. Linseed oil for medicine should alwavs be used raw. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 5 1 
 
 Action and Uses. — It is nutrient, tonic, laxative, emollient 
 and demulcent. 
 
 lyinseed meal and the cake are valuable food stuffs, in small 
 quantities. It is 2' -< times as fattening as starch or sugar. It 
 causes the coat to become slick and glossy and induces shedding 
 in the spring, but is very heating in summer. 
 
 Linseed gruel is a good food, being palatable and easily di- 
 gested, for horses, cattle and sheep, not only good in health, but 
 in debilitating diseases, also in chronic skin troubles. It acts in 
 such cases both as food and medicine. 
 
 In febrile diseases horses will often sip or drink cold linseed 
 tea ( 2 ounces to i pint of water) when they will not touch any- 
 thing else. When a patient is exhausted, the linseed tea is 
 given with milk, eggs and whisky. Horses that are bad feeders, 
 having harsh, scurvy skins, or being affected with roaring, thick 
 wind or heaves, are usuall}' much benefited with linseed in 
 some form. Give about one pound of the cake daily. 
 
 For young herbivorous animals living on skim milk, it is a 
 valuable adjunct, furnishing the requisite fatty matter. 
 
 A mucilaginous demulcent, or a decoction in the proportion 
 of about I to 2 ozs. to a pint or i ^ pints of warm water, is use- 
 ful in irritable conditions of the throat, alimentary canal, kidnej'S 
 and bladder; also in poisoning b}- irritants and corrosives and as 
 a vehicle for nauseous and acrid medicines. The oil may be used 
 for the last two. For linseed poultices, take the best grade of 
 linseed meal, pour hot water over it until it becomes pasty. Char- 
 coal and antiseptics are often mixed with it. When used as a 
 poultice on the foot in nail pricks, always put on a poultice that 
 will cover the "whole foot. 
 
 lyiNSEED-OiL. — Cannot be used as a diet on account of its be- 
 ing too laxative; it is laxative in .small doses, but in large do.ses 
 produces copious discharges of faeces, having a distinct linseed-oil 
 smell. The oil is also emollient, .soothing, and softening to in- 
 flamed and indurated surfaces. 
 
 For burns and scalds the well known carron oil, composed 
 of equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water, cannot be surpassed. 
 This oil is also used as a vehicle for acrid medicines and to act 
 as a protective to the alimentary tract in poisoning or corrosive 
 drugs, also to sweep them out. As a laxative it usually produces 
 tolerably full and softened evacuations, without nausea, griping 
 
52 NOTEvS ON 
 
 or superpurgatiou and with a decided odor of the oil. It is the 
 best physic to administer to pregnant animals and in irritable 
 conditions of the bowels; also in cases of influenza, purpura and 
 other debilitating diseases, where the usual purgatives would be 
 too severe, irritating and exhausting. It is also used as an enema; 
 2 to 4 ozs. of the oil or meal given daily in mash often suffices to 
 maintain the bowels in a relaxed condition throughout febrile at- 
 tacks, where there is a tendency to constipation. An ounce or 
 two of oil given daily often relieves broken wind in horses. 
 
 It is the best purgative for all young or weakly animals. 
 Equal parts ol. lini and castor-oil is very effectual for dogs. As a 
 lubricant and emollient the oil relieves choking. 
 
 The oil mixed with Goulard' s extract makes a good dressing 
 in scaly .skin disea.se. 
 
 ^ Liq- Plumbi Sub. Acet., 5 "' ^^ i^'- 
 
 Oleum Lini, Oj. 
 
 This is a fine mixture for skin disea.se, .scratches, grea.se or 
 cracked heels. 
 
 Do.se as a full cathartic. — Horse, takes i to 2 pints; as a lax- 
 ative, }4 to I pint; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 
 ozs. ; dogs, }4 to 3 ozs. ; cats, i dr. 
 
 It may be fed to horses mixed with bran mash, also to foals 
 and calves in proportion to their age. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS. 
 
 A translucent nearly colorless solid, resembling wax, with- 
 out taste but having a peculiar smell. It .should be kept under 
 water in a cool place and protected from the light, for when 
 brought into the air it bursts into a flame. It is in.soluble in 
 water, but very soluble in olive-oil and ether, also soluble in most 
 all the oils. 
 
 Dose. — Hor.se, '- to 2 or even 4 grs, ; cattle, i to 5 grs. ; 
 sheep and pigs, about i-ioo gr. to 1-50 gr. ; dogs, 1-200 of a gr. 
 to I -100 gr. 
 
 Always start with the smallest dose and gradually and cau- 
 tiously increase the size. Give it in some protective vehicle, as an 
 electuary or dissolved in oil, vaseline or gh^cerin. 
 
 Synergist. — Oils and fats favor its absorption and should 
 never, therefore, be employed in case of poisoning with phos- 
 phorus. Arsenic is a synergist and sulphur also. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 53 
 
 Antagonists and Antidotes. — In case of poisoning, empty 
 the stomach with emetic or pump, and administer mucilaginous 
 fluids but NO oils, use milk, eggs, slippery elm tea, and oil of 
 turpentine, but the best is sulphate of copper, which acts as an 
 emetic, and forms insoluble phosphide of copper. Give lime- 
 water and charcoal to protect the tissues. 
 
 Physiological Action. — It is an alterative in bone di.seases as 
 it promotes the growth of bone. Antirachitic, aphrodisiac, a 
 brain and nerve tonic, irritant, promotes tissue growth, replaces 
 spongy texture of bone with den.ser or more compact tissue, and 
 stimulates the central nervous system. 
 
 Uses. — It is indicated in osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, 
 chronic nervous exhaustion, chorea, pernicious anaemia, sexual 
 weakness, and locomotor ataxia. It is a most potent drug in 
 threatened .softening of the brain. It is sometimes used instead 
 of arsenic in chronic skin disease, but arsenic is the best. It is 
 sometimes used in paralysis as a local irritant; but I do not rec- 
 ommend it for this. Phosphorus i part, olive oil 100 parts, as 
 an irritant. It is recommended in osteoporosis. 
 
 Toxicolog}' — Externally. — It inflames the skin and may even 
 cause gangrene. Internally will cause gastro-enteritis, diarrhoea 
 and emesis (in those that can vomit), 15 grs. in horses and cattle 
 cause gastro-enteritis. I^arge doses, such as 30 grs. in horses 
 and cattle, and J2 to i gr. in dogs and men, produce paresis, con- 
 vulsions, coma and death, usually' within 2 or 3 da^'s. Parah'sis 
 of the heart may cause sudden death. 
 
 Moderate to full doses repeated several times dail}- may 
 within a few days produce fatty degeneration of the albuminoid 
 tissues or hypertrophy of connective tissues and acute cirrhosis. 
 Persons working in match factories or with phosphorus constantly 
 are liable to suffer from necrosis of the lower or upper jaw. Slow 
 phcsphorus poisoning will cause cirrhosis of the liver. In pois- 
 onous doses it destroys the red blood corpuscles, causing acute 
 haemorrhages from fatty degeneration of the arterial walls, fatty 
 degeneration of the stomach, liver and heart, wnthdeep jaundiced 
 condition, sometimes within 36 hours. This is followed with de- 
 lirium, convulsions, coma, and death generally from gradual fail- 
 ure of both respiration and circulation. It is excreted by the 
 kidneys and lungs, chiefly as phosphorus and pho.sphoric acid. 
 
54 NOTES ON 
 
 COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHORUS. 
 
 ZiNCi Ehosphidum — Phosphide of Zinc. — Dose for horses, 
 I to 3 grs. ; dogs 1-50 to 1-30 of a gr. , or i-io gr. for very large 
 dogs. 
 
 This preparation is irritating and must be administered with 
 a demulcent the same as phosphorus. It is used by some instead 
 of phosphorus. It occurs as a gray, friable mass, with metallic 
 luster, and contains 24 per cent phosphorus. 
 
 Oleum Phosphoratum — Phosphorated Oil — Prepared by 
 dissolving phosphorus in ether and almond oil, i part of phosphorus 
 to 100 parts of themenstrum. Each 100 drops of phosphorated 
 oil contains i grain of phosphorus. 
 
 Dose for horses, i to 3 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 10 to 30 m.; 
 cattle, 2 to 4 drs. ; dogs, i to 3 m. 
 
 This is a good form for administering phosphorus for rickets 
 in dogs: 
 
 li 01. Phosphoratis, iiixvj. 
 
 01. morrhuge, 5 iv. 
 
 M. Sig. — Teaspoonful four times daily. 
 
 PiLiTL-E Phosphori — Pills of Phosphorus. — Each pill con- 
 tains about 100 of a grain. A good form for administration to 
 sheep, pigs and dogs. One to three pills for dogs. 
 
 PHOSPHITES and PHOSPHATES. 
 CaLCII PhOSPHAS PR.ECIPITATU.S — PRECIPITATED PhO.S- 
 
 PHATE OF EiME. — Known as bone phosphate, a light, white, 
 amorphous powder, permanent in the air, odorless, tasteless and 
 insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in lactic or hydrochloric 
 acid in small quantities. It is given in fracture of bones to hasten 
 process of repair; also in osteoporosis or any disease where the 
 growth of bone is desired. It must be given in small doses or it 
 may cause calculus. 
 
 Doses. — Horses 2 to 4 drs., or even i oz. ; cattle, J4 to 2 ozs. ; 
 colts I to 4 drs. ; lambs, 10 to 30 grs. ; sheep and pigs, )^ to 2 drs. ; 
 calves, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 5 grs. to }^ dr.; given along with other 
 tonics. If an ounce is given at a dose don't give it over twice a 
 day, as a large dose is apt to derange the bowels and produce 
 concretions. 
 
 Sorii PhosphAvS — Phosphate of Soda. — Large, colorless, 
 transparent, monoclinic prisms, speedily efflorescing on exposure 
 to air. That is, it loses its water of crystallization and becomes. 
 
VKTKMINAIIV MATKRIA MKDICA. 55 
 
 <Mtmrwhat chan)(v<l. It is odorteiMand han a coulitiK. »alinc and 
 ftv)»I\ nlk.ilitic Xa%Ic niui a nliKht al> u It «iccun» 
 
 .ils4> .11x1 tt \h:M ttMrtI III tlic fonit uf a K'"'" 
 
 Siltihlc in MX part* water at tm F. and in t%ro partn of 
 tcr. Dnae- !' ; t<» i<» oi*. . cxcrfH when >«•• 
 
 ......... (ical it a.4 a I.. ...;..v (htchalf to i o«a. every j !: 
 
 to relieve he|>Miic colic, for which it in a mewl excellent •! 
 
 and calveA i dr. to i oi. . %hee|> and ptf(it. 3 dr». tu 1 
 ^ 1 dr. to I or. 
 I'>««4i more ewpeciallv in young aniniaU <%ufTcrinK from de 
 the effect of lieing weanetl. improper fotKl and 
 
 SvmiMs Cai.cii I#ACTOHini»*piiATi!»-Svm'r or Lact«» 
 
 ! l.iMK. — I'jieful in weakly young puppies aj» it i* 
 
 -' :»nd easily alworlR-d. Done, s NU, to 1 dr.. ' 
 
 t acitl niake^ the phtMphate of lime ninch mor- 
 
 Mihibie. 
 
 phy«.!< ' ' \ — In general they an- u^ .liUi.i 
 
 tivc<« and i«<e of malnutrition. Phosphate of lime 
 
 IS an oHciitiai ingredient of all the tt.«wue». forming more than 
 
 ^o|nr cent of Umic giving it ^''- '••• It increa««e^ the alk.-i! 
 
 «»f thr M«w»»| and ^dightlv 1! ^ the excretion of r 
 
 Iv where the de\ of theliom* i-* inij* • 
 
 ■ < •j«>r«Hii««. ,>*,•-•■' — ... 
 
 ! union of I: 
 inhe^ the formation ot lM>ne callo5ic<». proUmged Mip|*ura- 
 
 I .11 ' ' 'irrhfca. 
 
 w —Act!« similarly on the blcwwl nnd 
 urine. incrca-MUg Mxretion. e?»pecially that of hile. tieing an < 
 
 tioti ihu- to lack of htliar> 
 
 l>itTerencr Between u i ii<»->j>nnu- .i i'ii<>-j«:i.u« .iu<i .1 l'h«r» 
 phite 
 
 .\ phosphide i» formed liy dirvct anion of phrMphonut with a 
 
 A ph««f>hn!r i^ fonnr«1 Hv the nnion of ]»h»»»>ph*»ric nrid with 
 a Ihlw. 
 
 A pli 1 
 
 a loM". 
 
56 NOTES ON 
 
 Whenever a salt ends in "ide" it is formed by the union of an 
 element with a base, (thus iron oxide, iron and oxygen, iron phos- 
 phide, iron and phosphorus, etc. ) Whenever a salt ends in "ate" 
 it shows the union of an acid ending in "ic" with a base. (Thus, 
 iron phosphate, iron and phosphoric acid, iron sulphate, iron and 
 sulphuric acid, etc.) When the salt ends in "iTE" it iscompo.sed 
 of an acid ending in "ous," and a base (thus, sodium sulphite, 
 sodium and sulphurous acid. ) 
 
 IRON AND ITS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 As there are 42 official preparations of iron, and 7 or 8 more 
 unofficial preparations, quite a few of them are impracticable for 
 use in veterinary practice, consequently we will give onl}' those 
 which are practicable for our use. They nearly all have the same 
 action only to a different degree. Some are more irritating than 
 others and some have .special actions due to other drugs combined 
 with the iron. 
 
 Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus. — A greenish gray powder,, 
 odorless, having at first a sweetish, .slightly ferruginous taste. 
 It is only partly soluble in w^ater. 
 
 Do.ses. — Horse, i to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 grs.; 
 dogs 3 to 10 grs.; It is used when the stomach is irritable. 
 
 Ferrum Reductum — Reduced Iron — Powdered Iron. — 
 Doses, human, 3 to 6 grs. ; horse, i to 3 drs.; dog, i to 5 grs. It is 
 used on account of its being non-astringent and non-irritating to 
 the stomach. 
 
 Ferri Sulphas — Sulphate of Iron. — Known as copperas, 
 bluish gray crystals, which on exposure to the air, effloresces and 
 changes its color, is wholly soluble in i and yi times its quantity 
 of water. It is also called green vitriol and copperas. Dose, a little 
 more than the exsiccated sulphate. 
 
 It is an astringent, haematinic (blood tonic) and disinfectant. 
 On account of its efflorescing tendency, it should be kept in 
 bottles with glass stoppers. 
 
 Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus — Dried Sulphate of Iron. — 
 A greenish white powder soluble in water with the exception of a 
 small residue. It is the best form of powdered iron, used in 
 veterinary practice for large animals, except when the stomach is 
 irritable, then the milder preparations, such as the carbonates, 
 are preferable. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 57 
 
 Dose. — Horses, }4 to i dr.; pigs, 5 to 15 drs. ; lambs, i to 4 
 grs. ; colts, 10 to 15 grs .; cattle, i to 1)4 drs.; calves 10 to 20 
 grs. ; sheep, 8 to 20 grs. ; dogs, ^^4 to 2 grs. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Iodidi. — A yellowish or greenish yellow 
 liquid with a sw^eet, inky taste. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 2 ozs. ; dogs, 10 m. to i dr. 
 
 Given where you want the combined action of iron and 
 iodine. Action: Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmenagogue. 
 
 Ferrum Oxidum Hydratum — Hydrated Oxide of Iron — 
 Used internally and only as an antidote for arsenical poisoning. It 
 has a reddish brown color, should be administered in the form of a 
 soft mass, and must be made up fresh. Human dose, a table- 
 spoonful every 5 or 10 minutes until the symptoms of poisoning 
 have subsided. 
 
 TiNCTiTRA Ferri Chloridi — This is a solution of chloride of 
 iron in alcohol, with some free hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to i oz. ; sheep and pigs, 10 to 30 ms. ; 
 lambs, 3 to 10 ms. ; cattle ^2 to 1^2 ozs.; calves, }i to 2 drs.; 
 dogs, 2 to 20 ms. All the preparations of iron should be diluted 
 with water or oil; this is the best liquid preparation of iron for 
 our use. Powdered forms of iron should be diluted with some 
 non-irritating powder. 
 
 Ferri Phosphas — PhOvSphate of Iron. — Occurs in bright 
 green, shining scales. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs.; sheep, 10 to 30 grs.; pigs, 5 to 20 
 grs.; puppies, ^2 to 3 grs.; colts 15 grs. to i dr.; lambs, 2 to 10 
 grs.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. It is soluble in water. Most often pre- 
 scribed in anaemic, rickety young animals. 
 
 Syrupu Ferri, Quininae et Strichninse Phosphatum — Syrup of 
 Phosphate of Iron, Quinine and Strichnine. - Contains sV, gr. of 
 strychnine to i fluid drachm of syrup, 1=3 grs. quinine and i li 
 of iron phosphate. It is a very good general tonic for dogs and 
 other animals. The dose for dogs varies from ^2 to 2 drs. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Sulphatis — Mox.sel's Solution. —A solu- 
 tion of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric acids. It is an ino- 
 dorous, syrupy liquid of a ruby red color, having an extremely 
 astringent taste, somewhat caustic and mixes wdth water and 
 
58 NOTES ON 
 
 alcohol ill all proportions without decomposition. This is used 
 almost entirely for external use as an astringent or styptic. 
 
 Ferri Subsulphatis — Monsel's Powder. — It is used as a 
 styptic. 
 
 Ferri Arsenite — Iron and Arsenic. — Prescribe your 
 own in proper proportion, as: 
 I^ Tr. Ferri Chi or. 
 
 Liq- Potas. Arseu. aa. 5 ^ii- 
 M. Sig.— .'^ i. T. I. D. in Aqua i pt. 
 
 As internal treatment, particularly before and after trephin- 
 ing for catarrhal discharges. 
 
 Ferrum Dialysatum. — Useful in Arsenical poisoning. 
 
 Antagoni.sts and Incompatibles. — Iron is incompatible with 
 acids and acidulous salts and vegetable astringents. The tincture 
 of the chloride of iron can be combined with acids, but is incom- 
 patible with alkalies as lime-water and magnesia. 
 
 Synergist. — All agents promoting constructive metamorpho- 
 sis are synergistic to iron; as food, the simple aroniatics, and as- 
 tringent bitters, cinchona, manganese, bismuth, etc. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — In general, metallic iron is dissolved 
 in the acids of the stomach, enters in combination with them and 
 ( although inert as pure iron) acquires molecular activity. The 
 iron is partly absorbed by the stomach, probably as an albuminate, 
 and partly in the intestinal canal. The stools become brownish 
 and even black, due to the iron, which has not been taken up by 
 the system and is thus eliminated; this is especially shown where 
 larger doses than necessary are administered. Iron is not a foreign 
 substance to the organi.sni, it being constantly present in the 
 blood, gastric juice, chyle, lymph, bile, pigment of the eye, and 
 traces of it in the milk and urine. In man there is i part of iron 
 to 230 red blood corpuscles, and in cattle i to 194 red globules, as 
 (oxide). It exists either in combination or as metallic iron, 
 (opinions differ), in the hseiiiatin, (coloring matter of the blood). 
 That it performs a very important part is shown in the rapid con- 
 struction of red globules when iron is administered in anaemia, 
 without it hsematin is not formed, and red globules diminish in 
 number. By its medicinal use we furnish to the blood a material 
 which it needs. The physiological action of iron is not limited 
 merely to the construction of red blood. It also promotes the ap- 
 petite and invigorates the digestion, when there is no intolerance 
 to its presence in the .stomach. By increasing the disposition for 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 59 
 
 food and the ability to dispose of it, iron acts as a stomachic tonic, 
 consequently when given in the health}- state or when adminis- 
 tered for too long a period during disease, the gastric glands be- 
 come exhausted by over stimulation, then it is said that the iron 
 disagrees. Being a restorative its use is contra-indicated in a 
 condition of plethora (fullness of the blood vessels). In large 
 doses the soluble preparations of iron give rise to nausea and 
 \-omiting, some of them possess more or less toxic activity. The 
 iodide and chloride, nitrate and sulphate are the most active. 
 Alarming symptoms, or even death ma}- result from over doses. 
 Extreme doses will produce gangrene of stomach and intestines. 
 Certain of the salts of iron, as the sulphates, nitrates and chlor- 
 ides, possess a high degree of astringency, hence they produce 
 constipation, when taken internally. When brought into contact 
 with the blood, they coagulate it, forming a tough brownish 
 magma, and as the albuminous elements of the tissues are also 
 solidified, they are powerful haemostatics. Iron is eliminated 
 chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the liver into the bile, 
 thence into the intestines, some by the kidneys also. The 
 tincture of the chloride, being especially diuretic. 
 
 Summary. — Iron in general is a haematinic, stomachic, 
 styptic, astringent or hcemostatic. 
 
 The tincture chloride in addition is diuretic. 
 
 The sulphate is in addition vermicide. 
 
 The iodide is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. 
 
 The Syr. Ferri Bromidi is sedative as well as tonic in 
 ner\'ous diseases. 
 
 A drug used in combination with iron may modify or en- 
 hance its action. 
 
 Therapeutical Application. — Iron arsenite has been used in 
 chronic skin diseases for emaciated patients in about the same 
 doses as arsenic, but the best way is to prescribe iron and arsenic 
 combined as: Tincture chloride of iron and Fowler's solution in 
 proper dosage. Citrate of iron and quinine conjoin the tonic 
 properties of its components, and is used for dogs and small ani- 
 mals. It is best to prescribe proper doses of each. Dose of 
 Ferri et quininse citratis for dogs, 3 to 6 grains. 
 
 The phosphate of iron is serviceable in disease of bone, dia- 
 betes and nervous exhaustion. Especially good for delicate dogs 
 
6o NOTES ON 
 
 and thriftless foals, when they are said to be weak in the bones, 
 osteoporosis and other bone diseases. 
 For colts 2 or 3 years old: 
 
 ^ Ferri Phosphatis, 5 iss. 
 
 Calcii Phosphatis pni'cip, 5 iii. 
 
 Pulv. Nuc Vom., 5 ^'i* 
 
 Pulv. Gentian Rad., 5 iss. 
 
 Sig- — I powder 3 times daily. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig.— 
 
 Rickets in 
 
 puppies. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Iron Phos., grs. 
 
 
 Lime Phos., grs. 
 
 
 Nux. Pulv., grs. 
 
 
 Gentian pulv. grs. 
 
 M. 
 
 Sig. — For one dose. 
 
 The Saccharated carbonate is staple, non-irritating to the 
 stomach, and especially suited to dogs. It has the same uses as 
 the sulphate. It is also used for the other animals when the 
 .stomach is weak: 
 
 The Sulphate of Iron. — Used locally as an astringent, and 
 
 internally as a haematinic and tonic in anaemia. It improves the 
 
 appetite and abates exhausting discharges in nasal gleet, leucor- 
 
 rhoea, atonic torpidity of bowels. Prescribed with aloes; also 
 
 in the same way for intestinal worms. Combined with iodine it 
 
 is the best prescription for diabetes insipidus: 
 
 ^ Sulphate of iron, 5 i* 
 
 Resublimed iodine, 3 i* 
 M. Sig. — Give twice a day . 
 
 It is also used in early signs of liver rot in sheep. Chorea and 
 epilepsy when with anaemia, are benefited by iron. Combine iron 
 and arsenic for chorea, septicaemia, pyaemia and all forms of blood 
 poisoning, as pupura haemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., with quinine. 
 The tincture chloride is prescribed in blood poisoning. In red 
 water of cattle, after bowels are freely opened. In convalescence 
 from debilitating diseases it is a valuable tonic, conjoined with 
 other remedies as nux. quinine, etc. Such diseases as influenza, 
 lung diseases and chronic catarrh should be followed with iron 
 and other tonics. 
 
 Representative prescription for general tonic. 
 
 ]^ Ferri. Sulph Ex., 5 i- to iss. 
 
 Quinine Sulph., 5 ss. 
 
 Pluv. Nucis Vom., 5 iss. 
 Gentina Rad. 5 iii. 
 
 Pot. Nit. 5 iss. 
 
 M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig. — One powder 3 times dail}-. 
 
 Iron Iodide. — Is used when an alterative as well as a tonic 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A 6 1 
 
 action is desired. Besides being used for the same purpose as 
 sulphate, it is given to promote the absorption of glandular en- 
 largements in young and weakly animals, and in swelling of the 
 joints. It is useful in polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal 
 gleet. 
 
 The Tincture Chloride of iron acts as a hsematinic tonic, 
 antiseptic, astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant or caustic. 
 It is serviceable in most cases in which the sulphate is recom- 
 mended. It is used in atonic dyspepsia and for the removal of 
 intestinal worms, in relaxed and sore throat, in proportion of 2 to 
 4 drs. to every pint of water for animals. 
 
 ^ Tr. Ferri Chi or. 5 ss. 
 
 Pot. Chloratis, 5 i. 
 
 Glycerini, .3 ii. 
 
 Aqua qs. ad. Oj. 
 
 M. Sig- — 5 i* ever\- two or three hours as a gargle for sore throat. 
 
 Also used in anaemia and in blood poisoning combined with 
 quinine. It also promotes absorption of inflammatory material 
 when associated with debility and anaemia. It is the most ser- 
 viceable preparation of iron for influenza, purpura and scarlatina, 
 as it has a tonic effect on both the blood and arterioles. In these 
 cases it is prescribed with turpentine, quinine and oil. It is used 
 in rheumatism in weakly patients alternated with salol, salicylic 
 acid or salicylate of soda. ALso used as an astringent and stimu- 
 lant for the genito-urinary mucous membrane. The tincture 
 being excreted by the kidneys, is preferred to watery solutions. 
 It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic lameness in 
 weakly dogs. Iron alternated Avith arsenic is useful in chorea, 
 also in chronic diarrhoea, epilepsy, erysipelas, albuminuria and 
 diphtheria. 
 
 Externally. — It is an antiseptic, astringent and styptic. It 
 coagulates albumen. Diluted with 6, 8, or 10 times its quanity 
 of water, it is used for uterine haemorrhage, and is occasionally 
 injected into fistulous openings. Iron is regarded as a specific 
 for erysipelas. It is given both internally and used externall}-. 
 I oz. to r pint of oil injected into the rectinn will destroy and 
 bring away rectal worms. 
 
 Monsel' s solution and powder are used almost entirely to check 
 haemorrhage. Pour it on the wound or apply with a sponge. 
 
 Ferri Oxidum Hydratum is used internallj^ as an antidote 
 for arsenical poisoning, must be made up fresh and given in a 
 
■62 NOTES ON 
 
 soft condition. The dose for the human is Y^ oz. every 5 or lo 
 minutes. Add aq. ammonia 8 parts to a solution of sulphate of 
 iron 10 parts, which will precipitate the iron from the solution, 
 then strain through a cloth, ^'ou then have hydrated oxide of 
 iron. 
 
 Administration of Iron. — The fluid preparations should be 
 freely diluted; the solid preparations should be combined with 
 protectives or inert remedies, either in powder or pill form, 
 or with stomachics as gentian rad. Iron causes less gastric irri- 
 tation, and enters the blood more readily if given with or im- 
 mediately after meals. In anaemia it should be given in in- 
 creased doses. Overcome constipation by giving, when neces- 
 sary or combining iron with laxatives as linseed oil. 
 
 MANGANUM-MANGANESE. 
 
 This drug and its salts are inferior to iron. The only prepa- 
 ration of importance is, 
 
 Pot. Permanganas — Permanganate oe Potash. — Needle 
 shaped crystals of a deep purple color; soluble in 20 parts cold 
 waterand three parts boiling water, the solution having a deep 
 purple or rose color, according to the amount of salt in solution. 
 Distilled or boiled water should be used. 
 
 Dose — Horse, Yi to i dr. ; pigs, 3 to 6 grs. ; cattle, i to i Y-^ 
 drs. ; dogs, y^ to 3 grs. It is seldom u.sed internall}-, but has 
 been administered as an alterative and febrifuge; externally it is 
 used as a deodorant, astringent and antiseptic; it is very powerful 
 in its action. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Salts of lead, silver, mer- 
 cury and the caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. They 
 decompose the alkaloids. 
 
 Action and Uses of Potassii Permanganas. — It is a power- 
 ful oxidizing agent and readily yields up its oxj'gen in the form 
 of ozone; hence it is an antiseptic and deodorizer. P'ull 
 .strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted it is astringent. 
 
 It is used to deodorize and disinfect foul smelling wounds, 
 the nostrils in ozaena, nasal gleet, the mouth in apthae, throat 
 when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in metritis, and retention 
 of placenta, also to cleanse hands or instruments. It is some- 
 times u.sed internally in flatulence, erysipelas, puerperal fever 
 and septicaemia. It has been used successfully as a remedy for 
 bites of poisonous snakes and other animal poisons, used locally 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 63, 
 
 and internally. In the human it is used to promote the 
 menstrual flow. Used in cancers, caries ulcers, ab.scesses, etc. , 
 and in foul smelling sheaths of horses. Strength for veterinary 
 purpose, I drachm to ^^ oz. to i pint of water. It is adminis- 
 tered by the mouth or hypodermically for morphine poi.soning. 
 When given for this purpose the amount of the antidote should 
 equal that of the poison taken. As an eye-wash use about i to 
 2000 or I to 1000 solution. 
 
 The Remedies Promoting Constructive Metamorphosis 
 previously considered, are constituents of the body. Those now 
 to be discussed act indirectly, by stimulating the organs concerned 
 in blood making. 
 
 BiSMUTHUM SUBNITRAS — SUBNITRATE OF BiSMUTH — A heav}^ 
 
 white powder with a faintly acid odor and taste, insoluble in 
 water. Is the only one used in veterinary practice to any ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs., or even i oz. ; dogs, 3 to 20 grs. 
 
 BiSMUTHI SUBCARBONAS — CARBONATE OFBiSMUTH. — In.solu- 
 
 ble. Same character, dose and uses as the subnitrate. 
 
 Bismuthi Salicylate, used mostly as dressing. 
 
 BiSMUTHI SuBiODiDUM, used only as a dusting powder for 
 wounds, ulcers, etc. Where an antiseptic and stimulant are re- 
 quired, it is said to be very good. 
 
 Bismuthi et Ammonia Citras. — Soluble in water. 
 
 Bismuthi Citras. — Insoluble. 
 
 Physiological Action.— The insoluble preparations, as the 
 subnitrate and subcarbonate promote the appetite, increase the 
 digestive power, and cause a gain in body weight. They are 
 somewhat astringent and retard intestinal movements and pro- 
 duce constipation. As they are insoluble, or nearly .so, they 
 pass down the intestinal tract and are converted into sulphides 
 causing the faeces to become a dark slate color. Toxic symp- 
 toms arise from the adulteration of bismuth with arsenic. They 
 are astringent, antiseptic and sedative to mucous membrane and 
 abraided skin. The subnitrate is the salt chiefly used. It allays 
 irritation in dyspepsia, vomiting, and gastro-intestinal catarrh, or 
 irritation from an}^ cause, by virtue of its medicinal and mechani- 
 cal action. It is used to relieve itching and burning of abraided 
 skin and in skin diseases. For diarrhoea use bismuth and opii 
 
64 NOTES ON 
 
 combined. Being insoluble bismuth forms a coating over the 
 bowel. 
 
 For itching skin diseases in dogs, the following prescription 
 is recommended: 
 
 ^ Bismuthi subnit. 5 "• 
 
 Lanoliu, g i, 
 
 M. Sig. — Apply when necessary. 
 For Vomiting in dogs: 
 
 ^ Ac. Carbolici, m iii. 
 
 Bismuthi subnit, '^ i. 
 
 ATA • - 1 *-^ 
 
 Tr. opu camph., 5 ss. 
 Glycerini, 5 ss. 
 
 Aq. Ciunamoni qs. ad., 5 jss. 
 Sig. — Teaspoonful every 2 or 3 hours. 
 
 Bismuth is best administered in milk. 
 
 ARSENICUM OR ARSENIUM -ARSENIC -(NOT USED 
 IN MEDICINE.) 
 
 AciuuM Arsenosum, Arsenous Acid, also called Arsenicum 
 Alba. 
 
 This is dispensed as a heavy white powder. It is soluble in 
 I to 100 parts cold water, and i in 20 parts boiling water; alwaj's 
 stir in, while boiling. Shot is a mixture of metals containing 2 
 per cent of arsenic, and it is from the arsenic that benefit is de- 
 rived in giving shot to a horse for heaves. 
 
 Dose of the arsenous acid. — Horse, i to 6 grs. , cattle, 2 to 8 
 grs. ; sheep and pigs, i to 2 grs. ; dogs, e\ to A grs. Give well 
 diluted. 
 
 Arseni Iodidum, Iojdide of Arsenic. — An orange red, 
 crystalline, solid, soluble in 7 parts water, used as an alterative 
 in skin diseases. It enters into Donovan's solution. 
 
 Dose.— Horse, 2 to 6 grs.; pigs, 4 to ^ grs.; dogs, «V to ui 
 grs. Give well diluted with some inert substance. 
 
 Liquor Acidi Arsenosi — Solution of Arsenous Acid. — The 
 strength of all are about the same. This contains 4.56 grs. of 
 arsenic to theoz. It is about the same as Fowler's solution, but 
 more irritating and less reliable. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 to 6 drs., }< oz. 3 times a day is the average 
 dose. 
 
 EiQUOR Arseni ET Hydrargyri Iodidi, known as Dono- 
 van's Solution. — i oz. contains about /\.}4 grs. (4.56) each of 
 iodide of arsenic, and red mercuric iodide. It is an alterative in 
 skin diseases, and should be kept in a dark place, and not used 
 
YETEEINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 65 
 
 if decomposed; that is if color is changed to a yellowish red and 
 the odor of iodine is apparent. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz. ; pigs, 15 to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 
 10 Ms.^ 1/2 oz., is the average dose for a horse given 3 times 
 daily. 
 
 LiyroR PoTAssii Arsenitis— Fowler's SoLUTi ON — This is the 
 preparation most commonly used. A solution of potassium arsen- 
 ite, contains arsenous acid i part, potassium bicarbonate i part, 
 compound spirits of lavender 3 parts and distilled water 95 parts. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; cattle, ]4 io 1)4 ozs. ; sheep and 
 pigs, 10 to 45 Ms.; dogs, 2 to 10 Ms. Average do.se for horse J'2 
 oz. usually given 3 times daily in drinking water or bran mash. 
 
 Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. — A solution of arsenate of soda, 
 known as Pearson's Solution, about the same strength as Fowl- 
 er's Solution, 4}4 grs. to theoz. but it is less active. Dose about 
 double that of Fowler's Solution. It is better to administer ar- 
 senic in solution than to give the solid arsenous acid, and Fowl- 
 er' s Solution is the best ; Donovan' s Solution may prove efhca- 
 cious in chronic skin troubles, where other preparations will not 
 benefit, also in nasal catarrh. Give small doses at first and then 
 increase, unless very small doses are taken for its action on the 
 stomach, to increase appetite and digestion by virtue of its irri- 
 tant properties. Arsenic had better be administered after meals 
 and well diluted in water or bran mash. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The salts of iron, magnesia, 
 lime, and astringents, are chemicalh' incompatible. The 
 hydrated oxide of iron, or as it is also known, hydrated sesquiox- 
 ide of iron, freshly made and in .soft magma is the antidote to 
 arsenic. Give dogs from y^ to i tablespoonful ever}- 5 or 10 
 minutes. From 8 to 20 grs. of the antidote are required to each 
 grain of arsenic swallowed, (when it can be determined). The 
 stomach should first be evacuated, and then give the antidote, 
 and follow with demulcents as oil, milk and mucilaginous drinks. 
 Also give diluents, as weak alkaline water. 
 
 Iodide of Potash should be administered to promote elimina- 
 tion of the arsenic. In absence of the antidote, chalk, magnesia, 
 and lime-water may be freeh' given. These agents act mechani- 
 cally b_v enveloping the poison and preventing absorption. 
 Dialysed iron is said to be quite efficacious as an antidote in doses 
 •^f 5 to 15 Ms. for dogs. 
 
66 NOTES ON 
 
 Synergists are all those agents which promote constructive 
 metamorphosis. 
 
 Physiological Actions— Gastro-intestinal and pulmonary tonic, 
 a stimulant and alterative, acting especially on the digestive and 
 respiratory mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic and 
 tonic; also antispasmodic, in nervous diseases and is a nervine 
 tonic. In large doses it is a corrosive irritant poison, killing either 
 by gastro-enteritis, or nervous paresis. Continued doses cause fatt}' 
 degeneration. On account of its being a stomachic tonic small 
 doses promote the appetite and digestion. Large doses inflame 
 the stomach and derange digestion. It increases the cardiac 
 action, respiratory power, and secretion of intestines. In man 
 it stimulates the mind and sexual appetite, and causes rotundity 
 of form and fair skin. It also increases peristalsis. When toler- 
 ance is established large doses are taken with impunity. 
 
 Externally. — Arsenic is very painful and excharotic, ex- 
 citing violent inflammation. It is a caustic, anti.septic, and para- 
 siticide, and is frequently used as a sheep dip. It is eliminated 
 chiefly by the kidney, skin and saliva and in the milk of nursing 
 animals. 
 
 MEDICINAL USES. 
 
 It should not be given in acute diseases. It is given as a 
 general tonic after debilitating disea.ses, particularly when the lungs 
 are involved, as in pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy. Arsenic 
 combined with the feed is beneficial in stocking of the legs. As 
 for its use in dyspepsia, other remedies had better be resorted to. 
 It assists in the removal of worms. Useful in chronic diseases 
 of air passages, as influenza. Relieves irritable chronic coughs, 
 and roaring in early .stages, as w^ell as thick and broken wind, 
 and heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change, it is 
 prescribed in early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, 
 chorea and epilepsy. It prevents periodically returning fevers. 
 In anaemia it increases both red and white blood corpuscles. 
 
 Action on the Skin. — Administered internally it stimulates 
 the dermis and hastens the removal of epidermal cells; hence it 
 is useful in all chronic skin diseases, as chronic eczema, scab, 
 mange and warts. To remove warts that sometimes come on the 
 muzzle of horses, give internally and apply locally Fowler' s solu- 
 tion full strength locally. In malarial disorders use: 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 67 
 
 I^ Fowler's solution, o ^^' 
 
 Compound Tr. Cinchona, ,5 i- 
 M. Sig. — ,5 i. one dose. Repeat 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 In skin diseases use Donovan's or Fowler's solution or 
 aciduni of arseniosi and sulphur mixed in the feed. I'^seful in- 
 ternally in successive crops of boils and in urticaria. 
 
 Externally. — The white arsenic or arsenous acid is used to 
 slough out tumors, fistulae, etc., but it is too painful. Prof. 
 Williams recommends it in foot-rot. The affected sheep should 
 be slowl}' driven through a trough containing a tolerable strong 
 solution of arsenic. It is used for sheep to destroy ticks. In 
 this wa}' animals are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the grass 
 and other animals eat it. It is used to harden and dry specimens. 
 
 Toxicology of Arsenic. — Full medicinal doses if long con- 
 tinued, cause oedema and itching of the eyelids, increased flow of 
 saliva, nausea, vomiting of mucous, diarrhoea or dysentery, weak 
 heart, soreness to the touch over region of the stomach, itch\' 
 skin with small eruptions, jaundice and albuminuria. In long 
 continued doses it diminishes oxidation, decomposes albuminoid 
 tissues and produces fatty degeneration; also impairs the glyco- 
 genic functions of the liver. /;/ toxic doses it causes two different 
 sets of symptoms. 
 
 I St. Gastro-enteritis with shivering, retching, vomiting, 
 thirst, straining, purging, with blood stools, violent colicky pains, 
 quick weakened cardiac action, suppressed or bloody urine, 
 strong and hard pulse at first, but gradually gets small, reduced 
 temperature, general oedema, delirium, collapse, coma and death. 
 
 2nd. In the nervous form the first thing noticed is pro- 
 found coma, like that of opium narcosis. Coma comes on sud- 
 denly without an}' gastro-intestinal symptoms. 
 
 Chronic Arsenical Poisoning. — Is common around tin and 
 copper smelting work. The symptoms are indigestion, thirst, 
 wasting, chronic disease of joints and bones, the knee joints swell, 
 the animal gets lame, and hide-bound, hair falls off, skin gets 
 scurfy, teeth get black and fall out and necrosis of the bones 
 occurs. 
 
 POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES. 
 
 Stomach inflamed, mucous membrane reddened, softened, 
 thickened and ulcerated in patches, ecchymosis. Same is formed 
 in the intestines, according to the size of the dose. 
 
68 NOTES ON 
 
 Lungs congested, mucous membrane reddened. 
 
 Genito- urinary organs congested and inflamed. 
 
 Fatty degeneration of intestinal organs, especially liver and 
 kidneys, same as in phosphorus poisoning. 
 
 In chronic poivSoning the body becomes dry and mummified 
 (embalmed), general fatty degeneration. 
 
 BITTERS. 
 
 Bitters are divided into simple and aromatic. 
 
 The aromatic bitters contain tannic and gallic acids, besides 
 aromatic constituents, and are therefore more or less astringent. 
 
 The special bitters are eucalyptus, h3'drastis, cinchona, etc. , 
 which will be treated of separateh'. 
 
 I St. Simple bitters contain no tannic and gallic acids, and 
 can be combined with iron. 
 
 Quassia contains a cry.stallizable bitter principle, neutral in re- 
 action. It is made from chips or shavings from a tall tree, 70 to 
 100 feet high that grows in Jamaica. Preparations: 
 
 ExTRACTUM Quassia — Extract of Quassia. Dose.— Horse,. 
 20 grs. to I dr.; dogs, }{ to 2 or 3, and even 5 grs. 
 
 TiNCTURA QuASSi.^ —Tincture of Quassia. Dose. — Dog,. 
 5 ms to I dr. 
 
 ExTRACTUM QuASSi.^ Fluidum —Fluid Extract of Quassia. 
 Dose. — Horse, ^-2 to i oz. ; dog, 2 ms. to )4 dr. 
 
 Besides its internal use it is used as an infusion for rectal 
 worms; 2 to 4 ozs. to the pint of warm water. 
 
 Gentiana is the most used in veterinar}' practice; it con- 
 tains no tannin, or .so little that it can be combined with iron, and 
 is an excellent stomachic tonic. 
 
 The dose of the extract is the same as quas.sia. 
 
 TiNCTURA Gentian.^ Composita — Compound Tincture of 
 Gentian. Dose. — Horse, i to 4 ozs.; dogs. }_^ to i dr. 
 
 Powdered Gentian Radius (root.) - Dose. - Horse, 2 drs. 
 to I oz. ; sheep and pigs, % to 3 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. 
 
 P^xTRACTUM Gentian^e Fluidum. — Fluid Extract of Gen- 
 tian. Dose. — Horse, j^ to 2 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 drs.; pigs, i to- 
 3 drs. ; dogs, 15 ms. to i dr. 
 
 Calumba or Columba. — This is also a good stomachic. We 
 have the tincture of calumba and fluid extract of Calumba — 
 Extractum Calumbae Pluidum. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 69 
 
 Dose of the fluid extract, horse, % to 2 ozs.; sheep, i'^ to 
 6 drs. ; pigs, i to 4 drs. ; dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. 
 Dose of powdered Columba the same. 
 
 AROMATIC BITTERS. 
 
 Serpentaria Virginia — Virginia Snake Root. — We 
 have an extract of serpentaria and a fluid extract. 
 
 Extr actum Serpent ari.^ Fluidum. — Fluid Extract of 
 Serpentaria. — Dose — Horse, 2 drs, to i oz.; dogs, 10 to 30 ms. 
 
 Actions — tonic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic and em- 
 menagogiie. 
 
 Prunus Virginian a — Wild Cherry Bark. — Used a great 
 deal in the human as an expectorant. Contains tannic and gal- 
 lic acids. 
 
 EXTRACTUM PrUNI \'lRGINIAN.5i FlUIDUJI^FlUID ExTRACT 
 
 OF Wild Cherry. Dose. — Horse, ^2 to 2 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. 
 to I dr. 
 
 Syrupus Pruni Virginian.^. — Doses. — Dogs, Vo to 2 drs. 
 
 Actions — tonic, stomachic, astringent, sedative, and reduces 
 expectoration. Uses, catarrhal conditions and nervous coughs. 
 
 Cascarilla, contains cascarillin, tannic acid, volatile oil, etc. 
 Used as a tonic, stimulant and carminative. 
 
 Dose of powdered bark. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; dog, 10 to 
 20 grs. ; calves, 2 to 6 drs.; pigs, i to 3 drs. ; lambs, 5 grs. to i dr. 
 Good for calves and pigs that are fed on whey and suffer from 
 dyspepsia. 
 
 Zingiber — Ginger. — Used as a stimulant and carminative 
 in colic; also to promote appetite and aid in digestion, as a local 
 stimulant and rubefacient. 
 
 Tinctura Zingiberis — F^ssence of Ginger. — 20 per cent 
 strength. Dose. — Horse, y-i to 2 ozs., i oz. average dose, cattle 
 double; sheep 1V2 drs. to i oz.; pigs i to 2 drs.; dogs, 15 to 
 30 ms. 
 
 ExTR.icTUM Zingiberis Fluidum — Fluid Extract of Gin- 
 ger. Dose. — Horses 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. 
 
 PuLVis Zingiberis — Powdered Ginger. — Dose. — Horse, 2 
 drs. to I oz.; pigs, 15 grs. to i dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. Small do.ses 
 as a stomachic. 
 
 Capsicum — Red Pepper — Cayenne Pepper. 
 
70 NOTES ON 
 
 ExTRACTUM Capsici Fluidum -Fluid Extract of Capsicum. 
 Dose. — Horse, i dr. to Vo oz. ; dog, 2 to 20 ms. 
 
 Tincture Capsici.— Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to 2 ozs. ; dogs, 
 5 to 30 ms. Dose of powdered Capsicum same as of the fluid 
 extract. 
 
 There is also an Oleo Resin a Capsici. 
 
 Physiological Action. — Capsicum is a local irritant, vesicant, 
 hot pungent, acrid in taste, produces a warm sensation in the 
 stomach and body, stimulates the heart and is good in flatulent 
 colic. 
 
