PF 3109 .M6 Copy 1 PF 3109 .M6 Copy 1 ,.-■ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, I . Shelf ll- , - l V \:io UNITED .STATES OF AMERiCA. GERM AIT WITHOUT v A MASTER. In Six Easy Lessons. BY A. H. MONTEITH, ESQ. HON. MEMB. OF THE W. L. C.-AUTHOR OF " FRENCH WITHOUT A MASTER," fee. Hao-fbrk : WILSON AND COMPANY, BROTHER JONATHAN PRESS. »-M"w^w><**><~ >« *v** > <* « ^> « ~ «« n > <~ i «*><*>»*> i n T»r'^-»r» r w n > i^ ii ft ii r »i n iii n i m 1 i Ri iii n t p »i r) i -Trf - » < ~ » iriir* rnrri-n*iif*ii*V"M—i <-> r*w~ ffn fv ~ i ROBERTSONIAN METHOD. COURSE OF LESSONS GERMAN LANGUAGE, INTENDED FOR THE USE OF PERSONS STUDYING THE LANGUAGE WITHOUT A MASTER. BT A. H. MONTEITH, Esq. HON. MEM. OP THE W. L. C. N E W-Y RK: WILSON AND COMPANY, 15 SPRUCE. STREET 1846. INTRODUCTION. As we wish to establish a good understanding between our pupils and ourselves, we shall state precisely what we intend to do for them, what we shall expect them to do for themselves, and what the result shall be, providing they fulfil the share of the obligations assigned to. them. C, We profess to enable a person unacquainted with German, to read, write, and speak, that language, without the aid of oral instruction. To effect this, we shall give a portion of German in each lesson as an exercise in reading, and from this we shall deduce rules for the guidance of the learner in writing. We shall not promise to enable the learner to speak German in absolute perfection ; but we shall give such a notion of the sounds peculiar to the language as will enable him to approach nearer their true enunciation than that given to them by a large proportion of the natives themselves. We shall give such a view of the pronunciation as will enable the learner to make himself understood in German, and which a short intercourse with persons who speak the language correctly may ripen into perfect maturity. All this, however, we promise only on the condition that we are seconded in our efforts by the learner himself : we shall expect strict attention to the instructions we shall give ; we shall expect that the directions we lay down will be implicitly obeyed, and that nothing will be passed over, without a thorough investigation of the subject it involves. To the careless or inattentive we promise nothing ; the desultory or idle student will derive no benefit whatever from these The German printed character being different from the English, the first thing the learner will have to do, is to acquire some facility in distinguishing the letters of the alphabet. The German and English alphabets are precisely the same, except in so far as regards the form of the character. We give therefore the alphabet in the German character, so that the learner may familiarize himself with the letters ; and we would recommend him him to pay special attention to the dif- ference between the capital R and N, as also between the B and V, as these letters are very apt to be mistaken for each other by the begin- ner. We shall not in the mean time speak of the sounds ; these re- quire to be treated in detail, and will be explained at length in the course of the lessons. THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. LESSON FIRST. THE ALPHABET. Names of the Letters. Names of the Letters. 5t a a ah SR it n en 23 b b bay © o (5 c c tsay V P P pay ®b d day Dq q koo wa-room'. 28a$fitr?. . i what ? \ what suit ? i II wasfur.\ SECrtl? . ♦ ". . because » wile. \ Kent? . . . ♦ no Jl nine. So ... . ♦ y es Jl ya. In pronouncing the foregoing words, the learner must throw the stress of his voice on the syllable we have marked with an accent, just as he would do in pronouncing the second syllable of the English word impose. Of the words themselves, we shall make a practical use in the next lesson : but, in the mean time, the learner must en- deavour to acquire their proper pronunciation, and to get them firmly fixed on the memory. PRONUNCIATION. CHARACTERISTICS. We mean by the term characteristics, such German sounds as are not found in English : of these there are three, the sounds given to the diphthongs ii, and 0, and the guttural sound given to d) ; of these three sounds, the most difficult to convey an accurate conception is the guttural. It is a curious fact with regard to this sound, that though it is made use of by almost every people on the face of the earth, except perhaps by the French and Italians, and by one-half of the inhabitants of the British Islands, it is deemed an alien in and around London. The guttural sound given by the Germans to ch, is found in the soft language of Castile and in the harsh intonation of Russia ; it is used by the fair maidens of Circassia, and by the dark aborigines of America ; it is heard on the banks of the Tweed, the LifFey, and * For the sound marked £, see article Pronunciation, page 6. t For the sound marked thus u, see article Pronunciation, page 5. X Pronounce i, marked thus I, Uke i in nine. PKONTTNCIATION. 5 the Severn ; yet it is all but unknown on the banks of the Thames ! We are perhaps wrong, however, in stating that this sound is not found in the English language — there is one word at least in which it occurs ; we allude to the word ich, in the scroll of the Prince of Wales's escutcheon. We cannot pretend to say how this word is pronounced by the multitude ; but we know that the elite of the English capital give the ch the guttural sound those letters have in German. No Englishman, we dare say, will venture to dispute the pronunciation of the Queen ; and when we can adduce such high authority for the guttural pronunciation of the ch in ich dien, we may safely assert that the sound itself really exists in the English language, and that whether the people of the great metropolis pronounce Ich, each or itch, ek or ik, they do so at the risk of having the accuracy of their pronunciation called in question, and have only ignorance to urge as an excuse for their impropriety. Apart then from the necessity of the learner be- coming acquainted with this sound in order to speak German correctly, he ought to acquire it to avoid perpetrating an enormity in his own language. So far as German is concerned, an exact enunciation of this sound is absolutely necessary. It has, with the exception we have mentioned, nothing precisely resembling it in English ; but if the learner places his tongue at the root of his lower teeth, and makes a slight effort to pronounce the word each, he will infallibly produce it. We admit, however, that this effort would require to be verified in some way or other. It would be well if the learner could obtain the sound from a native of Germany ; but failing this resource, there are others at command. We have said that the sound is used by the natives of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. The inflection given by a native of Scotland to the ch in the word loch, is precisely the German sound of the letters. The guttural sound of ch is therefore accessible to any one who may be desirous of obtaining it, and it is the only German sound that need cause the learner any trouble. The next characteristic in order of difficulty is the sound of the it. This diphthong is enunciated like the French u. The nearest English approximation to this sound occurs in the word doing. When doing is rapidly pronounced, the o and the i blend together, and produce, as nearly as possible, the sound of the German it. The exact sound given by the Germans to this diphthong, may be obtained by placing the lips in a projecting position and pronouncing the letter e. We had occasion to remark in a former treatise, in speaking of the French u, that an approximation in the case of a sound of this description will answer all practical purposes. The natives of Germany do not always give the same sound to their letters : as a native of Lancaster or York differs from a native of London in the pronunciation of the vowel u, so the inhabitants of the 1* different .states of Germany vary amongst themselves in the inflection of the diphthong U ; and a native of England, who follows the direc tions we have given him, cannot by any chance deviate more widely from the actual standard, than do habitually the natives of Berlin antf Vienna. The third and last characteristic is the sound represented by ; this diphthong is pronounced like the French eu. The inflection given by a native of London to ir, in such words as birth, mirth, is a still more correct pronunciation of the 0. The sound usually given by the Eng- lish to the eu in the word guest, is also a very close approximation to the 0, and may give the learner such a conception of it, as will enable him to pronounce this German diphthong with a sufficient degree of accuracy. The learner then, has to form the most accurate concep tion possible of the three sounds we have named. They constitute the only real difficulties he will have to overcome in order to pronounce German. They are the only difficulties in which the aid of a master might be deemed necessary, but certainly they are not insurmountable without one. We admit that it would be better to obtain the sounds of the 6), the it, and the 0, from the mouth of a native of Germany ; but failing this, the English approximations pointed out, conjoined with the instructions we have given for enunciating them, will enable the learner to pronounce these three characteristics, if not with perfect ac- curacy, at least with as much precision as one half of the Germans themselves. In the present and succeeding lessons, when giving the pronuncia- tion of the German words, we shall represent the sound of the rf) by the Greek y, ; and the sound of the two diphthongs by these diphthongs themselves printed in the German character. GRAMMAR. The chief difficulty to be overcome by the learner, in order to write German with propriety, arises from the variable terminations of what are called the declinable words. In English an adjective is invariable ; that is, it remains the same under all circumstances ; and an English noun is subject to only one grammatical desinence — that indicative of the plural number. In German, on the contrary, every word of the two classes we have named, undergoes a series of changes, more or less numerous, according to the nature of its inflection or to the letters of which it is composed. The principle that operates these changes is called by grammarians Case ; and as this principle cannot, properly speaking, be said to exist either in English or in any of the other modern languages, it appears to us necessary to show in what it con- sists ; at least in so far as the German words are affected by the prin- ciple it involves. There are in English a set of little words called prepositions, that are employed to express the relations existing between the objects or actions named in a sentence. For example : in the sentence, George went to Gotha, the preposition to expresses that Gotha is the aim or point to which the motion of George tended ; in the sentence, George lives at, in, near, about, above, or below Gotha, the preposition at, in, near, about, above, or beloio, represents Gotha in a state of repose in relation to George ; again, in the sentence, George is of Gotha, the preposition of represents a relation of affinity between George and Gotha ; and in the sentence, George is from Gotha, the preposition from represents a relation of separation between George and Gotha. In the older languages it appears to have been usual to represent these relations not as in English by a word placed before the noun, but by a syllable appended to it. In Latin, the sentence " He came to Lon- don," is Venit Londinum, the syllable um being equivalent to the Eng- lish preposition to ; and when employed in this way indicates that the object to which it is appended is a point to which a forward motion tends. It is the faculty of representing in this way the logical rela- tion of one word to another by a change of termination, rather than by a preposition, that is signified by the term Case. It is necessary at the same time to observe, that prepositions were occasionally made use of in the older languages, but this did not in the slightest degree imply a disuse of the Case termination ; notwithstanding the use of the prepositions, the nouns continued to indicate their relation to each other just as if no preposition existed in the sentence at all. So in German, the nouns indicate by their termination their business in a sentence, as well as their number and gender. In the phrase, He is in tlte empire, both the article the and the noun empire assume in German the termination indicative of repose, even though the preposition in, that expresses this idea, be made use of ; and it is as essential in German to indicate the logical relation of a noun by its proper modification of ter- mination, as it is in English to express the plural by adding an s to the singular, when more than one of an object are spoken of. The num- ber of relations, or cases, that require to be indicated in German by a variation in the termination of the word are four. The declinable words of the language being thus disposed into four classes, as follow : I. Words simply naming the object of which some action is about to be expressed, are said to be in the Nominative case II. Words expressing between two persons, or two objects, or even 8 CONSTRUCTION. between two actions, a relation of dependence, of descent, or a por« tion of a whole quantity, are said to be in the Genitive case. III. Words expressing extraction, a point of departure, a state of rest ; the person to whom any thing is given, to whom it belongs ; the end or object in view in doing any thing, the means or instrument employed in doing it, and the manner in which it is done, are said to be in the Dative case. IV. Words that are the direct object of an action expressed by a verb, or that are the aim or point to which motion tends, are said to be in the Accusative case. The foregoing table will enable the learner to determine to what case any German noun he may meet with belongs, without reference to its termination. It will also enable him to judge in what case he should put any German noun he may have occasion to make use of. We have said that each case has a particular termination to express it. Under the head Construction, we shall give the learner rules for ad- hibiting these case terminations. CONSTRUCTION. I. HOW TO DECLINE THE SUBSTANTIVES. Under this head, Construction, we shall give the learner a series of rules for his guidance in writing German, and we may remark here, that of all the modern languages of Europe, German is deemed the most difficult to write correctly ; but this intelligence need in no way alarm the assiduous student, the German construction needs only be clearly explained and attentively studied, to become the simplest mat- ter imaginable. The chief difficulty the beginner has to encounter proceeds, as we have said, from the fluctuating terminations of decli- nable words, and it is to these that we propose at present to direct his attention. We have stated under the head Grammar, that the Ger- man nouns have four cases, each of which has to be indicated by a particular termination. If there were four distinct terminations cor- responding with these four cases, the difficulty would not be great ; but it is not so. Some words have one set of variations ; others, another ; so that the construction of the cases is not without complexity. It is necessary to observe also, that the German nouns do not, like the Eng- lish, take an s to form the plural ; terminations are added to the sin- gular that involve both an idea of plurality and the relation of case : in reality, therefore, each noun has not only the four terminations indicative of case ; but also. four others, to indicate the plural of them. CONSTRUCTION. 9 each having thus eight distinct terminations. It is necessary further to state that there are in German, as in English, three genders ; but that in the former language a distinction of sex is not rigidly understood by the term gender — a woman may be of the masculine gender, and inanimate objects are said occasionally to be male or female. The term gender implying more a grammatical distinction of the words than any thing else. In order to find the various cases of a noun, it is necessary first to know its gender, its nominative singular and nominative plural ; these are given in the dictionary,* and it is to that source the learner must apply for these particulars, until his familiarity with the language ren- ders reference to the dictionary no longer necessary. The gender and the nominative plural being known, the following rules will enable the learner to construct the other cases of nearly every noun in the TO FORM THE PLURAL. I. The cases of the plural are all the same as the nominative, except the dative, which must end in n f. TO FORM THE SINGULAR. II. The cases of the singular are formed from the nominative plural. III. All the cases of feminine nouns are the same as the nominative singular , IV. Nouns that form the nominative plural by the addition of n or en to the sin- gular, keep this addition through all the cases. V". Nouns that form the nominative plural by the addition of c or et to the sin- gular, take eg in the genitive, and e in the dative. VI. Nouns that have the nominative singular and plural alike, take $ in the ge nitive ; all other cases same as nominative. Now supposing the learner had to decline such a noun as ©(fen, food, on consulting his dictionary he would find (Sffen to be of the neuter gender, and that the nominative plural is (Sjfcn ; consequently by rules I. and VI. he would decline it thus : SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. .... Qjflen Gen. .... @fjeng Dat. .... (Sfiett Acc @fjen Nom. . . . Gen. . . . Dat. . . . Ace. . . . . (gfien . (gfjeit . @ficrt Then again the noun e# ©ut*e Gen. ©ut*e$* ®ut*er ©ut*e$* ©ufcer Dat. ©ut*em @uttc, -which is pronounced as if written dee; the learner then can scarcely go wrong in the pronunciation. IV. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. We have eaid in the preceding section that no word occurs more frequently in German than the definite article the, and that consequently the learner must make himself perfectly familiar with it, in all its forms. The same remark is also applicable to the indefinite article (Sin, a or an, of which the learner will have to make constant use in writing German. This word is declined as follows : Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Norn. . ♦ ©tt dine din Gen. . . (£w$ diner dine$ Dat. . ♦ dinem dinev dinetn Ace. . Grinert @me din The word a or an being used only to determine single objects, ctn has no forms for the plural number. The Messieurs* Chambers, in a recent number of their Journal, say, that the proper use of a Grammar is to teach the theoretical construction of a language after a colloquial or practical knowledge of it had in some degree been acquired. This is precisely our opinion on the subject. The learner must not, therefore, be alarmed by the tables we have given in this and in the preceding sections ; nor suppose because we have dwelt so long on the verbal modifications of the nouns and adjectives, that we intend to fill our pages with the sterile abstrac- tions of the Grammar. It is absolutely necessary to be acquainted with the nature of the transformations to which the declinable words are subject, in order to write German ; but beyond what is necessary to acquaint him with this, we shall not cool the ardour of the learner with grammatical formulae. "We must, however, remind him that he must learn what we tell him to learn, and do what we tell him to do, else we will not be answerable for his proficiency in the lan- guage. The indefinite article ctn is pronounced like ine of the English word nine; the feminine form cine is pronounced as if written ina, the final c in Ger- man having the short sound of the English a. V. THE NUMERALS. Figures being of the greatest possible utility in the practice of a language, we shall give here the German numerals from one to twenty, together with their pronunciation, so that the learner may count in German if so disposed. CONSTRUCTION. 18 1 ettt . . ♦ ♦ pronounced ine. 2 jwei „ ts-wi. 3 brei „ dry. 4 Oter . „ feer. 5 funf . ♦ ♦ ♦ • j, funf. 6 fec^^ ♦ ♦ ♦ j, sex. 7 ftebert » ♦ » see-ben. 8 flrf)t . . ♦ . „ ax*. 9 neutt ♦ ♦ ,i rarce. 10 jefyrt ♦ ♦ ♦ n tsain. 11 elf ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ „ eZ/. 12jn>oIf ]| ts-wolf. 13 bretjefytt ♦ ♦ ♦ „ drlt-sain. Mttterjebtt ♦ ♦ ♦ „ feert-sain. 15 fi'mfjehtt ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ i, funft-sain. 16 fecfydjefytt ♦ . „ sext-sain. 17 ftebert$ef)tt „ see-bent-sain. 18 acfytjefut ♦ ♦ ♦ „ azt-sain. 19 nemtjeljtt ♦ ♦ . » nlnt-sain. 20 jwan^tg „ tswant-sig. 21 eitt unb jWattjtg . ♦ „ ine-unt tswant-sig. 22 jroet unb jwattjtg ♦ ♦ „ zwi-unt tswant-sig. 30 bret|3ig . ♦ . . „ drit-zig. The German numerals, with the exception of ©in, one, 3roct, two, and 35ret, Mree, are not susceptible of case endings. They always have the same form — those given above. The numeral (Sin, one, when it is followed by a noun, as in the phrase " there was one traveller," assumes the same series of termina- tions that we have shown it to possess as an article in the preceding section. When the noun to which Sin relates does not appear in the sentence, then one is rendered by Since for the masculine, and (SitlC$ for the neuter ; as in the sen- tences, (Since s>en un$ mu{j geben, one of us must go ; St bat ^roci Kckbe, c t n c 5 ifi jerftort, he had two kingdoms, one is destroyed. In simple enumeration, the foim StnS is employed as, eg bat ring fjefcblacjon, it has struck one. The numerals jroci, two, and brct, three, have, besides the nominative, only the forms jrceter. and fcrcier. for the genitive, and jrccten and fctcien for the dative, without distinction of gender. We shall have occasion to make use of some of these numerals by and by, so that these remarks will have to be borne in mind. THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. LESSON SECOND. READING. 2)ret Sfatfenbe fanben etnen ©rf)a£ auf tfyrem 5 iBege, unb fagten Sa nrir hunger haben, mug etner »on unS ge^en, urn ©film gu faufen 3n btefer 2lbftd)t gtng etner fort unb bracfyte ihnen, n>a$ $u einer ^Sfla^U |ett gefyort. In order to read the above, the learner will have to be taught, first, the pronunciation of the words, and then their signification. We shall therefore repeat the text, and place under each German word such a combination of letters as may convey to the English learner a notion of its pronunciation, together with accents to point out the syllables on which the stress of the voice should be made to repose. This done, we shall again repeat the text, and place under each German word its exact equivalent in English. A careful examination of these two tables will enable the learner to pronounce the words in German with a sufficient degree of accuracy, as also to translate the portion of German we have chosen as the text of our present lesson correctly into English. We may here observe, that a little attention bestowed at the outset will be of great ultimate advantage ; if the learner forms an accurate conception of the value and meaning of the words now, he will experience little difficulty with the exercises of the lessons that are to follow. The following is a repetition of the text, with the pronunciation and accentuation of the words : — £m ateifenbc fanben etnen @cf)a£ auf tfirem Dry ri*-sendy fan'-den T.nen schatz a-owf e6-rem SOBege, unb fagten: 23a nrir hunger haben mug wai-gai oont sag'-ten : Da weer hoon'-ger ha-ben moos * The letter i marked thus I, should be pronounced like i in the English word idea, or like I in the phrase J am he. TRANSLATION. 15 eitter ttott mt$ geben, urn @jfett $u fmtfen. I-ner fori oonts gain', oom es'-sen tzoo ka-owf-en. 3n btefer SlbjTcfjt gtng eitter fort unb bracfyte tbnett Een dee'-ser ab-see%t' geeng Lner fort oont bra^ty e6-nea wa$ $u einer VJlatypit gebort. was tzoo i-ner malt-zl'-et gai-hort-. In order to pronounce these words correctly, the learner must bear in mind what we have said under the head Pronunciation, in the preceding lesson. We there gave directions for enunciating the C§, which we have represented by the Greek letter %, as also the sound of the diphthong 6. We now suppose the learner to be perfectly able to distinguish one letter of the German alphabet from another, as also to have formed some conception of the sounds we have termed the characteristics ; if this be the case, he can scarcely go wrong in pronouncing the words according to the verbal pronunciation we have given of them — the orthography of the German words themselves will set him right, if any doubt arise in his mind as to the precise value of the letters employed to illustrate their pronunciation. We should recommend the learner to enunciate each syllable individually, before pronouncing the entire word ; by so doing a much greater degree of accuracy will be attained. After having acquired the pronunciation of the words, he should read the text as it is printed on the first page ; this he should do aloud, taking care to rest the voice on the accented syllables. TRANSLATION, ©ret Sfatfenbe fanbett eaten ©cfjafc auf tbrem 2Bege, unb Three travellers found a treasure on their road, and fagten: 2)a wir hunger baben, mug etner »ort un$ geben said : As we hunger have, must one of us go urn @ffen gu faufen. 3n btefer SIbffcbt gtng etner, fort for food to buy. In this intention went one, away, smb bracbte thnen, wa$ 311 etner 9ttaf)i$ett geftbrr. and brought them what to a meal belongs. In the above we have given an exact translation of each of the words, and it is of the greatest moment that each of these words be firmly fixed upon the memory ; they will be made use of in the various exercises that are to follow, and will occur throughout the whole course of the lessons. A perfect acquaintance with them at the outset is therefore indispensable. 16 CONVERSATION. In order to establish the words permanently on the memory, the learner would do well to write them out — the German with their Eng- lish equivalents, in parallel columns, and translate, from memory, in succession, each series of words ; a self-examination of this kind will be of great utility. The learner should now be able to read the text in German, and translate it into English ; the next step is to make use of the words in conversation. CONVERSATION. There is, perhaps, no part of our method that might be questioned with greater propriety than this, for it might well be asked, how is the learner to talk without some one to talk to, or how is he to carry on a conversation without a teacher ? Our answer to such a query is, that he very rarely talks with one, and that in studying a modern language, it is ten times better to talk with oneself, than not to talk at all. In learning German with a teacher, the student speaks Eng- lish ; in learning by himself he may, if he likes, speak German. The sooner he begins to use colloquially the language he studies, the sooner will he speak that language, and if he can talk to himself in it, he also can talk to others. The following colloquy, at the same time that it serves as an exer- cise in conversation, illustrates the construction of the language, and will furnish the learner with examples of what we have said under the head Grammar, about the nature, use, and employ of Case. Under the head Conversation, in the preceding lesson, we gave a series of words used in asking questions, with the pronunciation and meaning, of which we now suppose the learner perfectly conversant ; in addition to these he will have to make himself acquainted with the following : — al$, as, or when, pronounced * . . . alts. t>a$, that, " .... das. er, he, " .... er. fie, they, " .... see. The meaning and pronunciation of all the words introduced into the following colloquy, have been given, the learner therefore has no difficulty to encounter. The subject of conversation is that involved *n the text of the lesson. CONVERSATION. 17 5D5ag fagtcn bie brei JKetfenbe ? . . ©ic fagten, ©a nrir £ungcr FjaEen, tnujj ctncr son ung gcfjen urn ©ffen ju faufen. ©ing ciner son ifjncn tn biefcr 2f sfidjt %a, ciner Don ifjncn ging in btefcr tf&ficfyt fort? fort? 2>racf)te cr (gffcn ? 3a, cr frracfye (Sficti- SBag fur ©ffen 6racf)tc cr ?* . . . . ©r sracfytc roag ju ctner gjja^ctt gefjort. SBag fanben tic tret JRcifenbe ? . . . ©ic fanben cincn ©cfyaf. 2Bo fanben bie SRcifcnbcn cincn ©cf)a§ ? . 2£uf ifjrcm 2Begc. SBann fanben brct Kctfenbc ben ©cfyag ? 2Cl§ fie fagtcn : row Ijaben hunger. 2Bcr fanb cincn ©clja|5? 25te brei JRcifcnbc. 2Ba£ (agten fie ? ©te fagtcn ; nrir Fjakn hunger. SBann fagtcn fie bag ? "Kit fie ben ©cfyag fanben. SBer fagte ; nrir fjafcen £ungcr ? . . . SDtc brei SRctfenbc. 2Bag fttr brei JRetfenbe fagtcn bail . . S)ie brei Steifenbe njctdfjc ben ©dja| fans ben. SBag fanben bie brei SRetfcnbc auf iljrcm ©men ©cf)a§. 2Bege? 2Bie ciete ©d)af3c fanben bie Kcifcnbcn ? ©ic fanben cincn. SBcr fagte ; cincr con uns nmfj gefjen ? . ©tner son ifmen. SBarum mufitc cincr con irjncn gefjen ? . Urn ©ffen ju faufen. ©ing cincr ? 3a, cincr son tfjnen ging fort. 2Bcr Orad)te ©(Ten ? ©iner con ben brei Ketfenben. 2Mcf)cr son ben brei JRcifenbcn 6rad)te 2)cr welder in biefcr 2fbfidf>t fort ging. ©ffen. 3n rcc(d)cr 2Ct»fidr>t ging cincr son ben 3n bcr JC&fidjt, ©ffen ju faufen. breicn ? jtaufte cincr son ben Steifcnben ©ffen ? . 3a, cincr son ifjncn faufte ©ffen. ©agtcn bie Kcifenbcn : nrir fjaben £un: 3a. gcr? ©agten fie ; roir fyafottx etnen ©cf)a£ ? . Sftein, ©agtcn fie ; nrir fya&en wag ju cincr SZcin. gjja^eit gefjort ? ©agten fie ; cincr son uns nmp gefjen um 3a. ©fen ju faufen ? ©agten fie ; wir fjakn ©ffen 1 9Zetn. SBBag fagtcn fie : roir fjakn ? . . . . ©ie fagtcn ; wir f)akn hunger, ©ing cincr son ben Steifenben um ©ffen %a, cincr son tfynen ging fort in btcfcv gu faufen ? 2Csfitf)t. SBag bracf)tc cr ? ©r 6rad)tc wag ^u cincr SCKafjljeit gcljo'rt. 2Bag gefjort ju einer SDJafjtjett? . . . 3u cincr SDlaljljeit gefjort ©ffen. SBcr ging um ©ffen ju faufen ? • . . ©iner son ben JReifcnben. SQBcr fanb cincn ©cf)a§ 1 JDte brei 3tcifenbe. 2Ber fagte, wtr Ija&cn hunger ? . . . -Die brei Sieifenbe. S3JerbracJ)te©ffen? £»er Sctfenbc, mctdjerinbcr^ftc^tgtng, $a$ ©ffen au faufen. * See remarks on wag fur, Construction, § IX. 2 13 GRAMMAR. SDSec fagre, etner con un$ map gefyen ? . £>er Steifenbc, mltfjit fagtc ; roir fjafcen hunger, ©ing etner eon ben JRctfenben fort ? . . 3a, eincr gtng feet. SScmn ging cr fort ? 2CIg tic brei fagtcn : wir bafcn hunger. 2Barum gtng cr fort ? 2BcU bic tret fagtcn : cincr son unS mug geljen. SBcr gtng fort ? ©iner son ben brei jKeifenben. 2BaS fur brei 3?eifenbe ? £)ie brei, isctcfyc etnen a$ fur cincr X6ftd)t gtng cr fort ? Sn ber 2fl>ficf)t (Sffen ju faufen. 2BaS fiir ein IKetfcnbcr 6rad)te Sffcn ? . 2)cr Kcifenbe tt>e(d)cr fort gtng. SBaS fanben bic Stetfenbcn ? . . . . ©ie fanben etnen @cfja£. SBaS fagtcn fie ? e fmtbett einett <§d)a%* Three travellers found a trea- sure. The word SRcifcnbe in the above sentence is virtually a noun, but it is gram- matically an adjective : it is used in the capacity of a noun, but it possesses the CONSTRUCTION. 21 attributes of the adjective. The infinitives of verbs have the faculty of repre- senting nouns, when the syllable bet is added : the verb gcljen, to go, for ex- ample, makes ©ebent>ec a person who goes; and in the same from the verbreU fen, to travel, is formed SRetfenber, a person who travels. These kind of words however, do not follow the rules we have given for declining the nouns ; they are considered as verbal adjectives, and are declined like other words of thai class. When used without the article, as in the case of the word JReifenbc in the text, the noun, (if we may call it so) StetjetlWc is declined according to the first model we have given for declining the adjectives ; when used with the article, or any other determinating word of the same kind, it is declined according to the second model ; and when used with ctn tettt, or any other word of that class, it is declined according to the third model. In short, JRcifenbet: goes through precisely the same series of changes as any other adjective. In writing a German sentence in which this word is employed, the learner must bear in mind that he is to regard it as an adjective, and not as a noun. VIIL £>a roir hunger fyafeeit, m\x% enter As we are hungry, one of us must Don wtg gefyen urn dflen $u go to buy food, faufert. Under ordinary circumstances, the order of the words in a sentence is the same in English and in German. The words of such phrases, as, " We are hungry," " One of us must go," would be arranged in German precisely as they are in English. This coincidence in the order of the words does not, however, exist in the passage we have quoted above from our text. The reason of this is, that in German, the words ha, as ; tt>enn, when ; al$, as ; the relatives bajj, that ; nxtchcr, which ; and some others of the same kind, possess the faculty of throwing the verb to the end of the sentence. The phrase, " We are hungry," is in Ger- man, rcit baton hunger ; the words maintaining the same order as in English ; but when t>a is made use of, then the verb must be placed last, and so a difference in the construction of the two languages appears. Again : in the sequent sentence to one in which this kind of transposition takes place, the verb and the subject change places ; and instead of "As we are hungry, one of us must go," the order of the words in German becomes, "As we hunger have, must one of us go ;" the verb must being placed first, and the subject or nominative, one of us, after. Finally, when two verbs occur in a sentence, the second must always be placed at the end ; thus, instead of saying, "As we are hungry, one of us must go to luyfood" we shall have to say in German, "As we hunger have, must one of us go food to buy ;" the infinitive always in such cases concluding the sentence. The passage of our text, quoted at the head of this article, illustrates three circumstances under which the words of a sentence are not arranged in German as they are in English, and these three are almost the only cases in which any difference occurs in this respect between the