 Physiological Action of Bitters.-- The simple bitters 
 increase appetite and aid digestion, thus promoting constructive 
 metamorphosis. They increase mucous secretion, flow of saliva 
 and gastric juice. They also increase the gastric mucous; their 
 continued use will cause gastric catarrh and interfere with diges- 
 tion. 
 
 The aromatic bitters have similar properties and in addition 
 are carminative. They have a local stimulant action on the ali- 
 mentary canal, due to the volatile oil, which they all contain; as 
 well as decided astringent qualities, from their tannic and gallic 
 acids. 
 
 Therapy, Dyspepsia — Convalescence. — To promote appetite, 
 aid digestion and relieve acute and chronic flatulence, and bron- 
 chial catarrh, give prunis virginis, and give quassia internally 
 and by enema for ascarides vermiculares, (or pin worms). 
 
 Eucalyptus. — Leaves of eucalyptus globules; Australian or 
 blue gum tree. Tincture eucalyptus is not official. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Eucalypti Fluidum - Fluid Extract Eucalyp- 
 tus. Dose. — Horse, yi to 2 oz.; dog, 15 Ms. to i dr.; ^3 of this 
 dose is sufficient as an expectorant. 
 
 Oleum Eucalypti - Oil of Eucalj-ptus. Dose. — Horse, i 
 to 4 drs., dogs, 2 to 10 Ms.; In diluted alcohol, milk or oil. 
 
 Composition. — Contains a peculiar resin, of 3 different res- 
 inous bodies; a volatile oil consisting of eucalyptol, terpene, and 
 cymol, tannic acid, and a crystallizable fatty acid. 
 
 Eucalyptol is most important of all the constituents, and is 
 now official; is a neutral body obtained from the volatile oil of 
 eucalyptus. Dose. — Horse, i dr. to i oz.; dog, 5 to 30 Ms. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies, mineral acids, 
 salts of iron, mercury, lead, zinc, etc. are chemicall}' incompatible. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 7 1 
 
 All waste producing agents are therapeutically incompatible. 
 
 Synergist. — The simple and aromatic bitters including cin- 
 chona, hydrastis, etc. Camphor, turpentina, cubebs, copaiba; es- 
 sential oils and substances containing them are synergistic and 
 promote the action of eucalyptus and can be prescribed with it. 
 
 Physiological Action — Eucalyptus has a warm, aromatic bitter 
 and camphoraceous taste. It is sialagogue, stomachic, and car- 
 minativ^e, slightly laxative, cardiac stimulant, antiperiodic; (as 
 it passes out of the body, it increases the activity of excreting 
 channels, chiefly the respiratory mucous membrane, and the 
 kidneys); is diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant; disinfectant 
 and antispasmodic. Miasmatic districts are rendered healthy by 
 the growth of the tree. 
 
 Therapy. — As a gargle, inhalation in catarrh of nose, throat 
 or bronchi; used in strangles, influenza, purpura in horses, blood 
 poison of animals, in distemper of dogs, combined with qui- 
 nine; used externally wherever an antiseptic is indicated. Inject 
 diluted in nasal gleet. 
 
 In Tetanus. — Useful internally in chronic stomach troubles, 
 but not in inflamed conditions, chronic catarrh of air passages, es- 
 pecially with excessive secretion. In chronic catarrh of bladder 
 it is highly recommended in human. 
 
 Hydrastis. -The parts used in medicine are the rhizoma and 
 roots of Hydrastis Canadensis. (Yellow root or golden seal). 
 
 ExTRACTUM Hydrastis Fluidum — Fluid extract of Hy- 
 drastics. Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz., average dose ^^ oz. ; 
 dog, 2 Ms. to J2 dr. Dose of powdered Hydrastis the same as 
 the fluid extract. 
 
 Fluid Hj'drastis is an aqueous preparation, used generally- in 
 man — in gonorrhoea. — i to 4. 
 
 There is also a tincture and a glycerite. 
 
 Hydrastrinin.e liYDROCHLORA«. — Is the hydrochlorate of 
 an artificial alkaloid derived from h3'drastine, the alkaloid of 
 hydrastis. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, yz to 5 grs. ; horse, ^2 dr. to 5^2 ozs. 
 
 Composition. — The active principle is hj'drastine, which is 
 different from the hydrastin of the eclectics; it also contains 
 berberine. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies, tannic and muri- 
 
72 NOTES ON 
 
 atic acids are chemically incompatible. They precipitate ber- 
 berine from it. 
 
 Synergist. — Vegetable tonics in general. 
 
 Physiological Action of Hydrastis. — It acts like the simple 
 bitters, promotes appetite and aids digestion, increases nutrition, 
 and stimulates secretion, especially of intestines and liver. It is 
 a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly diuretic and hepatic stimulant. 
 IvOcally it is an antiseptic and astringent. /// poisonojis doses 
 it acts like strychnine, but less powerful, and requires the same 
 antidote. It is a convulsant and paralyzer. It is also said to 
 promote uterine contractions, and has some power as an antiperi- 
 odic. The alkaloid is a motor stimulant. 
 
 Therapy. — Useful in conjunctivitis, nasal gleet, leucorrhoea 
 and gonorrhoea; in lo to 20 ms. of fluid extract to the ounce of 
 distilled aqua. One drachm of the fluid hydrastic to one ounce 
 of distilled water is useful as a gargle for sore throat. Equal 
 parts of fluid extract of ergol and fluid extract of hydrastis is 
 useful in ulceration of the uterus, vagina, and in eversion of rec- 
 tum. U.seful internally during convalescence after debilitating 
 diseases, as influenza and distemper, or wherever a bitter tonic is 
 indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, catarrhal jaun- 
 dice, constipation from deficient secretions, chronic nephritis and 
 chronic cystitis, fissure of teats, and cracked heels; in full 
 strength also said to be useful in excessive .sweating in ^i^ ounce 
 to I drachm doses twice dail^^ 
 
 CINCHONA AND ITS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Cinchona is the bark of a tree, the Cinchona Calisaga, and 
 contains at least 5 percent of its" peculiar alkaloids, of which not 
 less than one-half should be quinine. 
 
 Doses of powdered cinchona bark. — Horses, 2 to 4 drs. ; 
 cattle, I to 2 ounces; sheep and pigs, i to 4 drs.; dogs, 10 grs. to 
 I dr. 
 
 Preparation of Cinchona. Cinchona Flava, (yellow cin- 
 chona). This contains the most quinine. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Cinchon.e. — Dose — Horse, 15 grs. to 2 drs.; 
 dogs, Yo to 10 grs. 
 
 ExTRACTUM CiNCHON.E Fluidum. — Dose — Honse, 2 drs. to 
 30ZS. ; dogs, 10 ms. to i dr. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 73 
 
 There is also a tincture and infusion, but the dose is too large 
 for our use. 
 
 Cinchona Rubra — Red Cinchona. — -Preparation, Tinctura 
 Cinchonae Composita. Dose — Human, i to 4 drs.; dogs about 
 the same; dose too large for horses and cattle. 
 
 ALKALOIDS OF CINCHONA. 
 
 QuiNiN.'E Sulphas — Sulphate of Quinine. — Occurs in white, 
 silky, light and fine needle shaped cr3'stals, soluble in 740 parts 
 cold water and 30 of boiling water, and 65 parts of alcohol. Very 
 soluble in acidulated water, especially the sulphuric acid greatly 
 increases its solvency; i minim of the dilute sulphuric acid for 
 each grain of quinine. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 15 grs. to 2 drs.; colts, 3 grs. to ^ dr.; 
 cattle, J^ dr. to ^2 oz. ; calves, 20 grs. to 2 drs. ; sheep, 20 grs. 
 to I dr.; lambs, i to 20 grs.; dog, ^2 to 5 grs. Don't repeat 
 oftener than every 3 hours. 
 
 The bisulphate of quinine is soluble in 10 parts of water. 
 Dose same as the sulphate. 
 
 QuiNiN.E Hydro Bromas. — This is bromate of quinine. It 
 does not produce the head symptoms or ringing in the ears that 
 sulphate of quinine does. Dose about the same as sulphate of 
 quinine. 
 
 Tannate of Quinine. — Used in the human, also in whey 
 fed animals. Dose about the same as sulphate of quinine. 
 
 CiNCHONiN.E Sulphas. — Hard, white, lustrous, prismatic 
 crystals, odorless, very bitter taste, soluble at 59 F. in 66 parts 
 water and 10 parts alcohol. Dose about 3 times that of quinine. 
 
 Composition. — Cinchona contains 4 principal alkaloids, and 
 some 20 odd isomeric or synthetic alkaloids even 40 are mentioned, 
 besides it contains 2 simple acids, and 2 tannic acids; the most 
 important alkaloid is quinine, which is most abundant in the 
 yellow bark. Red cinchona contains the most tannin. The 4 
 chief alkaloids are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchoni- 
 dine. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — -Tannic acid, iodine and 
 preparations of iodine, form insoluble compounds with cinchona 
 alkaloids. The alkalies, alkaline carbonates, and alkaline earths 
 precipitate them from solutions. This holds good for ail alkaloids. 
 The waste producing agents are also antagonists. 
 
74 NOTES ON 
 
 Synergist. — All those agents which promote constructive 
 metamorphosis, as the bitters, iron, arsenic, and mineral acids. 
 
 Ph^^siological Actions. — Cinchona is an astringent, bitter 
 tonic. In its astringency only, does it differ from the action of 
 its alkaloids, which are tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, 
 antiphlogistic, antimiasmotic, stomachic, and antiferment, also 
 diminishes reflex action, i gr. to i oz. prevents development of 
 organisms; 2 grs. to i oz, prevents putrefaction and decompcsi- 
 tion. 
 
 The alkaloids are rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, being- 
 found in the urine 15 minutes after administration, and for 3 days 
 afterwards. At first they promote appetite, digestion, flow of 
 saliva and gastric juice, but long continued they derange the 
 stomach and bowels. 
 
 Action on the Heart. — Small doses stimulate the heart; 
 large doses (2 drs. to i oz. ) depress it. 
 
 On the Brain. — -The brain is exhilarated by small doses and 
 depressed by large ones. 
 
 On Spinal Cord. — Reflex function of spinal cord is lowered 
 by large doses. 
 
 Spleen. — Large doses reduce the size of the spleen; the 
 temperature in fever is lowered, although it does not affect the 
 temperament of a healthy animal. It checks oxidation and les- 
 sens protoplasmic and amoeboid movement. It is also said to be 
 a uterine stimulant. 
 
 On the Body in General. — Small doses stimulate; large doses 
 depress. Tissue change is diminished by it. 
 
 How it Reduces Fever. — Probably by virtue of its antisep- 
 tic properties; also by increasing the size of red blood corpus- 
 cles. It prevents them from giving up their oxygen to a certain 
 extent, and diminishes the number and movement of the white 
 blood corpuscles. 
 
 Medicinal Uses. — The bark and its alkaloids are used as bit- 
 ter stomachics and tonics to improve the appetite and stimulate 
 digestion. Checks abnormal gastro-intestinal fermentation, and 
 is used in atonic indigestion. Quinine sulphate with nitro- 
 muriatic acid dilute. 
 
 Weakly foals and calves with relaxed bowels are bene- 
 fited by quinine sulphate and arom. sulphuric acid. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 75 
 
 During convalescence and for debilitating diseases, as a gen- 
 eral tonic, the following prescription is useful: 
 
 I^ Ouinina' sulph., 5 "^• 
 
 F'erri sulphas ex., ^ i- 
 
 Gentian rad., 5 "'• 
 
 Pulv. nucisvom., 5 iss. 
 
 Pot. nit. pulv. 5 ii. 
 
 M. Ft. chart No. 12. Sig. — One powder three times daily. 
 
 In Angemia. — Give quininse sulphate with tincture ferri 
 chlor. or other iron preparations. 
 
 It is serviceable in septicaemia and pyaemia, influenza, 
 strangles, purpura and other febrile diseases, especially of germ 
 origin. In puerperal metritis of cows and ewes; also in distem- 
 per of dogs it is of great benefit, and probably the best medicine 
 known in malarial diseases. Give i drachm dose every four 
 hours of Quinine sulph. for horses. 
 
 Rheumatism — Quinine Sulph. with salol, salicylic acid or 
 salicylate of soda is sometimes injected hypodermically for sciatic 
 rheumatism, 
 
 For rheumatism the following is indicated. 
 
 Yjc Quin. sulph. 5 i. 
 
 Pulv. bellad. fol., 5 ij. 
 
 Sodii. salicylatis, ,'^ iij. 
 
 Pulv. cimicifuga:^ 5 iij. 
 M. Ft. chart No, 12. Sig — One powder every four hours. 
 
 Chorea. — With other tonics, as cod-liver oil, iron, bitters, 
 nux vomica, strichnine, arsenic, etc. 
 
 Quinine is useful in solutions as an antiseptic for wounds, 
 used as a spray or gargle in relaxed or diphtheric throats. Qui- 
 nine is indicated in tetanus. In colds and catarrhal affections 
 use the following prescription: 
 
 ^ Quininif sulph., 51. 
 
 Pulv. Opii, 5 ij* 
 
 Pulv. ammon. carb 5 ij- 
 
 Pulv. camphoriP. = i. 
 
 M. Ft. chart No. 12. Sig. — One powder mixed with syrup every 3 hours. 
 
 Quinine is used to prevent and allay surgical fever. In ery- 
 sipelas quinine combined with iron is the best treatment. It is 
 also u.sedin periodic opthalraia, pneumonia, bronchitis, laryngitis, 
 pharyngitis; also used to dress seatons, for atrophy of muscles, 
 etc. In cystitis a 2 per cent solution for irrigation of the 
 bladder. 
 
76 NOTKS ON 
 
 Prescriptions containing quinine, for catarrhal fever where 
 fever is high. 
 
 ^ Quin. sulph, 5 vj- 
 
 Acetanilid, § ij- — S "J" 
 
 Spts. aeth. nit., 5 vj. 
 Spts. villi recftif. 5 xij. 
 
 M. Sig — 5 i^s- every three hours in half pint water. 
 
 For fever and debihty: 
 19^ Quin. sulph., 5 i- 
 
 vSpts. vini re6lif, 5 xij. 
 M. Sig — 5 i every 3 or 4 hours in ,5 v. or 5 vi. water. 
 
 For catarrhal fever. 
 
 I^ Quin. sulph. § j- 
 
 Acid sulphurici dil., 5 j* 
 
 Aq. qs. ad,. g ^'j- 
 M. Sig. — 5 i. every 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 Agents Promoting Destructive Metamorphosis or in- 
 creasing waste, most commonly called waste producers. 
 
 Alkalies. — Compri.se salts of potash, soda, lithium and am- 
 monia. 
 
 Alkalies are directly opposed to acids. They increase acid 
 and diminish alkaline secretions when given % hour before meals. 
 In dyspepsia, due to excessive acidity, the result of undue fer- 
 mentation, administer y^ hour to an hour after eating. The al- 
 kalies and salts alter osmosis in animal membranes and promote 
 both the action of the bowels and kidneys; they increase the al- 
 kalinity of the blood, encourage oxidation, produce waste, and 
 promote other alterative effects. 
 
 POTASSIUM. 
 
 Potash and its salts are protoplasmic poi-sons when u.sed 
 long enough and in sufficient concentration, are more .soluble, 
 more readily absorbed and diffused, but are also more quickly 
 excreted than sodium salts, are also more powerful irritants. In 
 large doses they act as irritants to the gastro-intestinal tract. 
 
 The circulation is generall}^ depressed by potassium salts; 
 but after small doses, the primary depression of the pulse rate 
 and arterial pressure is followed by a rise of both. Large doses 
 cause a rapid fall of blood pressure and pulse rate, consequently 
 they are c.ardiac depressants. If injected into a vein they will 
 paralyze the heart. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles of all Alkalies. — The alkalies 
 and their carbonates are incompatible with acids and metallic 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 77 
 
 salts. They decompose the alkaloids of vegetable drugs. Never 
 pre.scribe with the alkalies any of the alkaloids. Potassium 
 chlorate rubbed with sugar forms an explosive. In case of pois- 
 oning by the alkalies give dilute vegetable acids as vinegar, 
 lemon juice, etc. Also administer oils which form soap; demul- 
 cents in general are indicated; empty stomach, when you can. 
 
 Synergist. — Other alkalies and waste producers as mercury, 
 iodides, etc. 
 
 PoTASS.\ — Caustic Potash. — Synonym, Potassae Hydras. 
 Characters.- — Hard deliquescent corrosive pencils or rods, 
 soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 lyiQUOR PoTASS.E. — Solution of potash. 
 
 Character. — Colorless alkaline fluid with soapy feel and 
 taste. 
 
 Ph^-siological actions of caustic and liquor potassse. 
 Externally. — Irritant and caustic, (abstracts water from 
 parts) dissolves fatty matters, antacids, and if well diluted acts 
 as a sedative. 
 
 Internally. — Not used to any extent, as milder salts are pre- 
 ferred, is antacid, alterative, febrifuge and diuretic. 
 
 Toxicology. — They corrode and inflame the alimentary tract, 
 •cause colicky pains, great depression and sometimes perforations. 
 Post-Mortem. — Will find red and black spots from extravasa- 
 tion of blood; the blood will be dark colored and fluid. Smaller 
 or more dilute doses impair digestion and assimilation, and de- 
 stroy life by inanition. 2 drs. in 6 oz. of water killed a horse in 
 32 hours. 
 
 Therapy — Caustic potash is .sometimes used to destroy warts 
 and fungus growths. A diluted solution is used to cauterize 
 poisoned wounds, but is dangerous, as it maj' penetrate too 
 deeply and spread. This can be overcome b}^ washing with 
 vinegar. 
 
 A 40 per cent sol. of caustic potash is used in the human for 
 in growing toe nails; is painted on, leave on a few minutes until 
 the nail softens, then scrape with gldss. It can then be removed 
 with .scissors. 
 
 ^ Liq- potas., 5 ss. 
 
 Ac. hydrocyauic, 5 i. 
 Aqua, Oj . 
 
 M. Sig. — Use as a wash for itching skin disease to allay ir- 
 
78 NOTES ON 
 
 ritation. Two to five drops of L,iq. Potash to the ounce is some- . 
 times used in diphtheria to dissolve the false membrane. 
 
 PoTASSii Carbonas. — Carbonate of Potash. 
 
 S3-nergist.— Salts of Tartar. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Same as caustic potash, but less caustic. 
 The potash bicarbonate is preferred for medicinal uses. 
 
 PoTASSii BiCARBONAS — Bicarbonate of Potash. — Acid Car- 
 bonate. 
 
 Character. — Non-corrosive, non-deliquescent, colorless, mono- 
 clinic prisms; mildly alkaline taste, solubility, i in 4 of water. 
 
 Dose. — Hor.se, 2 to 6 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 20 grs. to i dr.; 
 cattle, )^ to I oz. ; dogs. 2 to 30 grs. 
 
 Physiological Actions and U.ses. — Those of potash, only 
 milder, used to stimulate production of gastric juice; adminis- 
 tered before meals with bitter tonics, or after meals to overcome 
 excessive acidity of stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty 
 condition to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Use- 
 ful as an antacid in nettle-rash and other itching .skin disea.ses. 
 Internally and externally as a mild wash; 3 2 oz. to the pint. 
 
 The potash bicarbonate is used to remove uric acid deposits, 
 which may occur in overfed dogs. Calculus made up of am- 
 monium, magnesium and phosphates, occur in bladder and urethra 
 of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use potash bicarbonate 
 V2 to I dr., well diluted, conjoined with laxative diet and bella- 
 donna to dilate urethra; 8 to 16 grains of belladonna is less cer- 
 tain as a diuretic than the acetate or nitrate of potash. 
 
 In leucorrhoea use 2 to 4 drs. to i pint for injection to over- 
 come acidity. 
 
 PoTASsii AcETAS — Acetate of Potash. 
 
 Character. — White deliquescent, satiny, neutral masses of 
 peculiar odor; also in a granular form. Soluble in 2}^' of water. 
 Alcohol, I in 2. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 to 4 drs.; for single do.se, i or 2 ozs. ; sheep 
 and pigs, 15 grs to i dr.; cattle, 3 to 6 drs., or i oz. ; dogs, 2 
 to 20 grs. 
 
 PoTASSii Citras— Citrate of Potash. 
 
 Character. — White, granular, deliquescent powder, saline 
 taste, neutral reaction. Soluble, 10 to 6 in water. Do.se about 
 the same as the acetate. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Are least irritant to stomach of a 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 79 
 
 the potash saks. Are neutral and have no action on the gastric 
 juice; are not antacid. The}- are changed into the carbonate of 
 potash and as such circulate in the blood. Are powerful direct 
 diuretics, stimulate renal cells directlj^; also diaphoretic; the ci- 
 trate more than the acetate. They have slight depressing action 
 on the heart; also slightly expectorant. 
 
 Therapy. — Used in gouty conditions, Bright' s disease, fev- 
 ers of all kinds, azoturia, (when put in water is not so irritat- 
 ing as the nitrate), dropsical conditions, pleurisy, ascites, oedema 
 of legs, etc. Combined with tonics, iron, etc. 
 
 For oedema of legs and other dropsical conditions: 
 
 ^ Potas. acet., g vj. 
 
 Tr. digitalis, § vj. 
 
 Aq. qs. ad., g ^'j* 
 
 M. Sig- — One oz. every 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 PoTASsii Sulphas. — Sulphate of Potash, — Sulphate of soda 
 is preferred. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; pigs, 15 grs. to i dr.; dogs, 
 3 to 30 grs.; pigs, 15 grs. to i dr. Chief action is cholagogue. 
 
 PoTASSii Tartars — Tartrate of Potash. — Small, colorless 
 deliquescent, monoclinic prisms. Soluble 10 in 8 of water. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 to 4 drs. as a febrifuge and diuretic; from 6 
 to 16 oz. as a laxative or purgative, according to size; pigs, y^ to 
 I dr. ; I to 2 ozs. as a purgative; dogs, 2 to 30 grs.; i dr. to i oz. 
 as a purgative. 
 
 PoTAssii Bitartrate, Acid Tartrate of Potassium — 
 Cream of Tartar. — Soluble i in 15 boiling water. Dose — dog, 
 10 grs. to 2 drs. as refrig rant and diuretic; for purgative from i 
 dr. to I oz. for dogs. For simple itching skin disease, for dogs 
 equal parts of cream tartar and sulphur. 
 
 Ph^'siological Action of the 3 Sulphates. — Tartrate and bi- 
 tartrate of potassium; hydragogue, saline purgative, abstracts 
 fluid from the blood and pours it into the intestines. In large 
 doses the sulphate is a mild hepatic stimulant slightly increasing 
 the flow of bile. Small doses of the tartrate and bitartrate are 
 diuretics. 
 
 Therap3'. — Sulphate, for liver disease, the other two for 
 chronic constipation, skin diseases, and as refrigerants in febrile 
 conditions. 
 
 PoTASSii NiTRAS— Nitrate of Potash. 
 
So NOTE.S ON 
 
 Synergist — Nitre — Saltpeter. — The purified saltpeter is used 
 in veterinary practice. 
 
 Characters. — White, six-sided rhombic prisms, cool saline in 
 taste. vSoluble in i to 4 of water, neutral reaction. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — lyarge doses irritate the stomach, 
 bowels and kidneys; medicinal doses are alterative, febrifuge, 
 diuretic and feebly laxative. Excreted by the bronchial glands, 
 skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of these organs; is a car- 
 diac depressant, and mild refrigerant and diaphoretic. 
 
 Uses. — In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of legs com- 
 bined with digitalis and general tonics. For the dropsical con- 
 ditions the acetate and citrate are better. 
 
 Externally. - It is a refrigerant and stimulant. Dose — as a 
 febrifuge and mild diuretic, horse, i to 4 drs. ; dogs, i to 10 grs. 
 As a strong diuretic, give a horse i oz. but do not repeat oftener 
 than twice in 24 hours. 5 grs. to i dr. is a powerful diuretic for 
 a dog. 
 
 For acute laminitis 2 to 4 ozs. is given by some veterinarians, 
 this is used principally in the east. 
 
 PoTASSii Chloras. — Chlorate of Potash, Potassium Chlorate. 
 
 Character. — Colorless, monoclinic prisms, easily explodes on 
 trituration with sugar, sulphur, tannin, charcoal and glycerin. 
 It is soluble in i to 16 parts of cold water and i to 2 of boiling 
 water. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, r to 2 drs.; cattle twice as much, dogs, i to 
 10 grs. L,arger doses are occasionally given but this salt is very 
 irritating to stomach and kidneys. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Antiseptic, antacid, alterative, sial- 
 agogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac depressant; irritant to 
 gastro-intestinal tract and kidne5'S. Externally, antiseptic, mild 
 stimulant and refrigerant. Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the 
 nitrate; disintegrates the red blood corpuscles. 
 
 Medicinal U.ses. — Earyngitis, pharyngitis, sore mouth from 
 any cause. As a gargle use ^4 to i ounce to the pint of water. 
 Also used in febrile conditions, especially of a catarrhal nature. 
 Prescription for gargle: 
 
 ]^ Tr. ferri chlor, 5 ss. 
 
 Pot. chloratis, 5 i. 
 
 Glycerin, 5 ii. 
 
 Aqua qs. ad., Oj- 
 
 M. Sig. — I or 2 ozs. every hour or two- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA ]MEDICA. Si 
 
 SODIUM NATRIUM — SODA, CAUSTIC SODA. 
 
 Character. — Grayish white solid masses, or cyHndrical pencils. 
 
 Liquor Sod.e. — Solution of Soda. 
 
 Action. — Same as caustic potash and solution of potash, ex- 
 cept less poisonous, less irritant and depressing. 
 
 Sodii Carbonas. — Soda, or Washing Soda. — Soluble in i to 
 2 of cold water. Dose three or four times that of the exsiccatus. 
 
 SoD.E Carbonas Exsiccatus- Dried Carbonate oe Soda. 
 — A dry, white powder; a purified washing soda. Dose. — Horse,. 
 yn to 2 drs. ; pigs, 4 to 10 grs, ; dogs, 2 to 5 grs. 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonas. — Bicarbonate of Soda. 
 
 Character. — White opaque powder, milder than the carbonate. 
 Soluble in i to 12 of cold water. 
 
 Actions. — Of carbonate and bicarbonate, antacid and alter- 
 ative. 
 
 Dose of Bicarbonate. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz. ; dogs, 10 grs. 
 to Yz dr. 
 
 Uses. — In digestion, Yz hour before meals, to increase gastric 
 juice, or as an antacid after meals. Young calves wdien fed on stale 
 skim milk, suffering froin dyspepsia, are benefited b}^ i or 2 
 drs. of bicarbonate of soda dissolved in each meal of milk. It 
 is an antidote to poisoning by acids, less irritating than the potas- 
 sium salts, hence better for dyspepsia. A solution of the carbon- 
 ate or bicarbonate lessens irritation of itching skin diseases, as 
 urticaria or nettle-rash, i oz. to i pint of water. Also as injec- 
 tion for leucorrhoea. Never use it in flatulence, as the extra 
 gas due to effervescence is apt to cause rupture of stomach or 
 bow^els. The carbonate is used as a remedy against gall-stones, 
 given two hours after meals. It increases the fluidity of the 
 bile. 
 
 Sodium Borate — Sodiiboras - Borax. — Colorless crystals 
 wholly soluble in boiling water and in 16 parts of cold water. 
 
 Actions. — Antiseptic, parasiticide, mild astringent and alka- 
 line. 
 
 Can be used the same as the bicarbonate, internally and ex- 
 ternally. Externally boracic acid is better as an antiseptic; also^ 
 useful as an eye-wash, ]'2 oz to i pint of water. 
 
 Sodii Nitras — Nitrate of Sodae. — Same as potassium nitrate,, 
 but not as strong and not used much in medicine. 
 
82 NOTES ON 
 
 SoDii Chloridum — Sodium Chloride — Chloride of Sodse. 
 — Common salt. Soluble i in 2^ water. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Salt is an essential article of food; small 
 doses are restorative, tonic, stomachic, antiseptic, antiferment, 
 emetic for dogs, anthelmintic, laxative and alterative; used as injec- 
 tion for pin worms. Its constant use will prevent worms. Animals 
 suffer from inanition without it. Animals deprived of salt do 
 not thrive. As an emetic for dogs i to 4 drs. of salt and Vz tea- 
 spoonful of mustard in one-half cup of tepid water. Salt as an 
 eye-wash is tonic to the eyes; i dr. to i pint of water. Condemn 
 rock salt for horses as it contains irritating properties due to its 
 great impurity. Feed animals cooking salt. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, ^ to i oz.; sheep, 2 to 4 drs.; cattle, 2 to 3 
 ozs. ; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. These doses are stomachic and altera- 
 tive, often used for cattle as a purgative and vermifuge; from 10 
 to 20 ozs. in water. In cases of azoturia order plenty of salt; it 
 acts as a diuretic, makes the horse thirsty and causes him to drink 
 water freely and flushes the kidneys. 
 
 SoDii Sulphas- Sulphate of Sodae — Glauber's Salt. 
 
 Character. Colorless, transparent prisms, efflorescing on ex- 
 posure to air. Soluble in i to 3 of water; occurs also in granu- 
 lar form, which is the best. 
 
 Dose as a purgative, well diluted, horse, 10 to 20 ozs., but 
 generally give the largest dose, 20 ozs.; cattle, i to iV^ lbs.; 
 sheep, 2 to 4 ozs.. It is best to give a carminative with it, as 
 ginger or capsicum to prevent griping. 
 
 Action. — Purgative, cholagogue, slightly diuretic, febrifuge 
 and hepatic stimulant. 
 
 U.ses. — Wherever a purgative is indicated, as in congestion 
 of the liver, small, repeated doses act better than large ones; as a 
 hepatic stimulant, dropsical conditions, influenza, especiall}^ where 
 liver is involved, tetanus, febrile diseases, where the bowels are 
 apt to be constipated, give 2 to 4 ozs. in a bucket of water. Also 
 used in itching skin disease in full doses. 
 
 SoDii Hyposulphis - Hyposulphite of Soda. - Occurs in 
 large colorless, transparent crystals, also in granular forms, solu- 
 ble in I to 1)4 of water. Dose. — Horse in gastric flatulence, 4 
 to 12 ozs.; y^. to I oz. for repeated doses; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Antiseptic, antiferment, deodorizer 
 and insecticide. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 83 
 
 Uses. — Mainly used in gastric flatulence. When you have 
 a case of gastric flatulence, you cannot give anything better 
 than hyposulphite of sodae. In intestinal flatulence give salicylic 
 acid, or naphthalin. In either case always combine with carmin- 
 atives. Also prescribe in distemper of dogs, wash for wounds, 
 influenza for horses, strangles, foot and mouth disease, given in- 
 ternally to control suppuration. In the human give 10 gr. 
 doses for gonorrhoea. 
 
 calcium, calx, lime. 
 
 Calcii Carbonas Pr.ecipitatus — Creta Pr.p:parata. — 
 Prepared Chalk. — A fine white powder, insoluble in water,. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to 2 ozs. ; lambs, 3 to 10 grs. ; colts 
 and calves, 10 grs. to 2 drs.; dogs, 2 to 20 grs.; pigs, ^2 to 
 2 drs. 
 
 lyioroR Calcis— Lime-water. Dose. — Horses, 2 to 16 
 ozs. ; dogs, I to 8 drs. 
 
 Antagonists, Incompatibles and Synergists. — Same as for 
 potassium and sodium salts. 
 
 Actions. —Antacids, intestinal a.stringents, desiccants. 
 
 Uses. — Its principal use is in diarrhoea, combined with opii 
 and tannic acid, also antiseptic; makes a nice dusting powder 
 over abraided surfaces. Antidote to poisoning by carbolic acid, 
 mineral acids, oxalic acid and zinc chloride. 
 
 Lime-water. — Milk and Aq. Calcis, equal parts and 
 sweetened is good for puppies raised on bottle, as it is easily di- 
 gested. 
 
 Aq. Calcis and Oleum Lini equal parts is good for burns. 
 
 LITHIUM. 
 
 lyiTHii CiTRAS — Citrate of Lithium. — White crystalline 
 powder; soluble in 2^ parts boiling water and 55 parts cold 
 water. 
 
 Dose.— Hor.se, i to 4*drs. ; dogs, i to 20 grs. 
 
 There is also a bromide carbonate, salicylate and a benzoate; 
 ■doses and action about the same, citrate usually being preferred 
 on account of its solubility. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Closeh* resembles that of potash 
 salts, powerful solvent of uric acid and uric acid calculi, is diu- 
 
84 NOTES ON 
 
 retic and renders the urine alkaline; depressant in large doses, 
 but not as powerful as potassium salts. 
 
 Uses. - Rheumatism and gouty conditions in general, used 
 in azoturia, but do not recommend its use in this disease, as it 
 seems to render the poison more soluble, so that it is readily taken 
 up by the system, often causing sudden death of a patient that 
 might have otherwise recovered. 
 
 AMMONIUM. 
 
 Aq. Ammoni.e Fortior — Stronger water of ammoniae; 28 
 per cent by weight of the gas dissolved in water. 
 
 Character — Colorless pungent liquid, very alkaline. 
 
 Dose. — hor.se, i to 2 drs. ; sheep and pigs, ^2 to i dr. ; cattle, 
 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 nis. Should be well diluted, i drachm 
 to I pint of water. 
 
 Spiritus Ammoni.E. — Contains 10 per cent of the gas by 
 weight, dissolved in alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs., i oz. as a .stimulant; dogs, i to 
 20 ms. ; sheep and pigs, 's to 1^2 drs. 
 
 AouA Ammonia. — 10 per cent, of the gas dissolved in 
 water. Dose twice that of the Fortior. 
 
 Spiritus Ammoni.E Aromaticus. — Aromatic .spirits of 
 Ammoniae. 
 
 Synonym. — Sal. Volatile, composed of ammon. carb., aq. 
 amnion., oil of pimenta, oil of lemon and oil of lavender in a 
 menstruum of alcohol and water. 
 
 Dose. - Horses, ji to 1^3 oz. ; cattle, i to 2 ozs. ; calves, ^ to 
 2 drs. ; sheep and pigs, i to 2 drs. , lambs, 5 to 30 ms. ; dogs, 5 to 
 90 ms. 
 
 Physiological i\ctions. — The four preparations of ammonia 
 are gastric and general .stimulants; stimulates the cardiac, 
 respiratory and spinal systems. The aromatic .spirit is also car- 
 minative. They irritate the nose when inhaled, but refiexly, 
 they stimulate the pulse and respiration, are good .stimulants as 
 they do not affect the brain. Externally they are rubefacients, 
 and when confined are vesicants. 
 
 U.ses. — Externally as counter-irritants; it is frequently used 
 in liniments, i ounce of aqua ammon. to i pint of water, etc., 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 85 
 
 makes a good stimulating liniment. x^s a counter-irritant in 
 chest diseases, etc. : 
 
 ^ 01. sinapis, 5 i- 
 
 Aq. ammou. fort, 5 i- 
 
 01. gossj'p. seni., 5 iv. 
 M. Sig.— Apply. 
 
 It is also used as an inhalation for s3'ncope or anaesthesia. 
 
 Internally. — May be used as diffusible stimulants in collapse 
 from any cause. In indigestion, especially flatulence and spas- 
 modic colic use the aromatic spirits. It is an antidote to poisoning 
 by narcotic and sedative drugs, such as opium, digitalis, aconite, 
 etc. The aqua ammon. or aqua ammonige fort, are injected into 
 the jugular vein for parturient apoplexy in cattle, i dr. to ji oz. of 
 distilled water. The same is used for snake bites, given inter- 
 nally and injected into the wound and surrounding subcutaneous 
 tissues, also for poisoning by gases. 
 
 Representative prescription for intestinal flatulence or spas- 
 modic colic: 
 
 I^ Fl. Ex. cannabis Ind., 5 ss. 
 
 Fl. ext. hyoscyanii, 5 ii- 
 
 Tr. zingib, 5 iss. 
 
 Spts. ammon. arom., 5 iss. 
 
 Ac. vSalicylici, 5 i"- 
 M. Sig — At one dose in one pint of water; repeat in one-half or 
 three-quarters of an hour, if necessary. 
 
 Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. — vSolution of acetate of am- 
 monia. 
 
 Synonym. — Mindererus spirits. The carbonate of ammonia 
 is gradually added to dilute acetic acid until neutralized; each 
 ounce will contain about 23 grains of carbonate of ammonia; 
 should always be made up fresh. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 to 6 ozs. ; dogs, i to 4 drs. ; cattle, 3 to 8 
 ozs. Dilute in from 2 to 4 parts water. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Diaphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimu- 
 lant, mild diuretic, mild expectorant and stomachic. 
 
 Uses. — Much used in febrile and inflammatory attacks, es- 
 pecially of the respiratory organs, catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia, 
 influenza, strangles, etc., combined with other remedies, improves 
 the appetite; can be used externally as a refrigerant over swollen 
 and inflamed tendons, used as a general stimulant. 
 
 Ammonii Carbon as. — White, translucent masses, pungent 
 ammoniacal odor, alkaline, soluble i in 4 of water. 
 
86 NOTES ON 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs. when repeated every 3 hours, i 
 dr. is enough. Cattle, i]^ to 5 drs. ; dogs, i to 8 grs. ; sheep 
 and pigs, 15 to 40 grs.; colts, 20 to 60 grs. well diluted. The 
 larger doses are used as stimulants. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Gastric stimulant, general stimu- 
 lant, cardiac stimulant, stimulant expectorant, antacid, carmin- 
 ativ^e, respiratory stimulant and emetic in dogs. 
 
 Uses. — Can be used in indigestion as indicated, but the 
 milder alkalies are preferred, also in exhaustion, and debilitating 
 diseases. In diseases of the air passages it is used as an expecto- 
 rant; is contra-indicated in purpura hsemorrhagica, as it lowers the 
 oxygen-carrying power of red blood corpuscles, and di.ssolves 
 fibrin. As a stimulant it can be combined with alcohol and sul- 
 phuric ether. Ammonia is indicated where a clot, thrombi or 
 embolism, is supposed to exist, on account of its defibrinating 
 power. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridi. — Chloride or muriate of ammonia. 
 
 Synonym. — Sal. ammoniac. 
 
 Character. — Translucent, fibrous masses or colorless crystals, 
 volatile, and soluble i in 4 of water. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs. ; cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; sheep, i to 2 
 drs.; colts, 20 to 60 grs.; calves, y^ to 2 drs.; dogs, i to 10 or 15 
 grs. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Expectorant, hepatic stimulant, 
 mild diaphoretic, diuretic, antacid and mild general stimu- 
 lant. The chief difference between the carbonate and the chlo- 
 ride of ammonia is that the chloride is more of an expectorant, 
 and the dose larger than that of the carbonate but the carbonate 
 is more stimulating. 
 
 Uses of the Muriate or Chloride. — Used in all diseases where 
 an expectorant is indicated, catarrhal conditions, pneumonia, 
 influenza, chronic congestion of the liver, etc. Give 2 ozs. each 
 of the chloride of ammonia and pot. nit. in 1% pints of water as 
 a refrigerant for inflamed swellings, sprained tendons, joints, etc. 
 
 For Catarrhal disorders give: 
 
 ^ Quinin:e sulph. 5 "^'^ to ,5 i- 
 
 Ammon. chloridi pulv. ,3 iii. 
 
 Camph. pulv. 5 i. 
 
 Pot. nit. pulv. 5 ii*- 
 
 M. Ft. Chart No. 12. Sig- — i powder every 3 hours. 
 
 Ammonii Benzoas— Benzoate of Ammonia. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 87 
 
 Dose for horse, 2 drs. to i oz. ; clogs, 2 to 30 grs. 
 
 Use in gouty conditions, and to dissolve gravel, same as 
 benzoic acid in alkaline urine; also as an expectorant, and in 
 cystitis has a soothing effect on the mucous membrane. 
 
 Ammonii Phosphas. — Phosphate of ammonia, is used for 
 gout and to dissolve uric acid calculi. Dose for dogs, 2 to 20 grs. 
 
 There is also a Valerianate of Ammonia. All the prepara- 
 tions of ammonia are more or less stimulating to the entire mo- 
 tor apparatus, but in excessive doses cause death by paralysis; if 
 too long continued or given in too large doses may cause irrita- 
 tion and inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract. Dilute well. 
 VEGETABLE ACIDS. 
 
 AciDUM Tartaricum. — Occurs in colorless crystals. Ob- 
 tained from cream of tartar. Refrigerant and purgative. Dose 
 for dog, 5 to 40 grs. 
 
 AciDUM CiTRicuM— Citric Acid.— Obtained from lime fruit 
 and lemon. Colorless crystals. Dose for dog, 2 to 20 grs. 
 
 AciDUM AcETicuM— Acetic Acid. — A colorless liquid of 
 pungent, sharp odor, is the sour principle of vinegar. 
 
 AciDUM AcETicuM DiLUTUM — DiLUTE AcETic AciD — Vine- 
 gar. — Contains 17 per cent strength of acetic acid and 30 per cent 
 of water. Dose of dilute acetic acid, horse, i to 2 ozs. ; dogs, 15 
 ms. to 2 drs. 
 
 AciDUM AcETicuM Glaciale. — Pure acetic acid. 
 
 Actions. — Concentrated these acids are escharotic; dilute, 
 they diminish thirst and allay restlessness, are refrigerants, in- 
 crease acidity of urine, promote secretion and increase the water 
 of the urine. Long continued doses cause general wasting away. 
 They are antilithic. 
 
 Uses. — The glacial or full strength acid is used to remove 
 warts or other growths. The dilute acetic acid as a wash in 
 itching skin disease, and externally as a refrigerant. The citric 
 and tartaric are not much used in veterinary practice. A little 
 lump of citric acid about the size of a pea left to dissolve in the 
 mouth will cure hoarseness in the human. Tartaric acid is said 
 to eliminate phosphates from the urine. 
 
 SULPHUR, SULPHITES AND SULPHIDFS. 
 
 Sulphur Sublimatum. — Sublimed sulphur, commonly 
 known as flower of sulphur, is the chief form used in veterinary 
 practice. Dose as an alterative and laxative. 
 
88 NOTKS ON 
 
 Horses, i to 4 ozs. ; sheep and pigs, '2 to i oz. ; cattle, 3 to 
 6 ozs. ; dogs, '£> dr. to % oz. 
 
 There is also a SulpJiur Pnrcipitatum, known as the milk of 
 sulphur; also Sulphur Lotum, known as washed sulphur. As 
 an alterative about one-half the above do.ses are enough. In hu- 
 man practice sulphur is used in rheumatism applied to parts on 
 flannel. They are all insoluble in water or alcohol. 
 
 Phy.siological Actions. — Internally, laxati\-e and alterative. 
 
 Externally. — Chiefly used as a parasiticide and desiccant, also 
 to disinfect premises. 
 
 Uses. — Burned, and used as a deodorizer and disinfectant: as 
 a mild laxative where powerful ones would irritate and be dan- 
 gerous; as in pregnane}', convalescence from, accute diseases and 
 piles. Good for young animals as a laxative; in urticaria (nettle- 
 rash). The following prescription maybe used: 
 
 1^ Sulphur sub., o ^'^• 
 
 Carbo ligui., 5 iii. 
 
 M. Sig. — Two tablepoonfuls 3 times daily in feed. 
 
 Used in parasitic and other skin diseases, mange, etc. 
 
 For mange clip off the hair, scrub well, give Fowler's so- 
 lution internally, if chronic, and use sulphur and lard externally. 
 In more obstinate cases of mange use the following: 
 
 ^ Sulphur sub. 5 i. 
 
 01. cadinum, 3 ^ii- 
 Adeps., 5 V. 
 
 Thoroughly rub in and leave on for 48 hours. Wash off and 
 
 repeat, or 
 
 ^ vSulphur. 5 "• 
 
 Pot. carbonate, ,5 ^* 
 Lard or oil, 5 ^' ^^ ^^'• 
 
 Dissolve with aid of gentle heat, then add 2 ozs. of benzine 
 when cold. Use the same way as above. 
 
 Calcium Sulphide. — Soluble i to 500. 
 
 Dose. — Hor.se, 10 to 20 grs., every three hours to stop sup- 
 puration. A sulphite of calcium may be administered for the 
 same purpose, ^4 to i dr. three times daily in tetanus. 
 
 AciDUM SuLPHUROSUM— Sulphurous Acid. Colorless liquid, 
 odor of burning sulphur; and a sulphurous sour, and somewhat 
 astringent taste: 
 
 Do.se. —Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; dogs, i to 60 ms. every three 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 89 
 
 or four hours, diluted. Not much used internally; used more 
 externally. It combines with oxygen and forms sulphuric acid. 
 For local use dilute with 3 or 4 times its quantity of water. 
 
 Actions. — Disinfectant," deodorant, antiseptic and parasiti- 
 cide; is irritating, should be well diluted. 
 
 Uses. — vSulphurous gas from burning sulphur, is used for 
 husk or hoose of sheep and calves; this is a disease in which 
 worms affect the bronchial tubes, due to strongylus micrurus in 
 calves, and strongjdus filaria in sheep. The subjects are placed 
 in a loose box and sulphur burned about 6 feet away frorn them, 
 so that air may dilute the fumes before being inhaled by the 
 animals; let them inhale the fumes for 10, 15 or 20 minutes or 
 longer, unless irritation is too great. 
 
 The sulphurous acid is used in foot and mouth diseases, as a 
 spra}' or on lint; in diphtheria and in epizootic aphthae, etc., as a 
 .spray; used internally in septicaemia. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles of Sulphur, Sulphides and 
 Sulphites. — The mineral acids, including sulphuric, decompose 
 the sulphites and hyposulphites. All oxidizing agents are in- 
 compatible, as these preparations have a great affinity for oxygen 
 and the sulphites readily become sulphates. Solutions of the 
 metals are incompatible with sulphides of potash and calcium . 
 
 Antidotes. — Are chlorine water, common salt, sulphate of 
 iron, etc. 
 
 Synergist. — All agents which arrest fermentative processes 
 or promote waste. The alkalies favor their action, both chemi- 
 cally and phj'Siologically. 
 
 IODINE AND ITS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 lODUM-IoDiNE. — Occurs in bluish black cr5'Stalline scales of 
 a metallic lustre, slightly soluble in water, i in 5000, alcohol, i 
 in 10, ether, i in 4, and in a solution of iodide of potash and a 
 solution of chloride of sodium, is very soluble. It is non-me- 
 tallic. It is obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds and should be 
 kept in glass stoppered bottles in a cool place. We use the Re- 
 suBijMED Iodine. Dose of the resublimedis for horse, i5grs. to 
 I dr.; cattle, Y^ to 1)2 drs. ; sheep, 10 to 30grs. ; pigs, 5 to 20 
 grs. ; dogs, % to i gr. 
 
 lyiouoR loDi CoMPOSiTus. — Compouud solution of iodine, 
 iodine 5 parts, potassium iodide 10 parts, distilled water qs. to 
 
90 NOTES ON 
 
 make loo parts. It is always well to make your own solutions of 
 any strength you desire. 
 
 Ammonium Iodidum — Ammonium Iodidk - Iodide of Am- 
 monia. — White granular, very deliquescent salt, becoming yel- 
 lowish brown by exposure, very soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 4 drs. average dose 2 drs. ; dogs, i to 10 
 grs. Very good in pneumonia where resolution is tardy. 
 
 SoDii Iodidum -Sodium Iodide — Iodide of Soda. — Minute 
 crystals or crystalline powder, deliquescent, having a saline and 
 bitter taste, and alkaline reaction. Soluble in water and in al- 
 cohol; actions and dose about the same as lod. of Pot. 
 
 Potassium Iodidum^Potassium Iodide— Iodide of Potash. 
 — Occurs in white or transparent crystals, wholh' soluble in 
 water; alcohol i in 18, glycerin i in 3. 
 
 Dose. — Human, 5 grs. to i dr.; horse, 2 to 4 drs. i oz. can 
 be given. Cattle, 3 to 6 drs. ; sheep, 10 to 30 grs. ; pigs, 15 to 30 
 grs.; dogs, i to 10 grs. 
 
 These are for doses that are to be repeated two or three times 
 a day, but can be increased in certain cases, as in blood poison- 
 ing; usually given in solution. On account of the expense of 
 pot. iod. can give resublimed iodine and pot. iod. together. 
 
 PEEPARATIONS OF IODINE. — FOR EXTERNAL USE. 
 
 Iodoforum— Iodoform. — Yellow crystals or amorphous 
 powder, very disagreeable odor, insoluble in water, but soluble 
 in ether and the fixed and volatile oils. Olive-oil is usually used 
 as a solvent. 
 
 Iodoform contains by weight 96.69 per cent iodine. Some- 
 times administered internally. 
 
 Dose in human, i to 5 grs.; dogs about the same. 
 
 ALLIED DRUGS TO IODOFORM. 
 
 Aristol.— Contains 45.8 per cent iodine, and has not much 
 odor. 
 
 Antiseptol.— Has 50 per cent iodine. 
 
 I ODOL. — Contains 88.97 P^^ cent iodine and is free from odor, 
 lodol is preferred in dog practice as a substitute for Iodoform in 
 chronic sores and ulcers. 
 
 Tinctura Iodi — Tincture of Iodine. — Composed of iodine 
 70 parts, alcohol 1000 parts, strength about 7 per cent, increased 
 to 8. per cent bj- evaporation. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 91 
 
 Unguextum Iodi — Iodine Ointment. — Composed of iodine 
 four parts, iod. of pot. i part, water two parts and benzoated 
 lard 93 parts; strength 4 per cent. 
 
 There is also an ointment of pot. iod., but is too mild for 
 veterinary use. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. - Iodine is incompatible with 
 nearly everything, the mineral acids, metallic salts, the alkaloids, 
 etc. The chemical antidote is starch, which forms almost an in- 
 ert compound. Bicarbonate of soda 2 to 4-oz. doses twice daily 
 seems to stop iodism. Starch should be given freely diffused in 
 water; when possible evacuate the stomach for horses, emetic for 
 dog, followed with a purgative if the animal is not too much de- 
 bilitated. Do not give iodine near a meal, as its action is im- 
 paired; administer on an empty stomach. 
 
 Synergist. — Alkalies and other remedies which increase 
 waste favor the action of iodine and iodides; under .some con- 
 ditions mercurials are especially synergistic. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Externally, stains the .skin yellow,, 
 is stimulant, irritant and vesicant if used concentrated, antiseptic, 
 (I in 7000 destroys bacilli and spores) also resolvent, parasiticide, 
 deodorizer and disinfectant, but is too expensive for this purpose. 
 Tincture of iodine is sometimes used in the human and the 
 smaller animals, as a counter-irritant. Iodine acts notably on the 
 skin, mucous membranes and lymphatic glands, strong solutions 
 cause irritation and desquamation of the cuticle, and on that ac- 
 count -Stimulates the growth of hair. 
 
 Internally. — x\lterative, resolvent, deobstruent and expecto- 
 rant. Large do.sesof iodine or its compounds are general depres- 
 sants. Medicinal doses stimulate glandular activity and promote 
 tissue change, as well as the absorption and elimination of recent 
 formed tissue and diseased cells. They hasten the removal of 
 lead, mercury, and other metals from the sy.stem by combining 
 with them. It is eliminated by the mucous surfaces and glands, 
 particularly in the saliva, perspiration and urine, consequently 
 full doses may irritate the.se channels of elimination. 
 
 Toxicology. — The chain of poi.sonous symptoms are called 
 iodism, and is produced by continued full doses of iodine or it.s 
 salts, or where an idiosyncrasy exists. Iodism is characterized 
 by great prostration, loss of appetite, won't drink water, an ir- 
 ritable catarrhal condition of the mucous membrane of the nos- 
 
92 NOTES ON 
 
 trils, eyes, throat and bronchial tu'-^es, and a profuse discharge 
 of saliva from the mouth, a thick yellow or brownish discharge 
 from the nostrils, with irritation of the digestive organs, vomit- 
 ing in dogs, with attempts at it in the horse; sometimes a vesicu- 
 lar skin eruption occurs, diminished secretion of urine, sometimes 
 totally suppressed, great languor, inaptitude for exertion, eleva- 
 tion of temperature, irregular pulse and very rapid emaciation. 
 The discharges from the bowels are apt to be bloody, more par- 
 ticularly in dogs. 
 
 Antidotes. — Starch is the chemical antidote, bicarbonate of 
 soda in 2 or 3 oz. doses twice daily is also very beneficial. Give 
 stimulants, and combat the following irritation and symptoms as 
 they arise. 
 
 Therap}'. — Iodine or its compounds are used as alteratives in 
 blood disorders, especially due to a plethoric condition, and in 
 grease heels, cracked heels and nettle-rash. It is used for glandu- 
 lar enlargements of all kinds, such as the parotid, or sub-max- 
 illary glands, liver, udder, etc., also in chronic rheumatism, drop- 
 sical conditions, as oedema of legs, hydrothorax, and ascites com- 
 bined with tonics; psrsistent or chronic skin disease, in catarrhal 
 diseases it is inhaled as a vapor. Use the tincture of iodine i or 
 2 oz. in I pint of water or vinegar, pour on a hot iron or brick, 
 put into a bucket with dampened hay, inclose in a bag and hold 
 over the horse's nose, also useful in the same way for dry con- 
 gested conditions, of the respirator}' mucous membrane as in 
 bronchitis. The iod. of pot. is used in chronic cough, heaves 
 and thick-wind. The iod. of ammonia is very useful in pneu- 
 monia, where resolution is tardy; for this use alternately with 
 Fowler's solution, give Fowler's solution 3 times a day and 
 ammon. iod. every 4 hours. Iodine is almost a specific for dia- 
 betes insipidus, or polyuria; for this purpose use the resublimed 
 iodine }'2 to i dr. combined with Ferri Sulphas i to 2 dr. with a 
 stomachic, such as gentian twice daily. Usually from 3 to 6 doses 
 will cure, then follow up with general tonic treatment. It is also 
 used internally for large swellings, such as remain from lymphan- 
 gitis; used internalh' in chronic eye diseases. The Pot. Iod. is 
 used in actinomycosis (lumpy jaw); used as an alterative and re- 
 solvent for empyema, hydrocele, laminitis sub-acute or chronic, 
 in goitre, (that is enlargement of the thyroid glands). Iod. of 
 Pot, internally and tincture of iodine externally. Pot. Iod. is 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 93 
 
 used in enlargements of the joints or thickening of the skin. 
 
 In mercnrial and other metalhc poisoning, iodine is adminis- 
 tered, to combine with these metals and promote their elimina- 
 tion; it is also administered in chronic Bright' s disease, enlarge- 
 ment of the prostrate or Cowper's glands, (which will cause diffi- 
 cult urination). 
 
 The following prescription makes a nice method of adminis- 
 tering Iodine to horses, or other animals. Watery solutions are 
 not as irritating as alcoholic solutions. 
 
 For 1000 or 1200-lb. hor.se: 
 
 ^ lod. resub., 3 ''J 
 
 Potas. iod., % jss. 
 
 Aq., 5xij. 
 
 M. Ft. Sol. vSig. One ounce three times daily in 4 to 6 ozs. of 
 Avater on an empty stomach. 
 
 External Uses. — In the iodine ointment the tincture of iodine 
 is used for this purpose. The tincture of iodine is painted on or 
 the ointment rubbed in, for glandular enlargements, small swell- 
 ings, knee knocking or interfering, small splints in the early 
 stages, capped hock and curbs; used as a mild stimulant and re- 
 solvent for chronic synovitis, bursal enlargements, and thicken- 
 ing of the periosteum. This thickening of periosteum may occur 
 from any cause, as sore shins, etc. The tincture can be used as 
 a counter-irritant for sore throat or lungs, in consolidation if cir- 
 cumscribed in dogs; used to stimulate the growth of hair and 
 prevent scatrs, as where a horse falls and skins the knee. Dr. 
 Quitman recommends healing them ver}- slowly under a salve in- 
 stead of powder, and as quickly as new ti.ssue forms paint the 
 parts with tincture of iodine, or after a blister, paint the bald 
 spots, and this will stimulate the hair bulbs. Used to .stimulate 
 slow healing sores or ulcers. The tincture should be painted 
 around the edges. The tincture is also injected into cysts and ab- 
 sce.s.ses, as shoe boils, capped hock, thoroughpin and other bursal 
 enlargements, it promotes adhesion of the walls. For so called, 
 cold absces.ses on horses' shoulders, which spring up very quickly, 
 in which you find a small pus pocket, take a long scalpel and open 
 to the pocket, after opening inject tincture of iodine into it once 
 •or twice daily; afterward plug up the opening with oakum, also 
 blister the surface. The same treatment is used in .shoe boils, 
 capped hock, etc. The iodine acts by setting up an inflammatory 
 process and stimitlates healthy granulation. Can be u.sed in per- 
 
94 NOTES ON 
 
 sistent cases of mange or other forms of eczema and psoriasis or 
 ring worms; for these diseases the tincture or an aqueous solution 
 can be used if it is locahzed. For large surfaces as in mange, 
 Dr. Quitman recommends the following: 
 
 Iodine 2 parts, pot. iod. i part, tar-oil 4 parts, to 32 parts of 
 lard; this can be safelj' applied over a large surface. Used in 
 dropsical conditions as ascites in dogs, the fluid is aspirated out of 
 the abdominal cavity and then use resviblimed iodine -i dr. pot. 
 iod. I dr. to i pint of hot water and injected into the abdominal 
 cavity, then aspirate out and give pot. iod. internally, alternated 
 with iron and other tonics. The same treatment can be used for 
 horses with hydrothorax. 
 
 Iodoform. — Is used externally for sores and ulcers, but has 
 a very disagreeable odor. Iodoform ^2 to i dr. dissolved in olive 
 oil Yi oz. may be injected into abscesses, boils, etc. 
 
 loDOL. — Is a good substitute for iodoform and is free from 
 odor. Iodine should always be administered on an empty 
 stomach. For internal use, the aqueous solutions are best. 
 
 MERCURY AND ITS PREPARATIONS. 
 
 Most important one is mercury, quicksilver not used in veter- 
 inary practice. 
 
 UnCtUENTUM Hydrargri. — Blue ointment, mercurial oint- 
 ment, contains 45 per cent of- mercury. 
 
 Actions and Uses. —Applied with friction, irritates the skin, 
 and is readily absorbed, may even vesicate; in small animals may 
 cause constitutional symptoms. Used in psoriasis and other per- 
 .sistent scaly skin disea.ses, but use mildly; also to stimulate in- 
 dolent ulcers. Used to kill mange and similar parasites, as ring- 
 worms, but is dangerous; it is used as an absorbent to reduce 
 swellings of any character and small exostosis. Can be used ex- 
 ternally about the same as iodine. 
 
 Summary. — Parasiticide, stimulant and resolvent. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis. — Ointment of nitrate of 
 mercury, citrine ointment, of a lemon yellow color, composed of 
 mercur}^ 7 parts, nitric acid 17 parts, lard oil 76 parts. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Irritant caustic, or resolvent, is used 
 full strength, to destroy small growths, foot-rot in sheep, canker 
 in horses feet, also used in skin diseases diluted i to 3 parts of 
 oil; it is a parasiticide, kills lice, ring worms, and is very readil)-^ 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 95 
 
 absorbed. Diluted is used locally for chronic eye diseases; where 
 you have an opacity of cornea or deposits in the eye, use: 
 
 ^ Uugt. hydrarg. iiitratis, 5 ^• 
 
 Lanolin a. a., 5 ij. to 5 iij. 
 
 With eserine or atropine as indicated. Apply around the orbit 
 and on the lids of the eye, if very painful combine a little co- 
 caine. 
 
 Oleatum Hydrargyri. — Oleate of mercury, composed of 
 yellow oxide of mercury 10 parts, oleic acid 90 parts; this is one 
 of the most readily absorbed of the mercurial preparations. 
 
 Action and Uses.— Is somewhat irritating, very penetrative 
 and diffusible; it promotes absorption, on account of its being so 
 readily absorbed into the tissues. Morphia or other alkaloids 
 are mixed with it, for pain; small exostosis as splints can be re- 
 moved with the oleate of mercury. Used in inflammation of the 
 joints; combine i to 3 grs. of morphia to the i dr. for deep 
 seated lameness, used also in subacute or chronic arthritis, exos- 
 tosis of an}' kind if small, and for induration of the udder, and 
 other purposes similiar to mercurial ointment to promote absorp- 
 tion. When to be repeated, should be diluted with oil, lard or 
 lanolin equal parts. 
 
 Hydrargyrum Cum Creta. — Mercury with chalk, known as 
 gray powder. 
 
 Ph^'siological Actions. — Alterative, chiefly used for its ant- 
 acid and laxative effects, in small and delicate animals; svich as 
 dogs, 3'oung calves and foals, suffering from bilious indigestion 
 and gastric irritation; alterative for dogs. 
 
 Dose. — Young foals and calves, 5 to 15 grs.; dogs, i to 3 grs. 
 once, twice or 3 times daily. Pigs, 5 to 20 grs. 
 
 Massa Hydrargyri. — Synonym, blue mass, blue pill, 33 per 
 cent mercury, or 3 grs. contain i gr. metallic mercury. 
 
 Dose. — Human, '2 to 15 grs.; dogs, same, not used for larger 
 animals. 
 
 Actions. — Cholagogue, laxative, deobstruent and alterative. 
 
 Hydrargvrium Iodidum— Rubrum — Red Iodine of Mer- 
 cury. — A bright scarlet red powder, feebly soluble in water, but 
 easily in a solution of iod. of pot. Do not mistake it for red 
 oxide, which is milder and paler in color. 
 
 Actions. — Irritant, not often used internally, resolvent and 
 pustulant, used as a blister i to 6, 8 or 10 of lard, used to reduce 
 
96 NOTES ON 
 
 exostosis, of all kinds, splints, spavins, ring bones, etc., pene- 
 trates deeply, also used to reduce soft swellings, to arrest chronic 
 inflammation, and promote absorption of inflammatory deposits, 
 as seen in sprained tendons, enlarged bursae, enlarged joints, etc. 
 Is used as a blister or counter-irritant in sore throat, chronic 
 cough and roaring; used on rheumatic joints. It can be mixed 
 with cantharides as you do not have to use so nnich mercury; if 
 used too strong it destroys the hair bulbs. 
 Prescription for blister: 
 
 ^ Pulv. canth. hydrag. iod. rubr., aa., 5 ij- 
 
 Adeps, 5 iij. 
 
 Sig. — Rub ill for 5 to 10 minutes. 
 
 Hydrargyrum Chloridum Mite; Hydrargyrum Sub- 
 Chloridum; Hydrargyrum Sub-Muriate; Calomel. — Mild 
 chloride of mercury; in writing a prescription for calomel, Hy- 
 drarg. Chlor. Mitis underlining the Mi*^ thus, to avoid errors. 
 
 Character. —A dull heavy insoluble, nearly tasteless powder. 
 
 Dose. — Average dose for horse JfJ to 2 drs.; cattle, i to 2 
 drs. ; sheeep and pigs, 5 to 30 grs. ; dogs, jl to 10 grs. Where 
 calomel is used as an alterative, small repeated doses are combined 
 with opii to prevent its too rapid removal from the bowels. As 
 a purgative is usually combined with bicarbonate of soda. 
 
 Actions. — Laxative in small repeated doses; cathartic in 
 large doses; full doses irritate the stomach and cause emesis 
 (vomiting) in man and dogs. Calomel is a diuretic, seems to 
 stimulate the urea functions of the liver; does not directly in- 
 crease secretion of bile, but removes it from the duodenum, and 
 in this way reflexly increases its secretion by the liver. Repeated 
 doses may cause mercurialism. Alterative when combined with 
 opii, laxative in small repeated doses, cathartic in large doses. 
 
 Summary. — Diuretic, alterative, laxative, cathartic and ver- 
 mifuge. 
 
 Externally. — Calomel is a desiccant, stimulant, antiparasitic 
 and antiseptic. 
 
 Uses. — Gastric irritation, influenza, where there is a yellow- 
 ness of the mucous membrane, liver disorder. It is useful as an 
 adjunct to aloes or other purgative. As a laxative or purgative 
 for horses, give aloes and calomel; cattle, calomel, epsom or 
 Glamber's salts; dogs, calomel with resin of jalop. Do not keep 
 the administration of calomel up too long, as it may cause mer- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 97 
 
 curialism. Pure calomel is the best drug known for thrush. For 
 moist skin diseases and sores with a raw condition, calomel 1J2 oz. 
 and bismuth subnitrate i}A ozs. is used where you wish to dry 
 them up quickh' and relieve itching. As a purgative for dogs 
 use equal parts of calomel and bicarbonate of soda. 
 
 Hydrargyrum Chloridum Corrosivum— Hydrargyrum Bi- 
 CHLORiDUM — Hydrargyrum Perohloridum — Corrosive CHLOhiDE 
 — Corrosive Sublimate. 
 
 Character. — Heavy, colorless masses; soluble i in 16 of 
 water, i in 3 of alcohol; hydrochloric acid or muriate of am- 
 monia increases its solubility. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to5grs. ; sheep, ^4 to i gr. ; dogs, i-5o to 
 2-10 gr. ; cattle, 2 to 8 grs. ; pigs, }i to % gr. Not ver}- often 
 given internally, except in human for syphilis, combined with 
 pot. iod. 
 
 Action. — Corrosive, irritant poison, occasionally used as an 
 alterative, antiseptic and hepatic stimulant. Repeated doses or 
 long continued cause mercurialism. 
 
 Externall}'. — A most powerful antiseptic, astringent, caustic 
 and parasiticide. 
 
 Uses. — Internalh', milder preparations of mercury are pre- 
 ferred; has been used in tetanus, but its chief use is that of an 
 antiseptic externally; used usuall}^ in the strength of i to 500, 
 I to 1000 or I to 2000; for uterus i to 5000 or i to loooo. 7^/^ 
 ■grs. to a pint make a, i to 1000 solution. 7 '2 grs. to a quart 
 make a i to 2000 solution. 15 grs. to a pint make a i to 500 
 solution. Best antiseptic for nail wounds, thrush, quittor, fistvi- 
 lous withers, etc., especially foul wounds, i to 1000 .solution kills 
 ring worms, lice, etc., if used over a large surface must be used 
 milder. For pruritus, prurigo and urticaria. Prof. Robertson 
 recommends: 
 
 I^ Hydrarg. chlor. corros., grs. xii. 
 
 Ac hydrocN'an. dil., .5 ss. 
 
 Gl3'cerini, 3 ii- 
 
 Aqua, g x- 
 
 Bathe the parts several times a day; in diphtheria a spray of y^ 
 gr. to the I oz. of water is sometimes used; used for disinfecting 
 purposes, mixed in white wash for barns, after glanders ;T used as 
 a sloughing agent in quittor, fistulous withers, poll-evil, fibrous 
 
98 NOTES ON 
 
 tumors, etc. Dr. Quitman recommends it as one of the best agents 
 for quittors as follows: 
 
 Jjc Hydrarg, bichlor., 5 i. 
 
 Spts. vini rectificati, 5 iii. 
 
 M. Ft. Sol. Sig. — Inject once or twice daily. 
 
 For fibrous tumors i oz. of corrosive sub. rolled in tissue 
 paper and inserted into the tumor will slough it out without 
 danger. The mercurials promote waste by stimulating the l}-m- 
 phatics. 
 
 Mercurialism, Salivation or Ptj-alism. — Symptoms sore teeth, 
 spongy gums, profuse saliva and tears, fetid breath, bluish line 
 along margins of the teeth, then swelling of the glands, aching 
 jaws and muscles, fever with rapid emaciation, anaemia, hair falls 
 out, ulcers form on skin, fetid diarrhcea, trembling, nervous, 
 abortion in pregnant animals. Large doses of the irritating prep- 
 arations cause gastro-enteritis. 
 
 Antidotes. —Best is albumen, the white of one egg to 4 grs. 
 of corrosive sublimate, emesis for dogs, stomach pump for horse; 
 cathartic; wheat flour, milk, etc. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Incompatible with nearly everything; calo- 
 mel with hydrochloric acid or chloride of soda or other chlorides 
 form corrosive sublimate; corrosive sublimate and pot. iod. form 
 red iod. of mercury, etc. Best to prescribe them alone. 
 
 A RGENTUM— SILVER. 
 
 There is an oxide, cynide and iodide, but the nitrate is most 
 important. 
 
 Argenti NiTKAS— Nitrate OF Silver. — A heavy colorless 
 salt wholly soluble in water; always use distilled water in making 
 a solution, and protect the bottle from light and heat. 
 
 Dose. — Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs. ; sheep, i to 2grs. ; 
 pigs, }{ to I gr. ; dogs, 1-30 to i gr. average dose for dog ^4. or 
 1-5 of a gr. 
 
 Argenti Nitras Fusus — Fused Nitrate of Silver — Lunar 
 Caustic. —Used only for topical applications, occurs in little 
 sticks about }4 the size of a lead-pencil. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles.— All chlorides form insoluble 
 chlorides of silver, mineral acids, alkalies and their carbonates, 
 other astringents and lime-water; in case of poisoning by any of 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. ' 99 
 
 the silver preparations use common salt to form the insoluble 
 
 chloride of silver. 
 
 Synergist. — All waste producers, as mercury, iodides, etc. 
 favor its actions. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Silver nitrate combines with the 
 albumen of the tissues, and is a limited caustic; causes superficial 
 inflammation and stains the parts black; small do.ses increase se- 
 cretion, stimulate the heart. It promotes nutrition, and is 
 said to be a nerve tonic. Its continued administration causes 
 general waste, gastro- intestinal catarrh, fluidity of blood, slate 
 colored lines about the gums, and similar discoloration of skin 
 and mucous membrane, followed bj^ nervous disorder, paralysis, 
 
 convulsions and death. 
 
 Uses. — A solution of 40 grains to i ounce of nitrous 
 ether is said to abort superficial inflammation, if early applied; 
 used for erysipelas, 20 grains to i ounce of distilled water, ap- 
 plied around margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of 
 the throat; used wnth a spray or swab, in strength of from 10 
 grs. to I dr. to i oz. of water. 
 
 For dysenter}-, internally and as an enema it is ver}- good ; 
 used in conjunctivitis i to 5 grs. to i oz., 2 grs. to i oz., is 
 the average strength, and should onl}- be applied to the con- 
 junctivae or lids, and should not be used on the cornea, as it may 
 form an insoluble chloride of silver and cause permanent opaci- 
 ties. Nitrate of silver is used to stimulate indolent ulcers, and 
 to burn off warts. To stimulate ulcers, touch in spots around 
 edge; also used in chorea, epilepsy and chronic spinal disease, 
 but results are uncertain in these latter three It is also used for 
 foot-rot in sheep; a piece of the caustic is placed in sinu.ses of 
 fistulous withers, quittors, etc. It causes slough, followed by 
 healthy granulation; used for sore teats in cows. 
 
 CUPRUM COPPER — CUPRI ACETAS — ACETATE OF COPPER — VERDIGRIS. 
 
 Not official; is stronger than the sulphate, but has about the 
 same uses. The sulphate is preferred. 
 
 CupRi Arsejstis — Arsenite of Copper. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, '3 to 15 grs., according to the purpose for 
 which it is used; dogs, i-ioo to 1-40 of a grain. Used almost 
 entirely for diarrhoea and dysentery, where there is a relaxed 
 condition of the muscular walls of the intestines. Quite service- 
 able in horses that scour. 
 
lOO NOTES ON 
 
 CuPKi Sulphas -Sulphate of Copper— Blue Vitriol — 
 Blue Stone. — Occurs in blue crystals; soluble i in 3 of water. 
 
 Dose.— Horses, Vo to i ^^ drs. ; sheep, ioto3ogrs.; dogs, Vs 
 to 2 grs. ; cattle, i to 3 drs., pigs, 3 to 10 grs. 
 
 As a tonic and astringent, repeat two or three times daily; 
 given either in bolus or in some mucilaginous solution, or in 
 powdered form, with some inert substance; when given as a 
 tonic should be given at time of feeding, or right after eating; 
 as an emetic for dogs, 3 to 15 grs. Double this amount for pigs 
 of 100 lbs. weight; dissolve in water. Sulphate of iron is better 
 as a tonic. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and carbonates, 
 mineral salts, except the sulphates, iodides and most astringent 
 vegetables, are chemically incompatible; in case of poisoning 
 give white of eggs and milk freely, evacviate stomach and give 
 demulcents; it is the best antidote to phosphorus poisoning. 
 
 Actions. — Gastro-intestinal irritant, astringent, tonic, emetic 
 in large doses; acts directly en the stomach; antiseptic and ver- 
 mifuge. 
 
 External.— In solid form, caustic, diluted is a.stringent an( 
 antiseptic. 
 
 Uses. — Internally used as emetic, antidote for phosphorus, 
 atony of bowels, diarrhoea especially combined with dilute sul- 
 phuric acid and sulphate of morphine; is supposed to prevent 
 development of fare}- and glanders in exposed animals. 
 
 Externally. — Used as a stimulant and caustic, styptic, also 
 used for foot-rot; for granular eye-lids, touch lightly over the 
 granular surface with the sulphate. For tetanus try the follow- 
 ing. 
 
 I^ Cupri snlph., 
 
 Ferri. sulph. exsic, aa, 5 jss. 
 Pulv. bellad. fol. 
 Pulv. gentian rad., aa, 5 "j- 
 M. Ft, Chart No. 12. Sig- — One powder 3 or 4 times dail}-. 
 
 Quinine may be added. This prescription does not consti- 
 pate. 
 
 PLU M B U M — LE A D . 
 
 Physiological Actions. — The lead compounds are powerful 
 astringents, haemostatics, styptics, anodynes, local sedatives and 
 desiccants; they coagulate albumen and form a protective coat, 
 also contract small vessels. In large or continued doses they ir- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. lOI 
 
 ritate, then paralyze voluntary and involuntary muscles, and also 
 the central nervous system. 
 
 Toxicology. — Acute lead poisoning is rare; intense gastro- 
 intestinal irritation, vomiting, retching, paralysis, coma, and 
 collapse are its principal phenomena. 
 
 Chronic L,ead Poisoning. — Blue line along the margin of 
 gums, paralysis of extensor muscles of fore-arm, impaired sensi- 
 bility, rheumatism without fever or tenderness in joints, which 
 however, are red and swollen, emaciation, albuminuria, colic, 
 constipation, abortion of pregnant animals, inflammation of kid- 
 neys; death may occur from paralysis of muscles of respiration 
 or from convulsions and coma; symptoms resemble stomach stag- 
 gers in the horse and impaction of third stomach of cattle. 
 
 Treatment. — Emetics, wash out stomach, give sulphate of 
 soda or magnesia to form insoluble sulphate and to open the 
 bowels; give stimulants, warmth, pot. iodine, oil, etc. 
 
 P1.UMBI OxiDUM. — Litharge, red lead, reddish yellow pow- 
 der or heavy scales, insoluble in water; soluble in nitric and 
 acetic acid; used in making lead plaster or oleate of lead and in 
 Goulard's extract. 
 
 Plumbi Carbonas. — Carbonate of lead, white lead; used to 
 make unguentum plumbi carbonatis. 
 
 Uses of Oxide and Carbonate. — Used as desiccants and as- 
 tringents, mixed with linseed-oil, glycerin or vaseline, they form 
 antiseptic, astringent and protective coverings for burns, skin 
 diseases, scratches, collar galls, etc. There is also an iodide of 
 lead, ointment of iodide of lead and a nitrate of lead. 
 
 Plumbi Acetas — Acetate of L,ead — Sugar of Lead. — 
 Occurs in white cr^-stalline masses of a sweetish taste, soluble in 
 2 parts of water at 60 per cent F. 
 
 Dose. — Horse and cattle, Yi to i dr.; sheep and calves, 5 to 
 20 grs. ; pigs, i to 5 grs. ; dogs, J4 to 4 or 5 grs. given in bolus 
 or solution. 
 
 Uses. — Administered internally to check haemorrhages, es- 
 pecially of the stomach and lungs, has been used in purpura in 
 horses with varying results; it is said to be very good in red 
 water of cattle; also used in diabetes insipidus; for diarrhoea, 
 lead acetate with opium is very good, also in dysentery, chronic 
 scouring, and bronchorrhoea; it is occasionally prescribed as a 
 gargle. 
 
I02 NOTES ON 
 
 Externally. — Used in solution to check superficial inflamma- 
 tion; used on burns, bruises and ulcers, also to cool and relieve 
 strained and inflamed tendons and joints, it is also used as a 
 wash to abate the itching of nettle-rash and erythema, and other 
 skin diseases; also serviceable in eczema, and grease-heal; used in 
 eye-wash but should not be used when there is an abrasion of the 
 cornea, as insoluble compounds are formed; the acetate may be 
 used as an ointment or powder or in solution dissolved in 20 to 
 40 parts water, a little vinegar or acetic acid increases its solubil- 
 ity; it is used in white lotion as follows: 
 
 ^ Zinci Sulphalis 5 '^'i' 
 
 Plumbi Acet. 5 i. 
 
 Aqua Oj ss. 
 
 M. Sig. — Apply 4 or 5 times daily for collar galls, sore backs, etc 
 
 Goulard's extract is superior for strained and inflamed ten- 
 dons. 
 
 Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis — Goulard's Extract. — Com- 
 posed of acetate of lead 170 pts., oxide of lead 120 pts., boiled 
 together in water to make 1000 pts. A dense, clear, colorless 
 liquid, sweet, astringent ta.ste, alkaline reaction, decomposed by 
 exposure to the air. 
 
 EiQ. PivUMBi Subacetatis Dilutus— Diluted Solution 
 OF Subacetate of Eead — Goulard's Water. — 30 pts. Goul- 
 ard's extract to water to make 1000 pts. There is also a Ceratum 
 Plumbi Subacetatis. 
 
 Uses. — Four to five ounces of Goulard' s extract to the pint 
 of water is used for sprains, bruises, cuts, burns, .scratches, 
 grease-heel, etc. For painful affections Tr. of opium 4 to 6 
 ozs. to I pint, or belladonna about 2 ozs. to the pint are added. 
 These subtances when combined are chemically incompatible but 
 therapeutically active. Goulard's extract i part, lard-oil 4 to 6 
 parts; makes a good dressing for blistered or bruised surfaces, 
 grease-heel and other ailments of that class; for skin disease, 
 eczema, canker of ear in dogs, etc. , use the following. 
 
 I^ Liq- plumbi subacet, § i. 
 
 Glycerini. 5 ii. 
 
 Aq. * ii. 
 
 M. Sig. — Apply 3 or 4 times daily, but in treating canker of the 
 ear for the first 4 or 5 days use per oxide of hydrogen first. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Eime, sulphates, carbonates, 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA I03 
 
 mineral acids, mineral salts, vegetable acids, alkalies, potassium, 
 iodide, vegetable astringents, albuminous solutions and opium 
 preparations. 
 
 Synergist.— Cold water, digitalis, ergot, veratrum viride, 
 and similar astringent agents, and waste producers favor the ac- 
 tion of lead. 
 
 ZINCUM. 
 
 ZiNTi OxiDUM. — Yellowish white powder, insoluble in 
 water. 
 
 Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs. ; dogs, i to 6 grs. Not 
 much used internally. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Used chiefly as a dusting powder for 
 wounds and excoriated surfaces; used alone or combined with 
 boric acid, subnitrate of bismuth, calomel or in the form of the 
 UNGUENTUii ziNCi OXIDUM (official ) is desiccant, mildly astrin- 
 gent and protective; it is sometimes used in chorea, epilepsj' and 
 other nervous diseases. Prescription for healing powder: 
 
 ^ Zinci oxid., 5 ^^■ 
 
 Ac. boric, 5 ii. 
 
 M. Sig. — Apply several times daily. 
 
 Calomel added to above increases the drying properties. If 
 there is any itching or irritation add subnitrate of bismuth i oz. 
 For good, cheap healing salve use the following: 
 
 ^ ^^"gt. zinci oxid., 5 iii. 
 
 Plunibi acet.. 5 ^i'* 
 
 Petrolatum, 3 i^'- 
 M. Sig.— Apply. 
 
 To change its white color, powdered curcuma is used, about 
 I dr. to the i oz. Gives a yellow color. 
 
 Zinci Carbon as Precipitatis — Precipitated Carbon- 
 ate op Zinc — There is also a Ceratum Zinci Carbonatis; 
 action and uses the same as oxide of Zinc; also the Zixci Va- 
 lerianas — Valerianate of Zinc — Used as a nerve tonic in 
 chorea. Dose for dog, Vs to 2 grs. 
 
 Zinci Chloridum. — White deliquescent salts, wholly solu- 
 ble in water, alcohol and ether. lyiouOR Zinci Chloridi, aqueous 
 .solution of zinci chloridi, containing 50 per cent by weight of 
 salt. Make your own solution; chloride of zinc is used exter- 
 nally only. 
 
I04 NOTES ON 
 
 Actions. — Is caustic and escharotic, used full strength or in 
 a strong solution, penetrates ver}- deeply and causes deep slough- 
 ing; an irritant and corrosive poison; mild medicinal solutions 
 are antiseptic and astringent; is also disinfectant and deodorizer. 
 
 Uses. — Can be used as caustic, when indicated; use with 
 caution, for granulations in chronic ulcers and foot -rot in sheep; 
 to slough out all kinds of fistula, usually mixed with i or 2 parts 
 of flour made into a paste with water, 2 to 3 per cent solution or 
 2 to 4 drs. to the pint of water as used for ordinary astringent 
 purposes and as a parasiticide. 
 
 For conjunctivitis: 
 
 ^ Zinci chloridi, prs. ii.toiv. 
 
 Atropirifie sulphatis, sjrs. iv. 
 
 Aq. destil., 5 viii. 
 
 M. Sig. — Apply to the eye with soft sponge. 
 
 It is also a safe wash for inflamed cornea. 
 
 Zinci Sulphas - Sulphate OF Zinc— Occurs in colorless 
 cr3'stals, which effloresce on exposure to air; soluble 10 in 7 parts 
 water. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, ^ to il^ drs.; sheep, 10 to 20 grs. ; lambs, 
 J4 to 3 grs.; cattle, i to 2 drs.; calves, 10 to 30 grs.; dogs, '4 to 
 5 grs. These doses are astringents and tonics; as an emetic 
 for dogs, 5 to 20 grs. 
 
 Physiological Actions — Irritant, emetic, astringent, antiseptic 
 and nerve tonic. Externally it is used as a stimulant, astringent and 
 antiseptic; in dogs it is a prompt and efficient emetic, causes no 
 depression and acts both on the stomach and nerve centers; pois- 
 onous or long continued large doses in horses dry up the secre- 
 tions, cause nausea, colic and efforts to vomit; dogs cannot be 
 poisoned by it as it causes vomiting. 
 
 Uses. — As a tonic is inferior to iron; chief use is externally 
 as an astringent; It is used in white lotion; sometimes used in- 
 ternally with opium to stop excessive sweating, in frequent small 
 doses. Used as a safe and prompt emetic for dogs and pigs. 
 
 Externally. - Used in solution as an astringent and 
 stimulant for wounds, ulcers, .simple ophthalmia, and irritable 
 conditions of mucous membrane of uterus or vagina and urethra, 
 vesicular and pustulant skin eruptions. Proper strength, i oz. to 
 the I qt. of water. For conjunctivitis or canker of the ear: 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 105 
 
 ]^ Zinci sulphatis, grs. iii. to viii. 
 
 Morphiiise sulphatis. grs. iii. to vi. 
 
 Atropinse sulphatis, grs. i. to ii. 
 
 Aq. destillata, 5 ^• 
 
 M. Sig. — For the eye or ear apply several times daily iu small 
 quantities. 
 
 ZiNci AcET AS— Acetate of Zinc. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — The same as the sulphate; it is the ace- 
 tate of zinc which is the soluble agent in white lotion, caused by 
 the acetate of lard, and sulphate of zinc changing their composi- 
 tion. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles of the zinc salts in general. 
 Lime-water, the alkalies and their carbonates, nitrate of silver 
 and the vegetable astringents are incompatible with the zinc salts. 
 also with acetate of lead. 
 
 Antidotes. — Lime-water, mucilaginous drinks, milk, tannic 
 acid and the carbonated alkalies, common soap, etc. 
 
 Synergist. — Mercurial, silver, antimonial and copper prep- 
 arations favor the action of zinc salts. 
 
 ALUMEN -ALUM. 
 
 The official alum is known as Aluminum and Potassium 
 Sulphate or Potassium Alitm. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 10 to 40 grs.; 
 dogs. I to 15 grs. It is soluble in 9 parts of water at 59'-^ F, 
 very soluble in hot water. Occurs in large colorless, octahedral 
 cry.stals, of an acid, sweetish, astringent taste. 
 
 Alume:m Exsiccatum — Dried Alum. — Commonly termed 
 burnt alum, is alum deprived of its water or crystallization b}- 
 heat, a white granular powder, odorless but having a sweetish 
 astringent taste, soluble in 20 parts of water at 60^ F. Is a 
 powerful astringent and escharotic. 
 
 Aluminis Sulphas - Sulphate OF Alum. — Soluble in i to 
 2 parts water by weight. Is antiseptic, astringent and caustic. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their carbon- 
 ates and acetate of lead are chemically incompatible. 
 
 Synergist. — Mineral and vegetable astringents promote its 
 therapeutical activity. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Astringent, at first excites flow of 
 saliva, then markedly decreases it; coagulates pepsin, thus it 
 would derange or entirely arrest digestion; it also stops peris- 
 
Io6 NOTES ON 
 
 talsis and produces constipation, though sometimes it induces 
 diarrhoea by irritation. It arrests secretion in general and in the 
 circulation constricts the capillaries; it is in this way it arrests 
 secretions, especially those of mucous surfaces and stops capillary 
 haemorrhage; it is an emetic in 15 grs. to i dr. doses for dogs; 
 large doses are gastro-intestinal irritants. The sulphate of alum- 
 inum is mildly caustic, astringent and antiseptic. 
 
 Uses. — In diarrhoea and dysentery, but other astringents are 
 safer and better, as it may lock the bowels too tight, may be used 
 in weeping sores or weeping skin disea.ses; in long standing nail 
 wounds by putting Y^ lb. into the soaking tub, also in same way 
 for injured coronets, with raw bulging surfaces that bleed easily; 
 also for sore mouth, sometimes mix a little boracic acid; useful 
 in bleeding piles, and in mild solution for sore throat; also used 
 internally for hsematuria (bloody urine), and for open joints 
 apply the powdered alum to arrest the flow of synovia. For 
 catarrhal ophthalmia, after the acute stage an alum lotion 5 to 10 
 grs. to I oz. of water is very serviceable; for granular lids rub 
 with a crystal of alum. Alum should never be used too .strong 
 over the eye as it seems to have the power of dissolving the 
 cornea; dried alum may be used as a caustic wherever a caustic 
 is indicated, but is not recommended for this purpose. 
 
 VEGETABLE ASTKINGENTS — ACTDUM TANNICUM — TANNIC ACID — 
 
 TANNIN. 
 
 Character. — Yellowish white color or pale yellow, strongly 
 astringent taste, .soluble in about one part of water, in 6-10 parts 
 of alcohol, and in one part of glycerin with moderate heat, or 6 
 parts cold glycerin. 
 
 Dose. — ^2 to 2, or even 4 drs., according to purpose. Cat- 
 tle. I to 3 or up to 5 drs. ; lambs, ^ to i or 2 grs. ; .sheep and pigs, 15 
 grs. to 2 drs.; dogs, i to 10 or 20 grs. 
 
 Preparation of Tannic Acid, Collodium Stvpticum, 
 Styptic Collodion. — Composed of tannic acid 20 parts, alcohol 
 5 parts, strong ether 25 parts, and collodion .sufficient to make 
 100 parts. 
 
 UnguEntum Acidi Tannici.— Ointment of tannic acid; 
 tannic 20 parts, benzonated lard, 80 parts. 
 
 Glycerinum Acidi Tannici.— 20 parts tannin and So parts 
 o^lvcerin. 
 
VKTKKINARV MATKRIA MKDICA. t*: 
 
 Acint'll GAlXiCt'M.— Orcuni in small lulkv. nearly colorlcn* 
 
 and tt't i^rc} . , 
 
 in vrlcrinar>- practice. The foll<miiiK contain tannu 
 
 :i< '(*tr phy<«io|(>)(ical actionn ami titer a|>cutical u<icii arc due 
 
 I , - uce. 
 
 (J \i r A— Xl*t Oall. — Of ihi* wc h«\'e a tincture and anoint- 
 ment, lull the ' <1. 
 
 r'ATWHT . , •' i.rii,.;...lK fr.ii. «.--! ..f 
 
 acacia catechu 
 
 DiMtC of pilWtii <•. I to (» «ll- it!» . 
 
 i\i*K%, I to 20 RTs. ; <...,... .. .••>.i- -»..-.. 
 
 TixcrrkA Catkcih- i Tr. nv Cat- 
 
 ix'iir. C< iiiion unil (iihitetl aK 
 
 IXmc. i^'.-. '- . ...iiil)». io to .V'Kr** '' 
 
 <»«>nw. ; «herp anil • to 1 dr.: calvc!*. '^ to 3 
 
 T' lutinics innHitlcralily increa5e«l. and are 
 
 very k*--'' •• •••>.... of >n)aU and >ounK animals. 
 
 KlN<» — TlxcTl'RA KiN'i*. - iXij* double that of cotrrhn 
 al?w) very nice in !«mall and younf; anininls. 
 
 yiKRCrS Al.HA — WlllTK <>\K !< • - ' — THtU •-. iiw wu.i...; 
 
 pre|tar-ation of white txik l>ark. 
 
 nKc«>CTi M yuKRci's Alb^. - Dccoctiou whitc oak Iwrk 
 ' not oflicial >. made by usiuK i 07.. to 1 pt. 
 
 l>o>c —Colt. }j to 3 0Z.H. ; cattle, i pi.; nhccp and pijr*. 2 to 
 sdr<*.: horses. 4 to 8 o/j*. : calve?*, 'v to ^ om.: lambti, 1 to 4 dm. 
 The?tc lUisc* may lie double<l and triplcfl; used in diarrhora. 
 
 Ham \Mi:i.t.s fU-nvr*^ Witch Ha/ki.- Kxtkacti m IIsma- 
 MKLiniH FuiDi'M. extract of witch Itazel. 
 
 |)om: for «!«»j:h , , , miu Ilxtract, 5 in». to 2 dm. M«t-ti> ii»i«i .i«» 
 a ln»nM'h<»1«l rrrmtly for human bciuK!*. 
 
 A s .-ind InomiiNitible*. — Of tannic and K'tHic acidn 
 
 ai!'' ■ 'hem. the mineral oc* ' 
 
 tii: the {ler^altH (»f iron .. 
 
 i! The veKctable alkaloidn ami gelatin 
 
 ft»ll;i ; 
 
 S .1 bittcr« AM a rule favor the action of 
 tannic and K^ih^' andn. and the Mibntancca containing them. 
 IM:- ' ral Aclr " * 
 
 tannic ore \w\\ 
 
I08 NOTES ON 
 
 sin, coagulates albumen, impairs digestion, stops peristalsis and 
 causes constipation; it is the best antidote for poisoning by the 
 alkaloids as it forms insoluble tannates. 
 
 Uses. — Wherever a powerful astringent is indicated; in 
 diarrhcea, tannic acid with opium and sub-nitrate of bismuth; in 
 purpura ligemorrhagica, etc. Gallic acid acts on more remote 
 parts than does tannic acid. 
 
 External Uses. — In eczema, use tannic acid with glycerin 
 and .water in the weeping stages; tannic acid and opium as an as- 
 tringent and anodyne wash in prolapsus of uterus and rectum; 
 the same in canker of the ear in dogs. In piles use ointments, 
 or suppositories, of tannic or gallic acids with opium if much ir- 
 ritability exists. 
 
 Prescription for piles: 
 
 ]^ '^'"gt- acidi tannici, 5 ss. 
 
 Ungt. bellad., 5 ."^s. 
 