two languages. The learner, in writing German, must take care that he attends to these peculiarities of the construction of the language. When he makes use of any 22 CONSTRUCTION. one of the relative words we have named, he must bear in mind that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence ; and that, in the sequent part of the phrase, the verb and pronoun change places ; as also that, when two verbs occur in a sentence, one of them must be the concluding word. We shall introduce some English sentences, under the head CoiMPosition, to be rendered into German; in these, one or other of the relative particles will have to be made use of, and which, after what we have said, the learner ought to translate correctly. IX. 2Ba$ fitr (gffett bradjte er ? What kind of food did he bring 1 Amongst the series of words introduced under the head Conversation in the first lesson, in the interrogative roa$ fur ? This ma$ fur is much used in German, perhaps more than any other colloquial locution of the language ; there is more- over, nothing exactly resembling it in English, — it sometimes is used to signify one thing, and sometimes another ; its use and functions must therefore be ex- plained, in order to be comprehended and fully understood by the learner. The locution under consideration consists of two words, the pronoun ma$, what, and the preposition fur, for; so that roaS fur, when translated literally, is what for; but the meaning these two words have in the English interrogation, What for ? have nothing at all in common with the German interrogation \va& fur 1 The learner must not consider the literal meaning of roaS fur? he must regard both words as implying a single notion, and take especial care not to confound toa& fitr with the two English words what and for. We would recommend the learner to endeavour to associate tt>a$fiir, not with any particular English words or word, but rather with the conception of its value that he may form from the following observations, relative to its use in practice. When roaS fur is employed in asking a question, it signifies what kind ? or what sort ? It does not simply ask what an object is, but what are the peculiar qualities of that object, or in some way or other requiring a particular specifi- cation of the nature and attributes of the thing spoken of, as: — 2Ba$ fur (gffen tfl bag ? What sort of food is that? 3Ba£ fitr etn S^etfenber tjr ba$ ? What is that traveller ? The foregoing is the logical and primitive use of roas fur, but it is also some- times used in cases where the pronoun what, is used in English, without reference either to the quality or quantity of an object, as : — 2BaS fur em 2Ceg tjl bte£ ? What road is this ? 2Ba$ fitr etn @d)a£ tfl bteg ? What treasure is this ? The third and last use of uoa$ fur is in exclamations. In cases where the English say what a so and so ! the Germans say rcaS fur, a so-and-so, as: — 3Bag fitr etn @crja£ ! What a treasure ! 2BaS fitr eirt 5Beg ! What a road ! These examples, by shewing the learner the circumstances in which roa$ fur is employed, will enable him to determine the cases in which he should make use of the expression. We shall introduce under the head Composition a series of phrases to be rendered into German, in which roag fitr will have to be made use of, in order to translate them correctly. PRONUNCIATION. 23 X. @te ^abett bett Sc$a6. 5 They have the treasure. ( Y ou have the treasure. In all the languages of modern Europe, there occur some slight deviations from the rules of syntax, in difference to the principles of politeness. The English and French, in addressing a single person, do not say thou so-and-so, as they are required to say by their grammars. They use instead the second personal pronoun in the plural, and say you so-and-so. The Italians again, in addressing another person, neither say you nor thou, but she so-and-so, no mat- ter whether the person addressed be male or female. The Spaniards, when speaking in measured language, always apply an imaginary title to the person they address, and say, his worship, or his reverence so-and-so. The Germans, in like manner, have a peculiarity of this kind in their language. They do not say you so-and-so as the English and French do. They do not say she so-and so, like the Italians, nor do they employ a hypothetical title like the Spaniards. The German departure from grammar consists in saying they so-and-so, instead of thou so-and-so, so that such an English expression as, " Have you the treasure ?" would have to be rendered in German, " Have they the treasure ?" "£akn @ie lien @cba|?" Hence it is, that the phrase we have quoted at the head of this article has two meanings. @ie bcibcn ten (Schafj may either signify "You have the treasure," or, " They have the treasure," since the pronoun fie, they, is employed as a polite substitute for the word thou. There is one thing, however, to be observed with regard to this matter. In writing German, when the word fie is employed to represent thou or you, it is always written with a capi- tal ; and on the other hand, when fie has only its primitive signification they, it is never written with a capital, except when it occurs at the beginning of a sen- tence. The same remarks apply to the term to you. The Germans, in addressing another person in the language of etiquette, do not say to you, but to them ; thus the phrase, " Did he bring the treasure to you ?" would be politely rendered in German, t: Brought he to them the treasure ?" " SBradjte ct tbnen ben ©cbag ?" The word ibnen, to them, when employed as an equivalent for the English to you, being likewise written with a capital letter. The learner has, therefore, to bear in mind that the English you is expressed by (Sfe in German, and employed of course with a verb in the third person plu- ral ; and that to you is rendered in colloquial language by 3ftnen. PRONUNCIATION. DIPHTHONGS. What we mean by a diphthong is the association of two vowels to represent some single sound. The vowels ea in the English word earth, is what we call a diphthong ; because if the e and the a were individually enunciated, the word earth would not be correctly pro- 24 COMPOSITION. nounced. There are in German six combinations of vowels used in this way, to represent particular sounds ; these are : ae or a te oe or 6 et Me or it eu In the preceding lesson, we have given the pronunciation of the 6 and the it, and we hope that the learner has attended to what we said about them, and so has formed a correct conception of the sounds they are employed to represent ; the other four diphthongs are pronounced as follows : a, like a in the English word made. et, like i in the English word idea. te, like ee in the English word been. eu, like oi in the English word oil. The learner must bear in mind that each and all of those diphthongs are pronounced in all cases, and under all circumstances, precisely as we have stated : the diphthong et, for example, is always pronounced like i in the word idea, in whatever position, or in whatever word, it may occur. The learner should now go over the words of the lesson and pro- nounce all the diphthongs, according to the directions we have given above, and take care that from now onwards he continues to give these sounds to the diphthongs in pronouncing any German word he may hereafter meet with, in which any one of them may occur. The six diphthongs constitute a large portion of what may be called the individuality of the German language ; and in order to pronounce them in all cases correctly, nothing is wanted beyond a little attention and care at the outset. The learner, in reading, should not pronounce any one of these diphthongs without first calling to mind the sound we have stated it to possess : by proceeding in this way he will acquire the habit of enunciating these important combinations correctly, and that will contribute materially to his general proficiency in the pro- nunciation of German. COMPOSITION. Under this head we shall give the learner a series of phrases to trans- late into German. In order to render these phrases, the words that have already occurred in the lesson only will be required. The learner, however, must bear in mind that every noun he employs must express one or other of the four relations explained under the head case. He must consider the relation the noun bears to the other words in the sentence, and find out to which of the four this particular relation be- longs ; or he must observe whether the noun is or is not immediately governed by some one or other of the prepositions that requires a par- ticular case after it. Having determined in what case the noun should be, he will then have to discover what the particular form of this case COMPOSITION. 25 is, by referring to the rules we have given under the head CoNSTnue- tion, § 1. It is necessary to mention, that the Germans in writing use a cha- racter different from that made use of in writing English. We shall speak of this hereafter ; in the mean time, the learner will have to make use of the English character. We have a meal. We have an intention. We have a treasure. Have we a meal ? Have we a treasure ? We found a traveller. We found two travellers. We found three travellers. The travellers said : We are hungry. The travellers found a treasure. The travellers have an intention. You have the treasure ? Have you the treasure ? Are you hungry ? Have you food ? What have you ? Why have you the treasure ? When the travellers said : We are hungry, they found a trea- sure. When the travellers found a trea- sure, they said : We are hungry- When you found the treasure, what did you say ? When you said one of us must go, who went away ? When we are hungry, one of us must buy food. When the travellers found the treasure, one of them went away to buy food, and brought what belongs to a meal. One of us must go away. , Which of us must go ? Where must he go ? What sort of a treasure have you ? Why must he go ? What a treasure you have ! What sort of food have you ? What sort of an intention have you? What an intention you have ! What sort of a meal have the three travellers ? What sort of weather have we ? Have we good weather ? Yes ; we have good weather. What sort of weather must he have? He must have good weather. Who must have good weather ? The traveller who must go to buy food. Why must he have good weather ? As we have food, we have what When must he go ? What did the travellers say ? What did you say ? You said that one of us must go Did you say that ? Does the treasure belong to you ? To whom does the treasure belong? What treasure ? The treasure that the travellers found ? It belongs to the travellers. What belongs to the travellers ? The treasure belongs to them. No, it belongs to us. What did you say that for ? What a treasure ! * What an intention ! What weather ! belongs to a meal. As the treasure belongs to one What a traveller of us, he must go and buy food. What a meal ! As we have a treasure, one of us What food ! must go and buy food. We shall give a translation of these phrases in our next, so that the learner may know whether he has rendered them correctly or not. THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. LESSON THIRD. READING. REPETITION. The following exercise consists of a free translation of the English sentences given under the head Composition in the preceding lesson to be rendered into German. If the learner has translated these sen- tences, he should now compare his translation with that we give below, observing the points, if any, in which he has erred. The meaning and pronounciation of the words made use of in the present exercise having been given in one or other of the preceding lessons, the learner is presumed to be perfectly familiar with both, and so able to read what follows without any kind of difficulty. Should this not be the case, he may be satisfied that sufficient attention has not been paid to the exercises of the foregoing lessons, and consequent- ly that they must again be passed under review. 2Btr fjabcn cine attaint. Sffiit fjaben ettte 2tbftdjt. 2Btr fjabcn ctncn ©djaf. £abcn rotr eine 93faf)($cit ? £abcn nut ctncn ©cf)a| ? SQBir fanbcn ctncn JKctfenbcn. 2£tr fanbcn jrcct SRetfcnbc. SBit fanbcn bra SRetfcnbe. 25te SRctfcnbcn fasten : voxt fjaben .puncjer. 25ie JRctfcnbcn fanbcn ctncn ©djag. Die SRetfenben fyaben cine lib: fidjt. ©te l)aUn ben ©d)ag. £abcn ©te ben ©djag ? £abcn Sic hunger ? £as ben ©te ©ffen? 2Ba$ fyaben ©te'? SBarum f)abcn ©te ben ©d)ag? SBaS fitr ei= nen ©dja| Ijabcn ©te ? SCBaS fur cincn ©djag ©te fjaben ? SBag far @fien fjaben ©te ? SBag fur eine H&jtdjt fiaben ©te ? 2Ba$ fttr cine 2T6ftd>t ©te fjaben ? 2Ba6 fur etne 5CRar)ticit fjaben bte brci SRetfenbcn ? SBBaS fur SBctter fjaben roir ? £aben nnr guteS abetter ? 3a, nrit fjaben gutcS SBetter. 2BaS fur 2Bctter ntup er fjaben ? @r mufj guteS SBcttcr fjaberu 2Bcr roup gutcS 2Better fjaben ? Dec Stetfcnbe, wtU djec gefjen mufj urn ©ffen ju faufen. SBarum mup er gutcs SBcttcr fjaben ? 25a prir (Sffcn fjaben, fjaben nur roaS ju etner 9Jtafj($eit Qcfiort. 25a ber ©djag etnem oon unS gefjort mug er gefjen urn (Sffen $u faufen. 25a roir ctncn ©djag fjaben, tnup ets ncr con un$ gefjen urn (Sficn ju faufen. Ttti bte Stetfenben fagtcn : roir fjaben £un= get, fanbcn ©te etnen ©djag. W> bte Stetfcnben etnen ©djag fanben, fagten ftc : wtr fjaben hunger. 2lti ©te ben ©djag fanben, roaS fagtcn ©te ? Kit ©te fagtcn : einer oon un6 mup gefjen, roet gtng fort ? 2Bcnn trie £unget fjaben, mu5 etner con uns @fiea faufen. "Kti bie 9tetfenben ten ©djag fanben, gtng etner oon tfjnen fort, TRANSLATION. 27 urn (Sfjcn su faufen unb btacfjte voai ju ciner SKa^eit gc^ort. ©net eon un$ mug fortgcf>cn. Sffietcbet con u'nS muff gcfjen ? SBoftin tuufi et gcben ? SDBarum mufi et gefien ? 2Bann mufiecgcf)en'? 2BaS fagten fcic 5Kcifcnben? 2£a$ fagten @te? et @dE)a|, roelcben bie £Rctfcnt>cn fanbcn. (Sc gcfjott ben JReifcnbcn. 2Ba$ gcf)6'tt ben 3teifenbcn ? 35et a$ Ah-ber er sag'ty oon-ter-wegs by see^ selbst : ee% moos, das ftkifd) aergiften, bamit mente ©efabrten fterben tt>enn fte flish fer-geef'-ten, da-meet, mi'-ny ge-fair-ten ster'-ben, wen see ba»on effen unb id) ben ©cr)a# attetn bebalte. @r fithrte da-fon' es'sen oont ee^ den shatz al-line be-hal'-ty. Er fiir-ty fein SSorhaben au$ unb oergtftete bte ©petfen. sin for-ha'ben a-ows oont fer-geef'-te-ty dee spi-sen. In order to pronounce the foregoing correctly, the learner must bear in mind what we have said about the guttural d) and the diphthong U in the first lesson, as also what we said of the other diphthongs in the second lesson. TRANSLATION. Slber er fagte unterwegS bet ftcf) felbft: id) mu$ bag But he said going along to him self: I must the ftlttfd) »ergtften, bamit nteine ©efahrten tferben wenn jTe meat poison, so that my companions may die, if they bafcon effen, unb id) ben <5d)a% atfein beftafte. @r fitbrte of it eat, and I the treasure all may keep. He carried fetn SSorbaben au$ unb fcergtftete bte ©petfen> the viands. The learner to proceed with the above, as with the corresponding ex- ercise of the preceding lesson. CONVERSATION. CONVERSATION. We shall, in our present colloquial exercise, introduce the following new words, with which the learner will have to make himself ac- quainted. 9D?ocf)tett ♦ ♦ might pronounced moz'-ten 9tfd>t . ♦ not ,j neeyjt. S&tffen . . know {plural.) „ wis' -sen. 2Bei0 . . know (singular.) „ mice. UBar . was „ war. ©inb . are „ sint. ©onbent . . but „ son'-dern. £ieg ♦ this or that „ dees. We shall also make use of some new forms of the verbs that have already oc- curred in the text: for example, the word Orachte occurs in the text of our se- cond lesson, this word bracbte is the third person singular, past tense of the verb fcringcrt, to bring; besides the form t>tad)te, we shall make use of the plural form of the same tense, fie Oracbten, they brought, and of the participle gefrracbt, brought. In the same way ; of the infinitive effen, to eat, we shall employ er a% he ate, and fie af'Ctt, they ate ; of the auxiliary mu6, we shall introduce the plural forms muffen and mupte ; of the verb finten, to find, besides the form fanben, that occurs in the text, we shall make use of er fant>, he found, and the participle gc; fantm, found, and so in the case of some others. The precise value of these new forms, the learner will be easily enabled to determine, from the words ac- companying them, and as they do not in general vary very materially from the forms that have already been given, the learner should experience little difficul- ty in pronouncing them correctly. We shall likewise introduce such new forme of the pronouns as are not likely to embarrass the learner in finding out their English equivalents : he knows, for example, that fid) fetfcft, is himself, and it will not require any great exertion of intelligence to discover that nttd) fettift, signifies myself; he knows that mcine is the German word for my, and so he may safely conclude that feme is the German word of Ais. We have seen that the pronoun fie is literally they, but that it may be employed as an equivalent for the English you; this pronoun has yet another duty to perform. In speaking of objects that are in German of the feminine gender, such as ©pcife, an eatable ; the pronoun fie answers to the English word them, as : 2Ber a$ tie (Speifen ? (S3 roar tier Keifenfce weldjet ft e faufte. Who ate the victuals ? It was the traveller who bought them. The learner will have to bear this third attribute of fie in mind. SGBcr fagte id) mufi tag gleifd) eergiften ? . ©er Ketfenbe roeldjet fort ging. Suroem fagte er tag? 3u fid) felbft. 