 Ung. Stramonii, § ss. 
 M. Sig. — Apply several times daily. 
 
 Styptic collodion is painted over raw bleeding surfaces. 
 Tannic acid in solution makes a useful mouth- wash, in sore or 
 tender mouthed horses, also for collar, harness and saddle galls, 
 to heal and toughen the parts, i to 2 ozs. to the pint of water, 
 sometimes used stronger and sometimes, full strength. Finely 
 powdered tannic acid is sometimes blown into the eye for granu- 
 lar ophthalmia, chronic granulations and ulceration of cornea; 
 causes but little pain for a moment and does not inflame. ■ For 
 cracked teats in cows, glycerite of tannin is very good, also used 
 as a gargle, in weak solution, in throat diseases. 
 
 COLCHICUM — MEADOWSAFFRON. 
 
 The root and seeds are used. 
 
 Preparation of the Root. — Extractum Colchi Radicls 
 Fluidum; fluid extract of colchicum root; there is also a wine 
 40 per cent strength and an extract of the root. 
 
 Preparation of the Seed. — Extractum Colchict Seminis 
 Fluidum, fluid extract of the seed; there is also a tincture and 
 wine 15 per cent strength. The use of the seed and root are 
 claimed to be about the same, but Dr, Quitman recommends the 
 seed. 
 
 Dose of the seed and root. — Fluid Extract or powdered, 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 109 
 
 horse, i to 2 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 5 to 20 ms.; cattle, 2 to 3 drs. ; 
 dogs, 1 2' to 10 mills. The powdered colchicum is used a great 
 deal; dose about the same as the Fluid Extract. 
 
 Composition. — Contains tannic acid, gallic acid and colchi- 
 cine. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — For tannic acid poisoning, 
 empty .stomach and give demulcents and stimulants. 
 
 Synergists. — Drugs having similar actions. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Bitter taste, sialagogue, stimulates 
 secretion of stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys and .skin; large 
 doses cause gastro-intestinal irritation and depression of the 
 heart; medicinal doses increase the flow of urine, especialh' of its 
 solid con.stituents (urea, uric acid, etc.) as well as the water; to 
 sum up it actions, it is alterative, emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic 
 hepatic .stimulant and drastic cathartic (the last in large do.ses) 
 also cholagogue. It is a local irritant, consequentl}' must always 
 be diluted. 
 
 Therapy. — In human practice it is the great remedy for 
 gout. In veterinary practice colchicum combined with potassium 
 nitrate salicylic acid or salicylate of soda is used in rheumatism. 
 It is used in dropsical conditions with digitalis; in constipation 
 with nux vomica and physostigma, as follows: 
 
 ^ Fl. ext. nucis vom., 5 '^''• 
 
 Fl. ext. colchi'ci sem,, 5 ips. 
 
 Fl. ext. physostigmatis. 5 i. 
 
 Aq. qs. ad., 5 xii. 
 
 M. Sig- — One oz. every two houns. 
 
 In Hepatic Congestion. — Use colchicum and belladonna. 
 
 In Cerebral Congestion. — Colchicum combined with ergot 
 and potas. bromide with a saline purgative; it is also used in 
 lymphangitis. In azoturia combine it with gelsemium, bella- 
 donna and .spts. nitrous ether. In azoturia where you cannot 
 get up a good free action of the kidneys, rub tr. of digitalis on 
 the loins over the region of the kidneys; a purgative, is also in- 
 dicated; gelsemium is al.so given to keep down delirium. 
 
 GuAiAcuM — Lignum ViT.-E. — Used chiefly in dog practice. 
 
 TiNCTURA GuAiACi Ammoniata. — Horse, i to 3 ozs. ; dogs, 
 3 to 30 ms. ; guaiaci for dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. 
 
 Actions. — Is diaphoretic, expectorant and alterative, it is ir- 
 ritant and should be diluted, chief! 3- administered for its expecto- 
 rant actions. 
 
I lO NOTKS ON 
 
 Used in rheumatism, catarrhal conditions, parotiditis, etc. 
 
 Stillingia— Queen's Root. — The preparations of this 
 should be made from the fresh root. Dose of the Fluid Extract 
 for horse V^ to 2 ozs. ; dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. 
 
 Actions. — Chiefly used as alterative, is also expectorant, 
 diaphoretic, diuretic, purgative, cholagogue, sialagogue and car- 
 diac stimulant. 
 
 Used in blood poisoning, alternated with iron and potas. 
 iodide. In human practice it is recommended for ascites, ( ab- 
 dominal dropsy); in chronic constipation of dogs it is very use- 
 ful as a laxative, and in haemorrhoids. 
 
 Sanguinaria — Blood Root. — Dose of the Fluid Kxtract, 
 as an expectorant and stimulant, for horse, i to 3 drs. ; dogs, as 
 expectorant and stimulant >^ to 5 ms. and as an emetic for dogs 
 5 to 40 ms. 
 
 Actions. — Systemic emetic, expectorant, emmenagogue, 
 cardiac paralj^zer. a violent irritant and alterative, locally is 
 feebly caustic. 
 
 Uses. — Said to be very good in chronic nasal catarrh, acute 
 and chronic bronchitis and asthma, (or heaves). 
 
 Xanthoxylum — Prickly Ash. 
 
 Dose of Fluid Extract. — Horse, ^2 to 2 ozs.; dogs, 5 to 60 
 ms. 
 
 Actions.— Diaphoretic, diuretic and sialagogue; increases 
 secretion of stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas; increa.ses 
 action of heart and raises arterial tension. Locally it is an 
 irritant. 
 
 Uses.— Chronic pharyngitis; said to be very good in jaun- 
 dice, chronic rheumatism, myalgia, (muscular pains), lumbago 
 and paralysis of the tongue, the powdered drug is used. Dose 
 about the same as the Fluid Extract. 
 
 Viburnum Opulus — Cramp Bark — Viburnum Prunifolium 
 — Black Haw. 
 
 Dose of the fluid extract for mares, i to 4 ozs. two or three 
 times a day is the average dose; cows, 2 to 4 ozs,; bitches, 10 to 
 30, and up to 60 ms. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Is tonic, astringent, antispasmodic, 
 nerve sedative, and anti- abortive; it is a sedative and tonic to the 
 uterine and ovarian nerve centers. 
 
 Uses. — U.sed to prevent habitual aborting. Commence i to 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Ill 
 
 2 months before the usual time of abortion and give it right along 
 two or three times daily; if called at the time they are about to 
 abort, give one big dose, to the mare about 4 ozs. It is said to 
 prevent abortion even when labor pains are on, provided the 
 membranes are not detached and the foetus is alive, then follow 
 itp with smaller and repeated doses two or three times a day. 
 
 The viburnum prunifolium is most used and recommended 
 by Dr. Quitman; Bartholow thinks the viburnum opulus would 
 be the best. 
 
 ANTISEPTICH. 
 
 Used to destroy or prevent the growth of germs. 
 
 HYDROGEN PEROXIDUM — PEROXIDE OF HYDROGEN — HYDROGEN 
 
 DIOXIDE. 
 
 Chemical Formula. — H2. O2. 
 
 The commercial peroxide of h3'drogen is a colorless solu- 
 tion of this agent in water; is without odor, harsh, slightly 
 acrid taste, and readily yields oxygen at ordinary temperatures; 
 should always be kept in a cool, dark place and well corked. Is 
 usuall}' of 15 volume strength, or about 3^2 per cent of the gas 
 dissolved in water. The best make is Marchand's. We also 
 have a Mallinckrodt's make, which is most often used in veteri- 
 nary practice, as it only costs 35 cents per lb., while the Mar- 
 chand' s costs 65 cents per pound. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Pre-eminently an antisuppurant, de- 
 stroying pus and the microbes of suppuration, as well as pyogenic 
 membranes. Is free from irritating qualities; it is injected into 
 sinuses, abscesses, fistulous openings, applied to fresh wounds 
 to prevent suppuration, used on the hands and instruments, can 
 be injected into tender places, such as uterus in metritis, etc.; 
 best in this case to dilute one-half with distilled water. Used in 
 ■canker of ear in dogs, fistulous withers, quittors, etc. Wash 
 for sore throats, purulent ophthalmia, injection for sinuses after 
 trephining for nasal gleet, etc. Use dilute hydrochloric acid i to 
 4 to stop fetid odor after trephining and to dissolve necrosed 
 bone. 
 
 Internally. — Is a powerful promoter of the appetite; used in 
 gastritis, gastric flatulence, etc. ; can be given to dogs from 15 
 ms. to 2 or 3 drs. doses; horses, ^2 to 2 or three ozs., diluted 
 
112 NOTE.S ON 
 
 two or three times daily. When it comes in contact with pus it 
 produces a frothy foam; as long as the foam comes back ^-ellow 
 there is pus in it, but when it comes back clear or white the pus 
 is all out. 
 
 Calx Chlorata — Chlorinated Lime — Chloride of Lime. — 
 Bleaching powder, is used almost entirely as a deodorizer and 
 disinfectant, is very good for destroying foul odors; occurs as a 
 grayish white substance, in powder or friable lumps, should con- 
 tain at least 25 per cent of chlorine, and should be sprinkled 
 around on barn floors where there has been any disease or dead 
 animals. 
 
 AciDUM Carbolicum — Carbolic Acid — Acidum Phenicum 
 — Phenic Acid — Phenol. — Is the product of the distillation of 
 coal-tar; occurs either in acicular crystals or in crj-stalline masses, 
 white or colorless when perfectly pure, but when slightly im- 
 pure, either reddish or becoming so bj' exposure; deliquescent 
 and readily assuming the liquid state in the presence of a little 
 water, yet not dissolving, of a strong odor and taste, is soluble 
 in 15 to 33 parts of water, the purest being most soluble; alcohol, 
 ether, chloroform, glycerin and the essential oils dissolve it 
 freely. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, iot0 40grs. ; sheep and large pigs. 5 to la 
 grs.; dogs, 1-20 to 2grs. , well diluted. 
 
 Acidum Carbolicum Crudum. — Impure Carbolic Acid. 
 — Usually of a brownish color, used entirely as a disinfectant and 
 deodorizer for privy vaults, .stables, to wash walls, etc. , after 
 glanders and other contagious diseases. 
 
 There is also a glycerite, strength i to 4, and an oint- 
 ment of carbolic acid, .strength 10 per cent, used for external pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Creosote. — Is very similar to carbolic acid, but is not as 
 powerful a toxic agent; used in human practice internally; it i.s 
 not so irritating; dose about one-third more than carbolic acid; 
 given well diluted. Carbolic is made from coal-tar, and creosote 
 from wood-tar, the best from beach-wood. 
 
 In ca.se of poi.soning from carbolic acid, give carbonate of 
 lime, carbonate of magnesia, or as it is apt to be more handy, the 
 sulphates of magnesia or .soda, or vegetable demulcents, but no 
 oil or glycerin, as they favor its action. Atropine is the 
 best physiological antidote for the systemic effects of carbolic 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. II3 
 
 aciu. Give diluents freely, also sulphate of magnesia or soda, 
 in solution and atropine hypodermically, vinegar or acetic acid 
 internally and localh- is probably the best antidote. 
 
 Actions. — Large and diluted doses are irritant and narcotic 
 poison; it is used as an antiseptic, antiparasitic, occasionally as 
 a local anaesthetic or anodyne in a 2 or 3 per cent, solution; also 
 as a caustic; but should not be used as a caustic, as a burn from it 
 heals very slowly. Used internally it usually contracts the pupil, 
 although occasionally dilates it. It is used internally as a gas- 
 tric sedative in small doses for vomiting in dogs; is administered 
 in various contagious and zymotic diseases, with the view of pre- 
 venting or arresting the development of micro-organism ; it co- 
 agulates albumen, is not nearly so active as x:orrosive sublimate; 
 I to 500 prevents the growth of anthrax and other bacilli (ac- 
 cording to Koch ) , Full doses besides producing local caustic ef- 
 fects, causes gastro-enteritis, and collapse, which may end fatally; 
 it is a muscular and nerve paralyzer, both internally and exter- 
 nally, kills by paralyzing the muscles of respiration and the 
 heart. It is chiefly excreted b}- the kidneys, coloring tlie urine 
 a brownish hue. 
 
 Uses. — In surgery as indicated, usually a 3 to 5 per cent so- 
 lution for injecting into wounds, 2 or 3 per cent for hands, for 
 itching of the skin, carbolic acid 3 or 4 drs., glycerin 2 ozs. to i 
 pint of water. 
 
 Internally. — '^ gr. do.seswith bismuth subnitrate and glyc- 
 erin is almost a specific for vomiting in dogs; as prescribed in en- 
 teric influenza, diarrhoea, dysentery, flatulence, etc. Dr. Quitman 
 condemns the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic for wounds and 
 sores on account of its paralyzing effects. 
 
 For vomiting in dogs; a prescription for 12 doses: 
 
 I^ Ac carbolici, grs. iij. 
 
 Bismuthi subnit.. 5 i- to ij. 
 
 Tr. opii camph., 5 ss to j. 
 
 Glycerini, ^ ss. 
 
 Aq. cinnamouia qs. ad., 5 jss. 
 M. Sig. — Teaspooiiful every 2 hours. 
 
 If first dose is vomited repeat every 10 or 15 minutes 
 till retained. 
 
 Charcoal, Carbo Lignl — Wood Charcoal — Carbo Ani- 
 MAUS. — Animal Charcoal. (Prepared from bone.) 
 
114 NOTES ON 
 
 Actions. — Is desiccant, antiseptic, disinfectant, deodorant, 
 absorbent and antacid. 
 
 Uses — Internally. — In 2 drs. to Yz oz. doses, combined with 
 sulphur, is useful in urticaria; useful to apply over fowl wounds, 
 and mixed in poultices is very good for grease-heel and mud- 
 fever. Is occasionally prescribed in diarrhoea and flatulence. 
 
 Creolin. — That made by Pearson or Merck is the best. It 
 is a coal-tar preparation, and is a dark brown liquid. 
 
 Actions. — Is a non-poi.sonous, non-irritating and cheap, but 
 powerful antiseptic and parasiticide, more powerful than carbolic 
 acid; it is used pure, in solution or in an ointment in strength of 
 I to 50 to I to 20. Used internall}', occasionally, in gastric fer- 
 mentation, dj'^sentery and typhoid fever, and locally as an anti- 
 septic. In mange it is used in 5 per cent solution. Glycerin 
 renders it more soluble. 
 
 Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 20 ms. 
 
 STAPHISAGR1.E Semina — Stavesacre Seeds. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — The seeds are used for the destruction 
 of lice and flees, for which they are a most effectual remedy; for 
 such purposes i oz. of crushed seeds are boiled in 20 or 30 ozs. of 
 water, then add water to the quantit}' originall}' used, and use 
 as awash; or, seeds, i to 1^2 ozs., aqua, i quart, boil down to 
 1^2 pints, then add water to make a quart. 
 
 Ointments are made with one part of powdered seeds to 6 
 of lard. 
 
 Salicinum — Salicin.— A neutral principle obtained from 
 several species of the willow and poplar tree; occurs in silky, 
 colorless, shining crystals, permanent in the air, odorless, very 
 bitter and neutral in reaction, soluble in 28 parts of water and 30 
 parts of alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, y'z to 2 ozs.; dogs, 10 grs. to 2 drs. 
 
 Actions. — Bitter tonic, antipyretic, antifernient and anti- 
 septic, somewhat antiperiodic, resembling quinine in its actions, 
 but not as powerful. 
 
 Uses. — Used in febrile conditions about the same as quinine, 
 its chief use is in acute rheumatism, for which it is a very good 
 remedy; as a diaphoretic is used in large doses. 
 
 AciDUM Salic YLicuM— Salicylic Acid. — This is an or- 
 ganic acid, existing naturally in various plants, but most largel}' 
 prepared sj'nthetically from carbolic acid, occurs in needle-shaped 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. II5 
 
 crystals, soluble in alcohol, ether and hot water; borax increases 
 its solubilit}-. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 to 6 drs. ; swine, 30 to 40 grs. ; dogs. 5 to 
 20 grs. ; cattle, ^2 to i oz. ; sheep and goats, i to 2 drs. ; should 
 be given well diluted; larger doses are recommended for fevers, 
 but smaller doses more often repeated in rheumatism. 
 
 SoDii Salicvlas — Salicylate of Soda. — Dose same as for 
 salicylic acid. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Of salicylic acid and sali- 
 cylate of sodse; mineral acids, metallic salts and preparations of 
 iron in general are chemically incompatible; physiologically, 
 they are antagonized by the arterial and cerebral .stimulants. 
 
 Synergists. — Members of the phenol group, arterial depres- 
 sants, anaesthetics and cerebral sedatives. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Powerful antiseptic, anti-rheumatic, 
 diaphoretic, cardiac depressant, antiferment, and antipyretic. 
 Salicylic acid is in addition irritant and astringent, continued in 
 large doses is apt to derange digestion; best to be administered 
 on an empt}' stomach. 
 
 Uses." For flatulence, acute rheumatism, influenza, strangles 
 and purpura where there is much sloughing; also as a surgical 
 wash, salicylic acid i part, borax i part to 30 to 50 parts of water. 
 Salicjdic acid is a more powerful antiseptic than carbolic acid. 
 Salic3date of soda is feebly antiseptic; salicylic acid is indispen- 
 sable in intestinal flatulence. 
 
 For acute rheumatism and general muscular .soreness: 
 
 ^ Quin. Sulph. g i. 
 
 Sodii salicylatis, o "J- 
 
 Pulv. cimicifugfi', 5 "J- 
 
 Pulv. Bellad. fol., « ij. 
 M. Fiat. Pulv. No. 12. Sig.— One powder every four hours. 
 
 Resorcina — Resorcin.— Is antiseptic, not much used in- 
 ternally, too depressing, locally is a non-irritating antiseptic, u.sed 
 in skin diseases and inflammation of the eyes, i to 10 parts to 
 100 parts of water. Ointments are used in 5 to 30 per cent 
 strengths. 
 
 Salol. —Is a salicylate of phenol, a white crystalline powder, 
 insoluble in water, composed of salicylic acid 60 parts and car- 
 bolic acid 40 parts by weight. 
 
 Dose. — Hor.se, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 to 30 grs.; other animals 
 the same as salicylic acid. 
 
Il6 NOTES ON 
 
 Actions. ~ Antiseptic, anodyne, antipyretic, anti-rheumatic, 
 anti- ferment, diuretic. 
 
 llses. — Chiefly for rheumatism and is very good, does not ir- 
 ritate stomach nor derange digestion. For distemper in dogs, 
 strangles and influenza in hor.ses. 
 
 Prescription for acute rheumatism, or muscular pains, lum- 
 bago, etc. : 
 
 I^ Saloli, 5 ii. 
 
 Pulv. bellad. fol., 5 ii. 
 
 Quin. siilph., 3 ^■• 
 
 M. Ft. Chart No- 12. Sig. i every 3 hours. 
 
 For distemper in dogs combine salol with quinine. 
 
 Pyoktanin. — Technically known as methylene blue, itsed 
 to restrain suppuration, in strength of i to 1000 to i to 100. Oc- 
 curs in small indigo colored scaly cr}stals. Slightly soluble in 
 water; stains the skin blue; very 'noticeable on white hor.ses. 
 Peroxide of hydrogen is preferred to pyoktanin. 
 
 There is also a yellow Pyoktanin, but the blue is the strong- 
 est. Pyoktanin is used for ulcers of the cornea, .serous iritis, 
 ulcers and pus secreting .sores in general. 
 
 Naphthalinum — Naphthalin. — A dry product of gas 
 manufactured after purification; it occurs in brilliant rhombic 
 crystals of an aromatic acrid taste, in.soluble in water, but .solu- 
 ble in alcohol, ethers and oils. 
 
 Dose. - Hor.se, i to 3 drs. ; sheep, 5 to 15 grs. ; cattle, 2 to 4 
 drs. ; dogs, i to 15 grs. In intestinal flatulence, in .severe cases 
 these do.ses can be doubled. 
 
 Actions. — A true intestinal anti.septic and antiferment, also 
 expectorant. 
 
 U.ses. — Flatulence, be.st in intestinal flatulence, in diarrhoea 
 and dy.sentery; is of great value in the.se ailments, quickly allays 
 foul odor of the evacuations of the bowels; large doses irritate the 
 kidneys and cau.se bloody urine which ceases upon withholding 
 the drug. When powdered on a wound, as wire cuts, etc. will 
 keep away flies and other in.sects, besides it is a powerful anti- 
 septic and promotes the healing of wounds. 
 
 Naphthol. — Same action and uses as naphthalin, but the 
 dose is only '.. as nuich. Naphthalin is preferred in veterinary 
 practice. 
 
 Ex.\lgine.— Occurs in colorless cry.stals, odorless, tasteless, 
 slightlv soluble in water and freelv so in alcohol. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. II 7 
 
 Actions. — Powerful anodyne, ner\e sedative, slightly anti- 
 septic and distinctly antipyretic, large doses cause convulsions, 
 dyspnoea, stupor and death. 
 
 Uses. — It is the very best drug for chorea in dogs; for aver- 
 age size dogs commence with i gr. 3 times a day for 3 days, then 
 2 grs. 3 times a day for 3 days, then 3 grs. 3 times a da>- and 
 keep up the 3 grs. 3 times a day. . Dose for man 2 to 8 grs. 
 
 Antipyrin. — A whitish powder, soluble in equal parts of 
 water by weight; be.st administered alone. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 4drs.; sheep, i dr.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs. ; 
 dogs, I to 15 grs. 
 
 Actions. — Powerful antipyretic, anodyne and local anaesthetic, 
 antiseptic, cardiac depressant ; it reduces temperature very quickly, 
 usually within y-i hour and the effects continue 2 or more hours. 
 It can be administered by the mouth, hypodermically or intra- 
 tracheally; as an antipyretic it diminishes oxidation, and pro- 
 motes heat loss by dilating the cutaneous vessels. 
 
 Uses.^Used in high fever where the temperature must be 
 reduced quickly, as in sun-stroke and acute rheumatism; in 
 man a solution of antfpyrin from 10 per cent strength up, is 
 sprayed into the nostrils for hay- fever. Acetanilid is a better, 
 safer and much cheaper drug, for febrile diseases. 
 
 Phexacetix. — Dose — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 2 
 to 15 grs. repeated every 3 or 4 hours; seldom u.sed for the large 
 animals. 
 
 Characters. — Colorless, tasteless, odorless, glistening scaly- 
 crystals, sparingly .soluble in cold water, more freely in boiling 
 water, alcohol and acetic acid. 
 
 Actions. — Like acetanilid and antipyrin, it lowers tempera- 
 ture and dimini.shes pain, and is hypnotic, its action is less rapid, 
 but more prolonged and less liable than the others to produce col- 
 lapse, it slows the pulse and relieves respiratory difficulty, the 
 effects continuing for 4 hours. 
 
 Uses. — In high fevers or any febrile condition. In rheuma- 
 tism and influenza use phenacetin and salol combined. In dis- 
 temper of dogs: Phenacetin, 5 grs., salol 5 grs. every 3 or 4 
 hours, with stimulants. 
 
 AcETANiLiDUM — AcETANiLiD. — Kuown by the trade term 
 Antifebrin, a derivative of aniline, best of this class for veteri- 
 nary use on account of its cheapness and satisfactory effects, a 
 
IlS NOTES ON 
 
 white crystallized powder, odorless, a slight characteristic but not 
 disagreeable taste, soluble i part in 50 of hot water (at 105 F) 
 readily soluble in alcohol 3 in 5, and in aromatic spirits of am- 
 monia. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 1 to 3 drs. ; sheep, }{: to i dr.; cattle. 2 to 4 
 drs. ; dogs, 2 to 10 grs. repeated every 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 Actions. — It is a powerful antipyretic, acting very promptly; 
 is mildly diaphoretic, slightly antiseptic and diuretic, is not ir- 
 ritating or nauseous; is more powerful than antipyrin, and its 
 effects are more lasting; is anodyne, lowers temperature by pie- 
 venting waste and heat production and increasing radiation. Ace- 
 tanilid affects the temperature in about i hour and its effects are 
 maintained for about 6 hours. Antipyrin manifests its action in 
 about 30 minutes and only lasts for 2 hours. Acetanilid is used 
 in all febrile diseases, chiefly in Thermic fever (sun-stroke) and 
 rheumatism, but in the latter salol, salicylic acid and salicylate of 
 soda are preferred. Antipyrin costs $1.40 per oz., phenacetin 
 $1.00 per oz , acetanilid 12 cents per oz. Antipyrin, Phenacetin, 
 Exalgine and Acetanilid are not as much used as formerly; should 
 olily be used when it is essential that fever be quickly reduced 
 when it is excessively high, as in sun-stroke, for which give ace- 
 tanilid 1 1 J to 2 drs. dissolved in i or i^i ozs. arom. spts. of 
 ammonia every 2 or 3 hours, and apply cold water or ice to the 
 head and neck. 
 
 AciDUM BoRicuM — AciDUM BoRACicuM. — The English name 
 is Boric Acid or Boracic Acid. — Properties; occurs in glitter- 
 ing white scaly crystals, soluble in 26 parts of cold water, in 3 
 parts of warm water, and freely soluble in alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 5 drs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.; 
 foals and calves, 20 to 30 grs. 
 
 Actions. — It is anon-volatile, unirritating antiseptic, deodor- 
 ant and astringent, it arrests fermentation and putrefactive de- 
 composition, destructive of minute organisms, free from irritating 
 effects in solution when applied to wounds; it lessens suppura- 
 tion, and is as effective as carbolic acid, can be used in any 
 strength from the pure powder or saturated solution to the mild- 
 est form. 
 
 Uses. — It is indicated for all purposes for which an antiseptic 
 is used; it is used in diarrhoea in foals, calves and dogs, combined 
 with other drugs; it has a slight astringent action of itself, it is 
 
VETERINARY -MATERIA MEDICA. II9 
 
 excreted in the urine, consequently would exert its influence on 
 the bladder in cs'stitis, and cystic catarrh; one part in 800 pre- 
 vents development of anthrax-bacilli; useful in skin diseases, 
 also used in catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis, 6 to 10 grs. to 
 the oz. alternated with atropine solution. Useful in distemper of 
 dogs where the bowels are affected, as an antiseptic. Boric- 
 acid is preferred to carbolic acid particularly as an antiseptic for 
 dogs. On account of the paralyzing effect of carbolic acid on the 
 nerves, it hinders the healing of wounds to a certain extent, 
 which the boracic acid does not. 
 
 Benzoinuim — Benzoin. — This is a balsamic resin, obtained 
 from sty rax benzoin; it contains benzoic acid in the proportion 
 14 to 18 per cent, to which it probably owes its action. 
 
 TiNCTURA Benzoini— Tincture of Benzoin. — We have 
 Adep's Benzoinatus— Benzoinated Lard — compcsed of 20 
 parts benzoin to 1000 parts of lard, u.sed as an ointment itself, 
 and as a base for ointments. 
 
 TiNCTURA Benzoini Composita — Compound Tincture 
 of Benzoin.— Composed of benzoin 12 parts, socrotine aloes two 
 parts, storax eight parts, balsam of tolu'four parts, and alcohol 
 enough to make 100 parts, commonly known as Friar's Balsam. 
 
 AciDUM Benzoicum — Benzoic Acid. — White feathery crystals 
 of a peculiar, agreeable odor, and warm, acidulous taste, spar- 
 ingly soluble in cold water ( i to 500), more soluble in boiling 
 water, i in 15, and very .soluble in alcohol; borax renders it more 
 soluble. 
 
 Dose. — Horses and cattle, i dr. to i oz. ; dogs, 3 to 10 grs., 
 up to ^t? dr. for very large dogs. 
 
 There is also a Benzoate of Ammonia and Bknzoate of Soda. 
 — Same uses and do.ses as benzoic acid. 
 
 Physiological x\ctions. — Benzoin is a mild stimulant, expec- 
 torant and antiseptic; benzoic acid is quite povVerful; it ren- 
 ders alkaline urine acid; it is used to dissolve phosphatic calculi. 
 
 The tincture and compound tincture are used as .stimulants 
 and antiseptics for wounds and sores. Benzoic Acid, when ad- 
 ministered internally, acts mildly as an antiseptic to the bladder; 
 useful in catarrh of bladder. Benzoate of soda is used in 
 bronchial catarrh. Benzoate of Ammonia is used to di.ssolve 
 phosphatic calculi. 
 
I20 NOTES ON 
 
 ANTIISEPTIC 0IL8. 
 
 Oleum Cakyophylu — Oil of Cloves. 
 
 Dose. — Hor.se, y^ to i dr.; dogs, i to 5 drops. 
 
 Oleum CiNtfAMOMUM — Oil of Cintnamon. — Oil of cinnamon 
 and oil of cloves are stimulant, carminative and antiseptic. 
 
 Oleum Gaultheri.^ -Oil of VVintergreen^. — Used most!}- 
 to flavor and give odor to other substances; it has the same 
 actions as the above oils and is given in the same doses. 
 
 Oleum Thymi — Oil of Thyme. — A powerful antiseptic, even 
 surpasses carbolic acid, readilj' .soluble in alcohol. 
 
 Oleum Cajuputi — Cajuput Oil. - Actions the .same as oil of 
 cloves, very effective in parasitic skin diseases al.so destructive to 
 round worms. Dose — Hor.se, 15 ms. to 1^2 drs. ; externally can 
 be used full .strength; or diluted, in irritable raw conditions of 
 skin. 
 
 AGSNTS ACTING ONT THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 EXCITO-MOTORS. 
 
 Nux Vomica. — Synonym — Dog-button or Quaker buttons. 
 The seeds of strychnos Nux Vomica. See also strychninae 
 sulphas. 
 
 EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMIC.E — ExTKACT OF NuX VOMICA.— 
 
 Do.se — Hor.se. 15 to 30 grs. ; pigs, Yz to 3 grs. ; dogs, 1-15 to i 
 gr. ; cattle, '2 to i dr.; sheep, i to 6 grs. 
 
 ExTR\cTUM Nucis VoMic.E Fluidum— Fluii) Extract of 
 
 Nux ^'0MICA. 
 
 Dose. — Hor.se, ^2 to i dr.; .sheep, 10 to 30 ms.; dogs, '4 to 
 5 minims. ; cattle, i to 2 drs. ; pigs, 5 to 20 ms. 
 
 Do.se of powdered nux vomica: 
 
 Hor.se, '2 to ly^ drs.; sheep, 10 to 40 grs. ; dogs, '4. to 2 
 grs.; cattle, i to 3 drs.; pigs, 10 to 20 grs. 
 
 TiNCTURA Nucis Vomica — Tincture of Nux Vomica. 
 
 Dose. -Dogs, '2 to 15 ms. 
 
 Composition. — Nux Vomica contains .strychnine which is the 
 chief alkaloid, al.so brucine (not official) and .strychnic or ig- 
 asuric acid. 
 
 The proportion of strychnine ranges from J4, to y^ of i per 
 cent. 
 
 vStrvchnin.*; Sulphas.— Occurs as a white salt in colorless 
 prismatics crystals, odorless, exceedingly and persistently bitter, 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA 121 
 
 soluble at 59 F in 50 parts of water, it is sparingly soluble in 
 alcohol, effloresces on exposure to the air; gives the bitter taste 
 when diluted with 1,000,000 parts of water. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 3 grs. ; sheep, 1-5 to i gr. ; dogs, 1-20 to 
 1-30 gr.; cattle, 2 to 6 grs. ; pigs, 1-15 to '- gr. One-half of 
 these doses for hypodermic or intratracheal use. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The paralyzers, such as 
 woorara, conium, tobacco, opium, belladonna and physostigma, 
 antagonize the actions of strychnine (or nux vomica), in part, 
 but they do not antagonize its toxic action; chloral, tobacco, 
 bromide of potash, ether and chloroform (inhaled) are its true 
 physiological antagonists. 
 
 In Ca.se of Poisoning. — Tannic acid, or vegetables contain- 
 ing it should be freely admini.stered, for the tannate of .strych- 
 nine which is formed is very in.soluble; an emetic or the stomach 
 pump must be used promptly. 
 
 The tetanic spa.sms are best controlled by chloral or very 
 large doses of potas. brom. (2 drs to j-: oz. for human) or 4 to 8 
 ozs. for the horse as antidote for .strychnine poisoning. Inhala- 
 tions of ether are also good. The maintenance of artificial res- 
 piration has a decided effect in warding off in animals, as in man 
 the lethal action of strychnine. Strychnine .should not be com- 
 bined with bromides, chlorides and iodides, in the .same solution; 
 accidents have happened by taking the la.st portion, which will 
 contain all of the .strychnine precipitated as the hydrobromate, 
 liydroiodate, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Brucine, picrotoxine, thebaine, ergot, bella- 
 donna, electricity, cold, etc. promote the activit)- of nux vomica 
 and its alkaloids. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Nerve tonic, stomach tonic, stimu- 
 lates respiration, .secretion, appetite, and digestion, it increases 
 peristalsis, .stimulates both the motor and inhibitory apparatus of 
 heart, and raises arterial tension by .stimulating the vaso-motor 
 centers, thus contracting the arterioles, though full doses relax 
 the arterioles and thus lower blood pressure. 
 
 Strychnine exalts all the functions of the spinal cord, re- 
 flex, motor, vaso-motor and sensory, the latter being the least af- 
 fected; it does not affect the brain directly. (Strychnine is ab- 
 sorbed more readilv from the rectum than from the stomach and 
 
122 NOTES ON 
 
 still more rapidl)'' from the bronchi and cellular tissues. Give ':? 
 the oral dose for hypodermic, intratracheal and rectal use. ) 
 
 Toxic Doses cause trembling and twitching of the voluntary 
 and involuntary muscles, with violent clonic .spasms, lasting 
 usually I or 2 minutes, gradually getting more frequent and 
 .severe, and from involving the glottis, diaphragm and other 
 muscles of respiration, cause death usually from asphyxia- 
 Very large do.ses may paralyze the cord as from a blow, and 
 cau.se almo.st in.stant death. 
 
 The symptoms and mode of death resemble those of tetanus, 
 but are more suddenh^ developed, more intermittent and more 
 rapidly fatal. The muscular rigidity does not occur as often in 
 tetanus, which first affects the mu.scles of the jaws, (trismus). 
 The spa.sms of .strychnine poisoning are clonic while tho.se in tet- 
 anus are to7iic\ horses and cattle are not as susceptible to the 
 effects of .strychnine as man and dogs. 6 to 12 grs. are toxic in 
 honses by the mouth, 3 to 6 grs. are toxic in horses hypodermic- 
 ally; i-ioto 1-6 gr. up, are toxic in dogs by the mouth. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate may be given intravenously qs an an- 
 tidote. 
 
 Medicinal Uses. — Nux vomica or .strychnine is indicated in 
 any condition in which there is a paralj'sis or depressed state of 
 the nerves or nervous sy.stem; atonic dyspepsia, brokenjwind, re- 
 laxed condition of bowels due to lack of tone, in small doses. In 
 weak condition of the heart give with small doses of digitalis or 
 strophanthus; it stimulates .sexual organs. Give it in conva- 
 lescence from debilitating di.seases, also as an aid to recovery during 
 their progress; in collapse and for narcotic poisoning strychnine 
 hypodermically, intratracheally or per rectum; in paralysis, 
 whether of limb, intestines or bladder; may be injected into 
 paralyzed muscles; in antepartem paralysis, asthma, and chronic 
 bronchitis; for paralysis commence with small doses of strychnine, 
 and increase until muscular twitching occurs, then lessen the do.se. 
 
 Constipation. — Nux vomica with colchicum and physostigma 
 in small often repeated do.ses; for diarrhoea, due to lack of tone 
 of muscular coat of bowels combine with astringents; for anaemia, 
 strychnine combined with iron and quinine; nervous coughs use 
 .strychnine with .sedatives; also used in incontinence of urine and 
 chorea; in dogs after distemper. The syrupus ferri, quininse et 
 strychninae phospliatum, each i drachm contains about 1-85 gr. 
 
\-ETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 1 23 
 
 of strychnine, i ^s gr. of ferri phosphate and i - :-. gr. of quinine. 
 Dose V2 to 2 dr. makes a good general tonic for dogs. 
 
 Ignatia — St. Ign.\tus Bean. — Same as nux vomica, same 
 alkaloids, actions and uses, dose a little smaller. 
 
 ErgoTA — ERgoT — Synonyms— Secale cornutum, smut of 
 r3*e, spurred rye, mother of rye, cockspur rye. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Ergot.-e Fluidum — Fld. Ext. of Ergot. — 
 Dose as an ecbolic for mare or cow, y^ to 2 ozs. up; sheep, i dr.; 
 swine and bitches, ^^ to i dr. ; repeat every V2 hour or hour. 
 
 Powdered Ergot. — Same dose. When it is given in re- 
 peated doses for other purposes give smaller doses, except to pre- 
 vent or check haemorrhage, then give full doses. 
 
 Ergotole. - (Sharp & Dohme manufacturers) is 2 '2 times 
 stronger than the fluid extract; is non-irritant and can be used 
 hypodermically. Dose. — Horse, i to 3 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The caustic alkalies and 
 metallic salts are chemically incompatible; aconite, veratrum 
 viride, tobacco and amyl nitrite antagonize the action of ergot on 
 the circulation. 
 
 Synergist. — Electricity, cold, digitalis, and belladonna are 
 synergistic as regards the vascular system; savin, rue and gossyp- 
 ium increase its parturient action. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — It is a powerful excito-motor, 
 haemostatic, gastro-intestinal irritant, and ecbolic. It stimu- 
 lates and contracts voluntar}^ muscular fibers, and hence dimin- 
 ishes the blood stream passing through the arterioles; large and 
 continued doses produce ergotism, which is virtually gangrene, 
 due to lack of blood supply to the parts. 
 
 Toxicology. — In large or long continued doses, or in 
 animals eating ergotized grain it causes poisoning, which is 
 known as kkgotism. This is characterized by gastro-intestinal 
 derangement, nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting, in animals capa- 
 ble of emesis, and from the impaired circulation and nutrition, 
 affecting different areas, subsequently a.ssumes two forms, first, 
 dry gangrene, chiefly involving the extremities, (hoofs, ears and 
 tail may slough ), or second, nervous symptoms, such as tetanoid 
 spasms, inco-ordinate spasms, and sometimes epileptiform convul- 
 sions occur, the latter supposed to be due to irritation and paral- 
 ysis of the sensory centers or spinal cord; there will al.so be 
 difficult micturition. 
 
124 NOTES ON 
 
 Toxic S3'mptoms are not so marked in horses, cattle and 
 sheep, as in men and dogs; abortion from eating ergotted grasses 
 may occur and affect whole herds; death occurs from coma and 
 asphyxia. 
 
 Medicinal uses of Ergot — As a parturient, when the act is 
 prolonged; in viterine haemorrhage, also to contract blood vessels, 
 previous to an operation to prevent excessive haemorrhage, es- 
 peciall)' if varicosities exist; sometimes used to hasten expul- 
 sion of the placenta; it is useful in haemorrhage of any kind; 
 ergot is injected over the region of varicose veins; used in cere- 
 bro-spinal meningitis, in dysentery, piles, internally and locally; 
 eversion of uterus; in prolapsus of the rectum; in enlarged heart 
 may be combined with digitalis; in aneurisms. In stallions 
 where erections are feeble or not sufficiently prolonged for proper 
 copulation give ergot combined with strychnine or phosphorus; 
 paralysis of bladder, ergot and strychnine; congestion of the 
 brain, ergot and potas. bromide. 
 
 UsTiLAGO -Corn-smut. — Doses and uses the same as ergot, 
 but ergot is the best. 
 
 Gossvpir Radicis Cortex— Cotton Root Bark. — This 
 drug is very well thought of, it is a substitute for ergot; the Fid. 
 Ext. is the best. Doses and uses the same as ergot. 
 
 Digitalis — Fox-Glove. — The leaves of the purple fox-glove 
 are used. 
 
 We have the Ext ti actum Digitalis Fluidum. 
 
 Dose. - Horses, 20 ms. to i dr.; dogs, ^ to 2 or 3 ms. ; cattle, 
 I to 2 drs. 
 
 Extra' TUM Digitalis. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 10 to 30 grs. ; dogs, i'8to2grs. ; cattle, 20 
 grs. to I dr. 
 
 'I'lNCTURA Digitalis. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to i oz.; dogs, i m. to 20 minims. 
 
 DiGITALINUM — DiGlTALINE. 
 
 Dose. — Cattle, 1 to 2 grs.; horse, y^ to i gr. ; dogs, i-ioo to 
 
 1-30 gr- 
 
 Digitalis — Folia Digitalis — Powdered Leaves of Fox- 
 Glove. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 20 grs. to i dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 grs.; 
 cattle I to 2 drs.; dogs, ]^ to 3 grs. Digitalis contains 5 active 
 
VETERINARY ^MATERIA MEDICA. 1 25 
 
 principles, but no alkaloids. They are: Digitalin, Dig toxin. 
 
 DiGITALEIN, DiGITIN, DiGITONIX. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Cinchona preparations, 
 acetate of lead, sulphate and tr. chloride of iron are chemicalh- 
 incompatible. Tannic acid and preparations containing it dimin- 
 ish the physiological action of digitalis. Opium, aconite, lobe- 
 lia and the cardiac paralyzers, antagonize .some but not all of its 
 actions. The most complete physiological antagonist and best 
 antidote is Saponin. 
 
 [Saponin is a glucoside, occurs as a white amorphous powder. 
 Dose for human i-io to 1-5 gr. ; hor.se, i^- to 3 or 4 grs.] 
 
 Aconite antagonizes the cardiac action of digitalis, and mor- 
 phine also to a less degree. 
 
 Synergist. — Cold, ergot, and belladonna increase its activity. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — It is a cardiac and vascular tonic 
 and stimulant, a motor excitant, paralyzant, anophrodisiac, 
 (lowers sexual de.sire); it is an indirect diuretic and an emetic, 
 irritates the mucous membrane. 
 
 On the Heart. — The heart is slowed but the force is in- 
 creased; digitalis stimulates the cardiac motor ganglia, the in- 
 hibitory apparatus and the vaso-motor centers, contracting the 
 arterioles and thereby greatly raising the arterial tension; full 
 doses exhaust and paralyze the heart. As a diuretic its action is 
 very complex, one of the acti\-a principles, Digitalin, increases 
 the arterial pressure by contracting the efferent vessels of the 
 glomeruli. 
 
 The large renal arteries are dilated bj- two of its active princi- 
 ples, DiGiTOxix AND Digitai^ein; in that way digitalis is a per- 
 fect diuretic. 
 
 DiGi' ALis is said to have a cumulative action, which is af- 
 firmed by some authors and denied by others, I have not .seen 
 any ill effects in hor.ses from its continued use. 
 
 l^ses. — It is used as a cardiac stimulant in full do.ses, followed 
 by small ones; used in heart failure and cardiac debility from 
 any cause, irregularity of heart due to debility; u.sed in dropsical 
 conditions, combined with acetate of pot. or nitrate of pot.; it is 
 useful in congestion of organs, useful in first stages of pneumonia 
 and .scarlatina; as a diuretic, can be used internally in azoturia; 
 rub about 2 ozs. of the tr. of digitalis over the region of the kid- 
 
126 NOTES ON 
 
 iieys, this can be used 2 or 3 times daily; where internal remedies 
 fail to increase the action of kidneys, this is very effectual. 
 
 Strophanthus. — Known as Kombe Arrow Poison. 
 
 TiNCTURA Stkophanthi. — Only preparation. 
 
 Dose. - Horse, i to 3 drs. ; dogs, '2 to 10 ms.; give large 
 doses first then follow with smaller ones. 
 
 Medicinal U.ses. — It is prescribed to slow, strengthen and 
 steady feeble or faulty heart action; it acts on the heart like digi- 
 talis, but on the arteries but slightly; has diuretic effect, is used 
 in valvular disease of the heart, in hydrothorax, ascitis and other 
 dropsical conditions and in chronic interstitial nephritis; a very 
 good drug, prompt in action. On the heart strophanthus acts 
 more energetic than digitalis, its effects last longer and it is not 
 cumulative. 
 
 ScoPARius— Broom. — Action is due to sparteine. 
 
 EXTRACTUM SCOPARII FlUIDUM. 
 
 Do.se. — Horse, 6 drs. to 1)2 oz. ; dogs, '4 to i dr. 
 
 Sparteix.e Sulphas. — Occurs in small granules. 
 
 Dose.— Horse, hypodermically, i to 5 grs. every five or six 
 hours; stimulates heart action, but doses of 15 to 30 grs. may be 
 given. Actions are very highly praised; is more prompt than 
 digitalis, is safer, does not raise arterial pressure to such an ex- 
 tent, and action is very much prolonged; acts directly on heart 
 muscle and inhibitory apparatus. 
 
 Uses. — For same purpose as other heart stimulants, but is 
 used chiefly as a heart tonic and stimulant. 
 
 CiMiciFUGA— Black Snake Root. Also known as Black Co- 
 hosh -ExTRACTUM CiMICIFUG.E FlUIDUM. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, j'2 to 3 ozs. ; dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. 
 
 CiMrriFUG.E Radicis Pulvis, Powdered Cimicifuga Root. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to i or 2 ozs.; dogs, 5 grs. to i dr.; 
 
 Actions. — Is a good stomachic, anti-spasmodic, aphrodisiac, 
 diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant; stimulates heart similar to 
 digitalis and acts like ergot on involuntary muscular fiber, but 
 much feebler than either. 
 
 Uses. — Three or four drachms given to horses one-half hour 
 before feeding acts as a powerful appetizer; use in cardiac dis- 
 eases where digitalis would be dangerous; chorea, rheumatism, 
 especially of the localized muscular variet}', as lumbago or gen- 
 
VETERINARY ISIATERIA IMEDICA. 1 27 
 
 eral muscular soreness. It is prescribed with nux vomica for 
 weakness of sexual organs. 
 
 Belladonna. — Deadly night shade. Parts used, leaves and 
 roots of atropa belladonna. 
 
 Belladonn.e Foli.e— Belladonna Leaves.— One-half the 
 strength of the root. 
 