2Bann fagte ec tag ? Unterrocgg. SBarum mufte er tag #teifd) cergtften? . Samit feine ©efafitten ftcrben mfldjten. CONVERSATION. 29 SSacum muptcn fetne ©cfaljctcn ftecfccn ? . 2)amit cc ben @c^a| flfe fidj oefjatte» 83ccgiftcte ec feinc ©efd'fycten? .... SJein. SScrgiftctc ec ftd^ fcttjl ? Sttetn. SScrgtftcte cr t>a^ (Sffen ? 3a. 2Bag fitc ©{fen ocrgiftctc ec? . .... £>ag gffctfdj. -2Bec fiiljrte etnc2C6ftd^t au$? .... (Since oon ben 9icifenbcn. 2Bag fur cine 2£bftd)t fiifjete er aug ? . . Sic, bag #(cifd) ^ u octgiften. SBann fufjrtc cc fcinc #6fid)t aug 1 . . . Untccmcgg. SSSacum fiif)rtc cc fcine tf&fidjt aug? . . Stomit [cine ©efaf)ctcn ftecoen molten. 2Bcc fagte : id) mup bag g-leifdj occgiften ? Set JRetfenbc it>ctd)cr bag (Sffcn Oradf>te. ©agtc cr : id) mup mcinc ©cfdfjctcn Oct* giften ? Stein, cc fagte eg ntdjt. (Sagte cc : tdj mup mid) fefi&ji oecgiften ? . Stem, ©agtc cc: id) mup bag $kx\&) fur mid) fet&jt fcc&aftcn ? 9Mn. ©agtc cc : id) mup ben U ©peifen ocrgiftetc ?- . So, eg roar bee SReifenbe weicbet fie Eaufte. 2Biffen ©ic warum er fie eergtftete ? . . @r eergiftctc tic ©peifen, bamtt fetnc ©cfahrten fterben molten. 2f jfen bie JReifcnben bason ? 3d) wetji eg nicbt. SGBtifcn ©ic wag bee SReifcnbe welchet btc @r fagte : id) mujj bog §(etfd) petgiften. ©peifen bracbtc, fagte ? Stiffen ©ic wag bie SRcifcnben fag ten, otS bag ^tcifct> gc6cad>t wurbe ? . . . 9Zcin, id) wetfi eg ntc^t. SDBiffcn ©ie mat file glcifd) «$ »« ? • • 9i«n, M> weip eg ntdjt. SGSiffcn ©ic mit wag cr bag gteifeb uergifs tctc? SRcin, tcf) wctji eg md)t. SBiffen ©ie wet ben ©djag fanb ? . . . ®g waren bie brei Steifenben. SBiffen ©ie wo bie Sletfenben ben ©cf)ag fanben ? ©ie fanben tf>n ouf intern 2Bege. 28iffcn©ie wem crgefjort? 9?cin, id) weifj bag ntdjt. SBiffcn ©ie wcldjet oon ben SReifcnben bie @g war ber SRctfenbe wetdjet t)ai $ieifd) ©peifen faufte ? cetgiftetc. ©ie miiffen wijfcn wer bie Steifcnben finb I SDBarum muji id) bag wiffen ? SBiffcn ©ie wo fie finb 1 STicin, id) wcip eg ntdjt. Sfficr ging fort 1 ©incr »on ben brei JRetfenben. Sfficr fcradjte bie ©peifen ? 35cr 9teifenbe, wetdjer fortging. 2Ber ccrgiftete fie ? £>cr SRcifenbc, wetdjer fie bradjte. 2Ber ap fie ? 2Btr wiffen eg nid)t. SQSet fagte : wir bafcen hunger ? ... Sic brei SRcifcnben weldje ben ©dja$ fanben. 2Bcr fagte : bap er bie ©peifen eergiften 25er Sfrifenbe wetdjer bradjte, wag ju cis mup 1 ner 9Raf)($eit gefiort. 2Bcr filf>rtc cin SSorfjaben aug ? . . . . 2)er 3?etfenbe wetdjer bag ${eifdj ccrgifs tete. Sfficr fanb cincn ©d)a| ? £>ie brei JRctfcnben wetdjt fagtcn : wit fiafcen hunger. 2&cr, fagte ber 3Jcifenbe, weldjer bie ©pet= ©r fagte feine $wei ©cfafjctm muffen fen ftradjtc, mufj fterben ? . . . . fterben, $&a$ war ccrgtftct? 2)ag gtetfeb wetdjeg einer ber SRctfenben ju feincn $wei ©efafjrten 6rad)te SCag war son ben SRcifenben gefauft ? . . 25ag, wag ju ciner 9Rab($eit Qti)'6xt. 2Bag war oon ben SRcifenben gefunben 1 . ©in ©d)a|. 2Bag war oon bem Steifenben auggefuf^rt ? @in SSorfjoben. SQJag war son bem Kcifenben geOroc^t, wets d>cr fortging ? SBag^u einer 9Jtaf)fjett gel#tt. * Bear in mind, that ffiBer is equal to the English interrogative who t t Here POn is equivalent to the English preposition by. GRAMMAR. 31 SBa$ war eon ben beet Ketfcnbcn gefagt? ©te fasten: tsa mxt |>ungct r;afccn,mup etnet con un£ gefyen, um ©ffen $a faufen. 2Ba$ war con bem JRetfcnben gefagt, roet; <5t fagtc : id) mufj bag $(ctfd(j cctgiften, djet bte ©peifen btacfyte ? . . . . fcamtt metne ©efafjtten jto&en, roenn fie bason effen. GRAMMAR. THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. There are in all languages a series of little words employed chiefly to avoid the too frequent repetition of the subject of discourse : for ex- ample, in speaking of the three travellers, instead of saying " the three travellers did so and so," we may say " they did so and so ;" the word they in such a case being the officiating representative of the three tra- vellers. Words made use of in this way are styled by grammarians, Pronouns. The pronouns, properly so called, are not declined like the words they represent, but have a set of forms for each case, differing in some instances very widely from each other ; so that the various forms of a pronoun may be either considered as so many case varia- tions of the same word, or as so many totally distinct words without any modification of form. Besides this peculiarity attendant on the pronouns, they are classed by grammarians in a particular manner : those that represent a party speaking, are said to be in the first person ; those that represent a a party spoken to, are said to be in the second person ; and those that represent a party spoken of, are said to be in the third person. Thus, the pronouns are classed in three distinct series, as follows : Singular. FIRST PERSON. Plural. Noin. Gen. Dat. Ace. tct> . .1 meitt, metner mine nttr . to me micfy . me. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. wiv ♦ trnfer mt$ . utt$. we ours to us us. SECOND PERSON Singular. Plural. Nom Gen. Dat. Ace. in . bent, bemer bit . bid) . thou thine to thee thee Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. etter eucr) eucfy you yours to you you CONSTRUCTION. THIRD PERSON Singular. Nom Gen. Dat. Ace. er,fte,e$ . fern, fetner, i&r, iljrer . tfym, if>r tfytt, fie, e$ Plural. he, she, it his, its, hers to him, to it, to him, her, it. Nom Gen. Dat. Ace. ffe ■;■•■■■- v- '■■•■■'■■■ ; i\)x f tljrer . ifyneit iff . . . . they theirs to them them. We have stated, Construction, § X., that in the language of courtesy, the pronoun fie is made use of instead of ifir, you ; and that the dative ifinm, to them, is made use of instead of cud), to you. These words when employed in this way being always written with capital letters. CONSTRUCTION. XI. (Sinct wm un$ roup geficn. One of us must go. Urn (Sffen $u faufen. To buy food. 3d) mujj tm§ gtetfd) ocrgtftcn. I must poison the meat. In the above sentences, the verbs, Cjcften, faufen, and ttcrgtften, are all in the infinitive mood ; so called because this form of the verb has no distinct mean- ing in respect of time ; it is the verb employed in its most extended significa- tion, and in its most general sense. The infinitive is employed after a prepo- sition, as in the sentence, ctrcaS ju effen, something to eat ; or after another verb, as in the sentence id) mufi gcben, / must go. The infinitive in German is placed after the subject, instead of before it as in English. The English say, " I must go to Vienna ;" the Germans say, " I must to Vienna go,'' 3d*. roup nad) SBtcn gefren ; again, the English say, " We must buy food ;" the Ger- mans say, " We must food buy," 2Btr mujjcn (Sffen Eaufcn. The chief pecu- liarity to be observed with regard to the infinitive, is that in German this form of the verb always terminates in en. We shall give here the infinitives of the verbs that have occured in the text, so that the learner may the better observe this characteristic. Forms in the Text. Infinitives. fembett found gfatbett to find bracfyte brought SSrutgett to bring gehort belongs ©efyoren to belong fyabett have $abeit to have CONSTRUCTION. 38 fterben may die ©terbeit to die effett may eat (gffen to eat befyalte may keep SSebaftett to keep fitfjrtc a\X# carried out 2ut6fitl)ren to carry out. Aided by these observations, the learner will be able to employ the infinitives as well as the other forms of the verb. We shall introduce some sentences under the head Composition to be rendered into German, in which one or other of these infinitives will have to be employed. XII. 2)a rotr £ungec fiaben. As we are hungry. 3d) muf; bag gtctfcf) »ctgiftcn, fca; I must poison the meat so that my nut mctne ®efaf)ttcn ftoben. companions may die. 2Benn fie bctr>on efjen. When they eat it. The word ba, in the first of these sentences, is equivalent to the English con- junction as ; but fca does not always signify as. We think it necessary to no- tice this, because the learner, if he happened to meet with the word when it had another meaning, might be puzzled with the sentence in which it was made use of. The word ba, besides being equivalent to the English conjunction as, is also equivalent to the adverb there, and is perhaps oftener employed in the latter than in the former capacity. The following are some examples of ba, in the sense of there. Sinb @tc ba ? Are you there ? 3d) roar fca. I was there. 3)a roar cr. There he was. The word fccmut, in the second of the sentences we have quoted above, con- sists of the adverb ba in conjunction with the preposition nut with, the word t)te mtt signifying literally therewith ; and the word Nation, of the third sentence, consists likewise of the adverb ba, there, in conjunction with the preposition t>0n, of or from, fcatjen being literally thereof or therefrom. The word ba, is itself derived from an older form bav, whence the English have obtained the word there. XIII. 2Bemt ft e battott effen. When they eat of it. We have shown, in the preceding section, that the word bason corresponds exactly with the English adverb thereof; this adverb, however, has almost taken its departure from the English language ; it is occasionally made use of by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and now and then appears in the pages of the Evangelical Magazine ; but as a household word, it has fallen into total de- suetude. The place of this fine old English word is now filled by such locu- tions as of it, about it, out of it, in it, on it, some of it, any of it, and so on ; not so in German, the word baaon, continues to maintain its sway in the lan- guage, and exercise its primitive functions. These functions necessarily embrac- ing all the English expressions that have usurped the occupations of thereof ': ■ the word bar>on occurs very frequently, and will have very often to be made use 84 CONSTRUCTION. of in speaking' or writing German. We shall give here some examples of the case6 in which bason, is made use of in German, so that the learner may form an accurate conception of its value in the language. SBaSfagen fte.baoon? What do they say about it ? (ScEcinn nicht bat) en Eommcn. . . . He cannot get out of it. (St tarn gtiicHtcft bacon He came happily out of it. x SOBag bentm mir bason Yes, give me some. $abcn @ic bason ? Have you any 1 It will be seen from the last two sentences, that bason is equivalent to the English words, some and any ; this happens only however when the words some or any refer to something already named, and consequently are used as an abbreviation of the expressions, some of them, some of it. When some or any is followed by a noun, it is rendered in German by ctroaS, as in the follow ing examples : #akn @te ctrvag QBctn ? . . . . Have you any wine 1 ©t& mir cttvaS SBcin Give me some wine. The word etiuaS, is also used in cases where the word something would be employed in English; as: ©ib nut cttoag ju effen .... Give me something to eat. Under the head Composition, we shall introduce some phrases to exercise the learner in distinguishing between ettuag and bason, the equivalent of the English word some. XIV. dv fi'tljrte fettt 3SorI)a6en au$ , He carried out his design. The English language has derived from the German the practice of modify- ing or extending the meaning of the verbs by the addition of a particle ; thus in English the verb carry varies in meaning according as it is associated with one or other of the words, in, out, up, down, round, away, and so forth ; but although the English language has adopted this faculty, it has not at the same time re- tained all its attributes. In English, the particle is never attached to the verb, and written with it as one word ; and it is very much a matter of indifference where the particle is placed in the sentence ; it may either be written imme- diately after the verb, as in the sentence " He carried out his intention," or it may be placed at the end, as in the phrase " He carried his intention out." In German, on the contrary, when the verb is in the infinitive mood t the particle must be written with it, as one word ; thus, ^ch mug mem SJothaben a u £ ;f ti h> I must carry my intention out. ten. Again, when the particle is separable, it is always placed a^er the subject ; PRONUNCIATION. 35 it cannot be moved about at will, as in English, but must be placed at the end of the sentence ; thus, 3cb ffifire mem SScrbakn au£ . . I carry out my intention. 3d) fitbrte mem SSorljabcn cmS . . I carried my intention out We shall have occasion to sa.j something more of these compound verbs by and by ; in the mean time the learner will have to bear in mind the circumstan- ces we have noticed. XV. (Sitter tfon ung trntf? gebett, urn One of us must go to buy food. (gfjert $u faufen. • SfBemt ffe ta»on effert. When they eat of it. In the first of these phrases, the word cffen is a noun equivalent to the English substantive, food; in the second, effers, is a verb. It will be observed, that in the first phrase effort is written with a capital letter, and that in the second this is not the case. The reason of this is, that in German all nouns or words used as nouns are written with a capital letter, and if the learner looks over the words of the text, he will find this in every instance to be the case. About half a century ago, it was also the practice to write the nouns in English with a capital ; but this is one of the Saxon customs that have yielded to the march of innovation, a proof by the way of the fluctuating nature of the English language. This practice has existed in German for 1200 years, and is now as much a mat- ter of rigour as ever. The learner must therefore take care in writing German, to begin all the nouns with a capital letter. PRONUNCIATION- COMBINED CONSONANTS. Before speaking of the pronunciation of the consonants individually, we think it necessary to point out their pronunciation collectively — that is, when two or three of them occur together. It would be of no use, for example, to tell a foreigner that t is pronounced in English in such and such a manner, and that h is pronounced so and so ; without also telling him that t and h when together, have a sound totally different from that possessed by either of these letters when enunciated separately. When the learner acquires the habit of pronouncing the assembled con- sonants correctly, he will not experience much difficulty with the others. The consonants in German are much more disposed to assemble to- gether in groups than they are in English ; and, consequently, they demand under such circumstances a greater degree of attention on the part of the learner. Generally speaking, the consonants, whether single or double, are pronounced very much like their equivalents in English, but this is of course not always the case. The following are the groups of consonants that are not pronounced precisely alike in both languages, together with the manner they must be enunciated in German. Qtf), pronounced with the guttural sound described under the head Pronunciation in the first Lesson, 36 COMPOSITION. ©df), pronounced like sh, in the English words, shop, shut, sheep* (£()£, „ „ x, in the English words, axe, ox, ex. %$, j, „ t, but rather harder. There is no difficulty about the pronunciation of any of these com- binations except the first, and that we have described at length in the First Lesson ; but, unless the learner pays strict attention, these con- sonants will be a prolific source of blunder. To avoid this, it must be borne in mind that, though cl) has the guttural sound already pointed out, this sound is lost the moment cl) comes in contact with an $, whether this s comes before or is placed after. The next point to be borne in mind is, that fcf) is equivalent to sh in shoe, and consequently is never pronounced like sch in the word school. Lastly, it should be firmly impressed on the mind, that tfj is never pronounced like th in the English word think. No such sound as th in the word we have named, exists in German ; not that a German has any difficulty in pronouncing the English th correctly, when he is told how to do so. It is true, that we have heard Germans who have resided ten years in England, pronounce the English word them, as if written dem, and thirty as if written dirty. Five minutes instruction, nevertheless, would enable any German of common intelligence, to pronounce the English sound of th as correctly as the Lord High Chancellor; but either from superciliousness, or an obesity of disposition, they prefer being laughed at, to devoting the attention necessary to purify their pronunciation. Let not the English student of German place himself in the position of these Germans in London. After what we have said, we shall deem it unpardonable in any of our pupils, to pronounce tf) like these letters in the English word think, or cl) like these letters in cheese, or to commit any other barbarism in the pronunciation of the groups of consonants, that we have made the subject of our present observations. COMPOSITION. The words now known, conjoined with the principles of construction explained, will enable the learner to translate the following English sentences correctly into German. How are you ? Where are the viands ? Where are you ? - What eatables are these ? Are you there ? Whose viands are those ? There you are. Do you know that ? Where are they? Do I know what? They are there. Do you know what he said ? Who are they ? I must know what he said. That was good. Do you know what I said ? Was that good ? What did I say to him ? Where was that ? No, but I know what you said to When was that ? him. What was that ! How do you know that ? There it was. What did you say to him ? COMPOSITION. 37 What did you say to her ? What did you say to them ? What did you say to me ? What did he say to you ? What did he say of it ? What did he say of me ? What did he say of them ? What did he say of her ? What did you say ? I do not know what you said. JDo you know what that was 1 Do you know where the travellers are? No, I do not. Where are my companions ? My companions are poisoned. Who poisoned my companions ? Why did you poison my com- panions ? Your companions poisoned them- selves. Who carried out an intention ? Why did he carry his intention out? I must carry out my intention. Carry your intention out. I carried my intention out. The three travellers keep the trea- sure. Why do they keep the treasure ? Where do they keep the treasure ? I must keep the treasure to my- self. He must not keep the treasure to himself. Who must keep the treasure ? Bring me something to eat. Bring me some meat. What sort of meat have you ? What sort of meat is that ? Have you any thing to eat ? What have you to eat ? We have good meat. Bring me some. We are hungry, and have nothing to eat, said the three travellers. What a repast for my companions ! said the traveller to himself, when he brought the poisoned meat. Are you hungry ? said one of the two travellers, when the poi- soned meat was brought ? We are not hungry, said the two travellers, when their companion brought the poisoned meat. What a repast ! said the two tra- vellers, when they ate their companion. What are these 1 said the two tra- vellers, when their companion brought the poisoned eatables. What an excellent companion we have ! said the two travellers, when he brought the viands. My companions are hungry, said the traveller, as he poisoned the meat. The treasure is mine ! said the traveller to himself, when his companions ate the poisoned food. A translation of these phrases will be given in the next Lesson THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. LESSON FOURTH. READING. REPETITION. Sic ftnb @ie? 28o finb ©te? (Sinb ic9 gut? SQSo war btcp ? 2Bann war btcp ? 2Bag war bicp ? ©a war eg. 2Bo ftnb bic ©pcifen ? 2Bag fur ©pets fen ftnb btcfe? SBeffcn ©petfen ftnb btcfe? 2Btffcn a$ r-ergiftctc g(cifd) gcbrad)t wurbc. 2Bir i)abcn fcincn hunger, fagtcn bic pet JRcifcnbcn alg i^r ©efaf)rtc bag ocrgiftete gtcifd) brad)tc. 2Bag fiir c'tnc Wlatypit ! fagtcn btc pci 9?et= fenben aH fie tr)rcn ©cfdt)rtcn affen. SBag finb btcfe ? fagtcn btc pci 9letfcnbcn aig tl)r ©efafirtc btc (Spcifcn bradjte. SBag fur eincn gutcn Oefd^rten wir fjaben ! fag: ten bic pci Kcifcnben aU cr bic ©'pcifen brac^tc. SOJeinc ©cfd'brtcn (jaben hunger, fagte ber SReifcnbe aig cr bag gtetfd) rergtftctc. ®cr <£d)a§ gcfiort mir, fagtc ber SReU fenbe jit fid) fetbft, alt fcinc ©cfafjrtcn ia^ sergiftetc g'tetfd) affen. TEXT. ©iebciben anbern, wetdjc, wcdjrcnb fciner 2tbwefcnf)cit eincn g(ctct)cn 2tnfd)tag wi* ber i^n gcfafJt fatten, crmorbcten ifjn bci feiner Surttdfunft, unb btieben atfo SQJciftcc son bent ie beiben anbern, raelcfje, roahrenb feiner 2Jbn)efenbett Dee bl'-den an'-dern, wel'-%e wai'-rend si'-ner ab-wai'-sen-hi'-et einen gleicben 3(nfdE)fag rr>iber t()it gefagt fatten, ermorbetert i-nen gl~-'-%en an'-shlag wee-der een gai'-fast hat'-ten, er-mof-de-ten it)ti bet feiner j$arftfEtaxtft, unb blieben alfo 9fteifter sort een bi sT-ner tsoo-ruk'-koonft, oont blee-ben alt-so ml'-ster fon bent ©cfyatse. 9?acr)bem ffe tbn umgebracf)t batten, tterjehrten dem Shat'-zy. Na^'dem see een oom-gai'-bra^t hat'-ten, fert-zair'-ten fte bt'e t>ergifteten ©peifen, unb ftorben and) atte beibe. see dee feer-geef'-te-ten spi'-sen oont star'-ben a-ow^ al-ly bl'-dy. In reading the above, the learner must bear in mind what we have said of the three characteristic sounds. He must also take care not to confound the sound we have written thus, i, with the sound of i in the English word sin. The mark in question is employed to represent the sound of the German diphthong et, which we have already said is pronounced like the letter i in the English word idea. TRANSLATION. Die beiben anbern, roelcbe, nxibrenb feiner 2!bn>efenbeit The two others, who during his absence einen gfeicfyen Slnfcbtag nn'ber ibn gefagt fyatteit, ermorbetert a similar project against him conceived had, assassinated tbn bet feiner 3ur i'tcffttn ft, unb blkben dfo SWetjfer ton him on his . return, and remained thus Masters of fcem ©cfyafce. 9tfacbbem fte ibn utngebracftt batten, uer^efyrtert the treasure. After that they him killed had, ate up fie bie ttergifteten ©petfen unb (tarben and) afte beibe. they the poisoned food, and died also all two. GRAMMAR. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. The possessive pronouns are the little words employed in pointing out to whom an object belongs, as in the case of the word my in the sentence that is my book. These words, in German, must, like other adjectives, agree in number, gender, and case, with the object possessed; for example the word her in the sentence that is her book, must be of the same number, gender, and case, as the noun book. The posses- sives are declined according to the model we have given for declining the adjectives ; but as these words are much employed, we shall de- cline them here in full, so as to facilitate the learner in making use of them. 40 Wlein, my, SINGULAR. PLURAL Masculine. Neuter. Feminine. Nom. mem, Gen. metned, Dat. mcinem Ace. meinen, mein, meineg, , meinem, mein, metne, meiner, meiner, meine, metne* meiner, metnen. metne. £ein, thy. SINGULAR. PLURAL Masculine. Nom. bein, Gen. beineg, Dat. beinem, Ace beinen, Neuter. bein, beineg, beinem, bent, Feminine, beine, beiner, beiner, beine, beine. beine. beinen, beine @ein, his , its. ; SINGULAR. PLURAL Masculine. Nom. fein, Gen. feineg, Dat. feinem, Ace. feinen, Neuter. fein, fein eg, feinem, fein, Feminine, feine. feiner, feiner, feine, feine. fetner. feinen. feine. 3fo her. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masculine. Nom. ifyr, Gen. ibreg, Gen. ibrem, Ace. ibren, Neuter. ibr, ibreg, ifyrem, xiiitf Feminine, tyre, tbrer, tbrer, tfjre, tyre, tyrer. ifjren tyre. 3fo their. i SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masculine. Nom. ibr, Gen. ifyred, Dat. ibrem, Ace. tyren, Neuter. ifyr, tyreg, ifyrem, ibr, Feminine. tyre, tyrer, ibrer, tyre, tyre, tyrer. tyren. tyre. dmv, SINGULAR. your. PLURAL. Masculine. Neuter. Feminine. Nom. ener, Gen. euere$, euer, euereg, enere, euerer euere. euerer. CONVERSATION. Dat. euerem, Ace. eueren, euerem, euer, euerer, euere, euerert. euere. Unfer, SINGULAR. our. PLTJRAI Masculine. Nom. unfer, Gen. unfere^, Dat. unferem, Ace. unferen, Neuter. unfer, unfereg, unferem, unfer, Feminine, unfere, unferer, unferer, unfere, unfere. unferer. unferen unfere. 4* The learner should now examine the possessive pronouns in the text of the lessons. With the aid of the foregoing table, he will be able to discover the number, gender, and case, of every possessive made use of. He should consider why one particular case or gender has been employed and not another. Suppose he examine the possessive fetner, in the phrase : SSatjtenb fetner 2Cbrccfenfjcit ; on consulting the table, he will find feinct to be feminine and in the genitive case. If he inquires^ why ? he will find fetner to be feminine, because the noun 2t&roefeM>it is of that gender ; and in the genitive case, because the preposition n>af)tcnt> requires a genitive case after it. This kind of inquiry, by exercising the ingenuity in the discovery of reasons for verbal disinences, will do more for the learner in com- prehending the grammatical minutia? of the language, than a whole chapter of explanation. CONVERSATION. In the following, as in the preceding colloquial exercise, we shall make use of some new forms of the verbs ; for example of serjefyrten, we shall introduce the participle Mtjetjrt, consumed, and the third person singular cr oerjefyrt, he consumed, as also the infinitive tierjefjren, to eat up, to consume. Of gefapt, we shall make use of the third person singular cr fapte, he conceived, and the infinitive Men, to conceive. These new verbs can cause the learner little difficulty, if he bear in mind the mean- ing and pronunciation of the forms in the text. In addition to the words that have already appeared, the learner will have to make him- self familiar with 2Burbe . was, pronounced woor-dy. 2Baren ♦ . were, „ wa-ren. $am ♦ came, ,, am. Reiner .... none, „ ki-ner. ffiSaS ftifyrten bic fcetben cinbern aug \ Sfficmn fafitcn fie btefen TCnfcbtag ? 2Ba£ far etnen 2f nfci)lag fasten fie ? Sffiag fiir ctnen Hnfd&fotj fyatte ifjr ©cfafjrte ejefapt ? 4 ©in en 2Cnfcl)Iag ttubet tfyrcn ©cfafjrtcn. SBcifyrcnb fetner 2t&n>efenf)cit. ©men 2Cnfd)ta§ gtctcf) bem wn i^remOes fasten. <5r fapte ben 2(nfcMag, feme ©efafjtten ju ermorben. 42 CONVERSATION. SBarum fapte tt btefen 2fnfd)tag ! $ufjtte ce btcfen 2Cnfd)tag au$ ? SBtc fftfjttc ec tf)n auS ? . . . $ilf)ttcn bte betben anbeen tfyccn 2fnfd)tag au$? SBann ffltjrtcn fie ifjcen 2Cnfd)(aa, atu>? SBic ffifjttcn fie tfjn aui ? SBarum crmorbctcn fie ifjren ©cfafjrten? fatten fie ben cfenf)ett con intern ©efdfjtten ? SBaS fagten bte beiben anbetn, tr-abcenb bee 2£6n)cfen()ett tfjccS ©cfdf)cten ? 2Bo tpaccn bte JKetfcnbcn tr>df)tenb bee 2(b= nx[cnl)eit if)ccs @efaf)ctcn ? $anbcn fie ben (£d)ak icdfyrcnb bee 2C(wc: fenljctt ifjrcS ©cfdfjctcn? 9Ba» fanben fie, redfjeenb bee 2C0rucfcnt)cit tfjees ©cfdf)ttcn ? SBcc pecgiftcte bte ©pcifen ? SBarum cctgiftcte c'tnec bee Stctfenbcn bic <3pctfen ? SBann c ecgiftctc ce bte ©petfen 1 2fp bee jRcifcnbc, nx(d)cr bte ©pctfen pee; gtftctc fetbfi bacon ? SBet cecjchrtc bic ccrgtftcten (Spetfen 1 SBarum oerjefirtcn fie bte peegtftcten ©pet; [en? SBo oergeljtten fie bte peegtftcten (Spe'u fen? SBann cccjcfjctcn @'te bte pecgifteten ©pet; fen? SBann Earn tfjr ©efafjete sucucc ? Stodjbcm bte beiben anbeen etnen Tfnfdjtag gefafit fatten, ffifjttcn fie tfjn aue ? (Stmetbctcn bte beiben anbeen ben Kctfcn; ben nadj fetnee 3urftcftunft ? 9?acf)bem bte betben anbcrn_tf)tcn ©cfdfjr; ten eemorbct batten, affen fie if)n ? 3iacf) bee Sueucffunft bes Kctfcnbcn, fatten bte betben anbeen ctroaS ju effen ? Sfacfjbem fie ifjren ©cfdfjttcn etmorbetfjats ten, blicben fie SXeijtcr pon bem £)amtt ee ben pungee fatten. 2fuf bent SBcgc. SSetbec Sueucftuiiftt^ecg ©efdfietcn. 9lad)bcm ce bte Spctfcn gcJauft unb ocrgiftct t)attc. 3a, fie ffifjttcn tfjn au3. 3a, fie cttnotbetcn tf)n. 9Jctn, fie a^cn ifynmdjt. 3a, fie fatten bte oetgtfteten ©petfen. 3a, fie bltebcn 9)Jciftet con bem <&§ic bctben anbeen bie Peegtfte; ten ©pcifen ? 9?acfibcm fie bte octgtftctcn (Spctfen oetjefat 3a/ fte ftatben, noebbem fie bag petgtftcte ' fatten, ftatben fie ? gleifcf) oetjefat fatten. SRadbbcm bie beet JReifenben geftocben ma: Bit roii|en eg nicfyt. ten, roct bltcb Sfletftet con bem ©cbage ? 23ct bee Sueucftunft bet iReifenbcn, roct 2)ie beiben anbeen fatten U;n. fatte ben @cfa§? S3et bee 3utucffimft beg SRetfcnbcn, roag £>en,tbnsu etmotben. fttt cinen 2tnfd)tacj fufaten feinc ©c; fasten aug ? Set bee Sueitcffunft beg 9tcifcnben : roce ap 2)ic beiben anbeen. bag setejiftetegteifcl) ? Set bee 3utucf?unft beg 9?ctfenben, roct Dec Keifenbe fetbjt routbe cemcebet ? Bag rouebe bet bee Sucudfcunft beg £Rct= -Die »cegifteten (Speifen. fenben t»er,3cf)rt ? Bag rouebe bet bee SueiicKunft beg $Ret= 3d) roeijJ eg nidbt. fenben gefagt ? SRacbbcm bee jRcifcnbe ba$ $tctfcb pctgtfs QZein, ee afj ntcfag bacon. tet fatte, afj ec etroag bason ? Bann fatten fie etroas ju effen ? 23et bee 3uriic£Cunft tfaeg ©cfd'btten. fatten bie 3£cifenben roabtcnb bee 2Cbroc: SRcin, fie fatten ntcfag. fenfait ifacg ©cfd'btten etroag 311 effen? Bag fatten bie 3tetfenbcn, bet bee 3ueuc|; bicfec bie ©peifen oetcjtftet fatte. «So roaccn bie jroct Kcifenbcn, rocifaenb 2Bo fie ben ©cfag fanben." bee 2Cbroefenfatttfaeg ©cfafaten ? Bo roae bee ©d)a(|, roann bie Slctfenbcn ifa 3luf bem ffiBcgc. fanben ? SSSo roae bee ffiBecj ? Bit rotffen eg ntd)t 44 CONSTRUCTION. SBann tvutbe einct t>on bm 9?etfmben cr; motbet ? 2Bann affcn bic betben anbern bag gffetfdf)? 2Bann fafJtcn ftc ben 2fnfd)(ag ifjtcn ©cfaljrs ten ^u ermorben ? SBann fufjrtcn ftc btefen 2£tifcF)tag auS ? SBann ftatben oic brei SRcifenbcn ? ©inb bic Kctfcnbcn atte gcfiotbcn ? 2Bie ftatben ftc? Set fatter Sur&Kunft. 9ta$t>em fie i!jrcn ©efcibtten ermotbrt fatten. StBafjtcnb fetnet tfbroefenficit. 93ci bee 3urucffunft t^rcg ©efafyttcn. 5)ct cine bet fcincr Sutucffunft bic bets ben anbevn alS ftc bic sergiftetm (Spctfcn gegeffen batten. So, ftc ftnb alle geftotben. ©met rcutbc ermctbet, bic beiben anbetn nmtben pergtftet. CONSTRUCTION. XVI. Stetfenbe . . travellers. ©rf)a§ . treasure. OBeg . road. hunger . . hunger. @j7en ♦ food . mm . . intention. 9KabIjett . . meal. ffleifd) . . . meat. @efdt)rten . companions SBorbaben . . design. ©petfen . viands. Slbwefentyeit . absence. 21nfcf)Iag . . project. 3uriicffunft . return. ^eifler . . master. The foregoing is a list of all the nouns that have occurred in the text of our lessons, fifteen in all. The learner is aware that each of these nouns has nominally or really eight different forms, four to indi- cate the relations signified by the term case in the singular, and four to indicate them in the plural ; the learner is also aware that in writ- ing any one of these nouns, he must not regard the form given in the text, but first consider the case it involves, and then find the form of this case by means of the rules given under the head Construction, § I. In order to decline a noun by the rules we have given, the learn- er has to find in his dictionary its nominative singular, nominative plural, and gender. It has occurred to us that it may be as well to give these, in order that the learner may not have to refer to his dic- tionary in every instance for the necessary information, as also to re- deem the promise we made (§ I.) of pointing out such nouns as are not declined in accordance with our rules. The first word on the list, namely, SReifenbe, we have already told the learner ($ VII.), is in reality an adjective, and is declined in every respect like one ; CONSTEUCTION. 45 so that he has only to substitute the root £Reifcnb for the root gut, in the model we have given (§11.) for declining the adjectives, in order to have it in all its forms. Of the other fourteen, we have already declined (Lesson I.) in full, @fs (en, 2C&ftcht, and ©cf)a§ ; so that we have only to give the nominatives and gender of eleven ; these are as follow : ber 2Beg, masculine, bte 2Bege. bte 9Wabi$ett, feminine, bte 9jflahljetten* ber ©efdbrte, masculine, bte ©ef&brten. ba$ 3Sort>aben, neuter, bte SSorbaben. bte ©petfe, feminine, bte ©petfen. bcr 2lrtfcrj(ag, masculine, bie Strtfchlage. ber 3JJet(ler, masculine, bie Sjfteifler. bag $tetfch, neuter, ) bte SJbroefenhett, feminine, J The last four nouns having no plural, our rules do not provide for thei? declension; it is usual however to insert in the dictionaries a suppositious plural, to serve as a key to decline the singular. If the learner refers to the rules we have given for declining the substantives, he will find stated in rule III. that all the cases of feminine nouns are the same as the no- minative ; it follows from this, that when a feminine noun has no plural, it under- goes no change whatever, and consequently that the words SurucfEunft, return, and JCfcroefenfjett, absence, are always written precisely as they appear in the text. There are only two nouns out of the fourteen of which our rules do not provide for the declension, the gender and nominative plural being known ; these are declined as follows : Nom. gtetfd). Gen. SletfrfjeS. Dat. gfetftfje. Ace. §letfcb. Nom. hunger, Gen. $ungerg. Dat. ganger. Ace. jjuttger. The learner now will be able to decline all the nouns in the text. By referring to the table given under the head Grammar (Lesson I.), he will be able to find out their case ; and the same table conjointly with that given under the head Grammar (Lesson II.), will enable him to discover the reason why a noun is in a particular case. XVII. 2)te betben anbew, welcfye tuabrenb The two others, who had during (enter 2fbrr)efenbett emen gfetchen his absence conceived a 2lttfcf)iag ttriber ifjrt gefag t batten. similar project. "ftachbem fie {bit nmgebrac&t batten. After that they had killed him. We stated section VIII. that under ordinary circumstances, the words in German were arranged in the same order as in English. In § XI. we pointed out an exception to this rule. In speaking of the sentence, 3d) mup $>a s i S^ifch uetgiften, we stated that when two verbs occurred in a sentence, the second was placed after the subject, as in the case of the sentence in question, where the subject, fcafi gleifeb, precedes the verb cergiftett. Again, in § VIII. in speak- 46 PKONTTNCIATIO'ff.