 Dose of powdered leaves for horse, 2 to 4 drs. ; i o/.. is .some- 
 times given; cattle, 4 drs. to i'- ozs. ; dogs, 2 to 5 grs. 
 
 Belladonn.e Radix — Belladonna Root. — Not used in 
 ■crude form. 
 
 Emplastrum Belladonn.e -Belladonna Plaster. — Much 
 ii.sed in human practice for lame back, etc. 
 
 Extractum Belladonn.e — Extract of Belladonna. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 13 to 30 grs., if repeated not oftener than 
 every four hours 30 to 60 grs. can be given; cattle, j-2 to 2 
 drs.; dogs, i-i6to i gr. ; .sheep, i to 15 grs. 
 
 ExTR.U'TiiM Belladonn.e Alcoholicim— Alcoholic E.\- 
 
 TR.\CT OF BeLLADOX.XA LeAVES. 
 
 Dose about the same as the extract, except dogs take 1-20 
 to j'2 gr. 
 
 ExTRACTi'M Belladonn.e Fluidum— Fluid I^Ixtilvct op 
 Belladonna Root. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, ^ 2 to 2 drs. can be given if not repeated more 
 than once or twice, as in colic as an antispasmodic; cattle, i to 2 
 drs.; pigs, 2 to 10 ms.; sheep, 20 to 40 ms.; dogs, }x to 5 m, 
 
 TixcTiKA Belladonn.e — Tlxctcre of Belladonna 
 Leaves. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, 2 to 20 ms. 
 
 The preparations most commonly used are the extract, 
 powdered leaves, and fluid extract most of all. The root con- 
 tains the greatest per cent of atropine. 
 
 Atropin.e Sulphas — Sulphate of Atropine. — A white 
 crystalline powder, very soluble in water and alcohol; belladonna 
 leaves contain .46 per cent and the root .60 per cent. 
 
 Do.se. — Horse, ^2 to 2 grs.; dogs, 1-150 to 1-30 gr. ; i-io 
 these doses for hypodermic use, or i-io gr. to ^ gr. average 
 hypodermic dose; Vs gr. for horse when used with morphine. 
 
 Composition. —The physiological activity depends on the 
 alkaloids; atropine is found chiefly in the bark of the root, also 
 contains belladonnine, an acid and coloring matter. 
 
128 NOTES OxM 
 
 Antagonists and Tncompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, antago- 
 nize physiologically, by pilocarpine and physostigma throughout 
 almost the whole range of its influence, and opium within a cer- 
 tain limitation, prevents the respiratory failure, which is the 
 cause of death. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Irritant narcotic, mydriatic, anti- 
 .spasmodic and anodyne. Small doses are cardiac, respiratory 
 and spinal stimulant; in large doses, paralyzer of the secretory 
 and motor nerve endings and a stimulator of the entire sympa- 
 thetic system; it produces dryness of the mucous membrane of 
 the throat, mouth, nose and larynx, and at first lessens the gas- 
 tric and intestinal secretions, but soon produces them in large 
 quantities. It is an anti-galactogogue, that is, it arrests secre- 
 tion of milk. The heart rate is at first slowed, but soon becomes 
 very rapid and vigorous, the pulse being doubled in rapidity; ar- 
 terial tension is rai.sed and the circulation greatly increased ; this 
 is accomplished by stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic, and 
 paralyzing the intracardiac inhibitory ganglia, thus stimulating 
 the accelerator apparatus while lessening the inhibitory. ( Digi- 
 talis increases both. ) The vaso-motor ganglia all over the body 
 are stimulated, but afterwards paralyzed by over-stimulation, the 
 heart weakens, the vessels relax and the blood pressure is greatly 
 lowered, complete motor paralysis follows, then delirium, stupor, 
 and finally death, usually by asphyxia. 
 
 The pupils are dilated by the local or systemic use of the 
 drug. It paralyzes accommodation and lessens intraocular pres- 
 sure, the least amount of atropine affecting the pupil is .stated by 
 Bonders to be the 1-700,000 of a grain. 
 
 The brain is congested by belladonna, a busy delirium being 
 produced, and hallucinations with mental disorder, due to a se- 
 lective action on the cells of the gray matter. In horses it 
 greatly stimulates the motor apparatus, which afterwards becomes 
 greatly exhausted. 
 
 The spinal cord is stimulated from the second cervical 
 vertebrae to the tenth dorsal, resulting in paralysis of the motor 
 nerves, both central and peripheral, power being lost in hind ex- 
 tremities first. 
 
 Sensation. — Is slightly impaired, but the muscular irritability 
 is not. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 29 
 
 Respiration is increased and the temperature is raised by the 
 increased circulation; metamorphosis is greatly promoted. 
 
 A diffused eruption of scarlet color, greatly resembling 
 scarlet fever is occasionally produced by belladonna on the skin 
 and fauces, with dysphagia (inability to swallow) and sore 
 throat; this is sometimes followed by desquamation, due to cap- 
 illary congestion caused by greatly increased circulation. 
 
 Belladonna and Atropine are rapidly diffused and quickly 
 eliminated, particularly by the kidnej'S. In poisoning give tan- 
 nic acid and opium, keep the animal moving; by its paralyzing 
 effect on the terminal nerve filaments, it relaxes the bronchial 
 tubes and checks secretion of bronchial mucous membrane; it 
 checks secretion of saliva and milk in the same way and causes 
 dryness of the skin. 
 
 Medicinal Uses of Belladonna and Atropine.— Belladonna is 
 indicated anywhere that an antispasmodic and anodyne is needed, 
 is serviceable in catarrh, pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis; 
 heaves, especially asthmatic heaves, combined with lobelia, fol- 
 lowed by Fowler's Solution; in influenza, it stimulates the weak- 
 ened heart, besides having other good effects. In respiratory 
 diseases, belladonna alone, or combined with aconite or other 
 febrifuges and expectorants; in cough especially' spasmodic or 
 when due to irritation of the throat; in heart failure or heart 
 weakness; hypodermic injections of atropine are beneficial; in 
 spasmodic colic i to 2 drs. to a dose, but i dr. is usually suffi- 
 cient; as a powerful antispasmodic and anodyne, atropine and 
 morphine combined; small doses are given in constipation of the 
 bowels, combined with nux vomica; small doses with purgatives 
 are said to aid their action. In tetanus give i to 2 drs. of the 
 extract 2 or 3 times daily; in paralysis of the throat of tetanus 
 the fluid extract combined with soap liniment or u.sed alone ex- 
 ternall}'; in cerebro-.spinal meningitis, belladonna and ergot alter- 
 nated wuth aconite is rational treatment, conjoined with external 
 treatment; it allays irritation of the bladder, rectum, and uterus, 
 especially if combined with cannabis indica; in contraction or 
 rigid OS, the extract applied directly, quickly relaxes and allows 
 of parturition; it is well to see if this is necessary before giving 
 ergot. In mamitis it is very beneficial, checks secretion of milk 
 and allays irritation; give I dr. of Fluid Extract Belladonna to 
 '2 or I oz. Fluid Extract phytolacca 3 or 4 times daily, use the 
 
130 • NOTES ON 
 
 same treatment locally. Belladonna and atropine are antidotes 
 for poisoning by opium, physostigma, pilocarpine and anaesthetics. 
 
 IN EXAMIXATIOX^^ AND DISEASES OF THE EYE, 
 
 Atropine sulphate is used locallj^ to dilate the pupil, assist- 
 ing in the detection of cataracts or other disorders of the eye, and 
 testing the condition of the refracting media; for dilating the 
 pupil use a solution of 4 to 8 grs. to the i oz. of distilled water, a 
 few drops are instilled into the eye; for inflammation of the eye 
 with great irritation, belladonna may be combined with cocaine; 
 in iritis, atropine or belladonna relieves congestion and prevents 
 or breaks down adhesions between the iris and the capsule of the 
 lens; in such cases it should be alternated with mj-otics, such as 
 eserine; in rheumatism, belladonna conjoined with anti-rheu- 
 matics is ver}- beneficial, also for muscular pains; in liniments i 
 to 2 ozs. of Fluid Extract Belladonna to the pint is useful. Dr. 
 Quitman recommends the following for an anoydne and stimulat- 
 ing liniment where there is great pain. 
 
 ^ Tr. aeon, rad., 5 "• 
 
 Fl. ex. bellad.. g ^^^• 
 
 01. Terebinth, 5 ii. 
 
 Linim. saponis, 5 vi. or vii. 
 
 Spts. vini rect. qs. ad.. Oj. 
 M. Sig.— Liniment. Apply 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 The belladonna ointment combined with ointment of stramo- 
 nium and ointment of tannic acid is very good for piles and ir- 
 ritating ulcers. 
 
 Fluid extract of belladonna is very useful combined with 
 aconite and other proper drugs at the outset of nearly every in- 
 flammatory disease, acute inflammation of the air passages, 
 such as pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy; at the outset of 
 lymphangitis and acute laminitis; in congestion of any part, 
 small doses frequently repeated dissipate the congestion and abort 
 the resulting inflammatory action, congestion of liver, brain, kid- 
 neys, etc Useful in eye-washes for simple ophthalmia as well as 
 the graver diseases of the eye, }4 oz. of the Fluid Extract to i 
 pint of water. Very good for incontinence of urine due to irritation 
 especially when combined with the Fluid Extract of cannabis in- 
 dicaand hyosc}'amus; if due to paralysis of the sphincter, combine 
 with strychnine or nux vomica, or alone in the opposite condition 
 of spasm of urethra and bladder; atropine is the best treatment 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I3I 
 
 for ptyalism (or salivation) from mercury, iodine or any other 
 ■cause; it not only relieves it, but stimulates the heart against 
 their depressing effects. In acute nasal catarrh with profuse 
 watery discharges, belladonna is very efficient. In muscular 
 •cramps, commonly affecting hind legs of horses which stand still 
 for some time, especially in cold barns; give large doses of bella- 
 donna internally, and apply stimulating liniments externally, as 
 belladonna combined with Tr. of capsicum, Tr. of myrrh and 
 soap liniment in equal parts. 
 
 Stramonium — Thorn Apple. 
 
 Stramonii Folia— Stramonium Leaves. 
 
 Stramonii Semen — Stramonium Seed. — All official prepa- 
 rations are made from the seeds. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 15 grs. to i}{> drs. ; dogs, ^2 to 3 grs. ; pigs, 
 2 to 6 grs. Doses of leaves and seed the same. 
 
 Extractum Stramonii Seminis — Extract of Stramo- 
 nium Seeds. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 5 to 10 grs.; dog, yi to j^. gr.; pig, yi to 
 I gr. 
 
 Tinctura Stramonii Seminis. 
 
 Dose. — dog, 2 to 30 ms. 
 
 Extractum Stramonii Seminis Fluidum. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 15 ms. to i)4 dr. but 2 drs. can be giv^en. 
 Cattle, ^ to 2 drs. ; dogs, /^ to 5 ms. 
 
 Unguentum Stramonii. — Contains lo per cent of the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 Composition. — Contains an alkaloid, daturine, with actions 
 identical with atropine. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Is like belladonna in almost ever}' 
 particular, but stramonium is more powerful and acts chiefly on 
 the sj^mpathetic system, not affecting the motor or sensory irerves ; 
 in large doses it causes a greater degree of cardiac irregularity 
 and a more furious delirium; it has a special affinit}- for the 
 generative organs, quieting the sexual passion; it dilates the 
 bronchii in asthma, much more than does belladonna. 
 
 Uses. — To relieve pain, spasmodic affections, asthma or 
 asthmatic heaves, spasmodic colic, nymphomania (unsatisfied or 
 excessive sexual desire in the female.) In asthma in dogs or 
 heaves in horses, combine it with gelsemium and lobelia and fol- 
 low up with Fowler's Solution of arsenic; for irritable ulcers* and 
 
132 NOTES ON 
 
 piles, combine ointments of belladonna and tannic acid with oint- 
 ment of stramonium; useful in spasms of the sphincter vesica. 
 
 Antagonists, Incompatibles and Synergists. - Same as for 
 belladonna. 
 
 Nitroglycerin — Trinitrin — Glonoin. — Is used in col- 
 lapse, or heart failure, hypodermically in i per cent solution, not 
 considered explosive at this strength unless heated. 
 
 Dose. — Human, internally, i to 2 drops; horse, hypodermic- 
 ally, y2 dr., 45 m. or i dr. can be given, but it is better to give 
 from 20 to 30 ms. and repeat; it has a stimulating action on the 
 heart and is the most powerful and quickest of all cardiac stimu- 
 lants. It is kept in i per cent alcoholic solutions and in tablets 
 and pills, containing i-ioo of a grain. 
 
 Hyosc'YAMUS — Henbane. —Leaves and tops of hyoscyamus 
 niger. 
 
 EXTRACTUM HyOSCYAMI AlCOHOLICUM. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 3 to 15 or 20 grs., but y-z to i dr. can be 
 given. Dogs, i-ioto i gr. 
 
 EXTRACTIJM HyOSCYAMI FlUIDUM. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 dr. to i oz.; dogs, 2 ms. to Vz dr.; cattle, 2- 
 drs. to 1)4 ozs. 
 
 TlNCTURA HyOSCYAMI. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, 15 ms. to i dr. 
 
 Composition. — Contains an alkaloid, hyoscyamine, but is toO' 
 expensive for veterinary use. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Similar to belladonna and stramo- 
 nium, but less powerful and less irritant, and the most calmative 
 and hypnotic; it is more stimulating to the vaso-motor system 
 and the cardiac accelerator apparatus than is stramonium, but 
 less active upon the pneumogastric, its delirium in never furious, 
 and is without congestion of the brain. To sum up the action of 
 hyoscyamus, it is hypnotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, vaso-motor 
 and cardiac accelerator and stimulant. 
 
 Uses. — It is principally used as a hypnotic and anodyne 
 when opium is contra-indicated, it is used in delirium of azoturia, 
 or to prevent delirium, combined with Fluid Extract of Gelseni- 
 ium, for such cases full doses are given; it is a good anodyne to 
 combine with cannabis indica in spasmodic colic; in constipation, 
 combined with purgatives, it is said to aid their action and pre- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 33 
 
 vent griping; it is used in irritable conditions of the kidneys 
 and bladder; is eliminated by the kidneys. 
 
 AGENTS EXCITING THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE CEREBRUM. 
 
 Cerebral Excitants. — Drugs under this class are usually 
 classed as antispasmodics. 
 
 Camphora — Camphor. — Occurs in colorless, translucent 
 crj^stalline masses. Dose of gum camphor: 
 
 Horse, i to 2 drs.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 40grs. ; cattle, 2 to 
 4 drs. ; dogs, % to 10 grs. Is soluble i in 700 parts of water; i 
 in 4 of olive-oil, readily soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform and 
 milk. 
 
 Aqca Camphor.e. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, y2 dr. to i oz. 
 
 LiNiMENTUM Camphor.e. — Is also known as oleum cam- 
 phoratum. (It is composed of camphor 200 parts and cotton 
 seed-oil 800 parts); it is a mild rubefacient; is used in cough 
 mixtures, in from 2 or 3 drs. up to i oz. at a dose for a horse; 
 also used locally in liniments. 
 
 LiNiMENTUM Saponis — SoAP lyiNiMENT.— Composed of 
 soap 10 parts, camphor 5 parts, oil of rosemary i part, alcohol 
 70 parts, water to make 100 parts; for external use only, as a 
 mild, stimulating and anodyne liniment, but is usually combined 
 with other drugs and used for its stimulating properties. 
 
 Stimulating anodyne liniment, for sprains and muscular 
 soreness: 
 
 Y^ Tr. aeon, rad., ^ iv. 
 
 Fl. ex. bellad. 5 iv. 
 
 Linitn. saponis., 3 iv. 
 
 Spts. vini rectif., ,5 iv. 
 M. Sig — Apply 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 Spiritus Camphor.e— Spirits of Camphor. — Composed of 
 camphor 100 parts, alcohol to make 1000 parts. 10 per cent 
 strength. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to i oz.; two or three ozs. maybe 
 given; frequently prescribed in colic mixtures; cattle, J4 to 2 ozs., 
 and up; dogs, i to 20 ms. 
 
 Camphor Monobromat a— Monobromated Camphor. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, I to 10 grs.; human, 5 to 10 grs. 
 
 It is colorless, prismatic needles or scales, permanent in air, 
 
134 NOTES OX 
 
 almost insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- 
 form and mixed oils; used almost entirely* as an anaphrodisiac. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The addition of water pre- 
 cipitates camphor from its alcoholic solution. Coffee, cold, and 
 arterial sedatives antagonize its physiological action. 
 
 Synergists. — All remedies of this group, as alcohol, opium 
 and narcotic substances, increase the effect of camphor. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic or nerve stimulant, 
 anodyne, antiseptic, diaphoretic, a stimulant expectorant, a cere- 
 bral excitant or narcotic, a gastro-intestinal irritant, a rubefa- 
 cient or counter-irritant and also carminative. It has an acrid, hot 
 taste, irritates the skin and mucous membrane, large doses caus- 
 ing gastro-intestinal inflammation. 
 
 Medicinal Doses. — ^Stimulates the vaso-motor system and the 
 cardio-motor ganglia, and lessens the influence of the pneumo- 
 gastric (inhibitory nerve); afterwards stimulates the accellator 
 apparatus, thus increasing the circulation and raising arterial 
 tension; it also stimulates respiration, and in man stimulates 
 mental activity even to intoxication; large doses have a general 
 depressing effect, and may cause death. 
 
 Elimination. — By the bronchial mucous membrane, skin and 
 kidneys; (may cause dysuria). 
 
 Uses. — In catarrhal conditions, cough mixtures, chronic 
 bronchitis. The spirits of camphor is used in colic mixtures; 
 also locally to stop secretion of milk; in cardiac weakness; 
 stranguary may be relieved by i ^ to 2 ozs. of the spirits for the 
 horse. For colds, give quinine, camphor, carbonate of am- 
 monia and opium. 
 
 The monobromate is used as an anaphrodisiac. 
 
 AsAFCETiDA. — A gum resin of a very foetid odor and nau- 
 seous taste. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2t0 4drs. ; cattle, )/2 to i oz.; sheep, i dr.; 
 dogs, I to 20 grs. Given in bolus, in ammonia solution, as an 
 emulsion in water, or dissolved in alcohol. 
 
 TiNCTURA ASAFCETIDJC. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 4 ozs.; dogs, 15 ms. to 2 drs. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic, nerve and cerebral 
 tonic and stimulant; stimulating expectorant, laxative, diuretic, 
 diaphoretic, emmenogogue, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, cardiac 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 35 
 
 and vaso-motor stimulant; stimulates secretion in general; long 
 continued it deranges the stomach. 
 
 Uses.— ^Formerly much used in spasmodic and flatulent colic, 
 but now seldom used; used in convulsions, bronchial affections, 
 in chronic catarrh, combined with chloride of ammonnia. 
 
 Ammoniacum — Ammoniac. — Similar to but not as powerful 
 as asafoetida; do not mistake ammoniacum for ammonia. 
 
 Valeriana — Valeriax.— Of no use in veterinar}' practice; 
 has somewhat the same actions as asafcetida. 
 
 Cannabis Indica — Indian Cannabis — Indian Hemp— Ex- 
 TR ACTUM Cannabis Indice— Extract of Cannabis Indica.— 
 There is also a Cannabis Americanus; but the Indian cannabis 
 is the one most used. 
 
 Dose of Extract. — Horse, ^2 to i dr.; dogs, ]4 to 2 grs. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Cannabis Indic.e Fluidum. — 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz., in colic }4 oz. is the average 
 dose. Dogs, I to 20 ms. UseSearle's and Hereth's preparation 
 of Fluid Extract cannabis indica. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, acids and 
 strychnine oppose its actions. 
 
 Synergist. — Alcohol, ether, belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, 
 etc. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic, anodyne and nar- 
 cotic; a cerebro-spinal stimulant and aphrodisiac; increases men- 
 tal and motor activity, stimulates vaso-motor nerves, etc. and de- 
 presses sensation. Intoxication or complete and heavy sleep are 
 caused by it according to the size of the dose, in animal as in 
 man. 
 
 Uses. — Excellent in spasmodic colic. For spasmodic colic: 
 
 ^ Fl. ex. cannabis ind., 5 J* 
 
 Fl. ex. hyoscyami, § j. 
 
 Tr. capsici, 5 y* 
 
 Spts. ammon. arom.. 5 ^j- 
 
 Ac. salicylic! 5 i'j* 
 
 M. Sig. — Give one-half at a dose in a pint of water, and repeat in 
 )4 or ^4 of an hour if necessarj-. 
 
 In tetanus use large doses. An Englishman claims to liav^e 
 cured 50 per cent of his cases with it; is an excellent sedative 
 and anodyne to the urinary apparatus for dysuria and retention 
 of urine, due to spasm of the sphincter. 
 
136 NOTES ON 
 
 Coca — Coca — The Leaver of Ervthkoxvlon Coca — 
 
 EXTRACTUM COC.E FlUIDUM. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 4 or 6 ozs. ; dogs, 10 ms. to 2 drs. The 
 action is due to the alkaloid cocaine, the salt of which is COCAIN.*: 
 Hydrochloras; it occurs in colorless, transparent acicular crys- 
 tals, or a white crystalline powder, without odor and slightly 
 bitter taste; soluble 2 parts in i of water, and i in 2^2 of alcohol; 
 a grain or two of salicylic acid to the ounce of a solution pre- 
 serves it. 
 
 Dose of the Cocain.^ Hydrochloras. — Horse, 5 to 20 grs. 
 Yn of this for hypodermic uses. Dogs, 1-16 to i gr.; not much 
 used internally. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — In small doses it is a cerebral, cardiac, 
 respiratory, and nervous stimulant and diuretic; overdoses cause 
 delirium with cardiac and respiratory failure. Coc;aine is a pow- 
 erful local anaesthetic; used for horses in 4 to 10 per cent solution, 
 usually a 4 to 6 per cent solution being strong enough for ordi- 
 nary operations, inject under the skin, into the muscular tissue or 
 over nerve trunks for small operations; applied to such structures 
 as the eye, glans penis, schneiderian membrane, tongue or other 
 delicate mucous surfaces, rectum, uterus, vagina, etc., it causes a 
 profound but temporary anaesthetic over a small space; it causes 
 rapid and extreme dilation of the pupil. 
 
 Antagonists. — Amyl nitrite or nitro-glycerin combats the 
 cardiac depression; most direct antagonist is chloral; morphine, 
 alcohol, opium and artificial respiration are also antagonistic. 
 
 Therapy. — Cocaine is injected for minor operations to pre- 
 vent pain, such as neurectomy, removing tumors, operations on 
 eyes, tongue, fistulaes, firing, etc. Rubbing on the skin is a 
 failure; inject. For dogs it should be used with caution, a 2 per 
 cent solution usually being enough, and as little as possible being 
 used. 
 
 The oleate of mercury and oleate of cocaine (not official, 10 
 per cent strength) is useful for splint lameness, etc. Cocaine in 
 salves is useful in painful eye disease, especially with citrine 
 ointment, i or 2 grs. to the i dr., diluted with lard. The fluid 
 extract of coca is useful as a stimulant and restorative in collapse, 
 sun-stroke, etc. A 5 or 6 per cent solution of cocaine injected at 
 the point of neurectomy is an aid to the diagnosis of foot lame- 
 ness. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 37 
 
 REMEDIES WHICH DIMINISH OR SUSPEND THE 
 FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM AFTER A PRE- 
 LIMINARY STAGE OF EXCITEMENT, OR CERE- 
 BRAE SEDATIVES. 
 
 Alcohol. — One can accomplish more with the judicious use 
 of alcohol than with any other single drug in the pharmacopoeia ; 
 in prescribing alcohol it is prescribed in full hpiritus yini recti- 
 FK'ATUS, or abbrcYiated spts. yini rectif., or as alcoholis. 
 
 Alcohol is a liquid composed of 91 per cent by weight or 
 94 per cent b}' Yolunie of ethyl alcohol, and 9 per cent by 
 weight, or 6 per cent by Yolume of water. This is referred to as 
 alcohol. 
 
 Character. — A transparent, colorless and Yolatile liquid of a 
 characteristic pungent and agreeable odor and burning taste; 
 this is grain spirits; it is made from the distillation of fermented 
 grain. 
 
 Alcohol Dilutum — Diluted Alcohol. — Contains 41 per 
 cent by weight or 48.6 per cent by Yolume of absolute ethyl al- 
 cohol; this is about one-half the strength of full strength alcohol. 
 
 Alcohol Absohtum — Absolute Alcohol. — This should 
 not contain more than i per cent of water by weight. 
 
 Alcohol Amylicum — Amylic Alcohol. — Known as Fusel 
 OiL; this is a peculiar alcohol obtained from fermented grain or 
 potatoes, by continuing the process of distillation, after the ordi- 
 nary spirit or true alcohol has ceased to come over; in other 
 words, it is the result of excessive distillation. 
 
 Character. — It is an oily, nearly colorless liquid, having a 
 strong, offensive or stifling odor, and an acrid burning taste; 
 it should be used with great caution as it is a powerful general 
 depressant, whether taken internally, applied locally, or by in- 
 halation. Dr. Quitman recommends its use for one condition 
 only, and that is to scatter around the barn and premises to kill 
 chicken lice; it will kill a dog very quickly when applied locally 
 to a very large surface. 
 
 Spiritus Frilmenti — Whisky. — Contains 44 to 50 per cent 
 by weight, or 50 to 58 per cent b}- volume of alcohol, and is made 
 by the distillation of fermented grain, and should be at least two 
 3-ears old. 
 
 Spiritus Yini Gallici— Brandy. — It is an alcoholic liquid 
 
138 NOTE.S ON 
 
 obtained by the distillation of fermented grapes; should be at 
 least four years old. . Its alcoholic strength is from 39 to 47 per 
 cent by weight, or 45 to 55 per cent by volume. Brandy is the 
 most astringent of all the alcoholic beverages on account of its- 
 containing tannic acid, and its continued use will cause consti- 
 pation. 
 
 Physiological Actions of Alcohol. — It is a cerebral excitant, 
 and finally becomes a depressant and a narcotic poison. It is 
 anaesthetic, antiseptic, very good antiparasitic, rubefacient (if 
 confined), mild astringent; a local refrigerant by virtue of its 
 rapid evaporation, unless confined by bandage, oiled silk, etc., 
 when it is absorbed by the tissues and causes a sensation of 
 warmth. In medicinal doses it is a powerful general stimulant; 
 it is very diffusible, and is partly oxidized by the organism, and 
 partly excreted; thus alcohol acts as a food. Small doses relax 
 the blood vessels, .stimulate gastric glands, promote appetite and 
 digestion, lessen the elimination of waste products, (urea and 
 carbonic acid) by preventing rapid tissue waste, cause a feeling 
 of warmth, and temporarily, though slightly, raise the tempera- 
 ment of the body; it stimulates the heart and increases the 
 functional activity of all organs, especially the kidneys; large or 
 too long continued doses derange the appetite and digestion, con- 
 gest or inflame the stomach and liver. Eight ounces of alco- 
 hol killed a horse. Alcohol is poisonous and should be used with 
 caution. 
 
 Uses. — Are numerous, used principally as a stimulant, 
 either in one large dose, 3 or 4 ozs. of alcohol, or better, in small 
 repeated dose, one ounce every i, 2 or 3 hours; can be combined 
 with other stimulants such as sulphuric ether, aromatic spirits of 
 ammonia, digitalis, etc. It is used in ansesthetic mixture, such 
 as alcohol, ether and chloroform, combined in different propor- 
 tions; snake bites, blood poisoning; alcohol makes an excellent 
 dressing for wounds; applied locally to threatened bed-sores, fre- 
 quently prevents their formation. It is useful in colds at their 
 outset, or in a chill to restore the balance of the circulation and 
 prevent internal congestion by relaxing the blood vessels of the 
 periphery. Useful in all debilitating di.seases, such as influenza, 
 in y-z to I or 2 ounces, in doses repeated every two or three 
 hours. One-half to one drachm of quinine to one ounce of 
 alcohol, for influenza or febrile diseases in general, excepting 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 39 
 
 brain and spinal diseases; useful in convalescence; in colic can b.e 
 used with a great degree of success; it will act as a carminative 
 antispasmodic and stimulant, used in collapse and in weak heart; 
 in septicemia and pyaemia it has notable antiseptic and antipy- 
 retic effects; the effects of alcohol are noticed in ten or fifteen 
 minutes after administration and will be shown by a better con- 
 dition of the pulse, the weak pulse becomes stronger and firmer; 
 the quick pulse slower, the breathing becomes more natural, eyes 
 brighten up, and in fact a general improvement. 
 
 Externally. — Alcohol is used alone as a strengthening ap- 
 plication to weak tendons and muscles, or after a race, is used to 
 rub on the legs, combined with other drugs as a liniment, as 
 alcohol, soap-liniment and witch-hazel; can be used in surgery 
 as an antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 2 0zs. ; cattle, i to 3 ozs. ; sheep, /-^.oz., 
 dogs, 10 ms. to I dr. 
 
 Whisky, gin and brandy, from 2 to 4 times as much, they 
 being about ]/-> the strength of alcohol; alcohol should be diluted 
 with 4 to 6 times its bulk of water, and whisky twice its bulk 
 of water. 
 
 .Ether — Ether. — A liquid composed of 74 per cent of 
 ethyl oxide and about 26 per cent of alcohol with a little water; 
 made by the distillation of stronger alcohol and sulphuric acid, 
 this is Ethylic Ether, commonly known as Sulphuric 
 Ether. 
 
 Dose of sulphuric ether. — Cattle, 2 to 30ZS. ; dogs, 15 ms. 
 to I dr.; horse, i to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs. These 
 doses are as stimulants or antispasmodics, etc. It is advisable to 
 mix it with alcohol to render it more soluble, diluted in 8 or 10 
 times its bulk of water, as sulphuric ether i oz., alcohol i oz. and 
 water % pint, as a diffusible stimulant. 
 
 ^ther Fortior— Stronger Ether. — A liquid composed 
 of 94 per cent of ethyl oxide and about 6 per cent of alcohol con- 
 taining a little water; this is the one used for anaesthetic pur- 
 poses and Squibbs' ether is the best. It is a thin, very diffusive, 
 clear, colorless liquid, of a refreshing characteristic odor, a burn- 
 ing sweetish taste with a slight bitter after taste and neutral re- 
 action; it is soluble in all proportions in alcohol, chloroform, ben- 
 zol, benzine, fixed and volatile oils, and it dissolves in 8 times its 
 volume of water at 60 *-' F. Ether is highl}^ inflammable, and its 
 
140 NOTES ON 
 
 vapor when mixed with air and ignited, explodes violently; as an 
 anaesthetic, horses and cattle require from 4 to 16 ozs. Smaller 
 animals from 4 drs. to i or 2 ozs. Chloroform is usually pre- 
 scribed for large animals and ether for smaller animals. Ether 
 never paralyzes a healthy heart, while chloroform some times 
 does. 
 
 Spiritus ^theris — Spirit of Ether. — Consists of 30 
 parts ether and 70 parts alcohol. Dose about the same as sul- 
 phuric ether, used as a stimulant and antispasmodic. 
 
 Spiritus ^theris Compositus— Compound Spirits of 
 Ether. — Well known as Hoffman's Anodyne, composed of 
 stronger ether 30 parts, alcohol 67 parts, ethereal oil 3 parts. 
 
 Dose about the same as sulphuric ether. 
 
 Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi — Spirits of Nitrous Ether 
 — Common name, SwEET Spirits of Nitre. — An alcoholic solu- 
 tion of ethyl nitrate; it is a volatile, inflammable liquid of a pale 
 yellowish color, a fragrant ethereal odor and sharp burning taste, 
 containing 5 per cent of crude ether; should not be kept on hand 
 too long as it becomes strongly acid with age. It is used as a 
 general stimulant, a febrifuge, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diu- 
 retic, and carminative; large doses are narcotic. 
 
 Doses as a stimulant and antispasmodic. Horse, i to 3 ozs. ; 
 sheep, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 15 ms. to i dr.; cattle, i to 4 ozs.; pigs, 
 I to 2 drs. As a diuretic and febrifuge horses take from }^ to i 
 oz. ^ oz. is sufficient as a rule, every 2, 3 or 4 hours, usually 
 combined with other drugs for all of its purposes, in fever and 
 colic cases. 
 
 ^ther Aceticus —Acetic Ether— This is an Acetate 
 of Ethyl. — A colorless liquid, of a strong fragrant ethereal odor. 
 Dose about the same as sulphuric ether; used as a stimulant, 
 antispasmodic and carminative, it is like sulphuric ether but has 
 a pleasanter taste, often preferred in human practice on that 
 account. 
 
 There is also an Ethyl Bromide or Hydrobromic Ether. 
 — Acts quicker than sulphuric ether, and is occasionally used in 
 brief operations. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Ether dissolves iodine, bro- 
 mine, corrosive sublimate, the volatile and fixed oils, many 
 resins and balsams, tannin, most of the alkaloids, sulphur and 
 phosphorus; the last two but sparingly; as respects its stimulat- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 141 
 
 ing and anodyne properties, it is antagonized by arterial sedatives, 
 quinine, strychnine, picrotoxin, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Alcohol and its congeners, chloroform, arterial 
 stimulants, cerebral stimulants, etc. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, 
 diaphoretic, anthelmintic; a cardiac, respiratory and cerebral 
 stimulant, an anaesthetic and a narcotic poison; one of the best 
 and quickest acting, diffusible, general stimulants, acting on the 
 heart reflexly from the stomach. It is a powerful secretory 
 stimulant, acting especially on the secretions of the .stomach, 
 salivary glands, and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the 
 motor and sensory ner^-es, its actions are similar to that of alco- 
 hol, but more prompt and less protracted; it is eliminated quickly, 
 chiefly by the lungs. When inhaled, it first causes irritation of 
 fauces, a .sense of strangulation and cough, then a stage of ex- 
 citement, (cerebral intoxication) in which the visible mucous 
 membranes are flushed and the respiration and pulse quickened; 
 -a convulsive stage sometimes follows, with rigid muscles and res- 
 piration stertorous; this subsides and complete insensibility is es- 
 tablished, the muscles being relaxed and the reflexes abolished; 
 in fact all of the functions of the body are suspended, except res- 
 piration and circulation; if the inhalation be continued these too 
 become paralyzed, death usually resulting from slow paralysis of 
 respiration; (chloroform paralyzes quickl}-) the heart pulsating 
 long after breathing has ceased. Atropine hypodermically is the 
 best antagonist to the toxic effects of ether, also artificial res- 
 piration and injections of brandy. 
 
 Medicinal Uses of Ether. — When mixed with alcohol, as in 
 the spirit, ether mixes readily with water. It is excellent in in- 
 digestion with flatulence; it checks gastric fermentation, expels 
 the gas and overcomes irregular and violent gastro-intestinal 
 movements; hence, is also very good in spasmodic colic. In 
 spasmodic colic, best to combine with cannabis indica or bella- 
 donna. 
 
 In sleepy staggers it may be injected hj'podermically; used 
 also to dislodge worms in the rectum. A most reliable remed}' 
 in collapse. Ether and alcohol are indicated in parturient apo- 
 plexy; sulphuric ether with aq. ammonia or arom. spts. of am- 
 monia, may be used intra-venously when the cow is unable to 
 swallow. Sulphuric ether and alcohol or whisky are also good in 
 
142 NOTES ON 
 
 parturient eclampsia of bitches, alternated with arom. spts. of 
 ammonia; for chills, spts. of nitrous ether; also useful in conva- 
 lescence from debilitating diseases. Ether may be used for local 
 anaesthesia, applied as a spray, from an atomizer, about i oz. 
 usually being enough for the painless opening of abscesses or 
 fistulae, but cocaine is better in our animals. Sulphuric ether 
 combined with opium prevents drying up effects of opium. Ether 
 is used in. .syncope and a.sthma. As an anaesthetic it should be 
 used in preference to chloroform, for the smaller and young 
 animals, e.specially dogs, which are easily killed by chloroform. 
 Ether is less prompt in action but much safer than chloroform, 
 as it never paralyzes a healthy heart; it should be inhaled in a.s 
 concentrated a form as possible, very little air being allowed, so 
 it will exert its effects quickly; in dogs it acts in from 2 to 8 or 
 10 minutes according to the struggles of the dog; a light or fire 
 of any kind should not be allowed near, as ether is very inflam- 
 mable and its vapors explosive. For anaesthetic purposes use 
 Squibbs' ether. Always have a bottle of aq. ammonia at hand as 
 a rou.ser. 
 
 Chloroformum — Chloroform. — A liquid containing 99 
 per cent by weight of absolute chloroform, and not more than i 
 per cent of alcohol. It is a heavy, clear, colorless, diffusive 
 liquid, of characteristic pleasant ethereal odor, a burning, sweet 
 taste, and a neutral reaction; its specific gravity is twice that of 
 ether, soluble in about 200 parts of water, in all proportions of 
 alcohol or ether, also in benzol, benzine, fixed and volatile oils. 
 
 Dose as stimulant, anodyne and antispasmodic. — Horses or 
 cattle, I to 2 drs. ; sheep or swine, 20 to 40 ms. ; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. 
 Should be well diluted with syrup, mucilage, eggs or diluted 
 alcohol; repeat every two or three hours. 
 
 For Anaesthesia. — If the animal can be thoroughly confined 
 and a proper inhaler u.sed, one or two ounces for horses is. 
 enough to produce anaesthesia, but always have a large amount 
 on hand to maintain the anaesthetic condition; .sheep and pigs, 
 )4 to 1 oz. 
 
 In administering chloroform admit a large quantitj- of air 
 (about 10 volumes). 
 
 Preparations. — Aqua Chloroformi. —Dose — Dogs, 2 drs. to 
 2 ozs. 
 
 Emulsum Chloroformi. — Dose — Dogs, y^ dr. to i oz. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I43 
 
 Spiritus Chloroformi. — Dose — Horses, i oz. ; cattle, 2 ozs. ; 
 sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 drs. ; dogs, ^-2 to 2 drs. Well diluted. 
 
 LiNiMENTUM Chloroformi. — Composed of chloroform 30 
 and soap liniment 70 parts. For external use. 
 
 These should be well diluted except the aqua chloroform. 
 They are used as stimulants, antispasmodics and anodynes. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — It is a topical irritant, antiseptic, 
 parasiticide, carminative, antispasmodic and analgesic, full 
 doses quickly and powerfully paralyze the cerebro-spinal nervous 
 system; kills by paralyzing the heart and respiration; the latter 
 effects are most rapidly produced when the drug is inhaled. 
 Chloroform is the anaesthetic most used for veterinary purposes, 
 except for dogs. 
 
 Locally it is rubefacient if confined or even suppurant; it 
 also acts as a refrigerant, anodyne and local anaesthetic if not con- 
 fined. 
 
 Compared to Ether. Chloroform is much more irritat- 
 ing to the mucous membrane, and causes violent gastro-enteritis, 
 if swallowed undiluted it is less stimulating and more depressing 
 to the heart and circulation; for inhalation it requires much 
 more air; is less irritant to the air passages than ether; is uninflam- 
 mable, more pleasant, more prompt in action, has a shorter stage 
 of excitement, causes a more profound narcosis, and is not so 
 nauseating as ether. Statistics in human practice show it to be 
 five times more fatal than ether. 
 
 The results of exhaustive experiments show that chloroform 
 and ether both act in the same manner upon the heart and respi- 
 ration, paralyzing the latter first, but chloroform acts much more 
 quickly and powerfully than ether in both directions. 
 
 Uses. — It may be used as an aid in painful and prolonged 
 parturition, where you have a tumultuous contraction of the 
 uterus, or rigid contraction of the Os. Use only enough by 
 inhalation to dull the pain and relax the parts; it will aid you in 
 your efforts to rectify false presentations by relaxing the parts. 
 
 Internally. — Is used for its carminative, antispasmodic and 
 anod5-ne effects; spasmodic coughs, chloroform combined with 
 belladonna and opium, given in linseed gruel or water, well di- 
 luted; in liniments about one or two ounces to the pint, or 
 chloroform i oz., turpentine i oz., soap liniment 2 ozs., is used 
 as a counter-irritant; chloroform is used in chronic diarrhoea 
 
144 NOTES ON 
 
 with other drugs, such as morphine, capsicum, ether and oil of 
 peppermint. 
 
 Directions for Anaethesia. — For dogs make a cone of a towel 
 and paper, put a sponge in the bottom, allowing a small opening 
 in the end to admit air, pour in ether a little at a time. For 
 horses use an ordinary nose-bag or regular inhaler. Dr. Quit- 
 man recommends casting the horse; after complete anaesthesia 
 remove the hopples; in brain disease or tumor of the brain 
 chloroform would be dangerous. Horses with emphysema or 
 heaves .should not take chloroform; it is also dangerous in fatty 
 degeneration of the heart. Operations during incomplete anaes- 
 thesia are dangerous; always produce complete anaesthesia, have 
 the stomach empty, but don't fast animals. A hypodermic in- 
 jection of morphine in full doses renders anae.sthesia easier and 
 less dangerous. Always watch the tongue, respiration, re- 
 flex action of eye, heart, etc. 
 
 REMEMBER, 
 
 1. The operator must be skilled and give his attention ex- 
 clusively to the production of narcosis. 
 
 2. Watch the respiration and pulse for signs of failure. 
 
 3. Don't commence operation until the anaesthesia is pro- 
 found, until reflex action is abolished, which can be told by touch- 
 ing the eye with finger, as the stimulus of the knife may reflexly 
 stop the heart; obey this, no matter how slight the operation. 
 
 4. Great care should be exercised if the patient is very old 
 or has fatty degeneration of the heart, or lung disease. 
 
 5. In operations about the mouth or trachea, see that no 
 blood goes down the trachea; have stomach empty. This will 
 cause less nausea and feed may be regurgitated and run down 
 the trachea. 
 
 6. Use ether fortior, stronger ether; or chloroformum puri- 
 ficatum, purified chloroform; use Squibb.s' make of both, as the 
 agents must be pure. 
 
 7. Ether can be used almost pure, only a little air being 
 necessarily allowed for dilution; chloroform must have a large 
 amount of air. 
 
 8. The head should be slightly raised, and watch the tongue 
 .so that it does not fall back over the larynx and suffocate the 
 animal. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I45 
 
 9. Maintain no cramped or awkward position; and use no 
 bindings when possible to avoid. If bindings are used remove 
 as soon as the animal is unconscious. 
 
 10. Keep a clear head and a steady nerve, have on hand a 
 good working hypodermic syringe; brandy or nitro-glycerin and 
 aq. ammonia fort, should be kept in readiness; if breathing be- 
 comes very weak or stops, artificial respiration should be com- 
 menced AT ONCE and tongue pulled well forward to allow free en- 
 trance of air, strike the body sharply with cloths or hands to- 
 stimulate circulation. Brandy or atropine may be injected hypo- 
 dermieally and the ammonia inhaled; maintain warmth and try 
 dilation of the anus, as recommended in human practice. 
 
 CHLORAL. 
 
 Hydrate of Chloral — Chloral Hydrate. — Occurs in 
 separate rhomboidal, colorless and transparent crystals, slowly 
 evaporating when exposed to the air, having an aromatic, pene- 
 trating and slightly acrid odor, bitter, caustic taste and neutral 
 reaction, freely soluble in alcohol, water or ether, also in fixed 
 and volatile oils; it liquifies when mixed with carbolic acid and 
 camphor. A solution of chloral hydrate should not be kept on 
 hand long as it is transformed into chloroform; it should always 
 be administered well diluted. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 4 to 8 drs., up to 2 ozs., according to effect 
 desired; cattle, ^ to 2 ozs.; pigs, Vz to i dr.; sheep, i to 2 drs.; 
 dogs, 3 to 20 grs. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ammonia, atro- 
 pine and other stimulants, to combat its depression on the heart 
 and respiration; strychnine is also antagonistic; all alkaline 
 agents decompose it into chloroform. 
 
 Synergists. — Are the hypnotic drugs, notably opium and the 
 anaesthetics; these deepen the effect of chloral when used at the 
 same time. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — I^ocally it is an irritant, antiseptic 
 and stimulant; when absorbed it has a primary stimulating effect 
 and a secondary sedative action on the circulation and central 
 nervous system. Toxic doses after slight and temporary stimu- 
 lation, notably depress and paralyze the cerebro-spinal centers. 
 
 Medicinal Doses. — Are hypnotic, analgesic, feebly anaesthet- 
 ic, antispasmodic, and prevents coagulation of fibrin; it is more 
 
146 NOTES ON 
 
 hypnotic than chloroform and less anaesthetic; used hypodermic- 
 ally it produces extensive sloughing of tissues; large doses and 
 strong solutions may cause gastritis; on the brain it produces 
 anaemia; moderate doses contract the pupils, dangerous doses di- 
 late them. Should be dissolved in eight or ten times its bulk of 
 water. 
 
 Uses. — To quiet irritability, and cause sleep; can be com- 
 bined with morphine for gastro-intestinal irritation and spasm, 
 but should not be used where there is inflammation or a tendency 
 to it. In violent spasmodic coughing, chorea, epilepsy and hj^s- 
 teria, to quiet. In tetanus continue large doses; it is the direct 
 antidote to strychnine poisoning. Is used in phrenitis. Should 
 not be used as an anaesthetic; is dangerous to inject into jugular, 
 but is used that way by some practitioners in from 3 to 6 dram 
 doses, dissolved in distilled water. As a hypnotic it may be com- 
 bined with potassium bromide; this is especially useful in 
 dog practice in all forms of fits. 
 
 Butyl Chloral Hydrate— or Croton Chloral Hy- 
 drate.— Resembles chloral but is less powerful, less cardiac de- 
 pressant, is used more especially for neuralgia of the facial nerve 
 in the human, in doses of 2 to 15 grs. 
 
 OPIUM. 
 
 The concrete milky exudation obtained in Asia Minor from 
 the unripe capsule of Papaver Somniferum or Poppy Plant 
 by incision and spontaneous evaporation. 
 
 Opium should yield at least 9 per cent of morphine by the 
 process of assay in its normal moist condition. 
 
 preparations of opium. 
 