* ing of the sentence, 25a wit hunger ftafccn, mufj cincc »on unS gefien, we stated that certain words had the property of sending the verb to the end of a sentence. In the phrase before us, the relative t>a, sends the verb ba&cn, after the noun hunger; so that instead of the English order "as we have hunger," the Ger- man construction is, " as we hunger have." We stated at the same time, that when an inversion of this kind takes place in the first member of a sentence, the verb and the pronoun change places in the second ; consequently, the verb mufi, in the sentence under consideration, comes before the nominative cincr. son uns. We have thus in §§ VIII. and XI. exhibited three circumstances under which words are not placed in German as they are in English. The two sen- tences we have quoted at the head of this article from the text of our present lesson, illustrate another peculiarity of this kind, that requires some attention on the part of the learner, and of which we shall speak in the next lesson. PRONUNCIATION. There are in German, as in English, the five vowels a, c, t, C,and u. They are pronounced in German as follows : a like a in part. U „ o „ do. Where any one of these vowels stands alone ; that is, when they do not enter into the composition of one or other of the diphthongs, they are always pronounced in the manner pointed out in the above table. We have said that the letter e has the sound of a in the English word made ; it follows from this, that the word Spctct is pronounced in German as if it were written Paiter, which is the case. We may remark, however, that the Germans frequently give the letter c the sound of that letter in the English word best. In a great many words this would be the most correct pronunciation of the letter. The word tier, for example, is sometimes pronounced der and sometimes dare ; the former under some cir- cumstances being the most elegant of the two ; this is, however, very much a matter of euphony, so that the learner will be enabled to determine by his own ear when he should give the c this sound. In final syllables the c has the same indefinite sound that it has in English ; under such circumstances, the learner may pronounce the c any way he likes. It must however be borne in mind, that the actual German sound of the vowel c is that of a in the English word made, and that this vowel never has in German the sound the English give it in the word be. . Above all things take care always to pronounce the c in some way or other ; there are no silent letters in German. In our definition of a diphthong, we have given the learner to understand that it is only when two vowels come together, and have a sound foreign to both, that such two vowels are to be con- sidered as a diphthong. It does not follow, therefore, that when two vowels come together they constitute a diphthong. In the preceding lesson, we have given a list of the combinations of vowels that come under the denomination of diph- thongs; in all other assemblages of vowels, each letter has its own sound : thus in the word cuif, two vowels come together, and yet cut, is not included in our list of diphthongs ; and why? Because a is pronounced like a in part, andu, is pro- nounced like oo in good. So in all cases where two vowels occur together, and are not one of the six combinations we have styled diphthongs, each letter has its own sound. When two vowels of the same name are together, they are pro- nounced like single letters, but longer ; thus the word pactr, pair, is pronounced par, dwelling on the a ; and (Sec, lake, is pronounced say, dwelling upon the ay- COMPOSITION. 47 The learner, in pronouncing a German word, will have to observe whether the vowels in the word constitute one or other of the diphthongs. If not, he will then give them the sounds we have assigned to them in the foregoing table. With the exception of the peculiarities we have mentioned attendant on the letter c, the vowels are always, and under all circumstances, pronounced in the manner we have pointed out. If the learner succeed in impressing on his mind the sounds we have stated the diphthongs and the five vowels to possess, he will have acquired a far more accurate and permanent pronunciation of German than he could have attained had he relied upon his ear and the instructions of a master. There is doubtless some labour and great attention required in order to associate in all cases correctly the eleven vowel sounds we have named with the eleven signs that are employed to represent them, but the habit of doing so once acquired, the advantages are in proportion to the care bestowed ; the learn- er will pronounce the language, not with the blundering hesitation of the school- boy, but with the unerring confidence of the rhetorician. The words of the text should now be gone carefully over — all the a's pronounced like a in part, start, dart ; all the i's that do not enter into the composition of a diphthong, like ee in been, .seen ; and all the u's like oo in good, stood, food ; and, in conclusion, we may observe that, in order to pronounce the vowels correctly, the learner needs no monitor, all that is wanted is unceasing attention. COMPOSITION. The learner has now acquired some notions of the structure of Ger- man, he should therefore be able to construct detached sentences with- out making any great error. He ought by this time to know how to apply the nouns properly, and to make the adjectives agree with them in number, gender, and case. We intend in the following exercise to give him an opportunity of testing his proficiency in this particular. We shall introduce the English of some nouns that have not appeared in our text. The German of these words will have to be sought for in the dictionary ; the number and case will have to be determined by the learner, and the proper forms be found, by means of the rules we have given for declining the nouns and adjectives in the First Lesson. We shall, as hitherto, give a translation of the phrases contained in the present exercise in the next lesson, whereby the learner will be enabled to detect any errors he may have made in the course of his transla- tion. I must buy some paper.* I want some butter. I must buy some pens. I want some (einige) eggs. I must buy some ink. I want some milk. I must buy some wafers. I want dinner. I must buy a seal. I want some potatoes. I must buy some sealing-wax. I want some bread. I must buy a pencil. I want some cheese. I want (ich bedarf.) I want some wine. I want breakfast, j" I want some brandy. I want some sugar. I want a cigar. * The word some, in cases of this kind, is entirely omitted in the German sentence. f The verb fccbatf requires a genitive case after it, expressed or understood, 48 COMPOSITION. I want tea. I want coffee. I want something to eat. I want something to drink. I want some cold water. I want some hot water. I want some soap. I want a towel. I want a fire. We must go. We must go to (nach) Vienna. We must go to Hanover. We must go to Geneva. We must go to Cologne. We must go to Paris. We must go to Leipsic. We must go to Saxony. We must go to Sweden. We must go to Italy. We must go to Scotland. We must go to Germany. We must go to the Theatre. We must go to the Opera. We must go to the Review. We must go to the Post-office. We must go to the ball. I wish [ich wiinsche]. I wish to have a newspaper. I wish to have a bottle of Schie- dam. I wish to have a bottle of wine. I wish a bottle of Johannisberg. I wish a bottle of Tokay, I wish to have my passport. I wish to buy a hat. I wish to buy a ring. I wish to buy a watch. I wish to buy a pocket-handker- chief. I wish to buy a cravat. I wish to buy a pair of socks. Where are my companions ? Where are my boots ? Where are my trunks ? Where are my letters ? Where are my gloves ? What kind of viands have you? What sort of liqueurs have you? What sort of meat have you? What sort of fish have you ? What sort of vegetables have you ? What sort of soup have you ? What sort of wine have you ? What sort of beer have you ? Have you the treasure ? Have you what belongs to a repast? Have you any French wines ? Have you any good Rhine wine ? Have you any London porter ? Have you any potatoes ? Have you any turnips? Have you any bread ? Have you any salt ? Have you a candle ? Have you a nightcap ? Have you a plan of Berlin ? Have you Schiller's works ? Have you Goethe's poems / Have you any change ? What have we to pay ? What have you had ? We have no money. We are Englishmen. What shocking weather I What a heavy rain ! What a disagreeable evening ! What a wet morning ! What fine weather ! What gorgeous weather ! What a lovely sky ! What a fine day ! What a beautiful morning ! What a good story ! What a singular idea ! What an excellent method ! What a great jackass ! What a bore ! LESSON FIFTH. READING. REPETITION. 3d) mu(i papier faufcn. 3d) muff gebefn foufcn. 3d) mup anbtud>e$. 3d) bebarf ctncS gcuer*. SOBit muffen qeben. SEir miiffen ttad) ©ten geben. 2Btr miiffen nad) Joannoocr gefyen. 2Btr miiffen nad) ©enfgeben. 22ir miiffen nad) &out geben. SBtr miiffen nad)3)artS geben. 2£ir miiffen nad) 2etp3tg gefjen. SBtr muffen nad) ©adjfen geben. 2Bic miiffen nad) Scbmcben geben. SBtr miiffen nad) Staficn gcfien. 2Bir miiffen nad) ScbottlanD gefjen. SBtr muffen nad) £)cut|d)f«nb geben. S3>it miiffen nad) bem Sd)au= fpictbaufc geben. ffiStc muffen nad) ber £>pcr gefjen. 93:r muffen nad) ber -peerfebau gef)en. 9£ir muffen nad) bem spoftfjaufc gefjen. SBtr miiffen auf ben 23atX geben. 3d) ttrtinfebe. 3d) rounfdje erne Settling ju baben. 3d) rofinfdje cine #(afd)C Scbtes bamer ju fjaben. 3cbnjunfd)C cine jfafebe SfBctn ju baben. 3d) nninfd)C cine $tafdje SebanniSbcrgcr SBein. 3d) roiinfebe cine ^fafc^c Sofatr ©etn. 3d) mirnfd)C metnen Spafou baben. 3d) roitnfebe einen .put 311 fattfen. 3d) rounfdjc cinen King j« faufen. 3d) rounfebe etne Safdjcnubr ,311 Eaufen. 3d) rounfebe ein Safcbentud) g« faufim. 3d) tvunfd)C etn .pa(stud) ju Eaufcn. 3d) rounfebe cirt tyaat Socfcn 3U Eaufcn. SBo ftnb metne ©efabrtcn ? ®o ftnb metne ©tiefeH ©0 ftnb metne Coffer ? 9Bo ftnb meine SBrtcfe ? 3$o ftnb metne .panbfebube ? SEaS fiir Speifcn baben Sic .? SBae; fur ©ctrcmEe baben (Sic ? SCae; fur gtetfdj baben Sic ? 2£a<5 fur gtfdbf baben Sic % SBaS fiir ©cmufe baben (Sic ? 2Ba$ fur Stippc baben Sic 1 SBaj: fitr SBcin ^a^ctt" (Sie ? ©aS fiir 95ier baben <2tc ? $aUn (Sic ben 3 fiir cine ctn^ige 3bce ! 2Bag fiir cine fd)6nc OTetbcbe ! 9Ba rote fie biefen bret 5)crfoncn mttgefptett bat : SBebc bemicnigen, ber if>rc Kctcbtbiimcr perfanget 2 The following is a repetition of the above portion of text, with the pronun- ciation of the words. din 2Beftroeifer ber an btefem Drte »oruber gtng, fagte: ia welt-vl'-ser der an dee sera or-ty fo-rii-ber geeng, sag'ty; 50 fel)et wa$ bte SBelt \$, unb n>te ffe bte fen bret sperfonen salt' was dee welt ist, oont wee see dee-sen dry per-so-nen mitQefyidt ijat: 2Befje bemjentgen ber tfyre 9?etd)tf)ijmer »er* meet-gais-peelt' hat : waie dem-yai'nee-gen, der ee-re ri^'-tu-mer fer- foncjet. lang-et. TRANSLATION. din 28eftroetfer, ber an btefem Drte ttoritber gtng, fagte: A philosopher, who on this place over went, said : fefyet wa$ bte 2BeIt tft, unb rote ffe btefett bret ^erfottett see what the world is, and how she these three persons ntttgefptelt far: 28ebe bemjenigen, ber ifyre D?etcf)tf)utner played with has : wo to him, who her riches »erfanger. desires. GRAMMAR. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. In the sentence "the person that called yesterday," the pronoun "that" is called a relative ; and other pronouns employed under similar circumstances are likewise called "relatives." The term itself is somewhat vague, as it might as well be applied to any other class of pronouns as to that under consi- deration. It may be useful to remark, that the pronoun who is one of the few English words that possess the attributes of declension, who may be, to a certain ex- tent, declined ; for example, the English say, Masc. & Fern. The philosopher ivho found the treasure. Neuter. The treasure which the philosopher found. Here there is a form of the pronoun for the neuter gender ; again, who is de- clined in respect to case, thus : Nom. The philosopher who questions me. Gen. The philosopher whose questions I answer. Dat. No particular form. Ace. The philosopher whom I question. This, it is true, can only be considered as the shadow of a declinable word, but still it illustrates some of the features signified by the term declension. There are in German four relative pronouns; these are declined as follow: SBelcbct, who, which, that. Singular. Plural Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. all Genders. Nom. roctcber, rcc(chc, tnclcbes, roetcbe. Gen. roctcbcS, roelcbcr, rocldxS/ rtxtcber. Dat. roctcbem, roctcber, roelcbcnt, roelcben. Ace. rcctdbcrt, roelcbe, roelcbce, roelcbe. £>et, who, which, that. Singular. Plural Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. all Genders. Nom. bet, bte las, bte, Gen. befjen, bcrert, beffen, bercr. Dat. bem, bet, bem, bencrt. Ace. ben, bte, las, bte. IVom. roer, Gen. rocffe Dat. mm, Ace. roen. * 1'] CONVEESATION. 51 SGBct, he, who. ST ri! Cn/ ° r W8P/ )• For al1 Numbers and Genders. Dat. teem, Nom. tt>a$, "J S? , r- ffC ?°t r?De|1 '^ ?■ For all Numbers and Genders. Dat. tt>a6, (not in use) [ Ace. roaS. J It will be observed that the forms of the relative bcr, are for the most part ex- actly like those of the article, declined section III. It follows from this, that fcer sometimes signifies the, and sometimes who, ivhich, or that ; for example, in the sentence : Set SDSeltwetfc bet ben et is an article, equivalent to the in English ; the second t>et is a rela- tive, equivalent to the English relative who or that; the learner then must ob- serve carefully in translating any form of the word ter, whether he has to deal with an article or a relative pronoun ; the other words in the sentence will en- able him to determine this point. In English, the relative who and the relative that are used in a great mea- sure indiscriminately ; an Englishman may either say " the person that called yesterday," or " the person who called yesterday." The same is the case in German with the relatives bcr and nxlcbet, the one under most circumstances may be used for the other ; we may say in German, either SDte $)crfon, tie tie (gpetfen 6cctcf)te, or £>te spetfon roekbe tie ©peifen btachtc : the one is quite as good as the other ; there are some cases in which the one should be employed and not the other, but of these we shall speak on some future occasion. The position of the relative in a sentence is the same in German as in Eng- lish. In both languages, the relative should be placed as near as possible to the object or objects to which it relates ; in an English newspaper at present before us, the following sentence occurs. " Copenhagen House has for the last three years been under the management of Mr. Bryant, and is now conducted by a nephew of that gentleman, who is dead ;" here the relative and its comple- ment "who is dead" refer by position to the nephew, whilst the context clearly shows, that the uncle and not the nephew is meant; so in German, a relative misplaced in this way may cause much confusion in the sense of a sentence. CONVERSATION. In the following colloquial exercise, we shall endeavour by frequent repetition to make the learner thoroughly familiar with the words that compose the text of our present lesson. There is one word in particular that we shall bring specially under his attention, we mean the word mttgefptclt ; this is the past par- ticiple of the verb mttfpietcn, to play with, and is a compound, consisting of the preposition mit, with, and the verb fptetcn, to play. The verb fptetcn, forms its past participle by prefixing the particle ge, and changing the en of the infinitive into t ; so that from fptetcn, to play, we have gcfpiclt, played, and hence the form mttgefpiett,* played with, of the text. The learner will have to bear in mind the meaning of these component parts of the word mitcjefpteft, as well as that of the word itself, * This word appears to have considerable analogy in orthography and meaning with the French espieglcric, they are doubtless derived from a common root. 52 CONVERSATION. In addition to the words already known, the learner will have to make hiEB» self acquainted with the meaning and pronunciation of the following : tfiat ...... did, pronounced ddt. cinanbct .... one another, „ In-an-der. fafj saw, „ saw. tot>t dead, „ todt. ubel evil, „ u-bel. cin icbcc .... each, „ ln-yei-der. SBeife way, means, „ wise. Dcrmutbc .... suppose, „ fer-moo'-ty. bcbanbclt .... treated, „ be-han' -delt. We shall likewise employ some other tenses of the verbs besides those in the text ; for example, of the verb fpielcn, to play, we shall make use of third per- son present tense, fie fpielt, she plays, and the same person of the past tense, ftc fpiclte, she played, and so in the case of the other verbs. SBcr ging an biefem Drte perukr ? ©in SBdtractfcr. 