 Opii Pulvis — Powdered Opium — This is opium dried and 
 powdered and should not contain less than 1 2 per cent nor more 
 than 16 per cent morphine. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 20 to 60 grs.; sheep, 5 to 20 grs.; dogs, 1-20 
 to 3 grs.; cattle, i to 2 drs. ; pigs, 3 to 10 grs. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Opii — Extract of Opium. — Has 18 per cent 
 of morphine. Dose about yi less than the powdered opium. 
 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii. — This is the well-known 
 Dover's Powder, 10 grs. contain i gr. each of ipecac and 
 opium, and 8 grs. sugar of milk. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I47 
 
 Dose as a diaphoretic and expectorant. Horse, i to4drs. ; 
 sheep, 30 to 60 grs. ; dogs, 2 to 10 or 15 grs. repeated several 
 times daily; supply patient freely with diluents, as water, and 
 keep warmly clothed; from 5 to 15 grs. is frequently taken by 
 man at the outset of colds to break them up. 
 
 TiNCTURA Opii — Tincture of Opium — Laudanum. 
 
 Opium strength 10 per cent, 13 minims or 25 drops equal i 
 gr. of opium. 
 
 Dose.— Horse, '^2 to 2 or 3 ozs.; cattle, i to 30ZS. ; sheep 
 and pigs, i to 4 drs. ; dogs, 2 to 30 nis. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Camphorata— Camphorated Tr. of 
 Opium — Well-known Paregoric. — }4 oz. contains nearly i gr. 
 of opium about i-co strength of the tincture. 
 
 Dose. — Puppies, i to 10 ms.; adult dogs, 10 ms. to i or 2 
 drs., up to }4 oz. 
 
 Emplastrum Opii — Plaster of Opium. Not used in veteri- 
 nary practice. 
 
 PiLUL-*; Opii, Pills of Opium. — Each pill contains i gr. of 
 opium. 
 
 AcETUM Opii — Vinegar of Opium. — Same dose as the 
 tincture. 
 
 Vinum Opii — Wine of. Opium. — Contains opium, cloves, 
 cinnamon and sherry wine. Dose, same as the tincture; good 
 for dogs. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Deodorati. — All about lo per cent strength, 
 and dose the same as the tincture. 
 
 Composition of Opium. — About }i the weight of opium is 
 made up of non-medicinal substance as gum, albumen, fragrance 
 of the poppy capsules, sugar, resin, extractive matters, odorous 
 principles, etc. It contains 17 or 18 so called alkaloids, besides 2 
 recognized neutral substances and 2 organic acids, etc. 
 
 The two principal alkaloids of opium are Morphine and 
 Codeine. Morphine is hypnotic, anodyne and narcotic. Codeine 
 is more calmative and less constipating. There is also an import- 
 ant derivative of morphine obtained by the action of h3'drochloric 
 add, known as Apomorphine. — It is an artificial alkaloid and a 
 powerful emetic. The hydrochlorate is official. 
 
 Dose of Apomorphin.^ Hydrochloras as an emetic for 
 dogs, ^ to 1-5 gr. by the mouth, and 1-20 to i-io grs. hypo- 
 dermically; it is soluble i in 7 of water, it occurs in small gray 
 
148 NOTES ON 
 
 ish white shining needles, turning green on exposure to light and 
 air, but this does not affect its action. 
 
 Of morphine there is an Acetate, a Hydrochlorate and 
 a Sulphate. If you combine with zinc sulphate, use the sul- 
 phate of morphine, if combined with acetate of lead, use the 
 acetate of morphine, etc. 
 
 MoRPHiN.^ Sulphas. — Occurs in feather}- crystals, soluble 
 in 21 parts of water and i/4. of boiling water; contains about 80 
 per cent of morphine and is the form most used. 
 
 Doses. — Horses 2 to 10 grs. by the mouth; hypodermically 
 for full sized horses, 4, 5 or 6 grs, but 4 grs. is generally sufficient 
 and not apt to constipate; cattle, 5 to 10 grs.: pigs, i-io to )4 
 gr. ; sheep, y^ to 2 grs.; dogs, 1-30 to '4 gr. About one-half of 
 these doses for hypodermic uses. 
 
 CoDEiNA — Codeine. — This occurs in white or yellowish 
 Avhite prisms, soluble in 80 parts water at 60° F. and in 17 
 parts boiling water. 
 
 There is a Phosphate of Codein.k which is sufficiently .solu- 
 ble for hypodermic use, i in 20 of water usual solution. 
 
 Dose of Codeinae about three times that of morphine; dogs, 
 ^ to 2 grs. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — As regards chemical antag- 
 onism, the alkaline carbonates, lime-water, and salts of iron, 
 lead, copper, zinc, mercury, and Fowler's Solution are incompat- 
 ible with the preparations of opium; notwithstanding this chem- 
 ical incompatibility-, the metallic salts are frequently given in 
 conjunction with opium and the systemic effects of both are pro- 
 duced; astringent vegetables (tannin) are also incompatible; 
 they limit phy.siological activity by forming tannate of morphine, 
 which is not readily soluble. 
 
 In Case of Poisoning. — Emetics, stomach pump, permanga- 
 nate of potash, grain for grain of morphine. Artificial respira- 
 tion, striking the body, keep moving, empty bladder to prevent 
 reabsorption. Morphine can be detected in the urine; three 
 very .small doses of atropia sulphate administered 15 minutes 
 apart may be given to act as a physiological antidote; give about 
 I- 10 to }i of a grain to a horse, if small horse, make the dose 
 smaller; dogs, 1-120 gr. Strong coffee is a good antidote. 
 ,■; ; Synergists,— The cerebral and hypnotic effects are promoted 
 by alcohol and its derivatives (notably chloral), and within cer- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 1 49 
 
 tain limits b}^ the mydriatics, its sudorific action is increased by- 
 ipecacuanha. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, dia- 
 phoretic, antispasmodic, narcotic; also cardiac and respiratory 
 depressant, after primary brief stimulation. 
 
 In Medium Doses. — It dries all the secretions, except those 
 of mammae and skin. The latter being increased, produces dry- 
 ness of the mouth and throat, arrests gastric secretions, retards 
 digestion, and causes anorexia (loss of appetite); it stimulates 
 the brain by increasing the blood supply; in man it stimulates 
 the mental activity, while in animals it stimulates motor activity; 
 it does not affect the conductivity of nerves, but it prevents 
 the consciousness of pain by paralyzing the nerve centers; the 
 action of the heart is increased and arterial tension is raised, the 
 pupil slightly contracted; the mind at first stimulated, becomes 
 calm, sleep follows, disturbed by dreams and headache; constipa- 
 tion and some depression result. 
 
 In Full Doses. — It arrests digestion, causes nausea and vomit- 
 ing (in animals capable of emesis) greatly increases the sweat, 
 prevents the conductivity of nerves, depresses the heart and cir- 
 culation, impairing oxidation and lowering temperature, it con- 
 tracts the pupil by stimulating the motor oculi and causes in- 
 tense pruritus (itching), especially of the nose, often retention of 
 urine, and soon profound sleep; in some cases coma or delirium, 
 leaving as after effects, nausea, depression, constipation, vertigo, 
 anorexia, nasal pruritus, and fetid pathological secretions. 
 
 A Toxic Dose. — Produces cold clammy sweat, ver}" slow 
 heart, diminished quantity of urine, abolished reflexes, coma, 
 the pupil minutely contracted, spoken of as pin point pupil by 
 physicians, but dilated as the end approaches and death by sus- 
 pension of respiration due to direct action of the poison on the 
 respiratory centers in the medulla. 
 
 Post-Mortem — Shows no characteristic lesions, find wet 
 brain, congested lungs, and engorgement of the venous trunks and 
 right side of heart. 
 
 Morphine and Codeine as compared with the action of opium; 
 that of morphine is more anodyne and hypnotic; it causes more 
 intense pruritus, is less stimulant, less convulsant, less constipat- 
 ing and less diaphoretic. Codeine is a motor paralyzant; it exalts 
 the spinal cord more than morphine and affects the cerebrum less> 
 
150 NOTES ON 
 
 producing muscular tremors in excess of sedation; it reduces the 
 urinary sugar in diabetes and has a selective sedative influence 
 on the pneumogastric. 
 
 Therap3^ — The chief indications for the use of opium are: 
 I. To relieve pain. 
 To produce sleep. 
 To allay irritation. 
 
 4. To check excessive secretion. 
 
 5. To support the system. 
 
 6. As a sudorific. 
 
 Sulphuric ether prevents its drying up effects as well as the 
 nauseating and depressing effects. Used for pain from an}- cause 
 except acute inflammation of brain. Used in low fevers to sup- 
 port system when sufficient food cannot be taken, also in irrita- 
 tion of bronchi, bladder, stomach and bowels, as well as the 
 uterus. 
 
 In Peritonitis opium used freely or combined or alternated 
 with aconite is very good. 
 
 In Pleurisy, at the outset, opium and aconite will often 
 abort it. 
 
 In Diarrhcea — Dysentery, opium is one of the best drugs 
 we have, or can combine opium with lead acetate, prepared 
 chalk, etc. 
 
 In Enteritis. — Dr. Quitman doesn't believe in binding up 
 the bowels with opium, but uses belladonna to reduce congestion 
 in preference to opium, alternated with Tr. Aconite. 
 
 In Colds give Dover's Powder or opiaim, quinine, amnion, 
 carb. and camphor. Dr. Quitman says, do not use opium in 
 spasmodic colic, unless exceedingly painful, but give hypoder- 
 mically four grains of morphine; he prefers non-constipating 
 anodynes, such as cannabis indica, hyosc3-amus, etc. 
 
 In Muscular Spasms opium is very efficient. 
 
 In Serous Inflammation in early stages, before effusion 
 takes place. 
 
 In Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, opium should be given 
 early, before exudation has set in, with belladonna and ergot 
 alternated with aconite. 
 
 In Diabetes Mellitus, codeine is said to be the best, as it 
 lessens the amount of sugar in the urine, and should be admin- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 15I 
 
 istered by the mouth; if given hypodermically it exerts no in- 
 fluence on the sugar. 
 
 In Dyspncea. — Use morphine, especially if from cardiac 
 
 disease. 
 
 In Gastritis. — Opium combined with Bismuth Sub. Nitrate 
 
 and Hydrastis. 
 
 In Eversion of Rectum or Uterus. — Give morphine hy- 
 podermically to prevent straining. 
 
 Opium or its Alkaloids are Contraindicated in dis- 
 eases of the respiratory organs, with shallow embarrassed breath- 
 ing, as they may still further depress and cause death; except in 
 pleuris}^ larger or more frequent doses may be given than in 
 bronchitis or pneumonia, also contraindicated in acute fevers, 
 congestion, and inflammation of brain and constipation. 
 
 In Coughs, opium combined with belladonna is very useful 
 in small medicinal doses; as large do.ses antagonize each other. 
 (Belladonna stimulates and opium depresses in full doses. ) 
 
 For coughs in horses (12 doses): 
 
 I^ F. E. Bellad., 5 i. 
 
 F. E. Lobelia, 5 iii. 
 
 Ac. Hydrocyan Dil., § i. to iss. 
 
 01. Picis. liq., * i. 
 
 01. Camph., 3 iii. 
 
 Syr. Simplex Qs. Ad., 5 xii. 
 M. Sig — One ounce every 2 or 3 hours. 
 
 If cough does not yield, you can combine morphine i to 2 
 grs. to the dose in place of hydrocj-anic acid, or add to above for- 
 mula. Grade the doses according to the frequency of adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 In Catarrhal Diseases, give opium to les.sen the di.scharge. 
 Opium combined with belladonna for asthma in dogs, and in pre- 
 mature labor pains, either opium or morphine is useful. 
 
 It is used externally as an anodj-ne for an}- purpose, espe- 
 cially- on wounds or abraided surfaces; has little if any action on 
 unbroken skin. The uterus, vagina or rectum when everted 
 should be washed with tepid water, then bathed with a solution of 
 opium and belladonna, returned and retained by appropriate 
 measures. 
 
 For inflammation of the eyes: 
 
 M. Sig. 
 
 Morph. sulphati.e. 
 
 grs. iv. 
 
 Zinci sulphatis. 
 
 grs. ii. 
 
 Aq. distil., 
 
 5i- 
 
 Jse as a lotion. 
 
 
152 NOTES ON 
 
 Tolerance of opium or morphine is said to be as quickly ac- 
 quired in animals as in man; frequent or continued use as well as 
 very acute pain calls for larger doses. In young animals it should 
 be used with caution and in small doses. 
 
 BROMIDES. 
 
 PoTASHii BjfOMiDUM— Potassium Bromide.— Occurs in 
 
 colorless, cubical crystals, soluble in 1.6 of water and 200 of al- 
 cohol; it is the most irritant to the stomach, of the bromides, most 
 toxic to the heart and muscular system, quite a powerful depress- 
 ant and least hypnotic; it contains 66 per cent of bromine, and 
 is the one most commonly used in veterinary practice. 
 
 Dose. — Horses and cattle, ^ to i or 2 ozs. ; dogs, 5 to 60 
 grs.; average dose 20 to 30'grs. Always dissolve in warm water 
 when administering; the powder otherwise would exert but little 
 action. 
 
 SoDii Bromidum— Bkomiue of Soda. — This does not irri- 
 tate the stomach; good in dog practice; occurs in colorless 
 monoclynic crystals, soluble in 1.2 of water and 13 of alcohol ^ 
 and is neutral in reaction; it is the least toxic but most hypnotic, 
 and acts most energetically on the circulation. It contains 78 per 
 cent of bromine. 
 
 Dose, the same as for Bromide of Potash. 
 
 lyiTHii Bromidum— Bromide of IvIThium. — A white granu- 
 lar deliquescent salt, very soluble in water and alcohol, contains 
 the most bromine of the class, 92 per cent, and resembles the so- 
 dium salts in action, and is better than the others in epilepsy 
 and is considered the best hypnotic of the series; also used a 
 great deal in retention where the kidneys are at fault. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, }4 to i oz.; dogs, 2 to 20 or 30 grs. Good 
 drug in rheumatism of dogs. 
 
 Ammonii Bromidum. — Occurs in colorless, prismatic crys- 
 tals, soluble in ij^ of water, and in 30 of alcohol. It resembles 
 the potassium salt in action, except that it exerts less influence on 
 the heart and muscular system, and is somewhat more stimulat- 
 ing. It irritates the stomach. 
 
 Dose the same as Bromide of Lithium. 
 
 There is also a Calcium Bromide. Same dose as the bro- 
 mide of soda and potash. 
 
 A Strontium Bromide, dose about the same, or smaller, 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 53 
 
 than the bromides of lithium and ammonium; also a ZiNc Bro- 
 mide which is a violent irritant in large doses; both used in epi- 
 leptic conditions. 
 
 AciDUM Hydrobromicum Dilutum. — Contains loper cent ab- 
 solute hydrobromic acid; used as a substitute for the bromides. 
 
 For Cerebral engorgement in dogs; 
 
 ^ Ac. hydrobrom dil., 5 ^'j' 
 
 Fl. Ex., ergot, 5 ^^• 
 
 Syr. aurantii cortex, qs. ad., 5 iv. 
 M. .Sig. — Oue drachm 4 or 5 times daily in water. 
 
 Dose — Dogs, 5 nis. to 2 drs., ^vell diluted. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Acids, acidulous and metal- 
 lic salts are incompatible with bromides of amnion, and pota.sh, 
 and nitrous ether with the former; physiological actions are an- 
 tagonized by cold, digitalis, belladonna, ergot and other agents 
 which energize the vaso-motor nervous sj'Stem. 
 
 Synergists. — Opium, chloral and other remedies of this 
 group, promote the acftions of the bromides on the brain, and 
 aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemium, etc., increase the depressing 
 effects of them on the circulatory system. 
 
 Physiological A(5lions. — They are pre-eminently depressants 
 of the cerebral and spinal functions, also alterative, antispasmodic, 
 hypnotic, and anaphrodisiac. The bromide of potash like all 
 other potas.sium salts is especially a cardiac and mu.scular par- 
 alj'zant, the^^ are very diffusible and .slowly eliminated; long con- 
 tinued do.ses produce gastric catarrh; they reduce the number of 
 respirations and the heart' s action and force; lessen activity of brain 
 cells, producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral nerves, 
 cau.sing anaesthesia of .skin and mucous membrane. The contin- 
 uance of full doses causes a form of chronic poi.soning termed Bro- 
 MiSM, characterized by depression of cerebral faculties, increased 
 secretion from mucous glands, feebleness, anaemia and wasting, 
 lessened .sexual function, dilated pupil, acne or eczematous erup- 
 tion. Toxic doses kill by a.sphyxia, also cause fetid breath, re- 
 laxation of sphincters, etc. 
 
 Uses. — They are used as sedatives to the nervous system, to 
 lower reflex activity, to produce sleep, to subdue excitement of 
 the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion of the brain, 
 as the bromides bring about an anaemic condition of the brain; 
 used in fits, particularlj- of dogs, 20 or 30 gr. doses of the bro- 
 
154 XOTES ON 
 
 mide of potash or bromide of soda dissolved in a little warm water; 
 also bathe the head with cold water, repeat every 15 or 20 min- 
 utes, but one dose is usually sufficient; used in any convulsive 
 or spasmodic conditions; used in tetanus but are of little value; 
 for this, the bromide of potash is used in 2 oz. doses every 4 
 hours. 
 
 In acute rheumatism. Bromide of Ammon. or Bromide 01^ 
 Lithium are both quite serviceable in dog practice. 
 
 In Nymphomania, the bromides are the best treatment. 
 
 In strychnine poisoning, the bromide of potash may be used 
 as an antidote in place of chloral. 
 
 GELSEMIUM — YELLOW JASMINE. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Gelsemii Fluidum. — That made from the green 
 root is the best. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i dr. to J4 oz. up to i oz. for a single dose. 
 Dog, I to 10 or 20 ms. 
 
 TiNCTURA Gelsemii — Tincture of Gelsemium. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, I to 30 ms. 
 
 Composition. — Contains gelsemine, a very powerful alkaloid, 
 also an acrid resin, volatile oil, gallic acid, coloring matter, etc. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies and tannic 
 acid are chemically incompatible; physiologically, by general 
 stimulants and other special stimulants. Toxic effects are treated 
 by emetics, warmth, alcoholic stimulants, artificial respiration, 
 and morphine subcutaneously. 
 
 Synergists. — Conium, physostigma, tobacco, opium, etc., in- 
 crease its effects when administered along with it. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — A splendid nerve sedative, antispas- 
 modic and nerve depressant, paralyzing motility and sensibility 
 by central action on the spinal cord. It lowers body temperature; 
 is not irritating; effects of moderate doses pass off in about 5 
 hours. 
 
 Toxic Doses cause vertigo, drooping of eyelids, dilated 
 pupils, labored breathing and feeble heart, drooping jaw, stag- 
 gering gait, great muscular weakness, general anaesthesia, sweats 
 and death by asphyxia due to paralysis of muscles of respira- 
 tion. 
 
 Uses. — Is a very useful drug in exalted nerve function or in 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 55 
 
 any condition known as nervous excitability; contraindicated 
 when there is a weak heart. 
 
 In Azoturia, gelsemium is the best drug to prevent or con- 
 trol its delirium; start in with 2 dr. doses, when given every 2 or 
 3 hours, if the animal is quite excited give y^ oz. dose, and com- 
 bine it with Fl. Ex. hyosc5'amus ^ oz. In cerebro-spinal meningi- 
 tis, gelsemium in small repeated doses i or 2 drs. every 2 hours. It 
 is indicated in delirium from any cause, in coughs of convulsive 
 or spasmodic character. Gelsemium is used a great deal in the 
 South in remittent fever; it is also used in irritable condition of 
 the bladder; in tetanus give gelsemium for its soothing influence, 
 in 2, 3 or 4 dr. doses; good for relieving post partum pains. 
 
 AENIC.E — ARNICA . 
 
 Aiixic.E Flores — Arnica Flowers — Arnic.e R.\dix — Arnic.e 
 Root. 
 
 Preparations — Extractum ArniC.e Radi is -Extract of 
 Arnica Root. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 15 to 45 or 60 grs. ; dogs, ^ to 3 grs. 
 
 ExTR ACTUM Arnic.e Radicis Fluidum — Fld. Ext. Arnica 
 Root. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, ly-z to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 nis. 
 
 TiNCTURA Arnic.e Radices— Tr. Arnica Root. — This is the 
 best and most used. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, )^ to 2 ozs. , as diaphoretic i or 2 ozs. com- 
 bined with other diaphoretics. Dogs, 5 to 30 ms. 
 
 There is also a Tincture Arnic.e Florum. — Dose the same 
 as the Tr of Root, but the Root is the best. 
 
 Composition. — An active principle called arnicine. The 
 root contains an essential oil, on which depends in great part its 
 physiological activity. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Its actions are antagonized 
 by ammonia, alcoholic stimulants, opium, camphor, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis and arterial 
 sedatives, generalh' increase the effects of arnica. 
 
 Physiological Actions.— Arnica is irritant, stimulant, de- 
 pressant; antipyretic, diuretic, diaphoretic and is used as a vul- 
 nerary, it dilates the cuticular blood vessels. It irritates the 
 gastro-intestinal tract. In alcoholic solution (as the Tr, jit in- 
 flames the skin when used full strength. 
 
156 NOTES ON 
 
 In small doses it increases the action of the heart, raises ar- 
 terial tension, stimulates the action of skin and kidneys. 
 
 Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed by de- 
 pressed circulation, respiration and temperature. 
 
 Toxic Doses cause violent headache, dilated pupil and mus- 
 cular paresis; it paralyzes the nervous system of animal and 
 organic life, causing collapse and death. 
 
 Uses. — Is remarkablj^ efficient as a diaphoretic in i, 132 or 2 
 oz. doses diluted in one pint of water; V^ oz. fluid extract pilocarpus 
 may be added at the outset of inflammatory diseases of any 
 kind, such as lymphangitis, laminitis, pulmonar}- diseases, etc. 
 Excellent to stop a chill and prevent the following fever or in- 
 flammatory action. It does this by dilating the blood vessels of 
 the skin, thus attracting the blood to the surface and away from 
 conjested internal organs. It is indicated in sthenic fever of an^^ 
 kind; azoturia, rheumatism, especialljMnflammatory or articular; 
 congestion of brain, kidneys, etc., externally much used, but of 
 little value on hairy animals. 
 
 Sweating mixture: 
 
 ^ Tr. arnica> rad., ,3 i., iss. or ii. 
 
 Fl. Ex. pilocarpus, 5 ss. to i, 
 
 Aq. qs. ad.. Oj. 
 
 M. Sig. — Give at one dose; repeat in an hour if necessary. Blanket 
 patient well with woolen blankets. 
 
 PILOCAKPUS — JABORANDI. 
 
 There is a Tincture and an Infusion also an Extractum 
 Pilocarpi Fluidum — Fld. Extract of Pilocarpus. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, Yz to i oz. but larger doses may be given, 
 depending on the purpose for which it is given. Dogs, 15 nis. to 
 I or 2 drs. 
 
 Composition. — Contains two alkaloids, Pilocarpine and Jabor- 
 ine, these two alkaloids though isomeric are antagonistic in action, 
 also contains a volatile oil and a peculiar acid.. 
 
 PiLOCARPiN.E Hydrochloras. — An alkaloid which occurs in 
 minute white crystals, deliquescent, odorless and neutral in re- 
 action, very soluble in w^ater and alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — (Hypodermically) Horse, 2 to 5 grs. if given alone, 
 but I gr. at a dose is materially S3'nergi.stic to eserine. Dog (by 
 the mouth) 1-20 to V2 gr. (hypodermically) 1-40 to ^5 gr. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Belladonna or atropine is 
 directly opposite in action to pilocarpus or pilocarpine. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 157 
 
 The caustic alkalies, persalts of iron and the salts of the 
 metals generalh' are chemically incompatible. 
 
 Synergists. — Aconite, veratrum viride, gelsemium and vaso- 
 motor paralyzers promote the activity of jaborandi. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Pilocarpus is a paralyzer of the 
 vaso-motor system, lowers arterial pressure and is a stimulant of 
 the peripheral terminations of nerves supplying glands and invol- 
 untary muscular fibres, subsequentl}'^ paralyzing the latter; it is 
 therefore a powerful diaphoretic and sialagogue, a cardiac depress- 
 ant by stimulation of the vagus ends, also myotic, emetic and 
 sometimes abortifacient; its taste is hot and pungent. In horses 
 it produces a prompt and very profuse salivation; while it has 
 diaphoretic action in horses, it is not so marked as in the human, 
 although, it is a valuable synergist to other diaphoretic drugs, 
 particularly arnica. 
 
 The nasal, bronchial and lachrymal secretions are also much 
 increased, as well as the intestinal secretions, which make pilo- 
 carpine a valuable synergist to eserine. 
 
 Pilocarpus or Pilocarpine in sufficient doses may cause 
 watery diarrhoea. The action of the heart at first increased is 
 •afterwards lowered, arterial tension reduced and temperature falls 
 from I to 4 degrees; it also greatly increases the quantity of 
 urea excreted, but not the quantity of urine. 
 
 In Toxic Doses. — Respiratory power is lowered and apnoea 
 may occur from excessive bronchial secretion, or oedema of lungs; 
 pilocarpus is rapidly diffused and is eliminated by the skin and 
 salivary glands; its effect lasting 3 to 6 hours; it increases con- 
 traction of the bladder, uterus and spleen. 
 
 Therapeutical Uses. — Dr. Quitman uses the hydrochlorate 
 of pilocarpine to assist eserine in its action as a quick cathartic, 
 as follows: 
 
 ^ Pilocarpin:t' hydrochloratis, gr. i. to grs. iss. 
 
 Eserina^ sulphatis, grs. iss. 
 
 Aq. destil., 5 ^• 
 
 M Sig. — For doctor's use. (Use about 40 minims hypodermically, 
 and then inject balance in 20 or 30 minutes if necessary). 
 
 Pilocarpus is also used in pleuritic and other effusions, to 
 promote the absorption and elimination; used as expectorant in 
 catarrh, bronchitis, pneumonia; combined with Tr. arnica Rad. 
 
15^ NOTES ON 
 
 to stop chills and abort inflammatory diseases snch as lymphan- 
 gitis, laminitis, etc. 
 For Azoturia: 
 
 ]^ Tr. arnicse rad., 3 vj. 
 
 Fl. ex. colchici sem., 5 vj. 
 
 Fl. ex. pilocarpus, ,5 vj. 
 
 Spts. aeth. nit., ^ '^j- 
 
 M. Sig. — 15 ozs. every 3 or 4 hours in h pint of water. 
 
 The pilocarpine hydrochloras may be used as antidote to- 
 belladonna poisoning. 
 
 Physostigma — Calabar Bean. 
 
 EXTRACTUM PhYSOSTIGMATIS. 
 
 Dose. —Horse, 3 to 8 grs. ; dogs, i-io to }4 grs. 
 
 TiNCTURA PhYSOSTIGMATIS. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 to 6 drs.; dogs, 2 to 20 ms. 
 
 ExTRACTUM PhYSOSTIGMATIS FlUIDUM — FlD. ExT. OF PhYS- 
 
 OSTIGMA (not official). 
 
 Dose. — Horses, }4 to 2 or 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 6 drs.; of the 
 powdered bean or seed i to 2 drs., but i dr. of the powder or 
 Fid. Ext. is the average dose. 
 
 Composition. — Contains two alkaloids, Physostigmine or 
 EsERiNE and Calabarine. Physostigmine is the only one used. 
 
 Phy'sostigmin.^ Sulphas.— Occurs in white or yellowish 
 white powders, very soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 Physostigmin.e Salicy'l as.— Occurs in colorless, shining 
 crystals, turning reddish on long exposure to air and light, odor- 
 less, bitter taste and neutral reaction, soluble in 130 parts of 
 water and in 12 parts of alcohol at 59° F. Both are extremely 
 hygroscopic. 
 
 Dose of both salts is the same. 
 
 Dose of eserine for horses, (hypodermicaily ) ^2 to i^, up to- 
 2 grs. in great emergencies; dogs, i- 100 to 1-50 gr., up to 1-25. 
 gr. for very large dogs; the salicylate is said to keep better than 
 the sulphate. E.serine sulphate can be obtained in sealed glass 
 tubes containing i, \}4 and 2 grs.; this is the best form in which 
 to carry it as it cannot spoil and it can be depended on, it is put 
 up by Merck. Tablets are more or less unreliable and when a 
 bottle or tube containing the drug is once opened, it rapidly spoils. 
 The tubes containing i ^ 2 grains are the best for general purposes. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Vegetable astringents,, 
 tannic acid, and caustic alkalies are chemically incompatible. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 59 
 
 Ph3'siologically. — Atropine antagonizes in part its action; 
 •chloral more so. 
 
 Therapeuticalh\ — The tetanizing agents are opposed to 
 physostigma. 
 
 Synergists. — The paralyzers or depressors of the motor ner- 
 vous sj^stem; conium, gelsemium, amj'l nitrite, etc., increase its 
 effects. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Phj'sostigma is a muscular stimulant 
 and a direct spinal paralyzer, producing complete general paraly- 
 sis and abolishment of the reflexes, but does not affect muscular 
 irritability, or the brain. 
 
 It stimulates secretion, excites nausea and vomiting, and is 
 laxative or purgative by stimulating the muscular coat of the in- 
 testines, as well as b}' increasing the intestinal secretions. It first 
 lowers then raises arterial tension, increases heart beat in fre- 
 quency, but depresses the power of the cardiac muscles, though 
 not destroying it. It produces in toxic doses, dyspnoea by a 
 tetanic action on the respiratory muscles, causing carbonic acid 
 gas poisoning and death by paralysis of respiration; it contracts 
 the pupil, is then myotic; eliminated by the kidneys, the urine of 
 affected animals poisoning another. In pregnant animals it may 
 cause abortion. 
 
 Uses. — Very useful in con.stipation due to torpor of bowels, 
 combined with belladonna, nux vomica and colchicum; in 
 tetanus is used with var^'ing results; it is antagonistic to strychnine 
 and atropine poisoning. 
 
 For the E3'e. — Eserine i or 2 grs. to the i oz. of distilled 
 water is used to relieve congestion, inflammation and tension; to 
 break up and prevent adhesions of the iris and lens, alternate 
 with atropine; used to contract the pupil and vessels of the eye 
 and thereby relieving pain and photophobia. 
 
 Dr. Quitman says, in case of obstinate constipation eserine is 
 contraindicated where the intestinal murmur cannot be heard, 
 showing paralysis of the bowels. Eserine is verj^ beneficial in 
 flatulent and spasmodic colic; give i gr. dose hypodermically, 
 then repeat with Y^ gr. dose in 20 or 30 minutes if necessar}-. 
 
 Lobelia — Indian Tobacco. 
 
 TlNCTURA I^OBELI.E. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, 3 ms. to Vs dr., y-z to i dr. as an emetic. 
 
 EXTRACTUM LOBELI.E FlUIDI M — FlD. ExT. OF LOBELIA. 
 
l6o NOTES ON 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i dr. to i oz. ; dog, y^ to 2onis. , as emetic 20^ 
 to 30 ms. 
 
 Composition. — Activity of lobelia is due to its alkaloid, Lo- 
 BELINE; also contains lobelic acid. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies; its de- 
 pressing effects, by digitalis, belladonna, ergot, and other vaso- 
 motor excitants, b}^ alcohol, ether, ammonia, etc; on the nervou.s 
 sj'stem of animal life, str^^chnine, picrotoxin, thebaine, etc. 
 
 Sjaiergists. — The motor depressants. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — It has an acrid nauseous taste and 
 ver}' unpleasant odor; it is expectorant, diaphoretic, purgative, 
 emetic, antispasmodic, and narcotic; it excites an abundant flow 
 of saliva, much gastric mucous, profuse urination and sweating, 
 with great nausea, vomiting and great depression, the action of 
 the heart is enfeebled, the blood pressure at first increased, soon 
 falls, muscular debilit}^ reduced temperature, then coma and 
 death by paralysis of the respirator}^ centers, the motor nervous 
 system is chiefly affected, especially the medulla oblongata and 
 the nucleus of the pneumogastric contained therein. 
 
 Uses. — Lobelia is very useful in asthma in dogs or man, 
 combined with belladonna and gelsemium; in heaves in horses, 
 the same combination is very useful, followed with full doses of 
 arsenic or Fowler's Solution. Lobelia is also excellent in dry 
 coughs; for asthma in dogs give 15 to 30 minims of the Tr. of 
 Lobelia ever 15 minutes till nausea sets in. It prevents the drj^- 
 ing effect of belladonna on the throat. 
 
 Acidujsi Hydrocyanicum DiLT'Ti m — Diluted Hydrocy- 
 anic OR Prfssic Acid. 
 
 Character. — A colorless, volatile, faintly acid liquid, having- 
 an almond-like odor, ver}' unstable; to preserv^e it best, keep it in 
 an inverted blue bottle, well corked, and away from heat and 
 light. If long kept it may become inert; strength 2 percent. 
 
 Dose. — Horses and cattle, 20 ms. to 2 drs.; one-half ounce 
 is often given in tetanus; sheep, 10 to 15 ms.; pigs, 2 to 7 ms. ; 
 dogs, y'z to 3 ms.; give well diluted; sometimes used to kill dogs 
 easily. 
 
 PoTASSii Cyaniduai — Cyanide of Potash. — Occurs in 
 white, opaque, amorphous pieces, having a sharp, somewhat alka- 
 line and bitter almond taste and alkaline reaction; is deliques- 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. l6l 
 
 cent in moist air; when powdered is readily soluble in two parts 
 of water, sparing!}- soluble in alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — Horse i to 2 up to 5 grs.; dogs, 1-15 to Ye gr. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The metallic salts are gen- 
 erally incompatible, also red oxide of iron, sesquioxide; these are 
 too slow as antidotes. 
 
 In Case of Poisoning. — Remedies of greatest utility are cold 
 affusion to spine, inhalation of ammonia, ammonia by the stomach 
 and intravenous injection of it, subcutaneous injection of Tr. 
 strophanthus, nitro-glycerin, ether or atropine may be used, but 
 is too; slow artificial respiration; emetics; must act very quickly, 
 as it kills quickl^^ 
 
 Physiological Actions and Uses. — Hydrocyanic acid and 
 nicotine are the most powerful poisons known. 
 
 Externally. — Hydrocyanic acid paralizes terminations of the 
 sensory nerves, thus it is a local anaesthetic and sedative; it is 
 readily absorbed from raw^ surfaces, and may cause poisoning; ex- 
 ternally, it is used to allay irritation of itching skin disease. 
 
 ^ Ac. Hydrocyanic! dil., g i- 
 
 Liq- potassae, 3 ss. to i. 
 
 Aq. bj. ss. 
 
 M. Sig. — Apply to itching surface. 
 
 Internally, on the alimentary tract, it is quickly absorbed by 
 the mucous membrane, and has the same effect on mouthTand 
 stomach as the skin, consequentl}' it is useful to allay vomiting 
 of dogs, as: 
 
 I^ Ac. Hydrocyau, dil., m. ii. to iii. 
 
 Bismuthi subnit., 3 ss to i. 
 
 Aq. cinnamomi, _j vi. 
 
 M. Sig. — One drachm every two hours as long as necessary. 
 
 Also very useful in cough mixtures. For destroying" the 
 strongylus micrurus of calves. Prof. Williams gives 10 to 20 ms. 
 of the acid conjoined with sodium carbonate and gentian. 
 
 Action on the Heart. — I^arge doses instantly arrest its di- 
 astolic action; it acts direct on the heart and on the center in the 
 medulla; respiration and the spinal cord are also paralyzed b}- it, 
 and it dilates the pupil. 
 
 Post-Mortem. — Leaves no characteristic lesions, but you may 
 detect the odor of prussic acid; it is also useful in tetanus, and 
 is occasionally used to kill the round worms of horses. 
 
1 62 NOTES ON 
 
 The Potassium Cyanide has the same action as prussic 
 acid, but locally causes inflammation of the skin, and applied to 
 broken surfaces maj- cause death. 
 
 Summary. — Prussic acid paralyzes all nerve structure in 
 which it comes in contact; it is then an anodj^ne, antispasmodic, 
 sedative and local anaesthetic; full doses paralyze the cerebro- 
 spinal axis, killing by arresting the heart and respiration. 
 
 Amyl Nitris -Amyi, Nitrite. — Yellowish or reddi.sh j'el- 
 low liquid, oily, very volatile, peculiar and very diffusive ethe- 
 real odor, insoluble in water, but soluble in all proportions in 
 alcohol, ether and chloroform. 
 
 Dose. — Horse (internally) lo to 30 ms., up to i dr., but is 
 very .seldom given internally; hypodermically, y-z this dose. By 
 inhalation, >^ to i dr., and it must be fresh, as it rapidly deterio- 
 rates. Dogs, /^ to 3 ms. internally, and i to 5 ms. by inhalation. 
 It is best used in thin glass capsules, called pearls, which are 
 broken when required for inhalation. 
 
 Actions. — It produces the following results: Accelerates 
 heart's action, greatly dilates the arterioles, by paralyzing 
 their muscular coats; causes a sense of fulness in the brain 
 with vertigo, fall in blood pressure due to dilation of the ar- 
 terioles, lowering of temperature; when the vapor is applied di- 
 rect to muscular or nerve tissues it suspends or completel}^ arrests 
 its functional activity; it depresses the nervous system and un- 
 striped muscular fiber. It causes death by respiratory failure. 
 
 Uses. — Epileptic attacks may be warded off by its being in- 
 haled; spasmodic asthma, u.sed either internally, hypodermicallj'- 
 or best by inhalation; in strychnine poisoning, angina pectoris, 
 and in tetanus. 
 
 Nitroglycerin — Synonyms, Glonoin — Trinitrin. 
 
 Spiritus Glonoini — Spirits OF Nitroglycerin. — A i per 
 cent alcoholic solution; of this is used for horses, ^ to i dr. hj'po- 
 dermically; dogs, ^ to 4 or 5 minims. This agent is a very 
 powerful heart stimulant, used in collapse, heart failure, antidote 
 for prussic acid, a.sthma, epilepsy. Dr. Quitman prefers it to digi- 
 talis as a heart stimulant. 
 
 AcoNiTUM — Aconite. — Wolfsbane or Monkshood. 
 
 The part used in medicine is the tuber of aconitum napellus. 
 
 ExTRACTUM AcoNiTi — EXTRACT OF AcoNiTE. — Pi-epared from 
 the leaves; not much used in veterinary practice. Preparation 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 163 
 
 of the leaves are not official in the last U. S. P. — the root is 5 
 times stronger than the leaves. 
 
 EXTRACTUM ACONITI FlUIDUM — FlD. ExT. OF AcONITE. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 5 to 15 ms. ; cattle, 20 to 40 or 50 ms.; dogs, 
 I -10 to I m. 
 
 TiNCTURA AcoNiTi — Tr. of AcoNiTE RooT. — Strength 35 
 per cent of aconite root. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 10 to 30 ms., for single doses about 40 ms. 
 may be given. Cattle, 15 ms. to i dr.; dogs, i-io to 2 ms. 
 Horses cannot stand as large doses of aconite in comparison as 
 man. 
 
 Flemings Tincture of Aconite. — Strength 79 per cent. 
 
 Dose. — >< that of the U. S. P. Tr. 
 
 AcoNiTiNE. — Dose for horse, 1-30 to 1-5 gr. Not used to 
 any extent in veterinary practice. Alwa5\s dilute each dose of 
 aconite with from 3 to 6 ozs. of water or other diluents as it has a 
 peculiar local effect. 
 
 Composition. — Contains an active principle called aconitine 
 in proportion of .03 per cent together with aconitic acid; also 
 contains another principle called napelline, etc. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ether, ammonia, 
 turpentine, digitalis, heat, etc. antagonize the action of aconite. 
 
 In Case of Poisoning. — The stomach should be evacuated 
 and stimulants be administered by stomach or rectum and intra- 
 venous injections of ammonia, sulphuric ether, or hypodermic 
 injections of digitalis and other heart stimulants; artificial res- 
 piration, to overcome the depression of the heart, which is the 
 chief danger; the hypodermic injections of atropine is indicated, 
 or nitro-glycerin would be best and one of the quickest; main- 
 tain the recumbent position when possible. Apply warmth 
 externally. 
 
 Synergists. — All the agents of this group (motor depressants) 
 increase the effects of aconite, cold, fatigue, and all depressing 
 influences are synergistic. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — The taste is bitter, acrid and pun- 
 gent, a small quantitj' causes a sensation of numbness and per- 
 sistent tingling of the tongue and lips; Full medicinal doses 
 cause a sense of constriction of the fauces, irritation of the gastro- 
 intestinal mucous membrane with increased secretion, sometimes 
 nausea and vomiting (in those that can vomit) and a peculiar 
 
164 NOTES ON 
 
 clicking sound due probablj^ to spasm of the epiglottis, severe 
 pains in joints and muscles, always more or less salivation, dia- 
 phoresis and diuresis, reduce respiratory power, decrease cardiac 
 rate and force, lower arterial tension and temperature. 
 
 A Toxic Dose. — Produces great muscular weakness, dim- 
 ness of sight; pupil at first may be dilated or contracted, but as 
 end approaches remains dilated, shallow irregular and labored 
 respiration, a slow and weak pulse, becoming rapid near the end, 
 gulping, frothy saliva, belching, retching, nausea, etc. coldness 
 of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, extreme weak- 
 ness of extremities, (animal goes down) lowering of temperature 
 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment of sensation, reflexes and motility 
 and finally death from the paralysis of the heart and respiration, 
 with or without convulsions, consciousness being preser\'ed until 
 near the end, when carbon dioxyde narcosis sets in. 
 
 Post-mortem shows shrunken lungs containing but little blood; 
 trachea and bronchii contains much frothy mucous; right side of 
 heart greatly distended with blood while left side is almost empty; 
 ecchynotic spots are found in lungs, pleura and endocardium. 
 Digestive organs do not appear seriously affected. 
 
 Aconite is a powerful sensory, cardiac, respiratory and spinal 
 depressant, also diaphoretic, diuretic and powerful antipyretic; it 
 chiefly affects the peripheral ends of the sensory nerves; they 
 being affected first and from the periphery inwards. While the 
 motor nerves are affected from the centers outwards; it relaxes 
 the inhibitory apparatus of the heart and paralyzes the cardiac 
 muscles and its contained ganglia, the respiratory centers and 
 the spinal cord in all of its functions (sensory, reflex and motor), 
 but does not affect the brain. 
 
 Aconite is rapidly diffused and slowly excreted, the effects 
 of a full medicinal dose continuing for 3 or 4 hours. 
 
 Applied Externally. — It paralyzes the sensory nerves of the 
 part, is therefore an anodyne and local anaesthetic. 
 
 MEDICINAL USES OF ACONITE. 
 
 Indications for its Use. — It antagonizes the fever process, 
 when properly used is a most valuable drug; it is indicated in all 
 affections, characterized by high resisting pulse, dry, hot skin, 
 and elevated bod)' temperature; is useful in Acute Throat Af- 
 fections as laryngitis, pharyngitis and parotiditis, in small doses 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 65 
 
 often repeated. Indicated in Acute Inflammation of the Res- 
 PIRATOEY Organs. For pleurisy and peritonitis, at the outset 
 give aconite with opium. 
 
 Indicated in simple fevers or in puerperal fever, Inflam- 
 mation OF THE Brain; in surgical fevers, but for surgical fevers 
 Dr. Quitman prefers quinine; In Acute or Inflammatory Rheu- 
 matism, IN Acute Local Inflammation, as arthritis or inflam- 
 mation resulting from bruises, sprains, etc. 
 
 In Lymphangitis, in Laminitis, in Enteritis, if called 
 early; in case of enteritis. Dr. Quitman gives 30 ms. of aconite 
 and repeats 10 or 15 drops every hour and between times gives 
 fluid extract belladonna 1 5 or 20 drops every hour, and exter- 
 nally hot woolen blankets wrung out of hot water and wrapped 
 around the bod}-. 
 
 InMammitis. — Is also useful in large doses, combined with 
 phj^olacca; in spasmodic colic brought on by drinking cold 
 water, give 15 to 25 drops of the tincture of aconite in the regu- 
 lar colic mixture; in congestion of bowels or liver, or in any con- 
 gestion of any part, small, repeated doses are better than large 
 ones. 
 
 Externally. — It is probably the best anodyne we have; very 
 useful in liniments for all painful local affections. 
 
 For anodjme liniment: 
 
 ^ Tr. aconiti, g iv. 
 
 Fl. ex. bellad., 5 i"^'- 
 
 Linim. saponis, 5 iv. 
 
 Spt. vini. rectif., g iv. 
 M. Sig. — Apply 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 Veratrum Viride, common name American Hellebore. 
 
 Extractum Veratri \^iridis Fluidum — Fluid Extract Ve- 
 ratrum Viride. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 15 ms. to i dr.; cattle, j4 to i)4 or 2 drs. ; 
 dogs, ^ to 4 or 5 ms. 
 
 Tinctura Veratri Viridis. — Contains 40 percent of the 
 root. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, ^ to 2 drs.; dogs, i to 8 ms. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Same as aconite. 
 
 Sj^nergists. — Same as aconite. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Veratrum Viride is closely allied to 
 that of aconite, being a powerful cardiac depressant, and spinal 
 paralyzant, but it affects respiration much less, is a systemic 
 
1 66 NOTES ON 
 
 emetic and cathartic, paralyzes the motor system centrally, im- 
 pairing the reflexes, but leaves sensation unimpaired and has 
 little or no diaphoretic or diuretic action, causes great depression, 
 but is seldom fatal; when death does result it is from paralysis of 
 the heart; small doses reduce the force of the pulse, but do 
 not at first affect the rate, but if long continued the pulse be- 
 comes very slow, soft and compressible, rising on the least exer- 
 tion, to be very rapid and feeble. It, like aconite, also causes 
 great muscular weakness, and frequently nausea and vomiting; 
 large doses increase the symptoms verj- much, the pulse becomes 
 smaller and imperceptible, with as a result of toxic doses the 
 same chain of symptoms as in aconite poisoning. 
 
 Treatment of the poisoning is the same as for that of aconite. 
 
 Uses. — Is inferior to aconite in fevers and inflammations, by 
 reason of its lack of power over excretions, is used in about the 
 same diseases as aconite. 
 
 Phytolacca — Poke. — Contains a neutral principle. 
 
 Phytolaccin an acid, tannin, etc. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Phytolacca Fluidim — (Root). 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 2 drs. to i oz.; cow, ^ to 2 ozs. ; sheep, 10 
 ms. to i)^ or 2 drs.; pigs, 5 ms. to i dr.; dogs, 2 to 30 ms. or 
 up to 60 ms. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Phytolacca (not official) dose, }i that of the 
 Fluid Extract. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ether, opium, 
 digitalis, etc. oppose the action of phytolacca. 
 
 Synergists.— All depressing agents; the paralyzers and 
 emetics aid its effects. 
 
 Actions. — Phytolacca is a cardiac and respiratory depressant, 
 paralyzer of motion and of central action on the spinal cord; it is 
 a slow and depressing emeto-cathartic, also somewhat narcotic 
 and alterative; it irritates the throat, produces convulsions and 
 death by paralysis of respiration; it promotes the absorption 
 of adipose tissue. 
 
 Uses. — The chief use of this drug is in mammitis or mastitis 
 to arrest the inflammation and prevent suppuration; the Fid. 
 Ext. is used internally, and is also applied locally; is probably 
 the best known drug for mammitis. Give quite large doses, i oz. 
 3 or 4 times daily. In Varicose Ulcers it promotes healing; in 
 Obstinate Eczema the Extract is applied locally; it is said to be 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 67 
 
 useful in chronic rheumatism. Dr. Quitman advises the trial of 
 the drug in other glandular inflammations besides mammitis. 
 
 evacuants — emetics. 
 
 Ipecacuanha — Ipecac. 
 Alkaloid. Emetine. 
 
 Dose of the Powdered Root. — Dog (as expectorant) }{ to 2 
 grs. (as emetic) 5 to 30 grs. according to the size of the dog. 
 Horse, j,4 to 2 drs. 
 
 EXTKACTIM IpECACUANH.E FlUIDUM. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, ^^ to 5 or 10 ms. larger doses as emetics, from 
 15 ms. up. 
 
 Tinctura Ipecacuanh^e Et Opii— Liquid Dover' 8 Pow- 
 der. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, I to 15 or 30 mimims; there is also a wine and 
 syrup of ipecac. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Salts of lead and mercury, 
 vegetable acids and astringents are incompatible; bismuth, car- 
 bolic acid, hydrocyanic acid and narcotics generally, hinder its 
 emetic action. 
 
 Synergists. — The emetics; its actions on the skin are increased 
 by opium, warmth, etc. 
 
 Actions. — Nauseant, systemic and local emetic, expectorant, 
 cholagogue, diaphoretic, hemostatic, sternutatory and counter- 
 irritant, may cause pustules; small doses are stomachic. 
 
 Uses. — Is a safe non-depressant and sure, but slow emetic; 
 is also a good expectorant in bronchitis when secretion is scant, 
 also used against dy.senter3% jaundice, etc. 
 
 cathartics. 
 
 Rhamnus Purshiana, commonly known as Cas?ara Sa- 
 grada, English term (Chittem or Sacred Bark). Bark of 
 California Buckthorn. 
 
 ExTRACTUM Rhamni Purshian.^ Fluidum. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, }4 to 2 drs. as a cathartic, 5 to 20 minims as a 
 stomachic. 
 
 Fluid Cascara Sagrada Aromaticum, is a pleasanter form 
 than the official Fid. Ext., dose the same. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Used as a non-irritant laxative or cathar- 
 tic, tonic; small doses are stomachic; to overcome chronic con- 
 
1 68 NOTES ON 
 
 stipation, give small repeated doses; very useful in dog practice. 
 
 Oleum Ricini— Castor-oil.— A fixed oil expressed from 
 seeds of the common castor, the purer the oil, the less purgative; 
 the dark colored is most active. 
 
 Actions and Uses. —A mild, certain and efficient laxative; in 
 dogs, operates in from i to 4 hours, causing but little pain and 
 producing free evacuations; the intestinal secretions are but 
 slightly increased, hence, the stools are not very liquid; its pur- 
 gative principle enters the blood and the milk of the mother may 
 acquire purgatives properties; it is used wherever a gentle laxa- 
 tive is indicated. Is occasionally given to the mother for its 
 effects on the suckling. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, I dr. to 2 ozs. ; cats, Yo dr. to ^ oz.; pigs, i 
 to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 ozs.; horses, i to 2 pints; is often u.sed in 
 equal parts with linseed-oil for horses, say 8 to 12 ozs., of each. 
 TONIC, astringent AND RESIN-BEARING PURGATIVES. 
 
 Senn.e-Extractum Senn^ Fluidum. 
 Dose. — Dog, j^ up to 2, 3 or 4 drs. Powdered senna, same 
 dose. 
 
 Syrupus Senn.^. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, ^ dr. to i oz. More agreeable than the Fluid 
 Extract. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Has a very bitter and nauseous taste, 
 but is a serviceable and quick-acting purgative; does not cause 
 inflammation or superpurgation and is not followed by constipa- 
 tion; is so disagreeable that dogs frequently vomit it up. 
 
 Rheum — Rhubarb. — The root is used. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, 10 grs. to 3 drs. of the powdered root. 
 
 Extractum Rhei Futidum.— Fluid Extract of Rhu- 
 barb. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, 10 ms. to 3 drs. 
 
 Extractum Rhei— Extract of Rhubarb. 
 
 Dose for dogs. — 3 to 15 grs. 
 
 TiNCTURA Rhei Aromatica — Arom. Tr. of Rhubarb. — 
 Contains rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg. 
 
 Dose. — Lamb, }< to i dr.; calves, i to 4 drs.; dogs, ^ to i 
 dr. ; colt, i to 3 drs. ; .sheep, 4 to 8 drs. 
 
 Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, I to 4 drs. 
 
 It is useful where there is a lack of tone to the bowels; used 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 169 
 
 in diarrhoea in small doses, for its stimulating tonic action; is 
 laxative in large doses or may be combined with other laxativse, 
 to prevent griping in milk fed animals, or may be combined with 
 bismuth, opium or sulphuric acid, to stop diarrhoea. 
 
 Actions. — Rhubarb is a stomachic tonic, astringent, mildly 
 cathartic and cholagogue. 
 
 Uses. — As a laxative or purgative. For dogs, i to 3 drs. of 
 the Fluid Extract or powdered root combined with i to 2 grs. of 
 calomel or the aromatic syrup with 3 to 5 grs. of resin of jalap 
 and calomel is a nice combination. It is used in small doses as a 
 stomachic tonic, and tonic astringent in diarrhoeas, due to lack of 
 tone in the bowels. 
 
 Aloe — Aloes. — Inspissated juice of the leaves of various 
 species of aloes — official varieties. 
 
 Aloe Barbadenis — Barbadoes Aloes or Hepatic 
 Aloes. — Deep brown color or orange brown, most used in veteri- 
 nary practice. 
 
 Aloe Capensis — Cape Aloes. — Blackish brown. 
 
 Aloe Socotrina — Socotrine Aloes. — Yellowish brown 
 color. The active principle is aloin which differs slightly in the 
 different species. 
 
 Dose, as a stomachic, horse, i dr., as a purgativ'e, Y-z to 
 i^ ozs. The average dose when given with some synergist, as 
 calomel is 6 or 7 drs. usually given in form of a bolus, rubbing it 
 up carefully with water or other excipient, or given in linseed-oil, 
 should be combined with some correctives as ginger and nux 
 vomica which aid its action and prevents griping; iox young foals 
 several months old 5 grs. of aloes for each week of their age. 
 
 Dose. Cattle, i to 2 ozs. ; sheep, % oz. but for cattle and 
 sheep the salines are preferred; dogs, 2 to 30 grs. up to i ^^ drs. ; 
 swine, i to 4 drs., as a bitter tonic yi to i-io these doses. The 
 dose of aloin for horses is 2 drs. 
 
 PhN'siological Actions. — Aloes is purgative, acting chiefly on 
 large intestines; small doses are bitter tonics; applied externallj- 
 is stimulant and desiccant; it stimulates both peristalsis and se- 
 cretion, increases secretion of bile; also is diuretic; the barba- 
 does is most active and uniform in its effects. It should be kept 
 in lumps in tin cans or other good containers, only being pow- 
 dered for immediate use; in melting aloes don't let the tempera- 
 
170 NOTES ON 
 
 ture rise above 120 degrees, as it impairs the activity by con- 
 verting the active aloin into inert resin. 
 
 Aloes operates in from 16 to 24 hours after administration; 
 don't repeat an aloetic purge until 48 hours have elapsed. 
 
 Uses. — In dyspepsia with capricious appetite, irregularity of 
 the bowels, hide-bound horses; worms; is used in colics, both 
 spasmodic and flatulent, for overloaded condition of the bowels; 
 to promote excretion of waste products from the bowels and the 
 blood, and consequently relieve febrile symptoms, rheumatic 
 attacks, skin irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; in 
 lymphangitis to prevent and aid in curing. By attracting the 
 blood to the bowels, it is useful in congestion or inflammation of 
 the brain and spinal cord; full doses being necessary; in paralysis, 
 the paraplegia or hemiplegia or reflexed paralysis due to indiges- 
 tion give a full purgative. 
 
 Aloes should not be used in irritation or inflammation of the 
 alimentary canal or piles; (Dr. Quitman very rarely gives an 
 aloetic purge where the temperature is above 102°). Or hemor- 
 rhage from the rectum, in high fevers is apt to cause superpur- 
 gation, also should not be used where there is great debility or 
 weakness. In influenza the bowels are apt to be irritable and oil 
 is preferable to aloes. Don't u.se during pregnancy, may cause 
 abortion. For young foals or other animals, the gentler pur- 
 gative, such as linseed-oil or castor-oil should be used. 
 
 In chronic constipation 2 drs. of aloes with gentian, ginger 
 and nux maj^ be given once daily. 
 
 To make watery infusions rub up the aloes in hot water; 
 There is a tincture of aloes. 
 
 Do.se for human, )4 dr. to i oz. besides numerous other 
 preparations. 
 
 Drastic Purgatives. 
 
 Jalapa — Jalap. — The tuberous root is used; contains 15 
 to 20 per cent of the official resin. 
 
 Preparations. — ExTRACTUM Jalap.e-Resina Jalap.e. 
 
 Dose of either. — Dog, i to 10 grs. medium sized dog, 5 grs. 
 
 PULVIS Jalap.e Compositus. — Composed of jalapa 35 
 parts, bitartrate of potash 65 parts. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, 5 grs. to i dr. 
 
 PuLvis Jalapa — Powdered Jalap. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, 10 grs. to i dr.; pigs, i to 4 drs.; cats, 5 to 30 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. I71 
 
 grs. By adding calomel to jalapa its power is increased; jalap 
 is more active than senna, but is less powerful and irritating than 
 gamboge, podophyllum, elaterium or colocynth, it also stimulates 
 secretion of bile. 
 
 SCAMMONIUM— SCAMMONY — ResINA ScAMMONII. — ReSIN OF 
 SCAMMONY. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, I to 8 grs. Resembles jalap but more drastic. 
 Seldom used in dog practice. 
 
 Podophyllum — May' Apple. 
 
 EXTRACTUM PoDOPHYLLI. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, 2 to ID grs, 
 
 Resina Podophylll — Commonly known as PoDOPHYLLiN. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, ^ to I gr. 
 
 EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI Fli IDUM. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, I to 30 ms. 
 
 Scammony stimulates the flow of bile, is used particularly 
 where the secretion of bile is deficient, usually combined with 
 other drugs as belladonna, physostigma and nux vomica. 
 
 Prescription for habitual constipation in dogs. 
 
 ^ Resinae jalapae, grs. vi. 
 
 Ext. bellad., grs. iii. 
 
 Ext. physostigma, grs. iii. 
 
 M. Ft. Pil. No. 12. Sig.— Give one at night. 
 
 hydragogue cathartics. 
 
 , Cambogia — Gamboge. — Is dangerous, should be used only 
 for cattle if used at all. It is a gum resin. 
 
 Dose for cattle, 2 to 4 drs. is very irritating and is apt to 
 cause superpurgation. 
 
 Oleum Tiglii— Croton-Oil. — A fixed oil expressed from 
 the seeds of croton tiglium. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, 10 to 25 ms. ; cattle, Yz to i dr.; sheep and 
 swine, 5 to 10 ms. dog, /^ to 3 ms. , administered in bolus or in 
 oil; croton-oilis a viscid, amber colored liquid, nauseous odor and 
 acrid taste. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Is a powerful irritant, vesicant and 
 pustulant, is a drastic hydragogue cathartic; full doses cause 
 gastro-enteritis and much prostration; undiluted it seriously and 
 deeply inflames the .skin, causing severe blemishes and by absorp- 
 tion may cause fever and superpurgation. 
 
 Medicinal uses of Croton-Oil. — Cattle are the only animals 
 
172 NOTES ON 
 
 for which it can be used with any degree of safety ; it can be 
 used for dogs and pigs if used with great caution. For horses 
 and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; is used in cattle as 
 an active hydragogue purgative when they suffer from fardel 
 bound, and other forms of constipation and from torpidity of the 
 bowels. Should not be used in debilitated, delicate or young 
 animals. If an over-dose has been administered combat with 
 demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should not be used as a 
 counter-irritant or applied to the skin in any form or for any pur- 
 pose. 
 
 For cattle a purgative composed of 10 to 40 ms. of croton- 
 oil with }4 to I dr. of calomel and i lb. of Glauber salts is a very 
 good mixture, dissolved in water, or linseed-oil i or 2 pints, may 
 be given instead of the salts; may be used for obstinate consti- 
 pation or torpidity of the bowels. 
 
 ENEMAS — INJECTIONS. 
 
 Most common, hot water and soapsuds; some use an in- 
 fusion of tobacco, but Dr. Quitman recommends i or 2 ozs. of 
 glycerin in preference to any; it attracts moisture to the parts 
 and stimulates peristalsis; in small animals hot oil is sometimes 
 used. 
 
 In the human intestinal invagination has been quickly 
 relieved by sudden inflation of the large intestines with carbonic 
 acid gas; the process consists in the injection of a solution of so- 
 dium bicarbonate, followed by a solution of tartaric acid about i 
 dr. of each to each }4 pint of water; the escape of gas through 
 the sphincter ani must be prevented by forcible pressure upon 
 the anus. Dr. Quitman recommends trying this on our patients. 
 
 anthelmintics. 
 
 This includes Vermifuges and Vermicides. These should 
 be administered on an empty stomach. 
 
 Remedies for Expulsion of Ascarides IvUmbricoides or 
 Megaloacephalo— Common Round Worms. 
 
 Santonica. — Its active principle (Santoninum) is used. 
 
 Santoninum — Santonin. — Occurs in colorless, flattened 
 prisms. 
 
 Dose according to experiments by Frohner; average safe 
 dose for cattle, i to 3 ozs.; horses, 6 drs. to 1)4 ozs.; sheep and 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 173 
 
 goats, 75 grs. t0 2>4 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. for ven' large dogs; 
 these doses are for matured animals only; j'oung animals should 
 receive very much less at a dose; young dogs should not exceed 
 5^ to 3 grs. Calomel increases its power. 
 Spigelia — Pink Root. 
 
 EXTRACTUM SpIGELI^ FlUIDUM. 
 
 Dose. — Matured dogs, 10 ms. to 2 drs.; puppies up to 8 
 weeks old, i m. for each week of age. Should always be com- 
 bined with a brisk cathartic. The Fluid Extracts of spigelia and 
 senna combined make a most satisfactory anthelmintic for dogs. 
 
 Areca Nut— Seeds of Areca Catechu.— Betel Nut. 
 
 PULVIS Arec^ Semina. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Is astringent and an effective vermicide, 
 
 especially for dogs; destructive to both tape and round worms; 
 
 in horses and cattle it is not certain in its results. 
 
 Dose. — Dog, 5 to 10 grs. for small dogs, and 15 grs. to 2 dr. 
 for large dogs; horses, i to i^ ozs. For dogs the dose is about 
 2 grs. for each pound of the dog's weight, best administered in 
 milk. 
 
 For tape worm in dogs. — (50 pound dog) 
 
 ^ Pulvis arecip sem., 3 J^^- 
 
 Oleoresina aspidii ni xx to xxx. 
 
 M. Sig. — Give at one dose in milk. Repeat in 48 hours. 
 
 Or the powdered male fern i to 2 ozs. for dogs may be used, 
 but is too bulky. 
 
 Remedies Against T.eni.e or Tape Worm. 
 
 Preparation. — First, fast your patient, only allowing a little 
 milk, then give a purge, then administer the taeniafuge, always 
 look for the head of the tape worm, for if not removed it will re- 
 produce itself. 
 
 AspiDiuM — Male Fern. — Filix Mas. 
 
 Oleoresina Aspidii. — Oleoresin of male fern. 
 
 Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to 4 ozs. average dose i oz. ; dogs, 5 
 to 10 ms. up to I or 2 drs. according to size. 
 
 Male fern combined with areca nut or oil of turpentine makes 
 the best tseniafuge. Chloroform is also used with it. 
 
 For Thread Worms occupying rectum, use the following 
 remedies: Infusions of quassia or aloes; or carbolic acid 20 to 
 30 ms. to water i pint or Tr. chloride of iron i to i}4 ozs. to the 
 pint. 
 
174 NOTES ON 
 
 URINO-GENITALS. 
 
 These remedies are used for their actions on the genito-uri- 
 nary organs; they increase the activity of the kidneys and ex- 
 cite the function of the genital organs; in excessive quantity or 
 long continued may set up inflammation of kidneys, produce 
 strangury and bloody urine, excite uterine contraction, and stim- 
 ulate to an unnatural degree, the sexual appetite; they contain 
 an essential oil or principle, which is eliminated by the urinary 
 passages and excites local irritation by direct contact. 
 
 Terebinthina. — Turpentine is an oleoresinous exuda- 
 tion, liquid or concrete, consisting of a resin combined with a 
 particular oil named oil of turpentine, and generally procured 
 from various species of cone bearers (pines); 2 turpentines are 
 official, viz.: 
 
 Terebinthina, obtained from the yellow and other species 
 of pine, a concrete oleoresin in tough yellow masses, and Tere- 
 binthina Canadensis — Canada Turpentine or Balsam of 
 Fir, a liquid oleoresin, obtained from the silver fir or balm of 
 Gilead; a viscid yellowish liquid, drying on exposure into a trans- 
 parent mass. 
 
 The chief preparation used in veterinary practice is Oleum 
 Terebinthin.e or Oil of Turpentine, often but erroneously 
 called Spirits of Turpentine; it is a volatile oil, distilled from 
 turpentine. 
 
 Characters. — A limpid, colorless liquid, of a peculiar, strong 
 odor and bitter pungent taste; mixes with other volatile and 
 fixed oils, soluble i in 6 of alcohol, very soluble in chloroform 
 and insoluble in water. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, J^ to 2 or 3 ozs. ; cattle, 2 to 6 ozs.; sheep,. 
 I to 3 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 40 ms. ; pigs, i to 2 drs. Best adminis- 
 tered in linseed-oil or gruel. Small doses as diuretics and large 
 doses as anthelmintics. 
 
 Physiological Actions. — Externally, rubefacient, irritant 
 and counter-irritant; vesicant if rubbed in or confined, also au 
 antiseptic and disinfectant; is absorbed by the unbroken skin. 
 
 Internally. — Is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antispas- 
 modic, hemostatic, and anthelmintic; it is irritant, and large doses 
 undiluted may cause gastro-enteritis. Linseed-oil is a good diluent. 
 
 Toxic Doses. — Paralyze nerve centers, small doses stimulate 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 175 
 
 the vaso-motor centers; hence it raises blood pressure, but large 
 doses paralyze them and lower blood pressure. 
 
 Elimination. — Is excreted chief! 5' by the kidneys and lungs, 
 which are stimulated to increased action by small doses, but their 
 action is lowered by large doses, after brief stimulation. 
 
 Uses. — In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for worms, 
 septic fevers, gangrene of lungs, catarrhal conditions, pneu- 
 monia and bronchitis, as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are 
 better. In liniments 2 to 4 drs. to the pint for stimulating 
 effects. For local gangrene remove the dead tissues and then ap- 
 ply the turpentine direct to the affected parts, by means of ab- 
 sorbent cotton or cloth saturated with it; the fetor is removed 
 and sloughing arrested. It is equally useful for furuncles, phage- 
 denic ulcers, etc. 
 
 Copaiba — Capaiva. — An oleoresin. 
 
 Oleum Capaib^e. 
 
 Dose. — Same as turpentine. 
 
 Actions. — Similar to oil of turpentine, is stimulant, diuretic, 
 diaphoretic and expectorant; it acts as an antiseptic to the 
 genito-urinary apparatus, and is used chiefly in gonorrhoea in man. 
 
 JuNiPERUS —Juniper. 
 
 Oleum Juniperi — Oil of Juniper. 
 
 Dose. — Horse, i to 2 drs.; cattle y^ to 3 drs.; dogs, 2 to 10 
 15 ms., repeated every three hours. 
 
 Oleum Cadinum — Oil of Cade. — A product of the dry 
 distillation of wood of a certain specie of juniper, used as an ap- 
 plication in chronic skin disease, especially parasitic; used full 
 strength or diluted one-half, or combined with other agents in 
 salves, lotions, etc. It resembles tar in color and odor. Oil of 
 Juniper is used only as a diuretic, and is very good; is stomachic 
 in small doses, and is aphrodisiac. 
 
 BuCHU. — Dose, Fluid Extract, dogs, 5 ms. to i dr. ; horses, i 
 to 2 ozs. 
 
 UvA Ursi. — Dose of Fluid Extract, dogs, 10 ms. to 2 drs.; 
 horses, 2 to 4 ozs. 
 
 These two drugs are tonic astringents, diuretic and useful in 
 chronic cystitis; also used in dysuria and calculous affections. 
 
 SciLLA — Squill — Syrupus Scill^. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, 10 ms. to i dr. 
 
 ExTR actum Scill^ Fluidum — Fluid Extract Souill. 
 
176 NOTES ON 
 
 Dose. — Dog, }{ to 5 nis. 
 
 Actions. — On the circulation; acts like digitalis; large doses 
 cause vomiting and purging, is used chiefly for its expectorant 
 and diuretic effects; should not be used in nephritis as it is too 
 irritating. 
 
 There is also a tincture, a vinegar and a compound syrup 
 of squills. 
 
 Oleum Rut.e— Oil of Rue and Oleum Sabinje— Oil of 
 Savine. — These are used chiefly in human practice as Emmeno- 
 GOGUES, and abortifacients. 
 
 Dose. — Bitches, i to 5 ms. ; their combination with aloes and 
 myrrh make a powerful abortifacient. They are irritating and 
 should be well diluted in oil. 
 
 COUNTER-IRRITANTS. 
 
 Cantharis — Cantharides — PuLvis Cantharidis — Pow- 
 dered Cantharides also Tinctura Cantharidis — Tr. of 
 Cantharides. 
 
 Actions. — Externally, is irritant, rubefacient, vesicant, ac- 
 cording to the strength used, it produces water blisters, counter- 
 irritant, etc. 
 
 Internally is irritant, large or undiluted doses cause gastro- 
 enteritis; small doses stimulate the genito-urinary tract, hence, 
 is diuretic and aphrodisiac. 
 
 Full doses cause inflammation, strangury and haematuria. 
 
 Uses. — Internally is seldom used except in incontinence from 
 debility or partial paralysis of the bladder. 
 
 Externally is used as a rubefacient, blister, or as a counter- 
 irritant; blister is formed in from 2 to 10 hours, if repeatedly 
 used may cause sloughing of tissues; cantharides can be used 
 wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, except in in- 
 flammation of the urinary organs, as it is absorbed and will in- 
 crease the inflammation. Don't use cantharides too strong on 
 thin skinned horses, not at all on very weakly patients, and with 
 caution on dogs, and not at all on very j^oung animals. 
 
 For blistering ointment. 
 
 ^ Piilv. canth., 5 "• ^^ "^s* 
 
 Hydrarg. iod. rubr., 3 "• to iiss. 
 Adipis., 5 i"- 
 
 M. Sig. — Blister, to be well rubbed in for 10 or 15 minutes. 
 
 Catharides alone is used i to 6 or i to 4; for dogs, i to 12,, 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 177 
 
 alwaj'S clip off the hair close, before apphang a blister; tie the 
 horse so he cannot bite it; wash and grease, etc. 
 RUBEFACIENTS. 
 
 SiNAPis — Mustard. 
 
 SixAPis Alba — White Mustard. 
 
 SiNAPis Nigra — Blac^k Mustard. 
 
 Oleum Sinapis. — A volatile oil, obtained from black mustard 
 seed. 
 
 The Mustard flour is the form most used. Coleman's Eng- 
 lish Mustard being the best. 
 
 Actions. — Is irritant, rubefacient, vesicant or suppurant, ac- 
 cording to the manner in which it is used; it act§ much quicker 
 than cantharides, but its action is not so prolonged; the paste is 
 made with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces its 
 effects within 20 minutes; in 2 to 6 hours vesication occurs, pus- 
 tules may occur where the paste is used very strong, or closely 
 repeated, or too much friction is being used. The volatile oil of 
 mustard is a very powerful vesicant and acts very quickly. 
 
 Uses — One or two teaspoonfuls in i or 2 ozs. of warm water 
 makes a very good emetic for dogs; it is used as a counter-irri- 
 tant in sore throats, laryngitis or pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneu- 
 monia, and pleurisy, or wherever a counter-irritant is indicated; 
 applied in early congested stages it lessens the pain and relieves 
 difficult breathing, besides limiting the amount of blood in the 
 parts; it thus limits or decreases the inflammatory action; also 
 useful in the exudative stages of these diseases; to promote the 
 absorption of exudate and thus hasten resolution, or where these 
 diseases remain dormant; can be used in spinal diseases or even 
 in congestion of the kidneys; it acts best when applied and left 
 on 20 or 30 minutes, then wash off and repeated in an hour or 
 two; also used in acute indigestion, applied to the abdomen; also 
 in colic, enteritis and peritonitis; in phlebitis mustard can be 
 used but a cantharides blister is better. In making a mustard 
 plaster, take the pure mustard and gradually pour in warm 
 water but not hot; can also be made with cold water or vinegar; 
 rub in with moderate friction. (See prescription for counter-irri- 
 tant, under aq. amnion, fortior. ) 
 
 BLOOD-IyETTiNG — BLEEDING. — Useful in azoturia and acute 
 congestion; congestion of the lungs is sometimes relieved by it. In 
 founder in first stages, bleed from the coronary artery; always 
 
1 78 NOTKS ON 
 
 best to bleed your animal while up if possible. Always use anti- 
 septics in this operation. Take from three to six quarts of blood, 
 but the pulse is the best indication as to the amount of blood to 
 be drawn. As a rule we are able to accomplish with drugs the 
 same effects that bleeding produces. 
 
 EscHAROTics. — This includes the mineral acids, caustic 
 potash, chloride and sulphate of zinc, arsenous acid, corrosive 
 sublimate, etc., which have been studied under their proper 
 heads; also Acidum Chromicum— Chromic Acid, occurs in deep 
 red, needle-formed crystals, ver}^ soluble in water, forming an 
 orange red solution. 
 
 Actions. — Is an oxidizing caustic, is slow in action and not 
 very painful, but penetrates deeply and is very destructive, and 
 on account of its penetrating so deeplj- it should be used with 
 great care. Mice or birds soaked in it will entirely disappear; 
 also destroys bone; always protect the surrounding tissues with 
 oil or vaseline. 
 
 Uses. — Used entirely to destroy growths, as warts, tumors, 
 ets. Sometimes used in weak solution to touch up indolent 
 ulcers; can be made into a paste with water. Sloughing occurs 
 in 24 to 48 hours. 
 
 It is explosive with strong alcohol, glycerin or spirits of 
 nitrous ether, etc. 
 
 EMOLLIENTS, DEMULCENTS AND PROTECTIVE AGENTS. 
 
 Glycerinum— Glycerin. — Soluble in water and alcohol; 
 it is antiseptic and emollient. 
 
 Uses. — Is used as an emollient where indicated, and useful 
 as an enema in constipation or flatulence. 
 
 CoLLODiuM — Collodion — Solution of Gun Cotton in 
 Ether and Alcohol — Collodium Flexile — Flexible Col- 
 lodion— Collodium Stypticum — Styptic Collodion. — Collo- 
 dion painted over wounds forms an air tight coating and in small 
 wounds keeps edges in a fixed position and promotes healing; 
 styptic collodion can be used over raw bleeding surfaces. Keep 
 in well stoppered bottles. 
 
 Acacia— Gum Arabic— ^Iucilago Acacl\, mucilage of Gum 
 Arabic. — Used as an emollient or demulcent and as a vehicle for 
 nauseous or irritating drugs; also to make an emulsion for in- 
 soluble drugs. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 79 
 
 TrAGACAXTHA — TkAGACANTH— MrCILAGO TKACiACAXTH.K. 
 
 used the same as acacia. 
 
 Demulcents include the fixed oils also. 
 
 Linseed Infusion, flaxseed 2 ozs. to i pint boiling water; 
 Slippery Elm Bark in an infusion. 
 
 Glycyrrhiza — Licorice Root.— The powdered licorice 
 root is used or the Extractum Glycyrrhiza Fluidt^m. 
 
 Dose of Either. — Dogs, 1 to 2 drs. ; horse, i to 2 ozs. 
 
 MiSTURA Glycyrrhiz.e Composita. — Compound licorice 
 mixture, commonly known as Brown Mixture, a nice simple 
 expectorant, containing paregoric, wine of antimonj', gum arabic 
 and spts. of nitrous ether. This mixture is very useful in dog 
 practice. Quinine, ammonium Carb. or chloride, etc. may be 
 added as indicated. 
 
 Dose. — Dogs, }'2 dr. to y^ oz. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — The remedies of this group contain 
 mucilaginous constituents on which their properties depend; they 
 are used as protectives in gastro-intestinal disorders or for ex- 
 coriated surfaces, and as expectorants in bronchial affections. 
 ( Licorice. ) 
 
 Poultice. — Materials mo.st frequently used for poultices are 
 first and best, flaxseed meal; then powdered .slippery elm bark, 
 bran and dried hops. For poultices of linseed, pour on hot water 
 to make a paste, repeat poultice every 2 or 3 hours; use anti- 
 septics in poultices as a sol. of bichloride of mercur}- when applied 
 over a wound, for mud fever or grease heel, powder top of poul- 
 tice with charcoal. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Used to apply continuous heat and moist- 
 ure, and to soften, soothe and relax the tissues; they dilate the 
 blood ve-ssels and thus allow the blood to flow on, relieving pres- 
 sure and pain. If used early in the inflammatory action they di- 
 minish it, later they increase and promote suppuration by pro- 
 moting the diffusion of fluids and escape of white corpuscles and 
 purulent elements. They should not be continued too long as 
 they will make the tissues soft and flabby. Dr. Quitman says, 
 never approve of using cow manure as a poultice. 
 
i8o 
 
 NOTES ON 
 
 DRUGS ADVISED BY DR. QUITMAN TO BE CARRIED 
 
 IN CASE. 
 
 1. Acetanilid. 
 
 2. Tr. Aconite Root. 
 
 3. Oninine Sulphate. 
 
 4. Alcohol. 
 
 5. Acetic Acid. 
 
 6. Ammon. Carb. — Aq. Amnion. — 
 
 Aroni. Spts. of Ammon. 
 
 7. Spts. Aeth. Nit. 
 
 8. Pot. Nitrate. 
 
 9. Boric Acid. 
 
 10. Salicylic Acid. 
 
 11. Carbolic Acid. 
 
 12. Corrosive Sublimate. 
 
 13. Soda Hyposulphite. 
 
 14. Zinc Oxide. 
 
 15. Vaseline or Lard. 
 
 16. Lead Acetate or Goulard's Ext. 
 
 17. Aloes Barb. 
 
 18. Calomel. 
 
 19. Colchicum Sem. Fid. Ext. 
 
 20. Soda Sulphate. 
 
 21. Eserine — Physostigma Fid. 
 
 Ext. 
 
 22. Linseed Oil. 
 
 23. Bellad. Fid. Ext. 
 
 24. Cannabis Ind. Fid. Ext. 
 
 25. Gelsem. Fid. Ext. 
 
 26. Morphine — Pulv. Opii or Tr. 
 
 of Opii. 
 
 27. Digitalis Tr. or Fid. Ext. 
 
 28. Ergot, Fid. Ex. 
 
 29. 01. Terebinth. 
 
 30. Fowler's Sol. of Arsenic. 
 
 31. Nux Vomica or Strychnine. 
 
 32. Iron, Sulphate and Tincture 
 
 Chloride. 
 
 33. Gentian or Ginger. 
 
 34. Glycerin. 
 
 35. Iodine Crys. or Tr. 
 
 36. Red Iodide of Mercury. 
 
 37. Cantharides. 
 
 SUPPi.EMENT.\L LIST. 
 
 Croton Oil. 
 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Pilocarpus, Fid. Ext. 
 
 Arnica, Tr. 
 
 Brom. Pot. or Chlor. Hvd. 
 
 ■^^ 
 
Appendix. 
 
 The following drugs were either omitted from their proper 
 classification, or have more or less recently come into common 
 use. 
 
 EUCAINE HYDROCHLORATE. 
 
 Properties. — This occurs in the form of a white neutral, 
 crystalline powder, soluble in lo parts of cold water; solutions 
 stronger than 9 per cent are not stable and will separate crystals 
 of eucaine. 
 
 Solutions of eucaine less than 9 per cent do not decompose 
 and may be sterilized (boiled) without suffering deterioration. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — This drug has the same physiological 
 actions and uses that Cocaine. has; its advantages over cocaine 
 lie in the fact that it is far less poisonous, and solutions of eucaine 
 are permanent and do not, like those of cocaine, decompose when 
 kept; again, solutions of eucaine can be boiled for the purpose of 
 sterilization, whereas solutions of cocaine are decomposed by this 
 process. 
 
 It is used in solutions varying from ]'2 per cent up to 9 per 
 cent. For dogs usually a 2 per cent and for horses a 5 per cent 
 solution is used. 
 
 A few drops (10 to 20) being enough to paralyze a large 
 nerve trunk, (the metacarpal nerve for instance). 
 
 It is said to have more powerful antesthetic effects than co- 
 caine. 
 
 It may be incorporated in salves, powders, lotions, etc. in 
 the same way that cocaine has heretofore been used. 
 
 It can be carried conveniently in solution, say a 5 per cent 
 solution, make this by adding 15 grains of eucaine to 5 drachms 
 of distilled water, this can be boiled before using and thus it ivS 
 
1 82 NOTE.S ON 
 
 not necessary to add antiseptics to the solution, for the purpose 
 of preserving it. 
 
 FORMALIN. 
 
 The name formalin is applied to a 40 per cent scjlution of 
 chemically pure Formaldeh5'de in water. 
 
 Formaldehyde is a gaseous product which is prepared by 
 subjecting methyl alcohol (wood alcohol) to oxidation. It is 
 readil}^ absorbed by water and is put on the market in the form 
 of a saturated aqueous solution, termed Formalin. 
 
 Formalin mixes with water in all proportions. 
 
 Actions. — Formalin is a powerful and harmless antiseptic, 
 disinfectant, deodorant and antizymotic. 
 
 Uses. — As an antiseptic applied to wounds, it is used in from 
 }{ to }4 oi one per cent solutions. 
 
 . As a general antiseptic for hands and instruments, a 'o of i 
 per cent to a 2 or 3 per cent solution is used. 
 
 As a deodorizer for faecal and other extraneous matter a i 
 per cent solution is sufficient. 
 
 Stables may be disinfected by spraying it into the air from an 
 atomizer or by heating a solution of it (about a 20 per cent solu- 
 tion) on a stove. Its fumes are somewhat irritating but not 
 dangerous. For hardening anatomical specimens 4 to 10 per 
 cent solutions. 
 
 It is said to be more powerful than corrosive sublimate, as 
 an antiseptic and at the same time devoid of danger. 
 
 BARII CHLORIDUM. 
 
 Barium chloride, occurs in colorless, flat, four-sided crystals. 
 of a bitter, salty taste. Soluble in 2JS/2 parts of w^ater, almost in- 
 soluble in alcohol. 
 
 In small doses it is occasionally but not often used as a cardiac 
 tonic. Externally it is used as collyrium and lotion for wounds 
 in the strength of J^ to 2 parts to 100 of water. 
 
 Its only use in veterinary practice is as a powerful and rapid 
 purgative, its effects being produced usually in from 15 to 30 
 minutes. 
 
 The dose for a horse per os is from 30 grains to 2 drachms, in 
 j4 pint of water; some veterinarians give as much as 3 or 4 
 drachms, but I would warn the prescriber from administering 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 83 
 
 more than two drachms at the outside, as at best it is a very 
 dangerous drug. 
 
 Intravenously, it is administered in doses averaging 15 
 grains; for this method, the drug should be dissolved in distilled 
 water, i or 2 drachms and twice filtered through the same paper, 
 the needle should be sterilized and the air expelled from the 
 syringe by pressing the piston until the liquid starts to flow from 
 the needle. 
 
 It should not be injected under the skin as it will raise a large, 
 and very painful swelling, which may slough and the drug is in- 
 active as a cathartic when used in this manner. 
 
 On the whole I advise against the use of the drug; while it is 
 highly satisfactory in some cases, in others it produces some very 
 unlooked for and unpleasant results, i. e., extreme colicky pains, 
 muscular twitchings and spasms, great weakness, pulse becoming 
 almost imperceptible; sometimes the horse will recover from this 
 condition, occasionally he dies rather suddenly and again he may 
 become prostrated and lie almost lifeless, though perfect!}' con- 
 .scious, for several days and then die. 
 
 Post-mortem shows extreme engorgement of the blood vessels 
 of the intestines, with more or less inflammation. 
 
 The toxic sj-mptoms described are not those of excessively 
 large do.ses, but have occurred as a result of medicinal doses (}4 
 to 2 drachms ) . 
 
 To tombat the toxic .symptoms, one must commence earh* 
 and administer stimulants, such as alcohol, sulphuric ether and 
 aromatic spirits of ammonia, these may be combined and given 
 in one ounce doses of each; in addition special heart stimulants 
 may be required, preferably a i per cent solution of nitroglycerin 
 in I to 2 drachm doses per os or hypodermatically, or Tincture 
 Strophanthus or Digitalis. 
 
 On the whole as a quick cathartic. Eserine is a much .safer 
 and more reliable drug. 
 
 antitoxins. 
 
 Tetanus Antitoxin. 
 
 This agent I have no doubt in saying is a failure as a cura- 
 tive agent for tetanus. 
 
 As a preventive it may have some value. 
 
1 84 NOTKS ON 
 
 The preventive dose is lo, C. C. (about 150 minims) to be 
 repeated if necessar}' 8 or 10 da^'s later. 
 
 The curative dose is 50, C. C. (about 750 minims) injected 
 at one time, with subsequent injections of 20, C. C. (about 5 
 drachms) according to circumstances. 
 
 TUBERCULIN. 
 
 This is a glycerin extract of the germs of tuberculosis. It 
 contains no living germs of tuberculosis and therefore does not 
 communicate the disease to a healthy animal, the milk of the cow 
 is unaffected by its use and it does not interfere with gestation, 
 even if the cow is ready to calf. 
 
 It is used in veterinary practice entirely as a diagnostic agent, 
 i. e. to positively diagnose tuberculosis in cattle when it is in its 
 incipient stages and not far enough advanced to make a diagno- 
 sis by physical examination. 
 
 Tuberculin may be obtained in what is termed "Concentrated 
 Tuberculin" and "Tuberculin Solution." Tuberculin will keep 
 for several months. If it is desirous of keeping it in stock, it 
 should be kept in the concentrated form and solutions made as 
 required. 
 
 The solution of the "concentrated Tuberculin" is made by 
 adding i C. C. of it to 9 C. C. of a. j4 oi i per cent carbolic acid 
 solution (5 to 1000). 
 
 The solution will retain its activity for 2 or 3 weeks if the 
 vial is unopened and kept in a cool, dark place. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR USING TUBERCULIN FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS. 
 
 The febrile reaction in tuberculous cattle following the sub- 
 cutaneous injection of tuberculin begins from six to ten hours 
 after the injection, reaches the maximum 9 to 15 hours after the 
 injection, and returns to the normal 18 to 26 hours after the in- 
 jection. 
 
 The reaction varies from i to 6 degrees above the average 
 normal temperature. In healthy subjects the quantity of Tuber- 
 culin injected is so small that the animal is not affected by it. 
 
 In conducting the tests the following course is recommended 
 to those who wish to obtain the most accurate results. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 1 85 
 
 I. — Begin to take the rectal temperature at 6 A. M., and 
 take it every two hours thereafter until midnight, to get the nor- 
 mal temperature of the individual and to note that no disease 
 exists. 
 
 2. — Make the injection at midnight. 
 
 3. — Begin to take the temperature next morning at 6 A. M., 
 and continue as on preceding day, to note the reactions. 
 
 Where large herds are to be examined or time does not per- 
 mit of more detail: 
 
 I. — Begin to take the temperature at 8 A. M. and continue 
 every two hours until 10 P. M. (omitting at 8 P. M. if more con- 
 venient). Or, take the temperature three times — morning, noon 
 and evening, — before the injection. 
 
 2. — Make the injection at 10 P. M. 
 
 3. — Take the temperature next morning at 6 or 8 A. M., and 
 every two hours thereafter until 6 or 8 P. M. 
 
 Inject 2 cubic centimeters (about 30 minims) of the tuber- 
 culin solution. Yearlings and two-year-olds should receive i to 
 iy2 cubic centimeters, according to size. Bulls and very large 
 animals may receive 3 cubic centimeters. Make the injection 
 beneath skin of neck or shoulder. 
 
 There is now and then uneasiness, trembling and the more 
 frequent passage of soft dung. There may rJso be slight acceler- 
 ation of the pulse and of the breathing. 
 
 A rise in temperature on the day following injection of 2 or 
 more degrees Fahrenheit above the maximum observed on the 
 previous day should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis, 
 particularly if the temperature reaches or exceeds 104° F. For 
 any rise less than this a repetition of the injection after four or 
 five weeks is highly desirable. In ver}- rare cases the tempera- 
 ture may arise in apparent absence of disease or it may fail to 
 rise when the tuberculosis is advanced and easy of physical diag- 
 nosis. 
 
 For convenience in making the test the animals should not 
 be turned out, but fed and watered in the stable. It is desirable to 
 note the time of feeding and watering. 
 
 MALLEIN OR MALLEINE. 
 
 This antitoxin is used as a diagnostic agent for Glander.s 
 and Farcy in the same way that Tuberculin is used to diagnose 
 Tuberculosis. 
 
1 86 NOTES ON 
 
 The dose depends upon the way in which the product is pro- 
 cured, i. e. whether concentrated or diluted. It is printed upon 
 the vials. 
 
 Only antitoxins from manufacturers with the best reputations 
 should be used. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR USING MALLEINF. FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 Take the temperature of all animals to be tested three times 
 a day for one day before making the injection. 
 
 The injection is most conveniently made at six or seven 
 o'clock in the morning, and the maximum temperature will then 
 be reached by or before lo P. M. of the same day. 
 
 Make the injection beneath the skin of the middle of one 
 .side of the neck, where any local swelling can readily be detected. 
 
 Carefully sterilize the syringe after injecting each horse by 
 flaming the needle over an alcohol lamp. 
 
 Take the temperature every two or three hours for at least i8 
 hours after the injection. Sterilize the thermometer in a 5 percent 
 .solution of carbolic acid, after taking the temperature of each 
 animal. The temperature will begin to rise, as a rule, within 
 from 4 to 8 hours after the injection, and reach its maximum 
 from 10 to 16 hours after injection. On the day succeeding the 
 injection take the temperature at least three times, if possible. 
 In addition to the febrile reaction, note the size, appearance, and 
 duration of any local swelling at the point of injection. 
 
 Note the general condition and symptoms of the animal 
 both before, during, and after the test. After four or live 
 days the injection ma}' be repeated, if the reaction from the first 
 injection is not entirely satisfactory. 
 
 Keep the solution in a sealed bottle in a cool place. 
 
 The experiments conducted at the Veterinary Experiment 
 Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry and elsewhere, have 
 shown as quoted below: 
 
 I. — "That the injection of the Malleine causes a rise in the 
 temperature of 2° to 5° F. in all horses affected with glanders 
 except sometimes in well developed or advanced cases of the 
 disease, already having a tempsrature of 102° F. or above. In 
 no case has the maximum temperature of a glandered hor.se, 
 following the injection, fallen below 103° F. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. 187 
 
 2. — "On the glandered horse an abrupt, hard, painful swell- 
 ing, 4 to 10 inches in diameter, occurs at the point of injection. 
 This generally begins to appear 2 to 4 hours after the injection, 
 continuing on the next day and increasing in size, from i to 
 3 days, disappearing again in from 3 to 9 days afterwards. 
 
 3 — "Subsequent injections in glandered horses gave a similar 
 reaction, although frequently less marked. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR DISGUISING THE COLOR, TASTE AND ODOR OF 
 
 MIXTURES. 
 
 It is frequently desirous to give a pleasant taste and odor to 
 nauseous mixtures, especially when they are to be administered 
 to animals that vomit, particularly the dog whose stomach is very 
 easily irritated by nauseous mixtures. 
 
 Color is frequently added for its pleasing effect to the eye. 
 
 And again the disguising of our mixtures often becomes 
 necessary from a business standpoint, as a protection against 
 the layman who is ever ready to usurp our remedies. 
 
 FOR PLEASANT TASTE. 
 
 Tinctura Cardamomi Cardamom I xt i ~ • ^ •• 
 
 Tinctura Cardamomi Composita j ^"™^" '^•^^^' ^ '• to ij. 
 
 These give a red color and pleasant aromatic taste, and are 
 carminative in action. 
 
 ELIXIR AROMATICUM. 
 