2Bo ging bcr SBeltroeife ? 2fn btefcm Drte. 2Bo roar bicfcr Drt ? SBir ttuffcn eg nicbt. 2BaS that tier iLHltiucifc an biefem Drte ? St ging r>oriioer. 2Bo ging bet SOBcftrocife sorit&er ? Un bem £rtc, n>o bie SReifcnben ftarben. SSSatum ging bcr 2Beftroctfe an biefem £)rtc 2Bir roiffen cS nicbt. comber ? SBann gtng er an biefem Orte porubcr 1 711$ bte Ketfenben ftaroen. 2Bas fab bcr aSeltrocifc an biefem Dtte ? <5t fab ba£ bte SBclt ben brci SKetfenben nutgcfpielt hattc. 2Bic fab cr W; bte SSelt ben brei Ketfenben 2£et( ct alle brei tobt an bem £>tte fanb. nutgcfpielt ftatte? SDBae fagte cr a(» cr bte brei tobten Ketfen; <5r fagte : SBebc bemienigen roefcBec ben fanb ? $Reicbtf)umer ccrlangt. SBann fagte er btef' 1 7U* cr bie tobten jRcifcnbcn fab. SSarum fagte bee 3Sc(troeifc : roebe berm> SBctl bie brei 3?etfcnbcn fid) cinanber ntgcna>e(d)ec 3tcicbtf)iimer rerlangt? umgebraebt fatten, urn ben cn g)ccfcncn fpiclt tic SBelt ? 2Bcc fagtc, bafj tie 2Bc(t ten tcei JRcifcntcn mtt gefpielt f)atte ? 2Bic fant tec ©eltroeife aug, tag- tic SBcft ten trei JRetfcntctt mitgcfpielt fjattc ? IXBie fpieltc tie SBeft mtt temicnigen, iViU cfyce ging ©pctfen 311 taufen ? aBnrum fpieltc tic 2£elt fo mit ifmt ? SBie fpieltc tic 92>clt mtt feincn ©cfafjeten ? SBie bctianteltc tic 2Mt ticjenigen, roctebe £ctnc JPancf)tf)umer scclangen ? SBie kfjantcltc tie 2£elt ten SGBettroeifcn ? 2Bte rouctc tec SKeifcnte, nxtcbec tic ©pet; fen bcacf)tc, con feincn ©efd'fjrtcn fce; fjantett ! SBarum fcefjanbetten fie tfm fo ? SBie murben tie kitcn antecn con tficem ©cfafjrten behanbeft ? SBcr ftar6 an tern £)ctc, two bet SBcltoeife sottiber ging? SGBcr ging an tent £)rtc ocrit&cr ati tie JRcifentcn flarOcn? SBaS faf) tec SBcltroeife ta ? SBag fagtc cc atg cc tic trei totten JReifcn; ten faf) ? ©agtc ter SBctttt-cife : fcfyet mag cin ©cbaft ijt? ©agtc cc: mef)C tenienigen, rcclcbc tie SRcicbtfjumer tec SSclt uerlangen ? ©agtc ec, roebe tcnjenigcn nxlcfyc ©cfjafic finten'? SBcc faf) tie JReifentcn ftctben ? ©af) tec SBeltroctfc fie ntdf>t ftccben ? 3a, fie fpieft mit tfmen 2Bic roiffen eg ntdf>t. Dec cine roucte ermortct, tie fatten an= tccn rouctcn t>ccgiftct. 2Bcil fie ifyrc jReicf)tl)umec t>erlangten. 9?cin, ntcht mit alien. Wilt ten tcci SRcifcnten. 9?ein, fie fpieltc ntd>t mit tljm. SBic rctffen es nid)t. SOJit tenjenigen, roctcfjc 5Kctcbtf)umct Dec* langcn." Sec SBcltrceifc. SQBeil cc tic tcci totten JRcifenten unb tag llcberblctbfct ter ttergiftcten ©peifen an tent £)rte faf). ©c mucte ecmoctet. SBctf er ten ©cbag atlcin fuc fief) fcl6ft ^u baben ticctangte. 2fuf gtcicbe SBeifc. Scf) r-ermutfje gut. SBir roiffen eg nicf)t. ©ie ccmoctcten ibn. Sficif fie ten ©cfia§ aHctn ftic fief) feffcflt ju fjaben ttcclangtcn. <£t »ccgiftete fie. ®ic trei JKeifcntcn. ©cr SSettocife. St faf) tic trei totten Keifcntcn. (5c fagte : fcl)ct coag tie SBclt iff, unt twe fie ticfen tcci g)crfonen mitgcfpielt F)at! S^cin, cc fagtc tag ntcf)t. 3a, cc fagtc eg. 9?cin, cc fagtc tag ntcljt. ffiic roiffen eg ntcfet, bee SBcftrocifc fanb fie tott. 9?ein. * Bear in mind that fpieltc is the past tense, and consequently played, in English ; and that in the following interrogation, fpiclt is the present tense, equivalent to the English word plays. 54 CONSTRUCTION. ©ab tier SBcltroeife ben ©cba$ ? (St fagtc c$ nicfjt. ■ ©af) bee SGBeltoetfe ctmag con ben pctgiftc; 3cb »ctmuthe ntd)t. ten ©pcifen ? 3(p cr etma» sen ben Petgiftctcn ©petfen ? Siein, et a£ mchtS baoon. ©tart bet SBeftwetfe ? 2Bit miffen c$ ntcftt. 2Det tctlangtc bic Ketchthumct bet StBctt? £>ic btei JRetfcnbcn. 2Bic r-cttangten fie bic Keicbthumct bet ©in iebct setlangtc ben ©cba| fut jt$ SSctt? fctfcft altetn p baOcn. SGBtc fptclt bte QBctt benjentgen mit, bic ©te fpictt ubct mit thncn. JReicbthtimct cetlangcn ? 9Bte fpiette bic SOBctt ben btei Kcifcnbcn mit ? ©ie mutben altc btei umgekacbt. 2Batum fpiettc bic SBelt fo mit ben btei 2Beit (ie tbtc Kctcbthtimet ccttangtcn. Stcifenben ? 2Ba$ fagtc bet SGSettnxife bauon ? <5t fagtc : rocbe bemjenigen bet bte 9tetd)tbumct bet 2Belt oettangct. CONSTRUCTION. XVIII. 2Bcltroeifcr. £ttc. SBett. ^etfencn. JKeid)tf)umct. The foregoing is a list of all the nouns that occur in the text of the present iesson. In order to decline these, as we have already stated, the learner must know the nominative singular and plural, as also the gender. In speaking ot the word JRcifcnbe, section VII. we have said that there are certain words used as nouns that are declined in a particular manner : the noun SBcttmcifct, of the present lesson, is one of these, for the declension of which we refer the learner to what we have said in section VII. The nominative singular, plural and gender of the other four nouns are as follow : Nom. Singular. Nom. Plural. bet £)tr, mas. | bie Dcttct. bic $)ctfen, fem. bic spctfencn. bet JKeichtrnmi, mas. bic &eichtf)umct. bte SBett, fem. not used in the Plural. The word SBett, world, not being used in the plural, and being at the same time of the feminine gender, it undergoes no change in respect of case, and so like its English equivalent always retains the same form. The word SBcttroeifct, of the text, is made up of the noun SBett, world, and the adjective rocifc, wise, in the same way that the Greek word philosopher is made up of the noun yixot, friend, and the adjective -oiatio:\\ 55 learner reads over section XVII., containing the remarks upon them we then made, he will be reminded that we have already spoken of three points «rf differ- ence between the English and German construction ; and consequently, that the two sentences before us illustrate a fourth diversity of this kind. One of the characteristic peculiarities of the German construction, that we have already enumerated, arises from the faculty possessed by certain little words, of throwing the verb to the end of a sentence : the peculiarity of which we have now to speak arises from precisely the same cause. In German, when one of the words that possess the faculty of changing the place of a verb, occurs in a sentence in which an auxiliary is made use of, the auxiliary is placed after the verb, and so is the concluding word of the sentence. The relative pronoun roddhet, and the conjunctional adverb nachocm, like other words of their class, possess this property of determining the place of the verb ; so in the first of the two sentences before us, we have in English, *' The two others who, during his absence, had conceived a similar design;" but in conse- quence of the attributes of the relative who, we have in German, " The two others, who during his absence a similar design conceived had" the verb con- ceived is sent to the end of the sentence on account of the relative ivho, and for the same reason the auxiliary had is placed after the verb. Again, in the second of the two sentences quoted from the text, we have in English, "After they had killed him ;" but in consequence of the prepositive power of the conjunctional adverb nadjfcem, we have in German, " After they killed him had," the verb in this as in the former sentence being placed after the subject, and the auxiliary had concluding the sentence. Thus the fourth distinctive characteristic of the German construction consists in making the auxiliary the last word of a sen- tence in which an auxiliary is employed. There are amongst the Germans many speakers who do not attend very closely to these matters. It is fashionable at the present day in Germany to make use of foreign words and foreign modes of expression ; we do not advise the learner to adopt such practices, but recommend him, as he progresses in the language, to be guided in style at least, rather by the writers than by the speakers. We love the German language, its hardy vigour, its Gothic struc- ture, and its antique black letter, that has resisted for ages the attempts made to substitute for it the Roman character. However much we should like to see one common language made the medium of intercourse amongst mankind ; we dislike to see a language denuded of its peculiar attributes, and brought down to the standard of another less dignified, simply because that other is for the time more a la mode. Nothing tends moreover, so much to identify a lan- guage in the mind of the learner, as an acquaintance with such marked features as are peculiarly its own ; for this reason we would recommend the learner to pay special attention to the moving to and fro of the verbs we have been speak- ing of, as in no other language does such a peculiarity as this exist ; the faculty possessed by the relative words of throwing the verb and auxiliary to the end of a sentence, and of reversing in consequence the position of the words in an- other sentence, is wholly German, and, if properly comprehended, will go a great way in disclosing to the learner the structure of the language PRONUNCIATION. CONSONANTS. The consonants are pronounced in German precisely as they are in English, with the exception of the letters i, t>, and 3, these three letters being pronounced as follows : I, like y, in the English word you. »/ » f, » M. 8, „ tz, in the Irish word Fitz. In German, the letter h is always aspirated at the beginning, and always 56 COMPOSITION. silent in the middle of words, with the single exception of the syllable fiett in such words as 2(&roefcnbcit, in which the h is pronounced. When th6 letter f occurs before the vowels i, \, or the diphthongs a, 6, it has sound of ts, as in the word ©afar, Ccesar, pronounced tsai-sar ; in all other circumstances, c has the sound that letter has in the English word cat. The consonant Q, in German, has always the hard sound of g in give, never that of g in gin. In giving the pronunciation of the words of our text, we have stated the words ahi and un$ to be pronounced alts and oonts, this is not however positively correct — in giving the pronunciation of these words we have followed the popular pro- nunciation of the language; but those amongst the German grammarians who are regarded as authorities in matters of prosody, say, that the letter 6 should always be enunciated in one uniform manner, that is, with the hissing sound the letter has in English, and to this rule they admit of no exceptions ; the words al$ and un6 should therefore be pronounced as they are written, and not in the manner the mass of speakers enunciate them. In the different states of Germany, the pronunciation of German assumes very different aspects ; it is pronounced here in one fashion, and there in another. Sounds are made use of in one place that are unknown in another, just as a large portion of the inhabitants of Great Britain make use of a guttural that a native of London can scarcely pronounce. In a great many nooks and corners of Germany, the letter [ before a consonant is pronounced like fcb, in ©chafe/ and the letter g is pronounced like d) ; the word iveg, for example, along the banks of the Rhine, throughout Switzerland, and elsewhere, is pronounced as if written ve%. If we inquire why these letters are so pronounced, we shall find that the guttural sound of cb and that of [ch are very great favourites with the Germans, so much so, that they are disposed to make use of them a tort et a travers, as the French would say, in the same manner that an untutored na- tive of London in pronouncing English annihilates the letter h, substitutes v for w, and aspirates the vowels. Education alone can subdue these innate pre- judices ; it is not therefore amongst the generality of speakers that a pure pro- nunciation will be found, but only amongst the few who have devoted some at- tention to the organization and structure of their language. An Englishman who pronounces the consonants as they are pronounced in his own language, will give them the sound assigned to them by the best authorities in the lan- guage ; whilst, if he adopts the notions of a native of Germany on the subject, ten chances to one but the next German he meets with will question the accuracy of his pronunciation. In the preceding lesson, we have pointed out certain combinations of consonants that have particular sounds ; when two or more consonants occur together, not in- cluded amongst these, each letter has its individual sound ; for example, the letters gn, when together, have occasionally a particular sound in English, but not so in German ; each of these letters has its own sound, and so in the case of all other assemblages of consonants not included in the table given under the head Pronunciation, last lesson. If then the learner makes himself acquainted with the sounds peculiar to what we have called the combined consonants, the others will cause him little difficul- ty, since as we have said, they are all pronounced, with only three exceptions, as they are pronounced in English. COMPOSITION. As in the case of the preceding exercise under this head, we shall introduce some nouns that have not appeared in the text ; for the German of these the learner will have to consult the dictionary, and for their declension, the rules we have given under the head Construction. What is the world 7 - What is that ? What is it? Is it so 1 COMPOSITION. Yes, it is so ? Is that good 1 Is it cheap ? Is it dear ? Is he tall? Is he stout ? Is it here that the travellers died ? Is it there ? Where is the Post-office 1 Where is the Bank ? Where is the Theatre ? Where is the Hotel ? Where is my servant ? That hat is mine.* That umbrella is ours. That carriage is theirs. Is that the person that killed Moreau? Is that the person that found the trea- sure? Is that the place where the treasure was found ? Is this the way to Lucerne? Do you play cards? Do you play whist ? Do you play chess ? When do you play cards ? With whom do you play whist ? How do you play whist ? Do you know who remained with the dead travellers 1 Do you know who remained with the treasure ? Do you know who remained behind? Do you know who remained at home ? Do you know who killed the old wo- man's cat ? Do you know who poisoned my spar- rows ? Do you know who brought this note ? What did the person who brought my boots, say ? This is the person who went to the Post-office. This is the man who poisoned the birds. Do you know whom I brought to the (ins) house ? Do you know whom I found on the road? This is the gentleman with whom I went to Germany. This is the person to whom that dog belongs. This is the hotel in which I reside. Do you know what Napoleon said of Blucher ? Do you know what sauce I eat with lobsters ? Do you know what design that person has conceived ? Do you know which of these houses belongs to me ? Do you know to what empire Croatia belongs ? Do you know with what I poisoned the flies ? Do you know how the world has played with the three travellers ? Do you know how Kotzebue died ? Do you know how far Leipsic is from Dresden ? Do you know how far Lucerne is from Geneva ? Do you know how much of Germany belongs to the empire of Austria ? Do you know hoio much of Saxony belongs to the Duke of Saxe-Co- burg-Gotha? Do you know how much of Poland belongs to the King of Prussia ? Do you know how many Frenchmen there are in Germany ? Do you know how many beetles there are in my kitchen? Do you know why I poisoned my dogs? Do you know why I eat fish and not poultry ? Do you know why I eat melon, and not cucumbers ? Germany is a fine country, is it not ? f There are railways in Germany, are there not? Travelling is cheap in Germany, is it not ? Melons are good in Germany, are they not? Hotels are abundant in Germany, are they not ? Attendance is good in Germany, is it not ? What German towns are on the Rhine ? * This phrase may be rendered in German 5)tcfj ift mctn £ut, or Stefcr |>ut ift mrincr, or ©tcfcr put ift fcer metmgc. t The English interrogations, is it not ? was it not ? etc. are rendered in German by nicht wahr 1 two words that, translated literally, signify not true. 56 BEADING. The Germans are as tranquil as the The Rhine is a lovely river. French are turbulent. Pest is the most beautiful place Of Xi Germany is as beautiful as France is sidence in the world. ugly. How charming ! The German towns are not so gay as How beautiful ! those of France. How excellent ! Vienna is nearly as gay as Paris. How tiresome ! The works of art in Germany are How insolent ! finer than those of France. How frightful ! The literature of Germany is infinitely How odd ! more advanced than that of any How lovely ! other country. How magnificent ! LESSON SIXTH. READING. REPETITION. SBag tft bte 2Mt ? ffiag ift eg ? 9Ba$ tft btc& ? 3ft eg fo? 3a, eg ift fo. 3(1 biepgut ? 3ft eg mobtfcil ? 3ft eg tbeuer ? 3ft ct long? 3ft ct gtop ? 3ft eg btet, roobie JKcifenbcn ftarben ? 3ft eg tal 2Bo ift bag ^cfbamt ? 2Bo ift bie 95anE 1 2Bo ift bag ©cbaufptelbaug ? 2Bo ift bag £otel I 2Bo ift mcin iDtener ? ©tcp ift mcin .put ! ©tefet ©cbitm ift bee unftigc. £>icfc .Sutfcbe ift bte tbtige. 3ft bag bte spcrfen, bte 9)ietcau crntctbete ? 