 Aromatic or simple elixir gives pleasant aromatic taste and 
 is carminative. 
 
 SYRUPUS AURANTII. 
 
 Syrup of orange peel gives a pleasant taste. 
 
 Syrupus Glycyrrhiz.e. — Syrup of Licorice Root. — A nice 
 agent to overcome bitter or nauseous taste. 
 
 The combination of Syrupus Glycyrrhiz.e and Syrupus 
 AuRANTii, usually overcomes the most disgusting taste in drugs. 
 
 Syrupus Yerba Santa Aromaticum. — Used to overcome the 
 bitter taste of quinine. 
 
 Syrupus Simplex — Simple syrup. — A .saturated solution of 
 sugar in water, gives a sweet taste. 
 
 Aqua Cinnamomi — Cinnamon water. 
 
 Aqua Menth.e Piperit.e — Peppermint water. 
 
I 88 NOTES ON 
 
 Aqua Gaultheri.e (wintergreen). These three impan 
 their characteristic odor and taste to solutions and mixtures; in 
 addition they are carminative and stomachic. 
 
 The above named agents are ver}^ mild and can be given ad. 
 lib.— usually though in >^ to i drachm doses. 
 
 FOR PLEASANT ODOR AND FLAVOR. 
 
 Oleum Gaultherle( — Oil of wintergreen). 
 
 Oleum Men^th.e Piperit.e— (Peppermint). 
 
 Oleum Cinnamomi — (Cinnamon). 
 
 Oleum Lavandula — (Lavender flowers). 
 
 Oleum Bergamott^ — (Bergamot). 
 
 In liquid mixtures the aqueous solutions of these agents are 
 preferred; should the oils be used however, about two drops to 
 the ounce is sufficient. 
 
 In powders and ointments from 2 to 5 drops may be used. 
 
 FOR coloring liquids. 
 
 Tinctura Santalum Rubrum — Tincture of Red vSaunders 
 or Sandal Wood. — Imparts a ruby red color. 
 
 Tinctura Curcuma. — Gives a yellow color. 
 
 Indigo Blue. — For a blue color. 
 
 Caramel— Solution of burnt sugar. — Gives a deep, dark 
 red to a brown color, according to quantity used. 
 
 Tinctura Coccus — Tincture of the cochineal insect. — Im- 
 parts a rich, ruby red color; darker, richer and more brilliant 
 than a solution of carmine (carmine is made from the cochineal 
 insect). 
 
 SoLUTio Carmine. — A solution of carmine which gives a 
 pink to a bright red color according to the amount used, (one or 
 two drachms to the pint is enough ). 
 
 FOR coloring ointments AND POWDERS. 
 
 Carmine - For pink or red. 
 
 Powdered Curcuma — For yellow. 
 
 Bole Armenian — For pink. 
 
 Powdered Glycyrrhiz.^ — For yellowish or brown. 
 
 Charcoal — For black. 
 
 Directions for making a staple .solution of carmine: 
 
 ^ Carmine, 5 jj- 
 
 Aq. Ammon. Fort., 5 J* 
 
 Glvceriu, .5iij- 
 
 Aq. Dest. Qs. Ad., Oj. 
 
VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. 1 89 
 
 Rub the carmine up in the ammonia, then add the water, 
 shake, then add the glycerin to preserve it. 
 
 If it should start to decompose (get fcetid and merky ) add a 
 little more Aq. Ammon. Fort. 
 
 For Making Tincture of Cochineal. — Powder the in- 
 sects, let them macerate (soak) for eight days, in the proportion 
 of one part to eight parts diluted alcohol. 
 
 In prescribing coloring agents for colorless liquid mixtures 
 or solutions, should you not know the quantity necessary to im- 
 part the characteristic color of the agent used, it will be suffi- 
 cient to add as the last item in the prescription the name of the 
 coloring agent followed by the abbreviation qs., for example: 
 
 I^ Hydrarg. chlor. corrop., grs. vijss. 
 
 Amnioni.. chloridi, grs. vijss. 
 
 Aqua, Oj. 
 
 Sol. carmine qs., 
 M. Ft. Sol. Sig. — For external use. 
 
 Although as a rule it is better that you prescribe an exact 
 quantity. One to four drachms of any of the agents mentioned 
 for coloring liquids is about the proper amount. 
 
 Poisonous solutions that are colorless, such as solutions of the 
 bichloride of mercury, etc., should always be colored, to attract 
 the attention of the one using it that it is medicine and not 
 water or some equally harmless substance. 
 
 <3»i*- 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 And, on page 23, i8th line from bottom, should be eml. 
 
 Soda, calomel, on page 27, 5th line from bottom, should be Soda, 
 cholafincjues are calomel, etc 
 
 Apparatus by controlling, on page 32, 4th line from bottom, should be 
 apparatus rontroUinri. 
 
 Made, on page 36, lines 12 and 14 from bottom, should be iiiroinjxdibh'. 
 
 Large, on page 37, line 7 from top, should be extraordinary. 
 
 Put after, on page 37, line 7 from top, should be put ! after. 
 
 Does neither, on page 45, lines 7 and 6 from bottom, should be acts he- 
 ticeen the two. 
 
 Does neither, on page 48, line i from top, should be at-tM Ixtireeii tlw 
 tiro. 
 
 3 ii, on page 52, line 15 from top, should be 5 ii- 
 
 Sulphatis, on page 57, line 4 from bottom, should be Siil>''<ulj>Jiati,s. 
 
 Hydrastrininae, on page 71, line 8 from bottom, should be Hi/drastniincc. 
 
 si ozs., on page 71, line 5 from bottom, should be Ih dr. 
 
 Synergist, on page 78, line 4 from top, should be Sytionjim. 
 
 Give, on page 86, line 10 from bottom, should be use. 
 
 Cinnamonia, on page 113, line 6 from bottom, should be Chinaiiionu', 
 
 Dogs, 1-20, on page 121, line 4 from top, should be 1-120. 
 
 
Abbreviiitions in Prescription 
 
 Writing 36-37 
 
 Abbreviations that may be mis- 
 taken 38 
 
 Abstracta (Alistracts) 4 
 
 Acacia 178 
 
 Aceta (Vinegars) 4 
 
 Acetanilid 117 
 
 Acetate of Ethyl 140 
 
 Acetate of Ammonia, Solntion ... 85 
 
 Acetate of Copper 99 
 
 Acetate of Lead 101 
 
 Acetate of Potash 78 
 
 Acetate of Zinc 105 
 
 Acetic Ether 140 
 
 Acid Carbonate 78 
 
 Acid Tartrate of Potassium 79 
 
 Acidum Aceticum 87 
 
 Aceticum Dilutum 87 
 
 Aceticum Glaciale 87 
 
 Arsenosum 64 
 
 Benzoicum 119 
 
 Boracicum 118 
 
 Carbolicum 112 
 
 Carbolicum Crudum 112 
 
 Chromicum 178 
 
 Citricum 87 
 
 Gallicum 107 
 
 Hydrobromicnm Dilutum . . 153 
 
 Hydrochloricum 45 
 
 Hydrocyanicum Dilutum . . 160 
 
 Lacticum 42 
 
 Nitricnm 46 
 
 Nitro-Hydrochloricum Di- 
 lutum 45 
 
 Phenicum. 112 
 
 Salicylicum 114 
 
 Sulphuricum 43 
 
 Acidum. 
 
 Sulphuricum Aromaticum. 43 
 
 Sulphuricum Dilutiim 43 
 
 Sulphurosiim 88 
 
 Tannicum 106 
 
 Tartaricum 87 
 
 Aconite 162 
 
 Aconiti Extractum 162 
 
 riuidum, Extractum 163 
 
 Tinctura 163 
 
 Aconitine 163 
 
 Adeps 49 
 
 Benzoinatus 49-119 
 
 Lanje Hydrosis 49 
 
 Administration of Medicine 10 
 
 .Ether 139 
 
 Aceticus 140 
 
 Fortior 139 
 
 Alcohol 137 
 
 Absolutum 137 
 
 Amylicum 137 
 
 Dilutum 137 
 
 Alcdliolic Extract of Belladonna 
 
 Leaves : 127 
 
 Alkaloids 4 
 
 Almond Oil 49 
 
 Aloe 169 
 
 Barbadensis 169 
 
 Capensis 169 
 
 Socotrina 169 
 
 Alteratives 33 
 
 Alumen (Alum) 105 
 
 Alumen Exsiccatum 105 
 
 Ali;minis Snlphas 105 
 
 Aluminum 105 
 
 American Hellebore 165 
 
 Ammoniac 135 
 
 Ammoniio, Aqua Fortior 84 
 
192 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ammonii Benzoas 86 
 
 Broinidiim 152 
 
 Carbonas 85 
 
 Chloridi 86 
 
 Phosphas 87 
 
 Ammonium 84 
 
 Amyl Nitrite 162 
 
 An {esthetics 19 
 
 Anaesthesia, Directions lor 144 
 
 Anaphrodisiac 32 
 
 Anhydrotics 30 
 
 Animal Charcoal 113 
 
 Anodynes (Analgesics) 19 
 
 Antagonists 34 
 
 Anthelmintics 28-172 
 
 Antidotes 34 
 
 Antidotes for poisoning Gas 34 
 
 A ntiemetics 25 
 
 Antifebrin 117 
 
 Antiperiodics 15 
 
 Antiphlogistics 33 
 
 Antipyretics 33 
 
 Antipyretics — List of, and their 
 
 action 22 
 
 Antipyrin 117 
 
 Antiseptic Oils 120 
 
 Antiseptics 15-111 
 
 Antiseptics — How to administer. 11 
 
 Antisialagogues 24 
 
 Antispasmodics 19 
 
 Antitoxins 183 
 
 Antizymotics 15 
 
 Aphrodisiac '32 
 
 Apomorphina; Hydrochloras 147 
 
 Aqua Ammonia 84 
 
 Bueliens 39 
 
 Communis 39 
 
 Cinnamomi 187 
 
 Destillata 39 
 
 Fervens 39 
 
 Fluvialis 39 
 
 Fontana 39 
 
 Gaultheria^ 188 
 
 Marina 39 
 
 Menthse Piperitse 187 
 
 Pluvialis 39 
 
 Areca Nut 173 
 
 Arec* Semina, Pulvis 173 
 
 Argenti Nitras 98 
 
 Nitras Fusiis 98 
 
 Argentum 98 
 
 Arnica^ 155 
 
 Flores 155 
 
 Florum, Tincture 155 
 
 Eadicis Fluidimi, Extract- 
 
 um 155 
 
 Kadicis Tinctura 155 
 
 Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia. ... 84 
 Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb . . 168 
 
 Arsenic 64 
 
 Arsenic, Toxicology of 67 
 
 Arseni lodidum 64 
 
 Arsenicum Alba 64 
 
 Arsenite of Copper 99 
 
 Arsenous Acid 64 
 
 Arsenous Acid Solution 64 
 
 Asaf oetida 134 
 
 Asafoetida", Tinctura 134 
 
 Aspidium 173 
 
 Astringents (Intestinal) 27 
 
 Astringents Vegetable 106 
 
 Atropiniie Sulphas 127 
 
 Ball (Bolus) 9 
 
 Balnea 9 
 
 Balsam of Fir 174 
 
 Barii Chloridum 182 
 
 Baths 9 
 
 Belladonna 127 
 
 Belladonna Alcoholicum, Ex- 
 
 tractum 127 
 
 Emplastrum 127 
 
 Extractum 127 
 
 Fluidum, Extractum 127 
 
 Belladonnse Folise 127 
 
 Radix 127 
 
 Root 127 
 
 Tinctura 127 
 
 Bergamot 188 
 
 Betel Nut 173 
 
 Benzoate of Ammonia 86 
 
 of Soda.... ..119 
 
 Benzoic Acid 119 
 
 Benzoin, Tincture of 119 
 
 Benzoinated Lard 49-119 
 
 Benzoiniim 119 
 
 Bicarbonate of Potash 78 
 
IXDEX 
 
 193 
 
 Bicarbonate of Soda 81 
 
 Bile Production 27 
 
 Bismuthi Citras 63 
 
 Bismuthi et Ammonia Citras .... 63 
 
 Salycilate 63 
 
 Snbcarbonas 63 
 
 Sul)iodidiTm 63 
 
 Siibnitras 63 
 
 Bitters 68 
 
 Bitters, Aromatic 69 
 
 Black Cohosh 12^ 
 
 Black Haw 110 
 
 Black Snake Boot 126 
 
 Bleeding 33-177 
 
 Blue Mass 95 
 
 Ointment 94 
 
 Stone 100 
 
 Vitriol 100 
 
 Bole Armenian 188 
 
 Boracic (Boric) Acid 118 
 
 Borax 81 
 
 Bougies 9 
 
 Brandj- 137 
 
 Bromides 152 
 
 Bromide of Ammonia 152 
 
 of Lithium 152 
 
 of Potash 152 
 
 of Soda 152 
 
 of Zinc 153 
 
 Broom 126 
 
 Brown Mixture 179 
 
 Buchu 175 
 
 Butyl Chloral Hydrate 146 
 
 Cacao Butter 49 
 
 Cachets 9 
 
 Cade, Oil of 175 
 
 Cajuput Oil 120 
 
 Calabarine 158 
 
 Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus.. . 83 
 Calcii Phosphas Praecipitatus ... 54 
 
 Calcium 83 
 
 Calcium Bromide 152 
 
 Sulphide 88 
 
 Calomel 96 
 
 Calumba 68 
 
 Calx Chlorata 112 
 
 Camphora 133 
 
 Camphorae Ac^ua 133 
 
 Camphorae Linimentum 133 
 
 Monobromata 133 
 
 Spiritus 133 
 
 Canada Turpentine 174 
 
 Cannabis Amei'icanus 135 
 
 Indica ..135 
 
 Indica Fluidum, Extract- 
 
 um 135 
 
 Cantharides, Pulvis 176 
 
 Tinctura 176 
 
 Cantharis 176 
 
 Capaiva 175 
 
 Capsici Fluidum, Extractum 70 
 
 Tinctura 70 
 
 Capsicum 69 
 
 Capsulae 9 
 
 Caramel igy 
 
 Carbo Animalis us 
 
 Carbolic Acid 112 
 
 Carbo Ligni 113 
 
 Carbonate of Bismuth 63 
 
 of Potash 78 
 
 of Zinc, Precipitated 103 
 
 Cardamomi, Tinctura 187 
 
 Carmine ij^g 
 
 Carminatives 27 
 
 Carron Oil 51 
 
 Cascara Sagrada 167 
 
 Cascara Sagrada Aromaticum, 
 
 Fluidum i67 
 
 Cascarilla 69 
 
 Castor Oil 168 
 
 Cataplasmata 9 
 
 Catechu 107 
 
 Catechu Composita,"Tinctura. . ..107 
 
 Cathartics 25-167 
 
 Caustic Potash 77 
 
 Cayenne Pepper 69 
 
 Cerata (Cerates) 4 
 
 Cerebral Excitants 133 
 
 Sedatives 137 
 
 Chalk Prepared 83 
 
 Charcoal 113-188 
 
 Chartae 4 
 
 Chittem 167 
 
 Chloral Hydrate 146 
 
 Chlorate of Potash 80 
 
 Chloride of Lime 112 
 
194 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Chloroformi, Aqua 142 
 
 Emnlsum 142 
 
 Linimentum 143 
 
 Spiritus 143 
 
 Chloroformum 142 
 
 Chvomic Acid 178 
 
 Chronic Arsenical Poisoning 67 
 
 Cimicifuga 126 
 
 Cimicifngae Fluidum, Extract- 
 urn 126 
 
 Kadicis Pulvis 126 
 
 Cinclioua Flava 72 
 
 Kubra 73 
 
 Cinclionae Extracta 72 
 
 Extractum, Fluidum 72 
 
 Cinchoninae Sulphas 73 
 
 Cinnamomi Aqua 187 
 
 Oleum 188 
 
 Citrate of Lithium 83 
 
 of Potash 78 
 
 Citrine Ointment 94 
 
 Clysters 9 
 
 Coca 136 
 
 Cocae Fluidum, Extractum 136 
 
 Cocaine Hydrochloras 136-181 
 
 Coccus, Tinctura 188 
 
 Cochineal Tincture 189 
 
 Cod Liver Oil 50 
 
 Codeine 147-148 
 
 Colchici Eadicis Fluidum, Ex- 
 tractum 108 
 
 Colchici Seminis Fluidum 108 
 
 Colchicum 108 
 
 Collodia (Collodion) 4-178 
 
 Collodion, Flexible 178 
 
 Collodium Stypticum 106-178 
 
 Collumarium 9 
 
 Collyrium 9 
 
 Columba 68 
 
 Compound Tincture of Catechu.. 107 
 
 Confections 5 
 
 Copaiba 175 
 
 Copper 99 
 
 Corn-Smut 124 
 
 Corrosive Chloride 97 
 
 Sublimate 97 
 
 Cosmoline 50 
 
 Cotton Root Bark 124 
 
 Cotton Seed Oil 49 
 
 Counter-irritants 176 
 
 Cramp Bark 110 
 
 Cream of Tartar 79 
 
 Creolin 114 
 
 Creosote 112 
 
 Creta Pr eparata 83 
 
 Croton Chloral Hydrate 146 
 
 Croton-Oil.... 171 
 
 Cupri Acetas 99 
 
 Cupri Arsenis 99 
 
 Cupri Sulphas 100 
 
 C uprum 99 
 
 Curcuma, Powdered 188 
 
 Cyanide of Potash 160 
 
 Demulcents 18-178-179 
 
 Deobstruents 33 
 
 Deodorizers 15 
 
 Depressants (Hepatic) 27 
 
 Diaphoretics (simple, nauseating 
 
 and refrigerant) 29 
 
 Digitalein 125 
 
 Digitalin 125 
 
 Digitalinum 124 
 
 Digitalis 124 
 
 JExtractum, Fluidum 124 
 
 Digitin 125 
 
 Digitonin 125 
 
 Digitoxin 125 
 
 Diluents 18 
 
 Diluted Solution of Subacetate 
 
 of Lead 102 
 
 Discutients 33 
 
 Disinfectants 15 
 
 Disk 9 
 
 Directions for Disguising Color, 
 Taste and Odor of Mixtures. , .187 
 
 Dispensatorj' 3 
 
 Diuretics (Hydragogue, Refriger- 
 ant, and Stimulant) 30 
 
 Dog-Button 120 
 
 Donovan's Solution 64 
 
 Doses Generally 38-y9 
 
 Dover's Powder 146 
 
 Dragee 9 
 
 Drastic Purgatives 170 
 
 Dried Alum 105 
 
 Dried Carbonate of Soda 81 
 
INDEX 
 
 195 
 
 Drugs Advised by Dr. Quitman to 
 
 be Carried in Case 180 
 
 Ecbolics 32 
 
 Electuaries 9 
 
 Elixir Aromaticum 187 
 
 Elixirs 5 
 
 Elm Bark, Slippery 179 
 
 Emetics 25-167 
 
 Emetine 167 
 
 Emmenagogues 32-176 
 
 Emollients 18-178 
 
 Emplastra 5 
 
 Emulsions 6 
 
 Enemas 9-172 
 
 Ergot..: 123 
 
 Ergot, Fluid Extract of 123 
 
 Powdered 123 
 
 Ergotole 123 
 
 Errhines 21 
 
 Escharotics 16-178 
 
 Eserine 158 
 
 Ether ;139 
 
 Ethyl Alcohol 137 
 
 Bromide 1-40 
 
 Exalgine 116 
 
 Exeito-Motors 20-120 
 
 Expectorants 21 
 
 Stimulants 23 
 
 Extracta (extracts) 5 
 
 Extracta Fluida 5 
 
 Extractum Colchici lladicis Flu- 
 
 idum 108 
 
 Seminis Flu- 
 
 idum 108 
 
 Extractum Digitalis 124 
 
 Ergotae Fluidum 123 
 
 Hamamelis Fluidum 107 
 
 Eucaine Hydrochlorate 181 
 
 Eucalyptus 70 
 
 Eucalypti Extractum Fluidum. . . 70 
 
 Eucalyptol 70 
 
 Fats 49 
 
 Ferri Arsenite 58 
 
 Bromidi Syrupus 59 
 
 Carbouas Saccharatus. . . .56-60 
 
 Chloridi Tinctura 57-61 
 
 Dialysatum 58 
 
 lodidi, Syrupus 57 
 
 Ferri Phosphas 57 
 
 Subsulphatis 58 
 
 Sulphas 56-60 
 
 Sulphas Exsiccatus 56 
 
 Ferrum O.xidum Hydratum 57-61 
 
 Reductum 56 
 
 Filix Mas 173 
 
 Fleming's Tincture of Aconite. ..163 
 
 Fluid Extracts 5-36 
 
 Folia Digitalis 124 
 
 Fomentatixin 9 
 
 Food lor Sick Animals 39 
 
 Young Animals 39 
 
 Formalin 182 
 
 Fotus 9 
 
 Fowlers's-Solution 65 
 
 Fox-Glove 124 
 
 Fused Nitrate of Silver 98 
 
 Fusel Oil 137 
 
 Galactogogues 33 
 
 Galactophyga 33 
 
 Galla 107 
 
 Gambogia 171 
 
 Galgarysma 9 
 
 Gargle 9 
 
 Gastric Sedatives 25 
 
 Gastro-Intestinal Route to Ad- 
 minister Medicine 10 
 
 Gaultheriae, Aqua 188 
 
 Oleum 188 
 
 Gelsemii Fluidum, Extractum.. .154 
 
 Tinctura 154 
 
 Gelsemium 154 
 
 Gentiana 68 
 
 Fluid Extract 68 
 
 Powdered Root 68 
 
 Germicides 15 
 
 How to Administer 11 
 
 Ginger 69 
 
 Essence of 69 
 
 Fluid Extract of 69 
 
 Powdered 69 
 
 Glanders — Diagnosis of — by use 
 
 of Malleine 186 
 
 Glaxibcr's Salt 82 
 
 Glonoin 132-162 
 
 Glucosides 5 
 
 Glycecol ] 
 
19.6- 
 
 INDEX 
 
 G-lycerinum i . . ..> . . ..178 
 
 Glycerinum Acidi Tanniei. , . . . .106 
 
 Glycerites ..• 6 
 
 .., Glycyrrhizae Composita, 
 . Mixture, ,..-.... 179 
 
 Glycyrrhiza ; 179 
 
 < Glycj'rrhizae Fluidiim, Ex- 
 
 tractum 179 
 
 G-lycyrrliizae Syrupus 187 
 
 Golden Seal 71 
 
 Gossypii Kadicis Cortex .. ^ ...... . 124 
 
 Goulard's Extraqt .,. 102 
 
 Water .... . , . .. ,. 102 
 
 Gmnule , 9 
 
 Gum Arabic 178 
 
 Guaiacum 109 
 
 Guaiaci Ammoniata, Tinctura 109 
 
 (rjaematinics 33 
 
 Hamamelis 107 
 
 IJaustus Draught 10 
 
 Henbane 132 
 
 Hepatic Aloes 169 
 
 Hoffman's Anodyne 140 
 
 Honeys 6 
 
 Hydragogue Cathartics 171 
 
 Hydrargyrum Bichloridum 97 
 
 _. Chloridum Corrosium 97 
 
 , Cum Creta 95 
 
 ; lodidum 95 
 
 Perch loridum 97 
 
 Hydrastinine Hydrochloras 71 
 
 Hydrastis 71 
 
 Extractum Fluidum 71 
 
 Hydrated Oxide of Iron 57 
 
 Hydrobromic Ether 140 
 
 Hydrocliloric Acid 45 
 
 Hydrogen Dioxide Ill 
 
 Hydrogen Peroxidum Ill 
 
 Hyosciami Alcoholicum, Extract- 
 um 132 
 
 I luidum, Extractum 132 
 
 Tinctura 132 
 
 Hyosciamus 132 
 
 Hypnotics 19 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda 82 
 
 Ignatia 123 
 
 Ipecac 167 
 
 Ipecacuanlia 167 
 
 Ipecacuanha et Opii, Tinctura. ..167 
 
 Impure Carbolic Acid 112 
 
 Incompatibles 34-35- 
 
 Indian Cannabis 135 
 
 Hemp 135 
 
 Tobacco 159 
 
 Indigo Blue 188 
 
 Infusions 5-36 
 
 Ingluvin 42 
 
 Inhalations 10-12 
 
 Injection of Medicines — Mode of. 12 
 
 Intratracheal 12 
 
 Subcutaneous Cellular Tis- 
 sue 12 
 
 Through Vein and Arteries 12 
 
 Insufiflation 12 
 
 Iodide of Ammonia 90 
 
 Iodide of Arsenic 64 
 
 Potash 90 
 
 Soda 90 
 
 Iodine Ointment 91 
 
 Iodoform 90 
 
 lodol 90 
 
 lodum (Iodine) 89 
 
 Iron and Arsenic. 58 
 
 Iron and its Preparations 56 
 
 Iron, Dried Sulphate of 56 
 
 Iron, Powdered 56 
 
 Keduced 56 
 
 Sulphate of 56 
 
 Irritants 15 
 
 J aborandi 156 
 
 Jalapa 170 
 
 Jalapa, Pulvis 170 
 
 Jalapae Compositus, Pulvis 170 
 
 Jalapae, Extractum 170 
 
 Jalapae, Kesina 170 
 
 Jelly 10 
 
 Juniper, Oil of 175 
 
 Juniperus 175 
 
 Kino 107 
 
 Kino Tinctura Ift7 
 
 Lactic Acid 42 
 
 Lacto Phosphate of Lime, Syrup 
 
 of , 55 
 
 Lanolin 49 
 
 Lard 49 
 
 Laudanum 147 
 
INDEX 
 
 197 
 
 Lead 100 
 
 Licorice Koot. 179 
 
 Lignum Yitae 109 
 
 Lime- Water 83 
 
 Lini Farina 50 
 
 Liniments 6 
 
 Linimentum Saponis 133 
 
 Linseed Cake 50 
 
 Infusion 179 
 
 Linseed-Oil 51 
 
 Liquors 6 
 
 Liquor Acidi Arsenosa 64 
 
 Ammonii Acetates 85 
 
 Arseni et Hydrargii lodidi . 64 
 
 Ferri Subsulphatis 57 
 
 lodi Compositus 89 
 
 Plumbi Subacetatis 102 
 
 Plumbi Subacetatis Dilu- 
 
 tus 102 
 
 Potassae 77 
 
 Potassi Arsenitis 65 
 
 Sodae 81 
 
 Sodii Arsenitis 65 
 
 Zinci Chloridi 103 
 
 Lithii Bromidum 152 
 
 Citras 83 
 
 Lithium 83 
 
 Lithontriptics 31 
 
 Lobelia 159 
 
 Lobeliae Fluidum, Extractum. . .159 
 
 Tinctura 159 
 
 Lunar Caustic 98 
 
 Male Fern 173 
 
 Mallein, and how to Diagnose 
 
 Glanders 185-186 
 
 Manganese 62 
 
 Massae Hydrargyri 95 
 
 Masses 6 
 
 Materia Medica 3 
 
 May Apple 171 
 
 Meadow Saffron 108 
 
 Mellita 6 
 
 Mercurial Ointment 94 
 
 Mercury 94 
 
 Mercury, Ointment of Nitrate of. 94 
 
 Oleate of 95 
 
 Ked Iodide of 95 
 
 with Chalk 95 
 
 Methylene Blue 116 
 
 Milk of Sulphur. ; 88 
 
 Mineral Acids — How to Admin- 
 ister 10 
 
 Kecapitulation of 47 
 
 Mixtures 6 
 
 Monkshood 162 
 
 Monobromated Camphor 133 
 
 Monsel's Powder 58-61 
 
 Solution -...57-61 
 
 Morphinae Acetate ...;.... 148 
 
 Hydrochlorate 148 
 
 Sulphas ...148 
 
 Sulphate 148 
 
 Morphine 147 
 
 Motor Depressant 20 
 
 Mucilages 6-178 
 
 Mucilago Acacia . .-. .178 
 
 Tragacanthae 179 
 
 Muriate of Ammonia 86 
 
 Muriatic Acid '. . . . 45 
 
 Mustard ....177 
 
 Mustard, Black 177 
 
 White : 177 
 
 Mydriatics 21 
 
 Myotics 21 
 
 Naphthalin 116 
 
 Naphthol 116 
 
 Narcotics 19 
 
 Nasal Douche 12 
 
 Natrium 81 
 
 Nitrate of Potash 79 
 
 of Soda 81 
 
 of Silver 98 
 
 Nitric Acid 46 
 
 Nitric Acid Dilute ..• 46 
 
 Nitro-Glycerin 132-162 
 
 Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid Dilute . 46 
 
 Muriatic Acid Dilute 45 
 
 Nitrous Ether, Spii-its of. 140 
 
 Nucis Vomic;e, Extractum 120 
 
 Tinctura 120 
 
 Nut Gall 107 
 
 Nux Vomica 120 
 
 Fluid Extract of . . .' 1^0 
 
 Official Preparations 3-4 
 
 Officinal Prepartions 3 
 
 Oil Cake -. 50 
 
198 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Oils 49 
 
 Oil of Cade 175 
 
 Cinnamon 120-188 
 
 Cloves 1-20 
 
 Juniper 175 
 
 Lavender Flowers 188 
 
 Peppermint 188 
 
 Rue 176 
 
 Savine 176 
 
 Thyme 120 
 
 Oil of Wintergreen 120-188 
 
 Ointments 8 
 
 Oleates 7 
 
 Oleatum Hydrargyri 95 
 
 Oleoresinae Aspidii 173 
 
 Capsica 70 
 
 Oleoresins 7 
 
 Oleum Amygdale Expressum .... 49 
 
 Eergamottte 188 
 
 Cadinum 175 
 
 Camphoratum 133 
 
 Cajuputi 120 
 
 Caryophylli 120 
 
 Cinnamomum 120-188 
 
 Copaibse 175 
 
 Eucalypti 70 
 
 Gaultheriae 120-188 
 
 Gossypii Seminis 49 
 
 Juniperi .175 
 
 Lavandula* 188 
 
 Lini 50 
 
 Meutliae Piperitae 188 
 
 ]VJ orrliute 50 
 
 Olivae 49 
 
 Phosphoratum 54 
 
 Ricini 168 
 
 Kutic 176 
 
 Sabinie 176 
 
 Sinapis 177 
 
 Terebinthiniu 174 
 
 Theobromatis 49 
 
 Tliymi 120 
 
 Tiglii 171 
 
 Olive Oil 49 
 
 Opii Acetum 147 
 
 Camphorata, Tinctura 147 
 
 Emplastrum 147 
 
 Extractum 146 
 
 Opium Pilulae 147 
 
 Pulvis 146 
 
 Tinctura 147 
 
 Vinum 147 
 
 Opium 146 
 
 Oxidizers 36 
 
 Oxytocics 32 
 
 Pancreatin 42 
 
 Papain 42 
 
 Papayotin 42 
 
 Papers 4 
 
 Parasiticides 15 
 
 Parenchymatous Injections 13 
 
 Pearson's Solution 65 
 
 Peppermint 188 
 
 Pepsin 41 
 
 Permanganate of Potash 62 
 
 Peroxide of Hydrogen Ill 
 
 Petrolatum 50 
 
 Pharmacology 3 
 
 Pharmacoprjea 3 
 
 Pharmacy 3 
 
 Phenacetin 117 
 
 Phenic Acid 112 
 
 Phenol 112 
 
 Phosphate of Iron 57 
 
 of Lime (Precipitated) 54 
 
 of Soda 54 
 
 Phosphide of Zinc 54 
 
 Physiological Action 3 
 
 Physiological Classification of 
 
 Medicine 13 
 
 Physostigma.. 158 
 
 Physostigmatis, Extractum 158 
 
 Physostigmatis Fluidum, Ex- 
 tractum , 158 
 
 Physostigmatis, Tinctura 158 
 
 Pliysostigminae Salicylas 158 
 
 Physostigminae Sulphas 158 
 
 Physostigmine 158 
 
 Phytolacca 166 
 
 Phytolacca, Extractum 166 
 
 Phytolacca Fluidum, Extractum. 166 
 
 Pills 7 
 
 Pilocarpi Fluidum, Extractum. ..156 
 
 Pilocarpinae Hydrochloras 156 
 
 Pilocarpus 156 
 
 Plasters 5 
 
INDEX. 
 
 199 
 
 Plumbi Acetas 101 
 
 Carbonas 101 
 
 Oxidum 101 
 
 Subacetatis, Ceratum 102 
 
 Plumbum 100 
 
 Podopliylli, Extractum . 171 
 
 Podopbj'lli Fluidum, Extractum. 171 
 
 Podopliylli, Kesina 171 
 
 Podophyllin , . . . . 171 
 
 Potassae Hydras 77 
 
 Potasii Acetas 78 
 
 Bicarbonas 78 
 
 Bitartrate , 79 
 
 Bromidum 152 
 
 Carbonas 78 
 
 Citras 78 
 
 Cyanidum 160 
 
 Permanganas 62 
 
 Sulphas 79 
 
 Tartras 79 
 
 Potassium 76 
 
 Alum 105 
 
 lodidum 90 
 
 Potus 10 
 
 Poultices 9-179 
 
 Powdered CJmicifuga Root 126 
 
 Powdered Leaves of Fox-glove. . . 124 
 Powders 7 
 
 Prescriptions for 
 
 Abortion (to Pre^•eut) 110 
 
 Acute Kbeumatism. . . .115-116 
 
 Anodyne 130-133-164 
 
 Apoplexy (Parturient in 
 
 Cattle) 85 
 
 Ascites (in Dogs) 94 
 
 Asthma (in Dogs) 160 
 
 Azoturia 109- 155-158 
 
 Blistering Ointment 176 
 
 Bone Diseases 60 
 
 Bright's Disease 93 
 
 Canker of Ear (in Dogs) 102-105 
 
 Catarrh 75 
 
 Catarrhal Discharge (before 
 
 and after trephining) .... 58 
 
 Catarrhal Disorders 68 
 
 Catarrhal Fever 77 
 
 Cathartic (quick) 157 
 
 Cerebral Congestion 109 
 
 Prescriptions for — 
 
 Cerebral Engorgement, iti 
 
 dogs 153 
 
 Cold 75 
 
 Colic (spasmodic ) 85-135 
 
 Coloring Ointments, Powders* 
 
 and Liquids 188-18^J 
 
 Con.iunctivities 104-105 
 
 Constipation 109 
 
 Constipation (habitual in 
 
 dogs) 171 
 
 Coughs (in horses) 151 
 
 Counter Irritants (in chest 
 
 diseases) 85 
 
 Crack Heel 52 
 
 Deposits in the Eye 95 
 
 Diabetes Insipidus 60-92 
 
 Diarrhoea 44 
 
 Distemper (in dogs) . . .116-117 
 Dressing (for blistered or 
 
 bruised surfaces) 102 
 
 Dropsical Condition 79 
 
 Dysentery 44 
 
 Dyspepsia- Atonic 61 
 
 Eczema 94-102 
 
 Erysipelas 99 
 
 Expectoran t 179 
 
 Everted Uterus, Vagina or 
 
 Bectum 151 
 
 Fever 76 
 
 (iargle 80 
 
 Grease Heel 52 
 
 Healing Powder 103 
 
 Salve 103 
 
 Heaves 66-92-129 
 
 Husk of Sheep |89 
 
 Hydrothorax 94 
 
 Indigestion for Suckling 
 
 Calves or Colts 42 
 
 Influenza (hepatic or en- 
 
 teic) 46 
 
 InHammation, Superficial.. 99 
 
 Intestinal Flatuleu ce 85 
 
 Itching Skin Disease. ...77-161 
 Itching Skin Disease, in 
 
 dogs 64 
 
 Liniment, Stimulating.130-133 
 Anodyne... .... .165 
 
200 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Prescriptions for — 
 
 Lotion, White 102 
 
 Lumbago 116 
 
 Malarial Disorders 66-67 
 
 Mammitis 129-166 
 
 Mange 88 
 
 Muscular Soreness 115 
 
 Nutrient 50 
 
 (Edema of Legs 79 
 
 Opacity of Cornea 95 
 
 Osteo-Porosis 60 
 
 Piles 108 
 
 Polyuria 92 
 
 Prurigo 97 
 
 Pruritus 97 
 
 Purgative 26-27 
 
 Purgative (for dogs) 169 
 
 Purgative (for cattle) 172 
 
 Quittor 98 
 
 Kheumatlsm 75-115 
 
 Rickets (in dogs and pup- 
 pies) ...... 54-60 
 
 Scratches 52 
 
 Skin Disease 102-77-161-64 
 
 Sore Throat 61 
 
 Spasmodic Colic 85-135 
 
 Sun Stroke 118 
 
 Sweating Mixture 156 
 
 Tapeworm (in dogs) 173 
 
 Tetanus 100 
 
 Tonic 47-50-60-75 
 
 Urticaria 88-97 
 
 • Vomiting in dogs. . .64-113-161 
 
 Worm Medicine 172-173 
 
 Worms, Removal from Intes- 
 tines .60-61 
 
 Prescription Writing, Mode of. 36-37 
 
 Prickly Ash 110 
 
 Protective Agents 178 
 
 Prunus Virginiana 69 
 
 Pruni Virginiame, Extractum .... 69 
 
 Fluidum 69 
 
 Syrupus 69 
 
 Prussic Acid 160 
 
 Pulverization 12 
 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanha' et Opii....l46 
 Purgatives, Cholagogue, Drastic, 
 Hydragogue and Saline .... 25-26-27 
 
 Putrefaction 15 
 
 Pyoktanin 116 
 
 Quaker Buttons 120 
 
 Quassia 68 
 
 Extract 68 
 
 Fluid Extract 68 
 
 Tincture 68 
 
 Queei-'s Root 110 
 
 Quercus Alba 107 
 
 Albae, Decoctum 107 
 
 Quininae Hydrobromas 73 
 
 Sulphas 73 
 
 Rectum, Administration of Medi- 
 cine by 11 
 
 Red Cinchona 73 
 
 Pepper 69 
 
 Saunders Tincture of 188 
 
 Refrigarants 24 
 
 Renal Depressants 31 
 
 Resins 7 
 
 Resorcina 115 
 
 Respiratory Tract, administration 
 
 of medicine by 12 
 
 Restoratives 33-39 
 
 Resublimed Iodine 89 
 
 Rhamni Piirshianae Fluidum, Ex- 
 tractum 167 
 
 Rliamniis Purshiana 167 
 
 Rhei Aromatica, Tiuctura 168 
 
 Rhei Aromaticus, Syrupus 16S 
 
 Rheum .... ....1€8 
 
 Rheum Fluidum, Extractum 168 
 
 Rhubarb 168 
 
 Rubefacients 16-177 
 
 Rubrum 95 
 
 Sacred Bark 167 
 
 Saint Ignatus Bean 123 
 
 Salicinum 114 
 
 Salicylate of Phenol , 115 
 
 of Soda 115 
 
 Salicylic Acid 114 
 
 Salol 115 
 
 Salt, Common 82 
 
 Sandal Wood, Tincture of 188 
 
 Sanguinaria 110 
 
 Santalum Rubrum, Tiuctura 188 
 
 Santonica ; 172 
 
 Santoninum 172 
 
INDEX. 
 
 20I 
 
 Saponin 125 
 
 Scammonii, Kesina. 171 
 
 Scammonium 171 
 
 Scilla 175 
 
 Scillae Fluidum, Extractum 175 
 
 Syrupus 175 
 
 Scoparii Fluidum, Extractum 126 
 
 Scopari us 126 
 
 Sedatives 14 
 
 Cardiac 2'! 
 
 Pulmonary 23 
 
 Urinary 31 
 
 Vascular 24 
 
 Vescial 31 
 
 Senae 168 
 
 Fluidum, Extractum 1(J« 
 
 Syrupus 168 
 
 Serpentar ia 69 
 
 Sevuni 49 
 
 Sialagogues 24 
 
 Sinajjis 177 
 
 Alba 177 
 
 Nigra 177 
 
 Skin, Function of 29 
 
 Soap Liniment 133 
 
 Sodae Carbonas Exsiccatus 81 
 
 Sodii Bicarbonas 81 
 
 Bromidum 155 
 
 Carbonas 81 
 
 Hyposulphis 82 
 
 Nitras 81 
 
 Phosplias 54 
 
 Salicylas 115 
 
 Sulphas 82 
 
 Sodium 81 
 
 Borate 81 
 
 Chloridum 82 
 
 Solutions 6 
 
 Sparteinae Sulphas 126 
 
 Spigelia 173 
 
 Spigeliae Fluidum, Extract 173 
 
 Spirits 7 
 
 Spirits of Nitroglycerin . 162 
 
 Turpentine 174 
 
 Spiritus Aetheris 140 
 
 Nitrosi 140 
 
 Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus. 84 
 
 Spiritus Frumenti 137 
 
 Glouoini 162 
 
 Vini Gallici 137 
 
 Vini Eectiticatus 137 
 
 Squill 175 
 
 Staphisagriae Semina 114 
 
 Stavesacre Seed. 114 
 
 Stillingia no 
 
 Stimulants 14 
 
 Cardiac 23 
 
 Cerebral 18 
 
 Hepatic 27 
 
 Eespiratorj' 23 
 
 Spinal 20 
 
 Vascular 24 
 
 Stomachics 24 
 
 Stramonii Folia 131 
 
 Stramonii Semen 131 
 
 Seminis Fluidum, Extract- 
 um.. 131 
 
 Stramonium 1,31 
 
 Strontium Bromides 152 
 
 Strophanti, Tinctura 126 
 
 Strophantum 126 
 
 Srychninae Sulphas. 120 
 
 Styptic Collodion 106 
 
 Subidodide of Bismuth 63 
 
 Subnitrate of Bismuth 63 
 
 Sudorifics 28 
 
 Suet 47 
 
 Sugar of Lead lOl 
 
 Sulphates, How to Administer. . 11 
 
 Sulphate of Alum 105 
 
 Of Atropine 127 
 
 Of Quinine 73 
 
 Of Soda 82 
 
 Of Zinc 104 
 
 Sulphur 87 
 
 Sulphur Lotum 88 
 
 Sulphur Praecipitatum 88 
 
 Sulphuric Acid , 43 
 
 Acid, Aromatic 43 
 
 Acid Dilute 4 5 
 
 Ether 139 
 
 Sulphurous Acid 88 
 
 Suppositories 7 
 
 Suppurants 16 
 
 Sweet-Oil.' 49 
 
202 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 Sweet Spirits of Nitre l-tO 
 
 Syrups 7 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Quininae et Strycli- 
 
 ninae Pliosphutum 57 
 
 Syrupus Aurantii 187 
 
 Syrupus Calcii Dacto Pliospbatis 55 
 
 Glycyrrliiza 187 
 
 Simplex 187 
 
 Yerba Santa Aromaticum . .187 
 
 Tanuate of Quinine 73 
 
 Tannic Acid 106 
 
 Tannin 34-106 
 
 Tetanus Antitoxin 183 
 
 Terebintninae 174 
 
 Terebinthina Canadensis 174 
 
 Therapeutics 3 
 
 Thorn Apple 131 
 
 Tinctura Benzoini 119 
 
 Benzoiui Composita. . .119 
 
 Tincture of Iodine 90 
 
 Nux Vomica 120 
 
 Tinctures 8 
 
 Alcoholic 36 
 
 Resinous 36 
 
 Tonics 14 
 
 Blood 33 
 
 Cardiac 23 
 
 Urinary 31 
 
 Vascular 24 
 
 Vesical 31 
 
 Toxicology 3 
 
 Tragacantha 179 
 
 Trinitrin 132 
 
 Triturations 8 
 
 Troches 8 
 
 Tuberculin 184 
 
 Tuberculin, Directions How to 
 
 use 184 
 
 Turpentine 174 
 
 Unguenta 8 
 
 Unguentum Acidi Tannic 106 
 
 Hydrargyri 94 
 
 Hydrargvri Nitratis 94 
 
 lodi.....' 91 
 
 Stramonii 131 
 
 Zinci Oxidvim 103 
 
 Urino-Genitals 174 
 
 Ustilago 124 
 
 Uterino 32 
 
 Uva Ursi 175 
 
 Valeriana 135 
 
 Valerianate of Ammonia 87 
 
 of Zinc 103 
 
 Vaseline 50 
 
 Vegetable Acids 87 
 
 Astringents 106 
 
 Veratri Viridis Fluidum Extrac- 
 
 tum 165 
 
 Tinctura 165 
 
 Veratrum Viride 165 
 
 Verdigris 99 
 
 Vermicides 28-172 
 
 Vermifuges 28-172 
 
 Vesicants 16 
 
 Viburnum Apulus 110 
 
 Prunifolium 110 
 
 Vini 8 
 
 Vinegars 3 
 
 Vinegar 4 
 
 Vinegar of Opium 147 
 
 Virginia Snake Root 69 
 
 Vitriol, Elixir of 43 
 
 Wafers 9 
 
 Washed Sulphur 88 
 
 Washing Soda 81 
 
 Waste Producers 76 
 
 Waters 4 
 
 Water, Boiling 39 
 
 Common 39 
 
 Distilled 39 
 
 Hot 39 
 
 Rain 39 
 
 River 39 
 
 Sea 39 
 
 Spring 39 
 
 Whisky 137 
 
 White Oak Bark 107 
 
 Wild Cherry Bark 69 
 
 Fluid Extract 69 
 
 Wines 8 
 
 Wine of Opium 147 
 
 Wintergreen 188 
 
 Witchhazel 107 
 
 Wolfsbane 162 
 
 Wood Charcoal 113 
 
 Xanthoxylum 110 
 
 Yellow Jasmine 154 
 
 Yerba Santa Aromaticum, Syr- 
 upus 187 
 
 Zinci Acetas 105 
 
 Carbonas Precipitatis 103 
 
 Carbonatis, Ceratum 103 
 
 Chloridum 103 
 
 Oxidum 103 
 
 Phosphidum 54 
 
 Sulphas 104 
 
 Valerianas 103 
 
 Zincum 103 
 
 Zingiber 69 
 
 Zingibevis Extractum, Fluidum.. 69 
 
 Pulvis 69 
 
 Tinctura... 69 
 
■'%^.