3ft bag' bte ^ctfon, bte ben ©d)a§ fanb 1 3ft bag bee Dtt mo ber &tcfi ift bte g)etfcn, bic nad) bem 5>eftamtc gtng. £)ag ift bee 50?ann, bet bte SSegcl petgiftctc. SBiffcn ©ie, men id) mit mit ins £aug btacbte? 2Btffcn ©te,mcn id) auf bent SBcge fanb 1 Sttcp tft ber #etr, mit bem id) nad) ©cutfebfanb gtng. £>ictj ift bie Sperfon, bem bet £unb gebett. 55tc§ tft i>a^, £otet, mctin id) mobne. SBtffen ©ie, mag 9iapo(eon pen ffitticbet fagte"! SBiffcn ©ic,mc(cbe ©auce icb mit £umntct effe ? Stiffen ©ie, metcben 2(nfcb(ag bicfe ^pcrfoii gefapt bat 1 SBiffcn ©ie, me(d)eg pen bicfen Jpdufctn mit gebett 1 SBiffcn ©te, ^u melchem 3ictd)c Stcatien ge= bctt ? SSiffcn ©ie, momit id) bie gftcgen petgifte 1 2Biffen ©ie, rcie bte 2Be(t ben btei JRetfenben mttgefpieft bat 1 SBtfien ©ie, mie .Kc|ebuc ftatb 1 SBtflfcn ©ie, mie ttjett fieip^ig pen ©tesben ift 1 Stiffen ©ie, mie mcit SujCtn pen (Senf ift 1 SSiffen ©ie, rciepie( pen Deutfd)[anb bem .Raifertbum pen £)cftcteicb gebett? SSiffen ©te, mieptet pen ©aebfen bem ^ctjege pen ©aebfen Sebutg ©etba gebett? SBiffen ©te, tmepicl pen ^}plen bem ^enigc pen ^teuffen gebott 1 SLUffcn ©ie, rctc ptete ^tan^e: fen in S)eutfcb(anb finb ? 2Biffen ©ie, mie pie(c£afct inmcinct .jlttcbe finb "? Stiffen ©ie, matum icb meinc .punbe petgiftete 1 Stiffen ©ie, matum id) J-ifd) unb fcin ©c; fliiget effe ? 2Btffen ©ie, matum id) 9Menen unb !cine ©utfen effe? ®cutfcb(anb tft cin fcbb'neg 2anb, mebt mabt ? ©g ftnb ©fenbabnen in 3)eutfd)tanb, nicbt mabt ? &a$ SRcifen ift mebtfeit in iDcutfcbtanb, uid)t mabf? 2}cclenen ftnb gut in ©eutfd)= tanb, nicbt mabt f ©ajtbofe ftnbim Uebctfiup in S)cutfd)(anb / nicbt mabf? ®ic2(uf; rcattung ift gut in Deutfcbtanb, nicbt mdfyc T SBelcbe beutfebe ©tabte finb am 3tfjctn ? 25ie ©cutfeben ftnb fe tubig, mie bie $tan$efen untubtg finb. ©eutfcblanb ijt fo fd)6n mie gtanttcid) fjapttcr) ift. ®ie bcutfeben ©tabte ftnb nid)t fe luftig mie bte granjo* fifeben. SEien ijt faft eben fo luftig mie 9)attg. ©te bcutfeben ^unftmetEe finb febo* GRAMMAR. 59 net ali tie ftanjofifcbcn. ©te fitttctatut ©eutfcfttanbStji uncnbltcr) toeitet oorgctudt als bieienige itgenb eincg anbern Sanbeg. ©a 9tbetn iji cin ticb(id)ct $tufj. spcjttjt bet fcfyonfte Sffiobnunggott con bet £8e(t. SBicrcqcnb! Sgic fcbb'n ! 2Bie ubctttef; fenb ! -2Bie langtocUtg ! SGBie gtob ! 233te futd)tetUcb. ! 2Bte etn$tg ! SBie lieb= tic!) ! SSic ptad)tt>oa ! TEXT. Instead of introducing a fresh subject for the exercises of the present lesson, we shall employ the portions of text already made use of, collecting the whole under one head. 25ie brci JKetfenben. £)tct Kctfcnbc fanben etncn ©cbag auf ibrcm SBege, unb fagtcn : Set toit £ungct baben, mu{5 etnet con ung geben, tun Sffen ju fcmfen. 2>n bicfet 2(bficbt gtng einet fort unb btacbte ifjncn, toag ju etnet 932abt}ett gefyott. 2Cbcr cr fagtc untctroegg bet fich felbft : tcf) mup bag $(eifd) octgtftcn, bamit meine ©efabttcn ftctben, toenn fie bacon effen, unb tcf; ben ©cbafj alletn bebatte. @t fiifitte fein SSotbaben aug, unb octgtftete bie ©petfen. 25te beiben anbetn, roetcbe roa'btenb fcinct 2Cbn>cfenbcit etncn gteicben 2tnfd)tag rots bet tbn ejefapt fatten, ctmotbeten ihn bet feinet Sutucftunft, unb blieben atfo SDJciftct oon bem et, bte, tiai, he , they, the person. SINGULAR. PLURAL Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. all Genders. Nom. bet, bte, bag, bie. Gen. beffen (befg or bcten, (bet), beffen (beff or befs), beten (bet or be* beS), tet). Dat. bem, bet, tern, benen (ben.) Ace ben, bte, bag, — bie. 60 GRAMMAR. Setjcmge, btcienige, fcaSjentge, he, they, the person. s INGULAR. PLURAL. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. all Genders Nom. bct'ientge. bteicmge, baSicntgc, bteienigcn. Gen. befrjemgcn, bcqcntgcn, beSiemgen, bcnjcmgen. Dat. bcmicnigcn, bcrjcnigcn, bemicmgcn, bcnjenigen. Accbemjentgcn, betientge, SOagicnigc bteienigcn. Setjctbtge, btcfctbtgc, bafielbigc, himself, herself, itself, themselves. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. all Genders. Nom. berfetbe, Gen. befietbcn, Dat. bemfetben, Ace. benfetben, btcfctbe, betfetben, bcrfetben, biefclbe, bafictbc, btcfetben. beffelbcn, bemfetben. bemfetben, benfetben. baffelbc, btcfetben. Reiner, fetnc, fetnc^, no. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. all Genders. Nom. fetner, Gen. tetneS, Dat. fetnem, Ace. tcinen, fcinc, fctner, fcinct, tcine, feincS, feme. tctneS, fcincc fcincm, fcincn. fcincS, tcine. 93eibe, both. 2Cttc,all These two pronouns are only used in Nom. betbe. Gen. briber. Dat. beiben. Ace. bcibc. the plural. Nom. citte. Gen. otter. Dat. attcn. Ace. alle. @in jebcr, cin jebe, ein jebes, each. This pronoun is not used in the plural. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Nom. ctn jeber, cine jebe, cin jcbeg. Gen. eincS jeben, etnet jeben, ctncS jeben. Dat. cincm jeben, etnet jcben, ctnem jcben. Ace. etnen jeben. cine jebc, ctn jebcS. We have already seen that bet, bie, ba$, are articles equivalent to the English word the; we have also seen that bcr, bie, i>a.$, are relative pronouns, equivalent to the English words who, which, and that ; and now we have exhibited bet, bie, $>a$, as demonstrative pronouns, equivalent to two or three other English words. This diversity of meaning of bet and its various forms will cause the learner little difficulty, so far as writing German is concerned ; but in translating, it will be necessary to bear in mind, that, bcr, bie, ba$, have more meanings than one. The following phrases will show the necessity of bearing in mind the most various significations of the word bcr, in translating from German to English. Set (ScBal? ben id) fanb . . . The treasure that I found. Die, bie ben ©cbag fanbett . . They who the treasure found. 2)Ct @cba|, ben bcr Stetfenbe fanb The treasure which the traveller found. 2>ct, bie Spctfen bradhte . . The person who brought food. 5Dag #tetfcf), bat ber JRcifenbe oergtftete. The meat that the traveller poisoned. 2)ie ftnb t>a .... They are there. 25er tft hut He is here. £>a$ finb gute gebetn . . . These are good pens. CONVERSATION. 61 CONVERSATION. In the following exercise, we shall introduce some of the pronouns declined under the head Grammar, in the present lesson ; we shall make very frequent use of the demonstrative betienigc, of which the form bemicntgen has occurred in the text. The pronoun bericntge is a compound word, consisting of the article ber, the, the demonstrative fence, that, and the termination, tg, which when ap- pended to a noun or a verb, converts it into an adjective. The use we shall make of bcricnigc will not only illustrate the meaning of the pronoun itself, but also that of the entire class of words to which it belongs. In addition to the words already known, we shall in the present exercise em- ploy the following : augbrtictttcb, . . directly, pronounced a-oivs-druh'-lifc folcbc, . . . such, „ sol-xe. trgenb jemano, . . anybody, „ eer-gend-yai-mand. Oft, . . . . often, „ ojt. The learner must bear in mind that beqentge, in the singular, is equivalent to the English expression, " the person;" and in the plural to " the persons," there is no pronoun in English that corresponds exactly with this German demon- strative. 2Bcr fagtc,rotr f>aben.£ungct ? .... ©ieiemgen, bte ben ©cba§ fanben. SBcr fanb cincn ©cbag ? 3)iciemgen, bte fagtcn, rotr haben $um gee. SBaS fagtcn bicientgen bte ben ©cfyag fan; ©ie fagtcn, roir fiaben hunger. ben? ©agten btqentgen, reetdje ben ©cbag fan; 3fa, bag fagten fie. ben, rotr fyaben £ungcr ? 2Bo fanben btcicnigen, bte fagtcn writ fiaben 2£uf tfitem SBege. hunger, cincn ©d)a§ ? 2Bcr Eaufte effen ? . ©erjcntge, racier fortgtng. SBer gtng fort ? Setjentge, roctcbcc bag (Sffen bracbte. 2Ber brad)te bag Sffen ?...... 2>erienigc, ber fortgtng. 3n njctcbcc 2fbftcbt gtng er fort ? Urn ®ffen ju Eaufen. Eaufte beqemge (Sffcn, ber fort gtng 1 3a, er Eaufte (SfTen. SBer ocrgtftetc bte ©petfen ? ' ©erjentgc, roetd)er fie brad)te. 2Ber bracbte bte ©petfen ? £)ct{emge,nxfcf)et fie Pctgtftetc. SBcrbtteb aftctjicr beg ©cbagcg? 2)ieiemgen, roclcfje thren ©efafjrten er? tnorbeten. 2Bcr rourbe crmotbet ? ©criemge, roetcber fortgtng urn (Sffen ju Eaufen. SBcr fagte, tcb muf; bte ©petfen pergtftcn ? ©erjenige, rocfeber fortgtng. SDBer ajj bte ©petfen 1 35te bciben ,urud gebltebencn 3?etfenbcn. 2Cp bericntge, nxtcher crmorbct rourbe, eon SRctn, er ajj ntcbt bapon. ben Pergtftcten ©petfen 1 ffitieben bicientgen, roctcbe tfjrcn ®cfahr= 3a, fie blteben SWeifter bapon. ten ermorbetcn, SOIeiftcr beg ©cba§eg ? ©tarben tie 9Jietfier son bem ©cbage ? 3a, fie ftarben. SBann ftarben bte SOJeiftcc pon bem Sei ber SurttcfEunft begienigen, roctcr)cc ©d>a|c 1 effen bracbte. 2Bcr ftarb bet ber SurucEEunft begienigen 3)teicntgen,bie3urucf gcbltcbcntparen. ber ©petfen bracbte ? SGBtc ftarben btcicnigen, bte $uruct gebtieben ©te rourben pergtftct. roarcn ? 2Bee rourbe pergiftet ? Stcientgcn, roetcbeaurucf gebtieben mwn, SBcr gtng an bem £)tte portiber wo bte 3?et= (Sin 2Bcttrocifer«. fenben ftarben ? 62 CONVERSATION. * 2£as fagte betjcnige, bet an bem £)tte cor; fi&ec ging, mo bte JReifcnben ftatbcn ? 2Bo ging berientgc, bet fagte ; fefjct mag tie SGScrt ift ? SDSarum fagte beticnigc, bet an bem £Me cotiibet ging : fcfjet mag bte SBett ift ? 2Befcf)e 3?ctfcnbe ftatbcn an bicfcm £)ttc ? SBet cctgiftctc feine ©efdfjtten 1 2Bct fiat einen @cfaf)ttcn umgcbtacfyt ? 33Scr mutbe umgcbtacfyt ? 2Bet btacbtc bag ©ffen ? 2Bet cctgiftctc bag Sffen ? 2Bct fajjte einen 2(nfcf)tag ? SBct faQtc ctnen g(cicf)cn tfnfcfjlag ? SBer btteb an bem Dttc ? Set fufjrtc fctnen 2lnfd)(ag aug ? 2£et Earn sutticf ? 2Bct cct$cf)tte tie cctgiftetcn ©pcifen ? 2Bet ctmotbetc ctnen ©cfaljttcn? SBct ftatb ? @tarb betjcnige, mc(cf)ct fottging ? ©tatben bicicnigcn, mctcfyc bit cctgiftetcn ©peifen af-en ? (Statben bicicnigcn, roctcfye ifjtcn ©efafjttcn ctmetbctcn ? SSie ftatbcn bie 9tcifcnben bic ben ic SDSctt tft! @t gtng an bem £>tte, mo bie 9teifenben ftatbcn. SQBetl ct bic btei tobtcn SJeifenben an btes fern £)tte fanb. ©ieienigen, bic ben (£cf)a(5 fanben. Dctjcnigc, mctcfyer fettging ©ffen ju faus fen. Siejcnigcn, mctcfje bie cctgiftetcn ©peifen afjen. ©ctjenige, roclcfjet bag (Sffcn btacfyte. ©etjenige, mctcl^et eg cctgiftctc. ©ctjcntgc, mc(d)ct fettging eg ju Eaufen. Setjenige, metcbet fettging. ©iejenigen, mc(cl)c an bem SDtte Mieben. ©iejenigen, metctje ctnen g(cicl)cn 2(nfd)tag faf-tcn. Sctjcnigc, me(d)et i^n gefapt fyatte. 5)eticnigcme(cl)et fettging. Sicjenigen, mcld)e if)ten ©cfd^tten et« motbeten. ©ieicnigen, mclcfjc bie petgiftetcn aben. Sctjenigc, bet an bem Dttc, mo bic 3tets fenben ftatkn, s otttOet ging. ©ctienige, rccld)Ct fottging, (Sffen ju !aufen. S)ic beiben, roefefye ^utudEbfieben. ©ctjenige, mc(d)ct fottging, ©peifen ju !aufen, fa&te ben li nfcf)lag feine ®es fdf)ttcn bamit ^u cctgiftcn ; feine beiben ©efafittcn fasten einen gteis ct)cn 2Cnfcf)(ag micbet if>n. ©icftnbaUetobt. Set 2Be(tmeife faf) fte tobt auf bem SOBege, 2Cuf bem SBege mo fte ben @cf;a§ fanben. SGSit petmutfjcn eg. CONSTRUCTION. 63 28cm gefjStte bet ©djag ? SOBtr roiffcn e3 ntdjfc ©aft tccjcnt" jcmanb ben ©djaf ? 3a, bee 2Mtroctfe faf) tfin. 2Ba? fagte bet SBettrceife ate cr ben ©cftag <5t fagte febet roaS bic SBelt iff, unD fah ? rote fie btefen btetcn ^etfonen mit* gefpiett f)at. ©agte ber SKeftrcctfe bafj ct SRcicfjtfiamet S^cin, er fagte : roefje benienigen btc fot= ocrtongte ? cbe ccrtangen. 2BaS 6cfatlt benienigen rcetebe SKetctjtftumct S5te SOSctt fptett oft fibct nut tfjncn. pctlangcn ? ©agte bet 5Mmxife &a(5 bte brct SKeifenbcn (St fagte e$ niiht auSbrucf(td) *, after 9tetcl)tf)umet pettangt fatten ? ein jcbet fjattc oettangt ben ©cftajs fut fid) ailein ju fyaben. 2Bag rourbe auS * bent ©cfiagc ? 2Btt nnffen eg nicfyt. 2£aS routbe auS ben brei JReifenben ? (Stnet routbe ctmctbet, bie fcctben ans bern mutben petgtftet. CONSTRUCTION. XX. We have detailed at length, in sections VIII. IX. XVII. and XIX. four circumstances under which the words of a German and English sentence are not arranged in precisely the same manner. We shall again pass these four points of difference between the construction of the two languages under review, so that the learner may be enabled to form a more accurate conception of their nature by regarding them assembled together in one focus. In the sentence, 2Btt open ben JRetfenbcn. We ate the traveller, there is nothing that calls for a change in the order of the words, the construe tion is consequently the same in German as it is in English. In the sentence, SBtt muffen ben JReifenbcn effen. We must eat the traveller, the case is altered; here there are two verbs. We said, section XL, that when two verbs are employed in a sentence, the second, if an infinitive, is plac- ed after the subject. In the sentence before us, the infinitive effen is placed after its subject, ben JKeifenben, so that the English order of the words, " We must eat the traveller," becomes in German, "We must the traveller eat. 11 In the sentence, ®a nnt ben Keifenben apen. When we ate the traveller, the conjunctive adverb, ta, sends the verb to the end of the sentence, so that we have in English, " when we ate the traveller," and in German, " when we the traveller ate.' 1 '' In the sentence, •Da tott ben SRctfenben effen muffen. As we must eat the traveller, the auxiliarty must is introduced. In consequence of the word ba, being made use of in the sentence, the verb effen is placed after its subject, ben 9?etfenben, and the auxiliary uiiiffen is placed last of all ; the place of the auxiliary, under such circumstances, being after the verb. In the sentence, SDa tutt ben SRcifcnbcn effett muffen, muf; As we must eat the traveller, we fen out tfm ctmotben. must kill him. * 3Bag rouvbe ou$ is the German equivalent for the English interrogation, k What became of V 64 PRONUNCIATION. • The first member of this sentence resembles in construction the example pre- ceding ; the verb ntuffcn, in the second member of the sentence, changes places with its pronoun rott in consequence of the transposition that has taken place in the first member, on account of the transpositive faculty possessed by the con- junction la. These observations, by bringing the whole of the cases in which the con- struction of the two languages vary under one point of view, will enable the learner to determine the circumstance in which he must deviate from the Eng- lish order in writing German. PRONUNCIATION. Accent consists in throwing the stress of the voice on a particular syllable, as in the pronunciation of the word ma-le-vo-lence, in which it will be observed the syllable le is much more distinctly enunciated than any of the others : in English, the word contrary is accented on the first syllable, thus, con'tra-ry ; some persons nevertheless accent it on the second syallable, and say con-tra'-ry. It is a fault in English to place in this way the accent on a wrong syllable, and so it is in German : every German word of more than one syllable must be ac- cented, and in every case the stress of the voice must fall upon the proper syl- lable, otherwise the word will not be correctly pronounced. The difficulty with regard to the accent is to know the precise syllable on which the accent should be placed ; there is a remarkable analogy between the accentuation of the words in English and German, the English language in this respect bears the impress of its Saxon origin. Saxon words may have become so altered in form as scarcely to be recognised ; their meaning may have been changed, and a large portion of them may have entirely disappeared. The Saxon accent, however, still exists, and still maintains its sway over the language. Words therefore that are the same in German and in English, and there are many of them, are for the most part accented in both languages on the same syllable. In order to show how the German words are accented, we shall have to di- vide them into two classes, simple and compound ; by a compound word we mean the union of two actual words to express a single object ; the word candlestick, for example, is a compound of this kind, consisting of the word candle and stick; the word snuffers is likewise a compound word, consisting of the word snuff and the termination ers, the syllable ers however being only a facultative suffix, and not a distinct word, snuffers comes under the designation of simple in our present category. Keeping in view this division of the Ger- man words into simple and compound, the following rules will enable the learn- er to accentuate the great majority of them correctly : 1st. Accentuate simple words on the root, as in the English words, he-hind', be-hold', love'-ly, pains' '-taking, neigh '-hour-hood ; so in the German words, ges hott', bc;hal'=tc, SSor^a'.-bcn, ixpgif ten, i\\*c\\&'. 2d. Accentuate compound words on the determinating word (generally placed first), as in the English words, ale'-house, ivatch'-man, so in the German words, aBctt'irocife, 3?cid)'=thumer. When a word consists of several syllables, there is generally a secondary accent, as in such words as ne-ces-si-ta-rian ; this accent in German is placed on the root of the principal word, thus, ;U=tud'':gc:b(tc;()cn. 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